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+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay welcome back if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay welcome back if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay welcome back if all
+goes well we'll be joined in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes well we'll be joined in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes well we'll be joined in a few
+minutes by a simple pendulum a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes by a simple pendulum a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes by a simple pendulum a little
+robot that we're going to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that we're going to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that we're going to demonstrate
+everything it turns out our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it turns out our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it turns out our license
+we're having a little license issues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having a little license issues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having a little license issues in
+the last minute so but we're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute so but we're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute so but we're hoping to
+bring down and actually play with a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down and actually play with a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down and actually play with a real
+pendulum today um the goal of today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum today um the goal of today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum today um the goal of today is
+to is fairly modest we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is fairly modest we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is fairly modest we're just going to
+think about pendula a simple pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about pendula a simple pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about pendula a simple pendulum
+when I say simple pendulum I mean uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say simple pendulum I mean uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say simple pendulum I mean uh the
+mass is concentrated at the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is concentrated at the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is concentrated at the end point
+typically we assume that the inertia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we assume that the inertia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically we assume that the inertia of
+the rod is is negligible um in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod is is negligible um in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rod is is negligible um in many
+cases I'll write the inertia in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I'll write the inertia in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I'll write the inertia in there
+just in case but um okay so why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case but um okay so why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in case but um okay so why should
+we spend an entire lecture on a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend an entire lecture on a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend an entire lecture on a simple
+pend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pend
+right seems boring well I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seems boring well I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right seems boring well I think you know
+you could argue that if you know um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that if you know um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could argue that if you know um what
+the simple pendulum does and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple pendulum does and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple pendulum does and you know
+what it does when it's got complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does when it's got complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does when it's got complicated
+interaction forces then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction forces then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction forces then you know
+everything because most of our robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because most of our robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything because most of our robots
+are just a bunch of pendula but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a bunch of pendula but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a bunch of pendula but more
+important I think is that the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think is that the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think is that the pendulum
+is simple enough that we can pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple enough that we can pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple enough that we can pretty much
+completely understand it in a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely understand it in a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely understand it in a single
+lecture and it's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and it's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and it's going to be an
+opportunity for me to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for me to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for me to introduce
+basically all of the topics I want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of the topics I want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all of the topics I want to um
+introduce in terms of nonlinear Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in terms of nonlinear Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in terms of nonlinear Dynamics
+and the basic um definitions that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic um definitions that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic um definitions that we're
+going to use throughout the class and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use throughout the class and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use throughout the class and I
+can plot everything about it so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot everything about it so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot everything about it so actually
+even in research um when we're testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in research um when we're testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in research um when we're testing
+out new algorithms uh you know we almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out new algorithms uh you know we almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out new algorithms uh you know we almost
+always spend a lot of time thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always spend a lot of time thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always spend a lot of time thinking
+about how it works on the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it works on the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it works on the simple
+pendulum okay it's it's uh it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum okay it's it's uh it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum okay it's it's uh it's so
+simple but it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but it's a it's a
+staple okay so what are the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple okay so what are the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple okay so what are the Dynamics of
+the simple pendulum if I I told you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple pendulum if I I told you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple pendulum if I I told you how
+to do the the lran Dynamics quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the lran Dynamics quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the the lran Dynamics quickly
+yesterday and there's um a more worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and there's um a more worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and there's um a more worked
+out example in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes if you pop in the lran the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes if you pop in the lran the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes if you pop in the lran the energy
+terms into the lran um for this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms into the lran um for this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms into the lran um for this system
+then what you get is um i theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get is um i theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you get is um i theta.
+t plus mgl sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta equals whatever my generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals whatever my generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals whatever my generalized
+forces are which I've been calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q and for today's purposes let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and for today's purposes let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and for today's purposes let's assume
+that Q there's two sort of generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q there's two sort of generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q there's two sort of generalized
+torqus that I care about um I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus that I care about um I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus that I care about um I want to
+Model A damping torque because most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model A damping torque because most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model A damping torque because most
+pendula have have some damping and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula have have some damping and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendula have have some damping and I
+want to Model A a control input torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Model A a control input torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Model A a control input torque
+okay so I'm going to I'm going to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to I'm going to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to I'm going to worry
+about the case where Q is of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case where Q is of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the case where Q is of the form
+negative B Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative B Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative B Theta
+Dot okay plus some control input U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T right the the damping doesn't come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right the the damping doesn't come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right the the damping doesn't come out
+of lrange you think of that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lrange you think of that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lrange you think of that as an
+external uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external uh
+input okay so Al together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um B Theta dot plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B Theta dot plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um B Theta dot plus
+mgl sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl sin
+Theta equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta equal
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um all right so what this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right so what this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right so what this is a a
+one-dimensional second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional second order
+differential equation what would it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation what would it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation what would it mean
+to solve this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this differential equation
+right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if
+I um to really solve this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um to really solve this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um to really solve this differential
+equation what that would mean is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what that would mean is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what that would mean is that if
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+um gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gave
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um Theta time 0 and Theta DOA time 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Theta time 0 and Theta DOA time 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Theta time 0 and Theta DOA time 0 the
+initial conditions right and I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right and I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions right and I gave you
+some control input over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control input over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control input over
+time then I'd like you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then I'd like you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then I'd like you to be able to
+tell me Theta of T and Theta dot of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that would be a satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be a satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be a satisfying
+solution to the differential equation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the differential equation if
+we if we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we could have
+that all right that's and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right that's and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right that's and that's the
+standard way to think about solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way to think about solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way to think about solving a
+differential equation it turns out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it turns out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation it turns out for
+the pendulum if what you care about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum if what you care about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendulum if what you care about is
+the long-term sort of dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-term sort of dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-term sort of dynamics of the
+pendulum that's actually not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum that's actually not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum that's actually not a very
+practical way to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical way to think about the
+pendulum it turns out you if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum it turns out you if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum it turns out you if you just
+try to integrate this in closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to integrate this in closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to integrate this in closed form
+there's no solution in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no solution in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no solution in terms of
+Elementary functions in fact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary functions in fact you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary functions in fact you know
+the integral of these sign terms comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of these sign terms comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of these sign terms comes
+up enough that people created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up enough that people created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up enough that people created a
+different type of function which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of function which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of function which are
+sort of Elementary functions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Elementary functions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Elementary functions they're
+called elliptic integrals of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called elliptic integrals of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called elliptic integrals of the first
+kind okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind okay and
+long story short there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story short there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story short there's not a lot of
+insight to be gained by actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight to be gained by actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight to be gained by actually uh
+integrating in just a pure calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating in just a pure calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating in just a pure calculus
+sense these equations it'll give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense these equations it'll give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense these equations it'll give you an
+elliptic function that you can pop into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic function that you can pop into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptic function that you can pop into
+mat lab and and make a plot but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab and and make a plot but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab and and make a plot but it's not
+going to give you a lot of insight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a lot of insight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a lot of insight and
+actually uh in the notes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in the notes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh in the notes for
+completeness I did give you the elliptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness I did give you the elliptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness I did give you the elliptic
+integral form but I won't I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form but I won't I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral form but I won't I won't
+trouble you with you that trouble you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble you with you that trouble you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble you with you that trouble you
+with that in the in the on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in the in the on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in the in the on the board
+here okay so so maybe there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so maybe there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so maybe there's another
+way what if I if I care about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what if I if I care about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what if I if I care about what this
+pendulum is going to do sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum is going to do sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum is going to do sort of in the
+long term if I care about where Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term if I care about where Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term if I care about where Theta is
+going to be as time goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as time goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as time goes to Infinity
+then there are a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are a bunch of other
+techniques I can use okay and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques I can use okay and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques I can use okay and and the
+ones that I'm going to use today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that I'm going to use today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that I'm going to use today are
+graphical solution techniques and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical solution techniques and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical solution techniques and it's
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um um the best reference for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the best reference for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the best reference for that
+um is this book by by Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this book by by Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this book by by Steve
+strogatz called nonlinear Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strogatz called nonlinear Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strogatz called nonlinear Dynamics and
+Chaos has anybody seen that book it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaos has anybody seen that book it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaos has anybody seen that book it's a
+great book a very very readable book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book a very very readable book um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book a very very readable book um
+just brilliant so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+Dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and
+Chaos by Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaos by Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaos by Steve
+stroat he's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cornell okay so let's think about um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell okay so let's think about um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell okay so let's think about um how
+we could possibly solve that system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphically and let me start by solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and let me start by solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically and let me start by solving
+a slightly simpler problem instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly simpler problem instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly simpler problem instead of
+making u a function of time let's make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making u a function of time let's make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making u a function of time let's make a
+constant torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque
+okay and I'm going to look at a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to look at a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to look at a special
+case where the system has very heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the system has very heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the system has very heavy
+damping just just to get started let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping just just to get started let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping just just to get started let's
+think about a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um
+a very heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damped pendulum with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque
+okay okay so what do I mean by that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do I mean by that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do I mean by that so
+so in this equation um the heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this equation um the heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this equation um the heavily
+damped what I care about is that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped what I care about is that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped what I care about is that the uh
+sort of viscous forces due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of viscous forces due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of viscous forces due to the
+damping are significant compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping are significant compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping are significant compared to the
+inertial forces of the pendulum that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial forces of the pendulum that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial forces of the pendulum that's
+sort of if you're if you're in fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if you're if you're in fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if you're if you're in fluids
+feels like a Reynolds number argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like a Reynolds number argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like a Reynolds number argument
+this would be equivalent to having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be equivalent to having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be equivalent to having a
+very low Reynolds number system okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low Reynolds number system okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low Reynolds number system okay but
+what I care about for this um argument I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I care about for this um argument I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I care about for this um argument I
+want to say that that b over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that that b over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that that b over
+I is is much much greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and I'm going to say that U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm going to say that U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'm going to say that U of
+T is just some nominal some constant u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just some nominal some constant u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just some nominal some constant u u
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+okay the UN okay I it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the UN okay I it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the UN okay I it's not a
+dimensionless quantity right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity right so if you
+wanted if you wanted a dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted if you wanted a dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted if you wanted a dimensionless
+reyolds number anal analogy it' be a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reyolds number anal analogy it' be a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reyolds number anal analogy it' be a you
+need a square Ro of G over l or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a square Ro of G over l or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a square Ro of G over l or some
+time constant on the bottom but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant on the bottom but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant on the bottom but this is
+a number with units that's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number with units that's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number with units that's greater than
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+one good catch um Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good catch um Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good catch um Okay so
+why is this the relevant thing so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this the relevant thing so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this the relevant thing so now um
+if I look at the that same equation I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the that same equation I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look at the that same equation I do
+U minus mg sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U minus mg sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U minus mg sin
+Theta um equals I Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta um equals I Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta um equals I Theta
+dot plus b Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus b Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus b Theta
+dot if B is dramatically bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot if B is dramatically bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot if B is dramatically bigger than
+I then then this right hand side looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then then this right hand side looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then then this right hand side looks
+about like just B Theta dot if the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like just B Theta dot if the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like just B Theta dot if the these
+terms swamp these terms then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms swamp these terms then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms swamp these terms then I'm going
+to make an approximation of this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an approximation of this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an approximation of this right
+right hand side with just B Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side with just B Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side with just B Theta
+do reasonable okay so so the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reasonable okay so so the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do reasonable okay so so the reason I'm
+thinking about this heavily damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this heavily damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this heavily damped
+pendulum example is because it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum example is because it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum example is because it changes
+our second order system into a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second order system into a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second order system into a first
+order system okay and it'll just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system okay and it'll just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system okay and it'll just be a
+way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start and that's sort of a general thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and that's sort of a general thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and that's sort of a general thing
+a very low Reynolds number you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very low Reynolds number you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very low Reynolds number you can start
+thinking of things as being uh mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of things as being uh mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of things as being uh mostly
+first order also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order also
+okay so now I've got this simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got this simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got this simpler
+equation I want to make one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I want to make one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I want to make one more
+simplification actually um for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification actually um for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification actually um for a minute
+I'm going to just forget about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just forget about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to just forget about the fact
+that Theta wraps around on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta wraps around on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta wraps around on top of each
+other okay so just uh Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so just uh Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so just uh Let's
+ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wrapping it's not a big deal but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping it's not a big deal but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapping it's not a big deal but let's
+just keep it clean um so and to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it clean um so and to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep it clean um so and to be very
+explicit about that I'm going to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about that I'm going to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about that I'm going to replace
+Theta with X okay just to just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta with X okay just to just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta with X okay just to just to
+remember that we've igned napping so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we've igned napping so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we've igned napping so
+what I my equations now are BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I my equations now are BX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I my equations now are BX
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+excellent is U minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent is U minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent is U minus
+mgl sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl sin
+x thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+guys yeah okay so we have a pendulum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys yeah okay so we have a pendulum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys yeah okay so we have a pendulum but
+it's got a boot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a boot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a boot
+so it's amazing the clocks work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay
+um simple first order equation it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simple first order equation it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simple first order equation it's a
+nonlinear equation so how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation so how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation so how do I
+understand the long-term behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the long-term behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the long-term behavior of
+that system okay well stroat says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system okay well stroat says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system okay well stroat says if
+you've got a um a one-dimensional system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a um a one-dimensional system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a um a one-dimensional system
+first order then you can think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order then you can think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order then you can think of that
+like a flow on a line so let me tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flow on a line so let me tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flow on a line so let me tell you
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+1D first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order um we're going to do it flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um we're going to do it flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order um we're going to do it flow
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+line okay so what I what I want to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I B it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I B it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I B it really
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+big I want to plot Theta over here x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I want to plot Theta over here x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I want to plot Theta over here x
+over here we're in x coordinates here x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're in x coordinates here x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're in x coordinates here x
+and I want to plot x dot over here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to plot x dot over here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to plot x dot over here okay
+okay so this is just a simple function X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a simple function X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a simple function X
+do is a function of X okay what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is a function of X okay what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is a function of X okay what does it
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+like what looks like negative s of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what looks like negative s of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what looks like negative s of X
+possibly shift it up or down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly shift it up or down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly shift it up or down a little
+bit right let's say let's let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right let's say let's let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit right let's say let's let me draw
+the the no torque input case first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the no torque input case first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the no torque input case first um
+then it just looks like X do is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just looks like X do is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just looks like X do is negative
+s of X so something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay where the height of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where the height of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where the height of that
+is mgl over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay um so so now can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um so so now can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um so so now can you tell me
+quickly where the fixed points of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly where the fixed points of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly where the fixed points of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+yeah so anytime X do equals z we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so anytime X do equals z we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so anytime X do equals z we have a
+fixed point of the system and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point of the system and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point of the system and that's
+really the first um Dynamic concept I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the first um Dynamic concept I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the first um Dynamic concept I
+care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is when in this case x. equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is when in this case x. equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is when in this case x. equals
+0 okay and in this case I mean it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay and in this case I mean it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay and in this case I mean it's not
+too hard to solve for the zeros of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to solve for the zeros of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to solve for the zeros of that
+equation anyways but graphically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation anyways but graphically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation anyways but graphically it's
+blatantly obvious that you get a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatantly obvious that you get a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blatantly obvious that you get a um a
+fix Point here a fix Point here a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix Point here a fix Point here a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix Point here a fix Point here a fix
+Point here and of course every 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here and of course every 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here and of course every 2 pi
+it'll repeat right every Pi it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll repeat right every Pi it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll repeat right every Pi it'll
+repeat right pretty simple okay but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat right pretty simple okay but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat right pretty simple okay but now
+let's think about the stability of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the stability of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the stability of those
+fixed points and not just in a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed points and not just in a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed points and not just in a local
+sense but let's really think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but let's really think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but let's really think about the
+the stability of those fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points is this fix Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable yes okay how can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable yes okay how can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable yes okay how can you see
+graphically that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+so locally the slope tells me exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so locally the slope tells me exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so locally the slope tells me exactly
+that if the slope is negative then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the slope is negative then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the slope is negative then it's
+got to be stable but even in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be stable but even in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be stable but even in a more
+Global sort of nonlinear thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global sort of nonlinear thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global sort of nonlinear thinking about
+it sense anywhere that this curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sense anywhere that this curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sense anywhere that this curve is
+above the line that means I have a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line that means I have a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line that means I have a flow
+going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the
+right right so everywhere in this regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so everywhere in this regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so everywhere in this regime
+I know that the system is moving that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that the system is moving that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that the system is moving that
+way right everywhere in this regime I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right everywhere in this regime I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right everywhere in this regime I
+know the flow is going to this this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the flow is going to this this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the flow is going to this this way
+and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so even without any local analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even without any local analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even without any local analysis
+um it's Crystal Clear that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's Crystal Clear that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's Crystal Clear that that this
+that if I if I start the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I if I start the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I if I start the system
+somewhere over here some amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over here some amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere over here some amount of time
+later it's going to be there right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's going to be there right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's going to be there right so
+I'm going to use a um a filled in circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a um a filled in circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use a um a filled in circle
+to describe that stable fix point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe that stable fix point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe that stable fix point and
+this one's going to be stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's going to be stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's going to be stable
+also and then is this fix Point stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and then is this fix Point stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and then is this fix Point stable
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+unstable unstable right nearby points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable unstable right nearby points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable unstable right nearby points
+are going to leave that that fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to leave that that fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to leave that that fixed point
+and go somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go somewhere
+else okay but stability is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay but stability is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay but stability is such a
+central Concept in robotics and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Concept in robotics and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Concept in robotics and in this
+class that I want to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I want to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I want to be a little careful
+about it um there's multiple forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um there's multiple forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um there's multiple forms of
+stability that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um typically we talk about even local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability the first definition we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability the first definition we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability the first definition we care
+about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is
+um a fix Point can be locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a fix Point can be locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a fix Point can be locally
+stable in the sense of leop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andov
+which is often shorthand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often shorthand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is often shorthand is
+L A fix Point can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be locally ASM totically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable and a fix Point can be locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and a fix Point can be locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and a fix Point can be locally
+exponentially stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay who knows what uh it means to be Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who knows what uh it means to be Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who knows what uh it means to be Lo
+um stable in the sense of the op and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off anybody have sort of an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off anybody have sort of an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off anybody have sort of an intuitive
+understanding of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means you start within a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you start within a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you start within a certain
+distance of that point it won't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of that point it won't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of that point it won't it's
+kind of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bounded
+go farther away perfect yeah so what so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go farther away perfect yeah so what so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go farther away perfect yeah so what so
+um typically you have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically you have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically you have to you have to
+Define some sort of distance metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define some sort of distance metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define some sort of distance metric
+let's say just some ukian distance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say just some ukian distance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say just some ukian distance what
+I want to say is that if I start if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say is that if I start if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say is that if I start if my
+initial conditions are near some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions are near some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions are near some
+point okay then they're not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay then they're not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay then they're not going to go
+away from that point and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that point and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that point and specifically
+the way that the um sense of lopov is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the um sense of lopov is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that the um sense of lopov is
+written it says um if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it says um if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it says um if I want to
+guarantee that for all time I am within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that for all time I am within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that for all time I am within
+this distance say epsilon distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance say epsilon distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance say epsilon distance of
+the fixed point then you need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point then you need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point then you need to be able
+to pick some Delta some small Delta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick some Delta some small Delta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick some Delta some small Delta for
+which if I start the system inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if I start the system inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if I start the system inside the
+Delta Delta is going to have to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Delta is going to have to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Delta is going to have to be less
+than Epsilon then it'll always for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon then it'll always for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon then it'll always for all
+time it'll stay inside the Epsilon ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it'll stay inside the Epsilon ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it'll stay inside the Epsilon ball
+I'm going to write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write it down
+but okay a fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um um let's say that a fixed Point um X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um let's say that a fixed Point um X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um let's say that a fixed Point um X
+star is stable in the sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is stable in the sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is stable in the sense of the
+yov if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yov if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yov if
+um for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for all
+Epsilon okay there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay there exists a
+Delta for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for which
+if x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x of
+0us X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0us X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0us X
+star in some Norm let's say a ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in some Norm let's say a ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star in some Norm let's say a ukian
+distance or something like that is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or something like that is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or something like that is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+Delta then for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta then for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta then for all
+t x of t - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x of t - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t x of t - x
+star is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense Okay so we've got a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Okay so we've got a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Okay so we've got a simple
+pendulum plot that tells us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum plot that tells us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum plot that tells us something
+about stability here what is is this fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability here what is is this fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about stability here what is is this fix
+Point stable in the sense of the op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andof yeah right it's stable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andof yeah right it's stable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andof yeah right it's stable in the
+sense of the opo let's say you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the opo let's say you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the opo let's say you tell me
+that for all time I want this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all time I want this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all time I want this thing to
+be within this Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within this Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within this Epsilon
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+right then you can pick any anything any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you can pick any anything any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you can pick any anything any
+Delta smaller than that Epsilon and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta smaller than that Epsilon and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta smaller than that Epsilon and I
+know that it's going to stay in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's going to stay in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's going to stay in that
+inside that ball right so effect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that ball right so effect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that ball right so effect you
+could even in this one you could choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even in this one you could choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even in this one you could choose
+Delta as Epsilon it would be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta as Epsilon it would be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta as Epsilon it would be fine
+okay so these flows on a line are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these flows on a line are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these flows on a line are
+certainly sufficient for checking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly sufficient for checking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly sufficient for checking uh
+stability in the sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in the sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in the sense of the
+opof people okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opof people okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opof people okay with
+that good okay what about ASM totically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good okay what about ASM totically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good okay what about ASM totically
+stable what does it mean intuitively to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what does it mean intuitively to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what does it mean intuitively to
+be ASM totically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+nebor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nebor good so so um as a system is ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebor good so so um as a system is ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nebor good so so um as a system is ASM
+totically stable if as time goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically stable if as time goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically stable if as time goes to
+infinity x is actually going to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity x is actually going to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity x is actually going to be at
+the fixed point if you start in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point if you start in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed point if you start in a
+neighborhood then as X as time goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood then as X as time goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood then as X as time goes to
+infinity x is actually going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity x is actually going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity x is actually going to get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so um
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+x0 um equals x Star Plus some Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 um equals x Star Plus some Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 um equals x Star Plus some Epsilon
+I'm I'm saying Epsilon and Delta meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm saying Epsilon and Delta meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm saying Epsilon and Delta meaning
+things that are small because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are small because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are small because these are
+when I talk about local stability I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about local stability I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about local stability I mean
+these sort of small things um if x0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of small things um if x0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of small things um if x0 is
+starts a small distance away from um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts a small distance away from um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts a small distance away from um the
+fix point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point
+then uh X at Infinity equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fix okay so can we tell from our plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix okay so can we tell from our plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix okay so can we tell from our plots
+that this thing is um ASM totically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah I me I think I think you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I me I think I think you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I me I think I think you can I
+mean I think it's I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it's I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think it's I think that this
+system we know is going to go to this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we know is going to go to this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we know is going to go to this as
+uh as time goes to Infinity I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as time goes to Infinity I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as time goes to Infinity I think it's
+it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ASM totic stability is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ASM totic stability is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ASM totic stability is is
+considered a stricter form of stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a stricter form of stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a stricter form of stability
+than than um stability in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than um stability in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than um stability in the sense of
+the op andov right okay what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op andov right okay what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op andov right okay what about
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+stability um exponential stability means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability um exponential stability means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability um exponential stability means
+not just that I'm going to get there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that I'm going to get there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just that I'm going to get there but
+I'm going to get there at some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get there at some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get there at some rate
+right at some exponential rate so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some exponential rate so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at some exponential rate so um if
+x0 is xar plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is xar plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is xar plus some
+Epsilon um that implies exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon um that implies exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon um that implies exponential
+stability implies that um X of T minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability implies that um X of T minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability implies that um X of T minus X
+star is less than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for C Alpha greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay then I'm going to get there by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay then I'm going to get there by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay then I'm going to get there by
+some in in exponential fashion at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in in exponential fashion at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in in exponential fashion at least
+as fast as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as an
+exponential so can you tell exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so can you tell exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so can you tell exponential
+stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I mean the point of these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean the point of these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I mean the point of these methods
+is not to tell talk about the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to tell talk about the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not to tell talk about the rate of
+something convert in so so I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something convert in so so I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something convert in so so I think the
+first answer is not really but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first answer is not really but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first answer is not really but if you
+think about it um if you were to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it um if you were to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it um if you were to draw
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line if if something was a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if if something was a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line if if something was a constant
+slope here then that system would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here then that system would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope here then that system would
+converge exponentially fast so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge exponentially fast so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge exponentially fast so I think
+as long as your curve is bounded by is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your curve is bounded by is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your curve is bounded by is
+above some line then that would satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above some line then that would satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above some line then that would satisfy
+the the time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time constant
+criteria okay but we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria okay but we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria okay but we're going to use
+those different definitions throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different definitions throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different definitions throughout
+the class so I want to I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so I want to I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class so I want to I want to make
+sure that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear okay um so we said fix points we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay um so we said fix points we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay um so we said fix points we
+talked about a little bit about local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a little bit about local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a little bit about local
+stability um let's talk about um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability um let's talk about um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability um let's talk about um another
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the the basins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Attraction okay so for some um fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction okay so for some um fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction okay so for some um fixed
+Point xstar some stable fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point xstar some stable fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point xstar some stable fixed point
+xstar I want to know what if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar I want to know what if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar I want to know what if I want to
+if I ask what the Bas of Attraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask what the Bas of Attraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I ask what the Bas of Attraction is
+that means it's the set of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's the set of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it's the set of initial
+conditions which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions which will
+which are in the um which will get me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the um which will get me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in the um which will get me to
+the to this fix point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to this fix point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to this fix point right
+so um it's the it's the bounded region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it's the it's the bounded region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um it's the it's the bounded region
+of initial conditions set of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which X X of t as T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X X of t as T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which X X of t as T goes to
+Infinity equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xar so what's the Bas of Attraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar so what's the Bas of Attraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar so what's the Bas of Attraction of
+that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay so this entire region here not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this entire region here not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this entire region here not
+including those points but this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those points but this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those points but this entire
+region here is the Basin of Attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here is the Basin of Attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here is the Basin of Attraction
+of that fixed point and these borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fixed point and these borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fixed point and these borders
+here these lines which separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these lines which separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these lines which separate the
+basins of Attraction they're called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basins of Attraction they're called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basins of Attraction they're called the
+separatrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right does it look like it's working it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does it look like it's working it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does it look like it's working it
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let's just think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's just think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's just think about this
+for a second here so I've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second here so I've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second here so I've got an
+overdamped pendulum okay this is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped pendulum okay this is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped pendulum okay this is uh the
+fix point at zero my coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point at zero my coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point at zero my coordinate system
+is is set so zero is the bottom right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is set so zero is the bottom right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is set so zero is the bottom right so
+just I don't have to use my arm I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't have to use my arm I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I don't have to use my arm I've got
+a pendulum right here even if it's off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pendulum right here even if it's off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pendulum right here even if it's off
+can I can I move it yeah okay so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I move it yeah okay so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I move it yeah okay so uh this
+is theta equals z we just said that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta equals z we just said that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta equals z we just said that if
+the system's overdamped then we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's overdamped then we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's overdamped then we've got a
+stable fix point at the bottom I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fix point at the bottom I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable fix point at the bottom I think
+we can all believe that um if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all believe that um if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can all believe that um if it was
+overdamped it would just go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped it would just go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped it would just go like this
+right this is an underdamped system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an underdamped system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is an underdamped system but
+um the first order Dynamics will take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first order Dynamics will take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first order Dynamics will take it
+to this uh stable fix Point okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh stable fix Point okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this uh stable fix Point okay the
+separatrix of that stable fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatrix of that stable fixed Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatrix of that stable fixed Point
+are the unstable fixed points up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the unstable fixed points up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the unstable fixed points up here
+right right so a uh an overdamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so a uh an overdamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so a uh an overdamped
+pendulum if it's right here will come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum if it's right here will come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum if it's right here will come to
+rest here right if it's right here it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest here right if it's right here it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest here right if it's right here it'll
+come to rest on the other side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to rest on the other side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to rest on the other side right
+that's the Basin of Attraction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Basin of Attraction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Basin of Attraction that's
+the separatrix I think it makes makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separatrix I think it makes makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separatrix I think it makes makes
+total sense okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sense okay um
+what happens now if we start adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now if we start adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens now if we start adding
+control torque to this overdamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control torque to this overdamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control torque to this overdamped
+pendulum let's just this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum let's just this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum let's just this constant
+control torque What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Happens sh the up or down good yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happens sh the up or down good yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happens sh the up or down good yeah so
+if I'm just remember I'm just working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm just remember I'm just working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm just remember I'm just working
+off this equation here the uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this equation here the uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this equation here the uh that's
+going to move that whole line up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move that whole line up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move that whole line up or down
+right so what's that going to do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's that going to do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's that going to do to the
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+points what what happens if I do um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what what happens if I do um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points what what happens if I do um not
+equals mgl over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2B you see where I'm going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah it might be that simple is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it might be that simple is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it might be that simple is it
+it could be that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that I think
+it I didn't think it out that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you not equals mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you not equals mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you not equals mg
+L over 2B then this curve is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over 2B then this curve is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L over 2B then this curve is going to be
+up right so it's going to be some sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so it's going to be some sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so it's going to be some sine
+wave like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay and the fixed points are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and the fixed points are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and the fixed points are going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+move together right so I got a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together right so I got a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move together right so I got a fix
+points like this fix points like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think why' you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think why' you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think why' you say
+that well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well just
+because it gets divided by oh it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets divided by oh it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gets divided by oh it does
+get you're right good call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're right good call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you're right good call
+yep thank you just mgl over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good Y and uh okay so the fix points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Y and uh okay so the fix points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Y and uh okay so the fix points
+start moving together do you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving together do you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving together do you believe
+that do you believe that and you're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you believe that and you're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do you believe that and you're sort
+of the physical interpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physical interpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the physical interpretation of the
+pendulum this one's still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum this one's still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum this one's still going to be
+stable we could see that quickly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable we could see that quickly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable we could see that quickly this
+one's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable right so if I apply a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable right so if I apply a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable right so if I apply a constant
+torque which I will do as soon as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque which I will do as soon as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque which I will do as soon as that
+gives me a green light but um if I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a green light but um if I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a green light but um if I apply
+constant torque positive torque it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque positive torque it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque positive torque it's
+going to start moving the fix Point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start moving the fix Point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start moving the fix Point like
+this okay the unstable fix Point's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay the unstable fix Point's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay the unstable fix Point's also
+going to move right it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move right it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move right it's going to be
+coming down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down like
+this right so if I and the Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so if I and the Basin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so if I and the Basin of
+Attraction change the separatrix moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction change the separatrix moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction change the separatrix moves
+so if the system's here it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the system's here it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the system's here it's actually
+going to go around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go around to
+this and likewise okay it's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and likewise okay it's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and likewise okay it's kind of nice
+you could see that so easily from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see that so easily from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see that so easily from these
+little these little plots okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little plots okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little these little plots okay and what
+happens if I put in um uh U is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mgl yeah exactly right I won't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl yeah exactly right I won't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl yeah exactly right I won't do that
+because I might Hur Zack uh but as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I might Hur Zack uh but as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I might Hur Zack uh but as soon
+as this at the critical point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this at the critical point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this at the critical point where
+where this whole curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this whole curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this whole curve
+is above the line right then the thing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the line right then the thing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the line right then the thing's
+just going to move this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to move this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to move this way
+forever okay so just so just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever okay so just so just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever okay so just so just thinking
+about these flows on a line you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these flows on a line you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these flows on a line you could
+start seeing um what uh first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing um what uh first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing um what uh first order
+single uh one-dimensional systems can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single uh one-dimensional systems can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single uh one-dimensional systems can do
+so we know they can go to a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know they can go to a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know they can go to a fixed
+point we just saw they can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we just saw they can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we just saw they can go to
+Infinity right if if U is to MGO uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity right if if U is to MGO uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity right if if U is to MGO uh can
+they ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't see how they could right I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see how they could right I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't see how they could right I said
+it's either going this way or it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either going this way or it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either going this way or it's going
+this way there's no oscillations in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way there's no oscillations in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way there's no oscillations in a
+first order system when the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system when the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system when the mechanical
+engineers know that but that's this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers know that but that's this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers know that but that's this is a
+graphical way to see what that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical way to see what that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical way to see what that happens
+what that means so actually it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means so actually it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means so actually it turns out
+the only thing that um that a uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that um that a uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that um that a uh first
+order onedimensional system can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order onedimensional system can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order onedimensional system can do is
+end up at a fix point or blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um there can be a lot of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there can be a lot of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there can be a lot of fixed
+points right it could be a flat line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right it could be a flat line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right it could be a flat line it
+could be that it could be stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that it could be stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that it could be stable
+anywhere that's fine but it'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that's fine but it'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere that's fine but it'll always
+either end up at a fixed point or it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either end up at a fixed point or it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either end up at a fixed point or it'll
+blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so um it's a general tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so um it's a general tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so um it's a general tool
+it's um um certainly good for things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um um certainly good for things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um um certainly good for things
+other than than pendula let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than than pendula let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than than pendula let me just
+give one other nonlinear system example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one other nonlinear system example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one other nonlinear system example
+um that's onedimensional in first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's onedimensional in first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's onedimensional in first order
+so we can think about a few more terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about a few more terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about a few more terms
+um okay so this one is called uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another example this one's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example this one's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example this one's actually
+called a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aaps anybody have any guess what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaps anybody have any guess what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaps anybody have any guess what the
+heck that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a crazy
+guess it's actually a model of a neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's actually a model of a neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's actually a model of a neuron
+okay I did my PhD with a neuroscientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I did my PhD with a neuroscientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I did my PhD with a neuroscientist
+so I I often think about things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I often think about things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I often think about things that are
+like neurons okay if you've ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neurons okay if you've ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neurons okay if you've ever seen
+sort of neural networks Dynamic neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of neural networks Dynamic neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of neural networks Dynamic neural
+networks um a pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks um a pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks um a pretty common
+representation of uh neural network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of uh neural network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of uh neural network is
+with the one of these sigmoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions that are weighted by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are weighted by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are weighted by some
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+W let's say a weight parameter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W let's say a weight parameter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W let's say a weight parameter but
+that's inconsequential all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inconsequential all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inconsequential all you have to
+care about here is that I've got a A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about here is that I've got a A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about here is that I've got a A
+first order nonlinear system um with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order nonlinear system um with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order nonlinear system um with a
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+W okay and again graphically we can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay and again graphically we can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W okay and again graphically we can tell
+you everything you need to know about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything you need to know about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you everything you need to know about um
+this system pretty quickly okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system pretty quickly okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system pretty quickly okay so um
+well who knows what a tan looks like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who knows what a tan looks like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who knows what a tan looks like I
+just said it's a sigmoid right so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said it's a sigmoid right so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said it's a sigmoid right so um if
+you know a lot about a tanch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot about a tanch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a lot about a tanch
+um so a tan it goes from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a tan it goes from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a tan it goes from 1 to
+-1 um this is X this is um tan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 um this is X this is um tan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 um this is X this is um tan of
+WX if for w equals 1 it turns out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX if for w equals 1 it turns out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WX if for w equals 1 it turns out you
+have a slope of one here and you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slope of one here and you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slope of one here and you go up
+and you ASM toote like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ASM toote like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ASM toote like
+this okay that's W =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's W =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that's W =
+1 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 um
+for w a lot greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you're even steeper but you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're even steeper but you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're even steeper but you get to
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place so let's say that's W equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so let's say that's W equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place so let's say that's W equal
+3 and then if you're less than one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then if you're less than one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then if you're less than one um
+it's going to be even more a shallower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be even more a shallower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be even more a shallower
+this is why I bring sidewalk chalk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I bring sidewalk chalk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I bring sidewalk chalk to
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's say that's uh W = .5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now what is the system x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what is the system x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what is the system x dot
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+UMX plus tan look like right if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UMX plus tan look like right if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UMX plus tan look like right if I want
+to actually make draw my flow on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually make draw my flow on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually make draw my flow on the
+line what's that going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I want to
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+um X versus x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X versus x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X versus x dot
+here okay well I can plot both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay well I can plot both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay well I can plot both of them
+independently so I know how x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so I know how x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently so I know how x equal
+negative X looks I know how tan looks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative X looks I know how tan looks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative X looks I know how tan looks so
+the com you know it's that function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com you know it's that function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com you know it's that function is
+just going to be this thing put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be this thing put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be this thing put on the
+line X that equal negx right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line X that equal negx right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line X that equal negx right so what
+that means is for w =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is for w =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is for w =
+1 I have a system that kind of comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I have a system that kind of comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I have a system that kind of comes in
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this and goes like that for w equals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three I have a system that goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and for w equals half I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for w equals half I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and for w equals half I have a
+system that goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make
+sense so the the reason I chose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so the the reason I chose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so the the reason I chose this
+system is I want to tell you quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is I want to tell you quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is I want to tell you quickly
+what um about bifurcations and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um about bifurcations and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um about bifurcations and how to
+make bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make bifurcation
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um where are the fix points of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system one or three fix good so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one or three fix good so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one or three fix good so I
+definitely have a fixed Point here is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a fixed Point here is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a fixed Point here is it
+stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable or
+unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+depend it depends on W though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend it depends on W though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend it depends on W though
+right in one case it's unstable and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in one case it's unstable and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in one case it's unstable and in
+one St case it's stable okay and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one St case it's stable okay and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one St case it's stable okay and then in
+some cases in the blue case I have fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases in the blue case I have fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases in the blue case I have fix
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+here and in the red case I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the red case I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in the red case I don't
+right so this is a system which as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a system which as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is a system which as I
+change my run parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my run parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my run parameter
+W I change the number of fixed points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I change the number of fixed points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W I change the number of fixed points
+and I change the stability of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I change the stability of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I change the stability of those
+fixed points okay it's sort of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed points okay it's sort of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed points okay it's sort of one of
+the simpler systems um where you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpler systems um where you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simpler systems um where you see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so um a change in the number of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so um a change in the number of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so um a change in the number of fixed
+points as you vary a parameters called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as you vary a parameters called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as you vary a parameters called a
+bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you can make bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can make bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can make bifurcation
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+which for a system like this the x- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a system like this the x- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for a system like this the x- axis
+is the parameter your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parameter your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the parameter your your
+uh you're changing and the Y AIS is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're changing and the Y AIS is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're changing and the Y AIS is the
+fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if W is less than one what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if W is less than one what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if W is less than one what did
+we say we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we've
+got a we've got a fix point at the um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a we've got a fix point at the um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a we've got a fix point at the um at
+the origin and is it stable or unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable stable okay so um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable stable okay so um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable stable okay so um there's a
+critical point here where W equals 1 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point here where W equals 1 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point here where W equals 1 we
+know that now um because that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that now um because that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that now um because that's where
+the slope of tan is is one um and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of tan is is one um and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of tan is is one um and if
+it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than
+one turns out for all W less than one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one turns out for all W less than one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one turns out for all W less than one I
+have a stable fix point at the origin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stable fix point at the origin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stable fix point at the origin so
+I use a solid line to say a stable fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and a dashed line for unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a dashed line for unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and a dashed line for unstable
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point okay and then for w greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay and then for w greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay and then for w greater than
+one what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have I've got three fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I've got three fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I've got three fixed
+points which ones are stable which one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which ones are stable which one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which ones are stable which one's
+unstable I just used my plurals in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable I just used my plurals in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable I just used my plurals in a way
+that could only imply one solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could only imply one solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could only imply one solution
+but the middle one is not stable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the middle one is not stable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the middle one is not stable is
+unstable and the outside ones are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and the outside ones are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and the outside ones are are
+stable okay so and it turns out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay so and it turns out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable okay so and it turns out if you
+if you vary W smoothly then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay where this goes to um goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay where this goes to um goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay where this goes to um goes to
+one something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one something like
+one it's not quite one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's not quite one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's not quite one
+it's around one it's whatever one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around one it's whatever one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around one it's whatever one plus
+the tangent of one is um okay it ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of one is um okay it ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent of one is um okay it ASM
+tootes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tootes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tootes like
+this and um this fix point in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um this fix point in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um this fix point in the middle
+remains but it's becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so bifurcations are sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so bifurcations are sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so bifurcations are sort of a
+critical Concept in uh in nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical Concept in uh in nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical Concept in uh in nonlinear
+Dynamics here's a crash course this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics here's a crash course this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics here's a crash course this is a
+this is actually called a pitchfork di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually called a pitchfork di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually called a pitchfork di
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+bifurcation uh for obvious reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and that's actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's actually a pretty
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+one you'll run into many others there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'll run into many others there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you'll run into many others there's
+saddle bifurcations um there are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle bifurcations um there are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle bifurcations um there are and
+there's also I think there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also I think there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also I think there's just
+strangely named ones I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely named ones I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely named ones I think there's a
+blue sky bifurcation there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue sky bifurcation there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue sky bifurcation there's you know
+pretty much any name you look for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any name you look for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any name you look for you
+can find a bifurcation named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a bifurcation named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a bifurcation named after
+it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so
+um good I think we know a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good I think we know a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good I think we know a lot of what
+there is to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to know
+about first order nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about first order nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about first order nonlinear
+one-dimensional systems okay I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional systems okay I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional systems okay I think I
+think in a lot of classes we're trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in a lot of classes we're trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in a lot of classes we're trained
+to think linear systems linear systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think linear systems linear systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think linear systems linear systems
+linear systems I can do everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems I can do everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems I can do everything in
+linear um it turns out you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear um it turns out you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear um it turns out you can do
+everything in a nonlinear system too if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a nonlinear system too if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a nonlinear system too if
+it's first order onedimensional but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's first order onedimensional but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's first order onedimensional but
+that's an important sort of axis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important sort of axis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important sort of axis that
+not not we don't see too much I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not we don't see too much I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not we don't see too much I think
+okay and it helps to to know what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it helps to to know what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it helps to to know what all
+these concepts are I think Zach says we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts are I think Zach says we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts are I think Zach says we
+can now uh do can we do the overdamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now uh do can we do the overdamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now uh do can we do the overdamped
+uh sure case here um over damp do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure case here um over damp do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sure case here um over damp do you
+want we wanted gravity to be uh8 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we wanted gravity to be uh8 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we wanted gravity to be uh8 okay
+and we wanted uh damping to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted uh damping to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted uh damping to be
+uh I think oh sorry damping is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think oh sorry damping is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think oh sorry damping is negative
+8 and gravity was positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and gravity was positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and gravity was positive
+.85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.85
+okay okay so what do we have here we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do we have here we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what do we have here we got
+a um a big motor a little pendulum yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a big motor a little pendulum yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a big motor a little pendulum yeah
+you move it okay let's uh can I move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it okay let's uh can I move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move it okay let's uh can I move it
+yeah long as we don't uh don't pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah long as we don't uh don't pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah long as we don't uh don't pull the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+okay big motor DC motor there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay big motor DC motor there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay big motor DC motor there's a
+gearbox here but I'm we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gearbox here but I'm we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gearbox here but I'm we're going to be
+commanding current which is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding current which is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding current which is just like
+applying that torque there modulo some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying that torque there modulo some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying that torque there modulo some
+some errors in the gearbox okay and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some errors in the gearbox okay and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some errors in the gearbox okay and just
+a otherwise passive pendulum okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a otherwise passive pendulum okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a otherwise passive pendulum okay so um
+Zach has written the basic um he's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach has written the basic um he's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zach has written the basic um he's done
+the basic system identification so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic system identification so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic system identification so we
+know what the the mass is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the the mass is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the the mass is what the
+damping is it's not quite the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is it's not quite the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is it's not quite the simple
+damping I showed you but it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping I showed you but it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping I showed you but it's not too
+much worse and now he can do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse and now he can do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse and now he can do things like
+cancel out um he can change the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out um he can change the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out um he can change the damping
+he can remove the damping he can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can remove the damping he can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can remove the damping he can add
+more damping he can change gravity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more damping he can change gravity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more damping he can change gravity with
+it's just the feedback linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the feedback linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the feedback linearization
+game we said yesterday all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we said yesterday all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game we said yesterday all right so we
+just said we're going to make it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said we're going to make it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said we're going to make it an
+overdamped system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped system here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped system here
+so there you go now overdamped is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go now overdamped is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go now overdamped is
+actually the hardest thing I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the hardest thing I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the hardest thing I'm going to
+show today from the control point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show today from the control point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show today from the control point of
+view because you get chatter like crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view because you get chatter like crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view because you get chatter like crazy
+when you see okay but because there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see okay but because there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see okay but because there's an
+encoder that's uh discreet and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder that's uh discreet and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder that's uh discreet and we're
+sampling it in okay so that's an overd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling it in okay so that's an overd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling it in okay so that's an overd
+can you give me a little bit of uh uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me a little bit of uh uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me a little bit of uh uh of
+constant torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant torque
+sure um like uh 0.1 yeah I I changed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um like uh 0.1 yeah I I changed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um like uh 0.1 yeah I I changed it
+to the gain I know I'm trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gain I know I'm trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gain I know I'm trying to figure
+out where that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I think it's that probably that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's that probably that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's that probably that
+torque yeah yeah okay how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque yeah yeah okay how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque yeah yeah okay how much do you
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+0.1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so
+I applied point one a torque actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I applied point one a torque actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I applied point one a torque actually we
+got to sign error compared to my things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to sign error compared to my things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to sign error compared to my things
+but that's okay um now I got a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay um now I got a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay um now I got a fixed
+Point here right so the same um over Dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here right so the same um over Dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here right so the same um over Dam
+pendulum it's stable here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum it's stable here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum it's stable here there's a
+little bit of stion in here so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of stion in here so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of stion in here so it's not
+going exactly okay the other place we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going exactly okay the other place we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going exactly okay the other place we
+have we feel it is right up there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we feel it is right up there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we feel it is right up there that's
+the other fix point right if I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other fix point right if I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other fix point right if I put it
+over here then that constant torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then that constant torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then that constant torque
+moves me right over there just like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves me right over there just like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves me right over there just like I
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+okay it's all good let's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's all good let's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's all good let's just uh
+um yeah we can play with it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we can play with it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we can play with it a little bit
+now so so give me uh maybe twice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so so give me uh maybe twice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so so give me uh maybe twice of
+gravity or something like that that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity or something like that that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity or something like that that okay
+right what's going to happen if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's going to happen if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's going to happen if I if I
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity what's that nothing nothing let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity what's that nothing nothing let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity what's that nothing nothing let
+me turn this damping game back down yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me turn this damping game back down yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me turn this damping game back down yeah
+good idea okay okay now we want twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay changes the natural frequency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay changes the natural frequency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay changes the natural frequency right
+okay we're going to see that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to see that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to see that in a second
+I didn't actually do all the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually do all the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually do all the second
+order stuff yet still got high damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order stuff yet still got high damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order stuff yet still got high damping
+in there though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there though
+yeah oh yeah okay take that out cool so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah okay take that out cool so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh yeah okay take that out cool so
+so we're going to play with that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to play with that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to play with that again
+when I do the second order version here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do the second order version here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do the second order version here
+but um at least I hope you believe where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um at least I hope you believe where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um at least I hope you believe where
+wherever it went the uh the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it went the uh the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever it went the uh the constant
+torque overdamped tells me everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque overdamped tells me everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque overdamped tells me everything I
+need to know about the simple pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about the simple pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know about the simple pendulum
+so that's kind of cool okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of cool okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of cool okay
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um let's let's get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's get rid of this
+overdamped constraint which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped constraint which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped constraint which is uh
+um the only reason it was first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the only reason it was first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the only reason it was first order
+and let's get to the second uh order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's get to the second uh order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's get to the second uh order
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+okay but before we do the whole Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but before we do the whole Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but before we do the whole Dynamics
+we'll make another quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make another quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make another quick
+assumption um let's do a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um let's do a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption um let's do a different
+special case I could have left that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's do an undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pendulum and we'll start with uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torque okay so b equal Z and uh U not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay so b equal Z and uh U not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay so b equal Z and uh U not
+equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z
+okay all right so one of those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so one of those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so one of those equations
+look like now I've just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like now I've just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like now I've just got
+um I Theta dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I Theta dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I Theta dot is
+umga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umga
+mgl sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so how am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so how am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so how am I going to
+graphically investigate this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically investigate this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically investigate this second
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+system well now there's two things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well now there's two things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well now there's two things I
+care about evolving over time right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about evolving over time right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about evolving over time right I
+need to know what Theta does over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what Theta does over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know what Theta does over time
+but also need to know what Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also need to know what Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also need to know what Theta dot
+does over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does over
+time okay so I'm going to need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so I'm going to need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so I'm going to need a
+two-dimensional plot and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional plot and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional plot and this is the
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+plot okay so let's make a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so phase plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phase plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so phase plot
+what I'm going to plot is Theta versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to plot is Theta versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to plot is Theta versus
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+dot okay and what I'm going to plot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay and what I'm going to plot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay and what I'm going to plot is
+not a um these my separ atrics doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a um these my separ atrics doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a um these my separ atrics doesn't
+want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away what I'm going to plot on this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away what I'm going to plot on this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away what I'm going to plot on this it's
+a vector plot okay I'm going to plot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector plot okay I'm going to plot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector plot okay I'm going to plot um
+I have I have sort of two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I have sort of two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I have sort of two equations
+floating right this this second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating right this this second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating right this this second order
+system is equivalent to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is equivalent to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is equivalent to two
+equations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Theta dot sounds looks a little silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta dot sounds looks a little silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta dot sounds looks a little silly
+to write this but it's a you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this but it's a you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this but it's a you can think
+of a um a second order system as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a um a second order system as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a um a second order system as um
+coupled um first order systems with of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled um first order systems with of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled um first order systems with of
+two variables here and this is mgl sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay so what I'm going to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so what I'm going to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so what I'm going to plot
+here is a vector which is Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a vector which is Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a vector which is Theta dot
+Theta versus Theta double dot as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta versus Theta double dot as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta versus Theta double dot as a
+function of theta and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta and Theta
+dot I see Angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I see Angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot I see Angry
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+right I can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can write this as
+um I of if I want to think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I of if I want to think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I of if I want to think of this as a
+first order system I'm going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system I'm going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system I'm going to say that
+X is Theta Theta dot right and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is Theta Theta dot right and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is Theta Theta dot right and now I can
+write x dot is some function of X A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write x dot is some function of X A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write x dot is some function of X A
+first order equation which describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order equation which describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order equation which describes
+this second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second order
+system okay it's a vector equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay it's a vector equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay it's a vector equation and
+what I want to plot is for all X I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to plot is for all X I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to plot is for all X I want
+to plot x dot X is 2x one right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot x dot X is 2x one right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot x dot X is 2x one right and it
+happens to be Theta dot Theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be Theta dot Theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be Theta dot Theta double dot
+and it's a function of a 2x1 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a function of a 2x1 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a function of a 2x1 so I'm
+going to make a vector plot on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a vector plot on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a vector plot on this
+two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional
+system okay maybe as I start drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay maybe as I start drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay maybe as I start drawing
+things it'll it'll be become crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it'll it'll be become crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it'll it'll be become crystal
+clear okay okay um so given uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay okay um so given uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear okay okay um so given uh this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here for the undamped pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's let's plot some of the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's plot some of the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's let's plot some of the vectors
+okay so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it turns out that
+um um it's simple to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um it's simple to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um it's simple to think about it
+along the line of theta dot equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the line of theta dot equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the line of theta dot equals z
+let's think about that I have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about that I have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about that I have a vector
+Whose y component is going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whose y component is going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whose y component is going to be zero
+and it's X component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's X component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's X component
+sorry this component is going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this component is going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this component is going to be zero
+I should call that the X component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call that the X component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call that the X component and
+it's y component is going to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's y component is going to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's y component is going to be negative
+mg sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg sin
+Theta okay so at zero I've got nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so at zero I've got nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so at zero I've got nothing
+here I've got a little Vector going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a little Vector going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a little Vector going down
+it's y component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it gets back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it gets back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it gets back to
+another zero so if I plot vectors this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another zero so if I plot vectors this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another zero so if I plot vectors this
+Vector field along the that line I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right okay if I plot it up at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay if I plot it up at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay if I plot it up at some
+positive or let's even plot it now along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or let's even plot it now along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or let's even plot it now along
+the other line so if Theta is zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other line so if Theta is zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other line so if Theta is zero then
+I get a thing that's only got an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a thing that's only got an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a thing that's only got an X
+component this term is zero and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this term is zero and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this term is zero and it's
+actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a
+linear thing so it just looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you with me on that okay and if I plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with me on that okay and if I plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with me on that okay and if I plot
+something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+between some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some positive
+X um some positive Theta positive Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um some positive Theta positive Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um some positive Theta positive Theta
+dot then I'm going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot then I'm going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot then I'm going to get the
+combination of these two things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these two things I'm
+going to get a vector like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you plot that through or if you hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot that through or if you hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot that through or if you hand
+it to mat lab to plot it through for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to mat lab to plot it through for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to mat lab to plot it through for
+instance um then you uh can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um then you uh can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um then you uh can again
+graphically quickly interrogate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically quickly interrogate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically quickly interrogate the
+nonlinear dynamics of the system okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear dynamics of the system okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear dynamics of the system okay so
+in this phase plot if I start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this phase plot if I start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this phase plot if I start with some
+positive velocity and zero angle then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive velocity and zero angle then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive velocity and zero angle then
+I'm going to start going I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start going I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start going I'm going to
+get some angle right I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some angle right I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some angle right I'm going to go
+around until I get to the theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around until I get to the theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around until I get to the theta equals
+Theta dot equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot equals
+z i go around right that was could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i go around right that was could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z i go around right that was could have
+been more circular but you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea okay and it turns out in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay and it turns out in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay and it turns out in here
+things really do look like circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really do look like circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really do look like circles
+around the origin and they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the origin and they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the origin and they should be
+Centric um out here the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric um out here the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Centric um out here the nonlinearity
+sort of shows up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shows up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of shows up a little bit
+more get these eyeball looking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so what does that say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what does that say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so what does that say so
+if I start my pendulum is it okay uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start my pendulum is it okay uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start my pendulum is it okay uh if
+I start my pendulum with zero position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start my pendulum with zero position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start my pendulum with zero position
+and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some
+velocity if it is it zero damping if oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if it is it zero damping if oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity if it is it zero damping if oh
+good man okay then what's it going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good man okay then what's it going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good man okay then what's it going to do
+it's going to start oscillating forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start oscillating forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to start oscillating forever
+right as close as we can to canceling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as close as we can to canceling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as close as we can to canceling
+out damping by measuring it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out damping by measuring it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out damping by measuring it and
+subtracting it okay so it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting it okay so it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting it okay so it's just going
+around it's got some positive Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's got some positive Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's got some positive Theta and
+negative Theta dot positive Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Theta dot positive Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Theta dot positive Theta dot
+negative Theta Dot and you know was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Theta Dot and you know was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Theta Dot and you know was
+pretty close I'll give you better chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close I'll give you better chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close I'll give you better chance
+by going like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I can really test our model by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can really test our model by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can really test our model by
+uh starting it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh starting it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh starting it up
+here that's pretty good right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's pretty good right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's pretty good right so if I
+start way up here it's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start way up here it's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start way up here it's going to take
+these these orbits okay and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these orbits okay and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these orbits okay and it turns out
+if I were to wrap the pendulum around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to wrap the pendulum around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to wrap the pendulum around
+once again I'm now I'm testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again I'm now I'm testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again I'm now I'm testing the
+encoder counts for you okay then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder counts for you okay then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder counts for you okay then I would
+do the same thing but over by that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing but over by that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing but over by that other
+fixed point right so this whole pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point right so this whole pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point right so this whole pattern
+repeats over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah for oh great we should uh plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for oh great we should uh plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for oh great we should uh plug that
+in which is going to be mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is going to be mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which is going to be mechanically
+impossible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go looks just like you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looks just like you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looks just like you can sort of see
+there's an eyeball there right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an eyeball there right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an eyeball there right this is
+the real data from the encoders okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real data from the encoders okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real data from the encoders okay so
+I moved it around there and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved it around there and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I moved it around there and then I
+jerked it over here I got an orbit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerked it over here I got an orbit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jerked it over here I got an orbit there
+move it over here I got that nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over here I got that nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it over here I got that nonlinear
+orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the exact same uh phase plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the exact same uh phase plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the exact same uh phase plot
+that we just did okay so now um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did okay so now um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did okay so now um where
+are the fixed points of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a phase plot two variables where can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a phase plot two variables where can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a phase plot two variables where can
+the fix points even be can I have a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix points even be can I have a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix points even be can I have a fix
+point up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here if I have velocity I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I have velocity I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I have velocity I don't have a
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+point so right away you know you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so right away you know you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so right away you know you're only
+going to be looking for fixed points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking for fixed points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking for fixed points on
+the x- axxis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and again on the x- axxis it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again on the x- axxis it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and again on the x- axxis it just
+reduced to the the sort of the sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to the the sort of the sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to the the sort of the sign so
+I've got a fixed Point here I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a fixed Point here I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a fixed Point here I've got a
+fixed point at Pi I got a fix point at 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point at Pi I got a fix point at 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point at Pi I got a fix point at 2
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+right okay are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable you should ask what what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you should ask what what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you should ask what what do I
+mean in what sense good okay is it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in what sense good okay is it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in what sense good okay is it is it
+ASM totically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM totically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM totically
+stable no right if I start it here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable no right if I start it here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable no right if I start it here it's
+just going to go around and around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go around and around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to go around and around and
+around forever it's not going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around forever it's not going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around forever it's not going to get to
+the point is it stable in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it stable in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is it stable in the sense of
+the op andov yes good and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op andov yes good and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op andov yes good and this one is
+it's not stable at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not stable at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not stable at all
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right let's add a little damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's add a little damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right let's add a little damping
+in what happens if I add my damping back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what happens if I add my damping back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what happens if I add my damping back
+in but leave my torque off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but leave my torque off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but leave my torque off
+what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then oh I should I I want to ask you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I should I I want to ask you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I should I I want to ask you one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+question so this thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so this thing is a
+trajectory I didn't tell you carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory I didn't tell you carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory I didn't tell you carefully
+what what this is a closed orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this is a closed orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this is a closed orbit
+right um is that closed orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable that's that's the right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that's that's the right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that's that's the right that's a
+fair question what do I mean um so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair question what do I mean um so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair question what do I mean um so so we
+have to Define uh orbital stability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to Define uh orbital stability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to Define uh orbital stability and
+we will but just intuitively what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will but just intuitively what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will but just intuitively what do you
+feel about do you think that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about do you think that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about do you think that that uh
+trajectories that are near that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories that are near that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories that are near that are
+going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to
+that no right this is this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no right this is this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no right this is this is the same
+sort of marginal stability case that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of marginal stability case that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of marginal stability case that you
+see here so so if there was a sens ofely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here so so if there was a sens ofely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here so so if there was a sens ofely
+op andof kind of definition for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op andof kind of definition for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op andof kind of definition for uh the
+orbit then we might say that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit then we might say that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit then we might say that but it's
+certainly not it's not a limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not it's not a limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not it's not a limit cycle
+stability we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability we're going to talk about
+where it's not going to converge to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not going to converge to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's not going to converge to that
+trajectory okay if I'm on this orbit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory okay if I'm on this orbit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory okay if I'm on this orbit and
+I give it a little push then it'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it a little push then it'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it a little push then it'll start
+moving at this different orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at this different orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at this different orbit
+okay okay now what happens if I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now what happens if I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now what happens if I do the
+damping case so my equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping case so my equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping case so my equations
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and I think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I think that it's
+just unsatisfying to see that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just unsatisfying to see that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just unsatisfying to see that let me
+just write x dot is still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write x dot is still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write x dot is still going to be
+Theta dot here but now it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot here but now it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta dot here but now it's going to be
+um B Theta dot minus mg sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and it turns out if I make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out if I make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it turns out if I make that
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot at the origin all is well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot at the origin all is well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot at the origin all is well it's the
+same thing right I still get my sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right I still get my sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right I still get my sort of
+sine wave Dynamics at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but what happens up here now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what happens up here now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what happens up here now this
+is still Theta versus Theta dot phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still Theta versus Theta dot phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still Theta versus Theta dot phase
+plot but now when I have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot but now when I have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot but now when I have zero
+Theta okay I can still have I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay I can still have I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay I can still have I have the
+same X component Thea dot but now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same X component Thea dot but now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same X component Thea dot but now I have
+some negative y component yeah so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative y component yeah so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some negative y component yeah so I'm
+going to get a vector that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a vector that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a vector that looks like
+this and these things go down sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these things go down sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these things go down sort of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay and in general it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and in general it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and in general it looks
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like
+this and what in my trajectory is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what in my trajectory is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what in my trajectory is going
+to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look
+like spirals spirals good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I restart it I might have moved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I restart it I might have moved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I restart it I might have moved it
+too quick it's got to grab the encoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too quick it's got to grab the encoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too quick it's got to grab the encoder
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is that with that's no damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that with that's no damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that with that's no damping
+still right yep let's put some damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right yep let's put some damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still right yep let's put some damping
+in there no that's with normal damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there no that's with normal damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there no that's with normal damping
+normal damping yeah I'm not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal damping yeah I'm not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal damping yeah I'm not getting
+anything to it okay so this is normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to it okay so this is normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to it okay so this is normal
+damping just the damping from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping just the damping from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping just the damping from the the
+motor the friction in the gear box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor the friction in the gear box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor the friction in the gear box
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably okay let's see a phase plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably okay let's see a phase plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably okay let's see a phase plot
+okay let me get the data off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y there we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you'll see a a few blips in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you'll see a a few blips in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you'll see a a few blips in the
+plot dos when the encoders are slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot dos when the encoders are slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot dos when the encoders are slipping
+away but but you can see a pretty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but but you can see a pretty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but but you can see a pretty um
+spiraly trajectory I think if we triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiraly trajectory I think if we triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiraly trajectory I think if we triple
+the damping or something it'll look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping or something it'll look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping or something it'll look more
+compelling yeah let's try that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so um when he's setting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um when he's setting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so um when he's setting that
+up what happens to the um fix point over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what happens to the um fix point over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what happens to the um fix point over
+here it's going to have the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to have the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to have the same sort of
+Dynamics over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics over
+here okay right it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay right it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay right it's going to have
+spiral Dynamics down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral Dynamics down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiral Dynamics down
+here but what happens if I start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what happens if I start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but what happens if I start with a
+really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity or really large negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or really large negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity or really large negative
+velocity let's say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero yeah right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah right so this is
+my um this is my unstable equilibrium if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my um this is my unstable equilibrium if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my um this is my unstable equilibrium if
+I'm coming down and I don't make it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coming down and I don't make it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coming down and I don't make it to
+that unstable equilibrium sort of then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unstable equilibrium sort of then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unstable equilibrium sort of then
+it'll actually tip back up and it'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually tip back up and it'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually tip back up and it'll go
+in and spiral to this fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and spiral to this fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and spiral to this fix
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+right so let's see how you going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see how you going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see how you going to give
+that a try um let's do the just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a try um let's do the just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a try um let's do the just the
+normal um Okay Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay Okay that was the benign case try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay that was the benign case try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay Okay that was the benign case try
+the high energy case in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energy case in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energy case in just a second
+here okay um let me get that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go okay minus the little flips you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay minus the little flips you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay minus the little flips you can
+see that's that's the spiral going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's that's the spiral going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's that's the spiral going in
+now let's see if I can let me restart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if I can let me restart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see if I can let me restart
+the uh sorry let me leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sorry let me leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh sorry let me leave
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+so it looked like a sort of a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looked like a sort of a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looked like a sort of a you know
+hit the brakes here and came back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the brakes here and came back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the brakes here and came back down
+uh you might think it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might think it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might think it's like a
+discontinuity in the trajectory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in the trajectory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in the trajectory or
+something but hopefully it'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but hopefully it'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but hopefully it'll look
+exactly like what I pictured up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board yep again minus the encoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board yep again minus the encoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board yep again minus the encoder
+slipping uh and this is me lifting it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping uh and this is me lifting it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping uh and this is me lifting it it
+goes around and finds stabilizes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around and finds stabilizes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around and finds stabilizes into
+that fix Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um finally now I thank you for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finally now I thank you for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um finally now I thank you for those of
+you that are um quite familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that are um quite familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that are um quite familiar with
+Dynamics thank you for listening let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics thank you for listening let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics thank you for listening let's
+think about controlling this this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about controlling this this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about controlling this this system
+okay what does it mean to control this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system let's say I put in um U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's say I put in um U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's say I put in um U
+again forget about Conant you we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again forget about Conant you we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again forget about Conant you we're
+we're past that now let's say in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're past that now let's say in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're past that now let's say in general
+I can make U be a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make U be a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make U be a function of
+the Theta and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot right and my equations now are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right and my equations now are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right and my equations now are going
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this plus u which could in general be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus u which could in general be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plus u which could in general be a
+function of theta and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta and Theta
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+okay what is that going to do to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is that going to do to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is that going to do to my
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot doesn't change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot doesn't change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot doesn't change this
+component right which means things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right which means things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right which means things are
+basically still going to go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically still going to go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically still going to go around
+things always go around this way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always go around this way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always go around this way that's
+so how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how it
+works okay but what I can do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay but what I can do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay but what I can do is I can
+move this guy up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this guy up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this guy up or
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+right that's all I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all I can
+do now in a lot of cases that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now in a lot of cases that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now in a lot of cases that's that's
+everything I'd want to do so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I'd want to do so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I'd want to do so we can
+maybe we should you want to do the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should you want to do the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should you want to do the uh
+the feedback linearization of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback linearization of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback linearization of gravity
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+okay a couple seconds sure right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a couple seconds sure right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a couple seconds sure right so it
+turns out that's enough if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that's enough if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that's enough if you think
+about what this plot looks like even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this plot looks like even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this plot looks like even if
+I have a damped thing so for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a damped thing so for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a damped thing so for instance if
+I do my feedback linearization and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do my feedback linearization and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do my feedback linearization and I
+make this function let me be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this function let me be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this function let me be a little
+bit more um careful I I'll call this Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more um careful I I'll call this Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more um careful I I'll call this Pi
+I'll say U is pi of theta Theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say U is pi of theta Theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say U is pi of theta Theta dot
+that's the term that's the notation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the term that's the notation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the term that's the notation we
+use most of the time here let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use most of the time here let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use most of the time here let's say I
+just made it B Theta dot that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it B Theta dot that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it B Theta dot that cancels
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+this component of the thing flattens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this component of the thing flattens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this component of the thing flattens it
+out and gets me back to that plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and gets me back to that plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and gets me back to that plot and
+that's actually exactly how we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually exactly how we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually exactly how we did the
+zero damping case there right we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero damping case there right we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero damping case there right we just
+cancelled out the damping to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled out the damping to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelled out the damping to make that
+plot because the real thing has damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot because the real thing has damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot because the real thing has damping
+okay and if we do the the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we do the the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if we do the the feedback
+linearization we can actually do um plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization we can actually do um plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization we can actually do um plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgl sin Theta
+right if I make the controller look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I make the controller look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I make the controller look like
+that then lo and behold um you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then lo and behold um you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then lo and behold um you know the
+system now an upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now an upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now an upside down
+pendulum right same thing I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum right same thing I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum right same thing I showed you
+last time but this this time it's on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but this this time it's on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but this this time it's on a
+piece of metal so that's more impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal so that's more impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal so that's more impressive
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so here's the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's the name of the
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and and I want you to sort of to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and I want you to sort of to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and I want you to sort of to sort
+of think about this U between now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about this U between now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think about this U between now and
+next week let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week let's say
+um let's say I I want to put a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I I want to put a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I I want to put a fixed
+point you can only put fix points along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can only put fix points along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you can only put fix points along
+here um let's say I want to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um let's say I want to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um let's say I want to stabilize
+turn the system into a system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the system into a system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the system into a system that's
+stable at this fix Point unstable here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at this fix Point unstable here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable at this fix Point unstable here I
+want all trajectories to end here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all trajectories to end here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want all trajectories to end here okay
+and I want to do it by making minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do it by making minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to do it by making minimal
+changes to that vector by adding minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to that vector by adding minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to that vector by adding minimal
+torque okay so you got this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay so you got this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay so you got this sort of
+geometric phase plot view of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric phase plot view of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric phase plot view of the world
+now what would you do to those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what would you do to those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what would you do to those vectors
+to try to get all trajectories to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get all trajectories to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get all trajectories to get
+there right with minimal torque or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right with minimal torque or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right with minimal torque or
+another nice version of the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice version of the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice version of the problem is
+um let's say I have a bounded torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I have a bounded torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say I have a bounded torque
+let's say I don't care about being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I don't care about being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I don't care about being
+minimal but let's say I just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal but let's say I just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal but let's say I just have a
+motor that can only put out you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that can only put out you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor that can only put out you know so
+many newton meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many newton meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many newton meters
+right let's say that means there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say that means there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say that means there's a
+there's a limit to how much I can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit to how much I can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit to how much I can move
+those vectors okay how do I shape those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors okay how do I shape those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors okay how do I shape those
+vectors in order to guide all system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in order to guide all system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors in order to guide all system
+traj jectories where I want to go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traj jectories where I want to go okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traj jectories where I want to go okay
+it's when those constraints start coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when those constraints start coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when those constraints start coming
+into play that you have to you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play that you have to you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play that you have to you can't
+just change these vectors to be whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change these vectors to be whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change these vectors to be whatever
+you want you have to think about pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you have to think about pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you have to think about pushing
+them and pulling them right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and pulling them right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and pulling them right and that's
+what that's the that's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's the that's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's the that's the sort of
+underactuated Robotics case where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated Robotics case where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated Robotics case where you're
+thinking about moving your Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about moving your Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about moving your Dynamics
+around instead of squashing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around instead of squashing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around instead of squashing them
+okay and for the computer scientists out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for the computer scientists out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for the computer scientists out
+there I'd actually I'd love to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd actually I'd love to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'd actually I'd love to see what
+you come up with think about I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with think about I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with think about I mean
+write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a
+program that uh that could that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that uh that could that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that uh that could that could
+try to in some minimal way stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to in some minimal way stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to in some minimal way stabilize
+that fix point on the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fix point on the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fix point on the vector
+field I think there's a lot of ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I think there's a lot of ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field I think there's a lot of ways to
+do it interesting to see what you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it interesting to see what you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it interesting to see what you come
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+with okay that's the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game turns out there's um the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game turns out there's um the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game turns out there's um the right way
+to formulate those problems I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate those problems I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate those problems I think um
+is we're going to we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to we're going to talk
+about about optimal control next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week the most straightforward answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week the most straightforward answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week the most straightforward answer I
+have for the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the computer
+science world is that if I can describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science world is that if I can describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science world is that if I can describe
+some function on my Vector field that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function on my Vector field that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function on my Vector field that I
+want to minimize some cost function I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize some cost function I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize some cost function I'll
+call it g of X possibly it depends I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it g of X possibly it depends I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it g of X possibly it depends I
+want to penalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to penalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to penalize
+actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to some cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some cost
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and let's say I want to I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and let's say I want to I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and let's say I want to I care
+about um the the long-term cost over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the the long-term cost over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the the long-term cost over
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+trajectory we're going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we're going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory we're going to call this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+j where this is sort of X of T U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T if you if you can define a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if you if you can define a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if you if you can define a cost
+function that describes the thing I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes the thing I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that describes the thing I just
+said um in this form then that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um in this form then that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um in this form then that's going
+to turn everything from this fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn everything from this fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn everything from this fuzzy
+Dynamics problem into a strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics problem into a strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics problem into a strict
+computational problem and we can use all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem and we can use all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem and we can use all
+our favorite optimization tools to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite optimization tools to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite optimization tools to to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're going to hammer that out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to hammer that out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to hammer that out um
+big time next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week good I I think you know most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week good I I think you know most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week good I I think you know most of
+what there is to know about the pendula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there is to know about the pendula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there is to know about the pendula
+anybody have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions you know fix points you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know fix points you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you know fix points you know
+stability in the sense of lopov ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in the sense of lopov ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability in the sense of lopov ASM
+totic stability exponential stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic stability exponential stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic stability exponential stability
+basins of Attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basins of Attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basins of Attraction
+separatrix um what else closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatrix um what else closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatrix um what else closed
+orbits you got it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits you got it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbits you got it all
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um that's mostly it let me just say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's mostly it let me just say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's mostly it let me just say a
+couple of the um administrative details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the um administrative details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the um administrative details
+that I didn't get to last time um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't get to last time um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't get to last time um your
+first problem set is posted tonight it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem set is posted tonight it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem set is posted tonight it's
+going to be due um problem sets will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be due um problem sets will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be due um problem sets will be
+due basically every other week on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due basically every other week on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due basically every other week on
+Tuesdays it happens that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesdays it happens that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesdays it happens that the first
+Tuesday that it's going to be due is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday that it's going to be due is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday that it's going to be due is one
+of those weird Tuesdays but we just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those weird Tuesdays but we just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those weird Tuesdays but we just to
+keep the the clock on schedule we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the the clock on schedule we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the the clock on schedule we're
+going to ask for an online submission on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask for an online submission on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask for an online submission on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Tuesday um there'll be every two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday um there'll be every two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday um there'll be every two weeks
+there's six of them throughout the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six of them throughout the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six of them throughout the term
+uh we do have a midterm in the class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do have a midterm in the class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we do have a midterm in the class um
+it's uh just before spring break I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh just before spring break I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh just before spring break I think
+and uh so you can enjoy spring R we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you can enjoy spring R we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so you can enjoy spring R we
+don't have a final exam in the class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a final exam in the class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a final exam in the class um
+we we're going to do final projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going to do final projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going to do final projects
+instead so I'd like you to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so I'd like you to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead so I'd like you to start
+thinking you know soon about um final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you know soon about um final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you know soon about um final
+projects and feel free to ask me uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and feel free to ask me uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and feel free to ask me uh
+homeworks you're fine to work on as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks you're fine to work on as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks you're fine to work on as a
+group I don't I don't care whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I don't I don't care whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I don't I don't care whatever it
+takes to to learn the material um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to to learn the material um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to to learn the material um
+everybody should turn in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should turn in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should turn in their own
+problem Set uh midterm you'll work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Set uh midterm you'll work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Set uh midterm you'll work by
+yourself uh the final project you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh the final project you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh the final project you can uh
+uh team up with somebody as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh team up with somebody as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh team up with somebody as long as the
+contributions are are clear from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions are are clear from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions are are clear from each
+person and that's totally fine with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and that's totally fine with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and that's totally fine with me
+um we're going to throughout the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to throughout the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to throughout the class
+as you might guess we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might guess we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might guess we're going to have
+um mat lab simulations and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mat lab simulations and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mat lab simulations and and and
+physical robots sort of trying to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical robots sort of trying to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical robots sort of trying to do the
+show the basic phenomenon um many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the basic phenomenon um many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the basic phenomenon um many of
+those will be available for you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be available for you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be available for you for your
+final projects if you if you so choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final projects if you if you so choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final projects if you if you so choose
+um maybe I'll ask you to show me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll ask you to show me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll ask you to show me that
+something stable on a simulation before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stable on a simulation before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stable on a simulation before
+we put it on the robot or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it on the robot or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it on the robot or something like
+that but um it should be fun I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um it should be fun I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but um it should be fun I think we
+can we can do uh it's such a young field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can do uh it's such a young field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can do uh it's such a young field
+that we can sort of do we can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort of do we can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort of do we can definitely
+do um publication quality final projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um publication quality final projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um publication quality final projects
+so um if those of you that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if those of you that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if those of you that are in
+robotics think about writing a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics think about writing a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics think about writing a sort of a
+an icra paper for the for the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an icra paper for the for the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an icra paper for the for the final
+project um I think that's it I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um I think that's it I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project um I think that's it I think we
+got a yeah the the the PDFs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a yeah the the the PDFs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a yeah the the the PDFs from the
+lecture one were online sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture one were online sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture one were online sometime
+yesterday the today's will be online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday the today's will be online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday the today's will be online
+immediately um and let me know how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately um and let me know how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately um and let me know how what
+you think about this not to Ben thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this not to Ben thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this not to Ben thing um
+I saw one comment last night anonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw one comment last night anonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw one comment last night anonymous
+but that's good um and uh I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's good um and uh I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's good um and uh I'll see you
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-Z35m38qLd4.txt b/-Z35m38qLd4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d4090f2dd0e608769c627813aed07331c6a0f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-Z35m38qLd4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's uh let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's uh let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's uh let's get started
+today we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going
+to start a new part of the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a new part of the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start a new part of the course and
+introduce really A New Concept that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce really A New Concept that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce really A New Concept that will
+guide a lot of what we'll do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide a lot of what we'll do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide a lot of what we'll do for the
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the
+semester um so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester um so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester um so what we're going to do is
+return to our supply and demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to our supply and demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to our supply and demand
+framework but within that framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework but within that framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework but within that framework
+we're going use it to turn to talk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going use it to turn to talk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going use it to turn to talk for
+the first time about normative economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time about normative economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time about normative economics
+remember positive economics is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember positive economics is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember positive economics is the way
+things are normative economics is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are normative economics is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are normative economics is the
+way things should be we haven't given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things should be we haven't given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way things should be we haven't given
+you any tools of normative economics yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any tools of normative economics yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any tools of normative economics yet
+we will today so let's start with uh The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will today so let's start with uh The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will today so let's start with uh The
+Standard supply and demand equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard supply and demand equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Standard supply and demand equilibrium
+and what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when you
+shock shocks to demand and Supply we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock shocks to demand and Supply we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock shocks to demand and Supply we now
+know where the demand Supply curves come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the demand Supply curves come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the demand Supply curves come
+from we deal the demand curve from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we deal the demand curve from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we deal the demand curve from
+consumer Theory the supply curve from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer Theory the supply curve from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer Theory the supply curve from
+producer Theory you should be able to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer Theory you should be able to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer Theory you should be able to at
+your leisure uh if I give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure uh if I give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your leisure uh if I give you the
+Primitives like the utility function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives like the utility function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives like the utility function and
+prices or the production function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or the production function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices or the production function and
+prices and the nature of the market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and the nature of the market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and the nature of the market you
+should be able to derive demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to derive demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to derive demand and
+Supply curves so let's start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply curves so let's start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply curves so let's start with a
+standard Market which is the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Market which is the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Market which is the market for
+gas okay so figure 91 has the General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay so figure 91 has the General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay so figure 91 has the General
+market for gas on the x-axis you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for gas on the x-axis you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for gas on the x-axis you have
+quantity which is gallons of gas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is gallons of gas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is gallons of gas in the
+y axis you have price which is dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y axis you have price which is dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y axis you have price which is dollars
+per gallon you've got a demand man curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gallon you've got a demand man curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per gallon you've got a demand man curve
+which measures the willingness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures the willingness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures the willingness of
+consumers to pay for the good so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers to pay for the good so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers to pay for the good so it's
+the marginal willingness to pay each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal willingness to pay each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal willingness to pay each
+point on that demand curve represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on that demand curve represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on that demand curve represents
+the amount consumers are willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount consumers are willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount consumers are willing to pay
+for that next unit you have a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that next unit you have a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that next unit you have a supply
+curve which is the producer's marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is the producer's marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is the producer's marginal
+willingness to supply each point on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to supply each point on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to supply each point on that
+curve represents the producer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve represents the producer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve represents the producer's
+willingness to supply that next unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to supply that next unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to supply that next unit
+okay demand curve slope up I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay demand curve slope up I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay demand curve slope up I'm sorry
+demand curve slope down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve slope down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve slope down
+because as the price goes up you're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the price goes up you're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the price goes up you're less
+willing to buy the next unit Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to buy the next unit Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to buy the next unit Supply
+curves slope up because as the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves slope up because as the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves slope up because as the price
+goes up firms are more willing to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up firms are more willing to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up firms are more willing to supply
+the next unit okay and equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next unit okay and equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next unit okay and equilibrium is
+the point where Supply equals demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where Supply equals demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where Supply equals demand
+where both consumers and producers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both consumers and producers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both consumers and producers are
+happy at the point P1 q1 consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy at the point P1 q1 consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy at the point P1 q1 consumers are
+willing to buy q1 gallons to the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to buy q1 gallons to the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to buy q1 gallons to the price
+P1 that's on the demand curve producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 that's on the demand curve producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 that's on the demand curve producers
+are willing to supply q1 gallons at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to supply q1 gallons at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to supply q1 gallons at a
+price P1 that's on their supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price P1 that's on their supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price P1 that's on their supply curve
+therefore you're in equilibrium at Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you're in equilibrium at Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you're in equilibrium at Point
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+E1 okay that's our basic framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 okay that's our basic framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 okay that's our basic framework
+that's literally going back to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's literally going back to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's literally going back to the first
+lecture we did this graph for Roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we did this graph for Roses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we did this graph for Roses
+rather than gasoline I've now told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than gasoline I've now told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than gasoline I've now told you
+where those curves come from in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those curves come from in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those curves come from in the
+first lecture we just talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we just talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture we just talked about the
+demand Supply framework I've now built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Supply framework I've now built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand Supply framework I've now built
+up the perimeters to tell you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the perimeters to tell you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the perimeters to tell you where
+those curves come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves come
+from now what I want to ask next next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now what I want to ask next next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now what I want to ask next next is
+what happens if there's shocks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if there's shocks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if there's shocks in the
+demand and Supply framework how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and Supply framework how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and Supply framework how does
+that affect the equilibrium how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect the equilibrium how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect the equilibrium how does
+that affect prices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect prices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affect prices and
+quantities so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so for
+example suppose The Taste change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose The Taste change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose The Taste change
+remember what determines the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what determines the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what determines the demand
+curve is utility function and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is utility function and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is utility function and your
+budget constraint utility function is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint utility function is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint utility function is a
+representation of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of your
+preferences suppose your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences suppose your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences suppose your preferences
+change okay suppose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay suppose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay suppose for
+example that people suddenly start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that people suddenly start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that people suddenly start to
+want to drive big cars so you say look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drive big cars so you say look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drive big cars so you say look I
+like having a big car I feel safer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having a big car I feel safer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having a big car I feel safer on
+the road it's better in bad weather I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road it's better in bad weather I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road it's better in bad weather I
+want to start driving SUVs and minivans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start driving SUVs and minivans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start driving SUVs and minivans
+and other big cars okay and that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other big cars okay and that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other big cars okay and that we'll
+call that a preference shift so utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a preference shift so utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a preference shift so utility
+function has changed people have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has changed people have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function has changed people have more
+preferences or big cars well what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or big cars well what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences or big cars well what does
+that do to the market for gas well big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do to the market for gas well big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do to the market for gas well big
+cars are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complement to gasoline because big cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement to gasoline because big cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement to gasoline because big cars
+more gas so if you want a big car you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gas so if you want a big car you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gas so if you want a big car you're
+going to use more gas what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use more gas what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use more gas what that means is
+that you're going to see a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to see a shift
+outwards in the demand curve for gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards in the demand curve for gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outwards in the demand curve for gas
+people want big cars big cars use more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want big cars big cars use more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want big cars big cars use more
+gas the demand curve shifts outwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas the demand curve shifts outwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas the demand curve shifts outwards
+from D1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from D1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from D1 to
+D2 okay at any given price of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 okay at any given price of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 okay at any given price of gas
+consumers want more because their tastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers want more because their tastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers want more because their tastes
+are for a bigger car that uses more gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for a bigger car that uses more gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for a bigger car that uses more gas
+so so if we imagine for a minute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we imagine for a minute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we imagine for a minute the
+price being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price being
+unchanged imagine the price stayed at P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged imagine the price stayed at P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged imagine the price stayed at P1
+what would happen well at P1 suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen well at P1 suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen well at P1 suppliers
+are still willing to supply q1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still willing to supply q1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still willing to supply q1 but
+consumers now want q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now want q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers now want q1
+Prime since they want to drive big cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime since they want to drive big cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime since they want to drive big cars
+if the price of gas is the same they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the price of gas is the same they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the price of gas is the same they
+want more gas the problem is producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more gas the problem is producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more gas the problem is producers
+won't produce it so we have what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't produce it so we have what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't produce it so we have what we call
+excess demand the difference q1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess demand the difference q1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess demand the difference q1 Prime
+and q1 is excess demand consumers want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q1 is excess demand consumers want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q1 is excess demand consumers want
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+gas than producers are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas than producers are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas than producers are willing to
+supply so what happens well the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply so what happens well the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply so what happens well the market
+equilibrates what happens is you slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrates what happens is you slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrates what happens is you slide
+up the supply curve from point E1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the supply curve from point E1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the supply curve from point E1 to
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+E2 suppliers seeing the excess demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 suppliers seeing the excess demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 suppliers seeing the excess demand
+say hey I can raise prices cuz consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I can raise prices cuz consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I can raise prices cuz consumers
+suddenly want more gas I can raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly want more gas I can raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly want more gas I can raise
+prices consumers as prices rise want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices consumers as prices rise want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices consumers as prices rise want a
+little less gas because the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less gas because the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less gas because the demand curve
+is after all downward sloping and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all downward sloping and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all downward sloping and that
+continues until you reach Point little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues until you reach Point little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues until you reach Point little
+E2 at Point little E2 you are back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 at Point little E2 you are back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 at Point little E2 you are back in
+equilibrium because at Point little E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because at Point little E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because at Point little E2
+given the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the new
+taste consumers are happy with Q2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste consumers are happy with Q2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste consumers are happy with Q2
+gallons of gas at a price P2 they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of gas at a price P2 they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons of gas at a price P2 they're
+willing to pay more to get more gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay more to get more gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay more to get more gas
+because they want more gas guzzling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want more gas guzzling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want more gas guzzling
+cars producers are still in their supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars producers are still in their supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars producers are still in their supply
+curve so they're happy as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so they're happy as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so they're happy as long as
+they're in supply curve they're happy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in supply curve they're happy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in supply curve they're happy so
+basically what happens is when there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is when there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is when there a
+shift in demand you instantaneously in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in demand you instantaneously in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in demand you instantaneously in a
+shift outward in demand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift outward in demand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift outward in demand you
+instantaneously create excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously create excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously create excess
+demand suppliers respond to that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand suppliers respond to that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand suppliers respond to that by
+raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the
+price and you eventually shift to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you eventually shift to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you eventually shift to new
+equilibrium where once again both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where once again both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where once again both
+parties are happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties are happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties are happy
+okay you can't keep the price constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can't keep the price constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can't keep the price constant
+because given new consumer taste that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given new consumer taste that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given new consumer taste that
+would lead to excess demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to excess demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to excess demand for
+gas okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas okay questions about
+that okay let's do the flip side let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's do the flip side let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's do the flip side let's
+say that the supply curve shifts imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the supply curve shifts imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the supply curve shifts imagine
+there's suddenly a war in the Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's suddenly a war in the Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's suddenly a war in the Middle
+East okay and suddenly gas gets much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East okay and suddenly gas gets much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East okay and suddenly gas gets much
+harder to get the marginal cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to get the marginal cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to get the marginal cost of
+producing gas goes up for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing gas goes up for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing gas goes up for example
+because it's more expensive to ship it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more expensive to ship it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more expensive to ship it
+from the Middle East to the US or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Middle East to the US or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Middle East to the US or
+because for example we can't buy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example we can't buy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example we can't buy from
+Middle East sources anymore and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East sources anymore and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East sources anymore and we have
+to buy from less efficient higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy from less efficient higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy from less efficient higher
+minimum average cost sources like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum average cost sources like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum average cost sources like the
+US so because of that the marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US so because of that the marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US so because of that the marginal cost
+of producing gas has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing gas has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of producing gas has gone
+up the supply curve is the marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the supply curve is the marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the supply curve is the marginal cost
+curve above the shutdown point so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above the shutdown point so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above the shutdown point so that
+means there is a shift upward and inward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is a shift upward and inward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there is a shift upward and inward
+of the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the supply
+curve in other words producers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in other words producers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in other words producers are
+saying given the higher marginal cost I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying given the higher marginal cost I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying given the higher marginal cost I
+need to get a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get a higher
+price to produce any given quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to produce any given quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to produce any given quantity of
+gas so producers are saying look if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so producers are saying look if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so producers are saying look if the
+price stays at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stays at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price stays at
+P1 I'm only going to produce q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 I'm only going to produce q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 I'm only going to produce q1
+Prime I'm going to produce the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I'm going to produce the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I'm going to produce the price
+stays at P1 I'm not going to produce as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays at P1 I'm not going to produce as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays at P1 I'm not going to produce as
+much gas because it's more costly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gas because it's more costly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much gas because it's more costly to
+produce gas so I'm going to be further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce gas so I'm going to be further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce gas so I'm going to be further
+down my curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down my curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down my curve
+well at that point consumers still want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that point consumers still want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that point consumers still want
+q1 producers only want to produce q1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 producers only want to produce q1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q1 producers only want to produce q1
+Prime so what do we have again excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what do we have again excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so what do we have again excess
+demand excess demand this time not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand excess demand this time not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand excess demand this time not
+coming from a change in preferences but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a change in preferences but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a change in preferences but
+from a change in the underlying cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a change in the underlying cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a change in the underlying cost of
+production so what happens with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so what happens with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so what happens with those
+excess demand what in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess demand what in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess demand what in this case you
+slide up the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide up the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide up the demand
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+consumers knowing that they have extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers knowing that they have extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers knowing that they have extra
+Dem man say look we're willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dem man say look we're willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dem man say look we're willing to pay
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+prices producers say well if you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices producers say well if you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices producers say well if you pay
+higher prices we're willing to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher prices we're willing to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher prices we're willing to produce
+more and you end up at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and you end up at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and you end up at the new
+equilibrium little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium little
+E2 at little E2 once again both parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 at little E2 once again both parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 at little E2 once again both parties
+are happy consumers are happy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy consumers are happy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy consumers are happy because
+they are still getting they're on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are still getting they're on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are still getting they're on their
+demand curve they're will their marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve they're will their marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve they're will their marginal
+willingness to pay for Q2 gallons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for Q2 gallons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay for Q2 gallons is
+P2 producers are happy because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 producers are happy because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 producers are happy because they're
+happy to produce Q2 gallons that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to produce Q2 gallons that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to produce Q2 gallons that at
+P2 now you might say to yourself well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 now you might say to yourself well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 now you might say to yourself well
+gee how can consumers be happy life's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee how can consumers be happy life's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee how can consumers be happy life's
+changed well I'm not comparing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed well I'm not comparing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed well I'm not comparing their
+happiness across the two equilibriums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness across the two equilibriums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness across the two equilibriums
+I'm just saying they're equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying they're equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying they're equilibrium
+we're going to come that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come that's exactly what
+we're going to talk about in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about in a little
+while which is what has this done to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while which is what has this done to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while which is what has this done to the
+well-being of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being of
+consumers what I'm talking about now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers what I'm talking about now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers what I'm talking about now I
+shouldn't even use the word happy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't even use the word happy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't even use the word happy I
+should say in equilibrium consumers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say in equilibrium consumers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say in equilibrium consumers are
+willing to pay that price to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay that price to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay that price to get that
+quantity but you should immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but you should immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but you should immediately
+think gee consumers look like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think gee consumers look like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think gee consumers look like they're
+kind of worse off here okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worse off here okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worse off here okay and we're
+going to come back to that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to that that's what
+what we'll be talk focusing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be talk focusing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be talk focusing on this
+lecture Okay now what's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Okay now what's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Okay now what's an important
+thing to note if you look at figure 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note if you look at figure 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note if you look at figure 92
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+93 in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+93 in both
+cases the price went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the price went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the price went
+up yet in one case quantity went up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yet in one case quantity went up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up yet in one case quantity went up and
+in one case quantity went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case quantity went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case quantity went
+down the bottom line is you can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the bottom line is you can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the bottom line is you can't tell
+from a price increase alone if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a price increase alone if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a price increase alone if there's
+been a Supply shift or demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a Supply shift or demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a Supply shift or demand
+shift okay this is a lot of what drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift okay this is a lot of what drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift okay this is a lot of what drives
+empirical economics you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical economics you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical economics you can't just
+observe the one feature in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the one feature in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the one feature in the market
+and say I tell you what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I tell you what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I tell you what's going to
+happen to the two outcomes no you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the two outcomes no you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to the two outcomes no you still
+observe both price and quantity to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe both price and quantity to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe both price and quantity to tell
+me if there was Supply shift or demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if there was Supply shift or demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if there was Supply shift or demand
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's ask why do these curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's ask why do these curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's ask why do these curve
+shift why in general we'll give you lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift why in general we'll give you lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift why in general we'll give you lots
+of fun examples on tests and problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun examples on tests and problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun examples on tests and problem
+sets of Shifting demand and Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of Shifting demand and Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of Shifting demand and Supply
+curves what do they why do curve shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves what do they why do curve shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves what do they why do curve shift
+well why do demand curve shift they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why do demand curve shift they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why do demand curve shift they
+shift fundamentally for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift fundamentally for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift fundamentally for four
+reasons first your income changes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons first your income changes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons first your income changes if
+People's income change it shifts their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People's income change it shifts their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People's income change it shifts their
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+okay the second could be the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second could be the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second could be the change in
+the price of a compliment good change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of a compliment good change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of a compliment good change in
+the price of a complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay change in the price of a complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay change in the price of a complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay change in the price of a complement
+there could also be a change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could also be a change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could also be a change in the
+price of a substitute I did a complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a substitute I did a complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a substitute I did a complement
+example but you should be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but you should be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but you should be able to see
+what for example would happen if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for example would happen if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for example would happen if people
+suddenly wanted smaller cars and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly wanted smaller cars and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly wanted smaller cars and why
+that would lead to the main curve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead to the main curve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lead to the main curve to
+shift in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the other
+direction and then finally as we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then finally as we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then finally as we cover
+in our example A change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preferences okay so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences okay so those are the
+reasons why demand curves can shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why demand curves can shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why demand curves can shift
+why do supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shift why the supply curve shift are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift why the supply curve shift are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift why the supply curve shift are
+really just for two simple reasons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just for two simple reasons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just for two simple reasons one
+is a change in input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prices and two is a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology so these sorts of outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so these sorts of outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so these sorts of outside
+outside influences can shift the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside influences can shift the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside influences can shift the demand
+and Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Supply
+curse in the video that it coveries this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse in the video that it coveries this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curse in the video that it coveries this
+lecture I do a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I do a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I do a fun
+example which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is what
+happened when Kim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when Kim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when Kim
+Kardashian who has more more Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kardashian who has more more Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kardashian who has more more Instagram
+followers than there are people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers than there are people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers than there are people in
+France plus England at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France plus England at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France plus England at this
+point uh decided to post that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh decided to post that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh decided to post that you could
+lose weight by exercising in a corset a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose weight by exercising in a corset a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose weight by exercising in a corset a
+course it is a medieval thing women used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is a medieval thing women used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is a medieval thing women used
+to wear to tighten their waists okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wear to tighten their waists okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wear to tighten their waists okay
+fortunately couple hundred years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately couple hundred years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately couple hundred years ago
+women didn't stopped having to wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women didn't stopped having to wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women didn't stopped having to wear
+those things but Kim Kardashian posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but Kim Kardashian posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but Kim Kardashian posted
+in fact if you wear a corset while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you wear a corset while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you wear a corset while you
+exercise you lose weight now in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you lose weight now in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you lose weight now in fact
+she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's
+wrong okay there is no evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay there is no evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong okay there is no evidence that
+corset while you exercise you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corset while you exercise you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corset while you exercise you lose
+weight but she's an influencer as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight but she's an influencer as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight but she's an influencer as they
+say and immediately there was a surge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and immediately there was a surge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and immediately there was a surge in
+demand for corsets at that time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for corsets at that time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for corsets at that time there
+was one corset company because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one corset company because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one corset company because they're
+medieval okay and that Corsa company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval okay and that Corsa company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval okay and that Corsa company
+started making gobs and gobs of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started making gobs and gobs of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started making gobs and gobs of money
+why and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and because
+since demand shifted out they raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since demand shifted out they raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since demand shifted out they raised
+their prices and raised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices and raised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices and raised the
+quantity and they started making a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and they started making a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and they started making a lot
+of profit so that's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profit so that's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of profit so that's an example of a
+preference shift that shifts demand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference shift that shifts demand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference shift that shifts demand but
+what do you think happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think happened
+next I mean later we realized it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I mean later we realized it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I mean later we realized it was a
+bad idea but before before that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea but before before that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad idea but before before that what
+happened in the market for corsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the market for corsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the market for corsets
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+yeah what's go ahead there's a price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's go ahead there's a price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's go ahead there's a price in
+increase I said that that's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase I said that that's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase I said that that's right and
+more profits but what happened after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah remember our La last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah remember our La last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah remember our La last lecture
+firms entered when there's profits it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms entered when there's profits it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms entered when there's profits it
+causes entry so suddenly there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes entry so suddenly there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes entry so suddenly there was a
+bunch of corset companies that popped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of corset companies that popped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of corset companies that popped up
+and eventually drove the price back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually drove the price back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually drove the price back down
+so much profit be made in the corset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much profit be made in the corset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much profit be made in the corset
+Market they're presumably all bankrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market they're presumably all bankrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market they're presumably all bankrupt
+now I don't know okay but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know okay but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know okay but basically
+that's an example of the Dynamics of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of the Dynamics of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of the Dynamics of how
+preference change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference change
+can change the functioning of a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the functioning of a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the functioning of a market
+the preference change shifted the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preference change shifted the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preference change shifted the demand
+curve out that led to higher prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve out that led to higher prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve out that led to higher prices
+those higher prices led to an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher prices led to an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those higher prices led to an increase
+in profit for the one manufacturer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in profit for the one manufacturer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in profit for the one manufacturer that
+led to more entry because it's a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to more entry because it's a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to more entry because it's a free
+entry Market there's low fixed costs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry Market there's low fixed costs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry Market there's low fixed costs in
+making corsets that drove the profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making corsets that drove the profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making corsets that drove the profits
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+down okay questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah can you go over the first bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you go over the first bull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you go over the first bull
+point for what demand what if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for what demand what if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for what demand what if it was
+demander the fourth one or all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demander the fourth one or all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demander the fourth one or all of them
+the first one is a change in income I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is a change in income I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is a change in income I'm
+sorry change in income income or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry change in income income or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry change in income income or
+preferences changing influences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences changing influences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences changing influences uh
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+okay so now with that in mind let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with that in mind let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now with that in mind let's talk
+about how all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how all this
+depends on the shape of demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Supply let's talk about how all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply let's talk about how all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply let's talk about how all this
+depends on the shapes of demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the shapes of demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the shapes of demand and
+Supply okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply okay
+let's once again talk about an inward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's once again talk about an inward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's once again talk about an inward
+shift in Supply like the war in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in Supply like the war in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in Supply like the war in the
+Middle East that raises the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East that raises the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle East that raises the cost of
+producing gas figure 93 shows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing gas figure 93 shows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing gas figure 93 shows what
+happens with a standard supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with a standard supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with a standard supply
+curve with an inward shift in Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with an inward shift in Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with an inward shift in Supply
+prices rise quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices rise quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices rise quantity
+Falls what however if the if demand was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls what however if the if demand was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls what however if the if demand was
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+inelastic perfectly inelastic demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic perfectly inelastic demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic perfectly inelastic demand is
+a good where the quanti demand is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good where the quanti demand is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good where the quanti demand is in
+sensitive to price an example we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to price an example we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to price an example we talked
+about last time was insulin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time was insulin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time was insulin for
+diabetics where you know you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics where you know you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetics where you know you're not
+going to risk your life over a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to risk your life over a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to risk your life over a dollar
+here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or
+there okay if you can afford it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if you can afford it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if you can afford it I don't
+be too glib insulin is very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too glib insulin is very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too glib insulin is very expensive
+but if you can afford it you'll you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can afford it you'll you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can afford it you'll you'll
+you'll pay for it regardless of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pay for it regardless of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pay for it regardless of the
+price that leads to a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that leads to a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that leads to a perfectly
+inelastic demand curve for insulin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic demand curve for insulin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic demand curve for insulin a
+vertical demand curve for insulin now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical demand curve for insulin now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical demand curve for insulin now
+what happens when the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when the supply
+shock well Supply shifts from S1 to S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock well Supply shifts from S1 to S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock well Supply shifts from S1 to S2
+quantity does not change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity does not change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity does not change because
+quantity can change because it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity can change because it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity can change because it's in
+elastic all that happens is price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic all that happens is price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic all that happens is price goes
+up so we have a um we have a flat if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so we have a um we have a flat if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so we have a um we have a flat if we
+have a perfectly elastic demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a perfectly elastic demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a perfectly elastic demand curve
+remember I talked last time that'd be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I talked last time that'd be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I talked last time that'd be an
+example of something like McDonald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something like McDonald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of something like McDonald's
+versus Burger King in that case if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Burger King in that case if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Burger King in that case if there
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+shift it doesn't affect the price why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it doesn't affect the price why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift it doesn't affect the price why
+doesn't it affect the price because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it affect the price because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it affect the price because
+remember the perfectly elastic demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the perfectly elastic demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the perfectly elastic demand
+you can't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change
+price okay you can't change price price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay you can't change price price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay you can't change price price
+price is fixed because if you charge one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is fixed because if you charge one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is fixed because if you charge one
+penny less everyone will buy from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny less everyone will buy from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny less everyone will buy from you
+buy one penny more nobody will buy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy one penny more nobody will buy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy one penny more nobody will buy from
+you okay so these are the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so these are the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so these are the extreme
+examples and obviously we have cases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and obviously we have cases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and obviously we have cases in
+between okay so that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay so that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay so that's where the
+elasticity of demand comes in as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand comes in as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand comes in as we
+think about shifts in the demand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about shifts in the demand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about shifts in the demand and
+supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply
+curve okay so that's just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so that's just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so that's just a little
+background to the main highlight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to the main highlight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to the main highlight of
+today's lecture which is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture which is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture which is not the
+screaming gorilla but rather uh thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming gorilla but rather uh thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming gorilla but rather uh thinking
+about consumer and producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Surplus as I've said so far in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus as I've said so far in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus as I've said so far in this
+lecture we have Focus purely on positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we have Focus purely on positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we have Focus purely on positive
+economics the way things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the way things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics the way things
+are How firm how consumers decide for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are How firm how consumers decide for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are How firm how consumers decide for a
+given set of price and income how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given set of price and income how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given set of price and income how many
+cookies to eat how producers decide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies to eat how producers decide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies to eat how producers decide for
+a given set of input prices and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given set of input prices and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given set of input prices and a
+competitive market demand how many wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market demand how many wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market demand how many wi
+widgets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widgets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widgets to
+produce we've not talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce we've not talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce we've not talked about
+how we feel about that the normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we feel about that the normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we feel about that the normative
+side is that good is that bad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is that good is that bad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is that good is that bad in
+particular let's say a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's say a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's say a particular
+extreme example we showed in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme example we showed in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme example we showed in the long
+run with a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run with a perfectly competitive
+market there are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there are zero
+profits well how do we feel about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits well how do we feel about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits well how do we feel about that
+well on the one hand for consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the one hand for consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the one hand for consumers
+that's a pretty good deal the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty good deal the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty good deal the price is
+as low as it possibly can be you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as low as it possibly can be you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as low as it possibly can be you are
+buying at the lowest possible price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying at the lowest possible price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying at the lowest possible price
+because the Bret producing efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Bret producing efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Bret producing efficiently
+is possible for producers not not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible for producers not not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible for producers not not such a
+good deal they're making zero profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal they're making zero profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal they're making zero profits
+and maybe that matters maybe we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that matters maybe we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that matters maybe we care
+about the companies maybe we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the companies maybe we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the companies maybe we care about
+the companies in America who have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies in America who have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies in America who have to
+hire us and give us our jobs maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire us and give us our jobs maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire us and give us our jobs maybe we
+don't just care about the consumers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just care about the consumers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just care about the consumers who
+buy the goods so how do we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the goods so how do we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the goods so how do we think about
+whether that outcome is one we like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that outcome is one we like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that outcome is one we like or
+don't like and the answer is we turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like and the answer is we turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like and the answer is we turn to
+the tools of what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools of what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools of what we call
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+economics welfare economics now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics welfare economics now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics welfare economics now
+sometimes people use welfare to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people use welfare to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people use welfare to refer to
+money we give to poor people I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we give to poor people I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we give to poor people I'll come
+to that later the semester when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later the semester when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later the semester when I say
+welfare almost always the semester I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare almost always the semester I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare almost always the semester I
+mean it's an economic term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's an economic term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's an economic term for
+well-being welfare is the welfare of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being welfare is the welfare of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being welfare is the welfare of
+society it's the well-being of society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's the well-being of society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society it's the well-being of society
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+economics is the normative side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is the normative side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is the normative side of
+economics and basically the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and basically the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and basically the idea of
+welfare economics is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare economics is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare economics is to
+measure the actual well-being that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the actual well-being that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the actual well-being that's
+created by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by different
+circumstances now to do so technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances now to do so technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances now to do so technically
+we would measure the change in oodles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would measure the change in oodles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would measure the change in oodles so
+we'd say in the two different outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd say in the two different outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd say in the two different outcomes
+how do people's udel change but I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people's udel change but I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do people's udel change but I told
+you already utils are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already utils are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already utils are
+meaningless utility is an ordinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless utility is an ordinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless utility is an ordinal
+concept not a cardinal concept so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept not a cardinal concept so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept not a cardinal concept so this
+sty Economist for a long time how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty Economist for a long time how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sty Economist for a long time how do we
+measure well-being when we can't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure well-being when we can't measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure well-being when we can't measure
+utility until they come up with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility until they come up with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility until they come up with a very
+clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever
+idea and the clever idea was to use what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and the clever idea was to use what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and the clever idea was to use what
+we call compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation which basically means instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation which basically means instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation which basically means instead
+of asking how happy or sad I am ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asking how happy or sad I am ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of asking how happy or sad I am ask me
+how much money I would pay to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money I would pay to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money I would pay to be that
+happy or pay to avoid being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy or pay to avoid being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy or pay to avoid being that
+sad use a concept Economist called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad use a concept Economist called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad use a concept Economist called
+revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preference don't try to measure my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference don't try to measure my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference don't try to measure my
+preferences get me to tell you what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences get me to tell you what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences get me to tell you what they
+are by getting me to reveal the prices I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are by getting me to reveal the prices I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are by getting me to reveal the prices I
+will pay for different changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay for different changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay for different changes in the
+environment okay so consider my demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment okay so consider my demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment okay so consider my demand
+for my favorite band The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my favorite band The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my favorite band The
+Killers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killers
+okay let's say the killers are on tour I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say the killers are on tour I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say the killers are on tour I
+saw them three times their last tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw them three times their last tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw them three times their last tour
+okay let's say they're on tour and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say they're on tour and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's say they're on tour and let's
+say I get huge utility the first time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I get huge utility the first time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I get huge utility the first time I
+see them a little bit less utility the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them a little bit less utility the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them a little bit less utility the
+second time a little bit less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time a little bit less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time a little bit less than the
+third still very positive but it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third still very positive but it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third still very positive but it falls
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because you know I've just saw him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know I've just saw him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know I've just saw him the
+night before or whatever but I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before or whatever but I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night before or whatever but I have I
+have diminishing Marge utility of killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diminishing Marge utility of killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diminishing Marge utility of killer
+concerts like with any other good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerts like with any other good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerts like with any other good okay
+so then you ask me John how much would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you ask me John how much would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you ask me John how much would I
+have to pay you to miss a killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay you to miss a killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay you to miss a killer
+show or alternatively if the tickets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show or alternatively if the tickets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show or alternatively if the tickets are
+sold out you can ask me John how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold out you can ask me John how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold out you can ask me John how much
+would you pay me to go to a killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pay me to go to a killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pay me to go to a killer
+show okay those are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show okay those are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show okay those are the kind of
+questions that reveal my preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that reveal my preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that reveal my preferences
+and in particular they reveal my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular they reveal my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular they reveal my
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer
+surplus my consumer surplus is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus my consumer surplus is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus my consumer surplus is the
+benefit that a consumer gets from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit that a consumer gets from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit that a consumer gets from
+consuming a good above and beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming a good above and beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming a good above and beyond the
+price they've paid the benefit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they've paid the benefit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they've paid the benefit the
+consumer gets from consuming the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer gets from consuming the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer gets from consuming the good
+above and beyond the price they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and beyond the price they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and beyond the price they've
+paid so for example imagine I could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so for example imagine I could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so for example imagine I could get
+a ticket to a killer show for $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I if my marginal willingness to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if my marginal willingness to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if my marginal willingness to pay
+for that show is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that show is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that show is exactly
+$100 well first of all if my marginal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 well first of all if my marginal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 well first of all if my marginal to
+pay for that show is $90 what do I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for that show is $90 what do I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for that show is $90 what do I do I
+say no okay what if my marginal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no okay what if my marginal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no okay what if my marginal is to
+pay is $100 well then I'm indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay is $100 well then I'm indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay is $100 well then I'm indifferent
+let's say I say yes let's say it's $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I say yes let's say it's $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I say yes let's say it's $100
+and one cent so let's say I say yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one cent so let's say I say yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one cent so let's say I say yes but
+I get no consumer surplus because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get no consumer surplus because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get no consumer surplus because that
+was pretty indifferent between going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty indifferent between going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty indifferent between going and
+not going but let's say my marginal need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going but let's say my marginal need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going but let's say my marginal need
+to pay for Killers concert is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for Killers concert is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for Killers concert is more
+realistically for the first show at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically for the first show at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistically for the first show at
+least more like3 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least more like3 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least more like3 or
+$400 okay which I'd happily pay to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400 okay which I'd happily pay to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400 okay which I'd happily pay to go
+see The Killers so they came back around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see The Killers so they came back around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see The Killers so they came back around
+again okay well then I've derived a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay well then I've derived a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay well then I've derived a huge
+Surplus because my marginal link to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus because my marginal link to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus because my marginal link to pay
+was $300 but they're only charging me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was $300 but they're only charging me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was $300 but they're only charging me
+$100 I have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 I have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 I have made
+Surplus I am better off than if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus I am better off than if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus I am better off than if that
+opportunity never existed if the ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity never existed if the ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity never existed if the ticket
+was 100 and I was willing to pay 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 100 and I was willing to pay 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 100 and I was willing to pay 100
+then I'm no better off off for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm no better off off for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm no better off off for the
+killers coming to town I'm indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killers coming to town I'm indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killers coming to town I'm indifferent
+but the ticket was 100 and I was willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ticket was 100 and I was willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ticket was 100 and I was willing
+to pay 300 then I'm better off because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay 300 then I'm better off because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay 300 then I'm better off because I
+got to see the killers at $200 less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to see the killers at $200 less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to see the killers at $200 less than
+I wanted to pay so basically consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to pay so basically consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to pay so basically consumer
+surplus is measured by my willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is measured by my willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is measured by my willingness to
+pay well economically how do we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay well economically how do we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay well economically how do we measure
+willingness to pay what how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay what how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay what how do we
+represent that someone raise their hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that someone raise their hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that someone raise their hand
+and tell me how do you represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me how do you represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me how do you represent
+willingness to pay in our model so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay in our model so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to pay in our model so far
+yeah the demand curve we already have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the demand curve we already have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the demand curve we already have a
+measure of willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of willingness to
+pay so the consumer surplus is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so the consumer surplus is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay so the consumer surplus is simply
+the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand
+curve above and beyond the price that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above and beyond the price that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve above and beyond the price that's
+paid so look for example at figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so look for example at figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid so look for example at figure
+96 okay suppose that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 okay suppose that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 okay suppose that my
+demand for concerts is given by the Blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for concerts is given by the Blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for concerts is given by the Blue
+Line okay I am willing to pay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line okay I am willing to pay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line okay I am willing to pay you know
+about 500 bucks for the first concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 500 bucks for the first concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 500 bucks for the first concert
+and so on all the way down I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on all the way down I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on all the way down I'm willing
+to pay $100 for the fifth killer concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay $100 for the fifth killer concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay $100 for the fifth killer concert
+that's probably about right for me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably about right for me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably about right for me okay
+so basically what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what does that mean that
+means that the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the consumer
+surplus is the the area above the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is the the area above the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus is the the area above the price
+line below the man curve so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line below the man curve so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line below the man curve so for example
+for that first killer concert I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that first killer concert I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that first killer concert I get a
+surplus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus of the
+triangle that is a a a base of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle that is a a a base of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle that is a a a base of one and
+it it it it goes draw a line from 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it goes draw a line from 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it it goes draw a line from 500
+over to the Blue Line the triangle above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the Blue Line the triangle above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the Blue Line the triangle above
+that is the Surplus I get from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the Surplus I get from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the Surplus I get from that
+first Killer's concert that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Killer's concert that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Killer's concert that little
+triangle or in other words I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle or in other words I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle or in other words I'm willing
+to pay for that first Killer's concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for that first Killer's concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay for that first Killer's concert
+more than $500 it's hard because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than $500 it's hard because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than $500 it's hard because it's
+discreet let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet let's say
+$500 well that ticket if the ticket's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 well that ticket if the ticket's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 well that ticket if the ticket's
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+$100 then I make a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 then I make a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 then I make a huge
+Surplus for the next concert I'm willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus for the next concert I'm willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus for the next concert I'm willing
+to pay somewhat less but I still make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay somewhat less but I still make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay somewhat less but I still make a
+surplus by the time we get to the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus by the time we get to the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus by the time we get to the fifth
+concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+indifferent I'll probably still go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent I'll probably still go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent I'll probably still go
+because I'm a Nut but I won't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm a Nut but I won't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm a Nut but I won't really
+I'll be sort of indifferent about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be sort of indifferent about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be sort of indifferent about it I
+won't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get any
+surplus so the Surplus is what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so the Surplus is what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so the Surplus is what I get
+from all those earlier concerts I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all those earlier concerts I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all those earlier concerts I was
+able to go to where the amount I valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go to where the amount I valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go to where the amount I valued
+them was above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was above the
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+okay so basically consumer surplus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically consumer surplus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically consumer surplus is
+how much it's sort of a weird it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it's sort of a weird it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it's sort of a weird it's a
+theoretical concept but an important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical concept but an important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical concept but an important one
+think about any trade you've ever made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about any trade you've ever made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about any trade you've ever made
+any good you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good you've ever
+bought you have some underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought you have some underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought you have some underlying
+willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to
+pay if your value of that good was below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay if your value of that good was below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay if your value of that good was below
+the woms pay you didn't buy it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woms pay you didn't buy it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woms pay you didn't buy it that's
+easy but you probably didn't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but you probably didn't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but you probably didn't think about
+gee you probably many times in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee you probably many times in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee you probably many times in your life
+said wow what a great deal I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said wow what a great deal I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said wow what a great deal I would have
+paid a ton for that okay I saw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a ton for that okay I saw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a ton for that okay I saw an
+awesome concert last night that cost me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome concert last night that cost me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome concert last night that cost me
+50 bucks I would have happily paid twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 bucks I would have happily paid twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 bucks I would have happily paid twice
+that for that concert I got a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that concert I got a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for that concert I got a big
+Surplus okay so basically we run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus okay so basically we run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus okay so basically we run this
+all the time in our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in our lives
+now that questions about that about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that questions about that about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that questions about that about that
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+yeah for you is it something that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for you is it something that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for you is it something that kind
+of time that's a great question think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that's a great question think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that's a great question think of
+it right now as your your well-being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now as your your well-being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right now as your your well-being
+that you get from that purchase it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from that purchase it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get from that purchase it's a
+measure of utility it's a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of utility it's a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of utility it's a measure of
+your welfare so right now just think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your welfare so right now just think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your welfare so right now just think of
+it as an abstract measure of welfare how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an abstract measure of welfare how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an abstract measure of welfare how
+happy you are made that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy you are made that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy you are made that's why I
+shouldn't use the word happy before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use the word happy before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use the word happy before I
+should have said equilibrium this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said equilibrium this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have said equilibrium this is
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+how happy you are made by getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how happy you are made by getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how happy you are made by getting to
+make that purchase so it's the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that purchase so it's the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that purchase so it's the fifth
+concert I am not made Happy by buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert I am not made Happy by buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert I am not made Happy by buying
+it okay but the other ones I am yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but the other ones I am yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but the other ones I am yeah
+speak up so folks can hear so do ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up so folks can hear so do ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up so folks can hear so do ins
+buyers great question we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers great question we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers great question we'll come back to
+that so let's talk about let's turn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's talk about let's turn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's talk about let's turn from
+Individual consumer surplus this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Individual consumer surplus this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Individual consumer surplus this is my
+individual consumer surplus to Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual consumer surplus to Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual consumer surplus to Market
+consumer surplus in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+97 okay now we're back to the market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 okay now we're back to the market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+97 okay now we're back to the market for
+gas now we have a whole Market we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas now we have a whole Market we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas now we have a whole Market we have
+the quantity of gas and the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity of gas and the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity of gas and the price of
+gas now let's not think now about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas now let's not think now about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas now let's not think now about each
+gallon of gas a person buys let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of gas a person buys let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of gas a person buys let's think
+about people lining up on this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people lining up on this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people lining up on this line
+let's think about a simple case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about a simple case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about a simple case where
+everyone wants one gallon just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone wants one gallon just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone wants one gallon just to make
+life easy everyone wants one gallon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easy everyone wants one gallon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easy everyone wants one gallon of
+gas then this line you could do gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas then this line you could do gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas then this line you could do gallons
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+people okay you could do gallons equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay you could do gallons equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay you could do gallons equal
+people and what this says is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and what this says is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and what this says is the first
+person the highest demander is willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the highest demander is willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the highest demander is willing
+to pay a ton for that gallon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a ton for that gallon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay a ton for that gallon of
+gas but as you go down the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but as you go down the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas but as you go down the demand curve
+you get to people who care about gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to people who care about gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to people who care about gas
+less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and
+less ultimately there's a price of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ultimately there's a price of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less ultimately there's a price of gas
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+$3 I'm gonna say that represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 I'm gonna say that represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 I'm gonna say that represents the
+1,000th consumer what I'm gonna say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000th consumer what I'm gonna say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000th consumer what I'm gonna say is
+that person is indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person is indifferent between
+buying gas for $3 a gallon and walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying gas for $3 a gallon and walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying gas for $3 a gallon and walking
+or doing their bike or whatever else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing their bike or whatever else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing their bike or whatever else
+they instead or just not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they instead or just not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they instead or just not going
+out what that means is everyone to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that means is everyone to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what that means is everyone to the
+right of person a won't buy gas we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of person a won't buy gas we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of person a won't buy gas we knew
+that already they're willing to to space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already they're willing to to space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that already they're willing to to space
+below the price whatever to left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the price whatever to left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the price whatever to left the
+person a gains welfare they gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a gains welfare they gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a gains welfare they gain
+well-being because they got a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being because they got a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being because they got a good
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+okay and it's really this is our measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's really this is our measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's really this is our measure
+of utility in the real world remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility in the real world remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of utility in the real world remember I
+said you can't measure utility can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can't measure utility can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can't measure utility can't
+measure utils well now we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure utils well now we're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure utils well now we're measuring
+it I have just given you a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have just given you a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have just given you a measurable
+quantity we know how to draw a demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we know how to draw a demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we know how to draw a demand
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+we know mathematically how to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know mathematically how to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know mathematically how to represent
+a domain curve you can mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a domain curve you can mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a domain curve you can mathematically
+compute the area of this triangle I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the area of this triangle I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the area of this triangle I've
+mathematically come to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically come to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically come to this question
+earlier I've mathematically represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I've mathematically represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I've mathematically represented
+your welfare your well-being because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your welfare your well-being because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your welfare your well-being because we
+can compute this triangle and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute this triangle and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute this triangle and now I can
+make normative statements before I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make normative statements before I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make normative statements before I could
+only make positive statements because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make positive statements because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only make positive statements because
+utils were meaningless now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utils were meaningless now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utils were meaningless now with this
+idea of compensating variation consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of compensating variation consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of compensating variation consumer
+surplus I can make normative statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus I can make normative statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus I can make normative statements
+I could talk about how well off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could talk about how well off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could talk about how well off you
+are okay so let's talk about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so let's talk about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay so let's talk about two
+applications of this consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of this consumer surplus
+idea first is what if the price Rises so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea first is what if the price Rises so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea first is what if the price Rises so
+for example look at figure 98 imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example look at figure 98 imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example look at figure 98 imagine
+the price of gas Rose from $3 to 350 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of gas Rose from $3 to 350 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of gas Rose from $3 to 350 a
+gallon well now what happens two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon well now what happens two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon well now what happens two things
+happen first of all fewer people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen first of all fewer people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen first of all fewer people want
+gas we knew that already we know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas we knew that already we know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas we knew that already we know that if
+this price goes up demain curve slop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price goes up demain curve slop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price goes up demain curve slop
+down so we want fewer people want gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we want fewer people want gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we want fewer people want gas so
+now the marginal purchaser the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the marginal purchaser the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the marginal purchaser the person
+room Surplus is zero is the 900th person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room Surplus is zero is the 900th person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room Surplus is zero is the 900th person
+and person 901 to 1,000 no longer buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person 901 to 1,000 no longer buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and person 901 to 1,000 no longer buy
+gas person Beyond a th000 didn't buy gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas person Beyond a th000 didn't buy gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas person Beyond a th000 didn't buy gas
+anyway so what has happened to consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what has happened to consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so what has happened to consumer
+surplus two things have happened first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus two things have happened first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus two things have happened first
+of all fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all fewer
+people are getting the Surplus it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting the Surplus it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting the Surplus it used
+to be a thousand people got Surplus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a thousand people got Surplus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a thousand people got Surplus now
+only 900 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 900 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 900 people
+do second of all everyone the this those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do second of all everyone the this those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do second of all everyone the this those
+900 people are getting less Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 people are getting less Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 people are getting less Surplus
+because the price has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price has
+risen so the there's a loss in consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen so the there's a loss in consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risen so the there's a loss in consumer
+surplus of the entire gray triangle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus of the entire gray triangle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus of the entire gray triangle of
+the entire gray um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire gray um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire gray um uh
+polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polygon
+okay the L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the L the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the L the
+rectangle is the rectangle is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle is the rectangle is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle is the rectangle is the amount
+that the first 900 consumers lost they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first 900 consumers lost they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first 900 consumers lost they
+still buy gas but they're less happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still buy gas but they're less happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still buy gas but they're less happy
+about it they get less utility from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it they get less utility from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it they get less utility from it
+not less utility less welfare from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not less utility less welfare from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not less utility less welfare from it
+because the difference their willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the difference their willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the difference their willingness
+to pay and price has shrunk the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay and price has shrunk the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay and price has shrunk the little
+triangle represent the Lost consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle represent the Lost consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle represent the Lost consumer
+surplus because some people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus because some people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus because some people aren't
+getting consumer surplus anymore so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting consumer surplus anymore so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting consumer surplus anymore so a
+price change causes this last this lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change causes this last this lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change causes this last this lost
+trapezoid of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid of consumer
+surplus through those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus through those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus through those two
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+okay now let's come to another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's come to another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's come to another question
+and the answer is already given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is already given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is already given here
+when is consumer surplus large or small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is consumer surplus large or small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is consumer surplus large or small
+well that's going to depend critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to depend critically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's going to depend critically
+on what the elasticity of demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the elasticity of demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the elasticity of demand is
+going to determine whether the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine whether the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine whether the super
+Surplus is large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is large or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is large or
+small okay so let's look for example at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so let's look for example at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay so let's look for example at
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+99 here we have two downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 here we have two downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 here we have two downward sloping
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+curves but one the curve that um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves but one the curve that um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves but one the curve that um is
+further to the right on the x-axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the right on the x-axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the right on the x-axis and
+further down on the y- axis that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down on the y- axis that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down on the y- axis that curve
+is steeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is steeper
+it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more
+elastic so that curve the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so that curve the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so that curve the one that's
+further to the right that has intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the right that has intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the right that has intercept
+further right on the x-axis we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right on the x-axis we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further right on the x-axis we should
+label these curves for next time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label these curves for next time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label these curves for next time uh
+Andrews one and two or something so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrews one and two or something so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrews one and two or something so I
+can refer them more easily um the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer them more easily um the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer them more easily um the curve
+that that curve is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that curve is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that curve is more
+elastic so let's look consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so let's look consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so let's look consumer surplus
+that's provided by each of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's provided by each of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's provided by each of these two
+curves so if you look at the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so if you look at the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves so if you look at the more
+elastic curve the consumer surplus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic curve the consumer surplus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic curve the consumer surplus is
+the area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area under the
+curve okay the the area under the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay the the area under the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay the the area under the curve
+above the price line that's the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the price line that's the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the price line that's the dark
+triangle now as demand gets less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle now as demand gets less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle now as demand gets less
+elastic consumer surplus goes up so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic consumer surplus goes up so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic consumer surplus goes up so it's
+actually the opposite of the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the opposite of the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the opposite of the intuition
+that this person gave earlier the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this person gave earlier the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this person gave earlier the more
+inelastic the more Surplus why or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic the more Surplus why or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic the more Surplus why or the
+more elastic the less Surplus indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elastic the less Surplus indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elastic the less Surplus indeed
+with perfectly elastic demand there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with perfectly elastic demand there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with perfectly elastic demand there is
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+Surplus why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus why
+with per think about the case for last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with per think about the case for last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with per think about the case for last
+demand McDonald's versus Burger King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand McDonald's versus Burger King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand McDonald's versus Burger King
+imagine you're totally indifferent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're totally indifferent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're totally indifferent it's
+trivial to shop between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to shop between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to shop between
+them why in that case is there no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why in that case is there no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them why in that case is there no
+Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah you're never going to pay more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're never going to pay more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah you're never going to pay more
+in equilibrium because the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium because the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium because the equilibrium
+price anybody who charges you one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price anybody who charges you one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price anybody who charges you one set
+more just switch you're always your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just switch you're always your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more just switch you're always your
+price is fixed there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is fixed there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is fixed there's no
+Surplus now consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus now consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus now consider
+insulin with insulin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin with insulin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin with insulin
+it's all Surplus because your demand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all Surplus because your demand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all Surplus because your demand is
+eventally infinite and the price is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventally infinite and the price is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventally infinite and the price is some
+level so subject to your resources the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so subject to your resources the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so subject to your resources the
+demand for insulin is it's huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for insulin is it's huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for insulin is it's huge
+Surplus because you've got this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus because you've got this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus because you've got this entire
+infinite rectangle Rising above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite rectangle Rising above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite rectangle Rising above the
+price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price
+line so the size of consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the size of consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the size of consumer surplus
+will be determined by the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demand okay essentially consumer Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay essentially consumer Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand okay essentially consumer Surplus
+will be inversely related to demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be inversely related to demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be inversely related to demand
+elasticity okay question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay people aren't the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay people aren't the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay people aren't the only thing
+we care about in this economy we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about in this economy we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about in this economy we care
+about firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about firms
+too okay so now we turn to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so now we turn to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay so now we turn to the other
+side which is producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Surplus producer Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay basically producer Surplus is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically producer Surplus is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically producer Surplus is the
+flip of the analysis instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip of the analysis instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip of the analysis instead of saying
+producer we consumers we say the Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer we consumers we say the Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer we consumers we say the Surplus
+there is between their willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is between their willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is between their willingness to
+pay and the price for producers it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and the price for producers it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and the price for producers it's the
+difference between their price and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between their price and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between their price and their
+willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to
+supply if producers get a price above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply if producers get a price above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply if producers get a price above
+their marginal cost they make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal cost they make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal cost they make a
+surplus okay you could see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus okay you could see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus okay you could see that for
+example in fig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in fig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in fig
+fure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fure uh
+910 okay in figure 910 this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+910 okay in figure 910 this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+910 okay in figure 910 this is an
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+producer imagine that the price this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer imagine that the price this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer imagine that the price this is
+indidual gas producer the price of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indidual gas producer the price of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indidual gas producer the price of gas
+in the market is three and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market is three and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market is three and let's say
+that producer at that price wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that producer at that price wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that producer at that price wants to
+produce 100 gallons okay that is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce 100 gallons okay that is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce 100 gallons okay that is the the
+their point of supply curve with a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their point of supply curve with a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their point of supply curve with a price
+of three their marginal supply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three their marginal supply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three their marginal supply is
+100 well that means that for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 well that means that for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 well that means that for the first
+first 99 units they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 99 units they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 99 units they made
+Surplus why because for the first 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus why because for the first 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus why because for the first 99
+units the price was above their willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units the price was above their willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units the price was above their willing
+to supply which is what what does supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply which is what what does supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply which is what what does supply
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represent what is supply curve marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what is supply curve marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what is supply curve marginal
+cost so for the first 99 units price was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so for the first 99 units price was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so for the first 99 units price was
+above marginal cost so they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above marginal cost so they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above marginal cost so they made
+Surplus now in a perfectly competive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus now in a perfectly competive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus now in a perfectly competive of
+equilibrium we know marginal cost equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we know marginal cost equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we know marginal cost equals
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost so what is that mean this shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so what is that mean this shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so what is that mean this shaded
+triangle is can anyone tell what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is can anyone tell what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is can anyone tell what the
+Shaded triangle also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represents it's say if the line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it's say if the line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents it's say if the line is
+average cost if it's a price line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost if it's a price line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost if it's a price line it's
+price minus average cost what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price minus average cost what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price minus average cost what we call
+that profit so in a long run perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profit so in a long run perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that profit so in a long run perfectly
+competitive equilibrium producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibrium producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive equilibrium producers
+Surplus is way easier to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is way easier to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is way easier to understand the
+consumer surplus not some vague measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus not some vague measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus not some vague measure
+of well-being it's dollars it's profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well-being it's dollars it's profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well-being it's dollars it's profit
+literally in a perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in a perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally in a perfectly competitive
+long run equilibrium produce Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run equilibrium produce Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long run equilibrium produce Surplus
+equals profit now in the short run it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals profit now in the short run it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals profit now in the short run it's
+a little complicated and it's not c as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little complicated and it's not c as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little complicated and it's not c as
+complicated but roughly speaking okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but roughly speaking okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but roughly speaking okay
+there's by and large no harm they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's by and large no harm they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's by and large no harm they can
+produce Surplus being profit it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Surplus being profit it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Surplus being profit it's a lot
+easier to understand and you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand and you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand and you can really
+put your hands around it unlike consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your hands around it unlike consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your hands around it unlike consumer
+surplus which is harder to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus which is harder to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus which is harder to sort of
+conceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceive
+of okay so likewise if we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so likewise if we go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so likewise if we go to the
+market in figure n 911 you see there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in figure n 911 you see there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in figure n 911 you see there's a
+market supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market supply
+curve and this goes back to what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and this goes back to what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and this goes back to what I
+talked about last time about why in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time about why in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time about why in fact
+with heterogeneous firms with firms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heterogeneous firms with firms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heterogeneous firms with firms of
+different production functions there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different production functions there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different production functions there
+might be an upward sloping supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an upward sloping supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an upward sloping supply curve
+even if there might be an upward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if there might be an upward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if there might be an upward sloping
+supply curve even in perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve even in perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve even in perfect competition
+in this case at a price of three there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case at a price of three there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case at a price of three there's
+a bunch of firms producing The Firm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of firms producing The Firm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of firms producing The Firm that
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced
+there should be a Josh there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a Josh there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a Josh there should be a
+big q1 on the x-axis The Firm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big q1 on the x-axis The Firm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big q1 on the x-axis The Firm that
+produce big q1 which is where that dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce big q1 which is where that dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce big q1 which is where that dash
+line hits the x-axis the thir that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line hits the x-axis the thir that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line hits the x-axis the thir that
+produces big q1 that marginal firm earns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces big q1 that marginal firm earns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces big q1 that marginal firm earns
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+profit the price equals a margin cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit the price equals a margin cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit the price equals a margin cost
+equals their minimum average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals their minimum average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals their minimum average
+cost but all the other firms the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but all the other firms the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost but all the other firms the left
+earn profit they're the Pakistan cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn profit they're the Pakistan cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn profit they're the Pakistan cotton
+producers all the other firms that left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers all the other firms that left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers all the other firms that left
+are earning profits because the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are earning profits because the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are earning profits because the price is
+above their marginal cost which is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above their marginal cost which is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above their marginal cost which is their
+average cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost
+C so if you think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if you think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so if you think about a
+market there's profit being made by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's profit being made by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's profit being made by all
+the particularly efficient producers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particularly efficient producers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particularly efficient producers as
+long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as
+demand hits the supply curve at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand hits the supply curve at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand hits the supply curve at some
+point above the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point above the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point above the first
+producer this is profits being made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer this is profits being made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer this is profits being made this
+is like the example I did with cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the example I did with cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the example I did with cotton
+but instead of a stepwise supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of a stepwise supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of a stepwise supply
+function it's a constant Supply function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a constant Supply function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a constant Supply function
+a linear Supply function and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear Supply function and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear Supply function and what you
+see it's the same intuition that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's the same intuition that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's the same intuition that there's
+a bunch of providers of gas on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of providers of gas on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of providers of gas on the on
+the very left is the most efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very left is the most efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very left is the most efficient
+provider of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider of gas
+their marginal cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their marginal cost is
+Epsilon they can produce gas for Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon they can produce gas for Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon they can produce gas for Epsilon
+yet they get $3 a gallon that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they get $3 a gallon that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet they get $3 a gallon that's all
+profit to them $3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit to them $3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit to them $3 minus
+Epsilon As you move to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon As you move to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon As you move to the right
+marginal cost Rises so profit Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost Rises so profit Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost Rises so profit Falls
+until you reach point a for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach point a for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach point a for that
+producer marginal cost equals average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer marginal cost equals average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer marginal cost equals average
+cost equals three which equals price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals three which equals price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost equals three which equals price of
+profits or zero so they're indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits or zero so they're indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits or zero so they're indifferent
+and no one enters to the right of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one enters to the right of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no one enters to the right of that
+this is a linear representation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear representation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a linear representation the
+stepwise example we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise example we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepwise example we did last
+time so consumer surplus is your wellbe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so consumer surplus is your wellbe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so consumer surplus is your wellbe
+produce Surplus is profits questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Surplus is profits questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce Surplus is profits questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay now armed with that we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now armed with that we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now armed with that we can go
+on and prove what Paul Samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and prove what Paul Samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and prove what Paul Samuelson
+modestly labeled the first fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modestly labeled the first fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modestly labeled the first fundamental
+theorem of welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of welfare
+economics Paul Sam said besid being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics Paul Sam said besid being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics Paul Sam said besid being a
+great Economist was was not a humble man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Economist was was not a humble man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Economist was was not a humble man
+I think his thesis was called something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think his thesis was called something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think his thesis was called something
+like econom you know what remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like econom you know what remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like econom you know what remember
+something like you know discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know discovering
+econom inventing econom you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom inventing econom you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom inventing econom you know
+something like that like he he knew he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like he he knew he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that like he he knew he
+was properly proud of what he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was properly proud of what he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was properly proud of what he was doing
+and he called this the first fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he called this the first fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he called this the first fundamental
+theorem of wealth economics which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of wealth economics which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of wealth economics which is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+maximizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welfare competition maximizes welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare competition maximizes welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare competition maximizes welfare
+it's a bold statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bold statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bold statement
+that says that the equilibrium we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that the equilibrium we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that the equilibrium we got to
+last time in a positive sense we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in a positive sense we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time in a positive sense we showed
+the equilibrium last time is also in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium last time is also in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium last time is also in a
+normative sense the best possible place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative sense the best possible place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normative sense the best possible place
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+be to see that let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+912 this shows a demand and supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+912 this shows a demand and supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+912 this shows a demand and supply curve
+in equilibrium in competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium in competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium in competitive
+equilibrium at Point little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at Point little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at Point little
+E1 where there's q1 units per year year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 where there's q1 units per year year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 where there's q1 units per year year
+being produced at a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced at a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced at a price of
+P1 okay that's the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium you can see and the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you can see and the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you can see and the consumer
+surplus in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus in this
+example what well somebody tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what well somebody tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what well somebody tell me what
+is consumer use the letters there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consumer use the letters there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is consumer use the letters there what
+is the consumer surplus at Point E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the consumer surplus at Point E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the consumer surplus at Point E1
+someone raise their hand and tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone raise their hand and tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone raise their hand and tell me
+what letters represent consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what letters represent consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what letters represent consumer
+surplus yeah R plus v exactly same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus yeah R plus v exactly same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus yeah R plus v exactly same
+person what letters represent producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person what letters represent producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person what letters represent producer
+Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus
+exactly so producer Surplus is R plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so producer Surplus is R plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so producer Surplus is R plus v
+so consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumer
+surplus equals R plus v producer Surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus equals R plus v producer Surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus equals R plus v producer Surplus
+equals s+ t plus u okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s+ t plus u okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals s+ t plus u okay you can
+see that the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the sum of those
+two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is
+maximized at Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized at Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized at Point
+E1 and we're going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and we're going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 and we're going to Define
+welfare as just the sum of consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare as just the sum of consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare as just the sum of consumer
+Surplus plus producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus plus producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus plus producer
+Surplus Samus said look I I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus Samus said look I I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus Samus said look I I have no
+strong feeling about whether she care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong feeling about whether she care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong feeling about whether she care
+more about consumers or producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about consumers or producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about consumers or producers
+producers higher workers we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers higher workers we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers higher workers we care about
+them too let's just use a indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them too let's just use a indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them too let's just use a indifferent
+let's just say social welfare is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say social welfare is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say social welfare is the sum
+of the two let's just say that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two let's just say that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two let's just say that the total
+welfare societ is just a surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare societ is just a surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare societ is just a surplus
+produced on both sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced on both sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced on both sides of a
+transaction a transaction produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction a transaction produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction a transaction produces
+consumer surplus it produces producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus it produces producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus it produces producer
+Surplus We'll add them up and call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus We'll add them up and call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus We'll add them up and call that
+welfare well you could see that concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare well you could see that concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare well you could see that concept
+we maximized at Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maximized at Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maximized at Point
+E1 so let's do a simple example imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 so let's do a simple example imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 so let's do a simple example imagine
+that you are someone who says that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are someone who says that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are someone who says that's
+ridiculous welfare is always better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous welfare is always better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous welfare is always better if
+prices are lower these consumers get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are lower these consumers get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices are lower these consumers get a
+better deal so I'm going to set a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deal so I'm going to set a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deal so I'm going to set a price
+cap I'm G to say producers cannot charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap I'm G to say producers cannot charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cap I'm G to say producers cannot charge
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+P2 a price ceiling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 a price ceiling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 a price ceiling of
+P2 well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 well what happens
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+producers say well look if you're G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers say well look if you're G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers say well look if you're G to
+make if you can only give me P2 I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make if you can only give me P2 I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make if you can only give me P2 I'm only
+can produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can produce
+Q2 I have to be on my supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 I have to be on my supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 I have to be on my supply
+curve I'm willing to supply P2 is Q2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I'm willing to supply P2 is Q2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve I'm willing to supply P2 is Q2 so
+I'm will to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm will to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm will to produce
+Q2 okay so the market has Q2 at Price P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 okay so the market has Q2 at Price P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 okay so the market has Q2 at Price P2
+well what happens in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens in that
+situation well what happens to consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation well what happens to consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation well what happens to consumer
+surplus it falls it falls by the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus it falls it falls by the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus it falls it falls by the amount
+V it falls because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it falls because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it falls because there are
+transactions that make consumers happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that make consumers happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that make consumers happy
+that are not happening it's critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not happening it's critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not happening it's critical
+this is the key thing with welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key thing with welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key thing with welfare
+economics for consumers or for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics for consumers or for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics for consumers or for both
+sides a transaction that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides a transaction that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides a transaction that produces
+Surplus that goes away is welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus that goes away is welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus that goes away is welfare
+reducing here's a transaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing here's a transaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing here's a transaction that
+produces Surplus consumers got benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces Surplus consumers got benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces Surplus consumers got benefits
+from going Q2 to q1 they no longer get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going Q2 to q1 they no longer get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going Q2 to q1 they no longer get
+them so consumer Surplus is down by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so consumer Surplus is down by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so consumer Surplus is down by the
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V producer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V producer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V producer
+Surplus is down by two things first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is down by two things first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus is down by two things first of
+all producers no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all producers no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all producers no longer have
+transactions that made them happy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that made them happy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions that made them happy they
+wanted to sell between Q2 to q1 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sell between Q2 to q1 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sell between Q2 to q1 units
+and that gave them a surplus of U that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gave them a surplus of U that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gave them a surplus of U that's
+gone but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but that's not
+all what also is gone is that now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what also is gone is that now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what also is gone is that now they
+lost the area s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the area s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the area s
+but is that gone is s gone what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is that gone is s gone what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is that gone is s gone what happens
+to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S
+yeah it becomes consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it becomes consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it becomes consumer
+surplus s goes away and gets added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus s goes away and gets added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus s goes away and gets added to
+consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surplus so what has happened here is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so what has happened here is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus so what has happened here is two
+things first of all by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all by doing this
+intervention by setting this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention by setting this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention by setting this price
+ceiling we've taken the area s and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling we've taken the area s and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling we've taken the area s and given
+it from producers to to Consumers see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from producers to to Consumers see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from producers to to Consumers see
+that look at the new consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look at the new consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look at the new consumer surplus
+the new consumer surplus is S Plus R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new consumer surplus is S Plus R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new consumer surplus is S Plus R so
+we've given s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given s to
+Consumers that is what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer we have
+transferred Surplus from one party to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred Surplus from one party to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred Surplus from one party to
+another in this case we've transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in this case we've transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in this case we've transferred
+Surplus which we can measure as dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus which we can measure as dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus which we can measure as dollars
+we transfer that amount of dollars s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transfer that amount of dollars s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we transfer that amount of dollars s and
+take it away from producers give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away from producers give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away from producers give to
+Consumers now how do we feel about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers now how do we feel about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers now how do we feel about that
+well we're indifferent about that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're indifferent about that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're indifferent about that right
+because all we care is consumer plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we care is consumer plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we care is consumer plus
+produc Surplus we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produc Surplus we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produc Surplus we don't care about
+transfers so the movement of s from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so the movement of s from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so the movement of s from one
+to the other is irrelevant for total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other is irrelevant for total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other is irrelevant for total
+welfare because welfare is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare because welfare is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare because welfare is the
+sum so transfers are relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so transfers are relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so transfers are relevant for
+welfare if you take something from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare if you take something from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare if you take something from one
+party give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party give it to
+another that doesn't matter what matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that doesn't matter what matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that doesn't matter what matters
+is that along the way the and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that along the way the and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that along the way the and you have
+disappeared literally they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared literally they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared literally they're
+gone we call that dead weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone we call that dead weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone we call that dead weight
+loss dead weight loss dead weight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss dead weight loss dead weight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss dead weight loss dead weight loss
+is the net reduction in welfare from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the net reduction in welfare from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the net reduction in welfare from
+trades that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+made when there are trades that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made when there are trades that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made when there are trades that would
+make both parties better off and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both parties better off and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both parties better off and they
+don't get made that is bad that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get made that is bad that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get made that is bad that is a
+loss in welfare we are worse off as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in welfare we are worse off as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss in welfare we are worse off as a
+society in this perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in this perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in this perfectly competitive
+market if there are trades that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if there are trades that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if there are trades that would
+make both sides better off and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both sides better off and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make both sides better off and they
+don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get
+made we are worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we are worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we are worse
+off that is why the competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that is why the competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off that is why the competitive
+equilibrium maximizes welfare because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium maximizes welfare because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium maximizes welfare because
+every trade people want to make and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every trade people want to make and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every trade people want to make and the
+firms are willing to do with them gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are willing to do with them gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms are willing to do with them gets
+made anything anything else takes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made anything anything else takes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made anything anything else takes away
+trades that make both parties better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that make both parties better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that make both parties better off
+and by definition that lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by definition that lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by definition that lowers
+welfare a trade that makes both parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare a trade that makes both parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare a trade that makes both parties
+better off or at least makes one party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off or at least makes one party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off or at least makes one party
+better off and the other party no worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off and the other party no worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off and the other party no worse
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+technically should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically should
+happen that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that raises
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+now this is of course a conclusion under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is of course a conclusion under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is of course a conclusion under
+a very particular set of assumptions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very particular set of assumptions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very particular set of assumptions we
+can go back to the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back to the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back to the very first
+lecture under these assumptions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture under these assumptions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture under these assumptions we
+should let people sell their kidneys on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should let people sell their kidneys on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should let people sell their kidneys on
+eBay okay the more person who sells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay okay the more person who sells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eBay okay the more person who sells
+their kidney is better off the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kidney is better off the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kidney is better off the rich
+person who buys it and stays alive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who buys it and stays alive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who buys it and stays alive is
+better off that's a transaction made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off that's a transaction made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off that's a transaction made
+both parties better off we should let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties better off we should let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both parties better off we should let it
+happen we discussed in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we discussed in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen we discussed in the first lecture
+why I might not like that for reasons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I might not like that for reasons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I might not like that for reasons of
+equity or because the market might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity or because the market might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity or because the market might not
+work well well those are all reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well well those are all reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well well those are all reasons why
+the model we've discussed so far breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we've discussed so far breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we've discussed so far breaks
+down we're not getting there yet well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we're not getting there yet well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we're not getting there yet well
+we're remember economics I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're remember economics I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're remember economics I said the
+beginning is fundamentally sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is fundamentally sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is fundamentally sort of a
+right-wing science maybe I didn't say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-wing science maybe I didn't say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-wing science maybe I didn't say it
+maybe I'll say it now for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll say it now for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll say it now for the first time
+so fundamentally a right-wing science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fundamentally a right-wing science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fundamentally a right-wing science
+science economics starts with the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science economics starts with the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science economics starts with the market
+knows best it starts with the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows best it starts with the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows best it starts with the First
+Fundamental welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamental welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamental welfare
+theorem which is that under this under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is that under this under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem which is that under this under
+the set of assumptions of perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of assumptions of perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of assumptions of perfect
+competition the best thing to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the best thing to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition the best thing to do is just
+let the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the market
+rip we will come back in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip we will come back in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip we will come back in a couple
+lectures start talking about why those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures start talking about why those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures start talking about why those
+assumptions might not be true but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions might not be true but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions might not be true but let's
+not jump ahead let's this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not jump ahead let's this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not jump ahead let's this is our
+starting this is our jumping off point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this is our jumping off point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting this is our jumping off point
+for all of economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of economics
+this fundamental theorem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fundamental theorem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fundamental theorem is that the
+market knows best that welfare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market knows best that welfare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market knows best that welfare is
+maximized by just letting the perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized by just letting the perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximized by just letting the perfectly
+competitive market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market
+rip okay that's the key conclusion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip okay that's the key conclusion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip okay that's the key conclusion here
+we'll stop now no class on Monday uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop now no class on Monday uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop now no class on Monday uh and
+I'll see yall on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-agCn_nWztQ.txt b/-agCn_nWztQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c21b52085cbbdfd02feaca61165d806eed39cad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-agCn_nWztQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu uh starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu uh starting with a
+differential equation so so key Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so so key Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation so so key Point
+here in this lecture is how do you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this lecture is how do you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this lecture is how do you start
+with a differential equation and uh end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a differential equation and uh end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a differential equation and uh end
+up with a discrete problem that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve okay so but simple differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay so but simple differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve okay so but simple differential
+equation it's got a second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's got a second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's got a second derivative
+and I put a minus sign for a reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put a minus sign for a reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put a minus sign for a reason that
+you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll
+see second derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see second derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see second derivatives are
+essentially negative definite things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially negative definite things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially negative definite things so
+that minus sign is to really make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus sign is to really make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus sign is to really make it
+positive definite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite and
+notice we have bound boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice we have bound boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice we have bound boundary conditions
+at at one end the solution is zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at one end the solution is zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at one end the solution is zero at
+the other end it's zero so this is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end it's zero so this is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end it's zero so this is fixed
+fixed and it's a boundary value problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and it's a boundary value problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and it's a boundary value problem
+that's different from a initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different from a initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different from a initial value
+problem to X we have X space not time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to X we have X space not time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to X we have X space not time so
+we're not starting from some thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not starting from some thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not starting from some thing and
+oscillating or growing or decaying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating or growing or decaying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating or growing or decaying in
+time we we have a fixed thing think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we we have a fixed thing think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we we have a fixed thing think of a
+think of an elastic bar an elastic bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an elastic bar an elastic bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an elastic bar an elastic bar
+fixed at both ends maybe hanging by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at both ends maybe hanging by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed at both ends maybe hanging by its
+own weight so that load F ofx could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weight so that load F ofx could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weight so that load F ofx could
+could represent the weight yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent the weight yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent the weight yeah maybe
+the good place to sit is over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good place to sit is over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good place to sit is over there
+their tables just how about that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tables just how about that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tables just how about that it's
+more comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay so we can solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can solve that
+equation especially when I change F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation especially when I change F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation especially when I change F ofx
+to be one as I plan to do so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one as I plan to do so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one as I plan to do so I'm going
+to change I'm going to make it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change I'm going to make it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change I'm going to make it it's a
+unifor form bar because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifor form bar because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifor form bar because there's no
+variable coefficient in there and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable coefficient in there and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable coefficient in there and let me
+make it a uniform load just one so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a uniform load just one so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a uniform load just one so so
+this actually shows you the that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually shows you the that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually shows you the that I
+mentioned differential equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned differential equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned differential equations and
+we'll certainly get on to ll's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll certainly get on to ll's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll certainly get on to ll's equation
+but essentially our differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially our differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially our differential
+equations will not this isn't a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will not this isn't a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations will not this isn't a course
+in how to solve Odes or pdes especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how to solve Odes or pdes especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how to solve Odes or pdes especially
+not ODS it's a course in how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ODS it's a course in how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ODS it's a course in how to compute
+Solutions so the the the key idea will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so the the the key idea will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so the the the key idea will
+be to replace the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to replace the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to replace the differential equation
+by a difference equation so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a difference equation so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a difference equation so there's the
+difference equation and I got I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation and I got I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation and I got I have to
+talk about that that's a sort of key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that that's a sort of key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that that's a sort of key
+point that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that that uh
+up here you see what I would call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you see what I would call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you see what I would call a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+difference actually with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference actually with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference actually with a minus sign
+and and and and on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and on the right hand side
+you see the load still F ofx okay can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the load still F ofx okay can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the load still F ofx okay can I
+move to this board to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to this board to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to this board to explain
+differences because this is like key key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because this is like key key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because this is like key key
+step is given the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is given the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is given the differential equation
+replace it by difference equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by difference equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by difference equation and
+you got the the interesting point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the the interesting point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the the interesting point is you
+have many choices you know there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many choices you know there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many choices you know there's one
+differential equation but even for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation but even for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation but even for a
+first derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative so
+this if you remember from calculus where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you remember from calculus where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you remember from calculus where
+where did how how did you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did how how did you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did how how did you start with the
+derivative you started by something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you started by something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you started by something
+before going to the Limit H or Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before going to the Limit H or Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before going to the Limit H or Delta X
+goes to zero in the end to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero in the end to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero in the end to get the
+derivative but this was a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but this was a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but this was a finite
+difference you you moved a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you you moved a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you you moved a finite
+amount and this is the one you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and this is the one you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and this is the one you always
+see in calculus courses U at X Plus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in calculus courses U at X Plus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in calculus courses U at X Plus H
+minus U of X just the the take how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U of X just the the take how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U of X just the the take how much
+did that step go you divide by the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that step go you divide by the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that step go you divide by the Delta
+X the H and that's a proxim Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the H and that's a proxim Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X the H and that's a proxim Pro
+imately the derivative U Prime at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay let me just continue with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay let me just continue with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay let me just continue with these
+others I don't remember if calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others I don't remember if calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others I don't remember if calculus
+mentions a backward difference but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions a backward difference but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions a backward difference but you
+won't be surprised that that uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be surprised that that uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be surprised that that uh another
+possibility equally good more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility equally good more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility equally good more or less
+would be to take the point and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to take the point and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to take the point and and the
+point before take the difference divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point before take the difference divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point before take the difference divide
+by Delta X so again again all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta X so again again all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta X so again again all these
+approximate U Prime and now here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate U Prime and now here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate U Prime and now here's one
+that actually is Big B really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is Big B really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually is Big B really important
+a center difference it's the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center difference it's the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center difference it's the average of
+the forward and back if I take that plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward and back if I take that plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward and back if I take that plus
+that the U of X is cancel and I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the U of X is cancel and I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the U of X is cancel and I'm left
+with I'm I'm taking it I'm centering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm I'm taking it I'm centering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm I'm taking it I'm centering it
+this idea of centering is a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of centering is a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of centering is a good thing
+actually and of course I have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and of course I have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and of course I have to divide
+by 2 H because the step is now 2 h two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 H because the step is now 2 h two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 H because the step is now 2 h two
+Delta to X's so that again is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to X's so that again is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta to X's so that again is going to
+represent U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent U
+Prime but so we have a choice if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime but so we have a choice if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime but so we have a choice if we have
+a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first
+derivative and actually that's a big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and actually that's a big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and actually that's a big big
+uh issue you know do you use down one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue you know do you use down one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue you know do you use down one
+might be called upwind one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be called upwind one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be called upwind one might be
+called downwind one might be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called downwind one might be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called downwind one might be called
+centered it comes up constantly in Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered it comes up constantly in Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered it comes up constantly in Arrow
+and mechanical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mechanical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mechanical engineering
+everywhere you have these choices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you have these choices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere you have these choices to
+make especially for the first difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make especially for the first difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make especially for the first difference
+we don't have I didn't allow a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have I didn't allow a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have I didn't allow a first
+derivative in that equation because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in that equation because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in that equation because I
+wanted to keep it symmetric and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to keep it symmetric and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to keep it symmetric and and
+first derivatives first differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives first differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives first differences are
+tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be
+anti-symmetric so if we want to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric so if we want to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric so if we want to get our
+good Matrix K and I better remember to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Matrix K and I better remember to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Matrix K and I better remember to
+divide by H squar because the K just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by H squar because the K just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by H squar because the K just has
+those that I introduced last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that I introduced last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that I introduced last time and
+we'll repeat the K just has the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll repeat the K just has the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll repeat the K just has the numbers
+minus one 2 minus one okay now first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one 2 minus one okay now first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one 2 minus one okay now first
+point before we leave these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point before we leave these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point before we leave these
+guys what's what's up with them what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys what's what's up with them what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys what's what's up with them what's
+what's how do we decide which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's how do we decide which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's how do we decide which one is
+better there's something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there's something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better there's something called the
+order of accuracy how close is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of accuracy how close is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of accuracy how close is the
+difference to the derivative and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the derivative and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the derivative and the
+answer is the error is of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the error is of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is the error is of size
+H so I would call that first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so I would call that first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so I would call that first order
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can repeat here but the text does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can repeat here but the text does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can repeat here but the text does
+it how you recognize what this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how you recognize what this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how you recognize what this is the
+sort of local error truncation error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of local error truncation error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of local error truncation error
+whatever you you chopped off the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you you chopped off the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you you chopped off the the
+exact answer and and just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer and and just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer and and just did
+differences this one is also order of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences this one is also order of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences this one is also order of H
+and in fact the H terms the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the H terms the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the H terms the the the
+leading error which is going to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading error which is going to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading error which is going to multiply
+the H has opposite sign in these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H has opposite sign in these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H has opposite sign in these two and
+that's the reason Center differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason Center differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason Center differences are
+great because when you average them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because when you average them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because when you average them you
+Center things uh you this is correct to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center things uh you this is correct to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center things uh you this is correct to
+order H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order H
+squared okay and I may come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay and I may come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay and I may come back and
+find find out why that that H squar term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find find out why that that H squar term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find find out why that that H squar term
+is maybe I'll do that yeah why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe I'll do that yeah why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe I'll do that yeah why don't I
+just second differences are so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just second differences are so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just second differences are so important
+why don't we just see H how do we and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just see H how do we and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just see H how do we and
+Center differences so let me see how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center differences so let me see how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center differences so let me see how do
+how do you figure U at X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H this is a chance to remember something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is a chance to remember something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this is a chance to remember something
+called Taylor series but that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Taylor series but that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Taylor series but that you know
+that's a like that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a like that was in
+Calculus if you forgot it your normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if you forgot it your normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calculus if you forgot it your normal
+person okay so uh but what does it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay so uh but what does it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person okay so uh but what does it say
+that's the whole point of calculus in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point of calculus in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole point of calculus in a
+way that if I move a little bit I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that if I move a little bit I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that if I move a little bit I start
+from the point x and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point x and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point x and then there's a
+little correction and that's given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little correction and that's given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little correction and that's given by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+derivative and then then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then then there's a
+further correction if I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further correction if I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further correction if I want to go
+further and that's given by a half of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and that's given by a half of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and that's given by a half of H
+squar you see the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar you see the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar you see the second order
+correction times the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction times the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction times the second
+derivative and then of course more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then of course more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then of course more but
+that's all you ever have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you ever have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you ever have to remember
+it's it's pretty rare second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty rare second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's pretty rare second order
+accuracy is is often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is is often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy is is often the
+goal in in scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in in scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in in scientific
+Computing uh first order accuracy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh first order accuracy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh first order accuracy is
+like the lowest level you start there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lowest level you start there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lowest level you start there
+you write a code you test it and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a code you test it and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write a code you test it and so on
+but if you want production if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want production if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want production if you want
+accuracy get to second order if possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy get to second order if possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy get to second order if possible
+now what about this U at x minus H well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about this U at x minus H well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about this U at x minus H well
+that's a step backwards so that's U at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a step backwards so that's U at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a step backwards so that's U at X
+now the step is minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the step is minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the step is minus h
+but then when I square that step I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I square that step I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I square that step I'm
+back to plus h^2 u Prime of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to plus h^2 u Prime of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to plus h^2 u Prime of X so
+on who am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who am I going to
+find even more accuracy I I could tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find even more accuracy I I could tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find even more accuracy I I could tell
+you what the next term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the next term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the next term
+is plus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus h
+Cub 6 that's 3 * 2 * 1 U triple prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub 6 that's 3 * 2 * 1 U triple prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub 6 that's 3 * 2 * 1 U triple prime
+and this would be since the step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be since the step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this would be since the step is
+minus h now it would be minus hqb on 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h now it would be minus hqb on 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h now it would be minus hqb on 6
+Ule Prime okay so what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ule Prime okay so what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ule Prime okay so what happens when I
+take the difference of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference of these two
+remember now that Center difference says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now that Center difference says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now that Center difference says
+subtract this from this so now that U at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this from this so now that U at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract this from this so now that U at
+x + H - U at x - H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + H - U at x - H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + H - U at x - H is
+zero 2 h u Prime I'm taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 2 h u Prime I'm taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 2 h u Prime I'm taking the
+subtracting that from that is zero two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting that from that is zero two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting that from that is zero two
+of these so I guess that we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these so I guess that we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these so I guess that we really have
+an H Cub over 3 Ule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H Cub over 3 Ule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H Cub over 3 Ule
+Prime and now when I divide by the 2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now when I divide by the 2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and now when I divide by the 2 H
+can I just divide by 2 H here oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just divide by 2 H here oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just divide by 2 H here oh yeah
+it's coming out right divide by 2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming out right divide by 2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming out right divide by 2 H
+divide this by 2 H that'll make it an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by 2 H that'll make it an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this by 2 H that'll make it an H
+SAR over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR over
+6 I've done what looks like a messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 I've done what looks like a messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 I've done what looks like a messy
+computation I'm a little sad to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I'm a little sad to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation I'm a little sad to start a
+good lecture important lecture by such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lecture important lecture by such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good lecture important lecture by such a
+grungy stuff but here it's it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grungy stuff but here it's it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grungy stuff but here it's it makes the
+key point that the center difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point that the center difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point that the center difference
+gives the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the correct
+derivative with an error of order H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with an error of order H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with an error of order H
+squared where the error if for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared where the error if for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared where the error if for the first
+differences the the H would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the the H would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences the the H would have been
+there okay and we can test it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and we can test it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and we can test it we
+actually will test it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will test it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will test it
+okay okay for that this is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay for that this is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay for that this is first
+differences and that's a big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and that's a big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and that's a big question
+what do you replace the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you replace the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you replace the first derivative
+by if there is one and you've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if there is one and you've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by if there is one and you've got these
+three choices and usually this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three choices and usually this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three choices and usually this is the
+best choice okay now to Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice okay now to Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best choice okay now to Second
+derivatives because our equation is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives because our equation is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives because our equation is has
+got u double Prime in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got u double Prime in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got u double Prime in it
+okay so what's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's a second
+derivative it's the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it's the derivative of the
+derivative so what's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so what's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so what's the second
+difference it's the difference first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's the difference first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's the difference first
+difference of the first difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the first difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the first difference so
+the second difference the natural second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second difference the natural second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second difference the natural second
+difference would be uh so now let me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference would be uh so now let me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference would be uh so now let me use
+this space for second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space for second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space for second
+differences second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences second
+differences I could take the fourward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I could take the fourward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I could take the fourward
+difference of the backward difference or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the backward difference or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the backward difference or
+I could take the backward difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could take the backward difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could take the backward difference of
+the forward difference or you may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward difference or you may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward difference or you may say
+why don't I take the center difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I take the center difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I take the center difference
+of the center difference all those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the center difference all those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the center difference all those in
+some sense it's Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense it's Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense it's Delta
+squared but which to take well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually the those are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the those are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the those are the same and
+that's the good choice that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good choice that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good choice that's the one
+minus to one choice so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to one choice so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus to one choice so let me show you
+that let me say what's the matter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me say what's the matter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me say what's the matter with
+that because now having said how great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because now having said how great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because now having said how great
+Center differences are first differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center differences are first differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center differences are first differences
+why don't I just repeat them for second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I just repeat them for second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I just repeat them for second
+differences well the trouble is here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences well the trouble is here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences well the trouble is here let
+me let me say in a word without even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me say in a word without even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me say in a word without even
+writing well I could even write a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing well I could even write a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing well I could even write a little
+the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center
+difference suppose I'm at a typical mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference suppose I'm at a typical mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference suppose I'm at a typical mesh
+Point here the center difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here the center difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here the center difference is
+going to take that value minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that value minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that value minus that
+value but then if I take the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but then if I take the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but then if I take the center
+difference of that I'm going to be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of that I'm going to be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of that I'm going to be out
+here I'm going to take this value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to take this value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to take this value this
+value and this value I'll get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and this value I'll get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and this value I'll get something
+correct it's accuracy will be second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's accuracy will be second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it's accuracy will be second
+order good but it stretches too far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order good but it stretches too far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order good but it stretches too far we
+don't want we want compact difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want we want compact difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want we want compact difference
+molecules we don't want this one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we don't want this one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we don't want this one minus
+two of this plus one of that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of this plus one of that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of this plus one of that that's not
+so this would give us a 1 0 minus 2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would give us a 1 0 minus 2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would give us a 1 0 minus 2 0
+1 you I'm just saying this because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 you I'm just saying this because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 you I'm just saying this because and
+I'm then I'll never come back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then I'll never come back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm then I'll never come back to it
+because I don't like this one these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like this one these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't like this one these guys
+give 1 - 2 1 without any gaps and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 1 - 2 1 without any gaps and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give 1 - 2 1 without any gaps and that's
+the right choice and that's the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right choice and that's the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right choice and that's the choice
+made here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here
+so you could just it's I'm not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could just it's I'm not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could just it's I'm not thinking
+you can see it in your head that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it in your head that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it in your head that the
+difference of the difference but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the difference but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the difference but well
+you almost can the if I take this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you almost can the if I take this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you almost can the if I take this yeah
+can can you sort of see this without my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can you sort of see this without my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can you sort of see this without my
+writing it if I take the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it if I take the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it if I take the forward
+difference and then I subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then I subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and then I subtract the
+forward difference to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference to the
+left do you see that I'll have minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left do you see that I'll have minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left do you see that I'll have minus two
+so there's there's what I start with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's what I start with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's what I start with I
+subtract U of x minus U of x minus H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract U of x minus U of x minus H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract U of x minus U of x minus H and
+I get two two minus U of x's this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two two minus U of x's this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get two two minus U of x's this this
+is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what I
+get now I'm calling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now I'm calling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now I'm calling that
+UI so I get oh oh okay well let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI so I get oh oh okay well let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI so I get oh oh okay well let me just
+I better make completely clear about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better make completely clear about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better make completely clear about the
+minus sign the the forward difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the the forward difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the the forward difference of
+the backward difference what this leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backward difference what this leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backward difference what this leads
+is minus one is one minus 2 one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one is one minus 2 one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one is one minus 2 one that's
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+difference very important to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference very important to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference very important to remember
+the second difference of a of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second difference of a of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second difference of a of a function
+is the function the value ahead minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function the value ahead minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function the value ahead minus
+two of the center plus one of the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the center plus one of the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the center plus one of the left
+it's it's centered obviously symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's centered obviously symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's centered obviously symmetric
+right second differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right second differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right second differences are
+symmetric and because I want a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and because I want a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and because I want a minus
+sign I want minus the second difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I want minus the second difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I want minus the second difference
+and that's why you see here min-1 + 2 -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you see here min-1 + 2 -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you see here min-1 + 2 -1
+because I wanted plus tws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted plus tws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted plus tws
+there are you okay this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you okay this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are you okay this is the this is
+the natural replacement for minus U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural replacement for minus U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural replacement for minus U
+Prime okay and I claim that this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay and I claim that this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay and I claim that this second
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+is uh like the second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh like the second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh like the second derivative of
+course and why don't we just check some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and why don't we just check some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and why don't we just check some
+examples to see how like the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to see how like the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples to see how like the second
+derivative it is so I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it is so I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it is so I'm going to take
+the second difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second difference of
+some easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some easy
+functions yeah very it's it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions yeah very it's it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions yeah very it's it's it's very
+important that these come out so well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that these come out so well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that these come out so well so
+I'm going to take the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take the second
+difference let me I'm going to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference let me I'm going to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference let me I'm going to write it
+as sort of a matrix so this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a matrix so this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a matrix so this is like the
+second difference yeah because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference yeah because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference yeah because this is
+good I I'm not going to I'm I'm inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I I'm not going to I'm I'm inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I I'm not going to I'm I'm inside
+the region here I'm not worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region here I'm not worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region here I'm not worrying about
+the boundaries now let me just think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries now let me just think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries now let me just think of
+myself as inside so I have second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself as inside so I have second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself as inside so I have second
+differences and suppose I'm applying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and suppose I'm applying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and suppose I'm applying it
+to a vector of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vector of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vector of all
+ones what answer should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get so if I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so if I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so if I think of
+calculus it's the Der second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it's the Der second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus it's the Der second derivative
+of one of the constant function so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the constant function so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the constant function so what
+answer am I going to get zero and do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer am I going to get zero and do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer am I going to get zero and do I
+get zero of course I get zero right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero of course I get zero right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero of course I get zero right all
+these second differences are zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these second differences are zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these second differences are zero right
+because I'm not worrying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not worrying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not worrying about the
+boundary end so now okay so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary end so now okay so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary end so now okay so that's like
+check one it it passed that simple test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check one it it passed that simple test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check one it it passed that simple test
+now let me move up to from con from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me move up to from con from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me move up to from con from
+constant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear and so on so let me apply second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and so on so let me apply second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and so on so let me apply second
+differences to a to a vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to a to a vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to a to a vector that's
+growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing
+linearly what answer do I expect to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly what answer do I expect to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly what answer do I expect to get
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that so remember I'm doing second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so remember I'm doing second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so remember I'm doing second
+differences like second derivatives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences like second derivatives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences like second derivatives or
+minus second derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus second derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus second derivatives
+actually uh so what do second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh so what do second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh so what do second
+derivatives do to a linear function if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives do to a linear function if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives do to a linear function if I
+take a straight line I take the sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a straight line I take the sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a straight line I take the sorry
+second D derivatives if I take second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second D derivatives if I take second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second D derivatives if I take second
+derivatives of a linear function I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of a linear function I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of a linear function I get
+get zero right so do I get I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero right so do I get I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero right so do I get I I would
+hope to get zero again here and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to get zero again here and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to get zero again here and I do
+right -1 + 4 - 3 0 -1 sorry let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right -1 + 4 - 3 0 -1 sorry let me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right -1 + 4 - 3 0 -1 sorry let me do it
+here -2 + 6 - 4 yeah and and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here -2 + 6 - 4 yeah and and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here -2 + 6 - 4 yeah and and actually
+that's consistent with our little tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with our little tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent with our little tailor
+series stuff that that the function X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series stuff that that the function X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series stuff that that the function X
+should come out right now what about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come out right now what about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come out right now what about now
+comes the moment what about X squ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the moment what about X squ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes the moment what about X squ okay
+so I'm going to put squares in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put squares in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to put squares in
+now do I expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do I expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do I expect to
+get zeros I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zeros I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zeros I don't think
+so because let me again test it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because let me again test it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because let me again test it by
+thinking about what second derivative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what second derivative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what second derivative so
+now I'm I'm sort of copying second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm I'm sort of copying second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm I'm sort of copying second
+derivative of X2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of X2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of X2 which
+is second derivative of X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is second derivative of X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is second derivative of X2
+is two right first derivative is 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two right first derivative is 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two right first derivative is 2x
+second derivative is just two so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is just two so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative is just two so it's a
+constant and remember I've put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and remember I've put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and remember I've put in a
+minus sign so I I'm wondering do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign so I I'm wondering do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign so I I'm wondering do I get
+the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+min-2 right all the way down okay -4 + 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 right all the way down okay -4 + 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 right all the way down okay -4 + 8
+-9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-9
+whoops what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops what's
+that what do I get there what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do I get there what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do I get there what do I get
+from that from that second difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that from that second difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that from that second difference of
+these squares Min -4 plus 8 - 9 is -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares Min -4 plus 8 - 9 is -2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares Min -4 plus 8 - 9 is -2
+good so we can we keep going -4 + 18 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we can we keep going -4 + 18 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we can we keep going -4 + 18 -
+16 what's that -4 + 18 - 16 so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 what's that -4 + 18 - 16 so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 what's that -4 + 18 - 16 so I've got
+- 20s plus 18s I got or rather yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 20s plus 18s I got or rather yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 20s plus 18s I got or rather yeah I
+got minus two again - 9 32 minus 25 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got minus two again - 9 32 minus 25 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got minus two again - 9 32 minus 25 it
+it's right the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right the second
+differences of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of a
+of a per of a square of the vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a per of a square of the vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a per of a square of the vector of
+squares you could say is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you could say is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you could say is a constant
+Vector the with the right number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the with the right number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector the with the right number and
+that's because that second difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because that second difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because that second difference is
+second order accurate it not only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order accurate it not only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order accurate it not only got
+constants right and linears right it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants right and linears right it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants right and linears right it got
+quadratics right okay so that's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics right okay so that's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratics right okay so that's you're
+seeing second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing second
+differences we'll soon see that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we'll soon see that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences we'll soon see that second
+differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are
+also uh on the ball when you apply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh on the ball when you apply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh on the ball when you apply them
+to other vectors like vectors of signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other vectors like vectors of signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other vectors like vectors of signs
+or vectors of cosiness or exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vectors of cosiness or exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vectors of cosiness or exponentials
+they they they do well okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they do well okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they they do well okay so that's a
+just a useful check which will help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a useful check which will help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a useful check which will help us
+over here okay can I come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay can I come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here okay can I come back to the
+heart of the Lector now having like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the Lector now having like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the Lector now having like
+prepared the way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared the way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared the way for
+this well let's start right off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well let's start right off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well let's start right off by
+solving the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the differential
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay so I'm bringing you back years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm bringing you back years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm bringing you back years and
+years and years right uh solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and years right uh solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and years right uh solve this
+different solve that differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solve that differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solve that differential
+equation with these two boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with these two boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with these two boundary
+conditions how would you do that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how would you do that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions how would you do that in a
+systematic way you could almost guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way you could almost guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way you could almost guess
+after a while but systematically if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while but systematically if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while but systematically if I
+have a linear I notice what do I notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear I notice what do I notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear I notice what do I notice
+about this thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing it's
+linear so what am I expecting I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so what am I expecting I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so what am I expecting I'm
+expecting like a particular solu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting like a particular solu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting like a particular solu
+solution that gives the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that gives the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that gives the correct answer
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+some null space solution or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some null space solution or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some null space solution or whatever you
+want to call it homogeneous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it homogeneous solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call it homogeneous solution
+that gives zero and has some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives zero and has some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives zero and has some arbitrary
+constants in it give me a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in it give me a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in it give me a particular
+solution so th this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so th this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so th this is going to be our
+answer this will be the general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this will be the general solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this will be the general solution
+to this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this differential
+equation what functions have minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what functions have minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what functions have minus the
+second derivative equal one that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative equal one that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative equal one that's all
+I'm asking what are what are they okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking what are what are they okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking what are what are they okay
+so what's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's one of
+them one function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one function that
+has its second derivative is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its second derivative is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its second derivative is a constant
+and that constant is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that constant is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that constant is minus
+one so if I want the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if I want the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if I want the second derivative
+to be a constant what am I looking at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant what am I looking at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a constant what am I looking at x
+squar I'm looking at x squar and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar I'm looking at x squar and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar I'm looking at x squar and I just
+want to figure out how many X squares to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out how many X squares to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out how many X squares to
+get a one so some number of X squs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one so some number of X squs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one so some number of X squs and
+how many do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many do I
+want minus a half good good minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want minus a half good good minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want minus a half good good minus a half
+because X squ would give me two but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X squ would give me two but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X squ would give me two but I
+want minus one so I need minus a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want minus one so I need minus a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want minus one so I need minus a half of
+them okay that's the particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay that's the particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay that's the particular solution
+now throw in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now throw in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now throw in all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+solutions I can add in any solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions I can add in any solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions I can add in any solution that
+has a zero on the right side so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a zero on the right side so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a zero on the right side so what
+functions have second derivative equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+X is good and I'm looking for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is good and I'm looking for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is good and I'm looking for two
+because it's a second derivative second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a second derivative second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a second derivative second
+order equation what's the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation what's the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation what's the other guy
+constant good so let me put the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant good so let me put the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant good so let me put the constant
+first C say and DX two constants that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first C say and DX two constants that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first C say and DX two constants that I
+can play with and what use am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with and what use am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with and what use am I going to
+make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of
+them I'm going to use those to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm going to use those to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'm going to use those to satisfy
+the two boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions and it won't be difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and it won't be difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and it won't be difficult
+if I if I so you could say plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I so you could say plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I so you could say plug in the
+the first boundary condition learn get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first boundary condition learn get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first boundary condition learn get
+an equation for the constants plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation for the constants plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation for the constants plug in
+the second get another equation we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second get another equation we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second get another equation we'll
+have two boundary conditions two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two boundary conditions two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two boundary conditions two
+equations two constants everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations two constants everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations two constants everything's
+going to come out so if I plug in U of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out so if I plug in U of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out so if I plug in U of Z
+to B Zer what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learn C is zero right if I plug in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn C is zero right if I plug in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn C is zero right if I plug in is
+that right if I plug in zero then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if I plug in zero then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right if I plug in zero then that
+zero already this is zero already so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero already this is zero already so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero already this is zero already so I
+just learned that c is zero so C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned that c is zero so C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned that c is zero so C is
+zero and now I plug in now I so I'm down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now I plug in now I so I'm down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and now I plug in now I so I'm down
+to one constant one one uh unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one constant one one uh unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one constant one one uh unused
+boundary condition plug that in U of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition plug that in U of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition plug that in U of one
+is minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a
+half What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half What's
+d it's a half right d is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d it's a half right d is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d it's a half right d is a
+half so can I close this up is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so can I close this up is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so can I close this up is a half
+X DX is a half now I just always pays to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX is a half now I just always pays to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X DX is a half now I just always pays to
+look back at x equals z that's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back at x equals z that's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back at x equals z that's obviously
+zero at x equal 1 it's zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at x equal 1 it's zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at x equal 1 it's zero because
+those are the same and it I get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the same and it I get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the same and it I get zero
+okay so Min - half x^2 plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Min - half x^2 plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Min - half x^2 plus a half
+X okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay that
+was you know that that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know that that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know that that's the kind of
+differential equation and solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and solution that
+we're looking for not not complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for not not complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for not not complicated
+nonlinear stuff okay so now I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear stuff okay so now I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear stuff okay so now I'm ready to
+move to the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the difference
+equation so again this is the major step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so again this is the major step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so again this is the major step
+how do you we're replacing this by oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you we're replacing this by oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you we're replacing this by oh I
+I'll draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw a picture of
+this from Zer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from Zer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from Zer to
+one and if I draw graph that I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if I draw graph that I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if I draw graph that I think I
+get a parabola right a parabola that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a parabola right a parabola that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a parabola right a parabola that has
+has to go through here so it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go through here so it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go through here so it's some
+Parabola like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola like
+that that would be always is good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be always is good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be always is good to
+draw a graph of the solution okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph of the solution okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a graph of the solution okay now
+what do I get here moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get here moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get here moving to the
+difference equation so that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation so that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation so that that's the
+equation and notice its boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and notice its boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and notice its boundary
+conditions those boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions those boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions those boundary conditions
+just copied this one because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copied this one because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copied this one because I've
+chopped this up so this is how how I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped this up so this is how how I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped this up so this is how how I've
+got I equal 1 2 3 4 five and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I equal 1 2 3 4 five and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got I equal 1 2 3 4 five and this is one
+the last point then is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last point then is six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last point then is six
+H H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is6 what's going to be the size of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is6 what's going to be the size of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is6 what's going to be the size of my
+Matrix and my vector and my unknown U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and my vector and my unknown U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and my vector and my unknown U
+here how many unknowns am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many unknowns am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how many unknowns am I going to
+have let's just get the overall picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's just get the overall picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's just get the overall picture
+right what are the unknowns going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are the unknowns going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what are the unknowns going to be
+they're going to be U1 U2 u3 u4 and u5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be U1 U2 u3 u4 and u5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be U1 U2 u3 u4 and u5
+those are unknown those will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are unknown those will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are unknown those will be some
+values I don't know where maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I don't know where maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values I don't know where maybe
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+because they'll be sort of like that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they'll be sort of like that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they'll be sort of like that one
+and this is not an unknown U ZO6 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not an unknown U ZO6 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not an unknown U ZO6 this is
+not an unknown U zero those are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an unknown U zero those are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an unknown U zero those are the ones
+we know so this is what the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know so this is what the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know so this is what the solution to
+a difference equation looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference equation looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference equation looks like it
+gives you a discrete set of unknowns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a discrete set of unknowns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a discrete set of unknowns and
+then of course matlb or any code could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course matlb or any code could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course matlb or any code could
+connect them up by straight lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them up by straight lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect them up by straight lines and
+give you a uh a a a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a uh a a a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a uh a a a function
+but it's the heart of it is these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the heart of it is these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the heart of it is these five
+values okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so and those five values come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so and those five values come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so and those five values come from
+these equations this is I I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations this is I I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations this is I I'm I'm
+introducing this subscript stuff but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this subscript stuff but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing this subscript stuff but I
+won't need it all the time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need it all the time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need it all the time because
+you'll see the picture this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the picture this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the picture this equation
+applies for I equal 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies for I equal 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies for I equal 1 up to
+five five inside points and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five inside points and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five inside points and then you
+notice how when I is one this needs u z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how when I is one this needs u z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how when I is one this needs u z
+but we know u0 and when I is five this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know u0 and when I is five this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know u0 and when I is five this
+needs U6 but we know U6 so it's a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs U6 but we know U6 so it's a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs U6 but we know U6 so it's a closed
+5x5 system and it will be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x5 system and it will be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x5 system and it will be our
+Matrix that minus1 2 minus one is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that minus1 2 minus one is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that minus1 2 minus one is what
+sits on the Matrix when we close it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on the Matrix when we close it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on the Matrix when we close it with
+the two boundary conditions it chops off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two boundary conditions it chops off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two boundary conditions it chops off
+the zero column you could say and chops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero column you could say and chops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero column you could say and chops
+off the sixth column and leaves us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the sixth column and leaves us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the sixth column and leaves us with
+the 5 by five problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5 by five problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5 by five problem
+and yeah I guess this is not this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I guess this is not this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I guess this is not this is a
+step not to jump past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step not to jump past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step not to jump past
+because it takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes a little
+practice can you see you see I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice can you see you see I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice can you see you see I've
+written the same thing two ways let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the same thing two ways let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the same thing two ways let me
+write it a third way let me write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it a third way let me write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it a third way let me write it out
+clearly so now here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly so now here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly so now here I'm going to
+complete this matx matx with a two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this matx matx with a two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this matx matx with a two and a
+minus1 and a two and a minus one and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and a two and a minus one and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 and a two and a minus one and now
+it's 5x five and those might be U but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5x five and those might be U but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5x five and those might be U but I
+don't know if they are so let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in U1 U2 u3 u4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u5 do you see oh and divide by h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 do you see oh and divide by h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 do you see oh and divide by h
+s I'll often for get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so I'm asking you to see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm asking you to see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm asking you to see something
+that that if you haven't after you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if you haven't after you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that if you haven't after you get
+the hang of it it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hang of it it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hang of it it's like
+automatic but I have to remember it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic but I have to remember it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic but I have to remember it's
+not automatic things aren't automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not automatic things aren't automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not automatic things aren't automatic
+until you've done them a couple of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've done them a couple of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've done them a couple of times
+so do you see that that is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see that that is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you see that that is a is a
+concrete statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete statement of
+this this Delta X squ is the H squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Delta X squ is the H squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Delta X squ is the H squ and
+you see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those
+differences when I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences when I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences when I do that
+multiplication that they produce those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication that they produce those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication that they produce those
+differences and now what's my right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and now what's my right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and now what's my right hand
+side well I've changed the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side well I've changed the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side well I've changed the right hand
+side to one to make it easy so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to one to make it easy so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to one to make it easy so this
+rightand side is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones and this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and this is the the
+problem that mat lab would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve or whatever code finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or whatever code finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve or whatever code finite difference
+code it's a I get I've got to a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's a I get I've got to a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it's a I get I've got to a linear
+system 5 by5 it's fortunately the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system 5 by5 it's fortunately the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system 5 by5 it's fortunately the Matrix
+is not singular the matri there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution how does mat lab find it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how does mat lab find it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution how does mat lab find it it
+does not find it by finding the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not find it by finding the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not find it by finding the inverse
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+Matrix Monday's lecture will quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Monday's lecture will quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Monday's lecture will quickly
+review how to solve five equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review how to solve five equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review how to solve five equations in
+five unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five unknowns
+it's by elimination I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by elimination I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by elimination I'll tell you the
+key word and that's what every code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key word and that's what every code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key word and that's what every code
+does and sometimes you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and sometimes you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and sometimes you would have to
+exchange rows but not for a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows but not for a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rows but not for a positive
+definite Matrix like that it'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix like that it'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite Matrix like that it'll just go
+B right through when it's Tri diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right through when it's Tri diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B right through when it's Tri diagonal
+it'll go like with a speed of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go like with a speed of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go like with a speed of light and
+you'll get the answer and those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the answer and those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the answer and those five
+answers will be these five Heights U1 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers will be these five Heights U1 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers will be these five Heights U1 U2
+u3 u4 and u5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we could figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could figure it
+out actually I think section one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually I think section one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out actually I think section one two
+gives the formula for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the formula for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the formula for this particular
+model problem for any size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem for any size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem for any size and
+particular for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for
+5x5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something
+wonderful for this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful for this special
+case the Five Points fall right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Five Points fall right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Five Points fall right on the
+correct Parabola they're exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct Parabola they're exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct Parabola they're exactly right
+so that for this particular case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for this particular case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for this particular case when
+the solution was a quadratic the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution was a quadratic the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution was a quadratic the exact
+solution was a quadratic a parabola it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was a quadratic a parabola it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was a quadratic a parabola it
+will turn out and we and that quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out and we and that quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out and we and that quadratic
+matches these boundary conditions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches these boundary conditions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches these boundary conditions it
+will turn out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out that that
+those that those points are right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that those points are right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those that those points are right on the
+right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the
+money so that's you could call is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that's you could call is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so that's you could call is like
+super convergence or something I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super convergence or something I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super convergence or something I mean
+that's that won't happen every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that won't happen every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that won't happen every time
+other otherwise uh life would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other otherwise uh life would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other otherwise uh life would be like
+too too easy you know it's a good life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too easy you know it's a good life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too easy you know it's a good life
+but it's not that good as a as a as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not that good as a as a as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not that good as a as a as a as
+a rule okay okay so they fall right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule okay okay so they fall right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule okay okay so they fall right on
+that they fall right on that curve and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they fall right on that curve and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they fall right on that curve and I
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+uh and and and and and we can say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and and and we can say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and and and we can say what
+those numbers are actually we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers are actually we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers are actually we know what
+they are I actually I guess I could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are I actually I guess I could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are I actually I guess I could find
+them what are those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh and of course the one overh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and of course the one overh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and of course the one overh
+squar is what's one overh squar just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is what's one overh squar just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is what's one overh squar just to
+not forget one overh squar there H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forget one overh squar there H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not forget one overh squar there H is
+what six squared is going to be a 36 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what six squared is going to be a 36 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what six squared is going to be a 36 so
+there's a there's a if I bring it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a if I bring it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a if I bring it up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+bring the ^ squar up here it would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the ^ squar up here it would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the ^ squar up here it would be uh
+times a 36 well let me leave leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a 36 well let me leave leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a 36 well let me leave leave it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+36 okay and and I'm just saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 okay and and I'm just saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 okay and and I'm just saying that
+these numbers would come out right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers would come out right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers would come out right maybe
+I'll just do the first one what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do the first one what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do the first one what's the
+the exact U1 U2 and U U1 and U2 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact U1 U2 and U U1 and U2 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact U1 U2 and U U1 and U2 would be
+what the exact U1 oh oh shoot I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the exact U1 oh oh shoot I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the exact U1 oh oh shoot I've got
+to figure it out uh if I plug in xal six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out uh if I plug in xal six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out uh if I plug in xal six
+do we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this plug in x equal as six no we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plug in x equal as six no we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plug in x equal as six no we don't
+uh we don't got something better to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't got something better to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we don't got something better to do
+with our lives but if we uh if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our lives but if we uh if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our lives but if we uh if we if we
+put that number in whatever the heck it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that number in whatever the heck it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that number in whatever the heck it
+is and this one we would find out came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this one we would find out came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this one we would find out came
+out right okay the fact that it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right okay the fact that it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right okay the fact that it comes
+out right is is is important but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right is is is important but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right is is is important but I'd
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move
+on to uh a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to uh a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to uh a similar
+problem but this one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but this one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but this one is going to be
+freef
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freef
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freef
+fixed so if this problem was like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so if this problem was like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so if this problem was like uh
+having a elastic bar hanging under its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a elastic bar hanging under its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a elastic bar hanging under its
+own weight and these would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weight and these would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own weight and these would be the
+displacements of the points on the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the points on the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the points on the bar
+and fixed at the ends now I'm freeing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixed at the ends now I'm freeing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fixed at the ends now I'm freeing up
+the top end I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top end I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top end I'm not
+making U z00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making U z00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making U z00
+anymore I better maybe use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I better maybe use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I better maybe use a different
+Blackboard because that's that that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard because that's that that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard because that's that that's so
+important that uh uh I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that uh uh I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that uh uh I don't want to
+erase it okay so I'll take let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase it okay so I'll take let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase it okay so I'll take let me take
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+problem uniform bar uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uniform bar uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uniform bar uniform
+load but I'm and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load but I'm and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load but I'm and I'm going to
+fix U of one that's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix U of one that's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix U of one that's fixed
+but I'm going to free this end and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to free this end and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to free this end and from
+a differential equation point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential equation point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential equation point of view
+that means I'm going to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I'm going to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I'm going to set the
+slope at zero to be zero U Prime at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at zero to be zero U Prime at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at zero to be zero U Prime at zero
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+okay that's going to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's going to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's going to have a different
+solution change the boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution change the boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution change the boundary conditions
+it's going to change the answer let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to change the answer let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to change the answer let's
+find the solution so how how here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the solution so how how here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the solution so how how here's
+another differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another differential
+equation same equation different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation same equation different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation same equation different
+boundary conditions so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so how do we
+go well I had the general solution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go well I had the general solution over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go well I had the general solution over
+there it still works right U of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it still works right U of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it still works right U of X is
+still - 12x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still - 12x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still - 12x^2
+the particular solution that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular solution that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular solution that gives me
+the one plus the CX plus d that gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one plus the CX plus d that gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one plus the CX plus d that gives me
+zero and zero for second derivatives but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and zero for second derivatives but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and zero for second derivatives but
+gives me the possibility to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the possibility to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the possibility to satisfy the
+two boundary conditions okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boundary conditions okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boundary conditions okay and now
+again plug in the boundary conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again plug in the boundary conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again plug in the boundary conditions to
+find C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find C and
+D okay the slope is zero at zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay the slope is zero at zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay the slope is zero at zero what
+does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell
+me okay I have to plug that in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay I have to plug that in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay I have to plug that in there
+here's my solution I'll plug I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my solution I'll plug I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my solution I'll plug I have to
+take its derivative and set set X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative and set set X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative and set set X to
+Zero okay so its derivative is a 2X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero okay so its derivative is a 2X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero okay so its derivative is a 2X or
+or minus X or something which is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus X or something which is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus X or something which is zero
+the derivative of that is C and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that is C and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of that is C and the
+derivative of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero what am I learning from that left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what am I learning from that left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what am I learning from that left
+left the free boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the free boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the free boundary
+condition C is zero right C is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition C is zero right C is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition C is zero right C is zero
+because the slope here is C and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the slope here is C and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the slope here is C and it's
+supposed to be zero so C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be zero so C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be zero so C is
+zero now the other boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the other boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now the other boundary condition
+plug in xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in xal
+1 I want to get the answer zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I want to get the answer zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 I want to get the answer zero the
+answer I do get is minus a half x = 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I do get is minus a half x = 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I do get is minus a half x = 1 +
+D so what is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so what is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so what is D
+then what's D let me raise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's D let me raise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's D let me raise that
+so what do I what do I learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I what do I learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I what do I learn about
+D it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D it's
+one2 it's that that I need one2 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 it's that that I need one2 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 it's that that I need one2 so the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+is is minus a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is minus a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is minus a half of
+X2 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+not a half X as it was over there but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a half X as it was over there but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a half X as it was over there but a
+half okay and now let's graph it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and now let's graph it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and now let's graph it always
+pays to graph these things between xals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays to graph these things between xals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays to graph these things between xals
+0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and
+one what what's what does this look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what what's what does this look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what what's what does this look like
+it starts at a half right at x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts at a half right at x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts at a half right at x equals
+z and it's a parabola right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and it's a parabola right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and it's a parabola right it's a
+parabola and I know it goes through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and I know it goes through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola and I know it goes through this
+point what else do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope starts
+at the slope starts at zero the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the slope starts at zero the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the slope starts at zero the other
+the boundary condition the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition the free
+condition at the left hand end so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the left hand end so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the left hand end so the
+slope starts at zero so the parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope starts at zero so the parabola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope starts at zero so the parabola
+comes down like that it's like half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down like that it's like half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down like that it's like half a
+where that was a symmetric bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that was a symmetric bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that was a symmetric bit of a
+parabola this is just half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola this is just half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola this is just half of
+it the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and so that's a graph of U of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so that's a graph of U of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so that's a graph of U of X
+okay now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I'm
+ready to take to replace it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to take to replace it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to take to replace it by a
+difference equation okay so what'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation okay so what'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation okay so what'll be
+the difference equation it'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation it'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation it'll be the
+same equation for the minus uble Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation for the minus uble Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation for the minus uble Prime
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+change so minus u i i + 1 Min - 2 UI -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so minus u i i + 1 Min - 2 UI -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so minus u i i + 1 Min - 2 UI -
+UI - 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI - 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI - 1 /
+h^2 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 =
+uh I'm taking F ofx to be one so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm taking F ofx to be one so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm taking F ofx to be one so let's
+stay with one and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with one and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with one and now
+what okay big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what okay big
+moment what boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what boundary
+conditions what boundary conditions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions what boundary conditions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions what boundary conditions well
+this guy is pretty clear that says u n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is pretty clear that says u n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is pretty clear that says u n +
+1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero what do I do for zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what do I do for zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what do I do for zero
+slope what do I do for a zero slope okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope what do I do for a zero slope okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope what do I do for a zero slope okay
+let me suggest one possibility it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me suggest one possibility it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me suggest one possibility it's not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+greatest but one possibility for a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest but one possibility for a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest but one possibility for a zero
+slope is U1 minus u0 over H that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is U1 minus u0 over H that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is U1 minus u0 over H that's the
+approximate slope should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate slope should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate slope should be
+Zer so that's my choice for the leftand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so that's my choice for the leftand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer so that's my choice for the leftand
+foundary condition it says U1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundary condition it says U1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundary condition it says U1 is
+u0 it says that U1 is u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 it says that U1 is u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 it says that U1 is u
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now now I've got I've got again five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I've got I've got again five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I've got I've got again five
+equations for five unknowns U1 U2 u3 u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for five unknowns U1 U2 u3 u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for five unknowns U1 U2 u3 u4
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u5 I'll write down what they are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 I'll write down what they are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 I'll write down what they are well
+you know what they are for so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what they are for so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what they are for so this thing
+divided h^2 is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided h^2 is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided h^2 is all
+On's just like before and of course all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On's just like before and of course all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On's just like before and of course all
+these uh rows are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh rows are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh rows are not
+changed but the first row is changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but the first row is changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed but the first row is changed
+because we have a new boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a new boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a new boundary condition
+at the left end and it's this so U Want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the left end and it's this so U Want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the left end and it's this so U Want
+well u0o isn't in the picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well u0o isn't in the picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well u0o isn't in the picture but
+it's you know previously what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know previously what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know previously what happened
+to u0 when when when I is one I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u0 when when when I is one I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to u0 when when when I is one I'm in the
+first equation here that's where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation here that's where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation here that's where I'm
+looking I is one it had a u0 gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I is one it had a u0 gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I is one it had a u0 gone
+in this case it's not gone u0 comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's not gone u0 comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's not gone u0 comes back
+in U is U1 that might oh don't let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U is U1 that might oh don't let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in U is U1 that might oh don't let me do
+this wrong ah don't let me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wrong ah don't let me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wrong ah don't let me do it
+worse okay all right there we go good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay all right there we go good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse okay all right there we go good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+please last time I videotaped I lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please last time I videotaped I lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please last time I videotaped I lecture
+10 had to fix up lecture nine because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 had to fix up lecture nine because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 had to fix up lecture nine because I
+don't go in Professor Luan in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go in Professor Luan in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go in Professor Luan in the
+physics lectures He Cheats doesn't cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics lectures He Cheats doesn't cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics lectures He Cheats doesn't cheat
+but he he he goes into the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he he goes into the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he he he goes into the lectures
+afterwards and fixes them but H you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and fixes them but H you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and fixes them but H you get
+exactly what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what it looks like
+so so now it's fixed I hope but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now it's fixed I hope but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now it's fixed I hope but don't
+let me screw up okay so now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me screw up okay so now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me screw up okay so now what's
+what's what's on this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's on this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's on this top
+row well I have when you when I is one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row well I have when you when I is one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row well I have when you when I is one I
+have minus U2 that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus U2 that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus U2 that's fine
+I have two u1s as before but now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two u1s as before but now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two u1s as before but now I have
+a minus U1 because u0 and U1 are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus U1 because u0 and U1 are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus U1 because u0 and U1 are the
+same so I just have a one of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so I just have a one of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so I just have a one of there
+that's our Matrix that we call T the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our Matrix that we call T the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our Matrix that we call T the top
+row is changed the top row is free this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is changed the top row is free this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is changed the top row is free this
+is the equation t u / h^2 is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation t u / h^2 is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equation t u / h^2 is the right
+hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side
+ones ones of five I would call that ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones ones of five I would call that ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones ones of five I would call that ones
+of of ones properly I would call it ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of ones properly I would call it ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of ones properly I would call it ones
+of 51 because the mat lab command ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 51 because the mat lab command ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 51 because the mat lab command ones
+wants a matrix and it's a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants a matrix and it's a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants a matrix and it's a matrix with
+five rows one column okay but it's t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five rows one column okay but it's t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five rows one column okay but it's t
+that's the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important
+thing and would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and would you like to
+guess what the uh solution looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the uh solution looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the uh solution looks like in
+particular is it again exactly right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is it again exactly right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is it again exactly right is
+it right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right on the
+money or if not why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or if not why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money or if not why
+not just I'm the you know the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just I'm the you know the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just I'm the you know the computer
+will tell us of course it will tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us of course it will tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell us of course it will tell us
+whether we get agreement with this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we get agreement with this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we get agreement with this this
+is the exact solution here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact solution here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exact solution here and this is
+the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact
+Parabola with starting with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola with starting with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parabola with starting with zero
+slope so but I solve this problem oh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so but I solve this problem oh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so but I solve this problem oh let
+me see I didn't get you one U2 to u5 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see I didn't get you one U2 to u5 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see I didn't get you one U2 to u5 in
+there so it didn't look right U1 U2 u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it didn't look right U1 U2 u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it didn't look right U1 U2 u3
+u4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u4 and
+u5 and that's the right hand side sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 and that's the right hand side sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u5 and that's the right hand side sorry
+about that so that's T divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so that's T divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so that's T divided
+h^2 T where that top row changed times U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 T where that top row changed times U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 T where that top row changed times U
+is the right hand side okay by the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right hand side okay by the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right hand side okay by the way a
+better just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say what was the reason that we came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what was the reason that we came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what was the reason that we came out
+exactly right on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem would we come out exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would we come out exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would we come out exactly right
+if was some general load F ofx no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if was some general load F ofx no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if was some general load F ofx no no
+find a difference is can't do Miracles I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a difference is can't do Miracles I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a difference is can't do Miracles I
+mean they they can't they they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they can't they they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they can't they they have no
+way to know what's happening to F ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to know what's happening to F ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to know what's happening to F ofx
+between the mesh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mesh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mesh points
+right if I took this to be F ofx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I took this to be F ofx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I took this to be F ofx and
+took this at the Five Points at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this at the Five Points at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this at the Five Points at these
+Five Points this wouldn't know what f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five Points this wouldn't know what f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Five Points this wouldn't know what f
+ofx is in between couldn't be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is in between couldn't be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx is in between couldn't be exactly
+right it's exactly right in this lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's exactly right in this lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's exactly right in this lucky
+special case because of course it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case because of course it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case because of course it gets
+the right it has the right ones but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right it has the right ones but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right it has the right ones but also
+because the reason it is exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reason it is exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the reason it is exactly right
+is that second differences of quadratics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that second differences of quadratics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that second differences of quadratics
+are exactly right that that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly right that that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exactly right that that's what we
+checked on this board that I that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked on this board that I that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked on this board that I that I
+that's underneath there second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's underneath there second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's underneath there second
+differences of squares came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of squares came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of squares came out
+perfectly and that's why the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and that's why the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly and that's why the second
+differences of this guy give the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of this guy give the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of this guy give the right
+answer so that guy is is is the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so that guy is is is the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so that guy is is is the answer
+to both the differential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both the differential and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both the differential and the
+difference equation okay I had to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation okay I had to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation okay I had to say
+that word about why was it exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word about why was it exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word about why was it exactly right
+it was exactly right because second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was exactly right because second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was exactly right because second
+differences of squares are exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of squares are exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of squares are exactly right
+now again we have second differences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again we have second differences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again we have second differences of
+squares so you could say exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so you could say exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so you could say exactly right
+or no here what are you betting how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no here what are you betting how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no here what are you betting how many
+think yeah it's going to come out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah it's going to come out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah it's going to come out on the
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+parabola nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola nobody
+right everybody thinks there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody thinks there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everybody thinks there's something
+going to miss here and why why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to miss here and why why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to miss here and why why am I
+going to miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to miss
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a first order approximation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a first order approximation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a first order approximation at
+the left bound exactly right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left bound exactly right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left bound exactly right exactly
+right it's a first order approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a first order approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a first order approximation
+to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this
+and I'm not going to get it right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to get it right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to get it right that
+first order approximation that error of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order approximation that error of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order approximation that error of
+size H is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size H is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size H is going
+to uh penetrate over the whole interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh penetrate over the whole interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh penetrate over the whole interval
+it'll be biggest here actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be biggest here actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be biggest here actually I think
+it turns out in the book has a graph I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in the book has a graph I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in the book has a graph I
+think it comes out wrong by 1 half H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it comes out wrong by 1 half H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it comes out wrong by 1 half H
+there 1 half H first order and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 1 half H first order and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 1 half H first order and then it
+it it of course it's discreet so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it of course it's discreet so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it of course it's discreet so it's
+and of course it's straight across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it's straight across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it's straight across
+because that that's the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that that's the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that that's the boundary
+condition right and then it starts down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right and then it starts down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition right and then it starts down
+it gets sort of closer closer closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets sort of closer closer closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets sort of closer closer closer and
+gets of course it's right at the end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets of course it's right at the end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets of course it's right at the end but
+there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an
+error the difference between U the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error the difference between U the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error the difference between U the true
+U and the computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the computed
+U is of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H so you could say all right if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so you could say all right if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so you could say all right if a is
+small I can live with that but as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I can live with that but as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small I can live with that but as I said
+in the end you really want to get second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you really want to get second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end you really want to get second
+order accuracy if you can and here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy if you can and here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accuracy if you can and here and a
+simple problem like this we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem like this we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem like this we should be
+able to do it so the what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it so the what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it so the what I've done
+already covers section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covers section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covers section
+1.2 but then there's a note worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 but then there's a note worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2 but then there's a note worked
+example at the end of 1.2 that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end of 1.2 that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the end of 1.2 that tells you
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+to upgrade to second order and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upgrade to second order and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to upgrade to second order and maybe
+we've got a moment to see how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a moment to see how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a moment to see how would we
+do it what would you suggest that I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it what would you suggest that I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it what would you suggest that I do
+differently I'll get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'll get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'll get a different
+Matrix I'll get a different discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'll get a different discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'll get a different discret
+problem but that'll be okay I can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that'll be okay I can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but that'll be okay I can solve
+that just as well and what shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just as well and what shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just as well and what shall I
+replace that by that because that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that by that because that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that by that because that was
+the guilty party as you said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guilty party as you said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guilty party as you said that was
+guilty that's not that's only a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty that's not that's only a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty that's not that's only a first
+order approximation to zero slope at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order approximation to zero slope at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order approximation to zero slope at
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+you could say here a couple of ways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say here a couple of ways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say here a couple of ways we
+could go this is a correct second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go this is a correct second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go this is a correct second order
+approximation at what at what mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at what at what mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at what at what mesh
+point that is a correct second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that is a correct second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that is a correct second order
+approximation to U Prime equals zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to U Prime equals zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to U Prime equals zero but
+not at that point or at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at that point or at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at that point or at that point
+where halfway between if if I if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where halfway between if if I if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where halfway between if if I if I was
+looking at a point halfway between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a point halfway between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a point halfway between that
+that would be centered there that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be centered there that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be centered there that would
+be a center Center difference and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a center Center difference and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a center Center difference and it
+would be good but we're not looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good but we're not looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good but we're not looking
+there so what so I'm looking here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what so I'm looking here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so what so I'm looking here so
+what do you suggest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+well I I've got to center it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I've got to center it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I've got to center it essentially
+I'm going to use U minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use U minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use U minus
+one I'm going to use U minus one and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to use U minus one and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to use U minus one and let
+me just say what the effect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say what the effect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just say what the effect is the
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+is you remember we started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you remember we started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you remember we started with the
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+second difference here 2 - one - one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference here 2 - one - one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference here 2 - one - one
+this is what got chopped off for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what got chopped off for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what got chopped off for the
+fixed method it got brought back here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed method it got brought back here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed method it got brought back here by
+our first order method our second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first order method our second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first order method our second order
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+will you see what's likely to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you see what's likely to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you see what's likely to happen
+that minus one is going to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus one is going to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus one is going to show up
+where over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where over
+here to center it around zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to center it around zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to center it around zero so that
+guy will make this into a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two now that Matrix is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now that Matrix is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now that Matrix is still
+fine it's not one of our special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine it's not one of our special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine it's not one of our special
+matrices when I say fine it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices when I say fine it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices when I say fine it's not
+beautiful is it it's got It's got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful is it it's got It's got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful is it it's got It's got one
+like like U uh flaw it needs a what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like U uh flaw it needs a what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like U uh flaw it needs a what do
+you call it when you have your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it when you have your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it when you have your face
+cosmetic surgery or something it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmetic surgery or something it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmetic surgery or something it it
+needs a small Improvement but so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a small Improvement but so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a small Improvement but so what's
+the matter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter with
+it it's not symmetric it's not symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not symmetric it's not symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not symmetric it's not symmetric
+and a person isn't happy with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a person isn't happy with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a person isn't happy with the
+unsymmetric problem approximation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric problem approximation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric problem approximation to a
+perfectly symmetric thing but so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly symmetric thing but so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly symmetric thing but so I could
+just divide that row by two if I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divide that row by two if I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divide that row by two if I divide
+that row by two which you won't mind if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row by two which you won't mind if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row by two which you won't mind if
+I do that make that one minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that make that one minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that make that one minus one and
+make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a
+half I divided the first equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I divided the first equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I divided the first equation by
+two look in the notes if you in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two look in the notes if you in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two look in the notes if you in the in
+the text if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can uh and the result is now it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh and the result is now it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh and the result is now it's right
+on EX it's exactly on because we again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on EX it's exactly on because we again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on EX it's exactly on because we again
+the solution the true solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the true solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution the true solution is
+squares this is now second order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares this is now second order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares this is now second order and
+we'll get it exactly right and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get it exactly right and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get it exactly right and and and
+and I say all this for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say all this for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say all this for two
+reasons one is to emphasize again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is to emphasize again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is to emphasize again that
+the boundary conditions are itical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions are itical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary conditions are itical and
+that they penetrate into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they penetrate into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they penetrate into the
+region the second second reason for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the second second reason for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region the second second reason for my
+saying this is looking forward way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is looking forward way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is looking forward way into
+October so let me just say the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October so let me just say the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October so let me just say the finite
+element method which you may know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method which you may know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method which you may know a
+little about you may have heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about you may have heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about you may have heard about
+it's it's another this was finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's another this was finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's another this was finite
+differences course is starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences course is starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences course is starting with
+finite differences because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite differences because that's the
+most direct way you just go for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most direct way you just go for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most direct way you just go for it
+you've got derivatives you repl replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got derivatives you repl replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got derivatives you repl replace
+them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+but a a another approach which turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a a another approach which turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a a another approach which turns out
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be great for big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great for big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be great for big
+codes and also turns out to be great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and also turns out to be great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes and also turns out to be great for
+making for keeping the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for keeping the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for keeping the properties of the
+problem the finite element method you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the finite element method you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the finite element method you'll
+see it you'll see it when it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it you'll see it when it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it you'll see it when it's it's
+weeks away but when it comes notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks away but when it comes notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks away but when it comes notice the
+finite element method automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite element method automatically
+produces that first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces that first equation
+automatically gets it right so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically gets it right so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically gets it right so that's uh
+pretty special and and so the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty special and and so the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty special and and so the finite
+element method just has it produces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method just has it produces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method just has it produces that
+second order accuracy that we're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order accuracy that we're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order accuracy that we're that
+we're we have to uh we didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to uh we didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we have to uh we didn't get
+automatically for finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically for finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically for finite
+differences okay uh questions on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay uh questions on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay uh questions on today
+or on the homework uh so the homework is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the homework uh so the homework is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the homework uh so the homework is
+really wide open it's it's really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide open it's it's really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide open it's it's really just a
+chance to start to see if I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to start to see if I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to start to see if I mean the
+real homework is read those two sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real homework is read those two sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real homework is read those two sections
+of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book
+to capture what these two lectures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture what these two lectures have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture what these two lectures have
+done so Monday I'll see you uh we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so Monday I'll see you uh we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so Monday I'll see you uh we'll do
+Elimination we'll solve these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elimination we'll solve these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elimination we'll solve these equations
+quickly and then move on to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then move on to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and then move on to uh the
+inverse Matrix more more understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix more more understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse Matrix more more understanding
+of these problems thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0OnLn3Ito8o.txt b/0OnLn3Ito8o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d88c400a0ef2957f7857513400ef3ba102c98cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0OnLn3Ito8o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to a20 special relativity
+in the previous section we have seen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous section we have seen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous section we have seen how
+we can look at energy and momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at energy and momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at energy and momentum of
+particles in a decay here we now want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in a decay here we now want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in a decay here we now want to
+in collisions of particles create new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collisions of particles create new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collisions of particles create new
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+the example the first example here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example the first example here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example the first example here is
+the collision of two protons to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision of two protons to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collision of two protons to create a
+proton a neutron and a charged pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton a neutron and a charged pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton a neutron and a charged pile
+the masses are given there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses are given there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses are given there so the
+question now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is
+what is the minimal energy needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the minimal energy needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the minimal energy needed
+in order for this pro process to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this pro process to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for this pro process to occur
+in a fixed target experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fixed target experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fixed target experiment
+fixed target experiment is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed target experiment is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed target experiment is we have a
+accelerated proton and another proton at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated proton and another proton at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated proton and another proton at
+rest this might just be a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest this might just be a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest this might just be a hydrogen
+target just sitting there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target just sitting there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target just sitting there so the
+question is how much energy how much do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how much energy how much do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how much energy how much do
+we have to accelerate the proton for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to accelerate the proton for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to accelerate the proton for
+this process to be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process to be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process to be possible
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+again stop the video and try to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again stop the video and try to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again stop the video and try to work
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+important part here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part here is
+um to realize that minimal energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to realize that minimal energy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to realize that minimal energy here
+means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+after the decay all the decay after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the decay all the decay after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the decay all the decay after the
+process occurred all the new particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process occurred all the new particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process occurred all the new particles
+need to be addressed that is the that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be addressed that is the that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be addressed that is the that is
+when the process uh requires minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the process uh requires minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the process uh requires minimal
+energy so instead of analyzing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so instead of analyzing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so instead of analyzing this in
+the laboratory frame we want to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory frame we want to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory frame we want to analyze
+this in the center of mass frame right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the center of mass frame right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the center of mass frame right
+the momentum has to be conserved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum has to be conserved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum has to be conserved in this
+in this discussion so there needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion so there needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion so there needs to be
+some sort of momentum but in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of momentum but in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of momentum but in the center
+of mass frame that's not required so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass frame that's not required so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass frame that's not required so in
+that frame the momentum of all outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame the momentum of all outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame the momentum of all outgoing
+particles can be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can be zero
+and that's how we start the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we start the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how we start the discussion
+here so in this f prime frame here s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in this f prime frame here s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in this f prime frame here s
+prime is the center of mass frame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is the center of mass frame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is the center of mass frame the
+energy the minimal energy required is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the minimal energy required is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the minimal energy required is
+two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times
+the mass of the proton times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the proton times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the proton times
+gamma so here those two protons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so here those two protons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so here those two protons are
+colliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding
+with the velocity and that's an equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity and that's an equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the velocity and that's an equal to
+the energy after this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy after this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy after this process
+c squared times the sum of the masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared times the sum of the masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared times the sum of the masses
+some the mass of the proton the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the mass of the proton the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some the mass of the proton the neutron
+and the charged pile and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the charged pile and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the charged pile and then you just
+have to solve this for for gamma to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve this for for gamma to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve this for for gamma to find
+gamma equal to 1.08
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma equal to 1.08
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma equal to 1.08
+or better in this frame of 0.37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better in this frame of 0.37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better in this frame of 0.37
+note this is the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this is the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this is the gamma
+where this relativistic gamma or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this relativistic gamma or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this relativistic gamma or the
+velocity better of the protons two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity better of the protons two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity better of the protons two
+protons in the center of mass so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in the center of mass so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in the center of mass so we're
+not quite there yet with our answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite there yet with our answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite there yet with our answer the
+answer then needs to be boosted back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer then needs to be boosted back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer then needs to be boosted back
+into the laboratory frame and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laboratory frame and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the laboratory frame and we have
+seen how we can do this for for better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how we can do this for for better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how we can do this for for better
+work velocities in general we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work velocities in general we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work velocities in general we find
+better in the laboratory frame is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the laboratory frame is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in the laboratory frame is two
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+or just result or 0.37
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just result or 0.37
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just result or 0.37
+over 1 plus 0.37 squared which is 0.65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus 0.37 squared which is 0.65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus 0.37 squared which is 0.65
+that velocity we can then take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that velocity we can then take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that velocity we can then take and
+calculate the gamma factor of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the gamma factor of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the gamma factor of the proton
+in the fixed target exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fixed target exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fixed target exponent
+all right so we analyze the situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we analyze the situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we analyze the situation in
+the center of mass frame and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame and then the
+launch transformation by just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch transformation by just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch transformation by just looking at
+the velocity into the fixed target frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity into the fixed target frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity into the fixed target frame
+so this means now numerically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means now numerically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means now numerically that
+the proton colliding with the proton at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton colliding with the proton at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton colliding with the proton at
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+has a total energy of this one proton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a total energy of this one proton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a total energy of this one proton of
+gamma m naught c square which is 0.32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma m naught c square which is 0.32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma m naught c square which is 0.32
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+938 mav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+938 mav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+938 mav
+overseas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas
+mav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mav
+and so that results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that results in
+1.1.238 geb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1.238 geb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1.238 geb
+but we're interested in the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're interested in the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're interested in the kinetic
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+so the kinetic energy here is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy here is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetic energy here is given by
+gamma minus 1 m not c squared which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma minus 1 m not c squared which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma minus 1 m not c squared which is
+300 mev so we have to accelerate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 mev so we have to accelerate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 mev so we have to accelerate the
+proton to 300 mev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to 300 mev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to 300 mev
+in order to be able to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to have this
+process to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to occur
+all right very similar problem now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very similar problem now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very similar problem now but
+here we want to produce antimatter so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we want to produce antimatter so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we want to produce antimatter so we
+have a process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a process of
+proton plus proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton plus proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton plus proton
+into three protons and an antiproton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three protons and an antiproton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three protons and an antiproton
+charge is conserved and in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is conserved and in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is conserved and in the initial
+state the charge was two in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the charge was two in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the charge was two in the final
+state the charge was two as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the charge was two as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the charge was two as well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this works very similar as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works very similar as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works very similar as in the
+previous problem but what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem but what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem but what we want to do
+here is compare the fixed target with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is compare the fixed target with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is compare the fixed target with
+symmetric collisions okay so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric collisions okay so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric collisions okay so again the
+question is what is the minimal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the minimal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the minimal energy
+needed in order to produce anti-protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in order to produce anti-protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed in order to produce anti-protons
+in proton protein collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proton protein collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proton protein collisions
+okay so following exactly following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so following exactly following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so following exactly following the
+same procedure as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same procedure as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same procedure as before
+in the center of mass energy the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of mass energy the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of mass energy the energy
+is two times the mass of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two times the mass of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two times the mass of the proton
+since gamma times c square and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since gamma times c square and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since gamma times c square and that's
+four times the mass of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times the mass of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times the mass of the proton
+okay gamma prime so the gamma factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gamma prime so the gamma factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay gamma prime so the gamma factor in
+the center of mass frame is two better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame is two better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass frame is two better
+as 0.75 and then we just do the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 0.75 and then we just do the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 0.75 and then we just do the very
+same thing again we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again we calculate the
+velocity in the fixed target frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the fixed target frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the fixed target frame and
+we find the velocity of beta of 0.96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the velocity of beta of 0.96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the velocity of beta of 0.96
+and gamma of 3.57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma of 3.57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gamma of 3.57
+so if we compare this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we compare this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we compare this now
+we need a pair of 1gb remember gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a pair of 1gb remember gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a pair of 1gb remember gamma
+minus 1 is the kinetic energy protons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is the kinetic energy protons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is the kinetic energy protons in
+a collider experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collider experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collider experiment or
+2.57 gv protons in a fixed target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.57 gv protons in a fixed target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.57 gv protons in a fixed target
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+okay so you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see that
+in fixed target experiment in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fixed target experiment in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fixed target experiment in order to
+produce new particles the energy has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce new particles the energy has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce new particles the energy has to
+be much larger a factor of 2.5 here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much larger a factor of 2.5 here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much larger a factor of 2.5 here in
+this example than a colliding experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example than a colliding experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example than a colliding experiment
+and that explains why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that explains why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that explains why
+we use collider experiments in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use collider experiments in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use collider experiments in order to
+test the energy frontier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the energy frontier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the energy frontier to
+produce the largest possible energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the largest possible energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the largest possible energies
+and the lhc is one examples where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lhc is one examples where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lhc is one examples where we
+have proton proton collisions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proton proton collisions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proton proton collisions in a
+circular ring where those protons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular ring where those protons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular ring where those protons are
+brought together in symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together in symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together in symmetrical
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0cKEQYulCD0.txt b/0cKEQYulCD0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a18a293d590f195262960541a3a9871bb026085d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0cKEQYulCD0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reduced fat double stuffed Oreos are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced fat double stuffed Oreos are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced fat double stuffed Oreos are now
+taking their uh pilot is working it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Ben you might want to stretch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ben you might want to stretch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ben you might want to stretch out
+your brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain
+to you're on Camry you're not supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you're on Camry you're not supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you're on Camry you're not supposed
+to be insulting the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have Denny Rays at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Denny Rays at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Denny Rays at the
+uh Chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanic Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic Ben
+Alvarado at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alvarado at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alvarado at
+controls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here we
+go looks like the reduced Stuffed Oreos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looks like the reduced Stuffed Oreos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go looks like the reduced Stuffed Oreos
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+off to a interesting start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a interesting start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a interesting start a
+reversal flying a little high a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast and we have the pit crew out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and we have the pit crew out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and we have the pit crew out there
+to catch the plane and save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch the plane and save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch the plane and save it
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+damage all right we're about to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage all right we're about to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage all right we're about to have a
+we're about to have a video moment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to have a video moment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to have a video moment here
+we are what what's your expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are what what's your expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are what what's your expert
+up are you on on Mike one Mike Mike uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up are you on on Mike one Mike Mike uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up are you on on Mike one Mike Mike uh
+Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have uh Colonel young going out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh Colonel young going out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh Colonel young going out to
+give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some
+uh timely advice to the pilot um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh timely advice to the pilot um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh timely advice to the pilot um the
+um observation was the pilot should fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um observation was the pilot should fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um observation was the pilot should fly
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+slower little more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control and a little lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and a little lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and a little lower
+too but um we have I see pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but um we have I see pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but um we have I see pit
+crew running at various parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew running at various parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew running at various parts of the
+um the field here I think to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the field here I think to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the field here I think to sort of
+support the pilot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prevent the plane from dying if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh the reduced double stuffed Oreos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the reduced double stuffed Oreos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the reduced double stuffed Oreos
+are are uh still on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field so listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so listen
+man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0nFNEpIYmk8.txt b/0nFNEpIYmk8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cf73485e2512346d927f0b93a53ba1d8019e9a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0nFNEpIYmk8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right folks lots to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right folks lots to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right folks lots to do
+exams on 24th today is the first 23 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams on 24th today is the first 23 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams on 24th today is the first 23 days
+to go lots to cover uh I actually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go lots to cover uh I actually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go lots to cover uh I actually think
+that this is a sort of exam where if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a sort of exam where if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a sort of exam where if you
+really understand the fundamentals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the fundamentals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the fundamentals
+everything follows it's not there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything follows it's not there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything follows it's not there's no
+memor memory right yeah you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memor memory right yeah you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memor memory right yeah you need some
+memory but it's not a test of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but it's not a test of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but it's not a test of your
+memory as much as a test of your logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory as much as a test of your logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory as much as a test of your logic
+so we need to uh keep plowing ahead with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to uh keep plowing ahead with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to uh keep plowing ahead with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+logic and get to a place where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and get to a place where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and get to a place where we can
+rework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything all right last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me turn more the lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here last class we did what did we do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last class we did what did we do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last class we did what did we do in
+the last class I forgotten seems ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last class I forgotten seems ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last class I forgotten seems ages
+ago anyone remember what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inelastic collisions yep so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collisions yep so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collisions yep so actually
+elastic collisions first so we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions first so we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic collisions first so we started
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum and I told you that bizarre pum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and I told you that bizarre pum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and I told you that bizarre pum
+joke pimento joke it's true I didn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke pimento joke it's true I didn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke pimento joke it's true I didn't I
+didn't make it up I make up some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it up I make up some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't make it up I make up some stuff
+but that's true and I forgot to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's true and I forgot to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's true and I forgot to get the
+uh I'll find you the the uh PDF file so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll find you the the uh PDF file so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'll find you the the uh PDF file so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+momentum then Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum then Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum then Newton's
+Laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laws
+in particular we talked about the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we talked about the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we talked about the strong
+form of Newton's law the third law then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of Newton's law the third law then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of Newton's law the third law then
+we did the work energy principle I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the work energy principle I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the work energy principle I have
+a comment about that some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comment about that some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comment about that some of you have
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+questions then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions then we
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collisions and did we do elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and did we do elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and did we do elastic
+collisions or inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions or inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions or inelastic
+collisions both and the difference is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions both and the difference is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions both and the difference is in
+the coefficient of restitution if if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of restitution if if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of restitution if if it
+is one energy is conserved if it is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one energy is conserved if it is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one energy is conserved if it is zero
+energy isn't conserved is momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy isn't conserved is momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy isn't conserved is momentum
+always conserved yes okay so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conserved yes okay so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always conserved yes okay so that's what
+we did in the last class today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the last class today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in the last class today what
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is I'm going to just spend a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to just spend a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to just spend a few minutes
+tying up some lose ends from the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class so I'm going to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I'm going to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I'm going to start with a
+problem so first lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so first lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so first lose
+ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonder where the what why is there a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder where the what why is there a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder where the what why is there a a
+role in in football called a tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in in football called a tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in in football called a tight
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone any football players are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone any football players are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone any football players are there
+inul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lator then we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem an examp Le problem then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem an examp Le problem then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem an examp Le problem then I'm
+going to introduce you to equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce you to equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce you to equations of
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+formally I've hinted at them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally I've hinted at them through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally I've hinted at them through
+emails Etc I'm going to really nail it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails Etc I'm going to really nail it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails Etc I'm going to really nail it
+today you kind of know what it is but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you kind of know what it is but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today you kind of know what it is but I
+I want to do it formally once then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do it formally once then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do it formally once then we'll
+do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and then we'll do angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum it a very cool concept all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it a very cool concept all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it a very cool concept all
+right two lose ends I want to tie up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two lose ends I want to tie up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right two lose ends I want to tie up
+I'll just do it here the first lose end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do it here the first lose end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do it here the first lose end
+I want to tie up is something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tie up is something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to tie up is something you know
+but I just want to tell you what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to tell you what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to tell you what it is
+again is the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impulse um I'm assuming you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse um I'm assuming you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse um I'm assuming you all know
+what impulse is but let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impulse is but let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impulse is but let's do it
+carefully anyway it's very simple first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully anyway it's very simple first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully anyway it's very simple first
+of all what what are the units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what what are the units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what what are the units of
+impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody say it
+again newon seconds is there another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again newon seconds is there another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again newon seconds is there another way
+to view impulse that's correct by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way anything else any other way to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way anything else any other way to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way anything else any other way to view
+impulse Newton seconds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse Newton seconds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse Newton seconds is
+correct yeah kilog me/ second Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yeah kilog me/ second Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yeah kilog me/ second Square
+it's the same thing but the reason it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing but the reason it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing but the reason it's
+useful to say it both ways is impulse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to say it both ways is impulse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to say it both ways is impulse is
+the product of force and time it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of force and time it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of force and time it is also
+a change of momentum done right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of momentum done right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a change of momentum done right it's the
+same thing and the way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and the way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and the way to think about
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it is when you think of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is when you think of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is when you think of two
+particles let's Point think of Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles let's Point think of Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles let's Point think of Point
+masses heading towards each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses heading towards each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses heading towards each other and
+then they Collide and if it's inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they Collide and if it's inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they Collide and if it's inelastic
+there might be some deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involved and then they bounce off each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and then they bounce off each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and then they bounce off each
+other if it's inelastic with smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocities then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities then you can
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this
+a and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B you can plot the um force from B onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you can plot the um force from B onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B you can plot the um force from B onto
+a that is the force fell by a and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is the force fell by a and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that is the force fell by a and it's
+going to be equal and opposite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal and opposite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal and opposite to the
+force from a onto B right you can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force from a onto B right you can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force from a onto B right you can plot
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Force as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force as a function of
+time how will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how will it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time how will it
+look assume it's inelastic how will it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look so initially when they're not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so initially when they're not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so initially when they're not in
+contact the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the force is
+zero and then they kind of touch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then they kind of touch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then they kind of touch and
+then the force goes up and then both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the force goes up and then both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the force goes up and then both of
+them deform the force goes up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them deform the force goes up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them deform the force goes up and then
+they startop bouncing away then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they startop bouncing away then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they startop bouncing away then the
+force goes down eventually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force goes down eventually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force goes down eventually they
+separate that's Force versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that's Force versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that's Force versus
+time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right
+something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+impulse is equal to the integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse is equal to the integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse is equal to the integral of f
+DT for the period of the Collision which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT for the period of the Collision which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT for the period of the Collision which
+in this case we can just go minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we can just go minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we can just go minus
+infinity to plus infinity right but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity right but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity right but you
+need to be careful because there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful because there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful because there some
+other collusion you you know you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other collusion you you know you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other collusion you you know you need to
+be very careful about what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful about what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful about what you mean by
+the impulse it's for that event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse it's for that event and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse it's for that event and
+effectively it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively it is this
+area and all that impulse says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and all that impulse says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and all that impulse says is
+that force that force is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force that force is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force that force is changing
+momentum it's a changing the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's a changing the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum it's a changing the momentum of
+a so that's the change in momentum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so that's the change in momentum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so that's the change in momentum of a
+right over that period of time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over that period of time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over that period of time so the
+area under that curve is a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under that curve is a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under that curve is a change in
+momentum of a so it is also change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a so it is also change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a so it is also change in
+momentum write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you can't see that that's change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can't see that that's change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you can't see that that's change
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+momentum and it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and it's simply
+FDT and the units are F Newton Second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDT and the units are F Newton Second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDT and the units are F Newton Second or
+kilog m/s same thing yes nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog m/s same thing yes nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog m/s same thing yes nothing
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound
+now if the Collision is instantaneous if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the Collision is instantaneous if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the Collision is instantaneous if
+the thing if the two spheres are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing if the two spheres are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing if the two spheres are
+infinitely rigid what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely rigid what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely rigid what's going to happen
+to this guy to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this guy to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this guy to this
+shape yeah the width will go down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape yeah the width will go down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape yeah the width will go down but
+because the total impulse needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total impulse needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total impulse needs to
+remain the same the height stays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain the same the height stays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain the same the height stays the
+same sorry the height has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up right so it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so it goes to
+infinity and that is our idealized view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that is our idealized view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and that is our idealized view
+of an Impulse so you can think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an Impulse so you can think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an Impulse so you can think of these
+inelastic collusion sorry elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collusion sorry elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic collusion sorry elastic
+collusions as bam right the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusions as bam right the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collusions as bam right the two
+particles Rush up to each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles Rush up to each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles Rush up to each other they
+instantly shake hands they Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly shake hands they Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly shake hands they Exchange
+momenta then they had their own ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta then they had their own ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta then they had their own ways
+right the net amount of momentum changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the net amount of momentum changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the net amount of momentum changed
+exchanged is transmitted as one infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged is transmitted as one infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged is transmitted as one infinite
+Spike of force for zero for a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike of force for zero for a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike of force for zero for a very short
+period of time and that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and that's kind of the
+extreme version of looking at impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme version of looking at impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme version of looking at impulse
+okay impulse is a short hand it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay impulse is a short hand it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay impulse is a short hand it's a
+laziness that we in indulge in to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laziness that we in indulge in to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laziness that we in indulge in to say
+yeah they collided something happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they collided something happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they collided something happened
+they exchange momenta here's momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exchange momenta here's momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exchange momenta here's momentum
+change and since momentum change is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and since momentum change is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and since momentum change is a
+long word and it sounds CL clui we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long word and it sounds CL clui we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long word and it sounds CL clui we make
+up a word we call it impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a word we call it impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a word we call it impulse
+that's it all right so you've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it all right so you've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it all right so you've seen that
+before and that's what impulse is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's what impulse is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's what impulse is so
+let's say there's a a um a a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's a a um a a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there's a a um a a uh a
+basketball actually that hurts a soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball actually that hurts a soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball actually that hurts a soccer
+ball heading towards me have you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball heading towards me have you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball heading towards me have you ever
+tried kicking a basketball by it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried kicking a basketball by it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried kicking a basketball by it really
+hurts don't do it but anyway a soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts don't do it but anyway a soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts don't do it but anyway a soccer
+ball heading towards you right and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball heading towards you right and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball heading towards you right and let's
+say there's no drag nothing no losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's no drag nothing no losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's no drag nothing no losses
+and unfortunately it's a infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately it's a infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately it's a infinitely
+rigid so soccer ball so that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid so soccer ball so that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid so soccer ball so that might be
+painful too but anyway it's heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful too but anyway it's heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful too but anyway it's heading
+towards me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards me
+1 m/s towards me right and I kick it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 m/s towards me right and I kick it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 m/s towards me right and I kick it I
+rock back because my momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock back because my momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock back because my momentum is
+conserved set as well um but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved set as well um but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved set as well um but let's
+ignore me for for the moment and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore me for for the moment and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore me for for the moment and that
+ball heads back at 1 m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball heads back at 1 m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball heads back at 1 m a
+second what is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impulse and it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kilg say say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilg say say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilg say say it
+again that's right it's 1 m kilog 1 kg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's right it's 1 m kilog 1 kg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's right it's 1 m kilog 1 kg
+m/s heading this way initial afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s heading this way initial afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m/s heading this way initial afterwards
+it's minus 1 kg m per second because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 1 kg m per second because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 1 kg m per second because
+it's heading the other way 1 - -1 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heading the other way 1 - -1 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's heading the other way 1 - -1 these
+days is two so the impulse I imparted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is two so the impulse I imparted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days is two so the impulse I imparted
+was 2 kg m/ second that's the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2 kg m/ second that's the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2 kg m/ second that's the impulse
+done all right very simple concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all right very simple concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done all right very simple concept
+nothing very profound about it I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing very profound about it I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing very profound about it I just
+wanted to put that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to put that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to put that to
+rest the second thing I wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest the second thing I wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest the second thing I wanted to say
+I'm going to say it now and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say it now and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say it now and then I'll
+say it again later on more formly is let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again later on more formly is let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again later on more formly is let
+me ask you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question does energy conservation give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does energy conservation give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question does energy conservation give
+you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+different equation than f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ma think of a one degree Freedom system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma think of a one degree Freedom system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma think of a one degree Freedom system
+right a particle on a line on a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a particle on a line on a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a particle on a line on a straight
+line I apply force on it it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I apply force on it it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line I apply force on it it's going to
+accelerate f is equal to Ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate f is equal to Ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate f is equal to Ma
+right let's say that the particle wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say that the particle wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say that the particle wasn't
+it's on only going to move on a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on only going to move on a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on only going to move on a straight
+line like a train on a track it has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like a train on a track it has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line like a train on a track it has zero
+velocity I apply certain Force for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I apply certain Force for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I apply certain Force for
+example I turn on a rocket which applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I turn on a rocket which applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I turn on a rocket which applies
+a constant force for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant force for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant force for a
+second right I look at the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right I look at the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second right I look at the final
+velocity and let's say it's going uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and let's say it's going uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and let's say it's going uphill
+a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little
+bit I can get I can formulate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I can get I can formulate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I can get I can formulate one
+equation which equates kinetic energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which equates kinetic energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which equates kinetic energy to
+increase in potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in potential energy
+and and the work done by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the work done by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the work done by the
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+or I can just take the force and write f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can just take the force and write f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can just take the force and write f
+is equal to Ma and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Ma and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Ma and figure out what the
+final velocity is will I get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final velocity is will I get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final velocity is will I get the same
+equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or
+not what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think yes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yes absolutely
+fundamentally unavoidably yes it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally unavoidably yes it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally unavoidably yes it is the
+same thing it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it's the same thing
+absolutely all right and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely all right and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely all right and energy
+conservation is just an easy way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation is just an easy way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation is just an easy way to do
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+balance when it's easier to do energy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance when it's easier to do energy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance when it's easier to do energy if
+you want to get one equation out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get one equation out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get one equation out of it
+and it's one degree of Freedom that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one degree of Freedom that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one degree of Freedom that's it
+you're done look what I derived for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done look what I derived for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done look what I derived for you
+in class last week and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class last week and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class last week and you know
+sometimes it's there's a dud outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's there's a dud outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's there's a dud outside
+kicking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree seriously I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+joking whatever any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I didn't make it up he's kicking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree look here's what I said to you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree look here's what I said to you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree look here's what I said to you very
+simple guys f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple guys f is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple guys f is equal to
+ma that's an equation of motion don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma that's an equation of motion don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma that's an equation of motion don't
+worry we we'll do this more formally now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry we we'll do this more formally now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry we we'll do this more formally now
+in a minute right you know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute right you know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute right you know that that's
+Newton's equation of motion that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equation of motion that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's equation of motion that's the
+only equation that exists everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only equation that exists everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only equation that exists everything
+else follows from this energy is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else follows from this energy is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else follows from this energy is simply
+doing this integrating this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this integrating this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this integrating this and
+integrating this so the equation doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this so the equation doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this so the equation doesn't
+change get it the same thing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change get it the same thing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change get it the same thing and that's
+what I did for you in class the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did for you in class the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did for you in class the way I
+did it was I said f integrated over Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it was I said f integrated over Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it was I said f integrated over Dr
+right and I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I wrote
+M this thing as V Dot and I said dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this thing as V Dot and I said dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M this thing as V Dot and I said dot
+V Dr sorry DT because Dr is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Dr sorry DT because Dr is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Dr sorry DT because Dr is the same as
+V DT T remember that okay and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DT T remember that okay and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V DT T remember that okay and I'm just
+going to do it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it very
+informally this right is m v do^ 2 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally this right is m v do^ 2 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally this right is m v do^ 2 / 2
+kinetic energy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy you
+understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and
+this F if it's if there's no external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F if it's if there's no external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F if it's if there's no external
+Force except a potential energy kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force except a potential energy kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force except a potential energy kind of
+term this is this becomes Del of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is this becomes Del of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is this becomes Del of
+Potential from Dr that's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potential from Dr that's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potential from Dr that's just going to
+be potential energy difference Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be potential energy difference Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be potential energy difference Delta
+potential energy right it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy right it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy right it's the same
+thing so Newton's law integrated gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so Newton's law integrated gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so Newton's law integrated gives
+you energy that's it it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you energy that's it it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you energy that's it it's the same
+equation if you get new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you get new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you get new information
+you're in trouble because particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble because particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble because particles
+can't be in two places at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be in two places at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be in two places at the same
+time at least in Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at least in Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at least in Newtonian
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+right so it's very fundamental and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's very fundamental and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's very fundamental and I I
+want to make sure that you're all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you're all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you're all you
+know with me on this that you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with me on this that you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with me on this that you understand
+what I'm saying that energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying that energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm saying that energy is
+fundamentally the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally the same
+as Newton's law it's just a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Newton's law it's just a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Newton's law it's just a different
+form of the same equation now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the same equation now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the same equation now the
+problem is when you have one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is when you have one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is when you have one degree of
+Freedom you just need one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom you just need one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom you just need one equation
+everything is Hy Dory but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is Hy Dory but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is Hy Dory but if you have
+two degrees of freedom you need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degrees of freedom you need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two degrees of freedom you need two
+equations energy only gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations energy only gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations energy only gives you
+one if you have five degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have five degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have five degrees of freedom
+energy still gives you only one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy still gives you only one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy still gives you only one because
+total energy is conserved right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy is conserved right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy is conserved right you
+still need four more equations so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need four more equations so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need four more equations so that's
+why you have to go down the neutronian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to go down the neutronian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have to go down the neutronian
+path of writing f is to M four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of writing f is to M four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of writing f is to M four times
+five times right yeah one of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times right yeah one of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times right yeah one of them you
+can cheat get energy but the other four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat get energy but the other four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat get energy but the other four
+you have have to get by writing f ma get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have have to get by writing f ma get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have have to get by writing f ma get
+it you understand yep leave on so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you understand yep leave on so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you understand yep leave on so so
+when you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing the
+ma get are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma get are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma get are
+two that's right but when you're do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's right but when you're do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that's right but when you're do
+energy which get you get to get total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which get you get to get total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which get you get to get total
+right yeah that's good right so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's good right so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's good right so think
+about it f equal to ma we'll do we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it f equal to ma we'll do we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it f equal to ma we'll do we'll do
+a problem now okay don't worry we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem now okay don't worry we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem now okay don't worry we'll
+nail this right f is equal to ma F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail this right f is equal to ma F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail this right f is equal to ma F in
+the X direction is equal to a a m times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction is equal to a a m times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction is equal to a a m times
+acceleration in the X Direction F in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the X Direction F in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the X Direction F in the
+y direction is equal to mass *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction is equal to mass *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction is equal to mass *
+acceleration in the y direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the y direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the y direction right
+when you do energy you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do energy you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do energy you're looking at the
+magnitude of the Velocity right it's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the Velocity right it's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the Velocity right it's V
+do V so they all kind of get bung you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do V so they all kind of get bung you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do V so they all kind of get bung you
+know you know bung into one they all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know bung into one they all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know bung into one they all get
+combined so you just get one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so you just get one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined so you just get one kind of
+overall equation get it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall equation get it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall equation get it all right so
+let's solve a problem so that's uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve a problem so that's uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve a problem so that's uh so
+those are the Loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ends okay so um I've told you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ends okay so um I've told you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ends okay so um I've told you about
+impulse I've kind of start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse I've kind of start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse I've kind of start talking about
+energy but now let's get into energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but now let's get into energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but now let's get into energy
+let's get solve a problem and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get solve a problem and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get solve a problem and I'll give
+you the equations of motions more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the equations of motions more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the equations of motions more
+formally now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep i v s right it's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep i v s right it's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep i v s right it's V
+Dot um yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v² actually the way I would have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v² actually the way I would have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v² actually the way I would have written
+that just so you just to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just so you just to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just so you just to write it
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+is look at your derivation but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at your derivation but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look at your derivation but this is
+how written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how written
+it okay I think yeah whatever you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I think yeah whatever you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I think yeah whatever you get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea okay so yeah please look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so yeah please look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay so yeah please look at my
+derivation I you know this is I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation I you know this is I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation I you know this is I just
+scratched something out here just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched something out here just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratched something out here just to
+give you a sense of integral look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivation so here's a problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation so here's a problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation so here's a problem we're
+going to solve folks first problem using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve folks first problem using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve folks first problem using
+where we're going to actually solve not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to actually solve not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to actually solve not
+just find the acceleration but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just find the acceleration but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just find the acceleration but we're
+going to find a dynamical equation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find a dynamical equation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find a dynamical equation it's
+okay to say Dynamic equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to say Dynamic equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to say Dynamic equation or
+dynamical they're both objectives by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical they're both objectives by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamical they're both objectives by the
+way all right okay so the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right okay so the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all right okay so the problem is
+this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+um quadrant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle think of a ski ramp except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle think of a ski ramp except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle think of a ski ramp except it's
+circular but here it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular but here it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular but here it's completely
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+you have someone let's call it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have someone let's call it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have someone let's call it we'll
+refer to we'll treat that thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to we'll treat that thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to we'll treat that thing as a
+point Mass when I say point I'm refering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Mass when I say point I'm refering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Mass when I say point I'm refering
+to a point Mass here but it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point Mass here but it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point Mass here but it could be a
+skier in other words ignoring the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skier in other words ignoring the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skier in other words ignoring the fact
+that this person is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this person is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this person is actually a
+three-dimensional entity and treat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional entity and treat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional entity and treat this
+person as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person as a
+point and it's stationary actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's stationary actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's stationary actually
+doesn't matter let's assume it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter let's assume it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter let's assume it's
+stationary for the time being doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary for the time being doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary for the time being doesn't
+matter right and the question we ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right and the question we ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right and the question we ask is
+we're going to just push them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we want to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+where if at all this person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if at all this person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if at all this person will
+depart from the ski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from the ski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart from the ski
+ramp in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp in other words
+separate right for sure they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate right for sure they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate right for sure they're going to
+depart here right if the circle continu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart here right if the circle continu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart here right if the circle continu
+they're going to fall off but will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fall off but will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fall off but will they
+depart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart
+earlier and that is the first problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and that is the first problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and that is the first problem
+that we're going to solve in Dynamics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to solve in Dynamics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to solve in Dynamics so
+I want you to think about it for just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think about it for just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to think about it for just a
+second then going to ask you a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then going to ask you a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then going to ask you a question
+so first of all the question I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all the question I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all the question I'm going
+to ask you but think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you but think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you but think about it for a
+second is will they separate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is will they separate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is will they separate or
+not anybody will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anybody will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anybody will they
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why just think about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just think about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why just think about in
+English why would they separate just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English why would they separate just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English why would they separate just
+English Forget You know you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English Forget You know you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English Forget You know you don't have
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations say it
+again that's good and so what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's good and so what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's good and so what will
+happen when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when they
+separate you're right you're right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate you're right you're right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate you're right you're right I'm
+asking a deeper question now next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a deeper question now next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a deeper question now next level
+question which is yep claudo Force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is yep claudo Force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is yep claudo Force the
+force between the two objects normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force between the two objects normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force between the two objects normal
+force will become zero that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will become zero that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force will become zero that's
+right that's right okay so the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right okay so the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right okay so the force
+between the two of objects which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two of objects which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two of objects which is the
+normal force will go to zero in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force will go to zero in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force will go to zero in other
+words the Ski's knees will start stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the Ski's knees will start stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the Ski's knees will start stop
+flexing and in fact the skar will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexing and in fact the skar will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexing and in fact the skar will find
+that uh he or she would need some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh he or she would need some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh he or she would need some sort
+of attachment to the snow to stay on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attachment to the snow to stay on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attachment to the snow to stay on it
+right it's like driving over a over a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like driving over a over a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like driving over a over a a
+a curve in the road right a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve in the road right a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve in the road right a vertical
+curve a hump in the road all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a hump in the road all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve a hump in the road all right so
+how would we go about solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we go about solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we go about solving
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay find the velocity as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay find the velocity as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay find the velocity as a function of
+angle then English that's good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle then English that's good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle then English that's good that
+you're exactly right and then what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right and then what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right and then what would
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do yeah well Claudio you've spoken you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah well Claudio you've spoken you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah well Claudio you've spoken you
+spoken someone else someone in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken someone else someone in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken someone else someone in that
+quadrant yes find the the data where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant yes find the the data where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant yes find the the data where uh
+the normal force or the force of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force or the force of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal force or the force of gravity
+is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the yeah kind of right that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah kind of right that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah kind of right that's right
+that's right okay that's correct so find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay that's correct so find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay that's correct so find
+the angle at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle at which the
+centripetal acceleration is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration is not
+sustained by gravity kind of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained by gravity kind of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained by gravity kind of right
+centripetal acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal acceleration
+is the the very minimum acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the very minimum acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the very minimum acceleration
+that the component of gravity in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the component of gravity in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the component of gravity in that
+direction not really gravity but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction not really gravity but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction not really gravity but the
+component of gravity must provide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of gravity must provide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of gravity must provide to
+keep them attached right and if gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them attached right and if gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them attached right and if gravity
+doesn't provide that then at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't provide that then at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't provide that then at some point
+they're going to fly off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fly off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to fly off
+right okay so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start how do we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this let me check I have in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes yes I know to start it how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yes I know to start it how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yes I know to start it how do you
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it starts with an F it's a word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it starts with an F it's a word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it starts with an F it's a word that
+starts with an F yeah on a frame a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with an F yeah on a frame a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with an F yeah on a frame a fix
+frame and a moving frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and a moving frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and a moving frame
+yeah we'll have to do that in fact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll have to do that in fact but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll have to do that in fact but
+uh actually it's a three-letter acronym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it's a three-letter acronym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually it's a three-letter acronym
+that starts with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts with an
+F so from here on we enter the land of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so from here on we enter the land of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so from here on we enter the land of
+three body diagrams all right and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three body diagrams all right and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three body diagrams all right and from
+here on pretty much everything you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on pretty much everything you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on pretty much everything you do
+when in doubt draw a free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt draw a free body diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt draw a free body diagram
+in fact in life right for example if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in life right for example if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in life right for example if a
+cop pulls pulls you over as it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop pulls pulls you over as it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop pulls pulls you over as it happened
+to me yesterday and you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me yesterday and you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me yesterday and you don't know what
+to say just draw a free body diagram you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say just draw a free body diagram you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say just draw a free body diagram you
+know and then trying to argue your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then trying to argue your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then trying to argue your way
+out of the ticket okay I did it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ticket okay I did it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ticket okay I did it didn't
+work he let me go anyway but anyway so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he let me go anyway but anyway so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he let me go anyway but anyway so a
+free body diagram so what's a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram so what's a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram so what's a free body
+diagram it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's very
+simple we're going to identify all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we're going to identify all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we're going to identify all the
+forces on this thing why is it called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on this thing why is it called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on this thing why is it called a
+free body diagram anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body diagram anybody
+remember huh that's right what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember huh that's right what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember huh that's right what you
+do is you remove all the supports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you remove all the supports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you remove all the supports and
+you draw this thing as if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw this thing as if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw this thing as if it was
+suspended by strings and you figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended by strings and you figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended by strings and you figure out
+what the forces in the strings need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the forces in the strings need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the forces in the strings need to
+be to keep it suspended there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to keep it suspended there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to keep it suspended there that's
+exactly what this in fact that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this in fact that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what this in fact that's the
+cleanest way to think of a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest way to think of a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest way to think of a free body
+diagram remove all supports and replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram remove all supports and replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram remove all supports and replace
+it by strings and figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by strings and figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by strings and figure out what the
+forces and the strings should be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and the strings should be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and the strings should be so
+let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+that so let's draw it for some position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's draw it for some position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's draw it for some position
+here and let's call this and Andrew I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's call this and Andrew I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's call this and Andrew I'll
+come back to what you said so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to what you said so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to what you said so what you
+said was correct right but I that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was correct right but I that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was correct right but I that's the
+next step and I just want to break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step and I just want to break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step and I just want to break it
+down a little bit let's call this Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit let's call this Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit let's call this Theta
+by the way let's call the the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let's call the the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let's call the the radius of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's draw the free body diagram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's draw the free body diagram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's draw the free body diagram so
+the free body diagram for this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free body diagram for this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free body diagram for this what
+forces does this guy feel by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces does this guy feel by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces does this guy feel by the way
+let's label them this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's label them this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's label them this is
+O I'm going to call this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O I'm going to call this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O I'm going to call this point
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+okay um let's yeah what's what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's yeah what's what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's yeah what's what are the
+free body what are the forces on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body what are the forces on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body what are the forces on this
+particle as if it was you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as if it was you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle as if it was you know what
+forces would you make up you know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces would you make up you know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces would you make up you know them
+come on say it gravity gravity y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on say it gravity gravity y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on say it gravity gravity y so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assum this has to be the worst designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assum this has to be the worst designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assum this has to be the worst designed
+room on the planet well no there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room on the planet well no there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room on the planet well no there are
+others but it's pretty bad all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gravity right by the way I can now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity right by the way I can now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity right by the way I can now let's
+introduce our first frame I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our first frame I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our first frame I'm going to
+call this guy a because I need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this guy a because I need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this guy a because I need some
+directions right so I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right so I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right so I have an
+A1 and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and an
+A2 right so gravity is minus MGA A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 right so gravity is minus MGA A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 right so gravity is minus MGA A2
+right it's okay we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's okay we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's okay we'll come back to that
+what are the other forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other forces on
+this normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normal force
+right and the normal force will point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the normal force will point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the normal force will point
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+way that way okay so a normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay
+so total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+what let's just use Vector notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let's just use Vector notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what let's just use Vector notation for
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being yeah I'll write it for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being yeah I'll write it for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being yeah I'll write it for you and
+when I write it you'll say you'll I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write it you'll say you'll I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write it you'll say you'll I
+think you'll agree total force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll agree total force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll agree total force on
+particle P I'm going to use it in full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle P I'm going to use it in full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle P I'm going to use it in full
+notation I'm going to use little f for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to use little f for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to use little f for
+Force little F because it's a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force little F because it's a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force little F because it's a particle
+later on when I do Bunches of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on when I do Bunches of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on when I do Bunches of particles
+with rigid bodies I'll use capital f P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rigid bodies I'll use capital f P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rigid bodies I'll use capital f P
+because that's the name of the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the name of the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the name of the part
+particle oh is it Q oh okay you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle oh is it Q oh okay you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle oh is it Q oh okay you know
+what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean
+okay all right just checking just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right just checking just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right just checking just
+testing okay is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing okay is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing okay is equal
+to Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Min -
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg
+A2 plus and now Andrew I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus and now Andrew I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 plus and now Andrew I'm going to
+define a second frame because it'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a second frame because it'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a second frame because it'll also
+come in handy another for another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in handy another for another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in handy another for another reason
+I'm going to Define this Frame which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right but the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but the way I'm going to
+Define it is I'm going to Pivot it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it is I'm going to Pivot it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it is I'm going to Pivot it right
+here all right so it's actually pivoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so it's actually pivoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so it's actually pivoted
+it's not moving with the particle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving with the particle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not moving with the particle it's
+just pointing towards the particle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pointing towards the particle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pointing towards the particle you
+understand very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand very
+important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that
+frame is actually I just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is actually I just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is actually I just don't have
+space to draw it here it's pivoted right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to draw it here it's pivoted right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to draw it here it's pivoted right
+here so this is point Q so this Frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is point Q so this Frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is point Q so this Frame is
+here now frames can move but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now frames can move but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now frames can move but the point
+is it's not kind of accelerating it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not kind of accelerating it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not kind of accelerating it's
+just rotating to follow the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotating to follow the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotating to follow the part
+particle it's like a gun pointing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's like a gun pointing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's like a gun pointing at the
+particle but right from point O you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but right from point O you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but right from point O you
+understand right so in fact what I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so in fact what I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so in fact what I could
+say is that there is this Frame which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that there is this Frame which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that there is this Frame which is
+a transparency B this Frame which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transparency B this Frame which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transparency B this Frame which is
+transparency a b rotates in a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency a b rotates in a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency a b rotates in a and the
+point of B that stays that does not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of B that stays that does not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of B that stays that does not uh
+translate with respect to point a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate with respect to point a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate with respect to point a is
+point q and they coincide right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q and they coincide right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q and they coincide right here so
+please be very clear all right do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be very clear all right do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be very clear all right do you
+want to redraw it with B right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to redraw it with B right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to redraw it with B right there
+will you remember this because if I if B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you remember this because if I if B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you remember this because if I if B
+is moving then the accelerations I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving then the accelerations I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving then the accelerations I'll
+have to do it differently so I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it differently so I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it differently so I'm drawing
+it that way but be careful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way but be careful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way but be careful you
+understand please okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand please okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand please okay all
+right so the net force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct okay
+F what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F what do I do
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+Levi um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levi um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levi um you
+can your or at least basically you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can your or at least basically you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can your or at least basically you care
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+for so so you can break up your mg force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so so you can break up your mg force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so so you can break up your mg force
+and find is okay okay so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find is okay okay so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find is okay okay so at this
+point um what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point um what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to be more General so because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more General so because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more General so because what
+you're doing is you're using I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're using I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is you're using I told you
+about the problem so you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem so you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem so you're kind of
+looking ahead which is good which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking ahead which is good which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking ahead which is good which is
+what which is the skill you'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which is the skill you'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what which is the skill you'll start
+averaging especially in exams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging especially in exams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging especially in exams to
+minimize your work which is great right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your work which is great right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize your work which is great right
+but what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+figure out the equation of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the equation of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the equation of this of
+motion of this particle in its true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this particle in its true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this particle in its true and
+most General sense you understand so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General sense you understand so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General sense you understand so I
+won't break it out and all that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't break it out and all that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't break it out and all that I'll
+write it in it's full and most General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in it's full and most General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in it's full and most General
+sense so what do I do now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what do I do now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what do I do now what's the
+equation what is Newton's law f is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what is Newton's law f is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what is Newton's law f is equal
+to ma a right so I just figure out the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ma a right so I just figure out the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ma a right so I just figure out the F
+what do I need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I need to figure out
+next a so let's try and figure out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want right this is what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right this is what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right this is what we want to do
+actually it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a little
+F sorry Q right this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sorry Q right this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F sorry Q right this is what we're
+trying to figure out we figured this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out we figured this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out we figured this guy
+out m is a Scala we know what it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out m is a Scala we know what it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out m is a Scala we know what it is so
+now we're going to try and figure out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to try and figure out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to try and figure out a
+AQ and that's a fundament neonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AQ and that's a fundament neonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AQ and that's a fundament neonian
+method okay figure out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay figure out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay figure out all the
+accelerations figure out all the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations figure out all the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations figure out all the forces
+equate FAL Ma so now I want you to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate FAL Ma so now I want you to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate FAL Ma so now I want you to tell
+me what a AQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I I sorry I can't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I sorry I can't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I sorry I can't hear
+you yeah super ultra cool magic formul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah super ultra cool magic formul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah super ultra cool magic formul
+that's right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we use
+it let's write it out shall we okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's write it out shall we okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's write it out shall we okay so
+the way to think about it is remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about it is remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to think about it is remember
+this B right it's kind of here and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this B right it's kind of here and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this B right it's kind of here and just
+rotating B is not translating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating B is not translating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating B is not translating with
+respect to a just rotating there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a just rotating there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a just rotating there so
+think of a is the Earth the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a is the Earth the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a is the Earth the space
+shuttle or the Frisbee whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle or the Frisbee whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle or the Frisbee whatever is
+stationary in the sense that it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary in the sense that it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary in the sense that it's right
+there it's not actually moving it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not actually moving it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not actually moving it's just
+rotating right and there's a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating right and there's a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating right and there's a particle
+like it's nose that we want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's nose that we want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's nose that we want to figure
+out the acceleration for so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the acceleration for so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the acceleration for so what is the
+super alra cool magic formula it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to run out of room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to run out of room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to run out of room and
+I'll finish it up up there is a AQ can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll finish it up up there is a AQ can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll finish it up up there is a AQ can
+you please read it out to me because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you please read it out to me because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you please read it out to me because I'm
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+forgetful I need you to go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetful I need you to go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetful I need you to go back and look
+at your notes and tell me because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your notes and tell me because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your notes and tell me because this
+is part of the exercise we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the exercise we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the exercise we're going to
+use all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right how first of all how many terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how first of all how many terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how first of all how many terms
+are there in the ultra huh five right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in the ultra huh five right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in the ultra huh five right
+first term let's reconstruct it or look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term let's reconstruct it or look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term let's reconstruct it or look
+at your notes first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is can you imagine no one's named this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can you imagine no one's named this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can you imagine no one's named this
+formula it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's
+amazing you know I mean I had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing you know I mean I had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing you know I mean I had to make
+that up I I think it's a cool name but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up I I think it's a cool name but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up I I think it's a cool name but
+you know you have thought that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have thought that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have thought that you know
+someone would have given that name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would have given that name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone would have given that name to
+some bud of theirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right plus what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just I'm just writing it out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just I'm just writing it out yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just I'm just writing it out yeah
+is ah because very good point because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ah because very good point because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ah because very good point because I
+was thinking ahead when I wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking ahead when I wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking ahead when I wrote this
+problem remember in the let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember in the let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem remember in the let's let's
+examine this a little bit right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine this a little bit right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine this a little bit right so we're
+trying to apply the Frisbee problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply the Frisbee problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to apply the Frisbee problem here
+in the Frisbee problem you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Frisbee problem you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Frisbee problem you have you know
+sanj's G Garden you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanj's G Garden you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanj's G Garden you have the
+frisbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frisbee
+it's hurtling to space we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b oh did I label that Q oh I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b oh did I label that Q oh I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b oh did I label that Q oh I'm sorry I
+screwed that up that should be p in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed that up that should be p in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed that up that should be p in the
+formula sorry but let's still let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula sorry but let's still let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula sorry but let's still let me
+finish what I was saying I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish what I was saying I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish what I was saying I think that's
+what you were asking but it's a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were asking but it's a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were asking but it's a long
+answer but I'll give it you anyway we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but I'll give it you anyway we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but I'll give it you anyway we
+call this P we call this Q right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this P we call this Q right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this P we call this Q right and
+that's what the super ultra cool formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the super ultra cool formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the super ultra cool formula
+was for right but what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for right but what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for right but what I'm going to do
+is say the Frisbee actually stays pinned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say the Frisbee actually stays pinned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say the Frisbee actually stays pinned
+right here so it's just spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so it's just spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here so it's just spinning
+and then I'm going to use the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to use the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to use the formula
+that's what I was trying to do but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was trying to do but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was trying to do but I'm
+sorry I Mis wrote that that should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I Mis wrote that that should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I Mis wrote that that should have
+been P this should have been P I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been P this should have been P I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been P this should have been P I
+apologize okay my notes I had q and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize okay my notes I had q and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize okay my notes I had q and I
+changed them around I apologize okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed them around I apologize okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed them around I apologize okay
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone stting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone stting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone stting
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus so this is the cholis effect what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else this is the oiler form Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Plus all right now I'm doing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus all right now I'm doing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus all right now I'm doing in a
+painstaking way something that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstaking way something that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstaking way something that you guys
+inted right in the beginning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inted right in the beginning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inted right in the beginning which is
+there's got to be an a centripedal term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be an a centripedal term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be an a centripedal term
+right but the reason I'm doing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the reason I'm doing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the reason I'm doing in a
+painstaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painstaking
+way is I think all of you actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is I think all of you actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is I think all of you actually also
+forgot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term all
+right in the general sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the general sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the general sense of the
+problem now it won't show up in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now it won't show up in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now it won't show up in solving
+this problem but there is this term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but there is this term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem but there is this term but
+it's okay let's just do it pain stally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let's just do it pain stally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let's just do it pain stally
+okay what is a ation p in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is a ation p in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is a ation p in our
+case what is B acceleration Q in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case what is this guy the Coriolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term get
+it yes B is rotating with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes B is rotating with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes B is rotating with respect to a
+but Q is not moving with respect to P in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Q is not moving with respect to P in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Q is not moving with respect to P in
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+B should that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B should that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B should that be
+what oh yeah it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh yeah it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what oh yeah it should
+be h this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be h this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be h this is
+good okay but Q I mean q is not removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay but Q I mean q is not removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay but Q I mean q is not removing
+the Spector B yes there's no corus term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spector B yes there's no corus term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Spector B yes there's no corus term
+so that only leaves these two terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that only leaves these two terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that only leaves these two terms so
+let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so let's compute them so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's compute them so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so let's compute them so what is a
+acceleration P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration P
+now sorry Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sorry Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sorry Q
+now so here's what I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so here's what I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so here's what I'm going to do this
+is going to be your snap quiz a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be your snap quiz a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be your snap quiz a very
+simple snap quiz take out a sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple snap quiz take out a sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple snap quiz take out a sheet of
+paper write it out for me this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper write it out for me this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper write it out for me this is only
+got 2 or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep hold that thought okay so guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep hold that thought okay so guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep hold that thought okay so guys
+excellent question right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question right now we're
+simply analyzing and trying to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply analyzing and trying to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply analyzing and trying to come up
+with an equation of motion in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equation of motion in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equation of motion in the most
+most General sense of the ball as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General sense of the ball as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General sense of the ball as it
+goes down the ramp before it leaves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down the ramp before it leaves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down the ramp before it leaves the
+ramp we're just star to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp we're just star to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp we're just star to write the
+equation of motion all right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion all right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion all right and then
+we'll do the smart thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the smart thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do the smart thing which is
+figured out when it leaves the ramp but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out when it leaves the ramp but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out when it leaves the ramp but
+right now we're writing the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're writing the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're writing the equation of
+motion good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's a the snap qu comes in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a the snap qu comes in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a the snap qu comes in two
+halves so use a big sheet of paper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so use a big sheet of paper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so use a big sheet of paper with
+your use a large sheet of paper if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your use a large sheet of paper if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your use a large sheet of paper if you
+can because is I'm going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can because is I'm going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can because is I'm going to ask you to
+do something on the flip on the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side how you doing is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy let me give you a hint number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy let me give you a hint number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy let me give you a hint number
+one I know the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I know the particle is
+falling right I know it's going to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling right I know it's going to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling right I know it's going to slide
+down but since I label Theta is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but since I label Theta is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but since I label Theta is going up
+going up right increasing as it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up right increasing as it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up right increasing as it goes up
+formulate the equation of motion as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the equation of motion as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulate the equation of motion as if
+it's going up formulate the don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going up formulate the don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going up formulate the don't get
+confused by that the negatives will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by that the negatives will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by that the negatives will take
+care of themselves get it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hint right when Theta increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint right when Theta increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint right when Theta increases the
+particle's going up I know it's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle's going up I know it's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle's going up I know it's s
+counterintuitive because the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive because the particle is
+really going to come down but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to come down but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to come down but don't
+worry about it write it that way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it write it that way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about it write it that way the
+come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in general
+any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh
+non-standard coordinate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinate or
+parameter asum it's going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter asum it's going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter asum it's going to increase
+and if it's supposed to go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's supposed to go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's supposed to go the other way
+Newton's Laws will drive it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's Laws will drive it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's Laws will drive it to a
+negative okay just don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay just don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay just don't worry about
+signs that much don't double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+done yes okay so let's write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yes okay so let's write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yes okay so let's write it out
+let's solve it anyway what is a alpha B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve it anyway what is a alpha B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's solve it anyway what is a alpha B
+quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H okay cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rpq and what does a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpq and what does a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpq and what does a Omega
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what does it come out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that
+correct oh that's B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct oh that's B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct oh that's B1
+yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this
+one oh that's right it's coming inwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep okay now in English what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay now in English what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep okay now in English what is this
+term and what is this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and what is this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and what is this term
+okay so now we have both F and AQ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have both F and AQ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have both F and AQ so
+what is the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion it is get this it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forgot one term which is the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sense that folks is equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that folks is equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that folks is equation of
+motion there's no magic here I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion there's no magic here I just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion there's no magic here I just did
+F from free body diagram I did a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F from free body diagram I did a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F from free body diagram I did a from
+all the stuff you've learned and I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff you've learned and I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff you've learned and I wrote
+f is equal to ma in Vector form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to ma in Vector form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to ma in Vector form
+done that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that's it
+right so let's do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do some
+um let's Ponder this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in the following sense we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the following sense we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in the following sense we just
+assumed a certain direction of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed a certain direction of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed a certain direction of theta
+this is a differential equation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential equation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a differential equation okay so
+this is actually where I wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually where I wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually where I wanted to go
+with what I was going to say anyway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I was going to say anyway this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what I was going to say anyway this
+is a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a differential
+equation um when you solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um when you solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um when you solve this
+differential equation you'll get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you'll get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation you'll get some
+function right for example if you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right for example if you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right for example if you solve
+MX dot is equal to constant X do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX dot is equal to constant X do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX dot is equal to constant X do is
+equal to constant over m x do is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to constant over m x do is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to constant over m x do is equal
+to you know integrated once X you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know integrated once X you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know integrated once X you know
+you solve the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the differential equation
+you'll get in this case Theta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get in this case Theta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get in this case Theta is a
+function of time and by the way it'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and by the way it'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and by the way it'll go
+the other way Theta will become more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way Theta will become more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way Theta will become more and
+more negative over time so it's falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative over time so it's falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative over time so it's falling
+so trust and have faith that that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trust and have faith that that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trust and have faith that that's how
+things will work out you understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will work out you understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will work out you understand so
+it's very simple there's a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple there's a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple there's a differential
+equation differential equations have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation differential equations have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation differential equations have the
+same principles unknowns must equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles unknowns must equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles unknowns must equal
+number of equations right solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of equations right solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of equations right solve the
+differential equation which we won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which we won't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation which we won't do
+yet well we'll solve it for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet well we'll solve it for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet well we'll solve it for this one
+because it's easy right but once once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy right but once once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's easy right but once once
+you solve the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the differential equation
+you'll get Theta is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get Theta is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get Theta is a function of
+time you understand and that will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you understand and that will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you understand and that will just
+happen to have a trajectory Theta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have a trajectory Theta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have a trajectory Theta is a
+function of time that's negative so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time that's negative so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time that's negative so if
+you solve this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve this differential equation
+you'll end up with something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with something that looks
+like this Theta is a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Theta is a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this Theta is a function of time
+with time right and you'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time right and you'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time right and you'll find that
+Theta is the initial condition would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is the initial condition would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is the initial condition would say
+Theta was at Pi / 2 which was it was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta was at Pi / 2 which was it was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta was at Pi / 2 which was it was at
+the top of the ramp and what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the ramp and what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the ramp and what's going to
+happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll
+decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+right and at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and at some point it
+separates and that's once it separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates and that's once it separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates and that's once it separates
+our equations of motion the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equations of motion the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equations of motion the way you
+wrote them are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote them are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote them are no longer
+valid because we assumed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid because we assumed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid because we assumed that the
+particle was in constant contact right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle was in constant contact right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle was in constant contact right
+but this is what you're going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what you're going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what you're going to solve
+for now right now in this first piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now right now in this first piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now right now in this first piece of
+the course we concentrate entirely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course we concentrate entirely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course we concentrate entirely on
+writing as many equations of motion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as many equations of motion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as many equations of motion as
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+unknowns that's the entire Focus before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns that's the entire Focus before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns that's the entire Focus before
+the first midterm we don't solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first midterm we don't solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first midterm we don't solve them
+yeah we'll solve them once in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll solve them once in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll solve them once in a while
+just to give you a taste in fact I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a taste in fact I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a taste in fact I might
+solve them here right but the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them here right but the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them here right but the objective
+is simply to write the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply to write the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply to write the equations of
+motion that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that I want you to
+understand the second third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the second third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the second third of the
+course is lrange it's just an easier way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is lrange it's just an easier way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is lrange it's just an easier way
+to write the differential equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the differential equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the differential equations but
+we won't solve them either it is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't solve them either it is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't solve them either it is in the
+last piece that we actually solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece that we actually solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece that we actually solve the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equations formally informally we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations formally informally we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations formally informally we'll try
+solve it here as well okay now how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it here as well okay now how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it here as well okay now how many
+equations are there embedded in this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are there embedded in this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are there embedded in this two
+because this is a vector equation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a vector equation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a vector equation there
+are two how many unknowns are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two how many unknowns are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two how many unknowns are there
+which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the
+unknowns excellent there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns excellent there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns excellent there are two
+unknowns one is this and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is very
+interesting in two- dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in two- dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in two- dimensional space
+how many degrees of freedom does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many degrees of freedom does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many degrees of freedom does a
+particle have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle have
+two but usually they're both kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but usually they're both kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but usually they're both kind of
+dimensional degrees of freedom right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional degrees of freedom right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional degrees of freedom right so
+the unknown should be like an X and A Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown should be like an X and A Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown should be like an X and A Y
+right here's what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's what happens if you
+constrain something all that happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain something all that happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain something all that happens is
+one of the dimensional degrees fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the dimensional degrees fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the dimensional degrees fre
+Freedom goes away but an unknown Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom goes away but an unknown Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom goes away but an unknown Force
+makes an appearance you get it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an appearance you get it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an appearance you get it you
+understand so every time you constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so every time you constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so every time you constrain
+something yeah you take out a degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah you take out a degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah you take out a degree of
+freedom but an unknown force is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but an unknown force is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but an unknown force is going to
+crop up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop up right
+and I'm going to write out now for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write out now for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write out now for you
+something that's fairly profound I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's fairly profound I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's fairly profound I want
+you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about
+it because there are many ways to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because there are many ways to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because there are many ways to kind
+of go about it and you'll say ah does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go about it and you'll say ah does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go about it and you'll say ah does
+the math work out in the end you need as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math work out in the end you need as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math work out in the end you need as
+many degrees of freedom as many unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom as many unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom as many unknowns
+as there are equations and we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are equations and we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are equations and we ended up
+there right but now let me tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right but now let me tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right but now let me tell you how
+we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up
+there if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you have a
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with and M points and N rigid bodies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and M points and N rigid bodies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and M points and N rigid bodies in
+2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+right in general how many degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general how many degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in general how many degrees of
+freedom does it have M points and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom does it have M points and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom does it have M points and N
+rigid bodies come on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies come on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies come on you know
+it m points n rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in general if you have M points in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you have M points in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if you have M points in two
+dimensional space how many how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space how many how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space how many how many
+degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+freedom if you have n rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies
+okay that's the total number of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the total number of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the total number of degrees
+of freedom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah s I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah s I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah s I'm
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+s okay all right so in general you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay all right so in general you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay all right so in general you're
+going to have M Points n which you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have M Points n which you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have M Points n which you'll
+have 2 m + 3 n unknowns right degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 m + 3 n unknowns right degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 m + 3 n unknowns right degrees of
+freedom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in
+general right you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general right you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general right you will
+get now a point when you write the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now a point when you write the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now a point when you write the free
+body you know do the free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body you know do the free body diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body you know do the free body diagram
+and write equations you'll get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write equations you'll get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write equations you'll get two
+equations right so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is going to
+be 2 m + 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 m + 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 m + 3
+m because for every Point you'll get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m because for every Point you'll get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m because for every Point you'll get two
+equations and you'll see later for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you'll see later for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you'll see later for every
+rigid body you'll get two equations plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body you'll get two equations plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body you'll get two equations plus
+the torque equation that's three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque equation that's three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque equation that's three so
+things balance out you understand so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things balance out you understand so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things balance out you understand so in
+in the end when you when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end when you when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end when you when you when you
+study rigid bodies which have points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study rigid bodies which have points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study rigid bodies which have points and
+rigid body R uh rigid bodies you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body R uh rigid bodies you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body R uh rigid bodies you will
+always end up with as many equations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always end up with as many equations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always end up with as many equations as
+you have unknowns understand but now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have unknowns understand but now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have unknowns understand but now I
+want you to pay attention really grit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to pay attention really grit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to pay attention really grit
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+teeth it depends also on whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth it depends also on whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth it depends also on whether you
+want to call out the kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call out the kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to call out the kinematic
+constraints implicitly or explicitly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints implicitly or explicitly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints implicitly or explicitly all
+right let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let me explain
+that this is It's profound if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is It's profound if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is It's profound if you don't
+get it it'll you know as you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it it'll you know as you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it it'll you know as you do the
+problems you'll understand this anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you'll understand this anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you'll understand this anyway
+you'll understand at some gut level I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand at some gut level I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll understand at some gut level I'm
+trying to articulate it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to articulate it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to articulate it for
+you look at this guy really that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this guy really that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this guy really that point
+has two degrees of freedom it can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two degrees of freedom it can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two degrees of freedom it can move
+left or right can move up or down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right can move up or down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right can move up or down right
+but by constraining it to be on a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by constraining it to be on a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by constraining it to be on a slide
+we're saying the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying the distance from the
+center as long as it's on the slide must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center as long as it's on the slide must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center as long as it's on the slide must
+be row right now naturally we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be row right now naturally we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be row right now naturally we could have
+said hey you know write an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey you know write an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hey you know write an equation of
+motion with X and Y is the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with X and Y is the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with X and Y is the degrees of
+freedom and we'll impose the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and we'll impose the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and we'll impose the row
+constraint later or we could have picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint later or we could have picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint later or we could have picked
+a natural um non-standard coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural um non-standard coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural um non-standard coordinate
+which is what we did we just picked dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we did we just picked dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we did we just picked dat
+to enforce it kind of implicitly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce it kind of implicitly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enforce it kind of implicitly right
+so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+pick coordinates that are natural and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick coordinates that are natural and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick coordinates that are natural and
+you enforce the kinematic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enforce the kinematic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enforce the kinematic constraint
+implicitly this is what will happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly this is what will happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly this is what will happen if
+however you pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you pick the
+coordinates not you know awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates not you know awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates not you know awkward
+coordinates you will get K extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you will get K extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you will get K extra
+unknowns in terms of the unknown forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns in terms of the unknown forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns in terms of the unknown forces
+but you'll get K extra constrainted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll get K extra constrainted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll get K extra constrainted
+equations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you
+understand but again number of unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but again number of unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand but again number of unknowns
+is equal to number of equations get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to number of equations get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to number of equations get
+it if you don't get it I'll say it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you don't get it I'll say it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you don't get it I'll say it all
+over again do you want me to say it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again do you want me to say it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again do you want me to say it all
+over again because I'm very happy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again because I'm very happy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again because I'm very happy to do
+that you want me to say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay forget that just look at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay forget that just look at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay forget that just look at me
+right I how many degrees of freedom do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I how many degrees of freedom do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I how many degrees of freedom do I
+have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in
+space as you I'm a Richard I'm a I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you I'm a Richard I'm a I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space as you I'm a Richard I'm a I'm a
+point three in in space right now as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three in in space right now as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three in in space right now as I
+stand here can I move up and down I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand here can I move up and down I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand here can I move up and down I I
+mean let's say I can't jump right so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean let's say I can't jump right so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean let's say I can't jump right so how
+many degrees of freedom do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom do I
+have two right now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two right now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two right now I can
+ignore that up down degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that up down degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that up down degree of freedom
+and just say my Z height is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say my Z height is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say my Z height is equal to
+zero and I write two equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I write two equations of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I write two equations of motion
+I have two unknowns I'm done right or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two unknowns I'm done right or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two unknowns I'm done right or I
+could say no no no sanj has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say no no no sanj has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say no no no sanj has three
+degrees of freedom x y and z Oh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom x y and z Oh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom x y and z Oh by the
+way Z is equal to Z right I called out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Z is equal to Z right I called out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Z is equal to Z right I called out
+that Z made it an unknown and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z made it an unknown and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Z made it an unknown and then I
+said it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it equal to
+zero that's three unknowns in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's three unknowns in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's three unknowns in three
+equations right that's a very kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right that's a very kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right that's a very kind of a
+silly example but in fact that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly example but in fact that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly example but in fact that's an
+example of how by explicitly calling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how by explicitly calling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how by explicitly calling out
+a variable and setting it to zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable and setting it to zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable and setting it to zero I
+bumped up the number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped up the number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumped up the number of degrees of
+freedom by one right and then introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom by one right and then introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom by one right and then introduced
+one more constraint or the natural thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more constraint or the natural thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more constraint or the natural thing
+say for at Z he isn't going to move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for at Z he isn't going to move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for at Z he isn't going to move up
+and down because he's on the floor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down because he's on the floor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down because he's on the floor right
+two unknown two equations get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknown two equations get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknown two equations get
+it so in this case it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in this case it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so in this case it's a little more
+complicated really the point you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated really the point you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated really the point you know if
+it could travel up and down has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could travel up and down has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could travel up and down has two
+degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+right so really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really I
+need two unknowns and there's an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two unknowns and there's an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two unknowns and there's an unknown
+four so there'll be three unknowns right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there'll be three unknowns right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there'll be three unknowns right
+and I can write three equations two from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write three equations two from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write three equations two from
+f is equal to Ma and one is that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to Ma and one is that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to Ma and one is that the uh
+uh constraint that the from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constraint that the from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh constraint that the from the center
+must be row or I could just naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be row or I could just naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be row or I could just naturally
+say forget that and collapse it and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say forget that and collapse it and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say forget that and collapse it and just
+go for the minimum number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the minimum number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the minimum number of degrees of
+freedom right so essentially what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right so essentially what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right so essentially what I'm
+saying is look and look if you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is look and look if you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is look and look if you don't get
+this it's okay we'll you know it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's okay we'll you know it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's okay we'll you know it'll
+become clearer and clearer over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clearer and clearer over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become clearer and clearer over
+time the point I'm trying to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the point I'm trying to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the point I'm trying to make is
+that depending on how you parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending on how you parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending on how you parameterize
+the configuration of something whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of something whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of something whether
+you pick minimum parameters or you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick minimum parameters or you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick minimum parameters or you say
+forget it I'll go with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it I'll go with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it I'll go with some other
+parameters you know some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you know some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you know some of the
+non-standard coordinates and I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates and I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-standard coordinates and I'll put
+constraints you might end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you might end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you might end up with
+different numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers of
+equations but you will always end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but you will always end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but you will always end up
+with as many equations as there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as many equations as there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as many equations as there are
+unknowns got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay you're going to have to ponder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay you're going to have to ponder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay you're going to have to ponder
+this and think about it but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and think about it but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and think about it but in the end
+the objective of this course is to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective of this course is to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective of this course is to write
+equations of motion count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion count the number of
+unknowns you better have that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns you better have that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns you better have that many
+equations in the first third and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the first third and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in the first third and then
+the second third of the class we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second third of the class we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second third of the class we just
+want to make sure the balance is met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure the balance is met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure the balance is met
+then we'll figure out how to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll figure out how to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll figure out how to solve the
+simultaneous differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous differential equations
+right and that's two that's the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's two that's the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's two that's the end of
+tw3 that's the third piece of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tw3 that's the third piece of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tw3 that's the third piece of this
+course and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and all of
+tw4 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tw4 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tw4 you
+understand okay so I will never say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so I will never say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so I will never say hey
+uh in the first at least first third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the first at least first third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the first at least first third
+I'll say just make sure they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say just make sure they're equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say just make sure they're equal
+you know you have you know and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have you know and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have you know and you can
+you know you'll scratch around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll scratch around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll scratch around it
+initially you be like I didn't did I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you be like I didn't did I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you be like I didn't did I was
+it implicit was it don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implicit was it don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implicit was it don't worry about it
+just do it and you know you'll say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it and you know you'll say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it and you know you'll say you
+if you see that the number of unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see that the number of unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see that the number of unknowns
+exceeds the number of equations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the number of equations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the number of equations there's
+probably some kinematic constraint or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some kinematic constraint or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some kinematic constraint or
+something you forgot and you'll find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you forgot and you'll find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you forgot and you'll find it
+and you'll write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now you guys holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you guys holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now you guys holding
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay this takes some pondering you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this takes some pondering you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this takes some pondering you will
+ponder it you will get it I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponder it you will get it I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponder it you will get it I'm I'm
+confident but sometimes it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident but sometimes it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident but sometimes it takes a
+little longer to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little longer to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little longer to get
+it okay now I want you to do the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now I want you to do the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now I want you to do the second
+piece of the snap quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the snap quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the snap quiz
+I want you to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to solve this
+problem the same problem using energy oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the same problem using energy oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the same problem using energy oh
+by the way we didn't solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we didn't solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we didn't solve the problem
+let's just let's didn't solve it I beg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let's didn't solve it I beg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let's didn't solve it I beg
+your pardon let's solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so what we're going to do
+now is we wrote it in Vector form now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is we wrote it in Vector form now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is we wrote it in Vector form now
+let's write this equation and motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this equation and motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this equation and motion in
+scalar form in order to do that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar form in order to do that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar form in order to do that we can
+uh we can rewrite A2 if we want in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can rewrite A2 if we want in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can rewrite A2 if we want in terms
+of B1 and B2 right and then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B1 and B2 right and then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B1 and B2 right and then everything
+becomes B1 and B2 we can split it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes B1 and B2 we can split it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes B1 and B2 we can split it up
+into two scalar equations so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two scalar equations so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two scalar equations so look at
+your notes and tell me what is A2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes and tell me what is A2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes and tell me what is A2 in
+terms of B1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sina2 can everyone verify and and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sina2 can everyone verify and and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sina2 can everyone verify and and make
+sure you agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you agree with
+this seems correct okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems correct okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems correct okay all right so
+let's rewrite this so it's um I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite this so it's um I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite this so it's um I'm going
+to try and do it really quickly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and do it really quickly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and do it really quickly this
+becomes there'll be a B1 term so minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes there'll be a B1 term so minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes there'll be a B1 term so minus
+mg sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+um plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus
+n I'm trying to do all the B1 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together and then all the B2 terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then all the B2 terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and then all the B2 terms
+together tell me if I'm doing this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together tell me if I'm doing this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together tell me if I'm doing this right
+okay I'm doing it on the fly with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm doing it on the fly with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm doing it on the fly with you
+guys this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct anyone disagree with me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+okay when you write the answer right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you write the answer right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when you write the answer right um
+if you have even if you write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have even if you write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have even if you write it in
+Vector form a let's reach a consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form a let's reach a consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector form a let's reach a consensus
+here from a grading point of view if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from a grading point of view if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from a grading point of view if you
+write the equation of motion in Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion in Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the equation of motion in Vector
+form that's good enough if you say find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's good enough if you say find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's good enough if you say find
+the equation of motion if you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion if you write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion if you write it
+in Vector form that's good enough all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vector form that's good enough all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vector form that's good enough all
+right now we don't even have to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't even have to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we don't even have to pull
+them apart if you if you don't want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart if you if you don't want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart if you if you don't want but
+but if we ask an end goal which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we ask an end goal which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we ask an end goal which is a
+step further for example figure out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further for example figure out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further for example figure out when
+the things going to separate then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things going to separate then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things going to separate then you're
+going to go all the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all the way you
+understand so but the end goal here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so but the end goal here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so but the end goal here was
+to figure out when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out when they
+separate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's right so now let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right so now let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right so now let's let's
+examine these two guys what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine these two guys what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine these two guys what is this
+saying this is saying that the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is saying that the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is saying that the component
+of the force this way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force this way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force this way right
+tangential is going to be the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential is going to be the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential is going to be the oiler
+acceleration term basically right makees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term basically right makees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration term basically right makees
+sense and this is saying saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and this is saying saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and this is saying saying that
+gravity plus normal force is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity plus normal force is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity plus normal force is equal to
+the centripedal acceleration so gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centripedal acceleration so gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centripedal acceleration so gravity
+plus the kind of the component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the kind of the component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the kind of the component of the
+normal force is centripedal acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force is centripedal acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal force is centripedal acceleration
+beautiful right it's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful right it's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful right it's exactly what we
+expected so it's exactly what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected so it's exactly what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected so it's exactly what you know
+someone was saying earlier right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was saying earlier right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was saying earlier right you
+were saying that earlier right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying that earlier right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying that earlier right which is
+this is exactly what we expected we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly what we expected we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly what we expected we just
+did it right Brute Force correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it right Brute Force correctly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it right Brute Force correctly and
+it all worked out okay now let's solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all worked out okay now let's solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all worked out okay now let's solve
+them I know that solving isn't really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I know that solving isn't really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I know that solving isn't really a
+part of this first third but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this first third but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this first third but it's a
+asked you to solve it in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to solve it in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to solve it in this particular
+case because it's a simple one so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because it's a simple one so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because it's a simple one so let's
+solve it so what do I do next I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so what do I do next I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so what do I do next I'm trying
+to figure out when the skier takes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out when the skier takes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out when the skier takes off
+what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do
+next that's right set this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's right set this equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's right set this equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and for this we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are you anywhere to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+what how would you simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yeah you would have to integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you would have to integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you would have to integrate it
+right and the way you would have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way you would have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way you would have to do
+it is this is a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this is a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this is a differential
+equation okay it's a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay it's a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay it's a differential
+equation and by the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and by the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and by the way this is
+separation so the question we I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so the question we I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation so the question we I'm going
+to do it now because now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it now because now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it now because now I'm going to
+show the energy method I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the energy method I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the energy method I'm actually
+going to ask you to do it in a snap quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to do it in a snap quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to do it in a snap quiz
+right and I won't do this right now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I won't do this right now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I won't do this right now I'll
+solve it and give it to you as a handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and give it to you as a handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and give it to you as a handout
+because it's pain in the neck but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pain in the neck but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pain in the neck but I want
+to show you that this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that this is how the
+differential equations would go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations would go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations would go and
+let's kind of set it up so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's kind of set it up so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's kind of set it up so this is the
+Theta of Separation this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of Separation this is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta of Separation this is what we're
+trying to get at right so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at right so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get at right so what we're
+going to do is first solve this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is first solve this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is first solve this you
+understand get Theta a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand get Theta a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand get Theta a function of
+time and then solve this and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then solve this and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then solve this and figure out
+Theta separation got it so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta separation got it so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta separation got it so how do we
+solve this this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this this is actually a
+differential equation d 2 Theta upon dt^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation d 2 Theta upon dt^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation d 2 Theta upon dt^
+2 is equal to M's will cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to M's will cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is equal to M's will cancel
+here minus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus cosine
+Theta upon row / row it's a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta upon row / row it's a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta upon row / row it's a differential
+equation folks oh * G where's the G uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right and do you know how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this huh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huh go
+ahead yeah basically what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah basically what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead yeah basically what you're going
+to do is I mean the long and short of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I mean the long and short of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I mean the long and short of it
+is you'll propose some solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll propose some solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll propose some solution for
+example you'll say assume Theta is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you'll say assume Theta is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you'll say assume Theta is you
+know some function and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some function and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some function and you're going to
+propose it solve it twice and it's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose it solve it twice and it's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose it solve it twice and it's yeah
+you'll basically integrate right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll basically integrate right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll basically integrate right so I'm
+not going to do right now you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do right now you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do right now you would
+solve it and then get separation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and then get separation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and then get separation but
+this is how you write the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you write the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you write the differential
+equation you can see that writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can see that writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can see that writing out
+all the differential equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the differential equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the differential equations and
+solving them can be somewhat painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving them can be somewhat painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving them can be somewhat painful
+right so what is a nice way to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is a nice way to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is a nice way to solve it
+I'll solve it for you and give it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll solve it for you and give it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll solve it for you and give it as a
+handout I want to get to the last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout I want to get to the last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout I want to get to the last part
+in this class you can solve this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class you can solve this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class you can solve this I'll
+you know you'll get a handout on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll get a handout on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll get a handout on this
+but now the question is it's a pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the question is it's a pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the question is it's a pain
+right you solve this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you solve this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you solve this differential
+equation I want to get the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I want to get the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I want to get the separation
+angle is there another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is there another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is there another way to do
+this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry yeah yeah that's exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah yeah that's exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah yeah that's exactly what you
+would do that's that's what solving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that's that's what solving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that's that's what solving it
+is right you would guess Theta is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you would guess Theta is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you would guess Theta is some
+function solve for it right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function solve for it right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function solve for it right and then
+from that get the separation angle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that get the separation angle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that get the separation angle but
+is there an easier way and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there an easier way and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there an easier way and by the way
+solving differential equations is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving differential equations is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving differential equations is often
+also called integrating a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called integrating a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called integrating a differential
+equation right to make it more algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right to make it more algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right to make it more algebraic
+right but this is very painful and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this is very painful and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but this is very painful and just
+kind of a lot of differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lot of differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a lot of differential equations
+and yeah we you know you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah we you know you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah we you know you can do it in
+this case actually you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually you can do it in
+closed form I'm not going to do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form I'm not going to do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form I'm not going to do it right
+now give as a hand out right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now give as a hand out right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now give as a hand out right because the
+point of this is not to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this is not to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this is not to show you how to
+solve differential equations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve differential equations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve differential equations right
+now the point of it was to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point of it was to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the point of it was to get to that
+separation angle is there another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation angle is there another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation angle is there another way to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+it which will give me the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which will give me the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which will give me the same answer
+energy right because energy the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right because energy the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right because energy the whole
+point was we kind of integrated this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was we kind of integrated this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was we kind of integrated this in
+advance right you'll only get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance right you'll only get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance right you'll only get one
+equation from energy but it's for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from energy but it's for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from energy but it's for free
+almost so let's do that and let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost so let's do that and let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost so let's do that and let's try
+and figure out now now from energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out now now from energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out now now from energy and
+that's your other snap quiz right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your other snap quiz right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your other snap quiz right
+remember I said I'll ask you again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said I'll ask you again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I said I'll ask you again I
+want you to figure out an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to figure out an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to figure out an energy
+formulation for solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation for solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation for solving this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go and I want you to struggle a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I want you to struggle a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I want you to struggle a little
+bit right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example potential
+energy it's actually a potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change what is the potential energy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what is the potential energy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what is the potential energy at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top yeah but why not just assume it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top yeah but why not just assume it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top yeah but why not just assume it to
+be zero just assume that to zero just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero just assume that to zero just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero just assume that to zero just
+make your math a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your math a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your math a little
+easier you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand or it doesn't matter take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or it doesn't matter take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or it doesn't matter take
+bottom actually yeah it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom actually yeah it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom actually yeah it doesn't matter
+you can do it a number of ways but try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it a number of ways but try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it a number of ways but try
+and solve it I want you to struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it I want you to struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it I want you to struggle
+through it then we'll solve it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it then we'll solve it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it then we'll solve it right
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now will energy give a different answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now will energy give a different answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now will energy give a different answer
+than if I just integrate the heck out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if I just integrate the heck out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if I just integrate the heck out of
+this or is the energy equation just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or is the energy equation just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or is the energy equation just a
+restatement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation anybody is there new any new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation anybody is there new any new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation anybody is there new any new
+information in the energy equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the energy equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the energy equation
+compared to this there is not it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this there is not it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this there is not it cannot
+give a different answer it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a different answer it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a different answer it's the same
+equation written in another way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation written in another way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation written in another way it's
+some higher you know demand it's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher you know demand it's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some higher you know demand it's well
+it's it's just these things kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just these things kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just these things kind of
+manipulate it to look different that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it to look different that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it to look different that's
+it no new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information yeah very simple right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information yeah very simple right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information yeah very simple right and
+Ted uh I saw his notation he had in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted uh I saw his notation he had in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted uh I saw his notation he had in his
+head and he just just throw it down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and he just just throw it down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and he just just throw it down it's
+going on up that right so what it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on up that right so what it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on up that right so what it did
+was what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what we're going to do is we're
+going to find the potential energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the potential energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the potential energy of
+the top which is we can set it to 0 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top which is we can set it to 0 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top which is we can set it to 0 100
+2 16 and a half whatever you want it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 16 and a half whatever you want it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 16 and a half whatever you want it's
+just a number right and the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number right and the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number right and the kinetic
+energy at the top what's the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the top what's the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the top what's the kinetic
+energy at the top assuming it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the top assuming it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the top assuming it starts
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+rest then as a function of theta we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest then as a function of theta we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest then as a function of theta we're
+going to find the potential energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the potential energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the potential energy and
+we're going to find the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find the kinetic energy
+right we're going to equate them we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to equate them we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to equate them we'll
+solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the
+velocity and we'll see if the Rea where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and we'll see if the Rea where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and we'll see if the Rea where
+the reaction vanishes and that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction vanishes and that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction vanishes and that should
+give us the answer okay so Ted's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the answer okay so Ted's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the answer okay so Ted's going
+to follow One path of solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem now how do you separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now how do you separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now how do you separate
+variables you integrated what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you integrated what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you integrated what this
+respect to time yeah how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time yeah how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time yeah how can you
+integrate that with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's
+true so let's figure it out and write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so let's figure it out and write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so let's figure it out and write a
+little hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Chad you're going to have to U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Chad you're going to have to U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Chad you're going to have to U uh
+State what you're doing yeah take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what you're doing yeah take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State what you're doing yeah take on
+take with the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take with the lecture
+man you need to be a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you need to be a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you need to be a little weird
+because I'm weird too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um youate the the change in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um youate the the change in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um youate the the change in potential
+energy um to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um to the
+Chang okay so what's the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang okay so what's the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chang okay so what's the potential
+energy of the top is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the top is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the top is zero
+did you write it as zero how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you write it as zero how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you write it as zero how did you
+write it okay you took height okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it okay you took height okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it okay you took height okay and
+height was the same as row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height was the same as row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height was the same as row
+right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then
+um as def find y from you know uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as def find y from you know uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as def find y from you know uh from
+the ground to the top so then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground to the top so then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground to the top so then the the
+change in height going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in height going
+downwards is hus y m I guess it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards is hus y m I guess it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards is hus y m I guess it's that's
+going up so this is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up so this is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up so this is the change in
+potential energy okay so this is the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy okay so this is the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy okay so this is the so
+has the potential energy gone up or gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the potential energy gone up or gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the potential energy gone up or gone
+down what has the potential energy gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what has the potential energy gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what has the potential energy gone
+up or down uh the potential energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or down uh the potential energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or down uh the potential energy is
+decreasing decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing decreasing
+okay so the decrease in potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the decrease in potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the decrease in potential energy
+must be equal to the increase in kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to the increase in kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to the increase in kinetic
+energy right so what is the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so what is the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right so what is the kinetic
+energy half MV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay
+okay so let's rewrite that just in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's rewrite that just in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's rewrite that just in terms
+of uh just stay there stay there um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh just stay there stay there um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh just stay there stay there um I'm
+going to use this space here and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this space here and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this space here and just
+kind of write kind of comment on what T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write kind of comment on what T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of write kind of comment on what T
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so basically what it did was half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so basically what it did was half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so basically what it did was half
+M A VP squ remember squar is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A VP squ remember squar is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A VP squ remember squar is the same
+thing do producted by itself right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do producted by itself right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing do producted by itself right is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to um change in potential energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um change in potential energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um change in potential energy which
+is m g and in our notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m g and in our notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m g and in our notation
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+notation that is this height right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that is this height right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that is this height right this
+Gap and that is row * 1 - sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay keep
+going and then you just solve for AVP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and then you just solve for AVP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and then you just solve for AVP
+the magnitude to of AVP which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude to of AVP which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude to of AVP which is
+velocity right I'm just going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right I'm just going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right I'm just going to write
+that as velocity is equal to root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as velocity is equal to root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as velocity is equal to root of
+M's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M's
+cancel just you don't need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel just you don't need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel just you don't need to take the
+RO you don't need to but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RO you don't need to but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RO you don't need to but I'm just
+solving it for it for what it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it for it for what it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving it for it for what it's worth
+right we don't need it because we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't need it because we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't need it because we'll use
+it in its full form 2 g h 1 - sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in its full form 2 g h 1 - sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in its full form 2 g h 1 - sin
+Theta all right then what do you do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right then what do you do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right then what do you do so
+then at the point where um where it Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the point where um where it Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the point where um where it Le
+there's no normal force which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no normal force which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no normal force which means that
+um the the sort of radial component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the sort of radial component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the sort of radial component of
+the gravity is equal to the Cal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity is equal to the Cal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity is equal to the Cal force
+needed to keep it going in C okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to keep it going in C okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to keep it going in C okay so
+hold on let me just uh comment on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on let me just uh comment on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on let me just uh comment on that
+that is this guy right he's just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this guy right he's just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this guy right he's just taking
+components along the B1 Direction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components along the B1 Direction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components along the B1 Direction you
+understand so he's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so he's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so he's saying
+N1 minus mg you know and it'll be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 minus mg you know and it'll be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 minus mg you know and it'll be like a
+uh a sin Theta right we sin Theta yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a sin Theta right we sin Theta yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a sin Theta right we sin Theta yeah
+go ahead keep going yeah no just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead keep going yeah no just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead keep going yeah no just write
+it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down
+right okay so you have the the cental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so you have the the cental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so you have the the cental
+force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is
+m h m and so that has to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m h m and so that has to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m h m and so that has to be equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um the radial component of gravity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the radial component of gravity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the radial component of gravity so
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+becom that's correct by the way y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becom that's correct by the way y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becom that's correct by the way y
+mhm um so now you have two um you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm um so now you have two um you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm um so now you have two um you want
+to solve for the Theta where this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for the Theta where this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for the Theta where this is
+true this is only true at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this is only true at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true this is only true at this
+where uh so um we know m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh so um we know m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh so um we know m
+uh the MS go away and terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MS go away and terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MS go away and terms that
+everything else goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so you
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+it write the final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so good excellent thank you so we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good excellent thank you so we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good excellent thank you so we'll go
+to lunch you're free today I'll take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lunch you're free today I'll take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lunch you're free today I'll take you
+out lunch today okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out lunch today okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out lunch today okay
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's amazing what people do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's amazing what people do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's amazing what people do for a
+free lunch include stand on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch include stand on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free lunch include stand on a
+stage great job thanks Ted that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage great job thanks Ted that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage great job thanks Ted that's
+exactly right so let me kind of just re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so let me kind of just re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so let me kind of just re
+reinterpret that right so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpret that right so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpret that right so essentially
+what he did was he used are you clear up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he used are you clear up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he used are you clear up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+here up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up to
+here that's what I just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what I just wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's what I just wrote
+right so essentially what he then did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so essentially what he then did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so essentially what he then did
+was he said that look in in this term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he said that look in in this term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he said that look in in this term we
+calculated the force net force right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the force net force right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the force net force right and
+if you just do a force balance along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just do a force balance along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just do a force balance along the
+B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+direction right essentially what it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right essentially what it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right essentially what it'll
+come down to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to is
+that the net force along the B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the net force along the B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the net force along the B1
+direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um m g sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal
+to sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry mg sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry mg sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry mg sin Theta
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+M how do I say that let me do it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M how do I say that let me do it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M how do I say that let me do it right
+here so it's accelerating downwards so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's accelerating downwards so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's accelerating downwards so
+mg so the force on it is mg sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg so the force on it is mg sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg so the force on it is mg sin Theta
+net force is n so the uh force balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net force is n so the uh force balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net force is n so the uh force balance
+is help me out here Ted how do I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is help me out here Ted how do I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is help me out here Ted how do I do this
+I'm trying to interpret in your words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to interpret in your words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to interpret in your words
+here mg sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mg sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here mg sin
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+right is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is equal
+to in your words excuse me let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in your words excuse me let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in your words excuse me let me just
+reinterpret it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now I'm just trying to rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm just trying to rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I'm just trying to rewrite it
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+R say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R say it
+again yeah is equal to m v² r that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah is equal to m v² r that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah is equal to m v² r that's
+right which is equal to M * 2 g h 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is equal to M * 2 g h 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is equal to M * 2 g h 1
+- sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all over
+H actually it wasn't H it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row is that right okay so the M cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is that right okay so the M cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is that right okay so the M cancels
+the row cancels and what this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row cancels and what this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row cancels and what this becomes
+is and the g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the g
+cancels so it becomes sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels so it becomes sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels so it becomes sin
+Theta is equal to 2 - 2 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is equal to 2 - 2 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is equal to 2 - 2 sin
+Theta right that means 3 sin Theta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right that means 3 sin Theta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right that means 3 sin Theta of
+separation is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is equal to
+2 right and Theta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right and Theta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right and Theta is equal
+to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+of 203 I didn't do much I think Ted did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 203 I didn't do much I think Ted did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 203 I didn't do much I think Ted did
+a very good job I just rewrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good job I just rewrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good job I just rewrote that
+okay now coming back to this guy we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now coming back to this guy we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now coming back to this guy we'll
+solve this for you but here's the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this for you but here's the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this for you but here's the deal
+I'm actually going to end now in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to end now in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually going to end now in a
+couple of minutes but it's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes but it's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes but it's very simple
+if you actually calculate velocity using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually calculate velocity using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually calculate velocity using
+energy and calculate Theta using energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and calculate Theta using energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and calculate Theta using energy
+and plug it into this this will turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug it into this this will turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug it into this this will turn out
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+true the same equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the same equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the same equation you
+understand so if you solve it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so if you solve it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so if you solve it this way
+and plug it into this this turn to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug it into this this turn to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plug it into this this turn to be
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah right so if you if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right so if you if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right so if you if you use
+that and plug it in here because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and plug it in here because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and plug it in here because the
+energy is like a pre-integration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is like a pre-integration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is like a pre-integration of a
+differential equation right if you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation right if you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation right if you plug
+it in here of course it's going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in here of course it's going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in here of course it's going to turn
+out to be true so that's actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true so that's actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be true so that's actually also
+the solution of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution of the differential
+equation now differential equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now differential equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation now differential equations of
+this sort some of them can be closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort some of them can be closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort some of them can be closed
+solved in closed form by guessing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in closed form by guessing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved in closed form by guessing by
+tricks Etc some of them you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks Etc some of them you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks Etc some of them you have to use
+matlb for right that's the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb for right that's the way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb for right that's the way it is
+really complicated systems use Matlab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated systems use Matlab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated systems use Matlab
+it's got simulation some of them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got simulation some of them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got simulation some of them you can
+do close form you get some nice insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do close form you get some nice insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do close form you get some nice insights
+uh this one you can do in close form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one you can do in close form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this one you can do in close form and
+I'll we'll give it to as a handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah how do we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation it's a it's a okay so so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's a it's a okay so so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it's a it's a okay so so um
+setting which two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting which two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting which two
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+pluging oh how did we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh oh okay so what we did here was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh okay so what we did here was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh okay so what we did here was we
+said look if you take a a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look if you take a a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look if you take a a free body
+diagram here right we said there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here right we said there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here right we said there's some
+reaction force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force
+n um there is some force on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um there is some force on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n um there is some force on this
+mg right if you take components in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg right if you take components in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mg right if you take components in this
+Direction that's mg sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's mg sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's mg sin
+Theta right and this thing's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right and this thing's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right and this thing's got some
+acceleration and the only acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and the only acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and the only acceleration
+in wordss is v^2 R right now I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wordss is v^2 R right now I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wordss is v^2 R right now I'm doing
+in English all I'm saying is all Ted is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English all I'm saying is all Ted is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English all I'm saying is all Ted is
+saying actually is hey it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying actually is hey it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying actually is hey it what
+Theta is the mg sin Theta component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is the mg sin Theta component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is the mg sin Theta component
+barely enough to overcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely enough to overcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely enough to overcome the
+centripedal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripedal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripedal
+acceleration get it at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration get it at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration get it at some point it
+won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be
+enough right at some point it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough right at some point it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough right at some point it's going to
+be not enough to keep this guy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not enough to keep this guy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not enough to keep this guy in a
+circle and at zero it's the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and at zero it's the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and at zero it's the point where
+it crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses
+over right at some point the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right at some point the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over right at some point the the
+reaction force will have to be a sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force will have to be a sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction force will have to be a sticky
+Force to keep the guy on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to keep the guy on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to keep the guy on the
+cliff right so when the reaction forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff right so when the reaction forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff right so when the reaction forces
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+vanishes is the point where gravity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes is the point where gravity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes is the point where gravity is
+skipping him down where he transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping him down where he transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipping him down where he transitions
+from that to somehow trying to hang on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that to somehow trying to hang on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that to somehow trying to hang on
+for dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dear
+life right so that transition happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right so that transition happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right so that transition happens
+when n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to
+zero answer your question did you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero answer your question did you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero answer your question did you have a
+question no same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question no same thing
+okay so yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yep
+D think I a simar question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D think I a simar question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D think I a simar question a
+way um this was meant to be interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um this was meant to be interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um this was meant to be interactive
+so we're interacting good yeah M okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're interacting good yeah M okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're interacting good yeah M okay so
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um so the Assumption here is that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Assumption here is that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the Assumption here is that at the
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top
+the the potential energy is z that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the potential energy is z that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the potential energy is z that's
+right and no no it doesn't matter no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and no no it doesn't matter no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and no no it doesn't matter no no
+that's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumption well well no I would say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption well well no I would say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption well well no I would say it's
+slightly different okay the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different okay the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different okay the thing I
+don't understand is how so when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand is how so when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand is how so when you say
+m mg y you're saying that that at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m mg y you're saying that that at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m mg y you're saying that that at any
+given point theine is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point theine is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point theine is equal to the
+potential that's not true no no what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's not true no no what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's not true no no what's
+exactly being said so actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly being said so actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly being said so actually this is
+what you need to understand take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to understand take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to understand take the
+state on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state on
+top take the state at which it's at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top take the state at which it's at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top take the state at which it's at some
+angle whatever potential energy the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle whatever potential energy the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle whatever potential energy the guy
+gained sliding down must have gone into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained sliding down must have gone into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained sliding down must have gone into
+kinetic energy and nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else very very important potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else very very important potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else very very important potential
+energy is like a battery all right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is like a battery all right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is like a battery all right it's
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+battery this person is discharging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery this person is discharging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery this person is discharging the
+battery but going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery but going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery but going
+down right and that is being that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right and that is being that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right and that is being that's
+going into kinetic energy it didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into kinetic energy it didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into kinetic energy it didn't have
+if for example the person was losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example the person was losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example the person was losing
+energy to drag to friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then energy is not conserved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then energy is not conserved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then energy is not conserved but
+we're assuming energy is conserved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming energy is conserved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming energy is conserved so
+drop in potential energy is increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in potential energy is increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in potential energy is increase in
+kinetic energy is everyone good with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is everyone good with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is everyone good with
+this Co pathetic with this right now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Co pathetic with this right now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Co pathetic with this right now now
+what I was going to say to you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was going to say to you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was going to say to you this
+final comment is differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final comment is differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final comment is differential
+equation painful to solve no obvious you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation painful to solve no obvious you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation painful to solve no obvious you
+know yeah you can solve it and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah you can solve it and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah you can solve it and we'll
+solve it for you right but guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it for you right but guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it for you right but guess what
+pre- solved differential equation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- solved differential equation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- solved differential equation energy
+only one degree of Freedom so energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one degree of Freedom so energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one degree of Freedom so energy is
+good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough
+solv insert it back in here hey you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solv insert it back in here hey you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solv insert it back in here hey you have
+a solution for the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution for the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution for the differential equation
+if you want it get it but it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want it get it but it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want it get it but it's no
+different it's the same thing okay done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's the same thing okay done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's the same thing okay done
+so this equations of motion next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equations of motion next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equations of motion next time
+we'll do angular momentum and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do angular momentum and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do angular momentum and we'll get
+into rigid bodies and multiple particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lunch
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1G6iJmM64LA.txt b/1G6iJmM64LA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75882cd9656783a69dcc8c032698adf0ca8407af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1G6iJmM64LA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+In addition to what
+we have seen already,
+
+Moneyball also discusses
+several other things,
+
+for example, how it
+is easier to predict
+
+professional success
+of college players
+
+than high school players,
+that stealing bases,
+
+sacrifice bunting, and
+sacrifice flyers are overrated,
+
+and pitching statistics
+do not accurately
+
+measure pitcher ability.
+
+Pitchers only
+control strikeouts,
+
+home runs, and walks.
+
+Where was baseball in 2002?
+
+The graph on the
+left is what we have
+
+seen in the beginning
+of this lecture.
+
+So before Moneyball techniques,
+analytic techniques,
+
+became more well-known, the
+A's were clearly an outlier.
+
+Recall that the A's
+are here, compared
+
+to the Red Sox and the Yankees.
+
+Just observe that the A's
+had 20 more wins than teams
+
+with equivalent payrolls.
+
+And they had as many wins
+as teams like the Red Sox
+
+that have more than
+double the payroll.
+
+Where is baseball now?
+
+The A's, in the green dot
+here-- and for reference, this
+
+is the Red Sox and the Yankees--
+are still an efficient team.
+
+But they only have
+about 10 more wins
+
+than teams with
+equivalent payrolls.
+
+So specifically, there
+are fewer inefficiencies,
+
+because many of
+them were discovered
+
+after the book
+Moneyball was published.
+
+In fact, the use of analytics
+in general in baseball
+
+has now a name
+called sabermetrics.
+
+Of course, there has been a
+lot of work done in the field.
+
+Baseball Prospectus
+is a website devoted
+
+to the analytics of baseball.
+
+New concepts were introduced--
+value of a replacement
+
+player, VORP, and defense
+independent between statistics,
+
+DIPS.
+
+There's another book
+that has been written.
+
+The title of the
+book is The Extra 2%:
+
+How Wall Street Strategies
+Took a Major League Baseball
+
+Team from Worst to
+First, dictating
+
+the story of the Tampa Bay Rays.
+
+And finally, analytics
+have been used
+
+in many game-time
+decisions in baseball,
+
+for example, the batting order,
+changing pitchers, et cetera.
+
+So what is happening
+with other baseball
+
+teams and other sports?
+
+So nowadays, every major
+league baseball team
+
+has a statistics/analytics
+group.
+
+In fact, the Red Sox
+implemented quantitative ideas
+
+and won the World Series
+for the first time
+
+in 2004, after 86 years.
+
+They in fact tried to
+hire Billy Bean in 2003,
+
+who accepted for one day,
+but then he changed his mind
+
+and went back to
+the Oakland A's.
+
+Analytics are also
+used in other sports,
+
+although it is believed
+that more teams use
+
+statistical analysis
+than is publicly known.
+
+And finally, what is the
+edge of using analytics?
+
+Models allow managers
+to more accurately value
+
+players and minimize risk.
+
+This is a direct
+quote from Moneyball.
+
+"In human behavior, there was
+always uncertainty and risk.
+
+The goal of the
+Oakland front office
+
+was simply to minimize the risk.
+
+Their solution wasn't perfect.
+
+It was just better than
+rendering decisions
+
+by gut feeling."
+
+And a final remark that,
+as you have observed
+
+throughout the lecture,
+that the model we introduced
+
+are reasonably simple.
+
+They involved regression
+ideas, and they did not
+
+involve many variables that
+are not that sophisticated.
+
+Yet they led to significant
+success of the Oakland A's
+
+and more generally,
+for teams that
+
+use the power of
+sports analytics.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1Tpu7QqyJKg.txt b/1Tpu7QqyJKg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..afa310a9b97e5ddc05d5525630fc9a7f22ba7a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1Tpu7QqyJKg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be talking about
+waves in The Ether a great topic I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in The Ether a great topic I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves in The Ether a great topic I think
+all right welcome back to uh 8225
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back to uh 8225
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back to uh 8225
+sts042 physics in the 20th century to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sts042 physics in the 20th century to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sts042 physics in the 20th century to uh
+to Maxwell and his really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Maxwell and his really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Maxwell and his really quite
+extraordinary work from the 1860s where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary work from the 1860s where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary work from the 1860s where
+he unites as we've seen a few times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he unites as we've seen a few times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he unites as we've seen a few times
+really the study of Optics of of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the study of Optics of of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the study of Optics of of light
+waves and brings that to be connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and brings that to be connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and brings that to be connected to
+very intimately connected to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intimately connected to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intimately connected to uh the
+study of electric and magnetic fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of electric and magnetic fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of electric and magnetic fields in
+The Ether and they'll be looking for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether and they'll be looking for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ether and they'll be looking for for
+much of that first section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that first section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of that first section
+and how some very smart uh people tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how some very smart uh people tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how some very smart uh people tried
+to generalize Maxwell's work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize Maxwell's work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize Maxwell's work in the
+years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after
+um Maxwell's uh Publications were indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Maxwell's uh Publications were indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Maxwell's uh Publications were indeed
+after his Treatise on electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after his Treatise on electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after his Treatise on electricity
+magnetism from the 1870s so we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism from the 1870s so we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism from the 1870s so we'll look
+in that case at some of the work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case at some of the work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case at some of the work by
+Hendrick loretz remarkably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hendrick loretz remarkably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hendrick loretz remarkably uh
+influential uh mathematical physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential uh mathematical physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential uh mathematical physicists
+from uh the Netherlands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the Netherlands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the Netherlands
+then we'll look in the second part at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look in the second part at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look in the second part at
+one of these uh one of the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these uh one of the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these uh one of the kinds of
+experiments that was that was making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that was that was making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that was that was making a
+lot of researchers around many parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of researchers around many parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of researchers around many parts of
+the world really scratch their heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world really scratch their heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world really scratch their heads
+about how to make sense of this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to make sense of this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to make sense of this question
+of waves in The Ether uh and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves in The Ether uh and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of waves in The Ether uh and we'll see
+uh what was going on with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was going on with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what was going on with that
+experiment that was of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that was of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that was of course the
+reading the main reading you had for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the main reading you had for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the main reading you had for
+today was was one of the Publications by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was was one of the Publications by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was was one of the Publications by
+Michaelson Morley about their work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson Morley about their work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson Morley about their work and
+then we'll come back in the last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back in the last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll come back in the last part
+for today and see how Hendrick Lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and see how Hendrick Lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today and see how Hendrick Lawrence
+responded to the to the Michaels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to the to the Michaels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to the to the Michaels and
+Morley experiment as well as to the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morley experiment as well as to the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morley experiment as well as to the more
+mathematical aspects of Maxwell's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical aspects of Maxwell's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical aspects of Maxwell's work
+so that's we're going today and as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we're going today and as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's we're going today and as I say
+some of this stuff I'm going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff I'm going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff I'm going to kind of
+skip some steps in their derivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip some steps in their derivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip some steps in their derivations
+um and the lecture notes will hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the lecture notes will hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the lecture notes will hopefully
+help fill those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help fill those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help fill those in
+so we've seen a few times by now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen a few times by now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen a few times by now that
+starting in 1865 James Clark Maxwell uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in 1865 James Clark Maxwell uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in 1865 James Clark Maxwell uh
+kind of came to the conclusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of came to the conclusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of came to the conclusion that
+light waves were nothing other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves were nothing other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves were nothing other than
+transverse undulations that is to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse undulations that is to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse undulations that is to say a
+certain kind of wave of electric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of wave of electric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of wave of electric and
+magnetic fields propagating in The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields propagating in The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields propagating in The Ether
+uh and uh we we all now have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we we all now have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh we we all now have the
+possibility to purchase our own set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to purchase our own set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility to purchase our own set of
+Maxwell's equations on a t-shirt some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations on a t-shirt some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations on a t-shirt some of
+you might actually already own one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually already own one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually already own one in
+which case I'm quite jealous so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I'm quite jealous so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I'm quite jealous so what I
+want to do first is walk through at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do first is walk through at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do first is walk through at
+least briefly why did Maxwell think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least briefly why did Maxwell think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least briefly why did Maxwell think that
+what was the basis for Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the basis for Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the basis for Maxwell's
+conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion
+that light was nothing but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light was nothing but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light was nothing but these
+electric and magnetic waves in The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic waves in The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic waves in The Ether
+so first you may recall from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first you may recall from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first you may recall from previous
+studies of electromagnetism uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of electromagnetism uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of electromagnetism uh that
+there there are four different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are four different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are four different kinds of
+fields that appear here on this side on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that appear here on this side on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that appear here on this side on
+the left hand side of these otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of these otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of these otherwise
+quite succinct uh Maxwell's equations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite succinct uh Maxwell's equations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite succinct uh Maxwell's equations we
+see uh d a b and e and an H those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh d a b and e and an H those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh d a b and e and an H those
+actually as you may remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as you may remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as you may remember those
+aren't all independent of each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't all independent of each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't all independent of each other and
+in fact D it's often called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact D it's often called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact D it's often called the
+displacement field is in most instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement field is in most instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement field is in most instances
+just proportional to e the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to e the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just proportional to e the electric
+field and likewise H which is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and likewise H which is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and likewise H which is sometimes
+called the magnetizing field is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the magnetizing field is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the magnetizing field is also
+under many circumstances just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under many circumstances just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under many circumstances just
+proportional to the magnetic field B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the magnetic field B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the magnetic field B
+so really what we're looking at for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what we're looking at for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what we're looking at for most
+applications of Interest are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of Interest are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of Interest are four
+equations governing actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations governing actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations governing actually
+um two uh kind of physically distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two uh kind of physically distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two uh kind of physically distinct
+quantities the electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities the electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities the electric and magnetic
+fields now these terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields now these terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields now these terms of
+proportionality in modern parlance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality in modern parlance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality in modern parlance uh
+Epsilon this Greek letter Epsilon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon this Greek letter Epsilon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon this Greek letter Epsilon that
+relates the displacement field electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the displacement field electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the displacement field electric
+field that's what we would call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's what we would call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's what we would call the
+dielectric constant sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric constant sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dielectric constant sometimes it's
+called the permittivity we saw we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the permittivity we saw we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the permittivity we saw we had a
+little indication in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little indication in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little indication in the previous
+lecture to Maxwell in his Circle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to Maxwell in his Circle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to Maxwell in his Circle that
+was really kind of like a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really kind of like a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really kind of like a spring
+constant it was a way of characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it was a way of characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it was a way of characterizing
+the responsiveness of either The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsiveness of either The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responsiveness of either The Ether
+itself or some other material that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or some other material that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or some other material that might
+be placed within the ether like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be placed within the ether like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be placed within the ether like some
+insulating or dielectric material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating or dielectric material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating or dielectric material
+likewise we we will call MU we today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we we will call MU we today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we we will call MU we today
+call MU the magnetic permeability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call MU the magnetic permeability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call MU the magnetic permeability for
+the maxwellians uh it was also again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxwellians uh it was also again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maxwellians uh it was also again a
+different kind of basically spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of basically spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of basically spring
+constant a kind of elastic feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a kind of elastic feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant a kind of elastic feature of
+the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium
+now what's important is that for Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's important is that for Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's important is that for Maxwell
+and his generation within the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his generation within the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his generation within the ether
+these took on simple numerical values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these took on simple numerical values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these took on simple numerical values
+they just became constants with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just became constants with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just became constants with sort of
+reference values this was a number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference values this was a number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference values this was a number with
+a particular value and that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value and that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value and that was the
+value of say the permittivity of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of say the permittivity of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of say the permittivity of The
+Ether or the magnetic permeability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether or the magnetic permeability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether or the magnetic permeability of
+ether so Epsilon just became some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether so Epsilon just became some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether so Epsilon just became some
+constant Epsilon naught mu likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Epsilon naught mu likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Epsilon naught mu likewise
+became some constant mu naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became some constant mu naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became some constant mu naught
+moreover Maxwell realized if he looks if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover Maxwell realized if he looks if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover Maxwell realized if he looks if
+you look at the the uh Source terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the the uh Source terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the the uh Source terms the
+right hand side of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of some of these
+equations sorry uh then you see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations sorry uh then you see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations sorry uh then you see that uh
+there are some terms referring to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some terms referring to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some terms referring to either
+the electric charge density rho or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric charge density rho or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric charge density rho or an
+electric current capital J well Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current capital J well Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current capital J well Maxwell
+began to apply his own new equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to apply his own new equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to apply his own new equations
+before they were written in this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were written in this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they were written in this very
+nice convenient form that we inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice convenient form that we inherit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice convenient form that we inherit
+from Oliver hebicide Max began applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Oliver hebicide Max began applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Oliver hebicide Max began applying
+his equations to a region of space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his equations to a region of space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his equations to a region of space that
+was filled only with ether a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was filled only with ether a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was filled only with ether a region of
+what we would call empty space to Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would call empty space to Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would call empty space to Max
+what was never truly empty because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was never truly empty because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was never truly empty because of
+course it was filled at least with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was filled at least with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was filled at least with this
+all-pervasive luminiferous either but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-pervasive luminiferous either but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-pervasive luminiferous either but he
+wanted to in particular consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to in particular consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to in particular consider a
+region where there was no bunch of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where there was no bunch of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where there was no bunch of no
+clump of electrically charged matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clump of electrically charged matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clump of electrically charged matter so
+row advantage in that region of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row advantage in that region of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row advantage in that region of space
+there was no electric current flowing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no electric current flowing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no electric current flowing so
+J would vanish capital j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J would vanish capital j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J would vanish capital j
+then it takes only a couple steps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it takes only a couple steps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it takes only a couple steps the
+kinds of steps that he was very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of steps that he was very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of steps that he was very good at
+as second Wrangler at Cambridge there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as second Wrangler at Cambridge there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as second Wrangler at Cambridge there's
+only a few steps to then rearrange these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few steps to then rearrange these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few steps to then rearrange these
+four equations on the T-shirt into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations on the T-shirt into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations on the T-shirt into
+actually two identical equations to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two identical equations to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two identical equations to a
+pair of equations one for the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of equations one for the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of equations one for the electric
+field and one for the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and one for the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and one for the magnetic field
+uh and so you could manipulate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so you could manipulate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so you could manipulate those
+four equations by taking the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations by taking the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations by taking the Divergence
+of one and so on and the curl of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and so on and the curl of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and so on and the curl of the
+other the kind of manipulations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the kind of manipulations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the kind of manipulations that
+wrangles are very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrangles are very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrangles are very good at
+and it boiled down his four equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it boiled down his four equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it boiled down his four equations in
+this simple case of considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple case of considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple case of considering the
+electric and magnetic fields in regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields in regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields in regions
+that were filled only with the ether he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were filled only with the ether he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were filled only with the ether he
+could form two versions of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could form two versions of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could form two versions of the same
+equation both electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation both electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation both electric and magnetic
+fields would obey the same form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields would obey the same form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields would obey the same form of the
+equation again just as a reminder in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again just as a reminder in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again just as a reminder in
+case you haven't seen it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you haven't seen it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you haven't seen it before
+this upside down upside down triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upside down upside down triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upside down upside down triangle
+sometimes called nabla that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called nabla that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called nabla that's a
+shorthand for the second derivatives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for the second derivatives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for the second derivatives in
+the spatial directions that's like d by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial directions that's like d by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial directions that's like d by
+DX squared plus d by d y Square x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX squared plus d by d y Square x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX squared plus d by d y Square x
+squared plus d by DZ squared how is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus d by DZ squared how is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus d by DZ squared how is this
+quantity e varying in space and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity e varying in space and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity e varying in space and by
+taking the the second derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the the second derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the the second derivatives of
+spatial variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial variation
+and uh what Maxwell found is he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what Maxwell found is he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what Maxwell found is he could
+relate those those spatially varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate those those spatially varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate those those spatially varying
+quantities to the way that same quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities to the way that same quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities to the way that same quantity
+either e or B would vary over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either e or B would vary over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either e or B would vary over time so
+you see related to uh the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see related to uh the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see related to uh the second
+derivatives of time with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of time with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of time with some
+proportionality that turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality that turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality that turned out to be
+the product of those two kind of spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of those two kind of spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of those two kind of spring
+constants the uh dielectric constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants the uh dielectric constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants the uh dielectric constant and
+the Magnetic permeability when they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Magnetic permeability when they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Magnetic permeability when they take
+their simple constant values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their simple constant values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their simple constant values in the
+vacuum so this is why Max was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so this is why Max was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum so this is why Max was already
+getting quite excited in 1865. he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting quite excited in 1865. he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting quite excited in 1865. he
+realized because of it largely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized because of it largely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized because of it largely because
+of his uh Cambridge Wrangler or math try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his uh Cambridge Wrangler or math try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his uh Cambridge Wrangler or math try
+post training that this form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post training that this form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post training that this form of the
+equation is very very familiar this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is very very familiar this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is very very familiar this is
+as he already well knew the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he already well knew the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he already well knew the form of a
+wave equation for a traveling wave like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation for a traveling wave like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation for a traveling wave like
+and I go through this in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go through this in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go through this in a little more
+detail in the lecture notes if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in the lecture notes if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in the lecture notes if this is
+new for you we'll just go through we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new for you we'll just go through we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new for you we'll just go through we'll
+take a quick look here uh unpack that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick look here uh unpack that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick look here uh unpack that a
+bit further so every good Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further so every good Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit further so every good Cambridge
+Wrangler knew in fact even some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wrangler knew in fact even some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wrangler knew in fact even some of the
+not such good Cambridge students Knew by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such good Cambridge students Knew by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such good Cambridge students Knew by
+this point that there was a general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point that there was a general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point that there was a general form
+to represent a wave equation for say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a wave equation for say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a wave equation for say a
+traveling wave and it would take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave and it would take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave and it would take this
+form where you have the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where you have the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where you have the second
+derivative over space that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative over space that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative over space that now the
+square to Del squared you have second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to Del squared you have second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to Del squared you have second
+derivative in time and you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in time and you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in time and you have this
+proportionality given by the speed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality given by the speed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality given by the speed with
+which the wave was traveling so if say V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the wave was traveling so if say V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the wave was traveling so if say V
+was the speed of the wave so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the speed of the wave so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the speed of the wave so if you have
+some wave-like quantity like say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave-like quantity like say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wave-like quantity like say the
+amplitude away of the wave it would vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude away of the wave it would vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude away of the wave it would vary
+over time and space and will vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and space and will vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and space and will vary
+according to this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this differential equation
+where the key part was V is the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the key part was V is the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the key part was V is the speed of
+the wave now we go back oh let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave now we go back oh let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave now we go back oh let's just
+simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify
+consider Motion in a single direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider Motion in a single direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider Motion in a single direction of
+space so instead of considering X Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so instead of considering X Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so instead of considering X Y and
+Z let's just consider to make it simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z let's just consider to make it simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z let's just consider to make it simpler
+motion only along the x-axis then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion only along the x-axis then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion only along the x-axis then we can
+very quickly solve this equation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly solve this equation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly solve this equation where
+you've all probably done many times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all probably done many times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all probably done many times and
+the Solutions in general will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Solutions in general will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Solutions in general will be a
+series of Sines and cosines it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of Sines and cosines it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of Sines and cosines it's just a
+periodic oscillation it is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic oscillation it is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic oscillation it is indeed
+wave-like Behavior as we'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave-like Behavior as we'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave-like Behavior as we'd expect
+so I've introduced some some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've introduced some some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've introduced some some notation
+here again which might be very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again which might be very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again which might be very familiar
+for you K is really just an abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you K is really just an abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you K is really just an abbreviation
+it's called The Wave number it just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called The Wave number it just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called The Wave number it just goes
+inversely with the wavelength as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely with the wavelength as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely with the wavelength as you
+might have seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen before
+the lowercase Greek letter Omega this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowercase Greek letter Omega this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowercase Greek letter Omega this
+one looks kind of like a w that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks kind of like a w that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks kind of like a w that's the
+Omega letter that is the frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega letter that is the frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega letter that is the frequency in
+fact it's the angular frequency and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's the angular frequency and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's the angular frequency and that
+just goes inversely with the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes inversely with the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes inversely with the period of
+the wave and so again in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave and so again in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave and so again in a way that's
+probably familiar for you when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar for you when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar for you when you have
+a a function that satisfies this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a function that satisfies this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a function that satisfies this kind of
+wave equation then the solutions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation then the solutions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation then the solutions can be
+thought of as waves in both space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as waves in both space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as waves in both space and
+time so here what I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here what I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so here what I'm doing is
+presenting a kind of snapshot at One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a kind of snapshot at One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a kind of snapshot at One
+Moment In Time let's say t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment In Time let's say t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moment In Time let's say t equals zero
+how is that wave spread out over space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that wave spread out over space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that wave spread out over space
+if you can imagine just to freeze time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can imagine just to freeze time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can imagine just to freeze time
+and look you know to your left and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look you know to your left and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look you know to your left and your
+right you'd see some regions where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd see some regions where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd see some regions where that
+wave reached a Peak at a Crest other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave reached a Peak at a Crest other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave reached a Peak at a Crest other
+positions in space other values along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space other values along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in space other values along
+the x-axis where the wave reached a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis where the wave reached a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis where the wave reached a
+trough or a minimum and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trough or a minimum and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trough or a minimum and it would
+periodically rise between a Crest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically rise between a Crest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically rise between a Crest and
+trough the distance between neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trough the distance between neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trough the distance between neighboring
+crests or Peaks was simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crests or Peaks was simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crests or Peaks was simply the
+wavelength Lambda inversely proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Lambda inversely proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Lambda inversely proportional
+wave number likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave number likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave number likewise
+we could stand at a particular location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could stand at a particular location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could stand at a particular location
+in space let's say the origin x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space let's say the origin x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space let's say the origin x equals
+zero and just clock in how high is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and just clock in how high is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and just clock in how high is the
+wave as it passes us over time so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as it passes us over time so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave as it passes us over time so now
+we're saying staying in one position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying staying in one position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying staying in one position in
+space and and clocking how the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and clocking how the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and clocking how the amplitude
+changes as a function of time we once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as a function of time we once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as a function of time we once
+again see this very simple oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again see this very simple oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again see this very simple oscillating
+pattern and where at one moment we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and where at one moment we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and where at one moment we see a
+peak of the wave passes by sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the wave passes by sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the wave passes by sometime
+later at that same position in space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later at that same position in space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later at that same position in space we
+see a trough and vice versa and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a trough and vice versa and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a trough and vice versa and the time
+duration between Peaks is the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration between Peaks is the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration between Peaks is the period
+capital T inversely proportional to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T inversely proportional to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T inversely proportional to that
+frequency Omega that's very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega that's very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega that's very likely
+familiar if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if that's
+um not so familiar uh there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so familiar uh there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not so familiar uh there's a little
+bit more write-up in those lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more write-up in those lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more write-up in those lecture notes
+but that's that's what that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's what that's how
+Wranglers had learned to tr to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wranglers had learned to tr to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wranglers had learned to tr to handle
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+the traveling wave mathematically for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traveling wave mathematically for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traveling wave mathematically for a
+long time in preparation for the tripos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in preparation for the tripos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in preparation for the tripos
+exam now let's go back to what Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam now let's go back to what Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam now let's go back to what Maxwell
+had found from as I showed you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found from as I showed you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found from as I showed you in the
+previous set of slides he found an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set of slides he found an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous set of slides he found an
+equation for the electric field and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the electric field and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the electric field and an
+equation of the identical form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the identical form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the identical form for the
+magnetic field when he applied his four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field when he applied his four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field when he applied his four
+equations in fact it was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in fact it was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in fact it was more
+complicated with all the components but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated with all the components but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated with all the components but
+we would now consider the four simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now consider the four simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would now consider the four simple
+equations for uh for electromagnetism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for uh for electromagnetism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for uh for electromagnetism
+when he applied them to a region of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he applied them to a region of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he applied them to a region of only
+ether no nearby charges or currents then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether no nearby charges or currents then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether no nearby charges or currents then
+he found a way an equation of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found a way an equation of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found a way an equation of exactly
+the same form that would be obeyed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form that would be obeyed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form that would be obeyed by
+both the electric and magnetic field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the electric and magnetic field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the electric and magnetic field and
+not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that
+when he plugged in the best known values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he plugged in the best known values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he plugged in the best known values
+for these kinds of parameters of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these kinds of parameters of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these kinds of parameters of The
+Ether these spring constants what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether these spring constants what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether these spring constants what we
+would Now call the dielectric constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call the dielectric constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call the dielectric constant
+and the Magnetic permittivity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Magnetic permittivity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Magnetic permittivity or
+permeability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability
+he found the kind of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found the kind of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found the kind of numerical
+coincidence that the product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that the product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that the product of those
+two constants actually was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constants actually was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constants actually was very very
+close to what was already known to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what was already known to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what was already known to be
+the speed of light in fact he found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light in fact he found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light in fact he found it
+like one over the square of that speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over the square of that speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over the square of that speed
+of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+so this quantity looked a lot like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity looked a lot like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this quantity looked a lot like one
+over the square of the speed of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square of the speed of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square of the speed of that
+traveling wave as it would look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave as it would look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave as it would look for
+generic mathematical treatment of waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic mathematical treatment of waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic mathematical treatment of waves
+now the speed of light had been measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the speed of light had been measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the speed of light had been measured
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for for uh 200 years by this point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh 200 years by this point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh 200 years by this point uh
+both in Optical experiments but often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in Optical experiments but often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in Optical experiments but often in
+astronomical ones so the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical ones so the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical ones so the speed of light
+was actually um a constant a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually um a constant a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually um a constant a number that
+Maxwell kind of knew about he'd heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell kind of knew about he'd heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell kind of knew about he'd heard
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+so he was kind of prepared when he began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was kind of prepared when he began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was kind of prepared when he began
+substituting in these seemingly totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in these seemingly totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting in these seemingly totally
+separate uh parameters or constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh parameters or constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate uh parameters or constants
+Epsilon and mu and he found really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and mu and he found really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and mu and he found really to
+his surprise this numerical value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his surprise this numerical value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his surprise this numerical value that
+their product went like one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product went like one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their product went like one over the
+speed of light squared that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light squared that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light squared that's what
+drives him to conclude starting in 1865
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives him to conclude starting in 1865
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives him to conclude starting in 1865
+that light waves waves that travel at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light waves waves that travel at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light waves waves that travel at
+the characteristic speed C were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic speed C were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic speed C were
+literally nothing but traveling waves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally nothing but traveling waves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally nothing but traveling waves of
+electric and magnetic fields in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic fields in The
+Ether these were these transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether these were these transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether these were these transverse
+undulations that he uh began writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations that he uh began writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulations that he uh began writing
+about that's what gets Maxwell to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's what gets Maxwell to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's what gets Maxwell to that
+conclusion I want to give this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I want to give this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion I want to give this a little
+more example of his thought process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example of his thought process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example of his thought process for
+why he concludes that light was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he concludes that light was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he concludes that light was nothing
+but these waves of electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these waves of electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these waves of electric and magnetic
+fields either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields either
+okay so now Maxwell's whole analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now Maxwell's whole analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now Maxwell's whole analysis
+there is is really quite succinct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is is really quite succinct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is is really quite succinct and
+elegant as it was had made a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant as it was had made a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant as it was had made a number of
+of simplifying assumptions you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simplifying assumptions you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simplifying assumptions you might
+have noticed he was assuming that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed he was assuming that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have noticed he was assuming that both
+the emitter of those waves the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter of those waves the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter of those waves the source of
+those waves and also the receiver of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves and also the receiver of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those waves and also the receiver of
+them were both at rest not only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were both at rest not only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were both at rest not only with
+respect to each other neither is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other neither is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each other neither is moving
+with respect to the other they were both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the other they were both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the other they were both
+at rest with respect to the ether let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest with respect to the ether let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at rest with respect to the ether let's
+imagine that we have some Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we have some Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we have some Source
+emitting light that's just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting light that's just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting light that's just sitting
+absolutely still in The Ether and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely still in The Ether and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely still in The Ether and it's
+going to generate those sine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate those sine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate those sine and
+cosine-like waves of electric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine-like waves of electric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine-like waves of electric and
+magnetic fields and let's say some at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields and let's say some at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields and let's say some at
+some other location at fixed at rest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other location at fixed at rest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other location at fixed at rest in
+the ether is something that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether is something that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether is something that's going to
+measure or receive that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or receive that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure or receive that way
+so an obvious next question to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an obvious next question to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an obvious next question to ask is
+can you generalize Maxwell's treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you generalize Maxwell's treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you generalize Maxwell's treatment
+of Optics to the case where either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Optics to the case where either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Optics to the case where either the
+sender or the receiver or maybe both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender or the receiver or maybe both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender or the receiver or maybe both are
+moving not only with respect to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving not only with respect to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving not only with respect to each
+other but even more important for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but even more important for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but even more important for these
+folks moving with respect to the either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks moving with respect to the either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks moving with respect to the either
+with with respect to that light bearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with respect to that light bearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with respect to that light bearing
+uh luminiferous ether and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh luminiferous ether and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh luminiferous ether and that was a
+challenge that many many leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that many many leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that many many leading
+mathematical physicists recognize sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicists recognize sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicists recognize sort
+of in one of the next obvious things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in one of the next obvious things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in one of the next obvious things to
+try down the stream from Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try down the stream from Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try down the stream from Maxwell's
+result and this became basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and this became basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and this became basically the
+challenge of the electrodynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of the electrodynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of the electrodynamics of
+moving bodies a title that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving bodies a title that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving bodies a title that we're going
+to come to many many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to many many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to many many times
+for for much of today's class we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for much of today's class we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for much of today's class we're
+going to look at how a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at how a particular
+mathematical physicist Hendrick Lorenz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist Hendrick Lorenz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physicist Hendrick Lorenz
+tried to make sense of this so he took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to make sense of this so he took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to make sense of this so he took
+on this task as did many of his peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this task as did many of his peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this task as did many of his peers
+this task of trying to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task of trying to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task of trying to generalize
+Maxwell's treatment to the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's treatment to the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's treatment to the case of
+moving uh senators or uh receivers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving uh senators or uh receivers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving uh senators or uh receivers of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+now on the one hand this looked like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the one hand this looked like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on the one hand this looked like a
+pretty straightforward challenge Lorenz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward challenge Lorenz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward challenge Lorenz
+like every trained uh mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every trained uh mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every trained uh mathematical
+physicist of his day knew how to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist of his day knew how to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist of his day knew how to perform
+things like coordinate transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like coordinate transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like coordinate transformations
+in fact it was the Galilean coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it was the Galilean coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it was the Galilean coordinate
+transformation Galileo had worked it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation Galileo had worked it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation Galileo had worked it out
+in the early 1600s it was hardly Cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1600s it was hardly Cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early 1600s it was hardly Cutting
+Edge research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge research
+the idea was gal as you may remember you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was gal as you may remember you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was gal as you may remember you
+may know Galileo imagined how to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know Galileo imagined how to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know Galileo imagined how to relate
+the coordinates of say someone riding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of say someone riding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinates of say someone riding on
+a boat moving at a constant speed down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boat moving at a constant speed down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boat moving at a constant speed down a
+river let's say and how that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river let's say and how that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river let's say and how that person
+might relate her coordinates to those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might relate her coordinates to those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might relate her coordinates to those of
+an observer standing on the shore or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observer standing on the shore or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observer standing on the shore or the
+you know the the side of the lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the side of the lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the side of the lake
+standing standing still they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing standing still they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing standing still they would have
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+so that you could relate those one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you could relate those one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you could relate those one set
+of coordinates the other by taking into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates the other by taking into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates the other by taking into
+account the relative motion if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the relative motion if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the relative motion if we
+Imagine That We're The Observer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine That We're The Observer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine That We're The Observer on the
+shore watching the sort of boat drift by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore watching the sort of boat drift by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore watching the sort of boat drift by
+then we can relate how the the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can relate how the the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can relate how the the person's
+uh the coordinates for the person on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the coordinates for the person on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the coordinates for the person on the
+boat let's say the origin what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat let's say the origin what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat let's say the origin what that
+person calls x equals zero how that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person calls x equals zero how that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person calls x equals zero how that will
+shift with respect to our coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift with respect to our coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift with respect to our coordinate
+system we realize the boat is drifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we realize the boat is drifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we realize the boat is drifting
+at some speed V so at later moments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some speed V so at later moments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some speed V so at later moments in
+time the position x equals zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the position x equals zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the position x equals zero on the
+boat will have drifted away from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat will have drifted away from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat will have drifted away from what we
+called x equals zero on the shore and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called x equals zero on the shore and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called x equals zero on the shore and we
+just take into account of the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take into account of the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take into account of the relative
+motion with the speed V this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with the speed V this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion with the speed V this is what's
+uh called the Galilean coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called the Galilean coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called the Galilean coordinate
+transformation and this was indeed quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and this was indeed quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and this was indeed quite
+familiar it got codified by Newton in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar it got codified by Newton in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar it got codified by Newton in
+the later part of the 1600s this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later part of the 1600s this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the later part of the 1600s this was
+really pretty old literally textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty old literally textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pretty old literally textbook
+stuff by the time people like Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff by the time people like Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff by the time people like Maxwell
+and Lorenz came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lorenz came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lorenz came along
+but then Lorenz uh found something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then Lorenz uh found something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then Lorenz uh found something that
+he did not expect when he used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did not expect when he used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did not expect when he used the
+totally standard way of relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally standard way of relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally standard way of relating
+coordinates when there's relative motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates when there's relative motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates when there's relative motion
+between in this case say the emitter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in this case say the emitter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between in this case say the emitter and
+the receiver of light he put those into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver of light he put those into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver of light he put those into
+Maxwell's equations that related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations that related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations that related
+remember uh uh derivatives or variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh uh derivatives or variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh uh derivatives or variations
+in space to rates of change over time he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space to rates of change over time he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space to rates of change over time he
+got something that looked a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that looked a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that looked a bit more
+like a mess so when he tried to uh apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mess so when he tried to uh apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mess so when he tried to uh apply
+the coordinate transformation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate transformation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate transformation to
+Maxwell's equations for the propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations for the propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations for the propagation
+of an electric field in The Ether he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electric field in The Ether he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electric field in The Ether he got
+a form that no longer looked quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form that no longer looked quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form that no longer looked quite so
+simple as Maxwell's original form why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as Maxwell's original form why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as Maxwell's original form why
+should that have bothered someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that have bothered someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that have bothered someone like
+Lorenz because that meant the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz because that meant the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz because that meant the solutions
+to this transformed equation would no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this transformed equation would no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this transformed equation would no
+longer behave as simple signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer behave as simple signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer behave as simple signs and
+cosines and now you're all on mute but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines and now you're all on mute but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines and now you're all on mute but I
+can imagine you're screaming much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine you're screaming much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine you're screaming much like
+this great Edvard Munch picture that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great Edvard Munch picture that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great Edvard Munch picture that's
+how I feel oh how could it be why was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I feel oh how could it be why was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I feel oh how could it be why was it
+such a headache for him for the Reds why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a headache for him for the Reds why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a headache for him for the Reds why
+was it so alarming because people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it so alarming because people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it so alarming because people have
+been measuring light on Earth for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been measuring light on Earth for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been measuring light on Earth for a long
+long time and had already figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and had already figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and had already figured out
+that light behaved more or less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light behaved more or less like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light behaved more or less like
+Sines and cosines in many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sines and cosines in many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sines and cosines in many many many
+applications here on Earth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here on Earth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications here on Earth in
+Laboratories in increasingly precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories in increasingly precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratories in increasingly precise
+Optical laboratories on Earth really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical laboratories on Earth really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical laboratories on Earth really
+getting throughout the uh 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting throughout the uh 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting throughout the uh 19th century
+people had measured properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had measured properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had measured properties of
+propagating light waves or more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating light waves or more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating light waves or more General
+electromagnetic waves of various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves of various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves of various uh
+wavelength and they routinely found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and they routinely found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and they routinely found that
+these waves of travel were behaving like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves of travel were behaving like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these waves of travel were behaving like
+very very much like Sines and cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much like Sines and cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much like Sines and cosines
+exactly as Maxwell had found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as Maxwell had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as Maxwell had found
+why should that matter well Lorenz knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should that matter well Lorenz knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should that matter well Lorenz knew
+that he was doing his measuring so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was doing his measuring so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was doing his measuring so his
+colleagues were on the earth the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were on the earth the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues were on the earth the planet
+Earth he knew the Earth was moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth he knew the Earth was moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth he knew the Earth was moving
+through the ether it was moving in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ether it was moving in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ether it was moving in its
+rotation around the Sun there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around the Sun there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around the Sun there's no
+reason to think even the sun was at Rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think even the sun was at Rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think even the sun was at Rest
+In The Ether the Earth was certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In The Ether the Earth was certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In The Ether the Earth was certainly
+very likely to be not the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely to be not the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very likely to be not the center of the
+universe anymore in the Years well past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe anymore in the Years well past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe anymore in the Years well past
+Copernicus so it seemed all but certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copernicus so it seemed all but certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copernicus so it seemed all but certain
+that the planet Earth was in some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the planet Earth was in some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the planet Earth was in some state
+of motion Through The Ether who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion Through The Ether who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion Through The Ether who's
+light-bearing ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-bearing ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-bearing ether
+so we should have to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should have to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should have to take into account
+this kind of coordinate transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of coordinate transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of coordinate transformation
+because the light waves being either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light waves being either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the light waves being either
+emitted or received on Earth were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted or received on Earth were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted or received on Earth were not
+being uh treated we're not at rest with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh treated we're not at rest with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh treated we're not at rest with
+respect to Ether they were on earth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Ether they were on earth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Ether they were on earth the
+earth is moving so we're in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is moving so we're in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth is moving so we're in some
+relative motion with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion with respect to the
+ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+and yet in Optics labs around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet in Optics labs around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet in Optics labs around the world
+people really did measure properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really did measure properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really did measure properties of
+light as if they were just simple signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as if they were just simple signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light as if they were just simple signs
+and cosines how could you square these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosines how could you square these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosines how could you square these
+two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+so Lorenz came up with one part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lorenz came up with one part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lorenz came up with one part of what
+turns out to have been a two-part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to have been a two-part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to have been a two-part
+response so we're going to look at both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so we're going to look at both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so we're going to look at both
+of his responses today it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his responses today it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his responses today it's going to
+take up much of our class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up much of our class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up much of our class today
+his first response was really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first response was really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first response was really kind of
+mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical
+uh he was after all a remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was after all a remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was after all a remarkably
+accomplished mathematical physicist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished mathematical physicist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished mathematical physicist so
+he published this first in the 1890s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he published this first in the 1890s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he published this first in the 1890s
+this first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first part
+he just introduces a new time variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just introduces a new time variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just introduces a new time variable
+he calls it local time so if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls it local time so if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he calls it local time so if you recall
+in the Galilean transformation let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Galilean transformation let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Galilean transformation let me
+bring it back up for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back up for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back up for a moment
+the standard way to relate coordinates I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard way to relate coordinates I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard way to relate coordinates I
+should have emphasized earlier you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have emphasized earlier you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have emphasized earlier you take
+into account a change between x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account a change between x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account a change between x and x
+Prime you watch the boat drift so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you watch the boat drift so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you watch the boat drift so you
+see that the boat uh the boat observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the boat uh the boat observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the boat uh the boat observers
+x equals zero has moved in spread to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals zero has moved in spread to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals zero has moved in spread to
+eurax but you assume as Galileo assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eurax but you assume as Galileo assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eurax but you assume as Galileo assumed
+as Newton assumed that there's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Newton assumed that there's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Newton assumed that there's no reason
+to change your time coordinate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your time coordinate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change your time coordinate your
+clocks shouldn't be affected by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks shouldn't be affected by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clocks shouldn't be affected by the fact
+that boats drifting down the river that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boats drifting down the river that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boats drifting down the river that
+was the Assumption so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Assumption so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Assumption so there was no
+typically there's no change in the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically there's no change in the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically there's no change in the time
+quarter even when you were considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter even when you were considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter even when you were considering
+relative motion well lorentz in a move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion well lorentz in a move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion well lorentz in a move
+of really kind of desperation cleverness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really kind of desperation cleverness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really kind of desperation cleverness
+but also desperation so well what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also desperation so well what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also desperation so well what if we
+revisit that what if we introduce a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit that what if we introduce a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit that what if we introduce a new
+time that he calls local time T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that he calls local time T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that he calls local time T Prime
+where that also becomes a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that also becomes a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that also becomes a function of
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+the time of the original coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the original coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time of the original coordinate
+system the location say x and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the location say x and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the location say x and also the
+speed the relative speed of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the relative speed of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed the relative speed of motion
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+If he if he then kind of reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If he if he then kind of reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If he if he then kind of reverse
+Engineers what form of transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers what form of transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers what form of transformation
+would he need for this new time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he need for this new time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he need for this new time
+coordinate T Prime then he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate T Prime then he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate T Prime then he could
+actually say the form of Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say the form of Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually say the form of Maxwell's
+equations when he transformed both x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when he transformed both x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when he transformed both x and
+t not only X in a particular way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t not only X in a particular way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t not only X in a particular way he
+could make sure that the Maxwell's wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make sure that the Maxwell's wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make sure that the Maxwell's wave
+equation was invariant under this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was invariant under this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was invariant under this new
+set of corner Transformations he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of corner Transformations he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of corner Transformations he could
+save the form of Maximus equations now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the form of Maximus equations now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the form of Maximus equations now
+lorentz always always thought this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorentz always always thought this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorentz always always thought this was
+just a trick he absolutely did not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trick he absolutely did not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a trick he absolutely did not think
+this was a physical change to how clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a physical change to how clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a physical change to how clocks
+would measure time he did not think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would measure time he did not think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would measure time he did not think that
+this was a kind of um a real effect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a kind of um a real effect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a kind of um a real effect in
+the world it was a clever way to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it was a clever way to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it was a clever way to try to
+relate coordinate systems that he left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate coordinate systems that he left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate coordinate systems that he left
+really as mathematical in fact he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as mathematical in fact he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really as mathematical in fact he
+himself calls it fictitious in his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself calls it fictitious in his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself calls it fictitious in his own
+papers this was just a way to try to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers this was just a way to try to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers this was just a way to try to say
+let's refer everything back to The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's refer everything back to The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's refer everything back to The Ether
+rest frame and we'll have to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame and we'll have to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame and we'll have to do a little
+more complicated kind of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated kind of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated kind of mathematical
+Jujitsu to understand why AI light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jujitsu to understand why AI light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jujitsu to understand why AI light
+should continue to behave like Sines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should continue to behave like Sines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should continue to behave like Sines and
+cosines so I'm going to pause there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines so I'm going to pause there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines so I'm going to pause there and
+ask if there are any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if there are any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if there are any questions on that
+on that part so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that part so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that part so far
+any questions any of that I see the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions any of that I see the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions any of that I see the chat
+has a few items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so indeed ether has been spelled many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed ether has been spelled many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed ether has been spelled many
+ways I see that in the chat that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I see that in the chat that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I see that in the chat that's
+definitely true and thank you for uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true and thank you for uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true and thank you for uh uh
+Tiffany Julia for weighing in on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good question he knew he was he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question he knew he was he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question he knew he was he was
+definitely fixated on this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fixated on this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely fixated on this coordinate
+this mathematical coordinate called T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical coordinate called T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical coordinate called T
+and you know kind of uh that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know kind of uh that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know kind of uh that had been
+the time coordinates since you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time coordinates since you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time coordinates since you know
+Galileo's time if not before so he knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo's time if not before so he knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galileo's time if not before so he knew
+he had to he was he was intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to he was he was intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had to he was he was intentionally
+adjusting how he would compare the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting how he would compare the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting how he would compare the time
+coordinate in one uh for let's say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate in one uh for let's say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate in one uh for let's say one
+state of Motion versus another the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Motion versus another the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of Motion versus another the part
+so that part wasn't so surprising either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that part wasn't so surprising either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that part wasn't so surprising either
+for himself or his colleagues it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for himself or his colleagues it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for himself or his colleagues it was the
+T coordinate tasted for like the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T coordinate tasted for like the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T coordinate tasted for like the time
+read by a clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read by a clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read by a clock
+that's what Galileo meant that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Galileo meant that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Galileo meant that's what
+Newton meant that's what Maxwell meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton meant that's what Maxwell meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton meant that's what Maxwell meant
+what what he wanted to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what he wanted to be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what he wanted to be very careful
+about was was to make sure his readers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was was to make sure his readers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was was to make sure his readers
+knew he didn't take this like literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew he didn't take this like literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew he didn't take this like literally
+it was really a kind of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really a kind of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really a kind of mathematical
+move say if we somehow have to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move say if we somehow have to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move say if we somehow have to relate
+our own local coordinates to The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own local coordinates to The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own local coordinates to The Ether
+rest frame which is the physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame which is the physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame which is the physically
+relevant comparison as far as they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant comparison as far as they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant comparison as far as they were
+concerned these were disturbances in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned these were disturbances in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned these were disturbances in The
+Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether
+that he wasn't sure how to make what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't sure how to make what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't sure how to make what to
+make of the fact that the T coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of the fact that the T coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make of the fact that the T coordinate
+for this person might not be the same T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this person might not be the same T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this person might not be the same T
+coordinate for someone at rest with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for someone at rest with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for someone at rest with
+respect to Ether he would agree it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Ether he would agree it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Ether he would agree it was
+all about how we measure a time on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about how we measure a time on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about how we measure a time on a
+clock he just was convinced of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock he just was convinced of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock he just was convinced of a kind of
+illusion it was a fictitious thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion it was a fictitious thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion it was a fictitious thing but
+if you do that then you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that then you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that then you can make
+Maxwell's equations look like uh the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations look like uh the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations look like uh the way
+one wants to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wants to again
+uh uh good Gary asked the question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh good Gary asked the question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh good Gary asked the question why
+did Einstein later say he built his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Einstein later say he built his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Einstein later say he built his
+theories on Maxwell rather than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories on Maxwell rather than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories on Maxwell rather than on
+loretz uh that's a great question I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loretz uh that's a great question I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loretz uh that's a great question I'm
+going to invite you to ask again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to invite you to ask again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to invite you to ask again in
+about one or two class sessions we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one or two class sessions we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one or two class sessions we'll
+come we'll talk quite a bit about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come we'll talk quite a bit about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come we'll talk quite a bit about that
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah that's an excellent question Gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's an excellent question Gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's an excellent question Gary
+but I'm going to pause on that one any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to pause on that one any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to pause on that one any
+other questions on what Lawrence was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on what Lawrence was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions on what Lawrence was
+doing in the 1890s what was the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the 1890s what was the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in the 1890s what was the nature
+of the challenge of this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the challenge of this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the challenge of this question about
+uh the the the behavior of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the behavior of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the the behavior of that
+wave-like equation Maxwell found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave-like equation Maxwell found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave-like equation Maxwell found it
+looked so pristine and Powerful until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked so pristine and Powerful until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked so pristine and Powerful until
+you asked like the next obvious question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked like the next obvious question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you asked like the next obvious question
+what if either the sender uh or receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if either the sender uh or receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if either the sender uh or receiver
+of light is in motion with spent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light is in motion with spent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light is in motion with spent to
+Ether uh-oh the usual tricks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether uh-oh the usual tricks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether uh-oh the usual tricks for
+relating coordinates seem to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating coordinates seem to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating coordinates seem to lead to
+some real difficulties that was the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real difficulties that was the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real difficulties that was the main
+point of that of that first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that of that first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that of that first part
+any other questions on that if not I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions on that if not I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions on that if not I'll
+jump into the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+let's go on now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on now to
+the next part which is all about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part which is all about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part which is all about uh the
+reading you had for today uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you had for today uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you had for today uh the
+Michelson Morley experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've seen many many times by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen many many times by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen many many times by now
+Kendrick Lorenz like pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendrick Lorenz like pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kendrick Lorenz like pretty much all
+active uh mathematical physicists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh mathematical physicists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh mathematical physicists and
+experimental physicists of his day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicists of his day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental physicists of his day
+Lorenz knew we just knew that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz knew we just knew that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz knew we just knew that light
+propagated in The Ether these were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated in The Ether these were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagated in The Ether these were these
+transverse undulations in The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse undulations in The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse undulations in The Ether
+so another natural question to ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another natural question to ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another natural question to ask is
+could you ever detect the fact that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you ever detect the fact that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you ever detect the fact that our
+Earth our own home laboratory was moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth our own home laboratory was moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth our own home laboratory was moving
+through the ether as I mentioned on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ether as I mentioned on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ether as I mentioned on that
+slide a few slides ago the earth was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a few slides ago the earth was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide a few slides ago the earth was
+moving around the Sun that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around the Sun that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around the Sun that was very
+clearly established for this generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly established for this generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly established for this generation
+long ago well past the age of Copernicus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago well past the age of Copernicus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ago well past the age of Copernicus
+so there's no reason to think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no reason to think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no reason to think that the
+Earth is this is at Rest In The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is this is at Rest In The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is this is at Rest In The Ether
+maybe even the sun isn't arrested it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even the sun isn't arrested it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even the sun isn't arrested it
+could be all kinds of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be all kinds of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be all kinds of complicated
+motions that we on Earth are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions that we on Earth are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions that we on Earth are going
+through with respect to the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with respect to the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with respect to the universal
+ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether
+so could we ever detect our own motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could we ever detect our own motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so could we ever detect our own motions
+Through The Ether based on the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Ether based on the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Ether based on the behavior
+of light light are these waves in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light light are these waves in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light light are these waves in that
+all pervasive ether we're moving through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pervasive ether we're moving through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pervasive ether we're moving through
+the ether we we measure properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether we we measure properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ether we we measure properties of
+light all the time could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light all the time could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light all the time could be
+recognized that we're actually in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that we're actually in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized that we're actually in motion
+and the idea was an analogy much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was an analogy much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea was an analogy much like
+you might think of um uh these days if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of um uh these days if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of um uh these days if
+you're lucky enough to get some fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky enough to get some fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lucky enough to get some fresh
+air and go for a bicycle ride so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and go for a bicycle ride so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and go for a bicycle ride so first
+imagine you step outside a day like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you step outside a day like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you step outside a day like
+today whether at least where I'm sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today whether at least where I'm sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today whether at least where I'm sitting
+uh I can see out my windows there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can see out my windows there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can see out my windows there's very
+little breeze or wind if I were to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little breeze or wind if I were to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little breeze or wind if I were to walk
+outside right now I would feel no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside right now I would feel no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside right now I would feel no
+particular kind of wind in my face the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of wind in my face the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of wind in my face the
+air is sort of still if I just stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is sort of still if I just stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is sort of still if I just stand
+still outside I don't feel anything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still outside I don't feel anything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still outside I don't feel anything on
+my face because uh the the atmosphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face because uh the the atmosphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my face because uh the the atmosphere is
+not in any kind of state of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in any kind of state of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in any kind of state of motion
+if however I would either run really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if however I would either run really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if however I would either run really
+fast or get on a bicycle and pedal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or get on a bicycle and pedal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast or get on a bicycle and pedal
+really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast
+I would feel a wind on my face I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would feel a wind on my face I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would feel a wind on my face I would
+feel the breeze even if I had stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the breeze even if I had stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the breeze even if I had stopped
+pedaling and Stood Still again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedaling and Stood Still again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedaling and Stood Still again that
+breeze would go away I would feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze would go away I would feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze would go away I would feel the
+effect of my motion through the medium a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of my motion through the medium a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of my motion through the medium a
+kind of headwind not because the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of headwind not because the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of headwind not because the medium
+was was in motion because I was moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was in motion because I was moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was in motion because I was moving
+with respect to the medium even on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the medium even on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the medium even on a
+still day with no Breeze the leaves on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still day with no Breeze the leaves on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still day with no Breeze the leaves on
+the trees are still the blades of grass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees are still the blades of grass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trees are still the blades of grass
+are not being blown around if I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not being blown around if I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not being blown around if I move
+rapidly through that Medium I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly through that Medium I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly through that Medium I will
+literally feel it I'll feel like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally feel it I'll feel like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally feel it I'll feel like a
+breeze on my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze on my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze on my face
+that's uh I'm belaboring the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh I'm belaboring the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh I'm belaboring the point
+probably quite familiar to you I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite familiar to you I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite familiar to you I also
+like you might see on this on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might see on this on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might see on this on this
+cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+so the question was could we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was could we measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was could we measure the
+effect of our own kind of headwind could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of our own kind of headwind could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of our own kind of headwind could
+we feel that effective of our own motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel that effective of our own motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel that effective of our own motion
+through this physical medium the medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this physical medium the medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this physical medium the medium
+in this case being the all-pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case being the all-pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case being the all-pervasive
+kind of elastic uh luminiferous ether if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elastic uh luminiferous ether if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of elastic uh luminiferous ether if
+we like the bicyclists are in a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the bicyclists are in a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like the bicyclists are in a state of
+motion through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion through it
+so that was a challenge that many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a challenge that many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was a challenge that many people
+thought was a neat question to ask one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was a neat question to ask one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was a neat question to ask one
+of the first to really tackle it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first to really tackle it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first to really tackle it in a
+very systematic experimental way was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic experimental way was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic experimental way was
+this remarkable figure named Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable figure named Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remarkable figure named Albert
+Michelson who began in Earnest to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson who began in Earnest to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson who began in Earnest to try to
+tackle this in the 1880s I'm not just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle this in the 1880s I'm not just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle this in the 1880s I'm not just I
+should just say I think Michelson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just say I think Michelson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just say I think Michelson is
+like really really amazing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really really amazing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really really amazing and
+fascinating uh as an individual he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh as an individual he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating uh as an individual he was
+born uh to uh a very poor Jewish Family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born uh to uh a very poor Jewish Family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born uh to uh a very poor Jewish Family
+in Central Europe and the border of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Central Europe and the border of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Central Europe and the border of what
+would soon become the Borderland between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would soon become the Borderland between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would soon become the Borderland between
+Germany and Poland when Michelson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Poland when Michelson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and Poland when Michelson was
+two years old his family emigrated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years old his family emigrated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years old his family emigrated to
+the United States they actually made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States they actually made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States they actually made
+their way to California in the midst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to California in the midst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to California in the midst of
+what became known as the gold rush in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became known as the gold rush in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became known as the gold rush in
+the 18 late 40s early 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18 late 40s early 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 18 late 40s early 50s
+and so his father became a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so his father became a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so his father became a kind of
+merchant to try to supply uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant to try to supply uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchant to try to supply uh the the
+kind of people chasing their fortune in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people chasing their fortune in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of people chasing their fortune in
+the gold rush in California they moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold rush in California they moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gold rush in California they moved
+around from one little tiny mining town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around from one little tiny mining town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around from one little tiny mining town
+to another Michelson actually wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another Michelson actually wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another Michelson actually wound up
+uh getting a fellowship to the Naval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting a fellowship to the Naval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting a fellowship to the Naval
+Academy so he got a free University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy so he got a free University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy so he got a free University
+education because he qualified for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education because he qualified for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education because he qualified for um
+for Annapolis and that's where he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Annapolis and that's where he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Annapolis and that's where he really
+began he fell in love with physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began he fell in love with physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began he fell in love with physics and
+uh and Mathematics and began thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Mathematics and began thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Mathematics and began thinking
+about Optics in particular more to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Optics in particular more to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Optics in particular more to be
+said totally crazy fascinating story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said totally crazy fascinating story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said totally crazy fascinating story but
+Michelson then got a fellowship to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson then got a fellowship to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson then got a fellowship to study
+after his undergraduate days in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after his undergraduate days in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after his undergraduate days in Germany
+so he was able to learn some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was able to learn some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was able to learn some of the
+latest Innovations in electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest Innovations in electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest Innovations in electromagnetic
+um physics from some of these experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um physics from some of these experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um physics from some of these experts
+who would study with people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would study with people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would study with people like
+Hendrick Harris and others who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hendrick Harris and others who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hendrick Harris and others who were
+deeply deeply enmeshed in Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply deeply enmeshed in Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply deeply enmeshed in Maxwell's
+equations and the propagation of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the propagation of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and the propagation of light
+in The Ether so Michaelson sets himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Ether so Michaelson sets himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Ether so Michaelson sets himself
+this task could he design an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task could he design an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this task could he design an experiment
+or a device with which one might measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a device with which one might measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a device with which one might measure
+this kind of headwind of the Earth's Own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of headwind of the Earth's Own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of headwind of the Earth's Own
+motion Through The Ether and what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Through The Ether and what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Through The Ether and what he did
+was design a really quite novel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was design a really quite novel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was design a really quite novel very
+ingenious kind of uh device called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious kind of uh device called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious kind of uh device called an
+interferometer I think there's a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer I think there's a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer I think there's a lot on
+this in those external in those separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in those external in those separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in those external in those separate
+lecture notes you get a little taste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes you get a little taste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes you get a little taste of
+it from the Michaelson Morley reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the Michaelson Morley reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the Michaelson Morley reading
+for today as well so we'll talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today as well so we'll talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today as well so we'll talk a bit
+about what this instrument was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this instrument was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this instrument was like
+so Michaelson's work is also interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Michaelson's work is also interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Michaelson's work is also interesting
+not only because of his own uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because of his own uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only because of his own uh quite
+dramatic life story he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic life story he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic life story he was a
+championship boxer when he was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship boxer when he was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship boxer when he was at the
+Naval Academy I often joke perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naval Academy I often joke perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Naval Academy I often joke perhaps
+unfairly he was probably the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairly he was probably the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfairly he was probably the only
+championship boxer who also won a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship boxer who also won a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championship boxer who also won a Nobel
+Prize in physics if you know a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in physics if you know a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize in physics if you know a counter
+example to that please let me know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to that please let me know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to that please let me know he's
+the only one I know about anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one I know about anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one I know about anyway
+interesting guy Not only was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting guy Not only was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting guy Not only was he
+interesting because of that he was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because of that he was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because of that he was also
+interesting historically because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting historically because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting historically because the
+work that we'll look at in this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we'll look at in this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we'll look at in this part of
+the of today's class was really among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of today's class was really among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of today's class was really among
+the first examples of research in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first examples of research in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first examples of research in any of
+the Natural Sciences including physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Natural Sciences including physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Natural Sciences including physics
+that really started getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really started getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really started getting the
+attention and kind of earning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and kind of earning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and kind of earning the
+respect of some of the very elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect of some of the very elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect of some of the very elite
+scientists in Western Europe there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in Western Europe there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists in Western Europe there were
+a few others in my in michelson's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few others in my in michelson's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few others in my in michelson's day
+but this was pretty new the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was pretty new the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was pretty new the United
+States was still seen often kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was still seen often kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was still seen often kind of
+rightly as a kind of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly as a kind of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightly as a kind of intellectual
+scientific Backwater at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Backwater at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific Backwater at least as
+reckoned uh by the experts in in Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reckoned uh by the experts in in Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reckoned uh by the experts in in Western
+Europe Michaelson's work begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe Michaelson's work begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe Michaelson's work begins to
+change that and in fact as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that and in fact as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that and in fact as I mentioned
+or as you see here he becomes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as you see here he becomes the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as you see here he becomes the first
+physicist based within the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist based within the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist based within the United States
+to win the Nobel Prize he wins his prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win the Nobel Prize he wins his prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win the Nobel Prize he wins his prize
+in 1907. and he wins it for the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1907. and he wins it for the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1907. and he wins it for the kind of
+work that we'll talk about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we'll talk about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we'll talk about now
+so to to to kind of get our heads into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to to to kind of get our heads into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to to to kind of get our heads into
+what was going on with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on with this
+interferometer I like to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer I like to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer I like to think of this
+analogy in terms of swimmers and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy in terms of swimmers and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy in terms of swimmers and again
+we'll go through it here some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through it here some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through it here some of the
+extra steps of these derivations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra steps of these derivations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra steps of these derivations you can
+find uh in those separate lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh in those separate lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh in those separate lecture notes
+so what Michaelson was really doing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Michaelson was really doing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Michaelson was really doing as
+you as you know from the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you know from the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as you know from the reading
+Michaelson especially with his uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson especially with his uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson especially with his uh with
+his partner uh Morley was using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his partner uh Morley was using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his partner uh Morley was using the
+interference of light waves to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference of light waves to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference of light waves to conduct
+tests and experimental tests to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and experimental tests to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and experimental tests to really
+unprecedented uh precision and accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented uh precision and accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unprecedented uh precision and accuracy
+so before we talk about interferes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we talk about interferes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we talk about interferes and
+light waves let's talk about uh a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves let's talk about uh a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light waves let's talk about uh a race
+that we can imagine being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can imagine being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can imagine being
+conducted by two swimmers in a river so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted by two swimmers in a river so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted by two swimmers in a river so
+we'll see this analogy for for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this analogy for for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see this analogy for for a few
+moments here so imagine we have a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments here so imagine we have a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments here so imagine we have a race
+where one swimmer is going to leave from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one swimmer is going to leave from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one swimmer is going to leave from
+point A swim directly to point B A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A swim directly to point B A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A swim directly to point B A
+distance L and then swing directly back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance L and then swing directly back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance L and then swing directly back
+from B to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from B to a
+that's swimmer one swimmer two is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's swimmer one swimmer two is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's swimmer one swimmer two is going
+to cover the exact same round-trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover the exact same round-trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover the exact same round-trip
+distance but she's going to swim across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but she's going to swim across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance but she's going to swim across
+the river instead of directly uh up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river instead of directly uh up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river instead of directly uh up the
+coast here so swimmer 2 has to set out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast here so swimmer 2 has to set out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast here so swimmer 2 has to set out
+from point A swim across the the river a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point A swim across the the river a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point A swim across the the river a
+distance L to point C and then swim back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance L to point C and then swim back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance L to point C and then swim back
+to point a again the question is who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point a again the question is who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point a again the question is who
+will win which of those two swimmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win which of those two swimmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will win which of those two swimmers
+will get back to point a first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get back to point a first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get back to point a first and the
+other thing to bear in mind is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to bear in mind is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to bear in mind is that the
+river is Flowing there's a current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river is Flowing there's a current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river is Flowing there's a current in
+the river of a constant speed V so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river of a constant speed V so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river of a constant speed V so it's
+a downward current here of a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a downward current here of a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a downward current here of a constant
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+so let's consider swimmer one swimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider swimmer one swimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider swimmer one swimmer
+one's leaving from point A swimming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's leaving from point A swimming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's leaving from point A swimming
+directly against the current to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly against the current to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly against the current to get to
+to point B so for that half of her lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point B so for that half of her lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point B so for that half of her lap
+she's swimming at a net speed of C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's swimming at a net speed of C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's swimming at a net speed of C minus
+v as you can see in in the text here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v as you can see in in the text here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v as you can see in in the text here
+each swimmer is is required to swim at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each swimmer is is required to swim at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each swimmer is is required to swim at a
+constant speed with respect to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speed with respect to the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speed with respect to the water
+and so swimmer the first swimmer swimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so swimmer the first swimmer swimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so swimmer the first swimmer swimmer
+one is swimming at speed C with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is swimming at speed C with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is swimming at speed C with respect
+to the water but the water itself was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the water but the water itself was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the water but the water itself was
+flowing back sort of against her with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing back sort of against her with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing back sort of against her with
+the current of speed V so her net speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current of speed V so her net speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current of speed V so her net speed
+is measured say from the shoreline from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured say from the shoreline from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured say from the shoreline from
+say the judge is sitting here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the judge is sitting here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the judge is sitting here on the
+shore where the bags of the river her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore where the bags of the river her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shore where the bags of the river her
+net speed for that part of the journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net speed for that part of the journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net speed for that part of the journey
+is C minus V so she takes a time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C minus V so she takes a time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C minus V so she takes a time to get
+from A to B that's the distance traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B that's the distance traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B that's the distance traveled
+divided by her speed so her time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by her speed so her time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by her speed so her time to go
+from ADP is just the distance L divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ADP is just the distance L divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ADP is just the distance L divided
+by her net speed C minus feed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by her net speed C minus feed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by her net speed C minus feed it's
+probably pretty clear for us to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty clear for us to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty clear for us to go
+through the reasoning on the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reasoning on the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reasoning on the way back
+now she gets the Boost now she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she gets the Boost now she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now she gets the Boost now she's
+swimming with spec of with speed C with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming with spec of with speed C with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming with spec of with speed C with
+respect to the water but the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the water but the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the water but the water
+itself is flowing and helping her out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is flowing and helping her out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is flowing and helping her out
+because she's now going with the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's now going with the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she's now going with the current
+so her net speed as measured say from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so her net speed as measured say from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so her net speed as measured say from
+the shore or the riverbank for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shore or the riverbank for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shore or the riverbank for the
+return journey is actually quicker it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return journey is actually quicker it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return journey is actually quicker it's
+now C plus v same distance l so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now C plus v same distance l so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now C plus v same distance l so just a
+few lines of algebra and again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of algebra and again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of algebra and again you can
+go through that a bit more on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that a bit more on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that a bit more on your own
+or with the notes her round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the notes her round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the notes her round trip time
+her lap time to go from A to B and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her lap time to go from A to B and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her lap time to go from A to B and back
+to a again turns out to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a again turns out to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a again turns out to have this
+relatively simple expression it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple expression it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple expression it depends
+of course on the distance traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course on the distance traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course on the distance traveled
+there's a two here because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a two here because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a two here because you have to
+go there and back she covers total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and back she covers total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and back she covers total
+distance to L her speed with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to L her speed with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to L her speed with respect to
+water and then it turns out going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then it turns out going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and then it turns out going
+directly against the current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly against the current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly against the current and
+directly with the current with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the current with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the current with a little
+algebra at least this kind of correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra at least this kind of correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra at least this kind of correction
+factor here one over one minus a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here one over one minus a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here one over one minus a square
+of V over C that's how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V over C that's how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V over C that's how long it takes
+swimmer one to complete one lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmer one to complete one lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmer one to complete one lap
+now what about swimmer two swimmer 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about swimmer two swimmer 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about swimmer two swimmer 2
+knows that she has to accommodate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that she has to accommodate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows that she has to accommodate the
+fact that she's going to be encountering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that she's going to be encountering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that she's going to be encountering
+this current of the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current of the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current of the river
+so she she has to leave point a and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she she has to leave point a and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she she has to leave point a and she
+has to actually land at Point C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to actually land at Point C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to actually land at Point C to
+qualify for her race that is a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for her race that is a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify for her race that is a distance
+L across the river to get there she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L across the river to get there she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L across the river to get there she has
+to swim at this diagonal so while she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swim at this diagonal so while she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swim at this diagonal so while she's
+swimming across the river the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming across the river the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming across the river the current
+will bring her will kind of nudge her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring her will kind of nudge her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring her will kind of nudge her
+downward so by the time she crosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so by the time she crosses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward so by the time she crosses the
+river she winds up at Point C if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river she winds up at Point C if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river she winds up at Point C if she
+just sat out and tried to swim straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sat out and tried to swim straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sat out and tried to swim straight
+across River she'd get kind of knocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across River she'd get kind of knocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across River she'd get kind of knocked
+off course by the current so she has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off course by the current so she has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off course by the current so she has to
+travel along the hypotenuse of a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel along the hypotenuse of a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel along the hypotenuse of a right
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+so she's traveling along this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's traveling along this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she's traveling along this path
+capital r during the time that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r during the time that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r during the time that she's
+heading from a to c that t a c uh she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading from a to c that t a c uh she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading from a to c that t a c uh she's
+being kind of uh she's drifting down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kind of uh she's drifting down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kind of uh she's drifting down in
+this direction a total distance times V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction a total distance times V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction a total distance times V
+of V times uh that time that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V times uh that time that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V times uh that time that's the
+distance that she'll that she'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that she'll that she'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that she'll that she'll be
+nudged in this direction by being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudged in this direction by being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudged in this direction by being in the
+water for this duration of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for this duration of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for this duration of time and
+being nudged by the current at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nudged by the current at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nudged by the current at that
+speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed
+so the the uh thanks to the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the uh thanks to the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the uh thanks to the greatest
+invention of ancient Greece which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of ancient Greece which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of ancient Greece which I
+often say was neither democracy nor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say was neither democracy nor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say was neither democracy nor the
+epic poem it was in fact the Pythagorean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epic poem it was in fact the Pythagorean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epic poem it was in fact the Pythagorean
+theorem we now know how to relate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we now know how to relate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we now know how to relate uh the
+the squares of the lengths of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of the lengths of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of the lengths of these
+sides of the triangle the direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the triangle the direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the triangle the direction the
+length of this side r squared is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this side r squared is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of this side r squared is of
+course equal to the sum of the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course equal to the sum of the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course equal to the sum of the squares
+of the other two sides the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other two sides the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other two sides the right
+triangle this side squared and this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle this side squared and this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle this side squared and this side
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+we have a little extra information we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little extra information we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little extra information we
+can use because we know the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use because we know the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use because we know the length of
+this uh of this line segment R is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh of this line segment R is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh of this line segment R is the
+speed with which she swims with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed with which she swims with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed with which she swims with respect
+to the water times the duration that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the water times the duration that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the water times the duration that it
+takes her to cross the side so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes her to cross the side so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes her to cross the side so now we
+can plug in a new value for capital r as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in a new value for capital r as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug in a new value for capital r as
+well as for this kind of drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as for this kind of drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as for this kind of drift
+displacement vtac and now again just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vtac and now again just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement vtac and now again just a
+few lines of algebra which I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of algebra which I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lines of algebra which I know you
+can do and there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and there's a little bit more
+steps in the notes but just a few steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the notes but just a few steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the notes but just a few steps
+we see that her lap time her total time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that her lap time her total time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that her lap time her total time
+to go from a to c and back to a again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a to c and back to a again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a to c and back to a again
+looks pretty similar to swimmer one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar to swimmer one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar to swimmer one but
+not identical it also is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not identical it also is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not identical it also is proportional to
+the total length that's a 2L it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total length that's a 2L it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total length that's a 2L it involves
+of course involves her speed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course involves her speed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course involves her speed with
+respect to the water and has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the water and has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the water and has some
+correction due to the flow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction due to the flow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction due to the flow of the
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+okay so I'm going to put these both back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to put these both back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to put these both back
+both back up side by side the lap time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both back up side by side the lap time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both back up side by side the lap time
+for swimmer one the lap time for swimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for swimmer one the lap time for swimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for swimmer one the lap time for swimmer
+two the question is who wins the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the question is who wins the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the question is who wins the race
+who gets back to point a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets back to point a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gets back to point a first
+now it might not be so clear if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it might not be so clear if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it might not be so clear if you just
+eyeball it so let me Define a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball it so let me Define a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball it so let me Define a very
+helpful quantity a quantity you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful quantity a quantity you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful quantity a quantity you might
+have seen before a quantity we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before a quantity we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before a quantity we'll see
+many many times in the coming lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times in the coming lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times in the coming lectures
+including throughout today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including throughout today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including throughout today
+typically it's abbreviated by the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's abbreviated by the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it's abbreviated by the Greek
+letter gamma so I'm just going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter gamma so I'm just going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter gamma so I'm just going to Define
+gamma as a convenient combination of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma as a convenient combination of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma as a convenient combination of v
+and C I'll Define it as one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C I'll Define it as one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C I'll Define it as one over the
+square root of one minus quantity V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one minus quantity V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one minus quantity V over
+c squared and here's a plot of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared and here's a plot of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared and here's a plot of what a
+gamma looks like as the ratio of V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma looks like as the ratio of V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma looks like as the ratio of V over
+C gets closer and closer to one in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gets closer and closer to one in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C gets closer and closer to one in fact
+it diverges it actually becomes infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges it actually becomes infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges it actually becomes infinite
+if V is exactly equal to C I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if V is exactly equal to C I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if V is exactly equal to C I just
+truncated my plot here but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated my plot here but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated my plot here but you can see
+it stays sorry it stays um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays sorry it stays um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays sorry it stays um
+pretty close to one but greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one but greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty close to one but greater than one
+for any non-zero speed and it rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any non-zero speed and it rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any non-zero speed and it rapidly
+becomes very large at larger speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very large at larger speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very large at larger speeds
+compared to to the speed C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to to the speed C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to to the speed C
+so let me ask again who wins the race if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask again who wins the race if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask again who wins the race if
+I do a little extra algebra taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a little extra algebra taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a little extra algebra taking
+making use of this new quantity gamma we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of this new quantity gamma we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making use of this new quantity gamma we
+can rewrite the total lap time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite the total lap time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite the total lap time for
+swimmer one who goes from A to B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmer one who goes from A to B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmer one who goes from A to B and
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+her time is proportional to gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her time is proportional to gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her time is proportional to gamma
+squared meanwhile the total lap timer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared meanwhile the total lap timer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared meanwhile the total lap timer
+for swimmer 2 goes across the lake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for swimmer 2 goes across the lake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for swimmer 2 goes across the lake and
+back across the river and back her lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back across the river and back her lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back across the river and back her lap
+time is proportional only to gamma now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is proportional only to gamma now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is proportional only to gamma now I
+just emphasize for you gamma is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize for you gamma is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize for you gamma is always
+greater than or equal to one if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one if there's
+any current flowing if V is non-zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any current flowing if V is non-zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any current flowing if V is non-zero the
+gamma is a quantity bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is a quantity bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is a quantity bigger than one
+so now hopefully it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now hopefully it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now hopefully it's a little more
+clear to see swimmer one will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to see swimmer one will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to see swimmer one will actually
+lose the race right swimmer one time t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the race right swimmer one time t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the race right swimmer one time t a
+b a is actually a larger quantity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b a is actually a larger quantity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b a is actually a larger quantity in
+general than the time for the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than the time for the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than the time for the return
+Journey for swimmer two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey for swimmer two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey for swimmer two
+t-a-b-a is actually bigger than time t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-a-b-a is actually bigger than time t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-a-b-a is actually bigger than time t a
+c a there's a time difference it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a there's a time difference it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a there's a time difference it means
+there's a clear winner they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear winner they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear winner they have
+different times and complete the lapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times and complete the lapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times and complete the lapse
+and it turns out the person who goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the person who goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the person who goes
+directly against the current and then or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly against the current and then or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly against the current and then or
+directly with the current will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the current will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the current will take
+overall more time to complete her lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall more time to complete her lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall more time to complete her lap
+than the swimmer who goes diagonally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the swimmer who goes diagonally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the swimmer who goes diagonally
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+um across the river and it is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um across the river and it is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um across the river and it is sort of
+drift without kind of drift displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift without kind of drift displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift without kind of drift displacement
+from the current not only is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the current not only is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the current not only is there a
+difference in time that though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time that though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time that though that
+depends on this quantity gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this quantity gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this quantity gamma
+if we expand gamma for speeds that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we expand gamma for speeds that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we expand gamma for speeds that are
+small compared to C if V over C is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to C if V over C is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to C if V over C is a
+small quantity if we can just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantity if we can just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small quantity if we can just do a
+Taylor expansion in that small quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion in that small quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion in that small quantity
+we see the difference in time is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the difference in time is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the difference in time is what's
+called a second order effect that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a second order effect that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a second order effect that's just
+a fancy way of saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fancy way of saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fancy way of saying that the
+difference in time it goes like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time it goes like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in time it goes like the
+square of that small quantity the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of that small quantity the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of that small quantity the ratio
+of V over C so there should be a winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V over C so there should be a winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V over C so there should be a winner
+if there's any current flowing in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any current flowing in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any current flowing in in the
+river if V is non-zero then there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river if V is non-zero then there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river if V is non-zero then there should
+be an absolute clear winner in this race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an absolute clear winner in this race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an absolute clear winner in this race
+uh it should go like the second order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it should go like the second order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it should go like the second order in
+the ratio of V over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what why did I talk about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what why did I talk about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what why did I talk about like
+this crazy uh swimming race because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crazy uh swimming race because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crazy uh swimming race because
+that's pretty close to what uh Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty close to what uh Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty close to what uh Albert
+Michelson designed for light waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson designed for light waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson designed for light waves and
+this is his instrument called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his instrument called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his instrument called the
+interferometer it's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer it's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer it's really quite
+brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way the interferometer worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way the interferometer worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way the interferometer worked
+was a set of swimmers he had a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a set of swimmers he had a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a set of swimmers he had a bright
+source of light of nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of light of nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of light of nearly
+um it was nearly monochromatic he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was nearly monochromatic he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was nearly monochromatic he was
+using a sodium Arc lamps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a sodium Arc lamps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a sodium Arc lamps in the
+beginning so it was shining very bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so it was shining very bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so it was shining very bright
+with basically one characteristic color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basically one characteristic color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basically one characteristic color
+or or wavelength of light that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or wavelength of light that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or wavelength of light that was
+important he shines that light from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important he shines that light from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important he shines that light from a
+single Source onto a half silvered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Source onto a half silvered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Source onto a half silvered
+mirror as the name suggests that's a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror as the name suggests that's a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror as the name suggests that's a an
+object that lets about half the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that lets about half the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that lets about half the light
+passed right through like a window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed right through like a window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed right through like a window and
+reflects about half the light so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects about half the light so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects about half the light so it's
+it's not totally reflecting it reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not totally reflecting it reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not totally reflecting it reflects
+on average half the light that falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average half the light that falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average half the light that falls
+upon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon it
+so from the single source of light s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the single source of light s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the single source of light s
+this sodium Arc lamp half the light will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sodium Arc lamp half the light will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sodium Arc lamp half the light will
+pass through like it just sees a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through like it just sees a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through like it just sees a clear
+window and travel a path of distance L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and travel a path of distance L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and travel a path of distance L
+until it encounters a fully reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it encounters a fully reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it encounters a fully reflecting
+mirror this topper mirror up here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror this topper mirror up here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror this topper mirror up here that
+mural then that will reflect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mural then that will reflect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mural then that will reflect all the
+light that hits it that light will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that hits it that light will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that hits it that light will then
+bounce back to that half silver mirror a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back to that half silver mirror a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back to that half silver mirror a
+portion which will again be now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion which will again be now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion which will again be now
+reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+and hit some screen that's like swimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit some screen that's like swimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit some screen that's like swimmer
+one starting at Point a traveling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one starting at Point a traveling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one starting at Point a traveling to
+point B and coming back to point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B and coming back to point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B and coming back to point a
+meanwhile half the light that encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile half the light that encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile half the light that encounters
+is half silver mirror will not pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half silver mirror will not pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half silver mirror will not pass
+through it'll actually be reflected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it'll actually be reflected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it'll actually be reflected and
+so this becomes like swimmer two so half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes like swimmer two so half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this becomes like swimmer two so half
+of the incoming light that is incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming light that is incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming light that is incident
+upon this half silver mirror will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this half silver mirror will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this half silver mirror will be
+deflected along path two it will travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected along path two it will travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflected along path two it will travel
+a fixed distance L until it encounters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed distance L until it encounters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed distance L until it encounters a
+fully reflecting mirror at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflecting mirror at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully reflecting mirror at the end of
+that path that will reflect the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path that will reflect the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path that will reflect the light
+back half of that light will then pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back half of that light will then pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back half of that light will then pass
+through the half silver mirror so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the half silver mirror so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the half silver mirror so now
+we've set up a race we have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set up a race we have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've set up a race we have a single
+light wave that starts off at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light wave that starts off at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light wave that starts off at the same
+time swimmers one and two both start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time swimmers one and two both start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time swimmers one and two both start at
+Point a at the same time and set off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point a at the same time and set off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point a at the same time and set off on
+their distinct Journeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their distinct Journeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their distinct Journeys
+if there's any difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any difference in the
+distance they need to travel or excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance they need to travel or excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance they need to travel or excuse
+me if there's any dis if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if there's any dis if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if there's any dis if there's any
+difference in the time it takes them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the time it takes them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the time it takes them to
+travel along either path one or path two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel along either path one or path two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel along either path one or path two
+those light waves will come back no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those light waves will come back no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those light waves will come back no
+longer in Phase the crest of one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in Phase the crest of one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer in Phase the crest of one will
+will no longer line up with the crest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will no longer line up with the crest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will no longer line up with the crest of
+the other you could get interference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you could get interference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other you could get interference so
+if the light waves that travel these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light waves that travel these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light waves that travel these
+distinct paths take different times just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct paths take different times just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct paths take different times just
+like those swimmers took different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those swimmers took different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those swimmers took different times
+to complete their laps the waves will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete their laps the waves will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete their laps the waves will
+come back out of phase with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back out of phase with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back out of phase with each other
+and you should see interference when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see interference when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see interference when the
+two waves can be kind of joined back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves can be kind of joined back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves can be kind of joined back
+together on some screen you should see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on some screen you should see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on some screen you should see a
+characteristic interference pattern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic interference pattern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic interference pattern the
+amount of offset will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of offset will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of offset will depend on the
+amount of time delay between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time delay between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time delay between the
+traversing these two paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversing these two paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversing these two paths
+so that was the the idea Michelson first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the the idea Michelson first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the the idea Michelson first
+built a one meter version where each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a one meter version where each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a one meter version where each of
+these pads capital L we're about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pads capital L we're about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pads capital L we're about one
+meter in distance between the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter in distance between the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter in distance between the half
+silver mirror and the fully reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver mirror and the fully reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver mirror and the fully reflecting
+mirror and then uh he actually got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then uh he actually got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and then uh he actually got
+external funding from uh partly from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external funding from uh partly from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external funding from uh partly from his
+father-in-law or an uncle or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father-in-law or an uncle or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father-in-law or an uncle or something
+like that and from other sources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and from other sources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and from other sources to
+build a super-sized version and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a super-sized version and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a super-sized version and this is
+the second version he did with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second version he did with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second version he did with his
+colleague Morley once he was now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Morley once he was now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Morley once he was now on the
+faculty at uh at case University was now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at uh at case University was now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at uh at case University was now
+Case Western Reserve University in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case Western Reserve University in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Case Western Reserve University in
+Cleveland Ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleveland Ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleveland Ohio
+they built a ginormous version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a ginormous version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a ginormous version of this
+interferometer the lengths between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer the lengths between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer the lengths between the
+half silver mirror and the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half silver mirror and the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half silver mirror and the fully
+reflecting mirrors were 11 meters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting mirrors were 11 meters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting mirrors were 11 meters you
+know like 33 or 34 feet enormous paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like 33 or 34 feet enormous paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like 33 or 34 feet enormous paths
+uh and to try to uh damp down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to try to uh damp down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to try to uh damp down on
+vibrations from things like not only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations from things like not only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations from things like not only a
+horse-drawn carriages but early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse-drawn carriages but early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse-drawn carriages but early
+um trolley cars outside the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trolley cars outside the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trolley cars outside the laboratory
+to try to dampen any kind of source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to dampen any kind of source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to dampen any kind of source of
+systematic error they put this entire 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic error they put this entire 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic error they put this entire 34
+foot long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot long
+Optics table floating out of that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics table floating out of that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics table floating out of that of
+mercury which I do not recommend by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury which I do not recommend by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mercury which I do not recommend by the
+way they were breathing in horribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they were breathing in horribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they were breathing in horribly
+horribly poisonous fumes throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly poisonous fumes throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horribly poisonous fumes throughout this
+experiment don't try that part at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment don't try that part at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment don't try that part at home
+now this is a figure taken from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a figure taken from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a figure taken from that
+paper you have we have the paper in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you have we have the paper in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you have we have the paper in our
+reader for today when they then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader for today when they then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader for today when they then finally
+tried to to kind of put together was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to kind of put together was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to kind of put together was
+there any offset did the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any offset did the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any offset did the interference
+fringes when those two light beams came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes when those two light beams came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes when those two light beams came
+back together on that collecting screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together on that collecting screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together on that collecting screen
+was there any evidence that one path uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any evidence that one path uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any evidence that one path uh
+required a different amount of time than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required a different amount of time than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required a different amount of time than
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+and the short answer was no they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the short answer was no they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the short answer was no they found
+no compelling evidence that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no compelling evidence that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no compelling evidence that there was
+any time delay any time difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time delay any time difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time delay any time difference
+between the path taken by uh light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the path taken by uh light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the path taken by uh light the
+traveled path one versus the light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled path one versus the light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled path one versus the light the
+traveled path to there's a little wiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled path to there's a little wiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled path to there's a little wiggle
+to these curves they were convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these curves they were convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these curves they were convinced that
+was almost certainly just experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost certainly just experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost certainly just experimental
+noise systematic noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise systematic noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise systematic noise
+in fact as they wrote the dotted curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact as they wrote the dotted curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact as they wrote the dotted curves
+that you were comparing to are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were comparing to are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were comparing to are actually
+1 8 of the size of the effect they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 8 of the size of the effect they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 8 of the size of the effect they would
+expect and even and even that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and even and even that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and even and even that you know
+dwarfs the measured variation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwarfs the measured variation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwarfs the measured variation they
+actually managed to measure their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually managed to measure their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually managed to measure their
+instrument was sensitive to the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument was sensitive to the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument was sensitive to the square
+of V over C remember there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V over C remember there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V over C remember there's a second
+order effect according to those swimmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effect according to those swimmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effect according to those swimmers
+so they should have been sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they should have been sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they should have been sensitive to
+speed to ratio speeds one part in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to ratio speeds one part in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed to ratio speeds one part in a
+hundred million if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred million if you think about the
+likely speeds of the earth Through The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely speeds of the earth Through The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely speeds of the earth Through The
+Ether just take as an order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether just take as an order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ether just take as an order of magnitude
+estimate the speed with which the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the speed with which the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the speed with which the planet
+Earth moves around the Sun uh oh during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth moves around the Sun uh oh during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth moves around the Sun uh oh during
+the course of its of its annual orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of its of its annual orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of its of its annual orbit
+take that as a characteristic speed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as a characteristic speed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that as a characteristic speed for
+our motion Through The Ether compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our motion Through The Ether compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our motion Through The Ether compare
+that to the speed of light in The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the speed of light in The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the speed of light in The Ether
+these are incredibly small uh velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are incredibly small uh velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are incredibly small uh velocities
+and yet he should have been sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet he should have been sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet he should have been sensitive to
+to even very very tiny displacements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even very very tiny displacements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even very very tiny displacements
+there should have been a measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should have been a measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should have been a measurable
+shift in the interference fringes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the interference fringes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the interference fringes even
+for such a small relative motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for such a small relative motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for such a small relative motion
+and yet trying this for days and days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet trying this for days and days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet trying this for days and days
+and nights ultimately for months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nights ultimately for months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nights ultimately for months and
+months and even years they find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and even years they find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and even years they find what
+becomes known as a null result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes known as a null result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes known as a null result and
+here's a quotation from their paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a quotation from their paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a quotation from their paper
+it seems fair to conclude from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems fair to conclude from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems fair to conclude from the
+figure meaning from this plot here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure meaning from this plot here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure meaning from this plot here that
+if there is any displacement due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is any displacement due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is any displacement due to the
+relative motion of the earth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion of the earth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion of the earth and the
+luminiferous ether this cannot be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ether this cannot be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminiferous ether this cannot be much
+greater than about one percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than about one percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than about one percent of the
+distance between the fringes the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the fringes the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the fringes the actual
+displacement was certainly less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement was certainly less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement was certainly less than the
+20th part of this expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th part of this expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th part of this expected value
+probably less than the 40th part it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably less than the 40th part it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably less than the 40th part it was
+consistent with no offset at all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with no offset at all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with no offset at all they
+found no shift in the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found no shift in the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found no shift in the interference
+fringes do that they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes do that they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes do that they could have
+attributed to the motion of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the motion of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed to the motion of the earth
+Through The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Through The Ether
+so they found Little Wiggles that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they found Little Wiggles that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they found Little Wiggles that were
+basically consistent with no wiggles at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consistent with no wiggles at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically consistent with no wiggles at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+so um they didn't just try this once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um they didn't just try this once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um they didn't just try this once
+they wondered about maybe try a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wondered about maybe try a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wondered about maybe try a day
+night effect depending on which sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night effect depending on which sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night effect depending on which sort of
+arm of this big L-shaped interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of this big L-shaped interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of this big L-shaped interferometer
+happens to be moving directly into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be moving directly into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be moving directly into the
+ether wind at a given time that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether wind at a given time that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether wind at a given time that might
+shift day versus night it might depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift day versus night it might depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift day versus night it might depend
+on the time of the Earth's orbit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the time of the Earth's orbit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the time of the Earth's orbit around
+the Suns they would check you know fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Suns they would check you know fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Suns they would check you know fall
+versus winter versus spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus winter versus spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus winter versus spring
+uh and it was this incredibly precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it was this incredibly precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it was this incredibly precise
+instrument with data collected very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument with data collected very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument with data collected very very
+very carefully and uh with great order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully and uh with great order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully and uh with great order
+and regularity that's what began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regularity that's what began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regularity that's what began
+grabbing the attention of even some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the attention of even some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the attention of even some very
+very elite scientists in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elite scientists in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elite scientists in Europe
+and despite all their efforts and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despite all their efforts and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despite all their efforts and all
+their attempts to replicate it they kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their attempts to replicate it they kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their attempts to replicate it they kept
+finding results consistent with a tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding results consistent with a tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding results consistent with a tie
+with no time offset at all and here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no time offset at all and here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no time offset at all and here is I
+think kind of the saddest part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think kind of the saddest part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think kind of the saddest part
+Michaelson lived for decades after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson lived for decades after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson lived for decades after the
+1880s he died in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s he died in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s he died in
+1927. he was the first U.S based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927. he was the first U.S based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927. he was the first U.S based
+physicist to win the Nobel Prize in 1907
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist to win the Nobel Prize in 1907
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist to win the Nobel Prize in 1907
+and yet 20 years later on his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet 20 years later on his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet 20 years later on his own
+deathbed he's still considered his this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deathbed he's still considered his this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deathbed he's still considered his this
+this work to have been a failure I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work to have been a failure I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work to have been a failure I say
+may all of us win Nobel prizes and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may all of us win Nobel prizes and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may all of us win Nobel prizes and still
+not be satisfied this is kind of a sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be satisfied this is kind of a sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be satisfied this is kind of a sad
+sad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad thing
+so let me pause there and stop sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause there and stop sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me pause there and stop sharing
+screen any questions about that part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen any questions about that part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen any questions about that part I
+see some things coming up on the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some things coming up on the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some things coming up on the chat
+so Jade clearly uh has read ahead or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Jade clearly uh has read ahead or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Jade clearly uh has read ahead or has
+taken other courses Jade asks is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken other courses Jade asks is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken other courses Jade asks is there
+any connection between this correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any connection between this correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any connection between this correction
+factor that involves a square of V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that involves a square of V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that involves a square of V over
+C and the Lorenz Factor they look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the Lorenz Factor they look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the Lorenz Factor they look very
+similar ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ah
+no Jade you're exactly Zachary come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Jade you're exactly Zachary come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Jade you're exactly Zachary come to
+that even today and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even today and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even today and we'll see
+uh we'll continue seeing this Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll continue seeing this Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll continue seeing this Factor
+gamma both today in the next class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma both today in the next class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma both today in the next class the
+class after that and to to give away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class after that and to to give away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class after that and to to give away the
+story you're right it it should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you're right it it should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story you're right it it should look
+familiar if any of you had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if any of you had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar if any of you had any
+coursework on relativity we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursework on relativity we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursework on relativity we'll see that
+factory Factor does come up but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory Factor does come up but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory Factor does come up but we'll
+see exactly what Lorenz thought it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly what Lorenz thought it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see exactly what Lorenz thought it would
+mean and then we'll later see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and then we'll later see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and then we'll later see what
+people like Einstein thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Einstein thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Einstein thought it would be
+so when we do this environment today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do this environment today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we do this environment today
+Alex asks me use lasers because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex asks me use lasers because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex asks me use lasers because you can
+sodium lamps make any different good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium lamps make any different good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium lamps make any different good
+quite excellent question today we do use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite excellent question today we do use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite excellent question today we do use
+lasers both because first of all lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers both because first of all lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers both because first of all lasers
+are awesome let's just agree on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are awesome let's just agree on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are awesome let's just agree on that
+because they're cool but also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're cool but also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're cool but also more
+important slightly more relevant lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important slightly more relevant lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important slightly more relevant lasers
+are what we call monochromatic they emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we call monochromatic they emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what we call monochromatic they emit
+nearly all their light at one frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly all their light at one frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly all their light at one frequency
+one color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one color
+uh so Michelson uh did not have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Michelson uh did not have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Michelson uh did not have access
+to lasers no one on the planet did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lasers no one on the planet did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lasers no one on the planet did in
+the 1880s so what was really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1880s so what was really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1880s so what was really kind of
+state of the art was to use sources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art was to use sources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art was to use sources that
+emitted most of the light at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted most of the light at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted most of the light at one
+dominant frequency and often they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant frequency and often they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant frequency and often they would
+use these sodium Arc lamps that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these sodium Arc lamps that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these sodium Arc lamps that they
+could measure the output we'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the output we'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could measure the output we'll come to
+this action a few lectures uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action a few lectures uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action a few lectures uh when we
+think about early quantum theory the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about early quantum theory the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about early quantum theory the the
+research at the time were getting quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at the time were getting quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research at the time were getting quite
+good at measuring how much energy came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at measuring how much energy came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at measuring how much energy came
+out of a certain uh emitter in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a certain uh emitter in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a certain uh emitter in different
+colors and different frequency bins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and different frequency bins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors and different frequency bins so
+they could characterize this what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could characterize this what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could characterize this what we
+call the Spectrum actually quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the Spectrum actually quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the Spectrum actually quite quite
+precisely so they knew that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so they knew that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so they knew that certain
+kinds of emitters were pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of emitters were pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of emitters were pretty close to
+being monochromatic and sodium was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being monochromatic and sodium was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being monochromatic and sodium was one
+source that had become pretty common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that had become pretty common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that had become pretty common to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+so it certainly could have mattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it certainly could have mattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it certainly could have mattered
+if you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were doing
+um it would have mattered in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would have mattered in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would have mattered in an
+interferometer if the light waves were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer if the light waves were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer if the light waves were a
+very different wavelengths to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different wavelengths to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different wavelengths to start with
+uh but in that case you would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in that case you would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in that case you would still be
+able to use the interferometer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the interferometer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the interferometer because
+what you would worry about would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would worry about would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would worry about would be
+whether the interference pattern would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the interference pattern would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the interference pattern would
+shift if the light that travels at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift if the light that travels at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift if the light that travels at
+different paths is of inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths is of inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths is of inherently
+different wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelength
+uh then you would not expect to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you would not expect to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you would not expect to find
+um zero friend interference fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um zero friend interference fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um zero friend interference fringes
+there should be interference fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be interference fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be interference fringes
+even at rest then what you look for is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at rest then what you look for is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at rest then what you look for is a
+shift in that pattern due to the Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in that pattern due to the Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in that pattern due to the Earth's
+motion for The Ether so you could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for The Ether so you could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for The Ether so you could still
+use interferometry successfully even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use interferometry successfully even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use interferometry successfully even if
+even if you don't have a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't have a perfectly
+monochromatic Source it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic Source it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monochromatic Source it's a great
+question but they were aware of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but they were aware of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but they were aware of that and
+they were able to make pretty strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to make pretty strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to make pretty strong
+arguments even without lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments even without lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments even without lasers
+uh good another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good another question
+abilities asks do you need nanoscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities asks do you need nanoscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities asks do you need nanoscale
+Precision to make sure the tracks are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision to make sure the tracks are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision to make sure the tracks are of
+exactly the same length great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same length great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same length great question
+again it comes back to the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it comes back to the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it comes back to the same kind of
+answer just gay you would in the cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer just gay you would in the cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer just gay you would in the cartoon
+version I described you would think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version I described you would think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version I described you would think you
+would need to have like absolute hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to have like absolute hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to have like absolute hyper
+precise control over those path links it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise control over those path links it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise control over those path links it
+turns out even if the path links are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out even if the path links are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out even if the path links are
+grossly different let alone Nano scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grossly different let alone Nano scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grossly different let alone Nano scales
+if they're inches or even meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're inches or even meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're inches or even meters
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+then you would have some basic reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have some basic reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have some basic reference
+interference pattern and then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and then you could
+still check to see if the interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still check to see if the interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still check to see if the interference
+pattern changed due to relative motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern changed due to relative motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern changed due to relative motion
+so what you really are sensitive to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you really are sensitive to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you really are sensitive to are
+shifts in the pattern of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts in the pattern of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts in the pattern of the
+interference fringes and that uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes and that uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes and that uh is
+what's sensitive to the square of V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sensitive to the square of V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sensitive to the square of V over
+C so in fact you don't have to machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so in fact you don't have to machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so in fact you don't have to machine
+these parts to one part in a nanometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts to one part in a nanometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts to one part in a nanometer
+thank goodness right you actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank goodness right you actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank goodness right you actually are
+sensitive to a shift in the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to a shift in the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to a shift in the existing
+interference pattern and that again they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and that again they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern and that again they
+were they could measure with with really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they could measure with with really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they could measure with with really
+quite extraordinary accuracy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite extraordinary accuracy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite extraordinary accuracy with
+Optical uh frequency light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical uh frequency light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical uh frequency light
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh thickness and half silver mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thickness and half silver mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thickness and half silver mirrors
+could induce errors these excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could induce errors these excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could induce errors these excellent
+questions again what it came down to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions again what it came down to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions again what it came down to is
+none of these effects they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these effects they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these effects they were
+convinced would shift would affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced would shift would affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced would shift would affect the
+the behavior this interference patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior this interference patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior this interference patterns
+as the whole apparatus move through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the whole apparatus move through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the whole apparatus move through the
+ether they could they could accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether they could they could accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether they could they could accommodate
+an existing a kind of zeroth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing a kind of zeroth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an existing a kind of zeroth order
+Baseline interference pattern which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline interference pattern which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline interference pattern which
+could arise from all these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could arise from all these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could arise from all these very
+excellent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent uh
+excellent observations you're making and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent observations you're making and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent observations you're making and
+the question was did that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was did that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was did that kind of
+Baseline interference pattern did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline interference pattern did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline interference pattern did that
+fix or starting pattern or fringes did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix or starting pattern or fringes did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix or starting pattern or fringes did
+that shift due to say the Earth's motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift due to say the Earth's motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift due to say the Earth's motion
+and that's what I kept finding uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I kept finding uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I kept finding uh no
+evidence of so we're going to talk uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of so we're going to talk uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of so we're going to talk uh I
+see other questions about uh relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other questions about uh relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other questions about uh relativity
+in 1927 uh Orris asks um or as I see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1927 uh Orris asks um or as I see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1927 uh Orris asks um or as I see you
+have your hand up I also see you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your hand up I also see you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your hand up I also see you in the
+chat is the same question if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat is the same question if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat is the same question if you want to
+ask your question directly same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your question directly same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your question directly same question
+okay were people just sort of not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay were people just sort of not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay were people just sort of not taking
+relativity seriously and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity seriously and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity seriously and we're going to
+spend a whole lecture on that coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole lecture on that coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a whole lecture on that coming up
+in in not too long the short answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in not too long the short answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in not too long the short answer is
+relativity of the form that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity of the form that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity of the form that we would
+recognize of the form that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize of the form that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize of the form that you'll
+analyze for paper one do October 2nd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze for paper one do October 2nd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze for paper one do October 2nd
+don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget
+uh that was published in 1905. it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was published in 1905. it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was published in 1905. it was
+certainly not considered a standard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not considered a standard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not considered a standard or
+or universally recognized result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or universally recognized result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or universally recognized result in
+1905. it was pretty well accepted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905. it was pretty well accepted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1905. it was pretty well accepted by
+many although not all physicists before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many although not all physicists before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many although not all physicists before
+1927 but they're still lingering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 but they're still lingering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1927 but they're still lingering
+question including by people like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question including by people like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question including by people like uh
+Albert Michelson so it was not kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Michelson so it was not kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Michelson so it was not kind of
+universally accepted even in michelson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universally accepted even in michelson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universally accepted even in michelson's
+own lifetime uh the balance had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own lifetime uh the balance had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own lifetime uh the balance had
+certainly shifted by 1927. by 1927
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly shifted by 1927. by 1927
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly shifted by 1927. by 1927
+Michelson was a member of a minority a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson was a member of a minority a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson was a member of a minority a
+Nobel prize-winning minority but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize-winning minority but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel prize-winning minority but a
+minority nonetheless in 1910 that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority nonetheless in 1910 that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority nonetheless in 1910 that would
+have been quite standard to either have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been quite standard to either have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been quite standard to either have
+never heard of Einstein's relativity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of Einstein's relativity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of Einstein's relativity or
+think it's probably wrong or irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably wrong or irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably wrong or irrelevant
+or trivial or not worth paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trivial or not worth paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trivial or not worth paying attention
+to look we'll come to that kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look we'll come to that kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look we'll come to that kind of stuff
+pretty soon uh and same with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon uh and same with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon uh and same with with
+general relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity
+uh Julius asked an excellent question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Julius asked an excellent question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Julius asked an excellent question
+how did they know the ethers moving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did they know the ethers moving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did they know the ethers moving at
+velocity V so I probably explained it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V so I probably explained it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V so I probably explained it
+poorly they assumed The Ether was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly they assumed The Ether was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly they assumed The Ether was
+totally at rest The Ether they assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally at rest The Ether they assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally at rest The Ether they assumed
+had no inherent motion at all it was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no inherent motion at all it was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no inherent motion at all it was on
+average just sitting perfectly still but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average just sitting perfectly still but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average just sitting perfectly still but
+things could move through the ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could move through the ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could move through the ether
+including things like us on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including things like us on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including things like us on Earth
+so the idea was the Earth the The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was the Earth the The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was the Earth the The Ether
+set an absolute reference frame things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set an absolute reference frame things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set an absolute reference frame things
+could be at rest with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at rest with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at rest with respect to this
+kind of comparison substance The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comparison substance The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comparison substance The Ether
+which they assumed was sitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they assumed was sitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they assumed was sitting on
+average perfectly at rest but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average perfectly at rest but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average perfectly at rest but then
+things could move through it planets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could move through it planets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could move through it planets and
+stars could move through it and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars could move through it and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars could move through it and if the
+Earth was moving around the Sun in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth was moving around the Sun in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth was moving around the Sun in our
+own solar system then maybe either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own solar system then maybe either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own solar system then maybe either the
+Earth alone or the entire solar system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth alone or the entire solar system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth alone or the entire solar system
+was actually moving through this elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually moving through this elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually moving through this elastic
+medium so they were convinced The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so they were convinced The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium so they were convinced The Ether
+was was the kind of reference point with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the kind of reference point with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was the kind of reference point with
+respect to which our own motion might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which our own motion might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to which our own motion might
+show up much like uh if we step outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up much like uh if we step outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up much like uh if we step outside
+on a still day when we're standing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a still day when we're standing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a still day when we're standing at
+rest with respect to the medium we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest with respect to the medium we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest with respect to the medium we don't
+feel a breeze on our face when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a breeze on our face when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a breeze on our face when we start
+moving on our bicycle then we feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on our bicycle then we feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on our bicycle then we feel a
+breeze in our face the the air hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze in our face the the air hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeze in our face the the air hasn't
+had to move for that to happen our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to move for that to happen our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to move for that to happen our
+motion through the air the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion through the air the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion through the air the atmosphere
+will create that kind of uh that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create that kind of uh that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create that kind of uh that kind of
+headwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so how so so how do they zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so so how do they zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how so so how do they zero the
+interface map good so Julian asks um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface map good so Julian asks um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface map good so Julian asks um if
+if they were convinced the Earth was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were convinced the Earth was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were convinced the Earth was
+moving uh then uh then how could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving uh then uh then how could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving uh then uh then how could they
+ever kind of get rid of it again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever kind of get rid of it again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever kind of get rid of it again the
+answer is they didn't have to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is they didn't have to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is they didn't have to get rid of
+it they had to carefully note what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they had to carefully note what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they had to carefully note what the
+kind of Baseline interference with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Baseline interference with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Baseline interference with
+pattern was and the measure any tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern was and the measure any tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern was and the measure any tiny
+deviations away from that and that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations away from that and that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations away from that and that could
+happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because
+um uh that would happen deviations would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that would happen deviations would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that would happen deviations would
+happen because they assumed because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because they assumed because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because they assumed because the
+Earth was moving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth was moving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth was moving so
+um you set a kind of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you set a kind of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you set a kind of initial
+interference pattern of the the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern of the the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern of the the spacing
+between interference Fringe is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between interference Fringe is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between interference Fringe is actually
+the circular pattern usually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circular pattern usually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circular pattern usually there's
+little circles within circles concentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circles within circles concentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circles within circles concentric
+circles and you can measure the space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and you can measure the space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and you can measure the space in
+between those bright spots The Fringe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those bright spots The Fringe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those bright spots The Fringe is
+actually quite accurately even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite accurately even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite accurately even in the
+1880s and the question then became did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s and the question then became did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s and the question then became did
+the spacing between those tiny fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between those tiny fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between those tiny fringes
+expand or contract a shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand or contract a shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand or contract a shift in the
+interference pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a great question so again partly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a great question so again partly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a great question so again partly the
+the big problem with everyone in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problem with everyone in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big problem with everyone in this
+class is you've all heard of Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is you've all heard of Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is you've all heard of Albert
+Einstein which is not such a problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein which is not such a problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein which is not such a problem but
+but um remember that he he was um he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um remember that he he was um he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um remember that he he was um he was
+born in 1879. he was barely a lot he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 1879. he was barely a lot he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 1879. he was barely a lot he was
+barely on the planet during this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely on the planet during this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely on the planet during this stuff
+he certainly wasn't active yet so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he certainly wasn't active yet so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he certainly wasn't active yet so part
+of what we have to remember is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we have to remember is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we have to remember is that that
+wasn't even kind of in play yet and part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even kind of in play yet and part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even kind of in play yet and part
+of what what I find actually so fun it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what I find actually so fun it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what I find actually so fun it's
+challenging because of all that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because of all that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging because of all that we've
+learned in between but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in between but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in between but it's actually
+pretty fun to try to put our heads back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun to try to put our heads back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun to try to put our heads back
+into say a pre-1905 or pre-1927
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into say a pre-1905 or pre-1927
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into say a pre-1905 or pre-1927
+kind of mindset what was an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mindset what was an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mindset what was an obvious
+question to ask what would really smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask what would really smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask what would really smart
+people like Kendrick Lawrence really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Kendrick Lawrence really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Kendrick Lawrence really
+want to spend their time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend their time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend their time on
+the behavior of light waves when either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of light waves when either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of light waves when either
+the emitter or receiver is in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter or receiver is in motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emitter or receiver is in motion
+through even with either what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through even with either what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through even with either what did
+Michelson said his life's work to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson said his life's work to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelson said his life's work to be
+really really precise measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really precise measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really precise measurements of
+Optics to go after this big question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics to go after this big question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics to go after this big question
+about things like the electrodynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like the electrodynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things like the electrodynamics of
+moving bodies so more more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving bodies so more more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving bodies so more more specifically
+uh Dia you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dia you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dia you're absolutely right
+there were many ways to try to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many ways to try to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many ways to try to account
+for these null results Michaelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these null results Michaelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these null results Michaelson
+himself thought of several Michaelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself thought of several Michaelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself thought of several Michaelson
+himself redid this experiment throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself redid this experiment throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself redid this experiment throughout
+his lifetime he helped encourage other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lifetime he helped encourage other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lifetime he helped encourage other
+really quite world-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite world-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite world-class
+experimentalists to redo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists to redo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalists to redo the
+interferometry tests uh well into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry tests uh well into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometry tests uh well into the
+20th century well after the publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century well after the publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century well after the publication
+of relativity because it did seem for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativity because it did seem for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of relativity because it did seem for at
+least some of that time to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some of that time to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some of that time to be quite
+reasonable maybe even kind of compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable maybe even kind of compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable maybe even kind of compelling
+alternate explanations these experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate explanations these experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate explanations these experiments
+were tricky right the interferometer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tricky right the interferometer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tricky right the interferometer is
+a an Exquisite instrument but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an Exquisite instrument but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an Exquisite instrument but you know
+theoretically it works one way anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically it works one way anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically it works one way anyone
+who's taken Junior lab or will soon take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taken Junior lab or will soon take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's taken Junior lab or will soon take
+Junior lab or done any experimental work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior lab or done any experimental work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junior lab or done any experimental work
+we'll know the instruments don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll know the instruments don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll know the instruments don't always
+work the way the kind of manual says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the way the kind of manual says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the way the kind of manual says
+they're gonna that's what happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna that's what happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna that's what happens with
+me all the time by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all the time by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all the time by the way
+and so there are all kinds of alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are all kinds of alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are all kinds of alternate
+explanations that actually seems quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations that actually seems quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations that actually seems quite
+compelling to many of these folks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to many of these folks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to many of these folks that
+might account for the null result that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might account for the null result that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might account for the null result that's
+why I find it so kind of tragic not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I find it so kind of tragic not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I find it so kind of tragic not that
+Michaelson considered himself a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson considered himself a failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson considered himself a failure
+in 1887. it's that 40 years later after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1887. it's that 40 years later after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1887. it's that 40 years later after
+many many more efforts to test this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many more efforts to test this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many more efforts to test this and
+and really uh pursue these alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really uh pursue these alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really uh pursue these alternate
+possible explanations that he's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible explanations that he's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible explanations that he's still
+considered himself a failure even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered himself a failure even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered himself a failure even after
+a variety of of new developments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of of new developments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of of new developments that
+had come up in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come up in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come up in between
+there's a question here about uh ligo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question here about uh ligo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question here about uh ligo
+was the interferometer and inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the interferometer and inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the interferometer and inspiration
+for ligo L'Oreal asking the short answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ligo L'Oreal asking the short answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ligo L'Oreal asking the short answer
+is yup and so a part of the irony is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yup and so a part of the irony is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yup and so a part of the irony is
+here again which will and we will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again which will and we will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again which will and we will come
+to um to some of this a bit later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to some of this a bit later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to some of this a bit later in the
+turn as if the Michaelson Morley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn as if the Michaelson Morley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn as if the Michaelson Morley
+experiment was done really to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done really to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done really to try to
+test for the existence of The Ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for the existence of The Ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for the existence of The Ether
+uh as as we're finding Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as we're finding Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as we're finding Michael
+cinnamonly themselves find no compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamonly themselves find no compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamonly themselves find no compelling
+evidence for The Ether and yet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for The Ether and yet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for The Ether and yet of
+roughly 100 years later a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 100 years later a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 100 years later a very similar
+kind of experiment could be used uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experiment could be used uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experiment could be used uh to
+now try to test relativity which denies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now try to test relativity which denies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now try to test relativity which denies
+the existence of ether so the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of ether so the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of ether so the instrument
+has a remarkable kind of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a remarkable kind of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a remarkable kind of intellectual
+continuity even as the theories is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity even as the theories is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity even as the theories is
+somehow designed to be testing or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow designed to be testing or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow designed to be testing or in
+conversation with have changed quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with have changed quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with have changed quite a
+lot so we'll come we'll come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so we'll come we'll come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot so we'll come we'll come to that
+pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon
+so let's see uh Johann asks for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see uh Johann asks for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see uh Johann asks for about
+these Concepts like C mu naught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts like C mu naught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Concepts like C mu naught and
+Epsilon naught they were measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon naught they were measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon naught they were measured
+separately independently that's right ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately independently that's right ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately independently that's right ah
+good so basically uh Maxwell in 1865 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so basically uh Maxwell in 1865 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so basically uh Maxwell in 1865 was
+was super was really impressed by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was super was really impressed by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was super was really impressed by just
+how close the product of these values mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close the product of these values mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close the product of these values mu
+naught and epsilonaught happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and epsilonaught happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and epsilonaught happen to be
+they didn't equal exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't equal exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't equal exactly what the
+textbook answer for speed of light was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook answer for speed of light was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook answer for speed of light was
+but they were really pretty close within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were really pretty close within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were really pretty close within
+what seemed to be too close to be merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seemed to be too close to be merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what seemed to be too close to be merely
+coincidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence
+Maxwell by this point actually did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell by this point actually did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell by this point actually did have
+a lot of experience with Laboratories he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experience with Laboratories he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experience with Laboratories he
+actually became the director of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually became the director of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually became the director of the
+Cavendish laboratory for experiment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish laboratory for experiment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cavendish laboratory for experiment at
+Cambridge uh around that time so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge uh around that time so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge uh around that time so he was
+quite aware that there would be a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite aware that there would be a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite aware that there would be a kind
+of unavoidable kind of jostle around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unavoidable kind of jostle around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unavoidable kind of jostle around
+anything experimentally determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything experimentally determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything experimentally determined
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+but in principle there was no reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in principle there was no reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in principle there was no reason why
+the product should be anywhere near one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product should be anywhere near one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product should be anywhere near one
+over the square the speed of light let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square the speed of light let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the square the speed of light let
+alone within actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone within actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone within actually a pretty
+compelling small interval so he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling small interval so he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling small interval so he he
+really he takes that as indicative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really he takes that as indicative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really he takes that as indicative that
+this probably isn't coincidence and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably isn't coincidence and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably isn't coincidence and then
+that sets up new efforts to both measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sets up new efforts to both measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sets up new efforts to both measure
+the speed of light with more accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light with more accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light with more accuracy
+there's actually the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually the first thing that
+Albert Michelson did they really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Michelson did they really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Michelson did they really got
+attention on the continent he built new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on the continent he built new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention on the continent he built new
+efforts to measure the speed of light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts to measure the speed of light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts to measure the speed of light to
+new accuracy and he came with an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new accuracy and he came with an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new accuracy and he came with an amazing
+act a closeness to the modern value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act a closeness to the modern value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act a closeness to the modern value
+so it's one thing that the maxwellian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one thing that the maxwellian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one thing that the maxwellian
+work inspires can we measure any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work inspires can we measure any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work inspires can we measure any of
+these constants to more precision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constants to more precision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constants to more precision and
+then pursue theoretical implications if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pursue theoretical implications if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pursue theoretical implications if
+it really is not a coincidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is not a coincidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is not a coincidence that
+these things fit together it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things fit together it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things fit together it's a great
+question I'm going to go back to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to go back to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to go back to share
+something these are great questions I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something these are great questions I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something these are great questions I'm
+going to go back to that last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to that last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to that last part of
+today's uh prepared material uh and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh prepared material uh and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh prepared material uh and as
+usual if questions come up please do put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual if questions come up please do put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual if questions come up please do put
+them in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the chat
+okay last part uh for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last part uh for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last part uh for today
+so we saw that lorentz had this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw that lorentz had this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw that lorentz had this kind of
+mathematical response for uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical response for uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical response for uh for the
+behavior of Maxwell's equations when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of Maxwell's equations when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of Maxwell's equations when he
+applies them to bodies moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies them to bodies moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies them to bodies moving with
+respect to the ether lorentz absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the ether lorentz absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the ether lorentz absolutely
+was also following the Michaelson Morley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also following the Michaelson Morley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also following the Michaelson Morley
+work you see it in his citations in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you see it in his citations in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you see it in his citations in his
+own articles when the Michaelson Morley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own articles when the Michaelson Morley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own articles when the Michaelson Morley
+stuff starts getting published in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff starts getting published in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff starts getting published in the
+1880s the rents is very eager to keep up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s the rents is very eager to keep up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1880s the rents is very eager to keep up
+with the latest experimental work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the latest experimental work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the latest experimental work and
+this really convinces him of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really convinces him of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really convinces him of a kind of
+second reason to keep pursuing to dig in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason to keep pursuing to dig in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second reason to keep pursuing to dig in
+even more on this topic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more on this topic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more on this topic of the
+electrodynamics of moving bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodynamics of moving bodies
+partly he wants to actually respond even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly he wants to actually respond even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly he wants to actually respond even
+more directly to this null result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly to this null result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more directly to this null result from
+Michaelson and Morley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson and Morley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson and Morley
+and he comes up with an idea that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he comes up with an idea that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he comes up with an idea that to
+this day we still call Lorenz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day we still call Lorenz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day we still call Lorenz
+contraction if you remember I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction if you remember I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction if you remember I'm sorry I
+don't remember who put it in the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember who put it in the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember who put it in the chat
+someone had asked hey that factory gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone had asked hey that factory gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone had asked hey that factory gamma
+looks familiar from lorentz it sure does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks familiar from lorentz it sure does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks familiar from lorentz it sure does
+and here's how Lorenz came to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's how Lorenz came to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's how Lorenz came to it
+Lorenz argued that we'd actually left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz argued that we'd actually left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz argued that we'd actually left
+out part of the balance of forces when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out part of the balance of forces when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out part of the balance of forces when
+trying to analyze things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to analyze things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to analyze things like the
+Michaelson Morley interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson Morley interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson Morley interferometer
+he argued that the molecules within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argued that the molecules within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argued that the molecules within one
+arm of the interferometer the arm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of the interferometer the arm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of the interferometer the arm that's
+heading directly into the ether wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading directly into the ether wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading directly into the ether wind
+would actually feel a force on it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually feel a force on it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually feel a force on it there
+would be a for a net force squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a for a net force squeezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a for a net force squeezing
+literally the matter the molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the matter the molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the matter the molecules in
+that one arm of the device squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one arm of the device squeezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one arm of the device squeezing
+them closer together because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them closer together because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them closer together because they're
+moving through this physical resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through this physical resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through this physical resistive
+medium I think I like to think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium I think I like to think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium I think I like to think of this
+in my mind as trying to take an inflated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind as trying to take an inflated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind as trying to take an inflated
+beach ball and dragging it under water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach ball and dragging it under water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach ball and dragging it under water
+in a kind of viscous resistive medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of viscous resistive medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of viscous resistive medium
+the shape of that ball will change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of that ball will change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of that ball will change right
+it will get flattened in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will get flattened in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will get flattened in the direction
+of motion it'll become oblate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion it'll become oblate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion it'll become oblate
+or prolate I think it's oblate anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prolate I think it's oblate anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or prolate I think it's oblate anyway
+it'll get squeezed in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get squeezed in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get squeezed in the direction of
+motion so the the beach ball might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so the the beach ball might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so the the beach ball might be
+perfectly spherical to our at least to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly spherical to our at least to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly spherical to our at least to
+our naked eye when it's outside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our naked eye when it's outside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our naked eye when it's outside of that
+Medium of the water put it under water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medium of the water put it under water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medium of the water put it under water
+and drag it at some high speed the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drag it at some high speed the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drag it at some high speed the water
+will will exert a force on on literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will exert a force on on literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will exert a force on on literally
+on the on the matter of that of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the matter of that of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the matter of that of that uh
+beach ball and it'll squeeze it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach ball and it'll squeeze it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach ball and it'll squeeze it along
+the direction of motion Lorenz says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of motion Lorenz says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of motion Lorenz says the
+same thing must be happening to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing must be happening to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing must be happening to every
+single molecule that makes up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule that makes up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single molecule that makes up that
+interferometer arm of length L of say 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer arm of length L of say 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer arm of length L of say 11
+meters the arm that's heading directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters the arm that's heading directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters the arm that's heading directly
+into the ether is getting the full brunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ether is getting the full brunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the ether is getting the full brunt
+of that resistive uh force and it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that resistive uh force and it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that resistive uh force and it should
+shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink
+what if it shrinks by exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it shrinks by exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it shrinks by exactly this
+Factor gamma what if it doesn't shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor gamma what if it doesn't shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor gamma what if it doesn't shrink
+by any old amount what if the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any old amount what if the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any old amount what if the amount of
+contraction is controlled by that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction is controlled by that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction is controlled by that ratio
+of the object speed V with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object speed V with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object speed V with respect to
+the speed of light C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light C
+then the the arm of the interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the arm of the interferometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the arm of the interferometer
+that's heading directly into that ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's heading directly into that ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's heading directly into that ether
+wind would have every molecule shrunk by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind would have every molecule shrunk by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind would have every molecule shrunk by
+just such a small amount by a non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a small amount by a non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just such a small amount by a non-zero
+but tiny amount given by uh Gaba and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tiny amount given by uh Gaba and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tiny amount given by uh Gaba and
+there will be a contraction in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a contraction in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a contraction in that
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+in that case if you think back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case if you think back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case if you think back to the
+swimmers let alone the light waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmers let alone the light waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmers let alone the light waves
+that's like saying the swimmer one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like saying the swimmer one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like saying the swimmer one who
+heads directly into the the current for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads directly into the the current for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads directly into the the current for
+the first part of her journey and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of her journey and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of her journey and the
+directly with the curve for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the curve for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the curve for the second
+part the literal distance she has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the literal distance she has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the literal distance she has to
+travel between points A and B has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel between points A and B has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel between points A and B has been
+shrunk by a little bit it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk by a little bit it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk by a little bit it's been
+contracted by one power of gamma a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted by one power of gamma a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted by one power of gamma a
+hypothesis he wonders is that the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis he wonders is that the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis he wonders is that the case
+is there just enough force exerted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there just enough force exerted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there just enough force exerted by
+this resistive elastic medium to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistive elastic medium to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resistive elastic medium to
+actually make it kind of an unfair race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it kind of an unfair race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it kind of an unfair race
+the swimmer one actually had a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swimmer one actually had a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swimmer one actually had a shorter
+total distance to travel if you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance to travel if you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total distance to travel if you go back
+to what we calculated earlier how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we calculated earlier how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we calculated earlier how long
+her total lap time would be to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her total lap time would be to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her total lap time would be to go from
+point A to B and back and you adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to B and back and you adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to B and back and you adjust the
+the length she had to travel that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length she had to travel that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length she had to travel that the
+that length of Shoreline has been shrunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length of Shoreline has been shrunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that length of Shoreline has been shrunk
+because of the effect of the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the effect of the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the effect of the current
+then actually you cancel out one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually you cancel out one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually you cancel out one of
+those factors of gamma because her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors of gamma because her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors of gamma because her
+length is shorter and then it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is shorter and then it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is shorter and then it should
+actually be a complete time right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a complete time right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a complete time right so if
+you take into account this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take into account this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take into account this physical
+contraction physical shrinking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction physical shrinking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction physical shrinking in the
+direction of motion then the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion then the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion then the total
+duration for swimmer one should now be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for swimmer one should now be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for swimmer one should now be
+predicted to be identical to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted to be identical to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted to be identical to the total
+duration for swimmer two it should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for swimmer two it should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration for swimmer two it should be a
+tie after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie after all
+and so if there's a physical effect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if there's a physical effect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if there's a physical effect from
+our motion to The Ether there's a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our motion to The Ether there's a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our motion to The Ether there's a force
+exerted by that physical elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by that physical elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by that physical elastic
+resistive stuff like that bowl of jelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive stuff like that bowl of jelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive stuff like that bowl of jelly
+that Lord Kelvin asked us to put our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lord Kelvin asked us to put our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lord Kelvin asked us to put our
+hands into it acts back on our on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands into it acts back on our on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands into it acts back on our on our
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+then you you would predict zero total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you would predict zero total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you would predict zero total
+time offset between the two paths the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time offset between the two paths the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time offset between the two paths the
+race should be a tie just as much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race should be a tie just as much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race should be a tie just as much for
+those two light waves as for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two light waves as for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two light waves as for the two
+swimmers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimmers
+so Lawrence is now trying to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lawrence is now trying to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lawrence is now trying to respond
+literally directly to the Michaelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally directly to the Michaelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally directly to the Michaelson
+Morley results he says this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morley results he says this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morley results he says this could
+account for why they actually find no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for why they actually find no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for why they actually find no
+shift in the interference fringes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the interference fringes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in the interference fringes
+so now Lorenz has two different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Lorenz has two different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Lorenz has two different kind of
+motivations for reconsidering how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for reconsidering how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for reconsidering how to
+handle coordinates we had that first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle coordinates we had that first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle coordinates we had that first one
+we looked at in the first part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at in the first part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at in the first part for
+today's uh presentation this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh presentation this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh presentation this sort of
+local fictitious time we're really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local fictitious time we're really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local fictitious time we're really just
+trying to figure out how does the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how does the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how does the wave
+equation transform do I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation transform do I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation transform do I have to do
+something funny with time or not and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something funny with time or not and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something funny with time or not and now
+he has a kind of second more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a kind of second more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a kind of second more
+experimentally inspired or empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally inspired or empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally inspired or empirical
+reason to keep kind of drilling down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to keep kind of drilling down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to keep kind of drilling down on
+that same question about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same question about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same question about how do we
+transform our coordinates now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform our coordinates now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform our coordinates now with this
+notion of a physical life contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a physical life contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a physical life contraction
+so keeping that same factor gamma in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so keeping that same factor gamma in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so keeping that same factor gamma in
+mind which already looked familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind which already looked familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind which already looked familiar to
+some of you Lorenz introduces what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you Lorenz introduces what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you Lorenz introduces what we
+would Now call the Lorenz transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call the Lorenz transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Now call the Lorenz transformation
+it is to replace the Galilean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to replace the Galilean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to replace the Galilean
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you can see as you might have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see as you might have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see as you might have learned
+in other classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other classes
+this ubiquitous Factor Gamma 1 over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ubiquitous Factor Gamma 1 over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ubiquitous Factor Gamma 1 over the
+square root of one minus quantity V over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one minus quantity V over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of one minus quantity V over
+c squared that now shows up both when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared that now shows up both when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared that now shows up both when we
+take care of our spatial coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of our spatial coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of our spatial coordinate and
+theirs and our temporal coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs and our temporal coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs and our temporal coordinate and
+theirs we have a gamma Factor both for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs we have a gamma Factor both for X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theirs we have a gamma Factor both for X
+Prime and for T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and for T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and for T Prime
+and also both the X Prime and the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also both the X Prime and the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also both the X Prime and the T
+Prime both are directional of motion our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime both are directional of motion our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime both are directional of motion our
+comparison for the for the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison for the for the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison for the for the spatial
+Direction along which the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction along which the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction along which the relative
+motion occurs and our comparison of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion occurs and our comparison of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion occurs and our comparison of the
+clock rates T and T Prime both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock rates T and T Prime both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock rates T and T Prime both of those
+depend on the relative speed as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the relative speed as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the relative speed as well as
+on the positions so you have a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the positions so you have a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the positions so you have a sort of
+drift or an offset both in time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift or an offset both in time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drift or an offset both in time and in
+Space the amount of which is governed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space the amount of which is governed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space the amount of which is governed by
+that new quantity gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new quantity gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new quantity gamma
+and so here's that factored gamma again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's that factored gamma again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's that factored gamma again
+and just as we've done before you we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as we've done before you we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just as we've done before you we can
+expand this quantity in general for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this quantity in general for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this quantity in general for a
+small ratio of the relative speed V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ratio of the relative speed V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ratio of the relative speed V
+compared to the speed of light it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the speed of light it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the speed of light it's a
+second order quantity to lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order quantity to lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order quantity to lowest order
+which would explain why Galileo or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would explain why Galileo or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would explain why Galileo or
+Newton or anyone in between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton or anyone in between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton or anyone in between between
+their time and Lorenzo's time had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time and Lorenzo's time had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time and Lorenzo's time had never
+measured or noticed these these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured or noticed these these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured or noticed these these kind of
+uh new kinds of ways to relate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new kinds of ways to relate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new kinds of ways to relate our
+coordinates Galileo's Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates Galileo's Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates Galileo's Transformations
+had worked perfectly well quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had worked perfectly well quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had worked perfectly well quantitatively
+for every example they'd been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every example they'd been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every example they'd been able to
+test up until that time precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test up until that time precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test up until that time precisely
+because the relative speeds involved had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the relative speeds involved had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the relative speeds involved had
+always been it turned out much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been it turned out much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been it turned out much much
+slower than the speed of light and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the speed of light and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than the speed of light and so
+you were worried about sort of a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were worried about sort of a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were worried about sort of a square
+of an already small quantity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an already small quantity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an already small quantity the
+correction to the Galilean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the Galilean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction to the Galilean
+transformation would have been minuscule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would have been minuscule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would have been minuscule
+in nearly every application until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nearly every application until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nearly every application until you
+get to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to light
+until you think about light uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you think about light uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you think about light uh and and
+either a moving emitter or moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a moving emitter or moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a moving emitter or moving
+receiver then Lorenz says there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver then Lorenz says there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver then Lorenz says there's a
+physical force that will contract uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical force that will contract uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical force that will contract uh any
+object made of any real atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object made of any real atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object made of any real atoms and
+molecules in One Direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in One Direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in One Direction in the
+direction of motion it's a small effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion it's a small effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of motion it's a small effect
+but a non-trivial one when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a non-trivial one when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a non-trivial one when we
+incorporate that we both get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that we both get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that we both get back to the
+expected form for maximal's wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected form for maximal's wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected form for maximal's wave
+equation for electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for electric and magnetic
+fields and we can account for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and we can account for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and we can account for these
+latest experiments like the Michaelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest experiments like the Michaelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest experiments like the Michaelson
+so as I as I uh had hinted at a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I as I uh had hinted at a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I as I uh had hinted at a moment
+ago when he used when Lawrence used his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when he used when Lawrence used his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago when he used when Lawrence used his
+own new system for relating coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own new system for relating coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own new system for relating coordinates
+that incorporates that gamma Factor as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporates that gamma Factor as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that incorporates that gamma Factor as
+well as the T Prime is so-called local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the T Prime is so-called local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the T Prime is so-called local
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+now even in this new set of coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even in this new set of coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now even in this new set of coordinates
+even if either the emitter or receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if either the emitter or receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if either the emitter or receiver
+or both are moving with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both are moving with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both are moving with respect to this
+still ether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still ether
+the the way that electric and magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that electric and magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way that electric and magnetic
+fields behave goes back to looking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields behave goes back to looking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields behave goes back to looking the
+way we'd expect it goes back to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we'd expect it goes back to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we'd expect it goes back to being
+the simple traveling wave expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple traveling wave expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple traveling wave expression
+so that the solutions even in a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the solutions even in a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the solutions even in a moving
+laboratory like for us on Earth really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory like for us on Earth really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory like for us on Earth really
+should travel at the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should travel at the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should travel at the speed of light
+really should behave like oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should behave like oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should behave like oscillating
+sides and cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and cosines
+and so now just to wrap up this part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now just to wrap up this part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now just to wrap up this part for
+Lorenson we'll have some time for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenson we'll have some time for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenson we'll have some time for some
+more discussion a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discussion a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more discussion a moment
+Lorenz addresses these two puzzles about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz addresses these two puzzles about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz addresses these two puzzles about
+the electrodynamics and moving bodies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrodynamics and moving bodies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrodynamics and moving bodies a
+kind of mathematical one just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematical one just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mathematical one just about the
+the behavior of a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a certain kind of
+equation as he handles coordinates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as he handles coordinates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as he handles coordinates in
+various ways and also an experimental or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways and also an experimental or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways and also an experimental or
+empirical one he really was following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical one he really was following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical one he really was following
+Michaelson and Morley's work quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson and Morley's work quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelson and Morley's work quite
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+as I was just emphasizing Lorenzo's is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was just emphasizing Lorenzo's is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was just emphasizing Lorenzo's is a
+physical Force Dynamics there's a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Force Dynamics there's a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Force Dynamics there's a force
+being exerted by The Ether on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exerted by The Ether on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exerted by The Ether on this
+object like the arm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like the arm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object like the arm of the
+interferometer that's going to cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer that's going to cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer that's going to cause a
+physical effect a contraction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical effect a contraction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical effect a contraction the
+quantitative effect is governed by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative effect is governed by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative effect is governed by that
+new Factor gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Factor gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Factor gamma
+which is there from small for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is there from small for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is there from small for small
+speeds compared to the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds compared to the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeds compared to the speed of light
+so as I say the strategy for Lowrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I say the strategy for Lowrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I say the strategy for Lowrance
+and indeed for his whole generation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed for his whole generation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed for his whole generation as
+we'll see for several classes to come is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see for several classes to come is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see for several classes to come is
+you begin with Dynamics you begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin with Dynamics you begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin with Dynamics you begin with a
+study of all the forces that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of all the forces that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of all the forces that are
+relevant for the physical system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for the physical system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for the physical system you
+hope to analyze and you use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to analyze and you use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to analyze and you use that to
+figure out how are things going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how are things going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how are things going to move
+what are the impacts on what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the impacts on what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the impacts on what we call
+kinematics start with Dynamics ask about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics start with Dynamics ask about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics start with Dynamics ask about
+the full range of forces at play and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full range of forces at play and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full range of forces at play and use
+that to solve what we call the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to solve what we call the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to solve what we call the equations
+of motion say how will objects move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion say how will objects move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion say how will objects move
+through space and time or kinematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space and time or kinematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space and time or kinematics
+as we'll see and some of you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see and some of you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see and some of you probably
+have seen already there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen already there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen already there's a different
+person who was just coming onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was just coming onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who was just coming onto the
+scene at this point at the time a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene at this point at the time a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene at this point at the time a rather
+unknown patent clerk by the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown patent clerk by the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown patent clerk by the name of
+Albert Einstein who had a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein who had a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert Einstein who had a bunch of other
+ideas about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about that
+so I'll stop sharing a screen there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll stop sharing a screen there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll stop sharing a screen there we
+have time for a couple more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so Oris writes a quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Oris writes a quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Oris writes a quite quite
+accurately this sounds a lot like length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately this sounds a lot like length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately this sounds a lot like length
+contraction special activity with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction special activity with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction special activity with a
+strikingly different interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikingly different interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikingly different interpretation
+totally right I agree so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right I agree so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally right I agree so we're going to
+see starting in the next class Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see starting in the next class Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see starting in the next class Einstein
+starts coming up with the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts coming up with the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts coming up with the exact same
+equations in many cases as Lorenz had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in many cases as Lorenz had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in many cases as Lorenz had
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+uh and not only lorettes others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and not only lorettes others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and not only lorettes others have
+found these things too uh sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these things too uh sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these things too uh sometimes it's
+called Lawrence Fitzgerald contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Lawrence Fitzgerald contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Lawrence Fitzgerald contraction
+there was a researcher uh in Britain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a researcher uh in Britain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a researcher uh in Britain uh
+Fitzgerald who found the exact same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitzgerald who found the exact same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitzgerald who found the exact same form
+of gamma right around the same time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma right around the same time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gamma right around the same time as
+Lorenz uh plank array in France was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz uh plank array in France was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorenz uh plank array in France was
+doing very similar things so we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very similar things so we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very similar things so we'll see
+that Einstein comes to many many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein comes to many many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein comes to many many of the
+identical equations and yet he reads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical equations and yet he reads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical equations and yet he reads
+them as telling us quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as telling us quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as telling us quite different
+things about how the world works much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about how the world works much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about how the world works much as
+we saw with Max's equations then and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw with Max's equations then and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw with Max's equations then and now
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+uh Julian had a question about Lorenzo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Julian had a question about Lorenzo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Julian had a question about Lorenzo's
+educational background very good I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational background very good I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational background very good I don't
+remember the details um we we could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the details um we we could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the details um we we could we
+could each look it up he was Lorenz had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could each look it up he was Lorenz had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could each look it up he was Lorenz had
+certainly become a kind of a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly become a kind of a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly become a kind of a world
+premier mathematical physicist by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premier mathematical physicist by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premier mathematical physicist by this
+time so his training would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so his training would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so his training would have been
+kind of similar to the Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to the Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of similar to the Cambridge
+Wranglers he didn't literally go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wranglers he didn't literally go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wranglers he didn't literally go to
+Cambridge University but he was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge University but he was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge University but he was very
+well steeped in the latest tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well steeped in the latest tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well steeped in the latest tools of
+mathematical analysis he was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical analysis he was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical analysis he was very very
+good at solving complicated differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at solving complicated differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at solving complicated differential
+equations very quickly a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations very quickly a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations very quickly a lot of stuff
+the Wranglers were kind of drilled in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wranglers were kind of drilled in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wranglers were kind of drilled in uh
+and so his his background would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so his his background would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so his his background would have
+been pretty similar to say James Clark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pretty similar to say James Clark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been pretty similar to say James Clark
+Maxwell's he was a little younger but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's he was a little younger but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's he was a little younger but he
+would have been he would have been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been he would have been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been he would have been like
+drilled in pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilled in pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drilled in pretty hard
+um math including differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um math including differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um math including differential equations
+quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot
+uh did Einstein refer to lorentz when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did Einstein refer to lorentz when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did Einstein refer to lorentz when he
+found the equation uh or wasn't he aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the equation uh or wasn't he aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the equation uh or wasn't he aware
+of Lawrence's work ah good question one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lawrence's work ah good question one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lawrence's work ah good question one
+of the things that you might consider if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you might consider if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you might consider if
+you were to reveal Einstein's paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to reveal Einstein's paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to reveal Einstein's paper is
+whether he makes adequate use of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he makes adequate use of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether he makes adequate use of uh
+adequate reference to the work that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate reference to the work that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate reference to the work that had
+come before did he cite his sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come before did he cite his sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come before did he cite his sources
+appropriately when you uh tackle paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately when you uh tackle paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately when you uh tackle paper
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+which is due October 2nd uh your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due October 2nd uh your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is due October 2nd uh your your
+job will be to to pretend imagine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job will be to to pretend imagine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job will be to to pretend imagine you're
+an editorial assistant at the journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an editorial assistant at the journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an editorial assistant at the journal
+the animal under physique to which Eisen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal under physique to which Eisen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal under physique to which Eisen
+had submitted his paper one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had submitted his paper one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had submitted his paper one of the
+questions a referee should ask then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions a referee should ask then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions a referee should ask then as
+now is whether the submission accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is whether the submission accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is whether the submission accurately
+reflects the existing literature was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the existing literature was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the existing literature was
+Einstein appropriately citing the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein appropriately citing the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein appropriately citing the work
+that had come before I'll pose that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had come before I'll pose that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had come before I'll pose that as a
+question and then I'll answer it no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then I'll answer it no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and then I'll answer it no the
+answer is no he was not setting this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no he was not setting this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no he was not setting this up
+at all appropriately uh as as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all appropriately uh as as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all appropriately uh as as we'll see
+actually starting even in this coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starting even in this coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starting even in this coming
+next class session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um other than uh Gary has other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than uh Gary has other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other than uh Gary has other than the
+poor citation practice did I say no of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor citation practice did I say no of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor citation practice did I say no of
+laurence's work the short answer is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laurence's work the short answer is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laurence's work the short answer is he
+probably did uh he was as we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably did uh he was as we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably did uh he was as we'll see in
+the coming uh class sessions Eisen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming uh class sessions Eisen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming uh class sessions Eisen was
+very avidly reading a lot of this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very avidly reading a lot of this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very avidly reading a lot of this work
+probably not Michaelson's work actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not Michaelson's work actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not Michaelson's work actually
+but certainly the work by people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly the work by people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly the work by people like
+lorentz and puancare in Paris he was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorentz and puancare in Paris he was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorentz and puancare in Paris he was not
+um citing it very carefully but he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um citing it very carefully but he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um citing it very carefully but he and
+his buddies uh were encountering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his buddies uh were encountering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his buddies uh were encountering this
+kind of uh as their as their off hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh as their as their off hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh as their as their off hours
+reading group is what they did for fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading group is what they did for fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading group is what they did for fun
+which you know I recommend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1ye7dm9aUj0.txt b/1ye7dm9aUj0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e402ff8c63ecd6c8006ab1ed02d5ef3920a2a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1ye7dm9aUj0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about
+two-dimensional flux and the normal form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional flux and the normal form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional flux and the normal form
+of greens theorem so normal here meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of greens theorem so normal here meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of greens theorem so normal here meaning
+perpendicular um so I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular um so I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular um so I want to give you a
+problem about that so what I'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about that so what I'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem about that so what I'd like you
+to do is to verify green serum in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to verify green serum in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to verify green serum in normal
+form for for this particular field the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for for this particular field the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for for this particular field the
+field F equal x i hat Plus J hat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F equal x i hat Plus J hat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F equal x i hat Plus J hat and the
+curve C that consists of the upper half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C that consists of the upper half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C that consists of the upper half
+of the unit circle and the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit circle and the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit circle and the x-axis
+interval minus 1:1 so first of all let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval minus 1:1 so first of all let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval minus 1:1 so first of all let
+me say what I mean by C this C so so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say what I mean by C this C so so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say what I mean by C this C so so C
+it's it's you know the usual unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's you know the usual unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's you know the usual unit circle
+circle of radius one centered at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one centered at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one centered at the
+origin so just its top half and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so just its top half and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so just its top half and the
+x-axis interval minus 1 to1 I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis interval minus 1 to1 I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis interval minus 1 to1 I mean the
+the line segment that connects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line segment that connects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line segment that connects the
+points minus one 0 and 1 Z so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points minus one 0 and 1 Z so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points minus one 0 and 1 Z so the
+diameter of that of that semicircle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of that of that semicircle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of that of that semicircle so
+that's the curve c um the field F okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the curve c um the field F okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the curve c um the field F okay
+so what I what I mean by verify green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I what I mean by verify green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I what I mean by verify green
+Serum is is I'd like you to compute both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serum is is I'd like you to compute both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serum is is I'd like you to compute both
+the the double integral the that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the double integral the that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the double integral the that appears
+in green theorem and the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green theorem and the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in green theorem and the line integral
+that appears in Green's theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in Green's theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in Green's theorem and
+check that they're really equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that they're really equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that they're really equal to each
+other right so that'll confirm greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so that'll confirm greens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right so that'll confirm greens
+theorem in this particular instance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this particular instance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in this particular instance and
+and hopefully help give us a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully help give us a feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully help give us a feel for
+for how it works a little bit um so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how it works a little bit um so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how it works a little bit um so why
+don't you pause the video have a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video have a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video have a go
+compute both of those those integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute both of those those integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute both of those those integrals
+come back and we can work on work them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and we can work on work them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and we can work on work them
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together hopefully you had some luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together hopefully you had some luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together hopefully you had some luck
+with this let's let's have a go at it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this let's let's have a go at it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this let's let's have a go at it so
+so what Green's theorem tells you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Green's theorem tells you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Green's theorem tells you is
+that the flux across a curve which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux across a curve which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flux across a curve which we
+usually compute as a line integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually compute as a line integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually compute as a line integral is
+also equal to uh uh an integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal to uh uh an integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal to uh uh an integral of the
+Divergence over the region bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence over the region bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence over the region bounded by
+that curve so here the curve has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve so here the curve has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve so here the curve has to be a
+closed curve um so that it bounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve um so that it bounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve um so that it bounds a
+region of the plane um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the plane um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the plane um
+so in particular so let's let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular so let's let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular so let's let's let's
+draw the picture here so we so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture here so we so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture here so we so we know
+what we're talking about so the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about so the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about so the curve
+C so it consists so we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it consists so we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so it consists so we've got the
+segment from minus1 to one along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment from minus1 to one along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment from minus1 to one along the
+x-axis and then we have the top half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and then we have the top half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and then we have the top half of
+the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle so that's the curve C and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so that's the curve C and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so that's the curve C and I
+didn't specify an orientation but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't specify an orientation but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't specify an orientation but in any
+context like this when you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context like this when you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context like this when you don't
+specifying orientation what you mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying orientation what you mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying orientation what you mean is
+positively oriented so okay so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively oriented so okay so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively oriented so okay so it's so
+it's a positively oriented curve um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positively oriented curve um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positively oriented curve um okay
+so that's our curve C and so it it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our curve C and so it it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our curve C and so it it the
+region that it BS is this is this half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that it BS is this is this half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that it BS is this is this half
+of the semi half of the circle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semi half of the circle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the semi half of the circle the
+semicircle I keep saying half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle I keep saying half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle I keep saying half of the
+semicircle I'm sorry about that um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle I'm sorry about that um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle I'm sorry about that um this
+this upper half of the circle of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upper half of the circle of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upper half of the circle of of the
+dis in fact um that that that region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis in fact um that that that region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis in fact um that that that region of
+the plane Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane Okay so
+what green theorem tells us is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what green theorem tells us is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what green theorem tells us is that when
+we compute the the surface integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute the the surface integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute the the surface integral of
+uh sorry the double integral of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry the double integral of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry the double integral of the uh
+of the Divergence of f over this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Divergence of f over this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Divergence of f over this region
+that should be the same as what we do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be the same as what we do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be the same as what we do if
+we compute f.n around the boundary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute f.n around the boundary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute f.n around the boundary of
+the curve all right so and and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve all right so and and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve all right so and and now we're
+going to check it so let's let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check it so let's let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check it so let's let's do the
+the double integral first um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral first um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral first um so the
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+the double integral in this case so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral in this case so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral in this case so it's
+the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double
+integral over let me call that region R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over let me call that region R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over let me call that region R
+so it's the double integral over R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the double integral over R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the double integral over R of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of
+f da all right so okay so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f da all right so okay so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f da all right so okay so what is the
+Divergence of f well here's F it's x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of f well here's F it's x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence of f well here's F it's x i
+hat plus y j hat so its Divergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus y j hat so its Divergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat plus y j hat so its Divergence is
+the partial of X with respect to X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of X with respect to X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of X with respect to X plus
+the partial of Y with respect to y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Y with respect to y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial of Y with respect to y so
+that's 1 + 1 so the Divergence of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 + 1 so the Divergence of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 + 1 so the Divergence of f is
+just two in this case so it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two in this case so it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two in this case so it's equal to
+the double integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral over the
+semicircle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircle of
+2 Da and of course when you integrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Da and of course when you integrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Da and of course when you integrate a
+constant over a region what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over a region what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over a region what you get is
+just that constant times the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that constant times the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that constant times the area of the
+region so okay so da here is the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so okay so da here is the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so okay so da here is the area of
+the semicircle it's half of a circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semicircle it's half of a circle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semicircle it's half of a circle of
+radius one so circle of radius one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one so circle of radius one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one so circle of radius one has
+area Pi so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Pi so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Pi so this is
+2 * 12 Pi so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 12 Pi so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 12 Pi so this is
+pi okay so that's the double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay so that's the double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay so that's the double integral
+that that we get from Green's theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we get from Green's theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we get from Green's theorem in
+normal form and what Green's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal form and what Green's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal form and what Green's theorem
+says is that this is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that this is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that this is equal to a
+particular line integral so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular line integral so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular line integral so what is the
+line integral well it's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral well it's the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral well it's the integral
+around C of of f.n so let's so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around C of of f.n so let's so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around C of of f.n so let's so let's
+write down what it is the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what it is the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what it is the line
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part now so it's the integral it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now so it's the integral it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now so it's the integral it's a
+closed curve so it's the integral around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve so it's the integral around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve so it's the integral around
+C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f.n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um DS um so that is the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um DS um so that is the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um DS um so that is the line integral
+that we're that we're looking to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're that we're looking to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're that we're looking to compute
+okay um so how do we compute this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so how do we compute this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so how do we compute this well
+usually we compute it by using the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we compute it by using the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we compute it by using the the
+coordinates of of f so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of of f so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of of f so this is equal to
+we know that this is always equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is always equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is always equal to the
+integral around C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around C
+of and let me make sure I'm getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and let me make sure I'm getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and let me make sure I'm getting this
+right before I screw anything up yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before I screw anything up yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before I screw anything up yes
+okay I am good M Dy minus n DX where M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I am good M Dy minus n DX where M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I am good M Dy minus n DX where M
+and N are the coordinates of f or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N are the coordinates of f or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N are the coordinates of f or the
+components of F M and N are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of F M and N are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of F M and N are the
+components of f right so m is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of f right so m is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of f right so m is the first
+component and N is the second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and N is the second component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and N is the second component
+so in our case f has this fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case f has this fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case f has this fairly simple
+form so this is in our case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so this is in our case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so this is in our case this is
+equal to the integral around C of uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral around C of uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral around C of uh so
+M the first component of X of F is X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the first component of X of F is X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the first component of X of F is X so
+this is X Dy minus in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X Dy minus in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X Dy minus in the second
+component is y DX all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is y DX all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is y DX all right so this is
+the this is the line integral we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the line integral we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the line integral we're
+interested in Computing okay but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Computing okay but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in Computing okay but of
+course this curve is not easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this curve is not easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this curve is not easy to
+parameterize as a single go so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize as a single go so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize as a single go so we want
+to split it into two pieces so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split it into two pieces so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to split it into two pieces so let's
+look um so the first piece we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um so the first piece we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look um so the first piece we want to
+split it into is is that line segment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into is is that line segment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it into is is that line segment so
+let's call that maybe well I'm I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that maybe well I'm I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that maybe well I'm I'm not
+even going to bother giving them names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to bother giving them names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to bother giving them names
+um we want to split it into the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to split it into the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to split it into the into the
+integral over the line segment plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the line segment plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the line segment plus the
+integral over the the semicircle the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the the semicircle the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the the semicircle the the
+boundary of that yeah the semicircle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of that yeah the semicircle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of that yeah the semicircle
+okay so this is equal to so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is equal to so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is equal to so it's the
+integral over the line segment so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the line segment so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the line segment so let's
+see so that integral well okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so that integral well okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so that integral well okay I will
+give them names I will give them names I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them names I will give them names I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them names I will give them names I
+take it back we'll call the the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it back we'll call the the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it back we'll call the the line
+segment C1 and we'll call the semicircle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment C1 and we'll call the semicircle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment C1 and we'll call the semicircle
+C2 so it's equal to the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so it's equal to the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 so it's equal to the integral over
+C1 okay well what is the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 okay well what is the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 okay well what is the integral over
+C1 what are X and Dy and Y and DX in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 what are X and Dy and Y and DX in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 what are X and Dy and Y and DX in
+this case so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so in this
+case X well X is what we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X well X is what we're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case X well X is what we're integrating
+but Dy we're on this line segment y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Dy we're on this line segment y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Dy we're on this line segment y
+isn't changing Y is constant so Dy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing Y is constant so Dy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing Y is constant so Dy is
+just zero so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero so it's
+zero minus okay okay and now on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero minus okay okay and now on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero minus okay okay and now on this
+line segment Y is zero also so it's 0 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment Y is zero also so it's 0 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment Y is zero also so it's 0 DX
+so so the first integral the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first integral the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first integral the integral
+over C1 is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C1 is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C1 is the integral of
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+plus we have to integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C2 of okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 of okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 of okay so
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy
+minus y DX all right so this one's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y DX all right so this one's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y DX all right so this one's just
+going to be zero that's easy so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero that's easy so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zero that's easy so now we
+we just have to work with the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to work with the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to work with the second one
+okay so for the second one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the second one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the second one we're
+integrating over the semicircle so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the semicircle so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the semicircle so we
+want to parameterize it and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to parameterize it and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to parameterize it and we're going
+to use our usual parameterization xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use our usual parameterization xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use our usual parameterization xal
+cine T yal sin T and in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine T yal sin T and in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine T yal sin T and in this case we
+just want to do this this semicircle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do this this semicircle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to do this this semicircle so
+we just want to go from one Z all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to go from one Z all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to go from one Z all the
+way around to minus one 0 so that's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around to minus one 0 so that's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around to minus one 0 so that's is
+from going from zero to Pi okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going from zero to Pi okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going from zero to Pi okay so this
+is equal to so this first integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to so this first integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to so this first integral is
+just zero it's the integral of zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero it's the integral of zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero it's the integral of zero and
+that's zero so it's integral okay so T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero so it's integral okay so T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero so it's integral okay so T
+is is going to go from 0 to Pi so now X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to go from 0 to Pi so now X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to go from 0 to Pi so now X
+Dy so X is cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so X is cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so X is cine
+t y is sin T So Dy is sin T DT uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y is sin T So Dy is sin T DT uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t y is sin T So Dy is sin T DT uh sorry
+is cosine T DT Y is sin T Dy is cosine T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine T DT Y is sin T Dy is cosine T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine T DT Y is sin T Dy is cosine T
+DT so it's cosine T time cine T DT minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so it's cosine T time cine T DT minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so it's cosine T time cine T DT minus
+all right now Y is sin T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now Y is sin T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now Y is sin T
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+and X is cine T So DX is minus sin T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is cine T So DX is minus sin T DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X is cine T So DX is minus sin T DT
+so this is times minus sin T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is times minus sin T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is times minus sin T
+DT okay well what happens here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay well what happens here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay well what happens here so this
+becomes cosine 2 T DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes cosine 2 T DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes cosine 2 T DT
+minus- sin 2 T minus minus is plus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus- sin 2 T minus minus is plus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus- sin 2 T minus minus is plus so
+it's cosine s t DT plus sin 2 T DT but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cosine s t DT plus sin 2 T DT but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cosine s t DT plus sin 2 T DT but
+of course cosine squ plus sin is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course cosine squ plus sin is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course cosine squ plus sin is just
+one so we can write this even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we can write this even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we can write this even more
+simply as the integral from 0 to Pi of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as the integral from 0 to Pi of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as the integral from 0 to Pi of 1
+DT or just of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT or just of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT or just of
+DT and the integral DT is is just T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the integral DT is is just T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the integral DT is is just T so
+this is T between zero and Pi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is T between zero and Pi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is T between zero and Pi which is
+pi okay Pi um good and what did we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay Pi um good and what did we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi okay Pi um good and what did we get
+before ah we also got Pi great so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before ah we also got Pi great so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before ah we also got Pi great so we
+have successfully verified Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have successfully verified Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have successfully verified Green's
+theorem in Normal form in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in Normal form in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in Normal form in this
+particular instance so let's let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance so let's let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance so let's let's just
+recap again what we what we did we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap again what we what we did we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap again what we what we did we had
+this field F and this curve C this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field F and this curve C this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field F and this curve C this
+closed curve C that bounded some region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve C that bounded some region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve C that bounded some region
+and so what we've done is we computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've done is we computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've done is we computed
+the double integral over the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral over the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral over the region of
+div FDA all right so that's what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div FDA all right so that's what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div FDA all right so that's what we did
+first double integral over the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first double integral over the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first double integral over the region
+bounded by the curve and then second we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the curve and then second we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the curve and then second we
+computed the line integral around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the line integral around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the line integral around the
+boundary of f do n DS all right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of f do n DS all right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of f do n DS all right so that
+was what this was this is always this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what this was this is always this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what this was this is always this is
+a useful form in which to write this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful form in which to write this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful form in which to write this uh
+f. n da okay so but and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. n da okay so but and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. n da okay so but and then we
+substituted in and computed it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted in and computed it all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted in and computed it all right
+and green theorem tells us that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green theorem tells us that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green theorem tells us that the two
+integrals have to be equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals have to be equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals have to be equal to each other
+and indeed for this particular F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed for this particular F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed for this particular F and
+this particular C we verified that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular C we verified that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular C we verified that in
+this case they both give us Pi all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they both give us Pi all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they both give us Pi all right
+and of course green theorem tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course green theorem tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course green theorem tells us
+that that would have been true that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would have been true that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would have been true that they
+would have come out the same regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have come out the same regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have come out the same regardless
+of what the choice of F and the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the choice of F and the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the choice of F and the choice
+of C that we made were so I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C that we made were so I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C that we made were so I'll stop
+there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2UHUg1OjYnE.txt b/2UHUg1OjYnE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c53a6282555097936768fbb05aca5f053ba68c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2UHUg1OjYnE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+um so in this lecture we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this lecture we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in this lecture we are going to
+start looking at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at an example
+um process for which we can now with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um process for which we can now with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um process for which we can now with all
+the tools we have in hand calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we have in hand calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we have in hand calculate
+the matrix element transition amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element transition amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element transition amplitude
+all right in more general terms we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in more general terms we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in more general terms we can
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+all the examples and they're listed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the examples and they're listed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the examples and they're listed here
+second order processes and one third or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order processes and one third or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order processes and one third or
+the other process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other process
+we're going to discuss them in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss them in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to discuss them in more
+detail as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail as we go along
+and this is really just to give you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really just to give you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really just to give you you
+know feedback for the different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know feedback for the different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know feedback for the different kinds of
+processes we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes we're going to look at
+so you know the first one is elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the first one is elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the first one is elastic
+scattering it's you know neural electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it's you know neural electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it's you know neural electron
+scheduling that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling that's the one
+process we're going to look at here why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we're going to look at here why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we're going to look at here why
+because this is the simplest case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the simplest case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the simplest case for
+this process there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process there's only one
+leading order diagram which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order diagram which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order diagram which is exactly
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one
+shown here for other processes where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here for other processes where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here for other processes where we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+the same particle interacting we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same particle interacting we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same particle interacting we find
+that we do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do have to
+consider multiple diagrams for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider multiple diagrams for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider multiple diagrams for example
+this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here
+we have electron on electron scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have electron on electron scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have electron on electron scattering
+and so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to
+calculate not just the this leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate not just the this leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate not just the this leading
+diagram which looks exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram which looks exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram which looks exactly
+like the one for the neurons scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one for the neurons scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the one for the neurons scattering
+but we also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also have to
+include the cross team term where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the cross team term where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the cross team term where we
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+outgoing electron lag and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing electron lag and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing electron lag and so on
+um you know the processes are including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the processes are including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the processes are including
+electron position scattering which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron position scattering which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron position scattering which is
+called baba scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compton scattering which we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton scattering which we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compton scattering which we discussed
+the kinematics for already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematics for already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematics for already
+but also inelastic processes like pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also inelastic processes like pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also inelastic processes like pair
+ventilation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation or
+pair production there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair production there's a very
+interesting diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting diagram here
+which is the third order diagram which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the third order diagram which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the third order diagram which
+is responsible for the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is responsible for the anomalous
+magnetic moment and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment and we'll talk more
+about that when we talk about higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that when we talk about higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that when we talk about higher
+order corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order corrections
+so let's have a look at this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a look at this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a look at this electron
+neuron scattering process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron scattering process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron scattering process
+so only one diagram contributes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only one diagram contributes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only one diagram contributes at
+second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+and so we have an electron and a muon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have an electron and a muon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have an electron and a muon
+scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering
+via the exchange of the photo and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the exchange of the photo and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the exchange of the photo and this
+is after all the qe diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all the qe diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is after all the qe diagram
+so now how do we calculate the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how do we calculate the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now how do we calculate the matrix
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+we simply just follow the fileman rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply just follow the fileman rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we simply just follow the fileman rules
+primarily as we discussed them before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily as we discussed them before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily as we discussed them before
+and if you want to do this now you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to do this now you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to do this now you draw
+your primary diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your primary diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your primary diagram
+it's always very good and useful to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always very good and useful to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always very good and useful to draw
+environment diagram first and label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment diagram first and label it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment diagram first and label it
+accordingly that's super useful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly that's super useful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly that's super useful if you
+want to systematically evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to systematically evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to systematically evaluate
+this process and then you start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process and then you start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process and then you start going
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+backwards from an outgoing lag back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from an outgoing lag back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from an outgoing lag back to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+initial lag and you see this part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial lag and you see this part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial lag and you see this part here
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+the u3 the third particle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u3 the third particle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u3 the third particle here
+the vertex factor and the first particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex factor and the first particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex factor and the first particle
+then you have a propagator here for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a propagator here for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a propagator here for your
+proton it's given by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's given by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's given by minus
+i g mu divided by q square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i g mu divided by q square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i g mu divided by q square
+and then you analyze the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you analyze the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you analyze the second part
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+where you find the fourth particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you find the fourth particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you find the fourth particle
+vertex vector and second particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex vector and second particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex vector and second particle
+for each of those lines you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those lines you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of those lines you have to make
+sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that
+energy and momentum is conserved into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum is conserved into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum is conserved into
+the spread of delta functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread of delta functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spread of delta functions
+and then the last part you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last part you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last part you have to do
+integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+over your momentum all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your momentum all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over your momentum all right
+that's already there the next step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already there the next step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's already there the next step in
+your list of rules is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list of rules is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your list of rules is
+carry out the integration integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the integration integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the integration integrate over
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+that drops your delta function but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops your delta function but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drops your delta function but you
+are left with one delta function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left with one delta function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are left with one delta function which
+you also supposed to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also supposed to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also supposed to drop
+um which then gives you your matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which then gives you your matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which then gives you your matrix
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+now here you're already done if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here you're already done if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here you're already done if you now
+further want to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further want to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further want to evaluate this
+diagram we actually have to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we actually have to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we actually have to be more
+explicit about the sphenos involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about the sphenos involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about the sphenos involved
+so what needs to be done now is have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what needs to be done now is have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what needs to be done now is have a
+discussion on how to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on how to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion on how to handle
+the spin of the particles meaning being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin of the particles meaning being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin of the particles meaning being
+explicit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit about
+the streamers and in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streamers and in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streamers and in order to do that
+we'll discuss how we treat spin how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss how we treat spin how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss how we treat spin how we
+have to treat them either in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to treat them either in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to treat them either in an
+experiment where the spin of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where the spin of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where the spin of the initial
+particle is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is known
+or an experiment where we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an experiment where we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an experiment where we have to
+average over all possible spin states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over all possible spin states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over all possible spin states
+so that's part of the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussion
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/34lmLIYpkYQ.txt b/34lmLIYpkYQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5229071917c0f9efd7200dc397ad0671b6b1bf2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/34lmLIYpkYQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3219 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last
+lecture, we laid out
+
+the foundations of
+quantum stat mech.
+
+And to remind you,
+in quantum mechanics
+
+we said we could very
+formally describe a state
+
+through a vector
+in Hilbert space
+
+that has complex components
+in terms of some basis
+
+that we haven't specified.
+
+And quantum mechanics
+describes, essentially
+
+what happens to one
+of these states,
+
+how to interpret it, et cetera.
+
+But this was, in our
+language, a pure state.
+
+We were interested in cases
+where we have an ensemble
+
+and there are many members
+of the ensemble that
+
+correspond to the same
+macroscopic state.
+
+And we can distinguish
+them macroscopically.
+
+If we think about each
+one of those states
+
+being one particular
+member, psi alpha,
+
+some vector in this
+Hilbert space occurring
+
+with some probability
+P alpha, then that's
+
+kind of a more
+probabilistic representation
+
+of what's going on here
+for the mech state.
+
+And the question was, well,
+how do we manipulate things
+
+when we have a collection of
+states in this mixed form?
+
+And we saw that in
+quantum mechanics,
+
+most of the things
+that are observable
+
+are expressed in
+terms of matrices.
+
+And one way to convert a
+state vector into a matrix
+
+is to conjugate it and construct
+the matrix whose elements are
+
+obtained-- a particular rho
+vector by taking element
+
+and complex conjugate
+elements of the vector.
+
+And if we were to then sum over
+all members of this ensemble,
+
+this would give us an object
+that we call the density
+
+matrix, rho.
+
+And the property of
+this density matrix
+
+was that if I had some
+observable for a pure state
+
+I would be able to
+calculate an expectation
+
+value for this observable
+by sandwiching it
+
+between the state in the way
+that quantum mechanic has
+
+taught us.
+
+In our mech state, we would
+get an ensemble average
+
+of this quantity by
+multiplying this density matrix
+
+with the matrix that represents
+the operator whose average we
+
+are trying to calculate,
+and then taking
+
+the trace of the product
+of these two matrices.
+
+Now, the next statement
+was that in the same way
+
+that the micro-state classically
+changes as a function of time,
+
+the vector that we have
+in quantum mechanics
+
+is also changing as
+a function of time.
+
+And so at a different
+instant of time,
+
+our state vectors have changed.
+
+And in principle, our
+density has changed.
+
+And that would imply a change
+potentially in the average
+
+that we have over here.
+
+We said, OK, let's look
+at this time dependence.
+
+And we know that these psis
+obey Schrodinger equation.
+
+I h bar d psi by dt is h psi.
+
+So we did the same
+operation, I h bar d
+
+by dt of this density matrix.
+
+And we found that
+essentially, what we
+
+would get on the other
+side is the commutator
+
+of the density
+matrix and the matrix
+
+corresponding to
+the Hamiltonian,
+
+which was reminiscent of
+the Liouville statement
+
+that we had classically.
+
+Classically, we had
+that d rho by dt
+
+was the Poisson bracket of a
+rho with H versus this quantum
+
+formulation.
+
+Now, in both cases
+we are looking
+
+for some kind of a density
+that represents an equilibrium
+
+ensemble.
+
+And presumably,
+the characteristic
+
+of the equilibrium ensemble
+is that various measurements
+
+that you make at one time and
+another time are the same.
+
+And hence, we want
+this rho equilibrium
+
+to be something that does not
+change as a function of time,
+
+which means that if we put it in
+either one of these equations,
+
+the right-hand side for
+d rho by dt should be 0.
+
+And clearly, a
+simple way to do that
+
+is to make rho equilibrium
+be a function of H.
+
+In the classical context, H
+was a function in phase space.
+
+Rho equilibrium was,
+therefore, made a function
+
+of various points in
+phase space implicitly
+
+through its dependence on
+H. In the current case,
+
+H is a matrix in Hilbert space.
+
+A function of a matrix
+is another function,
+
+and that's how we
+construct rho equilibrium.
+
+And that function will
+also commute with H
+
+because clearly H with H is 0.
+
+Any function of H
+with H will be 0.
+
+So the prescription that
+we have in order now
+
+to construct the quantum
+statistical mechanics
+
+is to follow what we had done
+already for the classical case.
+
+And classically
+following this equation,
+
+we made postulates
+relating rho--
+
+what its functional
+dependence was
+
+on H. We can now do the same
+thing in the quantum context.
+
+So let's do that
+following the procedure
+
+that we followed for
+the classical case.
+
+So classically, we
+said, well, let's look
+
+at an ensemble that
+was micro-canonical.
+
+So in the
+micro-canonical ensemble,
+
+we specified what the
+energy of the system was,
+
+but we didn't allow either
+work to be performed
+
+on it mechanically or chemically
+so that the number of elements
+
+was fixed.
+
+The coordinates, such as
+volume, length of the system,
+
+et cetera, were fixed.
+
+And in this ensemble,
+classically the statement
+
+was that rho indexed by
+E is a function of H.
+
+And clearly, what we
+want is to only allow
+
+H's that correspond
+to the right energy.
+
+So I will use a kind
+of shorthand notation
+
+as kind of a delta H E.
+
+Although, when we were doing
+it last time around, we allowed
+
+this function to allow a
+range of possible E-values.
+
+I can do the same thing, it's
+just that writing that out
+
+is slightly less convenient.
+
+So let's stick with
+the convenient form.
+
+Essentially, it says
+within some range delta A
+
+allow the Hamiltonians.
+
+Allow states, micro-states,
+whose Hamiltonian
+
+would give the right energy
+that is comparable to the energy
+
+that we have said exists
+for the macro-state.
+
+Now clearly also,
+this definition
+
+tells me that the trace
+of rho has to be 1.
+
+Or classically, the integral
+of rho E over the entire phase
+
+space has to be 1.
+
+So there is a
+normalization condition.
+
+And this normalization condition
+gave us the quantity omega
+
+of E, the number of
+states of energy E,
+
+out of which we then
+constructed the entropy
+
+and we were running
+away calculating
+
+various thermodynamic
+quantities.
+
+So now let's see how we evaluate
+this in the quantum case.
+
+We will use the same
+expression, but now me
+
+realize that rho is a matrix.
+
+So I have to evaluate, maybe
+elements of that matrix
+
+to clarify what this matrix
+looks like in some basis.
+
+What's the most
+convenient basis?
+
+Since rho is expressed
+as a function of H,
+
+the most convenient basis
+is the energy basis,
+
+which is the basis that
+diagonalizes your Hamiltonian
+
+matrix.
+
+Basically, there's some
+vectors in this Hilbert space
+
+such that the
+action of H on this
+
+will give us some
+energy that I will
+
+call epsilon n, some eigenvalue.
+
+An n.
+
+So that's the definition
+of the energy basis.
+
+Again, as all basis, we can
+make these basis vectors
+
+n to be unit length and
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+There is an orthonormal basis.
+
+If I evaluate rho E in
+this basis, what do I find?
+
+I find that n rho m.
+
+Well, 1 over omega E
+is just the constant.
+
+It comes out front.
+
+And the meaning of this delta
+function becomes obvious.
+
+It is 1 or 0.
+
+It is 1 if, let's say, Em
+equals to the right energy.
+
+Em is the right energy
+for the ensemble E.
+
+And of course, there
+is a delta function.
+
+So there is also
+an m equals to n.
+
+And it is 0, clearly, for states
+that have the wrong energy.
+
+But there is an
+additional thing here
+
+that I will explain shortly
+for m not equal to n.
+
+So let's parse
+the two statements
+
+that I have made over here.
+
+The first one, it
+says that if I know
+
+the energy of my
+macro-state, I clearly
+
+have to find wave
+functions to construct
+
+possible states of
+what is in the box that
+
+have the right energy.
+
+States that don't have the
+right energy are not admitted.
+
+States that are
+the right energy,
+
+I have nothing against
+each one of them.
+
+So I give them all
+the same probability.
+
+So this is our whole
+assumption of equal equilibrium
+
+a priori probabilities.
+
+But now I have a quantum system
+and I'm looking at the matrix.
+
+And this matrix potentially
+has off-diagonal elements.
+
+You see, if I am looking
+at m equals to n,
+
+it means that I am looking
+at the diagonal elements
+
+of the matrix.
+
+What this says is that if the
+energies are degenerate-- let's
+
+say I have 100 states, all of
+them have the right energy,
+
+but they are orthonormal.
+
+These 100 states, when I
+look at the density matrix
+
+in the corresponding basis,
+the off-diagonal elements
+
+would be 0.
+
+So this is the "or."
+
+So even if this
+condition is satisfied,
+
+even if Em equals to
+E, but I am looking
+
+at off-diagonal elements,
+I have to put 0.
+
+And this is sometimes called
+the assumption of random phases.
+
+Before telling you
+why that's called
+
+an assumption of random
+phases, let's also
+
+characterize what
+this omega of E is.
+
+Because trace of rho has
+to be 1, clearly omega of E
+
+is the trace of this
+delta h E. Essentially
+
+as I scan all of my
+possible energy levels
+
+in this energy
+basis, I will get 1
+
+for those that have the
+right energy and 0 otherwise.
+
+So basically, this is simply
+number of states of energy E,
+
+potentially with minus
+plus some delta E
+
+if I want to include that.
+
+Now, what these assumptions
+mean are kind of like this.
+
+So I have my box
+and I have been told
+
+that I have energy E. What's
+a potential wave function
+
+that I can have in this box?
+
+What's the psi given that I
+know what the energy E is?
+
+Well, any superposition
+of these omega E states
+
+that have the right
+energy will work fine.
+
+So I have a sum
+over, let's say, mu
+
+that belongs to the
+state such that H-- such
+
+that this energy En
+is equal to the energy
+
+that I have specified.
+
+And there are omega
+sub E such states.
+
+I have to find some kind of
+an amplitude for these states,
+
+and then the
+corresponding state mu.
+
+I guess I should
+write here E mu.
+
+Now, the first
+statement over here
+
+is that as far as
+I'm concerned, I
+
+can put all of these a
+mu's in whatever proportion
+
+that I want.
+
+Any linear combination
+will work out fine.
+
+Because ultimately, psi
+has to be normalized.
+
+Presumably, the
+typical magnitude a m
+
+squared, if I average over
+all members of the ensemble,
+
+should be 1 over omega.
+
+So this is a superposition.
+
+Typically, all of
+them would contribute.
+
+But since we are thinking
+about quantum mechanics,
+
+these amplitudes can,
+in fact, be complex.
+
+And this statement
+of random phases
+
+is more or less
+equivalent to saying
+
+that the phases of
+the different elements
+
+would be typically
+uncorrelated when you average
+
+over all possible
+members of this ensemble.
+
+Just to emphasize this
+a little bit more,
+
+let's think about the
+very simplest case
+
+that we can have for
+thinking about probability.
+
+And you would think
+of, say, a coin that
+
+can have two possibilities,
+head or tail.
+
+So classically, you
+would say, head or tail,
+
+not knowing anything
+else, are equally likely.
+
+The quantum analog of
+that is a quantum bit.
+
+And the qubit can have,
+let's say, up or down states.
+
+It's a Hilbert space that
+is composed of two elements.
+
+So the corresponding matrix that
+I would have would be a 2 by 2.
+
+And according to the
+construction that I have,
+
+it will be something like this.
+
+What are the possible wave
+functions for this system?
+
+I can have any
+linear combination
+
+of, say, up and down,
+with any amplitude here.
+
+And so essentially, the
+amplitudes, presumably,
+
+are quantities that I will
+call alpha up and alpha down.
+
+That, on average, alpha squared
+up or down would be 1/2.
+
+That's what would appear here.
+
+The elements that
+appear here according
+
+to the construction
+that I have up there,
+
+I have to really
+take this element,
+
+average it against the complex
+conjugate of that element.
+
+So what will appear here
+would be something like e
+
+to the i phi of up minus phi
+of down, where, let's say,
+
+I put here phi of up.
+
+And what I'm saying
+is that there
+
+are a huge number
+of possibilities.
+
+Whereas, the classical coin has
+really two possibilities, head
+
+or tail, the quantum
+analog of this
+
+is a huge set of possibilities.
+
+These phis can be
+anything, 0 to 2 pi.
+
+Independent of each
+other, the amplitudes
+
+can be anything as long as
+the eventual normalization
+
+is satisfied.
+
+And as you sort of sum
+over all possibilities,
+
+you would get something
+like this also.
+
+Now, the more convenient
+ensemble for calculating things
+
+is the canonical one, where
+rather than specifying
+
+what the energy
+of the system is,
+
+I tell you what
+the temperature is.
+
+I still don't allow
+work to take place,
+
+so these other
+elements we kept fixed.
+
+And our classical
+description for rho sub T
+
+was e to the minus
+beta H divided
+
+by some partition function,
+where beta was 1 over kT,
+
+of course.
+
+So again, in the energy
+basis, this would be diagonal.
+
+And the diagonal elements would
+be e to the minus beta epsilon
+
+n.
+
+I could calculate the
+normalization Z, which
+
+would be trace of e
+to the minus beta H.
+
+This trace is calculated
+most easily the basis
+
+in which H is diagonal.
+
+And then I just pick out all
+of the diagonal elements, sum
+
+over n e to the
+minus beta epsilon.
+
+Now if you recall, we already
+did something like this
+
+without justification
+where we said
+
+that the states of a harmonic
+oscillator, we postulated
+
+to be quantized h
+bar omega n plus 1/2.
+
+And then we calculated
+the partition function
+
+by summing over all states.
+
+You can see that
+this would provide
+
+the justification for that.
+
+Now, various things that we have
+in classical formulations also
+
+work, such that
+classically if we had Z,
+
+we could take the
+log of Z. We could
+
+take a derivative of log
+Z with respect to beta.
+
+It would bring
+down a factor of H.
+
+And then we show that this
+was equal to the average
+
+of the energy.
+
+It was the average of
+Hamiltonian, which we then
+
+would identify with the
+thermodynamic energy.
+
+It is easy to show that if you
+take the same set of operations
+
+over here, what you would
+get is trace of H rho, which
+
+is the definition of the
+average that you find.
+
+Now, let's do one example
+in the canonical ensemble,
+
+which is particle in box.
+
+Basically, this is the kind of
+thing that we did all the time.
+
+We assume that there is
+some box of volume v.
+
+And for the time being, I
+just put one particle in it.
+
+Assume that there
+is no potential.
+
+So the Hamiltonian
+for this one particle
+
+is just its kinetic
+energy p1 squared over 2m,
+
+maybe plus some kind
+of a box potential.
+
+Now, if I want to think about
+this quantum mechanically,
+
+I have to think about
+some kind of a basis
+
+and calculating things
+in some kind of basis.
+
+So for the time
+being, let's imagine
+
+that I do things in
+coordinate basis.
+
+So I want to have
+where the particle is.
+
+And let's call
+the coordinates x.
+
+Let's say, a vector x that
+has x, y, and z-components.
+
+Then, in the
+coordinate basis, p is
+
+h bar over i, the
+gradient vector.
+
+So this becomes minus h bar
+squared Laplacian over 2m.
+
+And if I want to
+look at what are
+
+the eigenstates of his
+Hamiltonian represented
+
+in coordinates basis,
+as usual I want
+
+to have something like H1 acting
+on some function of position
+
+giving me the energy.
+
+And so I will indicate that
+function of position as x k.
+
+And I want to know
+what that energy is.
+
+And the reason I do
+that is because you all
+
+know that the correct form
+of these eigenfunctions
+
+are things like e
+to the i k dot x.
+
+And since I want these to be
+normalized when I integrate
+
+over all coordinates, I have
+to divide by square root of V.
+
+So that's all nice and fine.
+
+What I want to do is to
+calculate the density matrix
+
+in this coordinate basis.
+
+So I pick some
+point x prime rho x.
+
+And it's again, a one particle.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was thinking
+the box to be infinite
+
+or-- I mean, how to treat a
+boundary because [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So I wasn't
+careful about that.
+
+The allowed values of k
+that I have to pick here
+
+will reflect the
+boundary conditions.
+
+And indeed, I will be able
+to use these kinds of things.
+
+Let's say, by using
+periodic boundary condition.
+
+And if I choose periodic
+boundary conditions,
+
+the allowed values of
+k will be quantized.
+
+So that, say, kx
+would be multiples
+
+of 2 pi over Lx
+times some integer.
+
+If I use really box boundary
+conditions such as the wave
+
+function having to
+vanish at the two ends,
+
+in reality I should use
+the sine and cosine type
+
+of boundary wave functions,
+which are superpositions
+
+of these e to the i kx
+and e to the minus i kx.
+
+And they slightly change
+the normalization--
+
+the discretization.
+
+But up to, again, these kinds
+of superpositions and things
+
+like that, this is a
+good enough statement.
+
+If you are really doing
+quantum mechanics,
+
+you have to clearly
+be more careful.
+
+Just make sure that I'm
+sufficiently careful, but not
+
+overly careful in
+what I'm doing next.
+
+So what do I need to do?
+
+Well, rho 1 is
+nicely diagonalized
+
+in the basis of
+these plane waves.
+
+In these eigenstates
+of the Hamiltonian.
+
+So it makes sense for me to
+switch from this representation
+
+that is characterized
+by x and x prime
+
+to a representation
+where I have k.
+
+And so I can do that by
+inserting a sum over k here.
+
+And then I have rho 1.
+
+Rho 1 is simply e
+to the minus beta.
+
+It is diagonal in
+this basis of k's.
+
+There is a normalization that
+we call Z1, partition function.
+
+And because it is
+diagonal, in fact
+
+I will use the same k
+on both sides of this.
+
+So the density matrix is, in
+fact, diagonal in momentum.
+
+This is none other than
+momentum, of course.
+
+But I don't want to calculate
+the density matrix in momentum
+
+where it is diagonal because
+that's the energy basis we
+
+already saw, but in
+coordinate basis.
+
+So now let's write
+all of these things.
+
+First of all, the sum over
+k when l becomes large,
+
+I'm going to replace
+with an integral over k.
+
+And then I have to
+worry about the spacing
+
+that I have between k-values.
+
+So that will multiply with
+a density of states, which
+
+is 2 pi cubed product
+of lx, ly, lz,
+
+which will give me
+the volume of the box.
+
+And then I have these factors
+of-- how did I define it?
+
+kx is e to the i k dot x.
+
+And this thing where k and
+x prime are interchanged
+
+is its complex conjugate.
+
+So it becomes x minus x prime.
+
+I have two factors of 1
+over square root of V,
+
+so that will give me
+a factor of 1 over V
+
+from the product
+of these things.
+
+And then I still
+have minus beta h bar
+
+squared k squared over 2m.
+
+And then I have the Z1.
+
+Before proceeding, maybe
+it's worthwhile for me
+
+to calculate the
+Z1 in this case.
+
+So Z1 is the trace of rho 1.
+
+It's essentially the same thing.
+
+It's a sum over k e
+to the minus beta h
+
+bar squared k squared over 2m.
+
+I do the same thing
+that I did over there,
+
+replace this with V integral
+over k divided by 2 pi cubed
+
+e to the minus beta h bar
+squared k squared over 2m.
+
+I certainly recognize h bar k
+as the same thing as momentum.
+
+This is really p squared.
+
+So just let me write
+this after rescaling
+
+all of the k's by h bar.
+
+So then what I would have is
+an integral over momentum.
+
+And then for each
+k, I essentially
+
+bring down a factor of h bar.
+
+What is 2 pi h bar?
+
+2 pi h bar is h.
+
+So I would have a
+factor of h cubed.
+
+I have an integration over
+space that gave me volume.
+
+e to the minus beta h
+bar-- p squared over 2m.
+
+Why did I write it this way?
+
+Because it should remind
+you of how we made
+
+dimensionless the
+integrations that we
+
+had to do for
+classical calculations.
+
+Classical partition
+function, if I
+
+wanted to calculate
+within a single particle,
+
+for a single
+particle Hamiltonian,
+
+I would have this
+Boltzmann weight.
+
+I have to integrate over all
+coordinates, over all momenta.
+
+And then we divided by h
+to make it dimensionless.
+
+So you can see that that
+naturally appears here.
+
+And so the answer to
+this is V over lambda
+
+cubed with the lambda
+that we had defined
+
+before as h over root 2 pi m kT.
+
+So you can see that this
+traces that we write down
+
+in this quantum
+formulations are clearly
+
+dimensionless quantities.
+
+And they go over to
+the classical limit
+
+where we integrate over
+phase space appropriately
+
+dimensional-- made
+dimensionless by dividing
+
+by h per combination of p and q.
+
+So this V1 we already
+know is V-- Z1
+
+we already know is
+V over lambda cubed.
+
+The reason I got a
+little bit confused
+
+was because I saw that
+the V's were disappearing.
+
+And then I remembered,
+oh, Z1 is actually
+
+proportional to mu
+over lambda cubed.
+
+So that's good.
+
+So what we have here from
+the inverse of Z1 is a 1
+
+over V lambda cubed here.
+
+Now, then I have to complete
+this kind of integration,
+
+which are Gaussian integrations.
+
+If x was equal to
+x prime, this would
+
+be precisely the integration
+that I'm doing over here.
+
+So if x was equal to x
+prime, that integration,
+
+the Gaussian integration,
+would have given me
+
+this 1 over lambda cubed.
+
+But because I have this
+shift-- in some sense
+
+I have to shift k to remove
+that shift in x minus x prime.
+
+And when I square
+it, I will get here
+
+a factor, which is exponential,
+of minus x minus x prime
+
+squared-- the Square
+of that factor-- times
+
+the variance of k, which
+is m kT over h bar squared.
+
+So what do I get here?
+
+I will get 2.
+
+And then I would get
+essentially m kT.
+
+And then, h bar squared here.
+
+Now, this combination m kT
+divided by h, same thing
+
+as here, m kT and h.
+
+Clearly, what that is, is
+giving me some kind of a lambda.
+
+So let me write the answer.
+
+Eventually, what I
+find is that evaluating
+
+the one-particle density
+matrix between two points, x
+
+and x prime, will
+give me 1 over V.
+
+And then this
+exponential factor,
+
+which is x minus
+x prime squared.
+
+The coefficient here has to be
+proportional to lambda squared.
+
+And if you do the
+algebra right, you
+
+will find that the
+coefficient is pi over 2.
+
+Or is it pi?
+
+Let me double check.
+
+It's a numerical factor
+that is not that important.
+
+It is pi, pi over
+lambda squared.
+
+OK, so what does this mean?
+
+So I have a particle in the box.
+
+It's a quantum mechanical
+particle at some temperature T.
+
+And I'm trying to
+ask, where is it?
+
+So if I want to ask
+where is it, what's
+
+the probability it
+is at some point x?
+
+I refer to this
+density matrix that I
+
+have calculated in
+coordinate space.
+
+Put x prime and
+x to be the same.
+
+If x prime and x are the
+same, I get 1 over V.
+
+Essentially, it says
+that the probability
+
+that I find a particle is
+the same anywhere in the box.
+
+So that makes sense.
+
+It is the analog of
+throwing the coin.
+
+We don't know where
+the particle is.
+
+It's equally likely
+to be anywhere.
+
+Actually, remember that I used
+periodic boundary conditions.
+
+If I had used sine
+and cosines, there
+
+would have been some dependence
+on approaching the boundaries.
+
+But the matrix tells
+me more than that.
+
+Basically, the matrix
+says it is true
+
+that the diagonal
+elements are 1 over V.
+
+But if I go off-diagonal,
+there is this [INAUDIBLE] scale
+
+lambda that is
+telling me something.
+
+What is it telling you?
+
+Essentially, it is telling you
+that through the procedures
+
+that we have outlined here, if
+you are at the temperature T,
+
+then this factor tells you
+about the classical probability
+
+of finding a momentum p.
+
+There is a range of momenta
+because p squared over 2m,
+
+the excitation is
+controlled by kT.
+
+There is a range of
+momenta that is possible.
+
+And through a
+procedure such as this,
+
+you are making a
+superposition of plane waves
+
+that have this
+range of momentum.
+
+The superposition of plane
+waves, what does it give you?
+
+It essentially gives
+you a Guassian blob,
+
+which we can position
+anywhere in the space.
+
+But the width of
+that Gaussian blob
+
+is given by this
+factor of lambda,
+
+which is related to
+the uncertainty that
+
+is now quantum in character.
+
+That is, quantum mechanically
+if you know the momentum,
+
+then you don't
+know the position.
+
+There is the Heisenberg
+uncertainty principle.
+
+Now we have a
+classical uncertainty
+
+about the momentum because
+of these Boltzmann weights.
+
+That classical uncertainty
+that we have about the momentum
+
+translates to some kind of a
+wave packet size for these--
+
+to how much you can
+localize a particle.
+
+So really, this
+particle you should
+
+think of quantum mechanically
+as being some kind of a wave
+
+packet that has some
+characteristic size lambda.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So could you
+interpret the difference
+
+between x and x prime
+appearing in the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+as sort of being the probability
+of finding a particle at x
+
+having turned to x
+prime within the box?
+
+PROFESSOR: At this
+stage, you are
+
+sort of introducing
+something that is not there.
+
+But if I had two
+particles-- so very soon we
+
+are going to do
+multiple particles--
+
+and this kind of structure
+will be maintained
+
+if I have multiple particles,
+then your statement is correct.
+
+That this factor will
+tell me something
+
+about the probability of
+these things being exchanged,
+
+one tunneling to the other
+place and one tunneling back.
+
+And indeed, if you went to
+the colloquium yesterday,
+
+Professor [? Block ?]
+showed pictures
+
+of these kinds of
+exchanges taking place.
+
+OK?
+
+But essentially,
+really at this stage
+
+for the single particle
+with no potential,
+
+the statement is that the
+particle is, in reality,
+
+some kind of a wave packet.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+So any other questions?
+
+The next thing is, of
+course, what I said.
+
+Let's put two particles
+in the potential.
+
+So let's go to two particles.
+
+Actually, not necessarily
+even in the box.
+
+But let's say what
+kind of a Hamiltonian
+
+would I write for two particles?
+
+I would write something
+that has a kinetic energy
+
+for the first particle, kinetic
+energy for the second particle,
+
+and then some kind of a
+potential of interaction.
+
+Let's say, as a
+function of x1 minus x2.
+
+Now, I could have done many
+things for two particles.
+
+I could, for example,
+have had particles
+
+that are different
+masses, but I clearly
+
+wanted to write things
+that were similar.
+
+So this is Hamiltonian
+that describes
+
+particles labeled by 1 and 2.
+
+And if they have the same
+mass and the potential
+
+is a function of
+separation, it's
+
+certainly h that is
+for 2 and 1 exchange.
+
+So this Hamiltonian
+has a certain symmetry
+
+under the exchange
+of the labels.
+
+Now typically, what
+you should remember
+
+is that any type of symmetry
+that your Hamiltonian has
+
+or any matrix has will
+be reflected ultimately
+
+in the form of the
+eigenvectors that you
+
+would construct for that.
+
+So indeed, I already
+know that for this, I
+
+should be able to construct
+wave functions that
+
+are either symmetrical or
+anti-symmetric under exchange.
+
+But that statement
+aside, let's think
+
+about the meaning
+of the wave function
+
+that we have for
+the two particles.
+
+So presumably, there is a psi
+as a function of x1 and x2
+
+in the coordinate space.
+
+And for a particular
+quantum state,
+
+you would say that the
+square of this quantity
+
+is related to quantum
+probabilities of finding
+
+particles at x1 and x2.
+
+So this could, for example,
+be the case of two particles.
+
+Let's say oxygen and nitrogen.
+
+They have almost the same mass.
+
+This statement would be true.
+
+But the statement
+becomes more interesting
+
+if we say that the
+particles are identical.
+
+So for identical
+particles, the statement
+
+of identity in quantum mechanics
+is damped at this stage.
+
+You would say that I can't
+tell apart the probability
+
+that one particle,
+number 1, is at x1,
+
+particle 2 is at
+x2 or vice versa.
+
+The labels 1 and
+2 are just thinks
+
+that I assign for
+convenience, but they really
+
+don't have any meaning.
+
+There are two particles.
+
+To all intents and purposes,
+they are identical.
+
+And there is some probability
+for seeing the events
+
+where one particle--
+I don't know
+
+what its label is--
+at this location.
+
+The other particle-- I don't
+know what its label is--
+
+is at that location.
+
+Labels don't have any meaning.
+
+So this is different.
+
+This does not have
+a classic analog.
+
+Classically, if I put
+something on the computer,
+
+I would say that
+particle 1 is here at x1,
+
+particle 2 is here at x2.
+
+I have to write some
+index on the computer.
+
+But if I want to
+construct a wave function,
+
+I wouldn't know what to do.
+
+I would just essentially
+have a function of x1 and x2
+
+that is peaked here and there.
+
+And we also know that somehow
+quantum mechanics tells us
+
+that there is
+actually a stronger
+
+version of this statement,
+which is that psi of x1, x2 x1
+
+is either plus psi of
+x1, x2 or minus psi
+
+of x1, x2 for
+identical particles
+
+depending on whether they
+are boson or fermions.
+
+So let's kind of build
+upon that a little bit more
+
+and go to many particles.
+
+So forth N particles
+that are identical,
+
+I would have some
+kind of a state psi
+
+that depends on the coordinates.
+
+For example, in the
+coordinate representation,
+
+but I could choose any
+other representation.
+
+Coordinate kind of
+makes more sense.
+
+We can visualize it.
+
+And if I can't tell
+them apart, previously I
+
+was just exchanging
+two of the labels
+
+but now I can permute
+them in any possible way.
+
+So I can add the permutation
+P. And of course, there
+
+are N factorial in number.
+
+And the generalization of the
+statement that I had before
+
+was that for the
+case of bosons, I
+
+will always get the
+same thing back.
+
+And for the case of fermions,
+I will get a number back
+
+that is either minus
+or plus depending
+
+on the type of permutation that
+I apply of what I started with.
+
+So I have introduced here
+something that I call minus 1
+
+to the power of
+P, which is called
+
+a parity of the permutation.
+
+A permutation is either even--
+in which case, this minus 1
+
+to the power of P is plus--
+or is odd-- in which case,
+
+this minus 1 to P is minus 1.
+
+How do I determine the
+parity of permutation?
+
+Parity of the
+permutation is the number
+
+of exchanges that lead
+to this permutation.
+
+Basically, take any permutation.
+
+Let's say we stick
+with four particles.
+
+And I go from 1, 2, 3,
+4, which was, let's say,
+
+some regular ordering,
+to some other ordering.
+
+Let's say 4, 2, 1, 2.
+
+And my claim is that I can
+achieve this transformation
+
+through a series of exchanges.
+
+So I can get here as follows.
+
+I want 4 to come all
+the way back to here,
+
+so I do an exchange of 1 and 4.
+
+I call the exchange
+in this fashion.
+
+I do exchange of 1 and 4.
+
+The exchange of 1 and 4
+will make for me 4, 2, 3, 1.
+
+OK.
+
+I compare this with this.
+
+I see that all I need to
+do is to switch 3 and 1.
+
+So I do an exchange of 1 and 3.
+
+And what I will get
+here is 4, 2, 1, 3.
+
+So I could get to
+that permutation
+
+through two exchanges.
+
+Therefore, this is even.
+
+Now, this is not
+the only way that I
+
+can get from one to the other.
+
+I can, for example, sit and do
+multiple exchanges of this 4,
+
+2 a hundred times, but
+not ninety nine times.
+
+As long as I do
+an even number, I
+
+will get back to the same thing.
+
+The parity will be conserved.
+
+And there's another way
+of calculating parity.
+
+You just start with this
+original configuration
+
+and you want to get to
+that final configuration.
+
+You just draw lines.
+
+So 1 goes to 1, 2 goes to
+2, 3 goes to 3, 4 goes to 4.
+
+And you count how many
+crossings you have,
+
+and the parity of
+those crossings
+
+will give you the parity
+of the permutation.
+
+So somehow within
+quantum mechanics,
+
+the idea of what is
+identical particle is stamped
+
+into the nature of
+the wave vectors,
+
+in the structure of the Hilbert
+space that you can construct.
+
+So let's see how that leads to
+this simple example of particle
+
+in the box, if we continue to
+add particles into the box.
+
+So we want to now put
+N particles in box.
+
+Otherwise, no interaction
+completely free.
+
+So the N particle Hamiltonian is
+some alpha running from 1 to N
+
+p alpha squared over
+2m kinetic energies
+
+of all of these things.
+
+fine.
+
+Now, note that this Hamiltonian,
+since it is in some sense
+
+built up of lots of
+non-interacting pieces.
+
+And we saw already classically,
+that things are not
+
+interacting-- calculating
+probabilities,
+
+partition functions, et
+cetera, is very easy.
+
+This has that same structure.
+
+It's the ideal gas.
+
+Now, quantum mechanically.
+
+So it should be
+sufficiently easy.
+
+And indeed, we can immediately
+construct the eigenstates
+
+for this.
+
+So we can construct
+the basis, and then
+
+do the calculations
+in that basis.
+
+So let's look at something
+that I will call product state.
+
+And let's say that
+I had this structure
+
+that I described on the board
+above where I have a plane
+
+wave that is characterized
+by some wave number
+
+k for one particle.
+
+For N particles, I pick
+the first one to be k1,
+
+the second one to be k2,
+the last one to be kN.
+
+And I will call this a
+product state in the sense
+
+that if I look at the positional
+representation of this product
+
+state, it is simply the
+product of one-particle states.
+
+So this is a product
+over alpha of x alpha
+
+k alpha, which is
+this e to the i kx
+
+k dot x over square root of it.
+
+So this is perfectly
+well normalized
+
+if I were to integrate
+over x1, x2, x3.
+
+Each one of the integrals
+is individually normalized.
+
+The overall thing is normalized.
+
+It's an eigenstate because
+if I act Hn on this product
+
+state, what I will get is a
+sum over alpha h bar squared
+
+k alpha squared over 2m, and
+then the product state back.
+
+So it's an eigenstate.
+
+And in fact, it's a
+perfectly good eigenstate
+
+as long as I want to
+describe a set of particles
+
+that are not identical.
+
+I can't use this state
+to describe particles
+
+that are identical
+because it does not
+
+satisfy the symmetries that
+I set quantum mechanics
+
+stamps into identical particles.
+
+And it's clearly the case that,
+for example-- so this is not
+
+symmetrized since clearly,
+if I look at k1, k2,
+
+k1 goes with x1,
+k2 goes with x2.
+
+And it is not the
+same thing as k2, k1,
+
+where k2 goes with x1
+and k1 goes with x2.
+
+Essentially, the two particles
+can be distinguished.
+
+One of them has
+momentum h bar k1.
+
+The other has
+momentum h bar k 2.
+
+I can tell them apart because
+of this unsymmetrized nature
+
+of this wave function.
+
+But you know how to make
+things that are symmetric.
+
+You basically add k1 k2 plus
+k2 k1 or k1 k2 minus k2 k1
+
+to make it anti-symmetrized.
+
+Divide by square root
+of 2 and you are done.
+
+So now, let's generalize
+that to the case
+
+of the N-particle system.
+
+So I will call a-- let's
+start with the case
+
+of the fermionic state.
+
+In fermionic state,
+I will indicate
+
+by k1, k2, kN with a
+minus index because
+
+of the asymmetry
+or the minus signs
+
+that we have for fermions.
+
+The way I do that is I
+sum over all N factorial
+
+permutations that I have.
+
+I let p act on
+the product state.
+
+And again, for two particles,
+you have the k1 k2,
+
+then you do minus k2 k1.
+
+For general particles, I do
+this minus 1 to the power of p.
+
+So all the even permutations
+are added with plus.
+
+All the odd permutations
+are added with minus.
+
+Except that this is a whole
+bunch of different terms
+
+that are being added.
+
+Again, for two
+particles, you know
+
+that you have to divide
+by a square root of 2
+
+because you add 2 vectors.
+
+And the length of
+the overall vector
+
+is increased by a
+square root of 2.
+
+Here, you have to divide in
+general by the number of terms
+
+that you have, square
+root of N factorial.
+
+The only thing that you have
+to be careful with is that you
+
+cannot have any two of
+these k's to be the same.
+
+Because let's say these two are
+the same, then along the list
+
+here I have the
+exchange of these two.
+
+And when I exchange them,
+I go from even to odd.
+
+I put a minus sign and
+I have a subtraction.
+
+So here, I have to
+make sure that all k
+
+alpha must be distinct.
+
+Now, say the bosonic
+one is simpler.
+
+I basically construct it,
+k1, k2, kN with a plus.
+
+By simply adding
+things together,
+
+so I will have a sum over p.
+
+No sign here.
+
+Permutation k1 through kN.
+
+And then I have to divide
+by some normalization.
+
+Now, the only tricky
+thing about this
+
+is that the normalization
+is not N factorial.
+
+So to give you an
+example, let's imagine
+
+that I choose to start
+with a product state
+
+where two of the k's are
+alpha and one of them is beta.
+
+So let's sort of put here 1,
+1, 1, 2, 3 for my k1, k2, k3.
+
+I have chosen that k1
+and k2 are the same.
+
+And what I have to do is to sum
+over all possible permutations.
+
+So there is a permutation
+here that is 1, 3, 2.
+
+So I get here
+alpha, beta, alpha.
+
+Then I will have 2, 1, 3,
+2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1,
+
+which basically would be alpha,
+alpha, beta, alpha, beta,
+
+alpha, beta, alpha,
+alpha, beta, alpha, alpha.
+
+So there are for three things,
+3 factorial or 6 permutations.
+
+But this entity is
+clearly twice alpha,
+
+alpha, beta, plus alpha, beta,
+alpha, plus beta, alpha, alpha.
+
+And the norm of this is going
+to be 4 times 1 plus 1 plus 1.
+
+4 times 3, which is 12.
+
+So in order to
+normalize this, I have
+
+to divide not by 1/6, but 1/12.
+
+So the appropriate
+normalization here
+
+then becomes 1 over root 3.
+
+Now, in general what
+would be this N plus?
+
+To calculate N plus,
+I have to make sure
+
+that the norm of
+this entity is 1.
+
+Or, N plus is the
+square of this quantity.
+
+And if I were to
+square this quantity,
+
+I will get two sets
+of permutations.
+
+I will call them p and p prime.
+
+And on one side, I would
+have the permutation p of k1
+
+through kN.
+
+On the other side, I would have
+a permutation k prime of k1
+
+through kN.
+
+Now, this is clearly N
+factorial square terms.
+
+But this is not N factorial
+squared distinct terms.
+
+Because essentially,
+over here I could
+
+get 1 of N factorial
+possibilities.
+
+And then here, I would
+permute over all the other N
+
+factorial possibilities.
+
+Then I would try the next
+one and the next one.
+
+And essentially,
+each one of those
+
+would give me the same one.
+
+So that is, once I have
+fixed what this one is,
+
+permuting over them will
+give me one member of N
+
+factorial identical terms.
+
+So I can write this as N
+factorial sum over Q. Let's say
+
+I start with the
+original k1 through kN,
+
+and then I go and do a
+permutation of k1 through kN.
+
+And the question
+is, how many times
+
+do I get something
+that is non-zero?
+
+If these two lists are
+completely distinct,
+
+except for the identity
+any transformation
+
+that I will make
+here will make me
+
+a vector that is orthogonal
+to this and I will get 0.
+
+But if I have two of
+them that are identical,
+
+then I do a
+permutation like this
+
+and I'll get the
+same thing back.
+
+And then I have two things that
+are giving the same result.
+
+And in general, this
+answer is a product
+
+over all multiple
+occurrences factorial.
+
+So let's say here
+there was something
+
+that was repeated twice.
+
+If it had been
+repeated three times,
+
+then all six possibilities
+would've been the same.
+
+So I would have had 3 factorial.
+
+So if I had 3 and then 2
+other ones that were the same,
+
+then the answer would
+have been multiplied
+
+by 3 factorial 2 factorial.
+
+So the statement here
+is that this N plus
+
+that I have to put here is N
+factorial product over k nk
+
+factorial, which is essentially
+the multiplicity that
+
+is associated with repeats.
+
+Oh
+
+So we've figured out what
+the appropriate bosonic
+
+and fermionic eigenstates are
+for this situation of particles
+
+in the box where I put
+multiple particles.
+
+So now I have N
+particles in the box.
+
+I know what the appropriate
+basis functions are.
+
+And what I can now try
+to do is to, for example,
+
+calculate the analog of
+the partition function,
+
+the analog of what I did
+here for N particles,
+
+or the analog of
+the density matrix.
+
+So let's calculate the
+analog of the density matrix
+
+and see what happens.
+
+So I want to calculate
+an N particle density
+
+matrix, completely
+free particles
+
+in a box, no interactions.
+
+For one particle, I
+went from x to x prime.
+
+So here, I go from x1, x2, xN.
+
+To here, x1 prime,
+x2 prime, xN prime.
+
+Our answer ultimately
+will depend on
+
+whether I am dealing
+with fermions or bosons.
+
+So I introduce an
+index here eta.
+
+Let me put it here, eta is
+plus 1 for bosons and minus 1
+
+for fermions.
+
+So kind of goes with
+this thing over here
+
+whether or not I'm using bosonic
+or fermionic symmetrization
+
+in constructing the
+wave functions here.
+
+You say, well, what is rho?
+
+Rho is e to the minus this beta
+hn divided by some partition
+
+function ZN that I don't know.
+
+But what I certainly know about
+it is because I constructed,
+
+in fact, this basis so that I
+have the right energy, which
+
+is sum over alpha
+h bar squared alpha
+
+squared k alpha squared over 2m.
+
+That is, this rho is diagonal
+in the basis of the k's.
+
+So maybe what I should do
+is I should switch from this
+
+representation to the
+representation of k's.
+
+So the same way that
+for one particle
+
+I sandwiched this
+factor of k, I am
+
+going to do the same
+thing over here.
+
+Except that I will have
+a whole bunch of k's.
+
+Because I'm doing
+a multiple system.
+
+What do I have?
+
+I have x1 prime to xN
+prime k1 through kN,
+
+with whatever appropriate
+symmetry it is.
+
+I have e to the minus
+sum over alpha beta h
+
+bar squared k alpha
+squared over 2m.
+
+Essentially, generalizing
+this factor that I have here,
+
+except that I have to
+normalize it with some ZN
+
+that I have yet to calculate.
+
+And then I go back
+from k1, kN to x1, xN.
+
+Again, respecting
+whatever symmetry I
+
+want to have at
+the end of the day.
+
+Now, let's think a little
+bit about this summation
+
+that I have to do over here.
+
+And I'll put a prime
+up there to indicate
+
+that it is a restricted sum.
+
+I didn't have any
+restriction here.
+
+I said I integrate over--
+or sum over all possible k's
+
+that were consistent with
+the choice of 2 pi over l,
+
+or whatever.
+
+Now, here I have to make sure
+that I don't do over-counting.
+
+What do I mean?
+
+I mean that once I do
+this symmetrization,
+
+let's say I start with two
+particles and I have k1, k2.
+
+Then, I do the symmetrization.
+
+I get something that is a
+symmetric version of k1, k2.
+
+I would have gotten
+exactly the same thing
+
+if I started with k2, k1.
+
+That is, a particular
+one of these states
+
+corresponds to one
+list that I have here.
+
+And so over here, I should
+not sum over k1, k2, k3, et
+
+cetera, independently.
+
+Because then I will be
+over-counting by N factorial.
+
+So I say, OK, let me sum
+over things independently
+
+and then divide by
+the over-counting.
+
+Because presumably,
+these will give me
+
+N factorial similar states.
+
+So let's just sum over all
+of them, forget about this.
+
+You say, well, almost.
+
+Not quite because you have
+to worry about these factors.
+
+Because now when you
+did the N factorial,
+
+you sort of did not
+take into account
+
+the kinds of exchanges that I
+mentioned that you should not
+
+include because essentially if
+you have k1, k1, and then k3,
+
+then you don't have 6
+different permutations.
+
+You only have 3
+different permutations.
+
+So actually, the correction
+that I have to make
+
+is to multiply here
+by this quantity.
+
+So now that sum be the
+restriction has gone into this.
+
+And this ensures that as I sum
+over all k's independently,
+
+the over-counting of
+states that I have made
+
+is taken into account by
+the appropriate factor.
+
+Now, this is actually
+very nice because when
+
+I look at these states, I have
+the normalization factors.
+
+The normalizations depend
+on the list of k's that I
+
+have over here.
+
+So the normalization of these
+objects will give me a 1
+
+over N factorial product
+over k nk factorial.
+
+And these nk
+factorials will cancel.
+
+Now you say, hang on.
+
+Going too fast.
+
+This eta says you can do this
+both for fermions and bosons.
+
+But this calculation
+that you did over here
+
+applies only for
+the case of bosons.
+
+You say, never mind because for
+fermions, the allowed values
+
+of nk are either 0 or 1.
+
+I cannot put two of them.
+
+So these nk factorials are
+either-- again, 1 or 1.
+
+So even for fermions,
+this will work out fine.
+
+There will be appropriate
+cancellation of wave functions
+
+that should not
+be included when I
+
+do the summation
+over permutations
+
+with the corresponding
+factors of plus and minus.
+
+So again, the minus signs--
+everything will work.
+
+And this kind of
+ugly factor will
+
+disappear at the end of the day.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+Now, each one of these is
+a sum over permutations.
+
+Actually, before
+I write those, let
+
+me just write the factor of e to
+the minus sum over alpha beta h
+
+bar squared k alpha
+squared over 2m.
+
+And then I have ZN.
+
+I don't know what ZN is yet.
+
+Each one of these states
+is a sum over permutations.
+
+I have taken care of the
+overall normalization.
+
+I have to do the sum
+over the permutations.
+
+And let's say I'm
+looking at this one.
+
+Essentially, I have to sandwich
+that with some combination
+
+of x's.
+
+What do I get?
+
+I will get a factor
+of eta to the p.
+
+So actually, maybe
+I should have really
+
+within the following
+statement at some point.
+
+So we introduced these
+different states.
+
+I can combine them together
+and write k1, k2, kN
+
+with a symmetry that
+is representative
+
+of bosons or fermions.
+
+And that's where I introduced a
+factor of plus or minus, which
+
+is obtained by summing
+over all permutations.
+
+This factor eta, which is plus
+or minus, raised to the p.
+
+So for bosons, I would be
+adding everything in phase.
+
+For fermions, I would
+have minus 1 to the p.
+
+I have the permutation
+of the set of indices k1
+
+through kN in the product state.
+
+Whoops.
+
+This should be product.
+
+This should be a product state.
+
+And then I have to divide
+by square root of N
+
+factorial product
+over k nk factorial.
+
+And clearly, and we will see a
+useful way of looking at this.
+
+I can also look at the set of
+states that are occupied among
+
+the original list of k's.
+
+Some k's do not
+occur in this list.
+
+Some k's occurs once.
+
+Some k's occur more than once.
+
+And that's how I
+construct these factors.
+
+And then the condition that
+I have is that, of course,
+
+sum over k nK should
+be the total number
+
+N. That nk is 0
+or 1 for fermions.
+
+That nk is any value up to
+that constraint for bosons.
+
+Now, I take these functions and
+I substitute it here and here.
+
+What do I get?
+
+I get the product state.
+
+So I have eta to the p.
+
+The product state is
+e to the i sum over,
+
+let's say, beta k of
+p beta x beta prime.
+
+And then from the next one, I
+will get e to the minus i sum
+
+over-- again, some other beta.
+
+Or the same beta,
+it doesn't matter.
+
+p prime beta x beta.
+
+I think I included everything.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+Why do you only have one
+term of beta to the p?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So here I have a list.
+
+It could be k1, k2, k2--
+well, let's say k3, k4.
+
+Let's say I have four things.
+
+And the product
+means I essentially
+
+have a product of these things.
+
+When I multiply them
+with wave functions,
+
+I will have e to the
+i, k1, x1 et cetera.
+
+Now, I do some permutation.
+
+Let's say I go from
+1, 2, 3 to 3, 2, 1.
+
+So there is a permutation
+that I do like that.
+
+I leave the 4 to be the same.
+
+This permutation
+has some parity.
+
+So I have to put a plus or minus
+that depends on the parity.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+But my question is why in
+that equation over there--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: --we have a
+term A to the p for the k.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: k factor
+and not for the bra.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+You are telling me that I forgot
+to put p prime and eta of p
+
+prime.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+I wasn't sure if
+there was a reason.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+I was going step by step.
+
+I had written the bra part and I
+was about to get to the k part.
+
+I put that part
+of the ket, and I
+
+was about to do the rest of it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, sorry.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's OK.
+
+OK.
+
+So you can see that what happens
+at the end of the day here
+
+is that a lot of these
+nk factorials disappear.
+
+So those were not things
+that we would have liked.
+
+There is a factor of
+N factorial from here
+
+and a factor of N factorial
+from there that remains.
+
+So the answer will be 1
+over ZN N factorial squared.
+
+I have a sum over two
+permutations, p and p prime,
+
+of something.
+
+I will do this more
+closing next time around,
+
+but I wanted to
+give you the flavor.
+
+This double sum at
+the end of the day,
+
+just like what we did
+before, becomes one sum up
+
+to repetition of N factorial.
+
+So the N factorial
+will disappear.
+
+But what we will find
+is that the answer here
+
+is going to be something that
+is a bunch of Gaussians that
+
+are very similar
+to the integration
+
+that I did for one particle.
+
+I have e to the minus
+k squared over 2m.
+
+I have e to the i
+k x minus x prime.
+
+Except that all of
+these k's and x's and x
+
+primes have been permuted in
+all kinds of strange ways.
+
+Once we untangle that, we
+find that the answer is going
+
+to end up to be eta
+of Q x alpha minus x
+
+prime Q alpha squared divided
+by pi 2 lambda squared.
+
+And we have a sum
+over alpha, which
+
+is really kind of
+like a sum of things
+
+that we had for the
+case of one particle.
+
+So for the case of
+one particle, we
+
+found that the
+off-diagonal density matrix
+
+had elements that's
+reflected this wave packet
+
+nature of this.
+
+If we have multiple
+particles that are identical,
+
+then the thing is if
+I have 1, 2 and then
+
+I go 1, 1 prime, 2, 2 prime
+for the two different locations
+
+that I have x1 prime,
+x2 prime, et cetera.
+
+And 1 and 2 are identical,
+then I could have really
+
+also put here 2 prime, 1 prime.
+
+And I wouldn't have
+known the difference.
+
+And this kind of sum
+will take care of that,
+
+includes those
+kinds of exchanges
+
+that I mentioned
+earlier and is something
+
+that we need to
+derive more carefully
+
+and explain in more
+detail next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3ha4ROyWr9Q.txt b/3ha4ROyWr9Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6827f905ef0312bf5a089345b0e5fe51a5cc74d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3ha4ROyWr9Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we were talking about like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about like what is
+digital media literacy exactly cuz like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital media literacy exactly cuz like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital media literacy exactly cuz like
+we talked about this a lot and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this a lot and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this a lot and I think
+what it really is is not so much being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really is is not so much being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really is is not so much being
+proficient in scripting and filming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficient in scripting and filming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proficient in scripting and filming and
+editing it's just the self-awareness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing it's just the self-awareness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing it's just the self-awareness to
+know what you're good at and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're good at and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're good at and what you're
+not mm-hmm good at and just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mm-hmm good at and just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not mm-hmm good at and just the
+appreciation for what goes into things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for what goes into things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation for what goes into things
+and and the knowledge of who to tap into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the knowledge of who to tap into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the knowledge of who to tap into
+to help you create a project or help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you create a project or help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you create a project or help you
+communicate something because oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate something because oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate something because oh yeah
+good oh I just have a question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh I just have a question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good oh I just have a question because
+I'm not plugged into the MIT community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not plugged into the MIT community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not plugged into the MIT community
+or the or the or even into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the or the or even into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the or the or even into the
+scientific community for that matter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community for that matter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific community for that matter but
+is there a culture of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a culture of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a culture of sort of
+individuality where we're in the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality where we're in the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuality where we're in the this
+notion that basically what I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that basically what I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that basically what I my
+intellectual work is to be done sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual work is to be done sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual work is to be done sort of
+in a silo versus the kind of like I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a silo versus the kind of like I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a silo versus the kind of like I know
+I know I'm not good at this so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I'm not good at this so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I'm not good at this so I need to
+build a team where we can build you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a team where we can build you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a team where we can build you know
+at MIT it's I mean it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT it's I mean it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT it's I mean it's pretty
+interdisciplinary yeah what I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary yeah what I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary yeah what I would say
+is is not siloed but it is there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not siloed but it is there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not siloed but it is there there's
+an ingrained culture of is this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ingrained culture of is this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ingrained culture of is this idea
+that like real science Sammy I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like real science Sammy I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like real science Sammy I'm doing
+it now by saying real science that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now by saying real science that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now by saying real science that
+science and engineering is work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering is work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering is work and
+communication is not work oh I see or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is not work oh I see or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is not work oh I see or
+even that it's a separate thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that it's a separate thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that it's a separate thing yeah
+yeah yeah so that's the that's the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that's the that's the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so that's the that's the you
+know it's not that people are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not that people are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not that people are like
+siloed within themselves it's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siloed within themselves it's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siloed within themselves it's that that
+you know that communicators don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that communicators don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that communicators don't have
+street cred with scientists period well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street cred with scientists period well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street cred with scientists period well
+and that that part will just happen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that part will just happen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that part will just happen it
+will take care of itself I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take care of itself I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take care of itself I'm not going
+to worry about it too I see ya so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about it too I see ya so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about it too I see ya so that's
+the real that sounds like the real meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real that sounds like the real meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real that sounds like the real meat
+of what you guys are trying to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you guys are trying to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you guys are trying to work on
+in a way like yeah i guess i guess i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like yeah i guess i guess i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way like yeah i guess i guess i
+mean it's it's interesting because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it's interesting because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it's interesting because like
+I gave a survey to the students at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a survey to the students at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave a survey to the students at the
+end of the class and they were all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the class and they were all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the class and they were all like
+I probably wouldn't make another video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably wouldn't make another video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably wouldn't make another video
+again a couple of them said they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a couple of them said they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a couple of them said they would
+but most of them were like I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of them were like I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of them were like I probably
+you know won't make a video but like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know won't make a video but like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know won't make a video but like I
+have so much more appreciation for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so much more appreciation for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so much more appreciation for what
+goes into it and like now I can't watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it and like now I can't watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into it and like now I can't watch
+a movie without thinking about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie without thinking about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a movie without thinking about how much
+you know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much
+work it took to just light the scene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it took to just light the scene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it took to just light the scene so
+just even just having the appreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even just having the appreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just even just having the appreciation
+for what goes into it I think is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what goes into it I think is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what goes into it I think is a big
+step but again with the whole literacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but again with the whole literacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but again with the whole literacy
+thing just the awareness of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just the awareness of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just the awareness of how
+important these these skills are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important these these skills are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important these these skills are because
+like you said I mean it's just crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you said I mean it's just crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you said I mean it's just crazy
+that we think of them as separate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think of them as separate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we think of them as separate things
+that like there's science and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like there's science and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like there's science and then
+there's communication and you're trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's communication and you're trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's communication and you're trained
+separately on these things if you happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately on these things if you happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately on these things if you happen
+to be a science communicator one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a science communicator one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a science communicator one of the
+things that I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I think is really
+interesting about media is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about media is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about media is that you know
+video or media films there they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or media films there they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video or media films there they're
+really interesting in that there's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting in that there's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting in that there's when
+they're well-made there so accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well-made there so accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're well-made there so accessible
+they're so immediately graspable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so immediately graspable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so immediately graspable by
+those of us anyone in the last hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us anyone in the last hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us anyone in the last hundred
+years who's really you know literate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years who's really you know literate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years who's really you know literate at
+unpacking video and understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking video and understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking video and understanding the
+medium there's they're so kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium there's they're so kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium there's they're so kind of
+intuitively open that people who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively open that people who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively open that people who don't
+have any appreciation or awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any appreciation or awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any appreciation or awareness of
+how they're made assume that there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're made assume that there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're made assume that there isn't
+any kind of effort behind them that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of effort behind them that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of effort behind them that they
+just kind of happen and I can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of happen and I can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of happen and I can remember
+you know as a kid kind of thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a kid kind of thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as a kid kind of thinking that
+you know never really thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never really thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never really thinking about
+movies and how they were made until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and how they were made until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and how they were made until I
+was probably God in college yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably God in college yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably God in college yeah just
+kind of assuming that they just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assuming that they just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of assuming that they just kind of
+happened out there our clients think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened out there our clients think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened out there our clients think you
+just hit a button exactly ya know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit a button exactly ya know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit a button exactly ya know
+exactly because and that's because if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because and that's because if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because and that's because if if
+things are well made it's like God like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are well made it's like God like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are well made it's like God like
+you did not do it didn't that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did not do it didn't that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did not do it didn't that just
+always exist that way I mean somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exist that way I mean somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always exist that way I mean somebody
+actually had to create that I it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to create that I it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had to create that I it seems
+so natural and and I think that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so natural and and I think that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so natural and and I think that one of
+the things you know a key of media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you know a key of media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you know a key of media
+literacy is understanding you know kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy is understanding you know kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy is understanding you know kind
+of breaking that myth right or gasp it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaking that myth right or gasp it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaking that myth right or gasp it
+would cost money to you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cost money to you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cost money to you would have to
+train you get to hire professionals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train you get to hire professionals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train you get to hire professionals to
+do it that are trained and pay them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it that are trained and pay them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it that are trained and pay them so
+the biggest thing and teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest thing and teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest thing and teaching this
+literacy though I think is making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy though I think is making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy though I think is making them
+go through the experience themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the experience themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the experience themselves
+right because it's one thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's one thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's one thing if you
+watch like a series of lectures like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch like a series of lectures like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch like a series of lectures like
+it's one thing if you watch this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing if you watch this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one thing if you watch this on
+OpenCourseWare and you you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare and you you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare and you you can take the
+notes on like this is good framing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on like this is good framing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on like this is good framing if
+you use the two-thirds rule like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the two-thirds rule like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the two-thirds rule like you
+know write a script like you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know write a script like you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know write a script like you would say
+like we go through all these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we go through all these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we go through all these sort of
+tangible take-home points he's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible take-home points he's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible take-home points he's like
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+elements like you mentioned but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements like you mentioned but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements like you mentioned but I don't
+think you'll have the same you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll have the same you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll have the same you won't
+draw the same value from it as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the same value from it as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the same value from it as if you
+actually go through and try to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through and try to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through and try to do the
+projects that these students did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that these students did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that these students did and
+that's a big issue I think especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue I think especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big issue I think especially in
+immediate teaching that it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate teaching that it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate teaching that it's easy to
+first establish a sort of theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first establish a sort of theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first establish a sort of theoretical
+principles like this is sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles like this is sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles like this is sort of what
+makes a good story and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good story and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good story and then and then
+it's another thing to actually give hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another thing to actually give hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another thing to actually give hard
+like tangible examples to students like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tangible examples to students like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tangible examples to students like
+look at this script there they were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this script there they were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this script there they were able
+to point out issues in the scripts they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out issues in the scripts they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out issues in the scripts they
+were able to critique them but then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to critique them but then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to critique them but then it's
+a whole nother step for them to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole nother step for them to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole nother step for them to be able
+to integrate it themselves into a script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate it themselves into a script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate it themselves into a script
+so you'd have a student who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have a student who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have a student who like
+understood the principle they took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the principle they took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the principle they took the
+notes they could reiterate everything he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they could reiterate everything he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes they could reiterate everything he
+said to them they were able to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to them they were able to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to them they were able to look at
+the examples you gave them and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples you gave them and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples you gave them and say oh
+you know this is unclear here this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is unclear here this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is unclear here this this
+is awkward wording and then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awkward wording and then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is awkward wording and then they would
+write the script and you'd be like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the script and you'd be like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the script and you'd be like you
+know there's a disconnect dilute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a disconnect dilute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a disconnect dilute the
+instep and it wasn't until they tried it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instep and it wasn't until they tried it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instep and it wasn't until they tried it
+and then we were able to critique them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we were able to critique them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we were able to critique them
+directly that they were able to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that they were able to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that they were able to come to
+this you know final self-awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know final self-awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know final self-awareness
+conclusions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4F1J5Q3DiaI.txt b/4F1J5Q3DiaI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a6c5d52516c7abc30a9c9271ea3e24a94a907b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4F1J5Q3DiaI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu first of all any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu first of all any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu first of all any questions
+from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture yes I have a question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yes I have a question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture yes I have a question about
+values from the point of currency value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from the point of currency value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values from the point of currency value
+if that us the value of us is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that us the value of us is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that us the value of us is getting
+weak and weak by year and by year it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and weak by year and by year it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and weak by year and by year it's
+possible net value of US dollar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible net value of US dollar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible net value of US dollar is
+positive on the other hand net value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive on the other hand net value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive on the other hand net value of
+Euro could be negative okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euro could be negative okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euro could be negative okay let me
+repeat the question to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the question to make sure
+everybody heard the question about net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody heard the question about net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody heard the question about net
+pressent value is that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressent value is that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressent value is that is it
+possible is it possible that in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is it possible that in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible is it possible that in one
+currency the net presentent value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency the net presentent value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency the net presentent value of a
+project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is
+positive but in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but in a different
+currency it is negative that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency it is negative that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency it is negative that's a very
+interesting question and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and it turns out
+that the answer is staring Us in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is staring Us in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer is staring Us in the
+face right here now remember we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face right here now remember we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face right here now remember we're in a
+world of no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of no
+uncertainty so we know what future cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so we know what future cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so we know what future cash
+flows are going to be and we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are going to be and we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are going to be and we know what
+future discount rates or discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future discount rates or discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future discount rates or discount
+factors are going to be that's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are going to be that's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are going to be that's by
+assumption and in that world when I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and in that world when I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and in that world when I give
+you the the value of a sequence of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the value of a sequence of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the the value of a sequence of cash
+flows this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows this V
+subz if I want to denominate it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz if I want to denominate it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz if I want to denominate it in
+dollars then presumably all the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars then presumably all the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars then presumably all the cash
+flows have to be in dollars if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows have to be in dollars if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows have to be in dollars if I want to
+denominate it in Yen then the cash fls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominate it in Yen then the cash fls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominate it in Yen then the cash fls
+have to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be in
+Yen so strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yen so strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yen so strictly
+speaking assuming that the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking assuming that the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking assuming that the exchange
+rates don't change over time and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates don't change over time and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates don't change over time and that's
+again a big assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a big assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a big assumption
+the question is can I have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can I have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can I have a different
+result in terms of the sign of a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in terms of the sign of a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in terms of the sign of a net
+present value by changing the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value by changing the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value by changing the exchange
+rate any any thoughts on that what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate any any thoughts on that what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate any any thoughts on that what do
+you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think
+yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why currency have to be POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number theer before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theer before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theer before the
+in to get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to get these
+currencies okay so the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies okay so the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies okay so the answer is no
+because currency the exchange rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because currency the exchange rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because currency the exchange rates
+always have to be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to be positive and
+presumably you're multiplying the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you're multiplying the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably you're multiplying the cash
+flows by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows by the same
+number either positive of one number or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number either positive of one number or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number either positive of one number or
+positive another number so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive another number so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive another number so when you
+multiply a sequence by a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a sequence by a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a sequence by a positive
+number when you add that up it is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when you add that up it is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number when you add that up it is either
+still positive or still negative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still positive or still negative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still positive or still negative in
+other words you can Factor it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you can Factor it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words you can Factor it out
+right you sure yeah I had a question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you sure yeah I had a question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you sure yeah I had a question um
+when you're doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different well right now we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well right now we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different well right now we're not
+talking about risk so let's hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about risk so let's hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about risk so let's hold that
+off for seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off for seven or eight
+lectures I want to ask this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I want to ask this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I want to ask this question
+have I got it right are we agreed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got it right are we agreed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I got it right are we agreed that
+no matter what you multip mly it by as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what you multip mly it by as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what you multip mly it by as
+long as it's a positive number it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's a positive number it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's a positive number it can't
+change the sign so the currency doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign so the currency doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the sign so the currency doesn't
+matter yeah Ernest um but the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yeah Ernest um but the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter yeah Ernest um but the exchange
+rate so theh are different times yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so theh are different times yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate so theh are different times yes so
+your is different at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is different at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is different at different times
+then it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same the assumption is that it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the assumption is that it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the assumption is that it's fixed
+there's no uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uncertainty
+but I didn't say it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't say it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't say it was the
+same so you said that it was the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so you said that it was the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so you said that it was the same I
+did you're right so slomi you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you're right so slomi you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you're right so slomi you're right
+if the exchange rate is the same over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exchange rate is the same over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the exchange rate is the same over
+time then when you multiply by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then when you multiply by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then when you multiply by one
+number it's the same number for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's the same number for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's the same number for every
+cash flow then it factors out and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow then it factors out and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow then it factors out and then
+you're multiplying V subz by a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying V subz by a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're multiplying V subz by a positive
+number so if V subz is positive it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if V subz is positive it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so if V subz is positive it stays
+positive if it's negative it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if it's negative it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive if it's negative it stays
+negative but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but no
+uncertainty doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty doesn't
+mean that it's fixed so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it's fixed so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it's fixed so here's the
+subtlety the subtlety is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety the subtlety is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety the subtlety is that if I
+assume that the exchange rate is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the exchange rate is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the exchange rate is fixed
+and known but going up over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and known but going up over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and known but going up over
+time whereas in US Dollars it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whereas in US Dollars it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whereas in US Dollars it stays
+fixed that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that makes a
+difference right so it's possible it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right so it's possible it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference right so it's possible it's
+possible that if I change currencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that if I change currencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that if I change currencies and
+the currency is rapidly appreciating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currency is rapidly appreciating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currency is rapidly appreciating or
+rapidly depreciating then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly depreciating then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly depreciating then you can
+actually change the net present value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change the net present value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change the net present value of
+the project but it has to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project but it has to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project but it has to be the case
+that the particular path of the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the particular path of the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the particular path of the currency
+appreciation or depreciation is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation or depreciation is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation or depreciation is exactly
+opposite what's going on with the npv so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite what's going on with the npv so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite what's going on with the npv so
+the bottom line is you've got to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is you've got to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is you've got to do the
+calculation and you have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and you have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and you have to use the
+currency that you care about so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that you care about so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency that you care about so if
+you're in US you presumably get PA care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in US you presumably get PA care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in US you presumably get PA care
+about getting paid in US Dollars you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting paid in US Dollars you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting paid in US Dollars you
+would use US dollars if you're in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use US dollars if you're in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use US dollars if you're in Japan
+you get uh you get paid in Yen you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh you get paid in Yen you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh you get paid in Yen you want
+to do it in Yen and you have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in Yen and you have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it in Yen and you have to do the
+currency conversion now when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency conversion now when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency conversion now when we talk
+about un certainty that's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about un certainty that's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about un certainty that's going to make
+it much more complicated it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it much more complicated it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it much more complicated it's going to
+introduce another component of risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce another component of risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce another component of risk in
+our calculations that has to be dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculations that has to be dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our calculations that has to be dealt
+with so we're going to come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we're going to come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so we're going to come back to that
+but that that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that that's a good
+question anybody else yes on last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question anybody else yes on last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question anybody else yes on last
+lecture Ed the term paper a of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Ed the term paper a of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture Ed the term paper a of times
+just if you give us a quick definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you give us a quick definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you give us a quick definition
+of that of what paper paper uh you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of what paper paper uh you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of what paper paper uh you mean
+this is a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper so typically by paper people mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so typically by paper people mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so typically by paper people mean
+a security and Commercial paper is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a security and Commercial paper is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a security and Commercial paper is a
+security that is a Deb instrument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that is a Deb instrument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that is a Deb instrument that
+is basically an IOU it's like a bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically an IOU it's like a bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically an IOU it's like a bond so
+we'll come back to that when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that when we talk
+about fixed income securities but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fixed income securities but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fixed income securities but that
+that's what I mean by the way you rais a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean by the way you rais a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean by the way you rais a
+good point when I mention terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point when I mention terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point when I mention terminology
+feel free to ask me but in turn I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask me but in turn I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask me but in turn I'm
+going to feel free to tell you you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel free to tell you you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel free to tell you you may
+want to look that up in Brey Myers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look that up in Brey Myers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look that up in Brey Myers and
+Allen uh because I want you to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen uh because I want you to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen uh because I want you to read the
+book alongside of what we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book alongside of what we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book alongside of what we're doing in
+class because you'll need to pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because you'll need to pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because you'll need to pick up
+this terminology and we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terminology and we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terminology and we don't have
+enough time in this 20 lectures to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time in this 20 lectures to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time in this 20 lectures to cover
+all the terminology that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terminology that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the terminology that you need to
+know so um don't assume that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so um don't assume that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so um don't assume that just
+because I haven't covered it in class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't covered it in class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't covered it in class or
+that I haven't defined it that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't defined it that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I haven't defined it that you don't
+need to know it um the the textbook is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know it um the the textbook is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know it um the the textbook is
+there to help you with the supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to help you with the supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to help you with the supplementary
+material that I would like you to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I would like you to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I would like you to cover
+so that's why we assign those chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we assign those chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we assign those chapters
+okay yeah Justin um last time we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah Justin um last time we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah Justin um last time we talked
+about Comm Freddy yes being worthless um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Comm Freddy yes being worthless um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Comm Freddy yes being worthless um
+then I went home read a news article and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I went home read a news article and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I went home read a news article and
+they said stock market jumps because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said stock market jumps because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said stock market jumps because
+they were being bailed out right so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were being bailed out right so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were being bailed out right so is
+there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a
+simple reason as to why we see such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple reason as to why we see such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple reason as to why we see such a
+massive increase in uh stock market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive increase in uh stock market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive increase in uh stock market in
+the stock market while their stock has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market while their stock has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock market while their stock has
+gone down yeah right so that seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down yeah right so that seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down yeah right so that seems a
+little counterintuitive um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counterintuitive um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counterintuitive um I'm going to
+give you a two-minute answer now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a two-minute answer now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a two-minute answer now but
+then I'm going to give you a much deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to give you a much deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to give you a much deeper
+answer in about three or four lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in about three or four lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in about three or four lectures
+when we actually apply why all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually apply why all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually apply why all of the
+framework we're developing to pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we're developing to pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we're developing to pricing
+common stock so as I said with Freddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common stock so as I said with Freddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common stock so as I said with Freddy
+and Fanny there are two components there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fanny there are two components there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fanny there are two components there
+are two sets of issues surrounding those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sets of issues surrounding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two sets of issues surrounding those
+companies one is the value of the owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies one is the value of the owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies one is the value of the owners
+Equity the the folks who owned a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity the the folks who owned a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity the the folks who owned a piece
+of those companies what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those companies what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those companies what are their
+Investments worth and the answer is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments worth and the answer is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments worth and the answer is very
+little the second piece is that Freddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the second piece is that Freddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little the second piece is that Freddy
+and Fanny have issued all sorts of IUS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fanny have issued all sorts of IUS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fanny have issued all sorts of IUS
+all sorts of obligations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of obligations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of obligations to
+counterparties and the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties and the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties and the question is what
+are those Securities worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those Securities worth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those Securities worth the
+government bailing out Freddy and Fanny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bailing out Freddy and Fanny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bailing out Freddy and Fanny
+are basically saying we will stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically saying we will stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically saying we will stand
+behind those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind those
+IUS the shareholders of the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS the shareholders of the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS the shareholders of the company
+sorry you guys lost the company has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you guys lost the company has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you guys lost the company has not
+done well it suffered a lot of losses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well it suffered a lot of losses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well it suffered a lot of losses so
+the fact that you own a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you own a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you own a piece of the
+company means that what you own is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company means that what you own is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company means that what you own is now
+worthless but the pieces of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless but the pieces of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless but the pieces of paper that
+the company has issued we will assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company has issued we will assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company has issued we will assume
+that obligation as the US government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obligation as the US government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that obligation as the US government and
+make good on those obligations so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good on those obligations so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good on those obligations so the
+fact that those pieces of paper have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that those pieces of paper have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that those pieces of paper have
+much broader impact on the market as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader impact on the market as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader impact on the market as a
+whole the fact that the US government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the fact that the US government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole the fact that the US government is
+standing behind those pieces of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing behind those pieces of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing behind those pieces of paper
+will protect the stock market as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will protect the stock market as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will protect the stock market as a whole
+because there's confidence that business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's confidence that business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's confidence that business
+conditions will uh will will not be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions will uh will will not be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions will uh will will not be as
+bad as we thought so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as we thought so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad as we thought so that's what
+explains the fact that the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the fact that the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the fact that the stock market
+as a whole went up it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole went up it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole went up it's because the
+market environment has been stabilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market environment has been stabilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market environment has been stabilized
+you can imagine what might have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine what might have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine what might have happened
+if Fanny and Freddy were to go under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Fanny and Freddy were to go under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Fanny and Freddy were to go under
+their pieces of paper their IUS would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pieces of paper their IUS would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pieces of paper their IUS would be
+worthless which means the folks that own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless which means the folks that own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthless which means the folks that own
+those pieces of paper now they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pieces of paper now they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pieces of paper now they have a
+bunch of worthless paper and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of worthless paper and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of worthless paper and when they
+when that happens there are repercussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens there are repercussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens there are repercussion
+effects for those businesses and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects for those businesses and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects for those businesses and those
+businesses will end up losing money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses will end up losing money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses will end up losing money
+which will have repercussions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will have repercussions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will have repercussions for the
+entire Market as a whole so is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Market as a whole so is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Market as a whole so is that so
+the amount that I went up shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that I went up shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that I went up shows how
+their paper was distributed to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their paper was distributed to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their paper was distributed to all these
+other companies it's a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies it's a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies it's a combination of
+how they their paper was distributed but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they their paper was distributed but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they their paper was distributed but
+more than that I mean there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that I mean there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that I mean there are many
+companies in in the S&P 500 for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in in the S&P 500 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies in in the S&P 500 for example
+that don't own any of this paper uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't own any of this paper uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't own any of this paper uh so
+why would their stock be boyed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would their stock be boyed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would their stock be boyed it's
+because the business conditions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the business conditions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the business conditions have
+been stabilized and there won't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stabilized and there won't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stabilized and there won't be any
+knock on effects a good example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock on effects a good example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock on effects a good example of this
+is Leman Brothers as many of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Leman Brothers as many of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Leman Brothers as many of you know
+Leman Brothers is a big player in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leman Brothers is a big player in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leman Brothers is a big player in these
+kinds of Securities and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Securities and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Securities and they are
+currently under a lot of pressure their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently under a lot of pressure their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently under a lot of pressure their
+stock prices dropped dramatically even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices dropped dramatically even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices dropped dramatically even
+in the last few days uh because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last few days uh because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last few days uh because they are
+a big mortgage uh lender and CDO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big mortgage uh lender and CDO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big mortgage uh lender and CDO
+investor so they're actually hit pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor so they're actually hit pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor so they're actually hit pretty
+hard by all of this and while the rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard by all of this and while the rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard by all of this and while the rescue
+of Freddy and fanny has had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Freddy and fanny has had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Freddy and fanny has had some
+positive effects on Leman stock price it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive effects on Leman stock price it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive effects on Leman stock price it
+still is under Fire and a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is under Fire and a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still is under Fire and a lot of people
+want to get rid of it uh imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of it uh imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of it uh imagine if
+Freddy and Fanny weren't rescued it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freddy and Fanny weren't rescued it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freddy and Fanny weren't rescued it's
+it's almost a a a sure thing that Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost a a a sure thing that Leman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost a a a sure thing that Leman
+would would have gone under immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would have gone under immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would have gone under immediately
+as a knock on effect and if Leman went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a knock on effect and if Leman went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a knock on effect and if Leman went
+under well I mean there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under well I mean there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under well I mean there are other
+investment Banks out there that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Banks out there that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Banks out there that might
+have gone under and now all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone under and now all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone under and now all of a sudden
+you have a series of very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a series of very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a series of very large
+companies that do business with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that do business with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that do business with all of
+Wall Street that has gone under that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street that has gone under that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street that has gone under that's
+going to have bad repercussions for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have bad repercussions for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have bad repercussions for the
+stock market as a whole yeah one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market as a whole yeah one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market as a whole yeah one
+question still go under I mean will a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question still go under I mean will a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question still go under I mean will a
+fan just save any company like big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan just save any company like big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan just save any company like big
+companies well uh the short answer is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies well uh the short answer is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies well uh the short answer is I
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+uh nobody knows uh I think that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobody knows uh I think that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nobody knows uh I think that there is
+a concern that the FED cannot be viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concern that the FED cannot be viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concern that the FED cannot be viewed
+as rescuing every possible financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as rescuing every possible financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as rescuing every possible financial
+institution that's out there uh it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that's out there uh it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution that's out there uh it's got
+to stop at some point many people said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop at some point many people said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop at some point many people said
+it should have stopped even before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have stopped even before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should have stopped even before the
+be Sterns uh rescue so the answer is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Sterns uh rescue so the answer is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Sterns uh rescue so the answer is we
+don't know wait and see and uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know wait and see and uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know wait and see and uh we'll
+find out over the next few days these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out over the next few days these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out over the next few days these as
+I said last time this is these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said last time this is these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said last time this is these are very
+interesting times for financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting times for financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting times for financial markets
+very very serious issues that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very serious issues that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very serious issues that are coming
+to the Forefront literally every day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Forefront literally every day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Forefront literally every day so
+we're going to be watching that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be watching that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be watching that and
+we'll be talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+doop where do I think that should stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doop where do I think that should stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doop where do I think that should stop
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um well there are a couple of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there are a couple of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well there are a couple of issues
+that are at the heart of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at the heart of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are at the heart of these um
+discussions the the two issues are how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions the the two issues are how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions the the two issues are how
+do you balance off the cost of bailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you balance off the cost of bailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you balance off the cost of bailing
+out these large organizations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these large organizations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these large organizations and the
+implicit moral hazard that it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit moral hazard that it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit moral hazard that it creates
+the the kind of potential promises that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of potential promises that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the kind of potential promises that
+you're implicitly making to Future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're implicitly making to Future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're implicitly making to Future
+Equity holders of these organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity holders of these organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity holders of these organizations
+versus uh letting the market work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh letting the market work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh letting the market work
+against the potential disaster scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the potential disaster scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the potential disaster scenario
+of allowing these kinds of events to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowing these kinds of events to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of allowing these kinds of events to
+spread like wildfire I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread like wildfire I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread like wildfire I don't know how
+many of you actually know what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you actually know what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you actually know what happens
+during wildfires during forest fires but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during wildfires during forest fires but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during wildfires during forest fires but
+when forest fires get started they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when forest fires get started they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when forest fires get started they're
+actually very difficult to stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very difficult to stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very difficult to stop and
+every once in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while
+they try to stop a forest fire by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to stop a forest fire by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to stop a forest fire by
+creating additional fires right this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating additional fires right this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating additional fires right this may
+sound counterintuitive but what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound counterintuitive but what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound counterintuitive but what they
+will do is around a raging forest fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is around a raging forest fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is around a raging forest fire
+they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+burn what's called a firewall that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn what's called a firewall that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn what's called a firewall that term
+did not come out of it it actually came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come out of it it actually came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not come out of it it actually came
+out of fighting forest fires they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of fighting forest fires they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of fighting forest fires they will
+burn a ring around that forest fire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn a ring around that forest fire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn a ring around that forest fire a
+controlled burn where they target very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled burn where they target very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled burn where they target very
+specific set of trees and they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of trees and they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of trees and they would do
+it in a controlled fashion so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a controlled fashion so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a controlled fashion so that when
+the forest fire gets to that ring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest fire gets to that ring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forest fire gets to that ring it
+burns itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns itself
+out and one could argue that we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and one could argue that we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and one could argue that we need a
+firewall around these kinds of events we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewall around these kinds of events we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firewall around these kinds of events we
+need to have certain financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have certain financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have certain financial
+institutions fail and stop the spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions fail and stop the spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions fail and stop the spread of
+this kind of problem the difficulty with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of problem the difficulty with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of problem the difficulty with
+that analogy is that with a forest fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analogy is that with a forest fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analogy is that with a forest fire
+all you need is a helicopter to get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is a helicopter to get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need is a helicopter to get up
+there and see what's going on we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see what's going on we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and see what's going on we don't
+have a helicopter there's no helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a helicopter there's no helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a helicopter there's no helicopter
+that tells us where the fires are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us where the fires are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us where the fires are and
+where the fires may be and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fires may be and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the fires may be and where the
+underground gasoline tanks are hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground gasoline tanks are hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground gasoline tanks are hidden
+for future explosions we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future explosions we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for future explosions we don't know
+because a lot of the stuff is hidden so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the stuff is hidden so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of the stuff is hidden so
+my own opinion is that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own opinion is that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own opinion is that we are going to
+need to have at least one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have at least one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have at least one or two
+additional large failures and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional large failures and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional large failures and people
+will have to lose money before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to lose money before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to lose money before they
+understand that this stuff really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this stuff really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this stuff really is
+risky and that the price you pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky and that the price you pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky and that the price you pay for the
+benefits that you've gotten from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that you've gotten from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that you've gotten from these
+very handsome returns in the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very handsome returns in the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very handsome returns in the years
+before this kind of an event is the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this kind of an event is the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this kind of an event is the fact
+that every once in a while in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every once in a while in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every once in a while in the
+parland of Wall Street you get your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parland of Wall Street you get your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parland of Wall Street you get your face
+ripped off that that's the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripped off that that's the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripped off that that's the nature of
+financial markets so I think that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets so I think that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets so I think that it's
+very dangerous to rescue these companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dangerous to rescue these companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dangerous to rescue these companies
+but at the same time uh you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time uh you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time uh you have to
+balance that against the risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that against the risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that against the risk of
+creating a mass panic and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a mass panic and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a mass panic and if we do
+create that mass panic uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that mass panic uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create that mass panic uh there's
+virtually no way to stop it uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually no way to stop it uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually no way to stop it uh and then
+we will run into a very deep recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will run into a very deep recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will run into a very deep recession
+and depression of the likes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depression of the likes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depression of the likes that we
+haven't seen since 1929 that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen since 1929 that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen since 1929 that that's the
+balance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and the
+danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well you know that that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you know that that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well you know that that might be
+but let me let me suggest this let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me let me suggest this let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me let me suggest this let me
+put that off uh for a discussion point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that off uh for a discussion point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that off uh for a discussion point
+until we finish fixed income securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we finish fixed income securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we finish fixed income securities
+because at that point I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that point I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at that point I'm going to talk
+about the subprime problem specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the subprime problem specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the subprime problem specifically
+and I'm going to use the tools that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to use the tools that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to use the tools that we
+develop actually you guys are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop actually you guys are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop actually you guys are going to
+use the tools that we developed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tools that we developed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tools that we developed to
+figure out exactly what's happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what's happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out exactly what's happened in
+these markets why they're happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these markets why they're happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these markets why they're happening and
+how maybe we can get around that so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how maybe we can get around that so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how maybe we can get around that so let
+me not give you my view now I'd rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not give you my view now I'd rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not give you my view now I'd rather
+have you develop your own views based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you develop your own views based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you develop your own views based on
+the tools we develop in this course okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we develop in this course okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we develop in this course okay
+yeah um because of all this um like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um because of all this um like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um because of all this um like you
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+pretty the CEOs or Executives were fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty the CEOs or Executives were fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty the CEOs or Executives were fired
+but they got a big handsome right bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they got a big handsome right bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they got a big handsome right bio
+for all their hard work and efforts y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all their hard work and efforts y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all their hard work and efforts y
+but now should the market be able to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now should the market be able to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now should the market be able to uh
+self-regulate itself or does there need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulate itself or does there need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulate itself or does there need
+to be regulations put in place or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be regulations put in place or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be regulations put in place or what
+will become involv well you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become involv well you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become involv well you know that's
+again a very difficult question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a very difficult question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a very difficult question to
+answer because we're not done yet so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because we're not done yet so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because we're not done yet so we
+don't know where this is going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where this is going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know where this is going to end up
+uh I think that there are some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that there are some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think that there are some very
+important issues that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issues that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important issues that we're going to
+have to come back to let me put that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to let me put that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come back to let me put that off
+for even a bit longer because when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even a bit longer because when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for even a bit longer because when we
+talk about corporate uh Corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about corporate uh Corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about corporate uh Corporate
+Finance we're going to talk about CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance we're going to talk about CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance we're going to talk about CEO
+compensation and ask the question how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and ask the question how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and ask the question how do
+we relate compensation to Performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we relate compensation to Performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we relate compensation to Performance
+and does it make sense it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does it make sense it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and does it make sense it turns out that
+there's some incentive issues such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some incentive issues such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some incentive issues such that
+if we don't do that if we don't allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't do that if we don't allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't do that if we don't allow
+them to have these golden parachutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to have these golden parachutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to have these golden parachutes
+then it may end up creating weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it may end up creating weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it may end up creating weird
+incentives when things are going well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives when things are going well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives when things are going well so
+every every action has some kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every action has some kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every action has some kind of of
+equal and opposite reaction in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite reaction in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite reaction in some
+other part of the system and unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of the system and unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of the system and unless you
+know what that system is it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that system is it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that system is it's hard to
+figure out the answers to the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the answers to the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the answers to the question
+so by the end of the semester I'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the end of the semester I'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the end of the semester I'm hoping
+that you'll be able to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to come up with
+answers to these questions so let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these questions so let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these questions so let me put
+that off for a little while okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off for a little while okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that off for a little while okay one
+more clarifying question maybe and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clarifying question maybe and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clarifying question maybe and then
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+on during the self fation crisis in 97
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on during the self fation crisis in 97
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on during the self fation crisis in 97
+yeah there was this discussion about if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there was this discussion about if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there was this discussion about if
+the international uh financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international uh financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international uh financial
+institutions should rescue or not these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions should rescue or not these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions should rescue or not these
+countries and because of the moral it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and because of the moral it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and because of the moral it
+will moral hazard it would create right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will moral hazard it would create right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will moral hazard it would create right
+and they decided they should so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decided they should so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they decided they should so they
+rescue them and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue them and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue them and we
+survive 10 years later Latin America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive 10 years later Latin America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive 10 years later Latin America
+went into a crisis and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a crisis and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a crisis and the same
+discussion started and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion started and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion started and uh the
+international financial institutions led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international financial institutions led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international financial institutions led
+by the United States decided not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the United States decided not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the United States decided not to
+rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue
+them uh so we went into the crisis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so we went into the crisis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh so we went into the crisis and
+so I see now there's a bigger sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see now there's a bigger sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see now there's a bigger sort of
+moral hazard here because it's also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard here because it's also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard here because it's also it's
+state and it will affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it will affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it will affect
+not only that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that's
+right yeah that's a very serious issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's a very serious issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's a very serious issue
+and but I would argue that that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but I would argue that that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but I would argue that that issue
+actually goes even it goes to an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes even it goes to an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes even it goes to an even
+broader set of issues that have little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader set of issues that have little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader set of issues that have little
+to do with economics and finance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with economics and finance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with economics and finance but
+political and social issues which I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and social issues which I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and social issues which I I
+won't comment on in this class but which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't comment on in this class but which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't comment on in this class but which
+are important for determining those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for determining those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important for determining those
+kinds of policy questions that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of policy questions that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of policy questions that's one of
+the things that I I'd like to get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I I'd like to get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I I'd like to get across
+to you in terms of thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in terms of thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in terms of thinking about these
+issues which is that there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues which is that there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues which is that there are multiple
+aspects to every issue and rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to every issue and rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to every issue and rather than
+trying to come up with a single answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with a single answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with a single answer
+what I would propose that you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would propose that you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would propose that you might do
+is when you think about a challenge like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you think about a challenge like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you think about a challenge like
+this first of all you try to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first of all you try to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first of all you try to identify
+the different issues and then come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different issues and then come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different issues and then come up
+with an answer for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an answer for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an answer for every single
+perspective of that issue so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of that issue so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of that issue so for example
+in the case of Latin America there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Latin America there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of Latin America there's
+certainly the economic issue and moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the economic issue and moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the economic issue and moral
+hazard that's a an important one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard that's a an important one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard that's a an important one but
+there's also a political and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a political and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a political and social
+issue which is that if you don't bail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue which is that if you don't bail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue which is that if you don't bail
+out countries that are in need that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out countries that are in need that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out countries that are in need that's a
+recipe for creating social unrest and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for creating social unrest and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for creating social unrest and if
+you don't do it there's some dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it there's some dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't do it there's some dictator
+waiting with guns and and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting with guns and and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting with guns and and other
+interesting uh possibilities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh possibilities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh possibilities for the
+people to try to take over oh we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to try to take over oh we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to try to take over oh we do have
+them that's right and it's I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's right and it's I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's right and it's I mean that's
+it's not rocket science I mean people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rocket science I mean people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not rocket science I mean people
+are looking for Solutions and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for Solutions and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking for Solutions and if you
+can't offer one they'll go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't offer one they'll go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't offer one they'll go to the next
+person that has one whether or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that has one whether or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that has one whether or not it's
+true or or false they will try to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or or false they will try to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or or false they will try to come
+up with some kind of uh of leadership so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some kind of uh of leadership so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some kind of uh of leadership so
+how do you balance off the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you balance off the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you balance off the economic
+considerations against the political and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations against the political and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations against the political and
+social that's not something that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social that's not something that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social that's not something that an
+economist can answer so I won't even try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist can answer so I won't even try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist can answer so I won't even try
+to begin and by the way my opinion is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin and by the way my opinion is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin and by the way my opinion is no
+better or worse than anybody else's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse than anybody else's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or worse than anybody else's so I
+won't uh waste your time with that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't uh waste your time with that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't uh waste your time with that but
+what I would suggest is from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would suggest is from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would suggest is from looking at
+these issues first of all try to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues first of all try to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues first of all try to think
+clearly about what the economic issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly about what the economic issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly about what the economic issues
+are and then what the social and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then what the social and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and then what the social and
+political issues are and separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political issues are and separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political issues are and separate them
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and then you can answer each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can answer each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can answer each of those
+questions in isolation and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in isolation and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in isolation and at the end
+decide on how you want to balance these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on how you want to balance these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on how you want to balance these
+kind of considerations but don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of considerations but don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of considerations but don't use
+economics to try to answer a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to try to answer a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics to try to answer a political
+question and don't use politics to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and don't use politics to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and don't use politics to try
+to answer an economic question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer an economic question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer an economic question you
+should use the tools that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the tools that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the tools that you have to
+answer the questions that those tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the questions that those tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the questions that those tools
+are designed for and in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed for and in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designed for and in the case of
+Latin America I would argue that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin America I would argue that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin America I would argue that's a
+very complex set of issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex set of issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex set of issues that
+economics alone cannot answer you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics alone cannot answer you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics alone cannot answer you know
+the the economic answer never bail out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the economic answer never bail out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the economic answer never bail out
+countries that are failing because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are failing because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that are failing because uh
+you know you'll create moral hazard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll create moral hazard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll create moral hazard and
+increase the cost of borrowing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the cost of borrowing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the cost of borrowing for
+future generations and other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future generations and other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future generations and other countries
+that sounds good until you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good until you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds good until you see what
+happens when you don't and you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you don't and you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you don't and you get these
+socialist dictatorships that end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist dictatorships that end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist dictatorships that end up
+creating all sorts of uh dis dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating all sorts of uh dis dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating all sorts of uh dis dislocation
+uh for the um the people uh in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the um the people uh in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the um the people uh in the in
+the country I mean that that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country I mean that that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country I mean that that there's a
+very big cost to that as well and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big cost to that as well and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big cost to that as well and I'm
+going to have to beg the question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to beg the question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to beg the question about
+how you balance those costs against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you balance those costs against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you balance those costs against the
+benefits again that's something for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits again that's something for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits again that's something for
+politicians and for uh for voters to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians and for uh for voters to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians and for uh for voters to uh
+hopefully to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+there I guess it's not no sorry but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I guess it's not no sorry but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I guess it's not no sorry but it
+actually said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually said
+that lon l has denounced the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lon l has denounced the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lon l has denounced the United
+States Treasury yeah for unitedway L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Treasury yeah for unitedway L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Treasury yeah for unitedway L
+announc today against that sounds uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announc today against that sounds uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announc today against that sounds uh it
+sounds good but that wasn't my handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good but that wasn't my handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds good but that wasn't my handout
+so that that might be my handout in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that might be my handout in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that might be my handout in
+about 3 weeks but we have work to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 weeks but we have work to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 weeks but we have work to do now
+so let me let me stick to that and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me stick to that and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me stick to that and we'll
+come back to these interesting issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to these interesting issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to these interesting issues
+but I want to give you the framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to give you the framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to give you the framework and
+the tools to be able to think about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me continue on this is lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me continue on this is lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me continue on this is lecture
+three and we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we're going to continue
+looking at present value relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at present value relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at present value relationships
+and the time value of money last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time value of money last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the time value of money last time we
+were with the expression for the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were with the expression for the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were with the expression for the value
+of an asset as simply being equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an asset as simply being equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an asset as simply being equal to the
+cash flows discounted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows discounted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows discounted with the
+appropriate discount factors where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate discount factors where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate discount factors where I've
+assumed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed for
+Simplicity that the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity that the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity that the discount rate
+between one year and the next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one year and the next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one year and the next is
+constant and given by the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and given by the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and given by the interest rate
+or discount factor or cost of capital or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or discount factor or cost of capital or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or discount factor or cost of capital or
+user cost or opportunity cost are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user cost or opportunity cost are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user cost or opportunity cost are okay
+they're fancy terms for the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fancy terms for the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fancy terms for the simple
+concept of the number that you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the number that you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the number that you use to
+construct these exchange rates between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these exchange rates between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these exchange rates between
+cash at different points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash at different points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash at different points in
+time now the solution of how you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now the solution of how you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now the solution of how you make
+management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management
+decisions given this simple framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions given this simple framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions given this simple framework
+becomes trivial take projects that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes trivial take projects that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes trivial take projects that have
+positive npv that's it when you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive npv that's it when you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive npv that's it when you figure
+out what the value of a project is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the value of a project is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the value of a project is as a
+function of all of these exchange rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all of these exchange rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all of these exchange rates
+you calculate what the present value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate what the present value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate what the present value is
+and if the cost of the investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the cost of the investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the cost of the investment is
+included as a cash flow possibly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included as a cash flow possibly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included as a cash flow possibly a
+negative cash flow you've got the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flow you've got the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cash flow you've got the net
+present value and for things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value and for things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value and for things that are
+positive npv you want them you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive npv you want them you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive npv you want them you want to
+take them for things that are negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them for things that are negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them for things that are negative
+npv you don't want them you don't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv you don't want them you don't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv you don't want them you don't take
+them or if you can you sell them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or if you can you sell them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or if you can you sell them all
+right now there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there are many different
+assumptions that got us to this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that got us to this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that got us to this point we
+understand that we're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that we're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that we're going to make
+those assump asss more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assump asss more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those assump asss more and more
+realistic over time that's in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic over time that's in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic over time that's in fact what
+the rest of the course is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the course is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the course is going to be
+doing we're going to be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're going to be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing we're going to be focusing on
+taking this expression and making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this expression and making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this expression and making it
+more realistic and it's going to take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic and it's going to take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic and it's going to take us
+12 more weeks to do that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 more weeks to do that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 more weeks to do that so it's
+non-trivial but that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial but that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial but that's exactly the
+objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective
+yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you
+said sequence not a summation of flow no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said sequence not a summation of flow no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said sequence not a summation of flow no
+I said the asset was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the asset was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the asset was a
+sequence what is an asset an asset is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence what is an asset an asset is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence what is an asset an asset is a
+sequence of cash flows that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows that's the
+definition of an asset not the value not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an asset not the value not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of an asset not the value not
+the value the value of the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value the value of the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value the value of the asset
+remember is that function that you stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that function that you stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that function that you stick
+in a cash flow sequence and out pops a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cash flow sequence and out pops a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cash flow sequence and out pops a
+number so the value of an asset is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the value of an asset is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the value of an asset is not
+the same thing as the asset itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as the asset itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as the asset itself
+right you can have a rocket ship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can have a rocket ship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can have a rocket ship that
+can go to the Moon that is an asset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the Moon that is an asset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to the Moon that is an asset the
+value of a rocket ship that goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a rocket ship that goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a rocket ship that goes to the
+moon that's a different thing right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon that's a different thing right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moon that's a different thing right you
+need to have this V function in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have this V function in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have this V function in order to
+figure out the value of an asset but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the value of an asset but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the value of an asset but I
+can't really talk about the value of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really talk about the value of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really talk about the value of an
+asset unless I've defined the asset to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset unless I've defined the asset to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset unless I've defined the asset to
+begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin
+with so V subz is the value of the asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so V subz is the value of the asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so V subz is the value of the asset
+it's not the asset itself it's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the asset itself it's the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the asset itself it's the value
+of the asset the asset itself is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the asset the asset itself is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the asset the asset itself is the
+sequence of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash
+flows now here's a simple example about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows now here's a simple example about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows now here's a simple example about
+how these discount factors work this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these discount factors work this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these discount factors work this is
+just an interest rate example if you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an interest rate example if you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an interest rate example if you let
+little r equal 5% then you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r equal 5% then you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little r equal 5% then you can figure
+out what the value of a dollar is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the value of a dollar is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the value of a dollar is in the
+future or you can figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future or you can figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future or you can figure out what the
+value today of a future dollar is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value today of a future dollar is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value today of a future dollar is it's
+just using simple arithmetic to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using simple arithmetic to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using simple arithmetic to be able
+to do that so this is just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so this is just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so this is just a simple
+concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+illustration and if you graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration and if you graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration and if you graph the
+present value of a dollar over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of a dollar over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of a dollar over time
+you'll notice that as time goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that as time goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that as time goes out
+farther the present value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther the present value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther the present value of a
+declines not surprisingly a dollar today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines not surprisingly a dollar today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines not surprisingly a dollar today
+is worth more than a dollar tomorrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth more than a dollar tomorrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth more than a dollar tomorrow but
+a dollar tomorrow is worth more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar tomorrow is worth more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar tomorrow is worth more than a
+dollar two years from now and a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar two years from now and a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar two years from now and a dollar
+two years from now is worth much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years from now is worth much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years from now is worth much more
+than a dollar an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a dollar an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a dollar an infinite number of
+years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now here's an example of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's an example of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now here's an example of how you
+use this valuation approach and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this valuation approach and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this valuation approach and the
+problems that we handed out last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we handed out last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we handed out last time
+will give you practice in how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you practice in how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you practice in how to think
+about pressent value so I'd urge you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pressent value so I'd urge you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pressent value so I'd urge you to
+do those problems to make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those problems to make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those problems to make sure you
+really understand these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand these
+Concepts here's an example where a firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts here's an example where a firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts here's an example where a firm
+spends $800,000 every single year for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends $800,000 every single year for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends $800,000 every single year for
+electricity at its headquarters and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity at its headquarters and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity at its headquarters and by
+installing some kind of specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing some kind of specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing some kind of specialized
+computer lighting system it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer lighting system it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer lighting system it turns out
+that you could reduce your electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could reduce your electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could reduce your electricity
+bills by $90,000 in each of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills by $90,000 in each of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills by $90,000 in each of the next
+three years now of course it costs money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years now of course it costs money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years now of course it costs money
+to install that system it cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install that system it cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to install that system it cost
+$230,000 to install that system so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$230,000 to install that system so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$230,000 to install that system so the
+question is is this a good deal should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is this a good deal should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is this a good deal should
+you do it that's a management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it that's a management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it that's a management
+decision and the management decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and the management decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and the management decision
+relies on valuation First Once you value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on valuation First Once you value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relies on valuation First Once you value
+it then you can make a decision so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you can make a decision so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you can make a decision so
+you've got 990,000 90,000 90,000 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 990,000 90,000 90,000 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got 990,000 90,000 90,000 in the
+three years as your cost savings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years as your cost savings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years as your cost savings but
+it's going to cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to cost you
+$230,000 UPF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$230,000 UPF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$230,000 UPF
+front now if it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front now if it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front now if it turns out that the
+interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is
+4% you can figure out what the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% you can figure out what the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% you can figure out what the answer is
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+4% it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% it turns
+out that the npv of this project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the npv of this project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the npv of this project is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$220,000 so it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$220,000 so it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$220,000 so it's a good
+deal on the other hand if you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal on the other hand if you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal on the other hand if you change the
+assumptions and you make the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and you make the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and you make the interest
+rate something else well it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate something else well it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate something else well it might not be
+a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good
+deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal
+how would you have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you have to change the
+interest rate to make this a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deal increase it or decrease it increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal increase it or decrease it increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal increase it or decrease it increase
+it why why does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why why does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it why why does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+yeah exactly with a higher interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly with a higher interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly with a higher interest rate
+money now is more valuable than the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now is more valuable than the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now is more valuable than the cost
+savings to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings to your
+electricity how do you know it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valuable exactly the opportunity cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable exactly the opportunity cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable exactly the opportunity cost is
+10% as opposed to 4% it's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% as opposed to 4% it's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% as opposed to 4% it's a lot more
+valuable if you stick it in the bank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable if you stick it in the bank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable if you stick it in the bank you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+10% so the cost savings depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% so the cost savings depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% so the cost savings depends on the
+interest rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate at
+hand once you have the interest rate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand once you have the interest rate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand once you have the interest rate you
+can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a
+decision where does the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision where does the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision where does the interest rate
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+from exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from exactly the
+market you don't pick the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you don't pick the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market you don't pick the interest rate
+out of the air you don't say I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the air you don't say I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the air you don't say I sort of
+feel like it's a 2% kind of day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's a 2% kind of day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it's a 2% kind of day the
+interest rate is what you can get on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is what you can get on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is what you can get on the
+open market see that's why the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market see that's why the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market see that's why the market
+matters it's because if that's a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters it's because if that's a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters it's because if that's a market
+interest rate by saying it's a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate by saying it's a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate by saying it's a market
+interest rate it means you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it means you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it means you can actually
+get that rate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that rate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that rate from the
+market and therefore it's a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and therefore it's a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and therefore it's a real number
+that can be actionable it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be actionable it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be actionable it's not a
+fictitious theoretical construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious theoretical construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious theoretical construct that
+may or may not have any practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not have any practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not have any practical
+bearing it's a it's a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing it's a it's a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing it's a it's a number that
+actually you can achieve and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can achieve and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can achieve and as a
+manager if you're trying to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager if you're trying to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager if you're trying to increase the
+value of shareholder wealth if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of shareholder wealth if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of shareholder wealth if that's
+the objective it's to make more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective it's to make more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective it's to make more money
+for the shareholders this is the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the shareholders this is the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the shareholders this is the way to
+do it so this is what I meant when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so this is what I meant when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so this is what I meant when I
+told you at the very beginning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you at the very beginning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you at the very beginning of this
+course that Finance is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that Finance is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that Finance is the most
+important subject you'll ever study it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important subject you'll ever study it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important subject you'll ever study it's
+because with proper valuation management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with proper valuation management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with proper valuation management
+decisions are easy now it's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are easy now it's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are easy now it's not always
+easy to get to the point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get to the point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get to the point where the
+numbers tell you so much and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers tell you so much and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers tell you so much and so
+management is trying to understand all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is trying to understand all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management is trying to understand all
+of the various different factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various different factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various different factors and
+balancing them out like like the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing them out like like the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing them out like like the kind of
+questions you were asking me the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you were asking me the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you were asking me the very
+beginning of class I can't answer many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class I can't answer many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class I can't answer many
+of them in the abstract it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the abstract it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the abstract it depends on
+the situation and I'm hoping that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation and I'm hoping that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation and I'm hoping that by the
+end of this course you will know enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this course you will know enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this course you will know enough
+about the basic framework to make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the basic framework to make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the basic framework to make those
+tradeoffs yourself and then the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs yourself and then the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs yourself and then the art of
+management works together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management works together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management works together with the
+science of management to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of management to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of management to come up with
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+decisions okay so this is simple and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions okay so this is simple and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions okay so this is simple and in
+the next few slides I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few slides I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few slides I'm going to ask you
+to take a look at examples on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at examples on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at examples on your own
+here's an example a real live example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example a real live example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example a real live example
+where uh the Chinese oil company made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the Chinese oil company made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the Chinese oil company made an
+offer to acquire unical about a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to acquire unical about a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to acquire unical about a year
+year and a half ago and I would suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half ago and I would suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half ago and I would suggest
+you take a look at this example and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at this example and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a look at this example and just
+do the back of the envelope calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the back of the envelope calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the back of the envelope calculation
+to see whether or not they provided uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether or not they provided uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether or not they provided uh a
+good deal or or a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal or or a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good deal or or a bad
+deal but I want to turn now to the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but I want to turn now to the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but I want to turn now to the main
+subject of today's lecture which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of today's lecture which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of today's lecture which is one
+of the most beautiful formulas in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most beautiful formulas in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most beautiful formulas in this
+entire course now it might seem strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course now it might seem strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire course now it might seem strange
+for me to talk about a formula as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to talk about a formula as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to talk about a formula as being
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+um you know a while ago Paul Samuelson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a while ago Paul Samuelson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a while ago Paul Samuelson
+the great Economist here at MIT once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great Economist here at MIT once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great Economist here at MIT once
+said that um you know either you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that um you know either you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that um you know either you think
+that probability theory is beautiful or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability theory is beautiful or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability theory is beautiful or
+not and if you don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and if you don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and if you don't think it's
+beautiful then I feel sorry for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful then I feel sorry for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful then I feel sorry for you and
+I suppose the same can be said for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose the same can be said for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose the same can be said for this
+formula uh it's hard to believe that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh it's hard to believe that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh it's hard to believe that a
+formula can be beautiful but uh trust me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula can be beautiful but uh trust me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula can be beautiful but uh trust me
+it is and if you don't think so I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and if you don't think so I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and if you don't think so I feel
+sorry for you uh by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for you uh by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for you uh by the end of the
+semester hopefully you will think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester hopefully you will think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester hopefully you will think it's
+beautiful let me explain what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful let me explain what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful let me explain what we're
+about to do I want to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to do I want to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to do I want to come up with the
+value of a very specific asset an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a very specific asset an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a very specific asset an asset
+with a very very simple and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very very simple and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very very simple and interesting
+cash flow so this is one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow so this is one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow so this is one of the two
+special cash flows that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cash flows that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cash flows that we're going to
+analyze in this class and this cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze in this class and this cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze in this class and this cash flow
+is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as a
+perpetuity a perpetuity is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity a perpetuity is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity a perpetuity is exactly what
+it sounds like it pays cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forever now we can debate whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever now we can debate whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever now we can debate whether or not
+forever really exists I won't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever really exists I won't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever really exists I won't try to
+argue with you that we will live forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue with you that we will live forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue with you that we will live forever
+but uh it's a hypothetical construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's a hypothetical construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it's a hypothetical construct
+okay so this is a figment of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a figment of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a figment of our
+imaginations there exists in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginations there exists in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginations there exists in my
+imagination a piece of paper that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination a piece of paper that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination a piece of paper that is a
+claim uh such that whoever holds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh such that whoever holds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim uh such that whoever holds the
+piece of paper will be entitled to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper will be entitled to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper will be entitled to a
+cash payment of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash payment of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash payment of C
+every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year
+forever out to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever out to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever out to Infinity
+okay and the question is how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question is how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the question is how much is
+this worth how much is this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worth how much is this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worth how much is this piece of
+paper worth it's an asset because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper worth it's an asset because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper worth it's an asset because it's a
+sequence of cash flows it just turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows it just turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of cash flows it just turns out
+that this cash flow is an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this cash flow is an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this cash flow is an infinite
+sequence it never ends it's the gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it never ends it's the gift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it never ends it's the gift
+that keeps on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps on
+giving so you would think that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving so you would think that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving so you would think that it should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+worth an infinite amount because it pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth an infinite amount because it pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth an infinite amount because it pays
+an infinite amount of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite amount of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite amount of cash
+right no that's not right and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no that's not right and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no that's not right and the reason
+it's not right is because a dollar today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not right is because a dollar today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not right is because a dollar today
+is worth more than a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth more than a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth more than a dollar
+tomorrow which is worth more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow which is worth more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow which is worth more than a
+dollar a year from now which is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar a year from now which is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar a year from now which is worth
+more than a dollar two years from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a dollar two years from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a dollar two years from now
+and so the value of a dollar paid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the value of a dollar paid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the value of a dollar paid out
+into the far future declines and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the far future declines and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the far future declines and it
+turns out that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that it
+declines at a rate for which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines at a rate for which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines at a rate for which you can
+actually figure out what the value is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out what the value is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out what the value is to
+today so here's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so here's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so here's what we're going to do
+using the same principle of discounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same principle of discounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same principle of discounting
+that we did for the previous set of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did for the previous set of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did for the previous set of cash
+flows we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows we're going to take a
+sequence and discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and discount
+it I'm assuming with the perpetuity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm assuming with the perpetuity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm assuming with the perpetuity that
+it starts paying next year so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts paying next year so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts paying next year so that's the
+very first cash flow we're sitting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first cash flow we're sitting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first cash flow we're sitting here
+at date Zero and it pays C doll next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date Zero and it pays C doll next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date Zero and it pays C doll next
+year and then another C dollar the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then another C dollar the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and then another C dollar the year
+after and another C year after after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and another C year after after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and another C year after after
+that and so on so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so on so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so on so we're going to
+discount them by 1+r 1 plus r squ dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount them by 1+r 1 plus r squ dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount them by 1+r 1 plus r squ dot
+dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot
+forever and so this is an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so this is an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so this is an infinite
+sequence and those of you who were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and those of you who were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and those of you who were on
+your high school math team you'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your high school math team you'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your high school math team you'll know
+that a a quick and dirty way of sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a quick and dirty way of sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a a quick and dirty way of sum
+summing that infinite sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing that infinite sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing that infinite sequence is
+basically to multiply both sides by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to multiply both sides by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to multiply both sides by 1
+plus r and you'll notice that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r and you'll notice that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r and you'll notice that when you
+do that uh you get this series back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that uh you get this series back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that uh you get this series back
+again but with an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but with an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but with an extra
+and when you do the subtraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do the subtraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do the subtraction and
+division you end up with this incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division you end up with this incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division you end up with this incredibly
+simple formula that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula that says that the
+present value of this claim that pays C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of this claim that pays C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value of this claim that pays C
+dolls forever is not infinite in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolls forever is not infinite in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolls forever is not infinite in fact
+it's quite finite it's C divided R what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite finite it's C divided R what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite finite it's C divided R what
+a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple
+formula if I have a piece of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if I have a piece of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if I have a piece of paper that
+pays $100 a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays $100 a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays $100 a year
+forever and the interest rate is 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and the interest rate is 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and the interest rate is 10%
+what is this piece of paper worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly $1,000 isn't that amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly $1,000 isn't that amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly $1,000 isn't that amazing
+that we could actually value something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could actually value something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could actually value something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that if the interest rate is 5% what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the interest rate is 5% what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the interest rate is 5% what is
+it worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it worth
+then yeah $2,000 right simple we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah $2,000 right simple we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah $2,000 right simple we have a
+complete analytical solution for a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete analytical solution for a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete analytical solution for a cash
+flow that on the surface of it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that on the surface of it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow that on the surface of it seems
+like it should be worth a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should be worth a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it should be worth a huge amount of
+money it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it's not that
+huge yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge yeah
+well yes we're assuming assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes we're assuming assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes we're assuming assume that
+interest rates are constant absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are constant absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates are constant absolutely
+so interest rates vary this formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interest rates vary this formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interest rates vary this formula is
+not right we're going to come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right we're going to come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right we're going to come to the
+case where interest rates vary over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where interest rates vary over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where interest rates vary over time
+so absolutely this is still under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so absolutely this is still under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so absolutely this is still under the
+simplistic assumption that interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic assumption that interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic assumption that interest
+rates are the same but under that case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are the same but under that case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are the same but under that case I
+think it's still pretty cool that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's still pretty cool that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's still pretty cool that we're
+able to come up with a formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come up with a formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to come up with a formula for the
+value right yeah anle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instrument well that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument well that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument well that's a good question
+uh I was afraid you were going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was afraid you were going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I was afraid you were going to ask
+that and uh but I am prepared I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh but I am prepared I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and uh but I am prepared I am
+prepared to answer that uh in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to answer that uh in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to answer that uh in the in the
+United Kingdom there is a bond issued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom there is a bond issued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Kingdom there is a bond issued by
+the government called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government called a
+console and this bond is a perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and this bond is a perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and this bond is a perpetuity
+that is it pays to the holder a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it pays to the holder a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it pays to the holder a fixed
+amount every year forever now in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount every year forever now in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount every year forever now in that
+case forever means as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case forever means as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case forever means as long as the
+British government is still in his in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British government is still in his in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British government is still in his in
+his existence you know it's still around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his existence you know it's still around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his existence you know it's still around
+so but that's an example and that Trad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but that's an example and that Trad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but that's an example and that Trad
+today yes absolutely it trades you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes absolutely it trades you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes absolutely it trades you can
+buy it sell it observe the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it sell it observe the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy it sell it observe the price
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah right good question where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah right good question where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah right good question where do we
+get the interest rate the market exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the interest rate the market exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the interest rate the market exactly
+so you can either get it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can either get it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can either get it from the
+marketplace so I have a piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so I have a piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so I have a piece of paper
+it pays a dollar a year forever who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays a dollar a year forever who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays a dollar a year forever who will
+pay me $5 for this piece of paper $6 $7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me $5 for this piece of paper $6 $7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me $5 for this piece of paper $6 $7
+I'll auction it off to the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll auction it off to the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll auction it off to the highest
+bidder and that price will translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder and that price will translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder and that price will translate
+into an interest rate determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an interest rate determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an interest rate determined by the
+marketplace so the short answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so the short answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace so the short answer is the
+market now you you're asking me probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now you you're asking me probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market now you you're asking me probably
+a deeper question which is where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeper question which is where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeper question which is where does
+that come from because there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from because there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from because there are all
+sorts of factors like you know future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of factors like you know future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of factors like you know future
+famine and plagues and wars and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famine and plagues and wars and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famine and plagues and wars and all
+these other issues and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other issues and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other issues and the answer is
+it's an approximation that market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an approximation that market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an approximation that market
+participants make and they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants make and they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants make and they're they're
+willing to live with right I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to live with right I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to live with right I'll give you
+an example a few years ago Walt Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example a few years ago Walt Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example a few years ago Walt Disney
+the the entertainment company issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the entertainment company issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the entertainment company issued
+bonds corporate bonds they were 100-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds corporate bonds they were 100-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds corporate bonds they were 100-year
+bonds they were going to mature in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds they were going to mature in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds they were going to mature in a
+hundred years now I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years now I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years now I don't know how many
+of you are high school math team jocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are high school math team jocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are high school math team jocks
+but if you are one test is to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are one test is to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you are one test is to ask the
+question with this infinite series if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question with this infinite series if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question with this infinite series if
+you take it out to a 100 terms instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it out to a 100 terms instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it out to a 100 terms instead
+of all the way out to Infinity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the way out to Infinity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the way out to Infinity what
+percentage of the total market value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the total market value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of the total market value
+will you capture it turns out that 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you capture it turns out that 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you capture it turns out that 100
+terms is pretty darn close to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is pretty darn close to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is pretty darn close to infinite
+in this grand scheme of things with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this grand scheme of things with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this grand scheme of things with the
+interest rates that we use so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates that we use so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates that we use so that's an
+example where when they issued that Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where when they issued that Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where when they issued that Bond
+and they auctioned it off to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they auctioned it off to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they auctioned it off to the the
+market participants whoever bought those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market participants whoever bought those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market participants whoever bought those
+bonds whoever the highest biders were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds whoever the highest biders were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds whoever the highest biders were
+they set the price once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set the price once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set the price once you have the
+price you can back out and calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you can back out and calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you can back out and calculate the
+r in fact let me ask you this if I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r in fact let me ask you this if I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r in fact let me ask you this if I tell
+you what C is C is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what C is C is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what C is C is a
+$100 and I tell you the market price say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and I tell you the market price say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and I tell you the market price say
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+$500 what's the interest rate can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 what's the interest rate can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500 what's the interest rate can you
+figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out
+yeah right exactly it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right exactly it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right exactly it's basically
+determined so so the market price for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so so the market price for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so so the market price for an
+instrument like this will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument like this will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument like this will give you the
+Market's assessment of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's assessment of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market's assessment of what that
+interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is well let let me repeat the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well let let me repeat the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well let let me repeat the question
+uh in case people didn't hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in case people didn't hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in case people didn't hear the
+question is am I telling you that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is am I telling you that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is am I telling you that uh
+that with all the phds out there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with all the phds out there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with all the phds out there there
+is nothing more sophisticated in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more sophisticated in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more sophisticated in terms
+of pricing these instruments than simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pricing these instruments than simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pricing these instruments than simply
+auctioning them off as we did to a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioning them off as we did to a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctioning them off as we did to a bunch
+of NBAs well first of all I wouldn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of NBAs well first of all I wouldn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of NBAs well first of all I wouldn't I
+wouldn't uh denigrate mbas that way um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't uh denigrate mbas that way um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't uh denigrate mbas that way um I
+would argue that the phds who are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that the phds who are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that the phds who are doing
+research are ultimately advising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research are ultimately advising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research are ultimately advising the
+mbaas as to what to bid and then the MBA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbaas as to what to bid and then the MBA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mbaas as to what to bid and then the MBA
+take into account the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the business
+considerations uh as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations uh as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations uh as well as the
+analytics and so it's actually a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and so it's actually a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics and so it's actually a highly
+complex and sophisticated process by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and sophisticated process by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and sophisticated process by
+which the bidding occurs in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the bidding occurs in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the bidding occurs in other words
+you're not getting amateurs doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting amateurs doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting amateurs doing it
+you're getting professionals who know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting professionals who know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting professionals who know
+how to price these things that said are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to price these things that said are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to price these things that said are
+they going to make mistakes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to make mistakes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they going to make mistakes absolutely
+so market pricing is an imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so market pricing is an imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so market pricing is an imperfect
+mechanism but the imperfect mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but the imperfect mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but the imperfect mechanism
+actually works pretty well and so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works pretty well and so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works pretty well and so far
+nobody else has figured out anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else has figured out anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else has figured out anything
+that works any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works any
+better so yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so yeah that
+that uh you have only one buyer the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you have only one buyer the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you have only one buyer the top
+buyer sets the price that's the win D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer sets the price that's the win D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer sets the price that's the win D
+and you have one buyer and so since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have one buyer and so since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have one buyer and so since you
+know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example
+talking obviously they're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking obviously they're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking obviously they're not just
+issuing one to the highest ISS so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing one to the highest ISS so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing one to the highest ISS so so the
+question is isn't the isn't there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is isn't the isn't there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is isn't the isn't there a
+problem in terms of the auction if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in terms of the auction if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in terms of the auction if what
+we're doing is determining the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is determining the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is determining the price
+based upon the highest bidder because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon the highest bidder because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based upon the highest bidder because
+the highest bidder is typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest bidder is typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest bidder is typically the
+individual that's the most confident uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's the most confident uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's the most confident uh
+or it's possible that that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's possible that that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's possible that that particular
+bidder knows something that the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder knows something that the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder knows something that the rest of
+the market doesn't so I don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market doesn't so I don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market doesn't so I don't know which
+of those two possibilities might uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two possibilities might uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two possibilities might uh
+might be the case it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case it depends on the
+market circumstances one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market circumstances one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market circumstances one of the things
+about auctions though is that the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about auctions though is that the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about auctions though is that the design
+of the auction can actually have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auction can actually have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the auction can actually have a big
+impact on how informative the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on how informative the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on how informative the price is
+so the standard auction is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard auction is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard auction is actually very
+very complicated uh in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated uh in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated uh in terms of the
+various incentive effects but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various incentive effects but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various incentive effects but there are
+more intelligent auctions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intelligent auctions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intelligent auctions that are
+designed to elicit true responses based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to elicit true responses based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to elicit true responses based
+upon not just uh you know kind of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon not just uh you know kind of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon not just uh you know kind of U
+anxiousness to win but on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiousness to win but on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxiousness to win but on what the
+economic valuation is in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic valuation is in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic valuation is in fact there's a
+there's an example of an auction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of an auction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of an auction that
+works something like this you uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works something like this you uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works something like this you uh have
+biders bidding for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders bidding for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biders bidding for a particular
+commodity and it turns out that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity and it turns out that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity and it turns out that the the
+highest bidder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bidder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest bidder
+wins but the highest bidder will pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins but the highest bidder will pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins but the highest bidder will pay a
+price that is the second highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that is the second highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that is the second highest
+bidder's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidder's
+price so that actually has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so that actually has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so that actually has a very
+interesting incentive in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting incentive in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting incentive in the sense that
+it ends up forcing you to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up forcing you to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up forcing you to actually
+reveal your true preferences and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal your true preferences and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal your true preferences and we'll
+come back to that as we talk later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that as we talk later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that as we talk later on
+about Market mechanisms and pricing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Market mechanisms and pricing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Market mechanisms and pricing yeah
+I've seen also pricing mechanisms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen also pricing mechanisms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen also pricing mechanisms in
+auctions for example for public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions for example for public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auctions for example for public
+contracts yeah in which they do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts yeah in which they do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts yeah in which they do the the
+and they rule out people who have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they rule out people who have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they rule out people who have more
+than 15% deviation from that so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15% deviation from that so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15% deviation from that so if you
+really go for a very low price it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go for a very low price it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go for a very low price it's
+interpreted that you're like dumping so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted that you're like dumping so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted that you're like dumping so
+you kicked off that's right so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kicked off that's right so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kicked off that's right so there are
+mechanisms to try to make the Au auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to try to make the Au auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to try to make the Au auction
+smarter and that's one example another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and that's one example another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter and that's one example another
+example of that but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that but we're going to
+assume for now that the auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for now that the auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for now that the auction
+mechanism produces a good price later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism produces a good price later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism produces a good price later on
+after we figure out how markets work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we figure out how markets work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we figure out how markets work
+we're going to come back and question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back and question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back and question
+that and at the very end of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and at the very end of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and at the very end of this course
+I'm going to question all of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to question all of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to question all of this and
+confront you with empirical evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront you with empirical evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront you with empirical evidence
+that describes psychological biases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes psychological biases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes psychological biases that
+all of us have that are hardwired into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us have that are hardwired into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us have that are hardwired into
+us that would make you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that would make you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that would make you think that
+markets don't work well at all and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets don't work well at all and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets don't work well at all and will
+give you a framework for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a framework for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a framework for thinking about
+those two kinds of phenomenon yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two kinds of phenomenon yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two kinds of phenomenon yeah just
+of how well you know you we years back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how well you know you we years back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how well you know you we years back
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+bought at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought at the
+market bids reflect the actual interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market bids reflect the actual interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market bids reflect the actual interest
+rate over time okay the question is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate over time okay the question is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate over time okay the question is do
+people's bids actually reflect interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's bids actually reflect interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's bids actually reflect interest
+rates over time well remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates over time well remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates over time well remember that
+market conditions are changing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market conditions are changing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market conditions are changing so the
+question is do they reflect people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do they reflect people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do they reflect people's
+information as of when I mean you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as of when I mean you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as of when I mean you never
+step into the same river twice so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into the same river twice so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into the same river twice so what
+you bought last year at last year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bought last year at last year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bought last year at last year's
+price they have no bearing on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they have no bearing on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they have no bearing on what
+you're willing to buy at this year's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to buy at this year's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to buy at this year's
+price right things change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right things change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price right things change
+so I'm not sure that that question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure that that question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm not sure that that question is
+well posed at every point in time if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well posed at every point in time if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well posed at every point in time if an
+individual will pay this c ided r for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual will pay this c ided r for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual will pay this c ided r for a
+security that pays C forever that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that pays C forever that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that pays C forever that's the
+fair market Price now in the future if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair market Price now in the future if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair market Price now in the future if
+interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates
+change the price will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the price will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the price will
+change but what this does say is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but what this does say is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but what this does say is a very
+interesting point that I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point that I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting point that I think you're
+getting to which is that suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to which is that suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to which is that suppose that
+that c never changes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c never changes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c never changes by
+contract if interest rates never change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract if interest rates never change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract if interest rates never change
+then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this
+Security will never change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security will never change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security will never change in
+price it will have absolutely no price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it will have absolutely no price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it will have absolutely no price
+growth so here's an example where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so here's an example where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth so here's an example where you
+buy a piece of paper let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a piece of paper let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a piece of paper let's say the
+interest rate is 10% and C is $100 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is 10% and C is $100 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is 10% and C is $100 you
+pay $1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay $1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay $1,000
+today if next year the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if next year the interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if next year the interest rate is
+10% this piece of paper is still worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% this piece of paper is still worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% this piece of paper is still worth
+$1,000 and then 5 years from now if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and then 5 years from now if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and then 5 years from now if the
+interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is
+10% the piece of paper is still worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% the piece of paper is still worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% the piece of paper is still worth
+$1,000 does that make sense does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 does that make sense does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 does that make sense does that
+seem to suggest that you got stiffed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to suggest that you got stiffed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to suggest that you got stiffed
+because you bought a security and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you bought a security and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you bought a security and it
+didn't grow in price in fact the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't grow in price in fact the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't grow in price in fact the rate of
+return that security is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that security is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that security is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you have a $10,000 payment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a $10,000 payment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a $10,000 payment or
+youan a $100 payment right you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youan a $100 payment right you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youan a $100 payment right you have you
+have one coupon payment plus every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one coupon payment plus every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one coupon payment plus every year
+right exactly so it's wrong that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so it's wrong that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly so it's wrong that the
+return is is zero the price return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is is zero the price return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is is zero the price return is
+zero there's no price growth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's no price growth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's no price growth but
+meanwhile every year you've been getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile every year you've been getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile every year you've been getting
+checks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks for
+$100 and if the piece of paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and if the piece of paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and if the piece of paper was
+$1,000 and you've been getting checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and you've been getting checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 and you've been getting checks
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+$100 every year what's your annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+return 10% what's the interest rate ohuh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 10% what's the interest rate ohuh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 10% what's the interest rate ohuh
+funny how that works huh that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny how that works huh that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny how that works huh that's great
+you get a 10% return why because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a 10% return why because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a 10% return why because you're
+holding this piece of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this piece of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding this piece of paper that
+generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates
+coupons and the coupons end up giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and the coupons end up giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and the coupons end up giving
+you a 10% rate of return because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a 10% rate of return because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a 10% rate of return because the
+price of the security is those coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the security is those coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the security is those coupons
+discounted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted at
+10% nothing magic about it it all adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% nothing magic about it it all adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% nothing magic about it it all adds
+up it all works together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it all works together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it all works together
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example we're going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we're going to get to that
+yes we're going to get to that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're going to get to that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes we're going to get to that that's
+that's my next example let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my next example let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my next example let me let me
+hold off on that I want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold off on that I want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold off on that I want to make sure
+everybody understands the perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understands the perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody understands the perpetuity
+though and then we're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and then we're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though and then we're going to get to
+the example where C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example where C
+changes okay now to your example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay now to your example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay now to your example what
+happens if C changes in fact let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if C changes in fact let's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if C changes in fact let's be
+optimistic and let's say that c grows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic and let's say that c grows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic and let's say that c grows so
+not only am I going to pay you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only am I going to pay you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only am I going to pay you something
+forever but that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever but that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever but that's something
+I'm going to let that grow by a rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let that grow by a rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to let that grow by a rate of
+growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of
+G so next year I pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so next year I pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so next year I pay you
+C but the year after I'm going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but the year after I'm going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C but the year after I'm going to pay
+you C multiplied by 1 plus G so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you C multiplied by 1 plus G so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you C multiplied by 1 plus G so let's
+say G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say G is
+5% then next year I'll pay you $100 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% then next year I'll pay you $100 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% then next year I'll pay you $100 the
+year after I pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year after I pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year after I pay you
+$105 and the year after that I'll pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$105 and the year after that I'll pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$105 and the year after that I'll pay
+you whatever 1.05 squared is time 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whatever 1.05 squared is time 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whatever 1.05 squared is time 100
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what is this piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this piece of paper
+worth and if you do the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and if you do the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and if you do the same kind of
+high school math team trick and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school math team trick and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school math team trick and solve
+for the present value you get an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the present value you get an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the present value you get an answer
+PV is equal to C / R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV is equal to C / R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV is equal to C / R minus
+g r minus G so you subtract this growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g r minus G so you subtract this growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g r minus G so you subtract this growth
+rate now when you subtract the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now when you subtract the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now when you subtract the growth
+rate that makes the denominator smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that makes the denominator smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that makes the denominator smaller
+which makes the whole thing bigger which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes the whole thing bigger which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes the whole thing bigger which
+is the right direction because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right direction because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right direction because you're
+getting a cash flow that is not steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a cash flow that is not steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a cash flow that is not steady
+over time but it's growing over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but it's growing over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but it's growing over time so
+it should be worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be worth
+more and it's worth R minus G more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and it's worth R minus G more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and it's worth R minus G more
+right now you notice I have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you notice I have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you notice I have a little
+condition at the end of that R has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the end of that R has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at the end of that R has to be
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+G why do I have that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+infite to zero that's right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infite to zero that's right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infite to zero that's right so let's
+suppose that R equals g let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that R equals g let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that R equals g let's see what
+happens if R equals g then the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if R equals g then the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if R equals g then the infinite
+series on top C / 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series on top C / 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series on top C / 1+
+R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R plus
+C * 1+ G over 1 plus r 2 that's just C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * 1+ G over 1 plus r 2 that's just C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * 1+ G over 1 plus r 2 that's just C
+over 1+ R because I'm assuming G and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ R because I'm assuming G and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ R because I'm assuming G and R
+are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+same plus C over 1+ R plus C over 1+ R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same plus C over 1+ R plus C over 1+ R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same plus C over 1+ R plus C over 1+ R
+plus C over 1+ R I have an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C over 1+ R I have an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C over 1+ R I have an infinite
+number of C over 1 plus RS and C over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of C over 1 plus RS and C over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of C over 1 plus RS and C over 1
+plus r is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the
+sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is
+infinite so at some point that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so at some point that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so at some point that's going
+to exceed total world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exceed total world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exceed total world
+GDP and then beyond it and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and then beyond it and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP and then beyond it and then the
+other planets of the solar system and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other planets of the solar system and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other planets of the solar system and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+what's going on here why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening anybody give me the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening anybody give me the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening anybody give me the intuition
+for what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's
+happening because the the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because the the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because the the numbers are
+going smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ifg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifg
+right to zero amount of money get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to zero amount of money get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to zero amount of money get
+100 yes and it's the opposite gr that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 yes and it's the opposite gr that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 yes and it's the opposite gr that's
+right it's growing but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's growing but what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's growing but what's the
+intuition for why that can't persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why that can't persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for why that can't persist
+it's almost like eliminating the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like eliminating the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like eliminating the time
+value of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money
+right that's right it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right it's basically
+working against the time value of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working against the time value of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working against the time value of money
+because the numerator is growing as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the numerator is growing as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the numerator is growing as fast
+as the denominator is growing so what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the denominator is growing so what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the denominator is growing so what it
+says is that the cash that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that the cash that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that the cash that you're
+presumably going to be paying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably going to be paying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably going to be paying to
+somebody is actually increasing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is actually increasing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is actually increasing at the
+exact same rate that the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same rate that the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same rate that the discount rate
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+growing so there's no way to sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing so there's no way to sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing so there's no way to sustain
+that forever you can't do that forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forever you can't do that forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forever you can't do that forever
+so it has to be the case that the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be the case that the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be the case that the amount
+that the cash is growing can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cash is growing can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cash is growing can never
+exceed the discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed the discount
+rate now remember these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now remember these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now remember these are all
+theoretical Concepts where I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical Concepts where I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical Concepts where I'm assuming
+the growth rate stays the same forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate stays the same forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth rate stays the same forever
+and the interest rate stays the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interest rate stays the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interest rate stays the same
+Forever This doesn't rule out for short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forever This doesn't rule out for short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forever This doesn't rule out for short
+periods of time growth rates exceeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time growth rates exceeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of time growth rates exceeding
+interest rates you just can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates you just can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates you just can't do it
+forever for the last 15 years China has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever for the last 15 years China has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever for the last 15 years China has
+been growing at a rate of approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been growing at a rate of approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been growing at a rate of approximately
+10% their entire economy has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% their entire economy has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% their entire economy has been
+growing at 10% a year for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at 10% a year for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at 10% a year for every single
+year over the past 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year over the past 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year over the past 15
+years that can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that can't
+persist if it did not only would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist if it did not only would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist if it did not only would be
+would we all be speaking Chinese but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we all be speaking Chinese but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we all be speaking Chinese but all
+of the planets in this entire galaxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planets in this entire galaxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planets in this entire galaxy
+would end up speaking Chinese I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up speaking Chinese I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up speaking Chinese I mean
+growth rates cannot persist forever but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rates cannot persist forever but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rates cannot persist forever but
+here we're assuming we're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're assuming we're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're assuming we're assuming that
+this growth rate is an infinite growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth rate is an infinite growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this growth rate is an infinite growth
+rate it it applies forever so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it it applies forever so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it it applies forever so in that
+sense it has to be smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it has to be smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it has to be smaller than the
+discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount
+rate question no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lessue gr the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessue gr the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessue gr the
+therefore well there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore well there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore well there are a couple of
+problems with that so the question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with that so the question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with that so the question the
+question is what happens when R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what happens when R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what happens when R is
+actually less than G right you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than G right you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less than G right you would
+think that that gives you a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that gives you a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that gives you a negative
+number in fact it doesn't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in fact it doesn't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in fact it doesn't because
+there's a discontinuity at zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a discontinuity at zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a discontinuity at zero and so
+this formula is actually doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is actually doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is actually doesn't even
+apply uh what happens if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply uh what happens if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply uh what happens if you do the
+infinite sum when R uh and when G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum when R uh and when G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sum when R uh and when G
+approaches R this infinite sum already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches R this infinite sum already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches R this infinite sum already
+goes to Infinity when G gets above R it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity when G gets above R it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity when G gets above R it
+gets to be even more infinite whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be even more infinite whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to be even more infinite whatever
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+means right because the numerator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right because the numerator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means right because the numerator is
+then not growing at the same rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not growing at the same rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then not growing at the same rate but
+it's growing at a faster rate than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing at a faster rate than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing at a faster rate than the
+denominator so the formula you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so the formula you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so the formula you wouldn't
+even get the formula because now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get the formula because now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get the formula because now you're
+dealing with Infinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right it would just be an infinite value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would just be an infinite value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would just be an infinite value
+but an even bigger infinity whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an even bigger infinity whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an even bigger infinity whatever
+that means and so this formula really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and so this formula really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and so this formula really
+only holds under this condition if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only holds under this condition if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only holds under this condition if it
+were equal to or negative uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to or negative uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to or negative uh this
+formula just would not be appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula just would not be appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula just would not be appropriate
+you'd have to go back to that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to go back to that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to go back to that formula
+and what that formula would show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that formula would show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that formula would show you is
+that you're getting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting an
+Infinity okay so that's a perpetuity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so that's a perpetuity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so that's a perpetuity and
+we're going to use this by the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this by the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this by the way this
+may seem kind of theoretical but trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem kind of theoretical but trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem kind of theoretical but trust
+me it's going to come in very handy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's going to come in very handy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's going to come in very handy when
+we start pricing bonds and stocks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start pricing bonds and stocks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start pricing bonds and stocks so
+we're going to use this uh in in quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this uh in in quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this uh in in quite a
+bit now I want to tell you about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit now I want to tell you about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit now I want to tell you about a
+formula that is my second favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is my second favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that is my second favorite
+formula in this entire course and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in this entire course and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in this entire course and in a
+way this is much more practical and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is much more practical and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is much more practical and it's
+very closely related to the perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to the perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely related to the perpetuity
+this formula is a formula for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is a formula for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is a formula for an
+annuity an annuity is a security that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity an annuity is a security that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity an annuity is a security that
+pays a fixed amount every year for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays a fixed amount every year for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays a fixed amount every year for a
+finite number of years and then it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of years and then it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite number of years and then it stops
+paying so an example of an annuity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying so an example of an annuity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying so an example of an annuity is a
+bond another example is an auto loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond another example is an auto loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond another example is an auto loan
+another example is a mortgage and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is a mortgage and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example is a mortgage and I
+think I told you that this mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I told you that this mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I told you that this mortgage
+valuation formula is one that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation formula is one that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation formula is one that you're
+going to use when you start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use when you start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use when you start thinking
+about making a home purchase decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making a home purchase decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making a home purchase decision
+and it will actually be this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will actually be this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will actually be this formula
+exactly that you're going to need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that you're going to need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that you're going to need to use
+question um when I was reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um when I was reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um when I was reading the
+definition in the book also yes um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the book also yes um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in the book also yes um just
+one question the principle is returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question the principle is returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question the principle is returned
+within these payments or at the end let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these payments or at the end let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within these payments or at the end let
+me talk about that later right now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about that later right now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about that later right now we
+don't know what principle is so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what principle is so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what principle is so when I
+talk about bonds I'm going to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bonds I'm going to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about bonds I'm going to come back
+to that okay so let's not get ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that okay so let's not get ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that okay so let's not get ahead of
+ourselves I want to make sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves I want to make sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves I want to make sure we
+understand the formula and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the formula and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the formula and then I'll
+come to that that that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that that that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that that that's an important
+point that we're going to get to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we're going to get to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that we're going to get to in
+about a lecture and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lecture and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lecture and a half
+okay okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let me
+explain what a perpetuity and an annuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what a perpetuity and an annuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what a perpetuity and an annuity
+are in relationship to each other a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in relationship to each other a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in relationship to each other a
+perpetuity pays a fixed amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity pays a fixed amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity pays a fixed amount
+forever an annuity pays a fixed amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever an annuity pays a fixed amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever an annuity pays a fixed amount
+for a finite period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite period of
+time so there's a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's a relationship between
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+and in particular you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular you can think about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+value of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an
+annuity as the value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity as the value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity as the value of a
+perpetuity where you only get to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity where you only get to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity where you only get to have it
+for a finite period of time right let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite period of time right let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a finite period of time right let me
+explain a an annuity the the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a an annuity the the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a an annuity the the value of
+that is given by the expression on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given by the expression on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given by the expression on the
+top line right c c CCC for T periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line right c c CCC for T periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top line right c c CCC for T periods
+discounted at the appropriate discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate now it turns out that you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now it turns out that you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate now it turns out that you can come
+up with an expression for what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an expression for what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an expression for what that
+present value is again using the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value is again using the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value is again using the high
+school math team kind of an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school math team kind of an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school math team kind of an approach
+right you simply multiply both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you simply multiply both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you simply multiply both sides by
+1 plus r and then you solve for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus r and then you solve for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus r and then you solve for uh the
+present value and you get an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value and you get an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present value and you get an expression
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like
+this well this looks an a awful lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this looks an a awful lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well this looks an a awful lot like
+it's related to the perpetuity formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to the perpetuity formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to the perpetuity formula
+you got the C over R here but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the C over R here but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the C over R here but then
+there's some annoying other terms over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so let me give you a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me give you a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so let me give you a thought
+experiment that will show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that will show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that will show you how to
+derive this formula in less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this formula in less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this formula in less than one
+minute without any kind of high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute without any kind of high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute without any kind of high school
+math team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math team
+tricks and the experiment goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this suppose that you want to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose that you want to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose that you want to create a
+per an annuity but you don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per an annuity but you don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per an annuity but you don't have an
+annuity at hand well one way you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity at hand well one way you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity at hand well one way you can do
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perpetuity hold it for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity hold it for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity hold it for T
+periods and then get rid of it and sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and then get rid of it and sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and then get rid of it and sell
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+right now look at the cash flows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now look at the cash flows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now look at the cash flows that
+you get if you were to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if you were to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if you were to take a
+perpetuity which is the top cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity which is the top cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity which is the top cash
+flow and you would subtract from it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you would subtract from it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and you would subtract from it a
+perpetuity as of date T plus1 so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity as of date T plus1 so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity as of date T plus1 so you've
+gotten rid of the perpetuity at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of the perpetuity at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of the perpetuity at this
+point when you take the top cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you take the top cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point when you take the top cash flow
+sequence and you subtract from it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and you subtract from it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and you subtract from it the
+next cash flow sequence you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cash flow sequence you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cash flow sequence you get the
+bottom cash flow sequence which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom cash flow sequence which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom cash flow sequence which is just
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+annuity right so an annuity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity right so an annuity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity right so an annuity is a
+perpetuity on borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity on borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity on borrowed
+time so what is it worth well it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what is it worth well it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so what is it worth well it's worth
+whatever it is to buy an annuity a buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is to buy an annuity a buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is to buy an annuity a buy a
+perpetuity excuse me hold it for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity excuse me hold it for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity excuse me hold it for T
+periods and as soon as it pays off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and as soon as it pays off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and as soon as it pays off in
+that teeth date you sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teeth date you sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teeth date you sell it
+okay so what's it going to cost what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's it going to cost what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's it going to cost what's
+the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that
+the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this is what it costs to purchase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what it costs to purchase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is what it costs to purchase the
+uity today the perpetuity sorry right C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uity today the perpetuity sorry right C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uity today the perpetuity sorry right C
+over R that's what it costs to purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R that's what it costs to purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R that's what it costs to purchase
+the perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perpetuity
+today and you're going to hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you're going to hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you're going to hold on to
+that perpetuity for T days or t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perpetuity for T days or t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perpetuity for T days or t
+periods and at date t+1 you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and at date t+1 you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and at date t+1 you're going to
+sell the perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell the perpetuity
+what are you going to get when you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to get when you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to get when you sell
+it what would you get as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would you get as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what would you get as the
+payment C over R that's right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment C over R that's right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment C over R that's right because
+that's the price of a perpetuity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price of a perpetuity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price of a perpetuity the
+price never changes it's always C over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price never changes it's always C over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price never changes it's always C over R
+when do you get paid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+price a t or a t plus one t because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price a t or a t plus one t because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price a t or a t plus one t because I
+want to have t periods of cash flow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have t periods of cash flow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have t periods of cash flow so
+I've got to hold on to that perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to hold on to that perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to hold on to that perpetuity
+at least until T periods after the teth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least until T periods after the teth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least until T periods after the teth
+date I sell it which means I sell at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date I sell it which means I sell at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date I sell it which means I sell at the
+next date which is t+ one and so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next date which is t+ one and so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next date which is t+ one and so I get
+paid a cash flow of C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a cash flow of C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid a cash flow of C over
+r at day t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at day t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r at day t plus
+one what is that cash flow worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today remember it's at two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today remember it's at two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today remember it's at two different
+points in time I need to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time I need to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in time I need to use the
+exchange rate to convert it to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate to convert it to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange rate to convert it to the same
+currency what's the exchange rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency what's the exchange rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency what's the exchange rate
+between date Zero and day t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between date Zero and day t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between date Zero and day t+
+one yeah slow me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah slow me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah slow me
+div
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by T or by t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T or by t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T or by t+
+one not close but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not close but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not close but no
+cigar it's t plus one y t plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigar it's t plus one y t plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigar it's t plus one y t plus one
+that's the period where you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the period where you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the period where you're getting
+paid that's the period where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid that's the period where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid that's the period where you're
+getting paid so let's go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting paid so let's go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting paid so let's go back and
+remember first thing you do draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember first thing you do draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember first thing you do draw a
+timeline right so here's the timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline right so here's the timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline right so here's the timeline
+and you see why it's confusing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see why it's confusing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see why it's confusing you know
+I don't blame you for thinking it's t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't blame you for thinking it's t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't blame you for thinking it's t
+because I said t periods and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said t periods and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I said t periods and you're
+going to sell it after T periods but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell it after T periods but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell it after T periods but
+when I say sell it after T periods if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say sell it after T periods if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say sell it after T periods if
+it's after T periods it's t+1 so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's after T periods it's t+1 so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's after T periods it's t+1 so take a
+look at this diagram and you got to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this diagram and you got to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this diagram and you got to draw
+the diagram you got to draw the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram you got to draw the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram you got to draw the diagram
+to really get this okay the the top part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get this okay the the top part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really get this okay the the top part
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+perpetuity the middle part is that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity the middle part is that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity the middle part is that same
+perpetuity at dat t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity at dat t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity at dat t+
+one so if you own the top piece and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you own the top piece and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if you own the top piece and at
+the same time you sell the middle piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you sell the middle piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you sell the middle piece
+that means at time t+1 you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at time t+1 you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means at time t+1 you're going to
+give up all of your future cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up all of your future cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up all of your future cash flows
+because you're going to sell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to sell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to sell the
+perpetuity then you're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity then you're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity then you're left
+with the actual annuity cash flow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual annuity cash flow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the actual annuity cash flow that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+want so the question is what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the question is what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the question is what does this
+transaction cost I buy that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction cost I buy that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction cost I buy that it's going
+to cost me c over R I sell this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost me c over R I sell this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost me c over R I sell this this is
+a sequence of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence of cash
+flows so if I'm selling a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so if I'm selling a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows so if I'm selling a sequence of
+cash flows I'm selling that value I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows I'm selling that value I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows I'm selling that value I'm
+going to receive that value as payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to receive that value as payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to receive that value as payment
+so it's going to reduce my cost and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to reduce my cost and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to reduce my cost and so
+like any other sequence of cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other sequence of cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any other sequence of cash flows
+when I sell this I have to Value it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I sell this I have to Value it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I sell this I have to Value it and
+it turns out that this is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this is equal to the
+value at this date the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at this date the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at this date the value of the
+perpetuity at this date and what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity at this date and what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity at this date and what is that
+value C over R and if it's C over r at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value C over R and if it's C over r at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value C over R and if it's C over r at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+date what is the value at this date I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date what is the value at this date I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date what is the value at this date I
+got to discount it by 1 + r to the t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to discount it by 1 + r to the t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to discount it by 1 + r to the t+
+one because it's t+ one periods going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+okay well actually sorry T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well actually sorry T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well actually sorry T
+periods the convention is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods the convention is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods the convention is a little
+confusing it's t periods because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it's t periods because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing it's t periods because you're
+at t+ one and you want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t+ one and you want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t+ one and you want to figure out
+what the value is and the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value is and the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value is and the value of the
+perpetuity at T is a perpetuity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity at T is a perpetuity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity at T is a perpetuity that
+starts paying off at t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts paying off at t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts paying off at t+
+one so you're right it was it's t but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you're right it was it's t but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you're right it was it's t but
+you're discounting it as of the payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discounting it as of the payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're discounting it as of the payment
+as of t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of t+
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused
+yes me let me let me do this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes me let me let me do this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes me let me let me do this on the
+board right exactly let me do this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right exactly let me do this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board right exactly let me do this on
+the board because the notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board because the notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board because the notation is
+confusing let me just switch on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing let me just switch on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing let me just switch on the
+light uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to start by assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to start by assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to start by assuming
+that we've got a perpetuity at date Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got a perpetuity at date Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got a perpetuity at date Zero
+so this is date Zero and remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is date Zero and remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is date Zero and remember the
+definition of perpetuity is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of perpetuity is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of perpetuity is that it
+starts paying the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts paying the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts paying the next
+period And So It pays c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And So It pays c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And So It pays c
+c until this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c until this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c until this
+date and and sorry t + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pays t+ 2 and so on the annuity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays t+ 2 and so on the annuity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays t+ 2 and so on the annuity that we
+want to value is an annuity that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to value is an annuity that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to value is an annuity that is just
+consisting of the first T cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of the first T cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting of the first T cash flows
+right so what I claim is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I claim is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I claim is that if you
+engage in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in the following
+transaction at date Z you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction at date Z you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction at date Z you
+buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perpetuity and you also agree to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity and you also agree to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity and you also agree to sell
+that perpetuity at date after date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perpetuity at date after date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perpetuity at date after date
+T so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so you
+sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+after T what that means is that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after T what that means is that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after T what that means is that you will
+hold on to the perpetuity until it pays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to the perpetuity until it pays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on to the perpetuity until it pays
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+C and as soon as it does that after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and as soon as it does that after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and as soon as it does that after it
+does that you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that you sell
+it now when you sell it what do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now when you sell it what do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now when you sell it what do you get
+for it you get C over R but the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you get C over R but the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you get C over R but the question
+is when do you get that c over R if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when do you get that c over R if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when do you get that c over R if you
+have a sequence of cash flows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of cash flows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sequence of cash flows that
+starts in year t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in year t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in year t+
+one then the value of it at date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the value of it at date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then the value of it at date
+T is C over R right because a perpetuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is C over R right because a perpetuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is C over R right because a perpetuity
+by assumption is a piece of paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption is a piece of paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assumption is a piece of paper that
+starts paying off not today but next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts paying off not today but next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts paying off not today but next
+year so if it starts paying off next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so if it starts paying off next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so if it starts paying off next
+year for every single year thereafter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for every single year thereafter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year for every single year thereafter
+the value at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value at that
+point is going to be equal to C over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is going to be equal to C over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is going to be equal to C over R
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+that okay so we've now established that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we've now established that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so we've now established that
+when you sell these cash flows going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sell these cash flows going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sell these cash flows going out
+into the infinite future the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the infinite future the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the infinite future the value at
+date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T is C over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is C over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is C over
+R right and therefore if the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right and therefore if the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right and therefore if the value at
+date T is C over R what is the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date T is C over R what is the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date T is C over R what is the value at
+date Zero you have to bring it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero you have to bring it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero you have to bring it back to
+date Zero you're discounting it by T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero you're discounting it by T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero you're discounting it by T
+periods so it's C / R * 1/ 1 + r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods so it's C / R * 1/ 1 + r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods so it's C / R * 1/ 1 + r to the
+T that's what what you get when you sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's what what you get when you sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's what what you get when you sell
+this perpetuity and what you paid for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perpetuity and what you paid for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perpetuity and what you paid for it
+is C over R so the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C over R so the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C over R so the value of this
+particular set of actions that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of actions that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of actions that you've
+engaged in is C over R minus C over R *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in is C over R minus C over R *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in is C over R minus C over R *
+1 over 1 + r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T that's the annuity discount formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the annuity discount formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the annuity discount formula in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+nutshell and this formula is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell and this formula is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell and this formula is the basis
+of how you fix figure out your mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you fix figure out your mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how you fix figure out your mortgage
+payments because a mortgage is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments because a mortgage is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments because a mortgage is where you
+have an obligation every month to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an obligation every month to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an obligation every month to pay
+something to the bank in exchange for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the bank in exchange for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the bank in exchange for a
+pile of money the money that you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of money the money that you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of money the money that you use to
+buy your house and the first time I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your house and the first time I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy your house and the first time I was
+buying my house I actually went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying my house I actually went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying my house I actually went through
+this transaction I decided that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction I decided that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transaction I decided that I was
+going to just calculate this myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just calculate this myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just calculate this myself
+because you know the interest rate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the interest rate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the interest rate was
+not exactly given by what was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly given by what was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly given by what was in the
+particular Banker's table so I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Banker's table so I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Banker's table so I went to
+the mortgage company so was Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage company so was Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mortgage company so was Bank
+and uh I think the interest rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think the interest rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I think the interest rate that
+day was something like I don't know 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day was something like I don't know 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day was something like I don't know 88
+and a half or 8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half or 8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half or 8 and
+3/4% and it turns out that the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4% and it turns out that the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3/4% and it turns out that the table
+this this book that had all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this book that had all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this book that had all of these
+calculations all of these numbers did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations all of these numbers did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations all of these numbers did
+didn't have that interest rate it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that interest rate it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that interest rate it didn't
+have 8 and 3/4 it had eight and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 8 and 3/4 it had eight and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 8 and 3/4 it had eight and a half
+or and nine but it didn't have eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and nine but it didn't have eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and nine but it didn't have eight and
+three4 and so I just used this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three4 and so I just used this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three4 and so I just used this formula
+punched in a few numbers and I got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punched in a few numbers and I got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punched in a few numbers and I got my
+monthly payment and uh you know I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly payment and uh you know I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly payment and uh you know I told
+the banker well you know this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banker well you know this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banker well you know this is what
+I'll pay every month and he said 'w uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pay every month and he said 'w uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll pay every month and he said 'w uh
+you can't just do that I saidwell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do that I saidwell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do that I saidwell what
+do you mean and he says well you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean and he says well you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean and he says well you know I
+I don't know that that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that that's the right
+number we have to wait for my um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we have to wait for my um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we have to wait for my um you
+know the the senior vice president to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the senior vice president to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the senior vice president to
+tell me what the right number is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the right number is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what the right number is and
+because we don't have the book and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have the book and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have the book and he
+contacted the senior vice president it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted the senior vice president it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted the senior vice president it
+turned out he didn't have the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out he didn't have the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out he didn't have the book
+either so they had to call the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so they had to call the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so they had to call the uh the
+main branch and somebody had to look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main branch and somebody had to look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main branch and somebody had to look it
+up in this book and sure enough when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this book and sure enough when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in this book and sure enough when
+they came back with the number it was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came back with the number it was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came back with the number it was my
+number down to the the fourth decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number down to the the fourth decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number down to the the fourth decimal
+place and so he was amazed like wow how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and so he was amazed like wow how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and so he was amazed like wow how
+did you do that you you know this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do that you you know this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you do that you you know this is you
+know you know this is amazing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this is amazing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this is amazing you're
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+incredible it it's it's incredible if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible it it's it's incredible if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible it it's it's incredible if
+you don't know this very basic secret so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know this very basic secret so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know this very basic secret so
+you're going to do this you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do this you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do this you're going to
+do this in the problems you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the problems you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the problems you're going to
+calculate mortgage payments autol loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate mortgage payments autol loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate mortgage payments autol loan
+payments Consumer Finance payments all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments Consumer Finance payments all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments Consumer Finance payments all
+of it is based upon this simple formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is based upon this simple formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is based upon this simple formula
+and you can construct tables as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can construct tables as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can construct tables as people
+have done of what are called annuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done of what are called annuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done of what are called annuity
+discount fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount fact
+so the annuity discount factor is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the annuity discount factor is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the annuity discount factor is simply
+separating the interest rate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the interest rate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the interest rate from the
+cash flow and so when you're going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow and so when you're going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flow and so when you're going out
+for a mortgage the amount that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mortgage the amount that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mortgage the amount that you're
+borrowing you know you borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing you know you borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing you know you borrow
+$200,000 for your house that's the left-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200,000 for your house that's the left-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200,000 for your house that's the left-
+hand side your monthly payment C that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side your monthly payment C that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side your monthly payment C that's
+the right hand side and the prevailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side and the prevailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side and the prevailing
+interest rate that's the R so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that's the R so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that's the R so if you
+know the annuity discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the annuity discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the annuity discount
+factor which is based just on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is based just on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which is based just on the
+interest rate and you know that amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and you know that amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and you know that amount
+of the loan that you want PV you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loan that you want PV you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loan that you want PV you can
+divide and figure out what your monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and figure out what your monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and figure out what your monthly
+payments are or vice versa if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments are or vice versa if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments are or vice versa if you have a
+particular set of cash flows every month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of cash flows every month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of cash flows every month
+and you have an interest rate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an interest rate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an interest rate you can
+figure out what your total value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what your total value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what your total value of that
+loan is going to be in terms of Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan is going to be in terms of Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan is going to be in terms of Market
+terms and so once you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so once you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and so once you have this
+expression you can use a a simple table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you can use a a simple table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you can use a a simple table
+of numbers to calculate these annuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers to calculate these annuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers to calculate these annuity
+discount factors and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount factors and then you can
+compute mortgage payments yourself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute mortgage payments yourself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute mortgage payments yourself so
+this is the kind of number I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of number I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of number I was talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+given various different interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given various different interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given various different interest rates
+you can come up with these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come up with these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come up with these particular
+annuity discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuity discount
+factors and once you do you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and once you do you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and once you do you can
+calculate monthly payments very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate monthly payments very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate monthly payments very easily
+so you only need one set of tables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you only need one set of tables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you only need one set of tables and
+for any kind of mortgage for any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of mortgage for any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any kind of mortgage for any kind of
+consumer loan you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer loan you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer loan you can compute the
+monthly payments right whether it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly payments right whether it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly payments right whether it's an
+auto loan or a mortgage it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto loan or a mortgage it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto loan or a mortgage it doesn't
+matter what you need is this table right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you need is this table right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you need is this table right
+here now nowadays we can do it in Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now nowadays we can do it in Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now nowadays we can do it in Excel
+it's not a big deal but still you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a big deal but still you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a big deal but still you should
+know what the underlying basis is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the underlying basis is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the underlying basis is for
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculations okay now before um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations okay now before um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations okay now before um you
+finished this I would like you to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished this I would like you to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished this I would like you to take a
+look at a few examples I've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a few examples I've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a few examples I've given you
+some here numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some here numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some here numerical
+examples and I want to close this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and I want to close this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and I want to close this class
+with a discussion about compounding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion about compounding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a discussion about compounding and
+then next time finish up uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next time finish up uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then next time finish up uh with a
+discussion of inflation because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of inflation because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of inflation because I don't
+think we'll have time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have time to do
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+compounding is a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding is a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding is a matter of
+convention and I want to explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and I want to explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and I want to explain what
+that convention is and try to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that convention is and try to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that convention is and try to give you a
+little bit of motivation for the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of motivation for the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of motivation for the logic
+of it so that at least it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that at least it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so that at least it doesn't look
+like I'm just making it up out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm just making it up out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm just making it up out of the
+blue the idea behind convention is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the idea behind convention is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the idea behind convention is to
+take into account calendar effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account calendar effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account calendar effects and
+in particular the possibility of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the possibility of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the possibility of early
+withdrawal let me explain when I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal let me explain when I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal let me explain when I tell
+you that an interest rate is 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that an interest rate is 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that an interest rate is 10%
+typically that quote is in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that quote is in terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that quote is in terms of an
+annual interest rate all right almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual interest rate all right almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual interest rate all right almost
+all interest rates in the world are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all interest rates in the world are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all interest rates in the world are
+quoted on an annualized basis meaning if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted on an annualized basis meaning if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted on an annualized basis meaning if
+you were to keep an investment for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to keep an investment for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to keep an investment for a
+12-month period that's what the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-month period that's what the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-month period that's what the rate of
+return for that investment would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for that investment would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for that investment would
+be the problem with that quote that 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the problem with that quote that 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the problem with that quote that 10%
+is that what do you do if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what do you do if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what do you do if you want to
+withdraw your money after six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw your money after six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw your money after six months
+what should you get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you get paid
+then well it would seem fair if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well it would seem fair if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well it would seem fair if you
+agreed to a 10% interest rate per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to a 10% interest rate per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to a 10% interest rate per year
+to say all right if I take it out in 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say all right if I take it out in 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say all right if I take it out in 6
+months instead of a year maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months instead of a year maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months instead of a year maybe you
+should only pay me half the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only pay me half the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should only pay me half the interest
+rate right that seems like a fair deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right that seems like a fair deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right that seems like a fair deal
+right instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right instead of
+10% pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% pay me
+5% and maybe if I keep it in for only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and maybe if I keep it in for only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and maybe if I keep it in for only a
+month it would be fair not to pay me 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month it would be fair not to pay me 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month it would be fair not to pay me 10%
+for that month but to pay me 10% divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that month but to pay me 10% divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that month but to pay me 10% divided
+by 12 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 12 for the
+month the reason that that discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month the reason that that discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month the reason that that discussion
+matters is that if you agree that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is that if you agree that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is that if you agree that that's
+the fair thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fair thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fair thing to
+do well then 10% is not what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well then 10% is not what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well then 10% is not what you're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+get because if you get paid 5% interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because if you get paid 5% interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because if you get paid 5% interest
+over the first six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the first six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the first six
+months you take your money out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months you take your money out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months you take your money out of the
+bank and they give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and they give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and they give you that
+5% and then you put the money back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and then you put the money back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and then you put the money back in
+the bank literally the next minute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank literally the next minute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank literally the next minute and
+keep it in for the next 6 months you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in for the next 6 months you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in for the next 6 months you're
+going to earn another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn another
+5% on your original amount plus you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% on your original amount plus you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% on your original amount plus you're
+going to earn 5% on the first six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn 5% on the first six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to earn 5% on the first six months
+5% you're going to earn interest on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% you're going to earn interest on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% you're going to earn interest on the
+interest and the banks know that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and the banks know that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and the banks know that and
+after a while they were okay with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while they were okay with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while they were okay with that
+um that's a convention there's no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a convention there's no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a convention there's no reason
+it has to be that way the bank could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be that way the bank could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be that way the bank could say
+I'm going to give you 10% interest but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you 10% interest but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you 10% interest but
+if you want to withdraw your money in 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to withdraw your money in 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to withdraw your money in 6
+months I'm going to give you the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months I'm going to give you the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months I'm going to give you the amount
+of Interest such that if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest such that if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest such that if you were to
+take the money out and put it right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the money out and put it right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the money out and put it right back
+in and hold it you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and hold it you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and hold it you would get
+10% does anybody know what that interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% does anybody know what that interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% does anybody know what that interest
+rate would be how you figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah roots that sounds painful it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah roots that sounds painful it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah roots that sounds painful it's like
+is that like a root canal what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like a root canal what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like a root canal what what what
+root do you mean you're right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root do you mean you're right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root do you mean you're right you're
+right what is it you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is it you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is it you want
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes1 the square root right get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes1 the square root right get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes1 the square root right get
+a% that's right exactly so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a% that's right exactly so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a% that's right exactly so what you
+would do in order to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in order to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do in order to figure out what the
+six-month interest rate would be so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-month interest rate would be so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-month interest rate would be so that
+when you held the interest on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you held the interest on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you held the interest on the
+interest over through the whole year it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest over through the whole year it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest over through the whole year it
+would add up to exactly 10% you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add up to exactly 10% you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would add up to exactly 10% you would
+the way you would do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would do it is
+1.10 take the square root of that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.10 take the square root of that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.10 take the square root of that minus
+one that's the interest rate that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the interest rate that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the interest rate that you
+would have for the first six months and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have for the first six months and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have for the first six months and
+the second six months little less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second six months little less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second six months little less than
+5% such that that number when you multip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% such that that number when you multip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% such that that number when you multip
+add one and multiply it by itself you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one and multiply it by itself you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one and multiply it by itself you'll
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+1.10 they don't do that mainly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.10 they don't do that mainly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.10 they don't do that mainly because
+nobody likes dealing with roots except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody likes dealing with roots except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody likes dealing with roots except
+dentists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentists
+okay so what they do is they say okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they do is they say okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what they do is they say okay as
+a matter of convention here's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of convention here's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of convention here's what we're
+going to do for you this is the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for you this is the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for you this is the deal
+we're going to give you when we say 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you when we say 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give you when we say 10%
+on an annualized basis what we mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an annualized basis what we mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an annualized basis what we mean is
+that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be
+compounded typically on a monthly basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded typically on a monthly basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded typically on a monthly basis
+and and nowadays on a daily basis what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nowadays on a daily basis what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and nowadays on a daily basis what
+what that means is that the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that the interest
+rate that you're actually going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that you're actually going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that you're actually going to get
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+stated equivalent it's the stated annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated equivalent it's the stated annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated equivalent it's the stated annual
+rate divided by the compounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate divided by the compounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate divided by the compounding
+interval now that's a good deal when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now that's a good deal when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval now that's a good deal when
+you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a
+depositor that's not a good deal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositor that's not a good deal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositor that's not a good deal if
+you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a
+borrower because when they tell you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower because when they tell you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrower because when they tell you you
+want to borrow money from me I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow money from me I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to borrow money from me I'll give
+it to you at a great rate it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you at a great rate it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you at a great rate it's going to
+be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at
+10% but when you actually look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% but when you actually look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% but when you actually look at how
+much interest you're paying you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much interest you're paying you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much interest you're paying you're going
+to find out that actually it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out that actually it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out that actually it's more than
+10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10%
+so that's where the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the term
+APR and er came from what does APR stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APR and er came from what does APR stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APR and er came from what does APR stand
+for anybody know when you see this ad on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody know when you see this ad on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody know when you see this ad on
+TV for auto loans you know buy your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV for auto loans you know buy your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV for auto loans you know buy your
+loans buy a car no money down we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans buy a car no money down we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans buy a car no money down we'll give
+you a loan the APR is x% annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a loan the APR is x% annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a loan the APR is x% annual
+percentage rate annual percentage rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage rate annual percentage rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage rate annual percentage rate
+that is the stated rate that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the stated rate that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the stated rate that's not the
+rate including the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate including the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate including the effects of
+compounding so as a as a depositor when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding so as a as a depositor when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding so as a as a depositor when
+you're lending money to the bank that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lending money to the bank that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're lending money to the bank that's
+what it means to deposit money at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to deposit money at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to deposit money at the
+bank that's a good thing because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank that's a good thing because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank that's a good thing because the
+annual percentage rate of 10% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage rate of 10% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage rate of 10% is
+actually not what you're getting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not what you're getting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not what you're getting you're
+getting more than that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more than that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more than that because it's
+going to be compounded on a monthly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be compounded on a monthly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be compounded on a monthly or
+in some cases on a daily basis okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases on a daily basis okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases on a daily basis okay in
+other words the compounding means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the compounding means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the compounding means you
+get interest on your interest on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get interest on your interest on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get interest on your interest on your
+interest's interest going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest's interest going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest's interest going forward
+right so you got to keep in mind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you got to keep in mind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you got to keep in mind that
+when you see these discount rates being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see these discount rates being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see these discount rates being
+quoted ask whether or not they are APR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted ask whether or not they are APR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted ask whether or not they are APR
+annual percentage rate that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage rate that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage rate that's like the
+10% stated rate or e e is the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% stated rate or e e is the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% stated rate or e e is the equivalent
+annual rate that's what you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual rate that's what you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual rate that's what you're really
+going to get that's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get that's what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get that's what you would
+actually get in terms of literal dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get in terms of literal dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get in terms of literal dollars
+at the end of the year if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the year if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the year if you did
+nothing but left the money in there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but left the money in there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but left the money in there for
+that entire year it would include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire year it would include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire year it would include the
+interest on the interest on the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on the interest on the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest on the interest on the interest
+on the interest and so on yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the interest and so on yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the interest and so on yeah this is
+also known as the apy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the apy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the apy
+annual percentage yield yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage yield yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage yield yeah that's
+right now this is a very clear example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is a very clear example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is a very clear example
+of it okay if you've got a $1,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay if you've got a $1,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it okay if you've got a $1,000 and
+there's no compounding effects and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no compounding effects and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no compounding effects and the
+interest rate is 10% you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is 10% you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is 10% you're going to get
+$1,100 if you compound twice a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,100 if you compound twice a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,100 if you compound twice a year
+which is what the old banks used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what the old banks used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what the old banks used to do
+because they didn't have calculators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have calculators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't have calculators in
+those days and it was kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days and it was kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days and it was kind of hard to
+compute these numbers they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these numbers they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these numbers they would
+compound it twice a year and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound it twice a year and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound it twice a year and so you
+would get credit for the interest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get credit for the interest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get credit for the interest and
+then you would get interest on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would get interest on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would get interest on that
+interest as well as on the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest as well as on the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest as well as on the original
+deposit or principal then that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit or principal then that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit or principal then that turns
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+$1,113 so being able to compound more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,113 so being able to compound more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,113 so being able to compound more
+frequently gives you an additional bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently gives you an additional bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently gives you an additional bonus
+right not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not much
+$3 but if you think about this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 but if you think about this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$3 but if you think about this as
+billions of dollars this starts adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars this starts adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars this starts adding
+up to be real real money now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to be real real money now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to be real real money now if you
+Compound on a quarterly basis it's $4 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compound on a quarterly basis it's $4 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compound on a quarterly basis it's $4 if
+you Compound on a monthly basis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Compound on a monthly basis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Compound on a monthly basis it's
+it's $5 that's actually starting to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $5 that's actually starting to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's $5 that's actually starting to add
+up to something important right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh well I mean I think it's six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh well I mean I think it's six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh well I mean I think it's six of
+one or half a dozen of the other as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or half a dozen of the other as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or half a dozen of the other as they
+say banks will compete with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say banks will compete with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say banks will compete with each other
+to offer ultimately what the market rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer ultimately what the market rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer ultimately what the market rate
+is so they won't play any tricks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so they won't play any tricks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so they won't play any tricks with
+this kind of stuff some some banks did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff some some banks did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff some some banks did
+play tricks with this early on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tricks with this early on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play tricks with this early on in the
+early days of banking that's why banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of banking that's why banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of banking that's why banking
+is such a highly regulated industry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a highly regulated industry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a highly regulated industry to
+make sure that no funny business goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that no funny business goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that no funny business goes on
+and frankly that's why banks are forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly that's why banks are forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly that's why banks are forced
+now to tell you what whether it's an APR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to tell you what whether it's an APR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to tell you what whether it's an APR
+or an e it's a truth and lending kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an e it's a truth and lending kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an e it's a truth and lending kind of
+uh commitment that they are now being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh commitment that they are now being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh commitment that they are now being
+forced to make so nowadays when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to make so nowadays when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to make so nowadays when you get
+an auto loan or a mortgage they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auto loan or a mortgage they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an auto loan or a mortgage they have to
+tell you yeah this is APR this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you yeah this is APR this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you yeah this is APR this is the
+annual percentage rate but your actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage rate but your actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual percentage rate but your actual
+rate earned may vary and it may vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate earned may vary and it may vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate earned may vary and it may vary
+because of compounding effects and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of compounding effects and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of compounding effects and if
+you ask them what the effective annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them what the effective annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask them what the effective annual
+rate is they're obligated to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is they're obligated to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is they're obligated to tell you
+yeah so actually they are not disclosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so actually they are not disclosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so actually they are not disclosing
+all the information because with APR you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information because with APR you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information because with APR you
+also need to know the the compounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to know the the compounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to know the the compounding
+compounding right but it's turn it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding right but it's turn it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding right but it's turn it's now
+taken for granted that compounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken for granted that compounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken for granted that compounding
+happens on a daily basis so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on a daily basis so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on a daily basis so that's a
+given okay any questions about that Happ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given okay any questions about that Happ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given okay any questions about that Happ
+compounding does yes for checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding does yes for checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding does yes for checking
+accounts for checking accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for checking accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for checking accounts for
+savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings
+accounts yes it's daily and you know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts yes it's daily and you know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts yes it's daily and you know why
+it's because they allow you to take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because they allow you to take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because they allow you to take out
+money on a daily basis so if they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on a daily basis so if they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on a daily basis so if they didn't
+do it on a daily basis they'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on a daily basis they'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on a daily basis they'd have to
+figure out on a oneoff if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out on a oneoff if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out on a oneoff if you were to
+take your money out in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your money out in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your money out in the middle of the
+month and I was to take my money out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and I was to take my money out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month and I was to take my money out
+after the first three days and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first three days and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first three days and you were
+to take your money out after 5 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take your money out after 5 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take your money out after 5 days
+they'd have to do these all these custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to do these all these custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to do these all these custom
+calculations for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for each of those
+circumstances so now they do it simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so now they do it simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances so now they do it simply
+they say fine we're going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say fine we're going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say fine we're going to give you
+interest R every day every day we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest R every day every day we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest R every day every day we're
+going to compute your interest so whe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute your interest so whe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute your interest so whe
+whether you come or go you will figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you come or go you will figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you come or go you will figure
+out when you get the interest for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you get the interest for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when you get the interest for
+certain Market applications people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Market applications people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain Market applications people
+compute interest intraday like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute interest intraday like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute interest intraday like the
+number of hours you borrow money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours you borrow money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours you borrow money they
+will calculate interest for there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate interest for there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will calculate interest for there are
+cases where you need to borrow money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you need to borrow money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you need to borrow money
+only for four hours or three hours even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for four hours or three hours even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for four hours or three hours even
+this sounds like I know it sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds like I know it sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sounds like I know it sounds like
+drug money but uh that's not that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug money but uh that's not that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug money but uh that's not that's not
+what I'm talking about there are cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about there are cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about there are cases
+where you need very very short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need very very short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need very very short-term
+financing and you need to borrow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and you need to borrow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and you need to borrow the
+money and in most cases they compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and in most cases they compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and in most cases they compute it
+on a minute to minute and in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a minute to minute and in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a minute to minute and in some cases
+on a continuous basis so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a continuous basis so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a continuous basis so I'm going to
+leave you with a little Puzzler which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you with a little Puzzler which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you with a little Puzzler which is
+if this tells you what the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this tells you what the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this tells you what the effective
+annual rate is where you're compounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual rate is where you're compounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual rate is where you're compounding
+at intervals of n right so if if if R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at intervals of n right so if if if R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at intervals of n right so if if if R is
+an APR an annual percentage rate and N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an APR an annual percentage rate and N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an APR an annual percentage rate and N
+is denominated in months so monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is denominated in months so monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is denominated in months so monthly
+would be 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 12
+right what would happen what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would happen what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what would happen what would
+your effective annual rate be if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your effective annual rate be if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your effective annual rate be if you
+compounded not every day not every hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded not every day not every hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounded not every day not every hour
+not every minute not every ftoc but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every minute not every ftoc but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every minute not every ftoc but
+literally every possible time slice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every possible time slice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally every possible time slice the
+narrowest time slice you can think of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowest time slice you can think of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowest time slice you can think of if
+you did it continuously if n were to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did it continuously if n were to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did it continuously if n were to go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Infinity what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what would you
+get think about that that's a a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get think about that that's a a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get think about that that's a a little
+Puzzler it turns out that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puzzler it turns out that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puzzler it turns out that's called
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+compounding so you're compounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding so you're compounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounding so you're compounding
+continuously it turns out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously it turns out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously it turns out that you
+actually get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a
+number and what that number is is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what that number is is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and what that number is is really
+bizarre so I want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre so I want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre so I want you to think about
+that and we'll take that up next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll take that up next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll take that up next time
+all right thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4H0EHje2QbQ.txt b/4H0EHje2QbQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e2f424097af58cc16285012096a1436f4e0ecfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4H0EHje2QbQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,888 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello
+in this lecture we talk about parity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we talk about parity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture we talk about parity and
+parity violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity violation
+um so we talk about a discrete symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we talk about a discrete symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we talk about a discrete symmetry
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+a little bit of history in particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of history in particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of history in particle
+physics lee and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics lee and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics lee and young
+in the 1950s wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s wondered
+if there's any experiment testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any experiment testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any experiment testing
+parity invariants there were many tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity invariants there were many tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity invariants there were many tests
+which had to do with a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had to do with a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had to do with a strong
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+and electromagnetic interaction but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electromagnetic interaction but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electromagnetic interaction but as
+it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out
+parity invariants had never been tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity invariants had never been tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity invariants had never been tested
+in weak interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in weak interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in weak interaction
+and so lee and young were motivated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lee and young were motivated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so lee and young were motivated in
+this because there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because there was a
+puzzle at the time so-called tau theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle at the time so-called tau theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle at the time so-called tau theta
+puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle
+which turned out to be k on decays into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turned out to be k on decays into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turned out to be k on decays into
+various articles and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various articles and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various articles and in that
+puzzle they saw um the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle they saw um the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle they saw um the case
+with the same lifetime but different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same lifetime but different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same lifetime but different um
+um spin states and so they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spin states and so they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spin states and so they couldn't
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+understand this and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this and we're trying to
+understand whether or not one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand whether or not one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand whether or not one can
+have an experiment to test this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an experiment to test this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an experiment to test this so the
+experiment they proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they proposed
+is one where you look at a nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where you look at a nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one where you look at a nuclei and
+observe beta decay so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe beta decay so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe beta decay so there's an
+electron coming out of the beta decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron coming out of the beta decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron coming out of the beta decay
+if you are able to align the spin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are able to align the spin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are able to align the spin of the
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+and put this in front of a mirror you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put this in front of a mirror you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put this in front of a mirror you
+see that the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the physics
+going to the mirror state is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the mirror state is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the mirror state is not
+conserving parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserving parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserving parity
+you see that you know in the mirror the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that you know in the mirror the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that you know in the mirror the
+spin the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin the opposite direction
+but the momentum of the electrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the momentum of the electrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the momentum of the electrons the
+electrons still come out in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons still come out in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons still come out in the bottom
+so there's clearly some change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's clearly some change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's clearly some change
+in the physics going on in the mirrored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the physics going on in the mirrored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the physics going on in the mirrored
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so madame boo actually took up this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so madame boo actually took up this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so madame boo actually took up this idea
+and immediately tested this in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and immediately tested this in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and immediately tested this in the same
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+she was a chinese-american physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was a chinese-american physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was a chinese-american physicist
+born in china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in china
+and then studied in berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then studied in berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then studied in berkeley
+together with famous people there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with famous people there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with famous people there um
+lawrence is one of them um after the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence is one of them um after the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawrence is one of them um after the war
+or in the war she uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the war she uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the war she uh
+joined the manhattan project and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined the manhattan project and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined the manhattan project and made
+very very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very uh
+important contribution to the manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important contribution to the manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important contribution to the manhattan
+project based on her cesar's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a fun fact she was married to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fun fact she was married to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a fun fact she was married to another
+chinese american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese american
+the grandson of the first president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandson of the first president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandson of the first president
+of the republic of china as i said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the republic of china as i said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the republic of china as i said in
+1956 she conducted the wu experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 she conducted the wu experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 she conducted the wu experiment
+and in the following year received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the following year received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the following year received the
+nobel prize in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize in physics
+for the finding so really briefly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the finding so really briefly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the finding so really briefly we're
+going to have another discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have another discussion of the
+wu experiment later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wu experiment later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wu experiment later on
+what she did here is she studied a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she did here is she studied a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she did here is she studied a
+global sixth cobalt 60 decay into nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global sixth cobalt 60 decay into nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global sixth cobalt 60 decay into nickel
+beta decays and what she was able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decays and what she was able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta decays and what she was able to do
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+with the magnetic field align the cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnetic field align the cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the magnetic field align the cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just count the number of
+electrons coming out and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming out and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming out and it turns out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+number of electrons coming out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons coming out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons coming out on the
+bottom and the top are not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the top are not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and the top are not the same
+she did this by reverting the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did this by reverting the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did this by reverting the magnetic
+field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the
+experimental data is shown here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data is shown here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data is shown here you see
+as a function of time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time so you
+you know you just look at counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just look at counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just look at counting
+weights as a function of time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights as a function of time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights as a function of time after
+injecting the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting the probe
+um and you revert you do the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you revert you do the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you revert you do the measurement
+by reverting the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reverting the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reverting the magnetic field
+you see very clearly here that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see very clearly here that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see very clearly here that there is
+an asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymmetry
+in the better decays and that asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the better decays and that asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the better decays and that asymmetry
+immediately tells you that there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you that there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately tells you that there has to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+parity violation in better decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity violation in better decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity violation in better decays
+or in weak interaction so she found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in weak interaction so she found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in weak interaction so she found
+that this uh specific picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh specific picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh specific picture here
+bioli violates uh parity and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioli violates uh parity and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioli violates uh parity and this is a
+dramatic signature of the read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic signature of the read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic signature of the read
+interaction and we'll let us see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and we'll let us see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and we'll let us see how we
+can actually understand this note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually understand this note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually understand this note that
+parity is conserved in electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity is conserved in electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity is conserved in electromagnetic
+interaction in the strong interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in the strong interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in the strong interaction
+one more word on parity invasion an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word on parity invasion an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more word on parity invasion an
+inversion you can define a parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion you can define a parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion you can define a parity
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+and if you apply this parity operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you apply this parity operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you apply this parity operator
+for example on a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example on a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example on a vector
+with x y and z components you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x y and z components you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with x y and z components you simply
+turn the direction over here with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the direction over here with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the direction over here with a
+minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4PnArrxCZLE.txt b/4PnArrxCZLE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c549f961d44b1eef7b533b117a929622c5fb35d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4PnArrxCZLE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1619 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to be solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be solving a
+problem from a final exam and here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from a final exam and here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from a final exam and here it is
+it's about a matrix a 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a matrix a 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a matrix a 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
+and we know that this matrix has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that this matrix has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know that this matrix has two
+eigenvalues 1 & 2 and we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues 1 & 2 and we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues 1 & 2 and we also know that
+if we do elimination the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do elimination the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do elimination the first two
+pivots will be 1 & 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots will be 1 & 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots will be 1 & 1
+and here are 2 questions but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are 2 questions but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are 2 questions but this
+problem this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this matrix
+the first one is find lambda 3 and D 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is find lambda 3 and D 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is find lambda 3 and D 3
+the third eigen value in the third pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third eigen value in the third pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third eigen value in the third pivot
+and the second one asks you what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one asks you what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one asks you what is the
+smallest a 3 3 so if you can change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest a 3 3 so if you can change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest a 3 3 so if you can change this
+entry what is the smallest number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry what is the smallest number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry what is the smallest number that
+you can put there that will make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put there that will make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put there that will make the
+matrix a positive semi-definite and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a positive semi-definite and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a positive semi-definite and also
+if instead of changing that entry you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of changing that entry you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of changing that entry you do
+a plus C I what is the smallest number C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus C I what is the smallest number C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus C I what is the smallest number C
+that will make that matrix a plus cy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make that matrix a plus cy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will make that matrix a plus cy
+positive 7f semi definite there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 7f semi definite there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 7f semi definite there's also a
+third part to the question but we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part to the question but we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third part to the question but we'll get
+to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later
+why don't you hit pause and work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you hit pause and work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you hit pause and work on
+these two parts and when you're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parts and when you're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parts and when you're ready
+come back and I'll show you how I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I hope you manage to do Parts A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I hope you manage to do Parts A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I hope you manage to do Parts A and B
+let's work on it together Part A well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work on it together Part A well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work on it together Part A well
+you want to know what the third eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what the third eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what the third eigen
+value is and you know what the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is and you know what the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is and you know what the first two
+are what else do you know about eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what else do you know about eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what else do you know about eigen
+values in the matrix you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the matrix you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the matrix you know that the
+sum of all the eigenvalues of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all the eigenvalues of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all the eigenvalues of the matrix
+is equal to the trace of the matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the trace of the matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the trace of the matrix so
+lambda 1 plus lambda 2 plus lambda 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 plus lambda 2 plus lambda 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 plus lambda 2 plus lambda 3 is
+equal to the trace of the matrix in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the trace of the matrix in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the trace of the matrix in this
+case you have 1 plus 2 plus lambda 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have 1 plus 2 plus lambda 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have 1 plus 2 plus lambda 3
+equals to the trace the trace is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to the trace the trace is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to the trace the trace is the sum
+of the diagonal entries so come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagonal entries so come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diagonal entries so come over
+here the trace is 1 plus 1 plus 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the trace is 1 plus 1 plus 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the trace is 1 plus 1 plus 0 the
+trace is equal to 2 so we have 3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is equal to 2 so we have 3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace is equal to 2 so we have 3 plus
+lambda 3 is equal to 2 so lambda 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 3 is equal to 2 so lambda 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 3 is equal to 2 so lambda 3 is
+equal to minus 1 on to the third pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1 on to the third pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus 1 on to the third pivot
+we don't really want to do a limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really want to do a limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really want to do a limb
+ination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ination
+that would take too long so there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would take too long so there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would take too long so there must
+be some trick that we can use well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some trick that we can use well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some trick that we can use well we
+have the first two pivots and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first two pivots and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first two pivots and we want to
+know the third remember when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the third remember when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the third remember when you do
+elimination steps that does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps that does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination steps that does not change
+determinant of the matrix and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the matrix and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the matrix and you're
+left with an upper triangular so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with an upper triangular so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with an upper triangular so the
+determinant of that matrix will be d 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that matrix will be d 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of that matrix will be d 1
+times d 2 times d 3 and will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d 2 times d 3 and will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times d 2 times d 3 and will still be
+equal to the determinant of a I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the determinant of a I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the determinant of a I guess
+there's a small caveat that I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small caveat that I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small caveat that I should
+point out the pivots are not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out the pivots are not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out the pivots are not always the
+diagonal entries it might be that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entries it might be that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal entries it might be that one of
+the diagonal entries will be 0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal entries will be 0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal entries will be 0 that
+happens if the matrix is singular but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the matrix is singular but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the matrix is singular but
+here all my three eigenvalues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all my three eigenvalues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all my three eigenvalues are
+nonzero they are 1 2 and minus 1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero they are 1 2 and minus 1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero they are 1 2 and minus 1 so that
+won't happen so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't happen so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't happen so this is actually
+possible to do the product of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do the product of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do the product of the three
+pivots will be equal to the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots will be equal to the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots will be equal to the determinant
+of a and the determinant of a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and the determinant of a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a and the determinant of a is the
+product of the eigenvalues 1 times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the eigenvalues 1 times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the eigenvalues 1 times 2
+times minus 1 so it's equal to minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 1 so it's equal to minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times minus 1 so it's equal to minus 2
+1 times 1 times D 3 is equal to minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 1 times D 3 is equal to minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 1 times D 3 is equal to minus 2
+here's your third pivot D 3 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your third pivot D 3 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your third pivot D 3 that
+finishes Part A is that the result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes Part A is that the result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes Part A is that the result that
+you got that's new Part B what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got that's new Part B what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got that's new Part B what is the
+smallest a 3 3 entry that would make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest a 3 3 entry that would make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest a 3 3 entry that would make the
+matrix positive semi-definite well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix positive semi-definite well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix positive semi-definite well first
+of all note that a is not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all note that a is not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all note that a is not positive
+semi-definite yet the eigenvalues are 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite yet the eigenvalues are 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite yet the eigenvalues are 1
+2 and minus 1 minus 1 is negative so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and minus 1 minus 1 is negative so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and minus 1 minus 1 is negative so the
+matrix is not positive definite and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not positive definite and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is not positive definite and not
+even positive semi definite positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even positive semi definite positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even positive semi definite positive
+semi definite means that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite means that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite means that all the
+eigenvalues will be either positive or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues will be either positive or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues will be either positive or 0
+that is non-negative so our matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is non-negative so our matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is non-negative so our matrix will
+be 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 and we're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 and we're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 and we're allowed to
+change this third entry how do we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this third entry how do we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this third entry how do we find
+how do we figure out if this matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we figure out if this matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we figure out if this matrix is
+positive semi definite or not well I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite or not well I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi definite or not well I was
+talking about the eigenvalues but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the eigenvalues but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the eigenvalues but maybe
+the easiest way is to do the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way is to do the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest way is to do the determinant
+test the determinant of the small one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the determinant of the small one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the determinant of the small one by
+one left uppermost matrix is one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one left uppermost matrix is one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one left uppermost matrix is one the
+determinant of the 2x2 upper leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the 2x2 upper leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the 2x2 upper leftmost
+matrix is 1 times 1 minus 0 times 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 1 times 1 minus 0 times 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 1 times 1 minus 0 times 0 1
+also positive so we need to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also positive so we need to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also positive so we need to check that
+the determinant of the whole matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the whole matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the whole matrix will
+also be non-negative so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be non-negative so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be non-negative so what is the
+determinant of this matrix it is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix it is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of this matrix it is equal
+to it's a 3 by 3 matrix so do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a 3 by 3 matrix so do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it's a 3 by 3 matrix so do you know
+how to do it quickly there's this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it quickly there's this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it quickly there's this way
+that only works for 3x3 and not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works for 3x3 and not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works for 3x3 and not for
+bigger which is the determinant will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger which is the determinant will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger which is the determinant will be
+1 times 1 times a 3 3 plus 0 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 1 times a 3 3 plus 0 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times 1 times a 3 3 plus 0 times 1
+times 1 that's 0 plus 1 times 0 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 that's 0 plus 1 times 0 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 that's 0 plus 1 times 0 times 1
+that's 0 again minus 1 times 1 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 0 again minus 1 times 1 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 0 again minus 1 times 1 times 1
+minus 1 times 1 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times 1 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times 1 time
+1 minus a 3 3 times 0 times 0 that's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus a 3 3 times 0 times 0 that's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus a 3 3 times 0 times 0 that's 0
+so this is the determinant is a 3 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the determinant is a 3 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the determinant is a 3 3
+minus 2 and I want it to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and I want it to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 and I want it to be greater than
+or equal to 0 this will guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 0 this will guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 0 this will guarantee that
+the matrix is positive semi-definite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is positive semi-definite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is positive semi-definite so
+a 3 3 must be bigger than or equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 3 must be bigger than or equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 3 must be bigger than or equal to 2
+the smallest value for a 3 3 that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest value for a 3 3 that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest value for a 3 3 that will
+make the matrix positive semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the matrix positive semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the matrix positive semi-definite
+is 2 there's another part to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 there's another part to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 there's another part to the
+question still which is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question still which is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question still which is what is the
+smallest C that will make the matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest C that will make the matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest C that will make the matrix a
+plus C I positive semi definite how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C I positive semi definite how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C I positive semi definite how
+should we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do this
+the quickest way is to do the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quickest way is to do the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quickest way is to do the eigen
+value test a has eigenvalues 1 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value test a has eigenvalues 1 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value test a has eigenvalues 1 2 and
+minus 1 so a plus CI has eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you're just adding CI to the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're just adding CI to the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you're just adding CI to the matrix
+and in this particular case you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular case you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular case you should
+know by now that that keeps the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by now that that keeps the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by now that that keeps the eigen
+vector is the same and adds the number C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is the same and adds the number C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is the same and adds the number C
+to each of the eigen values and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the eigen values and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the eigen values and I want
+each one of these to be non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these to be non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these to be non-negative
+for that to be true I have to have C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to be true I have to have C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that to be true I have to have C
+greater than or equal to 1 C greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 1 C greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 1 C greater
+than or equal to 1 so the smallest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 so the smallest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 1 so the smallest value
+that C can take that will make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C can take that will make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C can take that will make the
+matrix a positive semi definite is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a positive semi definite is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a positive semi definite is one
+that solves Parts A and B of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solves Parts A and B of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solves Parts A and B of this
+question there is a Part C to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there is a Part C to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there is a Part C to this
+question let me show it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it says starting with one of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says starting with one of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says starting with one of these three
+vectors three zero zero zero three zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors three zero zero zero three zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors three zero zero zero three zero
+or zero zero three and with UK plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero zero three and with UK plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or zero zero three and with UK plus one
+equals to a half of a times UK what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to a half of a times UK what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to a half of a times UK what is
+the limit behavior of UK as K goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit behavior of UK as K goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit behavior of UK as K goes to
+infinity I've written the matrix one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I've written the matrix one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity I've written the matrix one
+half of a here for your convenience you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of a here for your convenience you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of a here for your convenience you
+know you can hit pause and work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can hit pause and work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can hit pause and work on it
+and when you're ready we'll get back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're ready we'll get back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're ready we'll get back and
+solve it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I hope you manage to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I hope you manage to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I hope you manage to solve
+this one now let's do it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now let's do it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now let's do it together
+well if you've noticed the matrix one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you've noticed the matrix one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you've noticed the matrix one
+half of a is a markov matrix so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of a is a markov matrix so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of a is a markov matrix so there
+are all these results about Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all these results about Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all these results about Markov
+matrices and steady states and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and steady states and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and steady states and so on
+usually Markov matrices have a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually Markov matrices have a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually Markov matrices have a unique
+steady state but that is only true when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state but that is only true when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state but that is only true when
+there are no nonzero entries but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no nonzero entries but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no nonzero entries but here
+there are so we can't guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so we can't guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so we can't guarantee that
+there's a unique steady state what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a unique steady state what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a unique steady state what we
+can do is look at the eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is look at the eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is look at the eigenvalues and
+see if this is still true nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if this is still true nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if this is still true nonetheless
+what are the eigenvalues of a of 1/2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigenvalues of a of 1/2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigenvalues of a of 1/2 of
+8 well if you remember from part a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 well if you remember from part a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 well if you remember from part a the
+eigenvalues of a were 1 2 and minus 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a were 1 2 and minus 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues of a were 1 2 and minus 1 so
+the eigenvalues of 1/2 of a taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of 1/2 of a taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of 1/2 of a taking a
+multiple does not change the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple does not change the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple does not change the eigenvector
+but it changes the eigenvalue in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it changes the eigenvalue in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it changes the eigenvalue in the
+same by the same multiple will be 1/2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same by the same multiple will be 1/2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same by the same multiple will be 1/2 2
+divided by 2 is 1 and minus 1/2 so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 is 1 and minus 1/2 so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 is 1 and minus 1/2 so here
+are the eigenvalues of a and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues of a and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigenvalues of a and there's
+only one eigenvalue that has absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one eigenvalue that has absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one eigenvalue that has absolute
+value equals to 1 so you actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equals to 1 so you actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value equals to 1 so you actually still
+still get a unique steady state vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a unique steady state vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get a unique steady state vector
+so everything is fine we can proceed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is fine we can proceed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is fine we can proceed as
+usual and the usual procedure is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual and the usual procedure is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual and the usual procedure is you
+find the eigen value eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigen value eigen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the eigen value eigen vector
+corresponding to that I can value 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that I can value 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that I can value 1 and
+that will be the limit behavior as K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the limit behavior as K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the limit behavior as K
+goes to infinity of UK so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of UK so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of UK so what is the
+eigen vector corresponding to 1 eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector corresponding to 1 eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vector corresponding to 1 eigen
+vector you already know how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you already know how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you already know how to do this
+so I will just write the solution it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will just write the solution it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will just write the solution it is
+1 1 1 that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 that means that
+you K as K goes to infinity will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you K as K goes to infinity will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you K as K goes to infinity will go to
+converge to some appropriate multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some appropriate multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to some appropriate multiple of
+this eigenvector 1 1 1 how do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eigenvector 1 1 1 how do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this eigenvector 1 1 1 how do you know
+which multiple to use well as usual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which multiple to use well as usual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which multiple to use well as usual in
+Markov matrices when you do an iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov matrices when you do an iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov matrices when you do an iteration
+of the process when you do you K plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process when you do you K plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process when you do you K plus 1
+is equal to 1/2 of a times u K that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1/2 of a times u K that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1/2 of a times u K that does
+not change the sum of the entries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change the sum of the entries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not change the sum of the entries of the
+vector u k so whatever the sum was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector u k so whatever the sum was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector u k so whatever the sum was here
+it will still be the same here if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still be the same here if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will still be the same here if you go
+all the way back and you start with u 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back and you start with u 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back and you start with u 0
+whatever the sum of the entries was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the sum of the entries was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the sum of the entries was here
+that's what it will be all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it will be all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it will be all the way
+through u 1 u 2 u 3 and so on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through u 1 u 2 u 3 and so on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through u 1 u 2 u 3 and so on all the
+way to the steady state u infinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the steady state u infinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the steady state u infinity so
+whatever the multiple of you want of 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the multiple of you want of 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the multiple of you want of 1 1
+1 is it has to have the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is it has to have the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is it has to have the sum of these
+entries add up to 3 well that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries add up to 3 well that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries add up to 3 well that's already
+there we already we happen to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we already we happen to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we already we happen to pick the
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ican't vector so that's very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ican't vector so that's very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ican't vector so that's very convenient
+the correct multiple is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct multiple is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct multiple is simply the
+vector 1 1 1 so the limit behavior of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 1 1 so the limit behavior of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector 1 1 1 so the limit behavior of u
+K as K goes to infinity is u infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as K goes to infinity is u infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as K goes to infinity is u infinity
+equal to 1 1 1 we're done thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4StlYd7xKFA.txt b/4StlYd7xKFA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28aaa09a9ed74ebc9932691af1ac3dc2249f96f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4StlYd7xKFA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT Opencourseware
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT Opencourseware
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4q5k1hLfyrM.txt b/4q5k1hLfyrM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3765b65a0ae0cb4a62645935571b04195a652bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4q5k1hLfyrM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+just remind people where we are on the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind people where we are on the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remind people where we are on the C
+on the course schedule we just finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course schedule we just finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the course schedule we just finished
+up um chapter nine on deposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um chapter nine on deposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um chapter nine on deposition and
+epitaxy and we're going to plow ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitaxy and we're going to plow ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epitaxy and we're going to plow ahead
+moving along to chapter 10 which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along to chapter 10 which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along to chapter 10 which we'll
+cover uh in the next uh couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh in the next uh couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh in the next uh couple of
+lectures um chapter 10 is on um etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um chapter 10 is on um etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um chapter 10 is on um etching
+which is a very important uh capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very important uh capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very important uh capability
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+seos uh processing and uh today is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seos uh processing and uh today is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seos uh processing and uh today is the
+18th and I guess homework number five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th and I guess homework number five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th and I guess homework number five is
+due today so um I I brought a a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due today so um I I brought a a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due today so um I I brought a a new
+folder here up front this yellow folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder here up front this yellow folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folder here up front this yellow folder
+we'll use to hold your homework number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use to hold your homework number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use to hold your homework number
+five I'm going to have homework number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I'm going to have homework number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I'm going to have homework number
+four it's been graded but I need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four it's been graded but I need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four it's been graded but I need to go
+through it uh so I'll have that back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it uh so I'll have that back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it uh so I'll have that back to
+you um next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week okay so let's take a look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week okay so let's take a look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week okay so let's take a look at um
+today's handout which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's handout which
+is handout number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is handout number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is handout number
+33 um and we're starting chapter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 um and we're starting chapter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 um and we're starting chapter uh
+chapter 10 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 10 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 10 on
+etching uh we've talked a lot about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh we've talked a lot about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh we've talked a lot about now
+um a lot of different processes we spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of different processes we spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a lot of different processes we spent
+the last three lectures talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three lectures talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three lectures talking about
+depositing thin films after they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing thin films after they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing thin films after they're
+deposited typically they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited typically they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited typically they have to be
+etched to make some kind of a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etched to make some kind of a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etched to make some kind of a circuit
+pattern or whatever you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or whatever you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern or whatever you're trying to
+pattern um an important requirement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern um an important requirement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern um an important requirement of
+etching that we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching that we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching that we're going to talk about
+is that films need to be etched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that films need to be etched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that films need to be etched
+selectively you want to etch one film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively you want to etch one film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively you want to etch one film
+but you don't want to chch what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to chch what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want to chch what's
+underneath it typically uh or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it typically uh or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it typically uh or or
+sometimes you don't want to etch The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't want to etch The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't want to etch The
+Mask so selectivity is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mask so selectivity is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mask so selectivity is very important
+we'll talk about that besides uh besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that besides uh besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that besides uh besides
+etching thin films sometimes we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching thin films sometimes we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching thin films sometimes we want to
+etch down into the substrate itself for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch down into the substrate itself for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch down into the substrate itself for
+drams uh these days to make to so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drams uh these days to make to so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drams uh these days to make to so you
+don't use so much chip area the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use so much chip area the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use so much chip area the
+capacitors the storage capacitors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors the storage capacitors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors the storage capacitors are
+actually sometimes in the trench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sometimes in the trench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sometimes in the trench
+processor actually eded deep trenches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor actually eded deep trenches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor actually eded deep trenches
+into the Silicon they make capacitors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Silicon they make capacitors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Silicon they make capacitors to
+store the memory to store the charge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the memory to store the charge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store the memory to store the charge in
+the memory that way so sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory that way so sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory that way so sometimes you
+need to Ed silicon substrate um dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to Ed silicon substrate um dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to Ed silicon substrate um dry
+etching as it's called or plasma etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching as it's called or plasma etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching as it's called or plasma etching
+is really critical to seos fabrication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really critical to seos fabrication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really critical to seos fabrication
+uh I'm going to emphasize dry etching I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to emphasize dry etching I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to emphasize dry etching I
+only have two or three slides on wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two or three slides on wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have two or three slides on wet
+etching wet etching is still used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching wet etching is still used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching wet etching is still used in
+research and development but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and development but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and development but it's very
+rarely used in a manufacturing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely used in a manufacturing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely used in a manufacturing process
+and and we'll see a little bit why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll see a little bit why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll see a little bit why that
+is so the next two lectures what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the next two lectures what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the next two lectures what I want
+to try to do is give you a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do is give you a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to do is give you a basic
+introduction to etching mostly plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to etching mostly plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to etching mostly plasma
+etching um some specific examples uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um some specific examples uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um some specific examples uh the
+next lecture I'm going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture I'm going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture I'm going to have some
+specific emphasis on gate etching polyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific emphasis on gate etching polyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific emphasis on gate etching polyic
+gate etching since that's really uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate etching since that's really uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate etching since that's really uh very
+important to the seamoss process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the seamoss process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the seamoss process and
+we'll talk a little bit um next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit um next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit um next lecture
+as well on modeling uh how we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well on modeling uh how we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well on modeling uh how we model
+etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+processes oops I forgot to go to full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes oops I forgot to go to full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes oops I forgot to go to full
+screen mode here let me do that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen mode here let me do that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen mode here let me do that okay so
+let's move on to slide number two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to slide number two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on to slide number two in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+handout basic introduction um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout basic introduction um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout basic introduction um this is
+what we talked about in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about in the beginning of
+the course just to remind you uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course just to remind you uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course just to remind you uh the
+planner process what it consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner process what it consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner process what it consists of
+usually uh you'll have a a deposited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh you'll have a a deposited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh you'll have a a deposited
+deposited film here which is shown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited film here which is shown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited film here which is shown in
+Blue uh and then to pattern it you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue uh and then to pattern it you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blue uh and then to pattern it you need
+to put down a photosensitive uh film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down a photosensitive uh film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down a photosensitive uh film
+which is called photo resist that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called photo resist that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called photo resist that can be
+put down at room temperature or spun on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down at room temperature or spun on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down at room temperature or spun on
+you then expose it um using a ma through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then expose it um using a ma through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then expose it um using a ma through
+a mask using ultraviolet light or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask using ultraviolet light or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask using ultraviolet light or the
+right wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wavelength
+light that um either causes the resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that um either causes the resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that um either causes the resist
+to stay wherever it's Struck By the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay wherever it's Struck By the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay wherever it's Struck By the
+Light or um to be removed or etched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light or um to be removed or etched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light or um to be removed or etched
+where it's Struck By the Light either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's Struck By the Light either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's Struck By the Light either
+way it's a positive or negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's a positive or negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's a positive or negative uh
+resist and you end up with here uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist and you end up with here uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist and you end up with here uh after
+developing the resist uh I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the resist uh I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing the resist uh I end up with
+an edch mask so I have photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edch mask so I have photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edch mask so I have photo resist
+shown here in Gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here in Gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here in Gray
+and you're ready now to etch the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're ready now to etch the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're ready now to etch the blue
+thin film uh below it and you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film uh below it and you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin film uh below it and you do that
+either in a dry or wet process and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in a dry or wet process and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in a dry or wet process and you
+remove the resist and you're done so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the resist and you're done so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the resist and you're done so now
+you've transferred the pattern from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've transferred the pattern from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've transferred the pattern from The
+Mask to the resist and from the resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mask to the resist and from the resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mask to the resist and from the resist
+to the film um so we won't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the film um so we won't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the film um so we won't talk about
+the lith lithographic process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lith lithographic process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lith lithographic process of
+transferring to the mask to resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring to the mask to resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring to the mask to resist
+that's a whole class H Smith course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a whole class H Smith course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a whole class H Smith course what
+we going to talk about here is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to talk about here is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to talk about here is how we
+etch this thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch this thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch this thin
+film um or the most important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um or the most important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um or the most important things
+care about are selectivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about are selectivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about are selectivity and
+directionality um and we'll I I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality um and we'll I I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality um and we'll I I'll talk
+a little bit about more about what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about more about what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about more about what they
+mean selectivity comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selectivity comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selectivity comes from the
+chemistry uh that is how selective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh that is how selective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry uh that is how selective is
+the etchant to a particular uh material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etchant to a particular uh material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etchant to a particular uh material
+the directionality that is how the edch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directionality that is how the edch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directionality that is how the edch
+etches vertically versus horizontally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches vertically versus horizontally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches vertically versus horizontally
+that usually comes from more physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually comes from more physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually comes from more physical
+processes like energetic ions bombarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes like energetic ions bombarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes like energetic ions bombarding
+the wafer um and modern ET etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer um and modern ET etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer um and modern ET etching
+techniques have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques have a little bit of
+directionality a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality a little bit of
+selectivity both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity both of those
+uh simulation tools are only more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simulation tools are only more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simulation tools are only more
+recently being developed they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently being developed they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently being developed they are
+starting to play an important role uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to play an important role uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to play an important role uh
+just like in deposition again you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in deposition again you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in deposition again you will
+not find etching modeled in Supreme 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find etching modeled in Supreme 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not find etching modeled in Supreme 4
+there is no topographic modeling in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no topographic modeling in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no topographic modeling in that
+uh you need a topography simulator like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need a topography simulator like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you need a topography simulator like
+Speedy um and usually the topography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speedy um and usually the topography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Speedy um and usually the topography
+simulators do both deposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators do both deposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators do both deposition and
+etching because they are really inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching because they are really inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching because they are really inverse
+processes in one case you're uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in one case you're uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes in one case you're uh you have
+things coming down reacting and sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming down reacting and sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming down reacting and sticking
+uh in other case you have things coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in other case you have things coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in other case you have things coming
+down causing a removal reaction and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down causing a removal reaction and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down causing a removal reaction and and
+something coming off and etching but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coming off and etching but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coming off and etching but
+they're very much mathematically uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much mathematically uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much mathematically uh very
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+processes okay so slide number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes okay so slide number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes okay so slide number three
+shows a little bit about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a little bit about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows a little bit about these
+characteristics some of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics some of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics some of the important
+characteristics that I just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that I just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that I just talked about
+and illustrate them uh up at the top we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illustrate them uh up at the top we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illustrate them uh up at the top we
+have a situation where we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a situation where we start with
+photo resist or a Mas let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist or a Mas let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist or a Mas let's say that
+looks like these dark regions on top or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like these dark regions on top or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like these dark regions on top or
+the pattern or the mask and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern or the mask and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern or the mask and we want to
+transfer that into this hatched region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that into this hatched region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that into this hatched region
+which is the film where trying to etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the film where trying to etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the film where trying to etch
+after etching shown on the right upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after etching shown on the right upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after etching shown on the right upper
+right what you have is here you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what you have is here you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what you have is here you see the
+mask which is retained good Fidelity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask which is retained good Fidelity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask which is retained good Fidelity the
+mask was not attacked so there's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask was not attacked so there's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask was not attacked so there's good
+selectivity but we have what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity but we have what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity but we have what we call
+undercutting you can see what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting you can see what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting you can see what happened
+is not only did we etch the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only did we etch the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only did we etch the film
+vertically but we also etch laterally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically but we also etch laterally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically but we also etch laterally on
+each side and um so the feature size has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side and um so the feature size has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side and um so the feature size has
+been distorted it's not exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been distorted it's not exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been distorted it's not exactly what the
+feature size was on the mask because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature size was on the mask because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature size was on the mask because of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+undercutting um so that's you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting um so that's you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting um so that's you know the
+top uh two two pictures illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh two two pictures illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh two two pictures illustrate
+undercutting the second one here labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting the second one here labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting the second one here labeled
+B indicate uh illustrates two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B indicate uh illustrates two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B indicate uh illustrates two things
+both undercutting and poor selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both undercutting and poor selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both undercutting and poor selectivity
+up here I had good selectivity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I had good selectivity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I had good selectivity the
+resist was not attacked and the layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist was not attacked and the layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist was not attacked and the layer
+below whatever it might be was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below whatever it might be was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below whatever it might be was not
+attacked by the edch you notice it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked by the edch you notice it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked by the edch you notice it went
+down and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it
+stopped here I have both under cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped here I have both under cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped here I have both under cutting
+and poor selectivity and indeed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poor selectivity and indeed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poor selectivity and indeed you can
+see what's happened I've edged laterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happened I've edged laterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happened I've edged laterally
+left and right so my holes end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right so my holes end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right so my holes end up being
+bigger than I had one of them to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than I had one of them to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than I had one of them to be on
+the mask and I've also attacked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask and I've also attacked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask and I've also attacked the
+layer underneath so I don't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer underneath so I don't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer underneath so I don't have very
+good selectivity the etchant continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good selectivity the etchant continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good selectivity the etchant continues
+to etch this layer uh it continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch this layer uh it continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to etch this layer uh it continues to
+etch the bottom layer uh as it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch the bottom layer uh as it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch the bottom layer uh as it's in the
+in in the solution or maybe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the solution or maybe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the solution or maybe in the
+plasma and not only that the edge also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and not only that the edge also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and not only that the edge also
+attacked the photo resist and uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked the photo resist and uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacked the photo resist and uh we we
+caused it to get rounded and that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused it to get rounded and that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused it to get rounded and that also
+can distort the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distort the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can distort the feature
+size um usually what we want most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um usually what we want most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um usually what we want most of the
+time although it's not always the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time although it's not always the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time although it's not always the case
+most of the time we want what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we want what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we want what we call
+anisotropic etching we want the edge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic etching we want the edge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic etching we want the edge to
+go down perfectly straight um generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down perfectly straight um generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down perfectly straight um generally
+maybe a slight angle we want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a slight angle we want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a slight angle we want to be able
+to control the angle in any case almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the angle in any case almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the angle in any case almost
+vertical uh and usually we want highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical uh and usually we want highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical uh and usually we want highly
+selective so we'd like to have uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective so we'd like to have uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective so we'd like to have uh what
+we call an a selectivity on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an a selectivity on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an a selectivity on the order of
+25 to 50 so that means the edge would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 to 50 so that means the edge would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 to 50 so that means the edge would
+etch this top film the film we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch this top film the film we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch this top film the film we're trying
+to chch 25 to 50 times faster than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chch 25 to 50 times faster than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chch 25 to 50 times faster than it
+itches the film underneath it both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itches the film underneath it both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itches the film underneath it both of
+these um an isotropy and selectivity us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um an isotropy and selectivity us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um an isotropy and selectivity us
+us desired unfortunately it's very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us desired unfortunately it's very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us desired unfortunately it's very hard
+to get both The Best of Both Worlds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get both The Best of Both Worlds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get both The Best of Both Worlds but
+there are systems that try to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are systems that try to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are systems that try to optimize
+this and that that's what we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that that's what we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and that that's what we'll talk
+about so as we move on on the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so as we move on on the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so as we move on on the bottom of
+slide Three As you move from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide Three As you move from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide Three As you move from the left
+you know uh panel A to B to C what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh panel A to B to C what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh panel A to B to C what
+you're go moving is from completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're go moving is from completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're go moving is from completely
+isotropic etching as you can see by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic etching as you can see by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic etching as you can see by the
+little vectors here that the film etches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vectors here that the film etches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little vectors here that the film etches
+this particular etchant is etching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular etchant is etching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular etchant is etching this
+material vertically at the same rate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material vertically at the same rate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material vertically at the same rate it
+is laterally hair's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is laterally hair's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is laterally hair's a little more
+anisotropic the vertical etch rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic the vertical etch rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic the vertical etch rate is
+faster than it is laterally but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it is laterally but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it is laterally but still
+there's some lateral etching and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lateral etching and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some lateral etching and this is
+completely anthropic only there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely anthropic only there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely anthropic only there is no
+lateral etch rate only vertical etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral etch rate only vertical etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral etch rate only vertical etching
+so you're moving from completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're moving from completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're moving from completely
+isotropic uh to completely anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic uh to completely anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic uh to completely anisotropic
+I'm sorry from from left to right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry from from left to right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry from from left to right so
+you're getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directionality on slide four I've listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality on slide four I've listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality on slide four I've listed
+uh some things that are fairly obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some things that are fairly obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some things that are fairly obvious
+to you but I just wanted to make note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you but I just wanted to make note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you but I just wanted to make note of
+some of the um practical requirements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the um practical requirements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the um practical requirements in
+etching uh first of all we want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh first of all we want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh first of all we want to get
+the right profile with we want sloped or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right profile with we want sloped or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right profile with we want sloped or
+vertical that's obvious uh we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical that's obvious uh we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical that's obvious uh we don't want
+much undercutting undercutting and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much undercutting undercutting and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much undercutting undercutting and or
+Edge bias is bad because the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge bias is bad because the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge bias is bad because the feature
+size on the mask is not maintained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size on the mask is not maintained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size on the mask is not maintained on
+the wafer and that's not that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer and that's not that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer and that's not that's not what
+the circuit designer designed so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit designer designed so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit designer designed so that's
+not good and you have lack of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good and you have lack of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good and you have lack of control
+you want good selectivity to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want good selectivity to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want good selectivity to other
+exposed films and to resist you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed films and to resist you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed films and to resist you don't
+want the etchant attacking something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the etchant attacking something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the etchant attacking something
+that you don't want it to attack uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want it to attack uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want it to attack uh you
+like the etch to be uniform across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the etch to be uniform across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the etch to be uniform across the
+wafer so as you etch a trench on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so as you etch a trench on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so as you etch a trench on the
+left of the wafer and the right of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the wafer and the right of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the wafer and the right of the
+wafer the trench depth is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer the trench depth is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer the trench depth is exactly the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+uh this is an important one that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an important one that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an important one that people
+number five people often forget we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five people often forget we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number five people often forget we don't
+want to damage the surface and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to damage the surface and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to damage the surface and we don't
+want to damage the circuit electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to damage the circuit electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to damage the circuit electrically
+uh and we are bombarding in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we are bombarding in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we are bombarding in a lot of
+these plasma edges we're bombarding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plasma edges we're bombarding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plasma edges we're bombarding with
+hundreds of electron volts um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of electron volts um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of electron volts um the
+surface with with ions and they uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with with ions and they uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with with ions and they uh those
+ions can constitute a current to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions can constitute a current to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions can constitute a current to the
+wafer and that current can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and that current can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer and that current can actually
+damage sensitive um electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage sensitive um electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage sensitive um electronic
+components obviously we want the edge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components obviously we want the edge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components obviously we want the edge to
+be clean uh we don't want to introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clean uh we don't want to introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clean uh we don't want to introduce a
+lot of impurities we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of impurities we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of impurities we don't want to
+produce a lot of metals into the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lot of metals into the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a lot of metals into the wafer
+uh and and safe so here's an example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and safe so here's an example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and safe so here's an example uh
+on the bottom part of page F four what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom part of page F four what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom part of page F four what I
+mean by plasma damage let's just say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by plasma damage let's just say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by plasma damage let's just say you
+have a mosfet you have a field oxide Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mosfet you have a field oxide Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mosfet you have a field oxide Fox
+here on the left and another one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left and another one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left and another one the
+right and this thin region in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this thin region in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this thin region in the middle
+is meant to represent the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to represent the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to represent the gate
+oxide and uh let's say and I have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and uh let's say and I have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and uh let's say and I have a a
+polysilicon gate that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon gate that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysilicon gate that looks like this
+there's a large contact pad which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large contact pad which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large contact pad which we
+often have perhaps for contact and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have perhaps for contact and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have perhaps for contact and then
+it goes down and it's a very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down and it's a very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down and it's a very narrow
+narrow gate which is what we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow gate which is what we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow gate which is what we were doing
+today say 90 nmet technology now I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today say 90 nmet technology now I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today say 90 nmet technology now I go to
+put this in a plasma etcher I'm etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in a plasma etcher I'm etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in a plasma etcher I'm etching
+something on the wafer maybe not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the wafer maybe not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the wafer maybe not the
+gate but something else so I have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate but something else so I have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate but something else so I have all
+these arrows going down here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrows going down here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrows going down here it's
+supposed to represent ions because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to represent ions because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to represent ions because I
+have a plasma current so I have ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plasma current so I have ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plasma current so I have ions
+that come down strike this they strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come down strike this they strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come down strike this they strike
+everywhere but in particular they strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but in particular they strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but in particular they strike
+this large area um and they are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large area um and they are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large area um and they are because
+this is a conductor they that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conductor they that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conductor they that they can
+this this current with the all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this current with the all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this current with the all these
+ions the flux of ions to this large area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions the flux of ions to this large area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions the flux of ions to this large area
+constitutes a current this current can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes a current this current can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes a current this current can
+then flow down the conductor and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then flow down the conductor and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then flow down the conductor and where
+does it go well if this is a thin oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it go well if this is a thin oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it go well if this is a thin oxide
+it can tunnel through that oxide so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can tunnel through that oxide so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can tunnel through that oxide so all
+of a sudden now I'm I could be forcing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden now I'm I could be forcing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden now I'm I could be forcing a
+very large current through a thin oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large current through a thin oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large current through a thin oxide
+and that can you can end up with charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can you can end up with charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can you can end up with charges
+buried in that oxide and and damage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in that oxide and and damage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buried in that oxide and and damage and
+this is called an antenna because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called an antenna because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called an antenna because this
+thing can collect ions from a large area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can collect ions from a large area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can collect ions from a large area
+and funnel them down uh acting like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and funnel them down uh acting like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and funnel them down uh acting like an
+antenna and and you can do a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and and you can do a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna and and you can do a lot of um
+damage you to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes not necessarily it depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes not necessarily it depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes not necessarily it depends on what
+I'm etching this may not be the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm etching this may not be the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm etching this may not be the gate
+Edge for example after you do uh gate Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge for example after you do uh gate Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge for example after you do uh gate Ed
+you need to open up you may need to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to open up you may need to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to open up you may need to open
+up um some other Hol somewhere else this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um some other Hol somewhere else this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um some other Hol somewhere else this
+could be happening during the gate Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be happening during the gate Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be happening during the gate Edge
+it could be happening during another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be happening during another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be happening during another
+step but there are nevertheless ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but there are nevertheless ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but there are nevertheless ions
+coming in in this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in in this particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in in this particular example
+into the gate uh and so this may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gate uh and so this may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the gate uh and so this may not
+actually be a gate Edge step it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a gate Edge step it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a gate Edge step it's just
+sort of an example um um where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example um um where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an example um um where you have
+the gate exposed potentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate exposed potentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate exposed potentially uh
+collecting current that can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting current that can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting current that can go through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+oxide okay so something we need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide okay so something we need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide okay so something we need to worry
+about when we have highdensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasmas slide five uh okay so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas slide five uh okay so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas slide five uh okay so let's just
+talk about some of the basic concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the basic concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some of the basic concepts
+and I'll I'll get uh go through the wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll get uh go through the wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll get uh go through the wet
+etching relatively rapidly as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching relatively rapidly as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching relatively rapidly as I said
+there's two types of etching dry which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of etching dry which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of etching dry which
+means you use a plasma and wet which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you use a plasma and wet which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you use a plasma and wet which
+means you use a beaker or something in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you use a beaker or something in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you use a beaker or something in a
+solution uh so you typically for wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh so you typically for wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh so you typically for wet
+etching you submerge the wafers in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching you submerge the wafers in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching you submerge the wafers in some
+specific bath uh the good thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific bath uh the good thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific bath uh the good thing about
+wet etching it tends to be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet etching it tends to be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet etching it tends to be highly
+selective it's all based on chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective it's all based on chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective it's all based on chemistry
+there's no physical components you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no physical components you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no physical components you have
+no bombardment so as a result because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bombardment so as a result because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bombardment so as a result because
+it's based on chemistry you can select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on chemistry you can select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on chemistry you can select
+the etch the etching in the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch the etching in the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch the etching in the solution
+that they will etch exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will etch exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will etch exactly what you
+want um it's usually isotropic there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um it's usually isotropic there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um it's usually isotropic there are
+a couple of what we call Crystal reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of what we call Crystal reg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of what we call Crystal reg
+graphically dependent etches K tassan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically dependent etches K tassan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically dependent etches K tassan
+hydroxide etching silicon is example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide etching silicon is example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide etching silicon is example of
+that there aren't a whole lot of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there aren't a whole lot of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there aren't a whole lot of cases
+of that though uh most of the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that though uh most of the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that though uh most of the time the
+etes end up being selective here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etes end up being selective here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etes end up being selective here's an
+example here's a uh wet etching of sio2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a uh wet etching of sio2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a uh wet etching of sio2
+by by HF you so you add HF to si2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by HF you so you add HF to si2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by HF you so you add HF to si2 you
+end up with uh some some extra water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with uh some some extra water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with uh some some extra water and
+the S2 goes away um you can etge silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S2 goes away um you can etge silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S2 goes away um you can etge silicon
+in a combination of an oxidizer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a combination of an oxidizer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a combination of an oxidizer like
+nitric acid uh and HF sometimes you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitric acid uh and HF sometimes you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitric acid uh and HF sometimes you add
+acetic so HF Nitric AIC but here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic so HF Nitric AIC but here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetic so HF Nitric AIC but here's an
+example etching silicon wet etching with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example etching silicon wet etching with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example etching silicon wet etching with
+Nitric and HF so the Nitric oxidizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nitric and HF so the Nitric oxidizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nitric and HF so the Nitric oxidizes the
+Silicon the HF strips the oxide and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon the HF strips the oxide and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon the HF strips the oxide and you
+end up with overall etching of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with overall etching of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with overall etching of silicon
+HF Nitric though is not that easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF Nitric though is not that easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HF Nitric though is not that easy to
+mask because it also etches any oxide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask because it also etches any oxide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask because it also etches any oxide on
+the wafer so you have to watch out you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you have to watch out you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you have to watch out you'd
+have to use nitride to mask it but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use nitride to mask it but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use nitride to mask it but those
+are some exam examples of um wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges okay slide six let's um let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay slide six let's um let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay slide six let's um let's talk
+a little bit about um uh Edge isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about um uh Edge isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about um uh Edge isotropic
+etching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching and
+undercut uh if we're doing isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut uh if we're doing isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut uh if we're doing isotropic
+etching as I'm showing here in panel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching as I'm showing here in panel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching as I'm showing here in panel a
+at the top one is supposed to be my MK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top one is supposed to be my MK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top one is supposed to be my MK
+layer one is the mask uh material 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one is the mask uh material 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one is the mask uh material 2 is
+what I'm etching it's um it's isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm etching it's um it's isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm etching it's um it's isotropic
+so it's etching vertically and laterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's etching vertically and laterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's etching vertically and laterally
+at the same time I'm going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time I'm going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time I'm going to have some
+undercutting and in fact we can um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting and in fact we can um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting and in fact we can um sort
+of mathematically ex uh express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematically ex uh express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mathematically ex uh express the
+amount of anisotropy how uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of anisotropy how uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of anisotropy how uh um
+anisotropic is the Ed by defining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic is the Ed by defining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic is the Ed by defining this
+number here called a subf if you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here called a subf if you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here called a subf if you define
+this an isotropy factor a subf to be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an isotropy factor a subf to be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an isotropy factor a subf to be 1
+minus the lateral Dimension that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the lateral Dimension that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the lateral Dimension that you go
+the lateral uh you know in a given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral uh you know in a given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral uh you know in a given time
+edged amount divided by the vertical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged amount divided by the vertical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged amount divided by the vertical so
+in my diagram here this would be uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my diagram here this would be uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my diagram here this would be uh 1
+minus B over a so I Edge laterally by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over a so I Edge laterally by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over a so I Edge laterally by a
+distance B I'm sorry B over D Leed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance B I'm sorry B over D Leed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance B I'm sorry B over D Leed
+laterally by a distance B and vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally by a distance B and vertically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laterally by a distance B and vertically
+by a distance D and so that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a distance D and so that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a distance D and so that would be the
+anisotropy factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropy factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropy factor
+so this an isotropy factor is zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this an isotropy factor is zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this an isotropy factor is zero if
+you're isotropic etching because then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're isotropic etching because then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're isotropic etching because then uh
+b equals D or rlat equals R vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals D or rlat equals R vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b equals D or rlat equals R vertical and
+then AF goes to zero if you're totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then AF goes to zero if you're totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then AF goes to zero if you're totally
+anisotropic um this thing uh basically d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic um this thing uh basically d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic um this thing uh basically d
+goes or or um B goes to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes or or um B goes to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes or or um B goes to zero right
+because you don't etch laterally at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't etch laterally at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't etch laterally at all
+and this number goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number goes to
+one now typically um if you're etching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now typically um if you're etching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now typically um if you're etching a
+film what's a practical thing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film what's a practical thing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film what's a practical thing you need
+to think about uh you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh you need to know the
+etch rate okay that's fine let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate okay that's fine let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate okay that's fine let's say you
+know the itch rate and and I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the itch rate and and I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the itch rate and and I give you
+the film thickness you can calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film thickness you can calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film thickness you can calculate how
+long you need to etch you just divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you need to etch you just divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you need to etch you just divide
+the thickness to buy the itch rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness to buy the itch rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness to buy the itch rate and
+it gives you the time but that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the time but that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you the time but that's not the
+time you should use for the Etch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you should use for the Etch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you should use for the Etch in
+practice in practice you almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in practice you almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in practice you almost always
+do something called over etching so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something called over etching so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something called over etching so you
+typically leave it in the bat longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically leave it in the bat longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically leave it in the bat longer
+than what you would need to etch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you would need to etch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you would need to etch the
+film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+thickness why is that well basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness why is that well basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness why is that well basically you
+need to ensure that you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ensure that you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ensure that you actually do
+completely remove the film because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely remove the film because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely remove the film because the
+film if I tell you the film is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film if I tell you the film is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film if I tell you the film is one
+micron first of all you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron first of all you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron first of all you shouldn't
+believe me I may not know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me I may not know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me I may not know what I'm
+talking about it may not be a micron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it may not be a micron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it may not be a micron and
+even if I do know what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I do know what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I do know what I'm talking about
+films in reality are never exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films in reality are never exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films in reality are never exactly one
+thickness across the way there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness across the way there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness across the way there's always
+variation so you may have a slight High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so you may have a slight High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so you may have a slight High
+spot in the center or a high spot at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the center or a high spot at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the center or a high spot at the
+edge who knows um so you almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge who knows um so you almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge who knows um so you almost always
+do overetching and that's what um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do overetching and that's what um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do overetching and that's what um we're
+picturing in the upper right what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picturing in the upper right what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picturing in the upper right what we've
+done here is in in showing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is in in showing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is in in showing you the
+Contour of what the edged region looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour of what the edged region looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour of what the edged region looks
+like for different times so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for different times so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for different times so this is
+after a certain amount of time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a certain amount of time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a certain amount of time this
+other dash line is in a slightly longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dash line is in a slightly longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dash line is in a slightly longer
+time and now you've already broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and now you've already broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and now you've already broken
+through you've hit that but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you've hit that but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you've hit that but maybe
+somewhere else on the wafer you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else on the wafer you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else on the wafer you haven't
+quite etched the film so you go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite etched the film so you go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite etched the film so you go a little
+bit longer and you end up with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer and you end up with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer and you end up with the um
+the profile shown in the solid line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile shown in the solid line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile shown in the solid line here
+so that's because we have done what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's because we have done what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's because we have done what we
+call over etching and over etching has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call over etching and over etching has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call over etching and over etching has
+to be done in any practical process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in any practical process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in any practical process
+either in research or in manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in research or in manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either in research or in manufacturing
+to uh to take into account variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to take into account variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to take into account variations in
+not only the film thickness but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the film thickness but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the film thickness but
+variations in the edge rate The Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the edge rate The Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the edge rate The Edge
+rate is not exactly uniform necessar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is not exactly uniform necessar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is not exactly uniform necessar
+neily depending on the etcher uh or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neily depending on the etcher uh or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neily depending on the etcher uh or even
+depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the
+solution um for wet etching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um for wet etching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution um for wet etching the
+selectivity is usually excellent I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity is usually excellent I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity is usually excellent I mean
+we usually choose we choose our thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually choose we choose our thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually choose we choose our thing
+our our our etchant so that we get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our our etchant so that we get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our our etchant so that we get good
+uh selectivity and again selectivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh selectivity and again selectivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh selectivity and again selectivity is
+defined as the ratio of the etch rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the ratio of the etch rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the ratio of the etch rate of
+the film we want to etch divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film we want to etch divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film we want to etch divided by the
+etch rate of the film we don't want Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate of the film we don't want Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate of the film we don't want Edge
+um and chemical reactions tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and chemical reactions tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and chemical reactions tend to be
+very very selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very selective
+so just to illustrate this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to illustrate this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to illustrate this idea of
+overetch and selectivity I wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overetch and selectivity I wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overetch and selectivity I wanted to go
+through um a quick example that I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um a quick example that I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um a quick example that I took
+from your text and that's what's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your text and that's what's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your text and that's what's shown
+on slides seven and eight here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slides seven and eight here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slides seven and eight here's an
+example of a of a question that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a of a question that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a of a question that you can
+consider um you have a relatively simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider um you have a relatively simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider um you have a relatively simple
+setup you have a half Micron layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup you have a half Micron layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup you have a half Micron layer of
+silicon dioxide on a silicon substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide on a silicon substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon dioxide on a silicon substrate
+and you you need to etch it down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you need to etch it down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you need to etch it down to the
+Silicon um now you assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon um now you assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon um now you assume that the
+nominal etch rate so you're putting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal etch rate so you're putting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal etch rate so you're putting this
+in some etcher whatever it is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some etcher whatever it is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some etcher whatever it is let's
+let's say it's not HF but it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's not HF but it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's not HF but it's some
+other type of etch has a nominal etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of etch has a nominal etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other type of etch has a nominal etch
+rate of R subox so that's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of R subox so that's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of R subox so that's a certain
+number of microns per minute that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of microns per minute that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of microns per minute that you've
+been told that the oxide etches in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told that the oxide etches in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been told that the oxide etches in this
+etchant uh but there is about a plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etchant uh but there is about a plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etchant uh but there is about a plus or
+minus 5% variation in the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5% variation in the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5% variation in the oxide
+thickness the oxide's not perfect it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness the oxide's not perfect it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness the oxide's not perfect it was
+grown in um a tool that has gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown in um a tool that has gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown in um a tool that has gives you a
+5% variation across the wafer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% variation across the wafer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% variation across the wafer there's
+also a plus or minus 5% variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a plus or minus 5% variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a plus or minus 5% variation in the
+oxide etch rate you're putting it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide etch rate you're putting it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide etch rate you're putting it in a
+solution or let's say you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or let's say you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution or let's say you're using a
+plasma etcher it's not perfect so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma etcher it's not perfect so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma etcher it's not perfect so it
+varies plus orus 5% across the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies plus orus 5% across the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies plus orus 5% across the surface
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+wafer so the first thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so the first thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so the first thing we want to
+figure out is how much of an overetch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is how much of an overetch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is how much of an overetch is
+required and we usually represent over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and we usually represent over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required and we usually represent over
+etch as a percent of the total time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch as a percent of the total time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch as a percent of the total time so
+if I'm going to etch you know for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to etch you know for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm going to etch you know for a
+minute uh to get rid of the film and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute uh to get rid of the film and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute uh to get rid of the film and I
+leave it in an extra minute to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it in an extra minute to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it in an extra minute to make sure
+that I've taken care of UN nonuniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've taken care of UN nonuniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've taken care of UN nonuniformity
+that's called 100% overetch because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called 100% overetch because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called 100% overetch because it's
+100% of the main etch time I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of the main etch time I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of the main etch time I'm I'm
+contributing 100% of that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing 100% of that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing 100% of that to the
+overetch step so they want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overetch step so they want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overetch step so they want to know how
+much overetch is required as a percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much overetch is required as a percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much overetch is required as a percent
+in order to make sure that all the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make sure that all the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to make sure that all the oxide
+on the wafer that you edged all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wafer that you edged all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the wafer that you edged all the way
+down at every point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at every point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at every point in the
+wafer so let's just go through part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so let's just go through part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer so let's just go through part a
+first and how we would think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and how we would think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and how we would think about that
+um well I've just drawn a little cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I've just drawn a little cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I've just drawn a little cartoon
+uh down here basically this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down here basically this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh down here basically this uh this
+green material supposed to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green material supposed to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green material supposed to represent the
+oxide it's nomal half Micron on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide it's nomal half Micron on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide it's nomal half Micron on the
+wafer but at the um thickest point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer but at the um thickest point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer but at the um thickest point it's
+thicker than that it's 5% thicker so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker than that it's 5% thicker so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker than that it's 5% thicker so
+it's 0525
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 0525
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 0525
+microns um so um basically uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns um so um basically uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns um so um basically uh what we
+want to do is is we the over etch has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is is we the over etch has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is is we the over etch has to
+be done to make sure that you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to make sure that you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to make sure that you remove the
+oxide at the thickest point for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide at the thickest point for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide at the thickest point for the
+slowest etch rate so you take a worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest etch rate so you take a worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest etch rate so you take a worst
+case so I take this the thickest point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I take this the thickest point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so I take this the thickest point
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+0.525 and then the slowest etch rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.525 and then the slowest etch rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.525 and then the slowest etch rate is
+.9 95 times the nominal etch rate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.9 95 times the nominal etch rate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.9 95 times the nominal etch rate right
+it's 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5%
+slower uh than the nominal etch rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower uh than the nominal etch rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower uh than the nominal etch rate so
+the time to Edge this worst case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to Edge this worst case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to Edge this worst case the
+thickest region assuming you had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickest region assuming you had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickest region assuming you had the
+slowest etch rate is just um this 0. 525
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest etch rate is just um this 0. 525
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest etch rate is just um this 0. 525
+divided by the slowest etch rate uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the slowest etch rate uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the slowest etch rate uh so
+divided by arox time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by arox time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by arox time
+0.95 um so the worst case uh etge time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 um so the worst case uh etge time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 um so the worst case uh etge time
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+0.553 uh divided by arox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.553 uh divided by arox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.553 uh divided by arox
+minutes so now again we express the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so now again we express the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so now again we express the over
+as a percent in time uh so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a percent in time uh so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a percent in time uh so that's just
+going to be the worst case Edge time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the worst case Edge time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the worst case Edge time
+which we just calculated divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just calculated divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just calculated divided by the
+nominal Edge time the nominal Edge time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal Edge time the nominal Edge time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal Edge time the nominal Edge time
+would be the time to remove half Micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the time to remove half Micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the time to remove half Micron
+at the nominal Edge rate so the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the nominal Edge rate so the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the nominal Edge rate so the nominal
+Edge time uh is given by 0.5 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge time uh is given by 0.5 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge time uh is given by 0.5 divided by
+R Ox so we just take the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Ox so we just take the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Ox so we just take the ratio of the
+worst case Edge the longest Ed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case Edge the longest Ed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case Edge the longest Ed to the
+nominal Edge and we get a 1 Point uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal Edge and we get a 1 Point uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal Edge and we get a 1 Point uh one
+so that's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's about a
+10% 10% overed um um which isn't bad uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% 10% overed um um which isn't bad uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% 10% overed um um which isn't bad uh
+10% to do a 10% over these days is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% to do a 10% over these days is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% to do a 10% over these days is
+pretty darn good um most H uh most films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn good um most H uh most films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn good um most H uh most films
+are have a greater variation than plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have a greater variation than plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have a greater variation than plus
+or minus 5% in a lot of plasma Tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 5% in a lot of plasma Tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 5% in a lot of plasma Tools
+Plus orus 5% variation is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus orus 5% variation is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus orus 5% variation is is
+conservative so it's not unusual to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative so it's not unusual to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative so it's not unusual to see
+over etches um uh of that length now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over etches um uh of that length now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over etches um uh of that length now uh
+the second thing so I'm leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing so I'm leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing so I'm leaving
+basically I'm leaving that wafer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm leaving that wafer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm leaving that wafer in the
+plasma Eder or in the solution 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma Eder or in the solution 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma Eder or in the solution 10%
+longer than I need to um to to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than I need to um to to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than I need to um to to remove
+the nominal film the second question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal film the second question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nominal film the second question is
+okay now we know that what selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we know that what selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we know that what selectivity
+of the oxide ET rate to the Silicon ET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oxide ET rate to the Silicon ET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oxide ET rate to the Silicon ET
+rate is required so that at most we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is required so that at most we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is required so that at most we
+remove 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove 5
+nanometers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers of
+silicon um assuming we do the over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um assuming we do the over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um assuming we do the over that
+we calculate assuming we do a 10% over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate assuming we do a 10% over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate assuming we do a 10% over
+uh in part A so what what we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in part A so what what we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in part A so what what we're asking
+here is this um I'm going to be etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this um I'm going to be etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this um I'm going to be etching
+down and some regions where the oxide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and some regions where the oxide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and some regions where the oxide is
+thinner and because I have an over edch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and because I have an over edch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner and because I have an over edch
+I'm going to actually be exposing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually be exposing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to actually be exposing the
+Silicon surface to the etchant um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon surface to the etchant um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon surface to the etchant um and it
+has a finite etch rate but I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a finite etch rate but I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a finite etch rate but I don't want
+to remove I want to make sure I don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove I want to make sure I don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove I want to make sure I don't go
+into the Silicon by any more than 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Silicon by any more than 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Silicon by any more than 5
+nanometers so that sets a requirement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers so that sets a requirement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers so that sets a requirement on
+my selectivity right so the selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my selectivity right so the selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my selectivity right so the selectivity
+is how etch how fast am I etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how etch how fast am I etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how etch how fast am I etching
+through the oxide divided by how fast am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide divided by how fast am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide divided by how fast am
+I etching through the Silicon if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I etching through the Silicon if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I etching through the Silicon if that
+selectivity is too low if it's one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity is too low if it's one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity is too low if it's one to
+one then during certain regions during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then during certain regions during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then during certain regions during
+the overetch you'll be you'll be zipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overetch you'll be you'll be zipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overetch you'll be you'll be zipping
+through that silicon substrate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that silicon substrate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that silicon substrate at the
+same rate that you're etching here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate that you're etching here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate that you're etching here so
+obviously uh and this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh and this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously uh and this is exactly the
+kind of practical calculation you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of practical calculation you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of practical calculation you'll
+need to know if you have to say oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know if you have to say oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know if you have to say oh I
+don't want to attack I don't want to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to attack I don't want to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to attack I don't want to eat
+away the sore strains when I'm etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the sore strains when I'm etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the sore strains when I'm etching
+the contact holes well how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact holes well how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contact holes well how much
+selectivity do I need if I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity do I need if I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity do I need if I'm only
+allowed to eat away say 5 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to eat away say 5 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to eat away say 5 nanometers
+something like that giving a 10% given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that giving a 10% given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that giving a 10% given a
+10% over it so if if we go to slide 8 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% over it so if if we go to slide 8 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% over it so if if we go to slide 8 uh
+we see we can think through that here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see we can think through that here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see we can think through that here in
+solution B so um what's the most amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution B so um what's the most amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution B so um what's the most amount
+of silicon you would remove the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon you would remove the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon you would remove the worst
+case will will occur when under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will will occur when under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case will will occur when under the
+thinnest oxide being etched at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest oxide being etched at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest oxide being etched at the
+fastest rate that's the worst case so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest rate that's the worst case so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest rate that's the worst case so I
+have the thinnest oxide on the wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thinnest oxide on the wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thinnest oxide on the wafer and
+let's say at that point it happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at that point it happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at that point it happens to be
+etching the oxide at the very fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching the oxide at the very fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching the oxide at the very fastest
+rate that's gives you the most amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's gives you the most amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's gives you the most amount
+the quickest that you'll clear the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quickest that you'll clear the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quickest that you'll clear the oxide
+at that very point in time then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that very point in time then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that very point in time then the
+etchant starts attacking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etchant starts attacking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etchant starts attacking the
+Silicon so um the thinnest oxide is 0.95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so um the thinnest oxide is 0.95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so um the thinnest oxide is 0.95
+time half Micron so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time half Micron so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time half Micron so it's
+0475 microns the fastest H rate is 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0475 microns the fastest H rate is 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0475 microns the fastest H rate is 5%
+faster than the nominal R Ox so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the nominal R Ox so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the nominal R Ox so that's
+1.05 * r o so the time to etge through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.05 * r o so the time to etge through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.05 * r o so the time to etge through
+that oxide um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxide um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oxide um is
+0475 which is the thickness divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0475 which is the thickness divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0475 which is the thickness divided by
+the fastest etch rate so it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest etch rate so it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest etch rate so it's just this
+this number here 0 4523 divided by R Ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here 0 4523 divided by R Ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here 0 4523 divided by R Ox
+that in after that amount of minutes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in after that amount of minutes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in after that amount of minutes all
+of a sudden in that one W part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden in that one W part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden in that one W part of the
+wafer the Silicon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer the Silicon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer the Silicon is
+exposed so so now the time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed so so now the time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed so so now the time that the
+Silicon is exposed um to the ET is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon is exposed um to the ET is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon is exposed um to the ET is equal
+to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the total
+time um which is this what we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um which is this what we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um which is this what we calculated
+before 0553 over arox in part A minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 0553 over arox in part A minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 0553 over arox in part A minus
+the time it took to etch the thinnest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it took to etch the thinnest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it took to etch the thinnest
+oxide so that's the total amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so that's the total amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so that's the total amount of time
+then uh if you the that the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh if you the that the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh if you the that the Silicon
+itself would be receive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be receive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be receive the
+edge um asum it's etching at the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge um asum it's etching at the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge um asum it's etching at the fastest
+rate um so the time the silicons exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um so the time the silicons exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate um so the time the silicons exposed
+is just what we had from part A the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just what we had from part A the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just what we had from part A the
+total Edge time 0553 over R Ox minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total Edge time 0553 over R Ox minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total Edge time 0553 over R Ox minus the
+time it took us to get the Silicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it took us to get the Silicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it took us to get the Silicon uh
+opened up in the worst case so we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened up in the worst case so we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened up in the worst case so we end up
+with a silicon exposure time of 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a silicon exposure time of 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a silicon exposure time of 0.1
+divided by RX RX in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by RX RX in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by RX RX in
+minutes that's how long the Silicon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes that's how long the Silicon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes that's how long the Silicon in
+the worst case would be exposed so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case would be exposed so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case would be exposed so that
+now we we know what we have to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we know what we have to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we we know what we have to calculate
+we want to etch only 5 nanometers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to etch only 5 nanometers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to etch only 5 nanometers which
+is 05 microns of silicon so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 05 microns of silicon so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 05 microns of silicon so that gives
+me an idea of what the etch rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an idea of what the etch rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an idea of what the etch rate of the
+maximum can be it's going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum can be it's going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum can be it's going to be that
+05 divid the time it's exposed which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 divid the time it's exposed which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 divid the time it's exposed which we
+just calculated so the maximum Ed rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculated so the maximum Ed rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calculated so the maximum Ed rate
+of silicon ends up you do the the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon ends up you do the the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of silicon ends up you do the the math
+ends up to be 005 times R Ox microns per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up to be 005 times R Ox microns per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up to be 005 times R Ox microns per
+minute so this is always in terms of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so this is always in terms of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so this is always in terms of R
+Ox um and so now I can calculate given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ox um and so now I can calculate given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ox um and so now I can calculate given
+this I can calculate the selectivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can calculate the selectivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can calculate the selectivity of
+oxide at rate to Silicon just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide at rate to Silicon just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide at rate to Silicon just like we
+did before so I just take this rate R Ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before so I just take this rate R Ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before so I just take this rate R Ox
+divide by this um H rate of the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by this um H rate of the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by this um H rate of the silicon
+and divide it out and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide it out and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide it out and you end up with
+the rate the rxes go out you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the rxes go out you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate the rxes go out you end up with
+this ratio has to be 2 to one or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah which one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find oh yeah okay the time of silicon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find oh yeah okay the time of silicon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find oh yeah okay the time of silicon is
+exposed okay all right well that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed okay all right well that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed okay all right well that's fine
+you can do the math kind of get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the math kind of get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the math kind of get the idea
+so um but what this says is anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but what this says is anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um but what this says is anytime you
+need to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do an
+etch um you typically have um a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch um you typically have um a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch um you typically have um a maximum
+requirement on the film below that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on the film below that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement on the film below that you
+can remove and then you have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remove and then you have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remove and then you have a certain
+overetch requirement which is set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overetch requirement which is set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overetch requirement which is set by
+non-uniformities and other things it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities and other things it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities and other things it can
+be set by other topography um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set by other topography um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set by other topography um that
+determines what kind of selectivity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what kind of selectivity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what kind of selectivity you
+need so knowing what kind of selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so knowing what kind of selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so knowing what kind of selectivity
+you need you can go out and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you can go out and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need you can go out and figure out
+what edch it is you need you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what edch it is you need you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what edch it is you need you need to
+find in in the uh uh in the plasma eter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in in the uh uh in the plasma eter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find in in the uh uh in the plasma eter
+so typical selectivity requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typical selectivity requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typical selectivity requirements
+we'll talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about this
+later uh next time but for a gate etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh next time but for a gate etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh next time but for a gate etch
+typically you need 50 to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you need 50 to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you need 50 to one so
+something like that 50 times faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that 50 times faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that 50 times faster
+etching the poly silicon compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching the poly silicon compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching the poly silicon compared to
+etching the oxide and it can even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching the oxide and it can even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching the oxide and it can even be
+higher than that depending on topography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that depending on topography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that depending on topography
+and other requirements that's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other requirements that's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other requirements that's a simple
+example just gives you an idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just gives you an idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just gives you an idea of how
+one thinks through um these types of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems okay so one problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so one problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems okay so one problem that we
+haven't talked about too much here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about too much here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about too much here but
+uh shown on page nine slide nine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shown on page nine slide nine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh shown on page nine slide nine is
+something called mask erosion um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called mask erosion um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called mask erosion um the
+fact that during the etch The Mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that during the etch The Mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that during the etch The Mask
+itself may get edged not just the layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself may get edged not just the layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself may get edged not just the layer
+uh underneath so the mask can be eroded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh underneath so the mask can be eroded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh underneath so the mask can be eroded
+during the edge uh and this can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the edge uh and this can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the edge uh and this can happen
+in both isotropic and anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both isotropic and anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both isotropic and anisotropic
+etching um and so um this this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um and so um this this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um and so um this this in this
+example a you can see that the mask was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a you can see that the mask was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a you can see that the mask was
+eroded by a certain width uh or etched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroded by a certain width uh or etched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroded by a certain width uh or etched
+off Delta M here and that can happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off Delta M here and that can happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off Delta M here and that can happen if
+you're doing isotropic etching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing isotropic etching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing isotropic etching or
+anisotropic etching again mask erosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic etching again mask erosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic etching again mask erosion
+is bad because the feature size that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad because the feature size that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad because the feature size that you
+get ends up being different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ends up being different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ends up being different from what
+you had wanted on the mask um and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had wanted on the mask um and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had wanted on the mask um and it can
+even end up affecting the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even end up affecting the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even end up affecting the shape
+sometimes uh of the feature that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh of the feature that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh of the feature that you
+that you get so mask erosion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get so mask erosion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get so mask erosion is
+something we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to
+avoid if you want to know about uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid if you want to know about uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid if you want to know about uh what
+chemical etchants you can look in table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical etchants you can look in table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical etchants you can look in table
+10.1 in your text um and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 in your text um and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.1 in your text um and there are some
+common ones listed there are websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ones listed there are websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ones listed there are websites
+you can go to for common etches but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to for common etches but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to for common etches but uh
+again as I mentioned because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I mentioned because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as I mentioned because they're
+isotropic what chemical etches are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic what chemical etches are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic what chemical etches are very
+rarely used in mainstream IC maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely used in mainstream IC maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely used in mainstream IC maybe maybe
+for manufacturing some Ms devices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing some Ms devices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing some Ms devices or
+some very specialized devices but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very specialized devices but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very specialized devices but for
+mainstream se you don't typically find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream se you don't typically find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream se you don't typically find
+the only wet etge that you T typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only wet etge that you T typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only wet etge that you T typically
+do find is HF but that's not used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do find is HF but that's not used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do find is HF but that's not used for
+pattern transfer HF is usually used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern transfer HF is usually used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern transfer HF is usually used as a
+dip during the RCA clean to remove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip during the RCA clean to remove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dip during the RCA clean to remove a
+very thin layer of oxide but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin layer of oxide but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin layer of oxide but that's not
+patterning that's just cleaning off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning that's just cleaning off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning that's just cleaning off the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to spend most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to spend most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to spend most of the
+the discussion of chapter 10 then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of chapter 10 then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of chapter 10 then on
+this plasma etching or this gas etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plasma etching or this gas etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plasma etching or this gas etching
+um it's um it's fast and simple most in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's um it's fast and simple most in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's um it's fast and simple most in
+most cases and the the real benefit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases and the the real benefit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases and the the real benefit is
+it's more directional you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more directional you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more directional you can get
+anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic
+etching uh plasma etching can have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh plasma etching can have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh plasma etching can have both
+chemical effects so very highly reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical effects so very highly reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical effects so very highly reactive
+species can be created in the plasma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species can be created in the plasma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species can be created in the plasma and
+it will it can also have ionic effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it can also have ionic effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it can also have ionic effects
+which should be directional so like a SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be directional so like a SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be directional so like a SP
+buttering like action as you accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttering like action as you accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttering like action as you accelerate
+ions towards the surface so both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions towards the surface so both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions towards the surface so both of
+these can play a role and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can play a role and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can play a role and depending on
+their ratio of the chemical effect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ratio of the chemical effect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ratio of the chemical effect to
+the physical effect you'll either get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical effect you'll either get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical effect you'll either get
+less or more an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or more an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less or more an
+isotropy um here's an example we of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropy um here's an example we of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropy um here's an example we of a
+plasma system this this should remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma system this this should remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma system this this should remind
+you very much of a plasma enhanced CBD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much of a plasma enhanced CBD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much of a plasma enhanced CBD
+the only difference is we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is we're not
+depositing we're actually removing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing we're actually removing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depositing we're actually removing uh
+removing uh material here's a typical RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing uh material here's a typical RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing uh material here's a typical RF
+powered uh system here you have a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered uh system here you have a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered uh system here you have a gas
+coming in and you have etchant gas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and you have etchant gas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and you have etchant gas for
+example could be cf42 or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be cf42 or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could be cf42 or some
+combination coming in uh creates um ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination coming in uh creates um ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination coming in uh creates um ions
+in the plasma that are highly reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plasma that are highly reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plasma that are highly reactive
+that can go down uh and uh and end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go down uh and uh and end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go down uh and uh and end up
+etching uh off species from the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface uh here's just an example shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh here's just an example shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh here's just an example shown
+on slide 11 again this should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slide 11 again this should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on slide 11 again this should be very
+much analogous to what you read about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much analogous to what you read about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much analogous to what you read about in
+chapter n on um on plasma enhance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter n on um on plasma enhance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter n on um on plasma enhance
+deposition uh again have when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition uh again have when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition uh again have when we have a
+plasma the plasma tends to self-biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the plasma tends to self-biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the plasma tends to self-biased
+because of the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the difference between the
+mobility of ions and electrons it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility of ions and electrons it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility of ions and electrons it tends
+to be self-bias to be the potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be self-bias to be the potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be self-bias to be the potential the
+plasma tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma tends to be
+positive um and so it and also uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um and so it and also uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um and so it and also uh the
+smaller electrode tends to have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller electrode tends to have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller electrode tends to have a higher
+uh voltage drop near it to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voltage drop near it to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voltage drop near it to maintain
+current continuity so the trick in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current continuity so the trick in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current continuity so the trick in the
+plasma is you put the W if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is you put the W if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma is you put the W if you're doing
+etching you put the wafer here um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching you put the wafer here um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching you put the wafer here um the
+target here uh to be the smaller elod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target here uh to be the smaller elod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target here uh to be the smaller elod
+there's a large voltage drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large voltage drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large voltage drop
+then um towards on the electrode towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um towards on the electrode towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um towards on the electrode towards
+the left here this voltage drop Will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left here this voltage drop Will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left here this voltage drop Will
+accelerate the ions towards it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the ions towards it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate the ions towards it and you
+can get etching if you're doing sputter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get etching if you're doing sputter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get etching if you're doing sputter
+deposition you do just the opposite you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition you do just the opposite you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition you do just the opposite you
+put the wafer over here on the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the wafer over here on the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the wafer over here on the large
+electrode you sputter away the aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode you sputter away the aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode you sputter away the aluminum
+Target and it goes to the wafer but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and it goes to the wafer but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and it goes to the wafer but I'm
+again now I'm trying to etch material on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now I'm trying to etch material on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again now I'm trying to etch material on
+the wafer so you put the wafer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you put the wafer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you put the wafer on the
+smaller electrode during the during RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller electrode during the during RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller electrode during the during RF
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+etching so 12 shows some uh typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching so 12 shows some uh typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching so 12 shows some uh typical
+reactions in species that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in species that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions in species that might be
+present in a plasma for plasma etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in a plasma for plasma etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in a plasma for plasma etching
+uh particular example uh assuming we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular example uh assuming we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular example uh assuming we're
+flowing cf4 uh which is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing cf4 uh which is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing cf4 uh which is a very common
+species used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species used to do
+etching uh here there are um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh here there are um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh here there are um different
+types of processes you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of processes you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of processes you can get
+ionization uh dissociation so the cf4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization uh dissociation so the cf4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization uh dissociation so the cf4
+can be banging around into electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be banging around into electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be banging around into electrons and
+you can dissociate it into a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can dissociate it into a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can dissociate it into a free
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+cf3 uh and free Florine both of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf3 uh and free Florine both of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf3 uh and free Florine both of which
+can be highly um uh highly reactive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be highly um uh highly reactive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be highly um uh highly reactive and
+then this you can have ionization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this you can have ionization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this you can have ionization of
+those species to create cf3 ions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those species to create cf3 ions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those species to create cf3 ions or
+Florine ions um so you have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine ions um so you have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine ions um so you have all these
+different both neutral and ionized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different both neutral and ionized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different both neutral and ionized and
+very reactive species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reactive species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reactive species
+present typically we have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present typically we have something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present typically we have something like
+10 to the 15th per cubic centimeter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 15th per cubic centimeter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 15th per cubic centimeter of
+neutrals um one to 10% of those neutrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals um one to 10% of those neutrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrals um one to 10% of those neutrals
+may be free radicals remember a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be free radicals remember a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be free radicals remember a free
+radical is highly reactive it's got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical is highly reactive it's got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical is highly reactive it's got an
+unsatisfied Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfied Bond
+uh and so it's a highly reative species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it's a highly reative species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so it's a highly reative species
+it's very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important for
+etching um and then you have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um and then you have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching um and then you have a certain
+number of say 10 of 12 for so per cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of say 10 of 12 for so per cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of say 10 of 12 for so per cubic
+centimeter ions and electrons it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter ions and electrons it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter ions and electrons it's in a
+standard uh parallel plate plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh parallel plate plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh parallel plate plasma
+system in a standard system like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a standard system like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a standard system like this
+just two parallel plates with an RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two parallel plates with an RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two parallel plates with an RF
+voltage the plasma density so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the plasma density so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage the plasma density so the number
+of these spe the number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spe the number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spe the number of these
+reactive species per unit volume um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive species per unit volume um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive species per unit volume um is
+usually determined by this the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually determined by this the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually determined by this the voltage
+drop the sheath voltage uh so to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the sheath voltage uh so to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the sheath voltage uh so to speak
+so increasing the power of the plasma um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so increasing the power of the plasma um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so increasing the power of the plasma um
+increases the plasma density so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the plasma density so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the plasma density so you get
+more species and a higher etching uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more species and a higher etching uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more species and a higher etching uh but
+you also get a higher density a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get a higher density a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get a higher density a higher
+uh voltage uh drop between the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voltage uh drop between the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh voltage uh drop between the plasma
+and the wafer so you get more damage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wafer so you get more damage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wafer so you get more damage so
+there's sort of a um in this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a um in this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a um in this type of
+reactor you don't have as many knobs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you don't have as many knobs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you don't have as many knobs as
+you might like so there's a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like so there's a trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might like so there's a trade-off
+here you can etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can etch
+faster uh by by uh tweaking up the RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster uh by by uh tweaking up the RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster uh by by uh tweaking up the RF
+power but you have to be careful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but you have to be careful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but you have to be careful because
+you're also um increasing uh tendency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also um increasing uh tendency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also um increasing uh tendency to
+increase the ion energy and increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the ion energy and increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the ion energy and increasing
+ion Energy may uh may not be desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Energy may uh may not be desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion Energy may uh may not be desirable
+from a damage point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view so I want to go on on U page or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so I want to go on on U page or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so I want to go on on U page or
+slide 13 and talk about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 13 and talk about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 13 and talk about the different
+plasma etching mechanisms and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma etching mechanisms and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma etching mechanisms and there are
+basically three um there is chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three um there is chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically three um there is chemical
+etching uh which just like in wet etches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh which just like in wet etches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh which just like in wet etches
+there are chemicals uh or species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are chemicals uh or species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are chemicals uh or species
+present which uh do isotropic etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present which uh do isotropic etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present which uh do isotropic etching
+they etch the same in both directions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they etch the same in both directions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they etch the same in both directions uh
+these would tend to be not typically not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would tend to be not typically not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would tend to be not typically not
+ionized not ions um and uh but they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized not ions um and uh but they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized not ions um and uh but they give
+very good selectivity because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good selectivity because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good selectivity because they have
+chemical specificity there is physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical specificity there is physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical specificity there is physical
+etching which is anisotropic um it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching which is anisotropic um it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching which is anisotropic um it tends
+to be uh you know ions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh you know ions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh you know ions that are
+accelerated down towards the wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated down towards the wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated down towards the wafer and
+so they have a directionality associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a directionality associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have a directionality associated
+with them but less selective if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them but less selective if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them but less selective if you're
+just banging down on the wafer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just banging down on the wafer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just banging down on the wafer doesn't
+matter what material you bang on you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what material you bang on you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what material you bang on you're
+going to remove some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove some of
+it ion enhanced etching is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ion enhanced etching is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ion enhanced etching is sort of a
+combination that we'll talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that we'll talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that we'll talk about uh
+where our ionic species that uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our ionic species that uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our ionic species that uh are
+present that also have chemical actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present that also have chemical actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present that also have chemical actions
+so these are the keys this is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the keys this is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the keys this is where we
+get to reactive ion etching you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to reactive ion etching you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to reactive ion etching you can get
+both anisotropy and selectivity to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both anisotropy and selectivity to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both anisotropy and selectivity to a
+certain extent at the same time most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent at the same time most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent at the same time most
+etches today use reactive ion etching or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches today use reactive ion etching or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches today use reactive ion etching or
+ion enhanced etching um but let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion enhanced etching um but let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion enhanced etching um but let's go
+through these three different mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these three different mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these three different mechanisms
+the first is chemical uh as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is chemical uh as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is chemical uh as you might
+imagine it's typically uh etching by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's typically uh etching by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's typically uh etching by
+neutral species free radicals so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral species free radicals so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral species free radicals so for
+example you're creating this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're creating this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you're creating this extra
+cf4 um and which is very reactive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf4 um and which is very reactive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf4 um and which is very reactive and
+and FL cf3 which is very reactive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and FL cf3 which is very reactive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and FL cf3 which is very reactive and
+Florine which can then this free Florine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine which can then this free Florine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine which can then this free Florine
+can come down hit the surf or or or come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come down hit the surf or or or come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come down hit the surf or or or come
+to the surface um react with the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surface um react with the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the surface um react with the Silicon
+at the surface and create S4 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface and create S4 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface and create S4 which is
+volatile okay um you can add things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile okay um you can add things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile okay um you can add things to
+this to Edge silicon a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to Edge silicon a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to Edge silicon a little bit more
+efficiently you can add oxygen O2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently you can add oxygen O2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently you can add oxygen O2 and
+that helps react act with the cf3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps react act with the cf3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps react act with the cf3 and
+reduces the recombination of cf3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the recombination of cf3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the recombination of cf3 plus
+forine to go back to cf4 so that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forine to go back to cf4 so that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forine to go back to cf4 so that helps
+adding oxygen tends to push this more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding oxygen tends to push this more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding oxygen tends to push this more to
+the right so you get a higher etch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so you get a higher etch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so you get a higher etch rate
+so a very common chemical etch that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very common chemical etch that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a very common chemical etch that is
+fairly isotropic is to add to uh flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly isotropic is to add to uh flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly isotropic is to add to uh flow
+cf4 plus O2 that ET to Silicon in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf4 plus O2 that ET to Silicon in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf4 plus O2 that ET to Silicon in a
+reasonably isotropic manner because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably isotropic manner because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably isotropic manner because it's
+it doesn't depend much on ions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend much on ions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't depend much on ions it
+depends just on this um surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemistry so uh as they indicate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so uh as they indicate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so uh as they indicate on
+slide 14 this Pro these processes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 14 this Pro these processes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 14 this Pro these processes these
+chemical equations are really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equations are really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equations are really just
+chemical they are isotropic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical they are isotropic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical they are isotropic and
+selective like wet etching so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective like wet etching so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective like wet etching so here's an
+example of uh you have some species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh you have some species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh you have some species
+being created in the plasma they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being created in the plasma they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being created in the plasma they are
+transferred to the surface they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the surface they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to the surface they're
+they're they absorb on the surface we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they absorb on the surface we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they absorb on the surface we
+have this free radical they react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this free radical they react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this free radical they react with
+the the surface or the film and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface or the film and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the surface or the film and then
+they come off as a byproduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like we we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we we talked about in
+deposition we usually characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition we usually characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition we usually characterize the
+arrival angle distribution of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival angle distribution of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival angle distribution of these
+species coming down the etchant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species coming down the etchant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species coming down the etchant uh
+usually there's some kind of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's some kind of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there's some kind of cosine
+Theta to the N if it's isotropic be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta to the N if it's isotropic be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta to the N if it's isotropic be n
+equals 1 uh and and a certain sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 uh and and a certain sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 uh and and a certain sticking
+coefficient usually very low um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient usually very low um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient usually very low um the
+surface reaction takes some time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface reaction takes some time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface reaction takes some time and you
+can get some desorption but you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get some desorption but you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get some desorption but you can use
+this type of picture to set up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of picture to set up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of picture to set up um
+mathematical models of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process okay okay um so that's chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay okay um so that's chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay okay um so that's chemical
+etching and again you're just creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching and again you're just creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching and again you're just creating
+free radicals it's not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free radicals it's not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free radicals it's not that much
+different in some ways from putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some ways from putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some ways from putting the
+etching in a beaker of of wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching in a beaker of of wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching in a beaker of of wet
+chemical um on slide 15 I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical um on slide 15 I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical um on slide 15 I talk about
+physical etching um so what is physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical etching um so what is physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical etching um so what is physical
+etching well um ion etching for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching well um ion etching for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching well um ion etching for example
+on the right you could have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you could have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you could have in the
+plasma there are ionic species um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma there are ionic species um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma there are ionic species um the
+plasma there's a voltage drop between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma there's a voltage drop between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma there's a voltage drop between
+the plasma and the surface so these ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma and the surface so these ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma and the surface so these ions
+can be accelerated towards the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accelerated towards the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accelerated towards the surface
+um so it tends to be more directional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it tends to be more directional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it tends to be more directional uh
+there's an electric field or a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electric field or a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electric field or a voltage
+drop as we mentioned across the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop as we mentioned across the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop as we mentioned across the plasma
+sheath right near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheath right near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheath right near the
+surface we often model this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface we often model this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface we often model this as a
+sticking coefficient close to one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking coefficient close to one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking coefficient close to one the
+ions don't go bounce they just come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions don't go bounce they just come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions don't go bounce they just come in
+you assume they come in they react or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume they come in they react or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume they come in they react or
+they come in and they they knock off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in and they they knock off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in and they they knock off
+whatever's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's on the
+surface um typical in a physical etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um typical in a physical etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface um typical in a physical etching
+mechanism you might have species like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you might have species like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you might have species like
+cf4 plus again it's not really chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf4 plus again it's not really chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cf4 plus again it's not really chemical
+it's just coming in it's a large massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just coming in it's a large massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just coming in it's a large massive
+molecule comes in and can knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule comes in and can knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule comes in and can knock
+something off or argon itself you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off or argon itself you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something off or argon itself you can
+remove by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove by
+sputtering um so it's not that tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering um so it's not that tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering um so it's not that tends to
+be not very selective if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not very selective if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be not very selective if you're doing
+purely physical mechanisms it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely physical mechanisms it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely physical mechanisms it tends to
+remove the photo resist or erode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the photo resist or erode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the photo resist or erode the
+photo resist um it's hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist um it's hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist um it's hard to get
+selectivity because most uh sputter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity because most uh sputter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity because most uh sputter
+rates of all the elements are about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of all the elements are about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of all the elements are about the
+same they're not that much different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same they're not that much different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same they're not that much different
+they can vary by a factor of two to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can vary by a factor of two to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can vary by a factor of two to four
+but we just did an example where we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just did an example where we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we just did an example where we need
+to select AC it requirement of 20 to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select AC it requirement of 20 to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select AC it requirement of 20 to1
+and other etches as I mentioned need 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other etches as I mentioned need 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other etches as I mentioned need 50
+or 100 to1 so purely physical etching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 100 to1 so purely physical etching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 100 to1 so purely physical etching is
+not going to give you that uh but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give you that uh but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to give you that uh but it it
+is very uh directional it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anisotropic the other problem with it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic the other problem with it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic the other problem with it of
+course you can damage the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can damage the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can damage the surface
+because you're putting very energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're putting very energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're putting very energetic
+species and kind of I and planting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and kind of I and planting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and kind of I and planting them
+into the near surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the near surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the near surface
+region so the third type so we did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so the third type so we did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so the third type so we did we
+did the chemical Edge mechanisms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the chemical Edge mechanisms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the chemical Edge mechanisms the
+physical mechanisms the third type is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mechanisms the third type is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mechanisms the third type is
+the sort of iron enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of iron enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of iron enhanced
+etching and it's a little the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching and it's a little the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching and it's a little the most
+confusing one but it's also the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing one but it's also the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing one but it's also the most
+important it's it's been observed that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's it's been observed that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's it's been observed that a
+lot of times that the chemical and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times that the chemical and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times that the chemical and the
+physical components of plasma etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical components of plasma etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical components of plasma etching
+are not independent that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independent that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not independent that they are
+interact with each other uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other uh in terms of
+the edge rate and the resulting edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge rate and the resulting edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge rate and the resulting edge
+profile and there are a couple of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and there are a couple of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and there are a couple of many
+examples of this I'm just showing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this I'm just showing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this I'm just showing one
+here uh this is a particular example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh this is a particular example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh this is a particular example of
+etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+silicon uh and this is a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh and this is a plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh and this is a plot of the
+etch rate in silicon on the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate in silicon on the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate in silicon on the vertical
+axis in nanometers per minute as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in nanometers per minute as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in nanometers per minute as a
+function of time and there different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and there different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and there different
+gases flowed into the into the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases flowed into the into the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases flowed into the into the plasma
+eter uh in the beginning you're flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eter uh in the beginning you're flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eter uh in the beginning you're flowing
+xenon difluoride gas only you do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xenon difluoride gas only you do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xenon difluoride gas only you do have a
+a silicon atrate but it's slow okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon atrate but it's slow okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon atrate but it's slow okay now
+you add an argon ion beam so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add an argon ion beam so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add an argon ion beam so you're
+adding some physical component you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some physical component you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some physical component you're
+adding some argon in there and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some argon in there and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding some argon in there and all of a
+sudden the ET rate goes up by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the ET rate goes up by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the ET rate goes up by a factor
+of five or or 10 something like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five or or 10 something like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five or or 10 something like that so
+you get a large increase in X rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a large increase in X rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a large increase in X rate in
+edch rate when you have both an argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edch rate when you have both an argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edch rate when you have both an argon
+plasma ion beam plus the Xenon di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma ion beam plus the Xenon di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma ion beam plus the Xenon di
+fluoride and then you turn the Argon off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride and then you turn the Argon off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride and then you turn the Argon off
+um uh where you turn the Xenon di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh where you turn the Xenon di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh where you turn the Xenon di
+fluoride off and you have argon only and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride off and you have argon only and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride off and you have argon only and
+you get a little bit of sputtering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little bit of sputtering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a little bit of sputtering but
+not M much so really you only get fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not M much so really you only get fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not M much so really you only get fast
+etching in this particular case when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching in this particular case when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching in this particular case when you
+have both the ion beam and the zenan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both the ion beam and the zenan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both the ion beam and the zenan
+fluide at the present at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluide at the present at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluide at the present at the same time
+so there's a synergistic effect uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a synergistic effect uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a synergistic effect uh going
+on and this is not uncommon it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this is not uncommon it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this is not uncommon it's very
+typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll talk about some mechanisms the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some mechanisms the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about some mechanisms the um
+the nice thing about this reactive ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about this reactive ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing about this reactive ion
+etching or uh as people call it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching or uh as people call it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching or uh as people call it is the
+etge profiles can be very anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etge profiles can be very anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etge profiles can be very anisotropic
+and you can also get selectivity so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also get selectivity so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also get selectivity so you
+can try you can you can get the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try you can you can get the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try you can you can get the both
+Best of Both Worlds how does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Best of Both Worlds how does it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Best of Both Worlds how does it work
+well there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a lot of different
+mechanisms I don't think people um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms I don't think people um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms I don't think people um uh
+know a lot of the details but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of the details but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of the details but there are
+people try to model it um but some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to model it um but some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to model it um but some some
+examples of the synergistic mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the synergistic mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the synergistic mechanisms
+are are shown uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are shown uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are shown uh
+for example here on page 17 on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here on page 17 on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here on page 17 on the left
+say you have some reactive neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have some reactive neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have some reactive neutral
+species that's in there you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that's in there you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that's in there you have the
+ionic species at the same time well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic species at the same time well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic species at the same time well what
+might be happening is the um there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be happening is the um there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be happening is the um there could
+be a chemical etch that's going on at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a chemical etch that's going on at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a chemical etch that's going on at
+the surface based on say free floring or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface based on say free floring or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface based on say free floring or
+whatever it happens to be so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens to be so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens to be so there's a
+chemical etch going on but the etch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical etch going on but the etch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical etch going on but the etch rate
+that the the chemical uh equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the chemical uh equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the chemical uh equation the
+chemical um reaction may depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical um reaction may depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical um reaction may depend on the
+bombardment byond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment byond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment byond
+species um so there's sort of a Synergy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um so there's sort of a Synergy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species um so there's sort of a Synergy
+going here in the presence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here in the presence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here in the presence of this
+bombardment the rate goes up uh uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment the rate goes up uh uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment the rate goes up uh uh on
+the right is this is a little bit easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right is this is a little bit easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right is this is a little bit easier
+to understand you might imagine that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand you might imagine that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand you might imagine that um
+during this uh this etching very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this uh this etching very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this uh this etching very often
+what happens is inhibitor layers form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is inhibitor layers form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is inhibitor layers form so
+you'll have reactions that take place on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have reactions that take place on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have reactions that take place on
+the surface um but you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface um but you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface um but you have a lot of
+carbon the cf4 there's a lot of the ETS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon the cf4 there's a lot of the ETS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon the cf4 there's a lot of the ETS
+have carbon in them they tend to to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have carbon in them they tend to to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have carbon in them they tend to to form
+some kind of polymer that sits a monol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of polymer that sits a monol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of polymer that sits a monol
+layer or two of polymers that sit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer or two of polymers that sit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer or two of polymers that sit on the
+surface these polymers are there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface these polymers are there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface these polymers are there but
+they inhibit the the the next reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inhibit the the the next reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inhibit the the the next reaction
+from taking place so they in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from taking place so they in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from taking place so they in in some
+ways they inhibit the xrate locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they inhibit the xrate locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they inhibit the xrate locally
+wherever they exist but now if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they exist but now if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever they exist but now if you have
+iron species around they can come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron species around they can come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron species around they can come in and
+Bash up they can bombard the polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bash up they can bombard the polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bash up they can bombard the polymers
+and remove them only where they hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove them only where they hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove them only where they hit
+right at the bottom of the trench the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the bottom of the trench the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the bottom of the trench the
+inhibitor layer can still be left on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor layer can still be left on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor layer can still be left on the
+sidewall so here's an example where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall so here's an example where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall so here's an example where you
+have both chemical etching going on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both chemical etching going on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both chemical etching going on on
+you have the formation of inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the formation of inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the formation of inhibitor
+layer but only where the ions come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but only where the ions come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer but only where the ions come down
+and hit do you remove the inhibitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit do you remove the inhibitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit do you remove the inhibitor and
+then you get etching only at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get etching only at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get etching only at the bottom
+of the trench so here's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trench so here's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trench so here's an example of
+reactive uh ion uh ion etching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive uh ion uh ion etching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive uh ion uh ion etching the
+presence of these little byproducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of these little byproducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of these little byproducts
+which you might think are oh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might think are oh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you might think are oh these are
+just parasitics to the whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parasitics to the whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parasitics to the whole process
+they're the name of the game when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the name of the game when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the name of the game when it
+comes to doing reactive ion etching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to doing reactive ion etching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to doing reactive ion etching and
+getting a very anisotropic profile you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a very anisotropic profile you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a very anisotropic profile you
+want inhibitor layers to form on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want inhibitor layers to form on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want inhibitor layers to form on the
+sidewall because you don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall because you don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall because you don't want any
+sideways etching but you don't want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways etching but you don't want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways etching but you don't want them
+to form on the bottom well they'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form on the bottom well they'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form on the bottom well they'll still
+form on the bottom but if you have ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form on the bottom but if you have ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form on the bottom but if you have ionic
+species coming down you can remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species coming down you can remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species coming down you can remove
+them so this is how people do reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is how people do reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is how people do reactive
+ion etching and get such both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion etching and get such both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion etching and get such both
+selectivity uh and the reason you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity uh and the reason you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity uh and the reason you get
+selectivity because there's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity because there's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity because there's still a
+chemical reaction going on here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction going on here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction going on here so it's
+not just etching it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just etching it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just etching it's not just
+sputtering it's a chemical reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering it's a chemical reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputtering it's a chemical reaction and
+a little bit of removal of the inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of removal of the inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of removal of the inhibitor
+together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that
+count so uh as you see on slide 18 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so uh as you see on slide 18 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so uh as you see on slide 18 this
+ion enhanced etching or reactive ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion enhanced etching or reactive ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion enhanced etching or reactive ion
+etching is hopefully the best of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching is hopefully the best of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching is hopefully the best of both
+both worlds you get good selectivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both worlds you get good selectivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both worlds you get good selectivity and
+you can get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get good
+directionality so although we may not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality so although we may not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality so although we may not we
+may not know the exact mechanism I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not know the exact mechanism I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not know the exact mechanism I I
+kind of prefer in my own mind to this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prefer in my own mind to this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of prefer in my own mind to this to
+have this inhibitor layer uh removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this inhibitor layer uh removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this inhibitor layer uh removal
+mechanism um there are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism um there are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism um there are the two
+components that is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that is the physical
+bombardment part uh and the um chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment part uh and the um chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment part uh and the um chemical
+reaction Edge part these they act in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Edge part these they act in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Edge part these they act in
+series so you get this anisotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so you get this anisotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so you get this anisotropic
+etching with very little uh lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching with very little uh lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching with very little uh lateral
+undercutting because of directed ion PLU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting because of directed ion PLU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting because of directed ion PLU
+um so ree is is one of the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so ree is is one of the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so ree is is one of the most common
+forms uh of etching that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh of etching that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh of etching that you will see
+today uh because you get you can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh because you get you can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh because you get you can get to
+a certain extent The Best of Both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Worlds um slide 19 to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds um slide 19 to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Worlds um slide 19 to talk a little bit
+about how to control the shape or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to control the shape or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to control the shape or what
+are some of the issues um even with ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the issues um even with ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the issues um even with ion
+enhanced etching and this chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced etching and this chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced etching and this chemical
+etching uh the slope of the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh the slope of the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh the slope of the resulting
+sidewall is not always perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall is not always perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall is not always perfectly
+vertical it there there's some tricks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical it there there's some tricks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical it there there's some tricks uh
+it's very it needs to be adjusted uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very it needs to be adjusted uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very it needs to be adjusted uh
+empirically the ion flux may not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically the ion flux may not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically the ion flux may not always
+be perfectly normal to the surface the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perfectly normal to the surface the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perfectly normal to the surface the
+ion flux may be coming at a slight angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion flux may be coming at a slight angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion flux may be coming at a slight angle
+um you could have bowing of the that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could have bowing of the that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could have bowing of the that can
+cause bowing of the sidewalls uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause bowing of the sidewalls uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause bowing of the sidewalls uh of
+whatever you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're trying to
+Edge uh you can also get slope sidewalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh you can also get slope sidewalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh you can also get slope sidewalls
+when the Inhibitors form during the edch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Inhibitors form during the edch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the Inhibitors form during the edch
+have a high deposition rate relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high deposition rate relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high deposition rate relative to
+the etch rate of the inhib in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch rate of the inhib in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch rate of the inhib in the
+substrate that's a little tricky but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that's a little tricky but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate that's a little tricky but on
+the next slide I'll show you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide I'll show you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide I'll show you an example
+of how we get slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we get slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we get slope
+sidewalls um so you need if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalls um so you need if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalls um so you need if you change
+the relative inhibitor deposition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative inhibitor deposition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative inhibitor deposition in
+etch rates um and substrate edch rate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rates um and substrate edch rate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rates um and substrate edch rate uh
+by changing the edge chemistry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the edge chemistry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by changing the edge chemistry or
+changing the specifics of the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the specifics of the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the specifics of the plasma
+conditions you can control the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you can control the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you can control the slope of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sidewall so I just want to show on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall so I just want to show on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall so I just want to show on slide
+20 an example of how that works um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 an example of how that works um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 an example of how that works um and
+um we kind of walked through these there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we kind of walked through these there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we kind of walked through these there
+are two cases one case um on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two cases one case um on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two cases one case um on the left
+I'm assuming we're assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming we're assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming we're assuming that the
+inhibitor deposition rate is very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor deposition rate is very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor deposition rate is very fast
+compared to the itch rate on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the itch rate on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the itch rate on the right
+the inhibitor deposition rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhibitor deposition rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhibitor deposition rate is
+relatively slow compared to the etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively slow compared to the etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively slow compared to the etch
+rate uh of the film so let's let see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh of the film so let's let see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh of the film so let's let see
+what happens in both cases if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in both cases if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in both cases if we if we
+start on the left here's my mask here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on the left here's my mask here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start on the left here's my mask here's
+the film I'm trying to etch now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film I'm trying to etch now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film I'm trying to etch now just
+don't don't get confused here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't get confused here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't get confused here the
+inhibitor deposition process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor deposition process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor deposition process and the
+etching process are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching process are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching process are happening
+simultaneously I'm just showing them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously I'm just showing them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously I'm just showing them in
+separate separate views separate steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate separate views separate steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate separate views separate steps
+to help us think through it um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us think through it um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us think through it um so let's
+just say in the first time step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say in the first time step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say in the first time step the
+first couple of seconds the inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of seconds the inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of seconds the inhibitor
+deposits everywhere okay so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits everywhere okay so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits everywhere okay so you have
+this inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inhibitor
+formation now in the next time step um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation now in the next time step um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation now in the next time step um
+the inhibitor um is is removed uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhibitor um is is removed uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhibitor um is is removed uh and
+you etch H so here the inhibitor depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you etch H so here the inhibitor depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you etch H so here the inhibitor depth
+rate is fast compared to the etch so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is fast compared to the etch so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is fast compared to the etch so I
+don't etch very much of the Silicon just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't etch very much of the Silicon just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't etch very much of the Silicon just
+a little bit whereas on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit whereas on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit whereas on the right
+um I etched uh quite a bit because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I etched uh quite a bit because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I etched uh quite a bit because this
+edch rate of the Silicon is much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edch rate of the Silicon is much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edch rate of the Silicon is much faster
+um than it is in in this case okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than it is in in this case okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um than it is in in this case okay now I
+form Again The Next Step a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Again The Next Step a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Again The Next Step a little bit of
+inhibitor deposition here on on the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor deposition here on on the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor deposition here on on the both
+the left and the right uh here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the right uh here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and the right uh here the
+inhibitor depth rate is pretty fast so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor depth rate is pretty fast so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor depth rate is pretty fast so I
+have a thick inhibitor um now during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thick inhibitor um now during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thick inhibitor um now during the
+etch part I etch just a little ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch part I etch just a little ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch part I etch just a little ways
+whereas here look I edged a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here look I edged a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here look I edged a deep
+ways and you continue on doing that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and you continue on doing that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and you continue on doing that and
+you can see that in the left case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the left case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the left case you're
+going to with a more sloped sidewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to with a more sloped sidewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to with a more sloped sidewall
+because uh the inhibitor is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the inhibitor is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the inhibitor is going down
+much faster than you are etching into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than you are etching into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than you are etching into
+the Silicon so you end up with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon so you end up with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silicon so you end up with this uh
+there's a certain amount of lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of lateral
+etching that takes place um and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching that takes place um and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching that takes place um and so you
+end up with this kind of sloped sidewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this kind of sloped sidewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with this kind of sloped sidewall
+whereas in this case where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case where you've
+adjusted the inhibitor depth rate um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted the inhibitor depth rate um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted the inhibitor depth rate um it
+it's uh relatively slow compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh relatively slow compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh relatively slow compared to the
+Ed rate or the edge rate is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed rate or the edge rate is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed rate or the edge rate is relatively
+fast if you want to think of it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if you want to think of it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if you want to think of it that way
+you end up with a much more vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a much more vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a much more vertical
+profile so this the angle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so this the angle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so this the angle of the
+vertical profile depends on this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical profile depends on this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical profile depends on this ratio
+of how quickly the inhibitor forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how quickly the inhibitor forms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how quickly the inhibitor forms the
+polymer uh and how quickly it it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer uh and how quickly it it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer uh and how quickly it it ends up
+being etched away and the etch rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being etched away and the etch rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being etched away and the etch rate of
+the of the Silicon or whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Silicon or whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the Silicon or whatever you're
+trying to etch at the same time so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to etch at the same time so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to etch at the same time so very
+small changes usually you you do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes usually you you do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes usually you you do this by
+flowing multiple different types of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing multiple different types of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing multiple different types of gas
+or or and things um very small changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or and things um very small changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or and things um very small changes
+in those gas flows can then change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those gas flows can then change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those gas flows can then change the
+angle uh which you achieve and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle uh which you achieve and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle uh which you achieve and obviously
+people try to tune this to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to tune this to get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people try to tune this to get the right
+angle for their particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+application so that's just an example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so that's just an example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so that's just an example um
+of how R works and how you can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how R works and how you can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how R works and how you can control
+that angle and that's that's a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle and that's that's a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that angle and that's that's a a a
+pretty critical um thing to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty critical um thing to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty critical um thing to control
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+days so on slide 21 I just now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so on slide 21 I just now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so on slide 21 I just now I want to
+go through a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a couple of different
+examples of the types of etching systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the types of etching systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the types of etching systems
+and then we'll get back more into how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get back more into how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll get back more into how we
+did the modeling um there are over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the modeling um there are over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the modeling um there are over the
+years a lot of different configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a lot of different configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a lot of different configurations
+have been developed some of which make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been developed some of which make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been developed some of which make
+use primarily chemical mechanisms some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use primarily chemical mechanisms some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use primarily chemical mechanisms some
+physical and then uh a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and then uh a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and then uh a lot of them
+primarily these days are this ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily these days are this ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily these days are this ion
+enhanced or reie mechanism the uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced or reie mechanism the uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced or reie mechanism the uh most
+old-fashioned type you will find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned type you will find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned type you will find in
+pretty much uh any thin film lab is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much uh any thin film lab is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much uh any thin film lab is an
+oldfashioned what they call Barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned what they call Barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned what they call Barrel
+etcher it's called a barrel etcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher it's called a barrel etcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher it's called a barrel etcher
+because it's shaped like a barrel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's shaped like a barrel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's shaped like a barrel a
+cylinder um and you have here one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder um and you have here one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder um and you have here one of the
+outer um s the outer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer um s the outer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer um s the outer uh
+circumference um of the uh of the eter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference um of the uh of the eter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference um of the uh of the eter
+is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the
+electrodes and then you have uh um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and then you have uh um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and then you have uh um some
+kind of Shield uh on the the center uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Shield uh on the the center uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Shield uh on the the center uh
+as well and you have an RF bias then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and you have an RF bias then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and you have an RF bias then uh
+here between one side of the barrel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between one side of the barrel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between one side of the barrel uh
+and the other and what you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other and what you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other and what you end up with
+this is um purely because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um purely because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um purely because of the
+geometry and the chemistry of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and the chemistry of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and the chemistry of what
+you're using purely chemical etching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using purely chemical etching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using purely chemical etching so
+you're primarily creating the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're primarily creating the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're primarily creating the free
+radicals that we talked about earlier um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals that we talked about earlier um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals that we talked about earlier um
+that participate in these chemical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that participate in these chemical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that participate in these chemical um
+chemical reactions and bares are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and bares are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and bares are used
+today a lot in Fabs but not for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a lot in Fabs but not for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a lot in Fabs but not for anything
+critical they're usually photoresist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical they're usually photoresist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical they're usually photoresist
+strippers uh so a common way to strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strippers uh so a common way to strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strippers uh so a common way to strip
+photo resist off of Wafers is put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist off of Wafers is put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo resist off of Wafers is put them
+in a barrel etcher and put it uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a barrel etcher and put it uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a barrel etcher and put it uh an
+oxygen plasma uh photo resist reacts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen plasma uh photo resist reacts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen plasma uh photo resist reacts uh
+is an organic it reacts very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an organic it reacts very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an organic it reacts very quickly
+with the um uh oxygen and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the um uh oxygen and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the um uh oxygen and this this
+process it strips the resist without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it strips the resist without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it strips the resist without
+attacking much else on the wafer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking much else on the wafer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking much else on the wafer and
+this is called ashing just a a common uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called ashing just a a common uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called ashing just a a common uh
+common place so nothing the the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common place so nothing the the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common place so nothing the the shape
+and design are not real critical it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design are not real critical it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design are not real critical it's
+just a way to strip off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to strip off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to strip off
+um certain species such as Flor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain species such as Flor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain species such as Flor
+resist um the next level of complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist um the next level of complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist um the next level of complexity
+in in a Fab that you might find uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a Fab that you might find uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a Fab that you might find uh as
+shown on page 22 a system called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on page 22 a system called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on page 22 a system called The
+Parallel Plate System operated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallel Plate System operated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parallel Plate System operated in the
+plasma mode as opposed to an ree mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma mode as opposed to an ree mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma mode as opposed to an ree mode so
+here's a plasma a plasma mode parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a plasma a plasma mode parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a plasma a plasma mode parallel
+Plate System we have two parallel plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plate System we have two parallel plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plate System we have two parallel plates
+that form the electrodes one with an RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form the electrodes one with an RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form the electrodes one with an RF
+uh Power input and then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Power input and then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Power input and then there's another
+electrode on which the Wafers uh sit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode on which the Wafers uh sit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode on which the Wafers uh sit and
+you put in some gases like cf4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in some gases like cf4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in some gases like cf4 and
+O2 the um they have roughly equal areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 the um they have roughly equal areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 the um they have roughly equal areas
+or maybe the wafer is ground in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the wafer is ground in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the wafer is ground in the
+chamber it might be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber it might be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber it might be slightly
+larger um here the sheath voltage may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um here the sheath voltage may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um here the sheath voltage may
+only be 10 to um you know 100 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be 10 to um you know 100 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be 10 to um you know 100 volts
+relatively low so uh the energy in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low so uh the energy in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low so uh the energy in which
+the things come down is is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things come down is is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things come down is is relatively
+moderate say 10 to 100 electron volts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate say 10 to 100 electron volts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderate say 10 to 100 electron volts so
+there's not a whole lot of ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a whole lot of ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a whole lot of ionic
+components you're not getting very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you're not getting very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you're not getting very high
+acceleration uh of the ions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh of the ions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration uh of the ions it's
+primarily chemical so in a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily chemical so in a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily chemical so in a parallel
+Plate System in the plasma mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plate System in the plasma mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plate System in the plasma mode is
+pretty much still chemical the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much still chemical the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much still chemical the the
+etching tends to be fairly isotropic it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching tends to be fairly isotropic it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching tends to be fairly isotropic it
+etches down and sideways about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches down and sideways about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches down and sideways about the same
+and it tends to be quite selective again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tends to be quite selective again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tends to be quite selective again
+it's mostly chemical type of edging so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly chemical type of edging so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly chemical type of edging so
+that's a parallel plate system in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a parallel plate system in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a parallel plate system in a
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma
+mode um now there's a second way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode um now there's a second way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode um now there's a second way to
+operate the parallel Plate System shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the parallel Plate System shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate the parallel Plate System shown
+here on slide 23 uh uh parallel plate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on slide 23 uh uh parallel plate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on slide 23 uh uh parallel plate in
+the r mode reactive ion etching um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r mode reactive ion etching um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r mode reactive ion etching um in
+order to do this we we need to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this we we need to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this we we need to get more
+directed uh etching uh we need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed uh etching uh we need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed uh etching uh we need to have a
+stronger ion bombardment we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger ion bombardment we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger ion bombardment we need to have
+a higher voltage drop between the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher voltage drop between the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher voltage drop between the plasma
+and the Wafers so here you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Wafers so here you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Wafers so here you make the
+Wafers electrode much smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers electrode much smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers electrode much smaller than the
+outer electrode uh than than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer electrode uh than than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer electrode uh than than the other
+electrode um so the Wafers sit on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode um so the Wafers sit on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode um so the Wafers sit on the uh
+smaller electrode here the voltage drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller electrode here the voltage drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller electrode here the voltage drop
+across the sheet instead of being 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the sheet instead of being 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the sheet instead of being 10
+electron volts is like 100 to 700 100 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts is like 100 to 700 100 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts is like 100 to 700 100 to
+500 electron bolts so 10 10 times higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 electron bolts so 10 10 times higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 electron bolts so 10 10 times higher
+at least maybe more 20 times higher um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least maybe more 20 times higher um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least maybe more 20 times higher um
+so you have uh much greater uh energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have uh much greater uh energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have uh much greater uh energy of
+the incoming ions you also have uh lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming ions you also have uh lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming ions you also have uh lower
+pressures to get more directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures to get more directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures to get more directional
+etching maybe 10 millor lower pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching maybe 10 millor lower pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching maybe 10 millor lower pressures
+means what a longer mean-free path less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what a longer mean-free path less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what a longer mean-free path less
+randomization so the ions again get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so the ions again get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization so the ions again get
+accelerated towards the wafer uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated towards the wafer uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated towards the wafer uh very
+directional so this tends to be U more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional so this tends to be U more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional so this tends to be U more
+physical component than for the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical component than for the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical component than for the plasma
+mode uh there's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode uh there's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode uh there's better
+directionality um a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality um a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality um a little bit less
+selectivity however for the Rae mode but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity however for the Rae mode but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity however for the Rae mode but
+you can this is what you trade off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can this is what you trade off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can this is what you trade off you
+trade off directionality for selectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off directionality for selectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade off directionality for selectivity
+to a certain um a certain extent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain um a certain extent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain um a certain extent in
+these systems damage is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems damage is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems damage is going to be
+worse a little bit more damage because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse a little bit more damage because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse a little bit more damage because
+they have higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onits oh on slide 24 is just an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onits oh on slide 24 is just an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onits oh on slide 24 is just an example
+of of a photograph is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a photograph is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of a photograph is a very
+oldfashioned uh way back 20 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned uh way back 20 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned uh way back 20 years ago
+but still found in some some Labs is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still found in some some Labs is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still found in some some Labs is the
+Applied Materials uh 8100 dry etcher um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Materials uh 8100 dry etcher um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Applied Materials uh 8100 dry etcher um
+this gives you anisotropic etching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you anisotropic etching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you anisotropic etching this
+particular one of films like Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one of films like Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one of films like Silicon
+nitride silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride silicon
+dioxide uh and polymer layers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide uh and polymer layers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide uh and polymer layers you can
+relatively control the oxide slope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively control the oxide slope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively control the oxide slope the
+slope of the contact hole slope angle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the contact hole slope angle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the contact hole slope angle by
+using sidewall polymer deposition just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sidewall polymer deposition just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sidewall polymer deposition just
+we talked about in that example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in that example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in that example of the
+inhibitor layer uh the inhibitor layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor layer uh the inhibitor layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor layer uh the inhibitor layers
+are typically polymers sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically polymers sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically polymers sometimes people
+will call them sidewall polymers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call them sidewall polymers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call them sidewall polymers the
+chemistry is Florine based in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is Florine based in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is Florine based in this
+particular unit so you would use things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular unit so you would use things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular unit so you would use things
+like cf3 oxygen sf6 anything with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cf3 oxygen sf6 anything with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cf3 oxygen sf6 anything with
+Florine in it creating uh very reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine in it creating uh very reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine in it creating uh very reactive
+uh floring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh floring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh floring
+species the inside electrode where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the inside electrode where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species the inside electrode where the
+Wafers sit is is a hexag hex hexagonally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers sit is is a hexag hex hexagonally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers sit is is a hexag hex hexagonally
+shaped the outside Barrel which is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped the outside Barrel which is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped the outside Barrel which is shown
+here is the outer electrode so the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the outer electrode so the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the outer electrode so the wafer
+sit on the inside Electro which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on the inside Electro which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on the inside Electro which is
+smaller and so you operate in the ree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and so you operate in the ree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and so you operate in the ree
+mode there's a fairly large voltage drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode there's a fairly large voltage drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode there's a fairly large voltage drop
+across the sheath uh near the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface so that's kind of oldfashioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so that's kind of oldfashioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so that's kind of oldfashioned
+these days although you'll see them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days although you'll see them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days although you'll see them in a
+lot of um university labs and even some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um university labs and even some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of um university labs and even some
+Fabs there are R eters here at at um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fabs there are R eters here at at um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fabs there are R eters here at at um at
+MIT in the clean room here um the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the clean room here um the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT in the clean room here um the the uh
+most sophisticated type of system today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sophisticated type of system today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most sophisticated type of system today
+is a little different though it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little different though it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little different though it's uh
+shown here on page 25 it's called a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here on page 25 it's called a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here on page 25 it's called a a
+highdensity plasma Edge system or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity plasma Edge system or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity plasma Edge system or an
+hdp um and what this does is it uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdp um and what this does is it uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdp um and what this does is it uses a
+remote uh non-c capacitively coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote uh non-c capacitively coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote uh non-c capacitively coupled
+plasma Source uh such as a microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma Source uh such as a microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma Source uh such as a microwave
+electron cyclotron resonance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cyclotron resonance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cyclotron resonance or
+inductively coupled uh plasma so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively coupled uh plasma so the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductively coupled uh plasma so the um
+the mechanism by which you create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism by which you create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism by which you create the
+ions um that mechanism is separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions um that mechanism is separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions um that mechanism is separate from
+the mechanism by which you bring them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism by which you bring them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism by which you bring them to
+the wafer so you have different voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you have different voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer so you have different voltages
+before if you need in the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you need in the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if you need in the uh the
+oldfashioned here ree type um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned here ree type um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oldfashioned here ree type um basically
+if you want to get a higher plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get a higher plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to get a higher plasma
+density and higher etch rate you drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and higher etch rate you drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and higher etch rate you drive
+up the voltage here and but you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the voltage here and but you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the voltage here and but you that
+also means you have a bigger voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means you have a bigger voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means you have a bigger voltage
+drop to the wafer so the plasma density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop to the wafer so the plasma density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop to the wafer so the plasma density
+and the damage to the wafer or the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the damage to the wafer or the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the damage to the wafer or the um
+the uh voltage drop here are directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh voltage drop here are directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh voltage drop here are directly
+related you cannot decouple them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related you cannot decouple them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related you cannot decouple them very
+effectively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in
+hdp high density plasma these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdp high density plasma these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdp high density plasma these things are
+are somewhat decoupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somewhat decoupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somewhat decoupled
+so you have a separate RF Source here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a separate RF Source here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a separate RF Source here
+that biases the wafer so this separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that biases the wafer so this separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that biases the wafer so this separates
+the plasma power or the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma power or the density of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma power or the density of the
+plasma from the wafer bias the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma from the wafer bias the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma from the wafer bias the
+accelerating field and so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating field and so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating field and so now you can
+get re be higher H rates but not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get re be higher H rates but not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get re be higher H rates but not to
+completely damage the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely damage the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely damage the wafer
+surface so you on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so you on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so you on some of the
+characteristics are listed here uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are listed here uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics are listed here uh on
+slide 26 you can get very high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 26 you can get very high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 26 you can get very high density
+plasmas maybe a 100 times higher density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas maybe a 100 times higher density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas maybe a 100 times higher density
+than you can achieve uh otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you can achieve uh otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you can achieve uh otherwise you
+get faster etching the pressures tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get faster etching the pressures tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get faster etching the pressures tend to
+be lower even in the one millor range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower even in the one millor range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lower even in the one millor range
+one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+10 um to get higher ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um to get higher ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um to get higher ionization
+efficiency longer mean-free paths more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency longer mean-free paths more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency longer mean-free paths more
+anisotropic more directional etching so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic more directional etching so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic more directional etching so
+things do come down uh to the surface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do come down uh to the surface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do come down uh to the surface uh
+perpendicular um the nice things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular um the nice things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular um the nice things about
+these systems you get a high Edge rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems you get a high Edge rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems you get a high Edge rate
+pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good
+selectivity um good directionality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity um good directionality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity um good directionality so
+very vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very vertical
+sidewalls at the same time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalls at the same time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalls at the same time trying to
+keep the ion energy and the Damage low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the ion energy and the Damage low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the ion energy and the Damage low
+because you have a separate power supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a separate power supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a separate power supply
+to create the plasma from the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the plasma from the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the plasma from the power
+supply that accelerates everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply that accelerates everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply that accelerates everything
+towards the wafer so if you need to Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the wafer so if you need to Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the wafer so if you need to Edge
+deep trenches this type of thing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep trenches this type of thing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep trenches this type of thing a
+highdensity plasma is perfect if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity plasma is perfect if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highdensity plasma is perfect if you are
+doing opto electronics and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing opto electronics and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing opto electronics and you want to
+make wave guides high density plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make wave guides high density plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make wave guides high density plasma
+where you need to etch through microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to etch through microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to etch through microns
+of material extremely vertical perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material extremely vertical perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material extremely vertical perfectly
+vertical sidewalls uh high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sidewalls uh high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sidewalls uh high density
+plasmas are perfect for that very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas are perfect for that very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmas are perfect for that very high
+Edge rate good control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge rate good control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge rate good control the
+directionality and you don't damage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality and you don't damage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality and you don't damage the
+surface too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much here's an example actually slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here's an example actually slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here's an example actually slide
+107 uh of an HTP system it's fairly old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 uh of an HTP system it's fairly old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+107 uh of an HTP system it's fairly old
+one now this was back in the mid 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now this was back in the mid 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now this was back in the mid 90s
+this was popular uh made by a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was popular uh made by a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was popular uh made by a company
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+lamb um in in California on the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb um in in California on the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamb um in in California on the west
+coast it was called the TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast it was called the TCP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast it was called the TCP
+9400 um it's again a little bit obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9400 um it's again a little bit obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9400 um it's again a little bit obsolete
+but it was developed for high density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was developed for high density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was developed for high density
+plasma etching of polysilicon gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma etching of polysilicon gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma etching of polysilicon gates
+specifically to etch the gate electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to etch the gate electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to etch the gate electrode
+and to stop on on Silicon so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to stop on on Silicon so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to stop on on Silicon so it was
+designed to have very very give you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to have very very give you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to have very very give you very
+vertical sidewalls for gate etching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sidewalls for gate etching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical sidewalls for gate etching and
+but not etch too much of the gate oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not etch too much of the gate oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not etch too much of the gate oxide
+underneath so you get pretty good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so you get pretty good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so you get pretty good um
+selectivity so this this etcher tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity so this this etcher tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity so this this etcher tends to
+be dedicated in many Fabs they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dedicated in many Fabs they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dedicated in many Fabs they have a
+dedicated etcher just for gate etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated etcher just for gate etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated etcher just for gate etching
+and not for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else okay so that's the reie example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay so that's the reie example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay so that's the reie example of
+re etchers and as and highdensity plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re etchers and as and highdensity plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re etchers and as and highdensity plasma
+they're they're all over the place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're all over the place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're all over the place in
+Fabs there is one other type uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fabs there is one other type uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fabs there is one other type uh of
+etching uh not that common but people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh not that common but people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh not that common but people do
+it uh shown here on on slide 28 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh shown here on on slide 28 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh shown here on on slide 28 and
+that's sputter etching or even ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sputter etching or even ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sputter etching or even ion
+milling and this is purely physical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milling and this is purely physical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milling and this is purely physical uh
+it's highly directional it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly directional it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly directional it doesn't have
+much selectivity as I mentioned The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much selectivity as I mentioned The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much selectivity as I mentioned The
+Sputter rates of the elements don't vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputter rates of the elements don't vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputter rates of the elements don't vary
+very much uh uh there's not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much uh uh there's not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much uh uh there's not a lot of
+chemistry going on the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry going on the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry going on the nice thing about
+it though is you can etch almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though is you can etch almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though is you can etch almost
+anything um for certain materials it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um for certain materials it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything um for certain materials it's
+actually hard to hard to remove them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hard to hard to remove them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hard to hard to remove them
+because they don't always have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't always have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't always have the right
+gas uh but if you need to get the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh but if you need to get the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas uh but if you need to get the film
+off somehow if you use a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off somehow if you use a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off somehow if you use a physical
+mechanism you can sputter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you can sputter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism you can sputter it
+off uh sputter etching almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh sputter etching almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh sputter etching almost always
+uses a heavy uh molecule or or heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a heavy uh molecule or or heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses a heavy uh molecule or or heavy
+species like argon and argon ion uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species like argon and argon ion uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species like argon and argon ion uh the
+bad thing about it of course it damages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing about it of course it damages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing about it of course it damages
+the wa for surface it can damage devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wa for surface it can damage devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wa for surface it can damage devices
+um it can also do things like produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can also do things like produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it can also do things like produce
+trenching which is a non desirable um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching which is a non desirable um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching which is a non desirable um uh
+sort of effect here in um uh panel a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of effect here in um uh panel a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of effect here in um uh panel a I
+show what ing is so this could be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what ing is so this could be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show what ing is so this could be here
+um let's say uh you're you're uh masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say uh you're you're uh masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say uh you're you're uh masking
+this and you're trying to etch down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you're trying to etch down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you're trying to etch down here
+through this this layer well because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this this layer well because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this this layer well because if
+you're using sputtering right near an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using sputtering right near an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using sputtering right near an
+edge you can get the ions kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you can get the ions kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you can get the ions kind of
+bouncing off near this Edge and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off near this Edge and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off near this Edge and they can
+then uh come come at a certain angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh come come at a certain angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh come come at a certain angle
+where they they actually produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they actually produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they they actually produce a
+little trench right near the edge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trench right near the edge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trench right near the edge of a
+feature so you get enhanced eching right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature so you get enhanced eching right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature so you get enhanced eching right
+near the edge of a feature you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the edge of a feature you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the edge of a feature you don't
+necessarily want that you'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want that you'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want that you'd like to have
+the etch be straight ac across so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch be straight ac across so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch be straight ac across so so uh
+trenching is common uh ion bombardment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching is common uh ion bombardment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching is common uh ion bombardment
+damage um you can get uh redeposition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage um you can get uh redeposition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage um you can get uh redeposition so
+this can come in here sputter off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can come in here sputter off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can come in here sputter off this
+film and redeposit those uh atoms down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and redeposit those uh atoms down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and redeposit those uh atoms down
+here where you don't necessarily you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you don't necessarily you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you don't necessarily you may
+not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want
+them uh there can be charging that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh there can be charging that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh there can be charging that
+happens if you have an insulator up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you have an insulator up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you have an insulator up here
+and then as these ions come in that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as these ions come in that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as these ions come in that can
+distort the ion path and so your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort the ion path and so your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distort the ion path and so your your
+your trenches can bow out for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trenches can bow out for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trenches can bow out for example um
+uh so so the reason we bring up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so the reason we bring up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so the reason we bring up these
+sputter etching is not so an ion millon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter etching is not so an ion millon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sputter etching is not so an ion millon
+not because people use them that much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because people use them that much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because people use them that much a
+pure sputter etcher but in any etcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure sputter etcher but in any etcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure sputter etcher but in any etcher
+system where they have a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where they have a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where they have a very strong
+physical component a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical component a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical component a certain amount of
+this sputtering will take place and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sputtering will take place and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sputtering will take place and if
+you're not careful you can end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful you can end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful you can end up with
+trenching and things like that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching and things like that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching and things like that so this
+if you if you turn up the physical knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you turn up the physical knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you turn up the physical knob
+too much on your etch you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much on your etch you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much on your etch you can start
+having things like this which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having things like this which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having things like this which are
+indicative of that you're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative of that you're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative of that you're having a
+little bit too much sputter etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too much sputter etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit too much sputter etching
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off so slide 29 is kind of a a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so slide 29 is kind of a a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so slide 29 is kind of a a bit of a
+summary of the different plasma etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the different plasma etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the different plasma etching
+types of systems here at the top are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of systems here at the top are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of systems here at the top are the
+most physical processes listed um at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most physical processes listed um at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most physical processes listed um at the
+bottom are purely chemical processes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom are purely chemical processes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom are purely chemical processes so
+we go from sputter etching and ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from sputter etching and ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from sputter etching and ion
+Milling to um which is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milling to um which is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milling to um which is completely
+physical to highdensity plasma which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical to highdensity plasma which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical to highdensity plasma which is
+physical plus chemical reie a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical plus chemical reie a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical plus chemical reie a little
+more chemical plasma etching totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chemical plasma etching totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chemical plasma etching totally
+chemical wet etching is totally chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical wet etching is totally chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical wet etching is totally chemical
+there's no physical process no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no physical process no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no physical process no
+bombardment inside the beaker um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment inside the beaker um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment inside the beaker um so uh
+if we go from here to here we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go from here to here we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go from here to here we think
+about it um uh the pressure is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um uh the pressure is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it um uh the pressure is going
+down if I go I'm going um in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if I go I'm going um in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if I go I'm going um in in this
+direction um and isotropy so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um and isotropy so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um and isotropy so more
+anisotropic it goes in this way so wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic it goes in this way so wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic it goes in this way so wet
+etching is total isotropic this sputter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching is total isotropic this sputter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching is total isotropic this sputter
+etching uh tends to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh tends to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh tends to be very
+anisotropic selectivity um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic selectivity um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropic selectivity um actually
+increases down this way so wet etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases down this way so wet etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases down this way so wet etching
+is much more selective sputter etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more selective sputter etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more selective sputter etching
+is totally non-selective and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally non-selective and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally non-selective and the energy
+of the process tends to be higher here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process tends to be higher here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process tends to be higher here
+for these a lot more energy in damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these a lot more energy in damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these a lot more energy in damage
+then in chem what chemical the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in chem what chemical the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in chem what chemical the energies
+are just a few electron or half electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a few electron or half electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just a few electron or half electron
+volt just chemical reactions you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt just chemical reactions you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt just chemical reactions you just
+keep that picture in mind when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that picture in mind when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that picture in mind when you're
+looking at the different types of plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the different types of plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the different types of plasma
+eters in the Fab and when you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eters in the Fab and when you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eters in the Fab and when you choose
+which plasma eter you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use um this slide uh just summarizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um this slide uh just summarizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um this slide uh just summarizes the
+different types of processes all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of processes all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of processes all of
+which can be occurring during plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be occurring during plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be occurring during plasma
+etching depending on the particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching depending on the particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching depending on the particular uh
+etcher that you're using uh just as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher that you're using uh just as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher that you're using uh just as an
+example so I'm assuming this top layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I'm assuming this top layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so I'm assuming this top layer
+is my mask and this is the film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my mask and this is the film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my mask and this is the film that
+we're trying to etch uh there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to etch uh there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to etch uh there can be
+ionic species present of course um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic species present of course um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic species present of course um and
+that can uh cause some sputtering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can uh cause some sputtering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can uh cause some sputtering and
+here and U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and U and
+trenching uh there are reactive neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching uh there are reactive neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenching uh there are reactive neutral
+species like free radicals they cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species like free radicals they cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species like free radicals they cause
+the chemical part of the etching right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical part of the etching right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical part of the etching right
+here which can be isotropic and lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which can be isotropic and lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which can be isotropic and lead to
+undercutting there can be mask erosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting there can be mask erosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercutting there can be mask erosion
+because the mask is attacked by the ENT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mask is attacked by the ENT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mask is attacked by the ENT
+and that can change the shape eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can change the shape eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can change the shape eventually
+of what you end up etching uh probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you end up etching uh probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you end up etching uh probably
+the most important one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important one of the most
+important features on this whole slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important features on this whole slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important features on this whole slide
+you can barely see I guess we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can barely see I guess we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can barely see I guess we should
+have highlighted it here is this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have highlighted it here is this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have highlighted it here is this little
+thin slim area called sidewall inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin slim area called sidewall inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin slim area called sidewall inhibitor
+deposition that's probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition that's probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition that's probably the most
+mysterious and yet the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious and yet the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious and yet the most important
+part of reactive ion etching today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of reactive ion etching today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of reactive ion etching today um
+without that we could not do seos as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that we could not do seos as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that we could not do seos as we
+know it today uh the sidewall inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it today uh the sidewall inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it today uh the sidewall inhibitor
+deposition what is it made of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition what is it made of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition what is it made of well
+people don't actually know um maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't actually know um maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't actually know um maybe uh
+some of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the edge
+products it actually also depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products it actually also depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products it actually also depends on
+mask erosion it turns out that the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask erosion it turns out that the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask erosion it turns out that the rate
+at which you form this inhibitor depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you form this inhibitor depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you form this inhibitor depends
+on the total amount of photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the total amount of photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the total amount of photo resist
+exposed that's on the wafer so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed that's on the wafer so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed that's on the wafer so people
+will develop a process using resist as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop a process using resist as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will develop a process using resist as
+the mask it works perfectly they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask it works perfectly they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask it works perfectly they get
+nice vertical sidewalls good sidewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice vertical sidewalls good sidewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice vertical sidewalls good sidewall
+inhibitor formation now they go and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor formation now they go and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor formation now they go and they
+say okay I don't want to use resist as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I don't want to use resist as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I don't want to use resist as
+my mask I want to transfer the mask to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mask I want to transfer the mask to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mask I want to transfer the mask to
+uh pattern to an oxide and use oxide as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pattern to an oxide and use oxide as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pattern to an oxide and use oxide as
+the mask okay you might try that so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask okay you might try that so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask okay you might try that so they
+no longer have resist in the etcher when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer have resist in the etcher when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer have resist in the etcher when
+they're etching the poly or whatever all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're etching the poly or whatever all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're etching the poly or whatever all
+of a sudden the sidewall inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden the sidewall inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden the sidewall inhibitor
+doesn't form because there's not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't form because there's not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't form because there's not enough
+carbon in the reactor in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in the reactor in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in the reactor in in the in the
+eter you don't have photo resist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eter you don't have photo resist so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eter you don't have photo resist so
+sometimes the presence of photo resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the presence of photo resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the presence of photo resist
+you want a little bit of mask erosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a little bit of mask erosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a little bit of mask erosion
+just to to contribute to the sidewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to contribute to the sidewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to to contribute to the sidewall
+inhibitor um the key about the sidewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor um the key about the sidewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor um the key about the sidewall
+inhibitor is that it's removed on a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor is that it's removed on a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor is that it's removed on a flat
+surface because the ions come down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface because the ions come down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface because the ions come down and
+they can knock it off it tends to not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can knock it off it tends to not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can knock it off it tends to not be
+removed on a side wall uh that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed on a side wall uh that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed on a side wall uh that's why
+it's called to sidewall inhibitor and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called to sidewall inhibitor and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called to sidewall inhibitor and it
+it's um it's this is possible mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's this is possible mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's this is possible mechanism
+why I enhanced etching gives you such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I enhanced etching gives you such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I enhanced etching gives you such
+nice vertical profiles because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice vertical profiles because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice vertical profiles because the
+formation of that sidewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of that sidewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of that sidewall
+inhibitor okay so there's those are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor okay so there's those are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor okay so there's those are some
+examples of all the different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of all the different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of all the different things
+that can happen uh during etch during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen uh during etch during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen uh during etch during
+plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+etching uh slide 31 I'm listing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh slide 31 I'm listing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching uh slide 31 I'm listing some
+manufacturing issues these are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing issues these are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing issues these are fairly
+practical um things some general plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical um things some general plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical um things some general plasma
+etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching
+conditions uh so parameters that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh so parameters that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh so parameters that you
+have if you're the you're going into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you're the you're going into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you're the you're going into a
+lab an MTL and you need to take an etra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab an MTL and you need to take an etra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab an MTL and you need to take an etra
+what knobs can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what knobs can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what knobs can you
+turn um that you can directly control in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn um that you can directly control in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn um that you can directly control in
+a standard parallel Plate System um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard parallel Plate System um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard parallel Plate System um well
+you have the RF power that's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the RF power that's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the RF power that's generally
+an OB you can turn you have the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an OB you can turn you have the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an OB you can turn you have the pressure
+to a certain extent in in in the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent in in in the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain extent in in in the plasma
+etcher you can control the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher you can control the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher you can control the gas
+composition which species you decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition which species you decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition which species you decide to
+put in and their flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in and their flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in and their flow
+rates so in a standard parallel Plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so in a standard parallel Plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates so in a standard parallel Plate
+System you may have power densities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System you may have power densities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System you may have power densities like
+in this range 0.1 to 5 watts per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range 0.1 to 5 watts per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range 0.1 to 5 watts per square
+cm if you want to increase the etch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm if you want to increase the etch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm if you want to increase the etch rate
+you can turn up the RF power so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn up the RF power so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn up the RF power so you get
+a higher density plasma you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher density plasma you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher density plasma you'll get a
+higher self-bias that means the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher self-bias that means the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher self-bias that means the voltage
+trap between the plasma and the wafer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap between the plasma and the wafer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap between the plasma and the wafer or
+the electrodes will increase that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrodes will increase that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrodes will increase that's
+going to increase the ion energy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase the ion energy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase the ion energy at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+time um an hdp system you have two n you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um an hdp system you have two n you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um an hdp system you have two n you
+have an extra nuob they have a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra nuob they have a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra nuob they have a separate
+power supply for the plasma and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply for the plasma and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power supply for the plasma and for the
+wafer bias so you can get a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer bias so you can get a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer bias so you can get a very high
+plasma density with a more gentle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma density with a more gentle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma density with a more gentle uh
+without necessarily getting such high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily getting such high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without necessarily getting such high
+ion energies plasma densities are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion energies plasma densities are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion energies plasma densities are much
+higher here up to 10 watts per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher here up to 10 watts per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher here up to 10 watts per square
+centimeter um the power density at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter um the power density at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter um the power density at the
+wafer there though and the ion energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer there though and the ion energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer there though and the ion energies
+look at them they're much they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them they're much they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them they're much they can be
+much lower maybe only 10 to 100 electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower maybe only 10 to 100 electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower maybe only 10 to 100 electron
+volts here so uh faster retch rate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts here so uh faster retch rate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts here so uh faster retch rate with
+less damage um to your wafer in an HTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less damage um to your wafer in an HTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less damage um to your wafer in an HTP
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about the pressure ranges um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pressure ranges um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pressure ranges um these are
+very important here shown on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important here shown on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important here shown on slide
+32 um this reactive ion etching uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 um this reactive ion etching uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 um this reactive ion etching uh you
+typically would use something between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically would use something between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically would use something between
+the reactors are designed for 10 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactors are designed for 10 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactors are designed for 10 to 100
+milor um an hdp system we drop that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milor um an hdp system we drop that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milor um an hdp system we drop that to
+the range of 1 to 10 millor so maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of 1 to 10 millor so maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of 1 to 10 millor so maybe a
+factor of 10 lower um so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 lower um so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 lower um so if you have a
+higher pressure you're going to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher pressure you're going to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher pressure you're going to get more
+gas phase collisions this decreases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase collisions this decreases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase collisions this decreases the
+directionality or the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality or the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality or the other way around
+hdp has has a lower pressure longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdp has has a lower pressure longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hdp has has a lower pressure longer
+mean-free path more directionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path more directionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean-free path more directionality
+um uh but you also can pay a price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but you also can pay a price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but you also can pay a price in
+terms of the the plasma density usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the plasma density usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the the plasma density usually
+if you have a higher pressure you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a higher pressure you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a higher pressure you'll get
+a higher plasma density up to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher plasma density up to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher plasma density up to a certain
+point uh above a certain pressure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh above a certain pressure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh above a certain pressure you
+get a lot of collisions between the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of collisions between the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of collisions between the gas
+molecules and the electrons and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the electrons and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the electrons and that
+limits the energy electrons and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits the energy electrons and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits the energy electrons and that
+limits sort of the overall um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits sort of the overall um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits sort of the overall um uh
+ionization rate so pressure is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization rate so pressure is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization rate so pressure is an
+important knob that that can be uh used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important knob that that can be uh used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important knob that that can be uh used
+to control not only only uh etch rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control not only only uh etch rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control not only only uh etch rate in
+the plasma etcher but also has effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma etcher but also has effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma etcher but also has effect on
+the um sidewall profiles and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um sidewall profiles and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um sidewall profiles and things like
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+selectivity one thing we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity one thing we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity one thing we haven't talked
+about much I I've sort of implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much I I've sort of implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about much I I've sort of implied
+implicitly here that and in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly here that and in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly here that and in most
+people's minds people think of plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds people think of plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's minds people think of plasma
+etching as being a room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching as being a room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching as being a room temperature
+process uh and that is more or less true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh and that is more or less true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh and that is more or less true
+um but because we don't usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because we don't usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but because we don't usually
+intentionally heat the way for except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally heat the way for except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally heat the way for except
+certain exceptions like aluminum etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain exceptions like aluminum etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain exceptions like aluminum etching
+uh where the temperature of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the temperature of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where the temperature of the edge
+system uh most of the time we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh most of the time we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh most of the time we don't
+intentionally raise the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally raise the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally raise the temperature of
+the wafer however um the plasma puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer however um the plasma puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer however um the plasma puts a
+lot of energy into the process uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy into the process uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy into the process uh you
+have a pretty high voltage drop you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty high voltage drop you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty high voltage drop you have
+a large current flowing in there V * I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large current flowing in there V * I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large current flowing in there V * I
+is power so you're dumping power into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is power so you're dumping power into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is power so you're dumping power into
+this little space where your Wafers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little space where your Wafers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little space where your Wafers are
+sitting what is that mean V * I power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting what is that mean V * I power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting what is that mean V * I power
+that power has to be dissipated somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power has to be dissipated somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that power has to be dissipated somehow
+and um it comes out a lot of the time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it comes out a lot of the time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it comes out a lot of the time as
+heat so the gas can get hot uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the gas can get hot uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so the gas can get hot uh and uh
+the wafer can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer can get
+hot um so um but we don't usually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot um so um but we don't usually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot um so um but we don't usually need
+to heat it itself in order to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heat it itself in order to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heat it itself in order to increase
+the etch rate or improve the process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch rate or improve the process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the etch rate or improve the process for
+aluminum etching they sometimes do heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum etching they sometimes do heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum etching they sometimes do heat
+uh heat the system up to maybe 50° C or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat the system up to maybe 50° C or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat the system up to maybe 50° C or
+so and that's to keep the species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that's to keep the species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that's to keep the species
+volatile because it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile because it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile because it turns out the
+species that t tend to be formed during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that t tend to be formed during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that t tend to be formed during
+the aluminum edge tend to not be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aluminum edge tend to not be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aluminum edge tend to not be very
+volatile at room temperature and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile at room temperature and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile at room temperature and you'll
+never get them off you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get them off you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get them off you get these
+inhibitor layers and and the edch will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor layers and and the edch will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor layers and and the edch will
+slow down so to remove byproducts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down so to remove byproducts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down so to remove byproducts
+sometimes you will see people hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you will see people hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you will see people hitting
+the wafer this unintentional heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer this unintentional heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer this unintentional heating
+though is much more of a problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is much more of a problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is much more of a problem the
+Wafers can get up to 100° C without too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers can get up to 100° C without too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers can get up to 100° C without too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+trouble this needs to be controlled very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble this needs to be controlled very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble this needs to be controlled very
+carefully these days because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully these days because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully these days because that
+sidewall inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall inhibitor
+deposition goes tends to go down as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition goes tends to go down as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposition goes tends to go down as the
+temperature goes up um so you never want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes up um so you never want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature goes up um so you never want
+to have the waer getting so hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the waer getting so hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the waer getting so hot
+self-heating that the sidewall inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-heating that the sidewall inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-heating that the sidewall inhibitor
+starts evaporating away next thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts evaporating away next thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts evaporating away next thing you
+know you lose your sidewall inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you lose your sidewall inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you lose your sidewall inhibitor
+and you're uh all of a sudden you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're uh all of a sudden you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're uh all of a sudden you have a
+very poor looking profile very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor looking profile very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor looking profile very
+isotropic uh and that can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic uh and that can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic uh and that can happen
+unintentionally just because you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentionally just because you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintentionally just because you you
+turn up the power a little bit too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up the power a little bit too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn up the power a little bit too much
+and all of a sudden you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden you're putting
+enough power in the Wafers are heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough power in the Wafers are heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough power in the Wafers are heating
+uh or you change wafer size or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you change wafer size or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you change wafer size or something
+uh in the plasma etcher and you get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the plasma etcher and you get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the plasma etcher and you get too
+much heating not enough sidewall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much heating not enough sidewall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much heating not enough sidewall
+inhibitor and then your anisotropy goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and then your anisotropy goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and then your anisotropy goes
+through the roof go goes to pot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the roof go goes to pot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the roof go goes to pot so
+you're in trouble so these days the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble so these days the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in trouble so these days the
+trends are to have better way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends are to have better way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends are to have better way for
+temperature control people have have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature control people have have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature control people have have um
+heat removal at the Chuck they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat removal at the Chuck they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat removal at the Chuck they have very
+careful clamping of the wafer tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful clamping of the wafer tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful clamping of the wafer tightly
+controlled onto the Chuck um sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled onto the Chuck um sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled onto the Chuck um sometimes
+they have helium gas flowing On The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have helium gas flowing On The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have helium gas flowing On The
+Backs side of the wafer to try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Backs side of the wafer to try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Backs side of the wafer to try to take
+heat away just so you can control it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat away just so you can control it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat away just so you can control it
+because you don't want this etch uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't want this etch uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't want this etch uh
+especially if you're running the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're running the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you're running the reactor
+through 25 Wafers the first wafer might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 25 Wafers the first wafer might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 25 Wafers the first wafer might
+be kind of cool by the time you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of cool by the time you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of cool by the time you get to
+the last one the whole thing is heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one the whole thing is heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one the whole thing is heated
+up and next thing you know you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and next thing you know you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and next thing you know you're you're
+from wafer to wafer you're getting a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wafer to wafer you're getting a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wafer to wafer you're getting a lot
+of variation in the edge profile so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation in the edge profile so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation in the edge profile so
+controlling the temperature is also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the temperature is also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the temperature is also more
+more important these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important these
+days uh loading effects there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh loading effects there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days uh loading effects there are things
+called macroscopic loading effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called macroscopic loading effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called macroscopic loading effects and
+this is because you can deplete the ET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because you can deplete the ET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because you can deplete the ET
+and species across the wafer or across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and species across the wafer or across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and species across the wafer or across
+the whole etcher if you're doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole etcher if you're doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole etcher if you're doing more
+than one wafer at a time so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one wafer at a time so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one wafer at a time so you'll see
+this you'll put you you you you put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you'll put you you you you put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you'll put you you you you put one
+wafer in you measure the hch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer in you measure the hch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer in you measure the hch rate
+everything looks great you have it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks great you have it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks great you have it now
+you put all 10 of your wafers in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all 10 of your wafers in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all 10 of your wafers in all of
+a sudden the edge rate goes way down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden the edge rate goes way down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden the edge rate goes way down so
+now you screwed up your Edge so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you screwed up your Edge so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you screwed up your Edge so in fact
+when you measure the etch rate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure the etch rate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you measure the etch rate you
+should have put 10 in 10 dummies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have put 10 in 10 dummies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have put 10 in 10 dummies because
+otherwise you can have this loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can have this loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can have this loading
+effect and you don't really measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and you don't really measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and you don't really measure the
+edch rate uh appropriately so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edch rate uh appropriately so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edch rate uh appropriately so it's kind
+of difficult to control people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficult to control people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difficult to control people get
+around it just by always using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it just by always using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it just by always using the same
+number of Wafers with the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Wafers with the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Wafers with the same amount of
+material exposed every time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material exposed every time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material exposed every time if you
+change that you need to remeasure your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that you need to remeasure your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that you need to remeasure your
+Edge rate it's a pain but it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge rate it's a pain but it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge rate it's a pain but it's it's a
+practical uh it's a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uh it's a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uh it's a practical
+reality that's not that hard to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that's not that hard to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that's not that hard to solve
+this one though on page 35 this micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one though on page 35 this micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one though on page 35 this micro
+loading is a little tricky um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading is a little tricky um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading is a little tricky um and this
+is kind of refers to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of refers to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of refers to the fact that the
+etch rate can vary over very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate can vary over very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate can vary over very small
+distances on the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances on the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances on the surface of the
+wafer um and why is that well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer um and why is that well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer um and why is that well it's
+because the density of the open area the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the density of the open area the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the density of the open area the
+area that you're etching the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that you're etching the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that you're etching the density of
+the area that's reacting can vary over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area that's reacting can vary over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area that's reacting can vary over
+small distances depending on the chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small distances depending on the chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small distances depending on the chip
+design in one area you may be doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in one area you may be doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design in one area you may be doing a
+lot of etching in the chip another area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of etching in the chip another area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of etching in the chip another area
+it might be mostly photo resist um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be mostly photo resist um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be mostly photo resist um so
+you have this sort of microloading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this sort of microloading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this sort of microloading
+effect uh so you get differences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh so you get differences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh so you get differences is
+analogous to the macroscopic Loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the macroscopic Loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the macroscopic Loading
+well what people do is they put in dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what people do is they put in dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what people do is they put in dummy
+structures intentionally where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures intentionally where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures intentionally where you don't
+really need to do an chch but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do an chch but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do an chch but you're
+doing etching of the active area there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing etching of the active area there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing etching of the active area there
+anyway just to make more uniform um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just to make more uniform um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just to make more uniform um
+appearance to the plasma of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance to the plasma of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance to the plasma of of the
+surface this one is even trickier number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface this one is even trickier number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface this one is even trickier number
+two you may have differences in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you may have differences in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you may have differences in the um
+aspect ratios uh so you may have a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect ratios uh so you may have a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect ratios uh so you may have a p
+portion of the wafer where um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the wafer where um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the wafer where um you're
+etching a structure that's very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching a structure that's very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etching a structure that's very closely
+spaced and then you'll measure the etch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced and then you'll measure the etch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced and then you'll measure the etch
+rate here shown in this this um SCM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here shown in this this um SCM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate here shown in this this um SCM
+micrograph the etch rate will be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph the etch rate will be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrograph the etch rate will be lower
+when you have a higher aspect ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a higher aspect ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a higher aspect ratio
+trench on the same wafer right next door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench on the same wafer right next door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trench on the same wafer right next door
+a few microns away the trench is etching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few microns away the trench is etching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few microns away the trench is etching
+faster where the aspect ratio is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster where the aspect ratio is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster where the aspect ratio is smaller
+so there's a bigger opening between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a bigger opening between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a bigger opening between the
+trenches here the ions can get down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenches here the ions can get down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenches here the ions can get down the
+etch rate is a little faster so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate is a little faster so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etch rate is a little faster so right
+next door depending on the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next door depending on the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next door depending on the feature
+density and dimension you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and dimension you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and dimension you're getting
+you're getting a different etch rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a different etch rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting a different etch rate
+this is sometimes called um aspect ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes called um aspect ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sometimes called um aspect ratio
+dependent ing or people call Rie lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent ing or people call Rie lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent ing or people call Rie lag
+this guy is lagging behind this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is lagging behind this one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is lagging behind this one uh
+in some ways so something to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways so something to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways so something to be aware of
+when you're you're itching complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patterns so why why might this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so why why might this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so why why might this happen
+well you may get depletion or trapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you may get depletion or trapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you may get depletion or trapping
+of the reacting species when you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reacting species when you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reacting species when you you're
+traveling to a bottom of a trench you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to a bottom of a trench you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling to a bottom of a trench you
+can imagine these reactive species have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine these reactive species have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine these reactive species have
+to make their way to the very bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their way to the very bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their way to the very bottom
+they may react the longer the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may react the longer the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may react the longer the distance
+they have to go uh you know when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go uh you know when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go uh you know when it's
+very tightly controlled tube they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tightly controlled tube they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tightly controlled tube they may
+may not have a chance to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have a chance to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have a chance to get to the
+bottom uh you may have Distortion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh you may have Distortion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh you may have Distortion of the
+iron paths due to charging uh you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron paths due to charging uh you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron paths due to charging uh you may
+even have shadowing effects um the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have shadowing effects um the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have shadowing effects um the point
+is that the net result is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the net result is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the net result is the
+probability of a reative species getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a reative species getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a reative species getting
+to the bottom of a trench that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom of a trench that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bottom of a trench that's very
+narrow goes down as you make the trench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow goes down as you make the trench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow goes down as you make the trench
+more and more deep and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more deep and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more deep and more and more
+narrow um so that's something um we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow um so that's something um we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow um so that's something um we need
+to take into account when you're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account when you're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account when you're when
+you're doing these kind of uh dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patterns so slide 37 is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so slide 37 is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns so slide 37 is kind of the
+summary of this introduction C we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of this introduction C we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of this introduction C we talked
+only a little bit about wet etching it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a little bit about wet etching it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a little bit about wet etching it's
+primarily a chemistry problem chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily a chemistry problem chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily a chemistry problem chemical
+reactions very good selectivity but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions very good selectivity but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions very good selectivity but it
+etches the same amount in each Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches the same amount in each Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etches the same amount in each Direction
+same rate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate as
+isotropic uh dry etching um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic uh dry etching um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic uh dry etching um there are
+two kind of species in the plasma that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of species in the plasma that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kind of species in the plasma that
+tend to be important there a reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be important there a reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be important there a reactive
+neutral species or free radicals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral species or free radicals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral species or free radicals like
+just free Florine uh it's neutral so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just free Florine uh it's neutral so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just free Florine uh it's neutral so it
+doesn't get accelerated so uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get accelerated so uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get accelerated so uh it's
+fairly isotropic but it's also quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly isotropic but it's also quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly isotropic but it's also quite
+selective ionic spe on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective ionic spe on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective ionic spe on the other hand
+can be accelerated towards the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accelerated towards the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be accelerated towards the surface
+they tend to have more of a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to have more of a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to have more of a physical
+mechanism it can be anisotropic so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism it can be anisotropic so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism it can be anisotropic so they
+itch vertically much more than laterally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itch vertically much more than laterally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itch vertically much more than laterally
+but therefore sometimes not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but therefore sometimes not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but therefore sometimes not very
+selective uh in a plasma etas today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective uh in a plasma etas today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective uh in a plasma etas today
+there there are different mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are different mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are different mechanisms
+there's purely chemical mechanism which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's purely chemical mechanism which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's purely chemical mechanism which
+is based on neutral species uh there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on neutral species uh there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on neutral species uh there may
+be sputtering or physical uh sputtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sputtering or physical uh sputtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sputtering or physical uh sputtering
+by acceleration in the plasma and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by acceleration in the plasma and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by acceleration in the plasma and the uh
+the most popular is the sort of ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular is the sort of ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular is the sort of ion
+enhanced etching where ions enhance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced etching where ions enhance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced etching where ions enhance the
+chemical Edge processes or ions remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical Edge processes or ions remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical Edge processes or ions remove
+these inhibitor layers uh which is key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inhibitor layers uh which is key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inhibitor layers uh which is key
+to get keeping the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get keeping the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get keeping the edge
+going uh there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh there's a lot of different
+types of plasma systems U just literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of plasma systems U just literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of plasma systems U just literally
+dozens of them there's barrels there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of them there's barrels there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of them there's barrels there's
+the plasma mode Rie highdensity plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma mode Rie highdensity plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma mode Rie highdensity plasma
+and there's even sputter etchers uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's even sputter etchers uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's even sputter etchers uh and
+lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+variations so these tend to be purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so these tend to be purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so these tend to be purely
+phys chemical in the barrel range uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phys chemical in the barrel range uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phys chemical in the barrel range uh and
+purely physical if you're in a sputter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely physical if you're in a sputter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely physical if you're in a sputter
+etcher most of the systems these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher most of the systems these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etcher most of the systems these days
+operate in between those two limits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in between those two limits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in between those two limits a
+little bit of chemistry going on and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of chemistry going on and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of chemistry going on and a
+little bit of the physical etching um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the physical etching um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the physical etching um so
+that's about all I have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about all I have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about all I have to say
+introduction please go ahead read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction please go ahead read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction please go ahead read
+chapter 10 um next time we'll talk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 10 um next time we'll talk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 10 um next time we'll talk in
+detail about how you etch polysilicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about how you etch polysilicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about how you etch polysilicon
+gates with good profiles and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates with good profiles and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates with good profiles and good
+selectivity also homework five your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity also homework five your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity also homework five your last
+homework um is due you can put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework um is due you can put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework um is due you can put that in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+folder for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5EodYYcTgaE.txt b/5EodYYcTgaE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..061d995f9a11541261aedebf233bb6c19c12e7b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5EodYYcTgaE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/67yCE-yt0T8.txt b/67yCE-yt0T8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ba6037cfcce9f313ae38bee6d5fbdd4c7d4b323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/67yCE-yt0T8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we have to continue with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have to continue with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have to continue with our
+discussion of the hydrogen atom we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the hydrogen atom we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the hydrogen atom we had
+derived or explain how you would derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived or explain how you would derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived or explain how you would derive
+the corrections to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrections to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corrections to the original
+Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian the Hamiltonian you've
+studied already in a couple of courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied already in a couple of courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied already in a couple of courses
+this H zero Hamiltonian for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H zero Hamiltonian for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H zero Hamiltonian for the hydrogen
+atom that has a kinetic term and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that has a kinetic term and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that has a kinetic term and a
+potential term this Hamiltonian we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term this Hamiltonian we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term this Hamiltonian we've
+studied for a while and what we said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied for a while and what we said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied for a while and what we said was
+that the Dirac equation provided a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dirac equation provided a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dirac equation provided a way
+to get systematically all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get systematically all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get systematically all the
+corrections the first order of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections the first order of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections the first order of that
+Hamiltonian and that's what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and that's what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and that's what we have here
+that was the end product of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end product of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end product of that
+discussion in which they better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in which they better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in which they better
+Hamiltonian or the perturbed Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian or the perturbed Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian or the perturbed Hamiltonian
+including more FX was the original one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including more FX was the original one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including more FX was the original one
+plus a relativistic correction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a relativistic correction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a relativistic correction because
+this is not the relativistic kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the relativistic kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the relativistic kinetic
+energy then there was a spin orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then there was a spin orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then there was a spin orbit
+coupling in which you couple the spin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling in which you couple the spin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling in which you couple the spin of
+the electron to the orbital angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the orbital angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the orbital angular
+momentum of the lecture and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the lecture and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the lecture and finally
+there is a Darwin term it's a surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a Darwin term it's a surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a Darwin term it's a surprising
+term this is charles gaston darwin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is charles gaston darwin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this is charles gaston darwin a
+british physicist that discovered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british physicist that discovered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british physicist that discovered this
+term and all these terms were suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and all these terms were suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and all these terms were suppressed
+from with respect to h 0 in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from with respect to h 0 in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from with respect to h 0 in the sense
+that H 0 had energies the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H 0 had energies the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that H 0 had energies the energies
+associated to H 0 went like alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to H 0 went like alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to H 0 went like alpha
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+MC squared the fine-structure constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC squared the fine-structure constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC squared the fine-structure constant
+that's for H 0 but for H 1 or for Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for H 0 but for H 1 or for Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for H 0 but for H 1 or for Delta
+H the energies go like alpha to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the energies go like alpha to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the energies go like alpha to the
+fourth MC squared where m is the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth MC squared where m is the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth MC squared where m is the mass of
+the electron and that's about 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and that's about 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and that's about 20,000
+10,000 times smaller so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 times smaller so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 times smaller so this is our
+perturbation and that's what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and that's what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and that's what we have to
+understand so we'll begin with a Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so we'll begin with a Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so we'll begin with a Darwin
+term then we'll turn to the relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then we'll turn to the relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then we'll turn to the relativistic
+term then to the spin-orbit term and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then to the spin-orbit term and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term then to the spin-orbit term and by
+the end of today's lecture we'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of today's lecture we'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of today's lecture we'll put it
+all together so that's our planet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together so that's our planet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together so that's our planet so
+let's start with the Darwin term what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the Darwin term what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the Darwin term what is
+this term so Darwin term I will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term so Darwin term I will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term so Darwin term I will try to
+evaluate it so it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it so it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it so it depends on the
+potential energy it has the laplacian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy it has the laplacian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy it has the laplacian of
+the potential energy so the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy so the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy so the potential
+energy is minus eastward over R so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus eastward over R so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus eastward over R so how
+much is the laplacian of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is the laplacian of the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is the laplacian of the potential
+energy well well laplacian of V would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy well well laplacian of V would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy well well laplacian of V would be
+minus e square times laplacian of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e square times laplacian of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e square times laplacian of 1 over
+R and that's minus e square times minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that's minus e square times minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and that's minus e square times minus
+4 PI Delta function of R that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 PI Delta function of R that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 PI Delta function of R that's
+something you study in E and M the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you study in E and M the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you study in E and M the
+laplacian of 1 over R is related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian of 1 over R is related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laplacian of 1 over R is related to a
+delta function it's the charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function it's the charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function it's the charge density
+of a point particle that produces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point particle that produces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a point particle that produces that
+potential so our result here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so our result here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so our result here is that
+this laplacian is e square 4 pi e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laplacian is e square 4 pi e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laplacian is e square 4 pi e
+squared Delta of R is a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta of R is a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta of R is a delta function
+contribution so let's write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the delta h darwin is pi over 2 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared H squared over m squared C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared H squared over m squared C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared H squared over m squared C
+squared Delta of our all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta of our all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Delta of our all right so that's
+our correction and we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our correction and we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our correction and we want to do
+perturbation theory with it how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory with it how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory with it how it
+affects the energy levels of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the energy levels of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the energy levels of the various
+states of hydrogen so how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of hydrogen so how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of hydrogen so how are they
+change what does it do to them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what does it do to them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what does it do to them now
+there's a simplifying fact here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simplifying fact here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a simplifying fact here the
+Delta function so you remember first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so you remember first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so you remember first
+order Corrections are always obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Corrections are always obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Corrections are always obtained by
+taking the interacting Hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the interacting Hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the interacting Hamiltonian and
+putting States in it and the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting States in it and the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting States in it and the first thing
+we notice is that unless the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice is that unless the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice is that unless the wave
+function of the states does not vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the states does not vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the states does not vanish
+at 0 the correction vanishes so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 the correction vanishes so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 the correction vanishes so this
+will pick up the value of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pick up the value of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pick up the value of the wave
+functions when you have two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions when you have two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions when you have two states
+arbitrary state one and state two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary state one and state two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary state one and state two and
+Delta H Darwin here there's two wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H Darwin here there's two wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H Darwin here there's two wave
+functions that you're going to put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you're going to put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you're going to put here
+if you're trying to complete matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to complete matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to complete matrix
+elements of the perturbation and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the perturbation and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the perturbation and if
+those wave functions either of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those wave functions either of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those wave functions either of these
+wave functions is vanishes at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions is vanishes at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions is vanishes at the origin
+that's not possible but all wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not possible but all wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not possible but all wave
+functions vanish at the origin unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions vanish at the origin unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions vanish at the origin unless
+the orbital angular momentum L is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital angular momentum L is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital angular momentum L is equal
+to zero remember all wave functions go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero remember all wave functions go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero remember all wave functions go
+like R to the L near the origin so for l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like R to the L near the origin so for l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like R to the L near the origin so for l
+equals zero that goes like one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that goes like one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that goes like one a
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+and and you get a possibility so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you get a possibility so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you get a possibility so this
+only affects effect l equals zero States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only affects effect l equals zero States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only affects effect l equals zero States
+that's a great simplicity not only does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great simplicity not only does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great simplicity not only does
+that but that's another simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's another simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's another simplification
+because for l equals zero states at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for l equals zero states at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for l equals zero states at any
+energy level l equals zero states is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level l equals zero states is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level l equals zero states is
+just one of them if you consider spender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them if you consider spender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them if you consider spender
+two of them remember in our table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them remember in our table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them remember in our table of
+hydrogen atoms states go like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms states go like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms states go like that so
+here are the l equals zero states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the l equals zero states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the l equals zero states and
+those are the only ones that matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only ones that matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only ones that matter so
+the problem is really very simple we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is really very simple we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is really very simple we
+don't have to consider the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider the fact that
+there are other degenerate states here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other degenerate states here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other degenerate states here
+we just need to focus on l equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to focus on l equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to focus on l equals zero
+states because both states have to be l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states because both states have to be l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states because both states have to be l
+equals 0 and l equals 0 so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and l equals 0 so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 and l equals 0 so our
+correction that we can call e 1 Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction that we can call e 1 Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction that we can call e 1 Darwin
+for M 0 0 because L is equal to 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M 0 0 because L is equal to 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for M 0 0 because L is equal to 0 and
+therefore M is equal to 0 would be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore M is equal to 0 would be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore M is equal to 0 would be equal
+to sy + 0 0 Delta H Darwin sy + 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is this we have this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this we have this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this we have this expression
+for Delta H Darwin so let's put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Delta H Darwin so let's put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Delta H Darwin so let's put this
+here PI over 2 e squared H squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here PI over 2 e squared H squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here PI over 2 e squared H squared over
+M Squared C squared and this will pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Squared C squared and this will pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M Squared C squared and this will pick
+up the values of the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the values of the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the values of the wave functions
+which this is this overlap means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is this overlap means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is this overlap means
+integral over all of space of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over all of space of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over all of space of this wave
+function compose conjugated this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function compose conjugated this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function compose conjugated this wave
+function and Delta H Darwin so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and Delta H Darwin so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and Delta H Darwin so at the
+end of the day due to the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day due to the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day due to the Delta function
+it gives us just sigh and zero zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us just sigh and zero zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us just sigh and zero zero at
+the origin squared that's all it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin squared that's all it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin squared that's all it is
+simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now finding this number is not that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finding this number is not that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now finding this number is not that easy
+because while the wave function here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while the wave function here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because while the wave function here for
+l equals zero is simple for the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals zero is simple for the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l equals zero is simple for the ground
+state it already involves more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it already involves more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it already involves more and more
+complicated polynomials over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated polynomials over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated polynomials over here and
+the value of the wave function at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the wave function at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the wave function at the
+origin requires that you normalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin requires that you normalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin requires that you normalize the
+wave function correctly see if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function correctly see if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function correctly see if you have
+the wave function you have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function you have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function you have not
+normalized it properly how are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it properly how are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it properly how are you going
+to get the wave value of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the wave value of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the wave value of the wave
+function at the origin this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the origin this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the origin this whole
+perturbation theory we also assume will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory we also assume will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory we also assume will
+have an orthonormal basis and indeed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an orthonormal basis and indeed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an orthonormal basis and indeed if
+you change the normalization if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the normalization if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the normalization if the
+normalization was irrelevant here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization was irrelevant here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization was irrelevant here this
+number would change with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would change with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would change with the
+normalization and the correction would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and the correction would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and the correction would
+change so you really have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you really have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so you really have to be
+normalized for all for this to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized for all for this to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized for all for this to make
+sense and finding this normalization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and finding this normalization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and finding this normalization is
+complicated you could for a few problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you could for a few problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you could for a few problems
+maybe look-up tables and see the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look-up tables and see the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look-up tables and see the norm
+we function what it is but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we function what it is but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we function what it is but in general
+here there is some a method that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is some a method that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there is some a method that can be
+used to find this normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to find this normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to find this normalization
+analytically and it's something you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and it's something you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically and it's something you will
+explore in the homework so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore in the homework so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore in the homework so in the
+homework there is a way to do this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework there is a way to do this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework there is a way to do this a
+very clever way in which it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever way in which it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever way in which it actually
+turns out so in the homework you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so in the homework you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so in the homework you you
+will see that the wave function at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the wave function at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that the wave function at the
+origin for l equals zero problems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin for l equals zero problems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin for l equals zero problems is
+proportional to the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the expectation value of
+the derivative of the potential with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the potential with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the potential with
+respect to R so something you will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R so something you will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to R so something you will do
+this potential of course is the 1 over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential of course is the 1 over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential of course is the 1 over R
+potential in our case and the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in our case and the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in our case and the derivative
+means that you need to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need to evaluate the
+expectation value of 1 over R squared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of 1 over R squared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of 1 over R squared in
+this state but expectation values of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state but expectation values of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state but expectation values of 1
+over R squared in the hydrogen atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared in the hydrogen atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squared in the hydrogen atom is
+something you've already done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've already done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've already done in the
+previous homework not that difficult so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous homework not that difficult so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous homework not that difficult so
+the end result is that this this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is that this this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is that this this term is
+calculable and sy of n 0 0 at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable and sy of n 0 0 at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable and sy of n 0 0 at the origin
+squared is actually 1 over pi and cube a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is actually 1 over pi and cube a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is actually 1 over pi and cube a
+0 cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with that in one can substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in one can substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in one can substitute this
+value and get the Darwin correction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and get the Darwin correction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and get the Darwin correction I
+will you can see there's no big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you can see there's no big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you can see there's no big
+calculation to be done but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to be done but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation to be done but you can
+rewrite it in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in terms of the
+fine-structure constant darwin and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant darwin and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-structure constant darwin and it's
+equal to alpha to the fourth m c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha to the fourth m c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to alpha to the fourth m c squared
+1 over 2 m cubed and it's valid for l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 m cubed and it's valid for l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 m cubed and it's valid for l
+equals zero states so this number goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero states so this number goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero states so this number goes
+in here and then brightens in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and then brightens in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and then brightens in terms of
+the fine-structure constant and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine-structure constant and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine-structure constant and out
+comes this result
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7CYXy9J4Aao.txt b/7CYXy9J4Aao.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e1e2cf005878f22f50efe6c87eb52cf3a8467ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7CYXy9J4Aao.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3891 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we're
+all ready to go.
+
+This is Discrete Stochastic
+Processes as you are know.
+
+It is--
+
+want to get it where
+I can read it, too.
+
+We're going to try to deal
+with a bunch of different
+
+topics today, some of which are
+a little bit philosophical
+
+saying, what is probability
+really?
+
+You are supposed to have taken
+a course in probability, but
+
+unfortunately courses in
+probability are almost always
+
+courses in how to solve
+well-posed problems.
+
+The big problem in probability
+theory, and particularly
+
+stochastic processes is not
+so much how do you solve
+
+well-posed problems.
+
+Anybody can do that.
+
+Or anybody who has a little bit
+of background can do it.
+
+The hard problem is finding
+the right models for a
+
+real-world problem.
+
+I will call these real-world
+problems.
+
+I hate people who call things
+real-world because they sound
+
+like they dislike theory
+or something.
+
+It's the only word I can think
+of though, because physical
+
+world is no longer adequate
+because so much of the
+
+applications of probability are
+to all sorts of different
+
+things, not having to do with
+the physical world very much,
+
+but having to do with things
+like the business world, or
+
+the economic world, or the
+biological world, or all of
+
+these things.
+
+So real-world is just a code
+word we'll use to distinguish
+
+theory from anything real that
+you might have to deal with.
+
+Theory is very nice
+because theory--
+
+everything is specified.
+
+There's a right answer
+to everything.
+
+There is a wrong
+answer usually.
+
+But there's at least
+one right answer.
+
+And most of us like those
+things because
+
+they're very specific.
+
+People go into engineering and
+science very often because
+
+they don't like the
+uncertainty of a
+
+lot of other fields.
+
+The problem is as soon as you
+go into probability theory,
+
+you're moving away from that
+safe region where everything
+
+is specified, and you're moving
+into a region where
+
+things, in fact, are not very
+well-specified and you have to
+
+be careful about it.
+
+OK, so first we're going to talk
+about probability in the
+
+real world and probability as
+a branch of mathematics.
+
+Then we're going to
+say what discrete
+
+stochastic processes are.
+
+Then we're going to talk just a
+very, very little bit about
+
+the processes we're
+going to study.
+
+If you want to see more
+of that, you have two
+
+chapters of the notes.
+
+You can look at them.
+
+You can look at the
+table of contents.
+
+And more than that, if you look
+at my website, you will
+
+see the notes for all the other
+chapters if you want to
+
+read ahead or if you want to
+really find out what kinds of
+
+things we're going to talk about
+and what kinds of things
+
+we're not going to talk about.
+
+Then we're going to talk
+about when, where,
+
+and how is this useful?
+
+The short answer to that is
+it's useful everywhere.
+
+But we'll have to
+see why that is.
+
+Then we're going to talk
+about the axioms
+
+of probability theory.
+
+You cannot take any elementary
+course in probability, or even
+
+in statistics, without seeing
+the axioms of probability.
+
+And in almost all of those
+cases, and in almost all of
+
+the graduate courses I've
+seen, you see them, they
+
+disappear, and suddenly you're
+solving problems in whatever
+
+way you can, and the
+axioms have nothing
+
+to do with it anymore.
+
+So we're going to see that, in
+fact, the axioms do have
+
+something to do with this.
+
+Those of you who want to be
+real engineers and not
+
+mathematicians, you'll
+find this a little
+
+uncomfortable at times.
+
+We are going to be
+proving things.
+
+And you will have to
+get used to that.
+
+And I'll try to convince you
+of why it's important to be
+
+able to prove things.
+
+Then we're going on to a
+review of probability,
+
+independent events,
+
+experiments, and random variables.
+
+So that's what we'll do today.
+
+Incidentally, this course
+started about--
+
+must've been 25 years
+ago or so.
+
+I started it because we had a
+huge number of students at MIT
+
+who had been interested in
+communication and control, and
+
+who were suddenly starting to
+get interested in networks.
+
+And there were all sorts of
+queuing problems that they had
+
+to deal with every day.
+
+And they started to read
+about queuing theory.
+
+and it was the most disjointed,
+crazy theory in
+
+the world where there were
+1,000 different kinds of
+
+queues and each one
+of them had to be
+
+treated in its own way.
+
+And we realized that stochastic
+processes was the
+
+right way to tie all of
+that together, so we
+
+started this course.
+
+And we made it mostly discrete
+so it would deal primarily
+
+with network type
+applications.
+
+As things have grown, it now
+deals with a whole lot more
+
+applications.
+
+And we'll see how that
+works later on.
+
+OK, how did probability get
+started in the real world?
+
+Well, there were games of chance
+that everybody was
+
+interested in.
+
+People really like to gamble.
+
+I don't know why.
+
+I don't like to gamble
+that much.
+
+I would rather be certain
+about things.
+
+But most people love
+to gamble.
+
+And most people have an
+intuitive sense of what
+
+probability is about.
+
+I mean, eight-year-old kids,
+when they start to learn to
+
+play games of chance--
+
+and there are all sorts
+of board games
+
+that involve chance.
+
+These kids, if they're
+bright--
+
+and I'm sure you people fall
+into that category--
+
+they immediately start to figure
+out what the odds are.
+
+I mean, how many of you have
+never thought about what the
+
+odds are in some
+gambling game?
+
+OK, that makes my point.
+
+So all of you understand this
+at an intuitive level.
+
+But what makes games of chance
+easier to deal with than all
+
+the other issues where we have
+uncertainty in life?
+
+Well, games of chance are
+inherently repeatable.
+
+You play a game of chance and
+you play many, many hands, or
+
+many, many throws, or
+many, many trials.
+
+And after many, many trials of
+what's essentially the same
+
+experiment, you start to get
+a sense of what relative
+
+frequencies are.
+
+You start to get a sense of what
+the odds are because of
+
+doing this repeatedly.
+
+So games of chance are easy to
+use probability on because
+
+they are repeatable.
+
+You have essentially the same
+thing going on each time, but
+
+each time there's a
+different answer.
+
+You flip a coin and sometimes
+it comes up heads and
+
+sometimes it comes up tails.
+
+So in fact, we have to figure
+out how to deal with that fact
+
+that there is uncertainty
+there.
+
+I'll talk about that in
+just another minute.
+
+But anyway, most of life's
+decisions involve uncertainty.
+
+I mean, for all of you, when you
+go into a PhD program, you
+
+have two problems.
+
+Am I going to enjoy this?
+
+And you don't know whether
+you're going to enjoy it
+
+because not until you really
+get into it do you have a
+
+sense of whether this set of
+problems you're dealing with
+
+is something that you
+like to deal with.
+
+And the only way you can do
+that is to make guesses.
+
+You come up with likelihoods.
+
+There's some likelihood.
+
+There's a risk cost-benefit
+that you deal with.
+
+And in life, risk cost-benefits
+are always based
+
+on some sense of what the
+likelihood of something is.
+
+Now, what is a likelihood?
+
+A likelihood is just
+a probability.
+
+It's a synonym for
+probability.
+
+When you get into the
+mathematics of probability,
+
+likelihood has a special
+meaning to it.
+
+But in the real world,
+likelihood is just a word you
+
+use when you don't want to let
+people know that you're really
+
+talking about probabilities.
+
+OK, so that's where we are.
+
+But on the last slide, you saw
+the word "essentially,
+
+essentially, essentially." If
+you read the notes, and I hope
+
+you read the notes, because I
+spent the last three years
+
+doing virtually nothing
+but trying to
+
+make these notes clear.
+
+I would appreciate it if any
+of you, with whatever
+
+background you have, when you
+read these nodes, if you read
+
+them twice and you still don't
+understand something, tell me
+
+you don't understand it.
+
+If you know why you don't
+understand it, I'd appreciate
+
+it knowing that.
+
+But just saying "help" is enough
+to let me know that I
+
+still haven't made something
+as clear as it should be.
+
+At least as clear as it should
+be for some of the people who
+
+I think should be taking
+this course.
+
+One of the problems we have at
+MIT now, and at every graduate
+
+school in the world I think,
+is that human knowledge has
+
+changed and grown so much
+in the last 50 years.
+
+So when you study something
+general, like probability,
+
+there's just an enormous
+mass of stuff you
+
+have to deal with.
+
+And because of that, when you
+try to write notes for a
+
+course, you don't know
+what anybody's
+
+background is anymore.
+
+I mean, it used to be that when
+you saw a graduate course
+
+at MIT, people would know
+what limits were.
+
+People would know what basic
+mathematics is all about.
+
+They would know what
+continuity means.
+
+They would know some
+linear algebra.
+
+They would know all sorts
+of different things.
+
+Many people still do
+know those things.
+
+Many other people have studied
+all sorts of other fascinating
+
+and very interesting things.
+
+They're just as smart, but they
+have a very different
+
+background.
+
+So if your background is
+different, it's not your fault
+
+that you don't have the kind
+of background that makes
+
+probability easy.
+
+Just yell.
+
+Or yell in class.
+
+Please ask questions.
+
+The fact that we're videotaping
+this makes it far
+
+more interesting for anybody
+who's using OpenCourseWare to
+
+see some kinds of questions
+going on, so I very much
+
+encourage that.
+
+I'm fairly old at this point,
+and my memory is getting shot.
+
+So if you ask a question and I
+don't remember what it's all
+
+about, just be patient
+with it.
+
+I will come back the next time,
+or I'll send you an
+
+email straightening it out.
+
+But I will often get confused
+doing something, and that's
+
+just because of my age.
+
+It's what we call "senior
+moments." It's not that I
+
+don't understand the subject.
+
+I think I understand it, I just
+
+don't remember it anymore.
+
+Important point about
+probability.
+
+Think about flipping a coin.
+
+I'm going to talk about
+flipping coins a
+
+great deal this term.
+
+It's an absolutely trivial
+topic, but it's important
+
+because when you understand
+deep things about a large
+
+subject, the best way to
+understand them is to
+
+understand them in terms of the
+most trivial examples you
+
+can think of.
+
+Now, when you flip a coin, the
+outcome-- heads or tails--
+
+really depends on the initial
+velocity, the orientation of
+
+the person flipping it, or the
+machine flipping it, the coin
+
+surfaces, the ground surface.
+
+And after you put all of those
+things into a careful
+
+equation, you will know whether
+the coin is going to
+
+come up heads or tails.
+
+I don't think quantum theory
+has anything to do with
+
+something as big as a coin.
+
+I might be wrong.
+
+I've never looked into it.
+
+And frankly, I don't care.
+
+Because the point that I'm
+trying to make is that
+
+flipping a coin, and many of
+the things that you view as
+
+random, when you look at them
+in a slightly different way,
+
+are not random.
+
+There's a big field in
+communication called data
+
+compression.
+
+And data compression is based on
+random models for the data,
+
+which is going to
+be compressed.
+
+Now, what I'm saying here today
+is by no means random.
+
+Or maybe it is partly random.
+
+Maybe it's coming out of a
+random mind, I don't know.
+
+But all of the data we try to
+compress to the people who
+
+have created that data, it's
+not random at all.
+
+If you study the data
+carefully enough--
+
+I mean, code breakers and people
+like that are extremely
+
+good at sorting out what the
+meaning is in something, which
+
+cannot be done by data
+compression techniques at all.
+
+So the point is, when you're
+doing data compression, you
+
+model the data as being random
+and having certain
+
+characteristics.
+
+But it really isn't.
+
+So the model is no good.
+
+When you get to more important
+questions--
+
+well, data compression is
+an important question.
+
+When you ask, what's the
+probability of another
+
+catastrophic oil spill
+in the next year?
+
+Or you ask the question, what's
+the probability that
+
+Google stock will double
+in five years?
+
+That's less important,
+but it's still
+
+important to many people.
+
+How do you model that?
+
+Understanding probability
+theory, understanding all the
+
+mathematics of this is not going
+to help you model this.
+
+Now, why do I make such
+a big deal about this?
+
+Well, there have been a number
+of times in the last 10 or 15
+
+years when the whole financial
+system of the world has almost
+
+been destroyed by very,
+very bright PhDs.
+
+Many of them coming from
+electrical engineering.
+
+Most of whom are really
+superb at
+
+understanding probability theory.
+
+And they have used their
+probability theory to analyze
+
+risk and other things
+in investments.
+
+And what has happened?
+
+They do very well for a while.
+
+Suddenly they do so well that
+they think they can borrow all
+
+sorts of money and risk other
+people's money as
+
+well as their own.
+
+In fact, they try to do that
+right from the beginning.
+
+And then suddenly, the whole
+thing collapses.
+
+Because their models
+are no damn good.
+
+There's nothing wrong with their
+mathematics, it's that
+
+their models are no good.
+
+So please, especially if you're
+going to do something
+
+important in your lives--
+
+if you're just going to write
+papers in engineering
+
+journals, maybe it's
+all right.
+
+But if you're going to make
+decisions about things, please
+
+spend some time thinking about
+the probability models that
+
+you come up because this
+is vitally important.
+
+OK, what's probability?
+
+It's a branch of mathematics.
+
+Now we're into something
+that's more familiar,
+
+something that's simpler,
+something we can deal with.
+
+You might be uncomfortable
+with what
+
+probability really means.
+
+And all probability books, all
+stochastic process books are
+
+uncomfortable with this.
+
+Feller is the best book
+in probability
+
+there's ever been written.
+
+Any question you have, he
+probably has the answer to it.
+
+When you look at what he says
+about real-world probability,
+
+the modeling issues, he's an
+extraordinarily bright guy.
+
+And he spent some time
+thinking about this.
+
+But you read it and you realize
+
+that it's pure nonsense.
+
+So please, take my
+word for it.
+
+Don't assume that real-world
+probability is something
+
+you're going to learn about from
+other people because you
+
+can't trust what any
+of them say.
+
+It's something you have to think
+through for yourselves,
+
+and we'll talk more about
+this as we go.
+
+But now, when we get into
+mathematics, that's fine.
+
+We just create models.
+
+And once we have the model,
+we just use it.
+
+We have standard models for
+all sorts of different
+
+standard problems.
+
+When you talk about coin
+tossing, what almost everyone
+
+means is not this crazy thing I
+was just talking about where
+
+you have an initial angular
+momentum when you flip a coin
+
+and all of that stuff.
+
+It's a purely mathematical model
+where a coin is flipped
+
+and with probability one half
+it comes up heads and with
+
+probability one half
+it comes up tails.
+
+OK, students are given a
+well-specified model, and they
+
+calculate various things.
+
+This is in mathematical
+probability.
+
+Heads and tails are equiprobable
+in that system.
+
+Subsequent tosses
+are independent.
+
+Here's a little bit
+of cynicism.
+
+I apologize for insulting
+you people with it.
+
+I apologize to any faculty
+member who later reads this.
+
+And I particularly apologize to
+businessmen and government
+
+people who might read it.
+
+Students compute, professors
+write papers, business and
+
+government leaders obtain
+questionable models and data
+
+on which they can
+blame failures.
+
+Most cynical towards business
+leaders because business
+
+leaders often hire
+consultants.
+
+Not so much to learn what to do,
+but so they have excuses
+
+when what they do doesn't
+work out right.
+
+When I say the students compute,
+what I mean is this
+
+in almost all the courses you've
+taken up until now--
+
+and in this course also--
+
+what you're going
+to be doing is
+
+solving well-posed problems.
+
+You solve well-posed exercises
+because that's a good way to
+
+understand what the
+mathematics of
+
+the subject is about.
+
+Don't think that that's
+the only part of it.
+
+If that's the only thing you're
+doing, you might as
+
+well not waste your time.
+
+You might as well do
+something else.
+
+You might as well go out and
+shovel snow today instead of
+
+trying to learn about
+probability theory.
+
+It's more pleasant to learn
+about probability theory.
+
+OK, the use of probability
+models has two major
+
+problems with it.
+
+The first problem is, how do
+you make a model for a
+
+real-world problem?
+
+And a partial answer is, learn
+about estimation and decisions
+
+in the context of
+standard models.
+
+In other words, decisions and
+estimation inside a completely
+
+mathematical framework.
+
+Then you learn a great
+deal about the
+
+real-world problem itself.
+
+Not about the mathematics of it,
+but about how you actually
+
+understand what's going on.
+
+If you talk to somebody
+who is a superb
+
+architect in any field--
+
+networks, computer systems,
+control systems, anything--
+
+what are you going to find?
+
+You're not going to find huge,
+involved sets of equations
+
+that they're going to use to
+explain something to you.
+
+They're going to pick at-- if
+there any good, they're going
+
+to take this big problem, and
+they're going to take your
+
+issue with this big problem.
+
+And they're going to find the
+one or two really important
+
+things that tell you something
+that you have to know.
+
+And that's what you want to
+get out of this course.
+
+You want to get the ability to
+take all of the chat, put it
+
+all together, and be able to
+say one or two important
+
+things which is really
+necessary.
+
+That's where you're going to.
+
+Before you get there, you'll
+take low-level jobs in various
+
+companies and you'll compute
+a lot of things.
+
+You'll simulate a
+lot of things.
+
+You'll deal with a
+lot of detail.
+
+Eventually, you're going to get
+to the point where you've
+
+got to make major decisions.
+
+And you want to be
+ready for it.
+
+OK, that's enough philosophy.
+
+I will try to give no more
+philosophy today, except when
+
+I get pushed into it.
+
+OK, one of the problems in this
+problem of finding a good
+
+model is that no model
+is perfect.
+
+Namely, what happens is you
+keep finding more and more
+
+complicated models, which
+deal with more
+
+and more of the issues.
+
+And as you deal with them,
+things get more complicated.
+
+You're more down in the
+level of details and
+
+you're finding out less.
+
+So you want to find some sort of
+match between a model that
+
+tells you something and a model
+which is complicated
+
+enough to deal with
+the issues.
+
+There's a beautiful quote by
+Alfred North Whitehead.
+
+I don't know whether you've
+ever heard of Whitehead.
+
+You've probably heard of
+Bertrand Russell, who was both
+
+a great logician and a great
+philosopher, and had a lot to
+
+do with the origins
+of set theory.
+
+Whitehead and Russell together,
+wrote this massive
+
+book around the turn of the last
+century between the 1900s
+
+and the 2000s called Principia
+Mathematica where they try to
+
+resolve all of the paradoxes
+which were coming up in
+
+mathematics.
+
+And Whitehead's general
+philosophical comment was,
+
+"Seek simplicity and
+distrust it."
+
+Now, every time I look at
+that, I say, why in hell
+
+didn't he say, seek simplicity
+and question it?
+
+I mean, you all hear about
+questioning authority, of
+
+course, and that's
+important to do.
+
+Why when you find a simple model
+for something should you
+
+distrust it?
+
+Well, the reason is
+psychological.
+
+If you find a simple model for
+something and you question it,
+
+you have an enormous
+psychological bias towards not
+
+giving up the simple model.
+
+You want to keep that
+simple model.
+
+And therefore, it takes an
+enormous amount of evidence
+
+before you're going to
+give something out.
+
+Whitehead said something
+more than that.
+
+He said, "Seek simplicity
+and distrust it."
+
+Now, why do I talk about the
+philosophy of science when
+
+we're trying to learn about
+probability theory?
+
+Well, probability theory is
+a mathematical theory.
+
+It's the basis for a great
+deal of science.
+
+And it's the place where
+modeling is most difficult.
+
+Scientific questions in most
+areas, if there's no
+
+probability or uncertainty
+involved, you just do an
+
+experiment that tells
+you the answer.
+
+You might not do it carefully
+enough and then 10 other
+
+people do it.
+
+And finally, everybody
+agrees, this is the
+
+answer to that problem.
+
+In probability, it ain't
+that simple.
+
+And that's why one has to focus
+on this a little more
+
+than usual.
+
+The second problem is, how do
+you make a probability model
+
+that has no hidden
+paradoxes in it?
+
+In other words, when you make
+a mathematical model, how do
+
+you make sure that it really
+is well-posed?
+
+How do you make sure that when
+you solve a problem in that
+
+mathematical model that you
+don't come to something that
+
+doesn't make any sense?
+
+Well, everyone's answer to that
+is you use Kolmogorov's
+
+axioms of probability.
+
+Because back in 1933, Kolmogorov
+published this
+
+little thin book.
+
+Those of you who are interested
+in the history of
+
+science probably ought
+to read it.
+
+You will find you only
+understand the first five
+
+pages the first time
+you look at it.
+
+But it's worthwhile doing that
+because here was one of the
+
+truly great minds of the
+early 20th century.
+
+And he took everything he knew
+about probability, which was a
+
+whole lot more than I know
+certainly, and a whole lot
+
+more than anybody else at the
+time knew, and he collapsed it
+
+into these very simple axioms.
+
+And he said, if you obey these
+axioms in a model that you use
+
+in probability, those axioms
+will keep you out of any
+
+paradoxes at all.
+
+And then, he showed why that
+was and he showed how the
+
+axioms could be used
+and so forth.
+
+So we're going to spend a little
+bit of time talking
+
+about them today.
+
+OK, quickly, what is a discrete
+stochastic process?
+
+Well, a stochastic process--
+
+you've been talking
+about probability.
+
+And you might be getting the
+idea that I'm just using the
+
+name "stochastic processes" as
+a foil for talking about what
+
+I really love, which
+is the probability.
+
+And there's a certain amount
+of truth to that.
+
+But stochastic processes are
+special types of probability
+
+models where the sample points
+represent functions in time.
+
+In other words, when we're
+dealing with a probability
+
+model, the basis of
+a probability
+
+model is a sample space.
+
+It's the set of possible things
+that might happen.
+
+And you can reduce that to the
+sample points, which are the
+
+indivisible, little, tiny crumbs
+of what happens when
+
+you do an experiment.
+
+It's the thing which specifies
+everything that can be
+
+specified in that model
+of that experiment.
+
+OK, when you get to a stochastic
+process, what
+
+you're doing is you're looking
+at a situation in which these
+
+sample points, the solutions to
+what happens is, in fact, a
+
+whole sequence of random
+variables in time.
+
+And what that means is instead
+of looking at just a vector of
+
+random variables, you're going
+to be looking at a whole
+
+sequence of random variables.
+
+Now, what is different about a
+vector of a very large number
+
+of random variables
+and an infinite
+
+sequence of random variables?
+
+Well, from an engineering
+standpoint, not very much.
+
+I mean, there's nothing you can
+do to actually look at an
+
+infinite sequence of
+random variables.
+
+If you start out at the Big Bang
+and you carry it on to
+
+what you might imagine is the
+time when the sun explodes or
+
+something, that's a finite
+amount of time.
+
+And if you imagine how fast
+you can observe things,
+
+there's a finite number
+of random
+
+variables you might observe.
+
+All these models we're going to
+be dealing with get outside
+
+or that realm, and they deal
+with something that starts
+
+infinitely far in the
+past and goes
+
+infinitely far in the future.
+
+It doesn't make much
+sense, does it?
+
+But then look at the
+alternative.
+
+You built a device which
+you're going to sell to
+
+people, and which they're
+going to use.
+
+And you know they're only going
+to use it three or four
+
+year until something
+better comes along.
+
+But do you want to build in to
+everything you're doing the
+
+idea that it's going to be
+obsolete in three years?
+
+No.
+
+You want to design this thing
+so, in fact, it will work for
+
+an essentially arbitrary
+amount of time.
+
+And therefore, you make a
+mathematical model of it.
+
+You look at what happens over
+an infinite span of time.
+
+So whenever we get into
+mathematics, we always go to
+
+an infinite number of
+things rather than a
+
+finite number of things.
+
+Now, discrete stochastic
+processes are those where the
+
+random variables are
+discrete in time.
+
+Namely, a finite number
+of possible outcomes
+
+from each of them.
+
+Or the set of possible sample
+values is discrete.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It doesn't mean a whole lot when
+you really start asking
+
+detailed questions about this.
+
+What it means is, I want to talk
+about a particular kind
+
+of stochastic processes.
+
+And it's a class of processes
+which will be more than we can
+
+deal with in one term.
+
+And I want to exclude certain
+processes, like noise
+
+processes, because we don't have
+time to do both of them.
+
+So don't worry too much about
+exactly what a discrete
+
+stochastic process is.
+
+It's whatever we want to call
+it when we deal with it.
+
+Oops.
+
+Oh, where am I?
+
+Oh, I wanted to talk about the
+different processes we're
+
+going to study.
+
+The first kind of process
+is what we
+
+call a counting process.
+
+The sample points in the
+process-- remember, a sample
+
+point specifies everything
+about an experiment.
+
+It tells you every
+little detail.
+
+And the sample points here
+in counting processes are
+
+sequences of arrivals.
+
+This is a very useful idea in
+dealing with queuing systems
+
+because queuing systems
+have arrivals.
+
+They have departures.
+
+They have rules for how the
+arrivals get processed before
+
+they get spit out.
+
+And a big part of that is
+studying first the arrival
+
+process, then we study the
+departure process.
+
+We study how to put
+them together.
+
+And when we get to chapter 2 of
+the notes, we're going to
+
+be studying Poisson processes,
+which are in a sense, the
+
+perfect discrete stochastic
+process.
+
+It's like coin tossing
+in probability.
+
+Everything that might
+be true with a
+
+Poisson process is true.
+
+The only things that aren't
+true are the things that
+
+obviously can't be true.
+
+And we'll find out why
+that is and how that
+
+works a little later.
+
+We're then going to
+study renewal
+
+processes in chapter 4.
+
+We're going to put Markov
+chains in between.
+
+And you'll see why
+when we do it.
+
+And renewal processes are a more
+complicated kind of thing
+
+than Poisson processes.
+
+And there's no point confusing
+you at this point saying what
+
+the difference is, so I won't.
+
+Markov processes
+are processes.
+
+In other words, the sequences
+in time of things where what
+
+happens in the future depends
+on what happens in the past,
+
+only through the state
+at the present.
+
+In other words, if you can
+specify the state in the
+
+present, you can forget about
+everything in the past.
+
+If you have those kinds of
+processes around, you don't
+
+have to study history at all,
+which would be very nice.
+
+But unfortunately, not all
+processes behave that way.
+
+When you do the modeling to try
+to find out what the state
+
+is, which is what you have to
+know at the present, you find
+
+out there's a lot of
+history involved.
+
+OK, finally, we're going to talk
+about random wa;ls and
+
+martingales.
+
+I'm not going to even say
+what a random walks or
+
+a martingale is.
+
+We will find out about that
+soon enough, but I want to
+
+tell you that's what's in
+chapter 7 of the notes.
+
+That's the last topic
+we will deal with.
+
+We'll study all sorts of
+mixtures of these.
+
+Things which involve a
+little bit of each.
+
+We'll start out working
+on one thing and
+
+we'll find out another.
+
+One of these other topics is the
+right way to look at it.
+
+If you want to know more about
+that, please go look at the
+
+notes, and you'll find out
+as much as you want.
+
+But it's not appropriate to
+talk about it right now.
+
+OK, when, where, and
+how is this useful?
+
+You see, I'm almost at the
+point where we'll start
+
+actually talking about
+real stuff.
+
+And when I say real stuff, I
+mean mathematical stuff, which
+
+is not real stuff.
+
+Broad answer--
+
+probability in stochastic
+processes are an important
+
+adjunct to rational thought
+about all human
+
+and scientific endeavor.
+
+That's a very strong
+statement.
+
+I happen to believe it.
+
+You might not believe it.
+
+And you're welcome to
+not believe it.
+
+It won't be on a quiz or
+anything, believe me.
+
+But almost anything you have to
+deal with is dealing with
+
+something in the future.
+
+I mean, you have to plan for
+things which are going to
+
+happen in the future.
+
+When you look at the future,
+there's a lot of uncertainty
+
+involved with it.
+
+One of the ways is dealing
+with uncertainty.
+
+And probably the only scientific
+way of dealing with
+
+uncertainty is through
+the mechanism
+
+of probability models.
+
+So anything you want to deal
+with, which is important,
+
+you're probably better off
+knowing something about
+
+probability than not.
+
+A narrow answer is probability
+in stochastic processes are
+
+essential components of
+the following areas.
+
+Now, I must confess I made up
+this list in about 10 minutes
+
+without thinking about
+it very seriously.
+
+And these things are related
+to each other.
+
+Some of them are parts
+of others.
+
+Let me read them.
+
+Communication systems
+and networks.
+
+That's where I got involved
+in this question, and very
+
+important there.
+
+Computer systems.
+
+I also got involved in it
+because of computer systems.
+
+Queuing in all areas.
+
+Well, I got involved in queuing
+because of being
+
+interested in networks.
+
+risk management in all areas.
+
+I got interested in that because
+I started to get
+
+disturbed about civilization
+destroying itself because
+
+people who have a great deal of
+power don't know anything
+
+about taking risks.
+
+OK, catastrophe management.
+
+How do you prevent oil spills
+and things like that?
+
+How do you prevent nuclear
+plants from going off?
+
+How do you prevent nuclear
+weapons from falling in the
+
+hands of the wrong people?
+
+These again, are probability
+issues.
+
+These are important probability
+issues because
+
+most people don't regard them
+as probability issues.
+
+If you say there is one chance
+in a billion that something
+
+will happen, 3/4 of the
+population will say, that's
+
+not acceptable.
+
+I don't want any risk.
+
+And these people are fools.
+
+But unfortunately, these fools
+outnumber those of us who have
+
+studied these issues.
+
+So we have to deal with it.
+
+We have to understand
+it if nothing else.
+
+OK, failures in all
+types of systems--
+
+operations research, biology,
+medicine, optical systems, and
+
+control system.
+
+Name your own favorite thing.
+
+You can put it all in.
+
+Probability gets used
+everywhere.
+
+OK, let's go to the axioms.
+
+Probability models have three
+components to them.
+
+There's a sample space.
+
+Now, here we're in mathematics
+again.
+
+The sample space is just
+a set of things.
+
+You don't have to be at all
+specific about what those
+
+things are.
+
+I mean, at this point we're
+right in to set theory, which
+
+is the most basic part
+of mathematics again.
+
+And a set contains elements.
+
+And that's what we're
+talking about here.
+
+So there's a sample space.
+
+There are the elements
+in that sample space.
+
+There's also a collection
+of things called events.
+
+Now, the events are subsets
+of the sample space.
+
+And if you're dealing with a
+finite set of things, there's
+
+no reason why the events should
+not be all subsets of
+
+that countable collection
+of things.
+
+If you have a deck of cards,
+there are 52 factorial ways of
+
+arranging the cards in
+that deck of cards.
+
+Very large number.
+
+But when you talk about subsets
+of that, you might as
+
+well talk about all combinations
+of those
+
+configurations of the deck.
+
+You can talk about, what's the
+probability that the first
+
+five cards in that deck happen
+to contain 4 aces?
+
+That's an easy thing
+to compute.
+
+I'm sure you've all computed
+it at some point or other.
+
+Those who like to play poker,
+of course do this.
+
+It's fun.
+
+But it's a straightforward
+problem.
+
+When you have these countable
+sets of things, there's no
+
+reason at all for not having the
+set of events consist of
+
+all possible subsets.
+
+Well, people believed that
+for a long time.
+
+One of the things that forced
+Kolmogorov to start dealing
+
+with these axioms was the
+realization that when you had
+
+much more complicated sets,
+where in fact you had the set
+
+of real numbers as possible
+outcomes, or sequences of
+
+things which go from 0 to
+infinity, and all of these
+
+sets, which are uncountable,
+you really can't make sense
+
+out of probability models where
+all subsets of sample
+
+points are called events.
+
+So in terms of measure theory,
+you're forced to restrict the
+
+set of things you call events.
+
+Now, we're not going to
+deal with measure
+
+theory in this subject.
+
+But every once in a while, we
+will have to mention it
+
+because the reason why a lot of
+things are the way they are
+
+is because of measure theory.
+
+So you'll have to be at
+least conscious of it.
+
+If you really want to be
+serious, as far as your study
+
+of mathematical probability
+theory, you really have to
+
+take a course in measure
+theory at some point.
+
+But you don't have
+to do it now.
+
+In fact, I would almost urge
+most of you not to do it now.
+
+Because once you get all the
+way into measure theory,
+
+you're so far into measure
+theory that you can't come
+
+back and think about real
+problems anymore.
+
+You're suddenly stuck in the
+world of mathematics, which
+
+happens to lots of people.
+
+So anyway, some of you should
+learn about all this
+
+mathematics.
+
+Some of you shouldn't.
+
+Some of you should learn
+about it later.
+
+So you can do whatever
+you want.
+
+OK, the axioms about events
+is that if you
+
+have a set of events.
+
+In other words, a set of
+subsets, and it's a countable
+
+set, then the union
+of all of those--
+
+the union from n equals
+1 to infinity of a sub
+
+n is also an event.
+
+I've gone for 50 minutes
+and nobody has
+
+asked a question yet.
+
+Who has a question?
+
+Who thinks that all of
+this is nonsense?
+
+How many of you?
+
+I do.
+
+OK, I'll come back in
+another 10 minutes.
+
+And if nobody has a question
+by then, I'm just going to
+
+stop and wait.
+
+OK, so anyway.
+
+If you look at a union
+of events.
+
+Now, remember, that an event
+is a subset of points.
+
+We're just talking about
+set theory now.
+
+So the union of this
+union here--
+
+excuse me.
+
+This union here is A1, all the
+points in A1, and all the
+
+points in A2, and all the points
+in A3, all the way up
+
+to infinity.
+
+That's what we're talking
+about here.
+
+And one of the axioms of
+probability theory is that if
+
+each of these things are events,
+then this union is
+
+also an event.
+
+That's just an axiom.
+
+You can't define events
+if that's not true.
+
+And if you try to define events
+where this isn't true,
+
+you eventually come into the
+most god awful problems you
+
+might imagine.
+
+And suddenly, nothing
+make sense anymore.
+
+Most of the time when we define
+a set of events in a
+
+probability model, each
+singleton event--
+
+namely, each single point has
+a set, which contains only
+
+that element, is taken
+as an event.
+
+There's no real reason
+to not do that.
+
+If you don't do that, you might
+as well just put those
+
+points together and not regard
+them as separate points.
+
+We will see an example in a
+little bit where, in fact, you
+
+might want to do that.
+
+But let's hold that off
+for a little bit.
+
+OK, not all subsets
+need to be events.
+
+Usually, each sample point is
+taken to be a singleton event.
+
+And then non-events are
+truly weird things.
+
+I mean, as soon as you take
+all sample points to be
+
+events, all countable unions of
+sample points are events.
+
+And then intersections of events
+are events, and so
+
+forth, and so forth,
+and so forth.
+
+So most things are events.
+
+And just because of measure
+theory, you can't make all
+
+things events.
+
+And I'm not going to give you
+any example of that because
+
+examples are horrendous.
+
+OK, the empty set has
+to be an event.
+
+Why does the empty set
+have to be an event.
+
+If we're going to believe
+these axioms--
+
+I'm in a real bind here because
+every one of you
+
+people has seen these
+axioms before.
+
+And you've all gone on and said,
+I can get an A in any
+
+probability class in the world
+without having any idea of
+
+what these axioms
+are all about.
+
+And therefore, it's
+unimportant.
+
+So you see something
+that says, the
+
+empty set is an event.
+
+And you say, well, of
+course that has
+
+nothing to do with anything.
+
+Why should I worry about whether
+the empty set is an
+
+event or not?
+
+The empty set can't happen,
+so how can it be an event?
+
+Well, because of these axioms,
+it has to be an event.
+
+The axioms say that if A is an
+event, and that's the whole
+
+sample space, then the
+complement has
+
+to be an event also.
+
+So that says that the empty
+set has to be an event.
+
+And that just follows
+from the axioms.
+
+If all sample points are
+singleton events, then all
+
+finite and countable
+sets are events.
+
+And finally, deMorgan's law.
+
+Is there anyone who isn't
+familiar with deMorgan's law?
+
+Anyone who hasn't seen
+even that small
+
+amount of set theory?
+
+If not, look it up on--
+
+what's the name of
+the computer--
+
+Wikipedia.
+
+Most of you will think
+that things on
+
+Wikipedia are not reliable.
+
+Strangely enough, in terms of
+probability theory and a lot
+
+of mathematics, Wikipedia does
+things a whole lot better than
+
+most textbooks do.
+
+So any time you're unfamiliar
+with what a word means or
+
+something, you can look
+it up in your
+
+old probability textbook.
+
+If you've used [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and [INAUDIBLE], you will
+probably find the
+
+right answer there.
+
+Other textbooks, maybe
+the right answer.
+
+Wikipedia's more reliable
+than most of them.
+
+And it's also clearer
+than most of them.
+
+So I highly recommend using
+Wikipedia whenever you get
+
+totally confused by something.
+
+OK, so probability measure
+and events satisfies
+
+the following axioms.
+
+We've said what things
+are events.
+
+The only things that have
+probabilities are events.
+
+So the entire set has
+a probability.
+
+When you do the experiment,
+something has to happen.
+
+So one of the sample
+points occurs.
+
+That's the whole idea
+of probability.
+
+And therefore, omega
+has probability 1.
+
+Capital Omega.
+
+If A is an event, then the
+probability of A has to be
+
+greater than or equal to 0.
+
+You can probably see without too
+much trouble why it has to
+
+be less than or equal
+to 1 also.
+
+But that's not one
+of the axioms.
+
+You see, when you state a set of
+axioms for something, you'd
+
+like to use the minimum set of
+axioms you can, so that you
+
+don't have to verify too many
+things before you say, yes,
+
+this satisfies all the axioms.
+
+So the second one is the
+probability of A has to be
+
+greater than or equal to 0.
+
+The third one says that if you
+have a sequence of disjoint
+
+events, incidentally when I say
+a sequence, I will almost
+
+always mean a countably
+infinite sequence--
+
+A1, A2, A3, all the way up.
+
+If I'm talking about what
+most of you would
+
+call a finite sequence--
+
+and I like the word "finite
+sequence," but I like to be
+
+able to talk about sequences.
+
+I'm talking about a finite
+sequence I will usually call
+
+it an n-tuple of random
+variables or
+
+an n-tuple of things.
+
+So sequence really means you
+go the whole way out.
+
+OK, if A1, A2, all the way
+up are disjoint events--
+
+disjoint.
+
+Disjoint means if omega is only
+in one, it can't be in
+
+any of the others.
+
+Then the probability of this
+countable union is going to be
+
+equal to the sum of the
+probabilities of the
+
+individual event.
+
+Anyone who has ever done a
+probability problem knows all
+
+of these things.
+
+The only thing you don't know
+and you probably haven't
+
+thought about is why
+everything else
+
+follows from this.
+
+But this is the whole
+mathematical theory.
+
+Why should we study
+it anymore?
+
+We're done.
+
+We have the axioms.
+
+Everything else follows, it's
+just a matter of computation.
+
+Just sit down and do it.
+
+Not quite that simple.
+
+Anyway, a few consequences of
+the probability of the empty
+
+set is 0, which says when you
+do an experiment something's
+
+going to happen.
+
+And therefore, the probability
+that nothing happens is 0
+
+because that's what
+the model says.
+
+The probability of the
+complement of an event is 1
+
+minus the probability
+of that event.
+
+Which, in fact, is what's says
+that all events have to have
+
+probabilities less than
+or equal to 1.
+
+And if the event A is contained
+in the event B--
+
+remember when we talk about
+events, we're talking about
+
+two different things,
+both simultaneously.
+
+One of them is this beautiful
+idea with measure theory
+
+worked into it and
+everything else.
+
+And the other is just a simple
+set theoretic idea.
+
+And all we need to be
+familiar with is a
+
+set theoretical idea.
+
+Within that set theoretical
+idea, A contained in B means
+
+that every sample point that's
+in A is also in B. It means
+
+that when you do an experiment,
+and the event A
+
+occurs, the event B has to
+occur because one of the
+
+things that compose
+A has to occur.
+
+And that thing has to be in B
+because A is contained in B.
+
+So the probability of A has to
+be less than or equal to the
+
+probability of B. That has to
+be less than or equal to 1.
+
+These are things you all know.
+
+Another consequence is
+the union bound.
+
+Many of you have probably
+seen the union bound.
+
+We will use it probably almost
+every day in this course.
+
+So it's good to have that as one
+of the things you remember
+
+at the highest level.
+
+If you have a set of events--
+
+A1, A2, and so forth--
+
+the probability of
+that union--
+
+namely, the event that consists
+of all of them--
+
+is less than or equal to the
+sum of the individual event
+
+probabilities.
+
+I give a little proof here for
+just two events, A1 and A2.
+
+So you see why this is true.
+
+I hope you can extend
+this to 3 and 4.
+
+I can't draw a picture of
+it very easily for 3
+
+and 4 and so forth.
+
+But here's the event A1.
+
+Here's the event A2.
+
+Visualize this as a set of
+sample points, which are just
+
+in the two-dimensional
+space here.
+
+So all these points
+here are in A1.
+
+All these points are in A2.
+
+This set of points here
+are the points that
+
+are in A1 and A2.
+
+I will use just writing things
+next to each other to mean
+
+intersection.
+
+And sometimes I'll use a big
+cap to main intersection.
+
+So all of these things are
+both in A1 and A2.
+
+This is A2, but not A1.
+
+So the probability of this whole
+event, A1 union A2, is
+
+the probability of this thing
+and this thing together.
+
+So it's the probability
+of this plus the
+
+probability of this.
+
+The probability of this is less
+than the probability of
+
+A2 because this is contained
+in that whole rectangle.
+
+And therefore, the probability
+of the union of A1 and A2 is
+
+less than or equal to the
+probability of A1 plus
+
+probability of A2.
+
+Now, the classy way to extend
+this to a countably infinite
+
+set is to use induction.
+
+And I leave that as something
+that you can all play with
+
+some time when it's not between
+9:30 and 11:00 in the
+
+morning and you're struggling
+to stay awake.
+
+And if you don't want to do that
+on your own, you can look
+
+at it in the notes.
+
+OK, these axioms look
+ho-hum to you.
+
+And you've always ignored them
+before, and you think you're
+
+going to be able to
+ignore them now.
+
+Partly you can, but partly you
+can't because every once in a
+
+while we'll start doing things
+where you really need to
+
+understand what the
+axioms say.
+
+OK, one other thing which you
+might not have noticed.
+
+When you studied elementary
+probability, wherever you
+
+studied it, what do you spend
+most of your time doing?
+
+You spent most of your time
+talking about random variables
+
+and talking about
+expectations.
+
+The axioms don't have random
+variables in them.
+
+They don't have expectations
+in them.
+
+All they have in them
+is events and
+
+probabilities of events.
+
+So these axioms say that the
+really important things in
+
+probability are the events and
+the probabilities of events.
+
+And the random variables and the
+expectations are derived
+
+quantities, which we'll now
+start to talk about.
+
+OK, so we're now down to
+independent events and
+
+experiments.
+
+Two events, A1 and A2, are
+independent if the probability
+
+of the two of them is equal
+to the product of their
+
+probabilities.
+
+You've all seen this.
+
+I'm sure you've all seen it.
+
+If you haven't at least seen it,
+you probably shouldn't be
+
+in this class because even
+though the text does
+
+everything in detail that has to
+be done, you need to have a
+
+little bit of insight from
+having dealt with these
+
+subjects before.
+
+If you don't have that, you're
+just going to get lost very,
+
+very quickly.
+
+So the probability is the
+intersection of the event A1
+
+and A2 is the product
+of the two.
+
+Now, in other words, you have
+a red die and a white die.
+
+You flip the dice, what's the
+probability that you get a 1
+
+for the red die and a
+1 for the white die?
+
+Well, the probability you get
+a 1 for the red die is 1/6.
+
+Just by symmetry, there are only
+6 possible things that
+
+can happen.
+
+Probability of white
+die comes up as 1.
+
+Probability is 1/6 for that.
+
+And the probability of the two
+things, they're independent.
+
+There's a sense of real-world
+independence and probability
+
+theory independence.
+
+Real-world independence says the
+two things are isolated,
+
+they don't interfere
+with each other.
+
+Probability theory says just
+by definition, well, the
+
+real-world idea of them not
+interfering with each other
+
+should say--
+
+and I'm waving my hands here
+because this is so elementary,
+
+you all know it.
+
+And I would bore you if I
+talked about it more.
+
+But I probably should
+talk about it, but
+
+I'm not going to.
+
+Anyway, this is the definition
+of independence.
+
+If you don't have any idea of
+how this corresponds to being
+
+unconnected in the real-world,
+then go to Wikipedia.
+
+Read the notes.
+
+Well, you should read
+the notes anyway.
+
+I hope you will read the notes
+because I'm not going to say
+
+everything in class that
+needs to be said.
+
+And you will get a better
+feeling for it.
+
+Now, here's something
+important.
+
+Given two probability models,
+a combined model can be
+
+defined in which, first, the
+sample space, omega, is the
+
+Cartesian product of omega
+1 and omega 2.
+
+Namely, it's the Cartesian
+product of
+
+the two sample spaces.
+
+Think of rolling the red
+die and the white die.
+
+Rolling a red die is
+an experiment.
+
+There are 6 possible
+outcomes, a 1 to 6.
+
+Rolled a white die, there
+are 6 possible
+
+outcomes, a 1 to a 6.
+
+You roll the two dice together,
+and you really need
+
+to have some way of
+putting these
+
+two experiments together.
+
+How do you put them together?
+
+You talk about the outcome for
+the two dice, number for one
+
+and number for the other.
+
+The Cartesian product simply
+means you have the set made up
+
+of 1 to 6 Cartesian product
+with 1 to 6.
+
+So you have 36 possibilities.
+
+It's an interesting thing,
+which comes from
+
+Kolmogorov's axioms.
+
+That, in fact, you can take in
+any two probability models for
+
+two different experiments.
+
+You can take this Cartesian
+product of sample points.
+
+You can assume that what happens
+here is independent of
+
+what happens here.
+
+And when you do this, you will,
+in fact, get something
+
+for the two experiments put
+together which satisfies
+
+Kolmogorov's axioms.
+
+That is neither trivial nor
+very hard to prove.
+
+I mean, for the case of two
+dice, you can see it almost
+
+immediately.
+
+I mean, you see what the
+sample space is.
+
+It's this Cartesian product.
+
+And you see what the
+probabilities have to be
+
+because the probability of, say,
+1 and 2 for the red die
+
+and 1 and 2 for the white
+is 2, 6 times 2, 6.
+
+So with probability 1/9, you're
+going to get a 1 and a
+
+2 combined with a 1 and a 2.
+
+I'm going to talk a little
+bit later about something
+
+that you all know.
+
+What happens if you roll
+two white dice?
+
+This is something you all ought
+to think about a little
+
+bit because it really isn't
+as simple as it sounds.
+
+If you roll two dice, what's
+the probability that you'll
+
+get a 1 and a 2?
+
+And how can you justify that?
+
+First, what's a sample space
+when you roll two white dice?
+
+Well, if you look at the
+possible things that might
+
+happen, you can get 1, 1; 2,
+2; 3, 3; 4, 4; 5, 5; 6, 6.
+
+You can also get 1, 2 or 2, 1.
+
+But you can't tell them apart,
+so there's one sample point,
+
+you might say, which
+is 1, 2, and 2, 1.
+
+Another sample point which is
+2, 3; 3, 2, and so forth.
+
+If you count them up, there are
+21 separate sample points
+
+that you might have.
+
+And when you look at what the
+probabilities ought to be, the
+
+probabilities of the
+pairs are 136 each.
+
+And the probabilities of the
+I J, where I is unequal
+
+to J is 1/18 each.
+
+That's awful.
+
+So what do you do?
+
+When you're rolling two dice,
+you do the same thing that
+
+everybody else does.
+
+You say, well, even though it's
+two white dice, I'm going
+
+to think of it as if it's a
+white die and a red die.
+
+I'm going to think of it as if
+the two are indistinguishable.
+
+My sample space is going to be
+these 36 different things.
+
+I will never be able
+to distinguish a
+
+1, 2 from a 2, 1.
+
+But I don't care because
+I now know the
+
+probability of each of them.
+
+What I'm trying to say by this,
+is this a very, very
+
+trivial example of where you
+really have to think through
+
+the question of what kind of
+mathematical model do you want
+
+of the most simple situation
+you can think of almost.
+
+When you combine two different
+experiments together and you
+
+lose distinguishability,
+then what do you do?
+
+Well, the sensible thing to
+do is assume that the
+
+distinguishability is still
+there, but it's not
+
+observable.
+
+But that makes it hard to make
+a correspondence between the
+
+real world and the probability
+world.
+
+So we'll come back
+to that later.
+
+But for the most part, you don't
+have to worry about it
+
+because this is something
+you've dealt
+
+with all of your lives.
+
+I mean, you've done probability
+
+problems with dice.
+
+You've done probability problems
+with all sorts of
+
+other things where things are
+
+indistinguishable from each other.
+
+And after doing a few of these
+problems, you are used to
+
+being schizophrenic about it.
+
+And on one hand, thinking
+that these things are
+
+distinguishable to figure
+out what all the
+
+probabilities are.
+
+And then you go back to saying,
+well, they aren't
+
+really distinguishable, and
+you find the right answer.
+
+So you don't have to
+worry about it.
+
+All I'm trying to say here is
+that you should understand it.
+
+Because when you get the
+complicated situations, this
+
+is one of the main things which
+will cause confusion.
+
+It's one of the main things
+where people write papers and
+
+other people say that paper is
+wrong because they're both
+
+thinking of different
+models for it.
+
+Important thing is if you
+satisfy Kolmogorov's axioms in
+
+each of a set of models, and
+most important thing is where
+
+each of these models are
+exactly the same.
+
+And then you make them each
+independent of each other,
+
+Kolmogorov's axioms are going
+to be satisfied for the
+
+combination, as well as
+the individual model.
+
+Why do I care about that?
+
+Because we're studying
+stochastic processes.
+
+We're studying an infinite
+sequence of random variables.
+
+And I don't want to generate a
+complete probability model for
+
+an infinite set of random
+variables every time I talk
+
+about an infinite set
+of random variables.
+
+If I'm talking about an infinite
+sequence of flipping
+
+a coin, I want to do what you
+do, which is say, for each
+
+coin, the coin is equiprobably
+a head or a tail.
+
+And the coin tosses are
+independent of each other.
+
+And I want to know that I can go
+from that to thinking about
+
+this sequence.
+
+Strange things will happen
+in these sequences when
+
+we go to the limit.
+
+But still, we don't want to have
+to worry about a model
+
+for the whole infinite
+sequence.
+
+So that's one of the things
+we should deal with.
+
+Finally, random variables.
+
+Definition.
+
+Three years ago, I taught this
+course and I asked people to
+
+write down definition of what
+a random variable was.
+
+And almost no one really had
+any idea of what it was.
+
+They said it was something
+that had a probability
+
+density, or something that had
+a probability mass function,
+
+or something that had a
+distribution function, or
+
+something like that.
+
+What it is, if you want to get
+a definition which fits in
+
+with the axioms, the only thing
+we know from the axioms
+
+is there's a sample space.
+
+There are events and there
+are probabilities.
+
+So a random variable, what it
+really is, is it's a function
+
+from the set of sample points
+to the set of real values.
+
+And as you get into this, you
+will realize that the set of
+
+real values does not
+include minus
+
+infinity or plus infinity.
+
+It says that every sample
+point gets mapped into a
+
+finite value.
+
+This happens, of course,
+when you flip a coin.
+
+Well, flipping a coin,
+the outcome is
+
+not a random variable.
+
+But you'd like to make it a
+random variable, so you say,
+
+OK, I'm going to model
+tails as 0 and heads
+
+as 1, or vice versa.
+
+And then what happens?
+
+Your model for coin tossing,
+a sequence of coin tosses
+
+becomes the same as your
+model for data.
+
+So that what you know about coin
+tossing, you can apply to
+
+data compression.
+
+You see, when you think about
+these things mathematically,
+
+then you can make all sorts
+of connections you
+
+couldn't make otherwise.
+
+So random variables have to
+satisfy the constraint that--
+
+they have to satisfy the
+constraint that the set of
+
+sample points, such that x, x
+of omega, which is a real
+
+number, is less than or equal
+to some given real number.
+
+That this set has
+to be an event.
+
+Because those are the only
+things that have
+
+probabilities.
+
+So if we want to be able to talk
+about the probabilities
+
+of these random variables lying
+in certain ranges, or
+
+things like this, or having
+PMFs, or anything that you
+
+like to do, you need this
+constraint on it.
+
+It's an event for all A in
+the set of real numbers.
+
+Also, if this set
+of things here
+
+are each random variables.
+
+In other words, if each of them
+are functions from the
+
+sample space to the real line,
+then the set of omega such
+
+that x1 of omega is less than
+or equal to A1, up to An of
+
+omega is less than or equal
+to A n is an event also.
+
+You might recognize this as the
+distribution function, the
+
+joint distribution function
+for n random variables.
+
+You might recognize this as
+the distribution function
+
+evaluated at A for a single
+random variable.
+
+So you define a random
+variable.
+
+And what we're doing here is--
+
+it's kind of funny because we
+already have these axioms.
+
+But now when we want to define
+things in the context of these
+
+axioms, we need extra things
+in the definitions.
+
+This is a distribution function,
+a distribution
+
+function of the random variable
+x is the probability
+
+that the random variable x is
+less than or equal to x, which
+
+means that x is a mapping from
+omega into real numbers.
+
+It says that with this mapping
+here, you're mapping this
+
+whole sample space into
+the real line.
+
+Some omegas get mapped into
+things less than or equal to a
+
+real number x.
+
+Some of them get mapped into
+things greater than
+
+the real number x.
+
+And the set that gets mapped
+into something less than or
+
+equal to x, according to the
+definition of a random
+
+variable, has to be an event.
+
+Therefore, it has to
+have a probability.
+
+And these probabilities
+increase as we go.
+
+It is totally immaterial for all
+purposes whether we have a
+
+less than or equal to here
+or a less than here.
+
+And everyone follows the
+convention of using a less
+
+than or equal to here rather
+than a less than here.
+
+The importance of that is
+that when you look at a
+
+distribution function,
+the distribution
+
+function often has jumps.
+
+And the distribution will have
+a jump whenever there's a
+
+nonzero probability that the
+random variable takes on a
+
+particular value x here.
+
+It takes on this particular
+value with something more than
+
+probabilities here.
+
+If you have a probability
+density for a random variable,
+
+this curve just moves
+up continuously.
+
+And the derivative
+of this curve is
+
+the probability density.
+
+If you have a probability mass
+function, this is a staircase
+
+type of function.
+
+Because of the fact that we
+define the distribution
+
+function with a less than or
+equal to rather than a less
+
+than means that in every one of
+these jumps, the value here
+
+is the upper value
+of the jump.
+
+Value here is the upper value
+of the jump, and so forth.
+
+Now, I'm going to--
+
+I've already said
+half of this.
+
+Affects maps only until finite
+or countable set of values.
+
+It's discrete.
+
+And it has a probability
+mass function--
+
+this notation.
+
+If the derivative exists, then
+you say that the random
+
+variable is continuous
+and it has a density.
+
+And most problems that you do in
+probability theory, you're
+
+dealing with random variables.
+
+And they either have a
+probability mass function if
+
+they're discrete or they have
+a density if they're
+
+continuous.
+
+And this is just saying some
+things are one way, some
+
+things are the other way.
+
+And some things are neither.
+
+And we'll see lots of things
+that are neither.
+
+And you need the distribution
+function to talk about things
+
+that are neither.
+
+We will find that the
+distribution function, which
+
+you've hardly ever used in the
+past, is extraordinarily
+
+important, both for theoretical
+purposes and for
+
+other purposes.
+
+You really need that as a way
+of solving problems, as well
+
+as keeping yourself
+out of trouble.
+
+For every random variable, the
+distribution function exists.
+
+Why?
+
+Anybody know why this
+has to exist for
+
+every random variable?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Because we insisted
+that it did.
+
+Namely, we insisted that this
+event actually was an event
+
+for all little x.
+
+That's part of the definition.
+
+So, in fact, when you do these
+things a little more carefully
+
+than you might be used to, the
+definition implies that the
+
+distribution function
+always exists.
+
+As a more real-world kind of
+argument, we now have a way of
+
+dealing with things that are
+discrete, and continuous, and
+
+mixed continuous and discrete,
+and anything else that you
+
+might think of because the
+definition restricts it.
+
+Now, one other thing.
+
+How do I know that
+this starts at 0?
+
+That's a more complicated
+thing.
+
+And I'm not even going
+to do it in detail.
+
+But since every omega maps
+into a finite number, you
+
+can't have a jump down here
+at minus infinity.
+
+And you can't have a jump
+here at plus infinity.
+
+Because omegas don't
+map into plus
+
+infinity or minus infinity.
+
+So you have to start
+down here at 0.
+
+You have to climb
+up here to 1.
+
+You might never reach 1.
+
+You might reach it only as a
+limit, but you have to reach
+
+it as a limit.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the first
+paragraph, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: If we have a sequence
+of [INAUDIBLE], yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You are
+probably right.
+
+Yes.
+
+Well, I don't know I don't
+think about that one.
+
+I don't think you're right,
+but we can argue about it.
+
+But anyway, this has
+to start at 0.
+
+It has to go up to 1.
+
+OK, we did this.
+
+Now, I'm going to go through a
+theoretical nitpick for the
+
+last five minutes
+of the class.
+
+Anyone who doesn't like
+theoretical nitpicks, you're
+
+welcome to either go to sleep
+for five minutes, or you're
+
+welcome to go out and get a cup
+of coffee, or whatever you
+
+want to do.
+
+I will do this to you
+occasionally.
+
+And I realize it's almost
+torture for some of you,
+
+because I want to get you used
+to thinking about how
+
+relatively obvious things
+actually get proven.
+
+I want to increase your ability
+to prove things.
+
+The general statement about
+proving things, or at least
+
+the way I prove things, is not
+the way most mathematicians
+
+prove things.
+
+Most mathematicians prove things
+by starting out with
+
+axioms and going step by step
+until they get to what they're
+
+trying to prove.
+
+Now, every time I talk to a good
+mathematician, I find out
+
+that's what they write down when
+they prove something, but
+
+that's not the way they
+think about it at all.
+
+All of us-- engineers,
+businesspeople, everyone--
+
+thinks about problems
+in a different way.
+
+If we're trying to prove
+something, we first give a
+
+really half-assed proof of it.
+
+And after we do that, we look
+at it and we say, well, I
+
+don't see why this is true and
+I don't see why that's true.
+
+And then you go back and you
+patch these things up.
+
+And then after you patch
+things up, it
+
+starts to look ugly.
+
+So you go back and do
+it a nicer way.
+
+And you go back and forth and
+back and forth and back and
+
+forth, using both contradiction
+and implication.
+
+You use both of them.
+
+Now, when you're proving things
+in this class, I don't
+
+care whether you make it look
+like you're a formal
+
+mathematician or not.
+
+I would just assume you didn't
+pretend you were a formal
+
+mathematician.
+
+I would like to see you prove
+things in such a way that it
+
+is at least difficult to poke
+a hole in your argument.
+
+In other words, I would like you
+to give an argument which
+
+you've thought about enough
+that there aren't obvious
+
+counter examples to it.
+
+And if you learn to do that,
+you're well on your way to
+
+learning to use this theory in
+a way where you can actually
+
+come up with correct answer.
+
+And in fact, I'm not going to go
+through this proof at all.
+
+And I don't think I
+really wanted to.
+
+I just did it because--
+
+well, I think it's something
+you ought to read.
+
+It is important to learn to
+prove things because when you
+
+get to complicated systems,
+you cannot see your way
+
+through them intuitively.
+
+And if you can't see your way
+through it intuitively, you
+
+need to understand something
+about how to prove things, and
+
+you need to put all the
+techniques of proving things
+
+that you learned together with
+all the techniques that you've
+
+learned for doing things
+intuitively.
+
+And you need to know how
+to put them together.
+
+If you're stuck dealing only
+with things that are
+
+intuitive, or things that you
+learned in high school like
+
+calculus, then you really can't
+deal with complicated
+
+systems very well.
+
+OK, I'm going to end
+at that point.
+
+You can read this theoretical
+nitpick if you want,
+
+and play with it.
+
+And we'll go on next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7J1HD9rqEB4.txt b/7J1HD9rqEB4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0cc79ad35e38f3195ee2e4568d14847d9d71a333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7J1HD9rqEB4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18246 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back
+i hope you had a good thanksgiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you had a good thanksgiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you had a good thanksgiving
+and uh are all refreshed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh are all refreshed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh are all refreshed
+and ready uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ready uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ready uh to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh think about some theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think about some theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think about some theory of
+computation um we're in the home stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation um we're in the home stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation um we're in the home stretch
+now this is uh we have this lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is uh we have this lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is uh we have this lecture and
+two more to go and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more to go and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more to go and um
+so today i have for you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today i have for you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today i have for you um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+completion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion of the
+theorem we started before the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we started before the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we started before the break
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where we had a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had a uh
+we where we introduced probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we where we introduced probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we where we introduced probabilistic
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+and we uh talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we uh talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we uh talked about
+the class bpp as i hope you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class bpp as i hope you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class bpp as i hope you remember
+and we looked in particular at these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked in particular at these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked in particular at these um
+these problems involving branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems involving branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems involving branching
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we
+started the proof that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the proof that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the proof that the
+problem of equivalence of two read once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of equivalence of two read once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of equivalence of two read once
+branching programs can be solved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs can be solved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs can be solved in this
+class bpp so what i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class bpp so what i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class bpp so what i'm going to do is
+spend the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the first
+15 minutes or so just reviewing where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or so just reviewing where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes or so just reviewing where we
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+because we started this um it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we started this um it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we started this um it feels like
+a long time ago now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago now
+and i just want to make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want to make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just want to make sure that you're
+all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh on the same page and we're all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the same page and we're all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the same page and we're all uh
+um remembering what we were doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remembering what we were doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remembering what we were doing and
+then i will finish off the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will finish off the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will finish off the proof
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along
+with doing that we're going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing that we're going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with doing that we're going to introduce
+an important method um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important method um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important method um
+well we started that we we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we started that we we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we started that we we looked at the
+method of arithmetization last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of arithmetization last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of arithmetization last time so
+we will review that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will review that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will review that
+we're going to use that again in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that again in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use that again in the uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+work that we're going to start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we're going to start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we're going to start on
+thursday on interactive proof systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday on interactive proof systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday on interactive proof systems so
+this is a kind of in some ways both a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of in some ways both a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of in some ways both a an
+interesting theorem in its own right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting theorem in its own right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting theorem in its own right and
+a warm up for what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warm up for what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warm up for what we're going to be
+doing um on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um on um
+in the last topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last topic
+of the of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the semester
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+uh let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's just
+remember what we were doing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we were doing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what we were doing so we
+introduced probabilistic turing machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced probabilistic turing machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced probabilistic turing machines
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so those are these machines that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are these machines that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are these machines that have
+they're a kind of non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a kind of non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a kind of non-deterministic
+machine but there's a different rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but there's a different rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but there's a different rule for
+acceptance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these are also non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also non-deterministic
+machines which can either make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines which can either make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines which can either make
+one choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice
+just to have a deterministic uh move at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have a deterministic uh move at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to have a deterministic uh move at
+a step or they can make two choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step or they can make two choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step or they can make two choices
+um and when the machine makes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when the machine makes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and when the machine makes two
+choices we actually think of there being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we actually think of there being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we actually think of there being
+a probability there um where the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability there um where the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability there um where the machine
+is tossing a coin to decide which branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tossing a coin to decide which branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tossing a coin to decide which branch
+to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so with that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that there is a
+uh tree of possible branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tree of possible branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tree of possible branches
+and the probability of some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of some particular
+branch is going to be one over two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is going to be one over two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is going to be one over two to
+the number of coin tosses on that branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of coin tosses on that branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of coin tosses on that branch
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we then use that to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then use that to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then use that to define the
+probability that the machine accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the machine accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the machine accepts
+um which is the sum over all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is the sum over all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is the sum over all of the
+probabilities of the accepting branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the accepting branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the accepting branches
+and the probability that it rejects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability that it rejects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability that it rejects is
+one minus the probability that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the probability that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus the probability that it
+accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know thinking about it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know thinking about it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know thinking about it um
+uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+captures the idea that if you just run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the idea that if you just run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the idea that if you just run
+the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+on a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of inputs
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from the coin tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coin tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the coin tosses
+what the probability that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability that you're going
+to end up with the machine accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with the machine accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with the machine accepting
+that's the probability of acceptance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of acceptance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the probability of acceptance um
+defined in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we're thinking about the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we're thinking about the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we're thinking about the machine
+deciding some particular language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding some particular language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding some particular language
+it's supposed to accept the strings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to accept the strings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to accept the strings in
+the language and reject the strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and reject the strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and reject the strings
+which are not in the language but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not in the language but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not in the language but
+because of the probabilistic nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the probabilistic nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the probabilistic nature of
+the machine it might get the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine it might get the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine it might get the wrong
+answer on some branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on some branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer on some branches
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+we say that a machine decides a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a machine decides a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a machine decides a language
+with a certain error probability means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain error probability means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain error probability means
+that the probability of getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of getting the
+wrong answer is going to be at most that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer is going to be at most that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong answer is going to be at most that
+error probability epsilon over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error probability epsilon over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error probability epsilon over all of
+the possible inputs to the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible inputs to the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible inputs to the machine
+so if we say that the machine is error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we say that the machine is error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we say that the machine is error
+probability one-third that means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one-third that means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one-third that means that it
+gets the right answer for every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the right answer for every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the right answer for every every
+string with probability at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with probability at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with probability at least
+two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+that led us to the definition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led us to the definition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led us to the definition of this
+complexity class bpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class bpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity class bpp
+which i don't remember if i told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i don't remember if i told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i don't remember if i told you
+what it stands for it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it stands for it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it stands for it's bounded
+probabilistic polynomial time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic polynomial time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic polynomial time that's
+what bpp stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bpp stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bpp stands for
+and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is
+the bounded means is bounded away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounded means is bounded away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounded means is bounded away from
+one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half
+because we don't want to allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't want to allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't want to allow the
+machine to have probability one-half um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to have probability one-half um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to have probability one-half um
+because then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then um
+bad things happen uh the machine can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things happen uh the machine can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things happen uh the machine can
+just toss a coin when it decides to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just toss a coin when it decides to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just toss a coin when it decides to make
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh an answer and not really give us any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an answer and not really give us any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an answer and not really give us any
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we also uh went over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also uh went over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also uh went over
+the amplification level we did not give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplification level we did not give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplification level we did not give
+the proof but we went over the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof but we went over the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof but we went over the statement
+of the theorem the proof is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theorem the proof is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theorem the proof is really just
+a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation
+that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+drive down that error probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive down that error probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive down that error probability to
+something extremely tiny um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extremely tiny um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something extremely tiny um
+just by basically rep repeating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by basically rep repeating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by basically rep repeating the
+machine and taking the majority vote of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and taking the majority vote of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and taking the majority vote of
+what it does on several different runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does on several different runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does on several different runs
+if you run the machine 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run the machine 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run the machine 100 times
+and you see if it's mostly accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see if it's mostly accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see if it's mostly accepting
+then you're going to accept and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to accept and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to accept and the
+chances that the machine was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that the machine was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that the machine was really
+uh biased toward rejecting even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh biased toward rejecting even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh biased toward rejecting even though
+your in your samples see mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your samples see mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your samples see mostly
+acceptance is extremely small and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance is extremely small and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance is extremely small and you
+can calculate that but you can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate that but you can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate that but you can make that
+very tiny so small that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny so small that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny so small that for all
+practical purposes it's really giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical purposes it's really giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical purposes it's really giving
+you the right answer um but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the right answer um but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the right answer um but you know
+it's not deterministic so it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not deterministic so it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not deterministic so it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and the way i like to think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i like to think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i like to think about um
+bpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bpp
+in a uh in terms of the computation tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uh in terms of the computation tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uh in terms of the computation tree
+of the machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine um
+so that when it's accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when it's accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when it's accepting
+most of the branches are accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the branches are accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the branches are accepting
+you know weighted by their probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know weighted by their probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know weighted by their probability
+of course but most of the branches so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but most of the branches so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but most of the branches so
+the there are many accepting branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are many accepting branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are many accepting branches
+when you're accepting and many rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're accepting and many rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're accepting and many rejecting
+branches when you're rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches when you're rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches when you're rejecting
+so just another way of saying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just another way of saying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just another way of saying the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+we're gonna start right jump right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start right jump right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna start right jump right in
+with a check-in um and this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a check-in um and this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a check-in um and this is a little
+bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+not exactly the material of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the material of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the material of the course
+but um a little bit more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um a little bit more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um a little bit more on the
+philosophical side but let's just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical side but let's just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical side but let's just see
+how you do with it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do with it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do with it um
+when you're actually running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're actually running
+a probabilistic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic machine
+you imagine the machine as we're as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine the machine as we're as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine the machine as we're as
+we're kind of informally describing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of informally describing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of informally describing it
+it's called tossing coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called tossing coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called tossing coins
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+every time it has a non-deterministic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it has a non-deterministic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it has a non-deterministic uh
+every time it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it has a
+a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice
+so a choice tosses a coin to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a choice tosses a coin to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a choice tosses a coin to decide
+which way to go of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way to go of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way to go of course
+you know a real computer does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a real computer does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a real computer does not have a
+coin to toss presumably well maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin to toss presumably well maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin to toss presumably well maybe you
+might actually build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually build
+some hardware into the machine that lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hardware into the machine that lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hardware into the machine that lets
+it access randomness in some sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it access randomness in some sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it access randomness in some sense you
+know maybe it uses um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it uses um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it uses um some
+quantum mechanical effect you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical effect you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical effect you know to
+get some random value or maybe it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some random value or maybe it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some random value or maybe it uses
+the timer i you know i'm not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timer i you know i'm not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timer i you know i'm not exactly
+sure you know you can imagine having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you know you can imagine having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you know you can imagine having a
+bunch of ways of implementing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways of implementing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of ways of implementing that
+a typical way that people implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical way that people implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical way that people implement
+randomness randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness randomness
+in an algorithm is to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an algorithm is to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an algorithm is to use a
+pseudo-random number generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random number generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random number generator
+which is a procedure that might give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a procedure that might give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a procedure that might give you
+some kind of a value that looks random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a value that looks random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a value that looks random
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+may not actually be random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not actually be random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not actually be random
+it's for example giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for example giving you
+the digits of pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits of pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digits of pi
+if you express if you want binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you express if you want binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you express if you want binary
+expressing pi as a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a binary number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a binary number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a binary number
+then you might calculate the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might calculate the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might calculate the different
+successive digits of pi and use that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive digits of pi and use that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive digits of pi and use that as
+for your random number generator um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your random number generator um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your random number generator um of
+course that's a deterministic procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a deterministic procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a deterministic procedure
+so it's not really random um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not really random um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not really random um
+and but you know often people do use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know often people do use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but you know often people do use
+those kinds of things when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of things when they're
+simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating
+random machines so what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random machines so what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random machines so what do you think
+about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing that
+could we use a random uh pseudorandom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we use a random uh pseudorandom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we use a random uh pseudorandom
+generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+as the source of randomness for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the source of randomness for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the source of randomness for a
+randomized algorithm um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithm um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithm um
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+yes or no or what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no or what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes or no or what do you think
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's launch a poll on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's launch a poll on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's launch a poll on that
+and see what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what your
+opinion about using pseudorandom number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion about using pseudorandom number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion about using pseudorandom number
+generators instead of truly random true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators instead of truly random true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators instead of truly random true
+randomness for our algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll give you a few seconds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a few seconds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a few seconds a
+minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute to
+weigh in on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we're gonna close this down everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna close this down everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna close this down everybody's
+participated who wants to uh one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated who wants to uh one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated who wants to uh one two
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah i think probably the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think probably the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think probably the the best
+answer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is a
+um let's take a look at some there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take a look at some there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take a look at some there are a
+couple of answers here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of answers here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of answers here that
+really that don't make um that aren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that don't make um that aren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that don't make um that aren't as
+good i would say uh b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good i would say uh b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good i would say uh b
+well you know usually people think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know usually people think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know usually people think of
+random pseudorandom generators as pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random pseudorandom generators as pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random pseudorandom generators as pretty
+fast procedures um they're not not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast procedures um they're not not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast procedures um they're not not that
+interesting otherwise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting otherwise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting otherwise so
+um i wouldn't say that b is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i wouldn't say that b is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i wouldn't say that b is a good
+choice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because
+you know they're they're usually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're they're usually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're they're usually pretty
+quick to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick to implement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is
+a worse choice even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worse choice even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worse choice even
+because uh turing machines can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh turing machines can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh turing machines can do
+anything that any other algorithm can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that any other algorithm can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that any other algorithm can do
+so certainly if there is such a thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly if there is such a thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly if there is such a thing as
+a pseudorandom number generator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pseudorandom number generator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pseudorandom number generator and
+there is then you could uh implement it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is then you could uh implement it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is then you could uh implement it
+on a touring machine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a touring machine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a touring machine um
+d is kind of an interesting answer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is kind of an interesting answer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d is kind of an interesting answer uh
+because you're saying well that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're saying well that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're saying well that would
+imply that p equals bpp if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that p equals bpp if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that p equals bpp if you could
+actually simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually simulate
+uh randomness with a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomness with a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomness with a deterministic
+procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but in fact the reason i i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the reason i i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the reason i i would
+not choose d is because it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not choose d is because it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not choose d is because it's perfectly
+conceivable that p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that p
+does equal bpp we don't know that p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does equal bpp we don't know that p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does equal bpp we don't know that p is
+different from bpp so it's conceivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from bpp so it's conceivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from bpp so it's conceivable
+that they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're equal
+and in fact i think if you if you polled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i think if you if you polled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact i think if you if you polled
+most complexity theorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most complexity theorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most complexity theorists
+they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would
+most most people in my field would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most people in my field would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most people in my field would would
+believe that p does equal bpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that p does equal bpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that p does equal bpp
+just for this very reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this very reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this very reason
+that if you had sufficiently good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you had sufficiently good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you had sufficiently good
+pseudo-random number generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random number generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random number generators
+you could actually eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually eliminate the
+probabilism in these probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilism in these probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilism in these probabilistic
+computations you could just run them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations you could just run them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations you could just run them on
+the pseudorandom number generator and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudorandom number generator and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pseudorandom number generator and in
+fact there is some theory around that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is some theory around that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there is some theory around that um
+that has been developed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been developed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been developed um
+but at the present time we do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the present time we do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the present time we do not know
+how to prove that there are pseudorandom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prove that there are pseudorandom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prove that there are pseudorandom
+gen number generators and it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen number generators and it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gen number generators and it has some
+actually there's actually in some line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's actually in some line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's actually in some line
+of this research has some connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this research has some connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this research has some connection
+with the p versus np problem but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the p versus np problem but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the p versus np problem but we
+don't know how to prove that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to prove that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to prove that there are
+sufficiently good pseudo-random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently good pseudo-random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently good pseudo-random number
+generators that would would allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators that would would allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators that would would allow you to
+run them on a probabilistic algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them on a probabilistic algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them on a probabilistic algorithm
+and have a guaranteed behavior which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a guaranteed behavior which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a guaranteed behavior which is
+as good as running truly random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as running truly random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as running truly random numbers
+into the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the um
+probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic
+algorithm and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and so
+the the answer that i would pick would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer that i would pick would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the answer that i would pick would
+be a that you could use it sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a that you could use it sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a that you could use it sure you
+might get the right answer but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get the right answer but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might get the right answer but it's not
+guaranteed we just don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed we just don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed we just don't know how to do
+the analysis for the pseudorandom number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis for the pseudorandom number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis for the pseudorandom number
+generators and you know if you had such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and you know if you had such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators and you know if you had such
+you had ones that were good enough they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had ones that were good enough they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had ones that were good enough they
+would show p is equal to vpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show p is equal to vpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show p is equal to vpp
+but that might be in fact the correct um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that might be in fact the correct um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that might be in fact the correct um
+that might actually be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might actually be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might actually be true
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's continue on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's continue on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's continue on um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+remember now branching programs you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now branching programs you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now branching programs you know
+we had these uh kind of networks um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these uh kind of networks um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had these uh kind of networks um of
+nodes and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and edges
+um and there was a procedure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there was a procedure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there was a procedure you know
+we'll see a couple of examples again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a couple of examples again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a couple of examples again
+some of the ones that we had from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ones that we had from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ones that we had from before
+uh where you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you um
+you know you have branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have branching programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have branching programs
+look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this
+and you know you you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you you have a bunch of
+query nodes you look at the settings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query nodes you look at the settings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query nodes you look at the settings of
+the variables to decide whether to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables to decide whether to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables to decide whether to go
+down a zero edge or a one edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a zero edge or a one edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a zero edge or a one edge and
+eventually you're going to end up at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're going to end up at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you're going to end up at an
+output node and that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output node and that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output node and that's going to be the
+output of the branching program and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the branching program and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the branching program and in
+such a way these branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way these branching programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way these branching programs
+define boolean functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define boolean functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define boolean functions
+from the settings of the input variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the settings of the input variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the settings of the input variables
+to a 001 output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a 001 output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a 001 output
+now you might have two branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might have two branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might have two branching
+programs and wonder whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and wonder whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and wonder whether they're
+computing the same boolean function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the same boolean function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the same boolean function or
+not and testing that is a co np complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and testing that is a co np complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and testing that is a co np complete
+problem as you are asked to show on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as you are asked to show on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as you are asked to show on your
+homework um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if the branching program however has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the branching program however has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the branching program however has a
+restriction namely that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction namely that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction namely that it's
+not allowed to ask to query the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to ask to query the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to ask to query the same
+variable more than once on a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable more than once on a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable more than once on a path
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+with that restriction you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that restriction you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that restriction you can
+we call it a read once branching program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a read once branching program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it a read once branching program
+and then the situation for testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the situation for testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the situation for testing
+equivalence seems to be different um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence seems to be different um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence seems to be different um in
+fact we can give a bpp algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can give a bpp algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can give a bpp algorithm for
+testing the equivalence of read once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the equivalence of read once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the equivalence of read once
+branching programs even though such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs even though such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs even though such a
+thing is unlikely to be the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is unlikely to be the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is unlikely to be the case for
+general branching programs because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general branching programs because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general branching programs because of
+the co-np completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-np completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-np completeness
+okay so i hope you're comfortable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope you're comfortable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope you're comfortable and
+with me on all that reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me on all that reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me on all that reasoning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+all right so the idea for proving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the idea for proving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the idea for proving this
+is what we're going to do is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do is we're going
+to take the two branching programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the two branching programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the two branching programs and
+run them on a randomly selected input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them on a randomly selected input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them on a randomly selected input
+but as we observed last time if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we observed last time if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we observed last time if you just
+run them on a randomly randomly selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them on a randomly randomly selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them on a randomly randomly selected
+boolean input where we assign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean input where we assign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean input where we assign the
+variables zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables zeros and ones
+then that doesn't give you the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that doesn't give you the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that doesn't give you the right
+answer with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with high probability
+because the two branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two branching programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two branching programs
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+different computing different boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different computing different boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different computing different boolean
+functions but they differ only on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but they differ only on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but they differ only on a
+single input setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input setting
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+just picking them at random you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking them at random you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking them at random you're not
+going to have a very high probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a very high probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a very high probability of
+finding that one place of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that one place of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that one place of difference
+so instead what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what we're going to do
+is define a way to run these branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is define a way to run these branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is define a way to run these branching
+programs on non-boolean inputs where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on non-boolean inputs where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on non-boolean inputs where the
+variables are set to values other than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are set to values other than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are set to values other than 0
+and 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1.
+2 3 7 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 7 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 7 22
+and make sense of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sense of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sense of that
+and then argue that by running the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then argue that by running the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then argue that by running the two
+branching programs on a randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs on a randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs on a randomly
+selected non-boolean input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected non-boolean input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected non-boolean input
+that that's very high probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's very high probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's very high probability of
+giving you the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the right answer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so somehow by expanding the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow by expanding the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow by expanding the domain of
+possibilities you're going to uh better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you're going to uh better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you're going to uh better
+your chance of getting the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chance of getting the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chance of getting the right answer
+very significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very significantly
+okay so even though these two branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though these two branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so even though these two branching
+programs might agree on all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs might agree on all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs might agree on all of the
+on almost all of the boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on almost all of the boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on almost all of the boolean
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+we're going to show that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to show that by
+doing this arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this arithmetization
+so this is the method um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the method um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the method um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they're going to if they're really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to if they're really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to if they're really not
+equivalent they're going to differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent they're going to differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent they're going to differ
+almost all of the time on the expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the time on the expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the time on the expanded
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+okay now we have to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to prove
+so that there is uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is uh um
+you know that's where today's work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's where today's work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's where today's work is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+why don't we just stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we just stop
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+make sure we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're all
+together on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on this
+i can take any questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take any questions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take any questions um
+i'll also review how the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll also review how the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll also review how the arithmetization
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+but that i'll do that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that i'll do that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that i'll do that next
+so are we all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+good so let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so let's move on
+so in order to move toward understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to move toward understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to move toward understanding
+what it means to run the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to run the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to run the branching
+programs on these non-boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on these non-boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on these non-boolean values
+we're going to have to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to uh
+uh get a somewhat different perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get a somewhat different perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get a somewhat different perspective
+on the computation of a branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the computation of a branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the computation of a branching
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+so the standard com perspective is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard com perspective is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the standard com perspective is that
+you know you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you um
+you take your setting your assignment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your setting your assignment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your setting your assignment to
+the input which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input which is
+0 1 1 for x1 x2 and x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 1 for x1 x2 and x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 1 for x1 x2 and x3
+and use that to follow an execution path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to follow an execution path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to follow an execution path
+through the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the machine
+so you know x1 is 0 x2 is 1 x3 is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know x1 is 0 x2 is 1 x3 is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know x1 is 0 x2 is 1 x3 is one
+the output is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is one
+okay as i've indicated in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as i've indicated in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as i've indicated in yellow
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this other perspective says well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other perspective says well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other perspective says well let's
+let's we're gonna by operate by labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we're gonna by operate by labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we're gonna by operate by labeling
+the nodes and edges of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes and edges of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes and edges of the machine
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's going to have a very direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have a very direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have a very direct
+correspondence with the execution path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with the execution path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence with the execution path
+perspective so we're going to label all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so we're going to label all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective so we're going to label all
+the nodes and edges on the path with a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes and edges on the path with a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes and edges on the path with a 1
+as indicated in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as indicated in yellow
+and all the nodes and edges that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the nodes and edges that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the nodes and edges that are not
+on the path all the other nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the path all the other nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the path all the other nodes and
+edges are going to be labeled zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are going to be labeled zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are going to be labeled zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so by following the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by following the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by following the ones
+it's like the breadcrumbs you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the breadcrumbs you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the breadcrumbs you know and
+hansel and gretel these are the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hansel and gretel these are the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hansel and gretel these are the this is
+the path you need to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path you need to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path you need to follow
+to get uh through uh the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get uh through uh the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get uh through uh the machine
+the zeros are the places where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros are the places where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros are the places where you don't
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so the output label here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the output label here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the output label here
+the the output is going to be the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the output is going to be the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the output is going to be the label
+of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one
+output node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output node
+whatever you're labeling that because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're labeling that because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're labeling that because if
+it's a one that means the path went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one that means the path went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a one that means the path went to
+the one and if it's a zero that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and if it's a zero that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and if it's a zero that means
+the path didn't go to the one who went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path didn't go to the one who went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path didn't go to the one who went
+to the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero
+okay so just by looking at this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just by looking at this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just by looking at this value
+you can see what the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what the output of the
+machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+describe a different way of defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a different way of defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a different way of defining
+this labeling without just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeling without just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this labeling without just looking at
+the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+but it's going to capture exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to capture exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to capture exactly the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say
+whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have
+you know if if you've already labeled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you've already labeled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you've already labeled a
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+i'll tell you how to label the two edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you how to label the two edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you how to label the two edges
+that emanate from that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emanate from that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that emanate from that node
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i'm going to label the one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to label the one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to label the one edge
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+the query variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the query variable
+why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+a is going to be either a zero or a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be either a zero or a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be either a zero or a one
+and it's going to tell us whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to tell us whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to tell us whether or not
+the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path
+entered that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered that node
+so if it's a 1 it entered that node at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a 1 it entered that node at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a 1 it entered that node at 0
+it didn't enter that node the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't enter that node the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't enter that node the only way
+it's going to go down that this branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go down that this branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go down that this branch
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is if it did enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it did enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it did enter
+the x i node if it didn't enter the x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i node if it didn't enter the x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i node if it didn't enter the x i
+know there's no way it can go down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no way it can go down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's no way it can go down this
+this branch so we're going to and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch so we're going to and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch so we're going to and that
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+so it's so the only way you can go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's so the only way you can go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's so the only way you can go down
+this branch is if it went through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch is if it went through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branch is if it went through that
+node so that's the a the value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so that's the a the value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so that's the a the value of a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the x i is a one that's why we say a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i is a one that's why we say a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i is a one that's why we say a and
+x i so you really have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i so you really have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i so you really have to understand
+this little expression here in order you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little expression here in order you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little expression here in order you
+don't understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand that
+you're toast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're toast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're toast
+okay so you better understand this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you better understand this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you better understand this so we
+can move forward i'm happy to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move forward i'm happy to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move forward i'm happy to take a
+question these are the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question these are the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question these are the simplest
+questions or sometimes the most valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or sometimes the most valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or sometimes the most valuable
+if you understand why i'm labeling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understand why i'm labeling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understand why i'm labeling it
+this way shoot me a chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way shoot me a chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way shoot me a chat
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay now the other brand uh other branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the other brand uh other branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the other brand uh other branch
+i'm going to say well i'm only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say well i'm only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say well i'm only going to
+go down this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down this edge
+if well a is true so i did go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well a is true so i did go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if well a is true so i did go through
+that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x i is false so this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i is false so this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i is false so this is going to be a
+and the complement of x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complement of x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complement of x i
+all right so that's how i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's how i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's how i'm going to
+label these this is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label these this is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label these this is another way
+giving these expressions for labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving these expressions for labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving these expressions for labeling
+these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges
+based on the label of that node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the label of that node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the label of that node and
+similarly in order to complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in order to complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in order to complete the
+picture i've got to tell you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture i've got to tell you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture i've got to tell you how to
+label the nodes based on the edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the nodes based on the edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the nodes based on the edges that
+are coming into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming into it
+so if i know that i have a1 a2 and a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i know that i have a1 a2 and a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i know that i have a1 a2 and a3
+which tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tell me
+the status in terms of the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status in terms of the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the status in terms of the path of
+whether the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the path
+went through any of these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through any of these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through any of these edges
+well i know that it's going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i know that it's going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i know that it's going to go to
+that node if it went it's the or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node if it went it's the or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that node if it went it's the or of
+these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these values
+if the path went through here or it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the path went through here or it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the path went through here or it went
+through there or went through there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there or went through there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there or went through there then
+it's going to go through that note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go through that note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go through that note
+that's why the or is the right thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the or is the right thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the or is the right thing to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+so this gives me another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives me another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gives me another way of
+constructing the labeling over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the labeling over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the labeling over here
+without even talking about paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even talking about paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even talking about paths
+but i'm just as i describe it i argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just as i describe it i argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just as i describe it i argue
+that it's going to get the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to get the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to get the same result
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a question can we quickly say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a question can we quickly say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a question can we quickly say
+again why we can't do that on boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why we can't do that on boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why we can't do that on boolean
+i'm not sure i understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i understand the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure i understand the question
+so please send it to me again but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please send it to me again but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please send it to me again but this
+is right now everything is boolean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now everything is boolean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now everything is boolean we
+haven't done arithmetically anything yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done arithmetically anything yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done arithmetically anything yet
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the reason why we can't just live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why we can't just live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why we can't just live in
+the boolean world is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boolean world is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boolean world is that
+you know just by taking boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just by taking boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just by taking boolean values
+of boolean assignments here we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boolean assignments here we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of boolean assignments here we don't
+have a high enough probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high enough probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high enough probability of
+catching a difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching a difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching a difference between the two
+machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's continue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now i'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now i'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now i'm going to talk about
+how to we're going to extend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to we're going to extend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to we're going to extend this
+to the non-boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-boolean case
+okay using the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using the arithmetic
+arithmetization method so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization method so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization method so first of all
+arithmetization is a simulation of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization is a simulation of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization is a simulation of and
+and or with plus and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or with plus and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or with plus and times
+such that if i think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if i think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that if i think about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+true as a one and false as a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true as a one and false as a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true as a one and false as a zero
+this is going to give me a faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to give me a faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to give me a faithful
+simulation it's going to do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation it's going to do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation it's going to do the right
+thing um it's going to compute exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um it's going to compute exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um it's going to compute exactly
+the same values that we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same values that we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same values that we expect
+so like a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like a and b
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+times works just like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times works just like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times works just like and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and um right you know it does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um right you know it does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um right you know it does for
+for one and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one and zero
+as true and false times exactly works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as true and false times exactly works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as true and false times exactly works
+like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+negation is one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation is one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation is one minus
+and or is going to be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or is going to be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or is going to be the sum
+minus the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the product
+and then these just give you the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these just give you the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these just give you the right
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+um a a or b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a or b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a or b
+if you just calculate it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just calculate it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just calculate it out
+by plugging in ones or zeros you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by plugging in ones or zeros you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by plugging in ones or zeros you get the
+right answer just by using using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer just by using using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer just by using using this
+arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we're going to do
+instead of using the boolean labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the boolean labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the boolean labeling
+we'll just use the arithmetical labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just use the arithmetical labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just use the arithmetical labeling
+but it's going to compute exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to compute exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to compute exactly the
+same thing because the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing because the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing because the arithmetic
+simulates the boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulates the boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulates the boolean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh we always go through the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we always go through the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we always go through the start
+nodes so there's no question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so there's no question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so there's no question about
+labeling the very start node with a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling the very start node with a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling the very start node with a one
+but now i'm going to give expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm going to give expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i'm going to give expressions
+just like the boolean expressions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the boolean expressions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the boolean expressions but
+now they're going to use plus and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're going to use plus and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're going to use plus and times
+instead of ands and ors um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of ands and ors um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of ands and ors um
+so let's just see remember what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just see remember what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just see remember what we
+defined before we had a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined before we had a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined before we had a and
+x i for this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i for this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i for this edge
+i'm going to replace that what is and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to replace that what is and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to replace that what is and we
+just look up here in our table in our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look up here in our table in our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look up here in our table in our in
+our translation table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our translation table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our translation table
+and becomes times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes times
+so we're going to replace that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to replace that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to replace that with a
+times x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's going to work exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to work exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to work exactly the same
+but you know the difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the difference is that
+this makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes sense
+even when we have non-boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when we have non-boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when we have non-boolean values
+times and plus are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and plus are defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and plus are defined
+for non-boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non-boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for non-boolean values
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where zans and or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where zans and or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where zans and or not
+so what what goes down on this edge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what goes down on this edge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what goes down on this edge um
+well this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was
+a and the complement of x i as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the complement of x i as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the complement of x i as you
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+uh so we're going to that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're going to that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we're going to that's going to
+become a times 1 minus x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a times 1 minus x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a times 1 minus x i
+and then similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then similarly
+we had or over here and here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had or over here and here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had or over here and here's a little
+bit of a trick but that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a trick but that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a trick but that's going to be
+important for the for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the for the for the
+analysis that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that we're going to do
+instead of using the recipe for um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the recipe for um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using the recipe for um or
+in terms of plus and times we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of plus and times we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of plus and times we're going
+to have something a little simpler it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something a little simpler it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have something a little simpler it's
+just going to be the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be the song
+and the reason why that works it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why that works it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason why that works it's good
+to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+because of the acyclic nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the acyclic nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the acyclic nature of the
+branching programs at most one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs at most one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs at most one of these
+edges can have a path through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges can have a path through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges can have a path through it
+so this is a kind of very special ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a kind of very special ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a kind of very special ore
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sometimes called a disjoint or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a disjoint or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called a disjoint or
+you're not allowed to have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to have more than one
+of the values be one because that never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values be one because that never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values be one because that never
+happens in when you have an acyclical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in when you have an acyclical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in when you have an acyclical
+graph you can never have the path coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you can never have the path coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you can never have the path coming
+down this way and then again coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this way and then again coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this way and then again coming down
+that way then it would be entering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way then it would be entering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way then it would be entering that
+node twice had to be a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node twice had to be a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node twice had to be a cycle
+so it's going to be good enough for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be good enough for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be good enough for us
+and it necessary for us to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it necessary for us to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it necessary for us to represent
+uh this or as as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this or as as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this or as as a sum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i think that's all i wanted to say on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's all i wanted to say on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that's all i wanted to say on
+this slide um so somebody's asking is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide um so somebody's asking is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide um so somebody's asking is a
+possible sum of for some of these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sum of for some of these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sum of for some of these values
+to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative
+yes the values that's a as it stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the values that's a as it stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the values that's a as it stands
+right now some of these values can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now some of these values can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now some of these values can be
+negative i haven't put any restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative i haven't put any restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative i haven't put any restriction
+on what the values are are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the values are are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what the values are are going to be
+um so the input could be a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the input could be a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the input could be a negative
+number and then you're going to just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then you're going to just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then you're going to just get
+negative stuff happening uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stuff happening uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stuff happening uh in fact
+there's negative there's subtractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's negative there's subtractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's negative there's subtractions
+going on here so even with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so even with positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so even with positive
+numbers i think we did an example last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers i think we did an example last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers i think we did an example last
+time i think we're gonna i'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i think we're gonna i'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i think we're gonna i'm gonna do
+that example again uh of exclusive or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example again uh of exclusive or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example again uh of exclusive or um
+where you're going to you get negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to you get negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're going to you get negative
+numbers coming up that doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers coming up that doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers coming up that doesn't matter
+but actually what we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually what we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually what we're going to end up
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+is operate doing these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operate doing these calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is operate doing these calculations
+modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo
+some prime number q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um so i'm going to pick some prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so i'm going to pick some prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so i'm going to pick some prime
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+17 and do all the calculations mod 17.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and do all the calculations mod 17.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and do all the calculations mod 17.
+um and the reason for doing it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason for doing it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason for doing it that way
+is really because we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really because we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really because we're going to be
+picking random assignments to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking random assignments to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking random assignments to the um
+variables as our input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as our input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables as our input
+and it and you need to it makes it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and you need to it makes it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and you need to it makes it makes
+the most sense to do that when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sense to do that when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sense to do that when you have
+a finite set of possibilities to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite set of possibilities to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite set of possibilities to pick
+them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up
+um so we're not going to pick like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're not going to pick like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we're not going to pick like a
+random integer there's infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random integer there's infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random integer there's infinitely many
+possibilities and you could yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and you could yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and you could yeah you
+could set up a distribution there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set up a distribution there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could set up a distribution there but
+that's very complicated that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very complicated that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very complicated that actually
+might work i'm not sure i i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work i'm not sure i i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work i'm not sure i i haven't
+actually gone through that analysis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gone through that analysis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gone through that analysis but
+the typical way people do this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical way people do this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical way people do this is by
+looking at what's called a finite field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what's called a finite field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what's called a finite field
+so i'll talk about that in a second um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk about that in a second um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk about that in a second um
+why is there at most one one among a1 a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there at most one one among a1 a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there at most one one among a1 a2
+and a3 so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ones i'll say one once again but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones i'll say one once again but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones i'll say one once again but the
+ones correspond to the path so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones correspond to the path so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones correspond to the path so this is a
+one if the path went this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the path went this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if the path went this way
+just think about it the path cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it the path cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about it the path cannot go
+through a1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a1 and
+can at the same time go through a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at the same time go through a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at the same time go through a2
+because that means the path went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means the path went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means the path went through
+this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this node
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+how is it going to get over to a2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it going to get over to a2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it going to get over to a2 it's
+going to go through that node twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that node twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through that node twice
+in an acyclic graph you cannot have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an acyclic graph you cannot have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an acyclic graph you cannot have a
+path going through it's the same node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path going through it's the same node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path going through it's the same node
+more than once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than once
+so you have you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have you're going to have to
+think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to talk about the
+same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+we're going to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at that
+non-boolean labeling applied to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean labeling applied to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean labeling applied to an
+example so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so here is a
+very simple branching program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple branching program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple branching program that
+actually computes the exclusive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computes the exclusive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computes the exclusive or
+function in the boolean world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the boolean world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the boolean world
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is the labeling that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the labeling that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the labeling that we just
+i just developed for you the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just developed for you the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just developed for you the the uh
+arithmetical labeling um and we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetical labeling um and we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetical labeling um and we always
+label the start node with one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the start node with one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the start node with one because
+the path always goes through there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path always goes through there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path always goes through there um
+and now let's look at this before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's look at this before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's look at this before we
+jump ahead let's look at this edge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump ahead let's look at this edge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump ahead let's look at this edge here
+remember what it is we have to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is we have to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is we have to apply
+this rule here this is the one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule here this is the one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rule here this is the one edge
+coming out of a node that already is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a node that already is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a node that already is
+labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled
+so it's that that label on that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that that label on that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's that that label on that node
+times the x i because that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the x i because that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the x i because that if you're
+thinking about that's the and captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that's the and captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that's the and captures
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+so it's just a times x i so xor it's x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just a times x i so xor it's x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just a times x i so xor it's x1
+in this case so it's going to be x1 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so it's going to be x1 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so it's going to be x1 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our input
+so it's going to be 1 which is the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be 1 which is the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be 1 which is the a
+times the x one which is two so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the x one which is two so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the x one which is two so that's
+just this this edge gets labeled two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this edge gets labeled two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this edge gets labeled two
+now this well okay let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this well okay let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this well okay let's look at this
+edge now i think that's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge now i think that's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge now i think that's next
+this is the one minus x i it's one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one minus x i it's one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one minus x i it's one minus
+x one so it's one minus two so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one so it's one minus two so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one so it's one minus two so we're
+going to end up with a minus one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with a minus one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with a minus one one
+minus times minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus times minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus times minus
+one times one minus two which is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times one minus two which is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times one minus two which is minus
+one so it's a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's a minus one
+now we're going to label these two nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to label these two nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to label these two nodes
+using the other rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the other rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the other rule
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this gets a 2 because that's the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets a 2 because that's the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets a 2 because that's the sum
+of the incoming edges this gets a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming edges this gets a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incoming edges this gets a minus
+1 because that's the sum of its incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because that's the sum of its incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 because that's the sum of its incoming
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+and now we're going to look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which order did i do this in okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order did i do this in okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order did i do this in okay it's
+going to do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this uh
+this edge now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge now
+um zero edge which is going to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um zero edge which is going to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um zero edge which is going to be 2
+times 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus
+its variable so it's 1 minus x2 x2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variable so it's 1 minus x2 x2 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its variable so it's 1 minus x2 x2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 1 minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 1 minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 1 minus 3
+it's a minus 2 so 2 times minus 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a minus 2 so 2 times minus 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a minus 2 so 2 times minus 2 is
+minus 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4.
+okay i don't want to rush through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i don't want to rush through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i don't want to rush through
+there's no point in just blabbering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in just blabbering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in just blabbering on
+i'm just trying to do work this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just trying to do work this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just trying to do work this example
+so you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the idea
+okay so could you fill this out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so could you fill this out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so could you fill this out this
+next one out yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one out yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one out yourself
+so this is the one outgoing edge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the one outgoing edge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the one outgoing edge from
+this x2 node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x2 node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this x2 node
+um so x2 is a x2 is labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so x2 is a x2 is labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so x2 is a x2 is labeled
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with two here so there's a is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two here so there's a is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two here so there's a is two
+this is the one edge going out so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one edge going out so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one edge going out so it's
+the one on this side here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on this side here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on this side here so it's
+two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the
+x2 x2 is a three so it's two times three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 x2 is a three so it's two times three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 x2 is a three so it's two times three
+so this should be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops right here six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops right here six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops right here six
+i'm gonna do the same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna do the same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna do the same thing so
+x2 is labeled minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is labeled minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is labeled minus one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so minus one times one minus so you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus one times one minus so you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus one times one minus so you got
+a two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two here
+you get a minus three here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a minus three here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a minus three here just
+following again the same um process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following again the same um process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following again the same um process
+and now let's let's say what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's let's say what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's let's say what is the
+label on the zero node here so you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label on the zero node here so you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label on the zero node here so you again
+you take the sum of its incoming labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the sum of its incoming labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the sum of its incoming labels
+so there was a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was a two
+and a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a six
+so that's an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an eight
+and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a minus three and a minus four coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus three and a minus four coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus three and a minus four coming in
+so it's a minus seven what's the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a minus seven what's the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a minus seven what's the output
+the output is minus seven because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is minus seven because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is minus seven because that's
+the label on the one node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label on the one node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label on the one node
+okay output is minus seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay output is minus seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay output is minus seven
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be our
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+of a branching program when it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a branching program when it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a branching program when it has a
+non-boolean setting on its inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean setting on its inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean setting on its inputs
+if you had the boolean setting on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had the boolean setting on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had the boolean setting on its
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+and you followed this procedure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you followed this procedure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you followed this procedure what
+would you get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you would get the same answer that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get the same answer that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get the same answer that you
+would get by following the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get by following the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get by following the path
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+arithmetical simulation is a faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetical simulation is a faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetical simulation is a faithful
+simulation of the ands and ors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of the ands and ors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of the ands and ors and the
+ends and auras capture exactly when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and auras capture exactly when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and auras capture exactly when the
+what the path does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the path does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the path does
+so this is a strict extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a strict extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a strict extension
+of the operation of the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operation of the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operation of the branching
+program into a new realm these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program into a new realm these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program into a new realm these
+non-boolean values on the old realm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean values on the old realm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean values on the old realm it
+behaves just as it would or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves just as it would or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves just as it would or
+did originally and that's critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did originally and that's critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did originally and that's critical
+to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah somebody's asking would the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah somebody's asking would the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah somebody's asking would the final
+value of the zero state also be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the zero state also be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the zero state also be the same
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+in the ba in the in the boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ba in the in the boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ba in the in the boolean case
+if we follow this in the boolean cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we follow this in the boolean cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we follow this in the boolean cases
+all of the labels would be exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the labels would be exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the labels would be exactly what
+they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+in the bool you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bool you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bool you know
+you know they would just be the zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they would just be the zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they would just be the zeros
+and ones that we had from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does this exactly mimic xor if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does this exactly mimic xor if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does this exactly mimic xor if you
+take this all mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this all mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this all mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm
+i don't know i'd have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i'd have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i'd have to think about
+that i don't think that that's essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't think that that's essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't think that that's essential
+um in this case it might behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case it might behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this case it might behave
+correctly if you take the answer mod 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly if you take the answer mod 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly if you take the answer mod 2
+for xor but the xor is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for xor but the xor is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for xor but the xor is going to be very
+special i'm not sure that might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special i'm not sure that might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special i'm not sure that might happen
+to be true i'd have to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true i'd have to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true i'd have to think about it
+for a second but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second but um
+i'm not sure that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure that's in
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is a good question if i picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a good question if i picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a good question if i picked
+a different branching program that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different branching program that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different branching program that also
+implements xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements xor
+um so it would be an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it would be an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it would be an equivalent
+branching program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program
+would it behave the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it behave the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it behave the same way
+on the non-boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that is
+yes and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you understand the question it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the question it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the question it's a very
+good question and it's actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and it's actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and it's actually we're
+going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove this
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+in the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the analysis
+it's going to be easy to prove because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be easy to prove because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be easy to prove because i
+gave you both possibilities yes and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you both possibilities yes and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you both possibilities yes and no
+but let me tell you what i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you what i mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me tell you what i mean by that
+so um so you understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so you understand the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so you understand the question
+suppose i had a different branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i had a different branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i had a different branching
+program i'm not sure you can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program i'm not sure you can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program i'm not sure you can come up
+with a different branching program but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different branching program but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different branching program but
+let's make let's let's let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make let's let's let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make let's let's let's say you
+could you have a different branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you have a different branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you have a different branching
+program yeah sure you can come you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program yeah sure you can come you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program yeah sure you can come you can
+do the variables in a different order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the variables in a different order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the variables in a different order
+for example so you suppose you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so you suppose you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so you suppose you come up
+with a different branching program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different branching program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different branching program that
+gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you
+xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor
+and now you plugged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you plugged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you plugged in
+two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and three
+would i always get the same value out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+if that other branching program was read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that other branching program was read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that other branching program was read
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+not necessarily if it's not read once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's why read once is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we will prove
+for two read once branching programs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two read once branching programs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two read once branching programs if
+they behave the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave the same way
+on the boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the boolean values
+they behave the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave the same way
+even on the non-boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not necessarily true if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily true if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily true if the
+branching programs are not read once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's we will see that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's we will see that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's we will see that we will
+prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and use that that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that that's going to be
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+okay so here is the algorithm sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the algorithm sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is the algorithm sketch
+which is kind of a little bit even sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a little bit even sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a little bit even sort
+of suggested by that uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suggested by that uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of suggested by that uh that that
+that very good question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so what we're going to do is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is we want to
+take the um the two branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the um the two branching programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the um the two branching programs
+for with that we're trying to test if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for with that we're trying to test if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for with that we're trying to test if
+they're equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent
+we're going to pick a random non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick a random non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick a random non-boolean
+input assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input assignment
+so set the values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so set the values here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so set the values here
+chosen from the field but we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen from the field but we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen from the field but we'll get
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a random value for x1 a random value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random value for x1 a random value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random value for x1 a random value for
+x2 and so on these could be numbers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and so on these could be numbers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and so on these could be numbers like
+17 and 25 and 23 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and 25 and 23 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and 25 and 23 and so on
+and then run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then run
+using this process run the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this process run the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this process run the branching
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+to evaluate them on that non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate them on that non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate them on that non-boolean
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+disagree then we're going to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree then we're going to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree then we're going to know that
+the two branching programs were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two branching programs were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two branching programs were not
+equivalent even on the non-boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent even on the non-boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent even on the non-boolean case
+even on the bullying case did i say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the bullying case did i say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the bullying case did i say that
+wrong so if they disagree even on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so if they disagree even on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so if they disagree even on the
+non-bullying case they have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bullying case they have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-bullying case they have to be an
+equivalent even in the boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent even in the boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent even in the boolean case
+not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if they agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they agree
+and if they agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they agree
+then it's not a guarantee that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not a guarantee that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not a guarantee that they're
+equivalent but it's going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but it's going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but it's going to be very
+strong evidence that they're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that they're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that they're that
+they're equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent
+okay so that's where the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where the probabilistic
+nature is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is going to come in
+okay so we're going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to prove that
+so first we have to develop an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we have to develop an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we have to develop an algebraic
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that involves polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that involves polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that involves polynomials
+this is this is a simple thing that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a simple thing that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a simple thing that i
+think many of you have run into already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of you have run into already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of you have run into already
+perhaps even you know in high school um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even you know in high school um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps even you know in high school um
+uh i'm not going to prove the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not going to prove the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm not going to prove the algebraic
+facts but i'm going to state them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts but i'm going to state them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts but i'm going to state them and
+actually the proofs are not hard they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the proofs are not hard they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the proofs are not hard they're
+in the textbook um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook um
+okay so let's suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose we have a
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+of degree d here it happens to have b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree d here it happens to have b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree d here it happens to have b so
+you know some kind there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some kind there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some kind there's a bunch of
+constants these a's are constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants these a's are constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants these a's are constants
+x is the variable of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the variable of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the variable of the polynomial
+and uni i presume you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uni i presume you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uni i presume you've seen
+polynomials written out like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials written out like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials written out like this
+and so if you have if you assign x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have if you assign x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have if you assign x to
+some value some constant value z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the polynomial value evaluates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the polynomial value evaluates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the polynomial value evaluates to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+we often call that a root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often call that a root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often call that a root of the
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the polynomial these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the polynomial these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the polynomial these are the
+places where the polynomial evaluates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the polynomial evaluates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the polynomial evaluates to
+zero and i've kind of shown over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and i've kind of shown over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and i've kind of shown over here
+those are the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not hard to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to show
+that a low degree polynomial cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a low degree polynomial cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a low degree polynomial cannot have
+lots of roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of roots
+basically if the polynomial has degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if the polynomial has degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if the polynomial has degree
+at most d it can have at most d roots as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most d it can have at most d roots as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most d it can have at most d roots as
+long as the polynomial itself is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the polynomial itself is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as the polynomial itself is not the
+everywhere zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere zero
+polynomial because obviously then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial because obviously then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial because obviously then
+everything is a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops typo thank you should be d minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops typo thank you should be d minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops typo thank you should be d minus
+two over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over there
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretend that's a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that's a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that's a two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+all right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so if we have a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we have a low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we have a low degree
+polynomial let's not get ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial let's not get ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial let's not get ahead of
+ourselves below degree polynomial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves below degree polynomial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves below degree polynomial uh
+degree did you do the polynomial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree did you do the polynomial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree did you do the polynomial of
+degree of most d it has the most d roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of most d it has the most d roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of most d it has the most d roots
+and that's a simple proof um the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a simple proof um the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a simple proof um the basic
+idea is every time you have a if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is every time you have a if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is every time you have a if you
+have a root of the polynomial you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a root of the polynomial you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a root of the polynomial you know
+so if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if setting x equal to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if setting x equal to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if setting x equal to five
+gives you a root of the polynomial um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a root of the polynomial um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a root of the polynomial um
+you know it's a zero of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a zero of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a zero of the polynomial
+then x you can easily see that x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x you can easily see that x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x you can easily see that x minus
+five is a factor of the polynomial you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is a factor of the polynomial you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five is a factor of the polynomial you
+can divide out x minus you can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide out x minus you can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide out x minus you can divide
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+by x you can divide by x minus five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x you can divide by x minus five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by x you can divide by x minus five and
+you get a new polynomial of degree one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a new polynomial of degree one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a new polynomial of degree one
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+and you can just uh which is going by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just uh which is going by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just uh which is going by by
+induction has a one fewer uh root um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction has a one fewer uh root um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction has a one fewer uh root um so
+you can just divide out by the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just divide out by the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just divide out by the roots
+basically it's very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's very straightforward
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay so now um other very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um other very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um other very important
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if i have two polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two polynomials
+that are both low degree they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both low degree they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are both low degree they cannot
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+on very many places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that follows right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows right
+from the from what i just proved above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from what i just proved above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from what i just proved above
+because what i'll do is i take those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what i'll do is i take those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what i'll do is i take those two
+polynomials and i look at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and i look at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and i look at the difference
+which is also a low degree polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a low degree polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a low degree polynomial
+every time there's an agreement between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time there's an agreement between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time there's an agreement between
+those two original polynomials there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two original polynomials there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two original polynomials there's a
+zero of the difference polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the difference polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of the difference polynomial
+and because that difference polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because that difference polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because that difference polynomial
+cannot have too many zeros the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have too many zeros the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have too many zeros the two
+original polynomials cannot have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original polynomials cannot have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original polynomials cannot have too
+many agreements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the corollary is that if x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the corollary is that if x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the corollary is that if x and y are
+both polynomials of degree of most d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both polynomials of degree of most d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both polynomials of degree of most d
+and they're not the same polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not the same polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not the same polynomial
+because then the difference would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the difference would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the difference would be the
+zero polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero polynomial
+then the number of places where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of places where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of places where they
+equal is the most d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal is the most d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal is the most d
+okay so the proof is just letting p be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the proof is just letting p be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the proof is just letting p be
+the difference of p one and p two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of p one and p two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of p one and p two
+very standard kind of a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very standard kind of a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very standard kind of a trick
+okay now the the above is going to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the above is going to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the the above is going to hold
+for any field so we're gonna be a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any field so we're gonna be a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any field so we're gonna be a field
+is just a set with plus and times with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a set with plus and times with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a set with plus and times with
+the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar
+um properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um properties
+the distributive law and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributive law and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributive law and so on and
+identities and all the stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and all the stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities and all the stuff that you
+would expect plus some time to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect plus some time to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect plus some time to have in
+in the normal world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the normal world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the normal world
+um and so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so we're going to talk about
+finite field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite field
+that has only q elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has only q elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has only q elements
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that has exactly two elements where q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has exactly two elements where q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has exactly two elements where q is
+a prime number so it turns out and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime number so it turns out and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime number so it turns out and i'm
+not going to prove all this but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to prove all this but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to prove all this but it's
+pretty simple stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple stuff
+that if you just take the numbers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you just take the numbers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you just take the numbers from
+one to q minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to q minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to q minus one
+from zero to q minus one um they uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to q minus one um they uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to q minus one um they uh and
+use plus and times mod q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use plus and times mod q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use plus and times mod q
+that that does has all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that does has all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that does has all the right
+properties to be a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to be a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to be a field
+okay so we just think of it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just think of it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just think of it it's just
+modular arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular arithmetic
+mod some prime q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod some prime q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod some prime q
+okay and then it's we can in a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it's we can in a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then it's we can in a natural
+way pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way pick
+a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+a variable from the field because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable from the field because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable from the field because it's
+just choosing from among queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choosing from among queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choosing from among queue
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the
+yeah so getting a question here the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so getting a question here the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so getting a question here the the
+the the coefficients of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coefficients of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coefficients of the polynomial
+and the assignment to the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the assignment to the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the assignment to the variables
+they're all going to come from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to come from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all going to come from this
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+so everything's going to be we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything's going to be we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything's going to be we're all
+going everything is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going everything is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going everything is going to be
+operating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating uh
+in this field don't get don't let that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field don't get don't let that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this field don't get don't let that
+throw you off or you're just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw you off or you're just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw you off or you're just your
+ordinary intuition about the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary intuition about the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary intuition about the way
+arithmetic works is going to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic works is going to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic works is going to be just
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah but this is important here from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but this is important here from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but this is important here from the
+perspective of thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of thinking about this
+probabilistically so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically so i'm going to
+rethink about this polynomial lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink about this polynomial lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink about this polynomial lemma
+which says there are not too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says there are not too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says there are not too many
+roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+um in terms of the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the probability of
+picking an element of the field what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking an element of the field what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking an element of the field what are
+the changes that it happens to be a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes that it happens to be a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes that it happens to be a root
+so if you have a low degree polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a low degree polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a low degree polynomial
+and you pick a random value in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pick a random value in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pick a random value in the field
+what's the probability that you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that you got a
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+well it's just the number of roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the number of roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the number of roots
+divided by the size of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the size of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the size of the field
+so if you have this really big field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have this really big field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have this really big field and
+you have this low degree polynomial it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this low degree polynomial it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this low degree polynomial it's
+going to be pretty unlikely that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty unlikely that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pretty unlikely that that
+you're going to end up picking one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up picking one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up picking one of
+the zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros
+one of the roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the roots
+uh just at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just at random
+that's all that's this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's the most d roots out of the q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the most d roots out of the q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the most d roots out of the q
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+and the last thing i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last thing i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last thing i'm going to
+introduce here is the multivariable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce here is the multivariable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce here is the multivariable
+version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this
+um which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is called
+perhaps somewhat unfairly but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps somewhat unfairly but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps somewhat unfairly but uh it's
+called the schwarz zipple lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the schwarz zipple lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the schwarz zipple lemma
+though in various forms it had been um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in various forms it had been um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in various forms it had been um
+known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known
+prior to their work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to their work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to their work um
+in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases
+you know the literature actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the literature actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the literature actually goes
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+a long ways but anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long ways but anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long ways but anyway the
+this is called the short zipline it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the short zipline it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the short zipline it
+doesn't really matter um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter um uh
+except to the people whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to the people whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except to the people whose
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+credit is being denied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit is being denied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit is being denied but
+that's not one of us uh so anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not one of us uh so anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not one of us uh so anyway the
+schwarzepilema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarzepilema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarzepilema
+says that if you have now a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you have now a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you have now a polynomial
+in several variables which is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several variables which is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several variables which is not the
+zero polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero polynomial
+where each variable has low degree so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each variable has low degree so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each variable has low degree so if
+i say if has degree at most d in each x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say if has degree at most d in each x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say if has degree at most d in each x
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+so each variable is going to have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each variable is going to have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each variable is going to have at
+most an exponent of d appearing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most an exponent of d appearing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most an exponent of d appearing in that
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+and now if we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we pick
+random values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random values
+to assign to all of those m variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign to all of those m variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assign to all of those m variables
+from the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the field
+the proper probability that we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper probability that we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper probability that we ended up
+with a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a root
+and we ended up with a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ended up with a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ended up with a zero
+is something you can bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you can bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something you can bound
+so it's m times d so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's m times d so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's m times d so the number of
+variables times this maximum degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables times this maximum degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables times this maximum degree
+divided by the size of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the size of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the size of the field
+and this is going to come up later for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to come up later for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to come up later for
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+and this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another
+fairly simple proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple proof
+a little bit more sophisticated than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more sophisticated than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more sophisticated than the
+one that we had above and in fact she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we had above and in fact she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we had above and in fact she
+uses that one as a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that one as a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that one as a um
+as a lemma to prove this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to uh not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to uh not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to uh not going to
+prove any of that but i refer you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove any of that but i refer you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove any of that but i refer you to the
+book if you're curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so like a couple of good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like a couple of good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like a couple of good questions
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+what happens if these values are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if these values are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if these values are bigger
+than q for example then then then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than q for example then then then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than q for example then then then it's
+not telling you anything if d is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not telling you anything if d is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not telling you anything if d is bigger
+than q m is bigger than q or the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than q m is bigger than q or the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than q m is bigger than q or the product
+is bigger than q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than q
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+then you learn nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you learn nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you learn nothing
+uh from this lemma from this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from this lemma from this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from this lemma from this theorem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+typically what the in applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what the in applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically what the in applications
+you're going to pick a larger you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pick a larger you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pick a larger you're
+going to have the flexibility you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the flexibility you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the flexibility you get to
+choose q to be in something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose q to be in something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose q to be in something that you
+want so we're going to pick the field to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so we're going to pick the field to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so we're going to pick the field to
+be big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big enough
+so that the m and the so the m and d are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the m and the so the m and d are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the m and the so the m and d are
+going to be relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be relatively small
+um in fact d is going to end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact d is going to end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact d is going to end up being
+one as we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as we will see
+um and m is the number of variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and m is the number of variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and m is the number of variables so
+we're going to pick q which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick q which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to pick q which is going to
+be substantially larger than the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be substantially larger than the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be substantially larger than the number
+of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables
+and how is the degree defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is the degree defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is the degree defined in
+multi-variable polynomials you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-variable polynomials you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-variable polynomials you know the
+m if the polynomial has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m if the polynomial has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m if the polynomial has
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+x y squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y squared plus
+3 x to the fifth y squared z you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 x to the fifth y squared z you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 x to the fifth y squared z you just
+you just pull out each variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just pull out each variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just pull out each variable
+separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+and you look at the maximum degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the maximum degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the maximum degree of
+that variable so the x in that case had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variable so the x in that case had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variable so the x in that case had
+had a degree five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a degree five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a degree five
+appearance the y had a degree two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance the y had a degree two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance the y had a degree two
+appearance so you take the maximum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance so you take the maximum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance so you take the maximum over
+all of the variables of the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the variables of the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the variables of the degree of
+that variable and that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variable and that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variable and that's going to be the
+bound on the degree of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the degree of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the degree of the polynomial
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+so in fact in our case d is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact in our case d is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact in our case d is going to be
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+so all of the variable there's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the variable there's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the variable there's not going
+to be any exponents on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any exponents on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any exponents on anything
+everything's going to be exponent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to be exponent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's going to be exponent one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q
+is is q related to the number we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is q related to the number we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is q related to the number we choose
+for the mod yeah q is the number we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mod yeah q is the number we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the mod yeah q is the number we're
+choosing for the mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing for the mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing for the mod
+we're doing everything mod q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all of the arithmet all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the arithmet all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of the arithmet all the
+arithmetic is going to operate mod q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic is going to operate mod q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic is going to operate mod q
+and that's the size of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the size of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the size of the field
+that we're going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to pick
+okay so i think we're here at the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we're here at the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we're here at the break
+um happy to take some more questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um happy to take some more questions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um happy to take some more questions um
+but why don't we just start that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why don't we just start that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why don't we just start that off
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+i will see you in five minutes but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will see you in five minutes but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will see you in five minutes but in
+the meantime happy to shoot me questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime happy to shoot me questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime happy to shoot me questions
+okay so what happens if we use boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happens if we use boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what happens if we use boolean
+assignments in the xor example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in the xor example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments in the xor example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the x you know would that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the x you know would that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the x you know would that work
+um to be able to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to be able to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to be able to check
+uh uh agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh agreement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would it was so it's hard to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would it was so it's hard to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would it was so it's hard to it's
+hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make an argument based on just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an argument based on just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an argument based on just a single
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+i think the better thing would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+branching programs that just differ in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs that just differ in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs that just differ in a
+single place so i can even suggest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single place so i can even suggest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single place so i can even suggest to
+you can make a branching program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a branching program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a branching program that
+always outputs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always outputs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always outputs um
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+it doesn't even read its variables or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even read its variables or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even read its variables or if
+it reads them and they always go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads them and they always go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reads them and they always go to the
+same place and then ends up always at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and then ends up always at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place and then ends up always at
+the one output so imagine a branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one output so imagine a branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one output so imagine a branching
+program that always outputs one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that always outputs one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that always outputs one no
+matter what the assignments to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the assignments to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the assignments to the
+variables are and you can you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are and you can you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are and you can you can easily
+make such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make such a thing
+and then you make another branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make another branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make another branching
+program that computes the or function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes the or function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes the or function
+so it reads every variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it reads every variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it reads every variable
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+1 if any one of those variables is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if any one of those variables is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if any one of those variables is set
+to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+the only time the or function is 0 is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time the or function is 0 is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time the or function is 0 is if
+everything is set to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+now if you're trying to randomly check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're trying to randomly check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're trying to randomly check
+whether the always one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the always one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the always one function
+is equal to the or function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the or function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the or function
+of course without knowing in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course without knowing in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course without knowing in advance
+what they are because that's cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are because that's cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are because that's cheating
+you're just given these two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just given these two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just given these two functions
+and you want to know these two branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know these two branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know these two branching
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+and you want to know are they computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know are they computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to know are they computing
+the same thing or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing or not
+and by this procedure of randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this procedure of randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this procedure of randomly
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+there you're always going to get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're always going to get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you're always going to get these
+branching programs both to say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs both to say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs both to say one
+unless you just happen to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you just happen to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you just happen to pick the
+random assignment of everything set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment of everything set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random assignment of everything set to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and that's very unlikely that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very unlikely that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very unlikely that you're
+gonna pick that you know if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pick that you know if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pick that you know if you imagine
+you have your branching program has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your branching program has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your branching program has a
+hundred variables in it it's only two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred variables in it it's only two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred variables in it it's only two to
+the minus 100 chance that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 100 chance that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 100 chance that you're going
+to set them all to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set them all to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set them all to zero
+randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+and so you're almost you go you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're almost you go you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're almost you go you're
+extremely unlikely to find the one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely unlikely to find the one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely unlikely to find the one place
+of difference if there's only a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difference if there's only a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of difference if there's only a single
+place if there's lots of places of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place if there's lots of places of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place if there's lots of places of
+difference then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then you
+you know it's not not so bad but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not not so bad but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not not so bad but if the
+number the fraction of differences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the fraction of differences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the fraction of differences is
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+you're going to have to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do a lot of
+samples in order to find that it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples in order to find that it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples in order to find that it won't
+be in you know possibly exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in you know possibly exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in you know possibly exponentially
+many samples and then you won't run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many samples and then you won't run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many samples and then you won't run a
+polynomial time okay so let me just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time okay so let me just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time okay so let me just see
+if there's other questions here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why can we accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can we accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can we accept
+going back to the boolean labeling side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the boolean labeling side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the boolean labeling side
+why can we accept that b1 equals b2 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can we accept that b1 equals b2 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can we accept that b1 equals b2 if
+b1 and b2 agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and b2 agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and b2 agree on
+only on just one input assignment no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on just one input assignment no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on just one input assignment no we
+didn't say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say that
+um all right i'll go back there boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right i'll go back there boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right i'll go back there boolean
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this i'm not sure which one you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this i'm not sure which one you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this i'm not sure which one you mean
+is this one what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one what do you mean
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+boolean labeling site must be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean labeling site must be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean labeling site must be it
+why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we
+non-boolean labeling okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+i see what you're saying you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see what you're saying you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see what you're saying you're saying
+about this here we're just going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this here we're just going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this here we're just going to pick
+one random assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one random assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one random assignment
+and if they agree on that one random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they agree on that one random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they agree on that one random
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+then we will say um accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will say um accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will say um accept
+because you might think well we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might think well we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might think well we should
+take to a whole bunch of samples that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to a whole bunch of samples that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to a whole bunch of samples that's
+a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good question
+um but in fact we're going to arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in fact we're going to arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in fact we're going to arrange
+the probability such that if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability such that if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability such that if the two
+things are not equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are not equivalent
+then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're
+it's going to be uh diff the value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be uh diff the value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be uh diff the value the
+values will be different almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will be different almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values will be different almost
+everywhere a large number of places so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere a large number of places so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere a large number of places so
+just picking one and having them agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking one and having them agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking one and having them agree
+is going to be strong enough evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be strong enough evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be strong enough evidence
+that you're still going to accept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're still going to accept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're still going to accept and
+you'll have a still a low probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a still a low probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a still a low probability of
+getting an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting an error
+you'd have to see the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to see the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to see the analysis
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+are we assuming the roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we assuming the roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we assuming the roots of the
+polynomials are integers no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials are integers no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials are integers no
+don't forget when operating over a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget when operating over a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget when operating over a field
+here so it's not even talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's not even talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's not even talking about
+integers doesn't totally make sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers doesn't totally make sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers doesn't totally make sense but
+it doesn't really matter um we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter um we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter um we're not
+assuming that the bound still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the bound still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the bound still
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the bounds still oh i should have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds still oh i should have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds still oh i should have taken
+this away um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this away um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this away um
+the bound still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound still works
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+the bound still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound still works
+even even if we have non-integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i'm not sure if i'm being helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not sure if i'm being helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm not sure if i'm being helpful
+here why don't we just move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why don't we just move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why don't we just move on
+um but we're not assuming that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're not assuming that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're not assuming that these are
+integers because the bound doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers because the bound doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers because the bound doesn't
+doesn't matter if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if
+it says there's at most five roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says there's at most five roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says there's at most five roots
+including the reals there's still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the reals there's still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the reals there's still going
+to be five roots including the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be five roots including the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be five roots including the integers
+all right so let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's continue
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+everybody's back i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's back i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's back i hope
+let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about
+moving forward here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward here
+um we want to basically what where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to basically what where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we want to basically what where we're
+going with this is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this is we want to
+analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm
+which picks a random non-boolean input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picks a random non-boolean input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which picks a random non-boolean input
+and evaluates the two branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do that
+we're going to look a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look a little bit more
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+at the what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the what happens
+uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we
+arithmetize the branching program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetize the branching program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetize the branching program
+and um we run it on these non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we run it on these non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we run it on these non-boolean
+values and so what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so what i'm going to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take these take this branching program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these take this branching program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these take this branching program
+let's say this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is the same
+xor exclusive or branching program but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor exclusive or branching program but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor exclusive or branching program but
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+labeling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling it
+as we did before by setting x1 to 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before by setting x1 to 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before by setting x1 to 2 and
+x2 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 to 3
+i'm going to leave x1 and x2 variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave x1 and x2 variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave x1 and x2 variables
+and just do a symbolic execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just do a symbolic execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just do a symbolic execution
+so i'm going to label these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to label these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to label these things
+just leaving x1 and x2 as variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving x1 and x2 as variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leaving x1 and x2 as variables
+okay so let's just see what we get if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see what we get if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just see what we get if we
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+remember we assigned this to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we assigned this to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we assigned this to be one
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this edge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this edge here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you know here's the rule it's a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's the rule it's a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here's the rule it's a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+x1 so this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 so this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 so this should be
+without knowing what the value of x1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing what the value of x1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing what the value of x1 is
+leaving it as a variable we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving it as a variable we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving it as a variable we're just
+going to put down x1 over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put down x1 over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put down x1 over here
+over here what goes over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here what goes over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here what goes over there
+well it's 1 times 1 minus x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's 1 times 1 minus x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's 1 times 1 minus x1
+just 1 minus x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 minus x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 minus x1
+now we're going to add things up as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add things up as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add things up as we
+did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before
+and now what happens for example i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what happens for example i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what happens for example i think
+i have this edge coming next let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this edge coming next let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this edge coming next let's look
+at this edge the one edge coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this edge the one edge coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this edge the one edge coming out
+so that's the label now is x1 on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the label now is x1 on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the label now is x1 on this
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+and the out this is the edge this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the out this is the edge this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the out this is the edge this is the
+one edge coming out so you multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge coming out so you multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge coming out so you multiply by
+the um by the value of x2 that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um by the value of x2 that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um by the value of x2 that we're
+leaving it as a variable so you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving it as a variable so you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving it as a variable so you're just
+going to multiply it by x2 and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply it by x2 and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to multiply it by x2 and so we're
+just going to get x1 times x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get x1 times x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get x1 times x2
+x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2
+on this edge now what happens on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this edge now what happens on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this edge now what happens on this
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+so this x1 times think with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this x1 times think with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this x1 times think with me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+1 minus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similarly over here we have 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly over here we have 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly over here we have 1 minus
+x1 on this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 on this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 on this node
+so i think on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think on this
+on the one edge coming out it's 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one edge coming out it's 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the one edge coming out it's 1 minus
+x1 now times x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 now times x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 now times x2
+because that's this rule again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 minus x1 times x2 and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus x1 times x2 and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus x1 times x2 and this is going to
+be 1 minus x1 times 1 minus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 minus x1 times 1 minus x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1 minus x1 times 1 minus x2
+now we're going to add this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add this up
+for the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the zero
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+so we have this this value 1 minus x1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this this value 1 minus x1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this this value 1 minus x1 1
+minus x2 plus x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and on this node here we're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add these two values up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two values up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add these two values up
+so 1 minus x1 times x2 plus x1 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 minus x1 times x2 plus x1 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 minus x1 times x2 plus x1 times 1
+minus x2 and that's the output now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x2 and that's the output now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x2 and that's the output now
+expressed symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed symbolically
+now you could plug things in and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could plug things in and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could plug things in and you're
+going to get the same value out as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the same value out as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the same value out as you
+did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but let's leave it as a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's leave it as a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's leave it as a polynomial
+for now uh because that's going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now uh because that's going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now uh because that's going to um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+help us and analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us and analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us and analyze this
+so now notice the form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now notice the form of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now notice the form of this
+polynomial is something special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial is something special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial is something special
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what happens is it's gonna look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it's gonna look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is it's gonna look like a
+bunch of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of products
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+x i's and one minus x i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's and one minus x i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's and one minus x i's
+added up so it's a sum of products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added up so it's a sum of products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added up so it's a sum of products of
+that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form
+so each row here is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each row here is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each row here is a product
+of x i's and one minus x i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then those rows are all added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those rows are all added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those rows are all added
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+i claim that's going to be the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that's going to be the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that's going to be the form
+of this polynomial you see this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this polynomial you see this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this polynomial you see this already
+has that form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that form
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the reason for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is
+every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time
+you go to a node you're just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a node you're just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a node you're just adding
+things up so that's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so that's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up so that's just going to be
+like adding adding up more rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adding adding up more rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like adding adding up more rows
+and every time you go down to through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you go down to through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you go down to through an
+edge you're multiplying what you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you're multiplying what you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge you're multiplying what you have so
+far either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far either by
+an x i or a one minus x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x i or a one minus x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x i or a one minus x i
+so you're just accumulating products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're just accumulating products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're just accumulating products of
+x i's and one minus x i's and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's and one minus x i's and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i's and one minus x i's and you're
+just adding them up so this is what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just adding them up so this is what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just adding them up so this is what that
+polynomial is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's look a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look a little bit more
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+the form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of this
+so for one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one thing
+could we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher powers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher powers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher powers here
+like a x2 cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a x2 cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a x2 cubed
+could that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so because you know when i say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because you know when i say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because you know when i say it's
+products of x i's and one minus x i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of x i's and one minus x i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of x i's and one minus x i's
+maybe there's going to be some x xi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's going to be some x xi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's going to be some x xi's
+that appear several times in the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear several times in the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear several times in the product
+well that cannot happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that cannot happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that cannot happen
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+read one sprint it's a read once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read one sprint it's a read once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read one sprint it's a read once
+branching program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program
+so every time you multiply by an x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time you multiply by an x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time you multiply by an x i
+or one minus x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one minus x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one minus x i
+you're never going to do that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to do that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to do that again
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing that would imply you're querying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that would imply you're querying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that would imply you're querying
+that variable more than once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this can't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i crossed that and this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i crossed that and this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i crossed that and this is sort
+of appeared off to the side here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appeared off to the side here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appeared off to the side here but
+yeah i'm crossing that out that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm crossing that out that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm crossing that out that does not
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is part of that's worthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of that's worthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of that's worthy
+that's going to be helpful to to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be helpful to to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be helpful to to notice
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+this polynomial and by the way maybe i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polynomial and by the way maybe i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polynomial and by the way maybe i'm
+i'm being confusing here this is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm being confusing here this is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm being confusing here this is i'm
+supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be
+representing sort of as a generic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing sort of as a generic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing sort of as a generic form
+of the polynomial this is not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polynomial this is not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polynomial this is not some
+particularly i shouldn't have said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly i shouldn't have said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly i shouldn't have said this
+at the beginning this is not some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning this is not some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning this is not some
+particular polynomial that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular polynomial that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular polynomial that came from
+anything i'm just trying to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i'm just trying to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i'm just trying to describe
+what the general form of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the general form of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the general form of the polynomial
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+just as an illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as an illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as an illustration
+so you know it's so this polynomial is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's so this polynomial is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's so this polynomial is 1
+minus x1 times x2 times 1 minus x3 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 times x2 times 1 minus x3 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1 times x2 times 1 minus x3 times
+x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x4
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+and and adding up a bunch of rows like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and adding up a bunch of rows like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and adding up a bunch of rows like
+this i'm just saying this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm just saying this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i'm just saying this is what the
+polynomial will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial will look like
+for maybe some branching program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe some branching program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe some branching program so
+every branching programs that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every branching programs that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every branching programs that are going
+to have some polynomial that looks sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some polynomial that looks sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some polynomial that looks sort
+of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and what i'm also going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm also going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm also going to say
+what for convenience now i want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for convenience now i want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what for convenience now i want to say
+that each row is going to have every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each row is going to have every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each row is going to have every
+single variable up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable up here
+either as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either as an
+x i or as a 1 minus x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or as a 1 minus x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i or as a 1 minus x i
+so in order to get that i need to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to get that i need to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to get that i need to make a
+further minor assumption about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further minor assumption about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further minor assumption about the
+branching program that it's a read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program that it's a read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program that it's a read
+exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once
+currently when i say read once it can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently when i say read once it can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently when i say read once it can it
+can avoid reading some variables on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can avoid reading some variables on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can avoid reading some variables on some
+branches because i could read it most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches because i could read it most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches because i could read it most
+once but now i want to say that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but now i want to say that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once but now i want to say that every
+variable gets read exactly one time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable gets read exactly one time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable gets read exactly one time on
+every branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every branch
+and what that's going to mean is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's going to mean is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's going to mean is that
+every row is going to contain every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row is going to contain every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row is going to contain every
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+as an x i or as a 1 minus x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an x i or as a 1 minus x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an x i or as a 1 minus x i
+we can eliminate that extra assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can eliminate that extra assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can eliminate that extra assumption
+easily and i'm going to leave that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and i'm going to leave that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and i'm going to leave that as an
+exercise to you it's not very hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to you it's not very hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to you it's not very hard to do
+um so i think if you follow me you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i think if you follow me you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i think if you follow me you can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+and you play with it for a minute or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you play with it for a minute or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you play with it for a minute or two
+you'll see that it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it doesn't really matter
+uh you can either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can either you
+but i think just for the for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think just for the for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think just for the for the first
+time through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time through this
+let's assume that every row has every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that every row has every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that every row has every
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so important to understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+so the this is the output polynomial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the this is the output polynomial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the this is the output polynomial of
+this branching program so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branching program so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this branching program so
+let's look further more at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look further more at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look further more at this
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand
+the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows
+let's take one one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take one one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take one one row
+out of this polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this polynomial
+and to understand its um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand its um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand its um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+understand what it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it represents
+so one row here it's a product of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one row here it's a product of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one row here it's a product of a
+bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things
+part of a bunch of variables either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a bunch of variables either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a bunch of variables either
+variables or one minus the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables or one minus the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables or one minus the variables
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+let's think about this in the boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this in the boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this in the boolean
+setting first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting first of all
+so in the boolean setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the boolean setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the boolean setting
+each of these variables are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these variables are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these variables are going to be
+zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones
+and the one minus the variables are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one minus the variables are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one minus the variables are also
+going to be zeros and ones so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zeros and ones so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be zeros and ones so it's going
+to be a product of zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a product of zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a product of zeros and ones
+if there's a zero that appears in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a zero that appears in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a zero that appears in that
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+that product is going to be a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product is going to be a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product is going to be a zero
+because zero times anything is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because zero times anything is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because zero times anything is a zero
+so the only way that product cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way that product cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only way that product cannot be
+um zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um zero
+is if all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if all of those
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+values are once in the boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are once in the boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are once in the boolean case
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that means that
+x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's
+let's let let's look at the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's look at the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let let's look at the second row
+so x1 had to be a one x2 had to be a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x1 had to be a one x2 had to be a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x1 had to be a one x2 had to be a one
+x3 had to be a one x4 had to be a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 had to be a one x4 had to be a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 had to be a one x4 had to be a zero
+um in order to continue the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to continue the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to continue the product of
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so in fact there's only a single boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there's only a single boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact there's only a single boolean
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment
+to these variables which make that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these variables which make that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these variables which make that row
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+every other assignment to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other assignment to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other assignment to those
+variables makes that row zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying that another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that another way
+these row each of these rows corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these row each of these rows corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these row each of these rows corresponds
+to one of the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the rows
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+truth table for the boolean function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table for the boolean function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table for the boolean function
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+where the truth table is true gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the truth table is true gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the truth table is true gives a
+true value gives a one value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true value gives a one value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true value gives a one value for the
+function on that row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on that row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on that row
+okay so i i hope you've all familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i i hope you've all familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i i hope you've all familiar
+with the notion of a truth table of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the notion of a truth table of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the notion of a truth table of a
+boolean function you just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function you just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function you just write down the
+boolean function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function
+every possible assignment to the boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible assignment to the boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every possible assignment to the boolean
+function and you write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you write down
+one or zero or true or false for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero or true or false for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero or true or false for what
+the value of that function is so just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that function is so just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that function is so just a
+tabular representation of the boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular representation of the boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabular representation of the boolean
+function it's called the truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing here gives you all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here gives you all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here gives you all of the
+ones all of the rows that are one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all of the rows that are one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all of the rows that are one in
+that boolean function that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boolean function that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boolean function that's what this
+polynomial gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think we're
+at a pause point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pause point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a pause point
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um this slide and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this slide and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this slide and i
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's deathly silent on the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deathly silent on the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deathly silent on the chat
+so i was feeling that that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was feeling that that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was feeling that that was a
+that went down that went down rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went down that went down rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went down that went down rough
+uh for for you um it's it's we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for you um it's it's we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for you um it's it's we're gonna
+it's important to understand the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to understand the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to understand the form of
+this polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polynomial
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um
+you know that it's corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's corresponds to the
+truth table of the boolean function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table of the boolean function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table of the boolean function so
+each one of these rows is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these rows is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these rows is only going to
+be on again thinking boolean now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on again thinking boolean now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on again thinking boolean now
+each one of these rows is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these rows is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these rows is only going to
+be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one
+on that on an assignment which makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on an assignment which makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that on an assignment which makes the
+function one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one of the one of the assignments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the assignments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the one of the assignments that
+makes the function one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and somebody says and similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and somebody says and similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and somebody says and similarly for
+the expression for the zero node yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for the zero node yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for the zero node yeah
+the zero node which i'm not focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero node which i'm not focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero node which i'm not focusing on
+but yeah the zero node would be all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah the zero node would be all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah the zero node would be all of
+the false rows of the truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the one node the polynomial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one node the polynomial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one node the polynomial for the
+one node are all of the true rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node are all of the true rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node are all of the true rows
+correspond to all of the true rows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to all of the true rows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to all of the true rows in
+the in the in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the in the um
+in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+function of the branching the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the branching the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the branching the function
+that branching program computes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that branching program computes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that branching program computes now
+the reason why this is let me just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this is let me just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why this is let me just tell
+you where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it possible to have two rows that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to have two rows that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to have two rows that are
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+if you think about how the rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about how the rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about how the rows are
+being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being produced
+no you can't have two rows of that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can't have two rows of that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can't have two rows of that are
+going to be the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because for one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for one thing
+you have to think about what what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about what what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about what what this
+looks like when the boolean case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when the boolean case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like when the boolean case if you
+have two rows of the same that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two rows of the same that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two rows of the same that means
+this thing is going to have an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is going to have an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is going to have an output
+which is non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non-boolean
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because you're going to end up with a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to end up with a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to end up with a 2
+coming out that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out that way
+by adding those rows together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding those rows together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding those rows together
+they can never happen and if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can never happen and if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can never happen and if you just
+look at the way it's constructed you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way it's constructed you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the way it's constructed you're
+never going to because every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to because every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to because every time you
+have a branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a branching
+you know one way is a an x one an x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one way is a an x one an x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one way is a an x one an x i
+the other one is one minus x side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is one minus x side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is one minus x side so
+every time you're branching there every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're branching there every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you're branching there every
+not every time there's a node they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every time there's a node they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not every time there's a node they're
+different um so you're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so you're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so you're never going to
+have two rows that are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two rows that are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two rows that are going to be the
+same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but
+let me tell you the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you the importance of
+connecting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting up
+the this polynomial with the truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this polynomial with the truth table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this polynomial with the truth table
+um because that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that tells us
+that if the two functions of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the two functions of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the two functions of the two
+branching programs that we started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs that we started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs that we started off
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+agree in their boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree in their boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree in their boolean values
+then the two polynomials are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the two polynomials are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the two polynomials are going to be
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know because if the two branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because if the two branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because if the two branching
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+uh have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the same
+boolean function so they're equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function so they're equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function so they're equivalent
+then the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the um
+truth tables will be the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth tables will be the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth tables will be the same and
+therefore these polynomials will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these polynomials will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these polynomials will be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+so that and therefore they will behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and therefore they will behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and therefore they will behave
+the same way on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way on all
+non-boolean values because they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean values because they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean values because they're the
+same polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm sort of getting ahead of myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sort of getting ahead of myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm sort of getting ahead of myself
+but that's where that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's where that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's where that's what we're going
+to argue that's why it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that's why it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that's why it's important to
+understand the connection with the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the connection with the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the connection with the truth
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+because it sort of builds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of builds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of builds on the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+under you know understanding something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under you know understanding something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under you know understanding something
+about how this thing behaves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this thing behaves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how this thing behaves in the
+boolean case is going to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean case is going to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean case is going to give us
+information about how it behaves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how it behaves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how it behaves in the
+non-boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean case
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's continue here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue here then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so this is i think is this my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is i think is this my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is i think is this my
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this is essentially the last slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is essentially the last slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is essentially the last slide
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+we're going to spend some time on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend some time on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to spend some time on this
+one so here's the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are going to take our two branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to take our two branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to take our two branching
+programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs
+the variables are x1 to xm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are x1 to xm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are x1 to xm
+first of all we're going to find a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're going to find a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're going to find a prime
+which is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at least
+three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times
+m the number of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the number of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the number of variables
+m is not a very big number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is not a very big number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is not a very big number
+um it's just a number of variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just a number of variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's just a number of variables so
+finding a prime that's bigger than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a prime that's bigger than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a prime that's bigger than that
+is straightforward we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is straightforward we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is straightforward we're not talking
+about huge primes here we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about huge primes here we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about huge primes here we're talking
+very modest size primes so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very modest size primes so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very modest size primes so you can just
+you know just try them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just try them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just try them
+even trial and error is going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even trial and error is going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even trial and error is going to be good
+enough um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the
+the size of the field it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the field it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the field it's going to be
+field of size q um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of size q um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of size q um
+and now we're going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to pick
+a non-boolean assignment to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-boolean assignment to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-boolean assignment to the
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we're going to pick a non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to pick a non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to pick a non-boolean
+assignment to the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+evaluate the two branching programs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the two branching programs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the two branching programs on
+that non-boolean assignment using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-boolean assignment using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-boolean assignment using the
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+if they agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they agree
+then we'll accept if they don't agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll accept if they don't agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll accept if they don't agree
+then we're going to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to reject
+okay now we have to argue that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to argue that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have to argue that this
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+so we're going to first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to first of all
+arithmetize these two branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetize these two branching programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetize these two branching programs
+i'm going to get the two polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get the two polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get the two polynomials
+they each have the form that as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each have the form that as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each have the form that as i
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so a bunch of rows that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a bunch of rows that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so a bunch of rows that correspond to
+the truth tables of those two respective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth tables of those two respective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth tables of those two respective
+branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay first claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first claim
+that if the branching programs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the branching programs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the branching programs were
+equivalent so they compute the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so they compute the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so they compute the same
+boolean function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean function
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the two polynomials agree everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two polynomials agree everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two polynomials agree everywhere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so then the two branching programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the two branching programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the two branching programs are
+going to get the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the same value
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+on every non-boolean case as well as on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every non-boolean case as well as on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every non-boolean case as well as on
+the boolean cases so they agree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boolean cases so they agree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boolean cases so they agree on the
+boolean that means they always agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean that means they always agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean that means they always agree
+even on the non-bully and i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the non-bully and i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on the non-bully and i kind of
+argue that already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that already
+but okay the other point is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay the other point is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay the other point is that if the
+two branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branching programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two branching programs
+are not equivalent so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equivalent so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not equivalent so they
+differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ
+at some boolean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some boolean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some boolean value
+now picking a random value to eval for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now picking a random value to eval for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now picking a random value to eval for
+the polynomial evaluation you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial evaluation you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial evaluation you're going
+to have only a one-third chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have only a one-third chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have only a one-third chance that
+they're going to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to agree
+so a small chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now um
+let's prove these two facts the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove these two facts the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove these two facts the first
+one i already kind of argued if the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i already kind of argued if the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i already kind of argued if the two
+branching programs agree on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs agree on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs agree on all the
+boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean values
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then their functions have the same truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then their functions have the same truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then their functions have the same truth
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+so then the polynomials are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the polynomials are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the polynomials are identical
+because the polynomials correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomials correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomials correspond to
+the truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so therefore they always agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore they always agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so therefore they always agree
+even on the non-boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+that means that the probability that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the probability that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the probability that if
+you evaluate the two polynomials on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the two polynomials on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you evaluate the two polynomials on a
+random place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random place
+the it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's good
+whether you'll be equal that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you'll be equal that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you'll be equal that's a
+certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty
+because in fact in this case p1 and p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact in this case p1 and p2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact in this case p1 and p2
+are the same polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for two
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+branching programs differ somewhere even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs differ somewhere even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching programs differ somewhere even
+in one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place
+well you know the polynomials could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the polynomials could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know the polynomials could not
+be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+they have to be different polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be different polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be different polynomials
+because the polynomials include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomials include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomials include the
+behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+in the boolean case as well as all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the boolean case as well as all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the boolean case as well as all the
+breadth of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth of the field
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the polynomials have to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the polynomials have to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the polynomials have to be the same
+and now we're going to apply the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to apply the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to apply the short
+zipple lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipple lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipple lemma
+we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two
+different polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polynomials
+they can only agree in a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can only agree in a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can only agree in a relatively
+small number of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of places
+so that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that says that
+from the short simple theorem then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the short simple theorem then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the short simple theorem then um
+the probability that p1 and p2 agree at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that p1 and p2 agree at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that p1 and p2 agree at
+this random location is at most this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random location is at most this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random location is at most this
+value that we had from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we had from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that we had from before
+the degree times the number of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree times the number of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree times the number of variables
+divided by the size of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the size of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the size of the field
+the degree is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the field is at least three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field is at least three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the field is at least three times
+uh the number of variables in size so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of variables in size so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of variables in size so
+that means um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means um
+you get this inequality here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this inequality here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this inequality here and so
+therefore the probability is it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability is it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability is it is a
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+and most a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most a third
+and that's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good enough
+um this is the probability that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the probability that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the probability that you get
+the wrong answer it's going to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer it's going to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer it's going to be at
+most one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one-third
+so you're going to get the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get the right answer
+with at least two-thirds probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least two-thirds probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least two-thirds probability so
+even just doing a single sample point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just doing a single sample point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just doing a single sample point is
+going to be enough to to give a bpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be enough to to give a bpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be enough to to give a bpp
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what i have is are a couple of check-ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have is are a couple of check-ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have is are a couple of check-ins
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh now for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now for you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+somehow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this
+better take me out of here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better take me out of here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better take me out of here um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so this is this is a little hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a little hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a little hard but
+let's see how you do on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how you do on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how you do on it
+suppose the branching program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the branching program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the branching program is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well maybe i sort of a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe i sort of a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe i sort of a little bit
+discussed this already that's okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this already that's okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this already that's okay the
+branching problems will not read once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching problems will not read once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching problems will not read once
+the polynomials might have exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomials might have exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomials might have exponents
+bigger than one so where would the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one so where would the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than one so where would the proof
+fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail
+um would they fail the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would they fail the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would they fail the point where
+b1 and b equivalent to b2 implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and b equivalent to b2 implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b1 and b equivalent to b2 implies that
+they agree on all boolean inputs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on all boolean inputs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on all boolean inputs so
+that's sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of this
+um the first step here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first step here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first step here
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is it that agreeing on all boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that agreeing on all boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that agreeing on all boolean
+inputs implies that the polynomials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs implies that the polynomials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs implies that the polynomials are
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+or would it be that having the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would it be that having the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would it be that having the two
+polynomials being equal implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials being equal implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials being equal implies that
+they always agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always agree
+so those are the three sort of steps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three sort of steps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three sort of steps in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+part one of the the proof of part one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one of the the proof of part one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one of the the proof of part one
+so let's see uh what do you think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see uh what do you think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see uh what do you think there
+in a couple questions about picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple questions about picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple questions about picking the
+prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the this uh the prime number here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this uh the prime number here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this uh the prime number here is uh
+it's this is a very small prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is a very small prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is a very small prime number
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you could even represent that prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even represent that prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even represent that prime
+prime number in unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number in unary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number in unary
+within the amount of time we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the amount of time we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the amount of time we have
+because don't forget this is a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because don't forget this is a prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because don't forget this is a prime
+number whose magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number whose magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number whose magnitude
+it is at most the number of variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at most the number of variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at most the number of variables so
+you can write that prime number in unary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write that prime number in unary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write that prime number in unary
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+finding the prime and testing primality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the prime and testing primality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the prime and testing primality
+of testing whether the number is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing whether the number is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing whether the number is prime
+is something that you can do even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can do even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can do even with
+this brute force algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brute force algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brute force algorithm
+and it would be good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be good enough
+um so there's not there's no you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's not there's no you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's not there's no you don't
+have to do anything fancy about testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do anything fancy about testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do anything fancy about testing
+primality um in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so why does it have to be prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does it have to be prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why does it have to be prime
+you need it to be prime in order for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it to be prime in order for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need it to be prime in order for the
+for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um
+for it to be a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be a field
+so this is just the algebra part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the algebra part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just the algebra part
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you did not have a prime number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did not have a prime number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did not have a prime number then
+then some of the field properties don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the field properties don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the field properties don't
+work and you may no longer get the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you may no longer get the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you may no longer get the um
+the fact that the polynomial has a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the polynomial has a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the polynomial has a small
+number of roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of roots
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's all i can say about that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i can say about that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all i can say about that is the
+polynomial like a hash function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial like a hash function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial like a hash function for the
+branching program are the equal if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program are the equal if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program are the equal if they
+are the same but sometimes the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same but sometimes the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same but sometimes the values
+also equal if the programs are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal if the programs are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal if the programs are different
+that's an interesting idea so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting idea so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting idea so is that
+is a polynomial acting like a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polynomial acting like a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a polynomial acting like a hash
+function i think it's there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i think it's there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function i think it's there is something
+to what you're saying but i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you're saying but i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you're saying but i think it's
+actually in the other direction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the other direction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the other direction um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's it's actually more it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually more it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's actually more it's related to
+a hash function but it's actually acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function but it's actually acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hash function but it's actually acting
+more like an error correcting code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like an error correcting code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like an error correcting code
+let's let's save that for later it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's save that for later it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's save that for later it's a
+very good point it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good point it's a very good
+question maybe we can talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question maybe we can talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question maybe we can talk about it
+after if you remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after if you remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after if you remind me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay let's let's end this poll here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's end this poll here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's end this poll here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+should c be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should c be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should c be
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+having these two agree implies well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these two agree implies well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these two agree implies well i
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question is should should we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is should should we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is should should we change
+p1 and p2 always agree to b1 and b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 and p2 always agree to b1 and b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 and p2 always agree to b1 and b2
+always agree well b1 and b2 are behaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always agree well b1 and b2 are behaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always agree well b1 and b2 are behaving
+exactly the way b p1 and p2 behave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the way b p1 and p2 behave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the way b p1 and p2 behave so
+i'm not sure it matter really matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure it matter really matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure it matter really matters
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+too much time on this chat on this poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time on this chat on this poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much time on this chat on this poll
+here let's end this poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's end this poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's end this poll
+oh sharing results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sharing results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sharing results
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so the correct answer is b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the correct answer is b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so the correct answer is b
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that agreeing on all boolean inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agreeing on all boolean inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agreeing on all boolean inputs
+implies that they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that they're equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that they're equal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the other two are follow kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two are follow kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two are follow kind of
+immediately they're still true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately they're still true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately they're still true
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+if it's not read once even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not read once even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not read once even though they
+agree and all the boolean inputs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and all the boolean inputs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree and all the boolean inputs they
+won't necessarily agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily agree
+as polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as polynomials
+um for one thing like if you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for one thing like if you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for one thing like if you just take
+the two polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two polynomials
+x1 squared and x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 squared and x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 squared and x1
+they agree on all the boolean inputs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on all the boolean inputs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree on all the boolean inputs but
+they're not the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not the same um
+they agree in the boolean world because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree in the boolean world because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they agree in the boolean world because
+zero squared is zero and one squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero squared is zero and one squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero squared is zero and one squared is
+one but they they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but they they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but they they're not the same
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+okay uh let's move on actually i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's move on actually i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's move on actually i have
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+uh check in on the same slide here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh check in on the same slide here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh check in on the same slide here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and this is actually answering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually answering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually answering a
+question that we i got in the chat if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we i got in the chat if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we i got in the chat if
+p102 where x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p102 where x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p102 where x
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+how big how big are these polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big how big are these polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big how big are these polynomials
+are they these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they these
+look like they could be big if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they could be big if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like they could be big if they're
+exponentially large would that be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large would that be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large would that be a
+problem for the time complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+pick a or b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a or b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a or b
+here we're running out of time here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're running out of time here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're running out of time here so
+why don't i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not say too much and just let you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say too much and just let you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not say too much and just let you go
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm gonna close this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+my god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god
+by one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one point
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is like georgia here um but do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like georgia here um but do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like georgia here um but do a
+recount um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recount um
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+b was is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b was is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b was is correct
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+by it by by a hair here um they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it by by a hair here um they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it by by a hair here um they are not
+polynomial in size the truth tables can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in size the truth tables can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in size the truth tables can
+be very large but we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very large but we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very large but we don't have to
+as we did with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did with the um
+branching program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching program for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the exclusive or case you don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive or case you don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive or case you don't actually
+write down the polynomials to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the polynomials to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the polynomials to evaluate
+them you can evaluate them as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can evaluate them as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can evaluate them as you're
+going along the polynomials are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along the polynomials are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along the polynomials are huge
+but you don't have to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't have to write down the
+polynomials to evaluate them that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials to evaluate them that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials to evaluate them that's only
+part of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the proof
+you don't have to re either the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to re either the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to re either the the
+algorithm doesn't have to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't have to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm doesn't have to deal with the
+polynomials itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials itself
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a
+good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh
+good to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to think about this
+that somebody says did i invent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody says did i invent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody says did i invent this
+proof no i did not invent this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof no i did not invent this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof no i did not invent this proof
+it's a wonderful proof but it's not mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wonderful proof but it's not mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wonderful proof but it's not mine
+i would love to have been get take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would love to have been get take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would love to have been get take the
+credit for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit for it
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+why don't we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we uh
+wrap this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up
+so you know can we just is there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know can we just is there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know can we just is there some
+way to simplify the polynomials as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to simplify the polynomials as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to simplify the polynomials as we're
+going along so that we we don't end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along so that we we don't end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along so that we we don't end up
+with them being too big um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them being too big um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them being too big um
+and so that we can then just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that we can then just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that we can then just look at the
+polynomials not that i know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials not that i know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials not that i know of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i i i think the polynomials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i i think the polynomials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i i i think the polynomials are
+really going to be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to be big
+and so there's not going to be any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's not going to be any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's not going to be any way
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+uh to to view it just as pawn if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to view it just as pawn if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to view it just as pawn if you
+could it would be fantastic because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it would be fantastic because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it would be fantastic because that
+would give you a deterministic algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you a deterministic algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you a deterministic algorithm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think the only way that people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the only way that people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the only way that people know
+how to do this is terms of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this is terms of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this is terms of you know
+random inputs the polynomial to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random inputs the polynomial to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random inputs the polynomial to a
+polynomial which is too big to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial which is too big to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial which is too big to write
+down if you could write it down and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you could write it down and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you could write it down and just
+analyze the polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the polynomials
+you'd have a huge huge result there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a huge huge result there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a huge huge result there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm glad
+people like this proof that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like this proof that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like this proof that's good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many actual quantities are there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many actual quantities are there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many actual quantities are there in
+the formula i'm not sure what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula i'm not sure what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula i'm not sure what that means
+what formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what formula
+um i mean the polynomial is huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean the polynomial is huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i mean the polynomial is huge
+uh the number of different polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of different polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number of different polynomials
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+i i guess i don't understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i guess i don't understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i guess i don't understand the
+question what motivates the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what motivates the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what motivates the idea of
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would make somebody think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would make somebody think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would make somebody think of this
+i'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we're going to use it even in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use it even in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to use it even in a more
+remarkable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable way
+uh in the in the last two lectures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the last two lectures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the last two lectures of
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+so stay tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stay tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stay tuned
+i mean this is sort of a clever but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is sort of a clever but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is sort of a clever but
+seems very specialized but the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very specialized but the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems very specialized but the um
+the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part
+where we're going to next application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to next application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to next application
+we're going to use this to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this to analyze
+satisfiability which is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability which is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability which is much more
+general kind of a situation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general kind of a situation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general kind of a situation and that's
+that that i think is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that i think is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that i think is especially
+remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the polynomials
+p1 and p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's only a polynomial number quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's only a polynomial number quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's only a polynomial number quantum
+i don't think so because well it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think so because well it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think so because well it depends
+on the size of the field the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of the field the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the size of the field the size of the
+no it's going to be something like m to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's going to be something like m to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's going to be something like m to
+the n m power right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n m power right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n m power right
+um so those are the number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are the number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are the number of possible
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+so it's in each each each field element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in each each each field element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in each each each field element
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+3m possibilities roughly and there are m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3m possibilities roughly and there are m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3m possibilities roughly and there are m
+field elements so it's m to the 3m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field elements so it's m to the 3m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field elements so it's m to the 3m
+different possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+that you're picking at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're picking at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're picking at random
+so anyway i'm going to shut this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway i'm going to shut this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway i'm going to shut this down
+and move over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the others the office hours zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the others the office hours zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the others the office hours zoom
+feel free to join me there otherwise i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to join me there otherwise i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to join me there otherwise i
+will see you all on thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you all on thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see you all on thursday
+take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7Wplllt_7xE.txt b/7Wplllt_7xE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa26fe36bcba20e6af17a42dcbe3499344eb1926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7Wplllt_7xE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the the course is as three hours long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the course is as three hours long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the course is as three hours long
+each enemies twice a week we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each enemies twice a week we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each enemies twice a week we also have
+one extra Friday meeting on Friday that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra Friday meeting on Friday that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra Friday meeting on Friday that
+they can come in if they want to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can come in if they want to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can come in if they want to and
+during that time there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time there are very few
+lectures we start out at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we start out at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we start out at the beginning
+with just a few lectures there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a few lectures there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a few lectures there's
+lectures on how to give a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on how to give a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on how to give a talk
+there's lectures on lab safety of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lectures on lab safety of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lectures on lab safety of course
+there's a set of few lectures at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of few lectures at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of few lectures at the
+beginning but after that the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but after that the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but after that the students
+are immediately go out and they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are immediately go out and they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are immediately go out and they start
+working on their different experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on their different experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on their different experiments
+and what I do is I go around from group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I do is I go around from group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I do is I go around from group
+to group the lab groups are always two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group the lab groups are always two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group the lab groups are always two
+people and so I go around from group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so I go around from group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and so I go around from group to
+group and most of the time what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and most of the time what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and most of the time what I do is
+ask them questions what are you doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them questions what are you doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them questions what are you doing is
+a good start and then from there they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good start and then from there they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good start and then from there they'll
+tell you where their problems are and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where their problems are and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you where their problems are and so
+forth and you can help them figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you can help them figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you can help them figure it
+out one of the things you're teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one of the things you're teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one of the things you're teaching
+them for example is how do you debug a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example is how do you debug a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example is how do you debug a
+system which by the way is the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which by the way is the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which by the way is the same for
+debugging code as debugging hardware you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging code as debugging hardware you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging code as debugging hardware you
+know the approaches that you take are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the approaches that you take are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the approaches that you take are
+exactly the same so that's what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so that's what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so that's what I do
+actually when I'm in the lab itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I'm in the lab itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I'm in the lab itself and
+I'm coaching them along you know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coaching them along you know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm coaching them along you know if they
+if they don't look like they've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't look like they've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't look like they've actually
+tried I encourage them to give it a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried I encourage them to give it a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried I encourage them to give it a try
+if they come up with a question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they come up with a question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they come up with a question we
+talked a lot about how it is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about how it is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about how it is that they
+might test the question that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might test the question that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might test the question that they've
+thought of and so that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of and so that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of and so that's the kind of
+thing that I do in the lab itself
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7_N-8cIKjew.txt b/7_N-8cIKjew.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f57b647f7201e0db4beb811b3856f4d0c36565ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7_N-8cIKjew.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh Alan Turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh Alan Turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh Alan Turing
+uh thinking machines is just part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking machines is just part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking machines is just part of the
+romance of Science Fiction I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance of Science Fiction I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance of Science Fiction I mean
+science fiction has always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction has always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction has always been
+fascinated with the idea that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with the idea that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinated with the idea that you know
+you could build a you know a uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build a you know a uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could build a you know a uh an
+amazing computer that could somehow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing computer that could somehow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing computer that could somehow uh
+think and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and maybe
+outthink us and so uh this has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outthink us and so uh this has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outthink us and so uh this has been a
+fascination of uh science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination of uh science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascination of uh science fiction
+writers and writers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers and writers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers and writers in
+general and uh I thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and uh I thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and uh I thought it would be
+interesting to just uh look at turing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to just uh look at turing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to just uh look at turing's
+paper read turing's paper talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper read turing's paper talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper read turing's paper talk a little
+bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about
+Turing uh so that we get up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turing uh so that we get up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turing uh so that we get up into the
+modern era before we jump back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern era before we jump back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern era before we jump back into the
+19th century just a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century just a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century just a sort
+of so yes Alan Turing Allen Turing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so yes Alan Turing Allen Turing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so yes Alan Turing Allen Turing was
+uh does anybody know anything about has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does anybody know anything about has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does anybody know anything about has
+anybody come across turing's work before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody come across turing's work before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody come across turing's work before
+Devin what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devin what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devin what do
+you you was one of the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you was one of the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you was one of the most interesting
+people of this time period for sure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of this time period for sure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of this time period for sure and
+arguably of the 20th century he you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably of the 20th century he you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably of the 20th century he you know
+worked on all the Enigma codes did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on all the Enigma codes did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on all the Enigma codes did an
+amazing amazing um work you know went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing amazing um work you know went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing amazing um work you know went on
+and started to really think deeply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started to really think deeply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started to really think deeply about
+a lot of you know coming out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you know coming out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of you know coming out of that
+about a lot of the issues of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of the issues of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot of the issues of what
+machines could do um he was a champion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines could do um he was a champion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines could do um he was a champion
+marathon runner like he was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathon runner like he was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marathon runner like he was a really
+remarkable athlete as well so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable athlete as well so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable athlete as well so he was
+seemingly the perfect kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly the perfect kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly the perfect kind of you know
+person to do this work and published all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to do this work and published all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to do this work and published all
+this great work which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great work which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great work which we'll talk about
+soon and then in his his personal life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon and then in his his personal life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon and then in his his personal life
+is what kind of where things got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kind of where things got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what kind of where things got a
+little confusing and weird you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing and weird you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing and weird you know
+obviously you see at the bottom there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you see at the bottom there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you see at the bottom there
+1954 there was a suicide and the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1954 there was a suicide and the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1954 there was a suicide and the story
+revolving around it is is a little you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolving around it is is a little you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolving around it is is a little you
+know strange when he was suspected of he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know strange when he was suspected of he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know strange when he was suspected of he
+was suspected of having homosexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suspected of having homosexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suspected of having homosexual
+relations with uh some colleague or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations with uh some colleague or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations with uh some colleague or
+something like that and the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and the government
+you know got word of this and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know got word of this and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know got word of this and because of
+all the you know class my work he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the you know class my work he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the you know class my work he was
+doing that from what I know they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that from what I know they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that from what I know they started
+putting him on estrogen because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting him on estrogen because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting him on estrogen because that's
+just the thing you do his body you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the thing you do his body you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the thing you do his body you know
+don't if you want me to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you want me to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you want me to stop
+anyway and he uh and he was put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and he uh and he was put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and he uh and he was put on
+estrogen and you know obviously the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen and you know obviously the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estrogen and you know obviously the body
+totally his body totally flipped out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally his body totally flipped out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally his body totally flipped out on
+that and he became really depressed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he became really depressed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and he became really depressed and
+for one reason he committed suicide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one reason he committed suicide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one reason he committed suicide
+whatever no one the story isn't true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever no one the story isn't true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever no one the story isn't true but
+from what I know when they found him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I know when they found him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what I know when they found him
+there was a bitten apple on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bitten apple on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a bitten apple on on the
+ground next to him reminiscent of Snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground next to him reminiscent of Snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground next to him reminiscent of Snow
+White and there's some Y is did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White and there's some Y is did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White and there's some Y is did he
+poison himself as a metaphor or was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison himself as a metaphor or was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison himself as a metaphor or was the
+cyanide found in the Apple just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide found in the Apple just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide found in the Apple just from the
+normal cyanide that are in apples you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cyanide that are in apples you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cyanide that are in apples you
+know so it's all kind of a hoo-ha very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's all kind of a hoo-ha very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it's all kind of a hoo-ha very
+fantastic story brilant ending so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic story brilant ending so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic story brilant ending so great
+well that's that's a that's a good intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's a that's a good intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's that's a that's a good intro
+uh yeah so Alan Turing was uh a a very U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so Alan Turing was uh a a very U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so Alan Turing was uh a a very U
+uh precocious and and um uh highly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh precocious and and um uh highly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh precocious and and um uh highly uh
+intelligent person who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent person who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent person who really
+absorb Computing in a in a deep way uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb Computing in a in a deep way uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb Computing in a in a deep way uh I
+mean he he knew all kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he he knew all kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean he he knew all kinds of things that
+U Were ahead of his time and uh he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Were ahead of his time and uh he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Were ahead of his time and uh he came
+up through the ranks uh through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through the ranks uh through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through the ranks uh through uh
+Cambridge and uh he began to work uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and uh he began to work uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and uh he began to work uh in
+the second world war on cracking the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war on cracking the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war on cracking the uh
+code of the German Enigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the German Enigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code of the German Enigma
+machine and uh so this was his uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and uh so this was his uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and uh so this was his uh one of
+his first great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his first great
+projects and uh in order to in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and uh in order to in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and uh in order to in order to
+uh study the Enigma machine uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh study the Enigma machine uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh study the Enigma machine uh one of
+which had been actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been actually
+secured um they created another machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secured um they created another machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secured um they created another machine
+and uh the PO polish uh bomba it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the PO polish uh bomba it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the PO polish uh bomba it was
+called and the idea was to use a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and the idea was to use a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called and the idea was to use a machine
+to try to emulate another machine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to emulate another machine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to emulate another machine in
+order to crack the codes and and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to crack the codes and and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to crack the codes and and so uh
+uh I mean this is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean this is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean this is a very interesting
+interesting topic so if anybody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic so if anybody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic so if anybody wants to
+write a paper on this it would be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper on this it would be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a paper on this it would be most
+welcome um but uh the short of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome um but uh the short of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome um but uh the short of the story
+was uh they were trying to uh Crack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh they were trying to uh Crack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh they were trying to uh Crack the
+Code using another machine of uh even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Code using another machine of uh even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Code using another machine of uh even
+greater complexity that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater complexity that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater complexity that could
+theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically
+outperform the target machine and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the target machine and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outperform the target machine and so
+this uh this became one of the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this became one of the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this became one of the one of
+the key strategies and it also led to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key strategies and it also led to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key strategies and it also led to uh
+the development and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development and the
+conceptualization of uh uh digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization of uh uh digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization of uh uh digital
+computers as universal machines the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers as universal machines the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers as universal machines the idea
+of one that a machine could be developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one that a machine could be developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one that a machine could be developed
+that could emulate other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could emulate other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could emulate other kinds of
+machines and that uh eventually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and that uh eventually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and that uh eventually if you
+begin to uh uh advance in this field uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to uh uh advance in this field uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to uh uh advance in this field uh
+and develop more and more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop more and more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop more and more complex
+machines you could continually uh get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you could continually uh get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines you could continually uh get uh
+higher and higher performance out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher performance out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher performance out of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+machines so the the the notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so the the the notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines so the the the notion of the
+universal machine so as he said in uh 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal machine so as he said in uh 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal machine so as he said in uh 19
+um uh 47 paper we are trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 47 paper we are trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh 47 paper we are trying to build a
+machine to do different things simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to do different things simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to do different things simply by
+programming rather than by the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming rather than by the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming rather than by the addition
+of extra apparatus so the concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra apparatus so the concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra apparatus so the concept that
+you know the the the key to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the key to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the key to the
+complexity of the machine was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the machine was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the machine was in the
+programming itself that programs could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming itself that programs could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming itself that programs could
+be made that could do all kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made that could do all kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made that could do all kinds of uh
+things um okay so I thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um okay so I thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um okay so I thought it would be
+interesting to read this paper because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read this paper because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read this paper because
+it is uh let me just say a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh let me just say a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh let me just say a few other
+things uh some of you probably know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh some of you probably know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh some of you probably know a
+lot of this stuff you may not um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this stuff you may not um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this stuff you may not um uh
+there was the whole development of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the whole development of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the whole development of um
+the the modern architecture of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the modern architecture of computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the modern architecture of computing
+um and uh a lot of this uh was referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh a lot of this uh was referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh a lot of this uh was referred
+to as uh Von noyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as uh Von noyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as uh Von noyman
+architecture which was uh worked out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which was uh worked out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture which was uh worked out in
+this kind of a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of a basic
+logical uh Arrangement and U this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical uh Arrangement and U this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical uh Arrangement and U this is a
+standard uh it certainly was uh the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh it certainly was uh the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh it certainly was uh the core
+of the early Computing machine the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early Computing machine the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the early Computing machine the early
+uh digital computers were organized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital computers were organized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh digital computers were organized in
+this way and a lot of this came out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and a lot of this came out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and a lot of this came out uh
+was developed in the 30s and 40s um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in the 30s and 40s um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in the 30s and 40s um so
+it's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly
+extensive uh Turing himself starts his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive uh Turing himself starts his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive uh Turing himself starts his
+paper with I propose to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with I propose to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper with I propose to consider the
+question can machines think um and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can machines think um and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question can machines think um and of
+course he was uh basing his uh uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he was uh basing his uh uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he was uh basing his uh uh his
+interests in the fact that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests in the fact that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests in the fact that large
+Computing structures had been developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing structures had been developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing structures had been developed
+uh big computers had uh been uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh big computers had uh been uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh big computers had uh been uh put
+together designed and and uh built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people
+and it's only based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only based on
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the
+questioner can decide whether one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioner can decide whether one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioner can decide whether one person
+is a male or female and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a male or female and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a male or female and
+then um hering brings in the notion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um hering brings in the notion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um hering brings in the notion like
+why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't
+we um substitute one of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um substitute one of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um substitute one of the people
+answering with machine and whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering with machine and whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering with machine and whether that
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+correctly like imitate that person um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly like imitate that person um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly like imitate that person um in
+a way that and if that machine can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that and if that machine can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that and if that machine can do it
+then it can think like it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can think like it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can think like it sort of
+changes the question can machines think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the question can machines think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the question can machines think
+to can a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can a machine
+like in a good way like play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a good way like play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a good way like play the
+imitation game well mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think that's about it okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's about it okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's about it okay any
+further Claire no oh okay uh why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further Claire no oh okay uh why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further Claire no oh okay uh why is this
+yes Chris oh just that the responses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Chris oh just that the responses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Chris oh just that the responses of
+the machine had to be given in text form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine had to be given in text form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine had to be given in text form
+in order to to test the machine's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to test the machine's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to to test the machine's
+thinking instead of just the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking instead of just the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking instead of just the way it
+renders um thinking to audio MH okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renders um thinking to audio MH okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renders um thinking to audio MH okay so
+why is he doing that why why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is he doing that why why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is he doing that why why is the
+what's the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason for
+that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to
+it's at an even footing with the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at an even footing with the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at an even footing with the human
+in terms of thinking okay so he's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of thinking okay so he's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of thinking okay so he's trying
+to reduce even by even footing reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce even by even footing reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce even by even footing reduce
+bias or eliminate uh uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias or eliminate uh uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias or eliminate uh uh sort of
+preconceptions if possible why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions if possible why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions if possible why is this
+uh an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an important
+question who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question who
+cares why does Turing seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares why does Turing seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares why does Turing seem to
+care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jake
+to see if robots can think on a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if robots can think on a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if robots can think on a basic
+level but to see if they can not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but to see if they can not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but to see if they can not only
+just think but think well enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think but think well enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think but think well enough to
+convince someone that they're a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince someone that they're a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince someone that they're a person
+not just uh robot basically so is he I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh robot basically so is he I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh robot basically so is he I
+mean is this uh try to get equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is this uh try to get equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is this uh try to get equal
+treatment for robot why why why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for robot why why why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for robot why why why would
+anybody care about something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody care about something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody care about something like this
+Deon well one thing I was going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deon well one thing I was going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deon well one thing I was going to bring
+up with this that he I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this that he I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this that he I think he
+understands perfectly well that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands perfectly well that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands perfectly well that if you
+as can machines think you're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as can machines think you're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as can machines think you're just going
+to get people bantering back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people bantering back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people bantering back and forth
+for until until the cows come home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for until until the cows come home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for until until the cows come home and
+you're not going to get anywhere so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get anywhere so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get anywhere so he
+says let's repas the issue and I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's repas the issue and I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's repas the issue and I'll tell
+you what if I put you in front if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what if I put you in front if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what if I put you in front if I put
+you in front of this terminal and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in front of this terminal and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in front of this terminal and you
+have a conversation with two people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conversation with two people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a conversation with two people and
+you are unable to tell me which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are unable to tell me which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are unable to tell me which one is
+the machine then that's as good as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine then that's as good as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine then that's as good as an
+answer to the affirmative you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the affirmative you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the affirmative you know and
+he put sets it on a practical footing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put sets it on a practical footing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put sets it on a practical footing so
+it's like let's not talk philosophy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like let's not talk philosophy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like let's not talk philosophy here
+because history is sh we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because history is sh we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because history is sh we're not going to
+get anywhere so let's just if we if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere so let's just if we if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere so let's just if we if you
+know beyond all reasonable doubt we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beyond all reasonable doubt we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know beyond all reasonable doubt we're
+there good enough for us you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good enough for us you know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there good enough for us you know yeah
+uh absolutely and also setting up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolutely and also setting up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh absolutely and also setting up a
+situation that someone can design toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that someone can design toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that someone can design toward
+that is you know you can once you set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know you can once you set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know you can once you set it
+up in in a in a structure like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in in a in a structure like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in in a in a structure like this and
+you remove it from the endless sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove it from the endless sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove it from the endless sort of
+questions of that philosophers love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of that philosophers love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of that philosophers love to
+discuss which you know is a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss which you know is a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss which you know is a lot of fun
+but it's not going to get us too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to get us too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not going to get us too far
+about uh with you know building machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh with you know building machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh with you know building machines
+that can come closer and closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can come closer and closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can come closer and closer to
+thinking so by Framing it in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so by Framing it in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so by Framing it in this way
+he's setting up uh a kind of uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's setting up uh a kind of uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's setting up uh a kind of uh open
+situation that uh a person could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that uh a person could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that uh a person could try to
+design toward better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design toward better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design toward better and better
+programs so uh uh I mean this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so uh uh I mean this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so uh uh I mean this is uh
+certainly one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly one of the one of the
+fundamental uh goals here so he uh uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental uh goals here so he uh uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental uh goals here so he uh uh he
+says a lot of things that uh we are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a lot of things that uh we are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says a lot of things that uh we are uh
+familiar with today but uh at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with today but uh at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with today but uh at at the
+time of uh turing's paper in 1950 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of uh turing's paper in 1950 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of uh turing's paper in 1950 the
+one I asked you to read um this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I asked you to read um this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I asked you to read um this was uh
+you know very fresh very new uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very fresh very new uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very fresh very new uh and the
+way he set this up is uh uh be came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he set this up is uh uh be came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he set this up is uh uh be came to
+be known as the Turing test anybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known as the Turing test anybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be known as the Turing test anybody here
+ever been involved in a Turing test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever been involved in a Turing test or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever been involved in a Turing test or
+okay there there are turning test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there there are turning test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there there are turning test
+competitions every year uh for building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions every year uh for building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions every year uh for building
+better and better uh uh programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better uh uh programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and better uh uh programs that
+can actually get closer and closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get closer and closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get closer and closer to
+imitating uh a uh human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitating uh a uh human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitating uh a uh human being
+um all right he uh he discusses some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right he uh he discusses some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right he uh he discusses some of
+the differences between machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between machines and
+Computing machines and organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing machines and organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing machines and organic
+entities can we call them organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities can we call them organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities can we call them organic
+machines uh I mean at least at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh I mean at least at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh I mean at least at some
+level uh and that is uh he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh and that is uh he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh and that is uh he's very
+interested in in in sort of comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in in sort of comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in in sort of comparing
+these two types of entities because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two types of entities because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two types of entities because he
+feels that uh by doing that um we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels that uh by doing that um we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels that uh by doing that um we get a
+better understanding of what we're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of what we're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of what we're what
+we're considering um and so uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering um and so uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering um and so uh which is
+you know how can we build higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how can we build higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how can we build higher and
+higher per forming machines that will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher per forming machines that will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher per forming machines that will um
+come closer and closer to being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come closer and closer to being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come closer and closer to being able to
+process information in ways that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process information in ways that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process information in ways that we
+would associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would associate with
+thinking uh he comes up with a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh he comes up with a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh he comes up with a number of
+objections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections
+including uh so objections to machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh so objections to machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh so objections to machine
+thinking including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking including the
+theological uh Goodell's theorem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theological uh Goodell's theorem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theological uh Goodell's theorem and the
+mathematical objection argument from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical objection argument from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical objection argument from
+Consciousness these are some of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness these are some of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness these are some of the ways
+in which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um
+uh uh people bring up objections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh people bring up objections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh people bring up objections to
+machines being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines being able to
+think the theological objection so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the theological objection so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the theological objection so what
+are what are some of the ones what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are some of the ones what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are some of the ones what are
+the some of the things that he brings up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I mean for example U the theological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean for example U the theological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean for example U the theological
+objection this is simply that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection this is simply that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection this is simply that uh you
+know humans have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know humans have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know humans have
+spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual
+uh humans are spiritual entities and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh humans are spiritual entities and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh humans are spiritual entities and so
+forth and machines cannot be made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and machines cannot be made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and machines cannot be made that
+and thinking is part of that spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking is part of that spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking is part of that spiritual
+process and uh machines cannot be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh machines cannot be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh machines cannot be made
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+can uh think and process thought partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh think and process thought partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh think and process thought partly
+because they're just machines and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just machines and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just machines and so uh
+they don't have this special spirit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have this special spirit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have this special spirit and
+uh he he goes through each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he goes through each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he he goes through each one of these
+uh and more or less uh gives his point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and more or less uh gives his point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and more or less uh gives his point
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+view uh which is you know it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh which is you know it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view uh which is you know it depends on
+what your definitions are I mean part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your definitions are I mean part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your definitions are I mean part of
+the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is
+really dealing with definitions is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dealing with definitions is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dealing with definitions is it
+not I mean what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I mean what do we mean by
+thinking I mean we think we know what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I mean we think we know what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I mean we think we know what we
+mean when we say thinking but uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say thinking but uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when we say thinking but uh when
+you get down to trying to Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to trying to Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get down to trying to Define it
+technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically
+you come in you know you run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in you know you run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in you know you run into
+problems so he he he's trying to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so he he he's trying to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so he he he's trying to get at
+how can you structure a set of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you structure a set of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you structure a set of questions
+that would enable us to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would enable us to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would enable us to think about
+thinking and as in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and as in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and as in many cases
+engineering tends to be a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering tends to be a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering tends to be a has a
+tremendous uh platform in which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous uh platform in which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous uh platform in which to
+investigate from engineering uh problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate from engineering uh problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate from engineering uh problems
+deep problems that are connected to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep problems that are connected to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep problems that are connected to what
+we associate with the humanistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we associate with the humanistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we associate with the humanistic
+tradition so engineering has a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition so engineering has a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition so engineering has a a
+dialogue with many of these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue with many of these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue with many of these great
+problems and uh uh Turing in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh uh Turing in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and uh uh Turing in many ways
+is trying to create that dialogue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to create that dialogue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to create that dialogue here
+he's he's trying to begin to position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's trying to begin to position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's trying to begin to position
+these questions in ways in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions in ways in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions in ways in which we
+could get a better understanding of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a better understanding of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a better understanding of what
+we mean by thinking and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by thinking and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean by thinking and in the
+process make better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process make better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process make better
+programs I mean that's that's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I mean that's that's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I mean that's that's certainly
+his his key goal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his key goal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his key goal here
+so what else does he say about machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else does he say about machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else does he say about machines
+here to get a thinking machine all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get a thinking machine all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to get a thinking machine all right
+so we have the imitation game we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the imitation game we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the imitation game we can
+build better programs um and uh know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build better programs um and uh know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build better programs um and uh know we
+can get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get uh
+higher higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher and
+higher degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher degree of
+success with fooling people into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success with fooling people into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success with fooling people into
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+or uh I don't know fooling is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh I don't know fooling is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh I don't know fooling is is is
+quite the right word but it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the right word but it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the right word but it seems to be
+appropriate uh into thinking that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh into thinking that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh into thinking that one of
+the entities that is not a human is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entities that is not a human is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entities that is not a human is
+actually performing like a human close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually performing like a human close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually performing like a human close
+enough that we can't tell it can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we can't tell it can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we can't tell it can't tell
+the difference how does he think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference how does he think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference how does he think that
+machines could be made that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines could be made that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines could be made that would be
+higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performing again it goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programs the notion he comes up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs the notion he comes up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs the notion he comes up with a
+child of the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child of the child
+machine what does he mean by the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine why yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GRE human being with u Essen born almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRE human being with u Essen born almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GRE human being with u Essen born almost
+like it has some like basic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has some like basic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has some like basic kind of
+think and knowledge but then as it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and knowledge but then as it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and knowledge but then as it grows
+up it like picks up everything along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it like picks up everything along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it like picks up everything along
+with it and then becomes fully formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and then becomes fully formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and then becomes fully formed
+like a human Okay so through the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human Okay so through the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human Okay so through the process
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+learning uh rather than thinking of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh rather than thinking of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh rather than thinking of uh
+designing something that performs at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing something that performs at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing something that performs at the
+level of uh humans in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of uh humans in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of uh humans in terms of
+thinking uh why not design something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh why not design something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh why not design something
+that has a capacity I mean if machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a capacity I mean if machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a capacity I mean if machine
+learn learning is is is is a possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn learning is is is is a possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn learning is is is is a possibility
+that has a capacity to learn and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a capacity to learn and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a capacity to learn and become
+more complicated because how do humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because how do humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because how do humans
+and if you think of humans uh how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of humans uh how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think of humans uh how do
+they acquire their ability to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquire their ability to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquire their ability to interact
+with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their
+environment well the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment well the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment well the most
+powerful uh element here is the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh element here is the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful uh element here is the way in
+which they learn we're back to Alison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they learn we're back to Alison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they learn we're back to Alison
+Wonderland you know she's wandering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderland you know she's wandering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderland you know she's wandering
+through this this this this Garden of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this this this this Garden of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this this this this Garden of uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+bizarre entities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre entities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre entities and
+characters and so on and she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and so on and she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and so on and she's
+interacting with her environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with her environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with her environment and
+through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+interaction she's beginning to uh get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction she's beginning to uh get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction she's beginning to uh get a
+deeper understanding of the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper understanding of the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper understanding of the world that
+she's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's part
+of and you know when she says at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and you know when she says at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and you know when she says at the end
+of the at the end of the the fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the at the end of the the fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the at the end of the the fantasy
+you're just a pack of cards I mean she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a pack of cards I mean she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a pack of cards I mean she's
+she's kind of realized that she's outg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's kind of realized that she's outg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's kind of realized that she's outg
+grown that world in some ways because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown that world in some ways because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown that world in some ways because
+she's been interacting with it long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's been interacting with it long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's been interacting with it long
+enough to come to a comprehensive view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to come to a comprehensive view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to come to a comprehensive view
+of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it
+is I mean that's one explanation or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean that's one explanation or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean that's one explanation or one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+interpretation so this child machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so this child machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so this child machine
+that Turing comes up with is a entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Turing comes up with is a entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Turing comes up with is a entity
+that U would be to uh would would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U would be to uh would would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that U would be to uh would would be
+able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to
+learn and uh this connects with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and uh this connects with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn and uh this connects with uh
+Norbert Weiner's notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norbert Weiner's notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norbert Weiner's notion
+of uh devices able to learn devices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh devices able to learn devices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh devices able to learn devices that
+become more and more complicated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more complicated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more complicated in
+their interaction with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interaction with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interaction with their
+environments so what do you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so what do you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so what do you think of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory make any sense
+Charles it's kind of scary though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles it's kind of scary though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles it's kind of scary though in
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+way like it makes you think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like it makes you think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like it makes you think about all
+the Sci-Fi movies where they have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sci-Fi movies where they have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sci-Fi movies where they have like
+little robot children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little robot children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little robot children
+and it it's like I think this would only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's like I think this would only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it's like I think this would only
+produce more problems mhm um I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more problems mhm um I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce more problems mhm um I'm not
+sure which what kinds of problems this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure which what kinds of problems this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure which what kinds of problems this
+something like this would solve and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this would solve and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this would solve and like
+the problems that would come up would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that would come up would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems that would come up would be
+problems that history has seen over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that history has seen over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that history has seen over and
+over again like you you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again like you you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again like you you would
+essentially be creating a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be creating a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially be creating a new kind of
+racial identity and then there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial identity and then there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial identity and then there would be
+strife and just things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strife and just things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strife and just things like that and
+yeah it's a mess that's that's fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a mess that's that's fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a mess that's that's fair
+enough yeah so maybe it's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough yeah so maybe it's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough yeah so maybe it's not a good
+idea to build uh computers that uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to build uh computers that uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to build uh computers that uh can
+learn or at least form uh perform at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn or at least form uh perform at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn or at least form uh perform at the
+high level of function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of function of
+thinking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is
+that CLA I think kind of depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CLA I think kind of depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CLA I think kind of depends on what
+kind of learning happens what it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learning happens what it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learning happens what it can do
+with that learning because when we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that learning because when we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that learning because when we learn
+things we often like we have the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we often like we have the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we often like we have the ability
+to connect it to other things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect it to other things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect it to other things that we
+have learned and that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned and that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned and that's where we
+generate new ideas um but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate new ideas um but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate new ideas um but with a
+computer you would need need to program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you would need need to program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer you would need need to program
+it to make those connections so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make those connections so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make those connections so there
+would be a limit as like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a limit as like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a limit as like the number of
+connections it could make so it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it could make so it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections it could make so it may not
+be as dangerous necessarily as we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as dangerous necessarily as we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as dangerous necessarily as we think
+just because it's not able just to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's not able just to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it's not able just to I
+mean I I don't know if someone could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I I don't know if someone could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I I don't know if someone could
+program something to do this but I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program something to do this but I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program something to do this but I guess
+you could have like a random generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have like a random generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have like a random generator
+where it just connects like random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it just connects like random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it just connects like random
+things that it has Acquired and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it has Acquired and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that it has Acquired and then I
+don't but yeah I think it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but yeah I think it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't but yeah I think it kind of
+depends on what kind of learning we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kind of learning we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what kind of learning we're
+talking about if it's just like simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if it's just like simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if it's just like simple
+fact by fact or if it's teaching it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by fact or if it's teaching it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact by fact or if it's teaching it to
+somehow connect ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow connect ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow connect ideas
+okay how does this connect with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does this connect with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does this connect with the
+biological world what what is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological world what what is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological world what what is it about
+uh learning learning machines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning learning machines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning learning machines that
+connects with bi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with bi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with bi
+biology because biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because biology is
+all kind of feedback response I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of feedback response I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of feedback response I
+guess where the the pro the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where the the pro the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess where the the pro the child
+machine is going to get whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to get whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is going to get whatever
+stimulus and it's going to okay learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and it's going to okay learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus and it's going to okay learn
+from it and then the next time it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it and then the next time it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it and then the next time it comes
+around it'll say oh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it'll say oh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it'll say oh I've
+encountered this chair before I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this chair before I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered this chair before I can't
+walk through the chair I have to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the chair I have to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through the chair I have to walk
+around the chair or over the chair the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the chair or over the chair the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the chair or over the chair the
+same way uh an animal that encoun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way uh an animal that encoun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way uh an animal that encoun
+something like that would but also in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that would but also in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that would but also in a
+more evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more evolutionary
+standpoint uh the child machine evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint uh the child machine evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint uh the child machine evolves
+maybe the first time it walked into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the first time it walked into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the first time it walked into the
+share and broke next time it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and broke next time it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share and broke next time it's going to
+walk around the share same way an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around the share same way an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk around the share same way an
+evolutionary adaptation is going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary adaptation is going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary adaptation is going to keep
+uh an animal from dying in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an animal from dying in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an animal from dying in a
+circumstance and live as kind of comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and live as kind of comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and live as kind of comes
+into that circumstance yeah organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that circumstance yeah organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that circumstance yeah organisms
+have a very very complex relation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very complex relation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very complex relation with
+their environment that involves learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their environment that involves learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their environment that involves learning
+uh learning is one of the key ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning is one of the key ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learning is one of the key ways in
+which uh even very very simple organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh even very very simple organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh even very very simple organisms
+can actually through a series of Tri in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually through a series of Tri in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually through a series of Tri in
+air processes uh build a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air processes uh build a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air processes uh build a certain kind of
+uh basis for more AC more uh effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basis for more AC more uh effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basis for more AC more uh effective
+interaction with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with their
+environments so it it brings up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so it it brings up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so it it brings up this
+whole realm of uh machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole realm of uh machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole realm of uh machine learning
+brings up this whole question of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up this whole question of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up this whole question of uh
+organic entities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic entities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic entities that
+learn so if only for that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so if only for that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn so if only for that just
+understanding a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a little bit more about
+machine learning can tell us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning can tell us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning can tell us something
+about life forms in the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life forms in the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about life forms in the way in which
+they learn and interact with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn and interact with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn and interact with their
+environments and perhaps vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and perhaps vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments and perhaps vice versa
+Devon did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devon did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devon did you
+have quite a number of people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite a number of people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite a number of people have
+argued too that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued too that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued too that this kind of
+technological adaptation is very much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological adaptation is very much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological adaptation is very much a
+part of our our own biological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our our own biological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our our own biological and
+especially cultural Evolution and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially cultural Evolution and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially cultural Evolution and that
+you know as as we move forward it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as as we move forward it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as as we move forward it's only
+natural that you know you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural that you know you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural that you know you have the
+Industrial Revolution and then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution and then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution and then you start
+to build computers and the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build computers and the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build computers and the next step
+will be these machines that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be these machines that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be these machines that are very
+much like us and that instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like us and that instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like us and that instead of looking
+at from the perspective of that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at from the perspective of that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at from the perspective of that these
+these you know overlords are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know overlords are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know overlords are going to
+kill us all that this is slowly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill us all that this is slowly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill us all that this is slowly what we
+are becoming there's there's this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming there's there's this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are becoming there's there's this kind
+of cybernetic human machine symbiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cybernetic human machine symbiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cybernetic human machine symbiosis
+and that assuming we don't kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that assuming we don't kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that assuming we don't kill
+ourselves off with the atmosphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves off with the atmosphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves off with the atmosphere and
+whatever beforehand will'll have reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever beforehand will'll have reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever beforehand will'll have reached
+this kind of hybrid where it won't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of hybrid where it won't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of hybrid where it won't make
+a difference what one or the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference what one or the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference what one or the other is
+anymore yeah it's absolutely true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore yeah it's absolutely true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore yeah it's absolutely true that
+humans are are becoming more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are are becoming more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans are are becoming more and more
+integrated with with uh their devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with with uh their devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated with with uh their devices
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+mean uh we all spend huge amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh we all spend huge amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh we all spend huge amount of time
+during the day interacting with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day interacting with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day interacting with uh
+various kinds of uh computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of uh computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of uh computational
+regimes um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes um and you
+know some people have uh extensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people have uh extensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some people have uh extensions of
+their own functions through Mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own functions through Mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own functions through Mechanical
+Devices most people do at least at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devices most people do at least at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Devices most people do at least at the
+level of you know using things to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of you know using things to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of you know using things to get
+around and move and you know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and move and you know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and move and you know all the
+Practical things do in life are machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical things do in life are machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Practical things do in life are machine
+supported uh but it's also come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported uh but it's also come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported uh but it's also come to the
+point that certain people have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that certain people have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that certain people have become
+more closely integrated limbs people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely integrated limbs people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closely integrated limbs people
+have had terrible accidents things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had terrible accidents things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had terrible accidents things of
+that sort uh mechanical devices that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort uh mechanical devices that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort uh mechanical devices that can
+quote think or interact in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote think or interact in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote think or interact in a
+more uh precise way with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh precise way with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh precise way with their
+environments can also benefit humans who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments can also benefit humans who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments can also benefit humans who
+have you know um uh tremendous need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know um uh tremendous need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know um uh tremendous need so
+obviously that's one of the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's one of the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's one of the you know
+whether we we should develop something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we we should develop something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we we should develop something
+that would in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would in some way
+be in competition with this that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in competition with this that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in competition with this that you
+know that is not what most people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is not what most people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that is not what most people who
+work in these areas are are really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in these areas are are really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in these areas are are really have
+in mind uh I gave you a little uh clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind uh I gave you a little uh clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind uh I gave you a little uh clip
+here I don't know if anybody saw space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know if anybody saw space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't know if anybody saw space
+uh Space Odyssey if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Space Odyssey if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Space Odyssey if you look at this
+clip this is the I gave you the clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip this is the I gave you the clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip this is the I gave you the clip
+from H where he's on uh a terrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from H where he's on uh a terrifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from H where he's on uh a terrifying
+terrifying it was yeah it was uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying it was yeah it was uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying it was yeah it was uh it was
+a film that was really ahead of its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film that was really ahead of its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film that was really ahead of its time
+and wonderful and certainly uh uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful and certainly uh uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful and certainly uh uh it was
+it was uh kubric had in mind uh Turing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh kubric had in mind uh Turing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was uh kubric had in mind uh Turing I
+mean some of this concept of these you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some of this concept of these you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some of this concept of these you
+know teaching the child machine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know teaching the child machine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know teaching the child machine to
+learn Chris want to say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Chris want to say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn Chris want to say about the
+researchers of the subject that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers of the subject that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers of the subject that I've
+spoken to some grad students studing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken to some grad students studing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken to some grad students studing
+computational biology and they say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology and they say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology and they say that
+machine learning is like the hottest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is like the hottest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is like the hottest
+Topic in the field right now and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in the field right now and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in the field right now and that
+that getting a machine to perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that getting a machine to perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that getting a machine to perhaps
+imitate the the the mechanisms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate the the the mechanisms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitate the the the mechanisms of an
+organ or a small like cell is is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ or a small like cell is is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ or a small like cell is is what is
+is really attractive to them right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really attractive to them right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really attractive to them right now
+and is what they're trying to do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is what they're trying to do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is what they're trying to do yeah
+well biological engineering is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well biological engineering is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well biological engineering is now a
+department at MIT I mean there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at MIT I mean there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at MIT I mean there are a lot
+of people here who and you know for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people here who and you know for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people here who and you know for good
+reason they're they're looking for ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're they're looking for ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're they're looking for ways
+to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create
+um all kinds of devices that help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all kinds of devices that help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all kinds of devices that help people
+uh interact with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interact with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interact with their
+environments uh both people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments uh both people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments uh both people who
+are uh who have disabilities but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh who have disabilities but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh who have disabilities but also
+people who have all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have all sorts of different
+kinds of uh uh goals that are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh uh goals that are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh uh goals that are you know
+research research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research research
+oriented um intelligent machines can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented um intelligent machines can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented um intelligent machines can be
+uh an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an incredible
+resource uh you know when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh you know when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource uh you know when you have
+catastrophes and things that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophes and things that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophes and things that you know
+where a mechanical device in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a mechanical device in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a mechanical device in an
+environment can function at uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment can function at uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment can function at uh more
+effectively than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively than a
+human um so yeah there there there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human um so yeah there there there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human um so yeah there there there there
+are lots and lots of uh things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots of uh things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots of uh things that
+people are interested in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are interested in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are interested in developing
+intelligent machines for Dev yeah um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent machines for Dev yeah um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent machines for Dev yeah um in
+that in that clip you'll you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that clip you'll you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that clip you'll you'll see that
+uh Dave is slowly you know turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dave is slowly you know turning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Dave is slowly you know turning the
+turning the screw on each and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the screw on each and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning the screw on each and these
+little you know these little like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know these little like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know these little like kind
+of glass chips come out and Hal's mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass chips come out and Hal's mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass chips come out and Hal's mind
+slowly starts to go and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly starts to go and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly starts to go and one of the
+things I thought of with that is imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I thought of with that is imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I thought of with that is imagine
+you know should we begin to merge more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know should we begin to merge more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know should we begin to merge more
+with these kinds of machines that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kinds of machines that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these kinds of machines that so
+much of our problem now is is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our problem now is is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our problem now is is one of
+ignorance and lack of perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance and lack of perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance and lack of perspective and
+that you know I live so far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I live so far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I live so far away from
+the person across the globe I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person across the globe I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person across the globe I have no
+idea what their concerns or interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what their concerns or interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what their concerns or interests
+are but suddenly imagine a worldview or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but suddenly imagine a worldview or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but suddenly imagine a worldview or
+perspective able to be sent over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective able to be sent over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective able to be sent over a
+network in a second and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network in a second and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network in a second and you know
+suddenly when you have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly when you have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly when you have this kind of
+integration between machines so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration between machines so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration between machines so much of
+the limitations of our own minds and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations of our own minds and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitations of our own minds and our
+own or limitations of our own bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own or limitations of our own bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own or limitations of our own bodies
+become meaningless you know and it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become meaningless you know and it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become meaningless you know and it it it
+the on the I understand the the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the I understand the the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the I understand the the issue of
+there could be a problem with this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a problem with this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be a problem with this whole
+idea but on the on the plus side this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but on the on the plus side this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but on the on the plus side this
+kind of integration of of community too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of integration of of community too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of integration of of community too
+Way Beyond Twitter and Facebook has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way Beyond Twitter and Facebook has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way Beyond Twitter and Facebook has the
+potential to be one of the only things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to be one of the only things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to be one of the only things
+that might actually save us in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might actually save us in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might actually save us in the long
+run that's an interesting thought yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that's an interesting thought yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run that's an interesting thought yeah
+absolutely there there are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely there there are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely there there are ways of
+interacting that are uh constantly being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting that are uh constantly being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting that are uh constantly being
+improved and you know there's a there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved and you know there's a there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved and you know there's a there's
+a uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh there's a
+potential of reaching a goal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of reaching a goal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of reaching a goal where
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+communicate far more effectively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate far more effectively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate far more effectively and
+understand each other with much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each other with much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand each other with much greater
+uh comprehensiveness and so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comprehensiveness and so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comprehensiveness and so those are
+those are goals that I think everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are goals that I think everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are goals that I think everybody
+agrees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees are
+potentially uh hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially uh hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially uh hugely
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+advantageous all right so yeah I we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous all right so yeah I we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous all right so yeah I we
+don't have time to uh but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to uh but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to uh but you know if
+you haven't seen the film It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen the film It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't seen the film It's a
+Wonderful film because it I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful film because it I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wonderful film because it I mean it it
+really talks about the way in which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talks about the way in which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talks about the way in which uh
+it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+shows the uh even even in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the uh even even in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the uh even even in in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh uh in that regime how human and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in that regime how human and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in that regime how human and and
+Computing are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing are completely
+integrated and certainly for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and certainly for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and certainly for all of the
+space shuttles and all of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttles and all of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space shuttles and all of the things
+that we do intelligent machines enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do intelligent machines enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do intelligent machines enable
+us to do that I mean when we send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do that I mean when we send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do that I mean when we send
+somebody out into outer space uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody out into outer space uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody out into outer space uh for
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+purpose uh the support level that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose uh the support level that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose uh the support level that they
+have from highly functioning machines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from highly functioning machines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from highly functioning machines is
+is tremendous we couldn't do it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tremendous we couldn't do it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tremendous we couldn't do it without
+so kubric really uh captures that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kubric really uh captures that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kubric really uh captures that that
+whole regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole regime
+um all right so he uh he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so he uh he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so he uh he talks about
+evolutionary he kind of works out an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary he kind of works out an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary he kind of works out an
+evolutionary structure here for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary structure here for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary structure here for these
+machines uh I'm not sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh I'm not sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh I'm not sure that
+I uh myself totally agree with this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh myself totally agree with this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh myself totally agree with this but
+uh he says the structure of the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he says the structure of the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he says the structure of the child
+machine uh the structure itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh the structure itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh the structure itself is a
+hereditary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hereditary
+material so that's the uh and he makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that's the uh and he makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so that's the uh and he makes
+the parallel of changes uh of the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel of changes uh of the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallel of changes uh of the child
+uh changes of the child machine things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changes of the child machine things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh changes of the child machine things
+that alter it are forms of uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alter it are forms of uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alter it are forms of uh are
+parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to
+mutation and then natural selection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and then natural selection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and then natural selection is
+the Judgment of the experimenter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Judgment of the experimenter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Judgment of the experimenter whether
+so this is his kind of set of Parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is his kind of set of Parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is his kind of set of Parallels
+for uh but it is interesting that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh but it is interesting that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh but it is interesting that he's
+trying to draw this parallel between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw this parallel between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to draw this parallel between uh
+machine interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine interaction and
+learning and the the process of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the the process of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and the the process of natural
+selection trimming uh weiner sort of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection trimming uh weiner sort of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection trimming uh weiner sort of set
+it up that way too he he talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up that way too he he talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up that way too he he talked about uh
+the trimming process in machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trimming process in machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trimming process in machine
+learning uh and he's talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh and he's talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning uh and he's talking about
+machines uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines uh a little
+earlier um but um this is uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um but um this is uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier um but um this is uh this is the
+same parallel that uh uh Turing has here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parallel that uh uh Turing has here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parallel that uh uh Turing has here
+uh he mentions Helen Keller how's Helen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he mentions Helen Keller how's Helen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he mentions Helen Keller how's Helen
+Keller relevant anybody know this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller relevant anybody know this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller relevant anybody know this story
+of Helen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Helen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Helen
+Keller yeah she was she was uh like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller yeah she was she was uh like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller yeah she was she was uh like she
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+disabled wait she was the the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled wait she was the the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled wait she was the the child
+right yeah she um she was like terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah she um she was like terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah she um she was like terribly
+disabled and so like I guess in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled and so like I guess in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled and so like I guess in many
+ways like how do you teach a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like how do you teach a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like how do you teach a child
+that's not normal and how do you teach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not normal and how do you teach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not normal and how do you teach a
+child when there was like a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child when there was like a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child when there was like a lot of it
+was like a huge gap of communication her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a huge gap of communication her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a huge gap of communication her
+senses were yeah she she she was blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses were yeah she she she was blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses were yeah she she she was blind
+and basically everything wasf so she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically everything wasf so she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically everything wasf so she had
+no means of uh interacting with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no means of uh interacting with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no means of uh interacting with her
+environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and
+so why how is this a parallel what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why how is this a parallel what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why how is this a parallel what what
+what kind of parallel is Turing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of parallel is Turing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of parallel is Turing uh
+bringing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here which child machine can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which child machine can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which child machine can see the
+world the way we see it it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the way we see it it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the way we see it it can't
+perceive the world the way we perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive the world the way we perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive the world the way we perceive
+it through our senses cuz it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through our senses cuz it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through our senses cuz it doesn't
+have our senses and so in a lot of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our senses and so in a lot of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our senses and so in a lot of ways
+that's like like in teaching Helen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like like in teaching Helen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like like in teaching Helen
+Keller you probably have to like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller you probably have to like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller you probably have to like the
+teacher probably had to build a way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher probably had to build a way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher probably had to build a way for
+her to perceive the world and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to perceive the world and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her to perceive the world and obviously
+even after her education she's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after her education she's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even after her education she's going to
+perceive the world differently yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive the world differently yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive the world differently yeah and
+that's probably the goal she became a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the goal she became a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably the goal she became a a
+highly functioning person who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly functioning person who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly functioning person who wrote
+extensively uh was politically very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively uh was politically very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively uh was politically very very
+active uh uh absolutely brilliant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh uh absolutely brilliant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active uh uh absolutely brilliant and
+yet she had built up all her basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet she had built up all her basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet she had built up all her basic
+knowledge without the aid of hearing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge without the aid of hearing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge without the aid of hearing or
+sight and so this is a powerful example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and so this is a powerful example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and so this is a powerful example
+of the potential of learning when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential of learning when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential of learning when you
+don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the
+sensorium and U so it's it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensorium and U so it's it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensorium and U so it's it's a kind of
+parallel that he he brings in simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel that he he brings in simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel that he he brings in simply to
+make people think a little more deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people think a little more deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people think a little more deeply
+about you know what can you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know what can you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know what can you do when you
+don't have the the the total apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the the the total apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the the the total apparatus
+that a Learning child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Learning child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a Learning child
+has um and the answer is uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um and the answer is uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has um and the answer is uh an
+incredible uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible uh a
+lot yeah D sticking with the Helen tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot yeah D sticking with the Helen tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot yeah D sticking with the Helen tell
+story from what I remember what she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story from what I remember what she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story from what I remember what she had
+this pretty remarkable teacher who kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty remarkable teacher who kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pretty remarkable teacher who kind
+of saw promise in her you know at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saw promise in her you know at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saw promise in her you know at an
+early age and was benevolent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early age and was benevolent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early age and was benevolent and
+remarkably supportive in continuing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably supportive in continuing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably supportive in continuing as
+an experiment or trying to find ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment or trying to find ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment or trying to find ways to
+be able to open up this channel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to open up this channel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to open up this channel of
+communication and in no small part Helen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and in no small part Helen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and in no small part Helen
+Keller success was due to this woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller success was due to this woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keller success was due to this woman
+whose name I can't remember and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose name I can't remember and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose name I can't remember and one of
+the things we can carry over to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we can carry over to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we can carry over to that
+here is that you know he uses the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you know he uses the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that you know he uses the word
+experiment are there but it really it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment are there but it really it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment are there but it really it
+really ought to be more like parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to be more like parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ought to be more like parent
+because it requires a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it requires a kind of
+benevolence in that you really want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolence in that you really want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolence in that you really want this
+program to succeed or to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to succeed or to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to succeed or to be able to
+thrive and you're so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrive and you're so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrive and you're so you're going to
+have this vested interest in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this vested interest in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this vested interest in trying to
+help it a lot so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help it a lot so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help it a lot so this is this is
+definitely true uh yeah her teacher I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true uh yeah her teacher I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely true uh yeah her teacher I I
+don't remember the name of her teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the name of her teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the name of her teacher
+but her teacher had a whole approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but her teacher had a whole approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but her teacher had a whole approach to
+uh teaching where she used the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teaching where she used the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teaching where she used the sense of
+touch to associate with uh uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch to associate with uh uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch to associate with uh uh certain
+objects and she could communicate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and she could communicate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and she could communicate those
+through language uh uh interacting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through language uh uh interacting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through language uh uh interacting uh
+with Keller and U you know she built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Keller and U you know she built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Keller and U you know she built up
+uh this whole vocabulary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this whole vocabulary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this whole vocabulary and
+understanding through this kind of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding through this kind of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding through this kind of very
+simple process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple process of
+input but as you say the teacher was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but as you say the teacher was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but as you say the teacher was
+totally devoted to her uh and had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally devoted to her uh and had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally devoted to her uh and had been
+successful in in teaching other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in in teaching other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in in teaching other people
+other children who had uh lost their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other children who had uh lost their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other children who had uh lost their uh
+sight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight and
+hearing so but it it it it it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing so but it it it it it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing so but it it it it it certainly
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a a tremendous example of what with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tremendous example of what with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a tremendous example of what with very
+limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited
+resources and capabilities what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and capabilities what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and capabilities what
+complexity you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity you can you can
+achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve
+um and again it it it quite apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again it it it quite apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again it it it quite apart from
+the uh the ultimate goals it it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the ultimate goals it it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the ultimate goals it it tells us
+so much more about learning what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more about learning what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much more about learning what
+learning is what are we talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is what are we talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is what are we talking about it
+it helps us get down to our assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us get down to our assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps us get down to our assumptions
+what do we think about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we think about and
+so uh talking about computers thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh talking about computers thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh talking about computers thinking
+is is a great way to kind of explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a great way to kind of explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a great way to kind of explore
+what we mean by thinking I mean maybe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by thinking I mean maybe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by thinking I mean maybe by
+thinking certainly surl who uh who does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking certainly surl who uh who does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking certainly surl who uh who does
+not think the Turing test is uh a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think the Turing test is uh a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not think the Turing test is uh a uh
+even if even if uh succeeded in is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if even if uh succeeded in is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if even if uh succeeded in is is
+proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of
+thinking uh I mean he has a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh I mean he has a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh I mean he has a whole
+definition of thinking that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of thinking that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of thinking that uh that
+involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+intentionality I mean so John surl was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality I mean so John surl was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality I mean so John surl was a
+was an opponent of this this style of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an opponent of this this style of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an opponent of this this style of uh
+uh out of the out of this style of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out of the out of this style of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out of the out of this style of
+thinking came artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking came artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking came artificial intelligence
+and some of the the concepts of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the the concepts of early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the the concepts of early
+artificial intelligence and and uh hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and and uh hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence and and uh hard
+hard Ai and soft Ai and so on and surl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Ai and soft Ai and so on and surl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Ai and soft Ai and so on and surl
+uh challenged that because he felt that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh challenged that because he felt that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh challenged that because he felt that
+no matter what level of uh function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what level of uh function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what level of uh function you
+can achieve through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve through your
+programming you can't create what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming you can't create what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming you can't create what a
+organism has that intends to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism has that intends to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism has that intends to do
+something there's no kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there's no kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there's no kind of uh
+intention in the machine to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention in the machine to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention in the machine to do something
+it's simply manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply manipulating
+symbols uh we'll look at the C paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols uh we'll look at the C paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols uh we'll look at the C paper
+later uh but uh you know so the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh but uh you know so the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh but uh you know so the value of
+that is we begin to have a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we begin to have a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we begin to have a discussion
+what you know about what we mean when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about what we mean when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know about what we mean when we
+say thinking and what we mean when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thinking and what we mean when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say thinking and what we mean when we
+say education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah I'm thinking about but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm thinking about but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm thinking about but I think
+education I also think of like values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I also think of like values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I also think of like values
+and morals and I I always I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and morals and I I always I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and morals and I I always I think that
+our actions are based upon our morals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actions are based upon our morals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actions are based upon our morals
+yeah so would when it says educating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so would when it says educating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so would when it says educating
+machine would that also mean putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine would that also mean putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine would that also mean putting
+instilling morals into that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instilling morals into that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instilling morals into that great
+question yeah yeah I mean it's should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah yeah I mean it's should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah yeah I mean it's should uh
+if we want to talk about education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to talk about education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to talk about education in
+the comprehensive sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comprehensive sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comprehensive sense
+so uh yeah that's a that's a very valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+no is a great take on that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is a great take on that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is a great take on that idea
+yeah in in in what way well in Edward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in in in what way well in Edward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in in in what way well in Edward
+Edward Sans as the movie begins there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward Sans as the movie begins there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edward Sans as the movie begins there's
+this lone inventor up in his you know up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lone inventor up in his you know up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lone inventor up in his you know up
+in his castle or whatever and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his castle or whatever and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his castle or whatever and he's
+working on on this wonderful machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on on this wonderful machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on on this wonderful machine and
+you know but he uh and he's s you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but he uh and he's s you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but he uh and he's s you know
+the opening scene he's sitting there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening scene he's sitting there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening scene he's sitting there and
+he's telling it stories and fables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's telling it stories and fables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's telling it stories and fables and
+relating to it morals and talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to it morals and talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to it morals and talking about
+you know what is good and what is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is good and what is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is good and what is not
+and all of this and unfortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this and unfortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this and unfortunately the
+the uh the inventor dies before he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the inventor dies before he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the inventor dies before he's
+able to complete Edward and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to complete Edward and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to complete Edward and as a result
+that's you know why his hands are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know why his hands are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know why his hands are all
+temporary but as the whole point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary but as the whole point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary but as the whole point of the
+movie is Edward who has learned how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is Edward who has learned how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie is Edward who has learned how you
+know been taught as we're all supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know been taught as we're all supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know been taught as we're all supposed
+to be taught to be this morally correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taught to be this morally correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be taught to be this morally correct
+you know but artificial being and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but artificial being and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but artificial being and he
+goes down into what seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down into what seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down into what seems like the
+perfect little town you know where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect little town you know where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect little town you know where all
+these you know absolutely religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know absolutely religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know absolutely religious
+morally right righteous people live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally right righteous people live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morally right righteous people live and
+he realizes that he's different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he realizes that he's different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he realizes that he's different and
+suddenly that he doesn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly that he doesn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly that he doesn't understand
+because all the morals you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the morals you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the morals you've been
+taught don't seem to apply to all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught don't seem to apply to all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught don't seem to apply to all of
+these other people and it's just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other people and it's just it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other people and it's just it's a
+wonderful wonderful social commentary on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful wonderful social commentary on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful wonderful social commentary on
+so much of us and what we what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of us and what we what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much of us and what we what we do
+yeah that's that's great yeah yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's great yeah yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's great yeah yeah and
+in some in some uh similar uh in in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some in some uh similar uh in in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some in some uh similar uh in in some
+similar ways um uh uh Frankenstein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ways um uh uh Frankenstein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar ways um uh uh Frankenstein in
+the whole Mary Mary Shell's story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Mary Mary Shell's story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Mary Mary Shell's story
+because the the uh the being that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the uh the being that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the the uh the being that is
+created in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created in the
+laboratory has been created out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory has been created out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory has been created out of the
+stuff of uh you know corpses and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of uh you know corpses and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of uh you know corpses and things
+of that sort but it has come to life but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort but it has come to life but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort but it has come to life but
+it is also a much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also a much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also a much more complicated
+being than uh so the monster turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being than uh so the monster turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being than uh so the monster turns out
+to be you know a individual who thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know a individual who thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know a individual who thinks
+who is uh understands certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is uh understands certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is uh understands certain kinds of
+moral complexities and uh and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral complexities and uh and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral complexities and uh and it turns
+out that uh you know the human response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that uh you know the human response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that uh you know the human response
+is so over the top or uh well not over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so over the top or uh well not over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so over the top or uh well not over
+the top because you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top because you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top because you know it's it's
+fairly natural for people to fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly natural for people to fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly natural for people to fear
+something uh as different and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh as different and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh as different and and
+strange as uh the monster but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange as uh the monster but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange as uh the monster but uh you
+know it the story gets very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it the story gets very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it the story gets very very
+complicated because of these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because of these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because of these questions
+of morals and how does this all figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of morals and how does this all figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of morals and how does this all figure
+into the mechanical uh complexity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mechanical uh complexity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the mechanical uh complexity that
+we want to associate with uh thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to associate with uh thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to associate with uh thinking
+machine Hal it turns out uh in the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine Hal it turns out uh in the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine Hal it turns out uh in the movie
+clip uh his problem is he's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip uh his problem is he's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip uh his problem is he's incredibly
+logical and he wants to achieve his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical and he wants to achieve his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical and he wants to achieve his
+end and when he thinks that there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and when he thinks that there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and when he thinks that there may be
+a chance for the mission to be shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance for the mission to be shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chance for the mission to be shut down
+you know he's programmed to go and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's programmed to go and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's programmed to go and he
+doesn't so he starts eliminating people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so he starts eliminating people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't so he starts eliminating people
+who uh begin to uh question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh begin to uh question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh begin to uh question the
+mission so it becomes necessary to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission so it becomes necessary to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission so it becomes necessary to get
+rid of hell and so hell doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of hell and so hell doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of hell and so hell doesn't want to
+be got rid of so this kind of tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be got rid of so this kind of tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be got rid of so this kind of tension
+develops between this computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops between this computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops between this computer
+that doesn't really have the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really have the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really have the moral
+comprehension to realize that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension to realize that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension to realize that uh it
+should shut itself down or it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should shut itself down or it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should shut itself down or it it
+shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't
+oppose uh a decision that's being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose uh a decision that's being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose uh a decision that's being made
+on on uh that may conflict with his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on uh that may conflict with his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on uh that may conflict with his own
+so it's an interesting uh again it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an interesting uh again it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an interesting uh again it
+brings up these questions these are Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up these questions these are Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up these questions these are Big
+questions and they connect back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and they connect back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and they connect back to
+weiner too you know when we when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weiner too you know when we when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weiner too you know when we when we
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+things you know our we fully aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know our we fully aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know our we fully aware of
+what we're creating and what the impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're creating and what the impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're creating and what the impacts
+are and you know we have to we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you know we have to we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you know we have to we have to
+try to uh do this with uh a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh do this with uh a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to uh do this with uh a kind of
+comprehensive understanding of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive understanding of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive understanding of uh the
+effects Okay I uh I just thought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Okay I uh I just thought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects Okay I uh I just thought it
+would be interesting to uh mention here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to uh mention here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to uh mention here
+uh Joe weisen Bal who used to be here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Joe weisen Bal who used to be here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Joe weisen Bal who used to be here at
+MIT and uh he's a very Talent ented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and uh he's a very Talent ented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and uh he's a very Talent ented
+uh uh computer scientists who devised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh computer scientists who devised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh computer scientists who devised
+the first uh uh one of the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh uh one of the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh uh one of the first uh
+conversational agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversational agents
+chatterbots you've all interacted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatterbots you've all interacted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatterbots you've all interacted with
+chatterbots many many times I'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatterbots many many times I'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatterbots many many times I'm sure you
+know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when
+you have to call a bank or you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to call a bank or you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to call a bank or you have to
+call someplace and you start interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call someplace and you start interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call someplace and you start interacting
+with a a voice that you can tell is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a voice that you can tell is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a voice that you can tell is a uh
+a fabricated voice uh you're aware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fabricated voice uh you're aware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fabricated voice uh you're aware that
+you're in this world but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this world but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in this world but um
+uh weisen bomb created this Eliza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weisen bomb created this Eliza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh weisen bomb created this Eliza
+program I've given you the link here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I've given you the link here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I've given you the link here if
+you want to play around with it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to play around with it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to play around with it you can
+actually have a conversation with Eliza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a conversation with Eliza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a conversation with Eliza
+this link goes to uh a little dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link goes to uh a little dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link goes to uh a little dialogue
+box and you can say hello Eliza how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you can say hello Eliza how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you can say hello Eliza how are
+you today and you know she'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today and you know she'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today and you know she'll
+answer uh thank you for getting thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh thank you for getting thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh thank you for getting thank
+you for uh thank you or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for uh thank you or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for uh thank you or something like
+that how can I help you and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how can I help you and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how can I help you and then you
+sort of you can tell her about I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you can tell her about I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you can tell her about I don't
+know your mother or your father or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your mother or your father or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your mother or your father or you
+know or your family or you can interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or your family or you can interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or your family or you can interact
+over various things and you can develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over various things and you can develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over various things and you can develop
+a kind of a little dialogue that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a little dialogue that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a little dialogue that goes
+on you know Eliza isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know Eliza isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know Eliza isn't that
+complicated but she is uh she is capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but she is uh she is capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but she is uh she is capable
+of uh having a conversation and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh having a conversation and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh having a conversation and what I
+like to do is see how complicated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is see how complicated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is see how complicated a
+conversation I can try to build with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation I can try to build with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation I can try to build with is
+you can try to you know if you get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try to you know if you get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can try to you know if you get too
+complicated then it sort of becomes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated then it sort of becomes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated then it sort of becomes it
+just the whole thing becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the whole thing becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the whole thing becomes very
+obvious that it's just uh but so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that it's just uh but so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that it's just uh but so one of
+the things to do is just try to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things to do is just try to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things to do is just try to keep the
+conversation going as long as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going as long as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going as long as you can
+and try to see how much complexity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to see how much complexity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to see how much complexity you
+can build into the conversation as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build into the conversation as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build into the conversation as you
+interact with this agent it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this agent it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this agent it's actually
+it's fun you can kind of fool around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun you can kind of fool around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fun you can kind of fool around
+with it for 20 minutes if you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it for 20 minutes if you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it for 20 minutes if you're you
+know bored or uh you need a break so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bored or uh you need a break so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bored or uh you need a break so
+yeah and and more and more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and more and more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and more and more complicated
+uh uh agents have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh agents have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh agents have
+autonomous conversational agents have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous conversational agents have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous conversational agents have
+been developed so you know you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed so you know you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed so you know you can get
+on your telephone and have conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your telephone and have conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your telephone and have conversations
+all over I mean the the value of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over I mean the the value of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over I mean the the value of these
+is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite
+considerable uh chatterbots because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable uh chatterbots because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable uh chatterbots because
+uh you know people otherwise have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people otherwise have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people otherwise have to be
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+so you can uh instead of having somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh instead of having somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh instead of having somebody
+who's just answering the same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just answering the same question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's just answering the same question
+over and over again you can put one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again you can put one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again you can put one of
+these agents in and U you know it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agents in and U you know it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these agents in and U you know it it
+eliminates a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates a job
+um not that we're trying to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not that we're trying to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not that we're trying to eliminate
+jobs uh for everybody but uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs uh for everybody but uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs uh for everybody but uh there are
+other things that can be done by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that can be done by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that can be done by people
+better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and
+uh okay so this was uh uh I think uh Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so this was uh uh I think uh Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so this was uh uh I think uh Joe
+weisen bom passed away recently but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weisen bom passed away recently but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weisen bom passed away recently but he
+was a an MIT computer scientist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a an MIT computer scientist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a an MIT computer scientist I
+remember reading a quote somewhere and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember reading a quote somewhere and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember reading a quote somewhere and I
+you can back me up on this I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can back me up on this I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can back me up on this I was going
+to mention this a couple class ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention this a couple class ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention this a couple class ago I
+think he was the guy who actually said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was the guy who actually said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was the guy who actually said
+that you know despite all this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know despite all this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know despite all this all
+because a lot of people got excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of people got excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of people got excited
+about it he's like don't nobody get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it he's like don't nobody get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it he's like don't nobody get
+excited about this because it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this because it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about this because it's just a
+toy and he says not I think he went so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy and he says not I think he went so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy and he says not I think he went so
+far as to say not only that and he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as to say not only that and he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as to say not only that and he gave
+reasons why but that the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why but that the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why but that the development of
+a strong real AI is sinful at a crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong real AI is sinful at a crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong real AI is sinful at a crime
+against humanity shouldn't be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against humanity shouldn't be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against humanity shouldn't be you know
+this is a very good point he wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very good point he wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very good point he wrote a
+book called U computer power and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called U computer power and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called U computer power and human
+reason that's it yeah and in that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's it yeah and in that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that's it yeah and in that book
+he he said you know it was a it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he said you know it was a it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he said you know it was a it was a
+kind of a Barren project to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a Barren project to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a Barren project to try to
+develop uh machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop uh machines
+that we uh that that can think and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh that that can think and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we uh that that can think and so he
+was quite alienated from this whole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite alienated from this whole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite alienated from this whole and
+so he was uh you know he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was uh you know he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was uh you know he he
+certainly and and part of it came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly and and part of it came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly and and part of it came from
+the fact that he developed this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that he developed this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that he developed this program
+and he saw people in his office and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he saw people in his office and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he saw people in his office and so
+forth interacting with it as though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth interacting with it as though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth interacting with it as though it
+were real and he was kind of astonished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were real and he was kind of astonished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were real and he was kind of astonished
+he thought you know he he was astonished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought you know he he was astonished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought you know he he was astonished
+by the fact that uh people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that uh people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the fact that uh people would
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+attribute the complexity of humans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute the complexity of humans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute the complexity of humans to
+something as simple as this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as simple as this little
+program that he developed and so uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that he developed and so uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that he developed and so uh he
+became quite uh uh concerned about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became quite uh uh concerned about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became quite uh uh concerned about this
+so he took some time off he wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he took some time off he wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he took some time off he wrote this
+big book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big book
+um in which he argued that um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in which he argued that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in which he argued that um you know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+was the idea of artificial intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea of artificial intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the idea of artificial intelligence
+achieving anything similar to humans was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving anything similar to humans was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving anything similar to humans was
+uh you know not only a a a silly idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know not only a a a silly idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know not only a a a silly idea
+but also a morally bad idea that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a morally bad idea that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a morally bad idea that humans
+should not try to try to uh pursue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not try to try to uh pursue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not try to try to uh pursue this
+line of so in some ways he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of so in some ways he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of so in some ways he's a
+he's he's he's similar in some ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's similar in some ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's similar in some ways in
+his positions uh to Norbert weer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his positions uh to Norbert weer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his positions uh to Norbert weer you
+know because weer had certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because weer had certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because weer had certain
+reservations about developing certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations about developing certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations about developing certain
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+Technologies so yeah he he was a he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies so yeah he he was a he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies so yeah he he was a he was
+a very a very uh interesting and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very a very uh interesting and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very a very uh interesting and an
+important figure uh then he uh I know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important figure uh then he uh I know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important figure uh then he uh I know he
+retired and I think he returned I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired and I think he returned I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired and I think he returned I think
+he I think he went to Germany and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I think he went to Germany and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he I think he went to Germany and I
+think that's where he passed away but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where he passed away but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's where he passed away but he
+was uh he was around when I came to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh he was around when I came to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh he was around when I came to MIT
+I met him several times very nice guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I met him several times very nice guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I met him several times very nice guy
+very involved in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very involved in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very involved in social
+action and uh very sort of concerned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and uh very sort of concerned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and uh very sort of concerned to
+uh you know find U social uh reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know find U social uh reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know find U social uh reasons for
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Technologies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies okay
+so any further thoughts on Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any further thoughts on Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any further thoughts on Alan
+Turing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turing
+I just wanted you to glance through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted you to glance through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted you to glance through the
+paper read it U and realize that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper read it U and realize that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper read it U and realize that this is
+kind of a uh a line of thinking that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a uh a line of thinking that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a uh a line of thinking that has
+come through this this group of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through this this group of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through this this group of uh
+writers that we've been uh talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers that we've been uh talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers that we've been uh talking about
+so next class we're going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next class we're going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next class we're going to go back
+into the 19th century and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 19th century and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the 19th century and we're going to
+read uh Dr Jackel and Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh Dr Jackel and Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read uh Dr Jackel and Mr
+Hyde and that is a work that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyde and that is a work that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hyde and that is a work that sort of
+brings up all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings up all kinds of
+evolutionary tales and topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary tales and topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary tales and topics and
+questions so we'll start on that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so we'll start on that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so we'll start on that on
+Monday uh any questions about papers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday uh any questions about papers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday uh any questions about papers is
+anybody planning I think David you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody planning I think David you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody planning I think David you said
+you might come by on Saturday is anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come by on Saturday is anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come by on Saturday is anybody
+else okay if you think you're GNA drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay if you think you're GNA drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay if you think you're GNA drop
+by on Saturday uh let me know okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by on Saturday uh let me know okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by on Saturday uh let me know okay you
+can send me an email okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think the other do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the other do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the other do you
+think yeah yeah no go ahead do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah yeah no go ahead do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah yeah no go ahead do you think
+that I because I actually didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I because I actually didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I because I actually didn't know
+about the I didn't know too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I didn't know too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I didn't know too much about
+the Enigma code portion of turing's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enigma code portion of turing's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Enigma code portion of turing's life
+and do you think the this idea of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you think the this idea of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you think the this idea of using
+one machine to you know interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine to you know interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one machine to you know interpret the
+output of another as a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of another as a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of another as a potential
+inspiration for Ching equivalents yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for Ching equivalents yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration for Ching equivalents yeah
+like it's it just kind of seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's it just kind of seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's it just kind of seems like
+that that could be it seems to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could be it seems to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could be it seems to me that
+way yes it it does he's helping guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yes it it does he's helping guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yes it it does he's helping guide
+him kind of on that idea that oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him kind of on that idea that oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him kind of on that idea that oh that's
+right The Interpreter for a program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right The Interpreter for a program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right The Interpreter for a program is
+just another program you know and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another program you know and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another program you know and so on
+and so forth yeah that that that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth yeah that that that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth yeah that that that's my
+that's my take on it is that he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my take on it is that he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my take on it is that he got
+interested in designing more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in designing more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in designing more and more
+powerful machines that could uh interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful machines that could uh interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful machines that could uh interact
+with other machines but in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other machines but in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other machines but in some sense
+absorb them and comprehend them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb them and comprehend them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb them and comprehend them or
+become more comprehensive so this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more comprehensive so this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more comprehensive so this idea
+that you could begin to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could begin to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could begin to develop a
+progression of of more and more uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of of more and more uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression of of more and more uh of of
+machines that function at higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that function at higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that function at higher and
+higher levels so it developed he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels so it developed he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels so it developed he he
+developed this concept of U of uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this concept of U of uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this concept of U of uh you
+know sort of uh progressions in programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of uh progressions in programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of uh progressions in programs
+and also in machine design uh I mean he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in machine design uh I mean he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in machine design uh I mean he
+focuses in the paper on programs and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses in the paper on programs and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses in the paper on programs and he
+realizes that more and more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that more and more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes that more and more powerful
+programs will continually be built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs will continually be built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs will continually be built
+so this is a notion of machine that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a notion of machine that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a notion of machine that's uh
+I mean there was the notion of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there was the notion of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there was the notion of yeah
+machines get better they get smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines get better they get smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines get better they get smaller
+they get I mean Butler had that in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get I mean Butler had that in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get I mean Butler had that in his
+uh chapters on the book of the machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chapters on the book of the machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chapters on the book of the machines
+that you know machines become smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know machines become smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know machines become smaller
+and smaller and you know they they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and you know they they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and you know they they can
+still carry out the same functions so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still carry out the same functions so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still carry out the same functions so he
+had this notion that yeah machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this notion that yeah machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this notion that yeah machines
+advance so that notion of machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so that notion of machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so that notion of machines
+evolving reaches a kind of a new level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving reaches a kind of a new level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving reaches a kind of a new level
+with uh digital computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh digital computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh digital computers and
+programming because the whole concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming because the whole concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming because the whole concept of
+machines that can maybe even begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that can maybe even begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that can maybe even begin to
+learn uh and so some of the terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh and so some of the terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn uh and so some of the terms that
+were used were like uh emulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used were like uh emulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used were like uh emulation
+machines or Universal machines uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines or Universal machines uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines or Universal machines uh and
+this captured the notion that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this captured the notion that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this captured the notion that uh
+computers could really be designed to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers could really be designed to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers could really be designed to uh
+emulate almost anything and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulate almost anything and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulate almost anything and it's
+interesting too that you know he and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting too that you know he and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting too that you know he and I
+think you you saw in one of your slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you saw in one of your slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you you saw in one of your slides
+he ascribes no particular importance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ascribes no particular importance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ascribes no particular importance to
+to concurrency and you know it's that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concurrency and you know it's that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concurrency and you know it's that if
+you're if if you're building a universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if if you're building a universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if if you're building a universe
+inside of a machine and you need a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a machine and you need a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a machine and you need a bunch
+of things to simultaneously be updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to simultaneously be updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things to simultaneously be updated
+be updated at the same time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be updated at the same time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be updated at the same time the
+remarkable thing about these computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable thing about these computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable thing about these computers
+is that you can make time work however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can make time work however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can make time work however
+you want so if you if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want so if you if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want so if you if you have the
+internal clock of the computer spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal clock of the computer spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal clock of the computer spinning
+at a multiple of the clock of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a multiple of the clock of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a multiple of the clock of the
+universe that you're you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that you're you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe that you're you're trying to
+build then suddenly in between the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build then suddenly in between the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build then suddenly in between the first
+tick of the clock in the universe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick of the clock in the universe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick of the clock in the universe and
+the second tick you can update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second tick you can update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second tick you can update
+everything in the system by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the system by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the system by the
+computer's clock and still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer's clock and still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer's clock and still have
+everything be effectively concurrent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything be effectively concurrent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything be effectively concurrent and
+that's an amazing idea interesting it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an amazing idea interesting it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an amazing idea interesting it's
+just it's it's fascinating you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's it's fascinating you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's it's fascinating you know from
+there you can get into relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can get into relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can get into relativistic
+physics or whatever you want it she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or whatever you want it she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics or whatever you want it she said
+like if anyone wants to go see it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if anyone wants to go see it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if anyone wants to go see it this
+isn't a Von noyman sty computer I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a Von noyman sty computer I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a Von noyman sty computer I think
+but if you go to Harvard and you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go to Harvard and you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go to Harvard and you go to
+the science building and you walk in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science building and you walk in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science building and you walk in on
+the first floor in the back you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first floor in the back you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first floor in the back you'll just
+see this giant green machine that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this giant green machine that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this giant green machine that is the
+Harvard mark one which was like just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard mark one which was like just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard mark one which was like just an
+amazing Harvard's kind of take on well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing Harvard's kind of take on well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing Harvard's kind of take on well
+well well I think whatever V was in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well I think whatever V was in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well I think whatever V was in New
+Jersey or whatever these were the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey or whatever these were the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey or whatever these were the people
+at Harvard were working which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard were working which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard were working which was a
+slightly different idea in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different idea in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different idea in terms of
+architecture but obviously did the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture but obviously did the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture but obviously did the same
+kind of work so if anyone wants to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work so if anyone wants to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work so if anyone wants to see
+one of those giant room siiz computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those giant room siiz computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those giant room siiz computers
+go take there that's great that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go take there that's great that's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go take there that's great that's yeah
+yeah many universities produce these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah many universities produce these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah many universities produce these uh
+Manchester and England um MIT was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester and England um MIT was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manchester and England um MIT was
+working uh J Forester was working on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh J Forester was working on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh J Forester was working on uh
+a uh magnetic memory core for digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh magnetic memory core for digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh magnetic memory core for digital
+computers um in Project Whirlwind um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers um in Project Whirlwind um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers um in Project Whirlwind um
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+were uh projects at Harvard Harvard did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh projects at Harvard Harvard did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh projects at Harvard Harvard did
+a lot of development of early Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of development of early Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of development of early Computing
+um and the advanced Institute at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the advanced Institute at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the advanced Institute at
+Princeton is where V nyman was and uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton is where V nyman was and uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton is where V nyman was and uh he
+tried to talk uh I just read in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to talk uh I just read in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to talk uh I just read in some
+that uh Turing passed through there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Turing passed through there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Turing passed through there and
+spent some time at the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent some time at the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent some time at the advanced
+Institute and Van and tried to get him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute and Van and tried to get him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute and Van and tried to get him
+to stay but he didn't he didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay but he didn't he didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay but he didn't he didn't want to
+um yeah and and turing's own life was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and and turing's own life was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and and turing's own life was
+yeah it was kind of tragic uh because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was kind of tragic uh because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was kind of tragic uh because at
+that time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time the
+governments uh felt that it had you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments uh felt that it had you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments uh felt that it had you know
+some kind of uh uh moral authority to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh uh moral authority to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of uh uh moral authority to
+ask him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him
+to uh do things harmful to him because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do things harmful to him because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do things harmful to him because
+they felt that his uh home homosxuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt that his uh home homosxuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt that his uh home homosxuality
+was somehow a threat to National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somehow a threat to National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somehow a threat to National
+Security and uh you know Turing was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security and uh you know Turing was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security and uh you know Turing was a
+brilliant individual but he didn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant individual but he didn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant individual but he didn't he
+couldn't stand up to that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't stand up to that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't stand up to that kind
+of uh uh sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh sort of uh
+governmental intrusion so it It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental intrusion so it It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental intrusion so it It
+ultimately uh ended in his suicide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh ended in his suicide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately uh ended in his suicide so
+that was a very very uh dismal tale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very very uh dismal tale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very very uh dismal tale
+because he did so much for the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he did so much for the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he did so much for the war
+effort I mean his his cracking of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort I mean his his cracking of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort I mean his his cracking of uh the
+uh German code was uh single-handedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh German code was uh single-handedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh German code was uh single-handedly
+made the War uh effort uh uh Advance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the War uh effort uh uh Advance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the War uh effort uh uh Advance the
+war effort probably more than anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war effort probably more than anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war effort probably more than anything
+any other single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other single
+thing um anyway complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7eUfAb8de8c.txt b/7eUfAb8de8c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fb7676505f804baaa255fe174fa5c0239e3d748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7eUfAb8de8c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+I'm basically an engineer and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically an engineer and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically an engineer and I'm
+working on speech recognition and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on speech recognition and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on speech recognition and so you
+may wonder so what is there to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may wonder so what is there to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may wonder so what is there to work on
+because you have a cell phone in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a cell phone in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a cell phone in your
+pocket and you speak to it and Siri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and you speak to it and Siri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and you speak to it and Siri
+answers you and and and everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you and and and everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers you and and and everything so
+and the whole thing is working very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing is working very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing is working very
+basic principles you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic principles you start with the
+signal it goes to signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it goes to signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal it goes to signal processing
+there is some pattern classification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some pattern classification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some pattern classification of
+course deep neural Nets as usual and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course deep neural Nets as usual and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course deep neural Nets as usual and so
+this recognizes the message this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recognizes the message this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recognizes the message this
+recognizes what you are saying so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes what you are saying so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes what you are saying so the
+question is what is it that's why to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is it that's why to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is it that's why to
+rock the boat why why not keep going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock the boat why why not keep going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock the boat why why not keep going and
+try just to improve the error erase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try just to improve the error erase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try just to improve the error erase and
+and and improve the basically step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and improve the basically step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and improve the basically step by
+step because we have a good thing going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because we have a good thing going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because we have a good thing going
+we have something which is already out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something which is already out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something which is already out
+there and it's working well you may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's working well you may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's working well you may know
+the answer so this is imagine that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer so this is imagine that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer so this is imagine that you
+are sort of skiing or going on a sled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of skiing or going on a sled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of skiing or going on a sled
+and suddenly you come somewhere and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you come somewhere and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly you come somewhere and you
+have to start pushing you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start pushing you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start pushing you don't want to
+do that but you do it for the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but you do it for the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but you do it for the reason
+because there may be some another kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there may be some another kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there may be some another kind
+of slope going out there and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slope going out there and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slope going out there and that's the
+way I feel about the speech recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I feel about the speech recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I feel about the speech recognition
+so basically sometimes we need to push a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically sometimes we need to push a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically sometimes we need to push a
+little bit up and maybe go slightly out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit up and maybe go slightly out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit up and maybe go slightly out
+of our comfort zone in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our comfort zone in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our comfort zone in order to get
+further speech is not what we are it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further speech is not what we are it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further speech is not what we are it's
+not the thing which we are using how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the thing which we are using how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the thing which we are using how
+communicating with Siri speak is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with Siri speak is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with Siri speak is this
+basically people speak the way I do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people speak the way I do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people speak the way I do they
+hesitate they there's a lot of fillers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitate they there's a lot of fillers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitate they there's a lot of fillers
+interruptions and I don't finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions and I don't finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruptions and I don't finish the
+sentences I speak with a strong accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences I speak with a strong accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences I speak with a strong accent
+and so on and I become excited and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and I become excited and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and I become excited and so on
+and so on and we would like to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and we would like to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and we would like to put a
+machine there instead of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine there instead of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine there instead of the other
+person basically this is what the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person basically this is what the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person basically this is what the speech
+recognition ultimately is right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition ultimately is right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition ultimately is right I mean
+and actually if you see what government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if you see what government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually if you see what government
+is supporting what the big companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supporting what the big companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supporting what the big companies are
+working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on
+this is what we are this is what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we are this is what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we are this is what we are
+worried about we are worried about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about we are worried about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about we are worried about the
+real speech you know produced by real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real speech you know produced by real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real speech you know produced by real
+people in a real communications by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in a real communications by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in a real communications by
+speech and you know I didn't mention all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and you know I didn't mention all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and you know I didn't mention all
+that all the disturbing things like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the disturbing things like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the disturbing things like an
+noises and so on and so on I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises and so on and so on I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises and so on and so on I will get
+into that so I believe that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that so I believe that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that so I believe that we don't
+only need a signal processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need a signal processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need a signal processing and
+information here or even machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here or even machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here or even machine
+learning but we also need the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but we also need the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but we also need the other
+disciplines and this is where you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and this is where you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and this is where you guys
+are coming in so that's what I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in so that's what I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in so that's what I believe
+in we should be working together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we should be working together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we should be working together right
+engineering and life sciences working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and life sciences working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and life sciences working
+together at least we should try we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at least we should try we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at least we should try we
+should at least try to be the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least try to be the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should at least try to be the engineers
+should be try to inspired by large life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be try to inspired by large life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be try to inspired by large life
+sciences and the as far as inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and the as far as inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and the as far as inspiration
+is called is concerned I have the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called is concerned I have the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called is concerned I have the story
+to start with there was a guy who won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with there was a guy who won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with there was a guy who won
+the lottery by using numbers 1 2 3 6 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery by using numbers 1 2 3 6 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lottery by using numbers 1 2 3 6 7
+49 and they said well this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49 and they said well this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49 and they said well this is of course
+unusual sequence of numbers so they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual sequence of numbers so they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual sequence of numbers so they say
+how did you ever get to that he said I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you ever get to that he said I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did you ever get to that he said I'm
+the first child my mother was was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first child my mother was was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first child my mother was was my
+mother's second marriage and my father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's second marriage and my father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother's second marriage and my father
+said marriage and I was born on 6 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said marriage and I was born on 6 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said marriage and I was born on 6 of
+July
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+July
+of course 6 by February is 49 right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course 6 by February is 49 right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course 6 by February is 49 right and
+there's some times I feel I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some times I feel I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some times I feel I'm getting
+this sort of inspiration from you people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of inspiration from you people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of inspiration from you people
+I may not get it right I may not get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may not get it right I may not get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may not get it right I may not get it
+right but as long as it works I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but as long as it works I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but as long as it works I'm happy
+you know it's you know I'm not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's you know I'm not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's you know I'm not being
+paid of being smart and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid of being smart and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid of being smart and being
+knowledgeable about biology I'm being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable about biology I'm being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable about biology I'm being
+really paid for making something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really paid for making something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really paid for making something which
+works anyways so this is just warm up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works anyways so this is just warm up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works anyways so this is just warm up I
+saw that you still be drinking a coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that you still be drinking a coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that you still be drinking a coffee
+so I decided to study the job but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I decided to study the job but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I decided to study the job but
+anyways but it's inspiring jokes I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways but it's inspiring jokes I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways but it's inspiring jokes I mean
+about inspiration and I would maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inspiration and I would maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inspiration and I would maybe
+point out to some of the inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to some of the inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out to some of the inspiration
+points which I of course did will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which I of course did will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which I of course did will get
+right but I still it was working why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I still it was working why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I still it was working why do
+we have audition Josh already told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have audition Josh already told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have audition Josh already told us
+because we want to survive in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to survive in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to survive in this world
+I mean this is a little ferret or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a little ferret or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a little ferret or
+whatever and there is a is getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and there is a is getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and there is a is getting some
+signal and but there and there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and but there and there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and but there and there is the
+object and parrot is worrying is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and parrot is worrying is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and parrot is worrying is there
+something I should be friendly with or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I should be friendly with or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I should be friendly with or I
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+something which I were I should run away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I were I should run away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I were I should run away
+so what is the message in this signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the message in this signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the message in this signal is
+it the danger or is it the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the danger or is it the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the danger or is it the opportunity
+well the same way how do we survive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same way how do we survive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same way how do we survive in
+this world as human beings so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world as human beings so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world as human beings so there is
+my wife who has some message in her head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife who has some message in her head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife who has some message in her head
+and so he wants to tell me eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he wants to tell me eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he wants to tell me eat
+vegetables they are good for you so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables they are good for you so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables they are good for you so he's
+using speech and speech is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using speech and speech is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using speech and speech is actually
+amazing sort of mechanism for sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing sort of mechanism for sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing sort of mechanism for sharing
+the experiences and for actually without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiences and for actually without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiences and for actually without
+speech we wouldn't be where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech we wouldn't be where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech we wouldn't be where we are
+I can guarantee you know because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can guarantee you know because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can guarantee you know because that
+allows us to tell the other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to tell the other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to tell the other people
+things what they should do without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what they should do without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things what they should do without going
+too much trouble like a ferret with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much trouble like a ferret with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much trouble like a ferret with with
+the bird they not have to be eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird they not have to be eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bird they not have to be eaten
+maybe we just died a bit early if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we just died a bit early if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we just died a bit early if we
+don't get this right man if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get this right man if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get this right man if you don't
+get this message so she says this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this message so she says this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this message so she says this thing
+and hopefully I get the message so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully I get the message so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully I get the message so this
+is what the speeches about but I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the speeches about but I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the speeches about but I wanted
+to say the speech is an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the speech is an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the speech is an important thing
+because it allows us to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows us to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it allows us to communicate
+abstract ideas like good for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract ideas like good for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract ideas like good for you and
+that's sort of not only vegetable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of not only vegetable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of not only vegetable
+vegetable is saying but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable is saying but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable is saying but a lot of
+abstract ideas can be conveyed by speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract ideas can be conveyed by speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract ideas can be conveyed by speech
+and that's why I think it's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I think it's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I think it's a kind of
+exciting why do we work on machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting why do we work on machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting why do we work on machine
+recognition of speech well first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of speech well first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition of speech well first one is
+just like Edmund Hillary said because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like Edmund Hillary said because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like Edmund Hillary said because
+it's their eye they asking why did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their eye they asking why did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's their eye they asking why did you
+climb Mount Everest because it's there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb Mount Everest because it's there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb Mount Everest because it's there I
+mean it's a challenge right spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a challenge right spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a challenge right spoken
+language is one of the most amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is one of the most amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is one of the most amazing
+things I already told you before of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I already told you before of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I already told you before of
+human race so there would be hell if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human race so there would be hell if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human race so there would be hell if we
+can't build a machine which understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build a machine which understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't build a machine which understands
+it and we don't have an easy time so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we don't have an easy time so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we don't have an easy time so far
+yet in addition it when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in addition it when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in addition it when you are
+addressing speech you are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing speech you are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing speech you are really
+addressing the generic problems which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the generic problems which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the generic problems which we
+have in processing of other cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in processing of other cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in processing of other cognitive
+signals and we touched it to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we touched it to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and we touched it to some extent
+during this this panel because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this this panel because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this this panel because you know
+problems which we have in speech we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which we have in speech we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems which we have in speech we have
+the similar problems in perceiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar problems in perceiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similar problems in perceiving
+images and personal smells all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and personal smells all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and personal smells all these
+cognitive signals basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive signals basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive signals basically
+machines are not very good at it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are not very good at it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines are not very good at it let's
+face machines can add 10 billion numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face machines can add 10 billion numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face machines can add 10 billion numbers
+very quickly but they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly but they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly but they can
+tell my grandmother from the monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell my grandmother from the monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell my grandmother from the monkey
+right I mean so so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean so so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean so so this is actually
+important thing oh it is so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing oh it is so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing oh it is so there are
+also practical applications obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also practical applications obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also practical applications obviously
+access to information voice interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to information voice interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to information voice interaction
+with machines extracting information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with machines extracting information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with machines extracting information
+from speech data given how much speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from speech data given how much speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from speech data given how much speech
+is out there now with us I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out there now with us I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out there now with us I don't know
+how much we are adding every second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much we are adding every second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much we are adding every second
+through the eye Tube YouTube and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eye Tube YouTube and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the eye Tube YouTube and the
+sort of things but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things but there's a lot of
+speech out there would be good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech out there would be good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech out there would be good if
+machine can actually extract information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can actually extract information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine can actually extract information
+from that and I tell all of us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and I tell all of us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and I tell all of us the
+students the research of security it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the research of security it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the research of security it's
+not going to be solved during your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be solved during your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be solved during your
+lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime
+I'm not certainly not doing mine I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not certainly not doing mine I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not certainly not doing mine I mean
+sort of if you get into it in addition I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if you get into it in addition I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of if you get into it in addition I
+mean I know that this is on earth maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I know that this is on earth maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I know that this is on earth maybe
+on YouTube but also if you don't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube but also if you don't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on YouTube but also if you don't like it
+you can get fantastic jobs there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get fantastic jobs there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get fantastic jobs there is a
+half of the IBM group ended up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the IBM group ended up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the IBM group ended up on the
+wall street making insane amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall street making insane amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall street making insane amount of
+money so I mean you know what skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so I mean you know what skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so I mean you know what skills
+which you get in the recognizing speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get in the recognizing speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get in the recognizing speed
+working on speech can be also applied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on speech can be also applied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on speech can be also applied in
+other areas obviously it can be applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas obviously it can be applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas obviously it can be applied
+in vision and so on and so on so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vision and so on and so on so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vision and so on and so on so so
+speech has been produced to be perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech has been produced to be perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech has been produced to be perceived
+here is the Romagna kotzen be great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the Romagna kotzen be great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the Romagna kotzen be great
+Harvard MIT guy passed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard MIT guy passed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard MIT guy passed away
+unfortunately he would be now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he would be now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he would be now
+hundred-and-something he said we speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-and-something he said we speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-and-something he said we speak
+in order to be heard in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be heard in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be heard in order to be
+understood speech has been produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood speech has been produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood speech has been produced
+produced to be perceived and over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced to be perceived and over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced to be perceived and over the
+millennia of the human evolution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia of the human evolution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia of the human evolution it
+evolved this way so that it reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved this way so that it reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved this way so that it reflects
+properties of human hearing and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of human hearing and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of human hearing and so I'm
+very much also with Josh if you build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much also with Josh if you build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much also with Josh if you build up
+a machine which recognize the speech you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine which recognize the speech you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine which recognize the speech you
+may be verifying some of the theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be verifying some of the theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be verifying some of the theories of
+speech perception and I'll point out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech perception and I'll point out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech perception and I'll point out to
+that along the way how do I know that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that along the way how do I know that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that along the way how do I know that as
+the speech evolved to fit the hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech evolved to fit the hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech evolved to fit the hearing
+and not other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not other way around
+I got some big people arguing over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some big people arguing over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got some big people arguing over that
+because they say you don't know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they say you don't know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they say you don't know I mean
+basically but I know I think well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically but I know I think well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically but I know I think well I
+think I know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I know right
+every single organ which is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single organ which is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single organ which is used for
+speech production is also used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech production is also used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech production is also used for
+something much more useful like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more useful like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much more useful like sort of
+typically easy eating and breathing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically easy eating and breathing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically easy eating and breathing so
+this is the organs of speech production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the organs of speech production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the organs of speech production
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+the lips teeth right nose and vlm and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lips teeth right nose and vlm and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lips teeth right nose and vlm and so
+on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on
+everything is being used for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is being used for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is being used for some
+life-sustaining functions including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-sustaining functions including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life-sustaining functions including
+speaking so I know that that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking so I know that that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking so I know that that you know
+it's not so it's not the same in hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so it's not the same in hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so it's not the same in hearing
+hearing evolves to hear for hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing evolves to hear for hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing evolves to hear for hearing
+maybe there are some some organs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some some organs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some some organs of
+balance and this sort of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and this sort of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and this sort of things but
+mostly you do hear in speech everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly you do hear in speech everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly you do hear in speech everything
+what is being used has been used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is being used has been used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is being used has been used for
+it's used for something else also so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used for something else also so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used for something else also so it
+clearly be just learn how to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly be just learn how to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly be just learn how to speak
+because because we had a appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because we had a appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because we had a appropriate
+hardware there how to use it so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware there how to use it so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware there how to use it so in order
+to get the message you have you use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the message you have you use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the message you have you use some
+cognitive aspects which I won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive aspects which I won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive aspects which I won't be
+talking much about so you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking much about so you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking much about so you have to use
+the common language you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common language you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common language you have to have
+some context of the conversation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some context of the conversation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some context of the conversation you
+have to have some common set of priors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some common set of priors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some common set of priors
+common experience and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common experience and so on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common experience and so on and so on
+but mainly what I will be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mainly what I will be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mainly what I will be talking about
+you need the reliable signal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the reliable signal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the reliable signal which
+carries the message because the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the message because the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the message because the message
+is in the signal it's also in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the signal it's also in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the signal it's also in your head
+but the signal supports what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the signal supports what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the signal supports what is
+happening in your head so how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in your head so how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in your head so how much
+information is in speech signal this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in speech signal this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in speech signal this is
+I have stolen I believe from from George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have stolen I believe from from George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have stolen I believe from from George
+Miller I think so if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller I think so if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller I think so if you look at a
+descendant theory I mean this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant theory I mean this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendant theory I mean this will be
+about 80 kilobits per second and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 kilobits per second and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 kilobits per second and indeed
+we can generate the reasonable signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate the reasonable signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate the reasonable signal
+without being very smart about it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being very smart about it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being very smart about it just
+by coding it to a level bits at a kilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coding it to a level bits at a kilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coding it to a level bits at a kilo
+Hertz per second I think 88 kilobits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz per second I think 88 kilobits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hertz per second I think 88 kilobits per
+second that's verifies it so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's verifies it so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's verifies it so this is how
+much information might be in the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information might be in the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much information might be in the signal
+how much is in the speech is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is in the speech is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is in the speech is actually
+very sort of not very clear but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of not very clear but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of not very clear but at least
+we can we can estimate it to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can estimate it to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can estimate it to some extent
+if you sort of say I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of say I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of say I would like to
+transcribe the say the signal in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe the say the signal in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe the say the signal in terms
+of the speech sounds phonemes so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech sounds phonemes so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech sounds phonemes so there
+is maybe about a 40 40 to 49 phonemes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe about a 40 40 to 49 phonemes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe about a 40 40 to 49 phonemes or
+something or even phonemes so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or even phonemes so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or even phonemes so if you
+look at entropy of that it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at entropy of that it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at entropy of that it comes to
+about 18 bits per second so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18 bits per second so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 18 bits per second so there is a
+three orders of magnitude difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three orders of magnitude difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three orders of magnitude difference
+if you push it a little bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you push it a little bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you push it a little bit further
+indeed I mean if you speak with about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I mean if you speak with about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I mean if you speak with about
+150,000 words that means about 80 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150,000 words that means about 80 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150,000 words that means about 80 bits
+30 words per minute again it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 words per minute again it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 words per minute again it comes to
+less than 100 bits so as I said it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 100 bits so as I said it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 100 bits so as I said it's a
+number of ways how you can argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways how you can argue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways how you can argue about
+this amount of information if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of information if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of information if you start
+thinking about dependencies between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about dependencies between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about dependencies between
+phonemes it can go after all as 10 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonemes it can go after all as 10 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonemes it can go after all as 10 20
+bits per second no question that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second no question that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second no question that there
+is there is much more information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is much more information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is much more information in the
+signal than it is in a useful message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal than it is in a useful message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal than it is in a useful message
+which we would like to get out and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would like to get out and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would like to get out and we'll
+get into that because what is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that because what is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that because what is in the
+message there is not only information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message there is not only information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message there is not only information
+about the message but there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the message but there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the message but there is a lot of
+other information information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information information about the
+health of the speaker about the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health of the speaker about the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health of the speaker about the usual
+English speakers using what emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers using what emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English speakers using what emotions
+there is who is speaking speaker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is who is speaking speaker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is who is speaking speaker and
+dependent information what is the mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent information what is the mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent information what is the mood
+and so on and so on and there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on and there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on and there is a lot
+of noise coming from from around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise coming from from around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise coming from from around
+reverberations we talked about it quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverberations we talked about it quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverberations we talked about it quite
+a lot in the morning all kinds of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in the morning all kinds of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in the morning all kinds of other
+noises so what I call a noise in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises so what I call a noise in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noises so what I call a noise in general
+I call everything what we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call everything what we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call everything what we don't want
+besides the signal which in speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the signal which in speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the signal which in speech
+recognition is the message so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is the message so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is the message so when I
+talk about the noise it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the noise it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the noise it can be
+information about who is speaking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about who is speaking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about who is speaking about
+the emotions about the fact that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emotions about the fact that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emotions about the fact that maybe
+my voice is going and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person if to my mind purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if to my mind purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if to my mind purpose of
+perception is get the information the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is get the information the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is get the information the
+signal information which carries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal information which carries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal information which carries that
+this get the signal which carries the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this get the signal which carries the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this get the signal which carries the
+desired information and and suppress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired information and and suppress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired information and and suppress the
+noise eliminate the noise so the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise eliminate the noise so the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise eliminate the noise so the purpose
+of perception being a little bit vulgar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perception being a little bit vulgar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perception being a little bit vulgar
+about it is how to get rid of most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is how to get rid of most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is how to get rid of most of
+the information very quickly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information very quickly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information very quickly because
+otherwise your brain would go bananas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise your brain would go bananas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise your brain would go bananas so
+you basically want to focus on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically want to focus on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically want to focus on what you
+want to hear and you want to ignore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear and you want to ignore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear and you want to ignore if
+possible everything else and it's not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible everything else and it's not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible everything else and it's not of
+course easy but we discuss that again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course easy but we discuss that again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course easy but we discuss that again in
+the morning about some technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning about some technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning about some technique
+how to go about it and I will smash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go about it and I will smash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to go about it and I will smash and
+few more techniques which we are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more techniques which we are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more techniques which we are working
+on but so they but this is a kiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but so they but this is a kiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but so they but this is a kiss
+kissing is purpose of perception is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing is purpose of perception is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing is purpose of perception is to
+get what you need and not to get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what you need and not to get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what you need and not to get what
+you don't need because otherwise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need because otherwise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need because otherwise your
+brain would be too busy speech happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain would be too busy speech happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain would be too busy speech happens
+in many honest very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many honest very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many honest very simple example
+speech happens in many many environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech happens in many many environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech happens in many many environments
+and there is a lot of stuff happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a lot of stuff happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a lot of stuff happening
+around it so the very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so the very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it so the very simple example
+which I actually used when I was giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I actually used when I was giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I actually used when I was giving
+a talk to some grandmother's in in Czech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk to some grandmother's in in Czech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk to some grandmother's in in Czech
+Republic is that what you can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic is that what you can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republic is that what you can already
+use is the fact that things happen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is the fact that things happen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is the fact that things happen at
+different levels and they happen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels and they happen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels and they happen the
+different frequencies so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies so so so
+perception is selective every perceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is selective every perceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is selective every perceptual
+mode is selective and attends only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is selective and attends only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is selective and attends only to
+part of the to the part of the world you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the to the part of the world you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the to the part of the world you
+know we don't hear the radio we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't hear the radio we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't hear the radio we don't
+see the radio waves and we don't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the radio waves and we don't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the radio waves and we don't hear
+the ultrasound and so does all the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultrasound and so does all the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultrasound and so does all the all
+the lower animals and so on and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower animals and so on and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower animals and so on and so on so
+they are different frequencies different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different frequencies different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different frequencies different
+sound intensity czar in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound intensity czar in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound intensity czar in the first
+approximation this is what you may use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation this is what you may use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation this is what you may use
+if something is too weak I don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is too weak I don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is too weak I don't care if
+something has too high frequencies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has too high frequencies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has too high frequencies I
+don't care and so on and so on they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care and so on and so on they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care and so on and so on they are
+also different spatial and temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also different spatial and temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also different spatial and temporal
+dynamics to us to speech which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics to us to speech which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics to us to speech which we are
+learning about that quite a lot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about that quite a lot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about that quite a lot it
+happens at different locations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at different locations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at different locations of the
+space this is the reason why we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this is the reason why we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space this is the reason why we have a
+special director activity that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special director activity that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special director activity that's why we
+have a two years that's why we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two years that's why we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two years that's why we have a
+specifically shaped ears and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically shaped ears and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically shaped ears and so on and
+so on there are also other cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on there are also other cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on there are also other cognitive
+aspects I mean sort of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects I mean sort of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects I mean sort of like the
+selective attention when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective attention when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective attention when we talk about
+it the people appear to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the people appear to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the people appear to be able to
+modify the properties of your of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the properties of your of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the properties of your of your
+cognitive processing depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processing depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive processing depending on what
+you want to listen to and my friend my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to listen to and my friend my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to listen to and my friend my
+mom is guarana but the child who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom is guarana but the child who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom is guarana but the child who was
+supposed to be here instead of me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be here instead of me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be here instead of me just
+had a major paper and the nature about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a major paper and the nature about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a major paper and the nature about
+there and so on and so on there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so on and so on there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so on and so on there is a
+number of ways how we can modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways how we can modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways how we can modify the
+Selective if we talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selective if we talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selective if we talk about this
+sharpening the cochlea filters right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpening the cochlea filters right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpening the cochlea filters right I
+mean depending on on the signal from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean depending on on the signal from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean depending on on the signal from the
+rain so speech happens like this start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain so speech happens like this start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain so speech happens like this start
+with the message you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the message you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the message you
+have a linguistic out maybe 50 bits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linguistic out maybe 50 bits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linguistic out maybe 50 bits per
+second there is a motor control speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there is a motor control speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second there is a motor control speech
+production comes to a speech signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production comes to a speech signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production comes to a speech signal
+which has three orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has three orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has three orders of magnitude
+larger a larger information content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger a larger information content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger a larger information content
+through speech perception and cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through speech perception and cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through speech perception and cognitive
+processes we get somehow back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes we get somehow back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes we get somehow back to the
+linguistic code and extract the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic code and extract the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic code and extract the message
+so this is an important from the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an important from the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an important from the small
+low bit rate too high bit rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bit rate too high bit rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bit rate too high bit rate of the
+law betrayed in production actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law betrayed in production actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law betrayed in production actually I
+don't want to pretend it happens so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pretend it happens so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to pretend it happens so in
+such a linear way they are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a linear way they are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a linear way they are also
+feedbacks so there is a feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks so there is a feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks so there is a feedback from
+you listen to yourself when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you listen to yourself when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you listen to yourself when you are
+speaking you can control about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you can control about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you can control about how you
+speak and you can also actually change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and you can also actually change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and you can also actually change
+the code because you realize oh I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code because you realize oh I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code because you realize oh I should
+have sorry somehow differently in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sorry somehow differently in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sorry somehow differently in a
+speech perception again we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech perception again we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech perception again we just talked
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+you can if the message is not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if the message is not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if the message is not getting
+through you may be able to tune the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you may be able to tune the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through you may be able to tune the
+system in some ways you may be changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in some ways you may be changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in some ways you may be changing
+the things you know and you may also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you know and you may also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you know and you may also use
+the very mechanical techniques I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very mechanical techniques I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very mechanical techniques I told
+you close the window or walk away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you close the window or walk away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you close the window or walk away
+there is also feedback through the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also feedback through the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also feedback through the code
+through the dialogue from defenestration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the dialogue from defenestration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the dialogue from defenestration
+message depending what I'm hearing I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message depending what I'm hearing I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message depending what I'm hearing I may
+be asking for different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking for different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking for different kind of
+questions so which also modifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so which also modifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so which also modifies the
+message of the sender how do we produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of the sender how do we produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of the sender how do we produce
+speech so we speak in order to be heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech so we speak in order to be heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech so we speak in order to be heard
+in order to be understood very quickly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be understood very quickly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be understood very quickly I
+want to go back to something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to something which
+people already forgot a big way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already forgot a big way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people already forgot a big way which is
+homer Dudley it was a great researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homer Dudley it was a great researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homer Dudley it was a great researcher
+at Bell Laboratories in before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Bell Laboratories in before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Bell Laboratories in before the
+Second World War he retired I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second World War he retired I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second World War he retired I think
+sometimes early in 50s I passed away in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes early in 50s I passed away in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes early in 50s I passed away in
+60s he was saying message is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s he was saying message is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s he was saying message is in the
+movements of the vocal tract which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the vocal tract which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the vocal tract which
+modulates the carrier so message in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates the carrier so message in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulates the carrier so message in the
+speech is not in fundamental frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech is not in fundamental frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech is not in fundamental frequency
+it's not the way you are exciting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the way you are exciting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the way you are exciting your
+vocal tract message is how you shape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract message is how you shape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract message is how you shape the
+organs of speech production proof for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs of speech production proof for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs of speech production proof for
+that is that you can whisper and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you can whisper and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that you can whisper and you can
+see and you can still understand so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you can still understand so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you can still understand so you
+don't it's how you excite the vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's how you excite the vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's how you excite the vocal
+tract is secondary how do you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract is secondary how do you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract is secondary how do you generate
+this or inaudible career is secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or inaudible career is secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or inaudible career is secondary
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you can use the artificial airings right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the artificial airings right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the artificial airings right
+so there is this this idea there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is this this idea there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is this this idea there's a
+message a message is being mowed goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message a message is being mowed goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message a message is being mowed goes
+through moderator into career comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through moderator into career comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through moderator into career comes out
+the speech so this modulation actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech so this modulation actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speech so this modulation actually
+has been used a long time ago and excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been used a long time ago and excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been used a long time ago and excuse
+me for being maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for being maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for being maybe a little bit
+simplistic but it's actually in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic but it's actually in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic but it's actually in some
+ways interesting so this was the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways interesting so this was the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways interesting so this was the this
+was the speech production mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the speech production mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the speech production mechanism
+which was the developed in sometimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the developed in sometimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the developed in sometimes in
+18th century by the guy you can often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century by the guy you can often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century by the guy you can often
+reach the from Camp Allen and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the from Camp Allen and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the from Camp Allen and he
+actually had it right the only problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had it right the only problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had it right the only problem
+is nobody trusted him because he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nobody trusted him because he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nobody trusted him because he also
+invented Mechanical Turk which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented Mechanical Turk which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented Mechanical Turk which was
+playing the chess and so he was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the chess and so he was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the chess and so he was called
+as a cheater so then they when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cheater so then they when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cheater so then they when he was
+showing his synthesizer nobody believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing his synthesizer nobody believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing his synthesizer nobody believed
+him but anyways he was a definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but anyways he was a definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but anyways he was a definitely a
+smart guy so he used already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart guy so he used already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart guy so he used already the
+principle which is then now use this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which is then now use this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which is then now use this is
+a linear model of speech production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model of speech production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model of speech production
+developed actually before the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed actually before the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed actually before the Second
+World War really again the laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War really again the laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War really again the laboratories
+should get the credit I believe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the credit I believe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get the credit I believe this is
+stolen from from from Dudley's paper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen from from from Dudley's paper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen from from from Dudley's paper so
+there is a source and you can change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a source and you can change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a source and you can change it
+in periodic signals auto random noise if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in periodic signals auto random noise if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in periodic signals auto random noise if
+you are producing voice signal on voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are producing voice signal on voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are producing voice signal on voice
+signal and then there is a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and then there is a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and then there is a resonance
+resonance control which goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance control which goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance control which goes into
+amplifier and and it produces the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and and it produces the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and and it produces the speech
+so this is a key here this is a key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a key here this is a key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a key here this is a key to
+the point that Dudley developed for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that Dudley developed for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that Dudley developed for this
+called a voter and he trained the lady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a voter and he trained the lady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a voter and he trained the lady
+who spent a year or something to play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who spent a year or something to play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who spent a year or something to play it
+it was played played like the organ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was played played like the organ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was played played like the organ and
+she was changing the resonant properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was changing the resonant properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was changing the resonant properties
+of this of this system here and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of this system here and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of this system here and she was
+creating excitation by by who she gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating excitation by by who she gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating excitation by by who she gonna
+pitch battle and she gonna be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch battle and she gonna be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch battle and she gonna be on the
+wrist bar and if it works well I we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist bar and if it works well I we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist bar and if it works well I we may
+even be able to make the sound this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be able to make the sound this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be able to make the sound this is a
+test you people would you please make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you people would you please make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you people would you please make
+the voters say for our Eastern listeners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voters say for our Eastern listeners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voters say for our Eastern listeners
+good evening radio speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a now for our Western listeners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a now for our Western listeners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a now for our Western listeners
+say good afternoon radio audience good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good afternoon radio audience good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good afternoon radio audience good
+enough right honey solo so so already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough right honey solo so so already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough right honey solo so so already in
+1940s this was a demonstrated and trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s this was a demonstrated and trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s this was a demonstrated and trade
+fair and the lady was trained so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair and the lady was trained so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair and the lady was trained so well
+there in 50s when Dudley was retiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in 50s when Dudley was retiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in 50s when Dudley was retiring
+they brought her in she was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they brought her in she was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they brought her in she was already
+retired long time ago and she still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired long time ago and she still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired long time ago and she still
+could play how the speech works I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play how the speech works I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play how the speech works I mean
+maybe all I wanted to jump this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all I wanted to jump this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all I wanted to jump this but
+anyways let's go very quickly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways let's go very quickly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways let's go very quickly through
+that so this is a speech signal this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a speech signal this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a speech signal this is
+a acoustic signal changes in this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a acoustic signal changes in this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a acoustic signal changes in this is a
+sinusoid high pressure low pressure high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid high pressure low pressure high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid high pressure low pressure high
+pressure low pressure if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure low pressure if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure low pressure if you put
+somewhere in the in the in the pass some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the in the in the pass some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the in the in the pass some
+barrier what happens is you generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier what happens is you generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier what happens is you generate the
+standing wave a standing wave stands in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave a standing wave stands in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave a standing wave stands in
+up in the space and there are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the space and there are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the space and there are high
+pressures low pressures high pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures low pressures high pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures low pressures high pressures
+low pressures and the frequency depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressures and the frequency depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pressures and the frequency depends
+on the frequency I mean the size of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frequency I mean the size of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the frequency I mean the size of this
+standing wave depends on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave depends on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing wave depends on on the
+frequency of the signal so if I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the signal so if I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the signal so if I put it
+into something like a VOC like a vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something like a VOC like a vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something like a VOC like a vocal
+tract which we have here so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract which we have here so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract which we have here so this is a
+goddess this is where it gets exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goddess this is where it gets exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goddess this is where it gets exciting
+is a very simple model of vocal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple model of vocal tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very simple model of vocal tract
+and here I have a lips so it takes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have a lips so it takes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I have a lips so it takes any
+time to propagate through the tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to propagate through the tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to propagate through the tube and
+it you will have a maximum velocity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you will have a maximum velocity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you will have a maximum velocity a
+certain point for so there is resonating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point for so there is resonating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point for so there is resonating
+in the quarter wavelength of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quarter wavelength of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quarter wavelength of the of the
+signal three-quarters of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal three-quarters of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal three-quarters of the wavelength
+of the signals in five quarters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signals in five quarters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signals in five quarters of the
+wavelength of the signal and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the signal and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the signal and so on and
+so on so we can compute a business which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so we can compute a business which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so we can compute a business which
+frequencies this tube will be resonating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies this tube will be resonating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies this tube will be resonating
+this is a very simplistic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simplistic way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simplistic way of
+producing speech but you can generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing speech but you can generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing speech but you can generate
+reasonable speech sounds with that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable speech sounds with that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable speech sounds with that so if
+we start putting a constriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start putting a constriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start putting a constriction
+there somewhere which emulates the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there somewhere which emulates the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there somewhere which emulates the way
+very simple way how we can speak by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way how we can speak by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way how we can speak by
+moving the tongue against the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the tongue against the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the tongue against the power
+or making a constriction sinners in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or making a constriction sinners in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or making a constriction sinners in the
+speech so when the tube is open like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech so when the tube is open like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech so when the tube is open like
+this the reservation 500 1500 2500 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the reservation 500 1500 2500 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the reservation 500 1500 2500 if
+the tube is 17 centimeters long which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube is 17 centimeters long which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube is 17 centimeters long which is
+a typical length for the for the vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical length for the for the vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical length for the for the vocal
+tract so if I put a constriction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract so if I put a constriction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract so if I put a constriction here
+everything moves down because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything moves down because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything moves down because there is
+such a thing like perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing like perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing like perturbation theory
+which says that if you are putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if you are putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that if you are putting the
+constriction to the point of the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constriction to the point of the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constriction to the point of the maximum
+velocity which is of course at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is of course at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is of course at the
+opening all the modes will go down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening all the modes will go down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening all the modes will go down but
+as you go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go on
+basically the whole thing keeps changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the whole thing keeps changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the whole thing keeps changing
+the point is that almost in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that almost in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that almost in every
+position of the say this tank all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the say this tank all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the say this tank all the
+resonance frequencies are changing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequencies are changing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequencies are changing so
+the whole spectrum is being affected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole spectrum is being affected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole spectrum is being affected and
+it may become useful to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may become useful to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may become useful to explain
+something later but we don't like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something later but we don't like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something later but we don't like this
+at the end you end up again in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you end up again in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you end up again in the same
+frequencies from this these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies from this these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies from this these are called
+nomograms and they will be heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomograms and they will be heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomograms and they will be heavily
+worked on this speech group at MIT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this speech group at MIT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this speech group at MIT so
+you can see how the formats are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how the formats are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how the formats are moving
+and you can see for every position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see for every position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see for every position of
+the dc-dc here we have a distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dc-dc here we have a distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dc-dc here we have a distance of
+recollection from the ribs for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection from the ribs for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollection from the ribs for every
+position we are having all the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we are having all the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position we are having all the four
+months moving so information about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months moving so information about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months moving so information about what
+I'm doing with my vocal organs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing with my vocal organs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing with my vocal organs is
+actually at all frequencies or audible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at all frequencies or audible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at all frequencies or audible
+frequencies in different ways but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in different ways but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in different ways but this
+is there everywhere it's not a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there everywhere it's not a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there everywhere it's not a single
+frequency which would carry information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which would carry information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which would carry information
+about something all the audible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something all the audible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something all the audible
+frequencies carry information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies carry information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies carry information about
+speech that's important you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech that's important you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech that's important you can also
+look at it and you can say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you can say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you can say you know what
+is the where the from cavity resonates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the where the from cavity resonates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the where the from cavity resonates
+what about the back cavity resonates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the back cavity resonates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the back cavity resonates
+again is from cavity resonance may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is from cavity resonance may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is from cavity resonance may
+become interesting a little bit later if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become interesting a little bit later if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become interesting a little bit later if
+we get to that but that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to that but that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to that but that this is a very
+simplistic model of the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic model of the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic model of the speech
+production but pretty much contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but pretty much contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production but pretty much contains all
+the basic elements of the of the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic elements of the of the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic elements of the of the speech
+point here is the depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is the depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is the depending on the
+length of the vocal tract even when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the vocal tract even when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the vocal tract even when you
+keep the constriction at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the constriction at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the constriction at the same
+position this is how long is this front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this is how long is this front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position this is how long is this front
+part before the constriction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part before the constriction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part before the constriction is
+so all the resonances are moving but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the resonances are moving but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the resonances are moving but
+shortly vocal tract like the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly vocal tract like the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly vocal tract like the children
+vocal tract or even number of females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract or even number of females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocal tract or even number of females
+they typically have a shorter vocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they typically have a shorter vocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they typically have a shorter vocal
+tract than the males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract than the males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract than the males
+there is a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a different number of
+resonances so if somebody is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances so if somebody is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances so if somebody is telling
+either information is in the four months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either information is in the four months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either information is in the four months
+of speech question it because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech question it because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech question it because it's
+actually impossible to generate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impossible to generate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impossible to generate the same
+speech being to different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech being to different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech being to different people
+especially having a to different length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially having a to different length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially having a to different length
+of the vocal tract and we get into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vocal tract and we get into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vocal tract and we get into it
+when we talk about the speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about the speaker
+dependencies second parties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies second parties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies second parties of the
+equation is hearing so we speak in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is hearing so we speak in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is hearing so we speak in order
+to be heard in order to be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heard in order to be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be heard in order to be understood
+and again thanks to Josh he spent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again thanks to Josh he spent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again thanks to Josh he spent more
+than sufficient time explaining you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sufficient time explaining you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than sufficient time explaining you
+enough what I wanted to say I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough what I wanted to say I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough what I wanted to say I will just
+add something some very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something some very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add something some very very small
+things so just to summarize Josh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so just to summarize Josh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so just to summarize Josh was
+telling you 30 fairy works basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you 30 fairy works basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you 30 fairy works basically
+like a bank of band pass filters with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bank of band pass filters with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bank of band pass filters with
+the changing frequency and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing frequency and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing frequency and output
+depending on some level intensity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on some level intensity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on some level intensity there
+are many caveats to that but I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many caveats to that but I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many caveats to that but I mean in
+the first approximation I hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first approximation I hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first approximation I hundred
+percent agree this is enough for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent agree this is enough for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent agree this is enough for us to
+follow follow the rest of the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow follow the rest of the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow follow the rest of the talk
+second thing which josh mentioned very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing which josh mentioned very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing which josh mentioned very
+briefly but I just want to stress it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but I just want to stress it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but I just want to stress it
+because it is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is important
+firing grace because you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing grace because you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing grace because you know that the
+cochlea communicates with the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea communicates with the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea communicates with the rest of
+the set of the system through fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of the system through fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of the system through fire
+through through the foot certifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the foot certifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the foot certifiers
+firings for the impulses firing rates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firings for the impulses firing rates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firings for the impulses firing rates on
+the on the auditory nerve of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the auditory nerve of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the auditory nerve of the order
+of 1 kilohertz every one millisecond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 kilohertz every one millisecond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 kilohertz every one millisecond and
+but as you go up and up in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you go up and up in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you go up and up in the system
+already here on colliculus is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already here on colliculus is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already here on colliculus is maybe
+order of magnitude less and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude less and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude less and all the
+level of auditory cortex is two orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of auditory cortex is two orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of auditory cortex is two orders
+of magnitude amplitude less so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude amplitude less so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude amplitude less so of course
+I mean you know this is how the braid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know this is how the braid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know this is how the braid
+whatever works I mean so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever works I mean so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever works I mean so here we have
+from periphery up two contracts but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from periphery up two contracts but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from periphery up two contracts but also
+I think it was mentioned very briefly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was mentioned very briefly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was mentioned very briefly if
+you look at it number of neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it number of neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it number of neurons
+increase more than actually decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase more than actually decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase more than actually decrease in
+the inner firing rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner firing rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner firing rates
+because if we have again those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we have again those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we have again those are just
+all the so magnitude right hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the so magnitude right hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the so magnitude right hundred
+thousand neurons maybe on the on level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand neurons maybe on the on level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand neurons maybe on the on level
+of auditory nerve or cornea new clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of auditory nerve or cornea new clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of auditory nerve or cornea new clothes
+and you have a hundred million neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a hundred million neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a hundred million neurons
+maybe on the level of the brain and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on the level of the brain and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on the level of the brain and it
+can become handy later than if I get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become handy later than if I get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become handy later than if I get all
+the way to the end of the talk I will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the end of the talk I will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the end of the talk I will I
+will recall this piece of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recall this piece of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will recall this piece of information
+another thing which was mentioned number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which was mentioned number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which was mentioned number
+of times is that there are not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times is that there are not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times is that there are not only
+connections from ear from the periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from ear from the periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections from ear from the periphery
+to the brain but there is by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain but there is by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the brain but there is by some
+estimates many many more I mean again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates many many more I mean again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates many many more I mean again I
+mean estimates worry but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean estimates worry but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean estimates worry but this is
+something which I have heard somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I have heard somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I have heard somewhere
+maybe there is a maybe almost 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is a maybe almost 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there is a maybe almost 10 times
+more connections going from brain to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connections going from brain to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more connections going from brain to the
+year than from the unit of the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year than from the unit of the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year than from the unit of the brain and
+typically the nature hardly ever builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the nature hardly ever builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the nature hardly ever builds
+anything without the reason so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything without the reason so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything without the reason so there
+must be some reason for that and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some reason for that and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be some reason for that and perhaps
+we will George didn't talk much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will George didn't talk much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will George didn't talk much about
+the level of the on the cortex so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the on the cortex so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the on the cortex so what's
+happening or the oil on lower levels on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening or the oil on lower levels on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening or the oil on lower levels on
+the periphery they are just these simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periphery they are just these simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periphery they are just these simple
+increases or in order to firing great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or in order to firing great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or in order to firing great
+there is a there is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a certain
+enhancement of the changes or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement of the changes or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement of the changes or the
+beginning of the thought this is a tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the thought this is a tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the thought this is a tone
+right the beginning of the tone there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the beginning of the tone there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the beginning of the tone there is
+a there's more firing on auditory nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's more firing on auditory nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's more firing on auditory nerve
+at the end of the tone there is a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the tone there is a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the tone there is a some
+some deflection but when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deflection but when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some deflection but when you look at the
+higher level of the cortex all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of the cortex all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of the cortex all these
+wonderful curves which are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful curves which are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful curves which are sort of
+increasing with intensity like it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with intensity like it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing with intensity like it would
+if you had a simple bandpass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a simple bandpass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a simple bandpass filter
+start looking quite differently so major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking quite differently so major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking quite differently so major
+majority what I heard the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority what I heard the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority what I heard the majority of
+the of the fire the cortical neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the fire the cortical neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the fire the cortical neurons
+have a selective to certain levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a selective to certain levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a selective to certain levels
+basically the firing increases to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the firing increases to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the firing increases to a
+certain level and then it decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level and then it decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level and then it decreases
+again and they are of course selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and they are of course selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and they are of course selective
+at different levels also we you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different levels also we you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different levels also we you don't
+see just these simple things like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just these simple things like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just these simple things like like
+here that you have firing started as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you have firing started as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that you have firing started as a
+tone starts but it there are neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone starts but it there are neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone starts but it there are neurons
+like there but there are also neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there but there are also neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there but there are also neurons
+which just are interested at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just are interested at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just are interested at the
+beginning of the signal there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the signal there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the signal there are
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+interested in beginning and ends there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in beginning and ends there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in beginning and ends there
+are neurons which are interested only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neurons which are interested only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are neurons which are interested only at
+the ends of the signals and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of the signals and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends of the signals and so on and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+receptive fields again it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields again it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields again it's been
+mentioned already before they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already before they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned already before they are
+receive just as we have a receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive just as we have a receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive just as we have a receptive
+fields in the individual cortex we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in the individual cortex we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in the individual cortex we have
+also receptive fields on auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also receptive fields on auditory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also receptive fields on auditory cortex
+here we don't have the here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have the here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we don't have the here we have a
+frequency and a time unlike x and y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and a time unlike x and y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and a time unlike x and y the
+receptive fields which are typical sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields which are typical sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive fields which are typical sort
+of first thing you are you are hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first thing you are you are hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first thing you are you are hearing
+about when you when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you when you talk about
+visual perception they come in all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual perception they come in all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual perception they come in all kinds
+of colors they are they tend to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colors they are they tend to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of colors they are they tend to be quite
+long there is meaning they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long there is meaning they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long there is meaning they can be
+sensitive for about quarter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive for about quarter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive for about quarter of the
+second all all of them but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all all of them but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second all all of them but certainly
+there are many many different cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many different cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many different cortical
+circuitry fields so some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry fields so some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry fields so some people are
+suggesting given richness of the neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting given richness of the neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting given richness of the neurons
+in auditory cortex it's very legal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in auditory cortex it's very legal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in auditory cortex it's very legal thing
+to suggest then maybe the sounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest then maybe the sounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest then maybe the sounds are
+processing in following way not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing in following way not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing in following way not only
+that you do the frequency analysis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do the frequency analysis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do the frequency analysis in
+the cochlea but then on the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cochlea but then on the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cochlea but then on the higher
+levels you are creating many pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you are creating many pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you are creating many pictures of
+the of the outside world and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the outside world and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the outside world and then of
+course only the question is here it ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course only the question is here it ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course only the question is here it ends
+up this is Mary sacks and people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this is Mary sacks and people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this is Mary sacks and people from
+their labs from from from Johns Hopkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their labs from from from Johns Hopkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their labs from from from Johns Hopkins
+in 1988 which are simplified pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1988 which are simplified pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1988 which are simplified pattern
+recognition but I believe there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition but I believe there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition but I believe there is a
+mechanism which picks up the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which picks up the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism which picks up the best
+streams and leaves out not so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and leaves out not so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and leaves out not so useful
+streams but the concept was here around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams but the concept was here around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams but the concept was here around
+for a long time so this was physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time so this was physiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time so this was physiology
+101 psychophysics psychophysics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 psychophysics psychophysics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 psychophysics psychophysics is
+seeing that you place the signals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that you place the signals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that you place the signals to
+listeners and you ask them what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners and you ask them what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners and you ask them what they
+hear but we want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear but we want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear but we want to know what is the
+response of the organism to the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the organism to the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the organism to the incoming
+stimulus so simply you play the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so simply you play the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus so simply you play the stimulus
+and you ask what is the response first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask what is the response first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask what is the response first
+thing which you can ask do you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which you can ask do you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which you can ask do you hear
+something or not and you already will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or not and you already will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or not and you already will
+discover some interesting stuff hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover some interesting stuff hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover some interesting stuff hearing
+is not equally sensitive everywhere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equally sensitive everywhere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equally sensitive everywhere it
+selects it selectively and it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects it selectively and it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects it selectively and it's more
+sensitive in an area somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive in an area somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive in an area somewhere between
+one and four kilo Hertz is much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and four kilo Hertz is much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and four kilo Hertz is much less
+sensitive at all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive at all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive at all over
+when sees this is a threshold on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sees this is a threshold on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sees this is a threshold on the on
+the social level is yet another interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social level is yet another interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social level is yet another interest
+if you just apply the signals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just apply the signals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just apply the signals in
+different ears as long as the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ears as long as the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ears as long as the signals
+happen within the certain period about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within the certain period about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within the certain period about
+couple of hundred millisecond and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hundred millisecond and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hundred millisecond and if
+couple about the millisecond you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple about the millisecond you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple about the millisecond you hear
+from you and be more often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you and be more often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you and be more often the
+thresholds are has basically neither of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds are has basically neither of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds are has basically neither of
+these signals would be hurt if you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signals would be hurt if you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signals would be hurt if you apply
+only single one but if you apply both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only single one but if you apply both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only single one but if you apply both of
+them but basically you hear them if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but basically you hear them if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but basically you hear them if you
+place the signals at different free or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the signals at different free or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the signals at different free or
+different frequencies if these signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies if these signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies if these signals
+are close enough close so that as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close enough close so that as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close enough close so that as just
+mentioned about the beats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about the beats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about the beats
+they've been happen within vancleef a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been happen within vancleef a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been happen within vancleef a
+club and again neither of me the blue or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club and again neither of me the blue or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club and again neither of me the blue or
+green signal would be hurt on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green signal would be hurt on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green signal would be hurt on its own
+but if you play them together you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you play them together you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you play them together you hear
+them but if they are further in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if they are further in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if they are further in
+frequency you don't hear them same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you don't hear them same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you don't hear them same thing
+is if these guys are further in time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if these guys are further in time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if these guys are further in time you
+wouldn't hear them so this substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't hear them so this substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't hear them so this substantial
+perception actually is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception actually is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception actually is kind of
+interesting and we will use it which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we will use it which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we will use it which we
+did not talk much about is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not talk much about is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not talk much about is that they are
+obvious ways how you can modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious ways how you can modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious ways how you can modify the
+threshold of hearing here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of hearing here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of hearing here we have a
+target and since it is higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and since it is higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and since it is higher than
+threshold of hearing you hear it but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of hearing you hear it but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of hearing you hear it but if
+you play another sound called mascar you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play another sound called mascar you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play another sound called mascar you
+will not hear it because your threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not hear it because your threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not hear it because your threshold
+basically is modified it's called masked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is modified it's called masked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is modified it's called masked
+threshold and this part is suddenly not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and this part is suddenly not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold and this part is suddenly not
+this target is not hurt the target can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target is not hurt the target can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this target is not hurt the target can
+be something useful but in mp3 it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something useful but in mp3 it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something useful but in mp3 it can be
+pretty annoying because it's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty annoying because it's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty annoying because it's typically
+noise you try to figure out how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you try to figure out how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise you try to figure out how you can
+mask the noise by the useful signal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask the noise by the useful signal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask the noise by the useful signal in
+computing these masked thresholds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing these masked thresholds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing these masked thresholds on the
+fly initial experiment with this what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly initial experiment with this what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly initial experiment with this what is
+called simultaneous masking was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called simultaneous masking was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called simultaneous masking was
+following and again was Bell Labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and again was Bell Labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and again was Bell Labs
+Fletcher and his people they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fletcher and his people they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fletcher and his people they would
+figure out what is the threshold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the threshold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what is the threshold a
+certain frequency without the noise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain frequency without the noise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain frequency without the noise but
+then they would put noise around it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would put noise around it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they would put noise around it and
+a threshold had to be go up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold had to be go up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold had to be go up because
+there was a noise right so it was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a noise right so it was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a noise right so it was there
+was a masking then they made a broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a masking then they made a broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a masking then they made a broader
+noise and stress all was going up as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and stress all was going up as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and stress all was going up as you
+would expect it was more noise so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect it was more noise so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect it was more noise so you
+had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to
+this signal stronger and you made to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal stronger and you made to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal stronger and you made to the
+certain point when you start making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point when you start making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point when you start making the
+bend of noise to white suddenly is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend of noise to white suddenly is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend of noise to white suddenly is not
+happening anymore there is no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening anymore there is no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening anymore there is no more
+masking anymore that's how they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking anymore that's how they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking anymore that's how they came
+with this concept of critical band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this concept of critical band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this concept of critical band
+critical band is what happens inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band is what happens inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band is what happens inside the
+critical band matters basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band matters basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band matters basically
+influences the recording of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the recording of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences the recording of the signal
+within a critical band and if it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a critical band and if it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a critical band and if it happens
+outside the critical and it doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the critical and it doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the critical and it doesn't so
+essentially if the signals are far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if the signals are far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if the signals are far away
+in frequency they don't interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency they don't interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency they don't interact with
+each other and again this is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and again this is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and again this is a useful
+thing for speech recognition people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for speech recognition people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for speech recognition people they
+didn't much realize that that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't much realize that that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't much realize that that this is
+the main outcome of the critical bands I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main outcome of the critical bands I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main outcome of the critical bands I
+mean again I mean discussions are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again I mean discussions are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean again I mean discussions are here
+but this is a bark scale which has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a bark scale which has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a bark scale which has been
+developed in in Germany by Switzer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in in Germany by Switzer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in in Germany by Switzer and
+his colleagues it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his colleagues it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his colleagues it's pretty much
+logarithmic from about 6 700 Hertz up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic from about 6 700 Hertz up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic from about 6 700 Hertz up
+and it's approximately constant up to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's approximately constant up to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's approximately constant up to 6
+700 Hertz if you talk to Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 Hertz if you talk to Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700 Hertz if you talk to Cambridge
+people Brian Moore and the sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Brian Moore and the sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Brian Moore and the sort of thing
+they tell you is pretty much logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you is pretty much logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tell you is pretty much logarithmic
+pretty much everywhere but really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much everywhere but really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much everywhere but really about
+the critical bands remember critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical bands remember critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical bands remember critical
+bands from the substrate things again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands from the substrate things again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands from the substrate things again a
+particular bandwidth mask it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bandwidth mask it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular bandwidth mask it's telling
+you which things happen within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which things happen within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you which things happen within a
+terrific event they integrate if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific event they integrate if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific event they integrate if they
+happen outside each of them outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen outside each of them outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen outside each of them outside the
+critical band they don't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band they don't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical band they don't interact
+another masking is some temporal masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another masking is some temporal masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another masking is some temporal masking
+so you have a signal and of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a signal and of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a signal and of course if
+you put a mask only this it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a mask only this it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a mask only this it's a it's a
+simultaneous masking you have to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous masking you have to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous masking you have to make it
+much much stronger in order for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much stronger in order for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much stronger in order for you to
+hear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it
+but it also influences things in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also influences things in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also influences things in time
+this is called what is called over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called what is called over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called what is called over
+masking this is the one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking this is the one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking this is the one which is
+probably more interesting and more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more interesting and more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more interesting and more more
+or more useful it's also backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more useful it's also backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more useful it's also backward
+masking when mascar happens after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking when mascar happens after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masking when mascar happens after the
+signal but it's it's it's probably has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but it's it's it's probably has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but it's it's it's probably has a
+different origin or a cognitive other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different origin or a cognitive other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different origin or a cognitive other
+than tariffs err so so there is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than tariffs err so so there is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than tariffs err so so there is still a
+masker you have to make the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masker you have to make the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masker you have to make the Sigma
+stronger up to the certain point when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger up to the certain point when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger up to the certain point when
+the cig difference this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cig difference this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cig difference this
+is between master and the signal is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between master and the signal is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between master and the signal is more
+than 200 millisecond there is like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 millisecond there is like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 millisecond there is like this
+no mask or anymore basically there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mask or anymore basically there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no mask or anymore basically there is no
+temple I'm asking anymore but there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple I'm asking anymore but there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple I'm asking anymore but there it
+is within this within this interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within this within this interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within this within this interval of
+200 millisecond if you make much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 millisecond if you make much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 millisecond if you make much
+stronger masking is stronger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger masking is stronger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger masking is stronger and
+initially but it also decays faster and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but it also decays faster and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but it also decays faster and
+again the case after about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the case after about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the case after about 200
+millisecond so whatever happens outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond so whatever happens outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond so whatever happens outside
+is critical interval about couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical interval about couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical interval about couple of
+hundred millisecond doesn't integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred millisecond doesn't integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred millisecond doesn't integrate
+but if it happens with inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it happens with inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it happens with inside this
+critical interval that seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical interval that seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical interval that seems to be
+influencing this signals seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing this signals seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing this signals seem to be
+influencing each other and again I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing each other and again I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing each other and again I mean
+you know I talked about the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I talked about the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I talked about the sub
+threshold perception if there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold perception if there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold perception if there were two
+tones which happen within 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones which happen within 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tones which happen within 200
+millisecond neither of them would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond neither of them would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond neither of them would be
+heard in isolation but they are hurt if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard in isolation but they are hurt if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard in isolation but they are hurt if
+you if you play them together another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you play them together another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you play them together another
+part which is kind of interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is kind of interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part which is kind of interesting is
+that loudness depends of course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loudness depends of course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loudness depends of course on
+intensity of the sound but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the sound but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the sound but it doesn't
+depend linearly on that it depends if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend linearly on that it depends if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend linearly on that it depends if
+there was cubic root so if in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was cubic root so if in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was cubic root so if in order to
+make a signal twice as loud you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a signal twice as loud you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a signal twice as loud you have to
+make it about ten times more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it about ten times more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it about ten times more in
+intensity for stimuli which are longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity for stimuli which are longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity for stimuli which are longer
+than 200 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal loudness curves this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal loudness curves this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal loudness curves this is a
+threshold curve but about this equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold curve but about this equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold curve but about this equal
+loudness scale are telling you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness scale are telling you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudness scale are telling you what the
+what in what the intensity of the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in what the intensity of the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in what the intensity of the sound
+sorry would need to be in order to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry would need to be in order to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry would need to be in order to hear
+it equally loud so saying that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equally loud so saying that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equally loud so saying that if you
+have a 40 DB signal at 1 kilohertz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 40 DB signal at 1 kilohertz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 40 DB signal at 1 kilohertz and
+you want to make it equally routed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it equally routed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it equally routed
+hungry delts you have to you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry delts you have to you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry delts you have to you have to
+make it 16 V V and so on these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it 16 V V and so on these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it 16 V V and so on these curves
+become flatter and flatter most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become flatter and flatter most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become flatter and flatter most
+pronounced at the threshold the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced at the threshold the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced at the threshold the lower
+levels but they are there and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but they are there and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels but they are there and they are
+actually kind of interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of interesting and
+important hearing is rather nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important hearing is rather nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important hearing is rather nonlinear
+properties depend on on the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties depend on on the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties depend on on the intensity
+speech of course happening somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech of course happening somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech of course happening somewhere
+around here where the hearing the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here where the hearing the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here where the hearing the small
+sensitive modulations again we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive modulations again we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive modulations again we did not
+talk much about that by moderations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk much about that by moderations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk much about that by moderations are
+very important since 1923
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important since 1923
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important since 1923
+it's known that hearing is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known that hearing is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known that hearing is the most
+sensitive to certain rate of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to certain rate of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to certain rate of model
+around four or five Hertz yes I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around four or five Hertz yes I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around four or five Hertz yes I can
+experiments form from Bell Labs repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments form from Bell Labs repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments form from Bell Labs repeated
+number number of times so this is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number of times so this is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number of times so this is for a
+modulation this experiment what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation this experiment what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation this experiment what you do
+is that you modulate the signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you modulate the signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you modulate the signal and
+change the depth and such to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the depth and such to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the depth and such to change the
+frequency and you are asking do you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you are asking do you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and you are asking do you hear
+the modulation or don't you hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation or don't you hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation or don't you hear the
+moderation very interesting interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation very interesting interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderation very interesting interesting
+thing is if you look at again I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if you look at again I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if you look at again I mean I
+refer to what Joyce was telling you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to what Joyce was telling you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to what Joyce was telling you in
+the morning if you just take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning if you just take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning if you just take one
+trajectory of the spectrum you treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of the spectrum you treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of the spectrum you treated
+as a time domain signal remove the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a time domain signal remove the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a time domain signal remove the mean
+and compute its Fourier components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute its Fourier components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute its Fourier components
+frequency components they peak somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components they peak somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency components they peak somewhere
+around four Hertz just where the hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around four Hertz just where the hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around four Hertz just where the hearing
+is the most sensitive and they so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most sensitive and they so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most sensitive and they so
+hearing is not very sensitive obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing is not very sensitive obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing is not very sensitive obviously
+to to when the signal is not moderated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to when the signal is not moderated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to when the signal is not moderated
+but also there isn't they are almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also there isn't they are almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also there isn't they are almost no
+components in the signal which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the signal which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the signal which would be
+not modulated because when I talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not modulated because when I talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not modulated because when I talk to you
+I move the mouse right I mean I changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move the mouse right I mean I changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move the mouse right I mean I changed
+the things and I change the things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things and I change the things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things and I change the things about
+four times a second mainly when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a second mainly when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times a second mainly when it comes
+to speech you can also compute is music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speech you can also compute is music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speech you can also compute is music
+you can also figure out what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also figure out what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also figure out what are the
+natural rhythms in in a music I stole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rhythms in in a music I stole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural rhythms in in a music I stole
+this from I believe from again from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from I believe from again from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from I believe from again from
+Munich group from faster we go faster he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munich group from faster we go faster he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Munich group from faster we go faster he
+played sixty pieces of music and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played sixty pieces of music and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played sixty pieces of music and he
+asked people to tap into tap to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked people to tap into tap to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked people to tap into tap to the
+rhythm of the music and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm of the music and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythm of the music and this is the
+histogram of tapping most of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of tapping most of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of tapping most of the people
+not for most of the music tapping was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for most of the music tapping was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for most of the music tapping was
+about four times a second this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four times a second this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four times a second this is where
+the hearing is most sensitive and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hearing is most sensitive and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hearing is most sensitive and this
+is the modulation of frequency of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the modulation of frequency of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the modulation of frequency of this
+music so people play music in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so people play music in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so people play music in such a way
+that we hear it well that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hear it well that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hear it well that it
+specifically resonates with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically resonates with the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically resonates with the natural
+frequency of the which we are perceiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the which we are perceiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the which we are perceiving
+you can also ask the similar things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also ask the similar things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also ask the similar things in
+speech you can play the speech sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech you can play the speech sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech you can play the speech sentences
+and you ask people to tap into rhythm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask people to tap into rhythm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you ask people to tap into rhythm of
+the sentence is of course what gets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence is of course what gets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence is of course what gets out
+is the syllabic rage and syllabic rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the syllabic rage and syllabic rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the syllabic rage and syllabic rate
+is about for hers where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about for hers where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about for hers where's the
+information in speech well we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in speech well we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in speech well we know what
+the ear is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ear is doing
+it underlies this signal into individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it underlies this signal into individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it underlies this signal into individual
+frequency bands we know what what Homer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency bands we know what what Homer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency bands we know what what Homer
+Dudley was telling us when messages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dudley was telling us when messages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dudley was telling us when messages in
+modulations of these fragrances as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulations of these fragrances as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulations of these fragrances as a
+matter of fact that was the base of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact that was the base of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact that was the base of his
+book vocoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book vocoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book vocoder
+what he also did it was that he designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he also did it was that he designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he also did it was that he designed
+actually wasn't only him they were said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wasn't only him they were said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wasn't only him they were said
+there was another technique this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another technique this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another technique this one is
+kind of somehow cleaner seeing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of somehow cleaner seeing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of somehow cleaner seeing which is
+called a spectrograph which tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a spectrograph which tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a spectrograph which tells you
+about the spectrum of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the spectrum of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the spectrum of frequency
+components of the of the acoustic signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the of the acoustic signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the of the acoustic signal
+so you take the signal you put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the signal you put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the signal you put it
+through Bank of bandpass filters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Bank of bandpass filters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Bank of bandpass filters and
+then here you basically display on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here you basically display on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here you basically display on
+z-axis intensity in each frequency band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis intensity in each frequency band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis intensity in each frequency band
+this desire this was I heard used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this desire this was I heard used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this desire this was I heard used for
+listening for for German submarines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening for for German submarines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening for for German submarines
+because they wanted to the new debt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to the new debt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to the new debt of
+acoustic acoustic signatures were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic acoustic signatures were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic acoustic signatures were
+different for friendly submarines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for friendly submarines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for friendly submarines and
+enemy submarines people listen to it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy submarines people listen to it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy submarines people listen to it for
+it but also people realized it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but also people realized it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but also people realized it may be
+useful to look at the signal acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to look at the signal acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to look at the signal acoustic
+signal somehow waveform it wasn't making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal somehow waveform it wasn't making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal somehow waveform it wasn't making
+orderly much sense but spectrogram was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderly much sense but spectrogram was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderly much sense but spectrogram was
+danger there was that the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger there was that the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger there was that the people who
+were working in speech got hold of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working in speech got hold of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working in speech got hold of it
+and then they starts looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they starts looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they starts looking at the
+spectrogram and they say haha we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram and they say haha we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram and they say haha we are
+seeing the information here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the information here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the information here we are
+seeing the information in ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the information in ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the information in ways the
+spectrum is changing because not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is changing because not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is changing because not only
+that this was the way the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was the way the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was the way the original
+spectrogram was was developed that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram was was developed that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrogram was was developed that you
+are displaying changes in energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displaying changes in energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are displaying changes in energy in
+individual frequency bands but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency bands but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frequency bands but you can
+also look at that this way and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at that this way and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at that this way and you get
+what is called short and spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called short and spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called short and spectrum of
+speech and people said all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and people said all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and people said all this
+shortened spectrum looks different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened spectrum looks different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened spectrum looks different for
+our than for Esau maybe this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our than for Esau maybe this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our than for Esau maybe this is the way
+to recognize speech so indeed I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize speech so indeed I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize speech so indeed I mean
+those are two ways of generating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two ways of generating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two ways of generating the
+spectrograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograms
+I mean this was the original one Bangor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this was the original one Bangor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this was the original one Bangor
+bandpass filters and you were displaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandpass filters and you were displaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandpass filters and you were displaying
+the energy as a function of time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy as a function of time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy as a function of time this is
+what your ear is doing that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your ear is doing that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your ear is doing that's what I'm
+saying this is not what your ears is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is not what your ears is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is not what your ears is
+doing that it you take short segments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that it you take short segments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that it you take short segments of
+the signal and you compute the Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal and you compute the Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal and you compute the Fourier
+transform but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform but then you
+display the Fourier transform one frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display the Fourier transform one frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display the Fourier transform one frame
+after time but this is the way the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time but this is the way the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time but this is the way the most
+of the speech recognition systems work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech recognition systems work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech recognition systems work
+and I'm suggesting that maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm suggesting that maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm suggesting that maybe we should
+think about other ways so now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about other ways so now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about other ways so now we have to
+deal with all these these problems so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with all these these problems so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with all these these problems so we
+have a number of things coming in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of things coming in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a number of things coming in in in
+the form of the message with all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the message with all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the message with all this
+chunk around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk around it
+a machine recognition of speech would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine recognition of speech would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine recognition of speech would
+like to transcribe the code which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to transcribe the code which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to transcribe the code which
+carries the message this is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the message this is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the message this is a typical
+example of the application of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the application of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the application of speech
+recognition I'm not saying this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition I'm not saying this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition I'm not saying this is the
+only one there are attempts to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one there are attempts to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one there are attempts to recognize
+just key some key words there are times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just key some key words there are times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just key some key words there are times
+to actually generate the understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually generate the understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually generate the understanding
+what people are saying and so on but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are saying and so on but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are saying and so on but we
+will be happy in most cases just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be happy in most cases just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be happy in most cases just to
+transcribe the speech speech has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe the speech speech has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe the speech speech has been
+produced to be perceived we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced to be perceived we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced to be perceived we already
+talked about it it evolved over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it it evolved over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it it evolved over
+millennia to see the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia to see the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millennia to see the properties of
+hearing so this is I'm seconding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing so this is I'm seconding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing so this is I'm seconding what
+just was saying just for saying you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just was saying just for saying you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just was saying just for saying you can
+learn about hearing by synthesizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about hearing by synthesizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about hearing by synthesizing
+stuff I'm saying you can learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm saying you can learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I'm saying you can learn about
+hearing by trying to recognize the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing by trying to recognize the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing by trying to recognize the stuff
+so if if you put something in and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you put something in and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if you put something in and it
+works and it supports some theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it supports some theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it supports some theory of
+hearing you may be kind of reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing you may be kind of reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing you may be kind of reasonably
+confident that that was something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that that was something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that that was something which
+has been useful it's a paper all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been useful it's a paper all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been useful it's a paper all about
+it which of course I'm cause I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which of course I'm cause I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which of course I'm cause I didn't
+want to show that I thought I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that I thought I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that I thought I will
+delete this one but I didn't do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete this one but I didn't do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete this one but I didn't do it at
+the last minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last minute
+anyways speech recognition speech signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways speech recognition speech signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways speech recognition speech signal
+how the high bit rate recognizer comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the high bit rate recognizer comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the high bit rate recognizer comes
+in information low bit rate so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in information low bit rate so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in information low bit rate so what you
+are doing here you are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing here you are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing here you are trying to
+reorganize your stuff you you are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize your stuff you you are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize your stuff you you are trying
+to reduce the entropy right you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the entropy right you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the entropy right you are
+reducing the improvi you better know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the improvi you better know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the improvi you better know
+what you are doing because otherwise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are doing because otherwise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are doing because otherwise you
+get real garbage I mean that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real garbage I mean that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get real garbage I mean that's kind of
+like one of these common-sense things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of these common-sense things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one of these common-sense things
+right so you want to use some knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you want to use some knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you want to use some knowledge
+a plenty of knowledge in this recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plenty of knowledge in this recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plenty of knowledge in this recognized
+so where does this knowledge come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does this knowledge come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does this knowledge come from
+we keep discussing the origin can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep discussing the origin can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep discussing the origin can come
+from textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from textbooks
+Church intuitions beliefs and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church intuitions beliefs and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church intuitions beliefs and so on and
+it's a good thing about it that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing about it that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing about it that you can
+hardwire this knowledge and so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwire this knowledge and so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwire this knowledge and so you don't
+have to learn it real early next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn it real early next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn it real early next time
+based on the data of course problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the data of course problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the data of course problem is
+that this knowledge may it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this knowledge may it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this knowledge may it will be
+incomplete irrelevant can be plain wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete irrelevant can be plain wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete irrelevant can be plain wrong
+because you know who comes that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know who comes that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know who comes that whatever
+teachers tell you or textbooks tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers tell you or textbooks tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers tell you or textbooks tell you
+or your intuitions our beliefs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your intuitions our beliefs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your intuitions our beliefs it's
+always true much more often now to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true much more often now to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true much more often now to what
+people are using is that they cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are using is that they cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are using is that they cut the
+knowledge comes directly from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge comes directly from the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge comes directly from the data
+such a knowledge is relevant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a knowledge is relevant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a knowledge is relevant and
+unbiased but the problem is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased but the problem is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased but the problem is that you
+need a lot of training data and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot of training data and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a lot of training data and it's
+very hard to get architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to get architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to get architecture of the
+recognizer from the data at least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer from the data at least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizer from the data at least I
+don't know quite well how to do it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know quite well how to do it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know quite well how to do it yet
+so these are two things and again I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two things and again I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are two things and again I mean
+let me go back to 50s first knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back to 50s first knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back to 50s first knowledge
+base recognized it was based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base recognized it was based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base recognized it was based on the
+spectrograms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrograms
+there was a ritual guard and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a ritual guard and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a ritual guard and he was
+looking at a spectrograms and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a spectrograms and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a spectrograms and tried to
+figure out how this short-term spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how this short-term spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how this short-term spectrum
+look like for different speech sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for different speech sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for different speech sounds
+then he thought he will make this finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he thought he will make this finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he thought he will make this finite
+state machine which will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine which will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state machine which will sort of
+generate the text needless to say he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the text needless to say he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the text needless to say he
+didn't work so well he got beaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work so well he got beaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work so well he got beaten by
+data-driven approach where people took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven approach where people took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven approach where people took a
+high pass filtered speech low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filtered speech low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filtered speech low pass
+filtered speech displayed energies from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered speech displayed energies from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered speech displayed energies from
+these two channels on on a determinist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two channels on on a determinist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two channels on on a determinist
+oscilloscope and they tried to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope and they tried to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope and they tried to figure
+out what are the patterns they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are the patterns they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are the patterns they try to
+memorize the patterns make the templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize the patterns make the templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize the patterns make the templates
+from the training data and they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the training data and they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the training data and they try to
+match it for the test data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it for the test data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match it for the test data was
+recognized which was recognized in ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized which was recognized in ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized which was recognized in ten
+digits and it was working reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and it was working reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits and it was working reasonably
+well better than 90% at the time for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well better than 90% at the time for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well better than 90% at the time for a
+single speaker and so on and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single speaker and so on and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single speaker and so on and so on but
+it's interesting that already in 50s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that already in 50s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that already in 50s the
+data-driven approach could beat the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven approach could beat the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven approach could beat the by
+the the knowledge based approach because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the knowledge based approach because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the knowledge based approach because
+knowledge maybe wasn't exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge maybe wasn't exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge maybe wasn't exactly what you
+needed to use they were looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to use they were looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to use they were looking at the
+shapes of the short-term spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of the short-term spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes of the short-term spectra
+basically of course now we are in 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of course now we are in 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of course now we are in 21st
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century
+finally number of people say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally number of people say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally number of people say this is the
+this is the Royal way of recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Royal way of recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Royal way of recognizing
+speech you take the signal as it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech you take the signal as it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech you take the signal as it comes
+through the microphone and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the microphone and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the microphone and you take the
+neural net you put a lot of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net you put a lot of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net you put a lot of training
+data which contains all sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which contains all sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which contains all sources of
+unwanted variability basically body use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwanted variability basically body use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwanted variability basically body use
+all possible ways of this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible ways of this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible ways of this you can
+disturb this disturb your speech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb this disturb your speech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb this disturb your speech and
+comes out of the speech message the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the speech message the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the speech message the key
+thing is I'm not saying that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I'm not saying that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is I'm not saying that this is
+wrong but I'm saying that maybe it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but I'm saying that maybe it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but I'm saying that maybe it is
+not the most efficient way of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most efficient way of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most efficient way of going
+about it because you in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because you in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because you in this case you
+would have to retrain the recognizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to retrain the recognizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to retrain the recognizer
+every time it's a little bit like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it's a little bit like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it's a little bit like sort
+of you know if you look at the hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know if you look at the hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know if you look at the hearing
+system of the simple animals this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the simple animals this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of the simple animals this system
+this is the most here so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most here so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most here so here is the
+this is change it changes the are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is change it changes the are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is change it changes the are
+changes in acoustic pressure to changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in acoustic pressure to changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in acoustic pressure to changes
+in our you know firing grace it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our you know firing grace it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our you know firing grace it goes to
+very simple brain very small one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple brain very small one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple brain very small one you
+know this is not the way the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not the way the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not the way the human
+hearing is working human hearing is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing is working human hearing is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing is working human hearing is much
+more complex and again just already told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex and again just already told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex and again just already told
+us a lot about it so I won't spend much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot about it so I won't spend much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a lot about it so I won't spend much
+time the point here is the human hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the point here is the human hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the point here is the human hearing
+is frequency selective it goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frequency selective it goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is frequency selective it goes to a
+number of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of levels
+this is very much along the of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much along the of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much along the of course
+deep nice and let's sort of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep nice and let's sort of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep nice and let's sort of things but
+still there is a lot of structure there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there is a lot of structure there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there is a lot of structure there
+in the inner hearing system so it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inner hearing system so it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inner hearing system so it makes
+at least some sense to me if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some sense to me if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some sense to me if you want to
+do what people are doing more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what people are doing more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what people are doing more and more
+and they there will be whole special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they there will be whole special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they there will be whole special
+session next week at the inter speech on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session next week at the inter speech on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session next week at the inter speech on
+how to train the things directly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to train the things directly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to train the things directly from
+the data probably you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data probably you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data probably you want to have
+highly structured in unit you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly structured in unit you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly structured in unit you want to
+have a convoluted pre-processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a convoluted pre-processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a convoluted pre-processing
+recursive structures and so on a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive structures and so on a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive structures and so on a long
+shorter memory but all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter memory but all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter memory but all these things are
+being used and I think this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used and I think this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used and I think this is the
+direction to go but I still argue then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to go but I still argue then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to go but I still argue then
+maybe it's a bit there is a better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a bit there is a better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a bit there is a better way
+to go about it better way to go about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go about it better way to go about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go about it better way to go about it
+is that you try first to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you try first to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you try first to do some
+pre-processing of the signal and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing of the signal and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing of the signal and this
+they derive some way of discarding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they derive some way of discarding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they derive some way of discarding this
+more efficiently using the features and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently using the features and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently using the features and
+so on and so here you put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so here you put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so here you put all the
+knowledge which you possibly may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which you possibly may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge which you possibly may want to
+you already have this knowledge can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have this knowledge can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already have this knowledge can be
+derived from that from the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from that from the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from that from the some
+development mega but you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development mega but you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development mega but you don't want to
+use directly the speech signal every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use directly the speech signal every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use directly the speech signal every
+time you are using the you are using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you are using the you are using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you are using the you are using the
+you don't want to retrain basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to retrain basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to retrain basically
+every time directly from the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time directly from the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time directly from the speech
+signal you want to you want to reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you want to you want to reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you want to you want to reserve
+your training data the task specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training data the task specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training data the task specific
+training data to deal with the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data to deal with the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data to deal with the effects
+of the noise which you don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the noise which you don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the noise which you don't understand
+this is where the machine learning comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the machine learning comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the machine learning comes
+under saying that this is not a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under saying that this is not a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under saying that this is not a part of
+machine learning but I mean this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning but I mean this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning but I mean this is a
+there are two different things which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different things which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two different things which you
+are going to do I was just looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do I was just looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do I was just looking for
+some support if this one came from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some support if this one came from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some support if this one came from you
+given from Brown University and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given from Brown University and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given from Brown University and his
+colleagues still teaming is a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues still teaming is a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues still teaming is a machine
+learning person definitely says if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning person definitely says if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning person definitely says if they
+feel that meet is in the features rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that meet is in the features rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that meet is in the features rather
+than in a machine learning because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in a machine learning because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in a machine learning because they
+go overboard basically explaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go overboard basically explaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go overboard basically explaining that
+if you just rely on machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just rely on machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just rely on machine learning
+sure you have a neural net which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you have a neural net which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you have a neural net which can
+approximate just about any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate just about any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate just about any function
+given that you have infinite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you have infinite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you have infinite amount of
+data and infinitely large neural net and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and infinitely large neural net and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and infinitely large neural net and
+they say infinities are kind of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say infinities are kind of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say infinities are kind of not
+useful engineering concept so they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful engineering concept so they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful engineering concept so they feel
+like that representation is actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that representation is actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that representation is actually our
+I hope that if they feel the same I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that if they feel the same I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that if they feel the same I
+didn't talk to them now but seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk to them now but seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk to them now but seems like
+that there is some support in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some support in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some support in this
+notion where I'm what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion where I'm what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion where I'm what I'm saying
+but of course problem me the features is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course problem me the features is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course problem me the features is
+following whatever you stripped on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following whatever you stripped on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following whatever you stripped on the
+features this is a bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features this is a bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features this is a bottleneck
+whatever you decide that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you decide that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you decide that is not
+important is lost forever you will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is lost forever you will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is lost forever you will never
+recover from this right because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from this right because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from this right because I'm
+asking for feature extraction I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for feature extraction I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking for feature extraction I'm asking
+for this emulation of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this emulation of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this emulation of the human
+perception which strips out a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which strips out a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which strips out a lot of
+information but I still think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but I still think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but I still think that we
+need to do it if we want to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it if we want to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it if we want to design a
+useful engineering the presentations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful engineering the presentations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful engineering the presentations the
+other problem of course is whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem of course is whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problem of course is whatever you
+leave in the noise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave in the noise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave in the noise the
+information which is not relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is not relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is not relevant to
+your task you will have to deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task you will have to deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your task you will have to deal with it
+later you will need to train your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you will need to train your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you will need to train your
+machine on it so you want to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine on it so you want to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine on it so you want to be very
+very careful you are walking the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful you are walking the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful you are walking the same
+line here sort of what is it that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here sort of what is it that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here sort of what is it that I
+should leave out what is it that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should leave out what is it that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should leave out what is it that I
+should keep in it's always safer to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep in it's always safer to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep in it's always safer to keep
+a little bit more in obviously but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more in obviously but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more in obviously but but
+this is the goal which we have here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the goal which we have here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the goal which we have here and
+I wanted to say features can be designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to say features can be designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to say features can be designed
+used development data and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used development data and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used development data and what I'm
+saying use the development data design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying use the development data design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying use the development data design
+your features and use them don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your features and use them don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your features and use them don't use
+this development data anymore we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development data anymore we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development data anymore we have a
+lot of data for designing a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data for designing a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of data for designing a good
+features and I think that again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and I think that again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and I think that again is
+happening in the field good how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the field good how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the field good how the
+speech recognition was done in 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech recognition was done in 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech recognition was done in 20th
+century this is what I know may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century this is what I know may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century this is what I know may be the
+most so we spend some time at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so we spend some time at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most so we spend some time at least
+still done largely means there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still done largely means there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still done largely means there are some
+variances of this recognition system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of this recognition system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of this recognition system you
+take the signal and you derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the signal and you derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the signal and you derive the
+features in the first place you derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in the first place you derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in the first place you derive
+the what is called short term features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is called short term features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is called short term features
+so you take a short segments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take a short segments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take a short segments of the
+signal about 10 to 20 millisecond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal about 10 to 20 millisecond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal about 10 to 20 millisecond and
+you derived some features from that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derived some features from that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derived some features from that that
+was in 20 century now we are taking much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 20 century now we are taking much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 20 century now we are taking much
+longer segments I will get into that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer segments I will get into that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer segments I will get into that but
+you derive it with about hundred Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive it with about hundred Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you derive it with about hundred Hertz
+sampling every 10 millisecond so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling every 10 millisecond so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling every 10 millisecond so you
+turn one the 1 dimensional signal into 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one the 1 dimensional signal into 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn one the 1 dimensional signal into 2
+dimensional signal and here typically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional signal and here typically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional signal and here typically if
+the first step is the frequencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is the frequencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first step is the frequencies of
+those may be emerging those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those may be emerging those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those may be emerging those are
+frequency vectors or something derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency vectors or something derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency vectors or something derived
+from frequency vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from frequency vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from frequency vectors
+Mel gets to more stuff like that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mel gets to more stuff like that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mel gets to more stuff like that those
+are just tricks signal processing tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just tricks signal processing tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just tricks signal processing tricks
+which people use but one we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people use but one we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people use but one we mentioned
+are two-dimensional next thing is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two-dimensional next thing is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two-dimensional next thing is you
+estimate the likelihood of the sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the likelihood of the sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the likelihood of the sounds
+each ternary second so here what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each ternary second so here what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each ternary second so here what I
+imagine that here we have different safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that here we have different safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that here we have different safe
+speech sounds maybe four even phonemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech sounds maybe four even phonemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech sounds maybe four even phonemes
+maybe 3000 context-dependent phonemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 3000 context-dependent phonemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 3000 context-dependent phonemes
+and so on depends on but those are parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on depends on but those are parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on depends on but those are parts
+of speech which makes some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech which makes some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speech which makes some sense
+and they come typically from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come typically from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come typically from from
+phonetics theory and we know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetics theory and we know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonetics theory and we know that you
+can generate different words putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate different words putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can generate different words putting
+phonemes together in different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonemes together in different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonemes together in different ways and
+so on and so on so suppose for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so on so suppose for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so on so suppose for the
+simplicity that they are there is 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity that they are there is 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity that they are there is 41
+phonemes and so if there is a red red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonemes and so if there is a red red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonemes and so if there is a red red
+one red means that probability posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one red means that probability posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one red means that probability posterior
+probability of the actually we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the actually we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the actually we need the
+more we need likelihoods rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we need likelihoods rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we need likelihoods rather than
+posteriors so it posteriors we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriors so it posteriors we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriors so it posteriors we just
+divided it by priors to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided it by priors to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided it by priors to get the
+likelihoods so so meaning that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods so so meaning that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihoods so so meaning that this
+phoneme has a high likelihood and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoneme has a high likelihood and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phoneme has a high likelihood and white
+ones don't have a like like you at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones don't have a like like you at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones don't have a like like you at this
+time so next step so you next step on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so next step so you next step on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so next step so you next step on is
+that you do the search on it this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do the search on it this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do the search on it this is a
+painful part and I won't be spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful part and I won't be spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful part and I won't be spending
+much time on that I just want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on that I just want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on that I just want to give
+you some flavor of this you try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some flavor of this you try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some flavor of this you try to find
+the best path through this through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best path through this through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best path through this through this
+lattice of the likelihoods and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice of the likelihoods and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice of the likelihoods and if you
+are lucky the best part then is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lucky the best part then is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lucky the best part then is going to
+represent your speech sounds so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent your speech sounds so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent your speech sounds so then
+next thing is only that you look and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing is only that you look and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing is only that you look and
+transcribe to go from phonemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe to go from phonemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribe to go from phonemic
+representation from from in to lexical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation from from in to lexical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation from from in to lexical
+representation basically because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation basically because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation basically because you
+know there is typically one-to-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is typically one-to-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is typically one-to-one
+relations should be careful one-to-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations should be careful one-to-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations should be careful one-to-one
+but there is a relation known relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a relation known relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a relation known relation
+between between four lips and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between four lips and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between four lips and the
+transcription so we know what has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription so we know what has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription so we know what has been
+said so this is how the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so this is how the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so this is how the speech
+recognition is done talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is done talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is done talking about this
+part I mean here we have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I mean here we have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I mean here we have to deal with
+one major problem which is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one major problem which is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one major problem which is like the
+speech doesn't come out this out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech doesn't come out this out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech doesn't come out this out this
+way it doesn't come come out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it doesn't come come out as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it doesn't come come out as a
+sequences of individual speech sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of individual speech sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of individual speech sounds
+but since I'm talking to you I'm moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since I'm talking to you I'm moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since I'm talking to you I'm moving
+the mouse I'm moving the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse I'm moving the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse I'm moving the mouse
+continuously there is a thing that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously there is a thing that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously there is a thing that first
+I can make certain sounds longer certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make certain sounds longer certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make certain sounds longer certain
+sounds shorter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds shorter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds shorter and then
+I add some noise to it finally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add some noise to it finally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add some noise to it finally because
+of what is called quality collation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is called quality collation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is called quality collation this
+each target phonemes get spread in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each target phonemes get spread in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each target phonemes get spread in time
+so you get a mess but people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a mess but people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get a mess but people say
+sometimes people like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people like to say
+specifically this is our biggest problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this is our biggest problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this is our biggest problem
+I claim to say this is not the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim to say this is not the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim to say this is not the problem
+it is a feature and feature is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a feature and feature is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a feature and feature is important
+because it comes quite handy later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes quite handy later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it comes quite handy later
+hopefully I will convince you about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I will convince you about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I will convince you about it
+but what we get is a mess so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we get is a mess so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we get is a mess so this is not
+easy to recognize right we have the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to recognize right we have the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to recognize right we have the co
+articulations we have a speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulations we have a speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulations we have a speaker
+dependencies noise from the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies noise from the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies noise from the environment
+and so on and so on so the way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on so the way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on so the way to deal
+with it is to recognize that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is to recognize that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is to recognize that different
+people may sound different communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may sound different communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people may sound different communication
+and environment may may differ so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environment may may differ so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and environment may may differ so the
+features will be dependent on number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features will be dependent on number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features will be dependent on number of
+things on environmental problems on who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on environmental problems on who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on environmental problems on who
+is saying things and so on people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying things and so on people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying things and so on people say
+same things in different speech I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things in different speech I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things in different speech I can
+speak faster I can speak slower still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak faster I can speak slower still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak faster I can speak slower still
+the message is the same so we use what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is the same so we use what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message is the same so we use what
+is called the hidden Markov model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the hidden Markov model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the hidden Markov model where
+you try to find such a sequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to find such a sequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to find such a sequence of the
+phone of the phonemes which optimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone of the phonemes which optimizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone of the phonemes which optimizes
+the conditional probability of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional probability of the of
+the model given the data and models you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model given the data and models you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model given the data and models you
+are generate on the fly as many models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generate on the fly as many models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generate on the fly as many models
+as possible actually infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible actually infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible actually infinite number of
+models but of course again you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but of course again you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models but of course again you can do
+infinity so you read in some smart ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so you read in some smart ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so you read in some smart ways
+and you this is being computed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you this is being computed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you this is being computed through
+modified Bayes rule modify is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified Bayes rule modify is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified Bayes rule modify is because
+for one I mean you would need a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one I mean you would need a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one I mean you would need a prior
+probability of the of the signal and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the of the signal and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the of the signal and so
+on we don't use that but also what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we don't use that but also what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we don't use that but also what we
+are doing we are somehow arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing we are somehow arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing we are somehow arbitrarily
+scale the things which are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the things which are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale the things which are called the
+language model because this is a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language model because this is a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language model because this is a prior
+probability of the particular neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the particular neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the particular neurons
+and this is the this is the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the this is the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the this is the probably
+likely who's coming from the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely who's coming from the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely who's coming from the data
+combining these two things together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining these two things together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining these two things together and
+finding the best match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the best match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the best match
+you get the output which best matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the output which best matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the output which best matches
+the things motor parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things motor parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things motor parameters are
+typically derived from the training data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically derived from the training data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically derived from the training data
+problem is how to find the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is how to find the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is how to find the unknown
+utterance you don't know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterance you don't know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utterance you don't know what is the
+form of the model and we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the model and we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the model and we don't know what
+is the data so we are dealing with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the data so we are dealing with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the data so we are dealing with what
+is called the SS stochastic model hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the SS stochastic model hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the SS stochastic model hidden
+Markov model speech is a sequence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov model speech is a sequence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov model speech is a sequence a
+sequence of hidden States you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of hidden States you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of hidden States you don't see
+this hidden state and also you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hidden state and also you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hidden state and also you don't
+know what comes from any state so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what comes from any state so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what comes from any state so it's
+somehow so you don't know for sure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so you don't know for sure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so you don't know for sure in
+which state you are on you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which state you are on you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which state you are on you don't know
+for sure what comes on out but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure what comes on out but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sure what comes on out but you know
+that well you know you assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you know you assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you know you assume that this
+is how the speech looks like so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the speech looks like so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the speech looks like so here
+again I have a picture little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I have a picture little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I have a picture little bit I
+apologize for being trivial about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for being trivial about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for being trivial about this
+but imagine that you have a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine that you have a string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine that you have a string of
+group of people they are somehow female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people they are somehow female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people they are somehow female
+some are male they are groups of males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are male they are groups of males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are male they are groups of males
+good groups are females and each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good groups are females and each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good groups are females and each of them
+says something is high and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something is high and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says something is high and you can
+measure something this is a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something this is a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something this is a fundamental
+frequency you get some measurement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you get some measurement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you get some measurement or
+you don't see them but what you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see them but what you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't see them but what you know is
+that they interleaf basically theirs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they interleaf basically theirs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they interleaf basically theirs for
+a while there is a group of males then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while there is a group of males then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while there is a group of males then
+there is a he switches to the group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a he switches to the group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a he switches to the group of
+female and then if you stay for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and then if you stay for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female and then if you stay for a while
+in a group of female and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a group of female and so on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a group of female and so on and so on
+so basically and you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically and you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically and you know what is the
+probability of the fundamental frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the fundamental frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the fundamental frequency
+for males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for males
+so some distributions you know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some distributions you know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some distributions you know what is
+the performs Ananta frequency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performs Ananta frequency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performs Ananta frequency for
+females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females
+you know the probability of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the probability of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the probability of the first
+group being male subsequently we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group being male subsequently we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group being male subsequently we also
+know is the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is where I feel the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where I feel the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where I feel the first
+properties of perception can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of perception can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of perception can come in
+very strongly because this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly because this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly because this is what
+emulates this basic process of speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulates this basic process of speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulates this basic process of speech
+the extraction of information - six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extraction of information - six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extraction of information - six
+minutes attracts about the hidden Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes attracts about the hidden Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes attracts about the hidden Markov
+models that the speech consists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that the speech consists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that the speech consists of the
+sequences of sounds and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of sounds and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of sounds and can be
+previously different speed and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously different speed and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously different speed and so these
+things it's important but here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's important but here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's important but here we can
+use and what comes out this is my how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and what comes out this is my how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and what comes out this is my how
+you can use how we can use that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use how we can use that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use how we can use that you know
+engineer you to verify we use largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you to verify we use largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you to verify we use largely
+nowadays the luminance red to the darker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays the luminance red to the darker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays the luminance red to the darker
+features so how we do it we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so how we do it we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so how we do it we know the
+best set of features for ten years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounds maybe is going to be news if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds maybe is going to be news if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds maybe is going to be news if you
+do the good job actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the good job actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the good job actually you can
+they're reasonable stuff so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reasonable stuff so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reasonable stuff so if you just
+ignore you do some pre-processing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore you do some pre-processing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore you do some pre-processing the
+nerve let me talk position quite low but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve let me talk position quite low but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve let me talk position quite low but
+then it comes too close into unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes too close into unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes too close into unit
+nowadays deep neural net and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays deep neural net and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays deep neural net and you
+estimate a positive use of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a positive use of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a positive use of different
+speech sounds is the high cost of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech sounds is the high cost of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech sounds is the high cost of you
+probably feel funny so we have classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably feel funny so we have classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably feel funny so we have classes
+you can use directly complex independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use directly complex independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use directly complex independent
+for Newton in this example small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Newton in this example small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Newton in this example small number
+you can use context dependent forums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use context dependent forums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use context dependent forums
+which is quite a lot because they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite a lot because they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quite a lot because they try to
+address decide the fact that funny miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address decide the fact that funny miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address decide the fact that funny miss
+proteins it depends on what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins it depends on what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins it depends on what happened in
+the neighborhood parts of context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood parts of context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood parts of context
+dependent for you this is again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent for you this is again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent for you this is again these
+four failures can be directly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four failures can be directly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four failures can be directly used in
+winter research this is the search again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter research this is the search again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winter research this is the search again
+it's coming back this must be I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming back this must be I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming back this must be I think
+leads 1990 but this is the way the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads 1990 but this is the way the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads 1990 but this is the way the most
+of this this is the major way now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the major way now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the major way now how
+you do the speech recognition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the speech recognition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the speech recognition it's
+another way which is called Bionic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way which is called Bionic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way which is called Bionic or
+tandem we were involved at in that tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem we were involved at in that tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandem we were involved at in that tool
+which was the way to make the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the way to make the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the way to make the new
+earnest friendly to people who were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnest friendly to people who were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnest friendly to people who were used
+to all generative hmm models because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all generative hmm models because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all generative hmm models because you
+you basically convert it your output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically convert it your output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically convert it your output
+from the posteriors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the posteriors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the posteriors
+into some features which your generative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some features which your generative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some features which your generative
+GMM model would like so you what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMM model would like so you what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GMM model would like so you what you did
+what you do related them in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do related them in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do related them in sort of
+caution eyes them so that they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution eyes them so that they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution eyes them so that they have a
+normal distribution and use it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and use it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution and use it as a
+features but bottom is bottom line is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but bottom is bottom line is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features but bottom is bottom line is if
+you get the good posteriors you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the good posteriors you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the good posteriors you get the
+good features and we know how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good features and we know how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good features and we know how to use
+them and this is pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this is pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this is pretty much the
+mainstream now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7nnFGxqRwNE.txt b/7nnFGxqRwNE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90d03f584aa8f4c622ac089d9a43d3279d92170e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7nnFGxqRwNE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay um so we added another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay um so we added another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay um so we added another
+tool quickly I admit to um last time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool quickly I admit to um last time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool quickly I admit to um last time to
+our Arsenal saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Arsenal saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Arsenal saying that
+um if you've got a system where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got a system where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you've got a system where you're
+trying to do a trajectory plan for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a trajectory plan for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do a trajectory plan for and
+your trajectory optimizers are failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trajectory optimizers are failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trajectory optimizers are failing
+you because they're only guaranteed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because they're only guaranteed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because they're only guaranteed to
+be local locally good then there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be local locally good then there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be local locally good then there are a
+class of more globally more complete uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of more globally more complete uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of more globally more complete uh
+algorithms that are guaranteed to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are guaranteed to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that are guaranteed to find a
+solution if it exists based on feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if it exists based on feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if it exists based on feasible
+motion planning so we talked about rrts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion planning so we talked about rrts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion planning so we talked about rrts
+mostly I talked a little bit about also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I talked a little bit about also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I talked a little bit about also
+the the more discret planning AAR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more discret planning AAR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more discret planning AAR and
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+that okay so so far our methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so far our methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so far our methods are
+still clumped in sort of very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still clumped in sort of very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still clumped in sort of very distinct
+bins right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we still have our sort of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we still have our sort of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we still have our sort of value
+iteration type methods or dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration type methods or dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration type methods or dynamic
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+methods which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+love right which give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love right which give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love right which give
+us policies over the entire State space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us policies over the entire State space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us policies over the entire State space
+right right so sort of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policies but they're stuck by they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies but they're stuck by they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies but they're stuck by they're
+they're cursed by the curse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cursed by the curse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're cursed by the curse of
+dimensionality right so it only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality right so it only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality right so it only works
+for low dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems okay we've been talking also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay we've been talking also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay we've been talking also
+about and we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we've been talking about
+policy search in general and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy search in general and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy search in general and I'm going
+to later in the class make a point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to later in the class make a point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to later in the class make a point that
+that's not just about designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just about designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not just about designing
+trajectories I made it initially we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I made it initially we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I made it initially we'll
+make it more compelling later but mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more compelling later but mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more compelling later but mostly
+what we've been talking about other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been talking about other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been talking about other than
+that has been Fallen under the class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been Fallen under the class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been Fallen under the class of
+trajectory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory um
+planning or optim Andor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is only locally good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is only locally good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is only locally good right
+but scales very nicely to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but scales very nicely to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but scales very nicely to higher
+dimensionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems so you might ask how well does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so you might ask how well does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so you might ask how well does
+it scale you know um I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it scale you know um I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it scale you know um I don't really
+think there's a there's a good limit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a there's a good limit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a there's a good limit I
+mean it's it's a all it just depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it's a all it just depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it's a all it just depends on
+the complexity of your problem people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of your problem people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complexity of your problem people
+have used rrts very effectively and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used rrts very effectively and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used rrts very effectively and you
+know five years ago on sort of 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five years ago on sort of 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five years ago on sort of 32
+dimensional robots that's pretty darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional robots that's pretty darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional robots that's pretty darn
+good right if I have a system where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right if I have a system where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right if I have a system where the
+start and the goal can sort of be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and the goal can sort of be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and the goal can sort of be easily
+found Alex showed Alex says we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Alex showed Alex says we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found Alex showed Alex says we can do it
+in thousands of Dimensions right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thousands of Dimensions right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thousands of Dimensions right if I
+have a system where the only hope of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system where the only hope of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system where the only hope of if
+I have a six-dimensional system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a six-dimensional system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a six-dimensional system where
+the only hope of finding my my way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only hope of finding my my way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only hope of finding my my way from
+the start to the goal is by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start to the goal is by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start to the goal is by going
+through this little Channel that I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little Channel that I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this little Channel that I told
+you that's going to fail even in low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's going to fail even in low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's going to fail even in low
+Dimensions so it's a hard question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so it's a hard question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so it's a hard question for
+me to specifically say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to specifically say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to specifically say you know what
+class of systems should you expect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems should you expect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems should you expect this
+to work for um but I think they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work for um but I think they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work for um but I think they're sort
+of the best tools we have for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best tools we have for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best tools we have for higher
+dimensional systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the big question I want to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the big question I want to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the big question I want to to
+address today is whether these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address today is whether these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address today is whether these ideas
+which seem very local we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seem very local we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seem very local we were talking
+about single trajectory planning are can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single trajectory planning are can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single trajectory planning are can
+be used to design a feedback policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to design a feedback policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to design a feedback policy
+that's more broadly General over that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more broadly General over that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more broadly General over that's
+valid over lots of areas of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid over lots of areas of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid over lots of areas of the state
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay does that Mak sense what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that Mak sense what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that Mak sense what I'm saying
+yeah I'm saying I could design a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm saying I could design a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm saying I could design a single
+trajectory but that's really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory but that's really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory but that's really only
+relevant very close to the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant very close to the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant very close to the trajectory
+let's let's make a you know our favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make a you know our favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's make a you know our favorite
+picture let's say I've designed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture let's say I've designed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture let's say I've designed for the
+simple pendulum a nice trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pendulum a nice trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pendulum a nice trajectory
+which goes up and gets me to the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes up and gets me to the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes up and gets me to the goal
+and that's good if I start here I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good if I start here I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good if I start here I know
+exactly what to do right we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what to do right we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what to do right we talked about
+stabilizing it with LTV lqr right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing it with LTV lqr right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing it with LTV lqr right so
+that means if I start here or here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I start here or here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if I start here or here I'm
+I'm in pretty good shape if I'm smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in pretty good shape if I'm smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in pretty good shape if I'm smart
+enough to sort of index into the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to sort of index into the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to sort of index into the closest
+point on the trajectory then maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the trajectory then maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the trajectory then maybe even
+starting here it's fine I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here it's fine I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting here it's fine I'll just
+execute the second half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the second half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the second half of that
+trajectory you know but what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory you know but what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory you know but what happens if
+I start over here or if I start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start over here or if I start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start over here or if I start over
+here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+probably um that the controller based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably um that the controller based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably um that the controller based on
+the linearization is not going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearization is not going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearization is not going to have a
+lot to say about the points that are far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to say about the points that are far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to say about the points that are far
+from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my
+trajectory so the goal today is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so the goal today is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory so the goal today is to take
+these methods that we've um been pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods that we've um been pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods that we've um been pretty
+happy with for Designing trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with for Designing trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with for Designing trajectories
+and even stabilizing trajectories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even stabilizing trajectories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even stabilizing trajectories and
+see if we can make them useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can make them useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can make them useful
+throughout the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the state
+space just see how well that can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space just see how well that can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space just see how well that can work
+okay there's a couple ideas um that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a couple ideas um that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a couple ideas um that I
+want to I want to get to but first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to get to but first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I want to get to but first I
+want to make sure I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there's no hope of getting there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no hope of getting there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's no hope of getting there's no
+magic bullet here right so so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic bullet here right so so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic bullet here right so so there's no
+hope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope of
+me finding Global optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me finding Global optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me finding Global optimal
+policies unless I'm sort of willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies unless I'm sort of willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies unless I'm sort of willing to
+look at every state action pair I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at every state action pair I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at every state action pair I'm not
+going to tell you that I can use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you that I can use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you that I can use these
+trajectories to to just magically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories to to just magically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories to to just magically do
+what value itation did in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value itation did in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value itation did in high
+dimensions that's not what I'm what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that's not what I'm what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions that's not what I'm what I'm
+saying um unless you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um unless you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um unless you have some
+analytical Insight which turns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical Insight which turns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical Insight which turns the
+problem into a linear problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into a linear problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into a linear problem or
+something like that I'm not saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I'm not saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that I'm not saying that
+I'm going to give you globally optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you globally optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to give you globally optimal
+policies what I'm trying to say is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies what I'm trying to say is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies what I'm trying to say is we
+can get good enough policies potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get good enough policies potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get good enough policies potentially
+using these methods okay so um I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these methods okay so um I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these methods okay so um I just
+want to make sure I make the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure I make the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure I make the point that
+we really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expect globally optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policies unless we explore every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies unless we explore every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies unless we explore every state
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair or maybe if we have some analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair or maybe if we have some analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair or maybe if we have some analytical
+insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the curse of dimensionality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the curse of dimensionality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the curse of dimensionality is
+real it's not it's not that some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real it's not it's not that some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real it's not it's not that some you
+know the value iteration algorithm is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value iteration algorithm is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the value iteration algorithm is a
+little quirky it's got this problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little quirky it's got this problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little quirky it's got this problem of
+dimensionality it's really not that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality it's really not that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionality it's really not that at
+all it's it's it's not that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's it's it's not that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's it's it's not that somebody
+hasn't just come up with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't just come up with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't just come up with the right
+algorithm the problem is you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the problem is you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the problem is you can't
+know if there's a better way unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's a better way unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there's a better way unless you
+look at every possible way that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at every possible way that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at every possible way that's that's
+the real problem I mean so you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problem I mean so you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real problem I mean so you know it
+might be that I want to find my my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that I want to find my my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that I want to find my my way
+from the start of the front of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start of the front of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start of the front of the room
+to the back of the room and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back of the room and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the back of the room and I've got
+some cost function which penalizes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost function which penalizes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cost function which penalizes for
+the number of steps I take you know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps I take you know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of steps I take you know but
+unless I go down that third row I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I go down that third row I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless I go down that third row I didn't
+know that there was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there was actually
+uh see if I can say something not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see if I can say something not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see if I can say something not
+ridiculous but some pot of gold or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous but some pot of gold or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous but some pot of gold or
+something in the middle of the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle of the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle of the third row
+right and I just didn't see it and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just didn't see it and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I just didn't see it and I'm
+never going to see it unless I go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to see it unless I go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to see it unless I go down
+the third row right so uh you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third row right so uh you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third row right so uh you really
+can't get around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the goal is to really maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the goal is to really maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the goal is to really maybe we can
+get efficiently get good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get efficiently get good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get efficiently get good enough
+policies and I I don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and I I don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and I I don't care about
+optimality per se I've said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality per se I've said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality per se I've said that
+before um I just care about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um I just care about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um I just care about using
+optimal control and the like to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control and the like to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal control and the like to turn
+these things into computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's a couple ideas out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a couple ideas out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a couple ideas out there
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relevant the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounds a little silly but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little silly but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds a little silly but it's
+increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly
+plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right let's say my trajectory optimizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say my trajectory optimizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say my trajectory optimizers
+or my planning algorithms got so fast or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my planning algorithms got so fast or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my planning algorithms got so fast or
+maybe just computers got so fast and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just computers got so fast and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just computers got so fast and I
+uh I didn't have to do any work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I didn't have to do any work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I didn't have to do any work in the
+algorithms right that it takes me 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms right that it takes me 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms right that it takes me 100th
+of a second to design a trajectory from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a second to design a trajectory from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a second to design a trajectory from
+the start to the goal here right I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start to the goal here right I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start to the goal here right I've
+got a real time execution task here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a real time execution task here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a real time execution task here like
+every let's say hundredth of a second my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every let's say hundredth of a second my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every let's say hundredth of a second my
+control system is asking me for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system is asking me for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system is asking me for a
+decision about what to do but if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about what to do but if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision about what to do but if I can
+plan fast enough and I find myself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan fast enough and I find myself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan fast enough and I find myself in
+this state then you could just plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state then you could just plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state then you could just plan
+again right you could really just every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right you could really just every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again right you could really just every
+time you find yourself in a new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you find yourself in a new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you find yourself in a new state
+plan a trajectory that's going to get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan a trajectory that's going to get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan a trajectory that's going to get me
+to the goal right if I find myself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goal right if I find myself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goal right if I find myself if
+some if I'm executing this trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some if I'm executing this trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some if I'm executing this trajectory
+and I get pushed off into disturbance no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get pushed off into disturbance no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get pushed off into disturbance no
+problem every step I'm just planning a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem every step I'm just planning a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem every step I'm just planning a a
+trajectory to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory to the
+goal if you can plant you know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal if you can plant you know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal if you can plant you know if we
+teach the course again in five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach the course again in five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach the course again in five years
+maybe that's the only answer I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the only answer I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the only answer I don't
+know you know if you can plan fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know if you can plan fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know if you can plan fast
+enough that really is a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer for the most part the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for the most part the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for the most part the problems
+we've looked at so far are not that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at so far are not that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at so far are not that easy
+that you can plan that fast but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can plan that fast but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can plan that fast but there's
+a middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a middle
+ground so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so this
+was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically
+plan every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a middle ground that people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a middle ground that people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a middle ground that people use
+today a lot and I mentioned it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a lot and I mentioned it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today a lot and I mentioned it once
+before but a lot of times what we do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but a lot of times what we do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but a lot of times what we do to
+make real time to make the planning fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make real time to make the planning fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make real time to make the planning fast
+enough to execute in real time is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to execute in real time is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to execute in real time is a lot
+of times we'll do some sort of receding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times we'll do some sort of receding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times we'll do some sort of receding
+Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how's that going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work the the simplest answer is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the the simplest answer is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the the simplest answer is for
+receding Horizon I've got some long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding Horizon I've got some long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding Horizon I've got some long-term
+cost function right I've got my total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function right I've got my total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function right I've got my total
+cost function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost function
+um is is from tal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some
+tfal G of X U DT uh I I did a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfal G of X U DT uh I I did a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tfal G of X U DT uh I I did a discrete
+time that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's fine
+so n to capital N for discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time right and let's say I'm it takes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and let's say I'm it takes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and let's say I'm it takes me
+too long to plan n steps ahead but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long to plan n steps ahead but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too long to plan n steps ahead but I
+know I can plan three steps ahead really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can plan three steps ahead really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can plan three steps ahead really
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+right so a lot of times people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lot of times people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lot of times people will
+actually approximate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually approximate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually approximate that
+with um the problem of just looking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um the problem of just looking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um the problem of just looking some
+finite receding Horizon step ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite receding Horizon step ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite receding Horizon step ahead and
+if you can if you're doing it at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can if you're doing it at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can if you're doing it at every
+time you know if you if at time two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know if you if at time two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know if you if at time two
+you're asking for the receding Horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for the receding Horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for the receding Horizon
+plan then you can just look from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan then you can just look from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan then you can just look from from
+time two so let's say um uh you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time two so let's say um uh you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time two so let's say um uh you know my
+current time to my current time plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time to my current time plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current time to my current time plus
+three GX of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U that could be an arbitrarily bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that could be an arbitrarily bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U that could be an arbitrarily bad
+estimate of my long-term cost of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of my long-term cost of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of my long-term cost of course
+if you're clever enough to have a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're clever enough to have a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're clever enough to have a guess
+at the longterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the longterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the longterm
+cost then you can put in some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost then you can put in some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost then you can put in some sort of
+estimate of what J um X from t + 3 might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what J um X from t + 3 might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what J um X from t + 3 might
+be and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+help so for inance let's say I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so for inance let's say I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so for inance let's say I find
+myself um off my trajectory somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um off my trajectory somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself um off my trajectory somewhere
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here and I'm willing to say you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm willing to say you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm willing to say you know my
+planner is fast enough my controller is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner is fast enough my controller is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner is fast enough my controller is
+running at 100 Hertz right and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at 100 Hertz right and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at 100 Hertz right and in a
+100th of a second I can about solve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th of a second I can about solve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th of a second I can about solve uh
+an optimal control problem that's of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal control problem that's of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimal control problem that's of you
+know half a second in duration let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know half a second in duration let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know half a second in duration let's see
+that's a reasonable thing half a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable thing half a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable thing half a second
+along puts me would put me here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along puts me would put me here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along puts me would put me here so let's
+say I'm going to design I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to design I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to design I'm going to use
+my planner to design a trajectory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my planner to design a trajectory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my planner to design a trajectory that
+gets me back to this in half a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets me back to this in half a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets me back to this in half a second
+and then I use my cost to go that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I use my cost to go that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I use my cost to go that I
+already knew from this design to get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew from this design to get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew from this design to get me
+to the goal that's one way to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goal that's one way to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goal that's one way to implement
+what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+okay and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's
+not um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um just
+talk um I can show you a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um I can show you a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um I can show you a good example of
+it so I showed you guys this once before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I showed you guys this once before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I showed you guys this once before
+but let's just look at it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly this is um Peter ael's and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this is um Peter ael's and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this is um Peter ael's and uh
+Andrew in work on the autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew in work on the autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew in work on the autonomous
+helicopters okay so they execute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters okay so they execute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters okay so they execute these
+sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort
+of comically cool uh trajectories with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comically cool uh trajectories with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comically cool uh trajectories with
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+helicopter the way they do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter the way they do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter the way they do it is
+actually they get a desired trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they get a desired trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they get a desired trajectory
+from a human pilot and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a human pilot and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a human pilot and then they
+stabilize that in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize that in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize that in real
+time they've got it they do uh he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they've got it they do uh he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they've got it they do uh he calls
+it DDP but it's actually what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it DDP but it's actually what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it DDP but it's actually what we've been
+calling iterative lqr I told you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling iterative lqr I told you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling iterative lqr I told you a lot
+of people blur the lines unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people blur the lines unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people blur the lines unfortunately
+between those two so they do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two so they do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two so they do an
+iterative lqr controller design and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative lqr controller design and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative lqr controller design and they
+decided that it's fast enough that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that it's fast enough that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that it's fast enough that they
+can do it 3 seconds into the future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it 3 seconds into the future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it 3 seconds into the future so
+they're doing exactly these receding her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing exactly these receding her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing exactly these receding her
+every DT for that control for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every DT for that control for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every DT for that control for that
+helicopter um they're doing iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter um they're doing iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter um they're doing iterative
+lqr to design a trajectory that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr to design a trajectory that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr to design a trajectory that's going
+to get me back to my Pilot's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me back to my Pilot's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get me back to my Pilot's
+trajectory and they're running it every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and they're running it every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and they're running it every
+DT thinking 3 seconds ahead and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT thinking 3 seconds ahead and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT thinking 3 seconds ahead and they say
+that's comparable to the time of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's comparable to the time of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's comparable to the time of in the
+the sort of the the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the the Dynamics of
+instability for their helicopter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability for their helicopter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability for their helicopter yeah
+put it all together and you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together and you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together and you get this
+thing tracking pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tracking pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing tracking pretty cool
+trajectories okay it took a lot of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories okay it took a lot of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories okay it took a lot of good
+engineering behind that too of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering behind that too of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering behind that too of getting
+the model right and getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model right and getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model right and getting the
+helicopter right but it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you can plan fast enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you can plan fast enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you can plan fast enough and
+like I said you know in a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said you know in a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said you know in a few years
+maybe the planning algorithms are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the planning algorithms are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the planning algorithms are going
+to be and the computers are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and the computers are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and the computers are going to be
+so fast and the planning algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast and the planning algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast and the planning algorithms are
+going to be so fast that we never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so fast that we never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so fast that we never do
+value iteration anymore but I I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration anymore but I I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value iteration anymore but I I kind of
+doubt it I think that there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt it I think that there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt it I think that there's always
+going to be reasons to do more Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reasons to do more Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reasons to do more Global
+methods if you can plan plan fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if you can plan plan fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods if you can plan plan fast enough
+even a little bit into the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a little bit into the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a little bit into the future
+then it might be good enough to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might be good enough to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might be good enough to just
+turn your planner immediately into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn your planner immediately into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn your planner immediately into a
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+policy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay
+um we don't do that so much in my group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't do that so much in my group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't do that so much in my group
+I think it's a good idea and it it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a good idea and it it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a good idea and it it makes
+sense um but I do think there there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but I do think there there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um but I do think there there's a
+lot of other good ideas out there on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other good ideas out there on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other good ideas out there on how
+to turn your planners into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn your planners into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn your planners into
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+policies okay the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is multi-query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planning anybody knows what know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning anybody knows what know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning anybody knows what know what I
+mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um no it's um that's not what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um no it's um that's not what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um no it's um that's not what I
+mean you could imagine doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could imagine doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could imagine doing something
+like that and it meaning this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so I spent relatively little time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I spent relatively little time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I spent relatively little time on
+the RTS but actually it's it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RTS but actually it's it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RTS but actually it's it's one of
+the tools we think a lot about in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we think a lot about in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we think a lot about in my
+group now it's actually the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group now it's actually the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group now it's actually the only reason
+I spent a little time on it is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent a little time on it is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent a little time on it is I think
+that seeing the big idea in class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seeing the big idea in class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seeing the big idea in class is
+enough that it's the ideas are so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it's the ideas are so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that it's the ideas are so simple
+that when you do your problem set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do your problem set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you do your problem set and
+make it work that's the best way for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it work that's the best way for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it work that's the best way for you
+to learn about it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about it okay so
+um it's it's such a simple idea that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's such a simple idea that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's such a simple idea that it
+just works very well okay so so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just works very well okay so so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just works very well okay so so let's
+say we've got these rrts that we like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we've got these rrts that we like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we've got these rrts that we like we
+know and love and for the pendulum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love and for the pendulum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and love and for the pendulum I
+showed you a plot of the rrt trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a plot of the rrt trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a plot of the rrt trying to
+find its way to the the goal right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its way to the the goal right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its way to the the goal right it
+started um splintering off lots of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um splintering off lots of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um splintering off lots of you
+know eventually it'll find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eventually it'll find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eventually it'll find some
+trajectory that will find its way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that will find its way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory that will find its way there
+but along the way it's generated lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way it's generated lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way it's generated lots of
+trees that do random things and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that do random things and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees that do random things and lots of
+paths that didn't turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that didn't turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that didn't turn out to be
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and what you have is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you have is sort of a
+web in this case it's a tree and for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web in this case it's a tree and for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web in this case it's a tree and for if
+you run the RT once you have a tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the RT once you have a tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run the RT once you have a tree of
+feasible trajectories that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible trajectories that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible trajectories that you could
+execute on the on the real robot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute on the on the real robot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute on the on the real robot right
+it happens that one of them got me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens that one of them got me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens that one of them got me from
+the start and to the goal in my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start and to the goal in my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start and to the goal in my initial
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+formulation okay but instead of throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation okay but instead of throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation okay but instead of throwing
+all that computation out um and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that computation out um and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that computation out um and just
+keeping the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the nominal
+trajectory right I might as well store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory right I might as well store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory right I might as well store
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+if I get a new problem which is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get a new problem which is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I get a new problem which is let's
+say I wanted to start from here like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I wanted to start from here like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I wanted to start from here like I
+said and get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and get to the
+goal then really all I need to do in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal then really all I need to do in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal then really all I need to do in my
+new time in my new planning problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new time in my new planning problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new time in my new planning problem is
+connect back to my old solution right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect back to my old solution right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect back to my old solution right if
+I can find a new plan that gets me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find a new plan that gets me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find a new plan that gets me back
+here then I can just ride the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I can just ride the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I can just ride the rest of
+the solution into the goal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution into the goal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution into the goal right
+simultaneously if I were someone were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously if I were someone were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously if I were someone were to
+tell me I want to get to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me I want to get to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me I want to get to a different
+goal let's say I want to get the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal let's say I want to get the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal let's say I want to get the system
+to the upright with some velocity all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the upright with some velocity all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the upright with some velocity all I
+really need to do is find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do is find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to do is find a way to
+connect from my old plan to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect from my old plan to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect from my old plan to the new
+goal right so as you design these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right so as you design these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right so as you design these the
+first start to the goal sort of planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start to the goal sort of planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start to the goal sort of planning
+problem where you're designing trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you're designing trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you're designing trees
+that try to get us cover all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to get us cover all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to get us cover all over the
+place could be potentially very power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place could be potentially very power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place could be potentially very power
+very painful you might take a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very painful you might take a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very painful you might take a long time
+to to find your way from start to goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to find your way from start to goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to find your way from start to goal
+but if I want to solve a new problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I want to solve a new problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I want to solve a new problem
+which is not so different then it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not so different then it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not so different then it could
+be actually very efficient to reuse your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually very efficient to reuse your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually very efficient to reuse your
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+computation and do a multi-query this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and do a multi-query this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and do a multi-query this is
+a multi-query planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-query planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi-query planning
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+okay and I think that idea is so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think that idea is so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think that idea is so good
+that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually
+um if you if you if you do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you if you do this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you if you if you do this again
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+again then you're going to slowly end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then you're going to slowly end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again then you're going to slowly end up
+with this sort of web of of feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of web of of feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of web of of feasible
+trajectories that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories that you could
+execute um people call it a road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute um people call it a road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute um people call it a road
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map
+right when you have a some some Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you have a some some Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you have a some some Network
+some graph of these feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graph of these feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graph of these feasible
+trajectories people call it a road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+map if all you care about is getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map if all you care about is getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map if all you care about is getting to
+the goal then all you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal then all you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal then all you need to do is
+connect to your existing road map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to your existing road map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to your existing road map and
+ride it to the goal if your road map is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride it to the goal if your road map is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride it to the goal if your road map is
+so rich that once I connect to the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rich that once I connect to the road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rich that once I connect to the road
+map there's actually a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map there's actually a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map there's actually a bunch of
+different options bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options bunch of different
+paths I could take through the graph to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths I could take through the graph to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths I could take through the graph to
+get there well then at least you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there well then at least you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there well then at least you've got
+a discreet planning problem and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discreet planning problem and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discreet planning problem and you can
+do a star on it or something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a star on it or something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a star on it or something like this
+right and it effectively the this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it effectively the this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it effectively the this the
+trajectories I've already generated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I've already generated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I've already generated um
+will turn this back into a discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn this back into a discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn this back into a discreet
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that idea is so good that people some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea is so good that people some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea is so good that people some
+people believe it's the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe it's the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe it's the only thing you
+need to do okay there's a camp out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do okay there's a camp out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do okay there's a camp out there
+that does these probabilistic road maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does these probabilistic road maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does these probabilistic road maps
+it's Jean clad lome I think is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Jean clad lome I think is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Jean clad lome I think is sort of
+the head of the camp started these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the camp started these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the camp started these
+ideas um and they believe that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas um and they believe that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas um and they believe that you
+should address a complicated motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should address a complicated motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should address a complicated motion
+planning problem in two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first you'll construct some dense enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you'll construct some dense enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you'll construct some dense enough
+graph a road map I guess I should call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and then once you've got it you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then once you've got it you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then once you've got it you just
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+your your query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your query
+phase okay so let's think about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay so let's think about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase okay so let's think about that in
+a configuration space you know um I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a configuration space you know um I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a configuration space you know um I've
+got a bunch of obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want to get myself from start some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to get myself from start some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to get myself from start some
+start to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to some
+goal right if I know I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right if I know I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal right if I know I'm going to be
+doing a lot of these things then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of these things then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of these things then it
+actually makes a lot of sense for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes a lot of sense for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes a lot of sense for me to
+go ahead and build a pretty good graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and build a pretty good graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and build a pretty good graph
+right so before I even start to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so before I even start to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so before I even start to solve
+the first problem let's just drop in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem let's just drop in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first problem let's just drop in a
+lot of random samples throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of random samples throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of random samples throughout the
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+uniformly okay at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly okay at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly okay at the
+space every time I add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space every time I add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space every time I add a
+point in the configuration space um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the configuration space um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the configuration space um
+world that they try to connect that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that they try to connect that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that they try to connect that new
+point to sort of the end closest points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to sort of the end closest points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to sort of the end closest points
+with simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll pick a point at random I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll pick a point at random I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll pick a point at random I'll try
+to find the guys that are close to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the guys that are close to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the guys that are close to it
+and I'll I'll connect with it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll connect with it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll I'll connect with it you know
+pick a new point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a new point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a new point at
+random there's only one guy close to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random there's only one guy close to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random there's only one guy close to it
+I'll connect to it right pick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll connect to it right pick another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll connect to it right pick another
+point maybe these guys are connected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point maybe these guys are connected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point maybe these guys are connected and
+that's it and if I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and if I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and if I do it
+enough then I come up with a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then I come up with a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then I come up with a pretty good
+road map maybe this guy was the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map maybe this guy was the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map maybe this guy was the one that
+connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+that when the query phase comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the query phase comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the query phase comes
+along again all you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along again all you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along again all you need to do is
+connect to your road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to your road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to your road
+map I got a new query I just connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map I got a new query I just connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map I got a new query I just connect to
+my road map I do whatever my discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my road map I do whatever my discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my road map I do whatever my discrete
+searching problem my a star or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching problem my a star or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching problem my a star or whatever
+to find a path from the start to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a path from the start to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a path from the start to the
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I actually think it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I actually think it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I actually think it's a very
+beautiful idea to sort of have these web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful idea to sort of have these web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful idea to sort of have these web
+of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible
+trajectories um covering the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories um covering the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories um covering the state
+space and then all it takes at execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then all it takes at execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then all it takes at execution
+time is connecting and or and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is connecting and or and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is connecting and or and then
+executing your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing your your
+trajectory now the probabilistic road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory now the probabilistic road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory now the probabilistic road
+maps again this sort of Step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps again this sort of Step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps again this sort of Step of
+connecting nearby points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting nearby points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting nearby points in
+underactuated systems might be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems might be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems might be hard
+might be as hard as finding the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be as hard as finding the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be as hard as finding the path
+from the start to the goal so maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start to the goal so maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the start to the goal so maybe what
+you do here is actually do dir call or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do here is actually do dir call or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do here is actually do dir call or
+something to find that path or you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to find that path or you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to find that path or you do
+rrt or one of any of the other methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rrt or one of any of the other methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rrt or one of any of the other methods
+we've done to make these initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done to make these initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done to make these initial
+connections and maybe to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and maybe to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections and maybe to make them
+feasible to execute you've got to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to execute you've got to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to execute you've got to do uh
+some stabil trajectory stabilization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stabil trajectory stabilization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stabil trajectory stabilization to
+get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on
+that but if you can solve some local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you can solve some local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if you can solve some local
+planning problems then you can use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problems then you can use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning problems then you can use these
+big road map ideas to maybe do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big road map ideas to maybe do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big road map ideas to maybe do more
+Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global
+behaviors okay so again I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors okay so again I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors okay so again I think
+multiquery planning is a nice way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiquery planning is a nice way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiquery planning is a nice way to go
+from local policies to more globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from local policies to more globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from local policies to more globally
+valid policies yeah um I can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid policies yeah um I can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid policies yeah um I can see that
+working pretty well with a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working pretty well with a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working pretty well with a static
+obstacle field good moving obstacles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle field good moving obstacles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle field good moving obstacles and
+might the road map might change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might the road map might change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might the road map might change right
+well I don't really know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't really know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't really know what the
+proponents would would would say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponents would would would say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proponents would would would say but
+um if you know where the obstacles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you know where the obstacles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you know where the obstacles are
+then or if you even sense where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or if you even sense where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then or if you even sense where the
+obstacles are going to be in a receding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles are going to be in a receding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles are going to be in a receding
+Horizon sort of quickly then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon sort of quickly then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horizon sort of quickly then you could
+you know you could maybe this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could maybe this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could maybe this one's
+blocked and I can just take another path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked and I can just take another path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked and I can just take another path
+right if I have a rich enough road map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I have a rich enough road map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I have a rich enough road map
+hopefully you can get around that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can get around that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can get around that and
+the other thing is if I have a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is if I have a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is if I have a model of
+how those obstacles are changing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those obstacles are changing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those obstacles are changing then
+naively that just adds one dimension in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively that just adds one dimension in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively that just adds one dimension in
+time let's say to the to my plan and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's say to the to my plan and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's say to the to my plan and I
+just have to do a higher dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do a higher dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do a higher dimensional
+plan but I think the case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan but I think the case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan but I think the case you're
+thinking about is if these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is if these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is if these things are
+just moving on their own I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving on their own I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moving on their own I don't have
+any good model I suddenly find that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good model I suddenly find that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good model I suddenly find that I'm
+obstructed I then then again you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructed I then then again you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstructed I then then again you have to
+you could dynamically replan or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could dynamically replan or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could dynamically replan or you
+could uh you know Buy either taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh you know Buy either taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh you know Buy either taking a
+different path here or making a new Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path here or making a new Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path here or making a new Edge
+if you had to I don't think it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to I don't think it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had to I don't think it breaks
+the sort of fundamental uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of fundamental uh uh
+goal you could almost think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal you could almost think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal you could almost think of this as
+having in the dynamic sense you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having in the dynamic sense you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having in the dynamic sense you could
+almost think of this as having a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost think of this as having a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost think of this as having a bunch
+of repertoire a bunch of things I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repertoire a bunch of things I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repertoire a bunch of things I know
+how to do right so maybe if it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do right so maybe if it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do right so maybe if it's a a
+walking robot maybe I I know how to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot maybe I I know how to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking robot maybe I I know how to take
+a step here that's one of my edges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step here that's one of my edges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step here that's one of my edges you
+know I know how to execute that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know how to execute that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know how to execute that I know
+how to take a big step I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take a big step I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take a big step I know how to
+take a small step it's a repertoire of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a small step it's a repertoire of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a small step it's a repertoire of
+local skills right local trajectories in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local skills right local trajectories in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local skills right local trajectories in
+this case and I just got to stitch them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case and I just got to stitch them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case and I just got to stitch them
+together in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the right
+way so that's a fairly robust thing even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's a fairly robust thing even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that's a fairly robust thing even
+if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know
+yeah given a original road map would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah given a original road map would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah given a original road map would you
+have problems finding choosing the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems finding choosing the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have problems finding choosing the best
+path from among those among those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from among those among those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from among those among those those
+paths like discreet search the discreete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths like discreet search the discreete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths like discreet search the discreete
+search I think in general you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I think in general you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search I think in general you should
+think of as being unlimitedly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as being unlimitedly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as being unlimitedly have
+basically unlimited I mean it's compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically unlimited I mean it's compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically unlimited I mean it's compared
+to all these continuous time methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all these continuous time methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all these continuous time methods
+it's very very efficient right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very efficient right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very efficient right people
+doing it on huge collections of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on huge collections of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it on huge collections of nodes
+very efficiently especially if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently especially if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very efficiently especially if you can
+do sort of a star if you find of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of a star if you find of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sort of a star if you find of good
+heuristic I mean this is how you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic I mean this is how you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic I mean this is how you can go
+to this is uh you know to to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is uh you know to to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is uh you know to to maybe
+overplay the title this is how you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overplay the title this is how you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overplay the title this is how you go to
+map quest and you ask it to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map quest and you ask it to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map quest and you ask it to go from
+Boston to California and it just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston to California and it just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston to California and it just happens
+right uh right these things are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh right these things are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh right these things are very
+fast even with a lot of nodes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast even with a lot of nodes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast even with a lot of nodes a lot of
+Roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roads
+yeah yeah how how does it compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah how how does it compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah how how does it compare to
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+these good so very good question let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good so very good question let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good so very good question let me
+answer that first and then I'll get so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that first and then I'll get so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that first and then I'll get so
+um so I almost talked about this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I almost talked about this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I almost talked about this last
+time right after I said what happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right after I said what happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right after I said what happens you
+know when you when you turn the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you when you turn the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you when you turn the state
+space into buckets how that's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space into buckets how that's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space into buckets how that's it's a
+sort of a reasonable thing to try but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a reasonable thing to try but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a reasonable thing to try but
+not very elegant um I think these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very elegant um I think these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very elegant um I think these guys
+would have put this topic immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put this topic immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put this topic immediately
+after that saying instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that saying instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that saying instead of
+discretizing in some unnatural grid kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizing in some unnatural grid kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretizing in some unnatural grid kind
+of maneuver we're discretizing here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maneuver we're discretizing here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maneuver we're discretizing here by
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+randomly that has the benefit that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly that has the benefit that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly that has the benefit that you
+can you can for instance um uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can for instance um uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can for instance um uh you can
+actually you don't have to sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't have to sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you don't have to sample
+uniformly maybe you care more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly maybe you care more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly maybe you care more about
+things in this area you can bias your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this area you can bias your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this area you can bias your
+sampling distribution same way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling distribution same way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling distribution same way you can
+add more grid cells or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more grid cells or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more grid cells or something like
+that but the the the real benefit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the the the real benefit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the the the real benefit is
+that it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a more
+continuous process it's not stuck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous process it's not stuck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous process it's not stuck in
+some very discreet bins okay sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very discreet bins okay sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very discreet bins okay sorry
+second part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of your
+question well that would follow like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well that would follow like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well that would follow like if
+we have a discre Bo then we can run any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a discre Bo then we can run any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a discre Bo then we can run any
+of those like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those like
+value yes exactly so so why did I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value yes exactly so so why did I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value yes exactly so so why did I say
+AAR I should said value duration on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR I should said value duration on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AAR I should said value duration on the
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah
+right I mean AAR can be faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean AAR can be faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean AAR can be faster than
+value duration right if you have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value duration right if you have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value duration right if you have a good
+heris stic you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heris stic you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heris stic you don't have
+to Y so when you're doing the sand BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y so when you're doing the sand BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y so when you're doing the sand BL
+here good you're like RTS do this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good you're like RTS do this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good you're like RTS do this very
+uniform sand BL and you say you can bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform sand BL and you say you can bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform sand BL and you say you can bias
+the sand yes but if you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand yes but if you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand yes but if you're doing this
+before you even do your first path what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even do your first path what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you even do your first path what
+why don't you actually choose like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you actually choose like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you actually choose like
+Optimal s button can can you do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimal s button can can you do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimal s button can can you do like
+some kind of War diagram with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of War diagram with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of War diagram with this and
+just say I'm going to tesate using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I'm going to tesate using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say I'm going to tesate using the
+best I can find given that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can find given that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I can find given that I have a
+model of the world and then get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the world and then get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the world and then get done
+with sampling you're still in continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sampling you're still in continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sampling you're still in continuous
+time and then you find you know like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then you find you know like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then you find you know like why
+why why is the sampling still part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is the sampling still part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why is the sampling still part of
+this excellent point I think I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excellent point I think I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excellent point I think I think if
+the if the problem permits that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the problem permits that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the problem permits that then you
+should you should absolutely do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you should absolutely do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you should absolutely do that I
+think even for the pendulum though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even for the pendulum though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even for the pendulum though I
+wouldn't know how to tell you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know how to tell you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know how to tell you what the
+optimal sampling is right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal sampling is right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal sampling is right because the
+way these things are connected connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these things are connected connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these things are connected connect
+are are non-trivially subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are non-trivially subject to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are non-trivially subject to the
+dynamic constraints right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic constraints right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic constraints right right so
+so if you could formulate that and solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could formulate that and solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could formulate that and solve
+it for this and and maybe you can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this and and maybe you can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this and and maybe you can maybe
+people have I don't I don't know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have I don't I don't know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have I don't I don't know that I
+haven't seen that um but then that's SS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen that um but then that's SS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen that um but then that's SS
+like a very reasonable thing to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very reasonable thing to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very reasonable thing to do but
+it doesn't have to be quick right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be quick right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be quick right
+doesn't have to be quick first can be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be quick first can be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be quick first can be as
+slow as possible you want well right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow as possible you want well right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow as possible you want well right you
+know kind of the universe kind of slowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of the universe kind of slowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of the universe kind of slowed
+back right right take a chance to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right right take a chance to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back right right take a chance to this
+is sort of explore your system you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of explore your system you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of explore your system you know
+build things that are good in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things that are good in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things that are good in random
+places and then worry about connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and then worry about connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and then worry about connecting
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um again making these Connections in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again making these Connections in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again making these Connections in uh
+underactuated systems is more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems is more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underactuated systems is more subtle
+right it might be that there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it might be that there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it might be that there's a lot of
+one-way connections but we can still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way connections but we can still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way connections but we can still do
+we know how to do Graph Search okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do Graph Search okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to do Graph Search okay but
+these are these are generally good tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are generally good tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are generally good tools
+and they've been used a lot in robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been used a lot in robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been used a lot in robotics
+lately right these are um the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately right these are um the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately right these are um the other ones
+the randomly rapidly exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomly rapidly exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the randomly rapidly exploring
+randomized trees goes by rrts these go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized trees goes by rrts these go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized trees goes by rrts these go
+by PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by PR
+probabilistic road maps you know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic road maps you know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic road maps you know a lot
+of people seem to think that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people seem to think that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people seem to think that they're
+competitors intellectual competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors intellectual competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors intellectual competitors
+with RTS and I don't think that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RTS and I don't think that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RTS and I don't think that they are
+really I think you know the RT guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think you know the RT guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think you know the RT guys
+would just say that well you just use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say that well you just use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say that well you just use an
+RT to make the connections and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT to make the connections and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT to make the connections and they're
+and the road map is still a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the road map is still a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the road map is still a very good
+idea and I think you know RTS sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and I think you know RTS sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and I think you know RTS sort of
+make effectively make road maps so so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make effectively make road maps so so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make effectively make road maps so so I
+think they're very um harmonious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas excellent so so that's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas excellent so so that's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas excellent so so that's at least
+two ideas to take these local trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas to take these local trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas to take these local trajectory
+optimizers and turning turn them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizers and turning turn them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizers and turning turn them into
+more of a feedback policy but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a feedback policy but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a feedback policy but there's a
+big one a big one that I like a lot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big one a big one that I like a lot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big one a big one that I like a lot that
+I haven't said yet okay um so big I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said yet okay um so big I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said yet okay um so big I'm
+going to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to the
+left okay let's say it's idea number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay let's say it's idea number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left okay let's say it's idea number
+three these things aren't perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three these things aren't perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three these things aren't perfectly
+orthogonal but this is the breakdown I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but this is the breakdown I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but this is the breakdown I
+was most happy with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um feedback motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+okay so so far we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so far we've talked
+about building some trajectory that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building some trajectory that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building some trajectory that we
+thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was
+good and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and then
+afterwards go through and stabilize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards go through and stabilize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards go through and stabilize it
+with feedback right that's not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with feedback right that's not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with feedback right that's not always
+the best recipe because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best recipe because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best recipe because you could
+imagine for instance designing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for instance designing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for instance designing a
+controller that locally looked very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that locally looked very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that locally looked very good
+but was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was completely
+unstabilized then I'm done with this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstabilized then I'm done with this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstabilized then I'm done with this I
+said perfect my first stage of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said perfect my first stage of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said perfect my first stage of my uh
+control design picked this trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control design picked this trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control design picked this trajectory
+now I'm going to run LTV lqr on it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to run LTV lqr on it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to run LTV lqr on it to
+stabilize it and then I find out whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize it and then I find out whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize it and then I find out whoops
+right there it's not controllable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it's not controllable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it's not controllable or
+something right it's that that my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it's that that my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right it's that that my my
+cost to go function blows up maybe I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go function blows up maybe I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go function blows up maybe I'm
+you know my open loop trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my open loop trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my open loop trajectory
+Optimizer told me to walk along the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimizer told me to walk along the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimizer told me to walk along the side
+of a cliff right and wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cliff right and wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cliff right and wasn't really
+paying attention to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to the fact that
+stabilizing that's hard right or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing that's hard right or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing that's hard right or maybe
+it was saturating my actuators the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was saturating my actuators the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was saturating my actuators the
+entire time that's a real very real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire time that's a real very real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire time that's a real very real
+possibility and left me no margin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and left me no margin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and left me no margin of
+control to go back and stabilize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control to go back and stabilize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control to go back and stabilize it
+okay take into account putting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take into account putting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay take into account putting those
+edges down that it is actually feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges down that it is actually feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges down that it is actually feasible
+to go from A to B yep it's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from A to B yep it's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from A to B yep it's definitely
+feasible to go from A to B but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to go from A to B but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible to go from A to B but it
+doesn't say that nothing thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say that nothing thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say that nothing thought about
+whether if I get Disturbed Epsilon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if I get Disturbed Epsilon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if I get Disturbed Epsilon from
+this whether I can recover so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whether I can recover so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whether I can recover so you're
+worried about noise I'm worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about noise I'm worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about noise I'm worried about
+noise right so it's feasible for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise right so it's feasible for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise right so it's feasible for me to
+lock along the side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock along the side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock along the side of a
+cliff but I wouldn't want to be bumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff but I wouldn't want to be bumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff but I wouldn't want to be bumped
+right if I know I'm going to be bumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I know I'm going to be bumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I know I'm going to be bumped
+then I pick a different path okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I pick a different path okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I pick a different path okay um so
+you can imagine for maybe each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine for maybe each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine for maybe each of those
+examples you could imagine ways to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you could imagine ways to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples you could imagine ways to try
+to make the planning process more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the planning process more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the planning process more you
+know so say okay well don't use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so say okay well don't use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so say okay well don't use your
+full torque limits use 90% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full torque limits use 90% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full torque limits use 90% of your
+torque limits that's a that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque limits that's a that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque limits that's a that's a good
+idea that'll help but there's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that'll help but there's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that'll help but there's a more
+General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General
+philosophy out there which is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy out there which is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy out there which is that you
+shouldn't just do trajectory planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just do trajectory planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just do trajectory planning
+and then stabilize it you should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stabilize it you should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then stabilize it you should really
+be planning with feedback if that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be planning with feedback if that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be planning with feedback if that makes
+any sense okay well it'll make sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense okay well it'll make sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense okay well it'll make sense in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute there's a lot of ways to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there's a lot of ways to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there's a lot of ways to to
+present this I thought the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this I thought the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this I thought the best way
+would be to do start with a case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to do start with a case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to do start with a case study
+someone who an a problem where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who an a problem where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who an a problem where people
+really use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's been a lot of people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of people that have
+been interested in making robots juggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in making robots juggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been interested in making robots juggle
+right one of them's been sitting sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of them's been sitting sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of them's been sitting sitting
+in the the room here um the ones that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the room here um the ones that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the room here um the ones that um
+did a lot of the work I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of the work I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of the work I'm talking about
+here is is Dan cod's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Camp okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so it's actually uh very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's actually uh very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it's actually uh very very
+harmonious with with John's lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonious with with John's lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonious with with John's lecture on
+on running and that's why K's done both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on running and that's why K's done both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on running and that's why K's done both
+for instance let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance let's think about the
+problem of making a robot juggle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of making a robot juggle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of making a robot juggle okay so
+the first thing you need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you need to think about
+um let's make a a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's make a a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's make a a one-dimensional
+juggler okay so we got a paddle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggler okay so we got a paddle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggler okay so we got a paddle here
+constrained to live in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to live in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained to live in this
+plane and we got a ball also constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we got a ball also constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we got a ball also constrained
+to live in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live in that
+plane yeah and your goal is to if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane yeah and your goal is to if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane yeah and your goal is to if this
+thing is is inner you know in a rail it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is inner you know in a rail it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is inner you know in a rail it
+can only move vertically your goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only move vertically your goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only move vertically your goal is
+just to move that paddle to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to move that paddle to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to move that paddle to say
+stabilize um a bouncing height let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize um a bouncing height let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize um a bouncing height let's say
+I've got a desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+okay this is uh the 1D juggler I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is uh the 1D juggler I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is uh the 1D juggler I think
+they call it the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+juggler Martin berer and Dan Cod Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggler Martin berer and Dan Cod Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggler Martin berer and Dan Cod Jack
+Martin went on to build big dog at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin went on to build big dog at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin went on to build big dog at at
+BDI and now he's at I Robot these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BDI and now he's at I Robot these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BDI and now he's at I Robot these are
+these are famous guys okay um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are famous guys okay um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are famous guys okay um so the
+Dynamics of are pretty simple to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of are pretty simple to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of are pretty simple to write
+down you have a mass of the ball you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you have a mass of the ball you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you have a mass of the ball you
+have some dynamics of your paddle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some dynamics of your paddle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some dynamics of your paddle you
+assume that the mass of the paddle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the mass of the paddle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the mass of the paddle is
+much much bigger than the ball that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much bigger than the ball that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much bigger than the ball that that
+simplifies some things and so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics are just ballistic Flight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics are just ballistic Flight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics are just ballistic Flight of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you need some trajectory your control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some trajectory your control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some trajectory your control is
+to design some trajectory of the paddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design some trajectory of the paddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design some trajectory of the paddle
+and then you have an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dynamics which these guys use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics which these guys use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics which these guys use an
+elastic um model an elastic model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic um model an elastic model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic um model an elastic model that
+is a an instantaneous elastic collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an instantaneous elastic collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an instantaneous elastic collision
+with a coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a coefficient of
+restitution that's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restitution that's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restitution that's a reasonable
+Collision model if you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conserved and like again they assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and like again they assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and like again they assume
+that when the Collision happens the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the Collision happens the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the Collision happens the ball
+changes Direction and keeps you know 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes Direction and keeps you know 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes Direction and keeps you know 90%
+of its energy and the paddle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its energy and the paddle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its energy and the paddle was
+unaffected right relative to the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected right relative to the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected right relative to the uh the
+mass of the paddle the ball is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the paddle the ball is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the paddle the ball is
+negligible balls are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible balls are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible balls are almost
+completely it's true these are I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it's true these are I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it's true these are I guess
+not Phillips are completely almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Phillips are completely almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Phillips are completely almost as
+hard as possible he said he in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as possible he said he in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as possible he said he in his
+project he said he spent lots of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he said he spent lots of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project he said he spent lots of time
+trying to find the perfect ball which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the perfect ball which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the perfect ball which
+was the perfectly machined very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the perfectly machined very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the perfectly machined very hard
+Precision ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision ball
+yeah compliant juggling maybe that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah compliant juggling maybe that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah compliant juggling maybe that's the
+next that's that's it's our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's that's it's our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next that's that's it's our next
+challenge for robotics right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for robotics right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for robotics right with
+squishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy
+balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls
+um okay good so it turns out um they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay good so it turns out um they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay good so it turns out um they do
+a really nice control design it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice control design it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice control design it turns
+out to be very natural to um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be very natural to um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be very natural to um the
+controller that they come up with for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that they come up with for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller that they come up with for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paddle This uses a mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law turns out if you can sense the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law turns out if you can sense the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law turns out if you can sense the state
+of the ball and you just do a distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ball and you just do a distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ball and you just do a distorted
+mirror image of that ball then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror image of that ball then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror image of that ball then
+everything gets really easy right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets really easy right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets really easy right your
+impact always happen at zero you're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact always happen at zero you're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact always happen at zero you're it's
+at the same place and you can just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same place and you can just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same place and you can just by
+changing the the velocity here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the the velocity here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the the velocity here you can
+roughly affect the impact height so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly affect the impact height so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly affect the impact height so what
+they do is they can they can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is they can they can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is they can they can sort of
+nominally stabilize some limit cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally stabilize some limit cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominally stabilize some limit cycle
+with just mirroring the ball and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just mirroring the ball and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just mirroring the ball and they
+add an extra term to to stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an extra term to to stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an extra term to to stabilize the
+energy to get it to whatever height they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to get it to whatever height they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to get it to whatever height they
+want right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right
+so um they do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um they do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um they do a
+distorted um mirror image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory plus um that Distortion is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory plus um that Distortion is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory plus um that Distortion is is
+scaled by the um uh some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the um uh some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the um uh some energy
+correcting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term it's a beautiful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's a beautiful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's a beautiful thing
+very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple
+controller has a nice um very stable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller has a nice um very stable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller has a nice um very stable uh
+solution in fact I think they prove it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact I think they prove it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in fact I think they prove it's
+globally stable for um you can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally stable for um you can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally stable for um you can tell me
+is it is it globally stable in the 1D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it globally stable in the 1D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it is it globally stable in the 1D
+case I think I think it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay um how do they prove it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay um how do they prove it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay um how do they prove it's
+globally stable they do a um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally stable they do a um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally stable they do a um an
+apex to Apex return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apex to Apex return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apex to Apex return
+map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the same way we did for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same way we did for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same way we did for the the
+hopping models and the all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopping models and the all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopping models and the all the other
+models um these guys were pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um these guys were pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models um these guys were pushing the
+unimodal maps and get getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal maps and get getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal maps and get getting some
+global stability results out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global stability results out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global stability results out of that
+that's why I think that they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think that they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think that they had a
+global global result okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global global result okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global global result okay so it's
+actually exactly like a Hopping robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly like a Hopping robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exactly like a Hopping robot
+just a just the uh the balls moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a just the uh the balls moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a just the uh the balls moving
+instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robot okay so they got a they got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot okay so they got a they got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot okay so they got a they got a
+pretty good controller for 1D juggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good controller for 1D juggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good controller for 1D juggling
+and then they started doing 2D juggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they started doing 2D juggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they started doing 2D juggling
+right I think I I have the I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I I have the I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think I I have the I don't have
+the video for the 1D juggling somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video for the 1D juggling somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video for the 1D juggling somehow
+but I do have the video for the 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+juggling yeah so here's your 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case showing off doing two balls at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case showing off doing two balls at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case showing off doing two balls at once
+since all that matters is the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all that matters is the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since all that matters is the state of
+the robot when the impact occurs so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot when the impact occurs so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot when the impact occurs so you
+might as well do something else during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do something else during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do something else during
+the other time like stabilize another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other time like stabilize another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other time like stabilize another
+ball right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball right
+and you can see that actually it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that actually it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that actually it turns
+out to be pretty easy to get stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be pretty easy to get stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be pretty easy to get stability
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+uh just because if you tend to if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just because if you tend to if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just because if you tend to if you're
+if you're too far to this side you tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're too far to this side you tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're too far to this side you tend
+to get hit earlier which causes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get hit earlier which causes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get hit earlier which causes you to
+go out more and vice versa so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out more and vice versa so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out more and vice versa so that
+stability almost comes for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah uh this is I think Vision off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah uh this is I think Vision off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah uh this is I think Vision off
+to the side I know it's Vision off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side I know it's Vision off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the side I know it's Vision off to
+the side where they're tracking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side where they're tracking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side where they're tracking the
+bright yellow balls right if it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright yellow balls right if it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright yellow balls right if it had been
+dark gray balls it might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark gray balls it might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark gray balls it might have been
+something else but the bright yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but the bright yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else but the bright yellow
+tennis balls suggest Vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+uh they went on to do the 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they went on to do the 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they went on to do the 3D
+juggling this one was in the I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling this one was in the I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling this one was in the I remember
+in the basement of the Michigan AI lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basement of the Michigan AI lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the basement of the Michigan AI lab
+when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was
+there behind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curtain all right so always using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtain all right so always using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtain all right so always using these
+the vision uh sensing for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision uh sensing for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vision uh sensing for the for the
+balls you could do pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and then they got so good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then they got so good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then they got so good that
+they started uh doing other Maneuvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started uh doing other Maneuvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started uh doing other Maneuvers
+like um catching and palming and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um catching and palming and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um catching and palming and things
+like this okay all it's actually turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay all it's actually turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay all it's actually turned
+out to be the same pretty much control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the same pretty much control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the same pretty much control
+derivation they just set the energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation they just set the energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation they just set the energy to
+zero desired energy to zero and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero desired energy to zero and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero desired energy to zero and suddenly
+they have a catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controller and then that this is palming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and then that this is palming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and then that this is palming
+when they're doing their thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're doing their thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're doing their thing
+okay and then they can get it back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then they can get it back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then they can get it back up to
+to catching with the the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catching with the the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catching with the the same sort of
+energy shaping and I should show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy shaping and I should show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy shaping and I should show you
+um you don't actually need all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't actually need all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't actually need all that
+feedback to do it you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to do it you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to do it you don't need to
+sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the
+ball right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball right
+uh here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here he
+goes this is Phillips uh show the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes this is Phillips uh show the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes this is Phillips uh show the one
+where he's pushing it so you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's pushing it so you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's pushing it so you can tell
+who it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it is
+here blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here blind
+juggler so this is open loop stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+juggling you can see the I you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling you can see the I you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling you can see the I you see the
+ball up there it's going to a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball up there it's going to a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball up there it's going to a stable
+height and he's moving it around he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and he's moving it around he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and he's moving it around he's
+got just a ity little bit of bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got just a ity little bit of bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got just a ity little bit of bit of
+concavity in that plate which gives it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity in that plate which gives it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concavity in that plate which gives it
+all the passive stability properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the passive stability properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the passive stability properties and
+you've got versions where it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got versions where it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got versions where it's doing
+things off to the side in 3D and in 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yeah so that's open loop stable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so that's open loop stable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so that's open loop stable so
+juggling is actually a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling is actually a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling is actually a really cool
+problem for robotics it's um it's led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for robotics it's um it's led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for robotics it's um it's led to
+a lot of nice Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of nice Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of nice Dynamic
+insights and party tricks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um okay so these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so these guys
+said um we got pretty good at juggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um we got pretty good at juggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um we got pretty good at juggling
+we can do a mirror law to stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a mirror law to stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do a mirror law to stabilize
+whatever juggling height we want we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever juggling height we want we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever juggling height we want we've
+got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a
+um a catching controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a catching controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a catching controller
+also which is roughly set the energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also which is roughly set the energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also which is roughly set the energy to
+zero and and just sort of does this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and just sort of does this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and just sort of does this step
+and they also had a palming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also had a palming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also had a palming
+controller which was when the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller which was when the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller which was when the Dynamics
+were actually the paddle they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually the paddle they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually the paddle they did a
+little bit of different things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of different things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of different things to be
+able to move it around without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to move it around without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to move it around without it
+falling off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off the
+paddle what they were left with was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle what they were left with was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paddle what they were left with was this
+Challenge and we've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenge and we've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenge and we've got these
+controllers which are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers which are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers which are good
+locally what do we do to make them do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally what do we do to make them do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally what do we do to make them do
+more interesting things so so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting things so so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting things so so they
+actually um you know so they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um you know so they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um you know so they want to
+transition for instance between the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition for instance between the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition for instance between the the
+catching and the palming the P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching and the palming the P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching and the palming the P the
+bouncing and the palming they use their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing and the palming they use their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing and the palming they use their
+catching controller maybe they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching controller maybe they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching controller maybe they want to
+avoid moving obstacles U they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid moving obstacles U they want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid moving obstacles U they want to do
+multiple balls they want to do all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple balls they want to do all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple balls they want to do all these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+they introduced a really nice beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced a really nice beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced a really nice beautiful
+picture of feedback motion planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of feedback motion planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of feedback motion planning
+um using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every one of those
+controllers had the property that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers had the property that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers had the property that it
+would take initial conditions in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take initial conditions in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take initial conditions in state
+space and move them to some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and move them to some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and move them to some more
+desirable state so for instance the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable state so for instance the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable state so for instance the ball
+hopping the ball could be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopping the ball could be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopping the ball could be sort of
+anywhere here by applying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere here by applying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere here by applying this
+controller for some finite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for some finite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for some finite amount of
+time when it's done it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when it's done it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when it's done it's going to be
+closer to its apex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to its apex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to its apex
+height right in in many cases not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height right in in many cases not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height right in in many cases not in the
+juggling case um not in the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling case um not in the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling case um not in the experimental
+juggling case even in the in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling case even in the in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling case even in the in the model
+one I guess they do but um in many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I guess they do but um in many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I guess they do but um in many cases
+you actually have leopo functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have leopo functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have leopo functions which
+describe the way this that convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the way this that convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the way this that convergence
+happens okay but it's not strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay but it's not strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay but it's not strictly
+necessary so the idea is let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so the idea is let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so the idea is let's think
+about this thing as a funnel okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing as a funnel okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing as a funnel okay it
+takes lots of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes lots of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes lots of states
+in right so this is sort of um initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and after applying it for some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after applying it for some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after applying it for some finite
+amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I'm going to be some at some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm going to be some at some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm going to be some at some new
+Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States right and if my controller was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right and if my controller was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States right and if my controller was
+any good then hopefully the final states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good then hopefully the final states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any good then hopefully the final states
+are a smaller region than the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a smaller region than the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a smaller region than the initial
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so in some sense this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some sense this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in some sense this is a
+um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a
+geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+cartoon for a leopo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function right the up and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right the up and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right the up and off
+functions take my uh my state in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions take my uh my state in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions take my uh my state in and
+descend down and will put me in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend down and will put me in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend down and will put me in some
+other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+experimentally these you can also find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally these you can also find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally these you can also find
+these things even if you can't do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things even if you can't do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things even if you can't do the
+the the apov function experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the apov function experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the apov function experimentally
+this input is basically the Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input is basically the Basin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this input is basically the Basin of
+Attraction of my controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right so if it was really a basin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so if it was really a basin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so if it was really a basin
+of Attraction and it stabilized some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Attraction and it stabilized some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Attraction and it stabilized some
+fixed point then if I ran it long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point then if I ran it long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point then if I ran it long enough
+it was ASM totically stable I'd call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ASM totically stable I'd call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was ASM totically stable I'd call it
+a basin of attraction here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basin of attraction here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basin of attraction here I'm just
+going to run it for some finite time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run it for some finite time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run it for some finite time so
+you have to be a little careful calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be a little careful calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be a little careful calling
+it The Basin but I think it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it The Basin but I think it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it The Basin but I think it's still
+intuitive that it's this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive that it's this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive that it's this is the the
+there's lots of names for this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of names for this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of names for this right
+this is another name for it is pre-image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another name for it is pre-image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another name for it is pre-image
+in the motion planning World a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the motion planning World a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the motion planning World a lot of
+people call this the pre-image of of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call this the pre-image of of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call this the pre-image of of our
+action this I guess the post image yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this I guess the post image yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this I guess the post image yeah
+these are the set of states where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the set of states where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the set of states where my
+controller is applicable right I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is applicable right I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is applicable right I'm going
+to have a funnel for um for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a funnel for um for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a funnel for um for the the
+mirror law I'm going to have a funel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror law I'm going to have a funel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror law I'm going to have a funel for
+my catching controller that takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my catching controller that takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my catching controller that takes a
+different set of initial conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of initial conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of initial conditions and
+gets me where I want to be and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets me where I want to be and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets me where I want to be and I have a
+funnel that can allow my my palming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel that can allow my my palming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel that can allow my my palming
+controller to do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller to do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller to do different
+things okay and I might even have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and I might even have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and I might even have lots
+of funnels so so I might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funnels so so I might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funnels so so I might have a
+different funnel given the mirror law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different funnel given the mirror law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different funnel given the mirror law
+where my energy desired energy is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my energy desired energy is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my energy desired energy is four
+versus the the mirror law where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the the mirror law where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the the mirror law where my
+desired energy is six right maybe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired energy is six right maybe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired energy is six right maybe those
+should look like different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funnels so the the picture that um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels so the the picture that um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels so the the picture that um these
+guys gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+us this is burd Rizzy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is burd Rizzy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us this is burd Rizzy and
+kodach for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys Al riz's at Boston Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also is that you can do feedback motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is that you can do feedback motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is that you can do feedback motion
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+as a sequential composition of funnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if I want to get from one state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I want to get from one state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I want to get from one state
+to another state and I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another state and I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another state and I don't have a
+single controller that will get me there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single controller that will get me there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single controller that will get me there
+all I need to do is reason about a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is reason about a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to do is reason about a set
+of these these a sequence of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these a sequence of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these these a sequence of these
+funnels for which the first funnel takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels for which the first funnel takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels for which the first funnel takes
+me from my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from my initial
+conditions into a domain where my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions into a domain where my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions into a domain where my second
+funnel is applicable and then I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel is applicable and then I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel is applicable and then I can use
+my second funnel to get me somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second funnel to get me somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my second funnel to get me somewhere
+else and then my third funnel maybe will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then my third funnel maybe will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then my third funnel maybe will
+get me to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me to my
+target right so if my goal state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target right so if my goal state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target right so if my goal state is
+somewhere abstractly here in state space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere abstractly here in state space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere abstractly here in state space
+that's not accessible from any one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not accessible from any one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not accessible from any one I
+can't get from my initial condition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get from my initial condition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get from my initial condition to
+my goal with any one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal with any one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal with any one of my
+controllers I can sequence these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers I can sequence these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers I can sequence these
+controllers just making sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers just making sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers just making sure that the
+output of one funnel is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of one funnel is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of one funnel is covered
+completely covered by the input of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely covered by the input of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely covered by the input of the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+funnel then that's enough then to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel then that's enough then to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel then that's enough then to turn
+this again to use these funnels as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again to use these funnels as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again to use these funnels as an
+abstraction to take away the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction to take away the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction to take away the continuous
+problem and give me a discret planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and give me a discret planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and give me a discret planning
+problem which just says I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which just says I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which just says I just need to
+go from through this funnel through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from through this funnel through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from through this funnel through this
+funnel through this funnel and I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel through this funnel and I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel through this funnel and I can get
+to the goal okay so in this case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goal okay so in this case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the goal okay so in this case they
+did tasks like there was a a a beam here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did tasks like there was a a a beam here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did tasks like there was a a a beam here
+um that was uh they were bouncing on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was uh they were bouncing on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was uh they were bouncing on one
+side they wanted to be bouncing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they wanted to be bouncing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they wanted to be bouncing on the
+other side right so they had I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right so they had I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side right so they had I think
+they had one control they went over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had one control they went over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had one control they went over the
+top and the beam got hauler they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the beam got hauler they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the beam got hauler they had
+another one where it caught it brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one where it caught it brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one where it caught it brought
+it under started paddling again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under started paddling again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it under started paddling again and
+these things just sort of fall naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things just sort of fall naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things just sort of fall naturally
+out you know this could be the catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know this could be the catching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know this could be the catching
+or this could be the the yeah catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this could be the the yeah catching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this could be the the yeah catching
+this could be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be the
+palm and this could be my um mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again and I'm right back to where I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I'm right back to where I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I'm right back to where I want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be okay very very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay very very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay very very beautiful
+idea as far as I concern as as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea as far as I concern as as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea as far as I concern as as far as I
+could tell everybody who read that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell everybody who read that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell everybody who read that paper
+was enamored by it and nobody's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enamored by it and nobody's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enamored by it and nobody's really
+used it that much because there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it that much because there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it that much because there was one
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem figuring out what those funnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem figuring out what those funnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem figuring out what those funnels
+look like are really hard you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like are really hard you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like are really hard you know so
+the uh really the only issue I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh really the only issue I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh really the only issue I
+think is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um describing the basins of Attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describing the basins of Attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um describing the basins of Attraction
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you read the Burge Rizzy and Koda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you read the Burge Rizzy and Koda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you read the Burge Rizzy and Koda
+check paper you'll see a ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check paper you'll see a ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check paper you'll see a ridiculous
+number of Scatter Plots where they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Scatter Plots where they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Scatter Plots where they put
+the ball in this location they ran their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball in this location they ran their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball in this location they ran their
+controller for a while and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for a while and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for a while and they
+determined experimentally whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined experimentally whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined experimentally whether it was
+in the Basin of Attraction of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Basin of Attraction of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Basin of Attraction of this
+controller yeah ouch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller yeah ouch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller yeah ouch
+right that's not what I want to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not what I want to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not what I want to do with
+my time right so if you're willing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time right so if you're willing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time right so if you're willing to do
+that it's a it's a workable method but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's a workable method but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a it's a workable method but I
+think today we've got a better way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it in my group we've been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in my group we've been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in my group we've been working on
+a an implementation of this feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an implementation of this feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an implementation of this feedback
+motion planning idea which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion planning idea which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion planning idea which is sort of
+very much in line with the things we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in line with the things we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in line with the things we've
+been talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which we've been calling the lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we've been calling the lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we've been calling the lqr
+trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the big idea that happened um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the big idea that happened um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the big idea that happened um
+is that these guys in Lids Pablo Perillo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these guys in Lids Pablo Perillo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these guys in Lids Pablo Perillo
+anybody know Pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know Pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know Pablo
+and Alex mcgr is the one who taught me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alex mcgr is the one who taught me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alex mcgr is the one who taught me
+this about this um have figured out new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about this um have figured out new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about this um have figured out new
+effective ways to computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective ways to computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective ways to computationally
+estimate basins of Attraction of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate basins of Attraction of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate basins of Attraction of some
+classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of
+controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a new thing people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a new thing people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a new thing people have
+been doing sort of algorithms to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing sort of algorithms to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing sort of algorithms to design
+um lopov functions for at least a decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lopov functions for at least a decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lopov functions for at least a decade
+but I think they got really practical a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think they got really practical a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think they got really practical a
+couple years ago in Pablo's thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago in Pablo's thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago in Pablo's thesis
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um think it's to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what Pablo did in his thesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Pablo did in his thesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Pablo did in his thesis is
+um he promoted this um sums of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+programming in fact there's uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming in fact there's uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming in fact there's uh you can
+even download SOS tools from his as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even download SOS tools from his as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even download SOS tools from his as a
+mat lab package from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab package from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat lab package from his
+website to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to do
+this sums of squares programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sums of squares programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sums of squares programs are
+efficient ways to check whether a polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient ways to check whether a polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient ways to check whether a polom
+function is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is negative
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um potentially with free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and so
+on is can be made and these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is can be made and these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is can be made and these can be
+Vector variables can be made uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector variables can be made uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector variables can be made uniformly
+negative definite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite or
+semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite
+okay or trivially positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or trivially positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or trivially positive
+semi-definite seems like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite seems like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite seems like a little
+um you can see how it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see how it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see how it might be
+relevant okay so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay so it's just a
+mathematical idea to turn the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical idea to turn the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical idea to turn the problem of
+checking the positive definiteness of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the positive definiteness of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the positive definiteness of a
+polom into a linear Matrix inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom into a linear Matrix inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom into a linear Matrix inequality
+and then a convex uh optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a convex uh optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a convex uh optimization
+problem right so I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so I'm not going to go
+into all the details but know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all the details but know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into all the details but know that
+there's these tools out there that use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these tools out there that use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these tools out there that use
+convex optimization to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex optimization to check that
+property of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of a problem
+okay and you can read more I can I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can read more I can I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can read more I can I've
+got links uh if you want to read more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got links uh if you want to read more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got links uh if you want to read more
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that what that allows us to do now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that allows us to do now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what that allows us to do now at
+least in the case of um the lqr design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the case of um the lqr design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the case of um the lqr design
+we've sort of worked it out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of worked it out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've sort of worked it out it's
+possible to now check whether a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to now check whether a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to now check whether a function
+a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial
+function is a lopov function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a lopov function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a lopov function for the
+system right leopo functions have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right leopo functions have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right leopo functions have to
+have their derivatives going down over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their derivatives going down over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their derivatives going down over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+yeah in order for a good function to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in order for a good function to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in order for a good function to be
+a leonov function its value had better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leonov function its value had better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leonov function its value had better
+be going down at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going down at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going down at all times
+right if your candidate lopov function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if your candidate lopov function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if your candidate lopov function
+is even a vector polinomial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even a vector polinomial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even a vector polinomial function
+then you can use this to sort of check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use this to sort of check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use this to sort of check
+whether it's a valid the op andov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a valid the op andov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a valid the op andov
+function for your system okay so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for your system okay so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for your system okay so we can
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so I threw this one in without saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I threw this one in without saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I threw this one in without saying it
+before the only caveat is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the only caveat is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the only caveat is you have to
+take your nonlinear system and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your nonlinear system and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your nonlinear system and make a
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+um approximation of it a tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um approximation of it a tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um approximation of it a tailor
+expansion of it it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of it it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of it it doesn't have to be
+first order that's the linear system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order that's the linear system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order that's the linear system but
+uh it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial okay so suddenly um it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay so suddenly um it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay so suddenly um it turns
+out that for um for L for the lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that for um for L for the lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that for um for L for the lqr
+systems remember our value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems remember our value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems remember our value
+function um let's just think of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um let's just think of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um let's just think of the the
+LTI lqr the value function turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTI lqr the value function turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LTI lqr the value function turns out to
+be this quadratic form right it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this quadratic form right it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this quadratic form right it's the
+optimal cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go that's a lopov function J of X for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's a lopov function J of X for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's a lopov function J of X for
+the linear system is a lopov function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear system is a lopov function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear system is a lopov function as
+I as I take control actions my cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as I take control actions my cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as I take control actions my cost to
+go is only going to go down right it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is only going to go down right it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go is only going to go down right it it
+better otherwise it's not the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better otherwise it's not the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better otherwise it's not the optimal
+cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+if I have a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a nonlinear
+system where I've linearized it and done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where I've linearized it and done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where I've linearized it and done
+lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqr
+control then I expect that to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control then I expect that to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control then I expect that to be that
+this function to be a lopov function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function to be a lopov function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function to be a lopov function
+over some domain where the linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some domain where the linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some domain where the linearization
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+good and eventually to no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and eventually to no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and eventually to no longer have
+this nice negative definit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice negative definit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice negative definit
+property does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property does that make
+sense the optimal cost to go from lqr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the optimal cost to go from lqr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the optimal cost to go from lqr is
+a leopo function for the entire State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leopo function for the entire State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leopo function for the entire State
+it's always going to descend for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to descend for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to descend for the for
+um for the entire for any initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the entire for any initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the entire for any initial
+conditions for the linear system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for the linear system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for the linear system but
+when I've linearized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I
+expect this to be um jar to be a valid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this to be um jar to be a valid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect this to be um jar to be a valid a
+leonov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linearization you guys should stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization you guys should stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization you guys should stop and
+ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions
+now if you have any questions does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have any questions does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have any questions does that
+make sense I never actually said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense I never actually said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense I never actually said before
+that you can think of these cost to goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of these cost to goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of these cost to goes
+as leopo functions but that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as leopo functions but that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as leopo functions but that's a nice
+connection between the optimal control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the optimal control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the optimal control
+and the sort of stability Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of stability Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sort of stability Theory
+okay that the cost to go actually is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the cost to go actually is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that the cost to go actually is the
+op andof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op andof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op andof
+function you remember remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you remember remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you remember remember when
+we're when we're taking a linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're when we're taking a linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're when we're taking a linearization
+and doing lqr we already know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing lqr we already know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing lqr we already know that the
+Basin of Attraction is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basin of Attraction is going to be
+something finite we talked about that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something finite we talked about that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something finite we talked about that at
+the the acrobot right I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the acrobot right I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the acrobot right I do a
+linearization around the top I know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization around the top I know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization around the top I know if
+I'm near that that point it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm near that that point it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm near that that point it's got some
+small finite Basin of Attraction if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small finite Basin of Attraction if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small finite Basin of Attraction if I'm
+inside that region it'll go to the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that region it'll go to the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that region it'll go to the goal
+if I'm outside that then the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm outside that then the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm outside that then the linear
+design controller design isn't valid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design controller design isn't valid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design controller design isn't valid for
+the nonlinear system eventually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear system eventually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear system eventually it's
+you're going to get far enough away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get far enough away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get far enough away that
+it's not going to work it's going to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to work it's going to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to work it's going to I
+think I even showed a simulation of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I even showed a simulation of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I even showed a simulation of it
+doing something crazy right so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something crazy right so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something crazy right so what we
+did was we designed a controller that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was we designed a controller that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was we designed a controller that
+got up there and then we turned on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up there and then we turned on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up there and then we turned on the
+linear controller all was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear controller all was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear controller all was good
+right so a different way to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a different way to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a different way to say that
+exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same
+thing is that at some point when I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that at some point when I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that at some point when I get
+too far from the um from the fix point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far from the um from the fix point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far from the um from the fix point
+if I evaluate this function and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I evaluate this function and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I evaluate this function and look at
+the time derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of this
+function it's no longer going to my cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's no longer going to my cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's no longer going to my cost
+is not going to go down as time goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to go down as time goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to go down as time goes
+up right if in the case of the acrobot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right if in the case of the acrobot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right if in the case of the acrobot
+if I'm here and I start going this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm here and I start going this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm here and I start going this way
+that I'm getting farther from my goal my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm getting farther from my goal my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm getting farther from my goal my
+cost is going up right at some point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is going up right at some point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is going up right at some point for
+the nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinear
+system this function is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this function is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this function is not going to be
+a leopo function for that system okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leopo function for that system okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a leopo function for that system okay so
+what we've got thanks to Pablo and Sasha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got thanks to Pablo and Sasha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got thanks to Pablo and Sasha
+mcy is a way to to figure out exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcy is a way to to figure out exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcy is a way to to figure out exactly a
+the you know well not exactly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know well not exactly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know well not exactly to
+estimate the place where that transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the place where that transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the place where that transition
+happens using these sums of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens using these sums of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens using these sums of squares
+programs my goal here is to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs my goal here is to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs my goal here is to tell you
+about the existence of these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the existence of these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the existence of these things and
+I'm happy to to push you more in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to to push you more in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy to to push you more in that
+direction if you're interested for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you're interested for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if you're interested for your
+project or for whatever but um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or for whatever but um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project or for whatever but um but I
+we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use this
+um to do the feedback motion planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do the feedback motion planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to do the feedback motion planning
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so it turns out um J is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaler right my cost to go is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler right my cost to go is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler right my cost to go is a
+scaler it turns out I can very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler it turns out I can very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler it turns out I can very sort of
+succinctly describe the place where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly describe the place where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly describe the place where this
+a boundary of this function let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary of this function let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary of this function let me just
+write it and then I'll say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can describe a region of my um system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can describe a region of my um system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can describe a region of my um system
+just by looking at the height of my cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too this is a quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is a quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too this is a quadratic
+function it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's going to look like
+ellipsoids going out the if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoids going out the if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoids going out the if you were to
+draw um this landscape it it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um this landscape it it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um this landscape it it's going to
+look like a an ellipse you know a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a an ellipse you know a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a an ellipse you know a a
+parabola in High Dimensions yeah at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola in High Dimensions yeah at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola in High Dimensions yeah at some
+point as I move farther from my fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as I move farther from my fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as I move farther from my fixed
+point the cost is going to get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the cost is going to get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the cost is going to get higher
+and higher okay and at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher okay and at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher okay and at some point it
+crosses some scalar value row so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses some scalar value row so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses some scalar value row so the way
+I want to design I want to call my basin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to design I want to call my basin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to design I want to call my basin
+of Attraction for this system the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Attraction for this system the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Attraction for this system the place
+where my cost to go reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my cost to go reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my cost to go reaches
+row and we've got a program thanks to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and we've got a program thanks to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and we've got a program thanks to um
+Sasha and Pablo which will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sasha and Pablo which will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sasha and Pablo which will try to
+estimate this scalar value row as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this scalar value row as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this scalar value row as a
+scalar representative of the Bas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar representative of the Bas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar representative of the Bas of
+traction of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traction of my
+system why would you use a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system why would you use a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system why would you use a particular
+cost to go rather than looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go rather than looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost to go rather than looking at what
+the variation is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variation is from the
+linearization that is so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization that is so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization that is so we're going to
+determine this by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine this by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine this by looking at the
+variation um based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation um based on the
+linearization right so I could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization right so I could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization right so I could do this
+um I could do this in a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could do this in a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I could do this in a lot of different
+ways right I could just look at um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right I could just look at um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right I could just look at um I
+could look at boxes around my fix point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at boxes around my fix point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at boxes around my fix point
+right and try to design design some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and try to design design some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and try to design design some
+geometry the real Basin of Attraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry the real Basin of Attraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry the real Basin of Attraction is
+going to be some complicated thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some complicated thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some complicated thing which
+depends on my lqr controller design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on my lqr controller design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on my lqr controller design and
+the way the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the nonlinearity
+affects right but wouldn't so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects right but wouldn't so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects right but wouldn't so I guess
+what would seem more intuitive to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would seem more intuitive to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would seem more intuitive to me
+would be to say look at the next highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say look at the next highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to say look at the next highest
+ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered
+term in the expansion and then see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the expansion and then see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the expansion and then see how
+that's varying and use that to that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's varying and use that to that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's varying and use that to that's
+exactly how we're going to verify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're going to verify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're going to verify it
+okay so there's two questions there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two questions there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two questions there's a
+question of of what shapes are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of of what shapes are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of of what shapes are we going
+to try to verify okay the choice here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to verify okay the choice here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to verify okay the choice here is
+to verify Contours of the cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify Contours of the cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify Contours of the cost to go
+function right I'm going to try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right I'm going to try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right I'm going to try to find
+the biggest Contour of the cost to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest Contour of the cost to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest Contour of the cost to go
+function for the linear system you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the linear system you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the linear system you're
+asking if I could choose a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if I could choose a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if I could choose a different
+shape based on the Contours what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape based on the Contours what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape based on the Contours what we've
+elected to do and I think it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected to do and I think it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected to do and I think it's a it's a
+tighter version maybe than what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter version maybe than what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter version maybe than what you're
+saying but could be wrong could be could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but could be wrong could be could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but could be wrong could be could
+be better ways is to find the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better ways is to find the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better ways is to find the biggest
+Contour such that the next higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour such that the next higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contour such that the next higher order
+terms of the linearization don't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the linearization don't break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the linearization don't break
+the negative definit okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative definit okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative definit okay so this is
+just for purposes choosing a shape this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for purposes choosing a shape this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for purposes choosing a shape this
+is Choosing My shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Choosing My shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Choosing My shape
+right okay so I'm going to make this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I'm going to make this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so I'm going to make this all
+concrete right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete right
+now by trying to show you uh an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay here's a simple pendulum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay here's a simple pendulum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay here's a simple pendulum which
+we know and love okay this is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know and love okay this is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know and love okay this is the phase
+portrait of the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pendulum okay the green is at0 Z which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum okay the green is at0 Z which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum okay the green is at0 Z which
+in this case is my downward fix point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is my downward fix point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is my downward fix point
+the top is my unstable fix point my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top is my unstable fix point my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top is my unstable fix point my goal
+is to use these local trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use these local trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use these local trajectory
+ideas in order to cover the to make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in order to cover the to make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in order to cover the to make all
+states go to them okay now all I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states go to them okay now all I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states go to them okay now all I told
+you so far is I know how to take an lqr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far is I know how to take an lqr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so far is I know how to take an lqr
+problem and try to estimate the Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and try to estimate the Basin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and try to estimate the Basin of
+Attraction okay so that's Step One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction okay so that's Step One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction okay so that's Step One is
+take a linearization around my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linearization around my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linearization around my goal
+State estimate the design and QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State estimate the design and QR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State estimate the design and QR
+controller and estimate its Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and estimate its Basin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and estimate its Basin of
+Attraction okay and that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction okay and that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction okay and that looks like this
+okay we've seen cost to go functions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've seen cost to go functions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've seen cost to go functions for
+the ellipsoids uh were ellipsoids around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipsoids uh were ellipsoids around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipsoids uh were ellipsoids around
+the the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fix
+point I do a sums of square optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I do a sums of square optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I do a sums of square optimization
+to verify that this function is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify that this function is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify that this function is negative
+definite which involves a higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite which involves a higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite which involves a higher order
+polinomial expansion of the Dynamics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial expansion of the Dynamics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial expansion of the Dynamics in
+this form and I try to find the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and I try to find the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form and I try to find the biggest
+contour for which that system is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour for which that system is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour for which that system is still
+negative definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite
+that's sort of all the detail all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of all the detail all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of all the detail all you
+really need to know is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to know is that I can
+estimate now with convex optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate now with convex optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate now with convex optimization
+the Basin of Attraction of that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Basin of Attraction of that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Basin of Attraction of that system
+this is kodex funnel at the top right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kodex funnel at the top right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kodex funnel at the top right
+that blue region is the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blue region is the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blue region is the beginning of the
+funnel in this case I'm going to run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel in this case I'm going to run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel in this case I'm going to run it
+infinitely long so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long so it's going to
+eventually get to the red Point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get to the red Point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get to the red Point that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+output okay now how do we design funnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay now how do we design funnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay now how do we design funnels
+that try to fill this space okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to fill this space okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to fill this space okay my
+proposition is that we should do rough L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition is that we should do rough L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition is that we should do rough L
+what the um rrts are doing and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the um rrts are doing and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the um rrts are doing and start
+growing out to try to cover the space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing out to try to cover the space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing out to try to cover the space in
+lots of different directions okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different directions okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different directions okay the
+only difference is every time we grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is every time we grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is every time we grow
+out in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in random
+directions I'm going to stabilize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I'm going to stabilize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions I'm going to stabilize that
+trajectory with an LTV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory with an LTV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory with an LTV
+feedback and compute the Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and compute the Basin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and compute the Basin of
+Attraction on it okay so here we go pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction on it okay so here we go pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction on it okay so here we go pick
+a point at random okay and actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point at random okay and actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point at random okay and actually I'm
+not I don't always play the rrt trick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't always play the rrt trick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't always play the rrt trick so
+I could I could I could do lots of rrts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could I could do lots of rrts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could I could do lots of rrts
+to try to get back to that point but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get back to that point but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to get back to that point but I'm
+actually going to just use this as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to just use this as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to just use this as my
+goal and do dir call to get me there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and do dir call to get me there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal and do dir call to get me there to
+design a trajectory to get me there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a trajectory to get me there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a trajectory to get me there if
+that works that's that's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works that's that's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works that's that's perfectly fine
+so that's a trajectory I didn't draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a trajectory I didn't draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a trajectory I didn't draw it
+nicely it actually starts here goes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely it actually starts here goes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely it actually starts here goes this
+way wraps around and and comes to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way wraps around and and comes to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way wraps around and and comes to that
+red Point okay from durall it quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Point okay from durall it quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Point okay from durall it quickly
+designs that trajectory now let's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that trajectory now let's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs that trajectory now let's back
+up and start Computing the the cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and start Computing the the cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and start Computing the the cost to
+go function the radi equation backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go function the radi equation backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go function the radi equation backwards
+to stabilize that trajectory and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize that trajectory and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stabilize that trajectory and as we
+go we'll compute the Basin of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we'll compute the Basin of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go we'll compute the Basin of a
+action of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of that
+controller right which has exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right which has exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right which has exactly this
+is I drew it in finite segments but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I drew it in finite segments but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I drew it in finite segments but I
+hope you could see that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funnels yeah if I start the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels yeah if I start the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels yeah if I start the system
+inside any of that blue region and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside any of that blue region and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside any of that blue region and I
+execute the trajectory the lqr the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the trajectory the lqr the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute the trajectory the lqr the
+trajectory stabilizer along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory stabilizer along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory stabilizer along that
+trajectory it's going to take me around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory it's going to take me around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory it's going to take me around
+and get me to my goal and stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get me to my goal and stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get me to my goal and stay
+there okay so this is back motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this is back motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this is back motion
+planning um happening now the cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning um happening now the cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning um happening now the cool thing
+is I told you about the multi-query idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I told you about the multi-query idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I told you about the multi-query idea
+I told you about all these ideas talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you about all these ideas talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you about all these ideas talking
+about making very dense trees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making very dense trees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making very dense trees that
+handle all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle all these
+situations if you know the basins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations if you know the basins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations if you know the basins of
+Attraction of your existing controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction of your existing controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction of your existing controller
+you don't have to build a very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to build a very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to build a very dense
+tree I know if I were to pick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I know if I were to pick another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree I know if I were to pick another
+random point that was already inside my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point that was already inside my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point that was already inside my
+blue region I'm not going to get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue region I'm not going to get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue region I'm not going to get a lot
+of value out of adding nodes inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value out of adding nodes inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of value out of adding nodes inside that
+blue region so let's pick another random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue region so let's pick another random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue region so let's pick another random
+point and and if it's inside the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and if it's inside the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and if it's inside the blue
+region we'll throw it away way if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we'll throw it away way if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we'll throw it away way if it's
+outside I'll keep it and I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside I'll keep it and I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside I'll keep it and I'll try to
+grow to it okay so I get another random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to it okay so I get another random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow to it okay so I get another random
+point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is
+here going to pick the closest point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here going to pick the closest point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here going to pick the closest point in
+my current tree which was just in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current tree which was just in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current tree which was just in this
+case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a
+trajectory connect that back now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory connect that back now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory connect that back now this
+one my Dynamic distance metric which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one my Dynamic distance metric which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one my Dynamic distance metric which was
+that lqr distance metric connected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lqr distance metric connected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lqr distance metric connected and
+said this was the closest point looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this was the closest point looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this was the closest point looks a
+little surprising but maybe there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprising but maybe there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little surprising but maybe there was
+the torque limit said that one couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque limit said that one couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque limit said that one couldn't
+get there or maybe my distance metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there or maybe my distance metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there or maybe my distance metric
+just wasn't perfect but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasn't perfect but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wasn't perfect but that's
+reasonable it tries to go from here add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable it tries to go from here add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable it tries to go from here add
+a little bit more torque and drive out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more torque and drive out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more torque and drive out
+and I stabilize that with a funnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I stabilize that with a funnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I stabilize that with a funnel
+yeah okay now two I've designed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay now two I've designed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay now two I've designed two
+trajectories and I've got a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and I've got a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories and I've got a pretty good
+coverage of the space already you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of the space already you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage of the space already you can
+imagine I designed a handful more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I designed a handful more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I designed a handful more
+trajectories picking the state as I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories picking the state as I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories picking the state as I go
+and I can really quickly and efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can really quickly and efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can really quickly and efficiently
+fill that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill that state
+space with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with
+funnels which take me to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels which take me to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels which take me to the
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make
+sense so when you do your multiquery how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so when you do your multiquery how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so when you do your multiquery how
+do you choose which model you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you choose which model you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you choose which model you're in
+awesome well first even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome well first even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome well first even
+um so so the um if I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the um if I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so the um if I just want to
+execute this yeah and I want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this yeah and I want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute this yeah and I want to get to
+that goal it might be that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal it might be that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goal it might be that I don't
+really have to do the so you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do the so you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to do the so you could think
+of this as being every time being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as being every time being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as being every time being a
+multi-query thing right so every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-query thing right so every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-query thing right so every time I
+if I start if I pick a point that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start if I pick a point that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start if I pick a point that isn't
+in any Basin of Attraction then I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any Basin of Attraction then I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any Basin of Attraction then I'll try
+to connect and grow a tree there right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect and grow a tree there right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect and grow a tree there right
+right if I however pick a point if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I however pick a point if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I however pick a point if if
+it's execution time I say the robot's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's execution time I say the robot's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's execution time I say the robot's
+got to run from here I pick a point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to run from here I pick a point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to run from here I pick a point it's
+already in the Basin of Attraction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the Basin of Attraction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in the Basin of Attraction then
+I just execute that trajectory if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just execute that trajectory if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just execute that trajectory if I
+think what you're alluding to is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you're alluding to is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you're alluding to is that
+it's in the Basin attraction of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the Basin attraction of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the Basin attraction of multiple
+points then I pick the one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then I pick the one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then I pick the one with the
+lowest cost to go right because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest cost to go right because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest cost to go right because those
+are all estimates of the cost to go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all estimates of the cost to go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all estimates of the cost to go that
+are centered around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are centered around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are centered around that
+trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory
+okay so for the simple pendulum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the simple pendulum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for the simple pendulum with
+damping and torque limits and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and torque limits and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and torque limits and everything
+set the way it was you know this Rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the way it was you know this Rand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the way it was you know this Rand
+little randomized algorithm can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little randomized algorithm can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little randomized algorithm can sort of
+fill the space with basins of Attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the space with basins of Attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the space with basins of Attraction
+with just a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectories I've never said it with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I've never said it with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I've never said it with so
+much such dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+okay it's the highlight of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the highlight of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the highlight of the class
+right um okay so this is this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so this is this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so this is this is exactly
+the feedback motion planning um idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback motion planning um idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feedback motion planning um idea
+that that that I'm most excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that I'm most excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that I'm most excited about
+right now right um because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now right um because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now right um because we can
+suddenly um for LT lqr controller right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly um for LT lqr controller right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly um for LT lqr controller right
+it depended on the thing we've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depended on the thing we've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depended on the thing we've worked
+out is if if the cost to go function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is if if the cost to go function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is if if the cost to go function is
+this or in the time varying case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or in the time varying case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or in the time varying case this
+then I can come up with a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can come up with a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can come up with a very nice
+representation of the of the Basin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the of the Basin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the of the Basin of
+Attraction based on just a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction based on just a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Attraction based on just a scalar
+value and I could just start designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I could just start designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and I could just start designing
+funnels through my state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels through my state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnels through my state
+space right and the vision is if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and the vision is if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and the vision is if you can
+think about the funnels as you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the funnels as you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the funnels as you build
+them then you actually don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you actually don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then you actually don't have to
+build too many trajectories to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build too many trajectories to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build too many trajectories to start
+filling the St St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the St St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the St St
+space why do you call it feedback motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space why do you call it feedback motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space why do you call it feedback motion
+planing yeah it's because I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planing yeah it's because I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planing yeah it's because I'm thinking
+about the feedback control which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the feedback control which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the feedback control which is the
+funnel as I'm doing the planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah do do do you agree why code check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do do do you agree why code check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do do do you agree why code check
+version is feedback motion planning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is feedback motion planning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is feedback motion planning or
+do you not like that being feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you not like that being feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you not like that being feedback
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+planning it makes sense I I guess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning it makes sense I I guess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning it makes sense I I guess I'm
+use different funnels that's true you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different funnels that's true you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different funnels that's true you
+are yeah okay so these these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah okay so these these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah okay so these these are very
+much in cod's case there's no debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in cod's case there's no debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in cod's case there's no debate
+that each funnel is a feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each funnel is a feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each funnel is a feedback
+controller right I think of I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right I think of I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller right I think of I think of
+this is the same way you could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same way you could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same way you could argue
+because it's it's centered around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's centered around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's centered around
+trajectory design which his is not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory design which his is not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory design which his is not right
+so this one has a little bit more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one has a little bit more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one has a little bit more of a
+feel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel of
+conventional um motion planning but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional um motion planning but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional um motion planning but the
+by virtue of thinking about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of thinking about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by virtue of thinking about the the
+feedback as I design the trajectories it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as I design the trajectories it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback as I design the trajectories it
+means I have to build less trajectories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have to build less trajectories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I have to build less trajectories
+you know so it' be nice to actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so it' be nice to actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so it' be nice to actually have
+the conversation about how these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation about how these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation about how these are
+related to float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to float
+tubes mhm it's pretty similar in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes mhm it's pretty similar in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes mhm it's pretty similar in some
+ways but we're these are very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but we're these are very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but we're these are very effective
+to to to compute the the um stabil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to compute the the um stabil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to compute the the um stabil the
+basins of Attraction so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basins of Attraction so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basins of Attraction so I think it's
+it's relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant
+yeah could you factor in um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you factor in um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah could you factor in um like
+actuator limits into the leov function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator limits into the leov function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator limits into the leov function
+yes so um okay actuator limits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um okay actuator limits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so um okay actuator limits in the
+leopo function um are harder so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leopo function um are harder so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leopo function um are harder so what you
+do is you everything is based on um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you everything is based on um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you everything is based on um a
+tailor expansion of the Dynamics around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor expansion of the Dynamics around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor expansion of the Dynamics around
+the nom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nom
+so a hard limit if I linearize and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a hard limit if I linearize and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a hard limit if I linearize and I
+don't see that limit then I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see that limit then I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see that limit then I'm not going
+to know about it um so so you there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about it um so so you there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about it um so so you there's a
+couple things you could try and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things you could try and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things you could try and actually
+I recommended to Mike earlier today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recommended to Mike earlier today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recommended to Mike earlier today that
+he should do this for his final project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should do this for his final project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he should do this for his final project
+um is to do that the case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to do that the case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to do that the case where the
+actuator limits so you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator limits so you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuator limits so you can imagine
+making a soft limit some some sigmoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a soft limit some some sigmoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a soft limit some some sigmoidal
+limit right and having the the gradients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right and having the the gradients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right and having the the gradients
+of that um visible sort of from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um visible sort of from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that um visible sort of from your
+linearization point or you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization point or you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization point or you could imagine
+the the lqr design that actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lqr design that actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lqr design that actually does
+both the quadratic cost and the bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the quadratic cost and the bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the quadratic cost and the bang
+bang synonymously I haven't done it yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang synonymously I haven't done it yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang synonymously I haven't done it yet
+but I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consistent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent okay
+so um I told you a lot about um local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I told you a lot about um local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um I told you a lot about um local
+trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory
+optimizers and today we said there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizers and today we said there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizers and today we said there were
+at least three good ways I think to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least three good ways I think to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least three good ways I think to make
+those trajectory optimizers uh into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectory optimizers uh into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectory optimizers uh into a a
+more feedback plan right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feedback plan right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feedback plan right
+so the first idea was uh real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planning and if it's fast enough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and if it's fast enough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and if it's fast enough then
+we're all out of jobs right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all out of jobs right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all out of jobs right because we
+can we could just do that right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we could just do that right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we could just do that right the
+second idea was building these trees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second idea was building these trees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second idea was building these trees and
+doing multi-query keeping your tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around and just um finding your way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and just um finding your way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and just um finding your way to
+the closest point of the tree every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest point of the tree every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closest point of the tree every time
+you execute and that has the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you execute and that has the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you execute and that has the nice
+feature that that every time I execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that that every time I execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that that every time I execute
+my tree gets a little bit bigger and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tree gets a little bit bigger and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tree gets a little bit bigger and I
+know a little bit more about my my robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit more about my my robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit more about my my robot
+myself yeah and the last one was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself yeah and the last one was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself yeah and the last one was this
+feedback motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback motion
+planning which there there only handful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning which there there only handful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning which there there only handful
+of um um of ideas out out there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um um of ideas out out there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um um of ideas out out there I think
+about feedback motion planning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about feedback motion planning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about feedback motion planning that
+people use kodex funnels are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use kodex funnels are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use kodex funnels are definitely
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent
+and actually I think that the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I think that the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I think that the um the
+funnel should probably be on my list but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel should probably be on my list but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel should probably be on my list but
+I haven't uh sorry the float tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't uh sorry the float tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't uh sorry the float tubes
+should probably be more on my list but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably be more on my list but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably be more on my list but I
+don't I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I've never
+um made a strong enough connection we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um made a strong enough connection we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um made a strong enough connection we
+should we should make that a goal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we should make that a goal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we should make that a goal for
+the rest of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so there's definitely differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's definitely differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's definitely differences
+um but we should we should really figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we should we should really figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we should we should really figure
+it out so Brian Williams group does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so Brian Williams group does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so Brian Williams group does uh
+does planning with flow tubes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does planning with flow tubes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does planning with flow tubes that are
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+in spirit similar to these these funnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spirit similar to these these funnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spirit similar to these these funnels
+yeah um and they you know so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um and they you know so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um and they you know so we should
+talk about whether you can design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about whether you can design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about whether you can design the
+flow tubes for the class systems that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow tubes for the class systems that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow tubes for the class systems that I
+care about in the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff excellent okay so you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff excellent okay so you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff excellent okay so you saw the
+email about the um projects if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email about the um projects if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email about the um projects if you're
+having questions about your projects um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having questions about your projects um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having questions about your projects um
+I we could talk for a minute right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we could talk for a minute right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we could talk for a minute right now
+or we could uh schedule a meeting before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could uh schedule a meeting before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we could uh schedule a meeting before
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+um there's a few ideas on the email we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a few ideas on the email we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a few ideas on the email we
+sent in the PDF that we sent out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in the PDF that we sent out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in the PDF that we sent out if
+you're looking for more ideas I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for more ideas I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for more ideas I've got
+sort of a list of of other ideas that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a list of of other ideas that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a list of of other ideas that uh
+happy to share it's going to work best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to share it's going to work best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to share it's going to work best
+if you find a problem that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a problem that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find a problem that you're
+passionate about something that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about something that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about something that that you
+got excited about in class or or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got excited about in class or or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got excited about in class or or from
+your work and you apply some idea from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work and you apply some idea from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work and you apply some idea from
+class um but the goal for Thursday is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um but the goal for Thursday is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um but the goal for Thursday is to
+say enough about it that I can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say enough about it that I can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say enough about it that I can give you
+some real feedback um on your half page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real feedback um on your half page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real feedback um on your half page
+write up and try to help you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up and try to help you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write up and try to help you with the
+scope and uh topic to make it a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and uh topic to make it a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and uh topic to make it a good
+project okay let me know if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay let me know if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project okay let me know if there's any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+Thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/80hnG8EH5tA.txt b/80hnG8EH5tA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5e229a1686034d966a0ae3b04ac8cfdbdb0a365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/80hnG8EH5tA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will be exploring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will be exploring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will be exploring the
+effect of bond energies on vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of bond energies on vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of bond energies on vacancy
+diffusion using a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion using a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion using a mathematical
+simulation even the most carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation even the most carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation even the most carefully
+produced materials have defects these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced materials have defects these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced materials have defects these
+defects often affect the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects often affect the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects often affect the physical
+properties of the material one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the material one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the material one type of
+defect is a vacancy in which an atom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect is a vacancy in which an atom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect is a vacancy in which an atom or
+molecule is missing from point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is missing from point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is missing from point in the
+lattice vacancies can diffuse or move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vacancies can diffuse or move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vacancies can diffuse or move
+around in this video we will investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this video we will investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in this video we will investigate
+diffusion of a single vacancy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of a single vacancy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of a single vacancy in a
+binary Abie alloy to simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary Abie alloy to simplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary Abie alloy to simplify the
+simulation process this a B alloy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation process this a B alloy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation process this a B alloy will
+have a 2-dimensional square lattice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2-dimensional square lattice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2-dimensional square lattice in
+order to simulate the movement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to simulate the movement of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to simulate the movement of a
+vacancy we must consider on the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy we must consider on the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy we must consider on the atomic
+level the interactions between a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the interactions between a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level the interactions between a and B
+specifically we will look at the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we will look at the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we will look at the bond
+energies here we have our a B alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies here we have our a B alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies here we have our a B alloy
+square lattice with randomly placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square lattice with randomly placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square lattice with randomly placed
+atoms a and B if we have a vacancy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms a and B if we have a vacancy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms a and B if we have a vacancy here
+then the vacancy can potentially jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vacancy can potentially jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vacancy can potentially jump to
+one of four places we look at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of four places we look at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of four places we look at the energy
+required to jump to each of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to jump to each of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to jump to each of the four
+places if the vacancy wants to jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places if the vacancy wants to jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places if the vacancy wants to jump to
+this lattice point then it has to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lattice point then it has to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lattice point then it has to break
+each of the bonds connecting the atom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the bonds connecting the atom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the bonds connecting the atom to
+other atoms the same is true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atoms the same is true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atoms the same is true for the
+vacancy to jump to any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy to jump to any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy to jump to any of the other
+lattice points it has to break the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice points it has to break the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice points it has to break the bonds
+connecting the atoms to other atoms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the atoms to other atoms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the atoms to other atoms the
+frequency with which the vacancy jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with which the vacancy jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency with which the vacancy jumps
+to any of the four neighboring lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any of the four neighboring lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any of the four neighboring lattice
+points is proportional to each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is proportional to each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is proportional to each of the
+bond energy the specific equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy the specific equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy the specific equation
+relating these two is the Arrhenius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating these two is the Arrhenius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating these two is the Arrhenius
+equation which shows that the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which shows that the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which shows that the frequency
+is also proportional to V the Debye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also proportional to V the Debye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also proportional to V the Debye
+frequency which is a property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is a property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is a property of the
+material and the temperature for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the temperature for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the temperature for our
+simulation we will only look at how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we will only look at how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we will only look at how the
+bond energy affects vacancy diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy affects vacancy diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy affects vacancy diffusion
+since you only have two types of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you only have two types of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you only have two types of atoms
+in this alloy there will only be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this alloy there will only be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this alloy there will only be three
+types of bonds they a BB and a B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of bonds they a BB and a B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of bonds they a BB and a B with
+corresponding bond energies V IA v BB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding bond energies V IA v BB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding bond energies V IA v BB
+and v AP for a simulation we will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v AP for a simulation we will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v AP for a simulation we will start
+with the 2d square lattice with randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the 2d square lattice with randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the 2d square lattice with randomly
+placed a and B atoms we will assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed a and B atoms we will assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed a and B atoms we will assume the
+ratio of the atoms is 1 to 1 we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the atoms is 1 to 1 we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the atoms is 1 to 1 we will
+also have a randomly placed vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a randomly placed vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a randomly placed vacancy
+we will then simulate a single jump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will then simulate a single jump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will then simulate a single jump of
+the vacancy by comparing the frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy by comparing the frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy by comparing the frequencies
+with which a vacancy will jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which a vacancy will jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which a vacancy will jump to the
+four neighboring lattice points we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four neighboring lattice points we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four neighboring lattice points we will
+consider only the case that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider only the case that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider only the case that their
+vacancy jumps that is it does not stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy jumps that is it does not stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy jumps that is it does not stay
+at its lattice point and it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its lattice point and it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at its lattice point and it can only
+move to one of the four neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to one of the four neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to one of the four neighboring
+lattice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point
+then we can calculate the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can calculate the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can calculate the probability
+with which any of the four jumps occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which any of the four jumps occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which any of the four jumps occurs
+this probability will be the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability will be the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability will be the jump
+frequency for a specific lattice point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for a specific lattice point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for a specific lattice point
+over the sum of all the jump frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the sum of all the jump frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the sum of all the jump frequencies
+note that we could have considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we could have considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we could have considered the
+possibility that the vacancy did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the vacancy did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the vacancy did not
+jump within the value of the Debye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump within the value of the Debye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump within the value of the Debye
+frequency would be needed and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency would be needed and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency would be needed and when we
+use the probabilities instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the probabilities instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the probabilities instead of the
+actual jump frequency the Debye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual jump frequency the Debye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual jump frequency the Debye
+frequency cancels out and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency cancels out and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency cancels out and we can
+consider a general binary alloy now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a general binary alloy now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a general binary alloy now that
+we have the probabilities P 1 P 2 P 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the probabilities P 1 P 2 P 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the probabilities P 1 P 2 P 3
+and P 4 of jumping to the respective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P 4 of jumping to the respective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P 4 of jumping to the respective
+lattice points we can simulate with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice points we can simulate with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice points we can simulate with a
+vacancy at this lattice point surrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy at this lattice point surrounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy at this lattice point surrounded
+by these atoms will do first we pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these atoms will do first we pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these atoms will do first we pick a
+random number from 0 to 1 the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number from 0 to 1 the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number from 0 to 1 the value of
+the random number will determine where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random number will determine where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random number will determine where
+the vacancy will go from 0 to P 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy will go from 0 to P 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy will go from 0 to P 1 the
+vacancy will jump to the first lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy will jump to the first lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy will jump to the first lattice
+point from P 1 to P 1 plus P 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point from P 1 to P 1 plus P 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point from P 1 to P 1 plus P 2 the
+vacancy will jump to the second lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy will jump to the second lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy will jump to the second lattice
+point and so on this is the area's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so on this is the area's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and so on this is the area's for
+which the vacancy will jump to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the vacancy will jump to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the vacancy will jump to the third
+and fourth lattice points the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fourth lattice points the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fourth lattice points the number
+picked by our random number generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked by our random number generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked by our random number generator
+will fall in one of these four areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall in one of these four areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall in one of these four areas and
+then area that than the number falls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then area that than the number falls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then area that than the number falls in
+is at lattice point the vacancy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at lattice point the vacancy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at lattice point the vacancy will
+move to the vacancy then jumps to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the vacancy then jumps to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the vacancy then jumps to the
+lattice point indicated by the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point indicated by the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice point indicated by the random
+number in this way we are using random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in this way we are using random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in this way we are using random
+samples to simulate the randomness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to simulate the randomness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to simulate the randomness of
+the vacancy moving given the calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy moving given the calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy moving given the calculated
+probabilities to one of the four lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to one of the four lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to one of the four lattice
+points to complete the simulation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to complete the simulation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to complete the simulation we
+then repeat the computation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repeat the computation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repeat the computation of the
+probabilities of jumping to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of jumping to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of jumping to the
+neighboring atoms the random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms the random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring atoms the random number
+sampling that chooses where the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling that chooses where the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling that chooses where the vacancy
+moves and actually moving the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and actually moving the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and actually moving the vacancy
+first we will look at the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we will look at the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we will look at the case when
+atoms of the same type have lower bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of the same type have lower bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of the same type have lower bond
+energies than atoms of different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies than atoms of different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies than atoms of different types
+the animation allows us to visualize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animation allows us to visualize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animation allows us to visualize how
+the vacancy will move within the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy will move within the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacancy will move within the lattice
+we can wait and see as T gets larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can wait and see as T gets larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can wait and see as T gets larger
+something seems to occur and that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something seems to occur and that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something seems to occur and that seems
+to be the agglomeration of the same type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the agglomeration of the same type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the agglomeration of the same type
+of atom for instance we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom for instance we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atom for instance we can see the
+accumulation of red atoms in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can let the simulation run or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can let the simulation run or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can let the simulation run or we can
+see the beginning and end points after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the beginning and end points after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the beginning and end points after
+10000 steps we see here that originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000 steps we see here that originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000 steps we see here that originally
+the lattice was pretty random but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice was pretty random but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice was pretty random but after
+10000 steps of the vacancy we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000 steps of the vacancy we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10000 steps of the vacancy we can see
+accumulation of red atoms here and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of red atoms here and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of red atoms here and blue
+atoms here next we will look at the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here next we will look at the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here next we will look at the case
+when atoms of the same type have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when atoms of the same type have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when atoms of the same type have higher
+bond energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energy
+and atoms of different types have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and atoms of different types have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and atoms of different types have lower
+bond energies again we animate and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energies again we animate and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond energies again we animate and see
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now atoms of the same type seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now atoms of the same type seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now atoms of the same type seem to be
+going away from each other and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from each other and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going away from each other and instead
+order seems to be appearing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order seems to be appearing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order seems to be appearing in this
+system we see here red blue red blue red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we see here red blue red blue red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we see here red blue red blue red
+blue red blue red blue again we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue red blue red blue again we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue red blue red blue again we can look
+at the initial and final products and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the initial and final products and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the initial and final products and we
+can see the initial lattice was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the initial lattice was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the initial lattice was quite
+random and the N lattice is very ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and the N lattice is very ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and the N lattice is very ordered
+it's almost completely ordered finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost completely ordered finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost completely ordered finally
+we will look at the case when atoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at the case when atoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will look at the case when atoms of
+the same type and atoms of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type and atoms of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type and atoms of different
+type have similar bond energies we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type have similar bond energies we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type have similar bond energies we can
+animate and we can wait a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate and we can wait a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate and we can wait a while but
+nothing particularly special will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again our end products can show us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our end products can show us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our end products can show us what
+will happen after 10,000 steps and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen after 10,000 steps and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen after 10,000 steps and we
+see that there's not much significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's not much significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's not much significant
+going on the beginning and and lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on the beginning and and lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on the beginning and and lattices
+are both rather random so how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both rather random so how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both rather random so how does the
+let us decide which formed her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us decide which formed her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us decide which formed her
+approaches he gets very large the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches he gets very large the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches he gets very large the answer
+is the strength of the bonds between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the strength of the bonds between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the strength of the bonds between a
+and a between B and B and between a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a between B and B and between a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a between B and B and between a and
+B as we said before that is due out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B as we said before that is due out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B as we said before that is due out of
+the same type like or dislike each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type like or dislike each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same type like or dislike each other
+based on the answer atoms of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the answer atoms of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the answer atoms of the same
+type will either conglomerate as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type will either conglomerate as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type will either conglomerate as in the
+first case in two regions of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case in two regions of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case in two regions of a and
+regions of B or atoms or rearrange into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of B or atoms or rearrange into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of B or atoms or rearrange into
+an ordered form as in the second case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered form as in the second case to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered form as in the second case to
+be closer to the type of atom it likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closer to the type of atom it likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be closer to the type of atom it likes
+the affinity of an atom type for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of an atom type for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of an atom type for other
+atom types is given by the bond energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom types is given by the bond energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom types is given by the bond energy
+and the type of lattice that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type of lattice that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the type of lattice that will be
+formed is given by the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed is given by the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed is given by the effective
+interchange energy which is given by V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange energy which is given by V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange energy which is given by V
+AI plus VB V minus 2 V a B if epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI plus VB V minus 2 V a B if epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI plus VB V minus 2 V a B if epsilon is
+greater than zero then atoms of one type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero then atoms of one type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero then atoms of one type
+like the other type more than they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other type more than they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other type more than they like
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+so the vacancy will allow the crystal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vacancy will allow the crystal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the vacancy will allow the crystal to
+obtain an ordered lattice if epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain an ordered lattice if epsilon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain an ordered lattice if epsilon is
+less than zero that atoms of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero that atoms of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero that atoms of the same
+type like each other more than they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type like each other more than they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type like each other more than they like
+atoms of the other type and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of the other type and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms of the other type and they will
+conglomerate by the vacancy diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conglomerate by the vacancy diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conglomerate by the vacancy diffusion
+mechanism if epsilon equals zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism if epsilon equals zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism if epsilon equals zero then
+disordered solid solution occurs this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered solid solution occurs this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered solid solution occurs this is
+because neither the VA VB P nor the VI D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because neither the VA VB P nor the VI D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because neither the VA VB P nor the VI D
+faces are favored instead they maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces are favored instead they maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces are favored instead they maintain
+a random order to create the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random order to create the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random order to create the simulation
+we use the type of modeling called Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the type of modeling called Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the type of modeling called Monte
+Carlo simulation the Monte Carlo method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation the Monte Carlo method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation the Monte Carlo method
+is simply a class of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a class of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a class of computational
+algorithms that use repeated random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that use repeated random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that use repeated random
+sampling for simulation in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling for simulation in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling for simulation in this case we
+used random sampling in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used random sampling in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used random sampling in addition to the
+probabilities to determine how likely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to determine how likely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to determine how likely a
+destination for the vacancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination for the vacancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination for the vacancy
+each lattice point is now take the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lattice point is now take the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lattice point is now take the model
+of the single vacancy diffusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the single vacancy diffusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the single vacancy diffusion and
+imagine many many more vacancies we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine many many more vacancies we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine many many more vacancies we can
+see now why defects can cause changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now why defects can cause changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now why defects can cause changes in
+the physical characteristics and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical characteristics and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical characteristics and even
+structure in this case of a material I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in this case of a material I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in this case of a material I
+would like to thank professors Craig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to thank professors Craig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to thank professors Craig
+Carter xx and Dwayne Johnson for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter xx and Dwayne Johnson for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter xx and Dwayne Johnson for their
+help and advice with the coding in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and advice with the coding in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help and advice with the coding in this
+video
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8GIRyIkHJZI.txt b/8GIRyIkHJZI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e8b6a25237815239b54fdc7c444f72172b9a2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8GIRyIkHJZI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13951 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu right so here we are see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu right so here we are see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu right so here we are see
+because what I want you to do is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I want you to do is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I want you to do is is is
+is uh feel your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh feel your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh feel your
+Oneness with uh modeling using Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oneness with uh modeling using Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oneness with uh modeling using Quant
+computational quantum mechanics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational quantum mechanics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational quantum mechanics and the
+sun's energy right that's that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun's energy right that's that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun's energy right that's that's sort of
+what what my uh really what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what my uh really what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what my uh really what I've been
+wanting to try to bridge the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to try to bridge the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to try to bridge the the
+applications of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of using the
+sun uh in Renewables and uh and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun uh in Renewables and uh and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun uh in Renewables and uh and and how
+that connects to ways of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects to ways of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connects to ways of modeling
+electrons okay so so I want to I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so so I want to I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so so I want to I really
+want to get to this uh uh other topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to this uh uh other topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get to this uh uh other topic
+that we started which is using the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started which is using the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started which is using the Sun
+energy to make electricity okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make electricity okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make electricity okay so I
+want to kind of cover that today in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of cover that today in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kind of cover that today in a
+little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on
+Thursday okay now uh since I've made pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay now uh since I've made pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday okay now uh since I've made pet
+6 optional I wanted to just uh discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 optional I wanted to just uh discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 optional I wanted to just uh discuss a
+few points from it when to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few points from it when to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few points from it when to start with
+okay because that's kind of like closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's kind of like closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because that's kind of like closing
+the loop on our modeling of solids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop on our modeling of solids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop on our modeling of solids and
+then um we'll do a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um we'll do a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um we'll do a little more
+motivation on solar PV and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation on solar PV and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation on solar PV and then we'll
+talk about how computation can play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how computation can play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how computation can play a
+role as I said okay so actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as I said okay so actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role as I said okay so actually I'm
+going to bring up the pet here and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring up the pet here and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring up the pet here and and I
+just I just want to I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just want to I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just want to I'm not going to do
+the problems with you but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems with you but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems with you but I just want to
+ask you uh how you might approach these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you uh how you might approach these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you uh how you might approach these
+problems just to make sure that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just to make sure that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems just to make sure that as we
+sort of close this uh feel this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of close this uh feel this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of close this uh feel this uh
+simulation of solids with quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of solids with quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of solids with quantum
+mechanics we have a kind of sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we have a kind of sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we have a kind of sense of
+what you might do um uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might do um uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might do um uh the the
+equilibrium lce constant is is uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lce constant is is uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lce constant is is uh how
+would you calculate the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you calculate the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you calculate the equilibrium
+lattice constant somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant somebody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant somebody tell me
+yeah and how would you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay yeah so you could just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay yeah so you could just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay yeah so you could just like
+change the lattice right and I have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the lattice right and I have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the lattice right and I have like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+lattice and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and the
+energy and I'd do like you know four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I'd do like you know four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I'd do like you know four and
+five and six or maybe that's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six or maybe that's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six or maybe that's not a good
+enough grid maybe I need 4.5 5.5 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough grid maybe I need 4.5 5.5 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough grid maybe I need 4.5 5.5 right
+and what would my curve look like if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would my curve look like if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would my curve look like if I
+have an energy energy versus L what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy energy versus L what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy energy versus L what's it
+going to look like yeah something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like yeah something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like yeah something like
+that I don't know and the minimum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know and the minimum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know and the minimum the
+equilibrium is here now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is here now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is here now is that
+converged with respect to K points well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged with respect to K points well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged with respect to K points well
+that's something you can you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you can you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you can you can do the
+curve for different numbers of K points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for different numbers of K points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for different numbers of K points
+right um now but now what if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now but now what if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now but now what if I wanted to
+calculate the binding energy or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the binding energy or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the binding energy or in a
+solid we call that the cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid we call that the cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid we call that the cohesive
+energy why you know it sounds cool it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy why you know it sounds cool it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy why you know it sounds cool it's
+different yeah you know what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah you know what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeah you know what I'm saying
+yeah you were waiting for that we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you were waiting for that we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you were waiting for that we got a
+a big cohesive energy fan or no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big cohesive energy fan or no that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big cohesive energy fan or no that
+didn't have anything to do with yeah 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have anything to do with yeah 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have anything to do with yeah 10
+seconds do you call do you call a foul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds do you call do you call a foul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds do you call do you call a foul
+with 10 seconds left in a playoff game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 seconds left in a playoff game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 seconds left in a playoff game
+that's all I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all I want to
+know 10 seconds left you play it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 seconds left you play it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 seconds left you play it out
+right I don't care if it was like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't care if it was like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I don't care if it was like the
+worst flagrum foul of the year you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst flagrum foul of the year you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst flagrum foul of the year you let
+it play out you don't call a foul with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it play out you don't call a foul with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it play out you don't call a foul with
+10 seconds left in a playoff game it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds left in a playoff game it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds left in a playoff game it's
+just not the right way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not the right way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not the right way to
+lose what is that you're feeling it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose what is that you're feeling it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose what is that you're feeling it yeah
+unbelievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable
+unbelievable all right how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable all right how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbelievable all right how would you
+calculate that cohesive energy The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that cohesive energy The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that cohesive energy The
+Binding energy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay that's an energy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that's an energy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that's an energy versus
+lattice constant then you can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant then you can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice constant then you can make the
+lce Conant really really large and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce Conant really really large and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce Conant really really large and then
+they'll get basically so it's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get basically so it's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll get basically so it's like an
+isolated atom get that energy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated atom get that energy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated atom get that energy and you
+the difference the of energy I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference the of energy I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference the of energy I like that
+did everybody see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did everybody see
+that yeah let's see if I look over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah let's see if I look over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah let's see if I look over here
+because you know you love the nanohub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you love the nanohub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know you love the nanohub
+and you know you want to see something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you want to see something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you want to see something
+on it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ah that's because I didn't turn on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah that's because I didn't turn on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah that's because I didn't turn on my
+wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a
+second okay turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay turn it
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um so so now if I ask you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now if I ask you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now if I ask you how to
+converge the K points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge the K points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge the K points
+Sam for the cohesive energy calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam for the cohesive energy calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam for the cohesive energy calculation
+how would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you do
+that exactly what I just did change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly what I just did change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly what I just did change
+points energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points energy
+CH and is the number of K points going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH and is the number of K points going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH and is the number of K points going
+to be that you need going to be uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that you need going to be uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that you need going to be uh um
+what's that going to be for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that going to be for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that going to be for the
+atom pretty small probably just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom pretty small probably just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom pretty small probably just one
+because an isol not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an isol not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an isol not very
+periodic yeah if it's really isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic yeah if it's really isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic yeah if it's really isolated
+you shouldn't need more than one k point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't need more than one k point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't need more than one k point
+for the atom but the solid is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atom but the solid is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atom but the solid is where you
+might need to look at the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to look at the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to look at the convergence
+right so you see here's our here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see here's our here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see here's our here's our
+tool and here is the it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and here is the it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and here is the it's actually
+already defaulted to Silicon right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already defaulted to Silicon right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already defaulted to Silicon right and
+so you can just press uh uh why isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just press uh uh why isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just press uh uh why isn't
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+you this is just tortures okay there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is just tortures okay there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is just tortures okay there we
+go simulate there's two scroll bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go simulate there's two scroll bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go simulate there's two scroll bars and
+I can't handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't handle
+it maybe it's me I don't know I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe it's me I don't know I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe it's me I don't know I like to
+blame the nanohub um oh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame the nanohub um oh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame the nanohub um oh so this is
+silicon right and I did silicon and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon right and I did silicon and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon right and I did silicon and I
+got a crystal and I forgot to click to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a crystal and I forgot to click to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a crystal and I forgot to click to
+show me the the structure but it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me the the structure but it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me the the structure but it's this
+beautiful structure okay and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful structure okay and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful structure okay and in the
+output it gave me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it gave me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output it gave me um
+24.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.6
+EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV
+24.6 so my energy here let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.6 so my energy here let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.6 so my energy here let's just say
+that was the right lattice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the right lattice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the right lattice is
+24.6 CV and now uh what did you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.6 CV and now uh what did you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.6 CV and now uh what did you say to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+okay lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant 15 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 15 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 15 or 20
+20 let's plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 let's plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 let's plot it
+too 20 angstroms and then anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else okay except I don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay except I don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay except I don't really need
+four K points but let's just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four K points but let's just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four K points but let's just leave it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+okay uh is there a way to tell after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh is there a way to tell after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh is there a way to tell after
+looking at the simulation one second if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the simulation one second if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the simulation one second if
+I actually should have had more if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually should have had more if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually should have had more if I
+choose one k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one k
+point and and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and and if it's
+Wiggly I should try to converge the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly I should try to converge the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggly I should try to converge the K
+points because if the band structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points because if the band structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points because if the band structure is
+wiggly it means there's something going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggly it means there's something going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggly it means there's something going
+on versus K so there's a dependence on K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on versus K so there's a dependence on K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on versus K so there's a dependence on K
+and if that's true then I shouldn't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's true then I shouldn't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that's true then I shouldn't I
+shouldn't be settling for just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be settling for just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be settling for just not
+testing the convergence right I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the convergence right I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the convergence right I should
+at least uh try to increase the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least uh try to increase the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least uh try to increase the number
+of K points to see if my answer changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K points to see if my answer changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K points to see if my answer changes
+so here it is there's my crystal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is there's my crystal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it is there's my crystal of
+silicon with really large lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon with really large lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon with really large lattice
+constants so you see those atoms aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so you see those atoms aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so you see those atoms aren't
+even trying to bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even trying to bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even trying to bond
+together is it large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough how can you tell well you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough how can you tell well you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough how can you tell well you could
+look at the band structure yeah and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the band structure yeah and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the band structure yeah and what
+should they be if it's if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be if it's if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they be if it's if these are
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms these are really atoms then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms these are really atoms then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms these are really atoms then the
+band structure oh look at that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band structure oh look at that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band structure oh look at that those are
+beautiful silicon States right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful silicon States right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful silicon States right these are
+S and P states of silicon it's an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and P states of silicon it's an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and P states of silicon it's an atom
+because I just made them really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just made them really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just made them really far
+apart so they didn't feel anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so they didn't feel anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so they didn't feel anything from
+their neighbors right now I I got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighbors right now I I got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their neighbors right now I I got an
+energy here of I'm coming back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here of I'm coming back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here of I'm coming back to your
+question here in in a sec but I got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here in in a sec but I got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here in in a sec but I got an
+energy here of 203 okay so I got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here of 203 okay so I got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here of 203 okay so I got an
+atom was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom was
+203 and let's just round it I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+203 and let's just round it I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+203 and let's just round it I'm just
+going to truncate 214 and 203 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to truncate 214 and 203 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to truncate 214 and 203 is the
+solid okay so Sam what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay so Sam what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay so Sam what do I do
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+and the cohesive energy is is 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cohesive energy is is 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cohesive energy is is 11
+EV and then I look it up and I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV and then I look it up and I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV and then I look it up and I actually
+see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's
+4.6 because I looked it up and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6 because I looked it up and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.6 because I looked it up and it's been
+measured in experiments what did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in experiments what did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in experiments what did I do
+wrong the cohesive energy of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the cohesive energy of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong the cohesive energy of silicon
+from my calculations I did the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my calculations I did the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my calculations I did the solid
+minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the
+atom and I find it's 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e for the solid Maybe not maybe I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for the solid Maybe not maybe I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for the solid Maybe not maybe I was
+here but I wasn't 6 CV off I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I wasn't 6 CV off I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I wasn't 6 CV off I know that
+was a really good point that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good point that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good point that's one thing
+to check what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else yeah did you converge to your basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah did you converge to your basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah did you converge to your basis
+set did I converge it very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set did I converge it very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set did I converge it very unlikely
+excellent other point to check probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent other point to check probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent other point to check probably
+could get me a half an EV even or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get me a half an EV even or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get me a half an EV even or more
+maybe an e but it's not getting me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six this actually a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six this actually a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six this actually a really simple
+problem here what is my cohesive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here what is my cohesive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here what is my cohesive energy
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+why don't forget that yeah see you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't forget that yeah see you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't forget that yeah see you have
+a certain number of atoms that you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of atoms that you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain number of atoms that you made
+your crystal out of that went into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crystal out of that went into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your crystal out of that went into the
+simulation right that's actually when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation right that's actually when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation right that's actually when
+when I you know give this problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I you know give this problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I you know give this problem um
+that's a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common
+mistake uh well I guess I'm giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh well I guess I'm giving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh well I guess I'm giving this
+problem since it is a problem set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem since it is a problem set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem since it is a problem set so
+don't make them mistake you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make them mistake you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make them mistake you don't need
+to because now you know this is a uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because now you know this is a uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because now you know this is a uh you
+see when you go to the input here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you go to the input here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you go to the input here
+remember this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is my
+basis right my basis had a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis right my basis had a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis right my basis had a certain
+number of atoms in it and so then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms in it and so then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms in it and so then that's
+what gets repeated so the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets repeated so the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gets repeated so the number of
+atoms or electrons from those atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms or electrons from those atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms or electrons from those atoms in
+the simulation is for two silicon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation is for two silicon atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simulation is for two silicon atoms
+not one so the the cohesive energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one so the the cohesive energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one so the the cohesive energy I
+calculated was per two per two atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated was per two per two atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated was per two per two atoms so
+if I really want the cohesive energy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really want the cohesive energy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really want the cohesive energy per
+atom you you got to divide by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you you got to divide by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom you you got to divide by two
+another way to get the isolated atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to get the isolated atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to get the isolated atom
+would just be to take a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be to take a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be to take a lot of people
+did this uh last year is they just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this uh last year is they just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this uh last year is they just take
+this atom out okay and they change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom out okay and they change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom out okay and they change that
+to one and they give a large lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and they give a large lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and they give a large lattice
+constant and that's a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's a perfectly
+legitimate way it's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate way it's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate way it's the same thing
+actually you know you're just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know you're just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know you're just doing
+you're basically just getting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically just getting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically just getting those
+atoms to not see each other but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms to not see each other but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms to not see each other but then you
+had a cohesive energy with two atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a cohesive energy with two atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a cohesive energy with two atoms in
+the unit cell and an atom energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cell and an atom energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cell and an atom energy with
+one atom in the unit cell you just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom in the unit cell you just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom in the unit cell you just got
+to keep track of that right so energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of that right so energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep track of that right so energy
+per what per your basis okay basic kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per what per your basis okay basic kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per what per your basis okay basic kind
+of stuff of simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff of simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff of simulating
+solids okay any other questions I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids okay any other questions I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids okay any other questions I won't
+I may come back to the PV question in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may come back to the PV question in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may come back to the PV question in a
+little bit but I just want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but I just want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but I just want to make sure
+we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+feel our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel our
+Oneness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oneness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oneness
+okay there's a question up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here eny so the the cohesive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eny so the the cohesive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here eny so the the cohesive energy
+really the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the
+feeling is the glue between the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is the glue between the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling is the glue between the atoms
+that's the feeling definition it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the feeling definition it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the feeling definition it's it's
+how strongly they're glued together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strongly they're glued together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strongly they're glued together the
+actual uh quantitative definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh quantitative definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh quantitative definition is
+it's the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid minus the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid minus the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid minus the energy of the
+constituent Parts which in this case are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent Parts which in this case are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent Parts which in this case are
+atoms but you know you could be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but you know you could be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but you know you could be looking
+at say an a molecular solid and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say an a molecular solid and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say an a molecular solid and then you
+might want to know the cohesive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know the cohesive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know the cohesive energy
+between molecules right in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules right in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules right in which case
+this would be now and then there's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be now and then there's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be now and then there's your
+little you got to be right with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you got to be right with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you got to be right with your
+ends and that's kind of what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and that's kind of what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and that's kind of what I'm saying
+right if you did your solid with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you did your solid with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you did your solid with two
+then you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to
+have n times the energy of an atom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n times the energy of an atom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n times the energy of an atom or
+you can think of it as Just Energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as Just Energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as Just Energy of
+all the atoms together that made up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the atoms together that made up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the atoms together that made up that
+solid right so just you know make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right so just you know make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right so just you know make sure
+the numbers work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers work okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh that's actually the atomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's actually the atomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's actually the atomization
+energy there lots of fun names for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there lots of fun names for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy there lots of fun names for it
+um now I ended the the lecture before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I ended the the lecture before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I ended the the lecture before
+the quiz with this uh motivation which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz with this uh motivation which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz with this uh motivation which I
+think is I think it's amazing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is I think it's amazing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is I think it's amazing that the
+Earth's total resources of oil the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's total resources of oil the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth's total resources of oil the two
+trillion we've used and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion we've used and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion we've used and the other
+trillion we want to use um uh is energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion we want to use um uh is energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion we want to use um uh is energy
+you get from the Sun in two days um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from the Sun in two days um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from the Sun in two days um I
+also kind of very quickly said well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of very quickly said well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of very quickly said well I'm
+not going to talk about climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about climate change
+but I can't help myself I have to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can't help myself I have to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can't help myself I have to say a
+few words just a few words on climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words just a few words on climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few words just a few words on climate
+change because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change because you
+know I I it's really important you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I it's really important you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I it's really important you know
+um and and so I'm just going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so I'm just going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so I'm just going to spend
+five minutes that's all I promise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes that's all I promise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes that's all I promise but
+you know this is uh uh okay so how hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is uh uh okay so how hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is uh uh okay so how hot
+are things going to get here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things going to get here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things going to get here's an
+article uh there's lots of Articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article uh there's lots of Articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article uh there's lots of Articles
+since here but this is a nice picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since here but this is a nice picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since here but this is a nice picture so
+I took this uh from Time Magazine and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took this uh from Time Magazine and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took this uh from Time Magazine and uh
+there's lots of predictions and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of predictions and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of predictions and there's
+a really big range and that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big range and that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really big range and that's part of
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+um uh part of the problem is also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh part of the problem is also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh part of the problem is also that
+it's not about just warming that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about just warming that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about just warming that is
+what's happening on average over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening on average over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening on average over the
+Earth but it's that's why we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth but it's that's why we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth but it's that's why we really
+shouldn't call it global warming we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't call it global warming we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't call it global warming we
+should really call it clim climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really call it clim climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really call it clim climate
+change right because the changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right because the changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right because the changes that
+happen are very local right they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen are very local right they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen are very local right they're very
+different in different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different parts of the
+world some places are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world some places are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world some places are going to get
+colder okay now um okay and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder okay now um okay and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colder okay now um okay and and so
+there's lots of examples and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of examples and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of examples and and you
+know you can see things melting the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see things melting the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see things melting the size
+of Rhode Island and lots of really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rhode Island and lots of really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rhode Island and lots of really great
+uh images of of what the changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh images of of what the changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh images of of what the changes in
+temperature do um here's one I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature do um here's one I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature do um here's one I like
+because you don't always uh think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't always uh think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't always uh think about
+the warming in this sense but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the warming in this sense but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the warming in this sense but you know
+the changes in climate also change when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in climate also change when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in climate also change when
+things get eaten like animals that eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get eaten like animals that eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get eaten like animals that eat
+trees like this Beetle that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees like this Beetle that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees like this Beetle that's a really
+bad thing for this tree that can live a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing for this tree that can live a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing for this tree that can live a
+few weeks either before or later than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks either before or later than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks either before or later than it
+usually lives and therefore there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually lives and therefore there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually lives and therefore there are no
+Predators around to kill it and already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators around to kill it and already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators around to kill it and already
+in uh in Canada this is just an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in Canada this is just an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in Canada this is just an enormous
+disaster so you know 4 11 million cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster so you know 4 11 million cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster so you know 4 11 million cubic
+feet of trees have been killed um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of trees have been killed um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of trees have been killed um and uh
+and that's double the take by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's double the take by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's double the take by all
+loggers in Canada okay it's enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers in Canada okay it's enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loggers in Canada okay it's enormous
+problems can arise from climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can arise from climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems can arise from climate change
+and you've seen these kinds of pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen these kinds of pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've seen these kinds of pictures
+um uh you know so uh does anyone to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know so uh does anyone to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you know so uh does anyone to know
+what the P stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the P stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the P stands
+for carbon CO2 emissions right how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbon CO2 emissions right how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for carbon CO2 emissions right how much
+we're putting out into the world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting out into the world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting out into the world uh
+PGC per year what's the P paa paa that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PGC per year what's the P paa paa that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PGC per year what's the P paa paa that's
+a lot how many how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big
+number 15 15th 10 to the 15th right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 15 15th 10 to the 15th right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 15 15th 10 to the 15th right
+that's a whole lot and the this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a whole lot and the this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a whole lot and the this is from
+that uh that you know fairly famous um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you know fairly famous um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that you know fairly famous um
+you know ipcc uh report which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ipcc uh report which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ipcc uh report which is
+actually a good read you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good read you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good read you know it's it's
+kind of boring but it's like SM right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of boring but it's like SM right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of boring but it's like SM right I
+mean you should all has anybody read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you should all has anybody read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you should all has anybody read
+sm's books you should all read anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm's books you should all read anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sm's books you should all read anybody
+nobody's even heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's even heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's even heard of
+him V so vlay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him V so vlay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him V so vlay
+smill um has written some wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smill um has written some wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smill um has written some wonderful
+books on energy okay uh some it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on energy okay uh some it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books on energy okay uh some it was a
+little bit dry I'm not saying it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dry I'm not saying it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit dry I'm not saying it's it's
+a page Turner it's not dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page Turner it's not dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page Turner it's not dialogue
+driven uh it's not a novel it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven uh it's not a novel it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven uh it's not a novel it's not a
+romance but it's uh it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance but it's uh it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romance but it's uh it's very
+interesting very well put together okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting very well put together okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting very well put together okay
+some of them um now you know uh and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them um now you know uh and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them um now you know uh and if
+you want something a little lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something a little lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something a little lighter
+there's without hot air has anybody read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's without hot air has anybody read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's without hot air has anybody read
+that without hot air anybody heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without hot air anybody heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without hot air anybody heard of
+that okay that's free you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's free you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's free you can just
+download that off the internet without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download that off the internet without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download that off the internet without
+hot air I think uh um I'll remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot air I think uh um I'll remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot air I think uh um I'll remember the
+author's name uh in England uh anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author's name uh in England uh anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author's name uh in England uh anyway
+you know this is how much CO2 we put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is how much CO2 we put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is how much CO2 we put out
+and and these are just the what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these are just the what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these are just the what they did
+is they just said well if we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they just said well if we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they just said well if we kind of
+turn it over quickly you see because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it over quickly you see because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it over quickly you see because the
+the the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
+is different it's still going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different it's still going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different it's still going to keep
+increasing even if we change our ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing even if we change our ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing even if we change our ways
+and so there's going to be still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be still an
+increase and then it's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then it's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and then it's going to come
+down this would be the CO2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this would be the CO2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this would be the CO2 in the
+atmosphere and if we turn it over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and if we turn it over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and if we turn it over a
+little later then we get the green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later then we get the green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little later then we get the green and
+if we don't turn anything over until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't turn anything over until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we don't turn anything over until the
+red we go up to a thousand parts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red we go up to a thousand parts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red we go up to a thousand parts per
+million in the atmosphere right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in the atmosphere right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million in the atmosphere right and uh
+and that's a lot does that mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lot does that mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lot does that mean well
+it's hard to predict it's very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to predict it's very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to predict it's very unlikely
+in my opinion we'll do anything but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion we'll do anything but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion we'll do anything but the
+red if that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red if that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red if that right
+um You can see these things it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um You can see these things it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um You can see these things it's not
+that hard you can look at the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard you can look at the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard you can look at the data and
+you can actually see uh these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see uh these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see uh these are the
+famous measurements uh from keing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous measurements uh from keing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous measurements uh from keing you
+can see the Brea the seasonal breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the Brea the seasonal breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the Brea the seasonal breathing
+but you can also see the trends and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also see the trends and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also see the trends and you
+can even see where for example oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even see where for example oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even see where for example oil
+production slowed you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production slowed you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production slowed you can actually see
+it in this curve okay so it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this curve okay so it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this curve okay so it's not hard
+to see um anthropogenic connections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um anthropogenic connections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see um anthropogenic connections to
+CO2 that's actually obvious I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 that's actually obvious I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 that's actually obvious I think the
+connection between that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between that and and
+temperatures has been debated more but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures has been debated more but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures has been debated more but I
+don't think many people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think many people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think many people um
+disagree um anymore that there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree um anymore that there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree um anymore that there's a very
+strong correlation and this goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong correlation and this goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong correlation and this goes back
+400,000 years we're now at I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000 years we're now at I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000 years we're now at I think a
+million years of data if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years of data if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years of data if you look at the
+ice course there are bubbles in the ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice course there are bubbles in the ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice course there are bubbles in the ice
+I promise I'm almost done but I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promise I'm almost done but I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I promise I'm almost done but I couldn't
+I couldn't help myself because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't help myself because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I couldn't help myself because it's
+important right there are bubbles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right there are bubbles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right there are bubbles in the
+ice and you can see in the bubble how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice and you can see in the bubble how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice and you can see in the bubble how
+much CO2 there was right I mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much CO2 there was right I mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much CO2 there was right I mean these
+things get trapped it's really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get trapped it's really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get trapped it's really cool
+right bubbles of air get trapped in ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bubbles of air get trapped in ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right bubbles of air get trapped in ice
+and they they're there from a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they're there from a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they're there from a million
+years ago and we can take them out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and we can take them out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago and we can take them out and
+do really really careful measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do really really careful measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do really really careful measurements
+and we can cor and we can also get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can cor and we can also get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can cor and we can also get the
+temperature because we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because we can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because we can look at the
+ratios of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of different
+isotopes of the water at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of the water at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of the water at that time
+because the ratios of the Isotopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ratios of the Isotopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ratios of the Isotopes of
+oxygen and hydrogen in the water at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and hydrogen in the water at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and hydrogen in the water at that
+part of the ice tell you how warm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ice tell you how warm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the ice tell you how warm the
+water was on average right fairly robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was on average right fairly robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was on average right fairly robust
+and you can see very strong correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see very strong correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see very strong correlations
+this is where we are here this is 373
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we are here this is 373
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we are here this is 373
+from 10 years ago and a th000 is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10 years ago and a th000 is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10 years ago and a th000 is very
+likely to be where will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be where will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be where will be
+okay okay now um so here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now um so here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now um so here's the thing
+okay I'm almost done this is the guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm almost done this is the guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm almost done this is the guy who
+ran for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran for
+governor uh anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor uh anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor uh anybody remember
+him a couple so you know I don't I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a couple so you know I don't I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a couple so you know I don't I'm not
+taking a political side here but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a political side here but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a political side here but what I
+don't like is when this issue gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like is when this issue gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like is when this issue gets
+politicized which it ridiculous levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicized which it ridiculous levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicized which it ridiculous levels
+it does on both sides by the way both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does on both sides by the way both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does on both sides by the way both
+sides of whatever you want to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of whatever you want to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of whatever you want to call it
+the debate I mean do you debate hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate I mean do you debate hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate I mean do you debate hard
+scientific fact anyway I can get eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific fact anyway I can get eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific fact anyway I can get eight
+professors from MIT on both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors from MIT on both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors from MIT on both sides of
+this issue and no one in this room will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue and no one in this room will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue and no one in this room will
+walk away understanding what they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away understanding what they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away understanding what they said
+about climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change well yeah so I I'm not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well yeah so I I'm not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change well yeah so I I'm not I'm not
+trying to make a statement about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a statement about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a statement about this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+politician uh but just want to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politician uh but just want to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politician uh but just want to make this
+statement to show how this how this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to show how this how this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to show how this how this gets
+distorted right for political purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted right for political purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted right for political purposes
+uh uh this is uh uh this is total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this is uh uh this is total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this is uh uh this is total
+nonsense right this kind of statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense right this kind of statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense right this kind of statement is
+absolute nonsense um and and what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute nonsense um and and what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute nonsense um and and what he's
+talking about is there there is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is there there is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is there there is actually
+uh someone in MIT who uh has argued uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh someone in MIT who uh has argued uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh someone in MIT who uh has argued uh
+in in actually very uh strong and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in actually very uh strong and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in actually very uh strong and and
+ways that you need to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you need to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you need to pay attention to
+um against a connection between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um against a connection between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um against a connection between uh
+anthropogenic you know activities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropogenic you know activities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropogenic you know activities and
+and climate change um there's one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate change um there's one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate change um there's one person
+Mo most people I think are do not fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo most people I think are do not fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mo most people I think are do not fall
+into that camp um but this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that camp um but this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that camp um but this is the this
+is the way that that uh uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that that uh uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that that uh uh this is the
+way that we we tend to then just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we we tend to then just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we we tend to then just sort of
+avoid the whole problem and not look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the whole problem and not look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the whole problem and not look at
+it anymore right so and I just I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore right so and I just I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anymore right so and I just I I think
+that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+detestable detestable yeah why not we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detestable detestable yeah why not we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detestable detestable yeah why not we'll
+go for it you know and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it you know and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for it you know and this is the
+reason right so now this is on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason right so now this is on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason right so now this is on the other
+side this is on the other side so so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is on the other side so so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is on the other side so so one
+side is forget about it nobody nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is forget about it nobody nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is forget about it nobody nobody
+that might te even knows what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might te even knows what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might te even knows what they're
+saying right it's total nonsense um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right it's total nonsense um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying right it's total nonsense um and
+then the other side is we're all going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other side is we're all going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other side is we're all going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+die now now you know there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die now now you know there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die now now you know there's a lot of
+now these are uh okay so this climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are uh okay so this climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are uh okay so this climate
+works there's some actually really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works there's some actually really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works there's some actually really good
+studies that have gone on what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that have gone on what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies that have gone on what happens
+when the temperature does go up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the temperature does go up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the temperature does go up because
+it will right I mean it may take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will right I mean it may take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will right I mean it may take a
+little while may take longer than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while may take longer than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while may take longer than that
+shorter than that but it's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than that but it's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than that but it's going to go
+up right um and and as I said it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right um and and as I said it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right um and and as I said it's not
+going up anywhere everywhere it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up anywhere everywhere it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up anywhere everywhere it's going
+to go up in some places a lot more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up in some places a lot more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up in some places a lot more and
+in other places it will go down okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other places it will go down okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other places it will go down okay um
+and so you know species Extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know species Extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know species Extinction
+storms droughts all that okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms droughts all that okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms droughts all that okay but
+whether you believe this side and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you believe this side and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you believe this side and you
+look into those studies some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into those studies some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into those studies some of which
+are actually very well done careful um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually very well done careful um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually very well done careful um
+others of which are not um what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of which are not um what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others of which are not um what you
+realize very quickly is this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize very quickly is this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize very quickly is this is not an
+experiment we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we want to
+run right this is not an experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right this is not an experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right this is not an experiment we
+want to run right so that should be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run right so that should be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run right so that should be one
+of the underlying messages uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying messages uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying messages uh that we
+that comes across that makes us at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes across that makes us at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes across that makes us at least
+at the very least take this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very least take this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very least take this very
+seriously okay um so I uh I could go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously okay um so I uh I could go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously okay um so I uh I could go on
+and I won't but uh that's I just had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't but uh that's I just had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't but uh that's I just had to
+say a few things um okay now back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few things um okay now back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few things um okay now back to
+solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar
+PV any questions about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV any questions about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV any questions about my
+little climate change rant anyway okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little climate change rant anyway okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little climate change rant anyway okay
+uh I'd be happy to talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd be happy to talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'd be happy to talk more about that
+part of the problem as well which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem as well which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem as well which I'm
+I'm passionately obviously interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passionately obviously interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm passionately obviously interested in
+um now okay so I said the motivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now okay so I said the motivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now okay so I said the motivation is
+that we get a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get a whole lot of
+energy I said 140 that's 130 but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I said 140 that's 130 but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I said 140 that's 130 but anyway
+it's around there from the Sun and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around there from the Sun and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around there from the Sun and we
+don't use much of it compared to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use much of it compared to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use much of it compared to that
+and yet here's how we get energy today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet here's how we get energy today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet here's how we get energy today
+look at that solar wind wood and waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that solar wind wood and waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that solar wind wood and waste
+that's a bio is this yellow sliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bio is this yellow sliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bio is this yellow sliver
+that's how we use our energy right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we use our energy right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we use our energy right uh
+most of it comes from of course coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it comes from of course coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it comes from of course coal
+natural gas um and oil um and yet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas um and oil um and yet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas um and oil um and yet you
+know with solar you wouldn't need much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with solar you wouldn't need much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with solar you wouldn't need much
+land it's actually a pretty land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it's actually a pretty land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land it's actually a pretty land
+efficient technology okay so if 2% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient technology okay so if 2% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient technology okay so if 2% of
+the US were covered with PV with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US were covered with PV with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US were covered with PV with an
+efficiency of 10% you could supply all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of 10% you could supply all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of 10% you could supply all
+the US Energy needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Energy needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Energy needs
+if 3% of the land were covered you'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if 3% of the land were covered you'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if 3% of the land were covered you'd get
+all the electricity needs in the US met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electricity needs in the US met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the electricity needs in the US met
+3% that's compared with 40% for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% that's compared with 40% for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% that's compared with 40% for
+agriculture okay so it's not a land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture okay so it's not a land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture okay so it's not a land
+problem it's not a land problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not a land problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not a land problem okay
+just what's what's in between highways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's what's in between highways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's what's in between highways
+is is pretty good solar PV has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty good solar PV has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is pretty good solar PV has a nice
+advantage over some other Renewables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage over some other Renewables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage over some other Renewables in
+that you can scale all the way down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can scale all the way down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can scale all the way down all
+the way up so that's nice and if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up so that's nice and if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up so that's nice and if you add
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+up you know you can can just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know you can can just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know you can can just take a
+small amount of land in Nevada they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of land in Nevada they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of land in Nevada they
+won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+mind right who hears from Nevada would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind right who hears from Nevada would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind right who hears from Nevada would
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+mind thank you you see what but come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind thank you you see what but come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind thank you you see what but come on
+there's some things there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things there there's
+there's all kinds of there's arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of there's arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of there's arsenic
+life there I mean there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life there I mean there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life there I mean there's all kinds of
+amazing so uh now uh if you took spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so uh now uh if you took spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so uh now uh if you took spots
+if you had Neva six Nevadas that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had Neva six Nevadas that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had Neva six Nevadas that were
+willing to donate just a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to donate just a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to donate just a small amount of
+land around the around the world and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land around the around the world and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land around the around the world and you
+put them in places that are Sunny like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in places that are Sunny like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in places that are Sunny like
+Nevada you get 20 terawatts 20 terawatts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nevada you get 20 terawatts 20 terawatts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nevada you get 20 terawatts 20 terawatts
+that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more
+than half of what we think we'll need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of what we think we'll need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of what we think we'll need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah an estimate something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah an estimate something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah an estimate something like this
+cost yeah there you go $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trillion is that just installing or up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion is that just installing or up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion is that just installing or up
+that's just getting it on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just getting it on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just getting it on the ground
+right well you get a 20-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+warranty yeah so this is this is the PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty yeah so this is this is the PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty yeah so this is this is the PV
+problem this is the PV problem and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is the PV problem and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is the PV problem and uh
+this is why you don't see uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why you don't see uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why you don't see uh solar
+insulation on the top of every roof in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation on the top of every roof in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation on the top of every roof in
+in town and why we're not taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town and why we're not taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town and why we're not taking
+advantage of this enormous resource it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this enormous resource it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this enormous resource it's
+too expensive and compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too expensive and compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too expensive and compared to other
+Renewables and compared certainly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and compared certainly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables and compared certainly to
+non-renewables it's way too expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-renewables it's way too expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-renewables it's way too expensive
+right um all other Renewables all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um all other Renewables all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um all other Renewables all other
+Renewables except for like ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables except for like ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renewables except for like ocean
+thermal we're not going to do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal we're not going to do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal we're not going to do that um
+are much less expensive than solar PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much less expensive than solar PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much less expensive than solar PV
+okay so that's the problem now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the problem now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the problem now it's not
+just uh you can't you got to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you can't you got to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you can't you got to look at it
+a little bit more carefully so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more carefully so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more carefully so you know
+sometimes you see these sort of broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see these sort of broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you see these sort of broad
+brush statements but you got to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush statements but you got to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush statements but you got to realize
+that of course this is a uh um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course this is a uh um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course this is a uh um you know
+the issue here is is one of grid parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here is is one of grid parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here is is one of grid parody
+so it's about uh the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about uh the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about uh the cost of the
+electricity where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity where you
+are and that is is quite variable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that is is quite variable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that is is quite variable right
+the the C cost per wat at peak hours is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the C cost per wat at peak hours is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the C cost per wat at peak hours is
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+here and you know what you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know what you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you know what you can see is
+that there are some places where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some places where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some places where there's
+a lot of sun and electricity prices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sun and electricity prices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sun and electricity prices are
+high we're we're basically already at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high we're we're basically already at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high we're we're basically already at
+grid parody right up there like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid parody right up there like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid parody right up there like those
+places I I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places I I used to
+live uh and then there are other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live uh and then there are other places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live uh and then there are other places
+where we think that in you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think that in you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we think that in you know by
+within 10 years we may reach grid parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 10 years we may reach grid parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 10 years we may reach grid parody
+in in a whole lot more places right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a whole lot more places right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a whole lot more places right so
+it sort of depends because solar PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of depends because solar PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of depends because solar PV
+isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just
+about um uh you know it's not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um uh you know it's not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um uh you know it's not just about
+the sun's average over the Earth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun's average over the Earth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun's average over the Earth it's
+about really where you are how much sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about really where you are how much sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about really where you are how much sun
+is there that's why you know you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there that's why you know you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there that's why you know you you can
+you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get
+uh you know I think the payback time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I think the payback time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I think the payback time in
+in California is like seven years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California is like seven years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California is like seven years and
+here it's you know double that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's you know double that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's you know double that or
+something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something right
+um okay so that's important point and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's important point and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's important point and so
+you know a more I just want to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a more I just want to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a more I just want to show this
+because you see sometimes the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see sometimes the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see sometimes the sort of
+like it would cost $50 trillion so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would cost $50 trillion so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it would cost $50 trillion so let's
+not do you or or it's going to be uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you or or it's going to be uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do you or or it's going to be uh or
+we can do it because it's all there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it because it's all there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it because it's all there we
+should just do it but you see these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do it but you see these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do it but you see these big
+arguments I think it's sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments I think it's sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments I think it's sometimes
+important to come down to more like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to come down to more like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to come down to more like sort
+of practical ideas right um and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical ideas right um and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of practical ideas right um and you know
+one one way to look at this is just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one way to look at this is just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one way to look at this is just what
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+there I did not put that into the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I did not put that into the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I did not put that into the graph
+um you know if you look at say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you look at say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if you look at say the
+percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of
+electricity sold in the US that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity sold in the US that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity sold in the US that are
+below some price and you look at let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below some price and you look at let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below some price and you look at let's
+see if this works yes and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if this works yes and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if this works yes and you look at
+just the 10 10% most expensive of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the 10 10% most expensive of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the 10 10% most expensive of that
+okay you know there all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know there all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know there all kinds of
+questions that come into this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that come into this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that come into this uh
+argument you know concerning what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you know concerning what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you know concerning what would
+happen to these higher price markets but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to these higher price markets but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to these higher price markets but
+let's just suppose you could grab them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just suppose you could grab them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just suppose you could grab them
+at their current price then the top 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their current price then the top 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their current price then the top 10%
+would get you down to 14 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get you down to 14 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get you down to 14 cents
+okay 14 cents a kilowatt hour that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 14 cents a kilowatt hour that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 14 cents a kilowatt hour that's the
+that's the price Target so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price Target so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the price Target so the question
+is could we replace 10% of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could we replace 10% of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could we replace 10% of electrical
+enery in the US with PV at a cost of 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enery in the US with PV at a cost of 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enery in the US with PV at a cost of 14
+cents that becomes the Target right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that becomes the Target right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that becomes the Target right and
+that actually now that starts to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually now that starts to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually now that starts to sound
+reasonable not easy in any way but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable not easy in any way but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable not easy in any way but more
+reasonable than replacing all energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable than replacing all energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable than replacing all energy or
+all electricity one important point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all electricity one important point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all electricity one important point is
+it actually could be done it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually could be done it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually could be done it could be
+deployed okay but another really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed okay but another really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed okay but another really
+important point is actually if anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is actually if anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point is actually if anyone
+says I'm going to replace all of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to replace all of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm going to replace all of the US
+electricity needs with solar ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity needs with solar ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity needs with solar ask them
+how they plan to store 90% of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they plan to store 90% of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they plan to store 90% of that
+energy okay the grid can't take it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the grid can't take it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay the grid can't take it the
+grid is not a a battery I mean it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is not a a battery I mean it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid is not a a battery I mean it sort
+of is a little bit but it's not a lot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is a little bit but it's not a lot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is a little bit but it's not a lot it
+can't do it it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it it can't
+handle the the storage that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the the storage that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the the storage that you would
+need right now if you replace everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right now if you replace everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right now if you replace everything
+with PV and in fact there's no storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PV and in fact there's no storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with PV and in fact there's no storage
+technology right now that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right now that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right now that exists
+that could handle it right so keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could handle it right so keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could handle it right so keep that
+in mind when you know your friend says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind when you know your friend says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind when you know your friend says
+from say Harvard well I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say Harvard well I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say Harvard well I have a
+plan right to replace uh to I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan right to replace uh to I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan right to replace uh to I have a
+business strategy we're going to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business strategy we're going to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business strategy we're going to replace
+everything with PV ask them how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with PV ask them how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with PV ask them how they're
+going to store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to store it
+right okay uh but 10% you could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay uh but 10% you could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay uh but 10% you could kind of
+squeeze in there without inventing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in there without inventing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in there without inventing a
+completely new you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new you know
+battery okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh yeah this a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah this a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh yeah this a side
+note you know we we think a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you know we we think a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you know we we think a lot about
+our developing I think maybe I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our developing I think maybe I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our developing I think maybe I showed
+this I don't remember we think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't remember we think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I don't remember we think a lot
+about the CO2 in in in the developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the CO2 in in in the developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the CO2 in in in the developed
+countries but this is really where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but this is really where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but this is really where the
+problems are going to be is how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are going to be is how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are going to be is how they
+choose to to do things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to to do things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to to do things okay
+okay okay now this is uh now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now this is uh now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now this is uh now we're going
+to talk about how solar cell works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how solar cell works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how solar cell works and
+how computational quantum mechanics can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how computational quantum mechanics can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how computational quantum mechanics can
+impact this problem okay this problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact this problem okay this problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact this problem okay this problem of
+cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost
+really um and and just to set the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um and and just to set the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um and and just to set the stage
+I want to be sure so so this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be sure so so this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be sure so so this is what you
+you already know this right that uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know this right that uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know this right that uh let
+me get back to this you know the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get back to this you know the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me get back to this you know the sun
+when it's above the atmosphere because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's above the atmosphere because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's above the atmosphere because
+you had these Spectra in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had these Spectra in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had these Spectra in the first
+homework and we talked second homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and we talked second homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and we talked second homework
+and we talked about this um when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this um when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this um when it's
+when when you're if you're up here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you're if you're up here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you're if you're up here then
+that's how much um Power you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how much um Power you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how much um Power you get from
+the Sun and if you're now when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and if you're now when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun and if you're now when you're
+down here then you have the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here then you have the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here then you have the atmosphere
+which absorbs some of that remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which absorbs some of that remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which absorbs some of that remember that
+causes dips in the spectrum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes dips in the spectrum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes dips in the spectrum because
+you've got certain molecules in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got certain molecules in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got certain molecules in the
+atmosphere that just take all the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that just take all the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that just take all the light
+out of that frequency right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that frequency right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that frequency right and then
+what we tend to do usually when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we tend to do usually when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we tend to do usually when we talk
+about solar PV is we say well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solar PV is we say well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about solar PV is we say well that's
+actually not what you really get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not what you really get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not what you really get what
+you really get on average is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really get on average is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really get on average is something
+like uh the sun coming coming through at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the sun coming coming through at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the sun coming coming through at
+an angle now why is that important so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle now why is that important so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle now why is that important so so
+this is the standard solar PV spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard solar PV spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard solar PV spectrum
+that you use is called am 1.5 air mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use is called am 1.5 air mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use is called am 1.5 air mass
+so you take the air mass into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the air mass into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the air mass into account
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+1.5 um because it's at 45 degrees why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 um because it's at 45 degrees why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 um because it's at 45 degrees why
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah well so definitely there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah well so definitely there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah well so definitely there's an
+angular dependence that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependence that's absolutely
+right there is an angular dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is an angular dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is an angular dependence of
+the power right that's the cosine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power right that's the cosine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power right that's the cosine you
+got a cosine function basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a cosine function basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a cosine function basically an
+angular dependance of the power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependance of the power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular dependance of the power the
+solar cell generates with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell generates with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell generates with respect to the
+position of the of the Sun but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the of the Sun but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the of the Sun but um but
+what else is going on when I put the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going on when I put the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is going on when I put the Sun
+at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle more go through yeah it's more air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle more go through yeah it's more air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle more go through yeah it's more air
+to go through right so that's why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through right so that's why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through right so that's why uh
+very often this is the power um this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often this is the power um this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very often this is the power um this is
+sort of the average right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the average right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the average right so there's
+more air to go through less air to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more air to go through less air to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more air to go through less air to go
+through more a to go through right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through more a to go through right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through more a to go through right and
+so you you you know we just have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you you know we just have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you you know we just have some
+standards a lot of times you take am 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards a lot of times you take am 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards a lot of times you take am 1.5
+is sort of the standard it's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the standard it's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the standard it's what you
+use when you when you buy like a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when you when you buy like a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use when you when you buy like a solar
+simulator and you do the tests in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and you do the tests in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and you do the tests in the
+lab um that's what you use okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab um that's what you use okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab um that's what you use okay so now
+we'll go through every single curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through every single curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through every single curve
+here and have a quiz on it yeah no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and have a quiz on it yeah no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and have a quiz on it yeah no this
+is actually so has anybody seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually so has anybody seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually so has anybody seen this
+graph one person two people okay uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph one person two people okay uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph one person two people okay uh this
+is actually if you meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually if you meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually if you meet
+somebody in a dark alley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in a dark alley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody in a dark alley
+someday and you're both and you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday and you're both and you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someday and you're both and you and
+you've got your panel your solar panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your panel your solar panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your panel your solar panel
+and you pull it out and they pull theirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pull it out and they pull theirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you pull it out and they pull theirs
+out and you want to know who's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you want to know who's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you want to know who's got a
+more efficient panel what do you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient panel what do you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient panel what do you who
+decides right enell that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides right enell that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides right enell that's where you
+take it you take it to enell right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it you take it to enell right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it you take it to enell right so
+you know you say Take It Outside you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say Take It Outside you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say Take It Outside you
+know take it to enell enell is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take it to enell enell is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take it to enell enell is the
+national anybody know who enell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national anybody know who enell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national anybody know who enell
+is National renewable energy lab it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is National renewable energy lab it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is National renewable energy lab it's
+over in Colorado not a bad State um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Colorado not a bad State um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in Colorado not a bad State um and
+and they do this kind of very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do this kind of very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do this kind of very careful
+testing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing right
+on all kinds of Solar Technologies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all kinds of Solar Technologies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all kinds of Solar Technologies so
+that's one of what one of the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of what one of the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of what one of the cool
+things here about this to me is is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here about this to me is is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here about this to me is is first
+of all look at how many materials make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all look at how many materials make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all look at how many materials make
+electricity from the sun isn't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from the sun isn't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity from the sun isn't that
+amazing that I get really excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing that I get really excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing that I get really excited about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now when you buy a solar cell today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you buy a solar cell today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you buy a solar cell today um
+there's a little bit of variation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of variation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of variation but
+most of the time it's made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time it's made out of
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+silicon silicon and in fact look at here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon silicon and in fact look at here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon silicon and in fact look at here
+there's different kinds but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different kinds but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different kinds but actually
+it's really multi crystallin single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really multi crystallin single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really multi crystallin single
+crystallin is a little more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin is a little more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin is a little more efficient
+but more expensive so most of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more expensive so most of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more expensive so most of the cells
+you buy are multi crystallin so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy are multi crystallin so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you buy are multi crystallin so that's
+so you can find it right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find it right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can find it right and that's
+these these squares here and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these squares here and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these squares here and you can see
+that you know silicon has gotten better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know silicon has gotten better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know silicon has gotten better
+with time the efficiency used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time the efficiency used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time the efficiency used to be
+there and it keeps on getting better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it keeps on getting better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it keeps on getting better and
+now if you want to buy uh silicon solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to buy uh silicon solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to buy uh silicon solar
+cells you can buy them I can't get 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you can buy them I can't get 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you can buy them I can't get 20%
+multicrystal and silicon um you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal and silicon um you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicrystal and silicon um you can't
+get that on on the market easily but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that on on the market easily but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that on on the market easily but I
+can get about 18%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get about 18%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get about 18%
+cells um actually that's not true multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um actually that's not true multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um actually that's not true multi
+crystallin I can get lower cells so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin I can get lower cells so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallin I can get lower cells so the
+these are sort of like the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of like the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of like the efficiency
+that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could
+get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at
+most and then is like what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and then is like what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and then is like what you can
+actually get in your product right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get in your product right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get in your product right and
+there's a big difference right so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference right so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference right so these
+are sort of like what has been what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like what has been what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of like what has been what the
+record has been in research Labs tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record has been in research Labs tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record has been in research Labs tested
+and verified by enr and then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verified by enr and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verified by enr and then they're
+sort of like now I buy it who who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like now I buy it who who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like now I buy it who who can
+sell me it and what's your efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell me it and what's your efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell me it and what's your efficiency
+and it's always lower and for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always lower and for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always lower and for for for
+monoc crystallin silicon which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoc crystallin silicon which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monoc crystallin silicon which is like
+the best you can do that's here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can do that's here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can do that's here you see
+that we're we're we're pushing what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're we're pushing what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're we're pushing what I'll
+show you is is close to the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is is close to the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is is close to the theoretical
+limit of how efficient this can even do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of how efficient this can even do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of how efficient this can even do
+this process um but that's 27% you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process um but that's 27% you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process um but that's 27% you see
+um but if I buy it 18% is the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I buy it 18% is the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if I buy it 18% is the best you
+can get on the market of monoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get on the market of monoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get on the market of monoc
+crystalling right now why is that why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalling right now why is that why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalling right now why is that why is
+there such a difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there such a difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there such a difference between the
+research cell and what I can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today C manufacturing then you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today C manufacturing then you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today C manufacturing then you also have
+process you have internal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have internal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have internal from
+industrial mass production yeah scale up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial mass production yeah scale up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial mass production yeah scale up
+scale up is hard so I can make like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up is hard so I can make like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up is hard so I can make like a
+little solar cell like this and send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solar cell like this and send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solar cell like this and send it
+off to enell and they'll mark it at 28%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to enell and they'll mark it at 28%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to enell and they'll mark it at 28%
+and now I I get $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I I get $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I I get $100
+million from some happy gol lucky VC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million from some happy gol lucky VC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million from some happy gol lucky VC and
+I build my plant and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I build my plant and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I build my plant and all of a sudden
+there are regions like this in the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are regions like this in the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are regions like this in the cells
+I make but most of the cell is like 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make but most of the cell is like 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make but most of the cell is like 10%
+right why well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why well you know
+manufacturability scale up huge issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturability scale up huge issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturability scale up huge issues
+with solar PV huge issues okay there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solar PV huge issues okay there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solar PV huge issues okay there was
+this there was a spin-off uh that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there was a spin-off uh that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there was a spin-off uh that I
+won't name names where you know it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't name names where you know it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't name names where you know it was
+really exciting because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting because they were
+literally like putting hard drives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like putting hard drives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like putting hard drives in
+the toaster oven and getting out solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toaster oven and getting out solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toaster oven and getting out solar
+cells and and it was such a cool idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and and it was such a cool idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and and it was such a cool idea
+you know using like old material from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using like old material from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using like old material from
+other processes and but and little parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes and but and little parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other processes and but and little parts
+of those cells were so efficient it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cells were so efficient it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those cells were so efficient it was
+really promising but they but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really promising but they but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really promising but they but the
+homogeneity was terrible right so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity was terrible right so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity was terrible right so and
+that's because you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because you need
+processes that can get you uh uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that can get you uh uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that can get you uh uniformity
+at scale this does not tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at scale this does not tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at scale this does not tell you about
+that right but what now I love this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but what now I love this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but what now I love this area
+down here where you have all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here where you have all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here where you have all kinds of
+new material happening so in my group we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material happening so in my group we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material happening so in my group we
+work on the bottom of the barrel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the bottom of the barrel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on the bottom of the barrel and
+efficiency but it's but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but it's but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency but it's but it's really
+exciting because these are all different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting because these are all different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting because these are all different
+materials where I think there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials where I think there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials where I think there could be
+big changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big changes in
+efficiency okay like materials made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency okay like materials made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency okay like materials made out
+of carbon Quantum dots you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon Quantum dots you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon Quantum dots you can make
+solar cells out of quantum dots okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells out of quantum dots okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells out of quantum dots okay why
+would I care about those kinds of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I care about those kinds of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I care about those kinds of other
+materials what might they offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials what might they offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials what might they offer
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah to the higher efficiency cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to the higher efficiency cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to the higher efficiency cells
+let's say I can get them up here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I can get them up here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I can get them up here let's
+say I can get a quantum dot cell let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can get a quantum dot cell let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I can get a quantum dot cell let's
+look at my little Legend there the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at my little Legend there the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at my little Legend there the uh
+where are my Quantum dots the triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are my Quantum dots the triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are my Quantum dots the triangles
+oh they only been around since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh they only been around since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh they only been around since
+2010 how cool is that and then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 how cool is that and then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 how cool is that and then look at
+that curve they're doing well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve they're doing well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve they're doing well you know
+if you have two points you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two points you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two points you can make a
+line right and if you extrapolate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right and if you extrapolate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right and if you extrapolate this
+in just 6 years they're going to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just 6 years they're going to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just 6 years they're going to be as
+as as efficient as silicon why do I care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as efficient as silicon why do I care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as efficient as silicon why do I care
+why do I want all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+materials yeah some of them could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials yeah some of them could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials yeah some of them could be
+less expensive or more easier more easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive or more easier more easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less expensive or more easier more easy
+to mass exactly yeah it's all about cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mass exactly yeah it's all about cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mass exactly yeah it's all about cost
+right it's all about cost so new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's all about cost so new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's all about cost so new
+materials might give me different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials might give me different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials might give me different ways
+especially like low temperature solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like low temperature solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially like low temperature solution
+processing is a key right so silicon PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is a key right so silicon PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is a key right so silicon PV
+you got to bake this stuff at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to bake this stuff at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to bake this stuff at you know
+like 11 times you put it in the oven at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 11 times you put it in the oven at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 11 times you put it in the oven at
+1,000 Celsius right many different I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 Celsius right many different I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 Celsius right many different I'm
+just making that up but it's not too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making that up but it's not too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making that up but it's not too far
+from that um low temperature solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that um low temperature solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that um low temperature solution
+processing is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing is much
+cheaper okay now the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper okay now the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper okay now the other thing that
+you need to remember and I will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remember and I will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remember and I will get to
+computation in a moment in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in a moment in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in a moment in a little bit
+but I want to finish this sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to finish this sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to finish this sort of um
+overview of of solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of of solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of of solar
+PV the the other thing that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV the the other thing that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV the the other thing that you have to
+remember is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is that um
+the cost of of solar cells is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of of solar cells is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of of solar cells is not just
+the material so it is the material but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material so it is the material but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material so it is the material but
+notice that so here's Crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that so here's Crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that so here's Crystal and
+silicon most of the solar cells today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon most of the solar cells today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon most of the solar cells today
+are still made of this but notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still made of this but notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still made of this but notice the
+blue here is the cost of the module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue here is the cost of the module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue here is the cost of the module
+that's like the material and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the material and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the material and you know
+the glass stuff and then the green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass stuff and then the green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass stuff and then the green is
+the installation cost the installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the installation cost the installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the installation cost the installation
+cost is actually more than the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is actually more than the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is actually more than the material
+module cost so in solar cells actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module cost so in solar cells actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module cost so in solar cells actually
+that is has be come only recently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is has be come only recently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is has be come only recently the
+biggest problem is the the instulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem is the the instulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest problem is the the instulation
+costs even just 10 years ago the Mel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs even just 10 years ago the Mel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs even just 10 years ago the Mel
+cost was twice as much as installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost was twice as much as installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost was twice as much as installation
+today it's half as much okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's half as much okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's half as much okay so you can
+see that you know if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know if I go
+Nano uh I this means a lot of things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano uh I this means a lot of things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano uh I this means a lot of things I
+can make cells that have much cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make cells that have much cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make cells that have much cheaper
+materials costs but see they're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials costs but see they're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials costs but see they're not very
+efficient so if I want to normalize my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so if I want to normalize my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so if I want to normalize my
+cost per watt I got to install a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost per watt I got to install a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost per watt I got to install a whole
+lot more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more of
+them so my green curve is really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so my green curve is really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so my green curve is really high
+you see does everybody see that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see does everybody see that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see does everybody see that so
+that's the balance right now but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the balance right now but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the balance right now but the the
+interesting thing is that you see one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that you see one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that you see one of
+the reasons why silicon PV is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why silicon PV is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons why silicon PV is so
+expensive is why the insulation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is why the insulation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is why the insulation is
+expensive is because it has to be put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is because it has to be put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive is because it has to be put on
+glass and glass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and glass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and glass is
+heavy right I mean there are laws in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy right I mean there are laws in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy right I mean there are laws in
+this country about how much a worker can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country about how much a worker can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this country about how much a worker can
+actually carry on a roof and that limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carry on a roof and that limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carry on a roof and that limits
+literally that limits how big you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally that limits how big you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally that limits how big you can
+make a panel okay the weight is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a panel okay the weight is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a panel okay the weight is a real
+problem and then there are other costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then there are other costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and then there are other costs
+as well on you called balance of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well on you called balance of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well on you called balance of systems
+that go into that installation cost but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into that installation cost but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into that installation cost but
+what if you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you could make
+materials that uh that could be put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that uh that could be put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that uh that could be put on
+templates other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates other than
+glass maybe then you could really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass maybe then you could really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass maybe then you could really change
+the the installation the Paradigm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the installation the Paradigm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the installation the Paradigm on the
+installation right that's a big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation right that's a big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation right that's a big big
+reason why we're interested in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we're interested in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we're interested in all of
+these right so so these are all thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right so so these are all thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right so so these are all thin
+film these are all thin film this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film these are all thin film this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film these are all thin film this is
+thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick
+film now why how what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film now why how what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film now why how what can you
+compute because of this class to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute because of this class to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute because of this class to tell me
+why this is thick and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thin is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin is it the
+bangat what about the bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangat what about the bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bangat what about the bang
+up direct or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up direct or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up direct or
+indirect and you know as a first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect and you know as a first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect and you know as a first thing
+as a first approximation is that band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a first approximation is that band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a first approximation is that band
+Gap direct or indirect indirect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap direct or indirect indirect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap direct or indirect indirect here
+direct here therefore you can make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct here therefore you can make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct here therefore you can make very
+thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin
+films you can make a morphos silicon at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films you can make a morphos silicon at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films you can make a morphos silicon at
+a micron you got to make this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micron you got to make this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micron you got to make this at
+hundreds you know 100 microns to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds you know 100 microns to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds you know 100 microns to absorb
+all the light if you don't make it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the light if you don't make it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the light if you don't make it that
+thick it just won't absorb enough light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it just won't absorb enough light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick it just won't absorb enough light
+why isn't it absorbing light the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it absorbing light the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it absorbing light the band
+structure tells you okay the the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure tells you okay the the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure tells you okay the the band
+structure would also tell you or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure would also tell you or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure would also tell you or the
+these these electron States would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these electron States would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these electron States would would
+also tell you that for nanostructure PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tell you that for nanostructure PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tell you that for nanostructure PV
+you can make them as thin as 50 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make them as thin as 50 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make them as thin as 50 to 100
+nanometers and absorb all the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and absorb all the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and absorb all the light
+that's how efficient they can be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how efficient they can be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how efficient they can be at
+absorbing light okay so that is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing light okay so that is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing light okay so that is a really
+important metric for because if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important metric for because if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important metric for because if you can
+make them thin then you can put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them thin then you can put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them thin then you can put them
+maybe on different templates that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on different templates that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe on different templates that are
+flexible right maybe you don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible right maybe you don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible right maybe you don't need a
+thick glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick glass
+template right the solution processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template right the solution processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template right the solution processing
+is obviously equally or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously equally or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is obviously equally or more
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions there's another issue that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there's another issue that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions there's another issue that I
+just want to mention that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to mention that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to mention that you know
+people kind of happy gol lucky PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of happy gol lucky PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people kind of happy gol lucky PV
+people there are a lot of them talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are a lot of them talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are a lot of them talk
+about uh which is just what I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh which is just what I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh which is just what I should say
+don't talk about which is just again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about which is just again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk about which is just again
+this scale this production scale right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale this production scale right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale this production scale right
+you know we talk about how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we talk about how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we talk about how we're going
+to get to 81 kilowatt hours a day per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to 81 kilowatt hours a day per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to 81 kilowatt hours a day per
+person of solar electricity that's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person of solar electricity that's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person of solar electricity that's from
+uh without hot air in now is done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without hot air in now is done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without hot air in now is done in
+that book that should be a Target okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book that should be a Target okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book that should be a Target okay
+so but the thing is that you see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the thing is that you see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the thing is that you see if you
+want to meet that Target then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to meet that Target then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to meet that Target then what
+you're going to need is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need is you're going to
+need to get to like 100% of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get to like 100% of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get to like 100% of the US
+electricity generated by solar PV or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generated by solar PV or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity generated by solar PV or
+close to that and that would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that and that would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that and that would require
+being able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to make
+14,000 acres per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 acres per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14,000 acres per
+day right and today we make 14 acres per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right and today we make 14 acres per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right and today we make 14 acres per
+day so this is the kind of thing you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so this is the kind of thing you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so this is the kind of thing you got
+to you got to look at these problems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you got to look at these problems as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you got to look at these problems as
+well when you think about the solar PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you think about the solar PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when you think about the solar PV
+problem this is not you can't just dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is not you can't just dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is not you can't just dream
+up a material and say aha right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a material and say aha right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a material and say aha right right
+you got to really ask how it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to really ask how it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to really ask how it's going to
+fit in um to to the full problem okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in um to to the full problem okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in um to to the full problem okay so
+you know anything any new technology has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything any new technology has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anything any new technology has
+to accelerate over the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate over the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accelerate over the Silicon
+production rate has to be better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate has to be better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production rate has to be better than
+silicon silicon is a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon silicon is a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon silicon is a moving
+Target um and it has to retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target um and it has to retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target um and it has to retire
+efficiencies and or lower installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and or lower installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies and or lower installation
+costs for different reasons as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs for different reasons as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs for different reasons as I just
+mentioned okay now this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned okay now this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned okay now this is what I'm
+going to skip but I put it here for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip but I put it here for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip but I put it here for you
+because this is what I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is what I don't want to
+talk about which is the device view this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about which is the device view this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about which is the device view this
+is what you'd learn in like a double e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you'd learn in like a double e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you'd learn in like a double e
+class okay uh and it's great and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay uh and it's great and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay uh and it's great and it's a
+really good way to look at solar cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good way to look at solar cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good way to look at solar cells
+and I've got two slides that summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got two slides that summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got two slides that summarize
+it basically a solar cell is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically a solar cell is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically a solar cell is a
+diode okay uh that you shine light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode okay uh that you shine light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diode okay uh that you shine light
+on uh I don't want to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I don't want to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh I don't want to talk about that
+picture happy to do so uh offline after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture happy to do so uh offline after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture happy to do so uh offline after
+class whenever um because what so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class whenever um because what so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class whenever um because what so this
+is the typical kind of picture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the typical kind of picture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the typical kind of picture because
+this does not this picture does not let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not this picture does not let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not this picture does not let
+me take the Viewpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the Viewpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me take the Viewpoint of
+electrons that's where we're coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's where we're coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that's where we're coming from
+in this class okay is is well what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class okay is is well what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class okay is is well what what
+does an electron do in this material at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an electron do in this material at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an electron do in this material at
+the scale of the atom right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of the atom right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale of the atom right and that's
+the picture I want to start with so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture I want to start with so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture I want to start with so I'm
+going to go down a level um from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down a level um from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down a level um from these
+sort of device models which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of device models which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of device models which are
+extremely useful um and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful um and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful um and I'm going to
+look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this
+picture okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay so this is the
+picture this is what a this is what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is what a this is what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is what a this is what an
+elect our precious electrons our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect our precious electrons our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect our precious electrons our
+electrons we now feel that they are ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we now feel that they are ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we now feel that they are ours
+right in this class do we own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this class do we own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in this class do we own
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+yeah okay I saw some doubt but it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I saw some doubt but it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I saw some doubt but it's okay
+we still have we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have we still have
+Thursday the uh we simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday the uh we simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday the uh we simulate
+electrons and that's what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that's what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and that's what we've been
+doing right this whole part of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right this whole part of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right this whole part of the class
+how can you model the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you model the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you model the behavior of
+electrons and in particular what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in particular what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and in particular what are the
+energies of electrons in a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of electrons in a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of electrons in a material
+that's really been our kind of our key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really been our kind of our key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really been our kind of our key
+goal okay and this is how an electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal okay and this is how an electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal okay and this is how an electron in
+that landscape sees a solar cell light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that landscape sees a solar cell light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that landscape sees a solar cell light
+shines on the material and an electron's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines on the material and an electron's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines on the material and an electron's
+just cruising around okay and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cruising around okay and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cruising around okay and then it's
+like oh man I just got hit by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh man I just got hit by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh man I just got hit by a
+photon right and then it's like I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon right and then it's like I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon right and then it's like I better
+take that energy in but we know that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that energy in but we know that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that energy in but we know that for
+an electron when it you know when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron when it you know when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron when it you know when it
+takes energy in oh David McKay is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes energy in oh David McKay is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes energy in oh David McKay is the
+guy that wrote without hot eror okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that wrote without hot eror okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that wrote without hot eror okay
+when it takes that energy in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it takes that energy in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it takes that energy in what
+happens let's say these are filled right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's say these are filled right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's say these are filled right
+and this is my firmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my firmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my firmy
+energy it's going to jump up that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's going to jump up that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's going to jump up that's what
+electrons do when they take energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do when they take energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do when they take energy in
+right we talked about that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we talked about that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we talked about that so that's
+what happened and what did it leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened and what did it leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened and what did it leave
+behind a hole which is the same as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a hole which is the same as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a hole which is the same as an
+electron but not but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but not but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but not but it's
+positive right so that's a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right so that's a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right so that's a positive
+charge and there's my negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and there's my negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and there's my negative charge
+Char and that's what happened when sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char and that's what happened when sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Char and that's what happened when sun
+was you know shined showned shown shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know shined showned shown shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know shined showned shown shown
+on it and uh then what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yeah it relaxes what does that mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it relaxes what does that mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it relaxes what does that mean it's
+not taking it easy go back down coule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking it easy go back down coule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking it easy go back down coule to
+where there here yeah right here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there here yeah right here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there here yeah right here yeah
+can it go here right one here can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it go here right one here can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it go here right one here can't go
+between we know that so it goes here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we know that so it goes here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between we know that so it goes here and
+that is the veilance band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the veilance band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the veilance band
+no conduction band minimum CBN right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no conduction band minimum CBN right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no conduction band minimum CBN right of
+the material that's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that's where it
+lands and so you know just like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands and so you know just like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands and so you know just like in the
+Solar fuel what what I wanted you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar fuel what what I wanted you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solar fuel what what I wanted you to see
+in that third problem of the solar fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that third problem of the solar fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that third problem of the solar fuel
+homework is that you can you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is that you can you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is that you can you know you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+excite uh electrons up but you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite uh electrons up but you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite uh electrons up but you're only
+going to get out Delta h right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out Delta h right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out Delta h right so you
+lose whatever energy you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose whatever energy you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose whatever energy you know when you
+when you hold something out in the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hold something out in the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hold something out in the sun
+photons of all energies from the Sun are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of all energies from the Sun are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons of all energies from the Sun are
+hitting the something right and most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the something right and most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the something right and most of
+them are going to just heat wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to just heat wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are going to just heat wasted
+heat most of that sun's energy is wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat most of that sun's energy is wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat most of that sun's energy is wasted
+heat and that's because of this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and that's because of this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and that's because of this right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right so this is just heat here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is just heat here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is just heat here it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+Heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating
+the uh the material and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the material and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the material and then this is the
+energy or the voltage if you want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the voltage if you want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the voltage if you want that
+you can pull the electron out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull the electron out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pull the electron out that
+conduction band all the other energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band all the other energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band all the other energy
+that you might have had is lost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have had is lost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have had is lost right
+and so why don't I just make this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so why don't I just make this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so why don't I just make this really
+really big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big the
+Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap
+huh yeah because if it's too big if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh yeah because if it's too big if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh yeah because if it's too big if the
+Gap is too big then anything less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is too big then anything less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is too big then anything less than
+the Gap doesn't get absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gap doesn't get absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gap doesn't get absorbed
+if I make it too small then boy do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make it too small then boy do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make it too small then boy do I
+waste a lot of the sun's energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste a lot of the sun's energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste a lot of the sun's energy right
+then I have almost no voltage so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have almost no voltage so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have almost no voltage so there's
+a sweet spot and that's what problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweet spot and that's what problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweet spot and that's what problem
+three was about in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was about in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three was about in in
+pf5 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pf5 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pf5 right
+um now then the electron has to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now then the electron has to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now then the electron has to get
+out if it's a if it's a certain kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if it's a if it's a certain kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if it's a if it's a certain kind of
+solar cell it can actually recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell it can actually recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell it can actually recombine
+with the whole which we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole which we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole which we really don't
+want see in some materials like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want see in some materials like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want see in some materials like in
+Silicon the electron in the hole really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon the electron in the hole really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon the electron in the hole really
+don't like other much you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like other much you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like other much you know they're
+they their Facebook friends or I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their Facebook friends or I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they their Facebook friends or I don't
+know what do you kids call it these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what do you kids call it these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what do you kids call it these days
+they tweet no no because nobody tweets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tweet no no because nobody tweets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tweet no no because nobody tweets
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+tweets does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweets does anybody
+tweet I I'm Amazed by that I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweet I I'm Amazed by that I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweet I I'm Amazed by that I have no
+clue what I'm talking about how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue what I'm talking about how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue what I'm talking about how many of
+you have a Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a Facebook
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+right okay I'm just learning it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I'm just learning it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I'm just learning it's a
+learning thing for me Google+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning thing for me Google+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning thing for me Google+
+Google+ it's gotten better has it gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google+ it's gotten better has it gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google+ it's gotten better has it gotten
+better sort of yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sort of yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better sort of yeah okay so
+uh fact of the matter is where was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fact of the matter is where was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fact of the matter is where was I
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+um what you know they don't like each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you know they don't like each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you know they don't like each
+other much they like each other a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other much they like each other a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other much they like each other a little
+bit like a milli electron volt or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like a milli electron volt or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like a milli electron volt or two
+right of binding between that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of binding between that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of binding between that electron
+and the hole and silicon so basically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hole and silicon so basically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hole and silicon so basically as
+soon as that electron in whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as that electron in whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as that electron in whole
+form right and one is in the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form right and one is in the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form right and one is in the conduction
+band and the other is in the valance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and the other is in the valance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and the other is in the valance
+band they're like eh whatever and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band they're like eh whatever and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band they're like eh whatever and they
+just wander off okay now that's a weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wander off okay now that's a weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wander off okay now that's a weekly
+bound exaton is another way of of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound exaton is another way of of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound exaton is another way of of saying
+that or really not really much of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or really not really much of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or really not really much of an
+exaton at all because there's no exaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaton at all because there's no exaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaton at all because there's no exaton
+binding an exaton is nothing more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding an exaton is nothing more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding an exaton is nothing more than a
+fancy way of saying electron hole pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way of saying electron hole pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way of saying electron hole pair
+but in some materials like polymer solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some materials like polymer solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some materials like polymer solar
+cells which I will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which I will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells which I will talk
+about that's not true you see in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's not true you see in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's not true you see in some
+materials the electron in the hole are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the electron in the hole are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the electron in the hole are
+very strongly attracted to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly attracted to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strongly attracted to each other
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+BFF did I say that right best friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFF did I say that right best friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BFF did I say that right best friends
+forever except it's not forever because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever except it's not forever because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever except it's not forever because
+you get them apart in the solar cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get them apart in the solar cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get them apart in the solar cell you
+do get them apart and it's sad but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get them apart and it's sad but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do get them apart and it's sad but uh
+then they go and they do work and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go and they do work and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go and they do work and they
+and then they come back so they do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come back so they do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they come back so they do get
+it's a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a happy
+ending uh so now when it's really weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending uh so now when it's really weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending uh so now when it's really weak
+like in Silicon well they just you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Silicon well they just you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in Silicon well they just you don't
+need much to pull them away right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need much to pull them away right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need much to pull them away right you
+got to pull them away you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pull them away you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pull them away you got to
+transport the whole PS and transport the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the whole PS and transport the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the whole PS and transport the
+electrons over to some metals and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over to some metals and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons over to some metals and so
+actually how do you pull them away how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how do you pull them away how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how do you pull them away how
+do you get them out on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get them out on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get them out on the right side
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides yeah yes and yes right a PN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides yeah yes and yes right a PN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides yeah yes and yes right a PN
+Junction we'll do it and even there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction we'll do it and even there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction we'll do it and even there
+there there can be whole regions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there can be whole regions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there can be whole regions where
+there's no field really but as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no field really but as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no field really but as long as
+they finally get to some region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they finally get to some region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they finally get to some region where
+there is and they can know what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and they can know what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is and they can know what you know
+get off on the right side we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off on the right side we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off on the right side we're good
+okay um um but in other solar cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um um but in other solar cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um um but in other solar cells and
+it's this is all within this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is all within this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is all within this picture
+this is all within the same picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all within the same picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all within the same picture
+right we can talk about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can talk about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can talk about all these
+Concepts so in in a silicon solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so in in a silicon solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so in in a silicon solar cell
+recombination here is really not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination here is really not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination here is really not a
+problem but this part is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but this part is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but this part is a problem
+that's really hard because it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really hard because it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really hard because it's not very
+because of the indirect band Gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the indirect band Gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the indirect band Gap and
+then because you got to make it thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because you got to make it thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because you got to make it thick
+because that's bad this part is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's bad this part is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's bad this part is a
+problem because they got to transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they got to transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because they got to transport
+for a long distance and because they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long distance and because they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long distance and because they got
+a transport for a long distance you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transport for a long distance you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transport for a long distance you got
+to make the material pure so that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the material pure so that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the material pure so that it has
+good highways to get out okay um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good highways to get out okay um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good highways to get out okay um but in
+a plastic solar cell or an organic solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic solar cell or an organic solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plastic solar cell or an organic solar
+cell well these are really strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell well these are really strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell well these are really strongly
+bound they really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound they really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound they really want to
+be best friends they're a half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be best friends they're a half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be best friends they're a half an
+electron volt bound instead of mil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt bound instead of mil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volt bound instead of mil
+electron volts those are strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts those are strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts those are strongly bound
+exons so a pan Junction won't do it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons so a pan Junction won't do it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons so a pan Junction won't do it you
+can't do that because they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that because they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that because they're going to
+be together unless you rip them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be together unless you rip them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be together unless you rip them
+apart right and because they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart right and because they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart right and because they're going to
+be together what's going to happen is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be together what's going to happen is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be together what's going to happen is if
+you don't rip them apart soon they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't rip them apart soon they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't rip them apart soon they're
+just going to collapse and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to collapse and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to collapse and you're going
+to lose that all the photons energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose that all the photons energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose that all the photons energy
+you're just going to lose and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to lose and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to lose and the
+electron and hole will recombine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and hole will recombine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and hole will recombine okay
+that's this recombination and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this recombination and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this recombination and they'll
+emit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit a
+photon right that's bad that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon right that's bad that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon right that's bad that's a bad
+thing right so in those kinds of solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right so in those kinds of solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right so in those kinds of solar
+cells the challenges are different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the challenges are different right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the challenges are different right
+there they're actually really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're actually really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're actually really good at
+this remember I said 100 nmet thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember I said 100 nmet thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remember I said 100 nmet thickness
+is all you need to absorb all the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all you need to absorb all the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all you need to absorb all the light
+in some of these materials even less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of these materials even less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of these materials even less
+okay but where there's a challenge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but where there's a challenge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but where there's a challenge is
+how do you get them how do you pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get them how do you pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get them how do you pull them
+apart and the way you do it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and the way you do it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and the way you do it is you
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+interfaces where when this electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces where when this electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces where when this electron and
+whole pair get to the interface one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pair get to the interface one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pair get to the interface one of
+them really sees you know the grass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them really sees you know the grass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them really sees you know the grass is
+really greener on the other side of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really greener on the other side of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really greener on the other side of that
+interface and the other one's like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the other one's like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the other one's like I
+don't like that material and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that material and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that material and then they
+split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split
+and that's called the type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called the type two
+heterojunction okay which I'll I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterojunction okay which I'll I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterojunction okay which I'll I'll show
+you a picture in a sec in in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a picture in a sec in in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a picture in a sec in in a little
+bit or maybe Thursday morning Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit or maybe Thursday morning Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit or maybe Thursday morning Thursday
+at the beginning of class I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of class I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of class I think I
+might have done um so so these are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done um so so these are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done um so so these are you
+know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the
+level that uh we can really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that uh we can really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that uh we can really understand
+solar cells from the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells from the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells from the fundamental
+electron Viewpoint and this is the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Viewpoint and this is the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Viewpoint and this is the level
+where you know how to compute relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know how to compute relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know how to compute relevant
+things so you know so tell me what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you know so tell me what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you know so tell me what you
+can compute that's relevant to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute that's relevant to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute that's relevant to this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah fir energy okay firy energy okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fir energy okay firy energy okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah fir energy okay firy energy okay so
+that would be for the metal right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be for the metal right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be for the metal right you
+that's the level that's going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the level that's going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the level that's going to try to
+line up with that level and you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up with that level and you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up with that level and you'd like
+it to be pretty pretty close okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be pretty pretty close okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be pretty pretty close okay what
+else somebody said bang Gap very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else somebody said bang Gap very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else somebody said bang Gap very good
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+this right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else what about the bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what about the bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what about the bang
+up okay direct or indirect very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay direct or indirect very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay direct or indirect very
+important what else huh Mobility which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what else huh Mobility which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what else huh Mobility which
+is this part how efficiently is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part how efficiently is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part how efficiently is it going
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+this right well you can calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right well you can calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right well you can calculate that
+now from the band structure right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the band structure right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the band structure right what
+gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mobility curvature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility curvature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility curvature of the
+band okay right you know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay right you know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay right you know how to do that
+um and the last thing is that I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the last thing is that I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the last thing is that I'll I'll
+just tell you because I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you because I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you because I'm going to show
+it to you in a second is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you in a second is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you in a second is um
+is that you know when you need to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know when you need to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you know when you need to pull
+electrons and holes apart from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes apart from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes apart from each
+other because they're really strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they're really strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they're really strongly
+bound you need two different materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound you need two different materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound you need two different materials
+with a very particular way of lining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very particular way of lining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very particular way of lining
+their energy levels up so again it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy levels up so again it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy levels up so again it comes
+back to their it comes back to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their it comes back to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to their it comes back to having
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+material with levels this is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with levels this is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material with levels this is let's say
+the homo and the lumo like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homo and the lumo like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homo and the lumo like that and
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+material well or the if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material well or the if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material well or the if you want to
+think about this is the conduction band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is the conduction band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is the conduction band
+and the bance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+band you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band you need to
+have if you have a really strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a really strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a really strongly bound
+electron hole there it is you you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole there it is you you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hole there it is you you now
+you're with me on this right you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me on this right you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me on this right you see
+what I mean here this is a level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean here this is a level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean here this is a level that
+was where it was it's thermalized down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where it was it's thermalized down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was where it was it's thermalized down
+and this is strongly bound so I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is strongly bound so I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is strongly bound so I got to
+rip them apart and then I that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip them apart and then I that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rip them apart and then I that means I
+need another material with levels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another material with levels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another material with levels that
+come in at a very particular way with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in at a very particular way with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in at a very particular way with
+very particular alignment and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular alignment and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular alignment and that's
+called a type two heter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a type two heter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a type two heter
+Junction and if it's not type two you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and if it's not type two you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction and if it's not type two you're
+not going to split them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to split them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to split them
+apart okay now how can you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay now how can you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart okay now how can you calculate
+that well you can calculate these levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you can calculate these levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well you can calculate these levels
+this is what you know how to do so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you know how to do so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you know how to do so you
+can actually with the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually with the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually with the same kind of
+methodology you can calculate the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology you can calculate the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology you can calculate the levels
+across an interface exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across an interface exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across an interface exactly the same
+with the cesta tool you have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cesta tool you have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cesta tool you have you can
+look at what those levels look like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what those levels look like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what those levels look like on
+one side of an interface and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of an interface and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of an interface and when you
+change the material what they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the material what they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the material what they look like
+on another and you can tell me if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another and you can tell me if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another and you can tell me if it's a
+type two interface or say a type one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two interface or say a type one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two interface or say a type one or
+or or a broken Junction or other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a broken Junction or other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or a broken Junction or other kinds
+that wouldn't be good for PV okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be good for PV okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be good for PV okay okay
+so this is a very rich picture uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very rich picture uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very rich picture uh and it
+really you can see that there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can see that there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you can see that there are a lot
+of things you know how to compute now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you know how to compute now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things you know how to compute now
+that are directly relevant to solar PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are directly relevant to solar PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are directly relevant to solar PV
+so let's take a closer look okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a closer look okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a closer look okay so
+that's what we want to do is uh is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to do is uh is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we want to do is uh is take
+a closer or look at some of these any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closer or look at some of these any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closer or look at some of these any uh
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yeah uh that's actually the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that's actually the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh that's actually the conduction
+band minimum and the veilance band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band minimum and the veilance band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band minimum and the veilance band
+maximum and because sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and because sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum and because sometimes you know
+the conduction band uh can be thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band uh can be thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band uh can be thought of
+as sort of a band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sort of a band of
+States uh but if you but often we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh but if you but often we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States uh but if you but often we we
+only care about the very lowest one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the very lowest one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the very lowest one okay
+which is where that electron is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where that electron is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where that electron is going to
+wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind
+up it's got plenty of time to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's got plenty of time to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's got plenty of time to get there
+this thermalization process is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thermalization process is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thermalization process is super
+fast super fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast super fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast super fast
+okay um okay okay so this is again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay okay so this is again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um okay okay so this is again what
+I've been talking about U but I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about U but I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about U but I'll give
+you a few kind of more specific examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few kind of more specific examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few kind of more specific examples
+so in Crystal and silicon which is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Crystal and silicon which is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in Crystal and silicon which is still
+I don't know if it's 80% maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it's 80% maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if it's 80% maybe it's
+between 70 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 70 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 70 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right the the band structure uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right the the band structure uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right the the band structure uh the
+band Gap uh and the electron home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap uh and the electron home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap uh and the electron home
+mobilities this is all something we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilities this is all something we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobilities this is all something we just
+we just talked about okay and it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about okay and it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about okay and it all
+comes from the band structure so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the band structure so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the band structure so you get
+the band structure of the material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band structure of the material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band structure of the material and
+these properties of the picture we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties of the picture we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties of the picture we just
+showed fall out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed fall out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed fall out okay
+um in amorphous silicon see Amorphis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in amorphous silicon see Amorphis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in amorphous silicon see Amorphis
+silicon is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon is actually
+3% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% of the
+market and um actually light absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and um actually light absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and um actually light absorption
+is really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really pretty
+good um and so you can make them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um and so you can make them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um and so you can make them very
+thin that's a this picture was uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin that's a this picture was uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin that's a this picture was uh where
+was it there that's Crystal and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it there that's Crystal and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it there that's Crystal and silicon
+that's a crystal and silicon cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a crystal and silicon cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a crystal and silicon cell and
+that's an amorphous silicon cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an amorphous silicon cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an amorphous silicon cell okay
+and you can see one is curving because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see one is curving because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see one is curving because
+you can make it really really thin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it really really thin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it really really thin okay
+whereas if you tried to curve a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you tried to curve a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you tried to curve a 100
+microns you're it's going to it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns you're it's going to it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns you're it's going to it's really
+hard to do you're going to crack it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do you're going to crack it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do you're going to crack it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um the problem with the morphos Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem with the morphos Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the problem with the morphos Silicon
+so electrons and holes separate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electrons and holes separate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so electrons and holes separate that's
+not a problem they separate easily they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem they separate easily they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem they separate easily they
+don't they're not strongly bound to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they're not strongly bound to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they're not strongly bound to each
+other but here you have the transport is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but here you have the transport is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but here you have the transport is
+the problem holes in particular positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem holes in particular positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem holes in particular positive
+charges move very very slowly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges move very very slowly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges move very very slowly through
+morphos silicon okay so you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphos silicon okay so you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphos silicon okay so you know they're
+actually both electrons and holes are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both electrons and holes are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both electrons and holes are a
+lot slower in a morphos silicon than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot slower in a morphos silicon than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot slower in a morphos silicon than in
+cryst and silicon but holes are 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryst and silicon but holes are 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryst and silicon but holes are 200
+times slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times slower than
+electrons 200 times slower right whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 200 times slower right whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 200 times slower right whereas
+in Crystal and silicon they're only like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Crystal and silicon they're only like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Crystal and silicon they're only like
+two or three times slower so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three times slower so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three times slower so that's a
+big discrepancy and that causes big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big discrepancy and that causes big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big discrepancy and that causes big
+problems and a big drop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and a big drop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and a big drop and
+efficiency now what you can do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency now what you can do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency now what you can do with the
+calculations you know how to do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you know how to do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations you know how to do is you
+can calculate the whole mobility and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the whole mobility and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the whole mobility and and
+actually you can also calculate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can also calculate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can also calculate whether
+the amorphous material wants to trap a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amorphous material wants to trap a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amorphous material wants to trap a
+positive charge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge or
+not and the way you do that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the way you do that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the way you do that is you
+simply in the code you simply calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply in the code you simply calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply in the code you simply calculate
+the structure with and without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure with and without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure with and without a
+positive charge in it and you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge in it and you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge in it and you get an
+energy right and then you can compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and then you can compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right and then you can compare
+that from one structure to another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from one structure to another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that from one structure to another and
+try to understand something about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand something about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand something about why
+this material is trapping holes you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material is trapping holes you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material is trapping holes you see
+in an amorphous material do I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an amorphous material do I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an amorphous material do I have a
+picture I think I had a picture of ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I think I had a picture of ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I think I had a picture of ah
+maybe I have a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I have a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I have a picture
+later why would we want an morph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later why would we want an morph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later why would we want an morph of
+silicon over a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon over a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon over a crystal
+silicon it's cheaper why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's cheaper why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon it's cheaper why is it
+cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why yeah I mean it's it's just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah I mean it's it's just it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah I mean it's it's just it's a
+mess amorphous silicon is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess amorphous silicon is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess amorphous silicon is a
+mess right uh it's a messy material now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess right uh it's a messy material now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess right uh it's a messy material now
+there are still like very important ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still like very important ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are still like very important ways
+of doing the processing that can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing the processing that can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing the processing that can make a
+difference on the performance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on the performance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference on the performance right
+hydrogen concentration how you inal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen concentration how you inal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen concentration how you inal it
+but it's a much easier material to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a much easier material to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a much easier material to make
+since it's inherently messy now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's inherently messy now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's inherently messy now that
+poses a real challenge because now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses a real challenge because now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poses a real challenge because now you
+have a problem that you want to fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that you want to fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a problem that you want to fix the
+transport of charges in a messy material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of charges in a messy material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport of charges in a messy material
+and it's really hard to characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really hard to characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really hard to characterize
+messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy
+materials right beautiful problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right beautiful problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials right beautiful problem for
+computation beautiful problem right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation beautiful problem right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation beautiful problem right and
+we're talking about holes and electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about holes and electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about holes and electrons
+so the only game in town is quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only game in town is quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only game in town is quantum
+mechanics that's the only game in town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's the only game in town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that's the only game in town
+right you got to get to those uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you got to get to those uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you got to get to those uh the
+description that we know how to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that we know how to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that we know how to do now
+of where electrons and holes are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where electrons and holes are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where electrons and holes are in the
+material and in the computer you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and in the computer you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and in the computer you can
+make messy this way messy that way add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make messy this way messy that way add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make messy this way messy that way add a
+little of this put a defect in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of this put a defect in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of this put a defect in and you
+can calculate what that does right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what that does right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what that does right all
+the way down to the scales of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to the scales of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to the scales of of these
+atoms and electrons and that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and electrons and that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and electrons and that's that
+would be extremely hard especially in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be extremely hard especially in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be extremely hard especially in a
+material that's disordered to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's disordered to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's disordered to do
+experimentally right so this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally right so this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally right so this is a great
+problem for computation I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for computation I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for computation I love this
+problem a morphos silicon has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a morphos silicon has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a morphos silicon has a
+wonderful um a wonderful problem called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um a wonderful problem called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um a wonderful problem called
+the stable ronsky effect St lonsky in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable ronsky effect St lonsky in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable ronsky effect St lonsky in
+1977 they wrote an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 they wrote an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 they wrote an
+APL um where they showed that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APL um where they showed that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+APL um where they showed that you make
+an a morphos silic solar cell and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a morphos silic solar cell and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a morphos silic solar cell and let's
+say you make it and you test it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you make it and you test it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you make it and you test it and it's
+10% and now you hold it out Under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and now you hold it out Under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and now you hold it out Under the
+Sun for 2 hours and after that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun for 2 hours and after that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun for 2 hours and after that it's
+7% okay and it doesn't come back unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% okay and it doesn't come back unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% okay and it doesn't come back unless
+you heat it up in which case it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it up in which case it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat it up in which case it does
+what a great problem right so you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a great problem right so you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a great problem right so you get an
+immediate 30% hit on your performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate 30% hit on your performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate 30% hit on your performance
+when you have an amorphous uh solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an amorphous uh solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an amorphous uh solar cell
+morphos silicon solar cell and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphos silicon solar cell and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphos silicon solar cell and that is a
+30 40e problem I get no 30-year problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 40e problem I get no 30-year problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 40e problem I get no 30-year problem
+uh that is unsolved right I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is unsolved right I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is unsolved right I love
+problems like that why you hold it on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like that why you hold it on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like that why you hold it on on
+the sun and because of the sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun and because of the sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sun and because of the sunlight
+exposure something's the mess is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure something's the mess is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure something's the mess is getting
+messy in a bad way not all messes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy in a bad way not all messes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy in a bad way not all messes are
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+equal right how cool is that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right how cool is that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal right how cool is that at the
+atomic scale the disorder is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scale the disorder is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scale the disorder is different
+uh when you shine light on it and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you shine light on it and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you shine light on it and that
+difference the different disorder means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the different disorder means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the different disorder means
+something really important to positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important to positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important to positive
+charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+what unsolved very cool problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what unsolved very cool problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what unsolved very cool problem
+computation can play a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation can play a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation can play a big
+role okay now in organic PV as I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay now in organic PV as I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay now in organic PV as I already
+mentioned um I mentioned this so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um I mentioned this so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned um I mentioned this so let me
+get to that but look at this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that but look at this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that but look at this this is
+that solar spectrum and often we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar spectrum and often we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solar spectrum and often we like to
+plot you know the the just several ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot you know the the just several ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot you know the the just several ones
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh so so but these are just the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so but these are just the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so but these are just the sun
+whether you're on the earth or how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're on the earth or how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're on the earth or how you
+you know measure it but now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know measure it but now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know measure it but now here's the
+key this is the absorption of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this is the absorption of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this is the absorption of a
+polymer that can make an organic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that can make an organic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that can make an organic cell
+now uh you can see that uh one issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh you can see that uh one issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh you can see that uh one issue
+with organic materials is they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with organic materials is they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with organic materials is they can have
+really good absorption but in a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good absorption but in a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good absorption but in a fairly
+narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow
+range so I can make this cell very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so I can make this cell very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so I can make this cell very
+thin and theoretically I could uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and theoretically I could uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and theoretically I could uh get
+you know a decent efficiency out of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a decent efficiency out of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a decent efficiency out of it I
+don't by the way but one would think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't by the way but one would think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't by the way but one would think I
+could but you can see that I'm missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could but you can see that I'm missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could but you can see that I'm missing a
+whole lot of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of the solar
+Spectrum right I'm missing a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum right I'm missing a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum right I'm missing a whole lot
+of the solar Spectrum um and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar Spectrum um and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar Spectrum um and so that's
+one issue with with polymers is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one issue with with polymers is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one issue with with polymers is they're
+very good at absorbing very efficient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at absorbing very efficient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at absorbing very efficient at
+absorbing light but usually in a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing light but usually in a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing light but usually in a fairly
+narrow part of the spectrum so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow part of the spectrum so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow part of the spectrum so that's
+one Challenge and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Challenge and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Challenge and that's something that
+you now know a lot about because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know a lot about because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know a lot about because you've
+been integrating this from like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been integrating this from like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been integrating this from like here
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+back that was fun wasn't that fun yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that was fun wasn't that fun yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back that was fun wasn't that fun yeah I
+feel I felt the pain Sam help me feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I felt the pain Sam help me feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I felt the pain Sam help me feel
+the pain inform me about the pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pain inform me about the pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pain inform me about the pain
+okay now uh so that's one issue and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh so that's one issue and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh so that's one issue and you
+know how to do that I now can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that I now can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do that I now can you can
+take a polymer put it in your nanohub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a polymer put it in your nanohub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a polymer put it in your nanohub
+tool and integrate the Sun from its Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and integrate the Sun from its Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool and integrate the Sun from its Gap
+right and that'll give you this now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that'll give you this now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that'll give you this now and
+you can use you can even do it more Den
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use you can even do it more Den
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use you can even do it more Den
+than that you can even use the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you can even use the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that you can even use the density
+of states to get a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states to get a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states to get a more
+realistic uh estimate of how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic uh estimate of how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic uh estimate of how much energy
+versus wavelength that that polymer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus wavelength that that polymer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus wavelength that that polymer can
+absorb right but uh another really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb right but uh another really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb right but uh another really
+important problem that comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem that comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important problem that comes with
+polymers is that again and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers is that again and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers is that again and this is
+exactly that picture I just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that picture I just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that picture I just showed you
+have to have two materials because in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have two materials because in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have two materials because in a
+polymer you uh when you excite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer you uh when you excite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer you uh when you excite an
+electron in a hole they're usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a hole they're usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a hole they're usually
+strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound
+right so that exiton is a strongly bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that exiton is a strongly bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that exiton is a strongly bound
+exiton and therefore you can't split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exiton and therefore you can't split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exiton and therefore you can't split
+them apart unless you have an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart unless you have an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart unless you have an interface
+that has levels that align like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has levels that align like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has levels that align like this so
+another really important part of polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really important part of polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really important part of polymer
+PV is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV is to
+design the two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the two kinds of
+materials that will give you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that will give you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that will give you those
+interfaces and then control them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and then control them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and then control them in some
+way to blend them it's actually a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to blend them it's actually a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to blend them it's actually a really
+pretty uh hard problem there's a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh hard problem there's a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh hard problem there's a company
+there are several companies selling p3ht
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several companies selling p3ht
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several companies selling p3ht
+that that is poly3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hexaline um uh solar cells okay konara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexaline um uh solar cells okay konara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexaline um uh solar cells okay konara
+has anybody heard of konara you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody heard of konara you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody heard of konara you can buy
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+konara a brave bold move into polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+konara a brave bold move into polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+konara a brave bold move into polymer
+solar cells was made with $120 Million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells was made with $120 Million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells was made with $120 Million
+by konara I would say too early but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by konara I would say too early but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by konara I would say too early but um
+but you know they're they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they're they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know they're they're trying to
+push it now the problem is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it now the problem is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it now the problem is if
+efficiencies are very low still right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies are very low still right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies are very low still right so
+so you have these like they'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these like they'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these like they'll give you
+one of their products is like a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their products is like a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of their products is like a you know
+this size and it's all packed in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size and it's all packed in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size and it's all packed in and you
+can unfold it to the size of this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can unfold it to the size of this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can unfold it to the size of this table
+because it's just flexible and thin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just flexible and thin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just flexible and thin and
+it's and you put it on plastic instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and you put it on plastic instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and you put it on plastic instead
+of glass right P3 HD is a plastic it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass right P3 HD is a plastic it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass right P3 HD is a plastic it's a
+cheap cheap solution processable plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap cheap solution processable plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap cheap solution processable plastic
+and the the films only need to be 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the films only need to be 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the films only need to be 100
+nanometers thick so you can put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers thick so you can put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers thick so you can put it on
+this flexible thing that folds up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flexible thing that folds up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flexible thing that folds up in the
+wallet and you unfold it it's the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet and you unfold it it's the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallet and you unfold it it's the size
+of the table and you plug it in yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the table and you plug it in yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the table and you plug it in yourself
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+and and you wait the whole day and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you wait the whole day and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you wait the whole day and you
+get like 2 minutes of talk time they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like 2 minutes of talk time they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like 2 minutes of talk time they're
+very low efficiency okay but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low efficiency okay but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low efficiency okay but uh but
+they're getting better and actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting better and actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting better and actually the
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+efficiencies of polymer cells are now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of polymer cells are now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of polymer cells are now at
+10% almost 10% 9 10% that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% almost 10% 9 10% that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% almost 10% 9 10% that's pretty
+exciting remember research efficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting remember research efficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting remember research efficiencies
+what you buy is very different it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you buy is very different it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you buy is very different it's
+still very low right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very low right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very low right
+2% maybe three that's not what they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% maybe three that's not what they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% maybe three that's not what they say
+but it's what people people measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's what people people measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's what people people measure
+um there's another issue with polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's another issue with polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's another issue with polymers
+though with polymer cells can anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though with polymer cells can anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though with polymer cells can anybody
+tell me what they think it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what they think it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what they think it might
+be what is that degrades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what is that degrades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what is that degrades
+why two reasons why do organic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degrade well that's actually not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade well that's actually not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade well that's actually not they
+they you get them back so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you get them back so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you get them back so that's
+actually not the problem it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the problem it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the problem it's not that
+you're pulling it's not that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling it's not that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling it's not that you're
+depleting them or anything it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleting them or anything it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleting them or anything it's a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem this is that is absolutely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is that is absolutely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem this is that is absolutely the
+right answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer for
+3012 but in 3021 well it's still yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3012 but in 3021 well it's still yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3012 but in 3021 well it's still yes I
+can't ever say no to the second law ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't ever say no to the second law ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't ever say no to the second law ever
+okay so yes uh but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yes uh but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yes uh but what
+else what happens to polymers there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what happens to polymers there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what happens to polymers there's
+two bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bad
+badnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badnesses
+okay so oxygen is a tough one water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oxygen is a tough one water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so oxygen is a tough one water
+oxygen right chemically they degrade now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen right chemically they degrade now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen right chemically they degrade now
+how can I prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I prevent
+that packaging you got it and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that packaging you got it and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that packaging you got it and what does
+packaging say what is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging say what is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging say what is really really
+really good packaging to really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good packaging to really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good packaging to really really
+make sure oxygen and water doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure oxygen and water doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure oxygen and water doesn't get
+in that should that should bring this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that should that should bring this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that should that should bring this in
+your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind
+dollars that's expensive and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's expensive and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's expensive and that's the
+problem right is now you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right is now you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right is now you're kind of
+you're kind of going back well you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of going back well you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of going back well you had
+solution processible cheap materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution processible cheap materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution processible cheap materials
+flexible substrates you're hitting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible substrates you're hitting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible substrates you're hitting it
+out of the park and then you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the park and then you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the park and then you got to
+spend all your money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all your money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend all your money on
+packaging right so now and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging right so now and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging right so now and there's
+another reason why polymer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why polymer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason why polymer is
+degrade anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know that could be where the degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that could be where the degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that could be where the degradation
+happens but there's something else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but there's something else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but there's something else that
+happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymers when you put them out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers when you put them out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers when you put them out in the
+sun why why did car paint used to fade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun why why did car paint used to fade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun why why did car paint used to fade
+doesn't anymore you guys are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't anymore you guys are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't anymore you guys are too
+young back in the when when when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young back in the when when when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young back in the when when when I was
+in school in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school in the
+1930s car paint used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s car paint used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s car paint used to
+fade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fade
+why UV it's UV UV right UV is tough UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why UV it's UV UV right UV is tough UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why UV it's UV UV right UV is tough UV
+is tough on us right UV is tough on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tough on us right UV is tough on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tough on us right UV is tough on
+organic matter and and so you know UV uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic matter and and so you know UV uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic matter and and so you know UV uh
+will over time degrade polymers as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will over time degrade polymers as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will over time degrade polymers as well
+now there's still lots of discussion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's still lots of discussion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's still lots of discussion and
+debate you know how much does one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate you know how much does one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate you know how much does one
+moisture oxygen versus UV important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moisture oxygen versus UV important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moisture oxygen versus UV important here
+but both are degrading this and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but both are degrading this and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but both are degrading this and you know
+so you now when you install a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you now when you install a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you now when you install a solar cell
+in your house what kind of warranty do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your house what kind of warranty do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your house what kind of warranty do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+get 20 years you got it right and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 20 years you got it right and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 20 years you got it right and and if
+it's if it's a cadel solar cell they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's a cadel solar cell they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it's a cadel solar cell they'll
+offer to uh buy it back no they offer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to uh buy it back no they offer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer to uh buy it back no they offer to
+to safely dispose of the cadmium after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to safely dispose of the cadmium after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to safely dispose of the cadmium after
+20 years yeah I'll believe that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years yeah I'll believe that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years yeah I'll believe that when I
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+it that's that's a very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's a very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's that's a very expensive
+business plan but you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan but you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business plan but you know that's the
+kind of warranty you get 20 years and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of warranty you get 20 years and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of warranty you get 20 years and if
+you got stuff that's degrading in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got stuff that's degrading in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got stuff that's degrading in six
+months which by the way you do that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months which by the way you do that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months which by the way you do that's
+it's very hard to compete okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to compete okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to compete okay so that's
+those are some key issues degradation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are some key issues degradation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are some key issues degradation is
+not really as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really as
+addressable with uh with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressable with uh with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressable with uh with these
+computational quantum mechanics um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational quantum mechanics um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational quantum mechanics um
+approaches we've been talking about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we've been talking about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches we've been talking about but
+um but I wanted to mention it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I wanted to mention it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I wanted to mention it because it
+is a serious problem so if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a serious problem so if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a serious problem so if somebody
+comes along and says Ah I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and says Ah I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes along and says Ah I have this
+great polymer that I think won't degrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great polymer that I think won't degrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great polymer that I think won't degrade
+we can tell them whether it will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell them whether it will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can tell them whether it will still
+separate charge and absorb light right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge and absorb light right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate charge and absorb light right
+so we can screen uh some Key properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can screen uh some Key properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can screen uh some Key properties
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+okay is that band Gap too high or too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+low it's pretty high right it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low it's pretty high right it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low it's pretty high right it's pretty
+high okay good okay now um there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay good okay now um there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high okay good okay now um there's one
+other I'll talk about today and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I'll talk about today and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I'll talk about today and then
+I'll you know I'll finish this up uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll you know I'll finish this up uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll you know I'll finish this up uh um
+just there's not much more I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's not much more I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just there's not much more I want to say
+but I'll finish this up on uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll finish this up on uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll finish this up on uh on
+Thursday morning Thursday in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday morning Thursday in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday morning Thursday in the
+beginning but another kind of cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but another kind of cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but another kind of cell that
+is really fun actually in in a class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really fun actually in in a class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really fun actually in in a class I
+taught here two two and a half years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught here two two and a half years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught here two two and a half years ago
+we made these in class we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made these in class we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made these in class we made
+desensitized cells has anybody made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitized cells has anybody made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitized cells has anybody made a
+dis sensitized cell it's really easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis sensitized cell it's really easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis sensitized cell it's really easy you
+know you you just you literally you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you just you literally you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you just you literally you just
+uh you take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you take some
+tio2 and we had a contest with fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tio2 and we had a contest with fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tio2 and we had a contest with fruit
+because the dye we we had the pom team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the dye we we had the pom team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the dye we we had the pom team
+pomegranate team raspberry and team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pomegranate team raspberry and team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pomegranate team raspberry and team
+blackberry and you mash up your fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackberry and you mash up your fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackberry and you mash up your fruit
+and that gives you the dye right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the dye right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you the dye right and
+that's just a light absorber and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a light absorber and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a light absorber and then
+you coat tio2 you coat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you coat tio2 you coat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you coat tio2 you coat your
+powder okay and and you put it down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder okay and and you put it down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder okay and and you put it down on
+on a metal and then you put an electrod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a metal and then you put an electrod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a metal and then you put an electrod
+electrolyte in and I'll I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolyte in and I'll I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolyte in and I'll I'll tell you
+what's happening in a minute and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in a minute and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in a minute and it's
+such a simple cool fruit power fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a simple cool fruit power fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a simple cool fruit power fruit
+power right solve The World's energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right solve The World's energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power right solve The World's energy
+problems with with blackberries which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with with blackberries which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with with blackberries which
+are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like
+$6.99 for a pint so that's scalable not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6.99 for a pint so that's scalable not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6.99 for a pint so that's scalable not
+but anyway uh there are cheaper ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh there are cheaper ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway uh there are cheaper ways of
+getting dice okay but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dice okay but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting dice okay but anyway
+um the point is that it's really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is that it's really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the point is that it's really simple
+and really elegant and actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really elegant and actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really elegant and actually pretty
+efficient these are also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient these are also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient these are also known as
+gretzel cells because um gretzel uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gretzel cells because um gretzel uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gretzel cells because um gretzel uh was
+really one of the key uh founders of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the key uh founders of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the key uh founders of of
+this idea I think the key founder um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea I think the key founder um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea I think the key founder um and
+there are companies making and selling D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are companies making and selling D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are companies making and selling D
+sens Dells the reason they're appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sens Dells the reason they're appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sens Dells the reason they're appealing
+is they are actually even more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are actually even more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they are actually even more efficient
+than polymer based cells they're up to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than polymer based cells they're up to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than polymer based cells they're up to I
+think even 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think even 14
+15% um again the issue is packaging why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% um again the issue is packaging why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% um again the issue is packaging why
+because in this case what happens is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case what happens is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case what happens is um
+the die coats a particle okay that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the die coats a particle okay that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the die coats a particle okay that is
+really good at pulling the electrons off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at pulling the electrons off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at pulling the electrons off
+oh you love these pictures you know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you love these pictures you know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you love these pictures you know them
+now you feel them now right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you feel them now right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you feel them now right these are
+the pictures we use to describe solar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures we use to describe solar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures we use to describe solar uh
+Technologies right so you have the die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies right so you have the die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies right so you have the die
+where sunlight Shines on it and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sunlight Shines on it and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sunlight Shines on it and an
+electron gets kicked up now in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gets kicked up now in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gets kicked up now in this case
+you see you're not going to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you're not going to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you're not going to worry about
+moving that electron around in some slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving that electron around in some slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving that electron around in some slow
+polymer right or amorphous material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer right or amorphous material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer right or amorphous material
+you're going to put it into a tio2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put it into a tio2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put it into a tio2
+particle Matrix where actually electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Matrix where actually electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Matrix where actually electrons
+zip along really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip along really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip along really
+so you kind of really boost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of really boost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you kind of really boost the
+transport part of the problem and the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport part of the problem and the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport part of the problem and the D
+see ti2 by itself wouldn't absorb light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ti2 by itself wouldn't absorb light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ti2 by itself wouldn't absorb light
+very well so the Dy helps you kick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so the Dy helps you kick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so the Dy helps you kick the
+light absorption up so that really helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light absorption up so that really helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light absorption up so that really helps
+so the light is absorbed here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the light is absorbed here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the light is absorbed here and then
+the electron transfers to the t2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron transfers to the t2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron transfers to the t2 and
+goes out here and here's the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out here and here's the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out here and here's the problem is
+you got to get that electron back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to get that electron back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to get that electron back and
+the way you get it back is you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you get it back is you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you get it back is you get it
+back from the cathode okay um through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the cathode okay um through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the cathode okay um through a
+d through an electrolyte I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d through an electrolyte I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d through an electrolyte I'm sorry
+through an electrolyte I just read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an electrolyte I just read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an electrolyte I just read that
+word um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word um
+which which is which is uh which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is which is uh which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is which is uh which is um
+which is basically just shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically just shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is basically just shipping
+electrons right from this metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right from this metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right from this metal
+electrode over to the D it's just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode over to the D it's just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode over to the D it's just an
+iodine solution very cheap very cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine solution very cheap very cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodine solution very cheap very cheap
+but it's just an electron it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just an electron it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just an electron it's an
+electrolyte right has anybody uh heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolyte right has anybody uh heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolyte right has anybody uh heard
+of our work with electrolytes well even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our work with electrolytes well even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our work with electrolytes well even
+if not it's okay right they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not it's okay right they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not it's okay right they're in
+they're in lots of uses um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in lots of uses um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in lots of uses um and and
+basically what they are is they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they are is they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what they are is they're a
+shuttle it's atoms right these i3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle it's atoms right these i3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle it's atoms right these i3s
+molecules that are carrying electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are carrying electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are carrying electrons
+for you in a liquid what's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in a liquid what's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you in a liquid what's the problem
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah it's it's how are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's it's how are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's it's how are you going to
+keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that
+liquid in there for 20 years 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in there for 20 years 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in there for 20 years 20 years
+you need a liquid right to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a liquid right to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a liquid right to stay
+perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly
+liquid that's hard right there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's hard right there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's hard right there's a lot
+of work that's been done on solid state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that's been done on solid state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that's been done on solid state
+electrolytes for other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes for other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes for other applications
+right lots of work has been done um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lots of work has been done um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lots of work has been done um it's
+an entire field that if you had a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire field that if you had a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire field that if you had a good
+enough one could be used here as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough one could be used here as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough one could be used here as well
+but so far solid state electrolytes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far solid state electrolytes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far solid state electrolytes do
+not get you the electrons uh efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get you the electrons uh efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get you the electrons uh efficiently
+enough okay but when you use this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay but when you use this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay but when you use this very
+cheap liquid and very cheap dye and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap liquid and very cheap dye and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap liquid and very cheap dye and very
+cheap nanop particles you get a 14%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap nanop particles you get a 14%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap nanop particles you get a 14%
+efficient cell and you can do it in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient cell and you can do it in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient cell and you can do it in one
+hour violating only a few codes safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour violating only a few codes safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour violating only a few codes safety
+codes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes in a
+classroom okay um so it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom okay um so it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom okay um so it's actually a
+really cool um it's a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool um it's a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool um it's a really cool
+technology I'll pick up here and finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I'll pick up here and finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I'll pick up here and finish
+the solar PV part on Thursday please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar PV part on Thursday please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar PV part on Thursday please
+come to class um because we will fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class um because we will fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to class um because we will fill
+out evaluations and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pizza
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/96UEwIcSTG0.txt b/96UEwIcSTG0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38e26a48ec15e2cfd29dac60238cc7a601f2aa93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/96UEwIcSTG0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,836 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this problem, we're going
+to look at how to infer a
+
+discrete random variable from
+a continuous measurement.
+
+And really, what it's going to
+give us is some practice
+
+working with a variation
+of Bayes' rule.
+
+So the problem tells us that
+we have a discrete random
+
+variable x with this PMF.
+
+It is 1 with probability P,
+minus 1 with probability 1
+
+minus P, and 0 otherwise.
+
+So here is just a diagram
+of this PMF.
+
+And then we also have another
+random variable, y, which is
+
+continuous.
+
+And its PDF is given by this.
+
+It's 1/2 lambda e to the minus
+lambda times the absolute
+
+value of y.
+
+And so this may look familiar.
+
+It looks kind of like
+an exponential.
+
+And in fact, it's just a
+two-sided exponential.
+
+That's flattened by
+a factor of 1/2.
+
+And this is what it looks like,
+kind of like a tent that
+
+goes on both ways.
+
+And then we have a random
+variable z, which is equal to
+
+the sum of x and y.
+
+And the problem is going to be
+figuring out what x is, based
+
+on an observed value
+of what z is.
+
+So because x is discrete
+and y is random--
+
+sorry, x is discrete, and y is
+continuous, z is also going to
+
+be continuous.
+
+So our measurement is z,
+which is continuous.
+
+And we want to infer x,
+which is discrete.
+
+So the problem asked us to
+find is this what is the
+
+probability that x equals 1,
+given that z is a little z.
+
+And you can write this another
+way, just as a
+
+conditional PMF as well.
+
+It's the conditional PMF of
+x, given z, evaluated to 1
+
+conditioned on little z.
+
+All right, so now let's apply
+the correct variation of
+
+Bayes' rule.
+
+So remember, it's going to be
+this, the probability that x
+
+equals 1, or the PMF of x
+evaluated to 1, times the--
+
+you flip this conditioning.
+
+So now it's going to be a
+conditional PDF of z, since z
+
+is continuous.
+
+It's going to be a conditional
+PDF of z, given x, evaluated
+
+at some little z condition
+on x being 1.
+
+And the bottom is the
+conditional PDF--
+
+or sorry, just the
+regular PDF of z.
+
+And of course, we can rewrite
+this denominator.
+
+Remember, the denominator is
+always just-- you can use the
+
+law of total probability
+and rewrite it.
+
+And one of the terms is
+going to be exactly
+
+the same as the numerator.
+
+So one of the ways that z can
+be some little z is it's in
+
+combination with x
+being equal to 1.
+
+And the probability of that
+is exactly the same
+
+thing as the numerator.
+
+And the other way is if x
+is equal to negative 1.
+
+And that gives us this
+second term.
+
+ 
+
+All right.
+
+And now let's just fill
+in what all these
+
+different terms are.
+
+So with the PMF of x evaluated
+at 1, that is just P. What is
+
+the conditional PDF of z, given
+that x is equal to 1?
+
+Well, that takes a little
+bit more work.
+
+Given that x is 1, then z
+is just going to be--
+
+so if x equals 1, then z is
+just y plus 1, which means
+
+that you can just imagine taking
+y-- this is what y is,
+
+the distribution of y--
+
+and just adding 1 to it, which,
+in this diagram, would
+
+amount to shifting
+it over by one.
+
+So now, it would look like
+this, the distribution.
+
+And algebraically, all you would
+do is just change this
+
+thing in the absolute
+value to y minus 1.
+
+That amounts to shifting it
+over to the right by one.
+
+All right.
+
+So what is that?
+
+That's just 1/2 lambda,
+1/2 lambda, e to the
+
+minus lambda y--
+
+sorry, not y, z--
+
+ 
+
+z minus 1.
+
+ 
+
+And the denominator, well, the
+first term is going to be
+
+exactly the same.
+
+It's just also P 1/2 lambda e to
+the minus lambda z minus 1.
+
+What about the second term?
+
+The second term, first we need
+to figure out what is the PMF
+
+of x evaluated at
+a negative 1.
+
+Or in other words, what's
+the probability that
+
+x is negative 1?
+
+That is given to
+us by the PMF.
+
+It's 1 minus P.
+
+And then the second part is,
+what is the conditional PDF of
+
+z, given that x is negative 1?
+
+Well, we can just do the same
+sort of trick here.
+
+If x is negative 1, then
+z is just y minus 1.
+
+In which case, the PDF of z
+would just look like this.
+
+You're shifted to the
+left by one now.
+
+And now what you have to do is
+change this into a plus 1.
+
+So this conditional PDF would
+be 1/2 lambda e to the minus
+
+lambda z plus 1, absolute
+value of z plus 1.
+
+All right, so this looks
+pretty messy.
+
+And we can try to simplify
+things a little bit.
+
+So we can get rid of
+these 1/2 lambdas.
+
+ 
+
+And then we can multiply the
+numerator and the denominator
+
+by the same term.
+
+Let's multiply it by e to
+the lambda absolute
+
+value of z minus 1.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+try to cancel out some of
+
+these exponential terms.
+
+So that will cancel
+out this top term.
+
+So all we have in the numerator
+now is just P. It
+
+will also cancel out this
+exponential in the
+
+denominator.
+
+And then we'll have to change
+this here, because it'll have
+
+an extra e to the lambda
+absolute value of z minus 1.
+
+ 
+
+All right, now let's
+rewrite this.
+
+And what we get is plus 1 minus
+P e to the minus lambda
+
+absolute value of z plus
+1 minus absolute
+
+value of z minus 1.
+
+ 
+
+OK, so that is pretty much as
+far as you can go in terms of
+
+simplifying it.
+
+And now the question is, are we
+
+comfortable with this answer?
+
+And it helps always to try to
+interpret it a little bit, to
+
+make sure that it makes
+intuitive sense.
+
+And one way to do that is to try
+to-- some of the limiting
+
+cases of what some of the
+parameters can be.
+
+So in this case, the parameters
+are P and lambda.
+
+So P is the parameter
+related to x.
+
+And lambda is the parameter
+related to y.
+
+So let's try to see if it
+makes sense under some
+
+limiting cases.
+
+The first one we want to think
+about is when P goes to 0.
+
+ 
+
+So if P goes to 0, what
+happens to our answer?
+
+Well, the numerator is 0,
+this is 0, this is 1.
+
+But it doesn't matter, because
+the numerator is 0.
+
+So in this case, this
+would go to 0.
+
+Now does that make sense?
+
+Well, what does that mean
+when P goes to 0?
+
+When P goes to 0, that means
+that the probability that x is
+
+equal to 1 is 0.
+
+So even without thinking about
+y or z, there is already a 0
+
+probability that x
+is equal to 1.
+
+Now this whole calculation, what
+we found is, well, if I
+
+had some more information, like
+what z is, does that help
+
+me find out what the probability
+of x being 1 is?
+
+Well, no matter what z tells me,
+I know for a fact that x
+
+can't be 1, because P is 0.
+
+So this posterior, or this
+conditional probability,
+
+should also be 0, because
+there's just no way
+
+that x can be 1.
+
+So in this case, this formula
+does check out.
+
+Now let's think about another
+case where P goes to 1.
+
+If P goes to 1, that
+means that X is for
+
+sure going to be 1.
+
+And it can't be anything else.
+
+In which case, what does
+our formula tell us?
+
+Well, this numerator is 1.
+
+This term is 1.
+
+1 minus 1 is 0.
+
+So the second term gets zeroed
+out, and the answer
+
+is just 1/1 is 1.
+
+So what does this tell us?
+
+This tells us that if I know
+beforehand that x is for sure
+
+equal to 1, then, if I now give
+myself more information
+
+and condition on what I observe
+for z, that shouldn't
+
+change anything else.
+
+I should still know for sure
+that x is equal to 1.
+
+So the probability of this
+conditional probability should
+
+still be equal to 1.
+
+And it does, so our formula
+also works in this case.
+
+Now let's think about lambda.
+
+What about when lambda
+goes to 0?
+
+Well, when lambda goes
+to 0, that's a
+
+little harder to visualize.
+
+But really, what would happen
+is that you can imagine this
+
+distribution getting shallower,
+shallower and
+
+shallower, lower and lower, so
+that it's like it is kind of
+
+flat and goes on forever.
+
+And so what this tells you
+is that, basically, y--
+
+this is the distribution y-- so
+when lambda goes to 0, that
+
+tells you that y has a really
+flat and kind of short
+
+distribution.
+
+And so what does our formula
+tell us in this case?
+
+Well, when lambda goes to 0,
+this exponent is equal to 0.
+
+And so e to the 0 is 1.
+
+So we get P over P plus 1 minus
+P, which is just 1.
+
+So the answer here, our formula
+will give us an answer
+
+of P.
+
+So what does that tell us?
+
+That tells us that, in this
+case, if lambda goes to 0,
+
+then our posterior probability,
+the probability
+
+that x equals 1 conditioned
+on z being some value,
+
+conditioned on our continuous
+measurement, is still P. So
+
+the prior, or the original
+probability for x being equal
+
+to 1 is P. And with this
+additional continuous
+
+measurement, our guess of the
+probability that x equal to 1
+
+is still P. So it
+hasn't changed.
+
+So basically, it's telling
+us that this additional
+
+information was not
+informative.
+
+It didn't actually help
+us change our beliefs.
+
+And so why is that?
+
+Well, one way to think about
+it is that, because the
+
+distribution of y looks like
+this, is very flat and it
+
+could be anything, then, if you
+observe some value of z,
+
+then it could be that that was
+due to the fact that it was x
+
+equal to 1 plus some value
+of y that made z
+
+equal to that value.
+
+Or it could have just as equally
+been likely that x
+
+equal to negative 1 y equals to
+some other value that made
+
+it equal to z.
+
+And so, essentially, it's z--
+
+because y has a shape, it can be
+likely to take on any value
+
+that complements either x being
+equal to 1 or x equal
+
+being to negative 1, to make z
+equal to whatever the value it
+
+is that you observe.
+
+And so because of that, in
+this case, y is not very
+
+informative.
+
+And so this probability is
+still just equal to P.
+
+Now the last case is when
+lambda goes to infinity.
+
+And now we have to break
+it down into the
+
+two other cases now.
+
+The first case is when--
+
+lets write this over here--
+
+when lambda goes to infinity.
+
+The first case, it depends on
+what this value is, the sine
+
+of this value.
+
+If this value, the absolute
+value of z plus 1 minus the
+
+absolute value of z minus 1,
+if that's positive, then,
+
+because lambda goes to infinity
+and you have a
+
+negative sign, then this
+entire exponential
+
+term will go to 0.
+
+In which case, the second
+term goes to 0.
+
+And the answer is
+P/P, or is 1.
+
+And so if absolute value of z
+plus 1 minus absolute value of
+
+z minus 1 is greater than
+0, then the answer is 1.
+
+ 
+
+But in the other case, if this
+term in the exponent, if it's
+
+actually negative, if it's
+negative, then this negative
+
+sign turns to a positive, and
+lambda goes to infinity.
+
+And so this term blows up, and
+it dominates everything else.
+
+And so the denominator
+goes to infinity.
+
+The numerator is fixed at P,
+so this entire expression
+
+would go to 0.
+
+ 
+
+OK, so now let's try to
+interpret this case.
+
+Let's start with
+the first one.
+
+When is it that absolute value
+of z plus 1 minus absolute
+
+value of z minus 1 is
+greater than 0?
+
+Or you can also rewrite this as
+absolute value of z plus 1
+
+is greater than absolute
+value of z minus 1.
+
+Well, when is that case?
+
+Well, it turns out, if you think
+about it, this is only
+
+true if z is positive.
+
+If z is positive,
+then adding 1--
+
+let me draw a line here, and
+if this is 0-- if z is
+
+positive, something here, adding
+1 to it and taking the
+
+absolute value--
+
+the absolute value doesn't
+do anything--
+
+but you will get something
+bigger.
+
+Where subtracting 1 will take
+you closer to 0, and so
+
+because of that, the absolute
+value, the magnitude, or the
+
+distance from 0 will be less.
+
+Now if you're on the other side,
+adding 1 will take you--
+
+if you're on the other side,
+adding 1 will take
+
+you closer to 0.
+
+And so this magnitude
+would be smaller.
+
+Whereas, subtracting will take
+you farther away, so the
+
+absolute value actually
+increased the magnitude.
+
+And so this is the same
+as z being positive.
+
+And so this is the same
+as z being negative.
+
+So what this tells you is that,
+if z is positive, then
+
+this probability
+is equal to 1.
+
+And if z is negative, this
+probability is equal to 0.
+
+Now why does that make sense?
+
+Well, it's because when lambda
+goes to infinity, you have the
+
+other case.
+
+Essentially, you pull this all
+the way up, really, really
+
+far, and it drops off
+really quickly.
+
+And so when you take the limit,
+as lambda goes to
+
+infinity, effectively, it just
+becomes a spike at 0.
+
+And so, more or less, you're
+sure that y is going to be
+
+equal to 0.
+
+And so, effectively, z is
+actually going to be equal to
+
+x, effectively.
+
+And because of that, because x
+can only be 1 or negative 1,
+
+then, depending on if you get a
+z that's positive, then you
+
+know for sure that it must
+have been that x
+
+was equal to 1.
+
+And if you get a z that's
+negative, you know for sure
+
+that it must have been that
+x was equal to negative 1.
+
+And so because of that, you
+get this interpretation.
+
+And so we've looked at four
+different cases of the
+
+parameters.
+
+And in all four cases, our
+answer seems to make sense.
+
+And so we feel more confident
+in the answer.
+
+And so to summarize, this whole
+problem involved using
+
+Bayes' rule.
+
+You start out with some
+distributions, and you apply
+
+Bayes' rule.
+
+And you go through the
+steps, and you
+
+plug-in the right terms.
+
+And then, in the end, it's
+always helpful to try to check
+
+your answers to make sure
+that it makes sense
+
+in some of the limiting.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9_d8CQrCYUw.txt b/9_d8CQrCYUw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6007fa3bfdd5f4d2684fc13b2507447ec8018d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9_d8CQrCYUw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
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+
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+to offer highquality educational
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+
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+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
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+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today's lecture is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today's lecture is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today's lecture is not
+mathematically hard but I I but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically hard but I I but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically hard but I I but it's
+really important to establish vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to establish vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to establish vocabulary
+today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+vibration for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration for the rest of the
+term and vibration is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and vibration is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and vibration is essentially
+applied Dynamics so up until now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied Dynamics so up until now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied Dynamics so up until now we've
+been finding equations of motion but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been finding equations of motion but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been finding equations of motion but not
+solving them did you notice that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving them did you notice that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving them did you notice that we have
+I've almost never asked you to F you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've almost never asked you to F you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've almost never asked you to F you
+know solve the equation of motion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solve the equation of motion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know solve the equation of motion that
+you've just discovered using lrange or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just discovered using lrange or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just discovered using lrange or
+whatever the rest of the term we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the rest of the term we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the rest of the term we're
+actually going to be talking mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be talking mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be talking mostly
+about the result in motion the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the result in motion the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the result in motion the equations
+of motion are pretty easy to find you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion are pretty easy to find you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion are pretty easy to find you
+have all the techniques that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the techniques that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the techniques that you need to
+know for finding them and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for finding them and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for finding them and now we're
+going to talk about how things vibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how things vibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about how things vibrate
+so why do we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we choose
+vibration vibration is one is a is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration vibration is one is a is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration vibration is one is a is an
+incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+phenomenon you we wouldn't have speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon you we wouldn't have speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon you we wouldn't have speech
+without vibration you wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without vibration you wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without vibration you wouldn't have
+musical instruments without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical instruments without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical instruments without
+vibration you it's a positive thing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration you it's a positive thing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration you it's a positive thing when
+it's making good music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making good music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making good music
+it's a negative thing when it's keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a negative thing when it's keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a negative thing when it's keeping
+you awake at night because the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you awake at night because the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you awake at night because the air
+conditioner in the Next Room is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner in the Next Room is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioner in the Next Room is causing
+something to rattle in the room and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to rattle in the room and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to rattle in the room and it's
+driving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving you
+nuts so it's good it can be you can want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts so it's good it can be you can want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts so it's good it can be you can want
+it it can be desirable and you can not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can be desirable and you can not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can be desirable and you can not
+want it and you need to know ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it and you need to know ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it and you need to know ways of
+getting rid of it and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of it and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of it and so we're going to
+talk about uh vibration about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh vibration about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh vibration about making
+vibration about suppressing vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration about suppressing vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration about suppressing vibration
+about isolating sensitive instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about isolating sensitive instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about isolating sensitive instruments
+from the vibration of the floor things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vibration of the floor things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vibration of the floor things
+like that so that's the topic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's the topic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so that's the topic of the
+rest of the term and today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term and today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term and today we're going
+to talk about single degree of Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about single degree of Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about single degree of Freedom
+systems and you might you're you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you might you're you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you might you're you might
+think that we're spending an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we're spending an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we're spending an awful lot
+of time on single deegree Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on single deegree Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time on single deegree Freedom
+systems but there's a actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but there's a actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but there's a actually there's a
+reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for
+that lots of things in real life like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lots of things in real life like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lots of things in real life like
+this is just an aluminum rod this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an aluminum rod this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just an aluminum rod this this
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+vibrate and continuous systems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate and continuous systems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate and continuous systems which
+this is have an theoretically infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is have an theoretically infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is have an theoretically infinite
+number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of
+freedom yet when it comes to talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom yet when it comes to talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom yet when it comes to talking
+about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its
+vibration it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration it is
+conceptually easy to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually easy to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually easy to think about the
+vibration of an object like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of an object like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration of an object like this one
+natural frequency one natural mode at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency one natural mode at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency one natural mode at a
+time and in fact you can model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in fact you can model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in fact you can model that
+natural mode with its equ single degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural mode with its equ single degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural mode with its equ single degree
+of Freedom equivalent and that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Freedom equivalent and that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Freedom equivalent and that's the way
+I approach vibration so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I approach vibration so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I approach vibration so if you can
+isolate one particular mode you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate one particular mode you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate one particular mode you can
+literally model it as a mass spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally model it as a mass spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally model it as a mass spring
+dashbot so you need to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot so you need to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot so you need to understand the
+mass spring dashbot Behavior inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spring dashbot Behavior inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spring dashbot Behavior inside and
+out okay because we're going to it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay because we're going to it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay because we're going to it's the
+vocabulary we use to to do much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary we use to to do much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary we use to to do much more
+complicated things so single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things so single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things so single degree of
+Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+system you know like the simple pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know like the simple pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know like the simple pendulum
+has a natural frequency in this case has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a natural frequency in this case has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a natural frequency in this case has
+a mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shape here's an here's another one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here's an here's another one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here's an here's another one kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+fun single degree of Freedom this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun single degree of Freedom this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun single degree of Freedom this
+obviously involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation and you can figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and you can figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and you can figure that out
+using G or whatever single degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using G or whatever single degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using G or whatever single degree
+Freedom systems but now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom systems but now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom systems but now I'm going to
+excite one mode of vibration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this here the real high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pitch get it down here by the mic so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch get it down here by the mic so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch get it down here by the mic so the
+people at home can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at home can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at home can hear
+it about a kilohertz way up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about a kilohertz way up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it about a kilohertz way up there and
+that's one natural mode of this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one natural mode of this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one natural mode of this thing in
+longitudinal vibration when I thump it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sideways you hear a lower tone hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways you hear a lower tone hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideways you hear a lower tone hear
+that rather than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rather than you
+know that's bending vibration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's bending vibration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's bending vibration of this
+thing but each mode of vibration I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but each mode of vibration I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but each mode of vibration I can
+think of by its in terms of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of by its in terms of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of by its in terms of its
+equivalent single degree Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent single degree Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent single degree Freedom
+oscillator so we'll get to talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so we'll get to talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator so we'll get to talking about
+these things a little bit continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things a little bit continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things a little bit continuous
+systems in the last couple lectures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the last couple lectures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the last couple lectures of
+the term but for today then we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term but for today then we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term but for today then we're really
+going to develop this vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop this vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop this vocabulary
+around the vibration of single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vibration of single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vibration of single degree of
+Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom
+systems so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so to keep it from being to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to keep it from being to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to keep it from being to
+boring I'm going to start with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring I'm going to start with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring I'm going to start with a little
+Mass spring dashbot that has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Springs and they're of such a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and they're of such a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs and they're of such a length
+that unstretched they're they just meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unstretched they're they just meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unstretched they're they just meet
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+middle and then I'm going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass and I'm going to squeeze it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and I'm going to squeeze it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and I'm going to squeeze it in
+between these two Springs can't draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two Springs can't draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two Springs can't draw a
+spring very well today and this is k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring very well today and this is k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring very well today and this is k1
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+K2 and here's M and we'll put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and here's M and we'll put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and here's M and we'll put it on
+roller so it's obviously constrained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller so it's obviously constrained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller so it's obviously constrained to
+Motion in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion in One
+Direction and I'll pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I'll pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and I'll pick
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+here as the place I'm going to put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the place I'm going to put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as the place I'm going to put my
+inertial coordinate so my inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coordinate so my inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coordinate so my inertial
+coordinates just measured from or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates just measured from or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates just measured from or
+happens to be where the end points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be where the end points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be where the end points of
+these two Springs were now to squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Springs were now to squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two Springs were now to squeeze
+this spring in here I have there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spring in here I have there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spring in here I have there's
+clearly pre is pre-compression in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly pre is pre-compression in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly pre is pre-compression in these
+Springs so there is we are no longer at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so there is we are no longer at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs so there is we are no longer at
+a zero Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero Force
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+right so and I want to get the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and I want to get the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and I want to get the equations
+of motion this and moreover I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion this and moreover I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion this and moreover I want to
+predict want to find out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict want to find out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict want to find out what's the
+natural frequency of this spring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency of this spring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency of this spring so
+let's check here let's check check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check here let's check check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check here let's check check your
+intuition so write down on your piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so write down on your piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so write down on your piece of
+paper whether or not the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper whether or not the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper whether or not the natural
+frequency will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency will be
+different because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because there's
+pre-compression or whether or not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-compression or whether or not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-compression or whether or not that
+precompression in the springs has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precompression in the springs has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precompression in the springs has
+nothing to do with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the natural
+frequency to write down on your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to write down on your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to write down on your paper
+natural frequency is different or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency is different or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency is different or
+natural frequency is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency is the
+same let's how come a give have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same let's how come a give have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same let's how come a give have a
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then we'll set about figuring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll set about figuring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll set about figuring this
+out and in the course of doing it we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in the course of doing it we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and in the course of doing it we'll
+develop a little vocabulary we've uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a little vocabulary we've uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a little vocabulary we've uh all
+through the course so far when we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the course so far when we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the course so far when we've
+done equations of motion we've usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done equations of motion we've usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done equations of motion we've usually
+picked you know the zero spring Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked you know the zero spring Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked you know the zero spring Force
+position and we sort of LED you down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we sort of LED you down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we sort of LED you down
+this Rosy path that suggests you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rosy path that suggests you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Rosy path that suggests you know
+that's the way we do it but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way we do it but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way we do it but there are
+other pre other ways that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pre other ways that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pre other ways that you're going
+to find that are preferable to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find that are preferable to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find that are preferable to that
+sometimes so that's one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so that's one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so that's one of the reasons
+I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this
+example so let's do a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's do a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's do a free body
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if I held this mass for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I held this mass for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I held this mass for example
+right at the center when I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the center when I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the center when I put the
+springs in it's obvious that this spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs in it's obvious that this spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs in it's obvious that this spring
+gets compressed by half of the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets compressed by half of the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets compressed by half of the length of
+the mass and this spring gets compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass and this spring gets compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass and this spring gets compressed
+by half of the length of the mass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by half of the length of the mass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by half of the length of the mass right
+so this is going to be L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be L
+long so if I held it right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so if I held it right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so if I held it right in the middle
+it would compress L over2 and L over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would compress L over2 and L over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would compress L over2 and L over2
+but then when I relase it if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I relase it if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I relase it if these
+Springs are of different spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs are of different spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springs are of different spring constant
+it's going to move a little bit so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to move a little bit so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to move a little bit so the
+force on this side pushing back is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on this side pushing back is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on this side pushing back is some
+K1 * l/ 2 minus the distance that I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * l/ 2 minus the distance that I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 * l/ 2 minus the distance that I move
+in that direction which would Rel it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction which would Rel it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction which would Rel it and
+the force on this side also pushes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on this side also pushes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force on this side also pushes back
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+K2 time L2 over 2 + x because when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 time L2 over 2 + x because when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 time L2 over 2 + x because when I go
+in that direction I'm compressing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction I'm compressing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction I'm compressing any
+even further and those are the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and those are the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and those are the total
+forces in the X Direction on this body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the X Direction on this body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the X Direction on this body
+there's an n and an mg which we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an n and an mg which we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an n and an mg which we know we
+don't have to deal with because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to deal with because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to deal with because we're
+only interested in motion left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in motion left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in motion left and right
+all right so we can say some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we can say some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we can say some of the
+forces in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the X
+Direction mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction mass times the
+acceleration and those forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are K1 1 L2 - x -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are K1 1 L2 - x -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are K1 1 L2 - x -
+K2 l/2 plus X and that's the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 l/2 plus X and that's the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 l/2 plus X and that's the complete
+equation of motion for this problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for this problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for this problem okay
+I'm going to rearrange it so that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rearrange it so that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to rearrange it so that I get
+the the functions of X together here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the functions of X together here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the functions of X together here so
+MX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MX
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+plus K1 + K2 * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals L
+over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2
+* K1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* K1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* K1 minus
+K2 and that's your equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and that's your equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 and that's your equation of
+motion it's nonhomogeneous this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion it's nonhomogeneous this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion it's nonhomogeneous this is all
+constants on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants on the right hand
+side and on the left hand sides are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and on the left hand sides are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and on the left hand sides are the
+functions of X stuff that's functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X stuff that's functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X stuff that's functions of
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+right so what's the natural frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the natural frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's the natural frequency of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I hear a square root of the quantity K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear a square root of the quantity K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hear a square root of the quantity K1
+plus K2 the stiffness divided by m you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2 the stiffness divided by m you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2 the stiffness divided by m you
+know K Over M usual Mass spring dashbot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know K Over M usual Mass spring dashbot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know K Over M usual Mass spring dashbot
+system did the pre-compression have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system did the pre-compression have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system did the pre-compression have
+anything to do with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with the natural
+frequency I won't to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I won't to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I won't to ask you to
+embarrass yourselves but a few of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrass yourselves but a few of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrass yourselves but a few of you
+probably got that wrong right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably got that wrong right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably got that wrong right so uh
+there's a lesson in this and that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lesson in this and that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lesson in this and that I want
+you to go away with and we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and I'll say it once and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an external
+Force has nothing to do with the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force has nothing to do with the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force has nothing to do with the motion
+coordinates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in the
+problem it doesn't affect the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it doesn't affect the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it doesn't affect the natural
+frequency does this these are extern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency does this these are extern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency does this these are extern
+these come from external forces these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these come from external forces these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these come from external forces these
+are these pre-c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these pre-c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these pre-c
+compressions right and I can separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressions right and I can separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressions right and I can separate
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+out and they are not functions of X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they are not functions of X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and they are not functions of X the
+stuff on the the on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the the on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on the the on the right hand side
+of the equation that's not function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation that's not function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation that's not function of
+the motion variable do not cannot affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion variable do not cannot affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion variable do not cannot affect
+the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural
+frequency okay so I give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so I give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so I give you another
+one this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+common thing hanging in from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common thing hanging in from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common thing hanging in from a
+stick so I've taken my system that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so I've taken my system that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick so I've taken my system that I
+built the other day for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the other day for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the other day for a different
+purpose but now it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass hanging from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass hanging from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass hanging from a
+spring and it's right now at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and it's right now at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and it's right now at its
+equilibrium position are the forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position are the forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position are the forces in
+there's a net there's nonzero force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a net there's nonzero force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a net there's nonzero force in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+spring clearly has a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency and is that natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and is that natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and is that natural frequency
+a function of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if you go to write the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you go to write the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you go to write the equations
+of motion of this system you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion of this system you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion of this system you know you
+would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find
+uh MX double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+plus KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KX
+equals mg but the mg has not a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mg but the mg has not a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mg but the mg has not a function
+of X and natural frequencies again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and natural frequencies again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and natural frequencies again
+square root of K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of K Over
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we want to talk about the solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to talk about the solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to talk about the solving
+this differential equation and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation and because
+it's got this constant term in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this constant term in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got this constant term in the right
+hand side it's non-homogeneous which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side it's non-homogeneous which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side it's non-homogeneous which is
+kind of a nuisance term in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nuisance term in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nuisance term in terms of
+dealing with the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the differential equation
+be a lot nicer at the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot nicer at the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot nicer at the right hand side
+were zero so I want to make this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were zero so I want to make this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were zero so I want to make this the
+right hand side of this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of this one
+zero and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's
+a draw a can useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a draw a can useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a draw a can useful
+conclusion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that first thing I need to know is I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first thing I need to know is I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first thing I need to know is I'd
+like to know what is the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know what is the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know what is the static
+equilibrium position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you go to compute static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you go to compute static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you go to compute static
+equilibrium you look at the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you look at the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium you look at the equation of
+motion and you say make all motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and you say make all motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and you say make all motion
+variables things that are functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables things that are functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables things that are functions of
+Time Zero so no acceleration you're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Zero so no acceleration you're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Zero so no acceleration you're left
+with this so you just solve this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so you just solve this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so you just solve this for
+whatever the value of x is and I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the value of x is and I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the value of x is and I'll call
+it x sub best for xstatic and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it x sub best for xstatic and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it x sub best for xstatic and you'll
+find that oh well it's that term divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that oh well it's that term divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that oh well it's that term divided
+by K1 plus K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K1 minus K2 all over K1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 minus K2 all over K1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 minus K2 all over K1 +
+K2 and that's the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position so now let's let's say ah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so now let's let's say ah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so now let's let's say ah well
+we started off with this motion variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with this motion variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with this motion variable
+that was arbitrarily defined at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was arbitrarily defined at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was arbitrarily defined at the at
+the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and
+let's say that well it's made up of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that well it's made up of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that well it's made up of a
+static component which is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static component which is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static component which is a constant
+it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a
+Value Plus a dynamic component I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value Plus a dynamic component I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value Plus a dynamic component I'll call
+X subd which moves this is the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X subd which moves this is the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X subd which moves this is the function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+time this is a constant it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a constant it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is a constant it's not a
+function of time and that means if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that means if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and that means if I
+take its derivative I might need a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative I might need a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its derivative I might need a value
+for x dot that goes away it's just XD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x dot that goes away it's just XD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x dot that goes away it's just XD
+Dot and X double dot is XD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and X double dot is XD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot and X double dot is XD
+double dot and let's substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot and let's substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot and let's substitute this
+into my equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my equation of
+motion so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so it
+becomes M XD double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes M XD double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes M XD double
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus K1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K1 +
+K2 times and now this term has got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times and now this term has got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 times and now this term has got two
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+now times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now times
+XD Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD Plus
+K1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 +
+K2 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 time
+XS equals L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XS equals L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XS equals L
+/2 K1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 all
+right now if I say let's examine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if I say let's examine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if I say let's examine the
+static case then this goes away for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static case then this goes away for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static case then this goes away for the
+for the static equilibrium case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the static equilibrium case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the static equilibrium case this
+term is zero this term is zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero this term is zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero this term is zero because
+the the uh Dynamic motion is zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Dynamic motion is zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh Dynamic motion is zero in the
+static case this is motion about D at XD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static case this is motion about D at XD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static case this is motion about D at XD
+is motion about the static equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is motion about the static equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is motion about the static equilibrium
+position so for static case these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so for static case these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so for static case these two
+terms go away and we know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms go away and we know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms go away and we know that this
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+that but if that's true we can get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if that's true we can get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but if that's true we can get rid
+of these they cancel one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these they cancel one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these they cancel one
+another these terms cancel and I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another these terms cancel and I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another these terms cancel and I'm left
+with mxd double dot plus K equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mxd double dot plus K equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mxd double dot plus K equivalent
+I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it
+XD equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XD equals
+z so the K equivalent just the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so the K equivalent just the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so the K equivalent just the total
+stiffnesses in the system whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffnesses in the system whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffnesses in the system whatever it
+works out right in this case it's K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out right in this case it's K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out right in this case it's K1
+plus K2 and the natural frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2 and the natural frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K2 and the natural frequency Omega
+n is the square root of K equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the square root of K equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the square root of K equivalent
+divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M so most often when you're doing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so most often when you're doing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so most often when you're doing if
+you're interested in vibration you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in vibration you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in vibration you're
+interested in natural frequencies you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in natural frequencies you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in natural frequencies you're
+interested in solving the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in solving the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in solving the differential
+equation you will find it advantageous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will find it advantageous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you will find it advantageous
+to write your equations of motion around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write your equations of motion around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write your equations of motion around
+the around the static equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the around the static equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the around the static equilibrium
+position so I could have started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so I could have started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so I could have started this
+problem by saying whatever the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by saying whatever the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem by saying whatever the static
+equilibrium position is of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position is of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position is of this thing
+that's what I'm measuring X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm measuring X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm measuring X
+from and then I would have I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then I would have I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and then I would have I would have
+come to this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to this equation
+eventually you'd have to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'd have to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you'd have to figure out what
+is a static equilibrium position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a static equilibrium position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a static equilibrium position and
+know what you're doing but once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're doing but once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what you're doing but once you know
+it then you have the answer now the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you have the answer now the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then you have the answer now the same
+thing is true of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true of that
+problem that's non-homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's non-homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's non-homogeneous
+differential equation for the for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for the for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation for the for the uh
+hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging
+mass and we've derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and we've derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and we've derived
+the equations of motion things for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of motion things for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations of motion things for this
+many different ways this term right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways this term right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways this term right but
+we usually said zero spring Force but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually said zero spring Force but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we usually said zero spring Force but
+now if you started from here and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you started from here and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you started from here and said
+this is the static equilibrium position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the static equilibrium position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the static equilibrium position
+what's the motion about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the motion about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the motion about this
+position then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position then you'd
+get the equation with zero in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the equation with zero in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the equation with zero in the right
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side lots of advantages there to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay once for all all single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once for all all single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once for all all single degree of
+Freedom oscillators will'll boil down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom oscillators will'll boil down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom oscillators will'll boil down to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation this is one involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is one involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is one involving
+translation but for a simple pendulum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation but for a simple pendulum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation but for a simple pendulum uh
+this object for example is a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object for example is a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object for example is a pendulum
+but it's you know it's a rotational so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know it's a rotational so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know it's a rotational so
+it's a pendulum but it's one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pendulum but it's one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pendulum but it's one degree of
+Freedom all all pendulum problems if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom all all pendulum problems if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom all all pendulum problems if you
+do them about equilibrium positions boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them about equilibrium positions boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them about equilibrium positions boil
+down to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to some
+I with respect to the point that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with respect to the point that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I with respect to the point that they're
+rocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocking
+about Theta double dot plus some K T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theta double dot plus some K T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Theta double dot plus some K T
+torsional spring constant theta equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional spring constant theta equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional spring constant theta equals z
+they take the same form so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the same form so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take the same form so all
+translational single degree Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational single degree Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational single degree Freedom
+systems all rotational single degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all rotational single degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems all rotational single degree
+Freedom system it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom system it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom system it's the same
+differential equation just this involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation just this involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation just this involves
+mass and linear acceleration this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and linear acceleration this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and linear acceleration this
+involves Mass moment of inertia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Mass moment of inertia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Mass moment of inertia and
+rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational
+acceleration so everything that I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so everything that I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so everything that I say
+what that I say about the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that I say about the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that I say about the solution to
+single degree Freedom systems applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree Freedom systems applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree Freedom systems applies to
+both types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both types of
+problems so let's look let's look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so let's look let's look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so let's look let's look into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh solution of this equation briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mostly I'm doing this to establish some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminology so the solution a solution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so the solution a solution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so the solution a solution I
+know or I can show that XD of T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or I can show that XD of T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or I can show that XD of T the
+solution to this problem notice are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem notice are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this problem notice are
+there any external forces by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any external forces by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any external forces by the way
+excitations F of TS or anything no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations F of TS or anything no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations F of TS or anything no so
+this thing has no external excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has no external excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has no external excitation
+it's going to make it move so it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make it move so it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make it move so it's only
+source of of vibration or motion is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of of vibration or motion is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of of vibration or motion is what
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+from I hear initial conditions right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I hear initial conditions right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I hear initial conditions right you
+have to do something to perturb it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something to perturb it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do something to perturb it and
+then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it
+will then it'll vibrate so here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then it'll vibrate so here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then it'll vibrate so here it is
+it's about in about its equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about in about its equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about in about its equilibrium
+position I give it an initial deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I give it an initial deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I give it an initial deflection
+and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+go or it's around its initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go or it's around its initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go or it's around its initial condition
+and I give it an initial velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give it an initial velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give it an initial velocity
+it also responds or some combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also responds or some combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also responds or some combination of
+the two so initial conditions are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so initial conditions are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so initial conditions are the
+only things that account for motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that account for motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only things that account for motion of
+something without external excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something without external excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something without external excitation
+and that motion I can I can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that motion I can I can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that motion I can I can write that
+solution as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a cosine Omega T you'll find is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a cosine Omega T you'll find is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a cosine Omega T you'll find is a is
+a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible
+solution B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution B
+sin Omega T is another possible solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega T is another possible solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega T is another possible solution
+some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a
+cosine Omega T minus phase angles also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T minus phase angles also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T minus phase angles also
+solution and some a e to the I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and some a e to the I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and some a e to the I Omega T
+you find is also a solution any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is also a solution any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is also a solution any of those
+things you can throw them in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can throw them in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can throw them in and the
+precise values of these things A's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise values of these things A's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise values of these things A's the
+B's the F's and so forth depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the initial conditions okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial conditions okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the initial conditions okay so let's
+do this one quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose and I'm going to stop writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and I'm going to stop writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and I'm going to stop writing the
+subd here this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd here this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd here this is now
+my position from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my position from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my position from the
+equilibrium point so X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point so X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium point so X of
+T I'm going to say let it be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm going to say let it be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm going to say let it be an
+A1 cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 cosine Omega
+t plus a B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus a B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus a B1
+s Omega T and plug it in when I plug it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega T and plug it in when I plug it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega T and plug it in when I plug it
+into the into the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion X double dot requires you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion X double dot requires you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion X double dot requires you to take
+two derivatives of each of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of each of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of each of these terms
+two derivatives of cosine gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of cosine gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two derivatives of cosine gives you
+minus Omega cosine two derivatives s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega cosine two derivatives s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega cosine two derivatives s
+minus excuse meus Omega s cosine minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus excuse meus Omega s cosine minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus excuse meus Omega s cosine minus
+Omega s s so the answer comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s s so the answer comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s s so the answer comes out
+minus M Omega 2ar plus K equivalent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M Omega 2ar plus K equivalent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus M Omega 2ar plus K equivalent here
+times A1 cosine plus B1 s Omega T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times A1 cosine plus B1 s Omega T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times A1 cosine plus B1 s Omega T is
+obviously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them equals zero so I've just plugged it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equals zero so I've just plugged it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them equals zero so I've just plugged it
+into that equation of motion I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that equation of motion I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that equation of motion I get this
+back this is what I started with that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this is what I started with that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this is what I started with that's
+X in general it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in general it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in general it
+is not equal to zero can take on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to zero can take on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal to zero can take on any
+sorts all sorts of values so that side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts all sorts of values so that side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts all sorts of values so that side
+that's not generally zero and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not generally zero and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not generally zero and that means
+this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from this then when we solve this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this then when we solve this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this then when we solve this we
+find that Omega what we call n squar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Omega what we call n squar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Omega what we call n squar is
+K Over M and that's of course where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Over M and that's of course where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K Over M and that's of course where our
+natural frequency comes from this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency comes from this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency comes from this is
+called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undamped natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undamped natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undamped natural
+frequency there's no damping in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency there's no damping in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency there's no damping in this
+problem yet we get to square root of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yet we get to square root of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yet we get to square root of K
+Over m is the natural frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over m is the natural frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over m is the natural frequency of the
+system okay let's find out but what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay let's find out but what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay let's find out but what are
+A1 and B1 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and B1 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 and B1 well
+at let's let X notot be X at tal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and if we just plug that in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if we just plug that in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if we just plug that in here
+put T equals z here cosine goes to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put T equals z here cosine goes to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put T equals z here cosine goes to one
+this term goes away so this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes away so this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes away so this implies that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+A1 equals X knot so we find out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 equals X knot so we find out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 equals X knot so we find out right
+away that the A1 cosine Omega T takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that the A1 cosine Omega T takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that the A1 cosine Omega T takes
+care of the response to an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the response to an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the response to an initial
+deflection and we need a uh x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection and we need a uh x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection and we need a uh x dot
+here minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus
+A1 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 Omega
+sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega
+t plus B1 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus B1 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus B1 Omega
+cosine Omega t that's the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t that's the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega t that's the derivative of
+x we know the solution is that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x we know the solution is that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x we know the solution is that so it's
+first derivative the velocity must look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative the velocity must look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative the velocity must look
+like this and let's let V KN equal x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and let's let V KN equal x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and let's let V KN equal x dot
+at tal Z and we plug that in this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tal Z and we plug that in this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tal Z and we plug that in this term
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+away and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and we
+get B1 Omega and cosine is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B1 Omega and cosine is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B1 Omega and cosine is one so
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+B1 is v0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 is v0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 is v0
+over Omega but in fact the Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega but in fact the Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega but in fact the Omega is
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+n because that's because it's that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because that's because it's that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because that's because it's that we
+already found out that the only only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already found out that the only only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already found out that the only only
+frequency that satisfies the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that satisfies the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that satisfies the equation of
+motion when you have only initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion when you have only initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion when you have only initial
+conditions in the system the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in the system the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in the system the only
+frequency that is allowed in the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that is allowed in the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that is allowed in the answer
+is the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+so we now know B1 is uh V over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now know B1 is uh V over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now know B1 is uh V over over
+Omega n and A1 is X knot so if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n and A1 is X knot so if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n and A1 is X knot so if I give
+you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any
+combination of initial displacement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of initial displacement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of initial displacement and
+initial velocity you can write out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity you can write out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity you can write out for
+me the exact time history of the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the exact time history of the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the exact time history of the motion
+xot cosine Omega t plus v over Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xot cosine Omega t plus v over Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xot cosine Omega t plus v over Omega n
+sin Omega T is the complete solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega T is the complete solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Omega T is the complete solution for
+a response to initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+Annie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational
+oscillator one degree of Freedom where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator one degree of Freedom where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator one degree of Freedom where
+you have a translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate measured from its equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate measured from its equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate measured from its equilibrium
+position has the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has the equation of motion
+actually we could write you could you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could write you could you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we could write you could you've
+done this enough but if we added a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this enough but if we added a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this enough but if we added a force
+here and we added some damping and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we added some damping and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we added some damping and I
+wanted the equation of motion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the equation of motion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the equation of motion of this
+you know that it's m x dot plus BX dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's m x dot plus BX dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's m x dot plus BX dot
+plus KX equal F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KX equal F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KX equal F of
+T and so you'll often you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so you'll often you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so you'll often you know you're
+going to be confronted with problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be confronted with problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be confronted with problems
+find the equation of motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the equation of motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the equation of motion of the
+system it comes up looking like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it comes up looking like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it comes up looking like that and
+they say what's the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what's the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what's the natural frequency
+and I've been a little sloppy I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've been a little sloppy I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've been a little sloppy I really
+mean what's the undamped natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's the undamped natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's the undamped natural
+frequency and so to find the undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so to find the undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so to find the undamped
+when one says that what's the undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one says that what's the undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one says that what's the undamped
+natural frequency you just temporarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency you just temporarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency you just temporarily
+let B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let B and
+F be zero just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temporarily and solve then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for Omega n equals < TK of K Over M it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Omega n equals < TK of K Over M it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Omega n equals < TK of K Over M it's
+what you do and then so we know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and then so we know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do and then so we know this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+parameter that helps that that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that helps that that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that helps that that tells us
+about the behavior of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the behavior of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the behavior of the system
+which you always want to know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you always want to know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you always want to know for the
+single degree Freedom systems what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree Freedom systems what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree Freedom systems what is
+the natural frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know
+for b equals 0 and F of0 then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b equals 0 and F of0 then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for b equals 0 and F of0 then the
+response can be only due to initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response can be only due to initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response can be only due to initial
+conditions so we have X of T we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we have X of T we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so we have X of T we know
+it's be some Co x notot cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's be some Co x notot cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's be some Co x notot cosine
+Omega n t plus v0 over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n t plus v0 over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n t plus v0 over Omega
+n sin Omega NT and every simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sin Omega NT and every simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sin Omega NT and every simple
+vibration system in the world behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration system in the world behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration system in the world behaves
+basically like this from initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like this from initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like this from initial
+conditions be some part responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions be some part responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions be some part responding to
+the initial displacement some part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial displacement some part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial displacement some part to
+the initial velocity and damping is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial velocity and damping is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial velocity and damping is
+going to going to make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to going to make it a little bit
+more complex but not actually by much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex but not actually by much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex but not actually by much
+the same basic terms appear even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basic terms appear even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same basic terms appear even when
+you have damping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expressed as Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as Su
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+Omega in this case NT minus a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in this case NT minus a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in this case NT minus a phase
+angle and it's useful to know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and it's useful to know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle and it's useful to know this
+trigonometric uh identity to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric uh identity to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric uh identity to be able to
+put things together into an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put things together into an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put things together into an expression
+like that and you'll find find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you'll find find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and you'll find find out that
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's a is just a square root of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's a is just a square root of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's a is just a square root of the two
+pieces it's a sign and cosine term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces it's a sign and cosine term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces it's a sign and cosine term so
+you have an xot squar plus a v0 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an xot squar plus a v0 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an xot squar plus a v0 over
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+n squar square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squar square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squar square
+root remember this is any A and B it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root remember this is any A and B it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root remember this is any A and B it's
+just a square root of a square plus b^ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a square root of a square plus b^ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a square root of a square plus b^ s
+that's what we're doing here and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing here and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're doing here and the uh
+phase angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Le the tangent inverse If This Were been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le the tangent inverse If This Were been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Le the tangent inverse If This Were been
+calling this like an A and this is the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this like an A and this is the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this like an A and this is the B
+quantity it's a tangent inverse of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's a tangent inverse of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it's a tangent inverse of my
+sign's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign's
+right B over a which in this case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right B over a which in this case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right B over a which in this case then
+is tangent inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v0 over X Omega n that's all there's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 over X Omega n that's all there's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 over X Omega n that's all there's to
+it and finally another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and finally another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and finally another
+trig thing that you need to know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig thing that you need to know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig thing that you need to know we're
+going to use it quite a bit is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it quite a bit is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it quite a bit is that if
+you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+a CO sin Omega T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CO sin Omega T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a CO sin Omega T minus
+V that's equal to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a e to the I
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T okay and if a is real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and if a is real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay and if a is real and
+uh I don't want to write it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't want to write it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't want to write it that way
+when when a is real then this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when a is real then this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when a is real then this is just
+the real it's just the real part it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real it's just the real part it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real it's just the real part it's a
+Time e to the I Omega T minus V because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time e to the I Omega T minus V because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time e to the I Omega T minus V because
+Oiler formula says e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler formula says e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler formula says e to the I
+theta equals cine theta plus I sin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals cine theta plus I sin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals cine theta plus I sin of
+theta so if you have an i Omega T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so if you have an i Omega T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so if you have an i Omega T minus
+V here you get back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V here you get back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V here you get back a
+cosine Omega T minus V and another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T minus V and another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T minus V and another term
+I sin Omega T minus V so you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sin Omega T minus V so you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sin Omega T minus V so you can always
+express that as the real part of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that as the real part of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that as the real part of that so
+we're going to need that little trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need that little trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need that little trig
+identity as we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found in many years of teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in many years of teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in many years of teaching
+vibration that one is something that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration that one is something that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration that one is something that for
+some that many students find a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that many students find a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that many students find a little
+confusing is this notion of phase angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing is this notion of phase angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing is this notion of phase angle
+what does phase angle really mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does phase angle really mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does phase angle really mean so
+there's I'm I'll try to explain it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I'm I'll try to explain it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I'm I'll try to explain it to
+you in a couple different ways so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a couple different ways so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a couple different ways so let's
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this vibration that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this vibration that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this vibration that we're talking
+about here x cosine Omega t plus v KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here x cosine Omega t plus v KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here x cosine Omega t plus v KN
+over Omega n s what's it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega n s what's it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega n s what's it look
+like so that's we've just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so that's we've just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so that's we've just got
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know we see what it looks like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we see what it looks like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we see what it looks like but
+if you plot the motion of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the motion of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plot the motion of this thing
+just versus time what's it look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just versus time what's it look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just versus time what's it look like and
+where does phase angle come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well this is now
+X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+T and this is tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is tal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is tal
+0 and this undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this undamped
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+essentially going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and this is the value X knot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is the value X knot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this is the value X knot the
+amplitude the initial condition on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the initial condition on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the initial condition on X
+that you begin with and right here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+V is the slope the initial slope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the slope the initial slope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the slope the initial slope of this
+curve right because the time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right because the time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve right because the time derivative
+is of x dot if we were plotting x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of x dot if we were plotting x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of x dot if we were plotting x dot
+the initial velocity is Omega X knot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial velocity is Omega X knot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial velocity is Omega X knot and
+so it's just the slope is V KN here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the slope is V KN here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the slope is V KN here so
+this is your initial velocity this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your initial velocity this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your initial velocity this is
+the and I didn't uh yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the initial
+displacement the total the total written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement the total the total written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement the total the total written
+out mathematically it looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out mathematically it looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out mathematically it looks like that
+and I'm plotting this function a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm plotting this function a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm plotting this function a cosine
+Omega T minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T minus V
+yeah I see hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up no you know I just you you I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no you know I just you you I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no you know I just you you I was just
+looking at myself and this can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at myself and this can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at myself and this can't be
+right this has got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this has got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this has got to
+be the initial condition on X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the initial condition on X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the initial condition on X and this
+has to be the initial condition on B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the initial condition on B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the initial condition on B and
+whatever this turns out to be is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this turns out to be is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this turns out to be is
+whatever turns out to be you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever turns out to be you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever turns out to be you have you
+have some initial velocity you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some initial velocity you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some initial velocity you have some
+initial displacement the system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement the system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement the system can
+actually Peak out sometime later at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Peak out sometime later at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Peak out sometime later at a
+maximum value right and that maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value right and that maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value right and that maximum
+value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is
+that so this is uh this over here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is uh this over here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is uh this over here is the
+square root of xot 2ar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of xot 2ar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of xot 2ar
+plus b0 over Omega n squar square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b0 over Omega n squar square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b0 over Omega n squar square root
+that's what the peak value is and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the peak value is and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the peak value is and this
+system's undamped so it just goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's undamped so it just goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's undamped so it just goes on
+forever so the question is though what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so the question is though what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so the question is though what
+is this Gap here between when it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Gap here between when it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Gap here between when it starts
+and when it makes its maximum well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it makes its maximum well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it makes its maximum well you
+can when we use an expression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we said we can express this as some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we said we can express this as some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we said we can express this as some a
+cosine Omega T minus V it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T minus V it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega T minus V it's just the
+point at which the cosine then reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which the cosine then reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which the cosine then reaches
+is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum so if this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so if this axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so if this axis
+here is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Omega
+T if we plot this actually versus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if we plot this actually versus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if we plot this actually versus Omega
+T then one full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then one full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then one full
+cycle here is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle here is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle here is 2
+pi or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi or
+360° so if you plot it versus Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° so if you plot it versus Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° so if you plot it versus Omega T
+then this Gap in here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Gap in here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this Gap in here is just
+Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe
+that's the delay in angle if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the delay in angle if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the delay in angle if you will
+that the system goes through between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system goes through between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system goes through between
+getting from the initial conditions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from the initial conditions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting from the initial conditions to
+getting to the peak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and
+Fe must also then be equal to some omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe must also then be equal to some omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe must also then be equal to some omega
+n times a Delta tow I'll call it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times a Delta tow I'll call it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times a Delta tow I'll call it some
+time delay so if I plot if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delay so if I plot if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time delay so if I plot if this is
+plotted if this axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is time not omega T but time then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time not omega T but time then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is time not omega T but time then this
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot the same plot this delay here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the same plot this delay here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the same plot this delay here this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+Delta this is a time delay in this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta this is a time delay in this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta this is a time delay in this when
+you plot it against time it's a delay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot it against time it's a delay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot it against time it's a delay in
+time to get to the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega
+n Delta to this delay must be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Delta to this delay must be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Delta to this delay must be equal to
+the phase angle so the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase angle so the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase angle so the Delta
+to this time delay is f over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so you can think about this as a delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so you can think about this as a delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so you can think about this as a delay
+in time or as a shift in Phase angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or as a shift in Phase angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time or as a shift in Phase angle
+depending on whether or not you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether or not you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether or not you want to
+plot this thing as a function of Omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this thing as a function of Omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this thing as a function of Omega t
+or a function of time but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a function of time but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a function of time but we're going
+you're going to use need this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use need this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use need this concept of
+phase angle the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase angle the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase angle the rest of the
+term want to ask any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term want to ask any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term want to ask any questions about
+phase well the other the this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase well the other the this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase well the other the this because
+one of the things doing uh because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things doing uh because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things doing uh because we're
+doing uh vibration for the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh vibration for the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh vibration for the remainder of
+the term the this is an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term the this is an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term the this is an introduction to
+a topic called linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic called linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a topic called linear
+systems and so this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so this is basically the
+fundamental stuff that in which you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental stuff that in which you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental stuff that in which you then
+when you go on to two4 which is controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go on to two4 which is controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go on to two4 which is controls
+and that sort of thing this is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of thing this is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of thing this is the basic
+intro to it okay and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to it okay and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to it okay and we'll talk more
+about linear system Behavior as we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear system Behavior as we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linear system Behavior as we as we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along okay now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay now we're going to do
+something that you've much of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you've much of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you've much of this stuff
+I know you've seen before some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've seen before some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you've seen before some of the
+new parts is just vocabulary and ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new parts is just vocabulary and ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new parts is just vocabulary and ways of
+thinking about vibration that Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about vibration that Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about vibration that Engineers
+do that mathematicians tend not to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that mathematicians tend not to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that mathematicians tend not to so
+you have seen most of the stuff before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen most of the stuff before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen most of the stuff before
+where 1803 right you've done all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 1803 right you've done all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 1803 right you've done all this
+and uh a year two year a year ago last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a year two year a year ago last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a year two year a year ago last
+May um I about in May I I taught the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May um I about in May I I taught the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May um I about in May I I taught the
+1803 lecture with Professor Haynes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 lecture with Professor Haynes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 lecture with Professor Haynes
+Miller now if you had 1803 last spring I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller now if you had 1803 last spring I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller now if you had 1803 last spring I
+think you had somebody different but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had somebody different but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you had somebody different but he
+invited me to come the same classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited me to come the same classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited me to come the same classroom
+and we taught this we taught the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we taught this we taught the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we taught this we taught the second
+order ordinary differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order ordinary differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order ordinary differential equation
+together it was really a lot of fun he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it was really a lot of fun he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it was really a lot of fun he
+did it so he said well here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it so he said well here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it so he said well here's here's
+what we do and then I said oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do and then I said oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do and then I said oh well
+Engineers look at it in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers look at it in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers look at it in the following
+way so I'll give you what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'll give you what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'll give you what I'm going to
+show you is what he and I did in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is what he and I did in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you is what he and I did in class
+that day you can go back and watch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day you can go back and watch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day you can go back and watch that
+on video it's kind of fun but I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on video it's kind of fun but I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on video it's kind of fun but I I'll
+give you my take on it today so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my take on it today so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you my take on it today so this is
+the engineer's view of what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer's view of what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer's view of what you've
+already seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen in
+1803 so we have that system and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 so we have that system and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 so we have that system and we have
+that equation of motion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation of motion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation of motion and the
+engineers and mathematicians more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and mathematicians more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and mathematicians more or
+less agree to that MX double dot plus BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less agree to that MX double dot plus BX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less agree to that MX double dot plus BX
+but I went and looked at the web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I went and looked at the web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I went and looked at the web page
+last night last spring the person used C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night last spring the person used C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night last spring the person used C
+instead of B haes Miller the year before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of B haes Miller the year before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of B haes Miller the year before
+used B so the every you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used B so the every you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used B so the every you can't you can't
+depend on any absolute consistency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on any absolute consistency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on any absolute consistency but
+so let's um let's start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's um let's start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's um let's start off with
+our homogeneous equation here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homogeneous equation here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our homogeneous equation here and I'm
+looking now for the response to initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking now for the response to initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking now for the response to initial
+conditions with damping you've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with damping you've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions with damping you've done this
+in a 1803 you know that you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 1803 you know that you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 1803 you know that you can solve
+this by assuming a solution of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by assuming a solution of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by assuming a solution of the form
+AE to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AE to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AE to the
+St plugging it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St plugging it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St plugging it
+in gives you a quadratic equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gives you a quadratic equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gives you a quadratic equation that
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+S2 Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 Plus
+SB plus k equal Z this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots
+uh I am left out my M here so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I am left out my M here so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I am left out my M here so it starts
+off looking like that you divide through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off looking like that you divide through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off looking like that you divide through
+by the M S2 + B over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the M S2 + B over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the M S2 + B over M
+s+ K Over m equals zero and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ K Over m equals zero and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s+ K Over m equals zero and that's where
+Haynes would leave it and he'd give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haynes would leave it and he'd give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haynes would leave it and he'd give you
+the entire answer in terms of B over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire answer in terms of B over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire answer in terms of B over M
+and K Over M and that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Over M and that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K Over M and that kind of thing
+Engineers we like to call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers we like to call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers we like to call that the
+natural frequency squared and this terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency squared and this terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency squared and this terms
+we modify to put it in a terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we modify to put it in a terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we modify to put it in a terminology
+that that is more convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is more convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is more convenient to
+engineering so I'll show you where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so I'll show you where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so I'll show you where that
+how that works out when you solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works out when you solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works out when you solve this
+quadratic just using the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic just using the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic just using the quadratic
+equation you get the following you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get the following you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get the following you get
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roots you get that the roots there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots you get that the roots there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots you get that the roots there's two
+of them I'll call them S1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them I'll call them S1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them I'll call them S1 and
+two the roots to this equation look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the roots to this equation look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the roots to this equation look like
+minus B over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over 2
+m plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m plus or
+minus Square Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Square Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Square Ro
+T of b^2 over 4 m^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of b^2 over 4 m^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T of b^2 over 4 m^
+2us K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2us K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2us K Over
+M and that's you'd get that's what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and that's you'd get that's what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and that's you'd get that's what you'd
+get doe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1803 and an engineer would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 and an engineer would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 and an engineer would say well
+let's change that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's change that a little
+bit so my roots that I would use for S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so my roots that I would use for S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so my roots that I would use for S1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two I just I factor out this is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I just I factor out this is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I just I factor out this is that's
+that's Omega n squar i can factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Omega n squar i can factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Omega n squar i can factor that
+out it becomes Omega n on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it becomes Omega n on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it becomes Omega n on the outside
+I'm not putting Omega n in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not putting Omega n in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not putting Omega n in the numerator
+and denominator here as well so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominator here as well so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominator here as well so I get
+roots that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I just manipulated that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit I have a name for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I have a name for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I have a name for this
+term I use the Greek letter Zeta is b/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I use the Greek letter Zeta is b/ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I use the Greek letter Zeta is b/ 2
+Omega n m is the way I remember it my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n m is the way I remember it my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n m is the way I remember it my
+brain it's called the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio okay and if I say that then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay and if I say that then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay and if I say that then the
+roots S1 and 2 for this look like minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots S1 and 2 for this look like minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots S1 and 2 for this look like minus
+Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+n plus or minus Omega n * Square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus or minus Omega n * Square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus or minus Omega n * Square < TK of
+Zeta 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 those are the roots that a vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 those are the roots that a vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 those are the roots that a vibration
+engineer would use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describe this second order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this second order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this second order linear
+differential equation solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation solution
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+solution okay those are the roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay those are the roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay those are the roots of the
+equation and when you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and when you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and when you have no
+damping then this term goes away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping then this term goes away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping then this term goes away and
+you're left with and I've left an i out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with and I've left an i out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with and I've left an i out
+of here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think no I'm fine the eye comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for one thing to absolutely take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one thing to absolutely take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one thing to absolutely take away
+from today is to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this that's our definition of damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's our definition of damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's our definition of damping
+call the damping ratio when that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the damping ratio when that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the damping ratio when that's one
+it's a number we call critical damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number we call critical damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a number we call critical damping
+I'll show what that means in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show what that means in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show what that means in a
+second and what CR when it's greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and what CR when it's greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and what CR when it's greater
+than one you will the system won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one you will the system won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one you will the system won't
+vibrate it it just has exponential decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate it it just has exponential decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate it it just has exponential decay
+if it's less than one you get vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's less than one you get vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's less than one you get vibration
+and that's why we like to use it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we like to use it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we like to use it this
+way it has it's meaningful it's value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it has it's meaningful it's value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it has it's meaningful it's value
+instantly know if it's greater or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly know if it's greater or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly know if it's greater or less
+than one it's going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one it's going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one it's going to change the
+behavior of the system from vibrating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system from vibrating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system from vibrating to
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+vibrating okay so now there's uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating okay so now there's uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating okay so now there's uh four
+possible solutions to this I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solutions to this I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solutions to this I'm not going
+to elaborate on all of them but Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate on all of them but Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate on all of them but Z equals
+z we've already done know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z we've already done know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z we've already done know the answer to
+that response to initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response to initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response to initial conditions
+simple we know that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know that one
+we have another solution when Zeta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another solution when Zeta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another solution when Zeta is
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+one zeta is greater than one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zeta is greater than one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zeta is greater than one this
+quantity here is inside's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here is inside's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here is inside's greater than
+one so it's a real positive number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's a real positive number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's a real positive number and
+this is the all the both roots of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the all the both roots of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the all the both roots of this
+thing are completely real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you know that the remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response we hypothesized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we hypothesized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response we hypothesized in the
+beginning that response looks like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that response looks like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that response looks like some
+AE to the St so now we just plug back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AE to the St so now we just plug back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AE to the St so now we just plug back in
+this is our St values we can plug them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our St values we can plug them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our St values we can plug them
+back in and we will get the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and we will get the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in and we will get the motion of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+back so for Zeta greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St comes out looking like minus Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St comes out looking like minus Zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St comes out looking like minus Zeta
+Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n
+t plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus Square < TK of Zeta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Square < TK of Zeta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Square < TK of Zeta 2
+-1 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 time
+T and you just plug this in and X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and you just plug this in and X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and you just plug this in and X is
+just e to the St but these are just pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e to the St but these are just pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e to the St but these are just pure
+real values and you'll find out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real values and you'll find out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real values and you'll find out that the
+system from initial conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from initial conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from initial conditions on
+velocity and displacement just says and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and displacement just says and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and displacement just says and
+dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out Zeta equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Zeta equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Zeta equals to
+one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+is just minus you get a double root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just minus you get a double root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just minus you get a double root
+minus Omega n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice and the solution for this I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and the solution for this I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and the solution for this I can
+I'll write out the whole thing X of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write out the whole thing X of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write out the whole thing X of T
+here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just
+some uh A1 + T A2 e minus Zeta Omega n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh A1 + T A2 e minus Zeta Omega n t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh A1 + T A2 e minus Zeta Omega n t
+and again it looks it's just some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it looks it's just some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it looks it's just some kind
+of damp not very interesting response no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of damp not very interesting response no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of damp not very interesting response no
+oscillations and the finally Zeta less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and the finally Zeta less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and the finally Zeta less
+than one and this is the only one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and this is the only one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and this is the only one this
+one produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillation and the solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and the solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and the solution for
+St is plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus minus is Thea Omega and t a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus or minus I Omega n t time the < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus I Omega n t time the < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus I Omega n t time the < TK
+of 1us Zeta 2 now I've turned around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this Zeta 2 minus one this is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Zeta 2 minus one this is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Zeta 2 minus one this is now a
+negative number square root a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number square root a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number square root a negative
+number gives me I and now I turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number gives me I and now I turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number gives me I and now I turn this
+around so this is just a real positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so this is just a real positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so this is just a real positive
+number so when you get I into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so when you get I into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so when you get I into this
+answer what does it tell you that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what does it tell you that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what does it tell you that the uh
+solution looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution looks
+like Signs and cosiness right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Signs and cosiness right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Signs and cosiness right so now
+this gives you signs and cosiness with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you signs and cosiness with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you signs and cosiness with a
+DEC this is an exponential e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DEC this is an exponential e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DEC this is an exponential e to the
+minus Zeta Omega n t multiplied by a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Zeta Omega n t multiplied by a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Zeta Omega n t multiplied by a s
+or and a cosine and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and a cosine and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and a cosine and so this is the
+interesting part so the most of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part so the most of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part so the most of the uh
+work of the rest of this term we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the rest of this term we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the rest of this term we only
+interested in this Final in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution and what it looks like for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and what it looks like for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and what it looks like for this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for Zeta less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one X of
+T is some a e the minus Zeta Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ttimes a cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttimes a cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttimes a cosine Omega
+DT Oma D * T minus the phase angle come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Oma D * T minus the phase angle come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Oma D * T minus the phase angle come
+out looking like that and if you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out looking like that and if you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out looking like that and if you draw
+it depends on initial conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on initial conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on initial conditions so
+again a positive velocity in a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a positive velocity in a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a positive velocity in a positive
+displacement it does this but then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement it does this but then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement it does this but then it
+dies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so it's very similar to the undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's very similar to the undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it's very similar to the undamped
+case except that it has this damp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that it has this damp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that it has this damp
+damping causes to die out with time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping causes to die out with time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping causes to die out with time but
+this right here this is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here this is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here this is still the
+initial slope is V KN and the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial slope is V KN and the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial slope is V KN and the initial
+displacement here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement here is
+xot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I'll give you I'll I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll give you I'll I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll give you I'll I'm going to
+give you the exact expressions for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the exact expressions for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the exact expressions for this
+and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+another way of writing this then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing this then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of writing this then in
+terms of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the initial
+conditions is this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions is this looks
+like X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X
+knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot
+cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+plus v0 over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so expanding this out this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so expanding this out this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so expanding this out this result
+clearly has to depend on the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly has to depend on the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly has to depend on the initial
+displacement and on the initial velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and on the initial velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and on the initial velocity
+and now what's this I keep writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what's this I keep writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what's this I keep writing this
+Omega D so notice in here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D so notice in here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D so notice in here in this
+solution it's Omega n * the < TK of 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's Omega n * the < TK of 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's Omega n * the < TK of 1 -
+th^ 2 so the frequency that's in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th^ 2 so the frequency that's in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th^ 2 so the frequency that's in here
+isn't exactly it's Omega n it's Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't exactly it's Omega n it's Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't exactly it's Omega n it's Omega n
+altered by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered by a
+bit Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Omega
+subd is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd is called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damped natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+and it's equal to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to Omega
+n * the < TK of 1 - Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * the < TK of 1 - Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n * the < TK of 1 - Theta
+2 okay system actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay system actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay system actually
+oscillates at a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at a slightly different
+frequency and for most systems uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and for most systems uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and for most systems uh that
+vibrate at all this damping term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate at all this damping term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate at all this damping term is
+quite small and when you square it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small and when you square it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small and when you square it it
+gets even smaller so this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets even smaller so this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets even smaller so this is usually
+this is a number that's like 09 9 often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number that's like 09 9 often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a number that's like 09 9 often
+times or even bigger than that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or even bigger than that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or even bigger than that this is
+very close to one for all small amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one for all small amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one for all small amounts
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+damping but being really careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping but being really careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping but being really careful about
+this in including it everywhere that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in including it everywhere that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in including it everywhere that's
+what this result looks like and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this result looks like and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this result looks like and this
+little thing sigh this little phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing sigh this little phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing sigh this little phase
+angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is tangent inverse of of theta over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangent inverse of of theta over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangent inverse of of theta over the
+square < TK of 1us theta 2qu and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square < TK of 1us theta 2qu and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square < TK of 1us theta 2qu and this
+number turns when when damping is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number turns when when damping is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number turns when when damping is small
+this is a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very small
+number and most of the time the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and most of the time the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and most of the time the problems
+that we deal with the damping will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we deal with the damping will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we deal with the damping will be
+small so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damping and by that I mean beta say less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and by that I mean beta say less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and by that I mean beta say less
+than 10% what we call 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10% what we call 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10% what we call 10%
+0.1 and if you want to if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and if you want to if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and if you want to if you have a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+more you know to you don't care too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know to you don't care too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you know to you don't care too much
+about the Precision it might even be 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Precision it might even be 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Precision it might even be 20%
+what's actually if it were 0. 2 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually if it were 0. 2 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually if it were 0. 2 squared
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+0.04 right 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0496 Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t98 so even with 20 % damping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t98 so even with 20 % damping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t98 so even with 20 % damping the
+difference between the undamped natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the undamped natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the undamped natural
+frequency and the damped natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the damped natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the damped natural
+frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is
+2% so for most uh for most cases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% so for most uh for most cases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% so for most uh for most cases with
+any kind of small damping at all we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of small damping at all we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of small damping at all we can
+write an approximation which is easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an approximation which is easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an approximation which is easier
+to remember and it's all I carry around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember and it's all I carry around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember and it's all I carry around
+in my head I can't remember this quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head I can't remember this quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head I can't remember this quite
+frankly don't try to and I would instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly don't try to and I would instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly don't try to and I would instead
+Express the answer to this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express the answer to this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express the answer to this as
+a just an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a just an X
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+cosine Omega d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega d
+t plus v over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus v over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus v over Omega
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+s Omega damped time time time e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega damped time time time e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Omega damped time time time e the
+minus AA Omega n t so why do I bother to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus AA Omega n t so why do I bother to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus AA Omega n t so why do I bother to
+carry the Omega D's along if I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the Omega D's along if I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the Omega D's along if I just said
+that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're
+almost exactly the same for light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the same for light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the same for light
+damping that Omega n's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping that Omega n's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping that Omega n's approximately
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+D well you need to keep the this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D well you need to keep the this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D well you need to keep the this one in
+here because even though it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because even though it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because even though it's only
+2% difference at 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% difference at 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% difference at 20%
+damping if you say the solution is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping if you say the solution is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping if you say the solution is Omega
+n when it's really Omega D there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when it's really Omega D there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n when it's really Omega D there'll be a
+this this thing will accumulate a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing will accumulate a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing will accumulate a phase
+error over time so that it gets bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error over time so that it gets bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error over time so that it gets bigger
+and bigger this error here because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger this error here because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger this error here because you
+haven't taken care of that little 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken care of that little 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken care of that little 2%
+that 2% can bite you if you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2% can bite you if you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 2% can bite you if you go through
+enough Cycles okay so we keep I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Cycles okay so we keep I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Cycles okay so we keep I keep
+Omega D in the expression here but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D in the expression here but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D in the expression here but other
+than that it's almost exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that it's almost exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that it's almost exactly the same
+expression that we just came up to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we just came up to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we just came up to for
+the simple response of an undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple response of an undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple response of an undamped
+system to initial conditions x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to initial conditions x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to initial conditions x
+cosine plus v over Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine plus v over Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine plus v over Omega n
+sin and now all all we've added to it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin and now all all we've added to it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin and now all all we've added to it is
+put the transient Decay the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the transient Decay the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the transient Decay the fact that it
+decays into the expression and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays into the expression and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays into the expression and change
+the frequ natur the frequency it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequ natur the frequency it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequ natur the frequency it
+oscillates at to Omega D instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at to Omega D instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates at to Omega D instead of
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to try to impress something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try to impress something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try to impress something
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum
+and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stopwatch measured the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch measured the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch measured the natural frequency
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing I could get a very accurate value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I could get a very accurate value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I could get a very accurate value
+if I do it carefully then I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it carefully then I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it carefully then I take the
+same object and I dunk it in in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same object and I dunk it in in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same object and I dunk it in in water
+and it goes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes back and
+forth and it conspicuously goes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and it conspicuously goes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and it conspicuously goes back and
+forth but dies down now after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but dies down now after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but dies down now after a while
+because it's got that water damping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got that water damping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got that water damping it
+but I measure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency and it's you know it's 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's you know it's 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's you know it's 10%
+different 20% different I have and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 20% different I have and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 20% different I have and and
+I've seen people make this mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen people make this mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen people make this mistake
+dozens of times you say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of times you say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dozens of times you say that's the
+experiment explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment explain
+why what's the reason that the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what's the reason that the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what's the reason that the that
+measured frequency has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured frequency has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured frequency has
+changed got any ocean engineers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+audience all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience all right
+so why does the if you put the pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does the if you put the pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why does the if you put the pendulum
+in water and it's still oscillating now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and it's still oscillating now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and it's still oscillating now
+so it's got It's it isn't so damp that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got It's it isn't so damp that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got It's it isn't so damp that
+it's okay so it's got some damping it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so it's got some damping it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay so it's got some damping it's
+dying out and the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying out and the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying out and the natural frequency
+Changed by 15 or 20% what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changed by 15 or 20% what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Changed by 15 or 20% what's the
+explanation and the answer you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and the answer you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation and the answer you always
+get from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from people
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+damping why because everybody's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping why because everybody's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping why because everybody's been
+taught this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing right they all then assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right they all then assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right they all then assume that
+the change in the frequency is caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the frequency is caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the frequency is caused by
+damping but damping couldn't possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping but damping couldn't possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping but damping couldn't possibly be
+the reason because with 20% damping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason because with 20% damping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason because with 20% damping this
+thing will die out in about two swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will die out in about two swings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will die out in about two swings
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+done that's a lot of damping actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that's a lot of damping actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that's a lot of damping actually
+but it only accounts for a 2% change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it only accounts for a 2% change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it only accounts for a 2% change in
+natural frequency not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency not
+15 so what causes the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency no not
+buoyancy uh that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy uh that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy uh that could
+that that could actually have an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could actually have an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could actually have an effect
+that's actually it I should say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually it I should say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually it I should say yes
+you're partly right there's an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're partly right there's an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're partly right there's an even
+there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason when the thing is uh swinging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason when the thing is uh swinging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason when the thing is uh swinging
+back and forth there in the water it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth there in the water it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth there in the water it
+actually carries some water with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carries some water with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually carries some water with it
+effectively the kinetic energy you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the kinetic energy you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the kinetic energy you now
+know how to do vibration problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do vibration problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do vibration problems
+finding the equations to motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the equations to motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the equations to motion
+accounting for the potential energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the potential energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the potential energy and
+the kinetic energy the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy the kinetic energy
+changes because some water moves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes because some water moves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes because some water moves with
+the object and it's called added Mass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and it's called added Mass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object and it's called added Mass it
+literally there's water moving with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally there's water moving with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally there's water moving with the
+object that has kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that has kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that has kinetic energy
+associated with the motion and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the motion and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the motion and it it
+acts like it's more massive it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts like it's more massive it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts like it's more massive it is
+dynamically more massive there's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically more massive there's water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically more massive there's water
+moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with
+it okay so trying to impress on you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so trying to impress on you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so trying to impress on you that
+damping doesn't cause much of a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping doesn't cause much of a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping doesn't cause much of a change
+in systems that actually vibrate really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems that actually vibrate really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in systems that actually vibrate really
+You observe the vibration if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe the vibration if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You observe the vibration if you can
+observe the vibration damping cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the vibration damping cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the vibration damping cannot
+possibly account for a very large shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly account for a very large shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly account for a very large shift
+in frequency okay what's the motion look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency okay what's the motion look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency okay what's the motion look
+like let's move on a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so that's what this solution looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what this solution looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's what this solution looks
+like we know it depends on initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we know it depends on initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we know it depends on initial
+conditions the U the distance from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the U the distance from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the U the distance from here
+to here will make this a Time axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here will make this a Time axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here will make this a Time axis
+this is one period so this is to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one period so this is to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one period so this is to d
+That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the
+damped period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vibration and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration and we know
+that X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+T is some a e to the minus Theta Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is some a e to the minus Theta Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is some a e to the minus Theta Omega n
+t cine Omega DT minus a phase angle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t cine Omega DT minus a phase angle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t cine Omega DT minus a phase angle we
+could write that expression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term this is just a cosine this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeats every period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if it's at maximum value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's at maximum value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if it's at maximum value here
+exactly one period later it's again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one period later it's again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one period later it's again at
+its maximum so the cosine term goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its maximum so the cosine term goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its maximum so the cosine term goes to
+one every 2 pi or every period of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one every 2 pi or every period of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one every 2 pi or every period of motion
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to
+take going to take the I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take going to take the I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take going to take the I'm going to
+Define this as the value of at X at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this as the value of at X at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this as the value of at X at some
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+T I'll call it t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'll call it t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'll call it t
+knot and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and out
+here is X at T KN Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is X at T KN Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is X at T KN Plus
+n to d n periods later so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to d n periods later so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to d n periods later so this is a
+period to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember Omega D is the same thing as 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Omega D is the same thing as 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Omega D is the same thing as 2
+pi * the frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi * the frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi * the frequency in
+hertz and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz and it
+is and frequency is one over period 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and frequency is one over period 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and frequency is one over period 2 pi
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+period so remember there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so remember there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so remember there's a
+relationship that you need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that you need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that you need to remember
+now it relates radian frequency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it relates radian frequency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it relates radian frequency to
+frequency in cycles per second at herts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in cycles per second at herts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in cycles per second at herts
+to to frequency expressed in Period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to frequency expressed in Period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to frequency expressed in Period
+right this would be to D here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would be to D here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would be to D here and this
+would be an FD all frequency that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an FD all frequency that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an FD all frequency that's for
+any frequency you can say that Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any frequency you can say that Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any frequency you can say that Omega D
+is 2 pi Omega 2 pi f is one 2 pi over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi Omega 2 pi f is one 2 pi over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi Omega 2 pi f is one 2 pi over to
+so you got to be good with that but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to be good with that but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got to be good with that but now
+so here we are two peaks separated by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are two peaks separated by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are two peaks separated by n
+periods and I want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and I want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and I want to take the
+ratio of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of X of
+T to X of t plus n to D here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to X of t plus n to D here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to X of t plus n to D here and that's
+just going to be then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be then
+my when I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my when I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my when I take that
+ratio X of T has cosine Omega DT minus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio X of T has cosine Omega DT minus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio X of T has cosine Omega DT minus V
+in it and end periods later exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and end periods later exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and end periods later exactly the
+same thing appears right so the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing appears right so the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing appears right so the cosine
+term just cancels out this just is e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term just cancels out this just is e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term just cancels out this just is e and
+the A's cancel out that's the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's cancel out that's the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A's cancel out that's the initial
+conditions it's e to the minus Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's e to the minus Zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it's e to the minus Zeta
+Omega n t and I guess I called it t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n t and I guess I called it t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n t and I guess I called it t
+KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over e the minus Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e the minus Zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e the minus Zeta
+Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n
+T KN plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T KN plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T KN plus
+n damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n damped
+periods and if I bring this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and if I bring this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods and if I bring this into the
+numerator the exponent becomes positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator the exponent becomes positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator the exponent becomes positive
+the T terms minus Z Omega and t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T terms minus Z Omega and t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T terms minus Z Omega and t plus
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+cancel and this expression is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and this expression is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and this expression is just
+e to the plus Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the plus Zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the plus Zeta
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+n * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TD and the last step that I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD and the last step that I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TD and the last step that I want to do
+to this I'm want what I'm coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this I'm want what I'm coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this I'm want what I'm coming up with
+is a way of estimating purpose of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of estimating purpose of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of estimating purpose of doing
+this is this transient curve we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this transient curve we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this transient curve we know
+depends on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controlled you know by damping by Zeta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled you know by damping by Zeta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled you know by damping by Zeta I
+want to have an experimental way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an experimental way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have an experimental way to
+determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+data and I do it by Computing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I do it by Computing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and I do it by Computing something
+called the logarithmic decrement so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the logarithmic decrement so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the logarithmic decrement so if I
+take the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the natural
+log of x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of x of
+T over X of t + n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+periods it's the natural log of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods it's the natural log of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods it's the natural log of this
+expression so it's just of an ex I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so it's just of an ex I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so it's just of an ex I just
+get the exponent back this then is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega I guess better do it carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I guess better do it carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I guess better do it carefully
+Omega n n to D but to D is 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n n to D but to D is 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n n to D but to D is 2 pi over
+Omega I get some nice things to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I get some nice things to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I get some nice things to cancel
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this natural log over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this natural log over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this natural log over the
+ratio this is n Theta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio this is n Theta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio this is n Theta Omega
+n and this is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this is 2
+pi over Omega D which is Omega n * the <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over Omega D which is Omega n * the <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over Omega D which is Omega n * the <
+TK of 1 - Thea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of 1 - Thea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of 1 - Thea
+2 Omega n's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega n's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega n's go
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+and for Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small this term is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one in which case this then becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which case this then becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in which case this then becomes
+n 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+Zeta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta and
+Zeta equal 1 over 2 piun n natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta equal 1 over 2 piun n natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zeta equal 1 over 2 piun n natural log
+of this ratio of X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ratio of X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this ratio of X of
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+over X of t +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experimentally if you just go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally if you just go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally if you just go in and
+measure your you plot out the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your you plot out the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure your you plot out the response
+you measure a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure a peak
+value you measure the peak value end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you measure the peak value end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value you measure the peak value end
+periods later compute the log of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods later compute the log of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods later compute the log of that
+ratio divide by 1 over 2 pi n the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio divide by 1 over 2 pi n the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio divide by 1 over 2 pi n the number
+of periods you have an estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periods you have an estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of periods you have an estimate of the
+natural frequency estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency estimate of the
+damping ratio excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me okay so I'm going to give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so I'm going to give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay so I'm going to give you one
+quick little rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick little rule of thumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick little rule of thumb
+here so this is a a an experimental way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is a a an experimental way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is a a an experimental way
+that very quickly you can estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very quickly you can estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very quickly you can estimate the
+damping of pendulum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping of pendulum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping of pendulum or
+whatever by just doing a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if it happens that after n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it happens that after n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it happens that after n
+periods this value is half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods this value is half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods this value is half of the
+initial value then this ratio is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value then this ratio is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value then this ratio is two
+right so X of T some end periods later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so X of T some end periods later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so X of T some end periods later
+this is only half as big this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only half as big this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only half as big this value is
+two the natural log of two is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the natural log of two is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the natural log of two is some
+number you can calculate so so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can calculate so so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can calculate so so there's a
+little rule of if you just work that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rule of if you just work that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little rule of if you just work that out
+you find that Zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that Zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that Zeta
+equals 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 over 2
+pi n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n
+50% not one uh times Well natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% not one uh times Well natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% not one uh times Well natural log of
+two and you end up here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero do this carefully 1 over 2 pi n 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do this carefully 1 over 2 pi n 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero do this carefully 1 over 2 pi n 50%
+natural log of 2 and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of 2 and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of 2 and that that
+is11 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50% that's a really handy little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% that's a really handy little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% that's a really handy little
+engineer tool to carry around in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer tool to carry around in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer tool to carry around in your
+head so if I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so if I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so if I have an
+oscillator this will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator this will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator this will end
+here I can do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I can do an
+experiment give it an initial deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment give it an initial deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment give it an initial deflection
+and and say you know it starts off at 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say you know it starts off at 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and say you know it starts off at 6
+in or 3 in amplitude and you let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or 3 in amplitude and you let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or 3 in amplitude and you let it
+oscillate until you see it die down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate until you see it die down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate until you see it die down to
+half of that value so let's say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that value so let's say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of that value so let's say one
+two about four Cycles this thing decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two about four Cycles this thing decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two about four Cycles this thing decays
+by about 50 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about 50 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about 50 by
+50% okay four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% okay four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% okay four
+Cycles plug four into that formula you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles plug four into that formula you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles plug four into that formula you
+get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get about
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+0.025 agree 2 and a half%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damping really very conv little thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping really very conv little thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping really very conv little thing to
+carry around with you measure pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around with you measure pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry around with you measure pendulum
+how much damping does it have and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much damping does it have and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much damping does it have and now
+this is why I was saying most things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I was saying most things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I was saying most things
+that have any substantial amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have any substantial amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have any substantial amount of
+vibration the damping is going to be way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration the damping is going to be way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration the damping is going to be way
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10% if it dies if it takes one cycle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% if it dies if it takes one cycle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% if it dies if it takes one cycle to
+for the amplitude to decrease one cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amplitude to decrease one cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amplitude to decrease one cycle
+for the amplitude to decrease by 50% how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amplitude to decrease by 50% how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amplitude to decrease by 50% how
+much damping does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much damping does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much damping does it
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+11%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11%
+so 11% damage a lot of damping the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 11% damage a lot of damping the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 11% damage a lot of damping the thing
+starts out here and the next cycle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out here and the next cycle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out here and the next cycle it's
+half gone and the next cycle after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half gone and the next cycle after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half gone and the next cycle after that
+it's half of that and so in about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's half of that and so in about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's half of that and so in about three
+Cycles it's gone so if you see anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles it's gone so if you see anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles it's gone so if you see anything
+that's vibrating any length of time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vibrating any length of time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's vibrating any length of time at
+all this damping is way less than 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this damping is way less than 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this damping is way less than 10%
+and this notion of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this notion of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this notion of small
+damping is a perfectly good one now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is a perfectly good one now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is a perfectly good one now I'll
+and I'll close by just saying one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll close by just saying one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll close by just saying one other
+one other thing if something vibrates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing if something vibrates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing if something vibrates a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damping
+small just D if you don't have if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small just D if you don't have if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small just D if you don't have if you
+don't if you have you need small damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you have you need small damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't if you have you need small damping
+for things to actually vibrate very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things to actually vibrate very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things to actually vibrate very much
+this thing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing this is
+vibrating that high-pitched one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating that high-pitched one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating that high-pitched one that's
+about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a
+kilohertz how many cycles you think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz how many cycles you think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz how many cycles you think it's
+gone through to get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through to get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through to get down to
+50% of that initial amplitude that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of that initial amplitude that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% of that initial amplitude that you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+hear few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear few
+thousand how much damping do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand how much damping do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand how much damping do you think
+this r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r
+has really tiny really tiny okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really tiny really tiny okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really tiny really tiny okay all
+right so even though all we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even though all we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even though all we talked about
+today was single degree Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was single degree Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was single degree Freedom
+oscillators I hope you learned a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators I hope you learned a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators I hope you learned a few
+things that we'll carry now through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we'll carry now through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we'll carry now through the
+rest of the term we use all this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term we use all this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the term we use all this these
+Concepts that we did today to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that we did today to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts that we did today to talk about
+more complicated vibration good luck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated vibration good luck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated vibration good luck on
+your two1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quiz see you on Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9upRT5T7drI.txt b/9upRT5T7drI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a25db820aabee63a84b2db2d611096c8fa113e2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9upRT5T7drI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so tonight the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so tonight the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so tonight the first part of
+tonight is the financial uh financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is the financial uh financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight is the financial uh financing
+sources panel we have two of our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources panel we have two of our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources panel we have two of our three
+members here so I'll invite them to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members here so I'll invite them to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members here so I'll invite them to take
+seats Julianne we're putting you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats Julianne we're putting you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats Julianne we're putting you in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+because you have to keep the guys on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to keep the guys on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to keep the guys on the
+end and Alex I mean Axel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and Alex I mean Axel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and Alex I mean Axel
+so and what I'm going to do is uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and what I'm going to do is uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and what I'm going to do is uh to
+give them some context about where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them some context about where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them some context about where we
+are in the course just through a recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the course just through a recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the course just through a recap
+uh so they know and then I'll um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they know and then I'll um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so they know and then I'll um
+introduce have them introduce themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce have them introduce themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce have them introduce themselves
+and uh we'll go from there it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll go from there it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we'll go from there it'll be a
+Q&A after a brief uh description of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A after a brief uh description of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q&A after a brief uh description of what
+they do so where is the class so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so where is the class so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do so where is the class so far we
+started off two nights ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off two nights ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off two nights ago
+um with an introduction to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with an introduction to business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with an introduction to business
+plans and planning uh we talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and planning uh we talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and planning uh we talked about uh
+the importance that the basic tasks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance that the basic tasks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance that the basic tasks were
+to figure out how to create value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to create value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to create value and
+how to capture value uh both for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to capture value uh both for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to capture value uh both for the
+entrepreneur and for investors there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur and for investors there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur and for investors there are
+the three wise why this why is this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three wise why this why is this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three wise why this why is this an
+important thing that you're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that you're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that you're doing that
+you're going to spend your time on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to spend your time on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to spend your time on or
+you want people to invest resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to invest resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want people to invest resources in
+why now why now is the right time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now why now is the right time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why now why now is the right time to do
+it we've all been on the burning Leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we've all been on the burning Leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we've all been on the burning Leading
+Edge of of of the wrong time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge of of of the wrong time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge of of of the wrong time and then
+why this team the investors are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this team the investors are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this team the investors are going to
+say well is this the right team and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well is this the right team and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well is this the right team and you
+need to be ask asking do I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be ask asking do I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be ask asking do I have the
+right team of people and then if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right team of people and then if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right team of people and then if you get
+those first three right you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first three right you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first three right you should be
+asking yourself the fourth why which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself the fourth why which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself the fourth why which is
+why won't this work you what what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why won't this work you what what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why won't this work you what what am I
+missing here that was the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing here that was the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing here that was the first part of
+Monday uh Tuesday night and then Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday uh Tuesday night and then Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday uh Tuesday night and then Steve
+Pur came in and talked about how to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pur came in and talked about how to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pur came in and talked about how to give
+a pitch uh taking all of that planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pitch uh taking all of that planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pitch uh taking all of that planning
+you're going to do and put it in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do and put it in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do and put it in a way
+to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate
+uh he focused pretty much on pitching to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he focused pretty much on pitching to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he focused pretty much on pitching to
+investors but he did point out uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors but he did point out uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors but he did point out uh the
+same Concepts apply to pitching to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Concepts apply to pitching to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Concepts apply to pitching to
+Partnerships and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partnerships and other
+things uh last night we had Bob Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh last night we had Bob Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh last night we had Bob Jones
+come in and talked about finding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and talked about finding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and talked about finding your
+customer uh it's not sales it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer uh it's not sales it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer uh it's not sales it's not
+marketing it's finding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing it's finding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing it's finding your
+customer uh what do they want what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer uh what do they want what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer uh what do they want what will
+they pay for it how do you find them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay for it how do you find them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay for it how do you find them and
+he gave some really personal examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave some really personal examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave some really personal examples of
+uh situations where he succeeded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situations where he succeeded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh situations where he succeeded and
+where he did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he did not
+succeed um and it was very interesting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed um and it was very interesting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed um and it was very interesting I
+got him to speak after the break about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got him to speak after the break about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got him to speak after the break about
+something he's actually working on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he's actually working on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he's actually working on so
+that's an important part of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important part of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important part of what this
+class has been it's not about abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class has been it's not about abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class has been it's not about abstract
+thinking about things the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things the people that
+are talking are actually doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking are actually doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking are actually doing the
+things they talk about and U he's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they talk about and U he's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they talk about and U he's right
+in the middle of that and then we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of that and then we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of that and then we had
+Rich kibble come in and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich kibble come in and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich kibble come in and talk about
+business models so I've got a customer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models so I've got a customer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models so I've got a customer I
+think I have a value but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have a value but what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have a value but what's the
+model that I'm going to use to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I'm going to use to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I'm going to use to generate
+Revenue the second part of tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue the second part of tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue the second part of tonight
+Charlie tillet who'll come in after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie tillet who'll come in after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie tillet who'll come in after the
+break is going to do Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break is going to do Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break is going to do Financial
+projections how do I take all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections how do I take all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections how do I take all of that
+and figure out what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out what it means
+economically and we talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and we talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and we talked about it
+being not a static process but a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not a static process but a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not a static process but a dynamic
+process uh test redo until you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh test redo until you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh test redo until you get it
+right so once you've done all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once you've done all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so once you've done all that
+planning you're going to need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning you're going to need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning you're going to need some
+resources and one of the resources is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and one of the resources is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and one of the resources is
+funding so that's what the the panel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so that's what the the panel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding so that's what the the panel's
+about uh the people on the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the people on the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the people on the panel
+represent sort of organized forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent sort of organized forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent sort of organized forms of
+financing but entrepreneurs you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing but entrepreneurs you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing but entrepreneurs you know get
+financed in a variety of ways a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financed in a variety of ways a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financed in a variety of ways a lot of
+people talk about just Venture Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about just Venture Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about just Venture Capital
+but plenty of great companies have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but plenty of great companies have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but plenty of great companies have been
+launched through uh Angel friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched through uh Angel friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched through uh Angel friends and
+family type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family type
+money uh a traditional way is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh a traditional way is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money uh a traditional way is using
+customers uh you work for a customer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers uh you work for a customer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers uh you work for a customer you
+see what they uh want you then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they uh want you then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what they uh want you then try to
+move from a Services business into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from a Services business into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from a Services business into a
+product business productize it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product business productize it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product business productize it there are
+grants uh National Science Foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants uh National Science Foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants uh National Science Foundation
+small business Innovation research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business Innovation research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business Innovation research
+funding sbir uh there this money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding sbir uh there this money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding sbir uh there this money is
+available from each of 11 or so federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from each of 11 or so federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available from each of 11 or so federal
+agencies and could be up to a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and could be up to a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and could be up to a million
+dollars I'm working with a company I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars I'm working with a company I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars I'm working with a company I
+think is at a million dollars of sbir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is at a million dollars of sbir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is at a million dollars of sbir
+funding um and we have more uh recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding um and we have more uh recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding um and we have more uh recent
+types of funding which uh crowd sourcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of funding which uh crowd sourcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of funding which uh crowd sourcing
+where the funding at Kickstarter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the funding at Kickstarter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the funding at Kickstarter and
+others have been to fund products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have been to fund products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others have been to fund products
+and we're just beginning under the jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just beginning under the jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just beginning under the jobs
+act that was passed a year or so ago uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act that was passed a year or so ago uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act that was passed a year or so ago uh
+to have rules out that are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have rules out that are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have rules out that are going to get
+finalized around crowd sourcing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized around crowd sourcing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalized around crowd sourcing of
+investment so in Kickstarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so in Kickstarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so in Kickstarter
+traditionally it's I'm going to fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally it's I'm going to fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally it's I'm going to fund
+this product in the crowdfunding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product in the crowdfunding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product in the crowdfunding of
+investment it'll be I want to put money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment it'll be I want to put money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment it'll be I want to put money
+into a company or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a company or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a company or a
+business and uh there are probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and uh there are probably some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and uh there are probably some
+other uh ways people have funded like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh ways people have funded like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh ways people have funded like
+credit cards there have been uh business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards there have been uh business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards there have been uh business
+plan competitions have launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan competitions have launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan competitions have launched
+companies uh I was involved in a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh I was involved in a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies uh I was involved in a company
+who got launched because they uh got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got launched because they uh got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got launched because they uh got
+sued for trademark infringement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued for trademark infringement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued for trademark infringement and
+settled and sold the name uh to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled and sold the name uh to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled and sold the name uh to another
+company and got 25,000 for that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and got 25,000 for that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and got 25,000 for that so
+that's how they got launched so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got launched so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got launched so lots of
+different ways entrepreneurs got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways entrepreneurs got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways entrepreneurs got to be
+creative um but for the panel we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative um but for the panel we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative um but for the panel we'll
+start with the basic organized and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the basic organized and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the basic organized and maybe
+we'll open it up to Q&A so I've asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll open it up to Q&A so I've asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll open it up to Q&A so I've asked
+each of the panel members to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the panel members to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the panel members to introduce
+themselves a little bit about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a little bit about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a little bit about their
+background what you should know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background what you should know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background what you should know about
+them uh they're entrepreneurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh they're entrepreneurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh they're entrepreneurs in the
+sense that they raise money from people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they raise money from people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they raise money from people
+in order to turn around and invest it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to turn around and invest it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to turn around and invest it in
+in your projects so um just as you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your projects so um just as you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your projects so um just as you're an
+entrepreneur to them they're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur to them they're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur to them they're an
+entrepreneur to their investors and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur to their investors and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur to their investors and uh
+ask them to talk two or three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them to talk two or three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them to talk two or three four
+minutes whatever you feel comfortable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes whatever you feel comfortable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes whatever you feel comfortable to
+set the stage so Axel we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the stage so Axel we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the stage so Axel we'll start with
+you sure happy uh happy to start uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure happy uh happy to start uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure happy uh happy to start uh good
+evening everybody uh I'll um go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening everybody uh I'll um go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening everybody uh I'll um go through
+my background a little bit first I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background a little bit first I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my background a little bit first I am
+from Germany originally came to MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Germany originally came to MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Germany originally came to MIT in
+the late 80s study studed mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 80s study studed mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 80s study studed mechanical
+engineering and sat in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and sat in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and sat in one of these
+classes and uh ended up um co-founding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and uh ended up um co-founding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and uh ended up um co-founding a
+software company mechanical design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software company mechanical design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software company mechanical design
+automation software company uh out of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation software company uh out of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation software company uh out of at
+the time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was
+15375 and uh we raised uh so we raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15375 and uh we raised uh so we raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15375 and uh we raised uh so we raised
+Venture money relatively quickly million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture money relatively quickly million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture money relatively quickly million
+five to start with and then some follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to start with and then some follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to start with and then some follow
+on rounds I was VP Engineering in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rounds I was VP Engineering in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rounds I was VP Engineering in that
+company we uh sold it after about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company we uh sold it after about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company we uh sold it after about four
+or five years I uh then became venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years I uh then became venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five years I uh then became venture
+capitalist was at Atlas Venture for 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist was at Atlas Venture for 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist was at Atlas Venture for 19
+years in total uh raised and invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in total uh raised and invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in total uh raised and invested
+about two2 and a half billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two2 and a half billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two2 and a half billion dollar
+while I was there and did mostly early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was there and did mostly early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I was there and did mostly early
+stage software SL Tech really early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage software SL Tech really early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage software SL Tech really early
+stage technology uh startups um I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage technology uh startups um I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage technology uh startups um I left
+there about two years ago to do deals on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about two years ago to do deals on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there about two years ago to do deals on
+my own and uh so have um helped start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own and uh so have um helped start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own and uh so have um helped start a
+couple of companies and have made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of companies and have made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of companies and have made a
+number of personal Investments as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of personal Investments as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of personal Investments as well
+and um one of the companies I uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one of the companies I uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um one of the companies I uh I
+helped start is actually an acceler at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped start is actually an acceler at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped start is actually an acceler at
+for Hardware startups called Bal in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Hardware startups called Bal in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Hardware startups called Bal in in
+downtown Boston so uh so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Boston so uh so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown Boston so uh so that's another
+you know another financing model I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another financing model I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know another financing model I got
+uh you know I got you know exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I got you know exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I got you know exposed to
+and really got involved with where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really got involved with where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really got involved with where you
+don't provide just capital and some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't provide just capital and some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't provide just capital and some you
+know high level expertise and strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know high level expertise and strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know high level expertise and strategy
+but real handson uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real handson uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but real handson uh you
+know you know Hands-On work on product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know Hands-On work on product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know Hands-On work on product
+much more Hands-On company building team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more Hands-On company building team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more Hands-On company building team
+building Etc then you do an eventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Etc then you do an eventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building Etc then you do an eventure
+Capital firm and we're doing that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital firm and we're doing that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital firm and we're doing that with
+very early stage companies there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early stage companies there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early stage companies there
+uh so I can uh I think in the evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I can uh I think in the evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I can uh I think in the evening
+here talk about you know Angel financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here talk about you know Angel financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here talk about you know Angel financing
+I'm an angel I'm a uh you know involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an angel I'm a uh you know involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an angel I'm a uh you know involved
+in this accelerator I've been in the VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this accelerator I've been in the VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this accelerator I've been in the VC
+uh business for a long time and also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh business for a long time and also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh business for a long time and also um
+oh and I'm also involved uh in a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I'm also involved uh in a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and I'm also involved uh in a company
+called Dragon Innovation which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Dragon Innovation which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Dragon Innovation which is a
+crowdfunding site for hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding site for hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding site for hardware
+crowdfunding company for Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding company for Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding company for Hardware
+startups so I think that's actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups so I think that's actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups so I think that's actually one
+of the very interesting ways of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very interesting ways of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very interesting ways of getting
+um companies of the ground that may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um companies of the ground that may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um companies of the ground that may not
+show necessarily the highest Potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show necessarily the highest Potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show necessarily the highest Potential
+from the beginning but to launch an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning but to launch an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning but to launch an
+initial product and then kind of see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial product and then kind of see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial product and then kind of see uh
+kind of see what happens um so in in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see what happens um so in in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see what happens um so in in you
+know in all this experience uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in all this experience uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in all this experience uh I've
+accumulated you know one of the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated you know one of the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated you know one of the probably
+one of maybe the most important lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of maybe the most important lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of maybe the most important lesson
+the most important lesson probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important lesson probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important lesson probably
+always work with good people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work with good people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work with good people you know
+whoever your investors are you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever your investors are you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever your investors are you can't
+fire your investors you know you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire your investors you know you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire your investors you know you need to
+um you need to select carefully who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need to select carefully who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need to select carefully who you
+end up working with um but also a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up working with um but also a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up working with um but also a match
+between the financing source and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the financing source and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the financing source and where
+you are as a uh you know as a company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are as a uh you know as a company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are as a uh you know as a company in
+terms of um the potential of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um the potential of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of um the potential of the market
+the potential of the team and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential of the team and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential of the team and everything
+and um you know and often people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know and often people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know and often people think
+oh you're only a great company if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're only a great company if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're only a great company if you
+raise uh VC eventually that's just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise uh VC eventually that's just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise uh VC eventually that's just so
+not true that's probably you know one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true that's probably you know one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true that's probably you know one in
+100 interesting startups is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 interesting startups is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 interesting startups is really
+suitable for VC at the beginning and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable for VC at the beginning and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable for VC at the beginning and um
+and uh and it depends a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and it depends a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and it depends a little bit on
+the stage a little bit on the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage a little bit on the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage a little bit on the potential
+and also the potential may only you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the potential may only you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the potential may only you may
+only discover over time so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only discover over time so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only discover over time so I think
+that's there the great and also great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there the great and also great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there the great and also great uh
+I mean great other ways of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean great other ways of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean great other ways of getting a
+company off the ground and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company off the ground and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company off the ground and one of the
+things every good entrepreneur has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things every good entrepreneur has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things every good entrepreneur has
+focused on is delusions so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on is delusions so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on is delusions so you want to
+be you know cap really um you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know cap really um you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know cap really um you want to be
+Capital efficient but also delusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital efficient but also delusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital efficient but also delusion
+efficient uh you know from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh you know from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh you know from the beginning
+and I think that often means I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that often means I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that often means I mean
+crowdfunding is a great way to get non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding is a great way to get non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowdfunding is a great way to get non
+you know pretty much non-dilutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty much non-dilutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty much non-dilutive
+capital for a product um and um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for a product um and um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for a product um and um but
+whether it's you know friends and family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's you know friends and family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's you know friends and family
+money you know incubators accelerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you know incubators accelerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you know incubators accelerators
+Angels um and then of course VCS have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angels um and then of course VCS have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angels um and then of course VCS have
+been going to very early stage funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going to very early stage funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going to very early stage funding
+as well where you have a number of VCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well where you have a number of VCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well where you have a number of VCS
+writing $100,000 to let's say $500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing $100,000 to let's say $500,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing $100,000 to let's say $500,000
+checks with a very you know very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks with a very you know very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks with a very you know very low
+barrier to getting a deal done which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to getting a deal done which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to getting a deal done which can
+be attractive but um uh is attractive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attractive but um uh is attractive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attractive but um uh is attractive in
+terms of you get Capital relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you get Capital relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you get Capital relatively
+easily and quickly but um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and quickly but um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and quickly but um but the
+question then is is that actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is is that actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then is is that actually the
+right VC to help you build uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right VC to help you build uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right VC to help you build uh you know
+the company in the long term as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company in the long term as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company in the long term as we see
+the right uh you know the right source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh you know the right source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh you know the right source
+of financing build that company in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financing build that company in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financing build that company in the
+long term so I guess we can zoom into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term so I guess we can zoom into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long term so I guess we can zoom into
+all of that as as the evening progresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that as as the evening progresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that as as the evening progresses
+and I guess I'll stop here with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I'll stop here with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I'll stop here with the uh
+introduction right well before I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction right well before I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction right well before I asked
+jul and to speak I you know Axel has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jul and to speak I you know Axel has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jul and to speak I you know Axel has
+been here before uh to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here before uh to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here before uh to talk about this
+and as I was putting together the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I was putting together the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I was putting together the panel
+thinking right who's the right mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking right who's the right mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking right who's the right mix of
+people it struck me that your recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it struck me that your recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it struck me that your recent
+Venture bolt fit well with nuts and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture bolt fit well with nuts and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture bolt fit well with nuts and and
+bolts but but I I did ask you to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts but but I I did ask you to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolts but but I I did ask you to figure
+out who I could get for the nut part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who I could get for the nut part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who I could get for the nut part so
+we we haven't figured that one out yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we haven't figured that one out yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we haven't figured that one out yet
+welcome maybe that's me Julianne you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome maybe that's me Julianne you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome maybe that's me Julianne you're
+not the nut by any means so well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the nut by any means so well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the nut by any means so well I guess
+we'll leave that up to the audience to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave that up to the audience to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll leave that up to the audience to
+decide um so before launching into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide um so before launching into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide um so before launching into my
+background and and my focus and and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and and my focus and and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and and my focus and and my
+reason for being here on the panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for being here on the panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for being here on the panel
+tonight let me just say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight let me just say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight let me just say that you know
+the the thing that I hope all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that I hope all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing that I hope all of you
+recognize by the end of tonight if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize by the end of tonight if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize by the end of tonight if you
+don't already know it is that every form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't already know it is that every form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't already know it is that every form
+of capital has a use and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital has a use and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital has a use and a
+cost and and different forms of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and and different forms of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and and different forms of capital
+are appropriate not only at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate not only at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate not only at different
+stages as axel said but for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages as axel said but for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages as axel said but for different
+kinds of businesses and so you've you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of businesses and so you've you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of businesses and so you've you've
+already been challenged in your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been challenged in your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been challenged in your first
+session and and to a lesser extent again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and and to a lesser extent again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and and to a lesser extent again
+in second session to think about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in second session to think about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in second session to think about why
+you're doing this and and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this and and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this and and what you
+ultimately a to accomplish the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately a to accomplish the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately a to accomplish the answer to
+that question is is really important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is is really important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is is really important for
+a variety of reasons not least of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of reasons not least of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of reasons not least of which
+is to guide you in making decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to guide you in making decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to guide you in making decisions
+about the appropriate resources to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the appropriate resources to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the appropriate resources to call
+upon to achieve that goal and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon to achieve that goal and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon to achieve that goal and one of
+those being capital and there are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those being capital and there are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those being capital and there are very
+very different kinds of capital that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different kinds of capital that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different kinds of capital that
+that have different uses and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different uses and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have different uses and different
+benefits and different costs and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and different costs and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and different costs and by the
+way I I can't remember the number Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I I can't remember the number Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I I can't remember the number Joe
+you might know it but it's a minority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it but it's a minority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it but it's a minority
+fraction of companies that go to IPO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of companies that go to IPO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of companies that go to IPO
+that were ever Venture funded it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were ever Venture funded it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were ever Venture funded it's
+something less than a quarter I it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something less than a quarter I it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something less than a quarter I it's
+like I don't know 16 or 17% do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know 16 or 17% do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know 16 or 17% do you
+remember Axel it's um I bet I bet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Axel it's um I bet I bet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember Axel it's um I bet I bet it's
+less than that actually and um and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that actually and um and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that actually and um and uh so
+I mean many many of the Great weals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean many many of the Great weals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean many many of the Great weals
+creation stories are founders who never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation stories are founders who never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation stories are founders who never
+raised money or just raise tiny amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money or just raise tiny amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised money or just raise tiny amounts
+of money and kept it all for themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and kept it all for themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money and kept it all for themselves
+if you can pull it off that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can pull it off that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can pull it off that's a great
+way so you know there there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you know there there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you know there there are lots of
+preconceptions as mentioned about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions as mentioned about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions as mentioned about you
+know it's only a really good company if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's only a really good company if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's only a really good company if
+it's Venture backed or you only really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Venture backed or you only really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Venture backed or you only really
+have you know steep growth potential if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know steep growth potential if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know steep growth potential if
+you can attract Venture money I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can attract Venture money I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can attract Venture money I I really
+hope that by the end of this evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that by the end of this evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that by the end of this evening
+we've really completely dispelled those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've really completely dispelled those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've really completely dispelled those
+preconceptions from your mind um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions from your mind um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceptions from your mind um so
+about me I'm also an alumna uh I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me I'm also an alumna uh I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me I'm also an alumna uh I came
+here in the mid 80s uh I double majored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the mid 80s uh I double majored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the mid 80s uh I double majored
+in aerospace engineering and literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aerospace engineering and literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aerospace engineering and literature
+neither of which um would lead anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of which um would lead anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of which um would lead anybody
+to imagine be on this panel here tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine be on this panel here tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine be on this panel here tonight
+um and uh my first career was in the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh my first career was in the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh my first career was in the man
+space flight business uh it was great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space flight business uh it was great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space flight business uh it was great
+first career when I came to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first career when I came to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first career when I came to the end of
+that first career uh I was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first career uh I was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first career uh I was looking for
+something that was equally challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was equally challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was equally challenging
+and and very different and I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and very different and I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and very different and I ended up
+co-founding a company called Green fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founding a company called Green fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-founding a company called Green fuel
+Technologies before there was such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies before there was such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies before there was such a
+thing as clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as clean
+tech as a matter of fact at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech as a matter of fact at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech as a matter of fact at that point
+in time the greens and the Browns feared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time the greens and the Browns feared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time the greens and the Browns feared
+and loathed each other absolutely wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loathed each other absolutely wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loathed each other absolutely wanted
+nothing to do with one another um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with one another um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with one another um and
+here we were founding a company that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were founding a company that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we were founding a company that was
+uh algae bofs and um I'm I'm very proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algae bofs and um I'm I'm very proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algae bofs and um I'm I'm very proud
+of the fact that in the time that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that in the time that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that in the time that that
+that company was alive we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company was alive we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that company was alive we actually
+managed to change the tenor of of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to change the tenor of of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to change the tenor of of those
+exchanges and in fact we we ended up
+
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+exchanges and in fact we we ended up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and in fact we we ended up
+being frequently featured in in Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being frequently featured in in Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being frequently featured in in Industry
+magazines like industrial Light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines like industrial Light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines like industrial Light and
+Power um which is about as far as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power um which is about as far as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power um which is about as far as you
+can get from mother J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from mother J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from mother J
+in the known universe um so uh so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the known universe um so uh so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the known universe um so uh so I've
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to notice about that is um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to notice about that is um we
+raised about $23 million in um good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised about $23 million in um good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised about $23 million in um good
+evening good evening sorry um we raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening good evening sorry um we raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening good evening sorry um we raised
+about $23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about $23
+million had a a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million had a a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million had a a very interesting
+proposition um made some mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition um made some mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition um made some mistakes
+encountered significant obstacles um had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered significant obstacles um had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered significant obstacles um had
+a good team and um when the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good team and um when the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good team and um when the market
+cratered and project Finance went away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cratered and project Finance went away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cratered and project Finance went away
+we defaulted on all of our contracts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defaulted on all of our contracts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defaulted on all of our contracts and
+that was the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the end of the
+company so you know there are there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so you know there are there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so you know there are there are
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+things trip you up that have nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things trip you up that have nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things trip you up that have nothing to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with um with the things that you've
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with um with the things that you've
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned on interestingly enough in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned on interestingly enough in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial realm um having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial realm um having a
+company crater is not necess necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company crater is not necess necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company crater is not necess necessarily
+the death now of your career as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death now of your career as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death now of your career as an
+entrepreneur um I went on to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur um I went on to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur um I went on to be involved
+in a handful of other companies um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a handful of other companies um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a handful of other companies um by
+then there was such a thing as clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was such a thing as clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there was such a thing as clean
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech and having been involved before
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech and having been involved before
+there was even a commonly understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was even a commonly understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was even a commonly understood
+wave or Trend or um segment I was sud I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally The Venture mentoring service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally The Venture mentoring service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally The Venture mentoring service
+Tech open um the 100K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech open um the 100K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tech open um the 100K
+Etc mentoring and and judging uh a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc mentoring and and judging uh a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc mentoring and and judging uh a bunch
+of really interesting startups some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really interesting startups some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really interesting startups some of
+which never actually went on to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which never actually went on to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which never actually went on to launch
+many in fact didn't um but the teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many in fact didn't um but the teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many in fact didn't um but the teams
+would join and break apart and reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would join and break apart and reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would join and break apart and reform
+and and that's probably something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's probably something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's probably something that
+you also talk about in terms of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also talk about in terms of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also talk about in terms of the way
+that you form teams together as Axel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you form teams together as Axel
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you form teams together as Axel
+mentioned you know really above all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know really above all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you know really above all the
+most important decision you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important decision you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important decision you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+make every day is who to work with who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+make every day is who to work with who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with on your team who to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with on your team who to work
+with um as investors who to work with as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um as investors who to work with as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um as investors who to work with as
+partners who to work with as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners who to work with as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners who to work with as
+vendors ultimately that is Far and Away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors ultimately that is Far and Away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors ultimately that is Far and Away
+the most decision the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most decision the most important
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+
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+the most decision the most important
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you make um so having done all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you make um so having done all
+this mentoring and judging and blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mentoring and judging and blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mentoring and judging and blah blah
+blah blah blah of course I found myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah of course I found myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah of course I found myself
+um drifting perilously close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drifting perilously close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um drifting perilously close to
+pretending I knew something useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending I knew something useful and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending I knew something useful and
+uh a friend and colleague and I had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a friend and colleague and I had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a friend and colleague and I had been
+discussing for about two years um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing for about two years um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing for about two years um some
+Trends we saw going on not exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends we saw going on not exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends we saw going on not exclusively
+here in the Boston area but especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the Boston area but especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the Boston area but especially
+here among the entrepreneurial community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here among the entrepreneurial community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here among the entrepreneurial community
+and um it slowly dawned on us that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it slowly dawned on us that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it slowly dawned on us that we
+had what sounded an awful lot like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had what sounded an awful lot like an
+ 
+
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+had what sounded an awful lot like an
+investment thesis so in a very
+
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+investment thesis so in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment thesis so in a very
+entrepreneurial way uh we we wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial way uh we we wrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial way uh we we wrote that
+down started showing it to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down started showing it to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down started showing it to people
+um keeping things secret is not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keeping things secret is not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keeping things secret is not a great
+way to start um we we started showing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start um we we started showing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start um we we started showing it
+people we showed it to everybody we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we showed it to everybody we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we showed it to everybody we
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+ align:start position:0%
+thought would be able to give us a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought would be able to give us a
+candid response to the question is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candid response to the question is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candid response to the question is this
+completely wrong or what have we gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong or what have we gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong or what have we gotten
+wrong and what have we missed what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and what have we missed what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and what have we missed what what
+have we imagined what have we uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we imagined what have we uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we imagined what have we uh what
+have we left out why why will this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we left out why why will this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we left out why why will this not
+work and um we did that for about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um we did that for about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um we did that for about five
+months and we got some great feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and we got some great feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and we got some great feedback
+and we ended up founding a new seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ended up founding a new seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ended up founding a new seed
+stage Venture firm here in the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Venture firm here in the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Venture firm here in the Boston
+area called bodia Ventures um that firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called bodia Ventures um that firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called bodia Ventures um that firm
+is now a year old and um we are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a year old and um we are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a year old and um we are still
+raising our first fund so we are we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising our first fund so we are we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising our first fund so we are we are
+also as Joe alluded we also raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as Joe alluded we also raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as Joe alluded we also raise
+capital for our investors and we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for our investors and we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital for our investors and we've done
+four deals so far so we've made four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four deals so far so we've made four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four deals so far so we've made four
+investments in in companies here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in in companies here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in in companies here in the
+Boston area and and and we don't focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area and and and we don't focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston area and and and we don't focus
+on clean tech per se we invest in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clean tech per se we invest in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clean tech per se we invest in in
+segments that people often associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments that people often associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments that people often associate
+with clean tech energy air water food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clean tech energy air water food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clean tech energy air water food
+security Public Health are the two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Public Health are the two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security Public Health are the two that
+that kind of don't fit the clean tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of don't fit the clean tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of don't fit the clean tech
+set and I'd be happy to talk with any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and I'd be happy to talk with any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and I'd be happy to talk with any of
+you afterwards about why those sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you afterwards about why those sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you afterwards about why those sectors
+or whatever you know why are we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you know why are we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you know why are we doing
+that blah blah blah um but the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blah blah blah um but the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that blah blah blah um but the thing
+that that I'd really like to finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I'd really like to finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I'd really like to finish up
+this sort of background U monologue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of background U monologue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of background U monologue on
+is when you are are thinking that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you are are thinking that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you are are thinking that you
+might want to go to a a an outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to go to a a an outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to go to a a an outside
+investor to fund your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor to fund your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor to fund your
+company as as Joe alluded and as Axel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as as Joe alluded and as Axel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company as as Joe alluded and as Axel
+did as well it's really important not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did as well it's really important not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did as well it's really important not
+only to know um what kind of money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to know um what kind of money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to know um what kind of money you
+want and how much and and you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and how much and and you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and how much and and you know how
+much dilution you're willing to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dilution you're willing to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dilution you're willing to accept
+and what an appropriate model is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what an appropriate model is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what an appropriate model is for
+your stage and all of the rest but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stage and all of the rest but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stage and all of the rest but are
+are your interests and the Investor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your interests and the Investor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your interests and the Investor's
+interest actually aligned do do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest actually aligned do do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest actually aligned do do you
+share the same interests um you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the same interests um you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the same interests um you're going
+to be working with this person an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working with this person an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be working with this person an actual
+person um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um very
+intimately for an extended period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately for an extended period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimately for an extended period of
+time um and so you really wanna you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um and so you really wanna you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um and so you really wanna you
+really do want to be very very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do want to be very very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do want to be very very careful
+you don't want to send you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to send you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to send you know your
+your elevator pitch or your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elevator pitch or your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your elevator pitch or your your
+presentation to everybody you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to everybody you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation to everybody you think
+might possibly be interested you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might possibly be interested you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might possibly be interested you really
+want to be very selective as selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be very selective as selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be very selective as selective
+as you are about your team members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are about your team members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are about your team members and
+in picking the the people you you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in picking the the people you you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in picking the the people you you think
+you you probably are going to share a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you probably are going to share a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you probably are going to share a
+good working relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with well Amir thank you I I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well Amir thank you I I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well Amir thank you I I know it's
+hard getting in but I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard getting in but I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard getting in but I just wanted to
+fill you in we're same format as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill you in we're same format as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill you in we're same format as before
+we're uh introducing the class to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh introducing the class to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're uh introducing the class to
+financing sources uh you know where do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources uh you know where do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources uh you know where do
+you get your money what do you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your money what do you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your money what do you look for
+and we're going to have a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to have a discussion
+about the financing environment and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the financing environment and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the financing environment and you
+know all of those sort of things so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of those sort of things so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of those sort of things so go
+ahead I'm extremely sorry for being late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I'm extremely sorry for being late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I'm extremely sorry for being late
+um and not getting lost on campus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and not getting lost on campus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and not getting lost on campus I
+suppose um so my background is um that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose um so my background is um that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose um so my background is um that I
+actually was lucky enough to do my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was lucky enough to do my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was lucky enough to do my PhD
+here on campus um in a lab in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on campus um in a lab in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on campus um in a lab in chemical
+engineering Banger's lab um I currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Banger's lab um I currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Banger's lab um I currently
+I'm a managing partner at Polaris we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a managing partner at Polaris we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a managing partner at Polaris we've
+had probably about um 25 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had probably about um 25 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had probably about um 25 years of
+investing in Boston as Polaris we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in Boston as Polaris we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in Boston as Polaris we're
+going on about 18 years now um my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on about 18 years now um my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on about 18 years now um my
+partners had worked at another firm um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners had worked at another firm um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners had worked at another firm um
+we invest in all kinds of stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invest in all kinds of stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invest in all kinds of stuff we're
+pretty traditional Venture Capital firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty traditional Venture Capital firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty traditional Venture Capital firm
+I would say um and we kind of stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say um and we kind of stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say um and we kind of stick to
+the old model from the 80s and the 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old model from the 80s and the 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old model from the 80s and the 90s
+of how to invest um you know again my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to invest um you know again my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to invest um you know again my
+background I was a chemical engineer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I was a chemical engineer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I was a chemical engineer I
+actually wanted to go work at a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted to go work at a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted to go work at a startup
+that was being spun out of Bob's lab um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was being spun out of Bob's lab um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was being spun out of Bob's lab um
+and I had a very simple logical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a very simple logical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had a very simple logical kind of
+train of thought which was um my adviser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of thought which was um my adviser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train of thought which was um my adviser
+and another guy in my thesis committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another guy in my thesis committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another guy in my thesis committee
+were both starting a company um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both starting a company um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both starting a company um and I
+figured that if I took a job at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that if I took a job at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that if I took a job at their
+new startup since they were desperate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new startup since they were desperate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new startup since they were desperate to
+find an employee number one the chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an employee number one the chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an employee number one the chances
+they would let me stand well for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would let me stand well for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would let me stand well for my
+thesis and not ask tough questions was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and not ask tough questions was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis and not ask tough questions was
+very high so I said sure I'll go work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high so I said sure I'll go work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high so I said sure I'll go work at
+your startup um and then what ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your startup um and then what ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your startup um and then what ended up
+happening was just randomly I ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening was just randomly I ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening was just randomly I ended up
+interviewing with uh so it was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing with uh so it was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing with uh so it was being
+seed funded by a series of vure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed funded by a series of vure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed funded by a series of vure
+capitalists a company called Polaris I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists a company called Polaris I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists a company called Polaris I'd
+never heard of before I had actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of before I had actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never heard of before I had actually
+briefly worked at Goldman Sachs can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly worked at Goldman Sachs can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly worked at Goldman Sachs can
+people hear me okay or um I briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hear me okay or um I briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hear me okay or um I briefly
+worked at Goldman Sachs um in fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at Goldman Sachs um in fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked at Goldman Sachs um in fixed
+income trading Quant stuff uh briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income trading Quant stuff uh briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income trading Quant stuff uh briefly
+and i' never heard of venture capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i' never heard of venture capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i' never heard of venture capital
+venture capital is you know the freckle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital is you know the freckle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital is you know the freckle
+of the freckle in the financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the freckle in the financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the freckle in the financial markets
+it's such a small industry financially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a small industry financially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a small industry financially
+um so I had no idea what to expect I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I had no idea what to expect I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I had no idea what to expect I had
+no idea who these guys were um but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea who these guys were um but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea who these guys were um but they
+see but you know kind of interview after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but you know kind of interview after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but you know kind of interview after
+interview I was smart enough to realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview I was smart enough to realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview I was smart enough to realize
+they're probably actually interviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably actually interviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably actually interviewing
+me for Polaris because I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for Polaris because I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me for Polaris because I don't think I
+need to meet the guy that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to meet the guy that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to meet the guy that you know
+founded 3om and created ethernet to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded 3om and created ethernet to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded 3om and created ethernet to get
+a lab job um and so little by little I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab job um and so little by little I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab job um and so little by little I
+started to kind of ask around and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to kind of ask around and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to kind of ask around and they
+seemed like people that would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like people that would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like people that would be really
+good teachers um and that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good teachers um and that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good teachers um and that's kind of what
+I've done U most most of my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done U most most of my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done U most most of my life
+including it um as a venture capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including it um as a venture capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including it um as a venture capitalist
+I just kind of associate myself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just kind of associate myself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just kind of associate myself with
+people that have something to teach me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have something to teach me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have something to teach me
+um and seem like really good mentors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and seem like really good mentors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and seem like really good mentors
+whether that's people I work with or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's people I work with or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's people I work with or
+whether that's the entrepreneurs and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's the entrepreneurs and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's the entrepreneurs and our
+companies um and uh people we surround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um and uh people we surround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um and uh people we surround
+ourselves on boards with and um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on boards with and um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on boards with and um so
+that's kind of what I do I within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what I do I within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what I do I within that
+context we've started several companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we've started several companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we've started several companies
+that I've been CEO of um that we've spun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been CEO of um that we've spun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been CEO of um that we've spun
+out of MIT Sun Catal analytics is one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of MIT Sun Catal analytics is one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of MIT Sun Catal analytics is one um
+in the energy space uh a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy space uh a consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy space uh a consumer
+product company called living proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product company called living proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product company called living proof is
+another one um that's more in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one um that's more in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one um that's more in kind of
+materials and consumer products um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and consumer products um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and consumer products um
+prasis Therapeutics was a Cell Therapy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prasis Therapeutics was a Cell Therapy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prasis Therapeutics was a Cell Therapy
+company that we spun out of um a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that we spun out of um a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that we spun out of um a lab
+here at MIT so there's been a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT so there's been a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT so there's been a series of
+of companies again I'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies again I'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies again I'm not an
+entrepreneur I'm not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur I'm not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur I'm not very
+entrepreneurial um I did those projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial um I did those projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial um I did those projects
+just because it seemed like it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it seemed like it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it seemed like it was a
+really logical technology that was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really logical technology that was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really logical technology that was going
+to help change the world and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help change the world and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help change the world and nobody
+wanted to be CEO but me but uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be CEO but me but uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be CEO but me but uh you know
+as Venture capitalists we follow other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Venture capitalists we follow other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Venture capitalists we follow other
+people's uh leads you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh leads you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's uh leads you know we're
+actually quite conservative in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite conservative in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite conservative in some
+sense um and uh and that's kind of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and uh and that's kind of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um and uh and that's kind of maybe
+what you know we try to do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know we try to do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know we try to do with that
+said I mean obviously we take much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I mean obviously we take much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I mean obviously we take much much
+greater risks than any other investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater risks than any other investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater risks than any other investors
+tend to take but we view ourselves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take but we view ourselves as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to take but we view ourselves as
+kind of chicken shits for lack of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chicken shits for lack of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chicken shits for lack of a
+better term um and so anyway so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better term um and so anyway so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better term um and so anyway so that's
+kind of us um that's me and um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of us um that's me and um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of us um that's me and um I don't
+know what else I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+so I I think this would be a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I think this would be a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I think this would be a good point
+just to maybe start some Q&A if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to maybe start some Q&A if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to maybe start some Q&A if people
+have some questions otherwise I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions otherwise I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some questions otherwise I have
+some things I can tee up but if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things I can tee up but if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things I can tee up but if there is
+there any pressing issues that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any pressing issues that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any pressing issues that anybody
+in the audience has there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience has there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the audience has there we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regarding right so um it's um um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding right so um it's um um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding right so um it's um um it's
+like like any deal you do right you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like any deal you do right you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like any deal you do right you give
+up a bunch of equity you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bunch of equity you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a bunch of equity you get some
+capital and what you know kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and what you know kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and what you know kind of what
+you what you get in return and um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you get in return and um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you get in return and um there
+are many incubators which are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many incubators which are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many incubators which are typically
+you know just sort of you know a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just sort of you know a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just sort of you know a few
+desks a little bit of mentoring and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desks a little bit of mentoring and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desks a little bit of mentoring and um
+and and an internet connection in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and an internet connection in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and an internet connection in um in
+um uh in accelerators you often have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in accelerators you often have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in accelerators you often have
+sort of a more focused program uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a more focused program uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a more focused program uh you
+know more Val you know just more value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more Val you know just more value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more Val you know just more value
+added in one dimension or another so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in one dimension or another so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in one dimension or another so I
+think the short answer is you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the short answer is you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the short answer is you know do
+your homework you know who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework you know who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework you know who are the
+people what have they done before what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what have they done before what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what have they done before what
+what um what kind of real work are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um what kind of real work are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um what kind of real work are they
+going to do and is it um you know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and is it um you know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do and is it um you know is it
+um is it you know you know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it you know you know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it you know you know how how
+committed are the people you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed are the people you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed are the people you're working
+with is it a you know sort of a Loosely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is it a you know sort of a Loosely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is it a you know sort of a Loosely
+connected network of people helping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected network of people helping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected network of people helping out
+are there uh people involved who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there uh people involved who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there uh people involved who have
+like fulltime dedicated to making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fulltime dedicated to making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fulltime dedicated to making the
+companies they work with successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they work with successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies they work with successful
+um how um and and obviously there needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how um and and obviously there needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how um and and obviously there needs
+to be a fit with your you know with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fit with your you know with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fit with your you know with your
+objective is your objective to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is your objective to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is your objective to you know
+get some introduction some networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some introduction some networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some introduction some networking
+financing sources or do you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources or do you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources or do you are you
+looking for some help to really build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for some help to really build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for some help to really build
+you know build a product help you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know build a product help you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know build a product help you build
+the team um you know step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team um you know step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team um you know step back and
+figure out okay what um you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay what um you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay what um you know what
+financing sources should I go after and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources should I go after and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources should I go after and
+who are these guys how can they help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are these guys how can they help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are these guys how can they help me
+figure out what what the best pass is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what the best pass is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what the best pass is so
+when we started Bal we uh um we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we started Bal we uh um we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we started Bal we uh um we saw the
+need for um entrepreneurs who have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for um entrepreneurs who have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for um entrepreneurs who have a
+piece of Hardware as part of their of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Hardware as part of their of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Hardware as part of their of
+their offering and basically totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offering and basically totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their offering and basically totally
+grinding to Hal with in traditional sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinding to Hal with in traditional sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grinding to Hal with in traditional sort
+of software accelerator settings where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software accelerator settings where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of software accelerator settings where
+uh the expertise simply isn't there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the expertise simply isn't there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the expertise simply isn't there and
+it's much harder to build Hardware than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to build Hardware than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder to build Hardware than
+it is uh to build an iPhone app and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh to build an iPhone app and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh to build an iPhone app and uh
+so we build you know have a big machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we build you know have a big machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we build you know have a big machine
+shop where you can build anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop where you can build anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop where you can build anything we
+have a you full-time staff of uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you full-time staff of uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you full-time staff of uh you
+know engineering staff that helps helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know engineering staff that helps helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know engineering staff that helps helps
+you get uh products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh products
+and then you know people like me on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know people like me on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know people like me on the
+um you know financing company building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know financing company building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know financing company building
+team building uh strategy side and um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building uh strategy side and um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building uh strategy side and um so
+but there's a full spectrum from things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a full spectrum from things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a full spectrum from things
+that are really lightweight to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really lightweight to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really lightweight to things
+that are fairly involved that Bal were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fairly involved that Bal were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are fairly involved that Bal were
+probably more the involved uh side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more the involved uh side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more the involved uh side but
+there's no good on bad or bad it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no good on bad or bad it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no good on bad or bad it's
+really you know what what's a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know what what's a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know what what's a what
+what's a fit with what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a fit with what you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a fit with what you're looking
+for Axel the why combinator you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Axel the why combinator you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Axel the why combinator you know
+kind of program where you get accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of program where you get accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of program where you get accepted
+there sort of set formula about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sort of set formula about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sort of set formula about you know
+we'll give you X doll for y% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you X doll for y% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you X doll for y% of your
+company is that how you work or is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is that how you work or is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is that how you work or is there
+a set formula we have we have a we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set formula we have we have a we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set formula we have we have a we have
+I would say a default formula and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say a default formula and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say a default formula and then
+there are exceptions to the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exceptions to the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are exceptions to the rule
+depending on uh you know depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on uh you know depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on uh you know depending on
+specific circumstances for instance if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific circumstances for instance if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific circumstances for instance if a
+company has raised um a bunch of venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has raised um a bunch of venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company has raised um a bunch of venture
+money already so we're not just working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money already so we're not just working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money already so we're not just working
+with companies that are you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with companies that are you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with companies that are you know you
+know three guys out of MIT and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three guys out of MIT and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three guys out of MIT and and a
+slide deck you know some offers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide deck you know some offers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide deck you know some offers are
+along some have been software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along some have been software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along some have been software
+entrepreneurs before don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs before don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs before don't know how to
+you know are looking for the expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are looking for the expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are looking for the expertise
+to you know get a piece of Hardware to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know get a piece of Hardware to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know get a piece of Hardware to
+Market um so if it's a company that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market um so if it's a company that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market um so if it's a company that has
+for instance raised a bunch of venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance raised a bunch of venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance raised a bunch of venture
+capital already sort of the totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital already sort of the totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital already sort of the totally
+formulaic approach of a y combinator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulaic approach of a y combinator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulaic approach of a y combinator
+wouldn't work so uh so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work so uh so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work so uh so we have the
+formula and then you know the rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then you know the rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then you know the rule and
+then the exception to the rule basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exception to the rule basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exception to the rule basically
+and my you know my philosophy and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my you know my philosophy and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my you know my philosophy and our
+philosophy is if there's a good company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is if there's a good company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy is if there's a good company
+and a good entrepreneur you know we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a good entrepreneur you know we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a good entrepreneur you know we are
+you know that we want to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we want to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that we want to work with
+there's a way to get a deal done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to get a deal done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way to get a deal done that
+makes sense for everybody willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for everybody willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for everybody willing to
+tell us the default formula or yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the default formula or yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us the default formula or yeah the
+default formula is we take um we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default formula is we take um we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default formula is we take um we take
+10% of common stock uh we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of common stock uh we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% of common stock uh we put in
+50k um and the main thing you but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k um and the main thing you but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k um and the main thing you but the
+main thing you get is you work with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing you get is you work with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main thing you get is you work with us
+for six six to nine months uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six six to nine months uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six six to nine months uh you know
+basically Around the Clock helping build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Around the Clock helping build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Around the Clock helping build
+product helping uh you know helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product helping uh you know helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product helping uh you know helping
+build team get the company set up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build team get the company set up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build team get the company set up for
+financing and um there's often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and um there's often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and um there's often the
+discussion well it's only it's only it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion well it's only it's only it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion well it's only it's only it's
+only 50k you know what's the valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 50k you know what's the valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 50k you know what's the valuation
+you can of do the m and the answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can of do the m and the answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can of do the m and the answer I
+normally give is you know let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally give is you know let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally give is you know let's take the
+50k give it to a charity the reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k give it to a charity the reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50k give it to a charity the reason for
+coming here is everything else we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here is everything else we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here is everything else we're
+doing is it's not the 50k so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is it's not the 50k so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is it's not the 50k so it's very
+much uh uh company building um uh is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh uh company building um uh is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh uh company building um uh is is
+the value we provide in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value we provide in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value we provide in this in this
+particular case which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case which is really
+diametrically opposed from what I did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diametrically opposed from what I did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diametrically opposed from what I did in
+the past which was you know big VC firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past which was you know big VC firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past which was you know big VC firm
+where it's really all about the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's really all about the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's really all about the capital
+so but uh but that goes back to the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but uh but that goes back to the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but uh but that goes back to the you
+know the stage uh you know what stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stage uh you know what stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the stage uh you know what stage
+are you at and what you need help with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you at and what you need help with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you at and what you need help with
+and and maybe one more comment on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe one more comment on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and maybe one more comment on the
+hardware thing in um the amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware thing in um the amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware thing in um the amount of money
+um and time you know companies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and time you know companies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and time you know companies I
+invested in at Atlas um that was wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in at Atlas um that was wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in at Atlas um that was wasted
+because we made kind of beginners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we made kind of beginners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we made kind of beginners
+mistakes and getting Hardware products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and getting Hardware products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes and getting Hardware products
+to Market um that would have would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Market um that would have would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Market um that would have would have
+been significant value added if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been significant value added if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been significant value added if
+something like Bal had existed even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Bal had existed even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like Bal had existed even for
+a VCB company at the time can I may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a VCB company at the time can I may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a VCB company at the time can I may I
+make one comment about incubators um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one comment about incubators um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one comment about incubators um and
+uh y all ax pointed out come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y all ax pointed out come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh y all ax pointed out come in
+different shapes and sizes one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes and sizes one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes and sizes one thing I
+noticed as a Voyer at Dog Patch Labs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed as a Voyer at Dog Patch Labs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed as a Voyer at Dog Patch Labs we
+had set up Dog Patch lab some years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set up Dog Patch lab some years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set up Dog Patch lab some years ago
+it's now exists within Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now exists within Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now exists within Cambridge
+Innovation Center is more the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation Center is more the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation Center is more the um the
+value of being around other people when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of being around other people when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of being around other people when
+you're trying to evaluate these places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to evaluate these places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to evaluate these places
+one is the services they provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the services they provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the services they provide the
+other is actually the value of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is actually the value of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is actually the value of being
+around sitting next to someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around sitting next to someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around sitting next to someone who's
+doing better than you and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better than you and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing better than you and how that
+motivates you um and this is competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates you um and this is competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates you um and this is competitive
+Dynamic that kicks in and it and I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic that kicks in and it and I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic that kicks in and it and I you
+could watch it actually whenever I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could watch it actually whenever I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could watch it actually whenever I'd be
+over there you know someone would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there you know someone would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there you know someone would get
+off the phone with you know Pepsi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phone with you know Pepsi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phone with you know Pepsi and
+they were talking to some BD person over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking to some BD person over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were talking to some BD person over
+there and you could see the other teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you could see the other teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you could see the other teams
+around them really kind of R you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them really kind of R you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them really kind of R you know
+what have I done today you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I done today you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I done today you know maybe
+I'm a biotech or maybe I'm a software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a biotech or maybe I'm a software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a biotech or maybe I'm a software
+company or something and I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or something and I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or something and I've got
+nothing to do with Pepsi but it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Pepsi but it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Pepsi but it just
+gets you thinking what did I do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you thinking what did I do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you thinking what did I do today
+right and and you could feel the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and you could feel the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and you could feel the energy
+that that grow so I think surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that grow so I think surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that grow so I think surrounding
+yourself in an environment where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in an environment where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in an environment where it
+feels like people are quite intense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like people are quite intense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like people are quite intense is
+actually surprisingly valuable and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprisingly valuable and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprisingly valuable and I
+think for a lot of people that benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a lot of people that benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a lot of people that benefit
+from going into these environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going into these environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going into these environments
+whether it's an incubator accelerator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an incubator accelerator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an incubator accelerator or
+anything else sitting at home alone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else sitting at home alone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else sitting at home alone and
+having to motivate yourself is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to motivate yourself is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to motivate yourself is actually
+quite difficult a lot you know some days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult a lot you know some days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult a lot you know some days
+you do great it's like going to the gym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do great it's like going to the gym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do great it's like going to the gym
+like some days You're great and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some days You're great and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some days You're great and some
+days you're not it just kind of helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you're not it just kind of helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days you're not it just kind of helps to
+be at the gym with a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the gym with a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the gym with a bunch of other
+people that you know kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you know kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you know kind of you know
+running around acting like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around acting like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around acting like they're
+lifting a lot of weight so I I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting a lot of weight so I I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting a lot of weight so I I think I
+just think that's one part I would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that's one part I would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that's one part I would look
+at when I evaluate it is a soft factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when I evaluate it is a soft factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at when I evaluate it is a soft factor
+it's obviously not a hard Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously not a hard Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obviously not a hard Factor
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+but we have some other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we haven't covered that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we haven't covered that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we haven't covered that in the
+class so if you want to just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so if you want to just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so if you want to just take a
+moment explain it to the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment explain it to the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment explain it to the people that
+don't know yeah oh exp um sure we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yeah oh exp um sure we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know yeah oh exp um sure we just
+start go ahead so so explain convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start go ahead so so explain convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start go ahead so so explain convertible
+node so the so the the the um so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so the so the the the um so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node so the so the the the um so an
+equity deal is uh so not not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity deal is uh so not not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity deal is uh so not not a
+convertible node I'll start with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible node I'll start with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible node I'll start with that
+Equity deal is you basically sell shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity deal is you basically sell shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity deal is you basically sell shares
+in your companies you give away a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your companies you give away a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your companies you give away a
+percentage for um you know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage for um you know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage for um you know for the
+capital that gets invested convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that gets invested convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital that gets invested convertible
+node um is basically you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node um is basically you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node um is basically you basically
+borrow money and you owe that money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow money and you owe that money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow money and you owe that money back
+uh to the investors unless there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the investors unless there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the investors unless there's an
+event um under which the node converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event um under which the node converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event um under which the node converts
+into Equity so the node may actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Equity so the node may actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Equity so the node may actually it
+may or may not convert into Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not convert into Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not convert into Equity
+depending on what the terms of the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the terms of the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the terms of the node
+are often somebody does as an example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often somebody does as an example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often somebody does as an example a
+let's say $250 or $500,000 convertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say $250 or $500,000 convertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say $250 or $500,000 convertible
+node that has a term that says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that has a term that says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that has a term that says it
+converts into the next Equity round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts into the next Equity round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts into the next Equity round of
+financing of a million dollar or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing of a million dollar or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing of a million dollar or more
+and um and so there if if there's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so there if if there's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and so there if if there's such
+an equity financing it converts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equity financing it converts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equity financing it converts and
+there's some other terms like a discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other terms like a discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other terms like a discount
+interest rate um or it may not convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate um or it may not convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate um or it may not convert
+if the company for instance well if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the company for instance well if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the company for instance well if it
+goes bankrupt the money is gone if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes bankrupt the money is gone if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes bankrupt the money is gone if the
+company is acquired that's typically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is acquired that's typically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is acquired that's typically a
+term where you get you know one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term where you get you know one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term where you get you know one and a
+half to one and a half I guess to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to one and a half I guess to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half to one and a half I guess to three
+times your money back of the Noe um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your money back of the Noe um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times your money back of the Noe um so
+that's the um that's that's that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the um that's that's that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the um that's that's that's kind
+of the basics um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basics um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the basics um in terms of
+so why did convertible nodes become so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did convertible nodes become so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why did convertible nodes become so
+popular it's very easy and quick to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular it's very easy and quick to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular it's very easy and quick to get
+done it's a one to two page document um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's a one to two page document um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's a one to two page document um
+and you know as entrepreneur you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as entrepreneur you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as entrepreneur you get the
+money quickly and uh there's no um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money quickly and uh there's no um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money quickly and uh there's no um no
+complicated legal documents uh to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated legal documents uh to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated legal documents uh to do an
+actual Equity deal uh on the flip side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Equity deal uh on the flip side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual Equity deal uh on the flip side
+is um you know you owe the money it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know you owe the money it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know you owe the money it's
+it's debt until it converts and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's debt until it converts and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's debt until it converts and um
+normally the rule with de is things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the rule with de is things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the rule with de is things go
+well uh it's it's a good thing to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it's it's a good thing to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh it's it's a good thing to have
+taken if things don't go so well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken if things don't go so well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken if things don't go so well well
+it's uh you know you may end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you know you may end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you know you may end up
+regretting it now in many startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regretting it now in many startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regretting it now in many startups
+things don't go so well so you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't go so well so you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't go so well so you just need
+to kind of think things of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of think things of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of think things of different
+scenarios through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios through
+um we actually had a discussion earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we actually had a discussion earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we actually had a discussion earlier
+today uh with a with a VC okay one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh with a with a VC okay one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh with a with a VC okay one of
+the B companies so do we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B companies so do we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B companies so do we do a
+convertible note deal or an equity deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible note deal or an equity deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible note deal or an equity deal
+is you I can kind of argue either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you I can kind of argue either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you I can kind of argue either side
+but maybe as a rule if if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe as a rule if if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe as a rule if if you're talking
+about raising $250 $500,000 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about raising $250 $500,000 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about raising $250 $500,000 and you
+you're likely to raise you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to raise you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to raise you know more
+money like whatever another million plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money like whatever another million plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money like whatever another million plus
+uh a year later it's probably not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a year later it's probably not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a year later it's probably not a bad
+it's not a bad thing to do it's a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a bad thing to do it's a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a bad thing to do it's a quick
+way to get started low legal fees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get started low legal fees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get started low legal fees and
+everything by the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything by the time you
+reach you know 2 million or more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach you know 2 million or more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach you know 2 million or more in
+convertible note it's it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible note it's it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible note it's it's just it's
+just odd you know there's this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just odd you know there's this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just odd you know there's this amount of
+money you have um spent that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you have um spent that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you have um spent that's
+converting that's going to be delive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that's going to be delive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that's going to be delive
+it's starting to be a biggish amount so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to be a biggish amount so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starting to be a biggish amount so
+what if the um if the pre money is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the um if the pre money is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the um if the pre money is 4
+million let's say well already 2 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million let's say well already 2 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million let's say well already 2 million
+converting at 4 million pre already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting at 4 million pre already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting at 4 million pre already have
+a third of the company's already gone um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of the company's already gone um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third of the company's already gone um
+so I would say up to 500k a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say up to 500k a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say up to 500k a million
+maybe million five maximum if I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe million five maximum if I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe million five maximum if I see a
+convertible note at more than that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible note at more than that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convertible note at more than that it's
+probably starting to get pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+um right what why they would not do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right what why they would not do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right what why they would not do it
+it's um well one one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um well one one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um well one one way to think about
+it is it it really depends a little B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it it really depends a little B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it it really depends a little B on
+the terms of the node if you go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of the node if you go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of the node if you go in and
+um there's something called a cap or No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's something called a cap or No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's something called a cap or No
+Cap basically valuation cap or no not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cap basically valuation cap or no not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cap basically valuation cap or no not so
+let's say I give you a note for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I give you a note for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I give you a note for like
+500k and it has no no cap on it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500k and it has no no cap on it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500k and it has no no cap on it so it
+converts in some future financing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts in some future financing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts in some future financing so
+you're actually using my money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually using my money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually using my money to
+increase the value of the company which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the value of the company which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the value of the company which
+I then buy shares at so it's um so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then buy shares at so it's um so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then buy shares at so it's um so some
+BCS actually do that and it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCS actually do that and it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCS actually do that and it's all about
+competing with the next guy get a foood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with the next guy get a foood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with the next guy get a foood
+in the door with some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the door with some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the door with some interesting
+entrepreneur but from a like purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur but from a like purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur but from a like purely
+Financial standpoint it's actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial standpoint it's actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial standpoint it's actually kind
+of crazy to like loan somebody's a money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy to like loan somebody's a money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crazy to like loan somebody's a money
+it's typically 2% interest rate uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically 2% interest rate uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically 2% interest rate uh to
+increase the valuation at which at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the valuation at which at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the valuation at which at which
+you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then
+invest um the other effects you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest um the other effects you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest um the other effects you know if
+you are a note holder you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a note holder you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are a note holder you're actually
+not a shareholder so you won't get a bol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a shareholder so you won't get a bol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a shareholder so you won't get a bol
+seat so um that's that's one um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat so um that's that's one um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat so um that's that's one um but uh
+but for for many investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for for many investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for for many investors
+uh understanding the objective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding the objective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding the objective of the
+investor is actually important um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is actually important um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is actually important um is it
+like for many Venture firms especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for many Venture firms especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for many Venture firms especially
+it's a foot in the doll you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a foot in the doll you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a foot in the doll you don't you
+you you care about the option value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you care about the option value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you care about the option value of
+doing a deal later so is that the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a deal later so is that the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a deal later so is that the if
+that's the main valuation you the main U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main valuation you the main U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main valuation you the main U
+the main objective that's kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main objective that's kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main objective that's kind of one
+thing now if it's um if it's um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now if it's um if it's um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now if it's um if it's um you know
+if if all the money the company will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if all the money the company will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if all the money the company will
+need is is let's say a million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is is let's say a million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is is let's say a million dollar
+it's a bunch of angels and they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch of angels and they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bunch of angels and they really
+help you to work you know to work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to work you know to work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you to work you know to work on the
+deal you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you understanding the objective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understanding the objective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understanding the objective is
+actually very very important do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very very important do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very very important do you have
+alignment of Interest actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of Interest actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of Interest actually a
+conflict of interest um you know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict of interest um you know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict of interest um you know is the
+objective of the investors then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of the investors then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of the investors then you know
+increase your valuation or not is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your valuation or not is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your valuation or not is there
+so there's um there's no simple there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's um there's no simple there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's um there's no simple there's
+actually no simple uh no simple answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no simple uh no simple answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no simple uh no simple answer
+There's Something Beautiful about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's Something Beautiful about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's Something Beautiful about an
+equity deal you have a line interest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity deal you have a line interest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity deal you have a line interest you
+own more or less a same you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own more or less a same you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own more or less a same you know
+preferred versus common but it's more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred versus common but it's more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred versus common but it's more or
+less the same shares in the company so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same shares in the company so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less the same shares in the company so
+on the margin I actually you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the margin I actually you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the margin I actually you tend to
+prefer Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer Equity
+deals so if I could just expand on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals so if I could just expand on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals so if I could just expand on on
+A's comments remember I said at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's comments remember I said at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's comments remember I said at the
+beginning that every form of sorry every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that every form of sorry every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that every form of sorry every
+form of equity has its its intended use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of equity has its its intended use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of equity has its its intended use
+its benefits and it its costs right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its benefits and it its costs right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its benefits and it its costs right so
+as as axel said a note tends to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as axel said a note tends to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as axel said a note tends to be a
+really good instrument when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good instrument when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good instrument when you are
+expecting there to be fairly rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting there to be fairly rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting there to be fairly rapid
+succession of events right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of events right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession of events right so you're
+going to hit some Milestones you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit some Milestones you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit some Milestones you expect
+to raise some more Capital right it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise some more Capital right it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise some more Capital right it's an
+opportunity for you and the investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you and the investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for you and the investors
+when your interests are aligned to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your interests are aligned to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when your interests are aligned to do a
+relatively lightweight deal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively lightweight deal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively lightweight deal it's
+relatively inexpensive to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively inexpensive to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively inexpensive to do it's
+relatively quick you don't have to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quick you don't have to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively quick you don't have to agree
+on evaluation when things are in flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on evaluation when things are in flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on evaluation when things are in flux
+which is also easier for both parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also easier for both parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also easier for both parties
+and the advantage for you as the founder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage for you as the founder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage for you as the founder
+is you haven't already committed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you haven't already committed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you haven't already committed a
+portion of the company away right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the company away right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the company away right you
+you have the opportunity to hit those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the opportunity to hit those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the opportunity to hit those
+milestones and and justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and and justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milestones and and justify
+evaluation the advantage for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation the advantage for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation the advantage for the
+investor again might be the optionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor again might be the optionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor again might be the optionality
+right so the option might itself have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the option might itself have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the option might itself have
+value to them it might be that they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to them it might be that they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to them it might be that they like
+the idea that their note will convert at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that their note will convert at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that their note will convert at
+advantageous terms in the next round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous terms in the next round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous terms in the next round and
+that's when the cap and the other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the cap and the other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when the cap and the other terms
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+in um but but again the purpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um but but again the purpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um but but again the purpose of the
+note is is really a kind of temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is is really a kind of temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note is is really a kind of temporary
+instrument right it it's not designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument right it it's not designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument right it it's not designed to
+be a long-term instrument and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a long-term instrument and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a long-term instrument and it's not
+intended to be a kind of um oneoff or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a kind of um oneoff or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a kind of um oneoff or or
+permanent instrument right it comes due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent instrument right it comes due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent instrument right it comes due
+it it has a termination date right so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has a termination date right so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has a termination date right so on
+the date when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date when it
+matures you you either have to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matures you you either have to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matures you you either have to go back
+and say we need an extension or you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we need an extension or you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say we need an extension or you have
+to pay back that money or you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay back that money or you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay back that money or you have to
+have a a subsequent funding round in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a subsequent funding round in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a subsequent funding round in
+order for the note to convert right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the note to convert right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the note to convert right so
+what you want to keep in mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to keep in mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to keep in mind is that
+that's what it's designed to be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's designed to be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's designed to be it's
+designed to be an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to be an an
+interim instrument does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interim instrument does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interim instrument does that make
+sense if I can make one cautionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if I can make one cautionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if I can make one cautionary
+statement with notes in general I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement with notes in general I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement with notes in general I think
+if I was an entrepreneur i' try to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was an entrepreneur i' try to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was an entrepreneur i' try to take
+notes if I could because I'm paying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes if I could because I'm paying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes if I could because I'm paying you
+Tuesday which is in stock for hamburger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday which is in stock for hamburger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday which is in stock for hamburger
+today which is the cash you give me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is the cash you give me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is the cash you give me um
+the one thing you have to watch out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing you have to watch out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing you have to watch out for
+is if I gave you $100,000 in equity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I gave you $100,000 in equity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I gave you $100,000 in equity and
+I own 5% of your company things go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I own 5% of your company things go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I own 5% of your company things go you
+know sideways whatnot I own 5% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sideways whatnot I own 5% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sideways whatnot I own 5% of your
+company so you may not like me we may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so you may not like me we may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company so you may not like me we may be
+an argument but I'm a minor shareholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument but I'm a minor shareholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument but I'm a minor shareholder
+um and most of the control is in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and most of the control is in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and most of the control is in your
+hands if the company goes belly up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands if the company goes belly up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands if the company goes belly up with
+100 ,000 note I'm a creditor actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 ,000 note I'm a creditor actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 ,000 note I'm a creditor actually
+which means your intellectual property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means your intellectual property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means your intellectual property
+and a whole host of other things show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a whole host of other things show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a whole host of other things show up
+in a court and I'm I'm in first in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a court and I'm I'm in first in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a court and I'm I'm in first in line
+probably unless you've taken other loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unless you've taken other loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably unless you've taken other loans
+so my power becomes extremely strong for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my power becomes extremely strong for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my power becomes extremely strong for
+the same $100,000 so you really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same $100,000 so you really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same $100,000 so you really don't
+want to screw up a note um you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to screw up a note um you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to screw up a note um you never
+want it borrow money when you're close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it borrow money when you're close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it borrow money when you're close
+to the edge um if you feel really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the edge um if you feel really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the edge um if you feel really good
+about how things are or you do what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how things are or you do what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how things are or you do what are
+called autoc converts where at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called autoc converts where at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called autoc converts where at your
+option the note converts to equity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option the note converts to equity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option the note converts to equity if
+investor they'll give you that and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor they'll give you that and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor they'll give you that and it'll
+run them well but if they if they allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them well but if they if they allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them well but if they if they allow
+you to autocon convert at some valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to autocon convert at some valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to autocon convert at some valuation
+then you never really owe them the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you never really owe them the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you never really owe them the money
+it's just you know it'll get converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you know it'll get converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you know it'll get converted
+to equity but be careful about owing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equity but be careful about owing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equity but be careful about owing
+people money because they become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people money because they become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people money because they become the
+controllers and it's a court process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and it's a court process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers and it's a court process
+which nobody controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you define structural Fit versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you define structural Fit versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you define structural Fit versus
+Strat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know my let me start with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my let me start with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my let me start with the first
+part of your question which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your question which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your question which was the
+presumption that you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumption that you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumption that you know kind of
+alignment might be different I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment might be different I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment might be different I I think
+you should be really careful taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be really careful taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be really careful taking
+money from people where you don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from people where you don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from people where you don't feel
+like there's 100% alignment like every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's 100% alignment like every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's 100% alignment like every
+one of my entrepreneurs and I I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my entrepreneurs and I I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my entrepreneurs and I I hope
+have the same exact goal um if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same exact goal um if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same exact goal um if you don't
+it can get quite tricky and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can get quite tricky and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can get quite tricky and then in
+later rounds strategics come in people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later rounds strategics come in people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later rounds strategics come in people
+come in you know maybe objectives shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in you know maybe objectives shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in you know maybe objectives shift
+a little bit um my price point may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um my price point may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um my price point may be
+lower for my stock than somebody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower for my stock than somebody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower for my stock than somebody that
+led a very later stage round so our you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led a very later stage round so our you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led a very later stage round so our you
+know our sensitivities to certain events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our sensitivities to certain events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our sensitivities to certain events
+may be different but in general I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different but in general I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be different but in general I think
+everybody better be rooting for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody better be rooting for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody better be rooting for the same
+thing which is the company to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the company to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the company to be
+successful and that's one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and that's one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and that's one of the reasons
+I would always worry about people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would always worry about people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would always worry about people with
+too much of a strategic interest um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a strategic interest um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much of a strategic interest um
+because a lot of our biotechs bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of our biotechs bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a lot of our biotechs bring
+money from corporate Partners um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from corporate Partners um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from corporate Partners um
+pharmaceutical companies Etc a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies Etc a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies Etc a lot of
+times you know they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you know they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you know they're kind of
+interested in the company but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the company but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the company but they're
+really interested in a particular asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in a particular asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in a particular asset
+um and you know we have to excuse them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know we have to excuse them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know we have to excuse them
+from the room when we have strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the room when we have strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the room when we have strategic
+discussions because we're trying to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions because we're trying to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions because we're trying to play
+them against other farmer you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them against other farmer you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them against other farmer you know it
+just it makes it somewhat of an awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it makes it somewhat of an awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it makes it somewhat of an awkward
+situation it's very workable but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's very workable but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's very workable but um but
+it's not the same as having someone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same as having someone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same as having someone you
+really trust that you can just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trust that you can just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really trust that you can just be
+totally open with so you know every VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally open with so you know every VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally open with so you know every VC
+obviously has a Rolodex um a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has a Rolodex um a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has a Rolodex um a series of
+uh people and network that they bring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people and network that they bring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people and network that they bring to
+the table um but if you've got a per a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table um but if you've got a per a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table um but if you've got a per a
+group that's very very specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that's very very specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that's very very specifically
+interested a particular piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested a particular piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested a particular piece of
+intellectual property or a strategic fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property or a strategic fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property or a strategic fit
+or something like that you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that you have to be
+careful that your company doesn't drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that your company doesn't drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that your company doesn't drift
+away from that or that there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that or that there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from that or that there aren't
+moments where you really don't can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments where you really don't can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments where you really don't can't be
+as Frank with them as you'd like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Frank with them as you'd like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Frank with them as you'd like to be
+yeah I don't know others I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know others I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know others I I think
+that's a really Lucid answer and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really Lucid answer and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really Lucid answer and what I
+would say is that um you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is that um you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is that um you know people
+throw around the word strategic and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw around the word strategic and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw around the word strategic and and
+as you heard just now strategic meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you heard just now strategic meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you heard just now strategic meant
+two different things in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things in the same
+sentence right so um what the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right so um what the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence right so um what the way that
+that that I like to think about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I like to think about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I like to think about it is
+you know do we all agree what success is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do we all agree what success is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do we all agree what success is
+Right does does success mean the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right does does success mean the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right does does success mean the same
+thing to all of us how will we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to all of us how will we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to all of us how will we know what
+that we've succeeded and if the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've succeeded and if the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've succeeded and if the answer
+is we've gotten into $100 million or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've gotten into $100 million or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've gotten into $100 million or
+whatever figure it is that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever figure it is that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever figure it is that's not a
+useful answer right because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful answer right because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful answer right because there's a
+semiinfinite number of trajectories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiinfinite number of trajectories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiinfinite number of trajectories that
+pass through that point right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through that point right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through that point right so what
+are the what are the things that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the what are the things that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the what are the things that we all
+care about accomplishing and and and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about accomplishing and and and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about accomplishing and and and do
+we share do we share compatible ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share do we share compatible ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share do we share compatible ideas
+about what it will take to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it will take to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it will take to accomplish
+that success right so um you know in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that success right so um you know in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that success right so um you know in in
+the course of of starting and growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of of starting and growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of of starting and growing
+any company years you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any company years you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any company years you're putting
+yourself in by definition a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in by definition a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself in by definition a high
+conflict environment right you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict environment right you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict environment right you're always
+you always have more things to do than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have more things to do than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have more things to do than
+you can do you you always have decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do you you always have decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do you you always have decisions
+to make in absence of complete knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in absence of complete knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in absence of complete knowledge
+right so you never have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you never have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you never have complete
+intelligence ever even when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence ever even when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence ever even when you have
+really good situational awareness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good situational awareness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good situational awareness you
+never have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have complete
+intelligence so even when everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so even when everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so even when everybody is
+really tightly aligned and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tightly aligned and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tightly aligned and everybody
+shares the same objectives the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares the same objectives the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares the same objectives the same
+goals the same motivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals the same motivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals the same motivations
+you're going to have honest differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have honest differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have honest differences
+of opinion right if if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opinion right if if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opinion right if if you have
+Divergent Notions of what success is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent Notions of what success is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent Notions of what success is or
+what we care about you have a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about you have a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we care about you have a problem
+right you don't just have legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't just have legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you don't just have legitimate
+differences of opinion about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of opinion about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences of opinion about how to
+solve an agreed upon problem you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an agreed upon problem you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an agreed upon problem you you
+have different definitions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different definitions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different definitions of the
+problem that that gets that can get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that gets that can get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that that gets that can get very
+ugly very quickly and and it can just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly very quickly and and it can just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly very quickly and and it can just be
+disaster right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster right
+so ultimately what what you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately what what you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ultimately what what you really want
+to be sure of is that everybody on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure of is that everybody on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure of is that everybody on your
+team everybody internally your investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team everybody internally your investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team everybody internally your investors
+everybody agrees on what success means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees on what success means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody agrees on what success means
+what what do we aim to accomplish how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we aim to accomplish how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what do we aim to accomplish how
+how do we win collectively all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we win collectively all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we win collectively all of us
+together how do we win um and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how do we win um and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how do we win um and then you
+have you know then you have the recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know then you have the recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know then you have the recipe
+to be able to to deal with all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to to deal with all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to to deal with all of those
+uncertainties and all those decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties and all those decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties and all those decision
+points in a productive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one thing that might be I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that might be I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that might be I think
+instructed is is to give people some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed is is to give people some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructed is is to give people some
+sense of of what scale of money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of what scale of money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of of what scale of money is
+involved in your experience making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in your experience making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in your experience making
+invests in companies at different stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invests in companies at different stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invests in companies at different stages
+of their of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+investments just give some kind of ERS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments just give some kind of ERS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments just give some kind of ERS
+of magnitude people have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what lats could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lats could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lats could be
+asig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+right I can I can try I can try that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can I can try I can try that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can I can try I can try that I
+mean um you know typical um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um you know typical um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean um you know typical um you know
+seed financings Angel financings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed financings Angel financings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed financings Angel financings you
+know 250k would be really small you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 250k would be really small you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 250k would be really small you know
+500 million I would say up to two2 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million I would say up to two2 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million I would say up to two2 three
+million of Angel money is is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of Angel money is is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million of Angel money is is pretty
+pretty doable these days um valuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty doable these days um valuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty doable these days um valuations
+again and talking about in vacuum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and talking about in vacuum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and talking about in vacuum is
+always always tricky but you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always tricky but you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always tricky but you know the
+very few deals that get done at less at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few deals that get done at less at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few deals that get done at less at
+less than three million pre I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three million pre I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three million pre I would say
+and uh you know five or six million pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know five or six million pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know five or six million pre
+is a lot for you know a million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot for you know a million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot for you know a million dollar
+angel round uh you know VC start at 100k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel round uh you know VC start at 100k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angel round uh you know VC start at 100k
+with a foot in the door kind of strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a foot in the door kind of strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a foot in the door kind of strategy
+and um uh and um you know typical a-s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh and um you know typical a-s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh and um you know typical a-s
+are these days what a three to six s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these days what a three to six s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these days what a three to six s
+millionar in the tech World biotech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionar in the tech World biotech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millionar in the tech World biotech
+obviously is is a lot much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is is a lot much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is is a lot much bigger
+numbers um there are uh company there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um there are uh company there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um there are uh company there
+are definitely VCS and also depending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely VCS and also depending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are definitely VCS and also depending a
+little bit on the background of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on the background of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on the background of the
+founders um plays where you raise a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders um plays where you raise a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founders um plays where you raise a lot
+of money uh quickly one one company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money uh quickly one one company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money uh quickly one one company
+where that I helped get off the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that I helped get off the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that I helped get off the ground
+uh called on shape we raised an aound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called on shape we raised an aound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called on shape we raised an aound of
+um was $9 million in November of uh 202
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was $9 million in November of uh 202
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was $9 million in November of uh 202
+12 and we raised a b of $25 million in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and we raised a b of $25 million in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and we raised a b of $25 million in
+April of this year it was you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April of this year it was you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April of this year it was you know the
+allstar team going after big opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allstar team going after big opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allstar team going after big opportunity
+and uh you know some you know VCS with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know some you know VCS with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know some you know VCS with
+very like multi-billion dollar funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like multi-billion dollar funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like multi-billion dollar funds
+saying this is a big play I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is a big play I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is a big play I want to be
+in there and kind of paying up to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and kind of paying up to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and kind of paying up to do a
+deal early so the I mean it goes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal early so the I mean it goes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal early so the I mean it goes um and
+that happens up to you know $100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens up to you know $100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens up to you know $100 million
+rounds to if if somebody if a wec firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds to if if somebody if a wec firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds to if if somebody if a wec firm
+is convinced that they have um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convinced that they have um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is convinced that they have um there's
+an Emerging Market segment or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Emerging Market segment or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Emerging Market segment or some
+really interesting uh disruption going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting uh disruption going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting uh disruption going
+on um um by piling a lot of money in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um um by piling a lot of money in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um um by piling a lot of money in you
+obviously acquire you know meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously acquire you know meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously acquire you know meaningful
+ownership as a VC but you also uh help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership as a VC but you also uh help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership as a VC but you also uh help
+establish uh you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish uh you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish uh you know if you're
+executing well help establish some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing well help establish some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing well help establish some the
+success of the company you know it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the company you know it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the company you know it will
+be very hard for competitors to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very hard for competitors to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very hard for competitors to raise
+money if you have $100 million in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you have $100 million in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you have $100 million in the
+bank already so there's there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank already so there's there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank already so there's there's all
+kinds of uh especially sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh especially sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of uh especially sort of an
+emerging winners you look at oh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging winners you look at oh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging winners you look at oh these
+are crazy valuations are crazy deals if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are crazy valuations are crazy deals if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are crazy valuations are crazy deals if
+you really look at it they may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really look at it they may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really look at it they may not be
+that crazy if it is an emerging winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crazy if it is an emerging winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crazy if it is an emerging winner
+in a multi-billion dollar market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multi-billion dollar market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multi-billion dollar market
+disruption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instance um so you know the again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um so you know the again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um so you know the again I
+would say sorry again I would say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say sorry again I would say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say sorry again I would say you
+know there are so many different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are so many different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are so many different kinds
+of companies and remember that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies and remember that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of companies and remember that that
+we've all commented that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've all commented that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've all commented that that that
+Venture money professional money is um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture money professional money is um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture money professional money is um a
+very small segment of of company Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small segment of of company Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small segment of of company Finance
+um so you know I would say the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know I would say the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know I would say the way I
+would answer that is um starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer that is um starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would answer that is um starting from
+zero the the lower end is zero you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the the lower end is zero you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the the lower end is zero you take
+no outside of money um and and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no outside of money um and and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no outside of money um and and there
+have been companies that have famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been companies that have famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been companies that have famously
+gone bust after taking in you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone bust after taking in you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone bust after taking in you know more
+than a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a hundred
+million um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million um so you know
+there's there's an extremely wide range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's an extremely wide range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's an extremely wide range
+um you know the the appeal that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the appeal that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the the appeal that that you
+know that um I think that tends to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that um I think that tends to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that um I think that tends to get
+overblown in a lot of the press coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overblown in a lot of the press coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overblown in a lot of the press coverage
+of big deals is it sounds very sexy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big deals is it sounds very sexy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big deals is it sounds very sexy it's
+very exciting it sounds like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting it sounds like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting it sounds like a lot of
+momentum and and that's the intention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and and that's the intention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and and that's the intention of
+a big round certainly um but but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big round certainly um but but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big round certainly um but but there's
+also again there are always costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also again there are always costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also again there are always costs and
+always downsides the downside is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always downsides the downside is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always downsides the downside is if you
+take a huge amount of capital whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a huge amount of capital whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a huge amount of capital whether
+that's hundreds of millions or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hundreds of millions or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hundreds of millions or 10
+million depending on your stage of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million depending on your stage of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million depending on your stage of of
+development if you take a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if you take a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development if you take a huge amount of
+capital it also puts a tremendous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital it also puts a tremendous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital it also puts a tremendous amount
+of pressure on you to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure on you to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure on you to use that
+Capital very aggressively and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital very aggressively and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital very aggressively and so um
+companies have also been blown up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have also been blown up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies have also been blown up by
+taking too much Capital um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too much Capital um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking too much Capital um so you know
+the the really what you want to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the really what you want to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the really what you want to be doing
+is focusing again on um Joe's questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focusing again on um Joe's questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is focusing again on um Joe's questions
+wise what are the all of the wise why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise what are the all of the wise why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise what are the all of the wise why
+are you doing this why now why this team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing this why now why this team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you doing this why now why this team
+why this amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this amount of money
+right um why this timing um why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um why this timing um why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um why this timing um why this
+instrument why this firm whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument why this firm whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument why this firm whatever um
+because you really want to be focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really want to be focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you really want to be focused on
+you know is this the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this the right amount of
+money for my company to do what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for my company to do what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for my company to do what it is
+intended to do at this point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to do at this point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to do at this point in time
+right um it it's really easy to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it it's really easy to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um it it's really easy to get
+wildly out of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there yeah I mean again rewrite checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah I mean again rewrite checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah I mean again rewrite checks
+as small as you know 50 $100,000 um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as small as you know 50 $100,000 um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as small as you know 50 $100,000 um to
+get started as you know our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started as you know our goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started as you know our goal is
+probably five to say $20 million in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably five to say $20 million in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably five to say $20 million in an
+investment it's a it's a ride range if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment it's a it's a ride range if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment it's a it's a ride range if
+the company only ever needs $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company only ever needs $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company only ever needs $1
+million and we all know that going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and we all know that going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and we all know that going into
+it it's probably not a fit for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's probably not a fit for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's probably not a fit for us
+because we have a reasonably large fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a reasonably large fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a reasonably large fund
+so we'd have to make so many small bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd have to make so many small bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'd have to make so many small bets
+it's perfectly fine if a company only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly fine if a company only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly fine if a company only
+takes $1 million and is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes $1 million and is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes $1 million and is either
+successful or unsuccessful because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful or unsuccessful because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful or unsuccessful because we
+all learned in a very quick way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned in a very quick way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learned in a very quick way that it
+was really great I mean never you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really great I mean never you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really great I mean never you're
+never going to complain if you took them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to complain if you took them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to complain if you took them
+only $1 million and turn it into a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only $1 million and turn it into a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only $1 million and turn it into a big
+win I have had a lot of co-investors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I have had a lot of co-investors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win I have had a lot of co-investors who
+would complain about that but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would complain about that but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would complain about that but you know
+my view is like come on like you gota be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my view is like come on like you gota be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my view is like come on like you gota be
+kidding me um and then you know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding me um and then you know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding me um and then you know of
+course you know we kind of sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know we kind of sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know we kind of sometimes
+have to plan to put 20 30 million hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to plan to put 20 30 million hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to plan to put 20 30 million hours
+to support a company I I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support a company I I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support a company I I think that the
+fundamental question is exactly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question is exactly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question is exactly you know
+the why and you know for us we are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why and you know for us we are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the why and you know for us we are so
+focused on backing entrepreneurs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on backing entrepreneurs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on backing entrepreneurs um
+every single deal we've been in pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single deal we've been in pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single deal we've been in pretty
+much the intellectual property you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the intellectual property you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the intellectual property you know
+shifted the thing almost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted the thing almost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted the thing almost everything
+about the deal changed um very rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the deal changed um very rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the deal changed um very rarely
+does it work exactly what you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work exactly what you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work exactly what you want the
+people are what make it happen and if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are what make it happen and if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are what make it happen and if a
+person doesn't own a lot of it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doesn't own a lot of it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person doesn't own a lot of it you know
+then why are they coming to work every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why are they coming to work every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why are they coming to work every
+day you know and so I think whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know and so I think whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know and so I think whenever we
+own an adventure entrepreneurial type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own an adventure entrepreneurial type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own an adventure entrepreneurial type
+deal whenever we own a lot of a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal whenever we own a lot of a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal whenever we own a lot of a company
+um something went horribly wrong um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something went horribly wrong um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something went horribly wrong um and
+when we don't own a lot of it and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't own a lot of it and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't own a lot of it and it's a
+great company something's going great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great company something's going great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great company something's going great
+because they're raising money at Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're raising money at Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're raising money at Great
+Value ation they don't need the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value ation they don't need the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value ation they don't need the money
+they're being Capital efficient they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being Capital efficient they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being Capital efficient they
+give a about the stock they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a about the stock they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a about the stock they don't
+want to give it to me they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give it to me they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give it to me they don't want to
+give it to anybody you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to anybody you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to anybody you know they're
+going to charge a lot of money for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge a lot of money for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge a lot of money for that
+share of stock that's the best kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of stock that's the best kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of stock that's the best kinds of
+deals we're in whenever we own 75% of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals we're in whenever we own 75% of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals we're in whenever we own 75% of a
+startup it's you know of a venture back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup it's you know of a venture back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup it's you know of a venture back
+company it's because they that we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it's because they that we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it's because they that we had to
+bridge them three times they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge them three times they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge them three times they had
+terrible financings um so I I love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible financings um so I I love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible financings um so I I love it
+when entrepreneurs you know say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when entrepreneurs you know say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when entrepreneurs you know say I don't
+need your money I I'll do it some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your money I I'll do it some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need your money I I'll do it some other
+way I'll just take a little bit um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'll just take a little bit um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'll just take a little bit um you
+know again it puts you in a precarious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again it puts you in a precarious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know again it puts you in a precarious
+position but exactly what Julian said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but exactly what Julian said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but exactly what Julian said
+which is you know once you raise $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know once you raise $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know once you raise $100
+million you need to generate two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you need to generate two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you need to generate two three
+$400 Million worth of exit to keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400 Million worth of exit to keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400 Million worth of exit to keep your
+investors happy they're all on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors happy they're all on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors happy they're all on your
+board they're not going to let you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they're not going to let you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board they're not going to let you go
+down a path that's small so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a path that's small so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a path that's small so your
+flexibility just went out the window um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility just went out the window um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility just went out the window um
+they're going to push you down a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to push you down a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to push you down a path
+that's big big return big win and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big big return big win and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's big big return big win and that
+may not be what you want to do um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be what you want to do um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be what you want to do um so
+yeah let me just in the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just in the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me just in the materials
+there's a a PowerPoint on beginner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a PowerPoint on beginner's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a PowerPoint on beginner's
+guide to venture capital and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to venture capital and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to venture capital and if you have
+haven't read it you should have before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't read it you should have before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't read it you should have before
+the class but you know these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class but you know these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class but you know these guys
+compete for Capital to invest in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for Capital to invest in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for Capital to invest in their
+funds and they have to show a return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and they have to show a return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and they have to show a return
+history to the people that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history to the people that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history to the people that are going to
+invest in them and one of the issues is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in them and one of the issues is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in them and one of the issues is
+that um when they when these guys put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um when they when these guys put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um when they when these guys put
+money in your company that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in your company that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in your company that's when the
+stopwatch starts on how fast are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch starts on how fast are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch starts on how fast are they
+generating return so you've got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating return so you've got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating return so you've got to be
+prepared to have the everything running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to have the everything running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to have the everything running
+as fast as you can once that money comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as you can once that money comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as you can once that money comes
+in and they're going to push you to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're going to push you to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're going to push you to it
+because they got to turn around and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got to turn around and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got to turn around and say
+to their investors you know you gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their investors you know you gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their investors you know you gave us
+X and we returned you know so much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we returned you know so much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and we returned you know so much time
+x so when you even if you can convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so when you even if you can convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so when you even if you can convince
+them uh to invest in your company if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh to invest in your company if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh to invest in your company if
+you're not ready to run like crazy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not ready to run like crazy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not ready to run like crazy if
+you don't have a model that's you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a model that's you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a model that's you think
+can work you know pedal to the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work you know pedal to the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work you know pedal to the floor
+it's going to be a tension filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a tension filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a tension filled
+environment would you disagree totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would you disagree totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment would you disagree totally
+agree so good was there a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so good was there a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree so good was there a question
+here then I'll ask one there's one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I'll ask one there's one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I'll ask one there's one up
+there sorry all the way in the top all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sorry all the way in the top all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sorry all the way in the top all
+the way the back all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so first of all maybe generalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so first of all maybe generalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so first of all maybe generalize it
+so you could work it in I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could work it in I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could work it in I was going to
+ask a variation on that which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a variation on that which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a variation on that which is what
+are the biggest problems you see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the biggest problems you see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the biggest problems you see for
+people trying to raise money because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to raise money because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to raise money because
+that's sort of what you're saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what you're saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what you're saying I
+don't really understand how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actuallyy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so here here's the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here here's the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here here's the first thing
+or actually here's the zero thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually here's the zero thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually here's the zero thing the
+zero thing is um you really need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thing is um you really need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero thing is um you really need to have
+not just exchanges like this but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just exchanges like this but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just exchanges like this but you
+need to have meaningful exchanges with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have meaningful exchanges with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have meaningful exchanges with
+someone who's a mentor to you who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's a mentor to you who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's a mentor to you who can
+give you ongoing um sanity checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you ongoing um sanity checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you ongoing um sanity checks and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+guidance I this is my plug for the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance I this is my plug for the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidance I this is my plug for the MIT
+Venture mentoring service it is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture mentoring service it is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture mentoring service it is the most
+amazing thing it is free to you go sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing it is free to you go sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing thing it is free to you go sign
+up right now I mean seriously like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right now I mean seriously like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right now I mean seriously like do
+not wait immediately go immediately um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wait immediately go immediately um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wait immediately go immediately um
+the the premise of the Venture mentoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the premise of the Venture mentoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the premise of the Venture mentoring
+service is that these amazing people um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service is that these amazing people um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service is that these amazing people um
+Joe included uh will spend time with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe included uh will spend time with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe included uh will spend time with you
+to advise you and and are under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advise you and and are under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advise you and and are under the
+terms of of the program cannot take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of of the program cannot take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of of the program cannot take any
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+in your business and so it's purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your business and so it's purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your business and so it's purely
+objective advice um it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective advice um it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective advice um it's in your
+interest not even in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest not even in the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest not even in the business
+interest it's advising you personally as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest it's advising you personally as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest it's advising you personally as
+founder um so go get that um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder um so go get that um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder um so go get that um the the
+first thing then after that is it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing then after that is it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing then after that is it it
+forgive me if I'm reading too much into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me if I'm reading too much into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me if I'm reading too much into
+your question but it sounds like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question but it sounds like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question but it sounds like you
+already have some tensions that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have some tensions that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have some tensions that have
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+started um that's a warning sign claxons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um that's a warning sign claxons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um that's a warning sign claxons
+are going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going off
+right um if if you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if if you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um if if you already have
+significant frictions with someone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant frictions with someone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant frictions with someone and
+you haven't even made an a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't even made an a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't even made an a financial
+transaction yet I think you want to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction yet I think you want to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction yet I think you want to step
+back and think about where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and think about where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and think about where those
+frictions are coming from are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions are coming from are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions are coming from are they
+coming from legitimate um are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from legitimate um are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from legitimate um are they
+coming from legitimate discussion points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from legitimate discussion points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from legitimate discussion points
+things that that you're being challenged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that you're being challenged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that you're being challenged
+to think about that are in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that are in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about that are in the interest
+of the company you're founding or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company you're founding or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the company you're founding or are
+they personal frictions are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they personal frictions are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they personal frictions are they
+different differ is again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different differ is again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different differ is again in
+objectives what's what's behind those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives what's what's behind those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives what's what's behind those
+frictions um and and are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions um and and are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions um and and are those
+productive frictions so you know um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive frictions so you know um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive frictions so you know um you
+know both of my fellow panelists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both of my fellow panelists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both of my fellow panelists have
+spoken about the The Beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about the The Beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about the The Beneficial
+frictions that you can encounter whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions that you can encounter whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frictions that you can encounter whether
+it's from peers or from um you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from peers or from um you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's from peers or from um you know a
+advisers and investors and and incubator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisers and investors and and incubator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisers and investors and and incubator
+staff pushing pulling tugging you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff pushing pulling tugging you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff pushing pulling tugging you know
+those those can be productive frictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those can be productive frictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those can be productive frictions
+but if you're actually experiencing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're actually experiencing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're actually experiencing a
+lot of discomfort I I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discomfort I I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discomfort I I think you should
+listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I yeah I I have um um it really depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah I I have um um it really depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah I I have um um it really depends
+on who you're working with but I so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who you're working with but I so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who you're working with but I so I'll
+give I'll um answer your question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give I'll um answer your question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give I'll um answer your question a
+slightly different way it's when when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way it's when when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way it's when when an
+investor funds you they probably make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor funds you they probably make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor funds you they probably make a
+whole bunch of calls you know who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of calls you know who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of calls you know who are
+you what have you done before what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what have you done before what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what have you done before what's it
+like to work with you I'm often amazed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to work with you I'm often amazed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to work with you I'm often amazed
+how few entrepreneurs actually check out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how few entrepreneurs actually check out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how few entrepreneurs actually check out
+the investors so if you take somebody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors so if you take somebody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investors so if you take somebody on
+your board as a as a lead investor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your board as a as a lead investor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your board as a as a lead investor you
+know call up three four cosos they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know call up three four cosos they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know call up three four cosos they've
+worked with before I mean it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with before I mean it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with before I mean it's a it's a
+it's I would say it's it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I would say it's it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I would say it's it's almost
+irresponsible not to do it you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible not to do it you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsible not to do it you know and
+it's not just oh are they nice guys do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just oh are they nice guys do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just oh are they nice guys do
+they have a Rolodex is it you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a Rolodex is it you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a Rolodex is it you know what
+happens when things get difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when things get difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when things get difficult
+because they will get difficult you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they will get difficult you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they will get difficult you know
+what if um you know how um you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if um you know how um you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if um you know how um you know how
+have they behaved in follow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they behaved in follow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they behaved in follow on
+financings in uh whatever working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financings in uh whatever working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financings in uh whatever working with
+strategic investors at Exit management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic investors at Exit management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic investors at Exit management
+team building um you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building um you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team building um you know there's a
+problem with a Founder CEO how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a Founder CEO how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a Founder CEO how do they
+behave and you know that you know under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and you know that you know under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and you know that you know under
+those circumstances so it's um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circumstances so it's um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circumstances so it's um I mean
+just do the reference checks uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the reference checks uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the reference checks uh because
+uh as I said earlier they can fire you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I said earlier they can fire you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as I said earlier they can fire you
+but you can't fire them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so did that answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay mechanically there are only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mechanically there are only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mechanically there are only three
+ways that anybody gets deals you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that anybody gets deals you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that anybody gets deals you go out
+and get them you get referred to to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get them you get referred to to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get them you get referred to to them
+um by peers and you know folks in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by peers and you know folks in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by peers and you know folks in your
+network or you get cold submissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or you get cold submissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network or you get cold submissions
+right there's that's that's it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's that's that's it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's that's that's it there are
+three mechanisms um different firms have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mechanisms um different firms have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mechanisms um different firms have
+different ways of going out and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of going out and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of going out and getting
+them um and by and large the return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and by and large the return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and by and large the return on
+effort for an entrepreneur for a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort for an entrepreneur for a cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort for an entrepreneur for a cold
+submission is pretty low um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission is pretty low um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submission is pretty low um so you know
+if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+someone thinking you want to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone thinking you want to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone thinking you want to raise
+Venture funds at any scale it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture funds at any scale it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture funds at any scale it's in your
+interest to go see who who looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to go see who who looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to go see who who looks like
+the most likely um best fit for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely um best fit for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely um best fit for you and
+go find a way to meet them right um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go find a way to meet them right um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go find a way to meet them right um but
+but really ultimately it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really ultimately it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really ultimately it's important to
+recognize that those are really those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that those are really those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that those are really those
+are the only three channels there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only three channels there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only three channels there aren't
+any other channels does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense what what role do introductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what what role do introductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense what what role do introductions
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+referrals um you know entrepreneurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referrals um you know entrepreneurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referrals um you know entrepreneurs
+should be building a full team of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be building a full team of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be building a full team of of
+people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is
+that an important part of who surrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an important part of who surrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an important part of who surrounds
+them in your experience wait this seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in your experience wait this seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in your experience wait this seem
+to be it's two questions is a referral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's two questions is a referral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be it's two questions is a referral
+or the words having a deal referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the words having a deal referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the words having a deal referred to
+you is that elevated higher in the stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that elevated higher in the stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that elevated higher in the stack
+if you know the person and and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the person and and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the person and and how does
+an entrepreneur who does so get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneur who does so get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entrepreneur who does so get into
+that Network any any advice on that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Network any any advice on that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Network any any advice on that well
+I would say you know certainly anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say you know certainly anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say you know certainly anybody
+in this room should be able to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room should be able to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room should be able to get an
+introduction to any of us with I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to any of us with I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to any of us with I mean it
+should be trivia it's really not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be trivia it's really not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be trivia it's really not that
+hard at all to get good introductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at all to get good introductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at all to get good introductions
+and they absolutely do matter and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they absolutely do matter and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they absolutely do matter and you
+know and there are some that are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there are some that are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and there are some that are good
+some that are great some that are not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are great some that are not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are great some that are not so
+good but a lot of it is uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but a lot of it is uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but a lot of it is uh through
+Network and who do you know and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and who do you know and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and who do you know and um and
+you AB you absolutely want to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you AB you absolutely want to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you AB you absolutely want to pursue
+investors through strong introductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors through strong introductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors through strong introductions
+it's a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll take that I guess it just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take that I guess it just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take that I guess it just really
+depends on um you know but in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on um you know but in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on um you know but in in the
+Langer lab we used to have a formula um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Langer lab we used to have a formula um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Langer lab we used to have a formula um
+which was uh science you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was uh science you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was uh science you know you
+publish the paper in science you file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish the paper in science you file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish the paper in science you file
+the IP and you have animal data in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IP and you have animal data in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IP and you have animal data in your
+rer role um that works in general um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rer role um that works in general um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rer role um that works in general um but
+you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think
+I think that um there's a point at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that um there's a point at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that um there's a point at which
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+technology an innovation stops being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology an innovation stops being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology an innovation stops being a
+series of questions and it starts being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of questions and it starts being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of questions and it starts being
+a series of answers and I think what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of answers and I think what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of answers and I think what you
+find is that that's a good transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that that's a good transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that that's a good transition
+point where people who in Academia like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where people who in Academia like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where people who in Academia like
+to ask questions are no longer really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions are no longer really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions are no longer really
+interested in pursuing that um and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in pursuing that um and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in pursuing that um and what
+companies like to do is create answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like to do is create answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like to do is create answers
+you know kind of technical translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of technical translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of technical translation
+of a of a concept into a product um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a concept into a product um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a concept into a product um and
+the rigorousness of the Precision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigorousness of the Precision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigorousness of the Precision of the
+answers and all those things becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and all those things becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers and all those things becomes
+really important and it just becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and it just becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important and it just becomes
+boring it's very hard to get a grad stud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it's very hard to get a grad stud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring it's very hard to get a grad stud
+to do it for a postto to do it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for a postto to do it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for a postto to do it so I
+think that tends to be the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that tends to be the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that tends to be the point at
+which it kind of hits a stalling point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it kind of hits a stalling point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it kind of hits a stalling point
+and whether it then finds a home on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it then finds a home on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it then finds a home on the
+other side where a group of people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side where a group of people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side where a group of people say
+yeah this could easily be a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this could easily be a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this could easily be a product
+let's go for it it's worth being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go for it it's worth being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go for it it's worth being a
+product we it'll either sink or swim but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we it'll either sink or swim but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we it'll either sink or swim but
+I think I've always at least in a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've always at least in a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I've always at least in a lab
+you could see a a trajectory of project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see a a trajectory of project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see a a trajectory of project
+would just stop being interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just stop being interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just stop being interesting to
+people because they you know the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because they you know the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because they you know the next
+steps we kind of doing it you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we kind of doing it you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we kind of doing it you know a
+hundred times to get the quality control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times to get the quality control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times to get the quality control
+levels right or whatnot um to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right or whatnot um to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels right or whatnot um to do a lot
+of animal work you know it just wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animal work you know it just wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of animal work you know it just wasn't
+that interesting anymore so that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting anymore so that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting anymore so that's when
+we typically tried to kick it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically tried to kick it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically tried to kick it out
+of yeah when the questions become you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah when the questions become you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah when the questions become you
+know when you're no longer kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're no longer kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you're no longer kind of see
+every it's not you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every it's not you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every it's not you know I
+think I I think that curious people love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I think that curious people love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I think that curious people love
+unpredictability right and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictability right and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictability right and I think that
+scientists love unpredictability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists love unpredictability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists love unpredictability in the
+data you know every experiment you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know every experiment you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know every experiment you do
+you find something that you thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find something that you thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find something that you thought was
+going to do X and it's not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do X and it's not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do X and it's not going to do
+that I think that's a very hard way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that's a very hard way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think that's a very hard way to
+make a product right I think that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a product right I think that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a product right I think that's kind
+of a good scientific discovery I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good scientific discovery I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good scientific discovery I think
+at some point then it becomes a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point then it becomes a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point then it becomes a series
+of business unpredictabilities you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business unpredictabilities you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business unpredictabilities you know
+can we raise the money can we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we raise the money can we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we raise the money can we you know
+and so I think that when it transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that when it transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think that when it transitions
+from being a science experiment to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a science experiment to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being a science experiment to being
+technology you know is kind of when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you know is kind of when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology you know is kind of when you
+go from questions to answers in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from questions to answers in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from questions to answers in my
+mind I don't know how others I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I don't know how others I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I don't know how others I would
+answer it slightly slightly differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it slightly slightly differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it slightly slightly differently
+in in that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that um
+um you know there's so many potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's so many potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there's so many potential
+investors out there and I guess my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors out there and I guess my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors out there and I guess my my
+view is more from a you know software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is more from a you know software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is more from a you know software
+Hardware tech company not So Much Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware tech company not So Much Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware tech company not So Much Life
+Sciences um um by networking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences um um by networking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences um um by networking with
+potential investors from early on you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential investors from early on you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential investors from early on you're
+likely to create value in in what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to create value in in what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to create value in in what you're
+doing and that could be helping validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and that could be helping validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and that could be helping validate
+technology or not uh finding competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or not uh finding competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or not uh finding competition
+uh you know is this interesting what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know is this interesting what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know is this interesting what's a
+body language you know do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body language you know do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body language you know do you have
+really short meeting or does it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short meeting or does it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short meeting or does it you know
+are there people leaning forward and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there people leaning forward and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there people leaning forward and and
+wanting to spend more time with you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to spend more time with you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to spend more time with you um
+every entrepreneur needs to build a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entrepreneur needs to build a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entrepreneur needs to build a team
+from the beginning I think um um value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning I think um um value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning I think um um value
+added investors have great networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added investors have great networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added investors have great networks and
+may help you um may help may give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may help you um may help may give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may help you um may help may give you
+feedback on where the holds in your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on where the holds in your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on where the holds in your team
+and uh and maybe make introductions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and maybe make introductions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and maybe make introductions I
+mean some of the best deals I've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some of the best deals I've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some of the best deals I've done is
+I ended up introducing the founders to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ended up introducing the founders to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ended up introducing the founders to
+each other I mean that's that's and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other I mean that's that's and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other I mean that's that's and you
+know by you that doesn't happen to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by you that doesn't happen to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by you that doesn't happen to you
+if you don't go out and talk to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't go out and talk to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't go out and talk to people
+so I would say if in doubt um I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say if in doubt um I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would say if in doubt um I would
+start talking to financing sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking to financing sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking to financing sources
+earlier and that doesn't mean you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and that doesn't mean you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and that doesn't mean you do a
+big pitch and set up a meeting at a VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pitch and set up a meeting at a VC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pitch and set up a meeting at a VC
+FM that's you know let's grab a coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM that's you know let's grab a coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM that's you know let's grab a coffee
+at a Starbucks with somebody who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a Starbucks with somebody who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a Starbucks with somebody who has
+some domain knowledge and get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+what what's the triple one and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the triple one and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the triple one and what's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double so um
+so this is again one of those it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again one of those it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again one of those it depends
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers
+um the first thing that that I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing that that I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing that that I think you
+you have to recognize is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to recognize is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to recognize is that by
+declaring that you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring that you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring that you have multiple
+objectives you've you've set yourself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives you've you've set yourself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives you've you've set yourself a
+much harder task that doesn't mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder task that doesn't mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder task that doesn't mean it's
+not worth doing but but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth doing but but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth doing but but the point is
+from the get-go you've set yourself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the get-go you've set yourself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the get-go you've set yourself a
+very challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging
+proposition um and and there there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition um and and there there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition um and and there there is a
+much smaller segment of investors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller segment of investors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller segment of investors who
+are interested in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in that kind of
+proposition most of them are not here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition most of them are not here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition most of them are not here on
+the East Coast um it's not that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East Coast um it's not that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East Coast um it's not that there
+aren't any but most of them are not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any but most of them are not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't any but most of them are not um
+you will find congregations of them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find congregations of them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find congregations of them at
+places like socap the social capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like socap the social capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like socap the social capital
+conference um you'll find them at places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference um you'll find them at places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference um you'll find them at places
+um similar to that um there are found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar to that um there are found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar to that um there are found
+found ations that are beginning to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found ations that are beginning to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found ations that are beginning to do
+some investment um because they may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some investment um because they may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some investment um because they may want
+to see a return but they don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a return but they don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see a return but they don't have to
+um so um amadar for example is one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um amadar for example is one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um amadar for example is one um
+Domin is one they're there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domin is one they're there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domin is one they're there are several
+like that um the aacan foundation does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um the aacan foundation does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um the aacan foundation does
+some um but but again you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um but but again you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um but but again you you know
+you're you're talking about uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're talking about uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're talking about uh you're
+talk talking about seeking out investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talking about seeking out investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk talking about seeking out investors
+who are a very tiny sliver of an already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are a very tiny sliver of an already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are a very tiny sliver of an already
+small pool so it just makes it incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pool so it just makes it incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pool so it just makes it incumbent
+on you to be that much more focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you to be that much more focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you to be that much more focused
+about really seeking out investors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about really seeking out investors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about really seeking out investors who
+are interested in your specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in your specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in your specific
+proposition right not double bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition right not double bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition right not double bottom line
+or triple bottom line investors but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triple bottom line investors but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triple bottom line investors but but
+people who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have
+declared publicly right that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared publicly right that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared publicly right that they are
+interested in whatever it is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in whatever it is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in whatever it is you're
+doing right because it it it really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right because it it it really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right because it it it really is a
+very very narrow segment um the the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very narrow segment um the the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very narrow segment um the the good
+news I would say is that there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news I would say is that there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news I would say is that there's there
+is a lot more happening in that segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot more happening in that segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot more happening in that segment
+of late it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of late it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of late it's very
+disorganized extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized extremely
+disorganized um and and you'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized um and and you'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized um and and you'll find that
+there are even more um on a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even more um on a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are even more um on a relative
+scale there are even more people looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale there are even more people looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale there are even more people looking
+for that Capital than there are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that Capital than there are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that Capital than there are looking
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+conventional uh Venture money whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional uh Venture money whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional uh Venture money whatever
+that means um so you know it's it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means um so you know it's it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means um so you know it's it it's
+challenging it's not impossible but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging it's not impossible but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging it's not impossible but but
+you it's really incumbent on you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's really incumbent on you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's really incumbent on you you
+need to be very very focused in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be very very focused in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be very very focused in in
+targeting exactly the right folks um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting exactly the right folks um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting exactly the right folks um the
+the last thing I'll say about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I'll say about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing I'll say about that is
+that uh there are there are some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are there are some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are there are some really
+good groups to join if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good groups to join if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good groups to join if you haven't
+already again to share peer knowledge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already again to share peer knowledge um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already again to share peer knowledge um
+so you know the social entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the social entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the social entrepreneurship
+groups for example Etc um are are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups for example Etc um are are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups for example Etc um are are really
+really worth um being involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth um being involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth um being involved in
+to share intelligence with peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share intelligence with peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share intelligence with peer
+companies so that you can help each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so that you can help each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so that you can help each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+out if I can make a comment on it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if I can make a comment on it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if I can make a comment on it um
+again I'm GNA color my comment by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm GNA color my comment by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm GNA color my comment by saying
+that I invest in biotech and healthc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I invest in biotech and healthc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I invest in biotech and healthc
+Care stuff primarily um I I find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care stuff primarily um I I find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care stuff primarily um I I find this
+whole concept of double and triple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of double and triple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of double and triple and
+quadruple and I'm sure people make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple and I'm sure people make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadruple and I'm sure people make up
+more um bottom lines to be uh kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um bottom lines to be uh kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um bottom lines to be uh kind of in
+intellectually like it lacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually like it lacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually like it lacks
+intellectual rigor um without question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual rigor um without question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual rigor um without question
+every single person I've backed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single person I've backed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single person I've backed
+especially in the healthcare area is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the healthcare area is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the healthcare area is not
+doing what they're doing to make money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what they're doing to make money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what they're doing to make money
+they're doing what they're doing to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing what they're doing to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing what they're doing to make
+a huge impact if you want to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge impact if you want to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge impact if you want to make an
+apology for not making a huge impact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology for not making a huge impact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology for not making a huge impact um
+by saying well I'm going to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well I'm going to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well I'm going to do some
+other stuff you know I've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff you know I've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff you know I've got these
+multiple objectives they've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple objectives they've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple objectives they've got one
+objective which is to cure that disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective which is to cure that disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective which is to cure that disease
+the faster they can cure it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faster they can cure it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faster they can cure it with the
+least amount of money with the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least amount of money with the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least amount of money with the fastest
+amount of time the the most efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time the the most efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time the the most efficient
+way to do it is is in the benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is is in the benefit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is is in the benefit of the
+patient or you know Etc and so and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient or you know Etc and so and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient or you know Etc and so and what
+you find is that if you then want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that if you then want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that if you then want to
+treat the most number of patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the most number of patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the most number of patients with
+that medicine or that approach the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medicine or that approach the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that medicine or that approach the most
+efficient business model which creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient business model which creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient business model which creates
+the greatest profitability which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest profitability which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest profitability which allows
+the maximum amount of sharing of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum amount of sharing of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum amount of sharing of value
+between the person that gains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person that gains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the person that gains the
+benefit and the person that provided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and the person that provided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit and the person that provided the
+benefit is the best way to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is the best way to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit is the best way to do it and
+when you look at even in in places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at even in in places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at even in in places where
+social entrepreneurship is a big deal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social entrepreneurship is a big deal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social entrepreneurship is a big deal I
+think when you find ideas that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you find ideas that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when you find ideas that really
+take off it's because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off it's because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off it's because there's a
+sustainability to them the person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability to them the person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability to them the person that
+receives the benefit is willing to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the benefit is willing to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the benefit is willing to share
+that benefit with a person that provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefit with a person that provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefit with a person that provides
+it and and I think this idea that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and I think this idea that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and I think this idea that we're
+going to skimp on all of that um and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skimp on all of that um and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skimp on all of that um and not
+come up with a business model that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a business model that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a business model that's the
+best alignment of everyone's interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best alignment of everyone's interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best alignment of everyone's interests
+is to me that where I kind of get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to me that where I kind of get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to me that where I kind of get lost
+in the whole thing I you know I I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole thing I you know I I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole thing I you know I I feel
+like usually when you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like usually when you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like usually when you have these
+situations where every where you're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where every where you're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where every where you're kind
+of compromising I suppose because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compromising I suppose because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compromising I suppose because I've
+every time someone said or triple botom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time someone said or triple botom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time someone said or triple botom
+which I'm not implying as your case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not implying as your case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not implying as your case but
+it it feels to me like a compromise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it feels to me like a compromise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it feels to me like a compromise
+versus saying let's align the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus saying let's align the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus saying let's align the interest
+of the farmer in the you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the farmer in the you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the farmer in the you know in the
+village who has doesn't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village who has doesn't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village who has doesn't have enough
+money for the weather data but they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the weather data but they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for the weather data but they've
+got interest in other things let's find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got interest in other things let's find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got interest in other things let's find
+a way to make it a win-win win and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to make it a win-win win and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to make it a win-win win and
+really line up everybody's interests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really line up everybody's interests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really line up everybody's interests and
+and then it becomes actually only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes actually only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes actually only one
+objective which is Maximum Impact for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective which is Maximum Impact for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective which is Maximum Impact for
+everybody in the equation so I I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the equation so I I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in the equation so I I I don't
+like the idea that it's compromised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea that it's compromised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea that it's compromised and
+so I you know maybe it's colored by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I you know maybe it's colored by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I you know maybe it's colored by
+Healthcare and maybe my tech Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare and maybe my tech Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare and maybe my tech Partners
+wouldn't necessarily view the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily view the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily view the world that
+way but in every one of our healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but in every one of our healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but in every one of our healthcare
+companies everyone's got one objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies everyone's got one objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies everyone's got one objective
+cure that kid or you know make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure that kid or you know make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure that kid or you know make that
+impact um and the money is just part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact um and the money is just part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact um and the money is just part of
+the whole equation and make it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole equation and make it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole equation and make it as
+efficient like Carno efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient like Carno efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient like Carno efficiency of the
+idea basically just get it as perfect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea basically just get it as perfect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea basically just get it as perfect as
+you can to line it up so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to line it up so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to line it up so that's kind of
+the way I I view it I I think you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I I view it I I think you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I I view it I I think you should
+get extra points for saying way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get extra points for saying way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get extra points for saying way I
+think this is this is how we know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is this is how we know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is this is how we know we're
+an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT
+exactly everybody understood it no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly everybody understood it no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly everybody understood it no no
+was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not
+understanding had a cheat sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding had a cheat sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding had a cheat sheet
+beforehand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand
+that's what about you know with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what about you know with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what about you know with all of
+the different word at Harvard that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure uh with all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh with all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure uh with all of the different
+financing sources that are out now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources that are out now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing sources that are out now uh
+you know with crowdfunding coming on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with crowdfunding coming on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with crowdfunding coming on and
+the traditional friends and family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional friends and family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional friends and family and
+everything um can you talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um can you talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything um can you talk a little bit
+about um mismatch of investor groups you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um mismatch of investor groups you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um mismatch of investor groups you
+know if you've seen deals that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've seen deals that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've seen deals that were
+really good deals but you know they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good deals but you know they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good deals but you know they got
+the wrong initial investors and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong initial investors and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong initial investors and you
+can't work with them and you pass what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work with them and you pass what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work with them and you pass what
+kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know
+um watch words would you have for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um watch words would you have for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um watch words would you have for people
+about how they approach that any you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they approach that any you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they approach that any you
+know is that a common mistake or anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that a common mistake or anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that a common mistake or anyway
+just could you comment on that anybody I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could you comment on that anybody I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could you comment on that anybody I
+can start with a few I mean the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with a few I mean the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start with a few I mean the most
+classic is um is well I guess the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic is um is well I guess the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic is um is well I guess the two
+classic ones that jump to mind right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic ones that jump to mind right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic ones that jump to mind right
+away are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away are
+um you know amount of capital relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know amount of capital relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know amount of capital relative
+to the opportunity you know when where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opportunity you know when where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the opportunity you know when where
+you put um you know you put where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put um you know you put where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put um you know you put where you're
+going after some uh a market opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after some uh a market opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going after some uh a market opportunity
+which turns out to be kind of narrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns out to be kind of narrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns out to be kind of narrow but
+you've raised so much money that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've raised so much money that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've raised so much money that you
+kind of need to assume a level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of need to assume a level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of need to assume a level of
+success that the market will just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success that the market will just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success that the market will just not
+yield these are the like the worst deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield these are the like the worst deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield these are the like the worst deals
+and you you know the conflict may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know the conflict may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know the conflict may not
+happen immediately but it happens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen immediately but it happens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen immediately but it happens over
+time um so being realistic about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so being realistic about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um so being realistic about the
+potential of the market you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the market you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the market you're going
+after and raising the capital to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and raising the capital to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after and raising the capital to really
+pursue the upside over time but not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue the upside over time but not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue the upside over time but not not
+all upfront because you think the Styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all upfront because you think the Styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all upfront because you think the Styles
+will line up in terms of what you pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will line up in terms of what you pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will line up in terms of what you pursue
+is I mean some of the worst deals I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean some of the worst deals I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean some of the worst deals I've
+done had exactly that problem um um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done had exactly that problem um um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done had exactly that problem um um the
+other one strategic investors you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one strategic investors you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one strategic investors you know
+strategic investors by definition have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic investors by definition have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic investors by definition have a
+strategic interest and uh not primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic interest and uh not primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic interest and uh not primarily
+a financial interest and uh if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial interest and uh if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial interest and uh if you think
+about how long it takes to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how long it takes to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how long it takes to build a
+company um you know I would always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um you know I would always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company um you know I would always say
+you know most overnight successes took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most overnight successes took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know most overnight successes took
+10 years to get there so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years to get there so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years to get there so let's say
+there's a 10e time frame to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 10e time frame to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a 10e time frame to build a
+great uh company during those 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh company during those 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh company during those 10 years
+whoever did the deal from the Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever did the deal from the Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever did the deal from the Strategic
+investor which is often a bizde Culp de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor which is often a bizde Culp de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor which is often a bizde Culp de
+person whatever they you've you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person whatever they you've you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person whatever they you've you've had
+you've you've you've gone through two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've you've gone through two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've you've you've gone through two or
+three board members they totally forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three board members they totally forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three board members they totally forgot
+why they invested in the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they invested in the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they invested in the first time
+they're not in the they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not in the they're not
+professional investors like uh like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional investors like uh like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional investors like uh like like
+VCS and uh you inevitably end with um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS and uh you inevitably end with um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS and uh you inevitably end with um or
+not inevitably you very very often end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inevitably you very very often end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inevitably you very very often end
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+situations where there's you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where there's you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where there's you know a
+lawyer for some strategic investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer for some strategic investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer for some strategic investor
+sitting there reading the fine print of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there reading the fine print of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there reading the fine print of
+a legal agreement done you know eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal agreement done you know eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal agreement done you know eight
+years ago you know looking at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you know looking at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you know looking at all the
+rights they have and and and and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights they have and and and and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights they have and and and and really
+becoming a nightmare a nightmare to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a nightmare a nightmare to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a nightmare a nightmare to work
+with um been in situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um been in situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um been in situations where
+strategic investors you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic investors you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic investors you know you're
+trying to go public strategic investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go public strategic investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go public strategic investor
+has a ball seat um I'm not signing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a ball seat um I'm not signing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a ball seat um I'm not signing off
+on the S1 we don't want this company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the S1 we don't want this company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the S1 we don't want this company to
+go public people actually do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go public people actually do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go public people actually do that you
+know professional investors like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know professional investors like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know professional investors like like
+VCS would never would never ever do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS would never would never ever do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCS would never would never ever do that
+um so I think um having professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think um having professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think um having professional
+investors on board first before you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors on board first before you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors on board first before you take
+on strategics is a very good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on strategics is a very good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on strategics is a very good idea
+because professional investors help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because professional investors help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because professional investors help you
+get the terms and also relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the terms and also relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the terms and also relative
+ownership and all of that right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and all of that right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership and all of that right with
+with with strategics and um I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with strategics and um I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with strategics and um I've just
+seen it so many times that even it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it so many times that even it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it so many times that even it may
+even be great for for a few years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be great for for a few years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even be great for for a few years but
+over the life of a typical company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the life of a typical company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the life of a typical company you
+you very frequently run into significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very frequently run into significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very frequently run into significant
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+the the other thing that that I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other thing that that I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other thing that that I've seen
+happen again and again is um where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen again and again is um where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen again and again is um where there
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+um large numbers of early investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um large numbers of early investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um large numbers of early investors
+whether they're friends and family or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're friends and family or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're friends and family or
+Loosely Affiliated Angels or what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely Affiliated Angels or what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loosely Affiliated Angels or what have
+you and um and someone has made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and um and someone has made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and um and someone has made the
+oversight of making decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight of making decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversight of making decisions
+unanimous this is a nightmare because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanimous this is a nightmare because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanimous this is a nightmare because
+what ends up happening is you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is you might have
+who knows 17 or 20 or God knows how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows 17 or 20 or God knows how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows 17 or 20 or God knows how many
+individual parties who have to sign off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual parties who have to sign off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual parties who have to sign off
+on every subsequent thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every subsequent thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every subsequent thing that happens
+um and I've seen this happen many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I've seen this happen many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I've seen this happen many times
+um it it's a terrible mistake it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's a terrible mistake it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it it's a terrible mistake it it
+costs an incredible amount of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs an incredible amount of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs an incredible amount of time to
+fix that and go back and and I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that and go back and and I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that and go back and and I've seen
+individual investors who have put you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual investors who have put you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual investors who have put you
+know $10,000 into a company just tie up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know $10,000 into a company just tie up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know $10,000 into a company just tie up
+deals for you know days or weeks or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals for you know days or weeks or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals for you know days or weeks or even
+Scotch deals so not just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch deals so not just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotch deals so not just you know
+strategic not signing an S1 but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic not signing an S1 but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic not signing an S1 but um but
+but individual very very tiny investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but individual very very tiny investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but individual very very tiny investors
+preventing a deal from happening um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing a deal from happening um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing a deal from happening um so
+you know if if you do the friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you do the friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if you do the friends and
+family route I would not advise you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family route I would not advise you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family route I would not advise you not
+to do that just make sure that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that just make sure that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that just make sure that you have
+Good Counsel you don't have the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good Counsel you don't have the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good Counsel you don't have the benefit
+of a professional investor to advise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a professional investor to advise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a professional investor to advise you
+make sure you have Good Counsel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have Good Counsel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have Good Counsel to
+structure that round so that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that round so that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that round so that you're not
+bound to having every single person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to having every single person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to having every single person
+participating agree with every future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating agree with every future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating agree with every future
+decision you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision you have to
+make you know I'm going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you know I'm going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you know I'm going to give a
+squishy like an early biomarker or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy like an early biomarker or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy like an early biomarker or
+squishy answer for um how I kind of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy answer for um how I kind of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishy answer for um how I kind of have
+viewed people I found difficult working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed people I found difficult working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed people I found difficult working
+with again we we're kind of in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with again we we're kind of in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with again we we're kind of in the same
+boat most of our entrepreneurs are in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat most of our entrepreneurs are in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat most of our entrepreneurs are in we
+invest early we bring other VCS on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest early we bring other VCS on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest early we bring other VCS on the
+board and we get frustrated by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and we get frustrated by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and we get frustrated by our
+colleagues so you know we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues so you know we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues so you know we're like
+pulling out our hair too sometimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out our hair too sometimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out our hair too sometimes and
+so I've always found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've always found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've always found that
+you know investors that actually ask a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know investors that actually ask a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know investors that actually ask a
+lot of questions and it's very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions and it's very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions and it's very specific
+to a particular deal someone who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a particular deal someone who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a particular deal someone who's a
+good listener and ask questions and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good listener and ask questions and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good listener and ask questions and it
+it just is is listening and questioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just is is listening and questioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just is is listening and questioning
+is usually probably a better investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually probably a better investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually probably a better investor
+whenever I've been in these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I've been in these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I've been in these kind of
+nightmare situations you later kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare situations you later kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare situations you later kind of
+remember that you know they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you know they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you know they didn't
+really ask a lot of questions just told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ask a lot of questions just told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really ask a lot of questions just told
+me a lot of stuff you know like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a lot of stuff you know like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a lot of stuff you know like they
+kept like lecturing me about my idea my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept like lecturing me about my idea my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept like lecturing me about my idea my
+company I think usually that that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I think usually that that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I think usually that that's like
+my first alarm Bell whenever were're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first alarm Bell whenever were're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first alarm Bell whenever were're
+involved in stuff and it can go wrong a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in stuff and it can go wrong a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in stuff and it can go wrong a
+thousand different ways but if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand different ways but if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand different ways but if they're
+not asking you interesting questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking you interesting questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not asking you interesting questions and
+listening you're probably in for a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening you're probably in for a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening you're probably in for a for
+for a bruising relationship in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bruising relationship in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bruising relationship in my
+opinion and the sooner you get and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion and the sooner you get and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion and the sooner you get and in
+reference checks whoever had said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference checks whoever had said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference checks whoever had said that
+earlier I think axel said reference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I think axel said reference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I think axel said reference the
+hell out of investors um we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell out of investors um we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell out of investors um we do
+so we're coming up close to to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're coming up close to to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're coming up close to to break
+time um maybe one last question and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um maybe one last question and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um maybe one last question and then
+I'll ask the panel if you have any last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ask the panel if you have any last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ask the panel if you have any last
+comments uh don't feel you to but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments uh don't feel you to but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments uh don't feel you to but if
+there's something that's been pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that's been pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that's been pressing
+was there a question over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a question over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a question over there
+yeah you're to a you know already that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're to a you know already that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're to a you know already that
+going to be needing at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be needing at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be needing at some point
+involvement of a major industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement of a major industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement of a major industrial
+partner because of the technology they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner because of the technology they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner because of the technology they
+man that you don't so you know they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that you don't so you know they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man that you don't so you know they are
+going to have to be part of the game at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be part of the game at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to be part of the game at
+some point would you go talk to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point would you go talk to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point would you go talk to them
+straight away if you're a very initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away if you're a very initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight away if you're a very initial
+idea or would you wait as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or would you wait as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or would you wait as much as
+possible as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible as much as
+possible or kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible or kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going I'll give you a general answer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I'll give you a general answer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going I'll give you a general answer um
+I would get I think you should get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get I think you should get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get I think you should get rid
+of your biggest risk with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your biggest risk with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your biggest risk with the least
+amount of money as fast as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money as fast as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money as fast as possible and
+the way you describe the situation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you describe the situation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you describe the situation um
+maybe your your friend has you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your your friend has you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your your friend has you know not
+you know it's like my friend has a rash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like my friend has a rash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's like my friend has a rash
+and you know your doctor you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know your doctor you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know your doctor you know I
+guess is uh is uh is basically like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is uh is uh is basically like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is uh is uh is basically like you
+know if you can't if there's a point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can't if there's a point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can't if there's a point at
+which you are stuck then you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are stuck then you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are stuck then you should get
+un I'll give you an example sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un I'll give you an example sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un I'll give you an example sun
+catalytics is a really good example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytics is a really good example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytics is a really good example you
+know if I'd gone to my partners you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'd gone to my partners you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'd gone to my partners you know
+we we're de developing this energy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're de developing this energy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're de developing this energy stuff
+and one of the big markets was India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the big markets was India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the big markets was India
+initially for the company if I'd gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially for the company if I'd gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially for the company if I'd gone to
+my partners and said you know hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partners and said you know hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partners and said you know hey we
+need to put in a bunch of money it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put in a bunch of money it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put in a bunch of money it's
+going to be great we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be great we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be great we're going to go
+commercialize in India and all this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize in India and all this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize in India and all this or
+any other VC people say India like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other VC people say India like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other VC people say India like you
+know what are you going to do there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are you going to do there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what are you going to do there so
+very very early in the life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very early in the life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very early in the life of the
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+I realized we needed to have that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized we needed to have that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized we needed to have that fixed
+because it was a major risk at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a major risk at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was a major risk at one of
+our largest markets was when nobody knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our largest markets was when nobody knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our largest markets was when nobody knew
+so we went we did a deal we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went we did a deal we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went we did a deal we got
+investment and partnership dollars from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and partnership dollars from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and partnership dollars from
+the TT group um I've never heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TT group um I've never heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TT group um I've never heard that
+question in four or five years about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in four or five years about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in four or five years about the
+company I mean we talk we could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I mean we talk we could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company I mean we talk we could say
+anything about India yeah we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about India yeah we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about India yeah we're going to
+go sell you know spaceships in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go sell you know spaceships in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go sell you know spaceships in India
+they're like oh yeah you're with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah you're with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh yeah you're with no
+problem and you know we just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know we just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you know we just basically
+got rid of the biggest risk which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid of the biggest risk which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got rid of the biggest risk which was
+this perception that there was no Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perception that there was no Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this perception that there was no Market
+there by getting by solving it now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by getting by solving it now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by getting by solving it now you
+know could I done you know could we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could I done you know could we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know could I done you know could we have
+gotten better terms later or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better terms later or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten better terms later or whatever
+maybe but I got rid of it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but I got rid of it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but I got rid of it at the
+earliest point in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest point in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest point in the context of the
+deal and and so if you're really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and and so if you're really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and and so if you're really going
+to be stuck with these guys I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stuck with these guys I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stuck with these guys I think
+you're G to worry about that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're G to worry about that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're G to worry about that that you
+don't get rid of your B whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get rid of your B whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get rid of your B whatever your
+risks are you know I always kind of list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are you know I always kind of list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are you know I always kind of list
+list them and I say the biggest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list them and I say the biggest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list them and I say the biggest one
+first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know I I absolutely agree the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I absolutely agree the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I absolutely agree the the other
+thing that that I I think you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that I I think you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that I I think you want to be
+really careful about is if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about is if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really careful about is if there's
+honest to God Only One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest to God Only One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest to God Only One
+major player you need to cooperate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major player you need to cooperate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major player you need to cooperate with
+you and whatever that means first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and whatever that means first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and whatever that means first of all
+you know you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to make sure that
+you're not going down a culde saac right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going down a culde saac right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going down a culde saac right
+not only do you want to retire the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do you want to retire the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do you want to retire the risk
+but you want to make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to make sure that you're
+not aiming for something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aiming for something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aiming for something that's not
+going to exist when you're ready to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exist when you're ready to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to exist when you're ready to get
+there right so but you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so but you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so but you really want to
+understand what's in it for them not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's in it for them not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's in it for them not
+just now but you know when you're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now but you know when you're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just now but you know when you're ready
+in whatever a year five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever a year five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever a year five years
+you know are are you aiming for a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are are you aiming for a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are are you aiming for a place
+where they will no longer be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they will no longer be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they will no longer be right
+because what you don't want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you don't want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you don't want to do is
+spend that next chunk of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend that next chunk of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend that next chunk of your
+life you know going into a blind alley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you know going into a blind alley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you know going into a blind alley
+um and you know I wasn't here last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I wasn't here last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know I wasn't here last night
+I I missed Bob's talk but I've seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I missed Bob's talk but I've seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I missed Bob's talk but I've seen it
+before and if I remember correctly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and if I remember correctly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and if I remember correctly one
+of the things that he likes to say is go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that he likes to say is go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that he likes to say is go
+talk to people and don't try to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to people and don't try to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to people and don't try to sell
+them just have a hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just have a hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just have a hypothetical
+conversation if I had this would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation if I had this would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation if I had this would that
+would that interest you if if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that interest you if if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that interest you if if I
+understand your interests like this do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your interests like this do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your interests like this do I
+have that right do do I understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that right do do I understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that right do do I understand what
+you really want right um You you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want right um You you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want right um You you can
+have those conversations without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those conversations without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those conversations without having
+to make big disclosures without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make big disclosures without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make big disclosures without having
+to formalize any kind of relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formalize any kind of relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formalize any kind of relationship
+and um just like you want your investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um just like you want your investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um just like you want your investors
+to ask questions you want to be asking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions you want to be asking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask questions you want to be asking a
+lot of questions along the way of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions along the way of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of questions along the way of any
+party you you're going to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party you you're going to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party you you're going to be working
+with and and if it's really true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and if it's really true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and and if it's really true that
+you are going to be dependent on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to be dependent on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to be dependent on this
+one entity then you know you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entity then you know you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one entity then you know you really need
+to understand how vital it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how vital it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how vital it is to
+them that that they're going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that that they're going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that that they're going to get to
+have access to whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to whatever you're
+developing right and you need to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing right and you need to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing right and you need to stay
+very close to that vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to that vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to that vital
+interest um because you know even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um because you know even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um because you know even even
+if you sign a deal with them today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sign a deal with them today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sign a deal with them today um
+you know as axel said people change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as axel said people change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as axel said people change
+roles they go on and work for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles they go on and work for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles they go on and work for another
+company you know you you lose a CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know you you lose a CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you know you you lose a CH
+champion and and if you don't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion and and if you don't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion and and if you don't already
+have a deeper connection with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a deeper connection with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a deeper connection with that
+organization you know you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you know you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization you know you could be
+talking to a lawyer which is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a lawyer which is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to a lawyer which is not a
+really great feeling um so yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great feeling um so yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great feeling um so yeah you
+definitely want to you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want to you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want to you want to
+prioritize your risks you want to retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize your risks you want to retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize your risks you want to retire
+them you also you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you also you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you also you really want to
+understand if if you're really pinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if if you're really pinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if if you're really pinning
+your your prospects on this one company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your prospects on this one company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your prospects on this one company
+you better make sure that they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better make sure that they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better make sure that they're going
+to be there when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there when you get
+there so I'm a um I would get um I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'm a um I would get um I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'm a um I would get um I would
+get the deal deal done early but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the deal deal done early but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the deal deal done early but at
+least get started early but um get EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get started early but um get EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least get started early but um get EX
+people experienced with deal making on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people experienced with deal making on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people experienced with deal making on
+board whether it's an investor advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board whether it's an investor advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board whether it's an investor advisor
+you know friend of the company um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know friend of the company um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know friend of the company um some
+of these big strategic deals I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these big strategic deals I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these big strategic deals I mean they
+may take more than a year to get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may take more than a year to get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may take more than a year to get done
+and and there are and the way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are and the way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there are and the way to think
+about them is really more like a chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them is really more like a chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them is really more like a chess
+game I mean you need to think a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I mean you need to think a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I mean you need to think a bunch of
+moves ahead um to really achieve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves ahead um to really achieve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves ahead um to really achieve your
+objective and I'm a I'm a big believer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and I'm a I'm a big believer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and I'm a I'm a big believer
+in in in in um skilled negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in um skilled negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in um skilled negotiation
+actually creating value fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating value fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually creating value fundamentally
+because you find win wins alignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you find win wins alignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you find win wins alignment of
+interest and it may only you may only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and it may only you may only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and it may only you may only
+discover that after five or six uh moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that after five or six uh moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that after five or six uh moves
+in the chess game and um and people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chess game and um and people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chess game and um and people who
+have done that many times in their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that many times in their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that many times in their lives
+it's just you know they don't need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you know they don't need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just you know they don't need to be
+just from experience Chan are they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from experience Chan are they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from experience Chan are they can
+add a lot of value so that maybe another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a lot of value so that maybe another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a lot of value so that maybe another
+perspective good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective good
+are there any final words of wisdom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any final words of wisdom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any final words of wisdom or
+you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to
+impart okay well we'd like to thank we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart okay well we'd like to thank we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impart okay well we'd like to thank we
+have we have some very valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have some very valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have some very valuable
+MIT thank you no wait wait wait wait I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT thank you no wait wait wait wait I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT thank you no wait wait wait wait I
+these are uh these are Mit paper wees uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh these are Mit paper wees uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh these are Mit paper wees uh
+you can have them if you promise not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have them if you promise not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have them if you promise not to
+throw them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw them at
+entrepreneurs I leave it to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs I leave it to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs I leave it to your
+discretion of whether you use them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion of whether you use them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion of whether you use them with
+your investors your fellow investors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investors your fellow investors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your investors your fellow investors and
+we'd all like to thank you very much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd all like to thank you very much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd all like to thank you very much and
+hopefully you'll stay around for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you'll stay around for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you'll stay around for a few
+minutes for for a chat okay so thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for for a chat okay so thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for for a chat okay so thank you
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/A1bPRw9VBQo.txt b/A1bPRw9VBQo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d45a3d3b29d536b8c7fffbe40d7e67e2177b92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/A1bPRw9VBQo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2104 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Having already studied area
+and volume and its
+
+relationship to calculus, today,
+we turn our attention
+
+to the study of length.
+
+And this may seem a bit strange
+because, intuitively,
+
+I think it's fair to assume that
+you would imagine that
+
+length would be simpler than
+area which, in turn, would be
+
+simpler than volume and, hence,
+that perhaps we should
+
+have started with length
+in the first place.
+
+The interesting thing is in
+terms of our structure, which
+
+we so far have called
+two-dimensional area,
+
+three-dimensional area, and
+which, today, we shall call
+
+one-dimensional area, a rather
+peculiar thing that causes a
+
+great deal of difficulty,
+intellectually speaking,
+
+occurs in the study of arc
+length that does not occur in
+
+either the study of
+area or volume.
+
+And I think that we'll start
+our investigation today
+
+leading up to what this
+really means.
+
+So, as I say, I call today's
+lesson 'One-dimensional Area',
+
+which is arc length.
+
+And let's show that there is a
+parallel, at least in part,
+
+between the structure of arc
+length and the structure of
+
+area and volume.
+
+You may recall that for area,
+our initial axiom was that the
+
+building block of area
+was a rectangle.
+
+And for volumes, the building
+block we saw was a cylinder.
+
+For arc length--
+
+I think it's fairly obvious
+to guess what
+
+we're going to say--
+
+the basic building block is
+a straight line segment.
+
+And so without further ado, that
+becomes our first rule,
+
+our first axiom, axiom
+number one.
+
+We assume that we can measure
+the length of any straight
+
+line segment.
+
+That's our building block.
+
+The second axiom that we assume
+is that the length of
+
+the whole equals the sum of
+the lengths of the parts.
+
+In other words, if an arc is
+broken down into constituent
+
+bases, the total arc length is
+equal to the sum of the arc
+
+lengths of the constituent
+parts.
+
+And at this stage, we can
+say, so far, so good.
+
+This still looks like
+it's going to be the
+
+same as area or volume.
+
+But now remember what one of the
+axioms for both area and
+
+volume were, namely, what?
+
+That if region 'R' was contained
+in region 'S', the
+
+area or the volume of 'R' was
+no greater than that of the
+
+area or volume of 'S'.
+
+However, for arc length,
+this is not true.
+
+It need not be true.
+
+I shouldn't say it's not true.
+
+It need not be true that if
+region 'R' is contained in 'S'
+
+that the perimeter of region 'R'
+is less than or equal to
+
+the perimeter of 'S'.
+
+In fact, this little diagram
+that I've drawn over here, I
+
+hope will show you what
+I'm driving at.
+
+Notice that it's rather clear
+that the region 'R' here,
+
+which is shaded, is contained
+inside the region 'S', which
+
+is my rectangle.
+
+And yet, if you look at the
+perimeter here, all these
+
+finger-shaped things in here, I
+think it's easy to see that
+
+the perimeter of 'R' exceeds
+the perimeter of 'S'.
+
+And if it's not that easy to
+see, heck, just make a few
+
+more loops inside here and
+keep wiggling this thing
+
+around until you're convinced
+that you have created this
+
+particular situation.
+
+All I want you to see here is
+that it's plausible to you
+
+that we cannot talk about
+lengths by squeezing them, as
+
+we did areas and volumes,
+between regions that we
+
+already knew contained the
+given region and were
+
+contained in the given region.
+
+Now let me just pause here for
+one moment to make sure that
+
+we keep one thing straight.
+
+We're talking now about an
+analytical approach to length.
+
+In other words, an approach that
+will allow us to bring to
+
+bear all of the power of
+calculus to the study.
+
+I don't want you to forget for
+a moment that intuitively, we
+
+certainly do know what arc
+length is, just as we
+
+intuitively had a feeling for
+what area and volume were.
+
+Just to freshen our memories
+on this, remember the
+
+intuitive approach.
+
+That if you have an arc from 'A'
+to 'B', the typical way of
+
+measuring the arc length is to
+take, for example, a piece of
+
+string, lay it off along the
+curve from 'A' to 'B'.
+
+After you've done this,
+pick the string up.
+
+And then straighten the string
+out, whatever that means, and
+
+measure its length
+with a ruler.
+
+And we won't worry about how
+you know whether you're
+
+stretching the string too
+taut or what have you.
+
+We'll leave out these
+philosophic questions.
+
+All we'll say is we would like
+a more objective method that
+
+will allow us to use
+mathematical analysis.
+
+And so what we're going to try
+to do next is to find an
+
+analytic way that will allow us
+to use calculus, but at the
+
+same time will give us a
+definition which agrees with
+
+our intuition.
+
+And the first question is
+how shall we begin.
+
+And as so often is the case in
+mathematics, we begin our new
+
+quest by going back to an
+old way that worked
+
+for a previous case.
+
+And hopefully, we'll find a
+way of extending the old
+
+situation to cover the new.
+
+Now what does this mean in
+this particular instance?
+
+Well, let me just
+call it this.
+
+I'll call it analytical
+approach, trial number one.
+
+What I'm going to do is try to
+imitate exactly what we did in
+
+the area case.
+
+For example, if I take the
+region 'R', which I'll draw
+
+this way here, if this is the
+region 'R', namely bounded
+
+above by the curve 'y' equals 'f
+of x', below by the x-axis,
+
+on the left, by the line 'x'
+equals 'a', and on the right,
+
+by the line 'x' equals 'b', how
+did we find the area of
+
+the region 'R'?
+
+Well, what we did is we
+inscribed and we circumscribed
+
+rectangles.
+
+And we took the limit of the
+circumscribed rectangles, et
+
+cetera, and put the squeeze on
+as 'n' went to infinity.
+
+Now the idea is we might get the
+idea that maybe we should
+
+do the same thing
+for arc length.
+
+In other words, let me call one
+of these little pieces of
+
+arc length 'delta w'.
+
+In other words, I'm just
+isolating part
+
+of the diagram here.
+
+Here's 'delta w'.
+
+Here's 'delta x'.
+
+Here's 'delta y'.
+
+The idea is in the same way that
+I approximated a piece of
+
+area by an inscribed and a
+circumscribed rectangle, why
+
+can't I say something like,
+well, let me let 'delta w' be
+
+approximately equal
+to 'delta x'?
+
+And just to make sure that our
+memories are refreshed over
+
+here, notice that 'delta x' is
+just the length of each piece
+
+if the segment from 'a' to 'b',
+namely of length 'b - a',
+
+is divided into 'n'
+equal parts.
+
+See, the idea is why can't we
+mimic the same approach.
+
+And let me point out what is
+so crucial here in terms of
+
+what I mentioned above, namely,
+notice that the reason
+
+that we can say that the area of
+the region 'R' is just the
+
+limit of 'U sub n' as 'n'
+approaches infinity, where 'U
+
+sub n' is the area of the
+circumscribed rectangles.
+
+The only reason we can say that
+is because we squeezed 'A
+
+sub r' between 'L sub n', the
+inscribed rectangles, and 'U
+
+sub n', the circumscribed
+rectangles.
+
+And the limits of these
+lower bounds and
+
+upper bounds were equal.
+
+'A sub 'r was squeezed
+between these two.
+
+Hence, it had to equal
+the common limit.
+
+That was the structure
+that we used.
+
+On the other hand, we can't use
+that when we're dealing
+
+with arc length.
+
+And I'll mention that in
+a few moments again.
+
+But let me just point out what
+I'm driving at this way.
+
+Suppose we mimic this
+as we did before.
+
+And we say, OK, let the element
+of arc length, 'delta
+
+w', be approximately
+equal to 'delta x'.
+
+And now what I will do
+is define script
+
+'L' from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+I don't want to call it arc
+length because it may not be.
+
+But as a first approximation,
+let me define this symbol to
+
+be the limit of the sum of all
+these 'delta x's when we
+
+divide this region into 'n'
+parts as 'n' goes to infinity.
+
+Now look, I have the right to
+make up this particular
+
+definition.
+
+Now if I compute this
+limit, what happens?
+
+Recall that we mentioned
+that 'delta x' was
+
+'b - a' over 'n'.
+
+Consequently, if I have 'n' of
+these pieces, the total sum
+
+would be what?
+
+'n' times b' - a' over 'n'.
+
+And 'n' times 'b - a' over
+'n' is just 'b - a'.
+
+In other words, script 'L' from
+'a' to 'b' is defined.
+
+And it's 'b - a', not 'w'.
+
+In other words, coming
+back to our
+
+diagram, notice what happened.
+
+What we wanted was a recipe
+that would give
+
+us this length here.
+
+What we found was a recipe that
+gave us the length from
+
+'a' to 'b'.
+
+Now intuitively, we know that
+the length from 'a' to 'b' is
+
+not the arc length that
+we're looking for.
+
+In other words, what we defined
+to be script 'L'
+
+existed as a limit, but it gave
+us an answer which did
+
+not coincide with
+our intuition.
+
+Since we intuitively know what
+the right answer is, we must
+
+discard this approach in the
+sense that it doesn't give us
+
+an answer that we have
+any faith in.
+
+And by the way, notice where we
+went wrong over here if you
+
+want to look at it from
+that point of view.
+
+Notice that when we approximated
+'delta w' by
+
+'delta x', it's clear from this
+diagram that 'delta x'
+
+was certainly less
+than 'delta w'.
+
+But notice that we didn't have
+an upper bound here.
+
+Or we can make speculations
+like, maybe 'delta x + delta
+
+y' would be more than 'delta
+w', and things like this.
+
+We'll talk about that
+more later.
+
+But for now, all I want us
+to see is the degree of
+
+sophistication that enters into
+the arc length problem
+
+that didn't bother us in either
+the area or the volume
+
+problems, namely, we are missing
+now the all-important
+
+squeeze element.
+
+Well, no sense crying
+over spilt milk.
+
+We go on, and we try the
+next type of approach.
+
+In other words, what we sense
+now is why don't we do this.
+
+Instead of approximating 'delta
+w' by 'delta x', why
+
+don't we approximate 'delta w'
+by the cord that joins the two
+
+endpoints of the arc.
+
+In other words, I think that
+we began to suspect
+
+intuitively that, somehow or
+other, for a small change in
+
+'delta x', 'delta s' should be
+a better approximation to
+
+'delta w' than 'delta x' was.
+
+Of course, the wide open
+question is granted that it's
+
+better, is it good enough.
+
+Well, we'll worry about that in
+a little more detail later.
+
+All we're saying is let 'delta
+w' be approximately
+
+equal to 'delta s'.
+
+In other words, we'll
+approximate 'delta
+
+w' by 'delta s'.
+
+And we'll now define 'L' from
+'a' to 'b', 'L' from 'a' to
+
+'b' to be the limit not of the
+sum of 'delta x's now, but the
+
+sum of the 'delta s's, as 'k'
+goes from 1 to 'n', taken in
+
+the limit as 'n' goes
+to infinity.
+
+And for those of us who are more
+familiar with 'delta x's
+
+and 'delta y's, and the symbol
+delta s bothers us, simply
+
+observe that by the Pythagorean
+theorem, 'delta s'
+
+is related to 'delta x' and
+'delta y' by ''delta s'
+
+squared' equals ''delta
+x' squared'
+
+plus ''delta y' squared'.
+
+So we can rewrite this in
+this particular form.
+
+In other words, I will define
+capital 'L' hopefully to stand
+
+for length later on.
+
+But we'll worry about
+that later too.
+
+But 'L' from 'a' to 'b' to
+be this particular limit.
+
+And now I claim that there are
+three natural questions with
+
+which we must come to grips.
+
+The first question is does
+this limit even exist.
+
+Does this limit exist?
+
+And the answer is
+that, except for
+
+far-fetched curves, it does.
+
+You really have to get a curve
+that wiggles uncontrollably to
+
+break the possibility of
+this limit existing.
+
+Unfortunately, there are
+pathological cases, one of
+
+which is described in the text
+assignment for this lesson, of
+
+a curve that doesn't have a
+finite limit when you try to
+
+compute the arc length
+this way.
+
+Just a little idiosyncrasy.
+
+However, for any curve that
+comes up in real life, that
+
+doesn't oscillate too violently
+with infinite
+
+variations, et cetera, et
+cetera, which we won't, again,
+
+talk about right now, the idea
+is that this limit does exist.
+
+As far as this course is
+concerned, we shall assume the
+
+answer to question one is yes.
+
+In fact, the way we'll do it
+without being dictatorial is
+
+we'll say, look, if this limit
+doesn't exist, we just won't
+
+study that curve.
+
+In fact, we will call
+a curve rectifiable
+
+if this limit exists.
+
+And so we'll assume that we
+deal only with rectifiable
+
+curves, in other words, that
+this limit does exist.
+
+Question number two.
+
+OK, the limit exists.
+
+So how do we compute it?
+
+And that, in general, is not a
+very easy thing to answer.
+
+What's even worse though is
+that after you've answered
+
+this, you have to come to grips
+with a question that we
+
+were able to dodge when we
+studied both area and volume,
+
+namely, the question is once
+this limit does exist and you
+
+compute it, how do you know
+that it agrees with our
+
+intuitive definition
+of arc length.
+
+In other words, if you recall
+what we did just a few minutes
+
+ago, we defined script 'L'
+from 'a' to 'b' to be a
+
+certain limit.
+
+We showed that that
+limit existed.
+
+The problem was is that limit,
+even though it existed, did
+
+not give us an answer that
+agreed intuitively with what
+
+we believed arc length
+was supposed to mean.
+
+In other words, you see, we've
+assumed the answer to the
+
+first question is yes.
+
+Now we have two questions
+to answer.
+
+How do you compute this limit,
+which is a hard question in
+
+it's own right?
+
+Secondly, once you do compute
+this limit, how do you know
+
+that it's going to agree with
+the intuitive answer that you
+
+get for arc length?
+
+And this shall be what we have
+to answer in the remainder of
+
+our lesson today.
+
+Let's take these in order.
+
+And let's try to answer question
+number two first.
+
+The idea is we've defined
+capital 'L' from 'a' to 'b' to
+
+be this particular limit, and
+we'd like to know if this
+
+limit exists.
+
+Not only that, but we have a
+great command of calculus at
+
+our disposal now.
+
+All of the previous lessons can
+be brought to bear here to
+
+help us put this into the
+perspective of what calculus
+
+is all about.
+
+For example, when I see an
+expression like this, I like
+
+to think in terms
+of a derivative.
+
+A derivative reminds me of
+'delta y' divided by 'delta
+
+x', et cetera.
+
+So what I do here is I factor
+out a ''delta x' squared'.
+
+In other words, I divide through
+by ''delta x' squared'
+
+inside the radical sign, which
+is really the same
+
+equivalently as dividing
+by 'delta x'.
+
+And I multiply by 'delta
+x' outside.
+
+In other words, factoring out
+with ''delta x' squared', the
+
+square root of ''delta x'
+squared' plus ''delta y'
+
+squared' can be written as the
+square root of '1 + ''delta y'
+
+over 'delta x'' squared'
+times 'delta x'.
+
+Now the idea is that 'delta y'
+over 'delta x' is the slope of
+
+that cord that joins the two
+endpoints of 'delta w'.
+
+It's not a derivative
+as we know it.
+
+It's the slope of a straight
+line cord, not
+
+the slope of a curve.
+
+Now the whole idea is this.
+
+We know from the mean value
+theorem that if our curve is
+
+smooth, there is a point in
+the interval at which the
+
+derivative at that point
+is equal to the
+
+slope of the cord.
+
+In other words, if 'f' is
+differentiable on [a, b], we
+
+may invoke the Mean
+Value Theorem--
+
+here abbreviated as MVT, the
+Mean Value Theorem--
+
+to conclude that there is some
+point 'c sub k' in our 'delta
+
+x' interval for which ''delta y'
+over 'delta x'' is 'f prime
+
+of 'c sub k''.
+
+And in order to help you
+facilitate what we're talking
+
+about in your minds, look at
+the following diagram.
+
+This is all we're saying.
+
+What we're saying is here's
+our 'delta x',
+
+here's our 'delta y'.
+
+We'll call this point 'x
+sub 'k - 1'', this
+
+point 'x sub k'.
+
+This is our k-th partition.
+
+'Delta y' divided by 'delta
+x' is just the
+
+slope of this line.
+
+See, that's just the
+slope of this line.
+
+And what the Mean Value Theorem
+says is if this curve
+
+is smooth, some place on this
+arc, there is a point where
+
+the line tangent to the curve
+is parallel to this cord.
+
+And that's what I'm calling
+the point 'c sub k'.
+
+'c sub k' is the point at which
+the slope of the curve
+
+is equal to the slope
+of the cord.
+
+In other words, if 'f' is
+continuous, I can conclude
+
+that 'L' from 'a' to 'b' is the
+limit as 'n' approaches
+
+infinity, summation 'k' goes
+from 1 to 'n', square root of
+
+'1 + ''f prime 'c sub k''
+squared' times 'delta x'.
+
+And notice that this now
+starts to look like my
+
+definite integral according to
+the definition that we were
+
+talking about in our earlier
+lectures in this block.
+
+In fact, how can we invoke the
+first fundamental theorem of
+
+integral calculus?
+
+Remember, if this expression
+here-- it's
+
+not an integral yet--
+
+happens to be a continuous
+function, then we're in pretty
+
+good shape.
+
+In other words, if I can assume
+that 'f prime' is
+
+continuous--
+
+let's go over here and
+continue on here.
+
+See, what I'm saying is if I can
+assume that 'f prime' is
+
+continuous, well, look, the
+square of a continuous
+
+function is continuous.
+
+The sum of two continuous
+functions is continuous.
+
+And the square root of a
+continuous function is
+
+continuous.
+
+In other words, and this is a
+key point, if the derivative
+
+is continuous, I can conclude
+that the 'L' from 'a' to 'b'
+
+can be replaced by the definite
+integral from 'a' to
+
+'b' square root of '1 + ''dy/dx'
+squared'' times 'dx',
+
+which I quickly point out
+may be hard to evaluate.
+
+In other words, one thing I
+could try to do over here is
+
+to find the function g whose
+derivative with respect to 'x'
+
+is the square root of '1 +
+''dy/dx' squared'' and
+
+evaluate that between
+'a' and 'b'.
+
+I can put approximations on
+here, whatever I want.
+
+In fact, let's summarize
+it down here.
+
+If 'f' is differentiable on the
+closed interval from 'a'
+
+to 'b' and if 'f prime'
+is the derivative--
+
+you see, 'f prime'--
+
+is also continuous on the closed
+interval from 'a' to
+
+'b', then not only does capital
+'L' from 'a' to 'b'
+
+exist, but it's given
+computationally by this
+
+particular integral.
+
+And that answers question number
+two, that the limit
+
+exists, and this is what
+it's equal to.
+
+The problem that we're
+faced with--
+
+and I've written this out.
+
+I think it looks harder
+than what it says.
+
+But I've taken the trouble to
+write this whole thing out, so
+
+that if you have trouble
+following what I'm saying,
+
+that you can see this thing
+blocked out for you.
+
+The idea is this.
+
+What we have done is we have
+approximated 'delta
+
+w' by 'delta s'.
+
+Then what we said is 'w'
+is the sum of all
+
+these 'delta w's.
+
+And since each 'delta w' is
+approximately 'delta s', then
+
+what we can be sure of is that
+'w' is approximated by this
+
+sum over here.
+
+Now here's what we did.
+
+We didn't work with 'w'
+at all after this.
+
+We turned our attention
+to this.
+
+This is what we did
+in our case here.
+
+And we showed that this
+limit existed.
+
+We showed that the limit, as
+'k' went from 1 to 'n' and
+
+then went to infinity of these
+pieces here, was 'L' of 'ab'.
+
+And that existed.
+
+What we did not show is that
+this limit was w itself.
+
+Intuitively, you might say, if
+I put the squeeze on this,
+
+doesn't this get rid of
+all the error for me?
+
+We haven't shown that we've
+gotten rid of all the error.
+
+In essence, how do we know
+if all the error has been
+
+squeezed out?
+
+This is precisely what question
+three is all about.
+
+Again, going back to what we did
+earlier, remember, when we
+
+approximated 'delta w' by 'delta
+x', then we said, OK,
+
+add up all these 'delta x's, and
+take the limit as 'n' goes
+
+to infinity.
+
+We found that that limit was
+'b - a', which was not the
+
+length of the curve.
+
+In other words, somehow or
+other, even though the limit
+
+existed, we did not squeeze
+out all the error.
+
+And this is why the study of
+arc length is so difficult.
+
+Because we don't have a
+sandwiching effect.
+
+It is very difficult for us to
+figure out when we've squeezed
+
+out all the error.
+
+So at any rate, let
+me generalize
+
+question number three.
+
+Remember what question
+number three is?
+
+How do we know that if
+the limit exists,
+
+it's equal to 'w'?
+
+All I'm saying is don't even
+worry about arc length.
+
+Just suppose that 'w' is any
+function defined on a closed
+
+interval from 'a' to 'b' and
+that we've approximated 'delta
+
+w' by something of the form 'g
+of 'c sub k'' times 'delta x',
+
+where 'g' is what I call
+some intuitive function
+
+defined on [a, b].
+
+For example, in our earlier
+example, we started with
+
+'delta w' being arc length.
+
+And we approximated 'delta w' by
+'delta x' in which case 'g'
+
+would've been the function
+which is identically 1.
+
+In the area situation, remember
+we approximated
+
+'delta A' by something
+times 'delta x'.
+
+Well, what times 'delta x'?
+
+Well, it was the height
+of a rectangle.
+
+In other words, we look at the
+thing we're trying to find, we
+
+use our intuition--
+
+and this is difficult because
+intuition varies from person
+
+to person--
+
+and we say, what would make
+a good approximation here.
+
+What would be an
+approximation?
+
+We say, OK, let's approximate
+'delta w' by 'g of 'c sub k''
+
+times 'delta x', where 'c'
+is some point in the
+
+interval, et cetera.
+
+Then we add up all of these
+'delta w's as 'k'
+
+goes from 1 to 'n'.
+
+We say, OK, that's
+approximately
+
+this thing over here.
+
+Now what we have shown is that
+if 'g' is continuous on [a, b]
+
+then as 'n' goes to infinity,
+this particular limit exists
+
+and is denoted by the
+integral from 'a' to
+
+'b', ''g of x' dx'.
+
+This is what we've
+shown so far.
+
+What the big question is is,
+granted that this limit
+
+exists, does it equal 'w'?
+
+In other words, is 'w' equal
+to the integral from 'a' to
+
+b', ''g of x' dx'?
+
+That's what the remainder of
+today's lesson is about as far
+
+as arc length is concerned.
+
+And I'm going to solve this
+problem in general first and
+
+then make some applications
+about this
+
+to arc length itself.
+
+And by the way, what we're going
+to see next is you may
+
+remember that very, very early
+in our course, we came to
+
+grips with something called
+infinitesimals.
+
+We came to grips with this delta
+y tan infinitesimals of
+
+higher order.
+
+And now we're going to see how
+just as this came up in
+
+differential calculus, these
+same problems of approximation
+
+come up in integral calculus.
+
+The only difference, as we've
+mentioned before, is instead
+
+of having to come to grips with
+the indeterminate form
+
+0/0, we're going to have to
+come to grips with the
+
+indeterminate form
+infinity times 0.
+
+Let me show you what
+I mean by that.
+
+The idea is this.
+
+Let's suppose that our case
+'delta w'-- we've broken up
+
+'w' now into increments--
+
+and let's suppose that we're
+approximating 'delta w', as we
+
+said before, by 'g of 'c sub
+k'' times 'delta x'.
+
+Well, what do we mean by we're
+approximating this?
+
+What we mean is there's
+some error in here.
+
+Let's call the error 'alpha
+sub k' times 'delta x'.
+
+In other words, this is just
+a correction factor.
+
+This is what we have to
+add on to this to make
+
+this equality whole.
+
+Once I add on the error, I'm
+no longer working with an
+
+inequality.
+
+I'm working with an equality.
+
+And that allows me to
+use some theorems.
+
+What I can say now is by
+definition, w is the sum of
+
+all these 'delta w's.
+
+But 'delta w' being a sum, we
+can use theorems about the
+
+sigma notation.
+
+In other words, what is the sum
+of all these 'delta w's?
+
+It's the sum of all of these
+pieces plus the sum of all of
+
+these pieces, which I've
+written over here.
+
+And now you see, if I transpose,
+I get that 'w'
+
+minus this sum is equal to the
+'sum k' goes from 1 to 'n',
+
+'alpha k' times 'delta x'.
+
+Now the next thing I do
+is take the limit
+
+as 'n' goes to infinity.
+
+By definition, since 'g' is a
+continuous function, this
+
+limit here is just the definite
+integral from 'a' to
+
+'b', ''g of x' dx'.
+
+On the other hand, this limit
+here is what we have to
+
+investigate.
+
+In other words, we would like
+to know whether 'w' is equal
+
+to the definite integral
+or not.
+
+If we look at this particular
+equation, what we have now
+
+shown is whatever the
+relationship is between these
+
+two terms, it's typified by the
+fact that this difference
+
+is this particular limit.
+
+In other words, if this limit
+happens to be 0, then the
+
+integral will equal what we're
+setting out to show it's equal
+
+to, namely, this function
+itself.
+
+On the other hand, what we're
+saying is we do not know that
+
+this limit is 0.
+
+By the way, notice what's
+happening over here.
+
+As 'n' goes to infinity, 'delta
+x' is going to 0.
+
+In other words, each individual
+term in the sum is
+
+going to 0, but the number of
+pieces is becoming infinite.
+
+There's your infinity
+times 0 form here.
+
+And let me show you a case where
+the pieces are growing
+
+too fast in number to be offset
+by the fact that their
+
+size is going to 0.
+
+For the sake of argument, let me
+suppose that 'alpha sub k'
+
+happens to be some non-0
+constant for all 'k'.
+
+If I come back to this
+expression here, if 'alpha sub
+
+k' is equal to a constant, I'll
+replace 'alpha sub k' by
+
+that constant, which is 'c'.
+
+I now have what?
+
+That the limit that I'm looking
+for is the 'sum k'
+
+goes from 1 to 'n', 'c' times
+'delta x', taking the limit as
+
+'n' goes to infinity.
+
+'c' is a constant, so I
+can take it outside
+
+the integral sign.
+
+Since 'c' is a constant and
+it's outside the integral
+
+sign, let's look at
+what 'delta x' is.
+
+'Delta x' is 'b - a' divided
+by 'n', same as we were
+
+talking about earlier
+in the lecture.
+
+I have 'n' of these pieces.
+
+The 'n' in the denominator
+cancels the 'n' in the
+
+numerator when I add these up.
+
+And notice that this particular
+sum here, no matter
+
+what 'n' is, is just 'b - a'.
+
+In other words, in the case
+that 'alpha sub k' is a
+
+constant, notice that this limit
+is 'c' times 'b - a'.
+
+'c' is not 0.
+
+'b' is not equal to 'a'.
+
+We have an interval here.
+
+Therefore, this will not be 0.
+
+And notice that if this is
+not 0, these two things
+
+here are not equal.
+
+And by the way, the aside that
+I would like to make here is
+
+that even though this error is
+not negligible, notice the
+
+fact that if 'alpha sub k' is
+a constant that as 'delta x'
+
+goes to 0, this whole
+term will go to 0.
+
+But it doesn't go to
+0 fast enough.
+
+In other words, eventually,
+we're taking this sum as 'n'
+
+goes to infinity.
+
+And here's a case where, what?
+
+The pieces went to 0, but not
+fast enough to become
+
+negligible.
+
+Well, let me give you something
+in contrast to this.
+
+Situation number two is suppose
+instead 'alpha k' is a
+
+constant times 'delta x'.
+
+'B' times 'delta x', where
+'B' is a constant.
+
+In that case, notice that
+summation 'k' goes from 1 to
+
+'n', 'alpha k' times 'delta x'
+is just summation 'k' goes
+
+from 1 to 'n', 'B' times
+''delta x' squared'.
+
+Now keep in mind again that
+'delta x' is still
+
+'b - a' over 'n'.
+
+So ''delta x' squared',
+of course, is 'b
+
+- a' over 'n squared'.
+
+Notice that what's inside the
+summation sign here does not
+
+depend on 'k'.
+
+It's a constant.
+
+I can take it outside
+the summation sign.
+
+How many terms of this
+size do I have?
+
+Well, 'k' goes from 1 to 'n', so
+I have 'n' of those pieces.
+
+Therefore, this sum
+is given by this.
+
+This is an 'n squared' term.
+
+One of the 'n's in the
+denominator cancels with my
+
+'n' in the numerator.
+
+And in this particular case, I
+find that the sum, as 'k' goes
+
+from 1 to 'n', 'alpha sub k'
+times 'delta x', is 'B', which
+
+is a constant, times ''b - a'
+squared', which is also a
+
+constant, divided by 'n'.
+
+Now look, if I now allow 'n'
+to go to infinity, my
+
+numerator is a constant.
+
+My denominator is 'n'.
+
+As 'n' goes to infinity,
+my denominator
+
+increases without bound.
+
+My numerator remains constant.
+
+So the limit is 0.
+
+In other words, in the case
+where 'alpha sub k' is a
+
+constant times 'delta x', this
+limit is 0, the error is
+
+squeezed out, and, in this
+particular case, 'w' is given
+
+by the integral from 'a' to 'b',
+''g of x' dx' exactly in
+
+this particular situation.
+
+Well, the question is how many
+situations shall we go through
+
+before we generalize.
+
+And the answer is since this
+lecture is already becoming
+
+quite long, let's generalize now
+without any more details.
+
+And the generalization
+is this.
+
+In general, if you break down
+'w' into increments, which
+
+we'll call 'delta 'w sub
+k'', and 'delta 'w sub
+
+k'' is equal to--
+
+well, I've made a little
+slip here.
+
+That should be a 'g' in here.
+
+I'm using 'g's rather
+than 'f's.
+
+If 'delta 'w sub k'' is 'g of
+'c sub k'' times 'delta x'
+
+plus the correction factor
+'alpha k' times 'delta x',
+
+and, for each 'k', the limit
+of 'alpha k' as 'delta x'
+
+approaches 0 is 0.
+
+In other words, what we're
+saying is that 'alpha sub k'
+
+times 'delta x' must be a higher
+order infinitesimal.
+
+If this is a higher order
+infinitesimal, if 'alpha k'
+
+goes to 0 as 'delta x' goes
+to 0, that says, what?
+
+That 'alpha k' times 'delta x'
+is going to 0 much faster than
+
+'delta x' itself.
+
+So you compare this with our
+discussion on infinitesimals
+
+earlier in our course.
+
+I think that was in block two,
+but that's irrelevant here.
+
+But all I'm saying is if that
+is the case, in that
+
+particular case, the limit, that
+integral is exactly what
+
+we're looking for.
+
+The error has been
+squeezed out.
+
+In other words, now, in
+conclusion, what we must do in
+
+our present problem to answer
+question number three,
+
+remember, we have approximated
+delta wk by this intricate
+
+little thing, '1 + ''f prime
+'c sub k' squared'
+
+times 'delta x'.
+
+In other words, in our
+particular illustration in
+
+this lecture, the role of 'g'
+is played by the square root
+
+of '1 + 'f prime squared''.
+
+What we must show is that this
+difference is a higher order
+
+differential.
+
+And this really requires much
+more advanced work than we
+
+really want to go into.
+
+The only trouble is, as a
+student, I always used to be
+
+upset when the instructor said,
+the proof is beyond our
+
+ability or knowledge.
+
+Whenever he used to say, the
+proof is beyond our knowledge
+
+at this stage of the game, I
+used to say to myself, ah, he
+
+doesn't know how to prove it.
+
+I think there's something
+upsetting about this.
+
+So what I'm going to try to do
+for a finale here is to at
+
+least give you a plausibility
+argument that we really do
+
+squeeze the error out in
+our approximation of
+
+'delta w' in this case.
+
+In other words, let me draw this
+little diagram to bring
+
+in the infinitesimal
+idea here.
+
+Here's my 'delta w'.
+
+Here's my 'delta s'.
+
+And what I'm doing now is I am
+going to take the tangent line
+
+to the curve at 'A', use that
+rather than 'delta x'.
+
+In other words, what I'm going
+to say is we're going to
+
+assume that our curve doesn't
+have infinite oscillations.
+
+So I can assume the special
+case of a monotonically
+
+increasing function, use the
+intuitive approach that in
+
+this diagram, 'delta w' is
+caught between 'delta s' and
+
+'AB' plus 'BC', observing that
+'BC' is just what's called
+
+'delta y' minus 'delta y-tan'.
+
+And that, by the Pythagorean
+theorem, 'AB' is the square
+
+root of ''delta x' squared'
+plus ''delta 'y sub tan''
+
+squared', which, of course, can
+be written this particular
+
+way, namely, notice that the
+slope here is the slope of
+
+this curve when 'x' is equal
+to 'x sub 'k - 1''.
+
+And again, this is written out,
+so I think you can fill
+
+in the details as part of your
+review of the lecture and your
+
+homework assignment.
+
+All I want to do here is
+present a plausibility
+
+argument using 'AB', 'AC', and
+'delta s' as they occur in
+
+this diagram.
+
+All we're saying is, look, if
+we're willing to make the
+
+assumption that this curve has
+the right shape, 'delta w' is
+
+squeezed between 'delta
+s' and 'AB' plus 'BC'.
+
+As we showed on our little inset
+here, 'AB' is the square
+
+root of '1 + ''f prime'
+evaluated 'x sub 'k - 1''
+
+squared' times 'delta x'.
+
+What is 'BC'?
+
+Remember, 'BC' was 'delta
+y' minus 'delta y-tan' .
+
+That's just your epsilon
+'delta x' of your
+
+infinitesimal idea, where the
+limit of epsilon as 'delta x'
+
+approaches 0 is 0.
+
+In fact, let me just come over
+here and make sure we write
+
+that part again.
+
+Remember what we saw was that
+'delta y-tan' was 'dy/dx'
+
+evaluated at the point in
+question plus what?
+
+An error term which was called
+epsilon 'delta x', where
+
+epsilon went to 0 as 'delta
+x' went to 0.
+
+And that's all I'm
+saying over here.
+
+In other words, where is delta
+s squeezed between right now?
+
+Well, let me put it this way,
+delta s itself, by definition,
+
+is the square root of
+''delta x' squared'
+
+plus ''delta y' squared'.
+
+That we saw was this.
+
+That was our beginning
+definition in fact.
+
+Now if you look at our diagram
+once more, notice that since
+
+our curve is always holding
+water and rising, that the
+
+slope of the line 'delta
+s' is greater than the
+
+slope of the line 'AB'.
+
+Putting all of this
+together, we now
+
+have 'delta w' squeezed.
+
+And it was not at all trivial
+in putting the
+
+squeeze on 'delta w'.
+
+There was no self-evident way
+of saying just because one
+
+region was contained in another,
+it must have a
+
+smaller arc length.
+
+We really had to be ingenious
+in how we put the squeeze in
+
+to catch this thing.
+
+But in the long run, what we
+now have shown is what?
+
+That 'delta w' is
+equal to this.
+
+With an error of no greater
+than epsilon 'delta x'.
+
+In other words, the exact
+delta w is what?
+
+It's the square root of ''1
++ 'f prime 'x sub 'k - 1''
+
+squared' 'delta x' plus 'alpha
+delta x', where alpha can be
+
+no bigger than epsilon.
+
+In other words, this is the
+maximum error that we have
+
+here because it's caught
+between this.
+
+Well, look, as 'delta x'
+approaches 0, so does epsilon.
+
+And since alpha is no bigger
+than epsilon, it must be that
+
+as 'delta x' approaches 0,
+so does alpha approach 0.
+
+In other words, if we now write
+'delta w' in this form,
+
+observe that, in line with what
+we're saying, this is a
+
+higher order infinitesimal.
+
+And as a result, the intuitive
+approach can be used as the
+
+correct answer.
+
+The idea is we could have said
+earlier, look, why don't we
+
+approximate the arc length by
+the straight line segment that
+
+joins the two endpoints
+of the arc.
+
+And the answer is
+you can do that.
+
+But you are really on shaky
+grounds if you say it's
+
+self-evident that
+all the error is
+
+squeezed out in the limit.
+
+This is a very, very
+touchy thing.
+
+In other words, in the same way
+that 0/0 is a very, very
+
+sensitive thing in the study
+of differential calculus,
+
+infinity times 0 is equally as
+
+sensitive in integral calculus.
+
+The whole upshot of today's
+lecture, however, is now that
+
+we've gone through this whole,
+hard approach, it turns out
+
+that we can justify our
+intuitive approach of
+
+approximating the arc length
+by straight line segments.
+
+At any rate, this concludes
+our lesson for today.
+
+And until next time, good-bye.
+
+Funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the
+
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum
+Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
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+++ b/AFS4JbQGB0c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2891 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a creative
+
+commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Couple of announcements.
+
+First of all, the Wolf Lecture
+is tomorrow, right here in
+
+10-250 at 4:00.
+
+As also, there will be the
+weekly quiz, the mini
+
+celebration.
+
+But there's going to be, a week
+from today, celebration
+
+part trois.
+
+Yes, third celebration
+of learning.
+
+And remember, what we're
+shooting for
+
+is the smiley face.
+
+None of this.
+
+And those of you who are over
+here on the grade point
+
+distribution curve, we want
+to move you to the right.
+
+So I'll say a little bit more
+later in the week about what
+
+the coverage will be.
+
+I'll be available for office
+hours later, and
+
+I thought to try to cheer you
+up, and remind you that
+
+studying is not something
+you do only the
+
+night before the exam.
+
+You have to be studying
+on a regular basis.
+
+All right?
+
+So from the iconic film
+Ghostbusters,
+
+there's this one scene.
+
+[FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+For a moment, pretend that I
+don't know anything about
+
+metallurgy, engineering, or
+physics, and just tell me what
+
+the hell is going on.
+
+You never studied.
+
+[END FILM PLAYBACK]
+
+You don't want to be a character
+in that scene.
+
+So what are you going
+to do about it?
+
+You're going to study.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's get down to work.
+
+Today I'm going to take one
+day and I'm going to talk
+
+about organic chemistry.
+
+Now, I'm not going to pretend
+that after one lecture, you're
+
+going to walk out of here and
+know much organic chemistry.
+
+I'm going to give you, if
+you want to know organic
+
+chemistry, you're going
+to have to take 512,
+
+and many if you will.
+
+But I'm going to give you enough
+that it will set up for
+
+the subsequent units on polymers
+and on biochemistry.
+
+So we'll know enough that
+we can move forward.
+
+So let's get into the
+
+definition of organic chemistry.
+
+It's the chemistry of compounds,
+containing both
+
+carbon and hydrogen.
+
+There can be, of course, other
+elements present, but you've
+
+got to have carbon and
+hydrogen to get
+
+yourself into Orgo.
+
+And what makes carbon and
+hydrogen so special?
+
+We've been studying these
+elements through the semester.
+
+But just to be reminded.
+
+First of all, hydrogen is
+peculiar because it's got the
+
+lowest atomic number.
+
+It's got the lone proton,
+and a single electron.
+
+And when hydrogen ionizes,
+it forms the
+
+hydrogen ion, or the proton.
+
+That's all that's left.
+
+And this thing's very
+tiny, and it can
+
+form covalent bonds.
+
+It forms covalent bonds as
+primary bonds, and it can form
+
+hydrogen bonds as
+secondary bonds.
+
+So it's peculiar for
+that reason.
+
+It does not form ions.
+
+You cannot imagine something is
+tiny as a proton occupying
+
+a lattice site in an
+ionic crystal.
+
+OK.
+
+Now when it comes to carbon,
+carbon is also peculiar.
+
+It's smack dab in the middle of
+the periodic table, in the
+
+second row.
+
+Four valence electrons, which
+means that it's very
+
+difficult to ionize.
+
+If it wants to achieve octet
+stability, it's going to have
+
+to form covalent compounds.
+
+It's not going to acquire four
+electrons or lose four
+
+electronics.
+
+In rare exceptional
+circumstances it, might, but
+
+commonly, it does not.
+
+And with that intermediate
+average valence electron
+
+energy, it's going
+to be capable of
+
+all sorts of bonding.
+
+And in particular, because of
+its small size, it's capable,
+
+with its small size and the
+intermediate value of average
+
+valence electron energy--
+
+and this is critical--
+
+is that it's capable of forming
+multiple bonds.
+
+And this is key, as we'll see
+later when things try to
+
+polymerize and form
+multiple bonds.
+
+And this is not common, for
+example, not the case if you
+
+look underneath carbon.
+
+Silicon, germanium,
+for example.
+
+Same thing.
+
+Group 4, same kind of mid-stream
+average valence
+
+electron energy.
+
+But they're too big.
+
+Silicon and Germanium do not
+form double and triple bonds.
+
+So the other thing is that it's
+capable of self-linking.
+
+It can link to itself, form
+carbon chains, and also with
+
+nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur.
+
+So this gives it--
+
+and let's put up phosphorus
+as well.
+
+Phosphorus and sulfur.
+
+So with these kinds
+of links-- we've
+
+already seen oxygen links.
+
+We'll see, pretty soon, nitrogen
+links and so on.
+
+There's millions of organic
+compounds, and today I'm just
+
+going to look at a few.
+
+I'm just going to give
+you some taxonomy and
+
+nomenclature, and we're going
+to walk through this.
+
+And here's the way to
+keep it straight.
+
+You know all this stuff.
+
+I'm just going to organize
+it in your minds for you.
+
+We've already studied the
+three different types of
+
+hybridization.
+
+sp, sp2, and sp3.
+
+And we've already seen that if
+you're going to have a double
+
+bond, you need sp2 hybridization
+to reserve 1p
+
+orbital, to make that
+pi second bond.
+
+And if you want to make triple
+bonds, you make sp
+
+hybridization, thereby reserving
+two p orbitals to
+
+make two pi bonds.
+
+So this is sigma, sigma plus
+pi, sigma plus pi plus pi.
+
+That's it.
+
+Now what we're going to do is to
+is go back and look at this
+
+in the context of
+hydrocarbons.
+
+So hydrocarbons is going to be
+now the focus here, and the
+
+hydrocarbons are the simplest
+of the organic compounds.
+
+So let's look at hydrocarbons.
+
+I'm going to look at their
+nomenclature and their
+
+properties.
+
+But the structure behind
+everything, the treatment, is
+
+the type of hybridization.
+
+So these consist only of
+hydrogen and carbon.
+
+Compounds containing only
+hydrogen and carbon.
+
+So I'm just going to
+go down that chart.
+
+And we'll go through.
+
+So the first one on the left is
+the alkanes We'll look at
+
+the alkanes.
+
+And the alkanes are
+characterized by sp3
+
+hybridization.
+
+And so this gives the maximum
+number of carbon linkages.
+
+Why?
+
+Because you can only
+form single bonds.
+
+So if I can only form single
+bonds, every bond goes to a
+
+different atom.
+
+Whereas if I form double bonds,
+then I'm burning up
+
+some of the capability.
+
+Because if I used two bonds
+to get to one neighboring
+
+element, instead of two single
+bonds each to two different
+
+neighboring elements, I don't
+have as many linkages.
+
+So the maximum number of carbon
+linkages-- and because
+
+they have the maximum number,
+we're going to borrow
+
+terminology from the last
+unit on solutions.
+
+What's the maximum amount of
+solute you can get into a
+
+solution called?
+
+It's called the saturation
+value.
+
+And they use that term here.
+
+These are called saturated
+hydrocarbons, because they've
+
+got the maximum number
+of linkages, bonds.
+
+And they're all sigma bonds.
+
+All of this is a consequence
+of the choice of sp3.
+
+I could have led you through all
+of this, but we're putting
+
+it up quickly here.
+
+All right.
+
+And so they have a
+common formula.
+
+CNH2N plus 2.
+
+I think I've got some--
+
+yeah, this is taking from
+one of the other books.
+
+I know you've got a list like
+this in your own book.
+
+So here they are.
+
+So this is just CNH2N plus 2,
+and you go down, and there's
+
+the nomenclature.
+
+The meth, for historical reasons
+represents n equals 1.
+
+So here's what the hidden
+message is.
+
+You name them by the carbon
+number plus the suffix A N E.
+
+So the -anes, the alk-anes,
+are all these sp3.
+
+So 1 is meth, 2 is eth, 3
+is pro, and 4 is but.
+
+And they all have historical
+derivations.
+
+But- comes from butyric acid,
+which is the acid that's
+
+formed when butter turns
+rancid, and so on.
+
+After you get up to N equals
+4, it's just your Latin.
+
+So you just take your high
+school Latin, pentane, hexane,
+
+heptane, and so on.
+
+And if you didn't take high
+school Latin, this is a great
+
+chance to learn the
+ordinals in Latin.
+
+So there they are.
+
+Now, I'm not going to
+expect you to--
+
+if I say decane, you're supposed
+to slam down C10H22.
+
+But I would expect that I could
+say decane, and I'd give
+
+you that formula and you'd
+be comfortable with it.
+
+What's the other thing to note
+here, while we've got this up
+
+on the chart.
+
+You can see that all of these
+are symmetric molecules, and
+
+they're non-polar.
+
+They're perfectly symmetric
+non-polar.
+
+And what happens as the
+molecular mass increases, the
+
+melting point increases, the
+boiling point increases, and
+
+the state of matter transitions
+from gas at room
+
+temperature to liquid at room
+temperature to solid at room
+
+temperature.
+
+So here's an excellent example
+of polarizability in action.
+
+Because the only way one methane
+can bond to another
+
+methane is by induced
+dipole-induced dipole
+
+interaction.
+
+So the only difference between
+methane and icosane is that
+
+icosane is a honking big
+molecule, non-polar, but very
+
+polarizable.
+
+And so as the polarizability
+increases, you can see the
+
+effect here.
+
+OK, so that's good.
+
+So you get to learn your
+Latin ordinals.
+
+Now these are also termed
+straight chains.
+
+They can be termed straight
+chains, but I want you to look
+
+carefully at what's
+going on here.
+
+So here's a diagram used, the
+first one on the left, you've
+
+seen methane many times.
+
+There's ethane and
+then propane.
+
+And what do you notice here?
+
+Because of the sp3
+hybridization, all of these
+
+angles are 109 degrees,
+including the
+
+carbon-carbon angles.
+
+And when the thing is really
+short, you get
+
+this zig-zaggy nature.
+
+So because of the sp3
+hybridization, you see the
+
+carbon doing this.
+
+This is carbon-carbon, and
+then the rest, forget it.
+
+I mean, this is the backbone.
+
+But if I get up to icosane and
+I have about 20 of these
+
+things, forget the zig-zag.
+
+From here, yeah, I know there's
+a little bit of fine
+
+structure, but for all intents
+and purposes, this as a chain.
+
+Straight chain.
+
+And that's where you get
+the terminology from.
+
+But keep in mind that there is
+this zig-zagging back and
+
+forth, due to the sp3
+hybridization.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the first point.
+
+The second point is that the
+bonds between the carbons are
+
+not fully specified.
+
+So for example, take the carbon
+here on the left.
+
+The sticks to go to the 3
+hydrogens here depicted in
+
+white, and then the fourth
+stick goes to the carbon.
+
+And then off of that carbon
+comes 3 more sticks, and all
+
+of these are 109
+degree angles.
+
+All of that specified,
+and nothing more.
+
+There's nothing saying that
+these 2 hydrogens in the back
+
+have to line up.
+
+These two hydrogens out front
+have to the line up.
+
+That's all free to rotate.
+
+And so we have that degree
+of freedom there.
+
+The result is that you can have
+something that zig-zags
+
+back and forth.
+
+So for example, this is called
+eclipse, because if I were to
+
+stand here, these two hydrogens
+
+are on a direct line.
+
+So the front hydrogen covers
+the back hydrogen.
+
+It eclipses.
+
+This hydrogen out front to your
+and my right is on the
+
+same line is this hydrogen
+to your and my left.
+
+And so if I were to look here
+from the end, this hydrogen
+
+eclipses, and so on.
+
+So if I get something eclipsed,
+I'm going to have a
+
+perfect straight line.
+
+If I have something that's
+staggered, it's free to
+
+zig-zag, but it's free to
+zig-zag and meander, and this
+
+is what happens.
+
+So here's 2 C17H36 molecules,
+and the top confirmation is
+
+more or less straight.
+
+These are more or less eclipsed
+configurations.
+
+Whereas the lower one, you can
+see, there's a fair bit of
+
+stagger, and as a result, the
+backbone can actually loop
+
+back on itself.
+
+But in both cases, we still call
+these straight chains.
+
+They're still straight chain.
+
+Because as you start at one
+end and go from carbon to
+
+carbon, you linearly go
+to the other end.
+
+It doesn't mean it's straight
+like straight as an arrow.
+
+It just means there's
+no branches.
+
+So now I'm going to distinguish
+this from the
+
+other one by branching.
+
+So let's just get
+this up here.
+
+So we have straight chains,
+is one case.
+
+Straight chains.
+
+And the straight chains
+can either be
+
+staggered or eclipsed.
+
+And the closer you get
+to eclipsed, the
+
+closer you get to--
+
+the more eclipsed,
+the straighter.
+
+I think you'll understand
+what this means.
+
+Staggered allows it to
+make large loops--
+
+I'll just put here, straight
+but looped.
+
+You can use that to describe
+some of your friends, too.
+
+All right.
+
+Now--
+
+it's a Monday, it's a joke!
+
+Wake up!
+
+Wake up!
+
+All right.
+
+Now we can look at
+another one.
+
+Branched chains.
+
+And now, this will be a major
+departure, whether the chain
+
+is super-straight or does a lot
+of looping back and forth,
+
+the branched chain is in marked
+contrast. Now let me
+
+give you an example of
+the branch chain.
+
+Best to just do it.
+
+So here's the branch chain.
+
+I'm going to use a butane.
+
+So you know B U T is 4.
+
+So that means 4 carbons, and
+A means 4 carbons, sp3
+
+hybridized.
+
+So that's it.
+
+So now I'm going
+to write this.
+
+Here's butane.
+
+C, C, C, C.
+
+And I'm going to write this as
+just a straight chain, instead
+
+of doing this.
+
+I'm going to contrast. I'm
+going to do 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+OK?
+
+So there we are.
+
+So this is, instead of writing
+all this stuff, this is
+
+butane, and this is butane.
+
+But now here's the thing.
+
+Four stick rule.
+
+Whenever you're doing Orgo,
+four stick rule.
+
+That means, four sticks
+out of every carbon.
+
+So here's the carbon-carbon
+bond, so I
+
+need three more sticks.
+
+1, 2, 3.
+
+And I know these are sp3
+hybridized, but just, in
+
+compressed notation,
+you can do this.
+
+And I'm not even going to
+write all the hydrogens.
+
+Here I'm going to write the
+hydrogens because it's our
+
+first time through, and it's
+Monday, and everybody needs a
+
+little bit of TLC.
+
+But now the TLC is gone.
+
+This is it, all right?
+
+I'm not even going to put
+the H's on the end.
+
+The stick coming off of carbon
+means there's a hydrogen here.
+
+All right?
+
+So how about this one?
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3,
+4, 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+And now let's count
+the hydrogens.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
+
+C4H10.
+
+Butane.
+
+All right.
+
+Now there's another
+way to write this.
+
+I could go like so.
+
+1, 2, 3.
+
+And I could put a
+carbon up here.
+
+This is a branch, you see?
+
+It's not in a straight line.
+
+And I'm not talking
+about eclipsed.
+
+Because if I start at 1n and go
+down the backbone, I get to
+
+the other end, I
+only hit three.
+
+I never got to this one.
+
+But let's see.
+
+You know, maybe this
+is different.
+
+So four stick rule.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+Now let's count the hydrogens.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
+
+This is C4H10.
+
+It's a different molecule,
+you can see.
+
+With what you've already learned
+in 3091, this has a
+
+different dipole moment,
+doesn't it?
+
+It's got a different
+dipole moment.
+
+It's going to have a different
+polarizability.
+
+But it's a butane,
+it's a C4H10.
+
+So this is called
+butane, right?
+
+And this one, over here,
+
+historically, was called isobutane.
+
+Because it's an isomer.
+
+It's got the same chemical
+composition, but it's got a
+
+different makeup.
+
+It's got a different
+structural makeup.
+
+It's got a different--
+
+I'm going to use the material
+science-y word.
+
+Different structure.
+
+It's got a different molecular
+structure.
+
+But the chemists going back 50
+years ago didn't use these
+
+terms. They called it different
+constituents.
+
+So I'm going to use
+that as well.
+
+Different molecular structure
+or different constituents.
+
+And what do we mean
+by constituents?
+
+Now comes the color chalk.
+
+So we're going to do,
+is I want to circle
+
+the makeup of this.
+
+So at this end, I've got--
+
+this is a CH3 here, correct?
+
+There's a CH3 over here.
+
+And then in between, I've
+got CH2 and a CH2.
+
+Now let's go over here
+and diagram this one.
+
+The isobutane, I've got a CH3
+at the end, and a CH3 at the
+
+opposite end.
+
+So far, same as the butane.
+
+But now look.
+
+There's a third CH3 here,
+and then there's this
+
+thing, which is a CH.
+
+You could argue it's
+a CH2 that got
+
+methylated, but, you know.
+
+So I'm going to put a CH2 here
+that's been methylated.
+
+And I'll tell you
+what that means.
+
+OK?
+
+So it's really a CH2 group
+that got methylated.
+
+So it's called isobutane, but
+you can see, it's got
+
+different--
+
+all I'm doing here is making
+the justification for the
+
+different constitution,
+different dielectric
+
+constants, and so
+on and so forth.
+
+So this is where the chemists
+must come in.
+
+They would say, different
+constituents.
+
+And so these are isomers that
+have the same chemical
+
+composition, and are different
+on the basis of their
+
+constitution.
+
+So they call these
+constitutional isomers.
+
+This is a constitutional
+isomer.
+
+Isobutane is a constitutional
+isomer.
+
+Now the last piece
+is nomenclature.
+
+They don't use this today.
+
+Because isobutane was
+a term that came
+
+out of chemical industry.
+
+Because it looks like butane,
+has got the same molecular
+
+weight, but it's
+very different.
+
+Today we use the
+IUPAC notation.
+
+Remember this?
+
+International Union of Pure
+and Applied Chemistry.
+
+They're the ones, when one of
+you discovers and stabilizes
+
+element 113, And you want to
+name it after dadadadada, you
+
+have to get past the
+IUPAC committee.
+
+OK?
+
+So their nomenclature committee
+would say, this is
+
+an alkane, but it's only three
+carbon units long.
+
+So it is not a butane.
+
+It is a propane.
+
+It is a type of propane.
+
+But it's not simple propane,
+because there's a methyl
+
+hanging off the side.
+
+So in point of fact, this, in
+IUPAC nomenclature, is a
+
+methyl propane.
+
+And furthermore, if you want
+to get really pedantic, and
+
+IUPAC loves to get pedantic, is
+what they'll do, is they'll
+
+number these, starting
+from left to right.
+
+So this is the number 1 carbon,
+this is the number 2
+
+carbon, and this is
+number 3 carbon.
+
+And the methyl group
+is pendent on
+
+the number 2 carbon.
+
+So if we want to get really,
+really, really pedantic, and
+
+who wouldn't, on a Monday
+morning, what we would do, is
+
+we would call this
+2-methylpropane.
+
+So it's a propane, 3 carbon
+units, there's a methyl group
+
+hanging off of number 2.
+
+Now, I don't expect you to be
+able to do these on sight, but
+
+I would like you to be
+appreciative of what this is.
+
+So I'll give it to
+you on an exam.
+
+All right.
+
+So we've got the isomers.
+
+And I think I've got some--
+
+I think I've got this.
+
+No.
+
+OK, this is good.
+
+Oh.
+
+There's one other thing I want
+to talk about with alkanes.
+
+There's another thing that we
+need to know, and that's about
+
+the radicals.
+
+The radicals that form.
+
+The radical is a species
+with one or
+
+more unpaired electrons.
+
+Right?
+
+This is broken bond.
+
+One pair electrons.
+
+That's equivalent
+to broken bond.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is highly reactive.
+
+Because this unpaired
+electron is going to
+
+go look for a mate.
+
+So if you take a look at CH4--
+
+now I'm going to put
+the hydrogens in.
+
+So this is methane, CH4.
+
+I'm going to break this bond in
+the lower right corner, and
+
+just have an unpaired
+electron.
+
+And this is called the
+methyl radical.
+
+Very reactive.
+
+So you can see that this methyl
+radical could go up and
+
+stick on to the fourth strut of
+that number 2 carbon, and
+
+thereby form the carbon-carbon
+bond.
+
+So that's why they call
+this methylpropane.
+
+So the methyl radical.
+
+And you can write it this way,
+H3C with dot indicating
+
+unpaired electrons.
+
+But I want you to be literate
+with the way chemists will
+
+write this in various
+compact notations.
+
+So you might even see
+it written this way.
+
+Now, that doesn't mean
+that the unpaired
+
+electron is on a hydrogen.
+
+This is just a way of saying,
+you know, CH4 is methane, CH3
+
+is methyl, and who cares.
+
+There's only one possible
+meaning to
+
+this, so it's all good.
+
+All right?
+
+Let's do two unpaired
+electrons.
+
+So I'm going to take two
+unpaired electrons.
+
+Again, this is out of the
+alkane, so I'll put a hydrogen
+
+above and below.
+
+So that would be like
+this one here.
+
+You see the CH2?
+
+So it's got carbon-carbon bonds
+on either side, but in
+
+point of fact, this is
+part of a zig-zag.
+
+So I'm going to break
+bonds here and here.
+
+All right?
+
+So now I've got the possibility
+of putting a bond
+
+on either side.
+
+And this one here is
+called methylene.
+
+This is methylene.
+
+This is the methylene radical,
+and it's got
+
+two unpaired electrons.
+
+So we could write that as H2C
+with 2 unpaired electrons.
+
+And, you know, these
+are electrons.
+
+They're not just anywhere.
+
+They're sitting in an orbital,
+and that orbital is as at 109
+
+degrees from the other bond.
+
+So it has to be sitting there
+in reserve, in waiting.
+
+So if I bring another carbon
+here, I get the carbon-carbon
+
+bond, and I start forming
+the zig-zag.
+
+And there's one more, a common
+one that we'll need to know.
+
+And that's from ethane,
+which is C2H6, right?
+
+Let's start with ethane, C2H6,
+and I'm going to make a
+
+radical out of that.
+
+It will be C2H5, like this.
+
+To which I can add a hydroxyl,
+and now I'll make ethyl
+
+alcohol, and then
+it's party time.
+
+But so this is how you start.
+
+All right?
+
+This is the ethyl radical.
+
+Starting from methane.
+
+And that's pretty much it.
+
+That's about all I want
+you to really take
+
+away with the alkanes.
+
+C4H10.
+
+Yeah, there you go.
+
+So there you can see, to the
+left, the zig-zagging of the
+
+linear and the butane, and
+then the methyl propane.
+
+That's good.
+
+OK.
+
+Now let's go to sp2.
+
+Now we're going to look
+at the alkenes.
+
+So alkenes represent--
+
+the alkenes--
+
+this is sp2 hybridization.
+
+And they contain--
+
+this means there's the
+possibility of a carbon-carbon
+
+double bond.
+
+And they're also known
+as unsaturated.
+
+Because they don't optimize.
+
+The fact that you spent two of
+your bonds going between two
+
+atoms instead of taking one bond
+to one carbon and another
+
+bond somewhere else, means that
+you're undermaximized.
+
+So unsaturated hydrocarbons.
+
+OK?
+
+And the formula for these is
+CNH2N, where obviously N is
+
+greater than 1.
+
+We can't form a carbon-carton
+double bond
+
+with only one carbon.
+
+So you know, the prototypical
+one we looked at was this one
+
+here, just to C2.
+
+That's the first one.
+
+So it's going to be C2H4.
+
+So carbon-carbon double bond.
+
+There's a sigma bond here,
+and a pi bond.
+
+And they lie in a plane.
+
+The molecule is planar.
+
+120 degrees here.
+
+So we'll put the hydrogens
+on it--
+
+you know already, I don't have
+to put the hydrogens there.
+
+That's good enough.
+
+All right.
+
+So what's this one called?
+
+This is called ethylene,
+historically.
+
+Ethylene.
+
+But the IUPAC notation is
+similar to this one.
+
+It's carbon number
+plus -ene, E N E.
+
+So strictly speaking, this
+is what everybody knows.
+
+But IUPAC insists--
+
+and I don't know.
+
+As you publish, some editors
+are really fastidious, and
+
+they'll force you to change
+if you use this kind of
+
+terminology.
+
+So you're going to have
+to call it ethene.
+
+Or in the UK they
+call it ethene.
+
+But everybody knows
+it is ethylene.
+
+OK.
+
+So there it is.
+
+And you only need 1
+carbon-carbon bond.
+
+So you can have long
+chains where the
+
+position isn't fixed.
+
+So let's look at a couple
+of examples.
+
+So let's look at butene.
+
+OK, let me just write
+that down.
+
+That's good.
+
+The position of carbon-carbon
+is not fixed.
+
+It just has to be somewhere in
+the molecule, which consists
+
+only of hydrogen and carbon
+
+So here's a couple
+of examples.
+
+I'll start with this one.
+
+This is going to be--
+
+so this is 1, 2, 3, 4, so
+that's a but- something.
+
+And it's got a double bond,
+so that's a butene.
+
+It's all hydrocarbon.
+
+So that's butene here.
+
+But I could also-- well,
+let's finish this.
+
+How many?
+
+This is 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+See, I even tried to indicate
+the 120 degrees here.
+
+This is going to
+be 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+All right.
+
+So there's the butene.
+
+But there's another place I
+could put the carbon-carbon
+
+double bond.
+
+I could do it this way.
+
+Make a carbon-carbon single
+bond, move the carbon-carbon
+
+double bond over to the
+number 2 position.
+
+this is 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+So this is going to be 1-butene,
+and this one here is
+
+going to be 1, 2.
+
+So we'll make this 2-butene.
+
+And let's keep counting here.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1,
+2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+And I've proven to you,
+I hope, by now that I
+
+can count to four.
+
+So this is 2-butene, right?
+
+2-butene.
+
+And if you go through this
+using the same kind of
+
+diagrammatic analysis as over
+here, you're going to come to
+
+the conclusion that even though
+these both have the
+
+same composition, which is going
+to be C4H8, they're both
+
+C4H8, but as you diagram them,
+you'll find that they have
+
+different constituents.
+
+So these, in fact, are
+constitutional
+
+isomers of one another.
+
+Constitutional isomers.
+
+Yeah, that's pretty good.
+
+There's even more.
+
+It gets even better.
+
+I want to focus on the bottom
+one, the 2-butene, and I want
+
+to write it out with a little
+bit more detail.
+
+So let's start with that
+carbon-carbon double bond.
+
+And we know the carbon-carbon
+double bond requires planar
+
+structures at 120 degrees
+from one another.
+
+So let's look at that one.
+
+And what we've got here, is on
+the carbon, I've got on the
+
+one side, I've got a hydrogen
+strut, right?
+
+And on the other side,
+I've got a methyl.
+
+I've put a methyl
+here, like that.
+
+OK?
+
+Or actually, let's get--
+
+OK, I'll do that.
+
+I was-- what I wanted to
+do, to get really--
+
+OK, watch this.
+
+All right.
+
+So what I'm going to
+do on this side,
+
+this side, same thing.
+
+The carbon has a hydrogen strut
+down here, and on the
+
+other side, you've
+got the methyl.
+
+OK?
+
+So that looks good.
+
+But there's another way to do
+this, and still keep the
+
+carbon-carbon bond
+in the center.
+
+So I'm going to do
+that over here.
+
+So 1, 2, 1, 2.
+
+And in this instance, I'll put
+the same thing I have on the
+
+left side, H3C.
+
+So so far, so good.
+
+I've got the same molecule.
+
+But now what I'm going to do,
+just for grins and chuckles,
+
+I'm going to put the hydrogen in
+the upper position, and the
+
+methyl in the lower position.
+
+Now, these are not
+constitutional isomers.
+
+They have the same constitution,
+right?
+
+Carbon-carbon double bond, two
+methyl groups, two hydrogens.
+
+Carbon-carbon double bond, two
+methyl groups, two hydrogens.
+
+So they're constitutionally
+identical, yet these have very
+
+different properties.
+
+Can you see?
+
+I mean, the dipole moment is
+going to be different.
+
+Look.
+
+Here's the charge, all up on one
+side, and here the charge
+
+is more symmetrically
+straddled.
+
+Which means, they're going to
+have different melting points.
+
+They're going to have different
+boiling points.
+
+And they have the same chemical
+formula, and they
+
+have the same chemical
+constitution.
+
+So they're different kinds.
+
+There's some kind of isomers--
+
+what's the difference here?
+
+It's not the constitution,
+it's the way things are
+
+arranged in space!
+
+This is great material
+science.
+
+Spatial orientation
+is everything.
+
+And what do you call it when
+you're listening to some
+
+loudspeakers and a really good
+audio system, and you can
+
+close your eyes, and the violins
+are over here, and the
+
+cello is here, and
+you can hear the
+
+percussion way in the back.
+
+What is that called?
+
+Stereophonic sound.
+
+Stereo phonic, meaning you can
+render spacial resolution.
+
+So these are called
+stereoisomers.
+
+One's a stereoisomer
+of the other.
+
+So they're spacially
+distinguishable.
+
+So they have--
+
+for example, I went and
+looked this up.
+
+Oh.
+
+Let's give some names to this.
+
+In this case, all the methyls
+are on the same side, and the
+
+hydrogens are on
+the same side.
+
+So I can a dividing plane
+here, if you like,
+
+parallel to the floor.
+
+And I'll just cut right through
+the center of the
+
+carbons, parallel
+to the floor.
+
+And so in one instance, all the
+methyls are on the same
+
+side, and here the methyls are
+on opposite sides of the
+
+double bond.
+
+So when they're on the same
+side, this is called
+
+cis-butene.
+
+And let's be super pedantic.
+
+It was a 2-butene, so now
+it's a cis-2-butene.
+
+This is terrific.
+
+And this is a 2-butene, but
+it's on opposite side.
+
+So this is called a
+trans-2-butene.
+
+Cis-2-butene and
+trans-2-butene.
+
+And I looked up-- so let's see,
+which one do you think
+
+has tighter, which one's going
+to be more tightly packed?
+
+Which one's going to have
+the greater density?
+
+Which one's going
+to pack better?
+
+Cis or trans?
+
+The density here is 0.627, and
+the density here is 0.61.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, which one's going to have
+the higher boiling point?
+
+Which one's going to have the
+higher boiling point?
+
+Gee, that should be
+a no-brainer.
+
+Once you know which one's
+got the higher density.
+
+Why does it have the
+higher density?
+
+Because it's more nearest
+neighbors is
+
+more tightly packed.
+
+So I would bet on the one
+with the higher density.
+
+And this one boils at, boiling
+point is 3.7 degrees Celsius,
+
+and this one, the boiling
+point is--
+
+hang on, I've got
+this backwards.
+
+This is 3.7.
+
+Boiling point is 1
+degree Celsius.
+
+So those are the data
+as they come up.
+
+So stereoisomer, spacially
+distinguishable.
+
+By the way, we can form
+multiple bonds.
+
+We can form multiple
+double bonds.
+
+So they're -enes as well.
+
+So if we have two double bonds
+in the molecule, so we'll call
+
+that a diene.
+
+And we can have--
+
+you can keep going with the
+Latin, but common ones you
+
+might find is the triene.
+
+And this will come back later
+when we look at polymers.
+
+So if we have two bonds,
+we will have--
+
+You know, some of that hard
+luggage that you're seeing
+
+that's coming back, they got the
+roller boards, but instead
+
+of the fabric, now they're
+coming back with the really
+
+hard polymer?
+
+That's ABS, and the
+b is butadiene.
+
+So let's look at a-- here's
+a pentadiene.
+
+I'll give you a pentadiene.
+
+So that's going to
+be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
+
+It's five carbons,
+for starters.
+
+And I'm going to put
+the double bonds on
+
+the 1 and the 3 carbon.
+
+It'll be a penta-, it's
+five carbons.
+
+And it's an -ene, because
+there's going to be some
+
+double bonds here.
+
+And it's a di-, because I'm
+going to put double bonds at
+
+the 1 and the 3.
+
+So 1 gets a double bond, and
+3 gets a double bond.
+
+So this is a pentadiene.
+
+OK?
+
+And then the last thing is--
+
+pardon me.
+
+Last thing is radicals.
+
+So here's the common radical.
+
+We'll start with ethylene, and
+I'm going to make an ethylene
+
+radical here.
+
+I'll break off the hydrogen at
+this point, and I can write
+
+that as CH2CH.
+
+And we can't call this ethyl
+radical, because ethyl was
+
+already used for C2H5.
+
+So we need to indicate that
+there's a double bond, and so
+
+this radical is known
+as vinyl.
+
+This is the vinyl radical.
+
+And so you could react this with
+chlorine, for example, in
+
+which case you'd make vinyl
+chloride, and then you'd
+
+polymerize that, and
+you make PVC.
+
+And we're going to see that
+in the next coming days.
+
+Or you could you can put
+alcohol on there.
+
+I've already told you that.
+
+I don't need to remind you
+twice about that, I bet.
+
+OK.
+
+So now--
+
+oh, there's one other one.
+
+There's one other one that will
+come up if you take a lot
+
+of biochemistry, and
+that's the one that
+
+comes off of propene.
+
+So if you start with propene,
+propene's going
+
+to look like this.
+
+1, 2, 3.
+
+So there's propene.
+
+3.
+
+There's a saying double bond
+here, and I'm going to put 1,
+
+2, 3 in here.
+
+1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is the radical that
+comes from propene.
+
+So this one is derived from
+ethylene, and this one here is
+
+derived from propylene.
+
+So again, as in this case, we
+couldn't call this ethyl.
+
+We can't call this propyl,
+because that's the one that
+
+you get from the alkane.
+
+So instead, this one
+is called allyl.
+
+A L L Y L.
+
+And if you take 7012 at some
+point, Professor Weinberg will
+
+refer to these pendant groups.
+
+He likes to pronounce
+this all-YL.
+
+You'll hear him talk about,
+and the all-YLS are
+
+over here and here.
+
+That's what we're
+talking about.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So this is C3H7 dot.
+
+Good.
+
+All right.
+
+Moving right along.
+
+Now I want to turn
+to the alkynes.
+
+That's the sp hybridization.
+
+sp.
+
+And that means there's going
+to be at least one
+
+carbon-carbon triple bond.
+
+One carbon-carbon triple bond.
+
+So the formula there is CNH2N
+minus 2, and obviously N has
+
+to be greater than
+1, otherwise you
+
+can't form a bond.
+
+And there's very little
+that you need to
+
+remember about this one.
+
+The dominant one that you'll
+come upon is C2H2.
+
+So according IUPAC nomenclature,
+the two carbons
+
+means it has to be F, and these
+are all alkynes, so this
+
+should be ethyne.
+
+And if you ask for ethyne,
+nobody knows what you're
+
+talking about, although
+it's very correct.
+
+This is known as acetylene,
+which is a fuel gas for
+
+welding, cutting, torches
+and so on.
+
+You've got two lines, you've got
+a big tank of acetylene,
+
+you've got a big
+tank of oxygen.
+
+And this is used because there
+is enormous energy stored in
+
+this carbon-carbon
+double bond.
+
+And so when you combust this
+with the stoichiometric amount
+
+of oxygen, you can cut through
+steel, you can use this to
+
+make very elaborate glassware
+with pure silica, making fused
+
+quartz glassware.
+
+Very, very high energy
+contained in here.
+
+And just to give one more
+example, let's look at
+
+something that's got
+four carbons in it.
+
+So it's going to have four
+carbons and a triple bond.
+
+So if it's 4, it's going to have
+the B U T but-, and it's
+
+going to need an -yne.
+
+So this will be a butyne.
+
+And depending on where we want
+to put the triple bond, I
+
+don't know, if you want to
+put a triple bond here,
+
+there's 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+So this we could call 2-butyne,
+and it's C4H6, If
+
+you go through the
+stoichiometry.
+
+Let's try it, just
+for practice.
+
+So this carbon on the
+end is 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+Look at the second carbon.
+
+It's got one strut bonding to
+the neighboring carbon, and
+
+three struts bonding
+to the neighboring
+
+carbon on the right.
+
+It's saturated now.
+
+Nothing comes of
+without carbon.
+
+Look at this one.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+Nothing comes off of this one.
+
+And then finally 1, 2, 3.
+
+So there's three hydrogens here,
+there's three hydrogens
+
+here, there's your
+sixth hydrogen.
+
+C4H6.
+
+OK.
+
+That's good.
+
+All right.
+
+There's one other set that I
+want to look at, and these are
+
+called the arynes.
+
+These are aromatic
+hydrocarbons.
+
+Some people refer to
+them as arynes.
+
+And the most notable one is
+C6H6, which is benzine.
+
+And benzine's molecular weight
+was determined long ago, in
+
+the early 1800s.
+
+And it was Kekule who, in 1865,
+dared to suggest that
+
+the chemical structure of
+benzine was a ring structure.
+
+So Kekule suggested
+a carbon ring.
+
+Up until this time, people
+didn't have the common
+
+understanding that carbons could
+link to themselves, let
+
+alone form a ring.
+
+And so now, if we go through
+this, we will put, from each
+
+of these junctions there's the
+carbon, so we have to have
+
+four struts.
+
+We need hydrogen, so let's put
+hydrogens 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, So
+
+there's the 6 hydrogens.
+
+And now, each carbon
+needs 4 struts.
+
+So 1, 2, 3, and I'll
+put a double bond.
+
+That will make 4.
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2,
+3, 4, and now this one here.
+
+So you have an alternating
+structure of double bond,
+
+single bond, double bond, single
+bond on the carbons.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's the way things stood
+until the twentieth century,
+
+when on the basis of new data,
+it was discovered that all
+
+carbon-carbon bonds--
+
+and I don't want to make this
+a single bond, I'll just say
+
+all carbon-carbon bonds in
+benzine, C6H6, were measured
+
+to be the same length.
+
+Well, that's a problem,
+isn't it?
+
+That's a problem, because we
+would expect that, you know,
+
+we know that carbon-carbon
+single bond is about 1.47
+
+angstroms, and the carbon-carbon
+double bond has
+
+to be shorter, because it's
+double-bond, it's tighter, so
+
+it pulls things in.
+
+So that's 1.33 angstroms. And
+the measurement here was found
+
+to be 1.39 angstroms. And 1.39
+angstroms is midway between
+
+1.47 and 1.33.
+
+So people were frustrated with
+this new information.
+
+And it was Linus Pauling who
+made sense of this for us.
+
+Pauling, who in 1931 came
+along and said,
+
+what we have a mix?
+
+What if we have a mix
+of two structures?
+
+And he said, suppose you had
+something that looked like so.
+
+1, 1, 1.
+
+So here's the set of double
+bonds off of the ring.
+
+And what if there is a resonance
+with an opposite
+
+hybrid, where this double bond,
+instead of being here,
+
+goes over to here?
+
+So now we have this?
+
+And he said, if the system
+resonated between the
+
+structure on the left and the
+structure on the right, the
+
+time average value of the
+carbon-carbon bond length
+
+would be around 1.39 angstroms.
+So this is a
+
+resonant hybrid structure, to
+account for the mix of single
+
+and double bonds, which gives
+rise to the current
+
+representation of benzine
+as simply this.
+
+So we're not saying this
+is single or double.
+
+It's a resonant between
+one and two.
+
+OK.
+
+The other thing is, if all of
+these bonds are the same
+
+length, and that means that
+between the 12:00 position
+
+here and the 2:00 position,
+there is pi bonding, and then
+
+along this double bond, there's
+pi bonding, and then
+
+along this double bond,
+there's pi bonding.
+
+But if all of the bonds are the
+same length, I can't say
+
+that the pi bonds are confined
+to where the double bonds are
+
+indicated, because resonance
+indicates that it could be
+
+between adjacents.
+
+So that means that
+the electrons, in
+
+fact, can go all around.
+
+So resonance, then, means that
+the pi electrons are
+
+delocalized.
+
+And now here's some
+better drawings.
+
+It's hard to draw that.
+
+So here they are.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is a nicer drawing
+of benzine.
+
+So you can see, when all of
+these bonds are resonant, it
+
+doesn't matter whether I choose
+this front one as the
+
+double bond, or the
+one next to it.
+
+They're all the same length,
+and so the electrons can go
+
+all around.
+
+And you can imagine, if I did
+this with graphite, and I kept
+
+going, well, if the electron can
+go here, then it means it
+
+can go here, which means it can
+go here, which means it
+
+can go everywhere.
+
+Which is why graphite is an
+electronic conductor, because
+
+of delocalized pi bonds.
+
+OK.
+
+This is 1-3-butadiene.
+
+Double bond, single
+bond, double bond.
+
+Again, all the same length, and
+you can hybridize, and--
+
+This is how you start making
+
+electronically conducted polymers.
+
+You just go double bond,
+single bond.
+
+Double bond, single bond.
+
+Smear.
+
+That's it.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's jump over that.
+
+Let's talk about Kekule So he
+studied architecture, switched
+
+to chemistry.
+
+And then he got a job in London,
+and he used to fall
+
+asleep on the bus to
+his apartment.
+
+And one day he was sleeping
+on the bus.
+
+He woke up, and he'd been
+dreaming about carbon forming
+
+chains in 1855.
+
+And he proposed carbon chains.
+
+And then he got a job as a
+professor in Belgium, at the
+
+University of Ghent.
+
+And one night he fell asleep
+at the fireplace, and he
+
+dreamt of a benzine molecule
+as a snake biting its tail
+
+while spinning.
+
+And that's where he got the
+idea of the ring molecule.
+
+All he knew was that this thing
+had a formula, C6H6.
+
+And for this, he's dubbed
+the founder
+
+of structural chemistry.
+
+So what's this formula
+for success?
+
+Well, he moved into chemistry
+from another field.
+
+But to dream, you've got
+to get some sleep.
+
+And I'm probably talking to one
+of the most sleep-deprived
+
+populations on this campus.
+
+So I urge you to get some sleep,
+and then maybe you'll
+
+be able to dream.
+
+Hey, don't make noise.
+
+We've got two minutes left.
+
+nobody's going anywhere.
+
+All right.
+
+So the next thing is, I want
+to talk a little bit about
+
+octane ratings and automobiles,
+and how we go
+
+from straight chains to chains
+of different lengths.
+
+If you're looking at combustion,
+the idea is, you
+
+admit gasoline, which vaporizes,
+and then the piston
+
+comes up, and under
+high compression,
+
+the spark plug fires.
+
+When the spark plug fires, this
+causes an explosion which
+
+then pushes the piston down,
+and then you've got the
+
+camshaft that takes the vertical
+motion and converts
+
+it to rotary motion.
+
+Now, if you're running an
+automobile after a certain
+
+period of time, the combustion
+chamber becomes so hot that
+
+just admitting the fuel, having
+it vaporized, before
+
+the piston has risen fully to
+get maximum compression, this
+
+thing could just explode.
+
+And when it explodes, it'll send
+the piston down, and it's
+
+out of sequence with
+the other pistons.
+
+And that's when you
+get the knocking.
+
+Sometimes you're driving
+up hill, you hear this
+
+[GRINDING SOUND].
+
+That's the knocking going on.
+
+You need to get a tune-up,
+or switch to
+
+higher octane gasoline.
+
+So what's going on in here?
+
+What you're doing, is you're
+changing the chemical
+
+composition, the constitutional
+isomerization.
+
+And you do that in the process
+by which you synthesize the
+
+gasoline in the first place.
+
+So the figure of merit is called
+octane number, which
+
+was first instituted here
+in the United States.
+
+And they started with
+2-2-4-trimethyl-pentane.
+
+It's an octane, but it's
+an octane that's 2-2-4.
+
+Three methyl branches.
+
+So that means there's
+only five left.
+
+So it's a pentane with three
+methyl branches.
+
+And that's called 100.
+
+And then is 0 is heptane.
+
+If you put heptane into the
+combustion chamber, you'll
+
+knock yourself silly.
+
+And the engine will just shake
+and shake and shake.
+
+So gasolines have to be
+somewhere on that interval.
+
+So there's the-- you know,
+if you tested and you had
+
+something that was
+trimetylpentane, 90%, versus
+
+10% heptane, you'd call
+it a 90% octane.
+
+And you can have octane
+numbers higher
+
+than 100, by the way.
+
+It just depends on what
+the repression is.
+
+And oddly enough, when you when
+you increase the octane,
+
+you make the fuel more
+difficult to burn.
+
+Because you want it to
+burn only on demand.
+
+Fuel that just burns whenever
+it wants leads to random
+
+events in the engine, and that's
+not good, if you want
+
+to get good thrust. So oddly
+enough, high octane gasoline
+
+requires more ignition
+than low octane.
+
+And the additives
+are tetraethyl
+
+lead or ethyl alcohol.
+
+And from that, you know now, we
+get E10, which is gasohol,
+
+10% alcohol.
+
+E85 is 85% ethyl alcohol.
+
+And all of this you
+get by synthesis.
+
+You know, playing with the
+catalysts, temperatures, and
+
+so on, to get the right
+mix to get good fuel,
+
+and get good emissions.
+
+And you can decide amongst
+yourselves whether going to
+
+E85 high levels of ethanol,
+ethanol derived from corn, is
+
+that smart, is that
+food for fuel?
+
+You know, what's the sensible
+use of agriculture, algae,
+
+switchgrass?
+
+All of that stuff.
+
+I mean, it's all loaded
+into here.
+
+All loaded into here.
+
+So yeah.
+
+With that, I think
+we'll adjourn.
+
+I'll see you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AQkCZmhu0aA.txt b/AQkCZmhu0aA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0299ce3773d6e6746f54a10310c65083b58a1d6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AQkCZmhu0aA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in this section we look at electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this section we look at electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this section we look at electro
+weak unification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak unification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak unification
+so the aim is to combine the weak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aim is to combine the weak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aim is to combine the weak and
+the electromagnetic interactions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic interactions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic interactions the
+issues we can see here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we can see here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we can see here are
+first the strength of the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the strength of the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the strength of the interactions
+are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different
+this can be mitigated by the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be mitigated by the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be mitigated by the fact that
+we have heavy gauge bosons involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have heavy gauge bosons involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have heavy gauge bosons involved
+and we have seen our heavy particles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have seen our heavy particles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have seen our heavy particles as
+being used as mediators kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used as mediators kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used as mediators kind of
+change the strength of the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the strength of the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the strength of the interaction
+so this might not be a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might not be a big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might not be a big issue
+the second problem is that the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second problem is that the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second problem is that the structure
+of the coupling is very different you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coupling is very different you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coupling is very different you
+have seen for qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen for qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen for qed
+that there is a vector coupling and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a vector coupling and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a vector coupling and for
+the weak interaction that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak interaction that there is a
+vector axial coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector axial coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector axial coupling
+this one minus gamma 5 with vector minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one minus gamma 5 with vector minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one minus gamma 5 with vector minus
+axial coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial coupling
+so one way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to to
+mitigate this problem is to simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate this problem is to simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate this problem is to simply
+absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb
+this one minus gamma 5 term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one minus gamma 5 term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one minus gamma 5 term in the
+definition of the particle spinous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the particle spinous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the particle spinous
+and i have to warn you this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to warn you this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to warn you this is a little
+misleading and i think that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading and i think that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading and i think that led
+also to some of the confusion we had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to some of the confusion we had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to some of the confusion we had in
+the class before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class before
+so what we are doing here simply is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are doing here simply is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are doing here simply is we
+take our spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we project out with the one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we project out with the one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we project out with the one minus
+gamma 5 term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 5 term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 5 term
+what's the left-handed component of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the left-handed component of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the left-handed component of this
+speed noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed noise
+this is just a projection in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a projection in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a projection in the
+definition of this and we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this and we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this and we can do this
+for anti-particles as well as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-particles as well as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-particles as well as for the
+right-handed components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed components
+as well good so now we can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well good so now we can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well good so now we can look at the
+currents again and we look at this weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents again and we look at this weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents again and we look at this weak
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which you have seen we can write as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have seen we can write as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have seen we can write as you
+know our anti-neutrino here gamma mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our anti-neutrino here gamma mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our anti-neutrino here gamma mu
+times 1 minus gamma 5 half times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus gamma 5 half times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 1 minus gamma 5 half times e
+now if we now define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we now define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we now define
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our particles with gamma matrices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particles with gamma matrices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particles with gamma matrices we
+find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that
+this simplifies quite a bit because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simplifies quite a bit because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simplifies quite a bit because we
+now find the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now find the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now find the current
+which can be simply written as a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be simply written as a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be simply written as a vector
+current so we mitigated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so we mitigated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so we mitigated this
+quite nicely so what now happens to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely so what now happens to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely so what now happens to our
+electromagnetic interaction here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interaction here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interaction here so we
+have an electron coupling to a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron coupling to a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron coupling to a photon
+we can project out the right-handed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can project out the right-handed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can project out the right-handed and
+left-handed component and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed component and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed component and then we have
+to add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add them
+together again when we do this we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again when we do this we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again when we do this we find
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the component of
+the left-handed component a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-handed component a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-handed component a current
+corresponding to the left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the left-handed
+particle and the current corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the current corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the current corresponding
+to the right-handed particle there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right-handed particle there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right-handed particle there's no
+mixed term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed term here
+because of the way gamma matrices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way gamma matrices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the way gamma matrices or
+gamma 5 matrices multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 5 matrices multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 5 matrices multiply
+so that's nice this also explains why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's nice this also explains why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's nice this also explains why
+the ellicity is not changed in qed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellicity is not changed in qed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellicity is not changed in qed
+you basically see this from the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically see this from the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically see this from the algebra
+involved in those equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those equations
+good so far we haven't done anything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so far we haven't done anything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so far we haven't done anything we
+have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just
+changed the notation so we can go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the notation so we can go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the notation so we can go one
+step further and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further and we
+re use the concepts we introduced and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re use the concepts we introduced and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re use the concepts we introduced and we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+qcd or the strong isospin and since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd or the strong isospin and since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd or the strong isospin and since we
+can nicely describe those currency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can nicely describe those currency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can nicely describe those currency of
+those particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles
+you can maybe see if we can uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe see if we can uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can maybe see if we can uh write
+a neutrino and an electron as part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutrino and an electron as part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutrino and an electron as part of a
+duplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplet
+and when we do this we rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do this we rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do this we rewrite the
+current the positively charged in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the positively charged in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the positively charged in a
+negatively charged current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged current
+as simply the left-handed components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply the left-handed components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply the left-handed components of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+of us of those duplets i introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us of those duplets i introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us of those duplets i introduced a
+new matrix here tau plus and tau minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new matrix here tau plus and tau minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new matrix here tau plus and tau minus
+and they're simply combinations of tau 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're simply combinations of tau 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're simply combinations of tau 1
+and tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tau
+2 which are in fact the party mattresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which are in fact the party mattresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which are in fact the party mattresses
+it's just the re-labeling as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the re-labeling as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the re-labeling as well
+so there's a lot of re-labeling going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of re-labeling going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of re-labeling going on
+not to confuse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to confuse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to confuse you
+but we have simply written this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have simply written this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have simply written this current
+this positively charged weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positively charged weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positively charged weak
+current and negatively charged current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and negatively charged current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and negatively charged current
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where we rotate a neutrino into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we rotate a neutrino into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we rotate a neutrino into an
+electron or an electron into a neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or an electron into a neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or an electron into a neutrino
+using the weak interaction great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the weak interaction great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the weak interaction great
+so now we can write this current here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can write this current here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can write this current here
+as a third component of this current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a third component of this current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a third component of this current and
+we see when we write down the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see when we write down the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see when we write down the third
+component of this current using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this current using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of this current using
+tau three here we find that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau three here we find that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau three here we find that something
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+something which looks like a neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which looks like a neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which looks like a neutral
+current right so this is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right so this is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right so this is something like
+a neutral current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutral current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neutral current
+where we have a neutrino coupling to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a neutrino coupling to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a neutrino coupling to a
+neutrino and the left-handed electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino and the left-handed electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino and the left-handed electron
+coupling to the left-handed electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the left-handed electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the left-handed electron
+a vertex vector where there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex vector where there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex vector where there's an
+interaction with what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with what's going on
+this is not quite the full story yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite the full story yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite the full story yet
+let me remind you about the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you about the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me remind you about the definition
+we used also in isospin which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used also in isospin which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used also in isospin which is
+the gilman shima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gilman shima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gilman shima
+equation which connected the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which connected the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which connected the electric
+charge to the isospin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the isospin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge to the isospin
+in the strangeness of the particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the strangeness of the particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the strangeness of the particle and
+we do the very same thing we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the very same thing we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the very same thing we have an
+isospin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin
+component and a so-called hypercharged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and a so-called hypercharged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and a so-called hypercharged
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+that's similar to the strangeness we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's similar to the strangeness we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's similar to the strangeness we had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+and q is the electric charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q is the electric charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q is the electric charge of the
+particle involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle involved
+and so with this we can now define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this we can now define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this we can now define an
+isis hyperspin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isis hyperspin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isis hyperspin
+current which is given as two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is given as two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is given as two times the
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+current minus two times the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current minus two times the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current minus two times the third
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+of the um the third component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um the third component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um the third component
+of the v current here and so now we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the v current here and so now we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the v current here and so now we find
+interesting effects here so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting effects here so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting effects here so there's a
+new component which also couples the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new component which also couples the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new component which also couples the
+right-handed particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed particles
+so the missing part here some of might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the missing part here some of might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the missing part here some of might
+have seen this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this already
+that this neutral current in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this neutral current in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this neutral current in the upper
+equation didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation didn't
+didn't connect or didn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't connect or didn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't connect or didn't have a
+contribution from right-handed particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from right-handed particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from right-handed particles
+and since there's right-handed electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since there's right-handed electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since there's right-handed electron
+which coupled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which coupled to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which coupled to
+z both on there needed to be this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z both on there needed to be this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z both on there needed to be this kind
+of additional trap so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additional trap so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of additional trap so now we have a
+current which includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which includes
+the right-handed particles as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-handed particles as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-handed particles as well so
+that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+we can generalize this by writing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize this by writing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize this by writing those
+duplets for all particles we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplets for all particles we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplets for all particles we know
+there's an additional kind of caveat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional kind of caveat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional kind of caveat
+here we haven't talked about this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we haven't talked about this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we haven't talked about this too
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+we have to consider the fact that mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to consider the fact that mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to consider the fact that mass
+eigenstates are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates are not really
+the same eigenstates which participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigenstates which participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigenstates which participate
+in the weak interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak interaction
+right now we can ignore this we later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can ignore this we later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can ignore this we later
+come back to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this question
+and then we can write the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can write the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can write the three
+components of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of our
+isospin current and our hypercharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin current and our hypercharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin current and our hypercharge
+current as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current as well
+note that this em current here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this em current here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this em current here is our
+electromagnetic current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic current
+good so now we we wrote this and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now we we wrote this and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now we we wrote this and we find
+some somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some somehow
+very close a consistent picture we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close a consistent picture we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close a consistent picture we find
+that there is a charged current and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a charged current and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a charged current and then
+there is a neutral current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a neutral current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a neutral current
+in the weak interaction but what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak interaction but what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak interaction but what we
+actually wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wanted to do
+is combine the weak interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is combine the weak interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is combine the weak interaction and
+electromagnetic interactions now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interactions now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interactions now let's
+look at this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this again
+and start over again so we have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start over again so we have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start over again so we have a an
+isospin current here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin current here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin current here
+which couples to the three component the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which couples to the three component the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which couples to the three component the
+triplet the isospin triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet the isospin triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet the isospin triplet
+so this is a w1 2 w3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a w1 2 w3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a w1 2 w3
+triplet and then we have the singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet and then we have the singlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet and then we have the singlet
+here which couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which couples
+to the hypercharge very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hypercharge very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hypercharge very good
+so now if i try to identify now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if i try to identify now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if i try to identify now
+components which we already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components which we already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components which we already know the
+first thing we can do we have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we can do we have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we can do we have to make
+sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that
+we find our our w plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find our our w plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find our our w plus
+and w minus both ends again and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w minus both ends again and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w minus both ends again and they're
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+linear combinations of the w ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of the w ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of the w ones and
+the w twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w twos
+and then the next thing i have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next thing i have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next thing i have to do is
+i have to find my electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to find my electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to find my electromagnetic
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+and we can do that by finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that by finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that by finding
+this a this is a photon as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a this is a photon as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a this is a photon as a linear
+combination of the third component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the third component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the third component of
+our triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our triplet
+isospin triplet and our singlet and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin triplet and our singlet and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin triplet and our singlet and what
+you see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is actually mixing going on so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually mixing going on so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually mixing going on so we
+basically rotate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rotate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rotate those
+with this mixing angle which we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mixing angle which we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mixing angle which we already
+introduced sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced sine
+sine omega the weak mixing angle theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine omega the weak mixing angle theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine omega the weak mixing angle theta
+theta omega c sorry theta w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta omega c sorry theta w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta omega c sorry theta w
+so we find that the photon can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find that the photon can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we find that the photon can be made
+out of the mixing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the mixing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the mixing of the
+third component of the isospin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component of the isospin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component of the isospin
+triplet and the singlet component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet and the singlet component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet and the singlet component
+b mu and similarly we can find the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b mu and similarly we can find the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b mu and similarly we can find the z
+boson as the other component in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson as the other component in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson as the other component in this
+mixing the other state we find in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the other state we find in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the other state we find in this
+mixer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixer
+the way we find those mixings here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we find those mixings here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we find those mixings here is
+through the couplings we already know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the couplings we already know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the couplings we already know so
+we find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find this
+omega g times sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega g times sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega g times sine theta
+w is equal to g prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is equal to g prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is equal to g prime
+cosine omega w and that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega w and that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega w and that's equal to the
+electromagnetic coupling and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic coupling and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic coupling and then
+similarly we find a solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we find a solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we find a solution for
+gz so what we have seen now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gz so what we have seen now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gz so what we have seen now is that
+apparently we are able to combine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we are able to combine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we are able to combine um
+the weak and the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak and the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weak and the electromagnetic
+interaction by mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction by mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction by mixing
+and by introducing the weak isospin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by introducing the weak isospin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by introducing the weak isospin and
+by mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing
+isospin triplet components with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin triplet components with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin triplet components with a
+singlet component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet component
+and so we find a picture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we find a picture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we find a picture which is
+consistent with the w plus for w minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the w plus for w minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with the w plus for w minus
+photon and the z builder so that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and the z builder so that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and the z builder so that's very
+nice
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AZBxs3OvFrY.txt b/AZBxs3OvFrY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b94c3c81eec9e2999da4c54c5b2c003a6a7020fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AZBxs3OvFrY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's get started with today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started with today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get started with today's
+lecture um it's going to be more of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um it's going to be more of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um it's going to be more of a a
+chill lecture than what we've done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill lecture than what we've done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill lecture than what we've done in
+the past even though we've got quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past even though we've got quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past even though we've got quite a
+few things to cover as you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to cover as you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things to cover as you can see from
+this title slide um I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this title slide um I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this title slide um I'm not going to go
+super duper fast so please feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper fast so please feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper fast so please feel free to
+ask lots of questions and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask lots of questions and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask lots of questions and then the
+second half of the lecture will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the lecture will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the lecture will be
+really chill because we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really chill because we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really chill because we're going to be
+talking about testing and debugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about testing and debugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about testing and debugging
+strategies so super highlevel uh topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so super highlevel uh topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so super highlevel uh topic
+but first we're going to tie up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first we're going to tie up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first we're going to tie up some
+loose ends related to lists and related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose ends related to lists and related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose ends related to lists and related
+to functions so we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to functions so we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to functions so we're not going to
+introduce uh a lot of new syntax um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh a lot of new syntax um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce uh a lot of new syntax um
+these ideas are sort of more optional in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas are sort of more optional in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas are sort of more optional in
+your day-to-day coding but they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your day-to-day coding but they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your day-to-day coding but they're just
+really really nice to know so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really nice to know so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really nice to know so let's
+first start talking about this idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start talking about this idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start talking about this idea of a
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+comprehension so uh you've been writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension so uh you've been writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension so uh you've been writing
+functions that deal with lists and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that deal with lists and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that deal with lists and one
+really common pattern that I hope you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really common pattern that I hope you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really common pattern that I hope you've
+seen so far is the following so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far is the following so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen so far is the following so this
+code right here shows something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right here shows something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right here shows something that
+we've definitely coded together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've definitely coded together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've definitely coded together and
+you've definitely coded in the finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've definitely coded in the finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've definitely coded in the finger
+exercises and the quizzes um and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and the quizzes um and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and the quizzes um and so it
+is a really common pattern so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really common pattern so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really common pattern so the idea
+here is you have a function that creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you have a function that creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is you have a function that creates
+a new list where the elements of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new list where the elements of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new list where the elements of this
+new list are a function of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new list are a function of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new list are a function of the input
+list okay so the pattern here is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so the pattern here is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay so the pattern here is we
+create a new empty list inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new empty list inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new empty list inside the
+function we have a loop over every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have a loop over every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have a loop over every
+element in the input and to each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the input and to each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the input and to each one of
+these elements in the input we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements in the input we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements in the input we apply the
+same function so in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function so in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function so in this particular case
+we're taking that element and squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking that element and squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking that element and squaring
+it and each one of these elements were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and each one of these elements were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and each one of these elements were
+appending to this new list originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending to this new list originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending to this new list originally
+empty until we've reached uh we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty until we've reached uh we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty until we've reached uh we've done
+this function to every element in L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function to every element in L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function to every element in L and
+then we return this newly created list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we return this newly created list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we return this newly created list
+okay so since this is a really common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since this is a really common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since this is a really common
+thing that programmers do python allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that programmers do python allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that programmers do python allows
+you to do this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do this exact
+functionality with one line of code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality with one line of code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality with one line of code and
+the way we do this is using something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do this is using something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we do this is using something
+called the list comprehension so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the list comprehension so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the list comprehension so the way
+that we do a list comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do a list comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do a list comprehension
+essentially taking these four lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking these four lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking these four lines of
+code from this function we are are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code from this function we are are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code from this function we are are going
+to write it write them in this one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it write them in this one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write it write them in this one line
+of code that looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code that looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code that looks something like this
+right so the idea here is with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea here is with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the idea here is with this one
+line of code we're going to create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of code we're going to create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of code we're going to create a new
+list we're going to have an iterator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we're going to have an iterator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list we're going to have an iterator
+that goes through some sort of sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through some sort of sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through some sort of sequence
+of values and we're going to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values and we're going to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values and we're going to apply the
+same function to every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function to every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function to every one of those
+elements and the other optional piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and the other optional piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and the other optional piece
+that we can add inside this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can add inside this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can add inside this list
+comprehension is to only apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension is to only apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension is to only apply that
+function if some condition holds okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if some condition holds okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if some condition holds okay so
+let let look at this uh uh how let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let look at this uh uh how let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let look at this uh uh how let's
+look at this example and see how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this example and see how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this example and see how we can
+convert this these four lines of code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this these four lines of code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this these four lines of code to
+one line of list comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line of list comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line of list comprehension
+code so we've got creating a new empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so we've got creating a new empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so we've got creating a new empty
+list this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list this is going
+to uh tell python to create a new empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh tell python to create a new empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh tell python to create a new empty
+list for us okay so just open and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list for us okay so just open and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list for us okay so just open and close
+square brackets and Within These open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets and Within These open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets and Within These open
+and close square brackets we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close square brackets we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close square brackets we're going to
+write a on line expression okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a on line expression okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a on line expression okay and this
+one liner is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one liner is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one liner is going to
+encapsulate these uh these two lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate these uh these two lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encapsulate these uh these two lines of
+code here so the expression sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here so the expression sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here so the expression sorry the
+function we're going to apply to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're going to apply to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're going to apply to every
+element in L is going to be taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in L is going to be taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in L is going to be taking that
+element and squaring it so on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and squaring it so on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and squaring it so on the right
+hand side here in the list comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side here in the list comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side here in the list comprehension
+we've got some e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got some e
+squared well what is e well it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well what is e well it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well what is e well it's going
+to be every element e in L okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be every element e in L okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be every element e in L okay so if we
+read this in English we basically say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this in English we basically say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this in English we basically say
+say uh L new is going to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh L new is going to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh L new is going to contain
+elements e^ s for e and l right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements e^ s for e and l right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements e^ s for e and l right so it
+sounds weird but it kind of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds weird but it kind of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds weird but it kind of makes sense
+even if we read it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we read it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we read it in
+English and behind the scenes python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and behind the scenes python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and behind the scenes python
+will take uh one by one each element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take uh one by one each element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take uh one by one each element in
+L Square it and that's the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Square it and that's the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Square it and that's the sequence of
+elements it will populate uh this L new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements it will populate uh this L new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements it will populate uh this L new
+with okay now what if we add a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay now what if we add a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay now what if we add a condition
+to that so let's say we want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so let's say we want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so let's say we want to create
+this new list of elements only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new list of elements only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new list of elements only
+only for even elements so we only want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for even elements so we only want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for even elements so we only want
+to square the even elements within my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square the even elements within my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square the even elements within my
+original list L well if we were to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original list L well if we were to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original list L well if we were to write
+a function that does that we have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that does that we have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function that does that we have to add
+this extra condition here so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra condition here so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra condition here so everything
+else is the same except for this if e% 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is the same except for this if e% 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is the same except for this if e% 2
+equal Z this tells python to only grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z this tells python to only grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z this tells python to only grab
+elements that are even right divisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are even right divisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are even right divisible
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+two so how do we write this in list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so how do we write this in list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so how do we write this in list
+comprehension form so here's a new list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension form so here's a new list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension form so here's a new list
+and this is the function to apply only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the function to apply only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the function to apply only
+if the test is true in list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the test is true in list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the test is true in list
+comprehension this is my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension this is my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension this is my new
+list I've got the four Loop is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I've got the four Loop is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list I've got the four Loop is over here
+and then the test to apply is at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the test to apply is at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the test to apply is at the end
+here if e% to equal equal Z and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if e% to equal equal Z and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if e% to equal equal Z and then
+what is the function we're applying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the function we're applying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the function we're applying it's
+just e^2 like before so the test just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e^2 like before so the test just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just e^2 like before so the test just
+gets appended to the end of this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets appended to the end of this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets appended to the end of this list
+comprehension expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah
+is it running faster is there a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it running faster is there a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it running faster is there a reason
+to do that does it run faster I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that does it run faster I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that does it run faster I'm not
+sure actually it might run marginally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure actually it might run marginally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure actually it might run marginally
+faster but probably not significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster but probably not significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster but probably not significantly
+the reason to do this is because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason to do this is because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason to do this is because as you
+get more practice with it this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more practice with it this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more practice with it this will be
+easier to read in code and often if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read in code and often if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to read in code and often if you
+see a large chunk like this your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a large chunk like this your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a large chunk like this your eyes
+will glaze over right you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will glaze over right you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will glaze over right you're not going
+to want to read a chunk like that but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to read a chunk like that but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to read a chunk like that but if
+you see it all in one line you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it all in one line you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it all in one line you're going
+to think well how bad can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think well how bad can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think well how bad can it
+be and so you can come up with really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and so you can come up with really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and so you can come up with really
+complicated list comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated list comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated list comprehension
+Expressions um but usually we reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions um but usually we reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions um but usually we reserve
+them for you know really simple really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for you know really simple really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for you know really simple really
+quick ways to create these lists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick ways to create these lists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick ways to create these lists that
+you just populate you know with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just populate you know with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just populate you know with some
+values right off the bat so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right off the bat so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values right off the bat so it just
+makes the code a lot easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read okay so list comprehensions are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read okay so list comprehensions are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read okay so list comprehensions are are
+pretty useful if you get a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful if you get a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful if you get a little bit of
+practice with them you'll find yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with them you'll find yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice with them you'll find yourself
+kind of using them all over over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of using them all over over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of using them all over over the
+place and they basically replace code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they basically replace code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and they basically replace code
+that looks like this okay so these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this okay so these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this okay so these lines
+of code is a very generic way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code is a very generic way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code is a very generic way of writing
+this one uh liner list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh liner list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh liner list
+comprehension so here I've got uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension so here I've got uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension so here I've got uh a
+function f that I would like to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f that I would like to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f that I would like to apply
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+XPR uh expression is the function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XPR uh expression is the function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XPR uh expression is the function I
+would like to apply to each element this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to apply to each element this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to apply to each element this
+is the list I would like to apply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the list I would like to apply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the list I would like to apply that
+function to and the test is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to and the test is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to and the test is going to be
+you know the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the condition
+in this particular case this will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case this will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case this will this
+test means I apply it to every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test means I apply it to every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test means I apply it to every single
+element but you can imagine having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but you can imagine having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but you can imagine having a
+function which you know in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which you know in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which you know in the previous
+case we would say Lambda x x% 2 equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we would say Lambda x x% 2 equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we would say Lambda x x% 2 equal Z
+as our conditional and then the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our conditional and then the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our conditional and then the function
+that we're essentially replacing is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're essentially replacing is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're essentially replacing is uh
+is this with list comprehensions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this with list comprehensions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this with list comprehensions right
+we create this new list again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create this new list again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create this new list again this is
+the the pattern that I that we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pattern that I that we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pattern that I that we saw in
+the previous slide we Loop through every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide we Loop through every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide we Loop through every
+element in the list if that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the list if that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the list if that condition
+holds append that function applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds append that function applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds append that function applied to
+each element and then at the end return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element and then at the end return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element and then at the end return
+the list okay so this is just a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list okay so this is just a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list okay so this is just a very
+generic way to write a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic way to write a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic way to write a list
+comprehension so let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension so let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension so let's look at some
+concrete examples so here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete examples so here I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete examples so here I'm not
+applying um the function e s to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying um the function e s to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying um the function e s to a
+particular set of elements from a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of elements from a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of elements from a list
+I'm applying it to the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm applying it to the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm applying it to the sequence of
+values given by range remember when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values given by range remember when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values given by range remember when we
+were talking about for Loops iterating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about for Loops iterating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about for Loops iterating
+through things they can iterate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through things they can iterate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through things they can iterate through
+integers foll some pattern like range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers foll some pattern like range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers foll some pattern like range
+six range one comma 9 comma 2 something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six range one comma 9 comma 2 something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six range one comma 9 comma 2 something
+like that as long as you have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as long as you have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that as long as you have a sequence
+of values you can iterate over you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values you can iterate over you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values you can iterate over you can
+plop that into this list comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plop that into this list comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plop that into this list comprehension
+so you could iterate over lists you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could iterate over lists you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could iterate over lists you
+could iterate over tupal you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could iterate over tupal you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could iterate over tupal you could
+iterate over uh these direct ranges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over uh these direct ranges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over uh these direct ranges you
+could iterate over range of the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could iterate over range of the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could iterate over range of the length
+of a list whatever creates an iterable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a list whatever creates an iterable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a list whatever creates an iterable
+for you you can put that put that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you can put that put that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you you can put that put that in the
+list comprehension so in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list comprehension so in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list comprehension so in this particular
+case the way I read this is I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the way I read this is I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the way I read this is I've got
+something that I'm squaring and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm squaring and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I'm squaring and what's
+the thing that I'm squaring it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that I'm squaring it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that I'm squaring it's going
+to be each value in range six so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be each value in range six so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be each value in range six so I think
+about it like what is this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like what is this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like what is this sequence of
+values that I'm going to operate on well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that I'm going to operate on well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that I'm going to operate on well
+it's going to be the number 0 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the number 0 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the number 0 1 2 3 4
+five and the thing that I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the thing that I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and the thing that I'm going to do
+to them is square each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them is square each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them is square each one of those
+values so the end list that I get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the end list that I get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the end list that I get out of
+this one liner here is a list containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one liner here is a list containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one liner here is a list containing
+0 squ 1 squ 2 squ 3 squ 4 squ and 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 squ 1 squ 2 squ 3 squ 4 squ and 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 squ 1 squ 2 squ 3 squ 4 squ and 5
+squ we can add a condition to that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ we can add a condition to that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ we can add a condition to that so
+here I've got the each element squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got the each element squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got the each element squared
+for e in range eight only if e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e in range eight only if e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e in range eight only if e is
+even so then the way I think about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so then the way I think about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so then the way I think about it is
+let's start off with what every element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off with what every element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start off with what every element
+in the range is well it's 0 1 2 3 4 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range is well it's 0 1 2 3 4 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range is well it's 0 1 2 3 4 5
+67 the condition I'm applying to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 the condition I'm applying to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+67 the condition I'm applying to that is
+that it's even so the numbers I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's even so the numbers I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's even so the numbers I I'm
+going to end up with I'm filtering all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with I'm filtering all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up with I'm filtering all
+those to only contain uh 0 2 four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to only contain uh 0 2 four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to only contain uh 0 2 four and
+six because we go up to but not included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because we go up to but not included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six because we go up to but not included
+eight and then I'm going to square every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and then I'm going to square every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and then I'm going to square every
+one of those so the end result from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those so the end result from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those so the end result from this
+list comprehension is a list containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list comprehension is a list containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list comprehension is a list containing
+the elements 0 squ 2 squar 4 squar and 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar and lastly you know we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and lastly you know we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar and lastly you know we've been
+doing just single uh integers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just single uh integers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing just single uh integers in the
+resulting list but as I mentioned we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting list but as I mentioned we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting list but as I mentioned we can
+do more complicated things so as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more complicated things so as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more complicated things so as long as
+we can write a little expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write a little expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write a little expression here
+for the thing that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thing that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the thing that we'd like to
+calculate or add to the list we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or add to the list we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate or add to the list we can put
+it in the list comprehension so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the list comprehension so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the list comprehension so in this
+particular case the element that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the element that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the element that I'm
+adding to my list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to my list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to my list
+comprehension uh or my resulting list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension uh or my resulting list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension uh or my resulting list
+from the list comprehension is a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the list comprehension is a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the list comprehension is a list
+itself so each element in my resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so each element in my resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so each element in my resulting
+list is another list right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is another list right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is another list right and that
+inner list is going to contain two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner list is going to contain two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner list is going to contain two
+elements every time the thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements every time the thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements every time the thing I'm
+actually iterating over and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and I've got a condition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and I've got a condition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and I've got a condition here
+here so I've got uh the elements 0 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I've got uh the elements 0 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I've got uh the elements 0 1 2
+and three that's the range but I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three that's the range but I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three that's the range but I'm only
+grabbing the odd ones in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the odd ones in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing the odd ones in this particular
+case so the resulting set of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the resulting set of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the resulting set of numbers
+that I'm going to I'm going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to I'm going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to I'm going to apply
+this to is going to be the number uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to is going to be the number uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to is going to be the number uh is
+the numbers one and three right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers one and three right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers one and three right because
+those are the two odd numbers in range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two odd numbers in range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two odd numbers in range
+four and so the resulting list is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so the resulting list is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so the resulting list is going
+to contain two elements so this outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contain two elements so this outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contain two elements so this outer
+square bracket is the list that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket is the list that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square bracket is the list that I've
+created and its elements will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and its elements will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and its elements will be the
+element that I have actually iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that I have actually iterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that I have actually iterated
+over and it's Square as a list right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it's Square as a list right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it's Square as a list right so
+one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one
+squared for e and e squ when e is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared for e and e squ when e is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared for e and e squ when e is one
+and then three and N 3 squ when e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so pretty cool it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so pretty cool it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so pretty cool it's a really
+nice way to create lists really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to create lists really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way to create lists really quickly
+like if you wanted to create a list full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you wanted to create a list full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you wanted to create a list full
+of Zer full of 100 zeros no need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Zer full of 100 zeros no need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Zer full of 100 zeros no need to do a
+loop you basically do a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop you basically do a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop you basically do a list
+comprehension that says square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension that says square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension that says square brackets
+04 e and range 101 or 100 right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+04 e and range 101 or 100 right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+04 e and range 101 or 100 right and then
+you've got yourself a nice little List
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got yourself a nice little List
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got yourself a nice little List
+full of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of 100
+zeros all right so think about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros all right so think about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros all right so think about this and
+then tell me what the answer is so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell me what the answer is so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell me what the answer is so the
+idea here is we have this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is we have this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is we have this list
+comprehension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension
+and just go through it step by step it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just go through it step by step it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just go through it step by step it
+looks a little bit intimidating but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit intimidating but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit intimidating but the
+first step is to look at the for Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is to look at the for Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step is to look at the for Loop
+and ask yourself what are the values I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask yourself what are the values I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask yourself what are the values I'm
+iterating over then look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over then look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over then look at the
+condition if there is one there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if there is one there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if there is one there is one
+in this case it's at the end here so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's at the end here so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's at the end here so now
+what subsets of those original things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what subsets of those original things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what subsets of those original things
+you're iterating over are you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're iterating over are you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're iterating over are you actually
+keeping and then from those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping and then from those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping and then from those things that
+you're keeping what function are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping what function are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping what function are you
+applying it's the one right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it's the one right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it's the one right at the
+beginning so think about it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so think about it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so think about it and then
+I'll ask you to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me so step one what are the values I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so step one what are the values I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so step one what are the values I'm
+iterating over the the full values not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over the the full values not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over the the full values not
+including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the
+condition someone yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out yeah that list in the middle awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah that list in the middle awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah that list in the middle awesome
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+XY um ABC d right and then seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY um ABC d right and then seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY um ABC d right and then seven and
+then what's the last thing is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the last thing is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the last thing is it the
+number 4. or string yeah exactly 4.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 4. or string yeah exactly 4.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 4. or string yeah exactly 4.0
+okay string string step two from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay string string step two from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay string string step two from this
+list what are the values that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list what are the values that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list what are the values that I'm
+actually keeping right based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keeping right based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keeping right based on the
+condition if there're string all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if there're string all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition if there're string all right
+which one's a string is XY yes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's a string is XY yes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's a string is XY yes is
+ABCD yep is seven nope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD yep is seven nope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCD yep is seven nope is
+4.0 yes excellent okay good okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.0 yes excellent okay good okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.0 yes excellent okay good okay so then
+these are the elements that I'm keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the elements that I'm keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the elements that I'm keeping
+and now what's the function I'm applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what's the function I'm applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what's the function I'm applying
+and what's the result going to be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the result going to be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the result going to be it's
+going to be a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+containing yeah three uh two four3 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing yeah three uh two four3 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing yeah three uh two four3 yeah
+two because that's length two four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because that's length two four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because that's length two four
+because that's length four and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's length four and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's length four and three
+because that's length three great and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's length three great and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's length three great and
+we've got ourselves a nice little list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got ourselves a nice little list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got ourselves a nice little list
+based on that condition that sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that condition that sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that condition that sequence of
+values and that function applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and that function applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and that function applied
+yeah why does it return a list uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why does it return a list uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why does it return a list uh the
+the whole thing or I guess I it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing or I guess I it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing or I guess I it
+return oh yeah so we're not printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return oh yeah so we're not printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return oh yeah so we're not printing
+things out here when we're writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out here when we're writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out here when we're writing this
+as a list comprehension we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a list comprehension we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a list comprehension we're
+essentially telling python to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially telling python to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially telling python to create
+this resulting list of values that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resulting list of values that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this resulting list of values that's
+just what a list comprehension does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what a list comprehension does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what a list comprehension does and
+so just kind of this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just kind of this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just kind of this expression here
+with these outer square brackets around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these outer square brackets around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these outer square brackets around
+our entire expression tells python that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire expression tells python that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire expression tells python that
+the resulting thing is a list yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting thing is a list yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting thing is a list yeah this
+is a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good question
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay okay so that oh yeah question does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that oh yeah question does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that oh yeah question does
+it support multiple conditions does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it support multiple conditions does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it support multiple conditions does it
+support multiple conditions yes so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support multiple conditions yes so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support multiple conditions yes so at
+the end here um you know you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end here um you know you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end here um you know you would say
+if and then you could wrap them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and then you could wrap them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and then you could wrap them in
+parentheses I think I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses I think I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses I think I don't know if you
+have to but just to be safe I would wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to but just to be safe I would wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to but just to be safe I would wrap
+my conditions in parentheses and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conditions in parentheses and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conditions in parentheses and you'd
+use and or or or whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and or or or whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and or or or whatever you want to
+combine the expressions or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the expressions or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the expressions or the
+conditions with there a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this one the
+Lambda um here this is a Lambda function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda um here this is a Lambda function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda um here this is a Lambda function
+that we talked about I forget when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about I forget when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about I forget when a
+couple lectures ago um it's basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures ago um it's basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple lectures ago um it's basically an
+anonymous function and all it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous function and all it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous function and all it does is
+return true all the time so the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return true all the time so the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return true all the time so the test
+will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be
+true which means that when we do if test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true which means that when we do if test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true which means that when we do if test
+parentheses e this will always be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses e this will always be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses e this will always be true
+in this particular case but with given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case but with given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case but with given a
+different Lambda function that might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Lambda function that might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Lambda function that might not
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+case Okay so let's move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so let's move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so let's move on to the next
+topic the next I guess two topics will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic the next I guess two topics will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic the next I guess two topics will
+be dealing with functions and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with functions and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dealing with functions and I want to
+wrap up a couple things here just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up a couple things here just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap up a couple things here just to
+give you um a couple more ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you um a couple more ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you um a couple more ideas
+regarding functions so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding functions so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding functions so the first one is
+actually related to this last question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to this last question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to this last question
+is the idea of a default parameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of a default parameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea of a default parameter so
+this is going to be um uh a way for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be um uh a way for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be um uh a way for us
+to add parameters to our functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add parameters to our functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add parameters to our functions that
+get some default value and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some default value and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some default value and that's what
+that Lambda thing actually uh was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lambda thing actually uh was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lambda thing actually uh was in
+that example but hopefully this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example but hopefully this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that example but hopefully this piece of
+the lecture makes that a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture makes that a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture makes that a little bit more
+clear and then the second part regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and then the second part regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and then the second part regarding
+functions we're going to go over is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're going to go over is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're going to go over is the
+idea of um functions as objects kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of um functions as objects kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of um functions as objects kind of
+working up on that and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working up on that and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working up on that and we're going to
+see what happens when we return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when we return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when we return a
+function object from another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function object from another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function object from another function
+right we've seen functions as parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've seen functions as parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we've seen functions as parameters
+to other functions but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other functions but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other functions but we're going to
+see what happens when you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you make a
+function be the return value of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be the return value of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be the return value of another
+function but that's in a little bit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but that's in a little bit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but that's in a little bit for
+now let's look at default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at default
+parameters okay we've seen this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay we've seen this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay we've seen this code
+before um triggering flashbacks so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um triggering flashbacks so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um triggering flashbacks so this
+is by section root uh I'll go over it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by section root uh I'll go over it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by section root uh I'll go over it uh
+just to remind ourselves what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind ourselves what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind ourselves what it does
+we've got uh this code inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got uh this code inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got uh this code inside this
+function we wrote a long long time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we wrote a long long time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we wrote a long long time ago
+right and then we decided to wrap it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we decided to wrap it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we decided to wrap it in
+a function so that it's a really nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function so that it's a really nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function so that it's a really nicely
+useful piece of code that we can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful piece of code that we can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful piece of code that we can run
+many many times so the parameter to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times so the parameter to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times so the parameter to this
+function was x a value we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was x a value we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was x a value we'd like to
+approximate the square root of right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the square root of right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the square root of right and
+the code we're using to approximate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code we're using to approximate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code we're using to approximate is
+using the bis section search algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bis section search algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bis section search algorithm
+which initializes some variables namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which initializes some variables namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which initializes some variables namely
+Epsilon how how sort of how close we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon how how sort of how close we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon how how sort of how close we
+want to be to The Final Answer low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be to The Final Answer low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be to The Final Answer low and
+high end points we remember that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high end points we remember that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high end points we remember that and
+then initial guess the halfway between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then initial guess the halfway between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then initial guess the halfway between
+low and high and then we keep making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high and then we keep making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and high and then we keep making
+guesses between low and high right being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses between low and high right being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses between low and high right being
+the midpoint of low and high as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint of low and high as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midpoint of low and high as long as
+we're not close enough to uh the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not close enough to uh the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not close enough to uh the uh the
+final uh we're not close enough to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh we're not close enough to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh we're not close enough to the
+final answer right so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer right so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer right so we're going to
+either reinitialize our low end point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reinitialize our low end point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either reinitialize our low end point or
+our high end point depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high end point depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our high end point depending on whether
+that guess was too low or too high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guess was too low or too high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guess was too low or too high and
+then within the loop we make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within the loop we make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within the loop we make another
+another guess using those changed values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guess using those changed values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guess using those changed values
+of either low or high based on if or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either low or high based on if or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either low or high based on if or
+else and then we keep doing this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then we keep doing this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then we keep doing this process
+of making more guesses at the halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making more guesses at the halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making more guesses at the halfway
+point as long as we're still farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as long as we're still farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point as long as we're still farther
+than Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Epsilon
+away okay that was a a recap of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay that was a a recap of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away okay that was a a recap of what
+we've done so far the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so far the interesting thing
+that we had done with this function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had done with this function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had done with this function was
+or when we turned it into a function was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when we turned it into a function was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when we turned it into a function was
+to return our approximation so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return our approximation so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return our approximation so this
+guess instead of just printing it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess instead of just printing it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess instead of just printing it to the
+to the user we returned it so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the user we returned it so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the user we returned it so that it
+could be um useful in other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um useful in other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be um useful in other parts of the
+code and so when we called the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so when we called the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and so when we called the function
+we just said name of function and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said name of function and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said name of function and then
+some value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value of
+x now there are situations where a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x now there are situations where a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x now there are situations where a user
+would want to change the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to change the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to change the value of
+Epsilon right right now the way we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon right right now the way we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon right right now the way we wrote
+this code Epsilon is set to 01 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code Epsilon is set to 01 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this code Epsilon is set to 01 and
+whenever you run the function it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you run the function it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you run the function it always
+finds um the approximation to the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds um the approximation to the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds um the approximation to the square
+root of x to that Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of x to that Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of x to that Precision
+01 now sometimes you know depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 now sometimes you know depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 now sometimes you know depending on
+the application the user might want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application the user might want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application the user might want an
+even better approximation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better approximation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better approximation so
+01 or they might not care to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 or they might not care to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 or they might not care to be as
+precise and they want you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise and they want you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise and they want you know maybe
+approximated to one or to 0 five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated to one or to 0 five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated to one or to 0 five or
+something much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much bigger than
+01 so what are the options in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so what are the options in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 so what are the options in this
+particular case right for this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case right for this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case right for this these
+scenarios one option would be obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios one option would be obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios one option would be obviously
+to go inside our function and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go inside our function and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go inside our function and say well
+I'm going to change Epsilon to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change Epsilon to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change Epsilon to be
+something super duper precise 00001 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something super duper precise 00001 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something super duper precise 00001 and
+so people who call this function will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who call this function will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people who call this function will
+always get an approximation to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get an approximation to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get an approximation to that
+Precision but what about people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision but what about people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision but what about people who
+don't want it that precise right so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it that precise right so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it that precise right so all
+the function calls are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function calls are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function calls are going to be
+affected by making that change and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by making that change and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by making that change and so
+that's not really desirable we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really desirable we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really desirable we'd like to
+let the person who makes the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the person who makes the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the person who makes the function
+call be in charge of what Precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call be in charge of what Precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call be in charge of what Precision
+they'd like another option is to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like another option is to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like another option is to put
+Epsilon outside the function so to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon outside the function so to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon outside the function so to say
+okay well the only parameter is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well the only parameter is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well the only parameter is going to
+be X and let's not set Epsilon within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X and let's not set Epsilon within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X and let's not set Epsilon within
+the function let's let the user maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function let's let the user maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function let's let the user maybe
+set Epsilon outside the function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Epsilon outside the function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set Epsilon outside the function and
+then they can use and then our code will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can use and then our code will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can use and then our code will
+basically pop up one level to the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pop up one level to the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pop up one level to the global
+scope and use the Epsilon that the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and use the Epsilon that the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and use the Epsilon that the user
+chose not a good idea because as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose not a good idea because as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose not a good idea because as soon as
+we allow somebody using our code to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow somebody using our code to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow somebody using our code to kind
+of make their own variables within our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make their own variables within our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make their own variables within our
+code uh we're putting our trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh we're putting our trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code uh we're putting our trust in
+somebody else's hands and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's hands and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's hands and and you know
+they might forget to re uh reset Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might forget to re uh reset Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might forget to re uh reset Epsilon
+or they might forget to set it to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might forget to set it to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might forget to set it to begin
+with and so that's just using Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so that's just using Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and so that's just using Global
+variables is not a good idea in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is not a good idea in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is not a good idea in the
+first place we'd like to keep control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place we'd like to keep control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place we'd like to keep control of
+the Epsilon that's being used inside our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon that's being used inside our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Epsilon that's being used inside our
+function so unsurprisingly the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so unsurprisingly the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so unsurprisingly the last
+option is going to be our best option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is going to be our best option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option is going to be our best option
+let's just add Epsilon as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just add Epsilon as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just add Epsilon as another
+parameter to the function right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to the function right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to the function right so there
+it is we've got uh bisection root again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is we've got uh bisection root again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is we've got uh bisection root again
+as a function we've got a parameter X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function we've got a parameter X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function we've got a parameter X
+and we have Epsilon as a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have Epsilon as a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have Epsilon as a second
+parameter that the user can can uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that the user can can uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that the user can can uh can
+uh call the function with okay so other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh call the function with okay so other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh call the function with okay so other
+uh other than that the function body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than that the function body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other than that the function body is
+exactly the same right except that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same right except that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same right except that right
+now when we make a function call we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we make a function call we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we make a function call we have
+to pass in epsilon as the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass in epsilon as the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass in epsilon as the second
+parameter so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so in terms of
+code this is the by section root with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this is the by section root with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this is the by section root with
+Epsilon as a parameter and so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon as a parameter and so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon as a parameter and so now the
+user can find the approximation to 123
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user can find the approximation to 123
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user can find the approximation to 123
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+0.1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 it's
+11.88 in case you wondering and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.88 in case you wondering and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.88 in case you wondering and then the
+approximation to 123 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to 123 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to 123 to
+001 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+001 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+001 which is
+11095 okay so much better the user can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11095 okay so much better the user can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11095 okay so much better the user can
+now be in charge of deciding how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be in charge of deciding how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now be in charge of deciding how close
+they'd like the approximation to be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like the approximation to be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like the approximation to be for
+every one of their values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of their values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of their values
+but notice that this code is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that this code is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but notice that this code is kind of
+verbose and really most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbose and really most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbose and really most of the time
+maybe the users don't want to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the users don't want to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the users don't want to be in
+charge of setting the Epsilon maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of setting the Epsilon maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of setting the Epsilon maybe they
+don't know what a good Epsilon might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what a good Epsilon might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what a good Epsilon might be
+right so how do they know that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how do they know that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how do they know that they
+should choose 0 Z1 by default maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose 0 Z1 by default maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose 0 Z1 by default maybe
+that's something you could put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you could put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you could put in the
+function specification for anyone using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function specification for anyone using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function specification for anyone using
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+function but it's you know you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but it's you know you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but it's you know you're going
+to rely on users reading your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on users reading your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on users reading your
+specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications
+and that's a little bit uh scary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a little bit uh scary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a little bit uh scary so
+instead the functionality that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the functionality that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the functionality that would
+really like to have is to say Okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to have is to say Okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to have is to say Okay I
+want to write a function that does take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a function that does take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write a function that does take
+in two parameters but by default one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two parameters but by default one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two parameters but by default one of
+those parameters is something that I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters is something that I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters is something that I set
+as the person who's writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the person who's writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the person who's writing this
+function right so what I would really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so what I would really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right so what I would really
+like to have is Epsilon to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have is Epsilon to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have is Epsilon to have some
+sort of a default value so if users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a default value so if users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a default value so if users
+don't know what to call it with that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to call it with that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what to call it with that the
+code will just use that default value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will just use that default value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will just use that default value
+and otherwise if the user is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise if the user is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise if the user is more
+experienced and they know they'd like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced and they know they'd like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced and they know they'd like an
+Epsilon of you know 1 time 10 the -10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon of you know 1 time 10 the -10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon of you know 1 time 10 the -10 or
+whatever it might be then they can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be then they can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it might be then they can be in
+charge of setting it okay so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of setting it okay so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of setting it okay so most of the
+time we want to call the bisection root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we want to call the bisection root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we want to call the bisection root
+function without an Epsilon parameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function without an Epsilon parameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function without an Epsilon parameter so
+that it may use a default one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may use a default one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may use a default one but
+sometimes we'd like to allow the user to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we'd like to allow the user to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we'd like to allow the user to
+actually set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually set the
+Epsilon and so to that end we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and so to that end we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and so to that end we're
+introducing the idea of uh keep keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the idea of uh keep keyword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the idea of uh keep keyword
+parameters also known as default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters also known as default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters also known as default
+parameters and they are set like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and they are set like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and they are set like this so
+the bisection function definition still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bisection function definition still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bisection function definition still
+takes in the thing we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in the thing we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in the thing we'd like to
+approximate the square root of x but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the square root of x but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the square root of x but the
+second parameter here Epsilon will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second parameter here Epsilon will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second parameter here Epsilon will be
+equal to something inside the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something inside the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something inside the function
+definition so we as the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so we as the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so we as the people who are
+writing this function are going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this function are going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this function are going to say
+the default value of Epsilon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+01 okay so that means when we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 okay so that means when we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 okay so that means when we call the
+function down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function down
+here if the user makes a function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the user makes a function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the user makes a function call
+without explicitly passing in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explicitly passing in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explicitly passing in a second
+parameter python will use the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter python will use the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter python will use the default
+one that the person who wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that the person who wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that the person who wrote the
+function set right so python will run by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function set right so python will run by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function set right so python will run by
+section root of 123 with Epsilon being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section root of 123 with Epsilon being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section root of 123 with Epsilon being
+01 and otherwise if the user does want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and otherwise if the user does want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 and otherwise if the user does want
+to override that Epsilon they can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to override that Epsilon they can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to override that Epsilon they can just
+pass it in themselves and that default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it in themselves and that default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it in themselves and that default
+value of 01 will be overwritten to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 01 will be overwritten to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of 01 will be overwritten to be
+.5 okay and so in our code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 okay and so in our code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5 okay and so in our code
+here this is the bis section root with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the bis section root with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the bis section root with
+the default values and so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default values and so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default values and so you can see
+here if I run it with 123 even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I run it with 123 even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I run it with 123 even though
+there are two parameters here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parameters here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two parameters here for the
+bisection square root function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection square root function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection square root function it's
+python doesn't complain because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python doesn't complain because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python doesn't complain because it's
+using Epsilon as 01 so I run it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Epsilon as 01 so I run it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Epsilon as 01 so I run it and it
+runs just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs just
+fine but in the second line here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but in the second line here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but in the second line here if I
+actually want to use 0. five as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to use 0. five as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to use 0. five as my
+default as my Epsilon value it overrides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default as my Epsilon value it overrides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default as my Epsilon value it overrides
+my default parameter and it calculates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my default parameter and it calculates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my default parameter and it calculates
+of 123 with Epsilon being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 123 with Epsilon being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 123 with Epsilon being
+.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.5
+okay questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far so now that we've introduced default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so now that we've introduced default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so now that we've introduced default
+parameters there's a few sort of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's a few sort of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's a few sort of rules
+about making function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making function
+calls when you create the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls when you create the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls when you create the function
+definition so over here right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so over here right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so over here right when
+you're the one defining a function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the one defining a function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the one defining a function and
+you decide to allow some default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to allow some default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to allow some default
+parameters in your parameter list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in your parameter list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in your parameter list
+everything that's a default parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's a default parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's a default parameter
+needs to go at the end you can't switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to go at the end you can't switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to go at the end you can't switch
+these around you can't say epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these around you can't say epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these around you can't say epsilon
+equals 01 comma X python will not allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 01 comma X python will not allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 01 comma X python will not allow
+that so anytime you have default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so anytime you have default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so anytime you have default
+parameters they always have to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters they always have to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters they always have to go to the
+end that's the only rule for making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that's the only rule for making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that's the only rule for making the
+function called or making defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called or making defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called or making defining the
+function with default parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with default parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with default parameters and
+then once you have default parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you have default parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you have default parameters
+you can actually call the function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually call the function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually call the function in
+many many many different ways okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many different ways okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many different ways okay and I
+know these some of these will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these some of these will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these some of these will be
+confusing you might not know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing you might not know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing you might not know whether
+they're allowed or not you can never go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're allowed or not you can never go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're allowed or not you can never go
+wrong with the last one as we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the last one as we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the last one as we're going
+to see in a bit so the first one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in a bit so the first one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in a bit so the first one here
+showcases what happens when you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcases what happens when you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcases what happens when you give
+values for everything that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for everything that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for everything that's not a
+default parameter right in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default parameter right in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default parameter right in this case
+just X if you just give a value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X if you just give a value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just X if you just give a value for
+non-default parameters python sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-default parameters python sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-default parameters python sets
+default parameters for everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default parameters for everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default parameters for everything else
+so not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not a big
+deal um alternatively you can pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal um alternatively you can pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal um alternatively you can pass in
+just like we have in the past when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we have in the past when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we have in the past when we
+write our own functions with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our own functions with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our own functions with multiple
+parameters you can pass in one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you can pass in one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you can pass in one at a time
+in the same order values for every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same order values for every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same order values for every one
+of those uh parameters default or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh parameters default or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh parameters default or not
+and if you pass in values for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you pass in values for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you pass in values for all of
+them python will not be confused and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them python will not be confused and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them python will not be confused and
+it'll just match them one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just match them one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just match them one at a
+time um variations on that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um variations on that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um variations on that you can
+always pass in a value for a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pass in a value for a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always pass in a value for a parameter
+name okay so looking at the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name okay so looking at the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name okay so looking at the function
+definition we can see the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we can see the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we can see the parameter
+names the formal parameters are named X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names the formal parameters are named X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names the formal parameters are named X
+and Epsilon so when you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Epsilon so when you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Epsilon so when you make your
+function calls you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls you can actually
+explicitly tell python something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly tell python something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly tell python something like
+this xal 123 Epsilon equals 0.1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this xal 123 Epsilon equals 0.1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this xal 123 Epsilon equals 0.1 right
+and if you have more parameters you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have more parameters you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have more parameters you say
+that parameter equals whatever value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter equals whatever value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter equals whatever value you
+want to run it with and so that will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run it with and so that will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run it with and so that will not
+confuse Python and if you do it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse Python and if you do it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse Python and if you do it in that
+way you can actually do it in any order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can actually do it in any order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can actually do it in any order
+you'd like because python will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like because python will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like because python will just
+assign each one of these variables to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign each one of these variables to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign each one of these variables to be
+whatever you told them to okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you told them to okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you told them to okay so you
+know worst case you just do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know worst case you just do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know worst case you just do something
+like this right where you one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right where you one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right where you one at a time
+you just say what the formal parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say what the formal parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just say what the formal parameter
+is and its value and then python will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and its value and then python will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and its value and then python will
+not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get
+confused the ones at the bottom though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused the ones at the bottom though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused the ones at the bottom though
+is where we run into trouble so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we run into trouble so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we run into trouble so for
+example if you put the default parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you put the default parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you put the default parameter
+first and then you put an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then you put an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then you put an actual
+parameter uh sorry you put the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter uh sorry you put the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter uh sorry you put the default
+parameter first and then any parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter first and then any parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter first and then any parameter
+that's not a default one afterward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a default one afterward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a default one afterward
+python gives an error because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python gives an error because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python gives an error because the
+default ones have to go after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default ones have to go after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default ones have to go after the
+non-default ones and the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-default ones and the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-default ones and the last one
+doesn't actually give an error but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually give an error but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually give an error but
+python remember matches parameters one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python remember matches parameters one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python remember matches parameters one
+by one so it's actually going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one so it's actually going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one so it's actually going to find
+the an approximation to the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the an approximation to the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the an approximation to the square root
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+0.1 to an Epsilon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 to an Epsilon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 to an Epsilon of
+123 okay because it's just mapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+123 okay because it's just mapping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+123 okay because it's just mapping the
+parameters one at a time and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters one at a time and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters one at a time and so that's
+not an error but it's not exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an error but it's not exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an error but it's not exactly what
+we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to
+do questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's move on to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's move on to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's move on to another
+thing uh another uh sort of nuance about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh another uh sort of nuance about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh another uh sort of nuance about
+functions and we're going to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we're going to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we're going to go back to
+the idea of functions being objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of functions being objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of functions being objects in
+Python so I drew this picture uh back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python so I drew this picture uh back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python so I drew this picture uh back
+when we first learned of objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first learned of objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first learned of objects of
+functions as objects so I'll just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as objects so I'll just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions as objects so I'll just do it
+again just to jog your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to jog your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to jog your memory
+so remember that when we make a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that when we make a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that when we make a function
+definition inside uh the memory python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition inside uh the memory python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition inside uh the memory python
+creates an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates an
+object right as soon as we see just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right as soon as we see just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right as soon as we see just this
+function definition python doesn't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition python doesn't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition python doesn't care
+what code is inside here this code does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what code is inside here this code does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what code is inside here this code does
+not run right it only runs when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not run right it only runs when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not run right it only runs when it's
+being called and right here I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being called and right here I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being called and right here I have not
+made a function call at all all python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a function call at all all python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a function call at all all python
+knows at this point is that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows at this point is that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows at this point is that there is a
+function object inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function object inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function object inside
+memory and it name its name is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and it name its name is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and it name its name is is
+even and this is exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and this is exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even and this is exactly the same as
+creating an integer object inside memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an integer object inside memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating an integer object inside memory
+and giving it the name r through a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving it the name r through a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving it the name r through a line
+like this or creating a float object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or creating a float object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or creating a float object in
+memory and giving it the name PI right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and giving it the name PI right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and giving it the name PI right
+it's just some object with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some object with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just some object with some
+name and so that means that we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and so that means that we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and so that means that we can have
+some code that looks like this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some code that looks like this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some code that looks like this which is
+uh going to essentially create an alias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to essentially create an alias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going to essentially create an alias
+for that function object in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that function object in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that function object in memory
+okay so here the name is even refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here the name is even refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here the name is even refers to
+that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function
+object and I'm telling python that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and I'm telling python that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and I'm telling python that I
+would like to refer to that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to refer to that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to refer to that function
+object using the name my funk as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object using the name my funk as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object using the name my funk as well so
+both my funk and is even are names that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both my funk and is even are names that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both my funk and is even are names that
+point to this object in memory right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this object in memory right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to this object in memory right
+it's not a function call right I'm not P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function call right I'm not P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function call right I'm not P
+I'm not trying to figure out if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to figure out if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to figure out if some
+number is even I am literally giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is even I am literally giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is even I am literally giving
+another name to this function this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name to this function this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name to this function this code
+right that does this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that does this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that does this thing
+here okay and so that means that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so that means that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and so that means that if I
+have two names that point to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two names that point to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two names that point to the same
+object if I am going to invoke those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object if I am going to invoke those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object if I am going to invoke those two
+names as I do here with some parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names as I do here with some parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names as I do here with some parameters
+python is going to say well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python is going to say well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python is going to say well I'm going to
+run the code pointed to by these names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the code pointed to by these names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the code pointed to by these names
+with these parameters so they will both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these parameters so they will both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these parameters so they will both
+run the code that they're pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the code that they're pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the code that they're pointing to
+right this is even and so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is even and so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is even and so it's just
+going to return true or false we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return true or false we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to return true or false we we've
+seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this
+before so remember just another name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so remember just another name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so remember just another name for
+that object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that object in
+memory so we've seen already how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so we've seen already how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so we've seen already how we can
+pass functions as parameters to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass functions as parameters to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass functions as parameters to other
+functions and now we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and now we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and now we're going to see
+what happens when we uh return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we uh return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we uh return a
+function from another function so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from another function so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from another function so we're
+not returning a function call here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not returning a function call here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not returning a function call here right
+we are returning a function object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are returning a function object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are returning a function object
+so in this particular code we have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular code we have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular code we have only
+one function it's named make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function it's named make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function it's named make
+prod and it happens to have some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod and it happens to have some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod and it happens to have some stuff
+going on inside it so what's the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on inside it so what's the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on inside it so what's the stuff
+that this function will do well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function will do well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this function will do well this
+function itself will create another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself will create another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself will create another
+function so this G only exists whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this G only exists whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this G only exists whenever
+make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod
+exists the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists the main
+program at you can think of it as sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program at you can think of it as sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program at you can think of it as sort
+of this level of the code right in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this level of the code right in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this level of the code right in terms
+of IND entation the main program does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IND entation the main program does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IND entation the main program does
+not know about g g is only defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know about g g is only defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know about g g is only defined
+inside make prod right so when we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside make prod right so when we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside make prod right so when we first
+run this program as is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this program as is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this program as is there's no
+function call being done so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call being done so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call being done so the main
+program does not know anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does not know anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program does not know anything about the
+internals of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internals of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internals of make
+prod okay so make prod creates its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod okay so make prod creates its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod okay so make prod creates its own
+function here and then all it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and then all it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and then all it does is
+return this function object right notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this function object right notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this function object right notice
+it's not a function call there's no open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function call there's no open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a function call there's no open
+close parentheses with a parameter in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close parentheses with a parameter in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close parentheses with a parameter in it
+it's just the the name g it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the name g it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the name g it's this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+object that's the key thing here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's the key thing here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that's the key thing here so
+let's run two codes this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run two codes this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's run two codes this one and this
+one they will do the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they will do the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they will do the exact same
+thing they're going to call make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're going to call make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're going to call make
+prod um with some parameters and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod um with some parameters and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod um with some parameters and then
+we're going to see what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see what happens when we
+return this G and notice already it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this G and notice already it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this G and notice already it's
+looking slightly different than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking slightly different than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking slightly different than what
+we've been doing before yes we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing before yes we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing before yes we have a
+call to make prod here but we've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to make prod here but we've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to make prod here but we've kind of
+chained another function call right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chained another function call right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chained another function call right
+after make prod right we've got make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after make prod right we've got make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after make prod right we've got make
+prod parentheses 2 parentheses 3 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod parentheses 2 parentheses 3 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod parentheses 2 parentheses 3 and so
+this is kind of like I think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like I think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of like I think of it as
+chaining a bunch of function calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining a bunch of function calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining a bunch of function calls
+together and this is possible as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this is possible as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this is possible as we're
+going to see when we step through the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see when we step through the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see when we step through the uh
+the uh the function environments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the function environments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the function environments that
+are being created this is made possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being created this is made possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being created this is made possible
+because make prod this function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because make prod this function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because make prod this function call
+returns a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a function
+itself okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay
+so let's step through the code on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's step through the code on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's step through the code on the
+left very carefully and then I'll step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left very carefully and then I'll step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left very carefully and then I'll step
+through the code on the right which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the code on the right which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the code on the right which will
+do the exact same thing and hopefully it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the exact same thing and hopefully it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the exact same thing and hopefully it
+will clear up confusions if we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will clear up confusions if we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will clear up confusions if we do it
+twice so this is the code from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so this is the code from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice so this is the code from the left
+let's say we have this exact program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have this exact program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have this exact program
+here I've got one function definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got one function definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got one function definition
+and then I've got one function call here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got one function call here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got one function call here
+and then I'm going to print the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to print the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to print the return
+value so as soon as I run my code python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so as soon as I run my code python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so as soon as I run my code python
+creates my global environment and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates my global environment and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates my global environment and in the
+global environment this is the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global environment this is the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global environment this is the scope of
+you know the the main program what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the main program what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the main program what do we
+have well we have one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well we have one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well we have one function
+definition which has some code within it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which has some code within it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which has some code within it
+I don't care what it is at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care what it is at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care what it is at this point
+because I don't have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have a function
+call so then the next thing that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so then the next thing that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so then the next thing that I need
+to do is go down here and say Val equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is go down here and say Val equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is go down here and say Val equals
+so I'm going to create a variable Val in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to create a variable Val in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to create a variable Val in
+my global environment and and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my global environment and and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my global environment and and I'm going
+to make a function call so function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a function call so function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a function call so function
+calls are done left to right right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls are done left to right right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls are done left to right right just
+like expressions and the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expressions and the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expressions and the first thing
+python sees is this function call make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python sees is this function call make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python sees is this function call make
+prod parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod parentheses
+2 it's a function call so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's a function call so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's a function call so we need to
+create another Orange Box because a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another Orange Box because a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another Orange Box because a new
+environment gets created every time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment gets created every time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment gets created every time we
+create we make a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create we make a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create we make a function
+call so here I have my scope my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so here I have my scope my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so here I have my scope my
+environment for make prod and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for make prod and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment for make prod and I'm
+currently just stuck here trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently just stuck here trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently just stuck here trying to
+figure out what this is going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this is going to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this is going to return
+okay just the red box here well every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just the red box here well every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just the red box here well every
+time I have a function call I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have a function call I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I have a function call I need to
+look at the function definition and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the function definition and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the function definition and the
+function definition says well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition says well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition says well there's
+one formal parameter a that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formal parameter a that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one formal parameter a that I need to
+map to the actual parameter so the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to the actual parameter so the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to the actual parameter so the thing
+I'm calling make prod with is two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling make prod with is two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling make prod with is two that
+should be pretty straightforward right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty straightforward right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty straightforward right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then I can move on to do the body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can move on to do the body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can move on to do the body of
+make prod okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod okay
+so the body of make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the body of make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the body of make prod
+says I would like to create a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I would like to create a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I would like to create a function
+definition the name of this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the name of this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the name of this function is
+G so there's G and it contains some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so there's G and it contains some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so there's G and it contains some code
+again I don't care what this code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't care what this code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't care what this code is
+because I'm not making a function called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not making a function called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not making a function called
+to G yet right right now I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G yet right right now I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G yet right right now I'm just
+defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+G okay so so far so good so this G I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay so so far so good so this G I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay so so far so good so this G I
+want you to notice only exists inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to notice only exists inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to notice only exists inside
+this call to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this call to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this call to make
+prod the global environment does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod the global environment does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod the global environment does not
+know about G at this point right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about G at this point right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about G at this point right because
+we only Define G inside make prod it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only Define G inside make prod it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only Define G inside make prod it's
+here right I didn't Define it outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right I didn't Define it outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right I didn't Define it outside of
+make prod so the globos scope doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod so the globos scope doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod so the globos scope doesn't
+know about it but make prod does know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it but make prod does know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about it but make prod does know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it and so the only way that the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so the only way that the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so the only way that the global
+environment can know about G is if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment can know about G is if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment can know about G is if this
+make prod function some how returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G okay so if we pass G back as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay so if we pass G back as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay so if we pass G back as a
+parameter as a as a value sorry to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter as a as a value sorry to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter as a as a value sorry to the
+main program scope the main program can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main program scope the main program can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main program scope the main program can
+know about G but otherwise G is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about G but otherwise G is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about G but otherwise G is kind of
+stuck in this little you know little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in this little you know little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in this little you know little
+subtask little environment of make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtask little environment of make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtask little environment of make prod
+and the main program doesn't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main program doesn't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the main program doesn't know about
+it and so that's what this code is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so that's what this code is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so that's what this code is doing
+it's essentially saying well I've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially saying well I've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially saying well I've made
+my definition and now I return turn G so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition and now I return turn G so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my definition and now I return turn G so
+here this G the co and and it's code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this G the co and and it's code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this G the co and and it's code and
+the associated code right so this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated code right so this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associated code right so this object
+pointed to by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed to by
+G is going to be returned back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is going to be returned back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is going to be returned back to the
+main program okay so now the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main program okay so now the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main program okay so now the main
+program knows about this object G that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program knows about this object G that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program knows about this object G that
+has some code associated with it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some code associated with it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some code associated with it right
+this line here where it returns a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line here where it returns a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line here where it returns a star
+B so the thing that I've boxed Bo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the thing that I've boxed Bo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so the thing that I've boxed Bo and
+read down here is the return value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read down here is the return value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read down here is the return value from
+make prod 2 and make prod 2 return G so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod 2 and make prod 2 return G so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make prod 2 and make prod 2 return G so
+this you can essentially say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G is that okay does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is that okay does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is that okay does that make sense
+right we're passing functions along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're passing functions along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're passing functions along
+right not function calls and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not function calls and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not function calls and so this is
+just a function named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a function named
+G and so now this line of code Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and so now this line of code Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and so now this line of code Val
+equals if we were replace the red box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals if we were replace the red box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals if we were replace the red box
+with G Val equals g parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 so G parenthesis 3 is another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so G parenthesis 3 is another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so G parenthesis 3 is another function
+call right just clearly we we look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call right just clearly we we look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call right just clearly we we look at it
+it's a function call it's got a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function call it's got a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function call it's got a function
+name parenthesis and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name parenthesis and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name parenthesis and a
+parameter and so since it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and so since it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and so since it's a function
+call we create another scope for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we create another scope for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we create another scope for this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+call as before we look at what G takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call as before we look at what G takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call as before we look at what G takes
+in as a parameter it's a a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as a parameter it's a a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as a parameter it's a a variable
+named B right a formal parameter B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named B right a formal parameter B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named B right a formal parameter B and
+we map it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map it to
+three because that's our function called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because that's our function called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three because that's our function called
+G parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G parentheses
+3 and then we have to do the body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then we have to do the body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then we have to do the body of
+G the body of G says return a multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G the body of G says return a multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G the body of G says return a multiplied
+by B well I know what B is it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B well I know what B is it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B well I know what B is it's three
+because you just called me with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just called me with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just called me with that
+value but what is a right the scope of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but what is a right the scope of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but what is a right the scope of G
+has no a within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no a within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no a within
+it so thinking back to our function our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so thinking back to our function our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so thinking back to our function our
+lecture on functions if a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on functions if a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on functions if a function
+called doesn't know about a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called doesn't know about a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called doesn't know about a variable
+name within its environment within its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name within its environment within its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name within its environment within its
+scope it moves up sort of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope it moves up sort of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope it moves up sort of the the the
+function called hierarchy so it says who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called hierarchy so it says who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called hierarchy so it says who
+called me right where was G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me right where was G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me right where was G
+defined well G was defined inside make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined well G was defined inside make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined well G was defined inside make
+prod and so it was called from make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod and so it was called from make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prod and so it was called from make prod
+does make prod have a variable named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make prod have a variable named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does make prod have a variable named
+a it does right and its value was two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it does right and its value was two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it does right and its value was two so
+we didn't need to go any further up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't need to go any further up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't need to go any further up the
+hierarchy we've already found a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy we've already found a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy we've already found a variable
+named a so python will use b as three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named a so python will use b as three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named a so python will use b as three
+and a is two okay multiplies that to B6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is two okay multiplies that to B6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a is two okay multiplies that to B6
+and then uh the G function call can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the G function call can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh the G function call can
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+six it returns it back to the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six it returns it back to the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six it returns it back to the main
+program because that's where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because that's where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program because that's where this
+function call was being done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call was being done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call was being done right
+remember we had this uh replaced with G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had this uh replaced with G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we had this uh replaced with G
+parentheses 3 out in this Global scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 3 out in this Global scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 3 out in this Global scope
+here and so that's six gets returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so that's six gets returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so that's six gets returned
+back to the main H main program and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the main H main program and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the main H main program and then
+Val becomes six and we print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six okay so that was showing you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so that was showing you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six okay so that was showing you how to
+chain function calls together and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain function calls together and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain function calls together and this
+was only made possible because make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only made possible because make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only made possible because make prod
+as a function returned another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function returned another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function returned another function
+object if make prod returned I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object if make prod returned I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object if make prod returned I don't
+know a tupal or an integer or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a tupal or an integer or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a tupal or an integer or something
+that was not a function this code would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a function this code would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not a function this code would
+fail because the return from make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because the return from make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because the return from make prod
+would be let's say it returned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be let's say it returned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be let's say it returned the
+number 10 the return from make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 10 the return from make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 10 the return from make prod
+would be replaced with 10 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replaced with 10 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be replaced with 10 and then
+python would see this line as 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python would see this line as 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python would see this line as 10
+parentheses 3 what the heck is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 3 what the heck is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 3 what the heck is that
+right and so it would completely fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it would completely fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it would completely fail
+and so this is only made possible by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is only made possible by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is only made possible by the
+fact that this make prod function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this make prod function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this make prod function
+returns a function object and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a function object and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns a function object and so we're
+able to chain these function calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so so let's look at the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so so let's look at the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so so let's look at the exact
+same code except this time instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same code except this time instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same code except this time instead of
+chaining them in a row let's explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining them in a row let's explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining them in a row let's explicitly
+save the intermediate steps okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the intermediate steps okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save the intermediate steps okay so what
+I'm going to do is say make prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is say make prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is say make prod
+parenthesis 2 I'm going to save as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis 2 I'm going to save as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis 2 I'm going to save as a
+variable and then make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and then make that
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+call uh the three right the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh the three right the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call uh the three right the the second
+part of my chain from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my chain from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my chain from the previous
+slide and it's going to do the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and it's going to do the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and it's going to do the exact
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+so here I've got the global scope just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've got the global scope just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've got the global scope just
+like before I've got a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before I've got a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before I've got a function
+definition for make prod so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for make prod so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for make prod so this is the
+name make prod it uh it points to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name make prod it uh it points to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name make prod it uh it points to some
+code and then I've got this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then I've got this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then I've got this variable
+doubler that's going to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubler that's going to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubler that's going to equal
+something so that's a function call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that's a function call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that's a function call the
+function call says here's my environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call says here's my environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function call says here's my environment
+for make prod with its scope so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for make prod with its scope so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for make prod with its scope so in this
+particular scope I've got my formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular scope I've got my formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular scope I've got my formal
+parameter a that maps to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter a that maps to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter a that maps to two
+and then the function body itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the function body itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the function body itself
+creates this variable G that's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates this variable G that's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates this variable G that's just some
+code exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before any questions so far based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any questions so far based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before any questions so far based on
+what happened last in the last sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened last in the last sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened last in the last sort of
+example and here or is this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+okay so now I've set up my my code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've set up my my code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've set up my my code and
+this is where the interesting part comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the interesting part comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the interesting part comes
+in right make prod is going to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right make prod is going to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right make prod is going to finish
+its call by saying I'm going to return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its call by saying I'm going to return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its call by saying I'm going to return
+something and the thing it returns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the thing it returns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the thing it returns is
+G so it returns this name g just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so it returns this name g just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so it returns this name g just happens
+to have it happens to be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it happens to be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it happens to be a function
+object but you know think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but you know think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but you know think of it as
+anything else we're basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else we're basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else we're basically saying
+doubler equals 10 or doubler equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubler equals 10 or doubler equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubler equals 10 or doubler equals some
+list or some Tuple doubler is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list or some Tuple doubler is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list or some Tuple doubler is going to
+be some some value right this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some some value right this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some some value right this value is
+just code associated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just code associated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just code associated with a
+function so in my main program scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so in my main program scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so in my main program scope
+I've got doubler equals g which based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got doubler equals g which based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got doubler equals g which based on
+the memory diagram we did like five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory diagram we did like five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory diagram we did like five or
+10 slides ago right it's like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 slides ago right it's like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 slides ago right it's like when we
+had my funk equals is even I basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had my funk equals is even I basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had my funk equals is even I basically
+have two names for the same function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two names for the same function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two names for the same function
+object right doubler is a name and G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right doubler is a name and G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right doubler is a name and G is
+the other name and they both point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other name and they both point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other name and they both point to
+this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object does that make sense that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object does that make sense that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object does that make sense that that's
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+okay so now that I've got two names that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that I've got two names that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that I've got two names that
+point to the same function object we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the same function object we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the same function object we can
+just use this doubler in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this doubler in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this doubler in the next
+line and this doubler is like saying G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this doubler is like saying G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this doubler is like saying G
+parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 except that I'm using the name doubler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 except that I'm using the name doubler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 except that I'm using the name doubler
+which I saved it as on the previous line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I saved it as on the previous line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I saved it as on the previous line
+so G parentheses 3 is another function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G parentheses 3 is another function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so G parentheses 3 is another function
+call create another environment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call create another environment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call create another environment for
+uh for G or doubler uh whatever name and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for G or doubler uh whatever name and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for G or doubler uh whatever name and
+here I've got one formal parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got one formal parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got one formal parameter
+B it's values three and then we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's values three and then we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it's values three and then we do the
+same trick where you ask what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick where you ask what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trick where you ask what is the
+value of a I'm going to look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a I'm going to look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a I'm going to look up the
+hierarchy of things that got called to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of things that got called to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of things that got called to
+see what the first value of a that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the first value of a that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the first value of a that I
+grab and the first value of a that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab and the first value of a that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab and the first value of a that we
+grab is the two right and so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab is the two right and so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab is the two right and so we're going
+to multiply the two with the three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply the two with the three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply the two with the three and
+that six gets returned back to whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six gets returned back to whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six gets returned back to whoever
+called it which was out here in the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it which was out here in the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it which was out here in the main
+program scope and so this Val will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program scope and so this Val will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program scope and so this Val will be
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+questions which one was easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which one was easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which one was easier to
+understand this one or the one where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one or the one where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one or the one where we
+did the chaining just show of hands who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the chaining just show of hands who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the chaining just show of hands who
+liked this one more who liked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked this one more who liked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked this one more who liked the
+chaining more oh interesting okay was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining more oh interesting okay was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining more oh interesting okay was
+the chaining just easier to to grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaining just easier to to grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chaining just easier to to grasp
+because there were less names okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were less names okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were less names okay cool
+I'm glad I showed it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then any questions though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah no reason in fact you would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no reason in fact you would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no reason in fact you would want to
+do the chaining way because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chaining way because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chaining way because then you
+avoid extra lines of code and again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid extra lines of code and again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid extra lines of code and again with
+practice it just becomes really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it just becomes really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it just becomes really easy to
+know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um that might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that might have been
+confusing um why do we bother doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um why do we bother doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing um why do we bother doing that
+because that particular example all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that particular example all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that particular example all we
+were doing is multiplying two or I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing is multiplying two or I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing is multiplying two or I guess
+doubling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubling a
+number okay um we could have easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay um we could have easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay um we could have easily
+written that code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written that code
+to you know to double a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know to double a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know to double a number and
+without actually returning a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually returning a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually returning a function
+that seemed way overkill for what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seemed way overkill for what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seemed way overkill for what that
+code was trying to do um well it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was trying to do um well it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was trying to do um well it was
+kind of showing you what you can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of showing you what you can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of showing you what you can do with
+an easy example and you would definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy example and you would definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy example and you would definitely
+never ever write uh you know functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever write uh you know functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever write uh you know functions
+returning other functions for such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning other functions for such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returning other functions for such
+simple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple examples
+but it's really a method for um cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really a method for um cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really a method for um cases
+where you have larger pieces of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have larger pieces of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have larger pieces of code
+that you'd like to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to write
+because if you're trying so so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're trying so so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're trying so so so if
+you're writing a a larger piece of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing a a larger piece of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing a a larger piece of code
+right some software project and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some software project and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some software project and every
+single function you'd ever want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single function you'd ever want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single function you'd ever want to use
+is kind of defined at the top level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of defined at the top level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of defined at the top level in
+the main program it would become really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main program it would become really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main program it would become really
+messy right and so there are cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy right and so there are cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy right and so there are cases where
+you would like some functions to only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like some functions to only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like some functions to only be
+visible or accessible by other functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible or accessible by other functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible or accessible by other functions
+right and so you only Define those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you only Define those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you only Define those
+functions within the scope of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions within the scope of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions within the scope of other
+functions that's that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that's that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that's that's one
+thing the other thing is using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the other thing is using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the other thing is using this
+chaining method allows you to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining method allows you to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaining method allows you to have some
+uh control over the the flow of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh control over the the flow of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh control over the the flow of control
+of a program and so you can imagine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program and so you can imagine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a program and so you can imagine in
+the pre in the example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre in the example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre in the example here
+where you basically create this you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you basically create this you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you basically create this you you
+have this line here and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this line here and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this line here and at some point
+you return G right and you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return G right and you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you return G right and you don't want to
+do the doubling right away right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the doubling right away right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the doubling right away right so you
+don't want to do Val equals doubler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do Val equals doubler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do Val equals doubler
+right away you can imagine having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you can imagine having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you can imagine having a
+bunch more lines of code here that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch more lines of code here that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch more lines of code here that do
+other stuff before you actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff before you actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff before you actually do the
+the the doubling right and so in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the doubling right and so in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the doubling right and so in that in
+that case in this larger more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case in this larger more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case in this larger more complex
+program you're essentially interrupting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you're essentially interrupting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you're essentially interrupting
+the flow of control here you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of control here you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of control here you're not
+doing the doubling right away but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the doubling right away but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the doubling right away but you
+did grab this function back and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did grab this function back and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did grab this function back and then you
+can maybe do other things with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe do other things with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maybe do other things with that
+function before finally doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function before finally doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function before finally doing the the
+the doubling and so in that case you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubling and so in that case you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubling and so in that case you you
+can basically execute some code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically execute some code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically execute some code
+partially do some other operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially do some other operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially do some other operations and
+then finish executing um you know at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finish executing um you know at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finish executing um you know at at
+the end after you've done these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end after you've done these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end after you've done these
+operations so again for this example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so again for this example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations so again for this example it
+doesn't make much sense but in a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make much sense but in a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make much sense but in a larger
+piece of code it's this um this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code it's this um this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code it's this um this idea of
+uh functions returning functions is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions returning functions is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions returning functions is just
+another tool to achieve these ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool to achieve these ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool to achieve these ideas of
+decomposition abstraction which lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition abstraction which lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition abstraction which lead you
+to write more organized code more robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write more organized code more robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write more organized code more robust
+code more easy to read code and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code more easy to read code and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code more easy to read code and so on
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on okay so you don't have to to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so you don't have to to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so you don't have to to do this
+but you do have to understand what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do have to understand what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do have to understand what it
+means for a function to uh return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for a function to uh return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for a function to uh return
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+function any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so now we're going to do
+the last piece of today's lecture ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece of today's lecture ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last piece of today's lecture ideas
+of testing and debugging um this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing and debugging um this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing and debugging um this uh this
+lecture is usually pretty dry so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is usually pretty dry so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is usually pretty dry so I'm
+going to try to make it more fun uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to make it more fun uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to make it more fun uh as
+as fun as I can um the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fun as I can um the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fun as I can um the reason why we
+introduced this lecture now is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this lecture now is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this lecture now is because
+I'm hoping that by this point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping that by this point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping that by this point in the
+course you've had a chance to do some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you've had a chance to do some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you've had a chance to do some uh
+testing and debugging strategies on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and debugging strategies on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and debugging strategies on your
+own by kind of a trial and error uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own by kind of a trial and error uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own by kind of a trial and error uh
+thing on quizzes and on pets so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on quizzes and on pets so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on quizzes and on pets so you've
+gotten a chance to maybe use the python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a chance to maybe use the python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a chance to maybe use the python
+tutor you've gotten a chance to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor you've gotten a chance to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutor you've gotten a chance to use
+print statements um you know various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print statements um you know various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print statements um you know various
+things like that and see what works best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and see what works best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that and see what works best
+for you what doesn't work at all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you what doesn't work at all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you what doesn't work at all things
+like that so you've maybe gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so you've maybe gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so you've maybe gotten a
+little bit burned by some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit burned by some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit burned by some of these
+strategies but I hope that by you being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but I hope that by you being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies but I hope that by you being
+burned by you know some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned by you know some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burned by you know some things that
+you've tried that work that didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've tried that work that didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've tried that work that didn't work
+you'll maybe appreciate this lecture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll maybe appreciate this lecture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll maybe appreciate this lecture a
+little bit more than if I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more than if I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more than if I just showed
+you this lecture you know back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this lecture you know back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this lecture you know back
+on uh you know day one or day two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you know day one or day two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you know day one or day two or
+something like that because it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that because it's a lot
+of common sense stuff but um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sense stuff but um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sense stuff but um there's a
+little bit of actual strategy as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of actual strategy as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of actual strategy as well in
+this particular uh set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh set of
+slides so your programming experience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so your programming experience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides so your programming experience so
+far I know this is certainly mine is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I know this is certainly mine is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I know this is certainly mine is I
+hope that when I run my code it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that when I run my code it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that when I run my code it
+immediately runs perfectly but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately runs perfectly but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately runs perfectly but instead
+what ends up happening for me is I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening for me is I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening for me is I run
+my code and it immediately crashes I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my code and it immediately crashes I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my code and it immediately crashes I've
+got my red errors on the side and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my red errors on the side and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my red errors on the side and I I
+get a little bit flustered okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit flustered okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit flustered okay so this
+is exactly what happens probably for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what happens probably for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly what happens probably for you
+too and the idea here is that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and the idea here is that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and the idea here is that you want
+to write the code in such a a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the code in such a a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the code in such a a way that
+um it makes it easy to test and debug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it makes it easy to test and debug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it makes it easy to test and debug
+and I know I always say this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I always say this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know I always say this and I
+actually don't always practice it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't always practice it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't always practice it but
+it's important to write The Code by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to write The Code by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to write The Code by
+writing it with uh uh by adding comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it with uh uh by adding comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it with uh uh by adding comments
+as you're writing the code right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're writing the code right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're writing the code right so
+writing specifications writing comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing specifications writing comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing specifications writing comments
+for yourself as you're actually writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself as you're actually writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself as you're actually writing
+the code not when you finished it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code not when you finished it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code not when you finished it is
+very important it helps you as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it helps you as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important it helps you as you're
+writing it or coming when you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it or coming when you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it or coming when you're coming
+back to it in a couple days um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it in a couple days um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it in a couple days um
+modularizing the programs also helps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularizing the programs also helps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularizing the programs also helps so
+if you see a chunk of code that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a chunk of code that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a chunk of code that you're
+copying and pasting all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying and pasting all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying and pasting all over the place
+you want to you know plop it out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you know plop it out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you know plop it out in a
+little function that you call multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little function that you call multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little function that you call multiple
+places so ideas like that um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so ideas like that um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so ideas like that um kind of
+employ the this defensive programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ the this defensive programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ the this defensive programming
+mechanism and it allows you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and it allows you to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and it allows you to uh
+perform really easy testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform really easy testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform really easy testing and
+validation when it comes time to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation when it comes time to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation when it comes time to do that
+and then possibly debugging when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then possibly debugging when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then possibly debugging when it
+comes time to do that so the lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to do that so the lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to do that so the lecture is
+going to be divided into two pieces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be divided into two pieces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be divided into two pieces the
+first we're going to talk about testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to talk about testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we're going to talk about testing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+validation some nice testing strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation some nice testing strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation some nice testing strategies
+and we're going to talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about some
+strategies for debugging as well so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for debugging as well so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for debugging as well so the
+testing and validation part is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and validation part is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and validation part is where you
+come up with a set of input test cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a set of input test cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a set of input test cases
+and expected outputs and all you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expected outputs and all you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expected outputs and all you're
+doing is running the test uh running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is running the test uh running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is running the test uh running
+your code to make sure that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code to make sure that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code to make sure that the expected
+output matches the output that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output matches the output that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output matches the output that you
+actually get from running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get from running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get from running the
+code the debugging Strate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the debugging Strate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the debugging Strate uh the
+debugging part is where one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging part is where one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging part is where one of your
+tests don't match the expected output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests don't match the expected output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests don't match the expected output
+okay one of the outputs that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the outputs that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one of the outputs that you get
+don't match the expected output and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match the expected output and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't match the expected output and at
+that point you have to figure out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you have to figure out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you have to figure out why
+the code is not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is not working
+obviously so before you even test your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously so before you even test your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously so before you even test your
+code as I mentioned before it's you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as I mentioned before it's you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as I mentioned before it's you have
+to set yourself up to do the testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set yourself up to do the testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set yourself up to do the testing and
+debugging so to ease this part it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging so to ease this part it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging so to ease this part it's
+important to write documentation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to write documentation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to write documentation very
+well so when you're writing your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so when you're writing your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so when you're writing your own
+function not functions that we've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function not functions that we've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function not functions that we've given
+you document the doc string what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you document the doc string what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you document the doc string what are the
+inputs you expect what should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs you expect what should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs you expect what should the
+function do what should the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function do what should the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function do what should the function
+return things things like that um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return things things like that um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return things things like that um if
+you're writing the code in a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing the code in a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing the code in a sort of a
+strange way or if you Ed some piece from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange way or if you Ed some piece from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange way or if you Ed some piece from
+stack Overflow or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack Overflow or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack Overflow or something like that
+document it to make sure that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it to make sure that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it to make sure that if you're
+looking at it a week from now you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it a week from now you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it a week from now you still
+remember what that piece of code did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what that piece of code did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what that piece of code did so
+really really simple things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple things like that
+can make a really big difference when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a really big difference when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a really big difference when it
+comes time to test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes time to test and
+debug um breaking up the code obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug um breaking up the code obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug um breaking up the code obviously
+into smaller chunks is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into smaller chunks is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into smaller chunks is very important
+because if you're copying and pasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're copying and pasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're copying and pasting
+the same piece of code over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same piece of code over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same piece of code over and over
+again um you remember to make a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um you remember to make a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um you remember to make a change
+in one place you might forget to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place you might forget to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place you might forget to make
+that same changes on in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same changes on in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same changes on in all these
+different places and so that'll be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places and so that'll be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places and so that'll be very
+frustrating uh when it comes time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating uh when it comes time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating uh when it comes time to
+actually run and debug the code so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run and debug the code so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run and debug the code so once
+you have code that's written you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have code that's written you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have code that's written you would
+start the testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the testing
+process um you remove all the errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um you remove all the errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um you remove all the errors
+static errors uh static semantic errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static errors uh static semantic errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static errors uh static semantic errors
+and syntax errors are really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and syntax errors are really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and syntax errors are really easy to
+remove python immediately tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove python immediately tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove python immediately tells you
+right index error on this line or syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right index error on this line or syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right index error on this line or syntax
+error on this line those are really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on this line those are really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on this line those are really easy
+to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure
+out um using a paper and pen or typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um using a paper and pen or typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um using a paper and pen or typing
+it out on your uh you know on your uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out on your uh you know on your uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out on your uh you know on your uh on
+your uh in your python file you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh in your python file you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh in your python file you come up
+with a bunch of test cases and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of test cases and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of test cases and for each
+one of those test cases the way we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those test cases the way we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those test cases the way we you
+know the way we write on your micro quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the way we write on your micro quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the way we write on your micro quiz
+uh test cases you say what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test cases you say what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh test cases you say what you expect
+the output to be so when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output to be so when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output to be so when you actually
+run it you don't need to remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it you don't need to remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it you don't need to remember what
+this act output should be right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act output should be right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this act output should be right it's
+just written down on uh down somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written down on uh down somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written down on uh down somewhere
+on paper or on the uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper or on the uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on paper or on the uh on the
+screen so when you're creating a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so when you're creating a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so when you're creating a bunch
+of test cases you can create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test cases you can create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test cases you can create some
+different classes of tests right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of tests right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of tests right so
+hopefully we're modularizing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we're modularizing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we're modularizing our
+programs which means that we're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which means that we're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs which means that we're creating
+functions the simplest classes of tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the simplest classes of tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the simplest classes of tests
+are called Unit tests and these tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called Unit tests and these tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called Unit tests and these tests
+basically test a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically test a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically test a
+function with different inputs okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with different inputs okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with different inputs okay so
+what you're going to do is come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do is come up with
+a bunch of different test cases for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different test cases for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different test cases for one
+particular function and run these test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function and run these test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function and run these test
+cases on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases on the
+function if they all work perfect but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if they all work perfect but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if they all work perfect but if
+they don't or if you find a bug as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't or if you find a bug as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't or if you find a bug as
+you're writing test cases in the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing test cases in the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing test cases in the code
+you'll want to perform regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to perform regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to perform regression
+testing and regression testing means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and regression testing means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and regression testing means
+that as you find a bug you add a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you find a bug you add a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as you find a bug you add a new
+test case for them right or as you fix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test case for them right or as you fix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test case for them right or as you fix a
+bug you make you run the code uh you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug you make you run the code uh you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug you make you run the code uh you run
+the same uh the same code with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh the same code with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh the same code with all of
+the previous test cases to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous test cases to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous test cases to make sure
+that the bug you fixed didn't introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bug you fixed didn't introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the bug you fixed didn't introduce
+errors in a previous test case okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in a previous test case okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in a previous test case okay so
+you there's a bunch of iterations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a bunch of iterations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a bunch of iterations of
+unit testing and regression testing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit testing and regression testing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit testing and regression testing to
+test all of these different modules all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test all of these different modules all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test all of these different modules all
+the functions in your program and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions in your program and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions in your program and at
+some point you're ready to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you're ready to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you're ready to do
+integration testing and in integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration testing and in integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration testing and in integration
+testing you've got all these modules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing you've got all these modules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing you've got all these modules for
+example as you did in hangman you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as you did in hangman you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as you did in hangman you've got
+all these little functions right that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these little functions right that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these little functions right that do
+individual things you put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things you put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual things you put them all
+together into a larger program right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a larger program right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into a larger program right in
+hangman it was you know a bunch of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangman it was you know a bunch of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hangman it was you know a bunch of big
+while loop where you check all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop where you check all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop where you check all these
+different things that the user might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that the user might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that the user might
+input and then you call the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and then you call the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and then you call the different
+functions you wrote and as you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you wrote and as you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you wrote and as you find
+errors in uh in the integration right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in uh in the integration right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors in uh in the integration right
+when you've written code that integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've written code that integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've written code that integrated
+all these different pieces together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different pieces together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different pieces together you
+might have to go back and do more unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to go back and do more unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to go back and do more unit
+tests for some of the uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests for some of the uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests for some of the uh some of the
+functions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you
+wrote okay so you've done unit testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote okay so you've done unit testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote okay so you've done unit testing
+regression testing and integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression testing and integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression testing and integration
+testing what are some actual testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing what are some actual testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing what are some actual testing
+approaches how do you actually create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches how do you actually create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches how do you actually create
+these test cases to run your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these test cases to run your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these test cases to run your
+code so I guess the most natural way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I guess the most natural way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so I guess the most natural way uh
+to write a test case is just intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a test case is just intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a test case is just intuition
+about the problem so given a a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem so given a a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem so given a a dog
+string what are going to be some natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string what are going to be some natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string what are going to be some natural
+boundaries some natural values of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries some natural values of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries some natural values of X and
+Y for which you test this code with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y for which you test this code with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y for which you test this code with you
+guys tell me what's some values that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys tell me what's some values that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys tell me what's some values that we
+could test this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with think about the boundaries to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with think about the boundaries to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with think about the boundaries to the
+question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah three and four is good so X is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah three and four is good so X is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah three and four is good so X is uh
+less than y is a good one vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than y is a good one vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than y is a good one vice versa
+right four and three is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four and three is another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four and three is another one
+where Y is greater uh less than x we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Y is greater uh less than x we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Y is greater uh less than x we
+could test them being equal right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test them being equal right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could test them being equal right what
+about zero and zero what about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero and zero what about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about zero and zero what about a
+thousand and a thousand so we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and a thousand so we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and a thousand so we could do
+extremes we could do bigger than less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes we could do bigger than less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes we could do bigger than less
+than we could do equal things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we could do equal things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we could do equal things like that
+right so mathematical functions are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so mathematical functions are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so mathematical functions are kind
+of easy to apply this idea to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy to apply this idea to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of easy to apply this idea to because
+they just have natural boundaries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have natural boundaries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just have natural boundaries but
+often there are functions which don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there are functions which don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often there are functions which don't
+have these natural boundaries and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these natural boundaries and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these natural boundaries and then
+we might be stuck doing random testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be stuck doing random testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be stuck doing random testing
+and in random testing obviously the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in random testing obviously the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in random testing obviously the more
+test cases you have the better chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cases you have the better chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test cases you have the better chance
+you have of finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have of finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have of finding a
+bug but there are actual techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug but there are actual techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug but there are actual techniques for
+coming up with test cases so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with test cases so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with test cases so the first
+one is called blackbox testing second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called blackbox testing second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is called blackbox testing second is
+called glass boox testing now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called glass boox testing now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called glass boox testing now in
+blackbox testing you're going to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox testing you're going to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackbox testing you're going to treat
+the code of the function as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code of the function as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code of the function as a black box
+so we don't even look at what the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't even look at what the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't even look at what the code
+is doing all we're looking at to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing all we're looking at to guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing all we're looking at to guide
+writing our test cases is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing our test cases is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing our test cases is the
+specification the dock string right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification the dock string right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification the dock string right and
+so hopefully the person who wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully the person who wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully the person who wrote this
+function wrote a really nice dock string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wrote a really nice dock string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wrote a really nice dock string
+because that's what we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what we're going to use
+to write our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write our test
+cases so the way that we're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so the way that we're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases so the way that we're going to um
+write a test case for this square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a test case for this square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a test case for this square root
+function is by saying what is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is by saying what is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is by saying what is the value
+of x and Epsilon according to to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and Epsilon according to to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and Epsilon according to to this uh
+to these constraints here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these constraints here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these constraints here right so
+obviously we're not going to test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're not going to test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're not going to test the
+code with values that don't match those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with values that don't match those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code with values that don't match those
+constraints because the person who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints because the person who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints because the person who wrote
+this function doesn't guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function doesn't guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function doesn't guarantee that
+this function will work for those out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function will work for those out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function will work for those out of
+you know those those weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those those weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those those weird
+values so the good thing about blackbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the good thing about blackbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so the good thing about blackbox
+testing is if we're the ones testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is if we're the ones testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing is if we're the ones testing
+this function we're only using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function we're only using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function we're only using the
+specification to write the test cases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification to write the test cases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification to write the test cases so
+if for example this person implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example this person implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example this person implemented
+square root using approximation method I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root using approximation method I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root using approximation method I
+I don't care my test cases will work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care my test cases will work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't care my test cases will work if
+the person changes their implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person changes their implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person changes their implementation
+to use the bisection method right my set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the bisection method right my set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the bisection method right my set
+of test cases will still work even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test cases will still work even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test cases will still work even if
+the person who wrote this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who wrote this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who wrote this function
+changed the the the the black box right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the the the the black box right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the the the the black box right
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+implementation so it's blackbox testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation so it's blackbox testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation so it's blackbox testing
+is is is really nice in that respect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is really nice in that respect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is really nice in that respect and
+so for this particular function here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this particular function here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this particular function here's a
+bunch of test cases that I would run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of test cases that I would run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of test cases that I would run it
+with right so obviously X being a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right so obviously X being a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right so obviously X being a zero
+perfect square less than one are are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect square less than one are are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect square less than one are are are
+kind of you know nice ones to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know nice ones to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know nice ones to test
+irrational values and then a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational values and then a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational values and then a bunch of
+extremes is also good to test and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes is also good to test and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes is also good to test and then
+Epsilon the same we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the same we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the same we've got some
+reasonable values of Epsilon and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable values of Epsilon and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable values of Epsilon and then
+some extremes and we can even you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extremes and we can even you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extremes and we can even you know
+mix and match we can have zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and match we can have zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix and match we can have zero and
+extremes epsilons and perfect squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes epsilons and perfect squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes epsilons and perfect squares
+and extremes epsilons and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extremes epsilons and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and extremes epsilons and things like
+that so lots more test cases than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so lots more test cases than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so lots more test cases than this
+but this is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a really good
+start in glassbox testing we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in glassbox testing we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in glassbox testing we're going to
+use the code itself to guide the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the code itself to guide the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the code itself to guide the test
+cases that we write so if we uh write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that we write so if we uh write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that we write so if we uh write
+something a test a test Suite that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a test a test Suite that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a test a test Suite that's
+path complete that means that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path complete that means that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path complete that means that we're
+going to hit every single path inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit every single path inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hit every single path inside
+the program okay so that means we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program okay so that means we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program okay so that means we have
+to look at the code to guide the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the code to guide the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the code to guide the test
+cases that we're writing which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that we're writing which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that we're writing which means
+that we're going to have to write a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have to write a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to have to write a test
+case for uh the code hitting the If part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for uh the code hitting the If part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for uh the code hitting the If part
+of a branch we have to write a test case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a branch we have to write a test case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a branch we have to write a test case
+for the code hitting the else part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the code hitting the else part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the code hitting the else part of a
+branch or the L If part of the branch if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch or the L If part of the branch if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch or the L If part of the branch if
+we have a for Loop we need to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a for Loop we need to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a for Loop we need to write a
+test case where the code doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test case where the code doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test case where the code doesn't go
+through the loop at all it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the loop at all it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the loop at all it goes through
+once or it goes through many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or it goes through many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or it goes through many times
+through the loop right same with while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the loop right same with while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the loop right same with while
+Loops we write a test case so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops we write a test case so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops we write a test case so that the
+code doesn't go through the Y loop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code doesn't go through the Y loop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code doesn't go through the Y loop at
+all it matches the condition once or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it matches the condition once or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it matches the condition once or it
+matches the condition many times so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the condition many times so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the condition many times so you
+can imagine that this glass boox testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that this glass boox testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that this glass boox testing
+leads to a whole lot more test cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a whole lot more test cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a whole lot more test cases
+especially when we have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when we have a whole bunch of
+different uh combinations of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh combinations of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh combinations of all of
+these conditionals and loops and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditionals and loops and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditionals and loops and things
+that we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'd like to
+hit the problem with last box testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the problem with last box testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the problem with last box testing
+and having a complete path uh a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a complete path uh a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having a complete path uh a path
+complete test Suite is that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete test Suite is that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete test Suite is that we might
+accidentally miss a bug so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally miss a bug so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally miss a bug so here's an
+example of a code that's not correct so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a code that's not correct so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a code that's not correct so
+it finds absolute value of x um if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds absolute value of x um if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it finds absolute value of x um if x is
+less than negative 1 we return negtive X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than negative 1 we return negtive X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than negative 1 we return negtive X
+else we return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we return
+X so a path complete test Suite could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so a path complete test Suite could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so a path complete test Suite could be
+testing two and -2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing two and -2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing two and -2 the
+two brings us through the else so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two brings us through the else so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two brings us through the else so we
+return two and the netive -2 brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return two and the netive -2 brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return two and the netive -2 brings us
+through the so re return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the so re return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the so re return
+two we might say this code works but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we might say this code works but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we might say this code works but it
+doesn't right we already can tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't right we already can tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't right we already can tell that
+negative 1 is returned incorrectly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 is returned incorrectly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 is returned incorrectly as
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+1 and so in addition to testing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so in addition to testing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and so in addition to testing all the
+paths through the code we'll also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths through the code we'll also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths through the code we'll also want
+to look at boundary condition especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at boundary condition especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at boundary condition especially
+for conditionals when we do uh glass box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conditionals when we do uh glass box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for conditionals when we do uh glass box
+testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing
+okay okay so we have a go a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we have a go a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so we have a go a whole bunch
+of test cases we've run our code with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test cases we've run our code with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of test cases we've run our code with
+all these test cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these test cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these test cases
+and then at some point we've uh gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point we've uh gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point we've uh gotten
+an output from a test case that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output from a test case that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output from a test case that does not
+match what we expected to do then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what we expected to do then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what we expected to do then we
+have to do the debugging process okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the debugging process okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the debugging process okay
+and this is where this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where this is where
+um a little creativity is required uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little creativity is required uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little creativity is required uh
+there is no recipe like there was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no recipe like there was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no recipe like there was in
+glass boox testing and blackbox testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass boox testing and blackbox testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass boox testing and blackbox testing
+for writing test cases there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for writing test cases there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for writing test cases there is no
+similar sort of you know recipe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of you know recipe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sort of you know recipe for
+debugging a program there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging a program there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging a program there is a lot of
+experience that's needed right A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's needed right A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that's needed right A lot of
+times that you've seen a bug CR up um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that you've seen a bug CR up um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that you've seen a bug CR up um in
+order to figure out sort of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out sort of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to figure out sort of what the
+problem might be and so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might be and so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might be and so a lot of
+experience writing code is very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience writing code is very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience writing code is very useful
+in the debugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the debugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the debugging
+process um there are tools to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um there are tools to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um there are tools to help you
+do the debugging process but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the debugging process but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the debugging process but there
+aren't many tools to actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't many tools to actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't many tools to actually do the
+debugging you kind of just have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging you kind of just have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging you kind of just have to do it
+so there's tools built into uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's tools built into uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's tools built into uh into
+Anaconda they're not very good I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anaconda they're not very good I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anaconda they're not very good I've used
+them um python tutor obviously is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um python tutor obviously is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um python tutor obviously is a
+really good one especially for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good one especially for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good one especially for small
+programs because you get to just go step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs because you get to just go step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs because you get to just go step
+by step and see the values um of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step and see the values um of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by step and see the values um of each
+variable as the code is running I so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as the code is running I so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as the code is running I so I
+like that a lot print statements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that a lot print statements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that a lot print statements are
+also really good but you have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really good but you have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really good but you have to know
+where where to put them right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where to put them right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where to put them right and you
+have to use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use them
+effectively um so in that sense you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um so in that sense you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively um so in that sense you know
+if you're not as familiar with print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not as familiar with print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not as familiar with print
+statements python tutor might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements python tutor might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements python tutor might be a
+better better suited for debugging but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better better suited for debugging but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better better suited for debugging but
+no matter what it's important to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what it's important to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what it's important to be
+systematic don't just start changing r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic don't just start changing r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic don't just start changing r
+random Val you know random variables or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Val you know random variables or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random Val you know random variables or
+random conditions and then run the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random conditions and then run the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random conditions and then run the code
+through the tester again right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the tester again right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the tester again right that's
+not going to work very well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work very well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work very well for
+us um when we see error messages in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um when we see error messages in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um when we see error messages in the
+debugging process these are really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging process these are really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging process these are really easy
+to figure out right index error oh shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out right index error oh shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out right index error oh shoot
+I got to check my indices um maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to check my indices um maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to check my indices um maybe I
+went over if you see an index error you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over if you see an index error you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over if you see an index error you
+should probably print out the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably print out the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably print out the variable
+that you're indexing into or indexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're indexing into or indexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're indexing into or indexing
+with um type errors oh man look I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um type errors oh man look I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um type errors oh man look I'm
+casting a list to an integer what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting a list to an integer what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casting a list to an integer what is
+that going to do nothing it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to do nothing it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that going to do nothing it's going to
+give us an error or here I'm dividing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us an error or here I'm dividing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us an error or here I'm dividing a
+string by an integer again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string by an integer again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string by an integer again something
+really simple to fix name errors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple to fix name errors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple to fix name errors of
+course here's I have a here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here's I have a here I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course here's I have a here I have a
+variable that I've never initialized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that I've never initialized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that I've never initialized and
+then syntax errors basically mean things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then syntax errors basically mean things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then syntax errors basically mean things
+like your indentation off or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your indentation off or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your indentation off or you're
+missing a parentheses or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a parentheses or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a parentheses or something like
+that logic errors are a lot harder okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logic errors are a lot harder okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logic errors are a lot harder okay
+these ones you cannot um just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones you cannot um just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones you cannot um just look at
+the line and say this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and say this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and say this is where the
+problem is these ones happen when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is these ones happen when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is these ones happen when your
+output is does not match the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is does not match the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is does not match the expected
+output and this is where kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and this is where kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and this is where kind of
+engaging another part of your brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging another part of your brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging another part of your brain is
+very important I've definitely done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important I've definitely done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important I've definitely done this
+a lot I've had some errors I went for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot I've had some errors I went for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot I've had some errors I went for a
+walk come back and I figure it out or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk come back and I figure it out or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk come back and I figure it out or I
+figured out in the shower or I figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out in the shower or I figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out in the shower or I figured
+out in bed right um so thinking a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in bed right um so thinking a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in bed right um so thinking a little
+bit before you even start the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit before you even start the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit before you even start the problem is
+good for this for these logic SS drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for this for these logic SS drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for this for these logic SS drawing
+a pictures taking a break talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pictures taking a break talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pictures taking a break talking to
+friends all these are really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends all these are really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends all these are really good
+explaining the code to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the code to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the code to something else
+somebody else is also a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is also a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is also a really nice
+thing to do that's me explaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do that's me explaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do that's me explaining the
+code for a something we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for a something we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for a something we're going to do
+in a couple minutes um to my son he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple minutes um to my son he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple minutes um to my son he's
+seven now and he's doing scratch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven now and he's doing scratch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven now and he's doing scratch so
+that's pretty cool but he was helping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool but he was helping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool but he was helping me
+debug and now I'm helping him debug um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug and now I'm helping him debug um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug and now I'm helping him debug um
+yeah or you can explain code to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or you can explain code to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or you can explain code to some
+inanimate object like a rubber ducky now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate object like a rubber ducky now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inanimate object like a rubber ducky now
+having said that you guys can on a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that you guys can on a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that you guys can on a good
+day because you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day because you will
+all get to have your own rubber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get to have your own rubber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get to have your own rubber
+duck different kinds grab your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duck different kinds grab your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duck different kinds grab your
+personality duck that matches your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality duck that matches your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality duck that matches your
+personality after class I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality after class I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality after class I've got
+Minecraft ducks giraffe Ducks princess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft ducks giraffe Ducks princess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft ducks giraffe Ducks princess
+Ducks police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ducks police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ducks police
+Ducks elephant Ducks whatever Ducks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ducks elephant Ducks whatever Ducks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ducks elephant Ducks whatever Ducks
+you'd like come grab one um use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like come grab one um use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like come grab one um use it for
+your quizzes use it for your P set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quizzes use it for your P set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quizzes use it for your P set
+um whatever you'd like to use it for go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whatever you'd like to use it for go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whatever you'd like to use it for go
+for it okay so hopefully it comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it okay so hopefully it comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it okay so hopefully it comes in
+handy um use it well all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy um use it well all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy um use it well all right so we're
+not quite done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite done yet
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+um okay so I will give you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I will give you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I will give you a little bit
+of uh debugging tips though so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh debugging tips though so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh debugging tips though so I know
+it's it's I said it's a creative process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I said it's a creative process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's I said it's a creative process
+I said it's really hard to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it's really hard to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it's really hard to come up with
+a recipe to do do the actual debugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recipe to do do the actual debugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recipe to do do the actual debugging
+but there are um there there is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are um there there is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are um there there is maybe
+one way one really nice way to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way one really nice way to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way one really nice way to do it so
+the idea behind uh debugging is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind uh debugging is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind uh debugging is
+basically use the scientific method like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the scientific method like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the scientific method like
+I said don't just randomly change things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said don't just randomly change things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said don't just randomly change things
+expecting for it to work out what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for it to work out what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting for it to work out what you
+want to do is look at a bunch of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is look at a bunch of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is look at a bunch of test
+cases that failed it's possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that failed it's possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that failed it's possible that
+they're all they all have something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they all have something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all they all have something in
+common and that might lead you to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and that might lead you to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and that might lead you to a
+small piece of code in your program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of code in your program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of code in your program that
+is the one that you should be focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that you should be focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that you should be focusing
+on changing right so you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on changing right so you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on changing right so you want to look at
+the data form a hypothesis and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data form a hypothesis and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data form a hypothesis and try to
+see if another test case also fails that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if another test case also fails that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if another test case also fails that
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+one as you're um as you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as you're um as you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as you're um as you're doing the
+debugging method right if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging method right if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging method right if you really
+have no idea about where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea about where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea about where to
+start try putting print statements at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start try putting print statements at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start try putting print statements at
+reasonable places in the code so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable places in the code so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable places in the code so when
+you first enter functions when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first enter functions when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first enter functions when you first
+enter a loop write all the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a loop write all the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter a loop write all the values of the
+loop variable and all the variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop variable and all the variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop variable and all the variables that
+you're creating in the loop or modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating in the loop or modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating in the loop or modifying
+in Loop and things like that and if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Loop and things like that and if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Loop and things like that and if all
+else fails using the bisection method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else fails using the bisection method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else fails using the bisection method is
+a really nice way to try to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice way to try to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really nice way to try to solve the
+problem so B section method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so B section method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so B section method and
+debugging basically says put a print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging basically says put a print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging basically says put a print
+statement about halfway in the code if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about halfway in the code if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about halfway in the code if
+everything looks right for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks right for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks right for all the
+variables at that point you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at that point you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables at that point you know the
+problem is after this if something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is after this if something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is after this if something is
+wrong you know the problem is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you know the problem is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you know the problem is in the
+first half of the code then put a print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the code then put a print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the code then put a print
+statement in the a quarter of the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the a quarter of the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in the a quarter of the code
+right and then at that point see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then at that point see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then at that point see if the
+V values all the values at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V values all the values at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V values all the values at that point
+match what you expect them to be if do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what you expect them to be if do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match what you expect them to be if do
+great you know the problems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great you know the problems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great you know the problems in the
+second uh quarter I guess yes the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh quarter I guess yes the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh quarter I guess yes the second
+quarter um and if they don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter um and if they don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter um and if they don't you know
+the problem is in the first quarter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is in the first quarter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is in the first quarter okay
+so the bisection method is is a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bisection method is is a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bisection method is is a nice way
+to try to debug the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to debug the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to debug the
+code so what we're going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so what we're going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code so what we're going to do in the
+last bit of lecture is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last bit of lecture is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last bit of lecture is we're going to
+debug some code together that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug some code together that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug some code together that's in the
+python file and then what I have is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python file and then what I have is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python file and then what I have is uh
+included in today's zip file is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in today's zip file is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in today's zip file is actually
+a Wordle game that I wrote It's like 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Wordle game that I wrote It's like 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Wordle game that I wrote It's like 12
+W.P or whatever and it's buggy so I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W.P or whatever and it's buggy so I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W.P or whatever and it's buggy so I'm I
+introduce some bugs in it and I would if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some bugs in it and I would if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some bugs in it and I would if
+you'd like to practice debugging you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to practice debugging you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to practice debugging you can
+try to fix the whle game um to get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fix the whle game um to get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fix the whle game um to get it to
+work and then you can play it yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then you can play it yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then you can play it yourself
+or you can Amaze your friends and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can Amaze your friends and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can Amaze your friends and get
+them to play your game uh in case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to play your game uh in case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to play your game uh in case uh
+you'd like to do something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to do something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to do something like that
+okay so before we uh end I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before we uh end I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so before we uh end I would like to
+actually do some debugging with you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do some debugging with you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do some debugging with you just
+to show you the uh the bisection method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the uh the bisection method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the uh the bisection method
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+debugging so the code we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging so the code we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging so the code we're going to
+debug is this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug is this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug is this one right
+here and I've already included sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I've already included sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I've already included sort of
+the the the fixed code step by step but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the fixed code step by step but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the fixed code step by step but
+we're going to talk through it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk through it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk through it together
+um so this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this function is
+buggy it's a function called is pal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buggy it's a function called is pal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buggy it's a function called is pal that
+takes in a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in a list
+X and it's supposed to turn true if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it's supposed to turn true if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and it's supposed to turn true if the
+list elements are a palindrome and false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list elements are a palindrome and false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list elements are a palindrome and false
+otherwise okay so using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay so using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise okay so using the
+input abcba a cast as a list so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input abcba a cast as a list so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input abcba a cast as a list so you know
+the input is going to be the uh string a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is going to be the uh string a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input is going to be the uh string a
+string B string C string B string a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string B string C string B string a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string B string C string B string a this
+list is a palum right because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is a palum right because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is a palum right because it's the
+same forwards as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same forwards as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same forwards as it is
+backwards so if I run it it should print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so if I run it it should print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so if I run it it should print
+true okay so that test case worked well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay so that test case worked well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay so that test case worked well
+but now what about the second test case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what about the second test case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now what about the second test case
+surpris it's not going to work um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpris it's not going to work um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surpris it's not going to work um if I
+pass in the list AB right so my input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in the list AB right so my input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass in the list AB right so my input is
+going to be the string a and the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the string a and the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the string a and the string
+B this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is not a
+palindrome right so I expect it to print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindrome right so I expect it to print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindrome right so I expect it to print
+false but it prints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false but it prints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false but it prints
+true so I have a nice test case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I have a nice test case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I have a nice test case here
+that I can uh I can make fixes with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can uh I can make fixes with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can uh I can make fixes with and
+see whether it actually gets fixed now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it actually gets fixed now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether it actually gets fixed now
+of course AB b c d f g h i j k l m this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course AB b c d f g h i j k l m this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course AB b c d f g h i j k l m this
+also doesn't work right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doesn't work right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also doesn't work right so this is
+another test case that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another test case that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another test case that's not going to
+work but I don't want to use this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but I don't want to use this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but I don't want to use this long
+one as my test case I want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as my test case I want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as my test case I want to use the
+simplest test case I can find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest test case I can find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest test case I can find that
+doesn't work right so AB seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work right so AB seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work right so AB seems like a
+really nice one to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice one to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice one to test
+with okay so now the first thing we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so now the first thing we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so now the first thing we want
+to do that way that we figured out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that way that we figured out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that way that we figured out the
+input I'd like to test with is put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input I'd like to test with is put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input I'd like to test with is put a
+print statement about halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print statement about halfway through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print statement about halfway through
+the code yes there's only like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yes there's only like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code yes there's only like five
+lines of code here so there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code here so there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code here so there's only
+probably one place that makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one place that makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one place that makes sense to
+put a print statement but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a print statement but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a print statement but let's just
+work with me here so the print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with me here so the print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with me here so the print
+statement could be put right here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement could be put right here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement could be put right here right
+before the if statement right so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the if statement right so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the if statement right so I've
+got two lines of code that do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two lines of code that do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two lines of code that do something
+and then an if so let's just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an if so let's just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then an if so let's just put it
+right before the if scroll down step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the if scroll down step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before the if scroll down step two
+here I go I've put my print statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I go I've put my print statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I go I've put my print statement
+right before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if now we can run the code again so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if now we can run the code again so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if now we can run the code again so I'm
+not going to run the one that worked let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to run the one that worked let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to run the one that worked let
+me try to run the one that didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to run the one that didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me try to run the one that didn't work
+to figure out what the problem is so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the problem is so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what the problem is so I
+run this the print statement is printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this the print statement is printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this the print statement is printing
+the temp so the reverse of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temp so the reverse of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temp so the reverse of X and
+X so what I'm expecting in and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so what I'm expecting in and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so what I'm expecting in and I should
+have probably written this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probably written this over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probably written this over here
+what I've what I'm expecting to get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've what I'm expecting to get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've what I'm expecting to get what
+I'm expecting is to see the reverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm expecting is to see the reverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm expecting is to see the reverse of
+ab So ba and then the original X AB but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab So ba and then the original X AB but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab So ba and then the original X AB but
+I don't so I see ab and ab this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't so I see ab and ab this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't so I see ab and ab this first
+one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should be
+ba so already I have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba so already I have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba so already I have something that's
+unexpected and so I know the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and so I know the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and so I know the problem is
+going to be in these first two lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in these first two lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in these first two lines of
+code right somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code right somewhere in
+here all right so then what I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so then what I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so then what I would like
+to do is figure out which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is figure out which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is figure out which one of these
+lines of code is the problem so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code is the problem so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of code is the problem so I'm
+going to put another print statement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put another print statement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put another print statement a
+quarter of the way through the code okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the way through the code okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the way through the code okay
+well there's only one more place to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's only one more place to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's only one more place to put
+it so let's put it in here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's put it in here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's put it in here I've got
+another print statement right before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another print statement right before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another print statement right before the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse
+so what I'm going to be checking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to be checking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to be checking is
+before the reverse the value of my temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the reverse the value of my temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the reverse the value of my temp
+variable and my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and my original
+variable and after the reverse the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and after the reverse the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and after the reverse the value
+of my re uh revers variable and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my re uh revers variable and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my re uh revers variable and the
+original variable so what I'm expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original variable so what I'm expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original variable so what I'm expecting
+to see is this one here they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is this one here they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is this one here they should be
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ABAB but this one here I'm expecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABAB but this one here I'm expecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABAB but this one here I'm expecting to
+see ba AB okay so run it with this buggy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ba AB okay so run it with this buggy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see ba AB okay so run it with this buggy
+example so before the reverse I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so before the reverse I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so before the reverse I'm
+expecting ab and ab and I do get that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting ab and ab and I do get that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting ab and ab and I do get that so
+that's good I'm happy to see that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good I'm happy to see that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good I'm happy to see that and
+then after the reverse that's my problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the reverse that's my problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after the reverse that's my problem
+right I'm expecting this one to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm expecting this one to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm expecting this one to be
+reversed but it's not so now I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but it's not so now I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed but it's not so now I know the
+problem lies here temp. reverse because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem lies here temp. reverse because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem lies here temp. reverse because
+here in this print statement here Temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this print statement here Temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this print statement here Temp
+and X were as expected so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X were as expected so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X were as expected so what do you
+think the fix should be to the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the fix should be to the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the fix should be to the reverse
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly we need to add parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly we need to add parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly we need to add parentheses
+this is a function we need to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function we need to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a function we need to call it
+like a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a function
+right so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's do that
+fix we've done it here so here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we've done it here so here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix we've done it here so here I've
+added the parentheses to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reverse and run it again so now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and run it again so now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and run it again so now what I'm
+expecting is before the reverse I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting is before the reverse I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting is before the reverse I need
+to see ab ab so this one should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see ab ab so this one should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see ab ab so this one should be the
+same it shouldn't change because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it shouldn't change because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it shouldn't change because I
+didn't do anything to that temp equals X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do anything to that temp equals X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do anything to that temp equals X
+and after the reverse I'm expecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the reverse I'm expecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after the reverse I'm expecting the
+temp to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp to be
+ba and the X to be AB unchanged all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba and the X to be AB unchanged all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ba and the X to be AB unchanged all
+right let's run it so before the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's run it so before the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's run it so before the reverse
+everything looks okay Temp and X are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks okay Temp and X are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything looks okay Temp and X are the
+same after the reverse look at that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same after the reverse look at that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same after the reverse look at that I've
+got my ba as my reverse variable I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my ba as my reverse variable I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got my ba as my reverse variable I'm
+happy but then my X has also changed I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but then my X has also changed I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy but then my X has also changed I'm
+sad yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly there's a clue right we we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there's a clue right we we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly there's a clue right we we see a
+clue we've made a change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue we've made a change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue we've made a change to
+Temp and X has also change so as was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temp and X has also change so as was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temp and X has also change so as was
+suggested from the back we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested from the back we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested from the back we need to make
+a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copy of
+X what we've done here is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what we've done here is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X what we've done here is called
+an when I did temp equals x on a mutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an when I did temp equals x on a mutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an when I did temp equals x on a mutable
+variable what did I make an alias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what did I make an alias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what did I make an alias
+exactly right so let's make a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so let's make a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right so let's make a copy of
+that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so hopefully that fixes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully that fixes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully that fixes things
+because I've run out of lines to fix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've run out of lines to fix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've run out of lines to fix so
+we run this code again with ab and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run this code again with ab and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run this code again with ab and see
+the output before the reverse uh temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output before the reverse uh temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output before the reverse uh temp
+and X should be the same and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X should be the same and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X should be the same and they are
+they're both ABAB and after the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both ABAB and after the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both ABAB and after the reverse
+the temp should be the Reversed ba and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temp should be the Reversed ba and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temp should be the Reversed ba and
+it is and the X should remain the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and the X should remain the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and the X should remain the same
+ab and it's false so it's not a pal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab and it's false so it's not a pal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ab and it's false so it's not a pal
+drum last thing I need to do is double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum last thing I need to do is double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum last thing I need to do is double
+check my original test case the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check my original test case the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check my original test case the one that
+actually worked before I made all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked before I made all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually worked before I made all my
+changes to see whether it still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to see whether it still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to see whether it still works
+and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it
+does right so that particular list is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right so that particular list is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right so that particular list is a
+palindrome so that still returns true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindrome so that still returns true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palindrome so that still returns true
+okay um so that's it so I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's it so I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's it so I've got a
+couple or just one I guess list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple or just one I guess list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple or just one I guess list
+comprehension for you to try uh on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension for you to try uh on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehension for you to try uh on your
+own to write and then of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own to write and then of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own to write and then of course the
+buggy whle game for you to try as well
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AhK3YeJP8Ts.txt b/AhK3YeJP8Ts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..493ab9b16d0d31fb1185ad27bc109b153bc56e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AhK3YeJP8Ts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to another lecture in my series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to another lecture in my series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to another lecture in my series
+on Urban Energy Systems and policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Urban Energy Systems and policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Urban Energy Systems and policy
+welcome back today we'd like to talk I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back today we'd like to talk I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back today we'd like to talk I'd
+like to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about
+cities and building energy policies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and building energy policies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and building energy policies this
+is an area that I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an area that I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an area that I think is really
+interesting for cities but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for cities but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for cities but also
+representative of Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of Energy Efficiency
+efforts in general and so what I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts in general and so what I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts in general and so what I'll take
+you through today is how we me and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through today is how we me and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through today is how we me and many
+other people in New York City help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in New York City help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in New York City help
+develop building energy policies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop building energy policies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop building energy policies that we
+see continue to be aggressive today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see continue to be aggressive today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see continue to be aggressive today
+and just to kind of give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to kind of give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to kind of give you a sense of
+uh how this fits in a larger landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how this fits in a larger landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how this fits in a larger landscape
+around Environmental Policy instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Environmental Policy instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Environmental Policy instruments
+and Energy Efficiency and this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Energy Efficiency and this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Energy Efficiency and this is from a
+chapter by Peter May in 2003 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter by Peter May in 2003 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter by Peter May in 2003 this is the
+sort of thing I read in graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing I read in graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing I read in graduate
+graduate school quite a bit maybe of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school quite a bit maybe of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school quite a bit maybe of the
+time and you know a lot of the debate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you know a lot of the debate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you know a lot of the debate at
+the time was about command control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was about command control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was about command control
+regulation what could government simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation what could government simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation what could government simply
+command the industry or private actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the industry or private actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the industry or private actors
+to do and of course law of debate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and of course law of debate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and of course law of debate at the
+time went out to graduate schools it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time went out to graduate schools it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time went out to graduate schools it was
+around charges and special taxes most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around charges and special taxes most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around charges and special taxes most
+notably carbon taxes there had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably carbon taxes there had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably carbon taxes there had been a
+lot of success in the 1980s and 90s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of success in the 1980s and 90s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of success in the 1980s and 90s with
+sulfur dioxide abatement taxes I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur dioxide abatement taxes I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur dioxide abatement taxes I started
+during the first first Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first first Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first first Bush
+Administration and a lot of economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and a lot of economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and a lot of economists
+looked at this as an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this as an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this as an incredibly
+economically efficient way to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically efficient way to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically efficient way to achieve
+Environmental Policy outcomes of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Policy outcomes of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Policy outcomes of course
+command control regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command control regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command control regulation
+um and charges of special taxes are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and charges of special taxes are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and charges of special taxes are not
+the only ways to achieve our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only ways to achieve our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only ways to achieve our our
+Environmental Policy goals other ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Policy goals other ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Policy goals other ways
+our economic value regulation uh instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economic value regulation uh instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economic value regulation uh instead
+of uh incentivizing industry to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh incentivizing industry to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh incentivizing industry to do
+certain things we could also simply pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things we could also simply pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things we could also simply pass
+standards and standards over what kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and standards over what kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and standards over what kinds
+of goods can be sold or how certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods can be sold or how certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods can be sold or how certain
+um Services can be delivered we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Services can be delivered we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Services can be delivered we could
+give incentives or subsidies directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give incentives or subsidies directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give incentives or subsidies directly
+including a tax credits A notable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a tax credits A notable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a tax credits A notable
+feature of the inflation reduction act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the inflation reduction act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of the inflation reduction act
+and of course government insurance is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course government insurance is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course government insurance is a
+way to subsidize high-risk Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to subsidize high-risk Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to subsidize high-risk Industries
+for example the nuclear industry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the nuclear industry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the nuclear industry is
+heavily insured by the government even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily insured by the government even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily insured by the government even
+then it has not proven to be cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has not proven to be cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has not proven to be cost
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+of course other ways that we provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course other ways that we provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course other ways that we provide
+services or Environmental Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services or Environmental Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services or Environmental Services
+through government The Government Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through government The Government Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through government The Government Can
+directly provide those Services we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly provide those Services we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly provide those Services we can
+also have government corporations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have government corporations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have government corporations and
+Enterprises both examples exist where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises both examples exist where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises both examples exist where
+the government owns utilities I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government owns utilities I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government owns utilities I think
+we'll talk about later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about later
+about 30 percent of electric utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 percent of electric utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 percent of electric utilities
+are owned by governments and about 60 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are owned by governments and about 60 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are owned by governments and about 60 or
+70 percent of water utilities are owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent of water utilities are owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent of water utilities are owned
+by governments that's essentially direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by governments that's essentially direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by governments that's essentially direct
+government revision we can set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government revision we can set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government revision we can set up
+government corporations Amtrak is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government corporations Amtrak is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government corporations Amtrak is a
+government corporation or special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government corporation or special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government corporation or special
+Enterprises for example if your city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises for example if your city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises for example if your city
+owns an airport or a utility it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns an airport or a utility it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns an airport or a utility it may
+often be on its own balance sheet which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often be on its own balance sheet which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often be on its own balance sheet which
+is say that it runs its own agency it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say that it runs its own agency it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say that it runs its own agency it
+can issue its own bonds it's run for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can issue its own bonds it's run for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can issue its own bonds it's run for
+hopefully a profit for the city but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a profit for the city but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a profit for the city but it
+essentially is uh Enterprise set up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is uh Enterprise set up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is uh Enterprise set up to
+serve the city of course we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the city of course we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the city of course we know that
+cities because of their economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities because of their economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities because of their economic
+activity and wealth and population have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and wealth and population have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and wealth and population have
+tremendous power to influence the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous power to influence the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous power to influence the market
+through Contracting and purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally there's other ways that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's other ways that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally there's other ways that we can
+try to achieve our Environmental Policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to achieve our Environmental Policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to achieve our Environmental Policy
+goals we can influence social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals we can influence social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals we can influence social
+regulations vouchers are something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations vouchers are something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations vouchers are something
+that's used quite a bit let's say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used quite a bit let's say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used quite a bit let's say in
+school choice but something that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school choice but something that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school choice but something that could
+be used let's say in other areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used let's say in other areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used let's say in other areas of
+Market policy and tort liability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market policy and tort liability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market policy and tort liability is
+another aspect where again we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect where again we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect where again we can try to
+limit the liability of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the liability of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the liability of certain
+industries it's not essentially another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries it's not essentially another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries it's not essentially another
+way to provide insurance or limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to provide insurance or limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to provide insurance or limited
+liability for certain industries that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability for certain industries that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability for certain industries that we
+think might be high risk or we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think might be high risk or we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think might be high risk or we want to
+encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage
+and the thing I'll probably spend most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing I'll probably spend most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing I'll probably spend most
+of my time talking about today is public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my time talking about today is public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my time talking about today is public
+information we know government has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we know government has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we know government has a
+tremendous role in providing information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous role in providing information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous role in providing information
+to the market we know sometimes if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market we know sometimes if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market we know sometimes if the
+market doesn't have or the market lacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market doesn't have or the market lacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market doesn't have or the market lacks
+information it will not actually grow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it will not actually grow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it will not actually grow or
+it's very difficult for private actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult for private actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult for private actors
+to accumulate the information they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accumulate the information they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accumulate the information they need
+to make decisions a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions a good example of
+course is the census which is embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the census which is embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the census which is embedded
+in the U.S Constitution we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S Constitution we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S Constitution we know the
+census is basically an essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census is basically an essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+census is basically an essential
+uh instrument or essential data set for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instrument or essential data set for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instrument or essential data set for
+many businesses to make their decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many businesses to make their decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many businesses to make their decisions
+and this is why the census is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why the census is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why the census is so
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and so this is something that also I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is something that also I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is something that also I've
+argued in many papers but just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued in many papers but just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued in many papers but just to
+highlight one paper I wrote in 2017 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight one paper I wrote in 2017 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight one paper I wrote in 2017 I
+hope the title is direct and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope the title is direct and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope the title is direct and to the
+point it's called further opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's called further opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's called further opportunities
+to reduce the energy use and greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the energy use and greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the energy use and greenhouse
+gas emissions of buildings it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions of buildings it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions of buildings it's in the
+journal planning education research my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal planning education research my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal planning education research my
+co-authors and I argued essentially that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors and I argued essentially that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors and I argued essentially that
+cities actually have many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities actually have many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities actually have many more
+opportunities to reduce the energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to reduce the energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to reduce the energy use
+and greenhouse gas emissions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greenhouse gas emissions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greenhouse gas emissions of
+buildings a area that I've argued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings a area that I've argued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings a area that I've argued to
+actually results in a lot of greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually results in a lot of greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually results in a lot of greenhouse
+gas emissions or countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions or countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions or countries
+so to give you an example of where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you an example of where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you an example of where they
+might have additional powers that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have additional powers that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have additional powers that we
+might not be using As Cities collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be using As Cities collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be using As Cities collect
+about 70 percent of local tax revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70 percent of local tax revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 70 percent of local tax revenue
+and about 30 percent of all state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 30 percent of all state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 30 percent of all state and
+local taxes in the U.S so through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local taxes in the U.S so through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local taxes in the U.S so through their
+tax power they have quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax power they have quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax power they have quite a bit of
+Leverage over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage over the
+um private sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um private sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um private sector
+in terms of infrastructure cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of infrastructure cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of infrastructure cities and
+state and local governments own about 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and local governments own about 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and local governments own about 50
+percent or more than 50 percent of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or more than 50 percent of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or more than 50 percent of all
+infrastructure they do about 75 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure they do about 75 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure they do about 75 percent
+of the spending on infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spending on infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spending on infrastructure
+and as I mentioned before we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned before we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned before we often
+through cities own about a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through cities own about a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through cities own about a third of
+electric utilities about two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric utilities about two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric utilities about two-thirds of
+water utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water utilities
+example of departments that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of departments that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of departments that you could
+work in in the future that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in the future that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in the future that might have
+leverage over uh potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage over uh potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage over uh potential
+decarbonization opportunities a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization opportunities a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization opportunities a
+Department of Finance Department Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Finance Department Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Finance Department Finance
+again and this is where all those tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this is where all those tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this is where all those tax
+revenues are gathered and then dispersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues are gathered and then dispersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues are gathered and then dispersed
+into the city government that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the city government that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the city government that gives you
+a tremendous amount of power if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of power if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of power if you
+control where the money is raised and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control where the money is raised and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control where the money is raised and
+where it flows to also has tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it flows to also has tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it flows to also has tremendous
+implications for equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for equity
+the law department is essential to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law department is essential to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law department is essential to uh
+find out or to craft laws or policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out or to craft laws or policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out or to craft laws or policies
+that are lawful and effective the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are lawful and effective the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are lawful and effective the fire
+department obviously has codes over how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department obviously has codes over how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department obviously has codes over how
+buildings are built Power Water housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are built Power Water housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are built Power Water housing
+authorities uh New York City in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities uh New York City in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities uh New York City in
+particular owns a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular owns a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular owns a tremendous amount of
+housing stock other large cities own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing stock other large cities own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing stock other large cities own a
+lot of housing stock and schools school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of housing stock and schools school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of housing stock and schools school
+buildings are where kids spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are where kids spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are where kids spend a lot of
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+spent a lot of time we have tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time we have tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time we have tremendous
+opportunities to improve the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to improve the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to improve the environment
+of school buildings so to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school buildings so to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of school buildings so to give you an
+example of some of the Departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of some of the Departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of some of the Departments
+involved just in New York City with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved just in New York City with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved just in New York City with the
+building sector there's the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building sector there's the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building sector there's the department
+of city-wide administrative Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of city-wide administrative Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of city-wide administrative Services
+dcast the department of design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcast the department of design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcast the department of design and
+construction DDC the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction DDC the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction DDC the department of
+buildings dob Department of Finance dof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings dob Department of Finance dof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings dob Department of Finance dof
+the office of long-term planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office of long-term planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the office of long-term planning and
+sustainability at the time was oltps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability at the time was oltps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability at the time was oltps and
+the New York City Housing Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York City Housing Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York City Housing Authority
+nycha all have a role to play in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nycha all have a role to play in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nycha all have a role to play in in
+governing the building stock of New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the building stock of New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the building stock of New York
+City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City
+so just to kind of take a trip down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to kind of take a trip down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to kind of take a trip down
+memory lane there have been a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory lane there have been a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory lane there have been a variety of
+New York City sustainability plans I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City sustainability plans I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City sustainability plans I
+actually wrote that one on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote that one on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote that one on the left
+Sustainable New York City I wrote it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sustainable New York City I wrote it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sustainable New York City I wrote it as
+a fellow for the design Trust of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fellow for the design Trust of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fellow for the design Trust of New
+York City it was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City it was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City it was one of the first
+sustainable sustained sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable sustained sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable sustained sustainability
+plans written for New York City I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans written for New York City I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans written for New York City I also
+work as a fellow on one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as a fellow on one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as a fellow on one of the first
+internal government sustainability plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal government sustainability plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal government sustainability plans
+started in 2003 and in 2005 the city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2003 and in 2005 the city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2003 and in 2005 the city of
+New York issued their first what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York issued their first what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York issued their first what they
+called plan YC 2030 it reads this plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plan YC 2030 it reads this plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plan YC 2030 it reads this plan
+NYC it was issued in 2005 or developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NYC it was issued in 2005 or developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NYC it was issued in 2005 or developed
+in 2005 and I think issue 2006 but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2005 and I think issue 2006 but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2005 and I think issue 2006 but it
+was a comprehensive Suite of plans from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a comprehensive Suite of plans from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a comprehensive Suite of plans from
+the Bloomberg Administration to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bloomberg Administration to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bloomberg Administration to try to
+improve the environment of New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the environment of New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the environment of New York City
+and frankly to establish New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly to establish New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly to establish New York City
+as an environmental leader the plan was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an environmental leader the plan was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an environmental leader the plan was
+updated in 2011 which is the cover on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated in 2011 which is the cover on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated in 2011 which is the cover on
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+and so take us back for a second where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so take us back for a second where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so take us back for a second where
+the environmental discussion was at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental discussion was at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environmental discussion was at the
+time this again is the McKinsey 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this again is the McKinsey 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this again is the McKinsey 2007
+greenhouse gas reduction report that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas reduction report that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas reduction report that I
+showed you this is the marginal Bateman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this is the marginal Bateman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you this is the marginal Bateman
+curve the argument I made to last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the argument I made to last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the argument I made to last time
+in class was that you should be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class was that you should be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class was that you should be on the
+left hand side of the curve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side of the curve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side of the curve because
+these are all negative costs these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all negative costs these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all negative costs these
+should be easy things for you to sell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be easy things for you to sell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be easy things for you to sell in
+your career these right hand side things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your career these right hand side things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your career these right hand side things
+may be necessary but are harder to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be necessary but are harder to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be necessary but are harder to sell
+simply because it costs money to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because it costs money to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because it costs money to reduce
+me as gas missions again on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as gas missions again on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as gas missions again on the left
+hand side we can save money and reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we can save money and reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we can save money and reduce
+greenhouse gas measures but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas measures but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas measures but if you look
+closely at everything on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at everything on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at everything on the left hand
+side you'll notice that everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you'll notice that everything here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you'll notice that everything here
+is essentially buildings related we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially buildings related we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially buildings related we have
+residential Electronics residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential Electronics residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential Electronics residential
+buildings commercial buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings commercial buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings commercial buildings
+residential water heaters commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential water heaters commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential water heaters commercial
+buildings control systems and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings control systems and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings control systems and more
+commercial Electronics Commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Electronics Commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Electronics Commercial
+Lighting and so on so many things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lighting and so on so many things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lighting and so on so many things on the
+left hand side save money reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side save money reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side save money reduce
+greenhouse gas missions and are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas missions and are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas missions and are related
+to buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buildings
+and so just to kind of again maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to kind of again maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to kind of again maybe
+emphasize the importance of the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the importance of the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the importance of the New York
+City building sector we know it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City building sector we know it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City building sector we know it's some
+of the most viable real estate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most viable real estate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most viable real estate in the
+world and just to break it down for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and just to break it down for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and just to break it down for a
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+uh it's at the time of the New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's at the time of the New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's at the time of the New York City
+Government thought it was 75 of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government thought it was 75 of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Government thought it was 75 of all
+greenhouse gas emissions come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions come from
+buildings the sector size is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the sector size is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the sector size is roughly
+about 1 million total buildings in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 million total buildings in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 million total buildings in New
+York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City
+and a key point that influenced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a key point that influenced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a key point that influenced the
+policy making around how to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy making around how to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy making around how to affect
+existing buildings was that one estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing buildings was that one estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing buildings was that one estimate
+was that 85 of all buildings in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that 85 of all buildings in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that 85 of all buildings in New York
+City that'd be there in 2030 already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City that'd be there in 2030 already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City that'd be there in 2030 already
+exist and I think roughly 70 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and I think roughly 70 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and I think roughly 70 percent of
+all the buildings that'll be that 2050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the buildings that'll be that 2050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the buildings that'll be that 2050
+are already existing so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already existing so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already existing so if you want to
+influence the energy use or greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the energy use or greenhouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the energy use or greenhouse
+gas emissions and buildings you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions and buildings you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas emissions and buildings you have to
+influence the buildings that are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the buildings that are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the buildings that are already
+there we know New York City is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we know New York City is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we know New York City is already
+tremendously dense it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously dense it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously dense it's already
+tremendously valuable how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously valuable how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously valuable how do we get
+these owners and these privately owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these owners and these privately owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these owners and these privately owned
+buildings to change their energy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings to change their energy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings to change their energy use
+and again there's one point that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's one point that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again there's one point that came
+out of some of the analyzes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of some of the analyzes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of some of the analyzes of the
+property tax data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property tax data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property tax data
+it was large versus small buildings only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was large versus small buildings only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was large versus small buildings only
+two percent of all buildings in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of all buildings in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two percent of all buildings in New York
+City are above 50 000 square feet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City are above 50 000 square feet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City are above 50 000 square feet but
+they represented about 50 a half of 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represented about 50 a half of 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represented about 50 a half of 50
+of all New York City square footage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all New York City square footage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all New York City square footage and
+one estimate was they as roughly were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one estimate was they as roughly were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one estimate was they as roughly were
+responsible for about 48 of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for about 48 of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for about 48 of all the
+energy used in the city I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy used in the city I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy used in the city I I can't
+actually find a source for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find a source for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find a source for that and
+honestly some of these numbers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly some of these numbers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly some of these numbers at the
+time looking back at it I'm not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking back at it I'm not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking back at it I'm not sure how
+strong the sourcing was but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong the sourcing was but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong the sourcing was but this
+definitely influenced how environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely influenced how environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely influenced how environmental
+policies were made New York City and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies were made New York City and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies were made New York City and of
+course we know there's tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know there's tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we know there's tremendous
+diversity in buildings in New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in buildings in New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in buildings in New York City
+we have commercial buildings industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have commercial buildings industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have commercial buildings industrial
+buildings institutional buildings like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings institutional buildings like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings institutional buildings like
+hospitals and schools we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and schools we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and schools we have
+multi-family residential we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-family residential we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-family residential we have
+mixed-use buildings and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed-use buildings and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed-use buildings and those are the
+large buildings alone we know that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large buildings alone we know that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large buildings alone we know that of
+the million buildings a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million buildings a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the million buildings a lot of those
+million buildings may be single family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million buildings may be single family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million buildings may be single family
+homes or relatively small multi-family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes or relatively small multi-family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes or relatively small multi-family
+buildings in the outer boroughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in the outer boroughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in the outer boroughs
+but we know that the large buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that the large buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that the large buildings are
+also themselves tremendously diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also themselves tremendously diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also themselves tremendously diverse
+just take for example a campus like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take for example a campus like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take for example a campus like
+Columbia or NYU those campuses have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia or NYU those campuses have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia or NYU those campuses have
+large numbers of buildings a lot of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers of buildings a lot of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers of buildings a lot of real
+estate and even their buildings are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate and even their buildings are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate and even their buildings are used
+for many different things both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many different things both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many different things both for
+University purposes and also let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University purposes and also let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University purposes and also let's say
+for rental or police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rental or police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rental or police
+and so the question I want to get to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question I want to get to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question I want to get to is
+how do you know which buildings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know which buildings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know which buildings to
+implement Energy Efficiency in I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement Energy Efficiency in I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement Energy Efficiency in I've
+talked about policy analysis in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about policy analysis in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about policy analysis in terms of
+efficiency and Equity but ultimately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and Equity but ultimately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and Equity but ultimately you
+have to think back to maybe about 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think back to maybe about 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think back to maybe about 15
+years ago when we first started looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when we first started looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when we first started looking
+at the sector people didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sector people didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sector people didn't actually
+have any data about the energy use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any data about the energy use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any data about the energy use and
+buildings the utility only had energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the utility only had energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the utility only had energy
+tracked to the meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked to the meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracked to the meter
+but in general because the tenant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general because the tenant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general because the tenant
+landlord problem that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord problem that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlord problem that we talked about
+before only tenants often get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before only tenants often get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before only tenants often get their
+electricity bills or in some cases only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bills or in some cases only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity bills or in some cases only
+landlords get electricity bills so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlords get electricity bills so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landlords get electricity bills so
+tenants don't always know what energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants don't always know what energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants don't always know what energy
+the landlords are paying for let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landlords are paying for let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landlords are paying for let's say
+in a small multi-family building or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small multi-family building or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a small multi-family building or if
+you're in a large commercial building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a large commercial building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a large commercial building
+and you're a landlord you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're a landlord you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're a landlord you didn't
+actually know what the tenants were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what the tenants were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what the tenants were
+paying for even if they're let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for even if they're let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for even if they're let's say a
+large bank or Law Firm you had no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bank or Law Firm you had no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large bank or Law Firm you had no sense
+of how much energy they were paying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much energy they were paying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much energy they were paying for
+so you have these kind of fragmented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these kind of fragmented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have these kind of fragmented
+information at landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information at landscape
+and so a lot of the data we started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of the data we started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a lot of the data we started to
+gather I'll go through the policies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather I'll go through the policies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather I'll go through the policies I
+created the data first but there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the data first but there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the data first but there's a lot
+of excitement about New York City in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excitement about New York City in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of excitement about New York City in the
+early days about Gathering the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days about Gathering the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days about Gathering the data
+because the New York City laws that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the New York City laws that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the New York City laws that were
+passed mandated Gathering data so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed mandated Gathering data so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed mandated Gathering data so uh
+just to give credit where it's due first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give credit where it's due first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give credit where it's due first
+The Institute for Market transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Institute for Market transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Institute for Market transformation
+on the left started publishing reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left started publishing reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left started publishing reports
+on the opportunities for building energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the opportunities for building energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the opportunities for building energy
+transparency and they really start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and they really start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and they really start to
+develop a framework for implementing U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a framework for implementing U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a framework for implementing U.S
+Commercial Energy rating and disclosure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial Energy rating and disclosure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial Energy rating and disclosure
+policies they also I think deserve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies they also I think deserve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies they also I think deserve a
+tremendous amount of credit for going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of credit for going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of credit for going to
+lots of cities and states uh showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cities and states uh showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of cities and states uh showing
+them how it could work and helping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how it could work and helping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how it could work and helping the
+right legislation for how it could work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right legislation for how it could work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right legislation for how it could work
+so essentially I think they're lobbying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially I think they're lobbying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially I think they're lobbying
+for a great environmental policy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a great environmental policy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a great environmental policy and
+Cliff majorzic Andrew Burr Airline tiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cliff majorzic Andrew Burr Airline tiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cliff majorzic Andrew Burr Airline tiger
+and David leipziger all deserve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and David leipziger all deserve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and David leipziger all deserve a
+tremendous amount of credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of credit
+on New York City the law I'll focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on New York City the law I'll focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on New York City the law I'll focus on
+mostly is local law 84 a benchmarking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly is local law 84 a benchmarking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly is local law 84 a benchmarking
+report uh a lot of work was done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh a lot of work was done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh a lot of work was done by
+Laurie Kerr John Lee Hillary Bieber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laurie Kerr John Lee Hillary Bieber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laurie Kerr John Lee Hillary Bieber
+Donna hope Stacey Lee and Jenny Cooper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donna hope Stacey Lee and Jenny Cooper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donna hope Stacey Lee and Jenny Cooper
+at the city of New York and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the city of New York and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the city of New York and then a
+variety of people worked on it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of people worked on it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of people worked on it from
+various sectors including me Constantine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sectors including me Constantine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sectors including me Constantine
+contacosta from NYU Adam hinge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacosta from NYU Adam hinge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacosta from NYU Adam hinge from
+Sustainable Building Partnerships and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sustainable Building Partnerships and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sustainable Building Partnerships and
+Alexander Sullivan from the EPA and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander Sullivan from the EPA and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alexander Sullivan from the EPA and then
+just most recently a lot of work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just most recently a lot of work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just most recently a lot of work on this
+area has been done by Urban green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area has been done by Urban green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area has been done by Urban green
+Council including Sean Brennan Adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council including Sean Brennan Adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council including Sean Brennan Adam
+yashidabor Sheena thurso Sullivan Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yashidabor Sheena thurso Sullivan Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yashidabor Sheena thurso Sullivan Chris
+angelski and John mendick from the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angelski and John mendick from the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angelski and John mendick from the urban
+green Council
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Council
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Council
+so how do we get to these uh how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we get to these uh how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we get to these uh how do we
+get to this data uh the key point was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this data uh the key point was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this data uh the key point was
+New York City passed a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City passed a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City passed a series of
+building policies and the key point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building policies and the key point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building policies and the key point I
+want to make is that many buildings were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make is that many buildings were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make is that many buildings were
+already many owner many building owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already many owner many building owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already many owner many building owners
+were already doing a lot of things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already doing a lot of things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already doing a lot of things for
+Energy Efficiency as I said before New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency as I said before New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency as I said before New
+York City has jurisdiction over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City has jurisdiction over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City has jurisdiction over
+buildings the Department of Finance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the Department of Finance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the Department of Finance the
+department of buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of buildings
+but what happened in after the plan YC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happened in after the plan YC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happened in after the plan YC
+2030 came out in 2006 was developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 came out in 2006 was developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2030 came out in 2006 was developed
+What's called the greater Greener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the greater Greener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the greater Greener
+buildings plan and that passed a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings plan and that passed a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings plan and that passed a series
+of laws the New York City Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laws the New York City Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of laws the New York City Energy
+Efficiency Corporation nice sequel setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency Corporation nice sequel setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency Corporation nice sequel setup
+uh local law 85 in 2009 was set up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh local law 85 in 2009 was set up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh local law 85 in 2009 was set up to
+pass a New York City energy conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a New York City energy conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass a New York City energy conservation
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+and nycecc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nycecc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nycecc
+local law 88 was also passed in 2009 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local law 88 was also passed in 2009 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local law 88 was also passed in 2009 to
+encourage a more efficient lighting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage a more efficient lighting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage a more efficient lighting and
+sub metering to think back to the Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub metering to think back to the Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub metering to think back to the Energy
+Efficiency uh lecture from last time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency uh lecture from last time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Efficiency uh lecture from last time you
+know conservation codes have been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know conservation codes have been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know conservation codes have been around
+a long time since 1970s as I said to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time since 1970s as I said to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time since 1970s as I said to you
+around 2008 2009 there's a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2008 2009 there's a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2008 2009 there's a tremendous
+amount of interest in making building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of interest in making building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of interest in making building
+codes much more aggressive to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes much more aggressive to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes much more aggressive to deliver
+faster Energy savings for example city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster Energy savings for example city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster Energy savings for example city
+of Seattle where I used to work has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Seattle where I used to work has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Seattle where I used to work has had
+since the 1970s or 80s a person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the 1970s or 80s a person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the 1970s or 80s a person in
+charge of energy code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of energy code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of energy code
+who did tremendous work but the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did tremendous work but the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did tremendous work but the energy
+code was only designed to deliver about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was only designed to deliver about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code was only designed to deliver about
+one or two percent Improvement per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two percent Improvement per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two percent Improvement per year
+in 2008 2009 the Obama Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2008 2009 the Obama Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2008 2009 the Obama Administration
+and many cities starting looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many cities starting looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many cities starting looking to
+building codes to develop deliver much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building codes to develop deliver much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building codes to develop deliver much
+more aggressive savings more than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive savings more than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aggressive savings more than three
+percent a year at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a year at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a year at times
+um lighting and sub metering again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lighting and sub metering again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lighting and sub metering again is
+essentially a no-brainer because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a no-brainer because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a no-brainer because the
+rise of light emitting diodes or LEDs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of light emitting diodes or LEDs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise of light emitting diodes or LEDs we
+have much more efficient lighting than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more efficient lighting than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much more efficient lighting than
+we did before and sub metering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before and sub metering was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before and sub metering was
+designed to give buildings control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to give buildings control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to give buildings control over
+sub areas of the building of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub areas of the building of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub areas of the building of course this
+is essentially something that's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially something that's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially something that's built
+into most modern buildings so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into most modern buildings so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into most modern buildings so this is
+something that some I uh high value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that some I uh high value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that some I uh high value
+buildings were already doing and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings were already doing and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings were already doing and so you
+want to reward owners for doing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reward owners for doing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reward owners for doing those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+the policy I'll talk most about today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy I'll talk most about today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy I'll talk most about today is
+local lot 84 in 2009 it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local lot 84 in 2009 it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local lot 84 in 2009 it's the
+benchmarking and disclosure policy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking and disclosure policy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking and disclosure policy it
+essentially sought to solve the landlord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sought to solve the landlord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially sought to solve the landlord
+tenant problem that I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant problem that I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant problem that I talked about
+before it essentially simply said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it essentially simply said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it essentially simply said if
+you're the owner of a building you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the owner of a building you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the owner of a building you have
+to go gather the bills or your tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go gather the bills or your tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go gather the bills or your tenants
+it's not actually that hard you simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually that hard you simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually that hard you simply
+have to send a message to your tenants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send a message to your tenants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send a message to your tenants
+gather the data Maybe hire a consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather the data Maybe hire a consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather the data Maybe hire a consultant
+to put it into the EPA database together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it into the EPA database together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it into the EPA database together
+but a lot of the infrastructure was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the infrastructure was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of the infrastructure was
+already built by the EPA for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already built by the EPA for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already built by the EPA for their
+energy star rating system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy star rating system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy star rating system
+but I'll talk more about the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll talk more about the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll talk more about the effects of
+this law were later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law were later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law were later on
+and of course local law 87 passive 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course local law 87 passive 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course local law 87 passive 2009
+required energy Audits and retro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required energy Audits and retro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required energy Audits and retro
+commissioning and energy audit is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning and energy audit is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioning and energy audit is a much
+more detailed in-depth view of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed in-depth view of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed in-depth view of a
+building think of it as getting a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building think of it as getting a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building think of it as getting a car
+tune-up you take into the shop and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune-up you take into the shop and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune-up you take into the shop and the
+Panic tells you all the things that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panic tells you all the things that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panic tells you all the things that work
+and don't work with your building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't work with your building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't work with your building
+retro commissioning is the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro commissioning is the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro commissioning is the next step
+that's essentially a process where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a process where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a process where you
+turn all the dials in a building to tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn all the dials in a building to tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn all the dials in a building to tune
+it up again in other words once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up again in other words once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up again in other words once you know
+what's wrong with the building you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with the building you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with the building you read
+the manual you make sure it's performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manual you make sure it's performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manual you make sure it's performing
+as the designers intended it to a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the designers intended it to a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the designers intended it to a local
+law 87 requires I think 10 of buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law 87 requires I think 10 of buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law 87 requires I think 10 of buildings
+in a given year to undergo an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given year to undergo an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given year to undergo an energy
+audit retro commissioning this is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit retro commissioning this is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audit retro commissioning this is a much
+more in-depth procedure but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in-depth procedure but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in-depth procedure but we have
+plenty of empirical evidence that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of empirical evidence that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of empirical evidence that energy
+Audits and retro commissioning is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audits and retro commissioning is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audits and retro commissioning is also
+beneficial I think Evan Mills for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial I think Evan Mills for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial I think Evan Mills for
+Lawrence Berkeley National Labs the 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence Berkeley National Labs the 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lawrence Berkeley National Labs the 2011
+wrote a paper arguing that based on 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper arguing that based on 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper arguing that based on 600
+buildings or so retro commissioning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings or so retro commissioning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings or so retro commissioning on
+average would deliver about a 28 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average would deliver about a 28 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average would deliver about a 28 25
+savings energy that is a non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings energy that is a non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings energy that is a non-trivial
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+local law 33 passed in 2017 great gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local law 33 passed in 2017 great gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local law 33 passed in 2017 great gave
+letter grades for building performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter grades for building performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter grades for building performance
+just like you see on New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you see on New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you see on New York City
+restaurants and a b or God forbid AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants and a b or God forbid AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants and a b or God forbid AC
+grade building themselves buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade building themselves buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade building themselves buildings
+themselves would get grades for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves would get grades for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves would get grades for their
+energy performance and you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy performance and you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy performance and you think about
+how benchmarking and letter grades are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how benchmarking and letter grades are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how benchmarking and letter grades are
+meant to work think about what you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to work think about what you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to work think about what you do if
+you didn't have this kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have this kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have this kind of information
+if you're a tenant seeking to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a tenant seeking to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a tenant seeking to let's say
+rent a space in New York City and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent a space in New York City and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent a space in New York City and you
+don't actually know how energy efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know how energy efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know how energy efficient
+any of the spaces are why would you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the spaces are why would you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the spaces are why would you pay
+more for any space if it's more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for any space if it's more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more for any space if it's more energy
+efficient so actually there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so actually there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient so actually there's no
+incentive for the landlord to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for the landlord to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for the landlord to invest in
+Energy Efficiency in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency in the first place
+we'll talk more about that also local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that also local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about that also local
+law 97 passed in 2019 was part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law 97 passed in 2019 was part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law 97 passed in 2019 was part of a
+quote-unquote brand new deal package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote brand new deal package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote-unquote brand new deal package
+meant to establish very aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to establish very aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to establish very aggressive
+carbon budgets for buildings it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon budgets for buildings it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon budgets for buildings it's
+something the New York City government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the New York City government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the New York City government
+is working on right now to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working on right now to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working on right now to implement
+so just to give you a sense also where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a sense also where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a sense also where
+the Energy Efficiency landscape was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Energy Efficiency landscape was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Energy Efficiency landscape was in
+about 2009 2010 on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2009 2010 on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2009 2010 on the left hand side
+the codes that were being upgraded you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codes that were being upgraded you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codes that were being upgraded you
+can see this kind of Green Landscape the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this kind of Green Landscape the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see this kind of Green Landscape the
+darker green indicates the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker green indicates the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker green indicates the more
+aggressive codes in Florida and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive codes in Florida and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive codes in Florida and
+Massachusetts but you can see across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts but you can see across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts but you can see across the
+country in 2009 that there is a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in 2009 that there is a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in 2009 that there is a building
+codes assistance project funded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes assistance project funded by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes assistance project funded by the
+department of energy and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of energy and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of energy and they're
+assisting all these jurisdictions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting all these jurisdictions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting all these jurisdictions all
+these states and then developing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states and then developing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states and then developing more
+aggressive codes and the Spectrum at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive codes and the Spectrum at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive codes and the Spectrum at the
+lower left shows you how those codes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left shows you how those codes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower left shows you how those codes are
+getting more aggressive over time in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more aggressive over time in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more aggressive over time in 20
+of 2013 this map on the right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2013 this map on the right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2013 this map on the right you can
+see that there are some disclosure laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are some disclosure laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there are some disclosure laws
+that are nascent across the country it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nascent across the country it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nascent across the country it
+looks like about 15 or 20 cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like about 15 or 20 cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like about 15 or 20 cities and
+states have passed these to closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have passed these to closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have passed these to closure
+disclosure laws but in 2013 none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure laws but in 2013 none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclosure laws but in 2013 none of the
+states none of the cities had really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states none of the cities had really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states none of the cities had really
+developed a lot of data yet this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a lot of data yet this is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a lot of data yet this is part
+of the reason why we focused on New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason why we focused on New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason why we focused on New York
+city so much New York City as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so much New York City as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so much New York City as the
+biggest city develop the largest data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest city develop the largest data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest city develop the largest data
+sets that we could do the most analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that we could do the most analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that we could do the most analysis
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so just to give you a sense of how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a sense of how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you a sense of how these
+two different policies work you know on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different policies work you know on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different policies work you know on
+the left hand side this is a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side this is a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side this is a famous
+graph you might have seen it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you might have seen it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you might have seen it's called
+the diffusion of inundation curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of inundation curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of inundation curve you
+might have heard the phrase early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard the phrase early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard the phrase early
+adopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters
+it's essentially a bell curve where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a bell curve where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a bell curve where the
+bell curve is divided into one standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell curve is divided into one standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell curve is divided into one standard
+deviation and two standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and two standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and two standard deviation
+differences on the left bar left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences on the left bar left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences on the left bar left hand
+side innovators are the 2.5 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side innovators are the 2.5 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side innovators are the 2.5 percent of
+the population that are two standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population that are two standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population that are two standard
+deviations ahead of the curve they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations ahead of the curve they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations ahead of the curve they're
+innovating trying new things the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating trying new things the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating trying new things the early
+adopters the kind of one to two standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters the kind of one to two standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopters the kind of one to two standard
+deviation part of the population are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation part of the population are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation part of the population are
+people who are adopting new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are adopting new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are adopting new technology
+and of course the rest are the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the rest are the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the rest are the early
+majority and the late majority and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority and the late majority and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority and the late majority and the
+laggards but this is where benchmarking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laggards but this is where benchmarking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laggards but this is where benchmarking
+is meant to reward some groups over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to reward some groups over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to reward some groups over
+others for example if you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others for example if you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others for example if you're an
+innovator or early adopter it may cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator or early adopter it may cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovator or early adopter it may cost
+money it may cause time for you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it may cause time for you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it may cause time for you to do
+those things and if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and if there's no
+information in the market you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the market you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the market you won't be
+rewarded for it but if we release the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for it but if we release the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded for it but if we release the
+data to the public about which buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to the public about which buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to the public about which buildings
+are more energy efficient or less energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more energy efficient or less energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more energy efficient or less energy
+using than others then you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using than others then you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using than others then you have an
+incentive to be an innovator or an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to be an innovator or an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to be an innovator or an early
+adopter at the same time on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopter at the same time on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopter at the same time on the right
+hand side of the curve the laggards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the curve the laggards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the curve the laggards are
+the people who are let's say uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are let's say uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are let's say uh you
+doing less or doing the bare minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing less or doing the bare minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing less or doing the bare minimum
+that's where building codes are meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where building codes are meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where building codes are meant to
+bring up the floor they're meant to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up the floor they're meant to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up the floor they're meant to get
+the laggards to perform to a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laggards to perform to a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laggards to perform to a minimum
+standard so benchmarking and codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so benchmarking and codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard so benchmarking and codes
+essentially work on different sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially work on different sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially work on different sides of
+this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve
+and so what we've found in our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've found in our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've found in our first
+look at the data I guess I've quoted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data I guess I've quoted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data I guess I've quoted the
+New York City 2013 year two Local 84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City 2013 year two Local 84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City 2013 year two Local 84
+report is you see tremendous variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is you see tremendous variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is you see tremendous variation
+in all these sectors in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these sectors in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all these sectors in other words
+depending on the sector multi-family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sector multi-family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the sector multi-family
+buildings Office Buildings retail Hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings Office Buildings retail Hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings Office Buildings retail Hotel
+education you can see that there's huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you can see that there's huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you can see that there's huge
+variation between the best performers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation between the best performers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation between the best performers
+and the worst performers in the retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the worst performers in the retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the worst performers in the retail
+sector let's say there's a 5.6 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector let's say there's a 5.6 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector let's say there's a 5.6 times
+difference between typically good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between typically good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between typically good
+performers and bad performers and Office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers and bad performers and Office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers and bad performers and Office
+Buildings it's a 5.8 times difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buildings it's a 5.8 times difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buildings it's a 5.8 times difference
+and you can see that there's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that there's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that there's basically
+tremendous variation between the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous variation between the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous variation between the best
+performers and the work performers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers and the work performers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers and the work performers and
+what you want to do is give incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is give incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is give incentives
+or reward the best performers and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reward the best performers and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or reward the best performers and tell
+the poor performers how to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor performers how to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor performers how to improve
+and so this kind of ties into a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this kind of ties into a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this kind of ties into a larger
+empirical literature about what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical literature about what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical literature about what's the
+market for Energy Efficiency is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for Energy Efficiency is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for Energy Efficiency is for the
+past 40 years since the 1970s there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 40 years since the 1970s there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 40 years since the 1970s there's
+been a tremendous amount of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a tremendous amount of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a tremendous amount of interest in
+Energy Efficiency but there's also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency but there's also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Efficiency but there's also been
+a gap in Investments and so the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gap in Investments and so the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gap in Investments and so the argument
+is that there's been under investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's been under investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's been under investment in
+these Energy Efficiency Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Energy Efficiency Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Energy Efficiency Technologies
+compared to the significant potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the significant potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the significant potential
+returns and frankly neither Engineers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and frankly neither Engineers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns and frankly neither Engineers or
+economists explain this Gap particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists explain this Gap particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists explain this Gap particularly
+well is this a rational or irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is this a rational or irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is this a rational or irrational
+process economists would argue that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process economists would argue that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process economists would argue that and
+have argued in many papers that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have argued in many papers that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have argued in many papers that this is
+actually a rational Gap that the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a rational Gap that the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a rational Gap that the savings
+and Energy Efficiency are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Energy Efficiency are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Energy Efficiency are not
+necessarily there because people choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily there because people choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily there because people choose
+not to invest them so therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to invest them so therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to invest them so therefore the
+there must be a reason why people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a reason why people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be a reason why people have
+chosen not to invest Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen not to invest Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen not to invest Energy Efficiency
+and Engineers have focused on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers have focused on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers have focused on the fact
+that this is irrational they say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is irrational they say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is irrational they say well
+the savings are clearly there from well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings are clearly there from well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the savings are clearly there from well
+understood Technologies so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood Technologies so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood Technologies so this is
+irrational for people to be using more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational for people to be using more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational for people to be using more
+energy than they have to but the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than they have to but the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than they have to but the paper
+we read for class today the bloomstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read for class today the bloomstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we read for class today the bloomstein
+NL 1980 paper is called overcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL 1980 paper is called overcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NL 1980 paper is called overcoming
+social institutional barriers to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social institutional barriers to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social institutional barriers to energy
+conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation
+it focuses on six different barriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it focuses on six different barriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it focuses on six different barriers
+including misplaced or split incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including misplaced or split incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including misplaced or split incentives
+like the tenant landlord problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tenant landlord problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tenant landlord problem I
+mentioned to you earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you earlier
+the lack of or misinformation among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of or misinformation among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lack of or misinformation among
+decision makers you know if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers you know if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision makers you know if you don't
+understand how much better a green Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how much better a green Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how much better a green Green
+Building or an efficient Appliance can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building or an efficient Appliance can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building or an efficient Appliance can
+perform you won't take that action there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform you won't take that action there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform you won't take that action there
+may be existing customs and regulation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be existing customs and regulation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be existing customs and regulation I
+talked to you last time about how some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you last time about how some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to you last time about how some
+buildings are exist for many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are exist for many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are exist for many different
+uses the Energy Efficiency may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the Energy Efficiency may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the Energy Efficiency may not be
+the Principal concern of the owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Principal concern of the owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Principal concern of the owner
+Market structure May inhibit people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market structure May inhibit people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market structure May inhibit people from
+investing in Energy Efficiency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in Energy Efficiency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in Energy Efficiency for
+example if you're in a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're in a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're in a highly
+competitive market you may simply not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market you may simply not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive market you may simply not
+choose to invest Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to invest Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to invest Energy Efficiency
+because none of your competitors are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of your competitors are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because none of your competitors are you
+may lack available financing and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may lack available financing and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may lack available financing and capital
+to help you make those Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you make those Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you make those Energy Efficiency
+Investments and you simply may be myopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments and you simply may be myopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments and you simply may be myopic
+which is of course a natural human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course a natural human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is of course a natural human
+characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic
+so I teach this paper every single year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I teach this paper every single year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I teach this paper every single year
+this paper that's 42 years old because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper that's 42 years old because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper that's 42 years old because I
+would argue too and I think you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue too and I think you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue too and I think you all
+probably recognize that many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably recognize that many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably recognize that many of these
+barriers still exist there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers still exist there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers still exist there's still
+barriers we need to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers we need to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers we need to overcome
+and so the question we had was if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question we had was if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question we had was if all of
+these barriers vary greatly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these barriers vary greatly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these barriers vary greatly by
+individuals whether or not you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals whether or not you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals whether or not you're a
+tenant or what kind of owner you are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant or what kind of owner you are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant or what kind of owner you are or
+what kind of individual you are how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of individual you are how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of individual you are how to
+identify who's affected by which barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify who's affected by which barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify who's affected by which barrier
+and how do we target our policies better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we target our policies better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we target our policies better
+so this brings me to how benchmarking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to how benchmarking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to how benchmarking
+works and it's a really an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's a really an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's a really an argument
+about Market transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Market transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Market transformation
+heterogeneity so if you start an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity so if you start an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity so if you start an upper
+left-hand corner you start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner you start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand corner you start with the
+diffusion of inundation curve and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of inundation curve and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of inundation curve and in the
+information enables to identify enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information enables to identify enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information enables to identify enables
+us to identify who's an innovator who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to identify who's an innovator who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to identify who's an innovator who's
+an early adopter and who's a laggard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early adopter and who's a laggard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early adopter and who's a laggard the
+fundamental question we're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question we're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental question we're trying to get
+at is what information will cause action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is what information will cause action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is what information will cause action
+and you move to the upper right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you move to the upper right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you move to the upper right hand
+side you can see building owners and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you can see building owners and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you can see building owners and the
+question for building owners is well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for building owners is well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for building owners is well how
+efficient is my building do I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient is my building do I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient is my building do I know how
+efficient building is and who will I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient building is and who will I be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient building is and who will I be
+judged against at a Marketplace so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged against at a Marketplace so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judged against at a Marketplace so the
+question for building owners is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for building owners is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for building owners is what
+building should I be compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building should I be compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building should I be compared to
+now if you know you're compared to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you know you're compared to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you know you're compared to other
+buildings and if you know that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and if you know that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and if you know that your
+building can perform six times better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building can perform six times better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building can perform six times better
+then you actually want to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually want to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually want to understand how
+do I make buying building work better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I make buying building work better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I make buying building work better
+and so that you want to go see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you want to go see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that you want to go see what
+other building is performing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other building is performing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other building is performing well
+so if the data was public you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the data was public you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the data was public you could not
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+have an incentive to invest you'd also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to invest you'd also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to invest you'd also
+have an incentive to go find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to go find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to go find out what
+works for a similar building and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for a similar building and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for a similar building and that
+leads us to the question of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to the question of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to the question of what
+investments are cost effective and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments are cost effective and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments are cost effective and if
+you make those Investments that are cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make those Investments that are cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make those Investments that are cost
+effective then if you skip to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective then if you skip to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective then if you skip to the lower
+left hand corner you can see potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand corner you can see potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand corner you can see potential
+buyers potential buyers will reward you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers potential buyers will reward you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyers potential buyers will reward you
+for having a more energy efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having a more energy efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having a more energy efficient
+building if it saves the money which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building if it saves the money which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building if it saves the money which
+leaves us kind of a circle back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us kind of a circle back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us kind of a circle back to what
+determines the ability energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the ability energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the ability energy
+performance we're seeing in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we're seeing in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance we're seeing in the first
+place in our information so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in our information so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in our information so if you
+inject if this information doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject if this information doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject if this information doesn't exist
+in the upper right hand corner then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right hand corner then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper right hand corner then this
+whole cycle can't work and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cycle can't work and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole cycle can't work and this is a
+virtuous cycle but if the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous cycle but if the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous cycle but if the government
+passed along as it did with local law 84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed along as it did with local law 84
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed along as it did with local law 84
+to gather the information or compel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gather the information or compel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gather the information or compel
+building owners to gather information at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building owners to gather information at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building owners to gather information at
+relatively low cost once you inject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low cost once you inject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low cost once you inject the
+information to the market you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the market you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to the market you can get
+building owners to act towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building owners to act towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building owners to act towards
+investment you get potential buyers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you get potential buyers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you get potential buyers to
+reward those building owners comes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward those building owners comes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward those building owners comes a
+virtuous cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtuous cycle
+so what we found is some of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we found is some of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we found is some of the initial
+reports was that different property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports was that different property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports was that different property
+types comprise very different total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types comprise very different total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types comprise very different total
+portions of very different portions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of very different portions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of very different portions of
+the total energy use the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy use the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy use the city
+but even more interesting to us was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more interesting to us was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even more interesting to us was that
+if you looked at the buildings and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at the buildings and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looked at the buildings and we
+coded them to keep them Anonymous on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded them to keep them Anonymous on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded them to keep them Anonymous on the
+bottom but also on the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom but also on the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom but also on the horizontal axis
+we actually grouped them by consultant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually grouped them by consultant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually grouped them by consultant
+you can see that different groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that different groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that different groups of
+Consultants actually came up with really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants actually came up with really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants actually came up with really
+different results for what the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results for what the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results for what the energy
+use was in the buildings and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use was in the buildings and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use was in the buildings and this is
+simply because people have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because people have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because people have different
+processes they measure different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes they measure different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes they measure different things
+they also look at the data differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also look at the data differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also look at the data differently
+and so this is interesting we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is interesting we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is interesting we actually
+get all the consultants in a room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the consultants in a room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the consultants in a room and
+we'd show them this graph and we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd show them this graph and we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd show them this graph and we showed
+them how much their energy use they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how much their energy use they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how much their energy use they
+measured was different and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured was different and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured was different and we were
+trying to improve the data quality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve the data quality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve the data quality so
+this is to say that if you are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say that if you are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to say that if you are trying to
+affect the overall Market we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the overall Market we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the overall Market we first
+wanted to work through building owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work through building owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to work through building owners
+to gather the data but then we recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gather the data but then we recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gather the data but then we recognize
+there's a relatively small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relatively small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a relatively small number of
+Consultants servicing all these owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants servicing all these owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants servicing all these owners
+so in New York City when we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in New York City when we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in New York City when we first
+implemented this law or when New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented this law or when New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented this law or when New York
+City first implemented this law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City first implemented this law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City first implemented this law for
+buildings over 50 000 Square 50 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings over 50 000 Square 50 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings over 50 000 Square 50 000
+square feet it only affected by about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet it only affected by about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square feet it only affected by about 10
+000 buildings but those ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 buildings but those ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 buildings but those ten thousand
+buildings were serviced by a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings were serviced by a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings were serviced by a much
+smaller consultant industry I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller consultant industry I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller consultant industry I think
+roughly 500 consulters so still a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 500 consulters so still a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 500 consulters so still a very
+large number but if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number but if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number but if you think about the
+fact you're trying to affect a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you're trying to affect a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you're trying to affect a million
+buildings it's much easier to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings it's much easier to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings it's much easier to work
+through 10 000 building owners and 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 10 000 building owners and 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 10 000 building owners and 500
+Consultants than it is to try to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants than it is to try to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants than it is to try to kind of
+tackle the entire city or make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the entire city or make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle the entire city or make it a
+public information campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public information campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public information campaign
+having said that you know that all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that you know that all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that you know that all your
+building owners are owned your office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building owners are owned your office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building owners are owned your office
+buildings are owned by relatively small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are owned by relatively small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings are owned by relatively small
+number of owners whereas multi-family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of owners whereas multi-family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of owners whereas multi-family
+buildings there's many more buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings there's many more buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings there's many more buildings
+but also many more owners or many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also many more owners or many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also many more owners or many
+different kinds of owners this suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of owners this suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of owners this suggests
+you need different kinds of campaigns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need different kinds of campaigns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need different kinds of campaigns to
+Target this information to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target this information to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target this information to different
+owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners
+so to give you a sense of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a sense of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to give you a sense of some of the
+results from this law this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from this law this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from this law this is something
+I found in a 2017 paper that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found in a 2017 paper that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found in a 2017 paper that in the
+first three or four years my all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three or four years my all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three or four years my all of my
+co-authors and I found that this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors and I found that this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-authors and I found that this law
+actually reduced energy use intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reduced energy use intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reduced energy use intensity
+which is the energy used per square foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy used per square foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the energy used per square foot
+by about 12 to 14 percent over the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about 12 to 14 percent over the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about 12 to 14 percent over the first
+three years we were quite surprised how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years we were quite surprised how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years we were quite surprised how
+much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy
+um reduction it delivered because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduction it delivered because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduction it delivered because that's
+much more aggressive than the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more aggressive than the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more aggressive than the building
+codes I told you about before that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes I told you about before that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes I told you about before that's
+roughly about three or four percent per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly about three or four percent per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly about three or four percent per
+year at a minimum if you look over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at a minimum if you look over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at a minimum if you look over the
+last 10 years of data from The Benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years of data from The Benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years of data from The Benchmark
+missions and energy trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions and energy trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions and energy trends
+you can see that site energy use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that site energy use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that site energy use and
+total missions have steadily decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total missions have steadily decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total missions have steadily decreased
+over the last 10 years this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the last 10 years this is from a
+report from the urban green Council in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report from the urban green Council in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report from the urban green Council in
+2022.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2022.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2022.
+to make the point again that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the point again that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the point again that this is
+unusual data or this is a new data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual data or this is a new data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual data or this is a new data set
+that we really didn't have 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really didn't have 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really didn't have 10 years ago
+this is a data from the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a data from the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a data from the effects of
+coca-19 and you can see that the urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coca-19 and you can see that the urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coca-19 and you can see that the urban
+green Council graphs it here we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Council graphs it here we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Council graphs it here we saw that
+energy use had decreased in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use had decreased in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use had decreased in January
+February and decreased in April and May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February and decreased in April and May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February and decreased in April and May
+between 2019 and 2020 and we knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2019 and 2020 and we knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2019 and 2020 and we knew that
+from the electric utility because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electric utility because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the electric utility because the
+electric utility delivers all the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric utility delivers all the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric utility delivers all the power
+but we didn't what we didn't know before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't what we didn't know before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't what we didn't know before
+developing this benchmarking data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this benchmarking data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this benchmarking data set
+was how it affected different buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how it affected different buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how it affected different buildings
+and how it affected different buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it affected different buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it affected different buildings
+in different places in New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places in New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places in New York City
+for example we knew that energy use was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we knew that energy use was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we knew that energy use was
+going down at the beginning of covid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down at the beginning of covid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down at the beginning of covid and
+we knew that estimated occupancy went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that estimated occupancy went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew that estimated occupancy went
+down quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we didn't necessarily know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't necessarily know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't necessarily know where
+some of the benchmarking data revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the benchmarking data revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the benchmarking data revealed
+to us for the first time the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us for the first time the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us for the first time the water
+energy use decreased in Manhattan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use decreased in Manhattan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy use decreased in Manhattan and
+increased the outer boroughs this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the outer boroughs this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the outer boroughs this is
+clearly because people aren't commuting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly because people aren't commuting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly because people aren't commuting
+into Manhattan roughly 4 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Manhattan roughly 4 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Manhattan roughly 4 million people
+coming to Manhattan used to come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to Manhattan used to come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to Manhattan used to come into
+Manhattan every single day and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan every single day and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan every single day and we know
+that some Manhattan residents were more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some Manhattan residents were more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some Manhattan residents were more
+likely to DeCamp or places outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to DeCamp or places outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to DeCamp or places outside of
+New York City when the pandemic curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City when the pandemic curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City when the pandemic curve so
+we know we could actually see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we could actually see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we could actually see in a
+localized way where energy and water use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized way where energy and water use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized way where energy and water use
+are increasing or decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are increasing or decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are increasing or decreasing
+and so what we've seen over the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've seen over the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we've seen over the last 10
+years is a explosion of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is a explosion of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is a explosion of these
+benchmarking laws when I first got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking laws when I first got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking laws when I first got
+involved in this I think about 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this I think about 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this I think about 10 years
+ago they're about five or six cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago they're about five or six cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago they're about five or six cities
+that had passed benchmarking laws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had passed benchmarking laws and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had passed benchmarking laws and
+had not yet implemented them New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not yet implemented them New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not yet implemented them New York
+City wasn't the first to pass the law I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City wasn't the first to pass the law I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City wasn't the first to pass the law I
+think San Francisco was but New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think San Francisco was but New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think San Francisco was but New York
+City was one of the first to really put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City was one of the first to really put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City was one of the first to really put
+that data into action and because New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data into action and because New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data into action and because New
+York city has the most buildings it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York city has the most buildings it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York city has the most buildings it was
+the most interesting data set for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting data set for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting data set for me and
+others to analyze you can see at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to analyze you can see at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others to analyze you can see at this
+point benchmarking has spread to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point benchmarking has spread to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point benchmarking has spread to about
+40 or 50 cities this is a very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 or 50 cities this is a very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 or 50 cities this is a very popular
+map that the institute for Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that the institute for Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map that the institute for Market
+transformation keeps updated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation keeps updated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation keeps updated because
+they've helped pass these laws in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've helped pass these laws in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've helped pass these laws in many
+of these places through lobbying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places through lobbying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these places through lobbying and
+through education of public officials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through education of public officials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through education of public officials
+and so to give you another sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to give you another sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to give you another sense of how
+important building Energy Efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important building Energy Efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important building Energy Efficiency
+policies are and where they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies are and where they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies are and where they're going
+this is always a report I like to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always a report I like to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always a report I like to show
+this is another uh graph that McKinsey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another uh graph that McKinsey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another uh graph that McKinsey
+Consultants use quite a bit but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants use quite a bit but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consultants use quite a bit but also
+other business type Consultants use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other business type Consultants use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other business type Consultants use is
+called a waterfall graph it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a waterfall graph it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a waterfall graph it shows you
+where you start let's say in 2050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start let's say in 2050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you start let's say in 2050
+business as usual and what steps you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business as usual and what steps you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business as usual and what steps you'd
+have to take to reduce to your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take to reduce to your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take to reduce to your goal
+which is 2050 carbon reductions uh deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2050 carbon reductions uh deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2050 carbon reductions uh deep
+carbon reductions by 2050 for New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon reductions by 2050 for New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon reductions by 2050 for New York
+City the somewhat entertaining thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City the somewhat entertaining thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City the somewhat entertaining thing I
+find about this report is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find about this report is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find about this report is that this is
+from a report called New York City's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a report called New York City's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a report called New York City's
+Pathways to deep carbon reductions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways to deep carbon reductions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways to deep carbon reductions it
+was issued on December 30th of 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was issued on December 30th of 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was issued on December 30th of 2013
+essentially the last day that Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the last day that Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the last day that Michael
+Bloomberg was in office and he issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg was in office and he issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bloomberg was in office and he issued
+this report because he'd already done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this report because he'd already done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this report because he'd already done a
+lot to try to pass about the policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to try to pass about the policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to try to pass about the policies
+but this is like kind of the equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is like kind of the equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is like kind of the equivalent
+of the midnight report you pass for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midnight report you pass for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the midnight report you pass for your
+predecessor adapt to deal with uh Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor adapt to deal with uh Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor adapt to deal with uh Bill
+de Blasio when it came to office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Blasio when it came to office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Blasio when it came to office
+actually increase is the climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increase is the climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increase is the climate
+commitments of New York City but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments of New York City but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitments of New York City but the
+crucial thing I want to show up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing I want to show up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing I want to show up in this
+report is that the 2050 business as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is that the 2050 business as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is that the 2050 business as
+usual case is a very slight reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual case is a very slight reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual case is a very slight reduction in
+the 2005 emissions levels that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2005 emissions levels that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2005 emissions levels that's the
+Kyoto Protocol measures against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyoto Protocol measures against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyoto Protocol measures against
+but you can see of the 55.7 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see of the 55.7 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see of the 55.7 million
+metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
+just from New York City of the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from New York City of the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from New York City of the savings
+to get to the 80 by 50 Golds or the 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the 80 by 50 Golds or the 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the 80 by 50 Golds or the 80
+reduction by 2050 roughly half that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction by 2050 roughly half that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction by 2050 roughly half that is
+going to come from buildings alone most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from buildings alone most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from buildings alone most
+of it is going to come from existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is going to come from existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is going to come from existing
+buildings Energy Efficiency some is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings Energy Efficiency some is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings Energy Efficiency some is
+going to come from fuel switching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from fuel switching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come from fuel switching and
+buildings and a little bit is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and a little bit is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and a little bit is going to
+come from making new buildings energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from making new buildings energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from making new buildings energy
+efficient that again reinforces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient that again reinforces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient that again reinforces the
+point that most of the buildings we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that most of the buildings we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that most of the buildings we're
+going to have in 2050 are already built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have in 2050 are already built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have in 2050 are already built
+we need to change the behavior of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to change the behavior of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to change the behavior of people
+living in those buildings or owning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in those buildings or owning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in those buildings or owning
+those buildings the power sector we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those buildings the power sector we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those buildings the power sector we're
+going to get some savings from clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some savings from clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some savings from clean
+power and distribute generation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and distribute generation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and distribute generation to the
+transportation sector we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation sector we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation sector we're going to get
+some savings we're gonna get real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some savings we're gonna get real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some savings we're gonna get real
+relatively little savings from Solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little savings from Solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little savings from Solid
+Waste but you add the buildings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waste but you add the buildings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waste but you add the buildings the
+power the transportation solid sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the transportation solid sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the transportation solid sector
+together and you get to fairly deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get to fairly deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get to fairly deep
+carbon reductions for New York City 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon reductions for New York City 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon reductions for New York City 80
+more than 80 reduction by 2050 which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 80 reduction by 2050 which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 80 reduction by 2050 which was
+the original Harris agreement goal no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Harris agreement goal no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Harris agreement goal no
+now our goals have become Net Zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our goals have become Net Zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our goals have become Net Zero by
+2050 which is more aggressive still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 which is more aggressive still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2050 which is more aggressive still
+to give you a sense of how some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of how some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a sense of how some of this
+kind of analysis percolated into City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis percolated into City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of analysis percolated into City
+level reports this should be a familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level reports this should be a familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level reports this should be a familiar
+graph to you this is a marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to you this is a marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to you this is a marginal
+abatement cost curve but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abatement cost curve but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abatement cost curve but this is
+specifically for the building sector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for the building sector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for the building sector in
+New York City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York City
+so you can see that they've measured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that they've measured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that they've measured out
+all the possible savings you can have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible savings you can have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible savings you can have in
+buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+these are all the negative ones almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the negative ones almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the negative ones almost
+everything is negative compared to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is negative compared to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is negative compared to this
+few interventions that are relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few interventions that are relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few interventions that are relatively
+cost uh cost more but I would argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh cost more but I would argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh cost more but I would argue that
+anything below about 150 dollars per ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything below about 150 dollars per ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything below about 150 dollars per ton
+essentially is something that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is something that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is something that we should
+do because it's lowered the social cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because it's lowered the social cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because it's lowered the social cost
+of carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon
+the that's pretty much describes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's pretty much describes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's pretty much describes about
+23 of the total uh total 23 of the 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 of the total uh total 23 of the 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 of the total uh total 23 of the 28
+total metric tons carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total metric tons carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total metric tons carbon dioxide
+equivalent per year potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent per year potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent per year potential
+you can look at the biggest area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the biggest area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at the biggest area is
+probably residential freezers again not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably residential freezers again not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably residential freezers again not
+necessarily a topic if you thought you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a topic if you thought you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a topic if you thought you
+might focus on but a topic that has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might focus on but a topic that has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might focus on but a topic that has very
+high impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high impact
+and so to get to the most recent New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to get to the most recent New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to get to the most recent New
+York City law passed in 19 2019 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City law passed in 19 2019 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City law passed in 19 2019 this
+these are carbon budgets for buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are carbon budgets for buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are carbon budgets for buildings
+the highlights are that it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights are that it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights are that it affects
+buildings greater than 25 000 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings greater than 25 000 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings greater than 25 000 square
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+it sets increasingly astringent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sets increasingly astringent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sets increasingly astringent uh
+limits on carbon emissions per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on carbon emissions per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits on carbon emissions per square
+foot in 2024 and 2030. so two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot in 2024 and 2030. so two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot in 2024 and 2030. so two years
+we're coming up on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming up on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're coming up on the first
+kind of marker which is not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of marker which is not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of marker which is not the most
+aggressive one 2030 is a much tougher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive one 2030 is a much tougher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive one 2030 is a much tougher
+Target to me it gives building owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target to me it gives building owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target to me it gives building owners
+the flexibility to comply with this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility to comply with this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility to comply with this law
+through renewable energy credits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through renewable energy credits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through renewable energy credits or
+emissions offsets and notably uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions offsets and notably uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions offsets and notably uh the
+city of Cambridge is considering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of Cambridge is considering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of Cambridge is considering a
+similar carbon budgets for buildings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar carbon budgets for buildings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar carbon budgets for buildings but
+they're not allowing renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowing renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not allowing renewable energy
+credits which means that a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits which means that a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits which means that a building
+owner can't just go on the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner can't just go on the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner can't just go on the market and
+purchase a renewable energy credit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase a renewable energy credit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase a renewable energy credit which
+may not have some much it may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have some much it may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have some much it may not have
+the decarbonizing impact we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decarbonizing impact we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decarbonizing impact we wanted to
+have I'll talk about renewable energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'll talk about renewable energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'll talk about renewable energy
+credits more in a few lectures from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits more in a few lectures from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits more in a few lectures from now
+it allows for some affordable housing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows for some affordable housing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows for some affordable housing to
+choose low-cost Energy savings measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose low-cost Energy savings measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose low-cost Energy savings measures
+instead of meeting these emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of meeting these emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of meeting these emissions
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+it sets up a new office of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sets up a new office of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sets up a new office of building
+energy and Emissions performance at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Emissions performance at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and Emissions performance at the
+department of buildings again spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of buildings again spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of buildings again spreading
+this throughout the city government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this throughout the city government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this throughout the city government
+that has a strong Advisory Board to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a strong Advisory Board to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a strong Advisory Board to help
+refine emissions metrics and limits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine emissions metrics and limits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine emissions metrics and limits and
+also crucially it calls for creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also crucially it calls for creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also crucially it calls for creating a
+carbon trading study and implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon trading study and implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon trading study and implementation
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+because even some even Rosalie new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even some even Rosalie new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even some even Rosalie new
+buildings in New York City will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in New York City will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in New York City will not be
+able to meet the 2030 limits let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to meet the 2030 limits let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to meet the 2030 limits let's say
+you built a new building around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built a new building around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built a new building around
+2000 and you've got a lead gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and you've got a lead gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and you've got a lead gold
+certification even though your building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification even though your building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification even though your building
+had natural gas or natural gas the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had natural gas or natural gas the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had natural gas or natural gas the time
+would relatively clean compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would relatively clean compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would relatively clean compared to
+consuming other forms of fuel by 2030
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming other forms of fuel by 2030
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming other forms of fuel by 2030
+that building may be out of Appliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building may be out of Appliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that building may be out of Appliance
+and so what you might do is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you might do is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you might do is actually
+choose to trade Department credits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to trade Department credits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to trade Department credits this
+is essentially a cap and trade program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a cap and trade program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a cap and trade program
+just for buildings you may choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for buildings you may choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for buildings you may choose to
+spend your money not on upgrading your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend your money not on upgrading your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend your money not on upgrading your
+20 year old natural gas system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 year old natural gas system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 year old natural gas system but
+upgrading let's say 10 buildings in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading let's say 10 buildings in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading let's say 10 buildings in uh
+10 multi-family buildings in the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 multi-family buildings in the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 multi-family buildings in the outer
+boroughs because that's relatively cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boroughs because that's relatively cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boroughs because that's relatively cost
+effective and has the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and has the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective and has the exact same
+greenhouse gas emissions abatement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions abatement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greenhouse gas emissions abatement
+potential which is to say is cap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is to say is cap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential which is to say is cap and
+trade for buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade for buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade for buildings
+we want to look for the lowest cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look for the lowest cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to look for the lowest cost
+highest impact Alternatives and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest impact Alternatives and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest impact Alternatives and it does
+give very stringent penalties for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give very stringent penalties for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give very stringent penalties for
+non-compliance and also give variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliance and also give variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-compliance and also give variances
+for financial hardship for owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for financial hardship for owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for financial hardship for owners
+with the urban Greek Council in 2019 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the urban Greek Council in 2019 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the urban Greek Council in 2019 I
+analyzed the economic and employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the economic and employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the economic and employment
+effects in 20 in the economic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in 20 in the economic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects in 20 in the economic and
+employment effects for this for the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment effects for this for the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment effects for this for the city
+it does affect the total output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does affect the total output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does affect the total output of the
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+and it does affect the earnings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does affect the earnings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does affect the earnings of the
+city but crucially look at the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but crucially look at the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city but crucially look at the number of
+jobs in 2024 and 2030. to me be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs in 2024 and 2030. to me be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs in 2024 and 2030. to me be less
+stringent 2024 goals we were going to CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent 2024 goals we were going to CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent 2024 goals we were going to CR
+it's expected to create nearly 20 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected to create nearly 20 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected to create nearly 20 000
+jobs but to meet the 2030 goals it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs but to meet the 2030 goals it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs but to meet the 2030 goals it's
+expected to create but also require 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to create but also require 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to create but also require 180
+000 more jobs we talk about this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 more jobs we talk about this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 more jobs we talk about this as a
+good thing in terms of green jobs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing in terms of green jobs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing in terms of green jobs to
+create 200 000 jobs but it could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create 200 000 jobs but it could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create 200 000 jobs but it could also be
+a potential constraint which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential constraint which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential constraint which is to say
+that if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you can't
+get enough affordable housing or enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough affordable housing or enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough affordable housing or enough
+people to fill these 200 000 jobs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to fill these 200 000 jobs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to fill these 200 000 jobs this
+carbon budget may not happen so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon budget may not happen so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon budget may not happen so this is
+to say that Workforce is considered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that Workforce is considered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that Workforce is considered to
+be one of the biggest possible obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the biggest possible obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the biggest possible obstacles
+to achieving the carbon budgets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieving the carbon budgets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to achieving the carbon budgets for
+buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings
+we can increase the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can increase the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can increase the value of the
+buildings we can increase output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings we can increase output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings we can increase output and
+earnings in New York City building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings in New York City building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings in New York City building
+owners may be willing to do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners may be willing to do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners may be willing to do it because
+it's cost effective but if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cost effective but if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cost effective but if you can't
+find the workers the policy may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the workers the policy may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the workers the policy may not be
+affected
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BAldLXDPWZM.txt b/BAldLXDPWZM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a078d83fb9585aabf7b2375009bb0fc3dc87a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BAldLXDPWZM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@
+Good morning.  All right.  So, it was a lot of fun to tell you  
+
+last time about the work that's going on here at MIT in genomics.   
+
+It's, it's just fun.  I mean it's fun to share what's going on and  
+
+it's fun that you guys can understand what's going on already  
+
+with simply one semester of biology,  which I think is really cool.   
+
+What I would like to do today is talk about another exciting area,   
+
+one I don't work in, but one that I know many people are interested in.   
+
+And I would like to lay the foundations for neurobiology.   
+
+Neurobiology is an incredibly interesting area.   
+
+I confess it's the subject that got me interested in biology in the  
+
+first place, even though I don't work on it itself.   
+
+And, I mean, who can't be interested in the brain.   
+
+But if you want to take on the brain, you really have to understand  
+
+its working components in some retail detail.   
+
+And so what we're going to focus on in this course for the next three  
+
+lectures is the specific molecular mechanism by which nerve cells are  
+
+able to transmit signals down their length, how they're able to transmit  
+
+signals from one cell to the next,  and then how they're able to change  
+
+their properties over time,  that is learn and remember.   
+
+So, the fundamental unit of neurological processing is a nerve  
+
+cell which goes by the name a neuron.  You have approximately ten to the  
+
+twelfth neurons.    
+
+How many bases are in the human genome?   
+
+ About three times ten to the ninth.   
+
+So, you have a lot more nerve cells than bases in the genome.   
+
+So, it's unlikely that all of the wiring diagram is completely  
+
+specified in the sequence of the genome simply because we have a lot  
+
+of them here.  That's just a minor side point.  And what does a typical  
+
+neuron look like?  So, neurons and connections.   
+
+ So, a neuron.  Well,   
+
+a typical neuron, your ten to the twelfth neurons makes contacts with  
+
+other neurons.  It might receive contacts.   
+
+It might get contacts from,  oh, ten to the third other neurons.   
+
+And sends signals to ten to the third other neurons.   
+
+So, that's a lot of connections if you figure ten to the third times  
+
+ten to the twelfth.  Ten to the fifteenth connections in  
+
+this circuit diagram.  Here's sort of a, kind of a picture  
+
+of a nerve cell --   
+
+-- making connections to another nerve cell.  Making connections to  
+
+maybe a muscle.    
+
+Oh, and what activates this nerve cell?  Well, maybe in your eye we  
+
+have a photoreceptor cell.    
+
+And that photo receptor cell will synapse upon a first neuron which  
+
+will synapse on a second neuron which will synapse on your muscle.   
+
+So maybe you'll see something, send a signal, send a signal,   
+
+activate your muscle to pick it up.  Needless to say, it's pretty much  
+
+more complicated than that because it will take more than those two  
+
+neurons to figure out this is a piece of chalk and how to coordinate  
+
+that whole motion and all,  but you get the idea.  So, let's  
+
+just take a look at some of these pieces here.  What kinds of  
+
+receptors might we have?  We might have receptor neurons that  
+
+receive light --   
+
+-- called photoreceptors.    
+
+And these photoreceptors in your eye are an extraordinary piece of  
+
+engineering.  Do you know how sensitive a photoreceptor can be?   
+
+What's the absolutely minimum possible detectable unit of light?   
+
+One photon.  It turns out your photoreceptors can,   
+
+under appropriate circumstances,  detect a single photon.  Not in the  
+
+bright right but in dark adapted conditions, you actually have on  
+
+photon sensitivity.  Very impressive.   
+
+Under appropriate conditions,  mind you.  Sound receptors.  You've  
+
+got sound receptors in your ear and they are beautiful.   
+
+We're not going to talk about them at any length,   
+
+but there's little flappy,  these little spiky things going  
+
+along in your ear and they can translate vibrational energy coming  
+
+from your ear,  hurting your eardrum,   
+
+being translated into a vibration into the fluid in your ear into a  
+
+physical motion of these little receptors there into an electrical  
+
+motion, into an electrical signal that goes into your ear.   
+
+So, all of that,  all of that's pretty impressive  
+
+stuff.  We're not going to talk about the details of it,   
+
+but I invite some of you who want to learn more about this,   
+
+particularly MIT students I think find receptors really quite  
+
+remarkable kinds of devices.  We're going to focus, though,   
+
+more on this intermediate step here of a generic neuron.   
+
+So, here's my generic neuron.  And the first thing that has to be  
+
+said is there are no generic neurons.  Neurons are all very specific,   
+
+but I'm just going to use a generic neuron for the moment.   
+
+And the important features of a generic neuron here,   
+
+it has these funny little processes on its cell body that are called  
+
+dendrites.  That's where it's going to receive signals.   
+
+Processes are the name for things that stick out.   
+
+So, these processes are called dendrites.   
+
+Here's our nucleus of our cell.  Here's our cell body.  We will  
+
+label this your cell body with a nucleus in it.   
+
+Then we have this very long process here called an axon.   
+
+The axon is the wire here.  This region here is called the axon  
+
+hillock and it looks like a little hill.  That's what hillock means,   
+
+it's a little sort of hill-like region here.   
+
+And it's where all the electrical signals from the cell body are  
+
+integrated and a,  quote, decision is made about  
+
+whether to fire.  And the neuron will then fire a  
+
+signal down the length of its axon and then it will get to the end here  
+
+where we have these terminal processes that'll be synapsing on  
+
+other cells here.  These are called nerve terminals.   
+
+And each will make connections either with other dendrites or maybe  
+
+with a muscle,  although you wouldn't see both of  
+
+those occurring,  so I'm just drawing this for  
+
+illustration purposes here.  And it will send a signal.  And  
+
+these points of contact are called synapses.  So,   
+
+nerve or muscle.  OK?  So, that's your general  
+
+picture there.  You have a synapse which transmits.   
+
+This is an electrical signal.  This is typically a chemical signal.   
+
+And, as you might imagine,  the pre-synaptic cell is this guy,   
+
+the post-synaptic cell is that guy.  So, I'll say pre-synaptic and  
+
+post-synaptic.  And what neurobiologists want to do  
+
+is understand how does this all work?  How does the initial signal impinge  
+
+upon the dendrite from a synapse?  How does that signal get collected  
+
+and integrated into a decision about whether to fire an action potential  
+
+that runs along the nerve?  And then how does that get  
+
+transmitted from an electrical signal back into a chemical signal  
+
+which then restarts an electrical signal in the next cell,   
+
+etc., etc., etc?  Those are some of the kinds of questions we want to  
+
+ask.  Now, I said generic neuron.  Of course there's really nothing  
+
+generic about it.  Some neurons are very tiny.   
+
+Some neurons are very big.  What's the typical size of an ordinary  
+
+eukaryotic cell in a liver cell?  Ballpark.  Ten microns.   
+
+So, a typical eukaryotic cell might be --  
+
+ -- and ten microns.   
+
+But a neuron can be anywhere from that size, ten microns,   
+
+all the way up to three meters.  Where's the longest neuron known?   
+
+Squid giant axon.  That's possible,  actually.  I'm not sure how big  
+
+squid, I mean there are these giant squids and they may qualify.   
+
+The longest one that I know of is in a similar sort of setting.   
+
+It's in the giraffe.  It's a motor neuron in the neck of the giraffe  
+
+which runs three meters,  a single cell.  But these monstrous  
+
+squids that, at least in stories,  glom onto boats might actually get  
+
+up there.  Will somebody check the squid,   
+
+the largest squid on record here?  I might need to revise that.  But  
+
+the largest one I know about definitively is the giraffe that has  
+
+single neurons three meters long.  Ten foot long single cells.  So,   
+
+it's really very impressive what a cell can do there.   
+
+So, I'll put down the giraffe but we'll check out on the squid there.   
+
+Giraffe neck.  OK.  So, what are the kinds of questions that  
+
+we might want to ask?  Well, the kinds of questions we  
+
+might want to ask about this process,  and I'm not going to be able to  
+
+answer all of them but I'll get them up here.  So, how do receptors  
+
+transduce signals --   
+
+-- from the outside world?    
+
+Light, sounds, touch, etc.    
+
+That's a good question.  People know a lot about it.   
+
+How do electrical signals propagate along the neuron?   
+
+ Along an axon?   
+
+People know a lot about that one,  and that's what we're going to  
+
+discuss today.    
+
+How do signals transmit across a synapse?   
+
+ We'll talk about that,   
+
+some today and some next time.  And how do they transmit them to  
+
+effector cells?  So how do signals transmit  
+
+specifically to effector cells like a muscle?   
+
+ We'll talk about that.   
+
+Then how does the pattern of connections --  
+
+ -- give rise to a computation?   
+
+ That's pretty tricky.   
+
+We'll talk just a teeny little bit about the simplest kind of  
+
+computation, but the complex computations of recognizing that  
+
+that's somebody's Volkswagen or that that's your grandmother or something  
+
+are still beyond us today.  But we know things in between that.   
+
+How does this pattern of connections arise during development?   
+
+That's a fascinating question.  And a lot is known about it, but  
+
+we're not going to talk about it in this course.   
+
+How does this pattern of connections get modified by experience?   
+
+That's something that we'll mention briefly on Friday that a colleague  
+
+of mine who's very knowledgeable about this is going to give.   
+
+And that's learning and memory.  And then how does this all give  
+
+rise to consciousness?    
+
+And we haven't got the first clue.  We have no idea.  It's fascinating.   
+
+I digress for a second.  A famous biologist, J.B.   
+
+. Haldane in the mid-century,  middle of the 20th century wrote a  
+
+final exam to be given in the year 2000 or so.  And on the final exam  
+
+he had about 20 odd questions.  And if you go through the exam  
+
+virtually all of those questions could indeed be answered by a  
+
+student in the year 2000,  except for the question that says  
+
+consciousness arises on embryonic day 18, example.   
+
+And we have no progress toward that particular question.   
+
+That was one that he completely was way off in terms of being able to  
+
+predict that we'd make any progress on.  Maybe he meant it as a joke.   
+
+Anyway.  So, let's now dive into the specifics.   
+
+So, electrical signals in axons.  Here is an axon.  We're going to  
+
+give a very close up view.  Here's the lipid bilayer.  I'm just  
+
+going to take a cross-sectional view of my axon here.   
+
+That's the lipid bilayer.  It turns out if I stick an  
+
+electrode into an axon and I measure the voltage gradient from the  
+
+outside of the cell to the inside of the cell, what I'm going to find is  
+
+that the inside of the cell is negative compared to the  
+
+outside of the cell.  There is an electrical potential  
+
+across the plasma membrane of this axon.  This plasma membrane you  
+
+remember, you know,  you all remember about this.   
+
+This is, what, three nanometers wide.  There's an electrical  
+
+membrane, electrical potential across this equal to about  
+
+minus 70 millivolts.    
+
+Now, come on, minus 70 millivolts is pretty trivial,   
+
+right?  You go to the store,  you buy a battery, what has it,   
+
+what's it got like one and a half volts or something?   
+
+It's minus 70 millivolts like who cares, right?  Except it's minus 70  
+
+millivolts across three nanometers.  What's the electrical field of minus  
+
+70 millivolts across the incredibly tiny distance of three nanometers?   
+
+Well, the electrical field strength minus 70 millivolts over three  
+
+nanometers is about 200,  00 volts per centimeter.   
+
+That's a very impressive number,  200,000 volts per centimeter.   
+
+Suppose I could arrange to change the electrical potential of a cell  
+
+from minus 70 millivolts inside to,  I don't know, minus 70 millivolts  
+
+outside.  That would be a swing of 400,000 volts per centimeter.   
+
+Do you think that a protein which had an alpha helix that had a dipole  
+
+moment on it could feel a change of 400,000 volts per centimeter?   
+
+You bet.  Some alpha helix that had some dipole moment on it would swing  
+
+wildly in the presence of a change of 400,000 volts per centimeter.   
+
+That's the key to how things work down there is this tiny little minus  
+
+70 millivolts.  It's a huge potential gradient.   
+
+And if we can change that we can swing the shapes of proteins  
+
+quite dramatically.  OK?  That's the principle.   
+
+Now, it turns out that if you take this electrode and use it to change  
+
+the electrical gradient,  what you will get is the following  
+
+bizarre and fascinating behavior.  So, take my axon here, I use this,   
+
+and what I do is I start off, here's zero, at minus 70,   
+
+minus 70, this is the electrical potential.   
+
+If I use the electrode to change this to about minus 50 or so then  
+
+all by itself,  with no further input on our part,   
+
+the cell wildly shoots up to plus 50 before rapidly coming back down and  
+
+reestablishing itself at minus 70.  So, this depolarization slightly  
+
+shifting it away from being as polar as it is, it has a polarity of minus  
+
+70, if we depolarize it,  make it less polar, make it less  
+
+negative, all by itself the cell executes something called an action  
+
+potential.  This action potential involves rapidly changing to being  
+
+positive inside the cell instead of negative and then restoring itself.   
+
+And, as you would imagine,  this massive change in the field has  
+
+a huge effect on proteins in the membrane.  This is called  
+
+depolarization phase.  Not shockingly this is the  
+
+repolarization that occurs there afterwards.  So,   
+
+it goes from minus 70 millivolts up to about plus 50 millivolts there.   
+
+All right.  How does this happen?  That's my job to explain right now.   
+
+Well, the way this happens, what kind of a beautiful piece of  
+
+engineering explains this?  Well, the first thing you need to  
+
+know is that there are some concentration gradients set up in  
+
+the cell.  So,  the concentration gradients in the  
+
+cell are as follows.  There are certain ions,   
+
+sodium.  Sodium happens to be low inside the cell and high outside the  
+
+cell.  The concentration of sodium inside the cell is about 12  
+
+millimolar.  Whereas,  outside the cell is about 145  
+
+millimolar.  By contrast, potassium ions are high  
+
+inside the cell,  139 millimolar.  Whereas,   
+
+only four millimolar on the outside of the cell.  Calcium ions also have  
+
+a gradient across the cell.  They are virtually rare.   
+
+0.1 micro, not milli,  micromolar inside the cell and 2.   
+
+millimolar outside the cell.  So there are very big differences in  
+
+the concentrations.  Let me try to write these  
+
+concentration gradients.  If this is the outside and this is  
+
+the inside, sodium has a concentration gradient higher on the  
+
+outside than the inside.  Potassium has a concentration  
+
+gradient that's higher on the inside than the outside.   
+
+Calcium has a concentration gradient higher on the outside than the  
+
+inside.  This turns out to be the force that drives this action  
+
+potential, is that energy has been stored up in these concentration  
+
+gradients.  A concentration gradient is a form of energy.   
+
+Why is that?  Well, if there was no membrane there,   
+
+what would be the concentration on the inside and the outside?   
+
+The same.  There wouldn't be an inside and outside but,   
+
+you know, so let's imagine.  Suppose I just drilled holes in the  
+
+membrane.  I get in there vrm,  vrm, vrm, drill a lot of holes,   
+
+it will equilibrate and, you know,  because just by diffusion there,   
+
+we'll go to the entropy,  you know, entropy will set in and it  
+
+will be equal concentrations.  If I want to establish a  
+
+concentration gradient then,  I have to work against entropy.   
+
+That takes energy here.  And that is a form of energy then.   
+
+I had to put work into moving ions around in order to establish a  
+
+concentration gradient.  Well, who's in charge of carrying  
+
+out that work?  Who is it that sets up these  
+
+concentration gradients in the cell?  Membrane proteins.  Certain  
+
+membrane proteins.  In particular, membrane  
+
+transporters are involved.  So, we're going to talk about  
+
+transporters and then we'll talk about some channels.   
+
+ All right.  The first one.   
+
+There is an ATP-driven sodium potassium pump.   
+
+ Any ideas what an ATP-driven sodium  
+
+potassium pump does?  It sets up, how does it set up a  
+
+concentration gradient?  So, what does it pump?  It pumps a  
+
+sodium.  Does it pump a sodium in or out?   
+
+It pumps a sodium out.  It pumps potassium in.  And it does it as an  
+
+even exchange.  Why would it like to do it as an  
+
+even exchange,  one sodium for one potassium?   
+
+Charge conservation, exactly.  So, there's no electrical work to  
+
+be done if it swaps them one for one.  And is there work,   
+
+though, to be done?  Yes,  there is, because if I'm going to  
+
+pump sodium out of the cell,  I'm doing it against the  
+
+concentration gradient.  Or at least once I get going I'm  
+
+doing it against a concentration gradient.  So,   
+
+energy is needed to move a sodium out of the cell against its  
+
+concentration gradient.  Energy is also needed to move a  
+
+potassium into the cell against its concentration gradient.   
+
+And where do we get the energy?  ATP.  So, an ATP is burned in order  
+
+to do that.  This guy gets called an anti-porter  
+
+sometimes because it's an anti-transporter or something like  
+
+that.  OK.  The pump then is ATPA as it uses the energy from an ATP to  
+
+exchange this.  Good.  Next.  There is an  
+
+ATP-driven calcium pump or transporter.   
+
+And, as you might imagine,  what does it do?  It transports a  
+
+calcium ion out of the cell,  and it happens not to do that in  
+
+exchange for any other ion.  And it, too, is driven by ATP.   
+
+So, we go pump, pump, pump, pump,  pump, pump, pump, pump, keep going.   
+
+Will this thing be able to keep going forever,   
+
+set up arbitrarily large concentration gradients?  Why not?   
+
+ Well, what is nothing leaked back in?   
+
+Could we, could we keep going?  It gets harder and harder to put  
+
+stuff out because you're working up against a bigger and bigger  
+
+concentration gradient.  And the ATP is only going to give  
+
+you so much energy.  So, at a certain point,   
+
+the burning of that ATP or however many ATPs it uses for its specific  
+
+mechanism won't suffice.  So, there's going to be some natural  
+
+upper bound to how far it could go in setting up a gradient because  
+
+there's a nature amount of energy it can spend.  OK.   
+
+It's useful to think about these gradients as, you know,   
+
+work that you've got to do and the hill gets steeper and steeper.   
+
+All right.  So that could, in principle, set the electrical  
+
+gradient, the concentration change across the cell.   
+
+But there's one other important component that we have  
+
+to think about.  And that is something called a  
+
+resting potassium channel.  So, what is a resting potassium  
+
+channel?  The resting potassium channel is a protein that sits in  
+
+the membrane and it's got a hole in it, a pore.   
+
+And that pore here is designed so that while a sodium can't escape  
+
+through that pore,  and you can imagine there's some  
+
+little bit of cleaver molecular architecture to make the sodium atom  
+
+not be able to,  sodium ion not be able to get out  
+
+but a potassium ion be able to get out, a potassium ion can get out.   
+
+This is a completely open door that allows potassium ions to escape.   
+
+Now, isn't this stupid?  We just spent all this ATP getting  
+
+potassium in and sodium out,  and here I go opening the door for  
+
+potassium saying you're free to leave despite all the work we put  
+
+into bringing you into the cell.  That makes no sense.  All the  
+
+potassium is just going to rush out.   
+
+ Can all the potassium rush out?   
+
+The concentration gradient goes which way?  It's more inside,   
+
+more potassium inside, less outside,  so the potassium is going to rush  
+
+out.  Yes.  Ooh,  electrical gradient.   
+
+If there's an electrical,  so maybe at the beginning there's no  
+
+electrical gradient,  so potassium rushes out.   
+
+What does it do?  It makes it more positive on the outside.   
+
+Now the next potassium wants to rush out.   
+
+It's going to,  it's going down its concentration  
+
+gradient but it's going up a teeny weenie little electrical gradient.   
+
+Now that gets out there, and what does it do to the outside?   
+
+Makes it more positive.  So,  the third potassium makes it even  
+
+more positive.  And as more and more potassiums  
+
+rush out, the outside becomes more positive.  And every potassium now  
+
+has to do work to get up that electrical gradient.   
+
+But, of course,  it's still got a concentration  
+
+gradient pushing it out.  So, will they keep going forever?   
+
+No, they're going to balance each other.  There will come a point when  
+
+the concentration gradient,  the force driving potassium out due  
+
+to the concentration gradient is offset by the electrical gradient  
+
+pushing potassium in, or keeping potassium in.   
+
+So, what happens is potassium goes out, rushes out,   
+
+or goes out, leaks out,  potassium leaks out which now sets  
+
+up an electrical gradient.    
+
+And what happens is the cell becomes more positive on the outside,   
+
+more negative on the inside, and an equilibrium potential is reached,   
+
+equilibrium is reached.    
+
+So, an equilibrium electrical potential --  
+
+ -- is reached when the concentration  
+
+gradient exactly offsets,  when it balances the electrical  
+
+gradient.    
+
+Any guesses to what that electrical concentration gradient is?   
+
+Minus 70 millivolts.  That's where minus 70 millivolts comes from.   
+
+It comes because that's the concentration gradient at which  
+
+potassium going up that gradient just offsets the, yes?   
+
+ Well, because,   
+
+oh, it doesn't.  The electrical potential wants to  
+
+keep it in.  The concentration wants it out.  The electrical wants it in.   
+
+That's why we have an equilibrium.  Exactly.  It's those two balancing  
+
+forces.  Very good.  So, how much potassium,   
+
+by the way, has to rush out to set this up?  It turns out  
+
+a trivial amount.  It turns out that about ten to,   
+
+one part in ten to the sixth of all the potassium ions leaving sets up a  
+
+gradient of about minus,  of about five millivolts,   
+
+minus five millivolts.  One part in a million of the potassium ions will  
+
+suffice to set up a concentration gradient of minus five millivolts.   
+
+So, all I've got to do is set up about, let's see,   
+
+I don't know, less than,  I don't know, maybe about one part  
+
+in ten to the fifth of all the potassium ions leaving.   
+
+A tiny contribution of the concentration.   
+
+Changing the concentration by one part in ten to the fifth will get me  
+
+minus 50 millivolts already.  So, what's very interesting is  
+
+teeny amounts of ions set up a very big electrical gradient and have no  
+
+real effect on the concentration,  but they have a big effect on the  
+
+electrical gradient.  So, when I say potassium leaks out,   
+
+it only takes a teeny bit of potassium to leak out in order to  
+
+accomplish this.  OK, guys.  Now let's get ready to make an  
+
+action potential.  Here it goes.  So,   
+
+the action potential mechanism.    
+
+We've set up our resting potential by transporters,   
+
+by this open channel.  Now, the first thing we have is a  
+
+new kind of membrane channel.  We have a voltage gated  
+
+sodium channel.    
+
+Check this out.  This guy here is a channel that's  
+
+closed.  It's closed.  Except, so at minus 70 millivolts  
+
+it's closed. But if I can transiently depolarize the cell to  
+
+minus 50 millivolts it opens and it admits sodium.   
+
+So, when I get to minus 50 it opens.  Now, what will sodium do when that  
+
+door opens?  Let's see.  Electrically what would sodium,   
+
+what would sodium do?    
+
+So what, well,  how about concentration?   
+
+From the point of view of concentration what would sodium,   
+
+oh, what did I just draw here?  Ooh,  forget my error.   
+
+Electrically what would sodium like to do?  It would like to come in,   
+
+wouldn't it?  Because it's negative inside and sodium is positive.   
+
+But from a concentration gradient what would it like to do?   
+
+Come in also.  So what's stopping it?  Nothing.  We've got the ion  
+
+that would like to come in electrically and would like to come  
+
+in from the point of view of concentration.   
+
+So what happens?  It comes in.  And it comes rushing  
+
+in.  Now, what happens as it comes  
+
+rushing in?  What will it do to our electrical potential?   
+
+We went from minus 70,  we got it transiently up to minus 50,   
+
+and as it comes in what does it do to our electrical gradient?   
+
+Brings in positive charge.  The electrical gradient goes towards  
+
+zero.  Does it stop at zero?  No, because now, even as the cell  
+
+becomes positive in the interior,  sodium still wants to keep coming in  
+
+because of it's concentration gradient.   
+
+It now has to do some work against the electrical gradient that's set  
+
+up, but it keeps going and going and going.  Does it go on forever?   
+
+No, because eventually it reaches a point where the electrical gradient,   
+
+positive now inside the cell,  offsets the concentration gradient  
+
+and it'll stop and it'll reach a new equilibrium potential which turns  
+
+out to be at about plus 50.  Amazing.  Opens the door.   
+
+Sodium comes rushing in down its concentration electrical gradient,   
+
+shifts the electrical gradient from being negative to positive,   
+
+and eventually it slows itself down because it's now going against an  
+
+electrical gradient.  But that's not the end of the story  
+
+because what there also is,  there are two other interesting  
+
+functions.  One,  after a certain amount of time,   
+
+after a very brief time interval --   
+
+-- this channel also has the property that it closes.   
+
+ So now when it closes,   
+
+what's going to happen?  The pumps will start working again  
+
+and reestablish our negative 50.  It's going to take too long, though.   
+
+I mean it'll happen.  You'd get back to minus 50,   
+
+but it's going to take a long time.  So it's good that the channels,   
+
+that the voltage gated sodium channel closed,   
+
+but even better nature has arranged to have a voltage gated  
+
+potassium channel.    
+
+And what happens to this voltage gated potassium channel is around  
+
+plus 30 millivolts it opens and admits potassium.   
+
+Now, instead of having to wait for the relatively slow ATP-driven pumps,   
+
+what happens when I admit potassium?  Well, if the cell is positive on  
+
+the inside, negative on the outside,  what happens to our potassium?   
+
+Potassium starts coming out because there's more potassium on the inside  
+
+and there's also a favorable electrical gradient.   
+
+So, potassium explosively starts rushing out and rapidly  
+
+reestablishes the resting potential.  All this happening in a millisecond.   
+
+It's very impressive.  So, in something like one  
+
+millisecond we open up the potassium channels.  Now,   
+
+you have to ask how did it happen that the channels got open in the  
+
+first place?  How did we get to minus 50?  That's the work of these  
+
+dendrites.  The dendrites integrating a signal from all the  
+
+things impacting on it will get the cell to minus 50,   
+
+but once the cell gets to minus 50 at its axon hillock,   
+
+bingo, the action potential fires,  the cell zips up to plus 50 in a big  
+
+rush of sodiums and then zips down to minus 70 again in a big rush of  
+
+potassiums.  Yes?    
+
+Yup.  Remember I said it was only like one part and ten to the fifth  
+
+of the ions?  It's a trivial actual,  the number of ions necessary to set  
+
+up these electrical things is such a tiny fraction of the concentration  
+
+that through this whole thing those concentrations don't  
+
+noticeably change.  That's what's so cool,   
+
+is there are different regimes,  right?  And they do change.  They  
+
+change by one part and ten to the fifth of those numbers.   
+
+It's really cool, isn't it?  We haven't screwed up our  
+
+concentration gradient?  We moved tiny numbers of ions to  
+
+accomplish all this.  This is very cleaver engineering.   
+
+It's very cleaver engineering.  Now,  how do we manage to transmit this  
+
+signal down a cell?  Well, let's talk about how we  
+
+propagate.  I think this is really cool.   
+
+This is one of the truly great mechanisms that was invented.   
+
+Transmitting an action potential.    
+
+Suppose I transmit my action.  Suppose I have a neuron here and  
+
+over here, at the axon hillock,  I transiently depolarize to minus 50.   
+
+ Then I fire and fire.   
+
+Well, what happens is this part of the cell was originally minus,   
+
+minus, minus, plus, plus, plus,  it becomes positive temporarily,   
+
+right?  It now becomes --   
+
+-- plus, plus,  plus.  So, let's go minus along the  
+
+whole cell here.  Plus, plus, plus,   
+
+plus, plus.  Now, some little patch of membrane at the beginning of the  
+
+axon has become positive inside,  right?  Because whatever local  
+
+affect here caused this to flip.  If this becomes positive at this  
+
+part of the membrane,  what happens to the negative charges  
+
+over here a little bit further down the axon?  Some of them will be  
+
+pulled over to the positive.  Ho-ho.  Some negative charges get  
+
+pulled over.  Well,  what happens when some of those  
+
+negative charges get pulled over to my minus 70 millivolts?   
+
+Is it as negative as it was before?  No.  It becomes minus 50 millivolts.   
+
+Oh.  What happens when this becomes minus 50 millivolts?   
+
+Fires an action potential.  So, what happens is, here's my axon,   
+
+I fire an action,  I have an action potential here,   
+
+and in the course of that I pull over some negative charge.   
+
+That, of course,  transiently depolarizes here and  
+
+causes an action potential to fire.  Then, of course, this becomes  
+
+positive which pulls over some negative charge which causes the  
+
+action potential to fire here,  etc., etc., etc.  So, if I can  
+
+manage to get the thing started with my dendrites causing a transient  
+
+depolarization from minus 70 to minus 50 then the action potential  
+
+itself will draw over some charge and start the process at the next  
+
+patch of membrane,  the next patch of the next membrane,   
+
+the next patch of the next membrane and the next patch of membrane.   
+
+And it gets all the way down to the end.  It's a brilliant mechanism.   
+
+You can calculate, based on the diffusion coefficient of ions,   
+
+how long it will take to transmit that signal.  And it's OK  
+
+but not good enough.  I'd like it to go faster.   
+
+How can I make it go faster?    
+
+How about put an insulator around it?  It turns out that with one little  
+
+trick, I can speed this up dramatically.  Oh,   
+
+sorry.  Sorry about that.  The trick is suppose I were to wrap  
+
+some insulator around the axon that would make this such that it could  
+
+not, that it was not an electrical contract outside,   
+
+that it was only an electric contact with the outside solution  
+
+here, here, here.  Then, when the action potential  
+
+fires here, it's going to pull charges over, not from the tiny  
+
+little patch of membrane here,  but the charges are going to have to  
+
+come from here,  it turns out, because that's where  
+
+I'm going to next feel my action potential.  And so what'll happen is  
+
+that the action potential,  if this stuff is electrically  
+
+insulated, will only be happening at this little gaps between the  
+
+insulation.  And I can dramatically speed up the electrical transmission  
+
+if I'm willing to insulate the wire.   
+
+Because then there's much less leakage along the way.   
+
+So, it turns out that there are special cells that wrap themselves  
+
+around the axon that are called Schwann cells.   
+
+The Schwann cell wraps itself around and around and around and  
+
+squeezes out all of its cytoplasm leaving only a lipid bilayer.   
+
+Lipid bilayers wrapped around and around and around make  
+
+great insulators.  This is called the myelin sheath of  
+
+a nerve.  These myelin sheaths allow the transmission of this action  
+
+potential to proceed about a hundred times faster.  Very cleaver.   
+
+Now you ask me how do I know this matters?  I mean you can calculate  
+
+that it should go about 100 times faster.   
+
+But how would you really know that it mattered.  Try taking them off.   
+
+Unfortunately, there is a disease that takes them off.   
+
+Some human patients make autoimmune reactions against their own myelin.   
+
+It attacks their own myelin and leads to the demyelination  
+
+of the nerves.  This disease is called multiple  
+
+sclerosis.  Multiple sclerosis involves an autoimmune attack on  
+
+your very own myelin sheaths,  and the effects, the very serious  
+
+effects that multiple sclerosis can have on an individual come from the  
+
+greatly diminished,  hundred-fold diminished conduction  
+
+velocity of electrical signals down motor neurons along these  
+
+large distances.  So, this is, in fact,   
+
+the basic electrical setup.  We have taken a situation where we  
+
+don't have electrical wires at all but have concocted,   
+
+through chemistry, a powerful way to create signals.   
+
+First, by setting up a resting potential using pumps and an open  
+
+potassium channel.  Then by setting up this explosive  
+
+mechanism where a little change in voltage which,   
+
+of course, has a huge change in field, swings open a sodium channel,   
+
+shuts it, swings open a potassium channel, and then cleverly recruits  
+
+charges from down the neuron and sends the signal.   
+
+Next time we shall talk about what happens when the signal gets all the  
+
+way to the other end and it has to talk to the next neuron.   
+
+Till next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BZGOYTtQUhY.txt b/BZGOYTtQUhY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3d7efa1d511cb9d37830b78886e1d5cc92951de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BZGOYTtQUhY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hi I'm John Igman I'm one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi I'm John Igman I'm one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hi I'm John Igman I'm one of
+the instructors in 507 I teach with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructors in 507 I teach with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructors in 507 I teach with
+Joanne stubby and bdan Fidelis you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joanne stubby and bdan Fidelis you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joanne stubby and bdan Fidelis you've
+probably seen an earlier video of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen an earlier video of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen an earlier video of this
+type today we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type today we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type today we're going to talk about the
+pentos phosphate pathway professionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos phosphate pathway professionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos phosphate pathway professionally
+I'm a toxicologist the pentos phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a toxicologist the pentos phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a toxicologist the pentos phosphate
+pathway is one that is very Central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is one that is very Central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is one that is very Central to
+the people who work in my field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who work in my field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who work in my field
+specifically because the pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically because the pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically because the pentos
+phosphate pathway provides us with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway provides us with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway provides us with one
+of the reagents that we need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reagents that we need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reagents that we need in order to
+be able to combat or counter the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to combat or counter the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to combat or counter the effects
+of oxidative stress oxidative stress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidative stress oxidative stress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxidative stress oxidative stress is
+involved in many pathologies one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in many pathologies one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in many pathologies one of the
+reasons that the pentos phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that the pentos phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that the pentos phosphate
+pathway is challenging to teach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is challenging to teach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is challenging to teach is
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it's um it's a pathway that interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's a pathway that interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it's a pathway that interacts
+very very closely with other Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very closely with other Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very closely with other Pathways
+for example glycolysis the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example glycolysis the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example glycolysis the energy
+generating pathway and gluconeogenesis a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating pathway and gluconeogenesis a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating pathway and gluconeogenesis a
+pathway by which in some organs you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway by which in some organs you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway by which in some organs you're
+able to synthesize glucose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to synthesize glucose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to synthesize glucose from
+non-carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-carbohydrate
+precursors uh the fact that these tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors uh the fact that these tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors uh the fact that these tend
+to be so closely related uh makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so closely related uh makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so closely related uh makes it
+difficult to see the distinct features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see the distinct features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see the distinct features
+of the pentos phosphate pathway so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pentos phosphate pathway so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pentos phosphate pathway so let
+me show you the pentos phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the pentos phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you the pentos phosphate pathway
+and how it interacts with these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it interacts with these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it interacts with these other
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all let me start with the roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let me start with the roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let me start with the roles
+of the pentos phosphate pathway as I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pentos phosphate pathway as I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pentos phosphate pathway as I see
+it there are three the first is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there are three the first is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there are three the first is this is
+the cell's principal um source of nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell's principal um source of nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell's principal um source of nadph
+which is our reductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our reductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our reductive
+co-actor it's used for the synthesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor it's used for the synthesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor it's used for the synthesis of
+such things as lipids and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as lipids and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things as lipids and other
+carbohydrates and so on so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates and so on so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates and so on so this is how
+the the reducing equivalent the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reducing equivalent the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reducing equivalent the source
+of electrons that we use in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that we use in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that we use in order to be
+able to synthesize comp Lex molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to synthesize comp Lex molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to synthesize comp Lex molecules
+the second major role of the pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second major role of the pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second major role of the pentos
+phosphate pathway is that it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is that it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is that it's our
+biosynthetic source of ribos we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic source of ribos we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic source of ribos we have to
+make ribos for things like ATP we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make ribos for things like ATP we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make ribos for things like ATP we have
+to make it for the nucleotides that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it for the nucleotides that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it for the nucleotides that are
+in our nucleic acids this is where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our nucleic acids this is where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our nucleic acids this is where it
+comes from what we're also going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from what we're also going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from what we're also going to see
+is that when we eat um foods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we eat um foods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we eat um foods that
+contain ribos for example ATP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain ribos for example ATP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain ribos for example ATP and
+nucleotides This Is How They enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides This Is How They enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides This Is How They enter the
+mainstream of metabolism so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of metabolism so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of metabolism so that we can
+utilize them as raw mat material or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize them as raw mat material or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize them as raw mat material or
+energy material and the third thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy material and the third thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy material and the third thing
+about the pathway is that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pathway is that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pathway is that some of the
+intermediates you'll see in what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates you'll see in what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates you'll see in what we call
+this carbon scrambling uh phase are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon scrambling uh phase are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbon scrambling uh phase are
+critical For the synthesis of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical For the synthesis of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical For the synthesis of certain
+biomolecules this is where the aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules this is where the aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules this is where the aromatic
+residues come from in our aromatic amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues come from in our aromatic amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues come from in our aromatic amino
+acids such as tyrosine so the pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids such as tyrosine so the pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids such as tyrosine so the pentos
+phosphate pathway is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is very important
+because it provides us with reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it provides us with reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it provides us with reducing
+equivalents it provides us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents it provides us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents it provides us with a
+biosynthetic source of ribos for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic source of ribos for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic source of ribos for nuclear
+tides and it provides us with building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tides and it provides us with building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tides and it provides us with building
+blocks for more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules because this pathway um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because this pathway um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because this pathway um is
+associated with biosynthesis in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with biosynthesis in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with biosynthesis in terms of
+its providing reducing equivalence what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its providing reducing equivalence what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its providing reducing equivalence what
+we'll find is that there are the pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find is that there are the pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find is that there are the pathway
+is very highly expressed in tissues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very highly expressed in tissues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very highly expressed in tissues that
+make a lot of lipid lipid is our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of lipid lipid is our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of lipid lipid is our uh
+bioenergetically most expensive bio uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioenergetically most expensive bio uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioenergetically most expensive bio uh
+synthetic um process requires a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic um process requires a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic um process requires a lot of
+nadph if the cell is dividing what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph if the cell is dividing what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph if the cell is dividing what it's
+got to do is make membranes and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do is make membranes and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do is make membranes and that's a
+lot of lipid biosynthesis this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lipid biosynthesis this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lipid biosynthesis this pathway
+the pentos phosphate pathway not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentos phosphate pathway not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentos phosphate pathway not
+surprisingly is upregulated when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly is upregulated when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly is upregulated when we have
+to make a lot of membranes for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a lot of membranes for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a lot of membranes for example
+when a cell is growing and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a cell is growing and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a cell is growing and that means
+for example that this could be a target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that this could be a target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that this could be a target
+for anti-cancer drugs and other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-cancer drugs and other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-cancer drugs and other words if
+you wanted to find a pathway to block in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to find a pathway to block in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to find a pathway to block in
+order to stop the provision of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stop the provision of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stop the provision of the
+resource as the reductive resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource as the reductive resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource as the reductive resources for
+growth this would be one to that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth this would be one to that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth this would be one to that that
+would be looked at in fact is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be looked at in fact is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be looked at in fact is being
+looked at by the modern pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+industry over here toward the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry over here toward the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry over here toward the center of
+the of the top panel is uh uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the top panel is uh uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the top panel is uh uh what's
+often considered to be you know the um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often considered to be you know the um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often considered to be you know the um a
+little bit confusing but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit confusing but it's really
+actually quite straightforward which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite straightforward which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite straightforward which is
+the fact that this pathway can run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this pathway can run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this pathway can run in
+two modes I said earlier that the pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes I said earlier that the pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two modes I said earlier that the pentos
+phosphate pathway is an offshoot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is an offshoot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway is an offshoot of
+other Pathways which makes it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Pathways which makes it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Pathways which makes it a little
+bit difficult for some people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difficult for some people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difficult for some people to
+understand so in this line right across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so in this line right across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so in this line right across
+here that I'm just moving across that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I'm just moving across that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I'm just moving across that's
+going from glucose to pyruvate as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from glucose to pyruvate as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from glucose to pyruvate as we go
+left to right and that's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right and that's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right and that's of course
+glycolysis if we went from pyruvate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis if we went from pyruvate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis if we went from pyruvate to
+glucose that is going from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that is going from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose that is going from right to left
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+gluconeogenesis so gluconeogenesis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis so gluconeogenesis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis so gluconeogenesis for
+example might be a situation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might be a situation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might be a situation in a
+diabetic for example I'm a diabetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic for example I'm a diabetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetic for example I'm a diabetic and
+when I go to sleep at night I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to sleep at night I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I go to sleep at night I'm not
+eating and what my liver is doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and what my liver is doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating and what my liver is doing is
+it's saying okay you haven't eaten for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying okay you haven't eaten for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying okay you haven't eaten for a
+while your blood sugar is dropping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your blood sugar is dropping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your blood sugar is dropping and
+my gluconeogenic Pathways start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gluconeogenic Pathways start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my gluconeogenic Pathways start to
+manufacture and in my case unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture and in my case unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture and in my case unfortunately
+too much from non-carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much from non-carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much from non-carbohydrate
+precursors they move the carbon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors they move the carbon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors they move the carbon from
+right to left and put out a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left and put out a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left and put out a lot of
+glucose into my blood uh that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose into my blood uh that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose into my blood uh that's you know
+one of the Ben that's one of the uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Ben that's one of the uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Ben that's one of the uses of
+the gluconeogenic pathway similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluconeogenic pathway similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluconeogenic pathway similarly if
+the doberman pincher which is come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doberman pincher which is come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doberman pincher which is come
+commonly seen in in the 507 cor so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly seen in in the 507 cor so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly seen in in the 507 cor so far
+it starts to chase me down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to chase me down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to chase me down the street
+what I'm going to want to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to want to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to want to do is I'm
+going to want to take and break down my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to take and break down my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to take and break down my
+glucose as quickly as possible to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as quickly as possible to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose as quickly as possible to bring
+it toward pyruvate to get fast ATP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it toward pyruvate to get fast ATP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it toward pyruvate to get fast ATP that
+I can use to power my muscles to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use to power my muscles to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use to power my muscles to be able
+to run away so that's the GL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away so that's the GL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run away so that's the GL
+gluconeogenesis and the glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis and the glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis and the glycolysis
+Pathways now um imagine that you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways now um imagine that you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways now um imagine that you've got
+a railroad track and that you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a railroad track and that you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a railroad track and that you've got a
+side track off of it and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side track off of it and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side track off of it and that's what the
+pentos phosphate pathway it is it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos phosphate pathway it is it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos phosphate pathway it is it is a
+tract that comes off of glycolysis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract that comes off of glycolysis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract that comes off of glycolysis or
+gluconeogenesis stuff happens and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis stuff happens and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis stuff happens and then
+you can re-enter the mainstream of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can re-enter the mainstream of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can re-enter the mainstream of the
+train line the interesting thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train line the interesting thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train line the interesting thing is that
+you can basically go in either direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically go in either direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically go in either direction
+at certain parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain parts of this
+pathway what this really means is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway what this really means is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway what this really means is where
+we we have common components in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have common components in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have common components in both the
+pentos phosphate pathway and along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos phosphate pathway and along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos phosphate pathway and along this
+main line of glucose neogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main line of glucose neogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main line of glucose neogenesis
+glycolysis and the common components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and the common components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis and the common components
+we're going to see are first glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see are first glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see are first glucose 6
+phosphate second fructose 6 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate second fructose 6 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate second fructose 6 phosphate
+and third glycer aldhy 3 phosphate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third glycer aldhy 3 phosphate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third glycer aldhy 3 phosphate or
+Gap so these are the common features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap so these are the common features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap so these are the common features of
+all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pathways okay so I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways okay so I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways okay so I'm going to give you a
+little bit of an overview first and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an overview first and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an overview first and show
+you how this side track works now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how this side track works now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how this side track works now the
+pathway can be run in in the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway can be run in in the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway can be run in in the oxidative
+mode exclusively and what we'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode exclusively and what we'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode exclusively and what we'll see is
+and again the details will come in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the details will come in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the details will come in a few
+minutes that this glucose 6 phosphate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes that this glucose 6 phosphate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes that this glucose 6 phosphate is
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+oxidized in order to generate a re in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized in order to generate a re in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized in order to generate a re in
+and oxidation of course is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidation of course is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxidation of course is when
+electrons are removed from um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are removed from um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are removed from um the the
+substrate and they're going to be put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and they're going to be put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and they're going to be put
+into nadp to form nadph which is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nadp to form nadph which is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into nadp to form nadph which is our
+reductive co-actor so this is an ox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive co-actor so this is an ox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductive co-actor so this is an ox
+oxidative arm now one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative arm now one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative arm now one of the
+consequences of this oxidation is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of this oxidation is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of this oxidation is going
+to be we're going to be losing a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we're going to be losing a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we're going to be losing a carbon
+from the six carbon glucose 6 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the six carbon glucose 6 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the six carbon glucose 6 phosphate
+and we're going to be forming a pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be forming a pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be forming a pentos
+specifically ribulose 5 phosphate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically ribulose 5 phosphate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically ribulose 5 phosphate it's
+going to be easily interconverted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easily interconverted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easily interconverted with
+other pentoses five carbon sugars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pentoses five carbon sugars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pentoses five carbon sugars and
+then I want you to notice that from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want you to notice that from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want you to notice that from here
+on everything is reversible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everything is reversible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on everything is reversible in the
+pathway loss of CO2 typically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway loss of CO2 typically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway loss of CO2 typically is
+irreversible so this first arm the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible so this first arm the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible so this first arm the first
+oxidative arm is irreversible so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative arm is irreversible so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative arm is irreversible so if we
+go from glucose 6 phosphate to pentoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from glucose 6 phosphate to pentoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from glucose 6 phosphate to pentoses
+that's a one-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-way
+Street the pentoses if we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street the pentoses if we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street the pentoses if we are in the
+process of cell division these can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of cell division these can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of cell division these can be
+used to make nucleotides this is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make nucleotides this is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make nucleotides this is how we
+make pentoses for nucleic acids if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make pentoses for nucleic acids if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make pentoses for nucleic acids if we
+don't need the pentoses then the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need the pentoses then the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need the pentoses then the carbon
+from the pentoses will continue along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pentoses will continue along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pentoses will continue along
+the pathway and will go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway and will go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway and will go into this
+complicated carbon scrambling Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated carbon scrambling Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated carbon scrambling Network
+which you see underlined with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see underlined with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see underlined with the
+squiggly line over here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly line over here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly line over here in the in the
+center and the scrambling will result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and the scrambling will result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and the scrambling will result in
+the pentos is being restructured into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentos is being restructured into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentos is being restructured into
+fructose 6 phosphate glycer alide 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphate glycer alide 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphate glycer alide 3
+phosphate so the carbon can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so the carbon can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so the carbon can then
+continue along the pathway so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue along the pathway so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue along the pathway so I can
+imagine the pathway going like this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the pathway going like this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the pathway going like this a
+cell let's say it's in a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell let's say it's in a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell let's say it's in a situation where
+it is growing and it needs nadph and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is growing and it needs nadph and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is growing and it needs nadph and it
+needs pentoses for making nucleotides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs pentoses for making nucleotides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs pentoses for making nucleotides so
+it takes and it gets up to the glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes and it gets up to the glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes and it gets up to the glucose 6
+phosphat step and so rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphat step and so rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphat step and so rather than
+progressing in glycolysis it takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing in glycolysis it takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing in glycolysis it takes as
+you'll see a right-hand turn make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a right-hand turn make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a right-hand turn make the
+nadph that's going to be needed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph that's going to be needed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph that's going to be needed for
+making those membranes of the new cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those membranes of the new cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those membranes of the new cell
+getting pentoses which are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pentoses which are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pentoses which are going to
+convert into nucleotides and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into nucleotides and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into nucleotides and if you
+don't use all of the pentoses then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use all of the pentoses then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use all of the pentoses then what
+you want to do is you don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is you don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is you don't want any
+waste material so you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste material so you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste material so you go through the
+carbon scrambling Network and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon scrambling Network and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon scrambling Network and the
+remainder of the material will go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of the material will go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of the material will go back
+as fructose 6 phosphate and glycer alide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fructose 6 phosphate and glycer alide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fructose 6 phosphate and glycer alide
+3 phosphate so that's what we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 phosphate so that's what we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 phosphate so that's what we'll call
+the the full pentos phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the full pentos phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the full pentos phosphate pathway
+with the oxidative and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the oxidative and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the oxidative and the
+nonoxidative portions um distinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonoxidative portions um distinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonoxidative portions um distinctly
+shown everything's oxidative up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown everything's oxidative up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown everything's oxidative up to the
+pentos generation and then it's non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos generation and then it's non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos generation and then it's non
+oxidative from pentoses through um the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative from pentoses through um the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative from pentoses through um the U
+fructose 6 phosphate and glycer alide 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate now let's in the in case b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate now let's in the in case b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate now let's in the in case b
+over here we call it the purely non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we call it the purely non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we call it the purely non
+oxidative mode let's say you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative mode let's say you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative mode let's say you're in a
+situation where you're not growing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you're not growing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you're not growing but
+you do need for example ATP and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need for example ATP and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need for example ATP and you need
+pent for that that's where the back door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pent for that that's where the back door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pent for that that's where the back door
+comes in we're going to be taking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in we're going to be taking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in we're going to be taking in
+this case out of probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case out of probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case out of probably
+gluconeogenesis remember gluconeogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis remember gluconeogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis remember gluconeogenesis
+is the flow of carbon from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the flow of carbon from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the flow of carbon from right to left
+in this pathway so it could be amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pathway so it could be amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this pathway so it could be amino
+acids and things from the tricarboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and things from the tricarboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and things from the tricarboxylic
+acid or TCA cycle are flowing carbon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or TCA cycle are flowing carbon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or TCA cycle are flowing carbon in
+this direction and it goes up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and it goes up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and it goes up into
+the gluconeogenic pathway and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluconeogenic pathway and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluconeogenic pathway and then the
+molecule repositories fill up for glycer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule repositories fill up for glycer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule repositories fill up for glycer
+alahh 3 phosphate and fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh 3 phosphate and fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh 3 phosphate and fructose 6
+phosphate if I were to block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate if I were to block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate if I were to block
+gluconeogenesis right here then carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis right here then carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis right here then carbon
+would flow in this direction would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would flow in this direction would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would flow in this direction would go
+through the back door of the pathway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the back door of the pathway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the back door of the pathway the
+carbon scrambling phase would result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon scrambling phase would result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon scrambling phase would result
+ultimately in pentoses so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately in pentoses so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately in pentoses so this would be
+a biosynthetic route to pentoses again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biosynthetic route to pentoses again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biosynthetic route to pentoses again
+that's a situation in which we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a situation in which we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a situation in which we do not
+need nadph perhaps we just need pentoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let me get into the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me get into the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me get into the details
+in the center of this uh piece of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of this uh piece of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of this uh piece of paper
+what you'll see is the stochiometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see is the stochiometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll see is the stochiometry of
+the pathway in most of 507 so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway in most of 507 so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway in most of 507 so far we
+have seen that we work with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen that we work with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen that we work with a single
+molecule of glucose working its way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose working its way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of glucose working its way to
+two molecules of pyruvate and so on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of pyruvate and so on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of pyruvate and so on here
+the stochiometry works out best or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometry works out best or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochiometry works out best or it's
+easiest to to teach and to appreciate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to to teach and to appreciate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest to to teach and to appreciate uh
+if you start with three molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with three molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with three molecules of
+glucose and we'll see why in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and we'll see why in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and we'll see why in a few
+minutes okay so what we'll do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so what we'll do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so what we'll do is I'm
+going to do is take three molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is take three molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is take three molecules of
+glucose 6 phosphate now looking up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate now looking up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate now looking up in
+the top here so this is glucose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here so this is glucose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here so this is glucose to
+glucose 6 phosphate this is the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate this is the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate this is the entry
+portion right here with gluc that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion right here with gluc that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion right here with gluc that
+glucose 6 phosphate into the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate into the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate into the oxidative
+arm of the pathway so that's 18 carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of the pathway so that's 18 carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm of the pathway so that's 18 carbons
+3 * 6 is 18 we're going to lose 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co2sys are going to be distributed among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2sys are going to be distributed among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2sys are going to be distributed among
+two fructose 6 phosphates and one glycer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fructose 6 phosphates and one glycer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fructose 6 phosphates and one glycer
+alide 3 phosphates so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alide 3 phosphates so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alide 3 phosphates so here's the
+fructose 6 phosphate here's the glycer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphate here's the glycer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphate here's the glycer
+alide 3 phosphate that's the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alide 3 phosphate that's the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alide 3 phosphate that's the overall
+stochiometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathway so now what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so now what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so now what I'm going to do is
+go through the chemical details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the chemical details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the chemical details of the
+pathway down here at the bottom and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway down here at the bottom and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway down here at the bottom and on
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+page we've got glucose going to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page we've got glucose going to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page we've got glucose going to glucose
+6 phosphate and I draw three lines there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 phosphate and I draw three lines there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 phosphate and I draw three lines there
+because I'll say this glucose 6 phos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll say this glucose 6 phos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll say this glucose 6 phos is
+the abbreviation that I use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abbreviation that I use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abbreviation that I use for the
+structure that's shown right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's shown right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's shown right here so
+this is glucose 6 phosphate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glucose 6 phosphate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is glucose 6 phosphate with the
+proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper
+stereochemistry now uh the hydroxy group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry now uh the hydroxy group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry now uh the hydroxy group
+on the glucose uh we we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the glucose uh we we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the glucose uh we we don't really
+know it's what its its stereochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's what its its stereochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's what its its stereochemistry
+is but we've got it up or in uh beta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we've got it up or in uh beta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but we've got it up or in uh beta in
+in in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this uh
+drawing the first step is for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the first step is for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the first step is for the the
+enzyme uh glucose 65 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme uh glucose 65 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme uh glucose 65 phosphate
+dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase
+g6pdh to attack the one carbon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g6pdh to attack the one carbon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g6pdh to attack the one carbon the
+electrons go down to make a keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons go down to make a keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons go down to make a keto
+functionality we lose hydride from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality we lose hydride from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality we lose hydride from the
+one carbon which is used then to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon which is used then to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon which is used then to reduce
+nadp to nadph so that's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadp to nadph so that's our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadp to nadph so that's our first
+oxidation step I want you to notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step I want you to notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation step I want you to notice that
+this is a one-way Arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-way Arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-way Arrow
+typically at the top of a pathway and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically at the top of a pathway and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically at the top of a pathway and in
+this case it's at the very top these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's at the very top these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it's at the very top these are
+the steps that are thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps that are thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps that are thermodynamically
+irreversible these are also the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible these are also the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible these are also the steps
+where you principally effect um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you principally effect um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you principally effect um
+regulation of the pathway and as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of the pathway and as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation of the pathway and as I said
+earlier we're going to be running three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we're going to be running three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we're going to be running three
+molecules of glucose 6 phosphate through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of glucose 6 phosphate through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of glucose 6 phosphate through
+this this step the next molecule in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this step the next molecule in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this step the next molecule in the
+in the pathway is this one this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway is this one this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pathway is this one this is a
+lactone a lactone is a cyclic Esther so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone a lactone is a cyclic Esther so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactone a lactone is a cyclic Esther so
+this is an Esther and you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an Esther and you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an Esther and you can see it's
+cyclic The Next Step involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic The Next Step involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic The Next Step involves the
+addition of Water by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of Water by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of Water by
+lactonase in order to open up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactonase in order to open up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactonase in order to open up this
+six-membered ring to give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-membered ring to give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-membered ring to give you this
+linear structure that we'll see here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear structure that we'll see here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear structure that we'll see here and
+this is um basically six phosphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um basically six phosphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um basically six phosphor
+glucuronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucuronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucuronic
+acid The Next Step will involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid The Next Step will involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid The Next Step will involve the
+oxidation of the one two three carbon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of the one two three carbon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation of the one two three carbon I
+always try to find places in um any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always try to find places in um any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always try to find places in um any
+pathway where we've seen the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway where we've seen the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway where we've seen the same
+chemistry before but with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry before but with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry before but with different
+molecules this step right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this step right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules this step right here
+specifically working with Latinas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically working with Latinas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically working with Latinas and
+the enzyme glucose six fosol gluten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme glucose six fosol gluten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme glucose six fosol gluten
+dehydrogenase I'd like you to look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase I'd like you to look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase I'd like you to look back
+at the tricarboxylic acid cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the tricarboxylic acid cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the tricarboxylic acid cycle
+specifically at the enzyme isocitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically at the enzyme isocitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically at the enzyme isocitrate
+dehydrogenase while some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase while some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase while some of the
+specifics are different basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics are different basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics are different basically what
+you'll see is the overall concept is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is the overall concept is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see is the overall concept is the
+same for what's happening in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for what's happening in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for what's happening in the next
+couple of steps so let me now get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps so let me now get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of steps so let me now get back
+to this to the drawing so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this to the drawing so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this to the drawing so what we have
+here is the one 2 three carbon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the one 2 three carbon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the one 2 three carbon is
+vulnerable to what's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to what's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to what's going to be an
+oxidation event so a base will remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation event so a base will remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation event so a base will remove
+the hydrogen from the three hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen from the three hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen from the three hydroxy
+group the electrons that were holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the electrons that were holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group the electrons that were holding
+the hydrogen to the oxygen will now move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen to the oxygen will now move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen to the oxygen will now move
+down to the uh to to the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the uh to to the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the uh to to the position
+between the oxygen and the three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oxygen and the three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oxygen and the three carbon
+and then the hydride on the three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the hydride on the three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the hydride on the three carbon
+will be transferred to nadp to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be transferred to nadp to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be transferred to nadp to make
+nadph so this is the second of two oxid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph so this is the second of two oxid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph so this is the second of two oxid
+steps that gives us this ring open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that gives us this ring open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps that gives us this ring open
+structure here and just as happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and just as happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and just as happens in
+the isocitrate dehydrogenate step what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isocitrate dehydrogenate step what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isocitrate dehydrogenate step what
+we've done is we've generated a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is we've generated a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done is we've generated a beta
+keto acid whenever you see a beta keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid whenever you see a beta keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid whenever you see a beta keto
+acid you really always want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid you really always want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid you really always want to think
+that that's prone to either enzymatic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's prone to either enzymatic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's prone to either enzymatic or
+spontaneous decarbox what you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous decarbox what you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous decarbox what you can see is
+the enzy the electrons can go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzy the electrons can go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzy the electrons can go like this
+and like this and like this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this and like this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this and like this and that
+will result in the cleavage of the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in the cleavage of the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in the cleavage of the bond
+connecting carbon 1 and carbon 2 so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting carbon 1 and carbon 2 so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting carbon 1 and carbon 2 so now
+the new carbon one will be the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new carbon one will be the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new carbon one will be the carbon
+what was Carbon 2 which is the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was Carbon 2 which is the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was Carbon 2 which is the carbon
+that has this little purple ball on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this little purple ball on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this little purple ball on it
+and we're going to lose the terminal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to lose the terminal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to lose the terminal or
+one carbon as CO2 this is the the um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon as CO2 this is the the um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon as CO2 this is the the um in
+the CO2 will have the triangle which up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CO2 will have the triangle which up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CO2 will have the triangle which up
+until this point has defined our um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this point has defined our um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this point has defined our um one
+carbon now I I just want to mention a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon now I I just want to mention a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon now I I just want to mention a
+couple of things you know one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things you know one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things you know one is that
+will look at I put on like here's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at I put on like here's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look at I put on like here's a a
+dark ball here's a purple ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark ball here's a purple ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark ball here's a purple ball and
+here's a black triangle these could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a black triangle these could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a black triangle these could be
+for example experimentally you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example experimentally you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example experimentally you could use
+a radioactive chemical uh Radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radioactive chemical uh Radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radioactive chemical uh Radioactive
+atom in order to help you trace the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in order to help you trace the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in order to help you trace the the
+uh the reaction as you go from precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reaction as you go from precursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reaction as you go from precursor
+to product I'm using these just to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to product I'm using these just to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to product I'm using these just to help
+you see the relationship of a precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the relationship of a precursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the relationship of a precursor
+in a product and uh what we see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a product and uh what we see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a product and uh what we see here is
+that the one carbon is lost from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one carbon is lost from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the one carbon is lost from the
+beta keto acid as CO2 in according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto acid as CO2 in according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto acid as CO2 in according to
+the kind of chemistry that we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of chemistry that we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of chemistry that we've seen
+many times for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times for
+decarbox now this is going to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbox now this is going to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbox now this is going to give us a
+five carbon product we've lost the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon product we've lost the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon product we've lost the CO2
+and that is rulos 5 phosphate and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is rulos 5 phosphate and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is rulos 5 phosphate and for
+this I'm going to go on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page on the previous page we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page on the previous page we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page on the previous page we saw the
+loss of CO2 from the one carbon of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of CO2 from the one carbon of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of CO2 from the one carbon of the
+beta keto acid and this gives us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto acid and this gives us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto acid and this gives us this
+linear structure five carb ribulose 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear structure five carb ribulose 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear structure five carb ribulose 5
+phosphate I've drawn it this way so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate I've drawn it this way so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate I've drawn it this way so you
+can see what U it in the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what U it in the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see what U it in the from the
+perspective of a what was a five carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a what was a five carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a what was a five carbon
+molecule that has lost a six carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that has lost a six carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that has lost a six carbon
+molecule that's lost one carbon but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's lost one carbon but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule that's lost one carbon but the
+more formal chemical way to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal chemical way to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formal chemical way to draw this
+would be as the linear chain of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be as the linear chain of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be as the linear chain of five
+carbons starting with on the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons starting with on the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons starting with on the with the
+new one carbon which is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one carbon which is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new one carbon which is the the
+alcohol with a um purple circle uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol with a um purple circle uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol with a um purple circle uh the
+next carbon would have a uh the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next carbon would have a uh the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next carbon would have a uh the carbon
+Neal Group which I'll use a blue box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neal Group which I'll use a blue box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neal Group which I'll use a blue box and
+all the way down to the what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to the what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to the what was the
+five carbon what has what is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon what has what is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon what has what is now the
+five carbon what was originally the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon what was originally the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon what was originally the six
+carbon which is has the the dark black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon which is has the the dark black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon which is has the the dark black
+dot now because we're we're processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot now because we're we're processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot now because we're we're processing
+three molecules of hexos and now um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molecules of hexos and now um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molecules of hexos and now um uh
+pentos where we've got three molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos where we've got three molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentos where we've got three molecules
+of rulos 5 phosphate and the two enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rulos 5 phosphate and the two enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rulos 5 phosphate and the two enzymes
+that are going to process this rulos F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to process this rulos F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to process this rulos F
+phosphate isomerase and rulos 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate isomerase and rulos 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate isomerase and rulos 5
+phosphate epimerase now just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate epimerase now just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate epimerase now just because of
+the relative activities of these enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative activities of these enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative activities of these enzymes
+we're going to see that about oneir of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that about oneir of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that about oneir of
+the molecules will be processed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules will be processed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules will be processed by the
+isomerase and 2/3 will be processed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase and 2/3 will be processed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase and 2/3 will be processed by
+the epimerase now let me tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epimerase now let me tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epimerase now let me tell you a
+little bit about what um isomerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what um isomerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what um isomerization
+is and versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and versus
+epimerization uh Bogdan and others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerization uh Bogdan and others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerization uh Bogdan and others have
+told you about the importance of e diol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about the importance of e diol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about the importance of e diol
+or dilate intermediates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dilate intermediates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or dilate intermediates in
+Biochemistry the section of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry the section of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biochemistry the section of the molecule
+in the ri ribulose 5 phosphate that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ri ribulose 5 phosphate that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ri ribulose 5 phosphate that I'm
+in circulating here if you just take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in circulating here if you just take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in circulating here if you just take and
+form an e dilate here what you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an e dilate here what you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form an e dilate here what you can do is
+you can move the carbonal functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move the carbonal functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move the carbonal functionality
+from the two carbon up to the one carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two carbon up to the one carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two carbon up to the one carbon
+and what that's what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that's what happens when you
+form go to convert ribulose 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form go to convert ribulose 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form go to convert ribulose 5 phosphate
+into ribos phosphate so it's a simple e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ribos phosphate so it's a simple e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ribos phosphate so it's a simple e
+diol um uh conversion very similarly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diol um uh conversion very similarly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diol um uh conversion very similarly I
+could have made the E diol between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made the E diol between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made the E diol between the
+two and the three carbon and if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the three carbon and if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the three carbon and if I did
+that I'll form an e dial and depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll form an e dial and depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll form an e dial and depending
+on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how
+I put the hydrogen back on that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the hydrogen back on that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put the hydrogen back on that that I
+take off I can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off I can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off I can change the
+stereochemistry at the three carbon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry at the three carbon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereochemistry at the three carbon in
+other words I can form the epimer at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I can form the epimer at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I can form the epimer at the
+three carbon so I I can go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon so I I can go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon so I I can go from this
+epimer on the top to where the hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer on the top to where the hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer on the top to where the hydroxy
+group is pointed to the right to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is pointed to the right to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is pointed to the right to this
+epimer on the bottom where the hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer on the bottom where the hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimer on the bottom where the hydroxy
+group is pointed to the left this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is pointed to the left this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is pointed to the left this
+molecule the epimer of rulos 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the epimer of rulos 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the epimer of rulos 5 phosphate
+where the hydroxy on three is pointed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the hydroxy on three is pointed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the hydroxy on three is pointed to
+the left is called zulos 5 phosphate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is called zulos 5 phosphate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is called zulos 5 phosphate as
+I said the this enzyme this epimerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the this enzyme this epimerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said the this enzyme this epimerase
+enzyme is a little more active than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is a little more active than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is a little more active than the
+than the isomerase enzyme so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the isomerase enzyme so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the isomerase enzyme so we get
+about two molecules of the xilos F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two molecules of the xilos F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two molecules of the xilos F
+phosphate for every molecule that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate for every molecule that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate for every molecule that we
+processed Again by IND L8 type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed Again by IND L8 type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed Again by IND L8 type
+intermediates to form the ribos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates to form the ribos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates to form the ribos
+phosphate so this gives us a RI RI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so this gives us a RI RI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so this gives us a RI RI
+ribulose 5 phosphate is now converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5 phosphate is now converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribulose 5 phosphate is now converted
+into one molecule of ribos 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one molecule of ribos 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one molecule of ribos 5 phosphate
+and two molecules of xilos 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate I'm going to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate I'm going to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate I'm going to give you a little
+bit of a mechanistic interlude here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a mechanistic interlude here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a mechanistic interlude here to
+remind you of some of the that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of some of the that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of some of the that some of
+the chemistry I'm going to be showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry I'm going to be showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry I'm going to be showing
+you with the enzyme transketolase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with the enzyme transketolase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with the enzyme transketolase is
+very reminiscent of chemistry we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reminiscent of chemistry we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very reminiscent of chemistry we've seen
+several times in 507 specifically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in 507 specifically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in 507 specifically the
+the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase
+pyruvate decarboxylase and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate decarboxylase and Alpha
+ketoglutarate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketoglutarate um
+dehydrogenase now the molecule that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase now the molecule that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase now the molecule that I
+have right here in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right here in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have right here in this little
+mechanistic interlude box is the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic interlude box is the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic interlude box is the one of
+the ones we were just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we were just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we were just talking about
+specifically this is zulos 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this is zulos 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this is zulos 5 phosphate
+you see the epimer with the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the epimer with the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the epimer with the three
+hydroxy off on the left this carbonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy off on the left this carbonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy off on the left this carbonal
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+is exactly the the type of carbonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the the type of carbonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the the type of carbonal
+that's attackable by thyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attackable by thyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attackable by thyman
+pyrophosphate TPP let me remind you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate TPP let me remind you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate TPP let me remind you a
+little bit about why TPP um can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about why TPP um can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about why TPP um can be a
+nucleophile to attack this carbonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile to attack this carbonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophile to attack this carbonal
+group TPP the when you look at the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group TPP the when you look at the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group TPP the when you look at the whole
+co-actor it has attached up here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor it has attached up here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor it has attached up here an
+amino paradine and the amino group can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino paradine and the amino group can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino paradine and the amino group can
+be in the amino toomer and that aminot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the amino toomer and that aminot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the amino toomer and that aminot
+toomer can help pull off this hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toomer can help pull off this hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toomer can help pull off this hydrogen
+lowering the PK so the PK of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the PK so the PK of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the PK so the PK of this is
+actually something in the order of 18 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something in the order of 18 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something in the order of 18 or
+19 which is sufficient to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 which is sufficient to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 which is sufficient to make this
+carbon a good nucleophile to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon a good nucleophile to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon a good nucleophile to be able to
+attack the carbonal that's on our in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the carbonal that's on our in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the carbonal that's on our in
+this case xilos 5 phosphate that attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case xilos 5 phosphate that attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case xilos 5 phosphate that attack
+will result in the formation of an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in the formation of an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will result in the formation of an an
+initial adduct in which the vitamin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial adduct in which the vitamin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial adduct in which the vitamin the
+TPP is covalently associated with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP is covalently associated with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP is covalently associated with the uh
+xilos 5 phosphate you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xilos 5 phosphate you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xilos 5 phosphate you can see that the
+uh keto group has been converted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keto group has been converted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keto group has been converted into
+hydroxy group so we've now got a DI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy group so we've now got a DI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy group so we've now got a DI
+hydroxy molecule at this point and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy molecule at this point and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxy molecule at this point and just
+as we've seen with the other enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen with the other enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen with the other enzymes
+I've mentioned earlier for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned earlier for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned earlier for example the
+pyruvate dehydrogenase that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate dehydrogenase that the
+delocalization of electrons through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization of electrons through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalization of electrons through the
+system makes it possible to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes it possible to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes it possible to be able to
+remove this hydrogen these electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this hydrogen these electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this hydrogen these electrons
+move to this position these electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to this position these electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to this position these electrons
+move up here and that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up here and that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up here and that means that the
+bond connecting the bottom three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond connecting the bottom three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond connecting the bottom three carbons
+of the xylos 5 phosphate is broken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the xylos 5 phosphate is broken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the xylos 5 phosphate is broken and
+that gives you if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you if you look at the
+chemistry glycer alhy 3 phosphate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry glycer alhy 3 phosphate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry glycer alhy 3 phosphate the
+very common biochemical intermediate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common biochemical intermediate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common biochemical intermediate and
+what's left over is the vitamin TPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left over is the vitamin TPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left over is the vitamin TPP
+attached to two carbon unit and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to two carbon unit and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to two carbon unit and it's
+called dihydroxyethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dihydroxyethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dihydroxyethyl
+TPP H hydroxy hydroxy this is an ethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP H hydroxy hydroxy this is an ethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP H hydroxy hydroxy this is an ethyl
+group and it's an annion the TPP annion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and it's an annion the TPP annion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and it's an annion the TPP annion
+so I abbreviate that minus and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I abbreviate that minus and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I abbreviate that minus and then with
+a box C2 TPP it's a chemically reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box C2 TPP it's a chemically reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box C2 TPP it's a chemically reactive
+nucleophilic intermediate that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophilic intermediate that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleophilic intermediate that we're
+going to be able to use to do powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemistry the enzyme trans kealas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the enzyme trans kealas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry the enzyme trans kealas which
+I'm going to talk about from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about from the
+standpoint of medical importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of medical importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of medical importance
+somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat
+later enables the removal of the top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later enables the removal of the top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later enables the removal of the top two
+carbons by the chemistry I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons by the chemistry I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons by the chemistry I just showed
+you it's a kind of a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a kind of a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a kind of a chemical
+decapitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decapitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decapitation
+uh to remove the the the the C2 TPP in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to remove the the the the C2 TPP in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to remove the the the the C2 TPP in
+order to liberate it to be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to liberate it to be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to liberate it to be able to be
+used as a uh a chemical reagent so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a uh a chemical reagent so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a uh a chemical reagent so one
+of our molecule both of our molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our molecule both of our molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our molecule both of our molecules of
+of xylos 5 phosphate are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xylos 5 phosphate are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xylos 5 phosphate are going to be
+susceptible to this chemistry and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to this chemistry and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptible to this chemistry and that
+means we're going to get two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're going to get two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we're going to get two molecules
+of the C2 TPP anion one here and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the C2 TPP anion one here and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the C2 TPP anion one here and one
+here and two molecules of glycer alahh 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and two molecules of glycer alahh 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and two molecules of glycer alahh 3
+phosphate here and here okay what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate here and here okay what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate here and here okay what are we
+going to do with the C2 TPP well I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with the C2 TPP well I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with the C2 TPP well I want
+to draw your attention back up here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw your attention back up here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw your attention back up here to
+the ribulose 5 phosphate remember I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribulose 5 phosphate remember I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribulose 5 phosphate remember I told
+you that it's possible by way of an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it's possible by way of an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it's possible by way of an e
+dilate intermediate with the cerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilate intermediate with the cerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilate intermediate with the cerase
+enzyme to move the carbonal group from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to move the carbonal group from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to move the carbonal group from
+the two carbon up to the one carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbon up to the one carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two carbon up to the one carbon and
+that produces ribos 5 phosphate one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces ribos 5 phosphate one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces ribos 5 phosphate one of
+the things that I just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I just want to point out
+here is ribos 5 phosphate was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is ribos 5 phosphate was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is ribos 5 phosphate was one of the
+things that's one of the goals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's one of the goals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's one of the goals of the
+pathway so I could for example stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so I could for example stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so I could for example stop the
+pathway here and shunt off this ribos 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway here and shunt off this ribos 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway here and shunt off this ribos 5
+phosphate to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to be able to make
+nucleotides but this carbonal is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides but this carbonal is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides but this carbonal is exactly
+the kind of um functional group that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of um functional group that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of um functional group that the
+C2 TPP looks for for chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 TPP looks for for chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 TPP looks for for chemical reaction
+so I can plug in just like a Lego the C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can plug in just like a Lego the C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can plug in just like a Lego the C2
+TPP on the five carbon ribos 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP on the five carbon ribos 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP on the five carbon ribos 5 phosphate
+what that does is gives me 5 + 2 is 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is gives me 5 + 2 is 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that does is gives me 5 + 2 is 7
+cepos 7 phosphate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cedilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cepos 7 phosphate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cedilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cepos 7 phosphate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cedilla
+7 phosphate and just because of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 phosphate and just because of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 phosphate and just because of the way
+the the the chemistry Works we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the chemistry Works we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the chemistry Works we've
+basically pushed out the hydroxy group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pushed out the hydroxy group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pushed out the hydroxy group
+at this position off on the left and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this position off on the left and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this position off on the left and on
+the number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number three
+carbon okay so now we have a seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay so now we have a seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon okay so now we have a seven
+carbon molecule and this is again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon molecule and this is again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon molecule and this is again this
+is another biosynthetic opportunity as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another biosynthetic opportunity as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another biosynthetic opportunity as I
+said um earlier ribos phosphate can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um earlier ribos phosphate can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um earlier ribos phosphate can go
+off to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to make
+ribonucleotides if you look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides if you look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotides if you look up the
+pathway of synthesis of the aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of synthesis of the aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway of synthesis of the aromatic
+amino acid tyrosine what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid tyrosine what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid tyrosine what you'll see is
+um that basically this is a um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that basically this is a um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that basically this is a um you know
+the biosynthetic intermediate that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biosynthetic intermediate that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biosynthetic intermediate that will
+go off to produce that aromatic amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off to produce that aromatic amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off to produce that aromatic amino
+acid okay so this is cepos 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate now if I look at the top three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate now if I look at the top three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate now if I look at the top three
+carbons here you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons here you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons here you've got
+basically um an alcohol a carbonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um an alcohol a carbonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um an alcohol a carbonal and
+an alcohol this looks almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol this looks almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alcohol this looks almost identical
+to the carbon 1 2 and three that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon 1 2 and three that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon 1 2 and three that you see
+in the in uh the alalay reaction back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in uh the alalay reaction back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in uh the alalay reaction back in
+glycolysis in other words the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis in other words the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis in other words the linear
+form of in that case it's fructose 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of in that case it's fructose 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of in that case it's fructose 16
+bisphosphate forms when when in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate forms when when in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisphosphate forms when when in the
+linear form looks very much like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear form looks very much like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear form looks very much like this
+and what that means is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is that the the
+aldela enzyme with its amino group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldela enzyme with its amino group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldela enzyme with its amino group at
+its active site can attack this carbonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its active site can attack this carbonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its active site can attack this carbonal
+group to form an protonated imine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to form an protonated imine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to form an protonated imine that
+will in the process of the chemistry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in the process of the chemistry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in the process of the chemistry you
+can break the bond that connects carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break the bond that connects carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break the bond that connects carbon
+3 to carbon 4 this molecule so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to carbon 4 this molecule so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to carbon 4 this molecule so the
+enzyme transaldolase that does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme transaldolase that does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme transaldolase that does this
+chemistry is very similar to the alalas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is very similar to the alalas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is very similar to the alalas
+enzyme that we have looked at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that we have looked at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that we have looked at in the
+glycolysis pathway this is the splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway this is the splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway this is the splitting
+in this case of a sarbon compound into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of a sarbon compound into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case of a sarbon compound into a
+three carbon and a four carbon whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon and a four carbon whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon and a four carbon whereas
+in the case of glycolysis it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of glycolysis it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of glycolysis it was
+splitting a six-carbon compound into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting a six-carbon compound into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting a six-carbon compound into two
+three carbon compounds this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon compounds this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon compounds this intermediate
+that I'm encircling here with the imine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm encircling here with the imine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm encircling here with the imine
+is what it's very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it's very similar to the
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate precursor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate precursor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxyacetone phosphate precursor so
+I'll call it a DH a like fragment two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it a DH a like fragment two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it a DH a like fragment two
+eth ethanol uh two um methanol groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth ethanol uh two um methanol groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth ethanol uh two um methanol groups
+with a methyl imine in the middle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a methyl imine in the middle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a methyl imine in the middle so
+what we've done is now we've we've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is now we've we've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is now we've we've um
+I've taken the top three carbons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken the top three carbons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken the top three carbons of the
+cepol 7 phosphate and made it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cepol 7 phosphate and made it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cepol 7 phosphate and made it into
+something that looks a lot like carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks a lot like carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks a lot like carbons
+1 two and three from the alela step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 two and three from the alela step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 two and three from the alela step of
+um the uh glycolysis pathway so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh glycolysis pathway so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh glycolysis pathway so it's a
+dihydroxy acetone like phosphate I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone like phosphate I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone like phosphate I'm
+just going to put that off to the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to put that off to the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to put that off to the side
+for a minute the bottom four carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute the bottom four carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute the bottom four carbons
+carbons four five 6 and seven the ceto 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons four five 6 and seven the ceto 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons four five 6 and seven the ceto 7
+phosphate are something we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate are something we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate are something we haven't
+actually seen in 507 before but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seen in 507 before but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seen in 507 before but if we
+look at what the what the structure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what the what the structure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what the what the structure is
+it's going to be an alahh 1 2 3 4 Carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an alahh 1 2 3 4 Carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an alahh 1 2 3 4 Carbon
+alahh and this is arthros 4 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh and this is arthros 4 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh and this is arthros 4 phosphate
+e4p now that in itself is not a valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e4p now that in itself is not a valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e4p now that in itself is not a valuable
+molecule but it turns out that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but it turns out that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but it turns out that we can
+make it into a valuable molecule very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a valuable molecule very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a valuable molecule very
+easily remember back when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily remember back when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily remember back when we were
+talking about this C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this C2
+TPP electrophilic molecule that can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP electrophilic molecule that can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TPP electrophilic molecule that can put
+two carbons onto anything that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons onto anything that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbons onto anything that has an
+alahh uh at the end well arthos for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh uh at the end well arthos for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh uh at the end well arthos for
+phosphate has an alahh at the end if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate has an alahh at the end if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate has an alahh at the end if we
+do the chemistry and we plug this C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chemistry and we plug this C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chemistry and we plug this C2
+fragment onto the arthos 4 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment onto the arthos 4 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment onto the arthos 4 phosphate
+fragment up at the alahh you get a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment up at the alahh you get a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment up at the alahh you get a six
+carbon compound that is fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon compound that is fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon compound that is fructose 6
+phosphate so this is the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so this is the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate so this is the source of
+fructose 6 phosphate that can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphate that can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphate that can then
+become part of the gluconeogenesis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become part of the gluconeogenesis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become part of the gluconeogenesis or
+csis Pathways so we haven't wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csis Pathways so we haven't wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+csis Pathways so we haven't wasted
+anything we've taken a kind of a trash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we've taken a kind of a trash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything we've taken a kind of a trash
+molecule the arthos 4 phosphate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the arthos 4 phosphate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule the arthos 4 phosphate that we
+don't have a lot of other uses for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of other uses for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a lot of other uses for and
+we've converted into something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've converted into something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've converted into something that we
+can use for for energy production just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use for for energy production just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use for for energy production just
+as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an
+example now what I'd like to do is come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now what I'd like to do is come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now what I'd like to do is come
+back up to this dihydroxy acetone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to this dihydroxy acetone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to this dihydroxy acetone like
+fragment that I talked about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment that I talked about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment that I talked about a little
+bit ago in the glycolysis pathway um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ago in the glycolysis pathway um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ago in the glycolysis pathway um we
+start with the hexos glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the hexos glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the hexos glucose and
+eventually after about four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after about four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually after about four or five
+steps we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we get to
+another hexos fructose 16 bis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hexos fructose 16 bis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hexos fructose 16 bis
+phosphate then the aldela step takes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate then the aldela step takes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate then the aldela step takes and
+splits that in half into on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits that in half into on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splits that in half into on the one hand
+a dihydroxy acetone like fragment and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dihydroxy acetone like fragment and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dihydroxy acetone like fragment and on
+the other hand a glycer alahi 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand a glycer alahi 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand a glycer alahi 3
+phosphate fragment and the dihydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate fragment and the dihydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate fragment and the dihydroxy
+acetone like fragment is coal connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone like fragment is coal connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone like fragment is coal connected
+by way of its middle carbon the carbonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of its middle carbon the carbonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of its middle carbon the carbonal
+to the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme
+alalay with we look at what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alalay with we look at what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alalay with we look at what's happening
+in the trans alela reaction it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trans alela reaction it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trans alela reaction it's really
+the same thing we've taken the sarbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we've taken the sarbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we've taken the sarbon
+molecule in this case and we've split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in this case and we've split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in this case and we've split
+off this three carbon intermediate again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this three carbon intermediate again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this three carbon intermediate again
+it's chemically just about identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chemically just about identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's chemically just about identical to
+what happened in glycolisis when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in glycolisis when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in glycolisis when we
+pulled apart the six carbon sugar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled apart the six carbon sugar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled apart the six carbon sugar and
+we've now got this thing on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now got this thing on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now got this thing on the right
+which we can do something with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do something with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can do something with the
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate is calent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate is calent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate is calent
+connected to the enzyme transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the enzyme transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the enzyme transaldolase
+uh it's a transaldolase it can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a transaldolase it can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a transaldolase it can do the
+alalas reaction the splitting but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alalas reaction the splitting but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alalas reaction the splitting but then
+it can take and it can transfer very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take and it can transfer very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can take and it can transfer very
+easily what are we going to transfer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily what are we going to transfer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily what are we going to transfer it
+to well the dihydroxy acetone phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the dihydroxy acetone phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the dihydroxy acetone phosphate
+chemically can be transferred very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically can be transferred very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically can be transferred very
+easily to a glycer aldah 3 phosphate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily to a glycer aldah 3 phosphate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily to a glycer aldah 3 phosphate so
+I'm going to find a way now to find to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find a way now to find to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find a way now to find to
+to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect
+this dihydroxy acetone like fragment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dihydroxy acetone like fragment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dihydroxy acetone like fragment to
+a glycer aldhy 3 phosphate and I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glycer aldhy 3 phosphate and I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glycer aldhy 3 phosphate and I find
+one right here let me go back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right here let me go back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right here let me go back a little
+bit and see where it came from I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and see where it came from I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and see where it came from I had the
+xyo 5 phosphate I knocked off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyo 5 phosphate I knocked off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xyo 5 phosphate I knocked off the top
+two chem carbons I used those in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chem carbons I used those in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chem carbons I used those in order
+to make the cep7 phosphate my residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the cep7 phosphate my residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the cep7 phosphate my residue
+was the three carbon molecule glycer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the three carbon molecule glycer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the three carbon molecule glycer
+aldhy 3 phosphate and again this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldhy 3 phosphate and again this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldhy 3 phosphate and again this could
+be a waste product but instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a waste product but instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a waste product but instead of using
+it as a waste product what I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a waste product what I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a waste product what I can do is
+to take the glycer aldhy 3 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the glycer aldhy 3 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the glycer aldhy 3 phosphate
+that is a waste product of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a waste product of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a waste product of the the
+transketolase reaction down here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase reaction down here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase reaction down here and I
+can utilize it by combination with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can utilize it by combination with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can utilize it by combination with the
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate from up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate from up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydroxy acetone phosphate from up here
+the transal alalas reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transal alalas reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transal alalas reaction
+transaldolase has the transfer ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase has the transfer ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase has the transfer ability
+to bring these molecules together coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring these molecules together coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring these molecules together coal
+plug them together three and three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug them together three and three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug them together three and three to
+make six and that's your second molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make six and that's your second molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make six and that's your second molecule
+of fructose 6 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while I've still got the this the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I've still got the this the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I've still got the this the sheet
+with the whole pathway on it I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole pathway on it I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole pathway on it I'm going
+to give you a little bit of a summary I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of a summary I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a little bit of a summary I
+took three molecules of glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took three molecules of glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took three molecules of glucose 6
+phosphate oxidized it twice generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate oxidized it twice generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate oxidized it twice generated
+two molecules for each molecule of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules for each molecule of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules for each molecule of um
+glucose 6 phosphate I got two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate I got two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate I got two molecules
+of nadph the reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph the reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nadph the reducing
+equivalents the pathway up to that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents the pathway up to that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents the pathway up to that point
+created a beta keto acid therefore there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a beta keto acid therefore there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a beta keto acid therefore there
+was this decarbox ation event so I ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this decarbox ation event so I ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this decarbox ation event so I ended
+up with is three five carbon molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is three five carbon molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with is three five carbon molecules
+rulos 5 phosphate the rulos 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulos 5 phosphate the rulos 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulos 5 phosphate the rulos 5 phosphate
+depending upon the balance of activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the balance of activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the balance of activities
+of the next two enzymes will partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next two enzymes will partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next two enzymes will partition
+at about a 2:1 ratio into zilos 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about a 2:1 ratio into zilos 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about a 2:1 ratio into zilos 5
+phosphate and ribos 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and ribos 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and ribos 5
+phosphate then I explained how the xilos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate then I explained how the xilos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate then I explained how the xilos
+5 phosphate had this carbonal at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 phosphate had this carbonal at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 phosphate had this carbonal at the
+second position and that looked like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second position and that looked like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second position and that looked like the
+carbonal and a lot of other biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonal and a lot of other biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonal and a lot of other biochemical
+reaction we've seen earlier in 507 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we've seen earlier in 507 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we've seen earlier in 507 and
+it's vulnerable to attack by the ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vulnerable to attack by the ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vulnerable to attack by the ID
+carbanion of TPP thyon prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbanion of TPP thyon prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbanion of TPP thyon prior
+phosphate applying that transketolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate applying that transketolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate applying that transketolase
+enzyme to xylos F phosphate split off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to xylos F phosphate split off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to xylos F phosphate split off
+the top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top two
+carbons as this electrophilic chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons as this electrophilic chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons as this electrophilic chemical
+reagent that I called C2 TPP the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent that I called C2 TPP the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent that I called C2 TPP the bottom
+three carbons became glycer aldhy 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons became glycer aldhy 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons became glycer aldhy 3
+phosphate the C2 TPP got added onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the C2 TPP got added onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the C2 TPP got added onto
+ribosy phosphate which is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosy phosphate which is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosy phosphate which is one of the
+molecules that was made from the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that was made from the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that was made from the early
+on RI ribulose 5 phosphate that made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on RI ribulose 5 phosphate that made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on RI ribulose 5 phosphate that made the
+sarbon molecule cepos 7 phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarbon molecule cepos 7 phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarbon molecule cepos 7 phosphate and
+again I said that that's a precursor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I said that that's a precursor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I said that that's a precursor to
+other things like aromatic amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like aromatic amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like aromatic amino acids
+if you need them the cep7 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need them the cep7 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need them the cep7 phosphate
+however has a structure that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however has a structure that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however has a structure that makes it
+amenable to having its top three carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenable to having its top three carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenable to having its top three carbons
+taken off by an aldela like enzyme trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off by an aldela like enzyme trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken off by an aldela like enzyme trans
+alalay what makes this alalay special is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alalay what makes this alalay special is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alalay what makes this alalay special is
+it will take the three carbons off as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will take the three carbons off as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will take the three carbons off as a
+protein three carbon adduct and allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein three carbon adduct and allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein three carbon adduct and allow
+that three carbons to be added onto one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three carbons to be added onto one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three carbons to be added onto one
+of the glycer aldhy 3 phosphates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glycer aldhy 3 phosphates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the glycer aldhy 3 phosphates that
+was generated in the transketolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generated in the transketolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generated in the transketolase
+reaction 3 + 3 is six and that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction 3 + 3 is six and that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction 3 + 3 is six and that becomes
+your fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fructose 6
+phosphate uh overall what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate uh overall what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate uh overall what happens is you
+you put in three glucose 6 phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in three glucose 6 phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in three glucose 6 phosphates
+you lose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose some
+co2sys 6 phosphates and one leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2sys 6 phosphates and one leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2sys 6 phosphates and one leftover
+glycer aldhy 3 phosphates three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycer aldhy 3 phosphates three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycer aldhy 3 phosphates three
+phosphate and these are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and these are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and these are in the
+mainstream of um glycolysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of um glycolysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of um glycolysis and
+glucogenesis so that's the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenesis so that's the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucogenesis so that's the details of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pathway um we we start with a six carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway um we we start with a six carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway um we we start with a six carbon
+compound three molecules of it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound three molecules of it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound three molecules of it and we
+generate three molecules of CO2 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate three molecules of CO2 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate three molecules of CO2 we're
+going to generate six molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate six molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to generate six molecules of
+nadph and the at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and the at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph and the at the beginning of the
+page that we're looking at here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that we're looking at here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that we're looking at here we have
+three molecules of a fibon compound this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molecules of a fibon compound this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three molecules of a fibon compound this
+rulos 5 phosphate and again in this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulos 5 phosphate and again in this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rulos 5 phosphate and again in this at
+this point the carbon scrambling phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the carbon scrambling phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the carbon scrambling phase
+takes over and at the end we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over and at the end we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes over and at the end we end up with
+taking the the the 15 carbons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the the the 15 carbons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the the the 15 carbons of the
+three five carbon rulos 5 phosphates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five carbon rulos 5 phosphates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five carbon rulos 5 phosphates and
+scrambling them into two sixc carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambling them into two sixc carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambling them into two sixc carbon
+fructose 6 phosphates and one three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphates and one three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6 phosphates and one three
+carbon glycer alide 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phosphate we've now looked at the pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate we've now looked at the pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate we've now looked at the pentos
+phosphate pathway from two levels let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway from two levels let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway from two levels let's
+say initially what I see right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say initially what I see right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say initially what I see right here is
+the pathway from the let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway from the let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway from the let's say the
+10,000 foot level we see there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 foot level we see there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 foot level we see there's the
+mainstream of metabolism of glucose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of metabolism of glucose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream of metabolism of glucose to
+pyruvate that's glycolysis or pyruvate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that's glycolysis or pyruvate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyruvate that's glycolysis or pyruvate
+to glucose gluconeogenesis and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose gluconeogenesis and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to glucose gluconeogenesis and we have
+seen how in the pentos phosphate pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how in the pentos phosphate pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen how in the pentos phosphate pathway
+we go from glucose 6 phosphate we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from glucose 6 phosphate we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go from glucose 6 phosphate we do
+some oxidation that's why how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some oxidation that's why how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some oxidation that's why how you get
+the nadph you lose some CO2 you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nadph you lose some CO2 you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nadph you lose some CO2 you get the
+pentoses I've I've introduced you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses I've I've introduced you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses I've I've introduced you to
+ribos ribulose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos ribulose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos ribulose and
+zulos then in order to get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zulos then in order to get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zulos then in order to get these
+pentoses back into mainstream metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses back into mainstream metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses back into mainstream metabolism
+we do this complicated carbon scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this complicated carbon scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this complicated carbon scrambling
+routine and then get back to fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine and then get back to fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine and then get back to fructose 6
+phosphate and gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and gas
+to be able to um continue in mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to um continue in mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to um continue in mainstream
+metabolism nothing is wasted there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism nothing is wasted there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism nothing is wasted there's the
+10,000 ft level and then I went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 ft level and then I went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 ft level and then I went down
+here at the bottom to sort of the twoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom to sort of the twoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at the bottom to sort of the twoot
+level all of the little details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all of the little details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all of the little details of the
+chemistry so I've Tau you this at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so I've Tau you this at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so I've Tau you this at the
+the pentos phosphate pathway at the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentos phosphate pathway at the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pentos phosphate pathway at the in
+the beginning at the 10,000 ft level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning at the 10,000 ft level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning at the 10,000 ft level and
+then got you down to the 2oot level with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got you down to the 2oot level with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then got you down to the 2oot level with
+all of the details of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the details of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the details of the chemical
+mechanisms and uh our course biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and uh our course biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and uh our course biological
+chemistry 507 is a a chemistry course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry 507 is a a chemistry course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry 507 is a a chemistry course so
+that's very appropriate but 507 is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very appropriate but 507 is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very appropriate but 507 is also
+257 20 is the biological engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+257 20 is the biological engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+257 20 is the biological engineering
+department and the engineers actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and the engineers actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and the engineers actually
+think a lot about let's say mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot about let's say mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a lot about let's say mathematical
+equations more than chemical equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations more than chemical equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations more than chemical equations
+and they think about schematics written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think about schematics written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think about schematics written
+out like you'd look at um an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like you'd look at um an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like you'd look at um an electrical
+schematic so because bi biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic so because bi biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic so because bi biological
+chemistry group we have is quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry group we have is quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry group we have is quite large
+we we have kind of an ending to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have kind of an ending to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have kind of an ending to this
+pathway that appeals I think to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that appeals I think to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that appeals I think to the to
+the the to the more the the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the to the more the the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the to the more the the engineering
+mindset so for the engineers I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset so for the engineers I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindset so for the engineers I'm going
+to move from the twoot level up to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from the twoot level up to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from the twoot level up to about
+the 100 foot level and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 foot level and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 foot level and I'm going to
+present it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it as a
+schematic the um shorthand that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic the um shorthand that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic the um shorthand that I use
+involves these little boxes each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves these little boxes each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves these little boxes each of
+these is a molecule and the abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a molecule and the abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a molecule and the abbreviation
+is in the top g6p glucose 6 phosphate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the top g6p glucose 6 phosphate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the top g6p glucose 6 phosphate it
+has six carbons that'll help me keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six carbons that'll help me keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six carbons that'll help me keep
+track of how many carbons are there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of how many carbons are there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of how many carbons are there and
+there are three molecules of it so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three molecules of it so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three molecules of it so we've
+got 6 * 3 or 18 carbons that we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 6 * 3 or 18 carbons that we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 6 * 3 or 18 carbons that we start
+with in the oxidative phase we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the oxidative phase we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the oxidative phase we've seen
+that we each molecule gives rise to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we each molecule gives rise to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we each molecule gives rise to two
+NAD PHS 2 * 3 is 6 okay so we got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD PHS 2 * 3 is 6 okay so we got six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD PHS 2 * 3 is 6 okay so we got six
+NAD PHS there are three molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD PHS there are three molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD PHS there are three molecules that
+are starting and remember that that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting and remember that that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting and remember that that U
+beta keto acid that's formed we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto acid that's formed we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta keto acid that's formed we have
+three of those and they're going to DEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those and they're going to DEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those and they're going to DEC
+carboxilate so I get rid of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilate so I get rid of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxilate so I get rid of three
+co2's so so that is the broken line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2's so so that is the broken line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2's so so that is the broken line
+indicates the boundary between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the boundary between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the boundary between the
+reversible I'm sorry the irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible I'm sorry the irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible I'm sorry the irreversible
+and the reversible parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reversible parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reversible parts of the
+reaction this gives us rulos F phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this gives us rulos F phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this gives us rulos F phosphate
+that's our initial product entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our initial product entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our initial product entering the
+pathway it's a five carbon molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it's a five carbon molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it's a five carbon molecule
+there are three molecules of it total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three molecules of it total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three molecules of it total of
+15 carbons depending upon the activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 carbons depending upon the activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 carbons depending upon the activities
+of the epimerase on the bottom e or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the epimerase on the bottom e or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the epimerase on the bottom e or the
+isomerase I on the top you get a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase I on the top you get a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerase I on the top you get a you
+either get more or less of the x5p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get more or less of the x5p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get more or less of the x5p
+xylose 5 phosphate or ribos 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5 phosphate or ribos 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xylose 5 phosphate or ribos 5 phosphate
+r5p and as I said typically the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r5p and as I said typically the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r5p and as I said typically the the uh
+epimerase wins out by about 2 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerase wins out by about 2 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epimerase wins out by about 2 to one
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+isomer so we've got um a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer so we've got um a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomer so we've got um a simple
+isomerization to take the rulos 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization to take the rulos 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomerization to take the rulos 5
+phosphate to ribos 5 phosphate the C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to ribos 5 phosphate the C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to ribos 5 phosphate the C5
+molecule you get one of those so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you get one of those so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you get one of those so we've
+got five of our carbons over here if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got five of our carbons over here if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got five of our carbons over here if we
+look at the epimerase reactions we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the epimerase reactions we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the epimerase reactions we get
+two boxes one each one for for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boxes one each one for for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boxes one each one for for each
+molecule of zulos 5 phosphate each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of zulos 5 phosphate each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of zulos 5 phosphate each of
+them are c51 so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are c51 so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are c51 so there are two
+molecules now let's take our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules now let's take our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules now let's take our first
+molecule of xylos 5 phosphate the one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of xylos 5 phosphate the one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of xylos 5 phosphate the one in
+the top x5p box and again keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top x5p box and again keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top x5p box and again keep in mind
+that these these arrow heads um um going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these these arrow heads um um going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these these arrow heads um um going
+both ways because the carbon can flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways because the carbon can flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways because the carbon can flow
+both both ways in these reactions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both ways in these reactions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both both ways in these reactions these
+are equilibrium reactions we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equilibrium reactions we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equilibrium reactions we can take
+the top off of two carbons off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top off of two carbons off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top off of two carbons off of the
+x5p this is the thyman pyrro phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x5p this is the thyman pyrro phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x5p this is the thyman pyrro phosphate
+um reaction and what that does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reaction and what that does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reaction and what that does is it
+gives us that that chemically reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us that that chemically reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us that that chemically reactive
+C2 TPP fragment Carbon 2 two carbons one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 TPP fragment Carbon 2 two carbons one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 TPP fragment Carbon 2 two carbons one
+of those okay and the bottom half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those okay and the bottom half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those okay and the bottom half is
+glycer alide 3 phosphate a three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycer alide 3 phosphate a three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycer alide 3 phosphate a three carbon
+molecule one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one of
+those the ribos 5 phosphate the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the ribos 5 phosphate the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the ribos 5 phosphate the five
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+alahh um can have the c2p C2 TPP ad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh um can have the c2p C2 TPP ad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh um can have the c2p C2 TPP ad to
+its one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its one
+carbon two carbons plus five carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon two carbons plus five carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon two carbons plus five carbons
+gives seven cepos 7 phosphate is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives seven cepos 7 phosphate is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives seven cepos 7 phosphate is the
+product one molecule of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product one molecule of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product one molecule of those
+transaldolase can split off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase can split off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaldolase can split off the top
+three carbons to make that dihydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons to make that dihydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbons to make that dihydro
+acetone like fragment this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone like fragment this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetone like fragment this is the one
+that's covalently attached by this imin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's covalently attached by this imin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's covalently attached by this imin
+like uh bond to the trios sugar three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh bond to the trios sugar three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh bond to the trios sugar three
+carbon sugar one molecule of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sugar one molecule of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon sugar one molecule of that and
+after you do this transaldolase reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do this transaldolase reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do this transaldolase reaction
+and you've taken off the top three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've taken off the top three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've taken off the top three
+carbons you've got a residue of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons you've got a residue of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons you've got a residue of four
+carbon such the arthros for phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon such the arthros for phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon such the arthros for phosphate
+c4p C4 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c4p C4 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c4p C4 one
+molecule now the transaldolase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now the transaldolase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now the transaldolase
+reaction can do a transfer so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction can do a transfer so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction can do a transfer so it will
+take this DHA dihydroxy acetone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this DHA dihydroxy acetone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this DHA dihydroxy acetone like
+fragment and combine it with glycer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment and combine it with glycer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment and combine it with glycer
+alahh 3 phosphate that it got from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh 3 phosphate that it got from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alahh 3 phosphate that it got from the
+molecule one of xilos phosphate so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one of xilos phosphate so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one of xilos phosphate so we
+can follow the schematic xyf phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow the schematic xyf phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can follow the schematic xyf phosphate
+gives us this Gap molecule galdy 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this Gap molecule galdy 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this Gap molecule galdy 3
+phosphate it can combine with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate it can combine with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate it can combine with the
+molecule of DHA phos DHA like fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of DHA phos DHA like fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of DHA phos DHA like fragment
+to form for our first molecule of frose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form for our first molecule of frose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form for our first molecule of frose
+6 phosphate which will then go off into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 phosphate which will then go off into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 phosphate which will then go off into
+glycolysis or glucano Genesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis or glucano Genesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis or glucano Genesis
+now the residue of this was this arthos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the residue of this was this arthos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the residue of this was this arthos
+for uh phosphate product what can we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh phosphate product what can we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh phosphate product what can we do
+with it so again this is an Al this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so again this is an Al this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so again this is an Al this is
+an alahh it can react with a C2 fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alahh it can react with a C2 fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alahh it can react with a C2 fragment
+from the C2 PPP so TPP so let how where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the C2 PPP so TPP so let how where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the C2 PPP so TPP so let how where
+where we get that C2 PPP is from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get that C2 PPP is from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get that C2 PPP is from our
+second molecule of xyo 5 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second molecule of xyo 5 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second molecule of xyo 5 phosphate
+transketolase takes off the top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase takes off the top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transketolase takes off the top two
+carbons and plunks it onto the Ros 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons and plunks it onto the Ros 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons and plunks it onto the Ros 4
+phosphate to form our second mole Ule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to form our second mole Ule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to form our second mole Ule of
+two of fructose 6 phosphate C6 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of fructose 6 phosphate C6 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of fructose 6 phosphate C6 one
+molecule and what's left over after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and what's left over after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and what's left over after all
+is said and done is this fragment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is said and done is this fragment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is said and done is this fragment right
+here glycer alahh 3 phosphate C3 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here glycer alahh 3 phosphate C3 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here glycer alahh 3 phosphate C3 uh
+molecule one molecule so if I did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one molecule so if I did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule one molecule so if I did this
+correctly we should have 15 carbons over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly we should have 15 carbons over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly we should have 15 carbons over
+here six six and three and we do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here six six and three and we do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here six six and three and we do so
+these are the molecules that will flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the molecules that will flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the molecules that will flow
+into glycolysis of glucan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glycolysis of glucan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into glycolysis of glucan
+Genesis now because most of these arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis now because most of these arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis now because most of these arrows
+are double-headed you can also Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are double-headed you can also Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are double-headed you can also Imagine
+That fructose 6 phosphate and glycer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That fructose 6 phosphate and glycer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That fructose 6 phosphate and glycer
+aldhy 3 phosphate in the mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldhy 3 phosphate in the mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldhy 3 phosphate in the mainstream
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+in glycolysis and glucogenesis can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glycolysis and glucogenesis can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glycolysis and glucogenesis can
+backflow right to left and end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backflow right to left and end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backflow right to left and end up with
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+pentoses so for example if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses so for example if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentoses so for example if I wanted to
+make ribos 5 phosphate in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make ribos 5 phosphate in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make ribos 5 phosphate in order to make
+ATP and I didn't need any reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and I didn't need any reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and I didn't need any reducing
+equivalents all I would do is run all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents all I would do is run all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents all I would do is run all of
+this in Reverse get up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in Reverse get up to this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in Reverse get up to this point
+ribos 5 phosphate and then take this off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos 5 phosphate and then take this off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos 5 phosphate and then take this off
+to make nucleotides on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make nucleotides on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make nucleotides on the other hand if
+I'd like to make just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to make just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to make just
+NAD uh pH for biosynthesis what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD uh pH for biosynthesis what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAD uh pH for biosynthesis what I would
+do is the following I'd start with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the following I'd start with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is the following I'd start with my
+glucose 6 phosphate early on yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate early on yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6 phosphate early on yield
+my six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my six
+nphs go from right from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nphs go from right from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nphs go from right from left to right
+across the pathway all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the pathway all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the pathway all the way to
+produce fructose 6 phosphate and GAP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce fructose 6 phosphate and GAP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce fructose 6 phosphate and GAP and
+then what i' do is I'd use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i' do is I'd use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i' do is I'd use
+gluconeogenesis in order to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis in order to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluconeogenesis in order to convert
+fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose 6
+phosphate and GAP back into glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and GAP back into glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and GAP back into glucose 6
+phosphate that then would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that then would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate that then would be able to
+re-enter the pathway once again now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter the pathway once again now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-enter the pathway once again now what
+I want to do is go to show you that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is go to show you that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is go to show you that I
+want to go back to the original o um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to the original o um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to the original o um uh
+drawing that I had to show you how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing that I had to show you how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing that I had to show you how that
+would work so what I what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work so what I what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work so what I what I just said
+was that if I if I we're in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if I if I we're in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if I if I we're in a situation
+where all I wanted was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all I wanted was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all I wanted was
+nadph I could do the following I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph I could do the following I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph I could do the following I could
+enter the carbon from glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the carbon from glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the carbon from glucose 6
+phosphate make the pentoses get my nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate make the pentoses get my nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate make the pentoses get my nadph
+and then take the carbon and flush it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the carbon and flush it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the carbon and flush it
+back through the Pent the scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through the Pent the scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through the Pent the scrambling
+phase to produce fructose 6 phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to produce fructose 6 phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to produce fructose 6 phosphate
+and GAP now here's the important part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GAP now here's the important part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GAP now here's the important part is
+I can now through gluconeogenesis move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now through gluconeogenesis move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now through gluconeogenesis move
+the carbon back up to glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon back up to glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon back up to glucose 6
+phosphate and do it again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and do it again and again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and do it again and again and
+again in other words recursively I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in other words recursively I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in other words recursively I can
+metabolize all of the carbon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize all of the carbon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolize all of the carbon from
+glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose 6
+phosphate all six carbons can eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate all six carbons can eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate all six carbons can eventually
+become converted into CO2 with copious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become converted into CO2 with copious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become converted into CO2 with copious
+amounts of nadph and that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of nadph and that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of nadph and that's part of the
+power of this pathway it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this pathway it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of this pathway it's very
+versatile you can use it to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile you can use it to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versatile you can use it to make
+reducing equivalent you can use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing equivalent you can use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing equivalent you can use it to
+make sugars you can use it to make cepos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sugars you can use it to make cepos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sugars you can use it to make cepos
+7 phosphate to make aromatic amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 phosphate to make aromatic amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 phosphate to make aromatic amino acids
+it's a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathway the top part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the top part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the top part of
+this this uh picture shows us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh picture shows us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh picture shows us the
+schematic of the pathway and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic of the pathway and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic of the pathway and I think
+with the schematic up there I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the schematic up there I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the schematic up there I think it's
+um this is a good time to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a good time to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a good time to make some
+summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary
+comments so one thing I mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments so one thing I mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments so one thing I mentioned in the
+very beginning is that we need nadph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning is that we need nadph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning is that we need nadph in
+order to finance biosynthesis of lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to finance biosynthesis of lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to finance biosynthesis of lipids
+in particular for making membranes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for making membranes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for making membranes so
+these are it's needed for growth so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are it's needed for growth so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are it's needed for growth so I
+think now you can see why this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now you can see why this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now you can see why this pathway
+is very is turned on in in cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very is turned on in in cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very is turned on in in cells that
+are making new tissue that are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making new tissue that are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making new tissue that are making
+new cells if you run it in the oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cells if you run it in the oxidative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cells if you run it in the oxidative
+mode that's the one that I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that's the one that I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that's the one that I I just
+described where you purely use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described where you purely use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described where you purely use it to
+make nadph you can oxidize all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nadph you can oxidize all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make nadph you can oxidize all the
+carbons of your your um glucose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons of your your um glucose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons of your your um glucose 6
+phosphate into CO2 that's the scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate into CO2 that's the scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate into CO2 that's the scenario
+that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just
+ran I didn't emphasize enough that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran I didn't emphasize enough that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran I didn't emphasize enough that if
+you for example you you eat food that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example you you eat food that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for example you you eat food that
+contains nucleic acid which of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains nucleic acid which of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains nucleic acid which of course we
+all do that nucleic acid contains ribos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all do that nucleic acid contains ribos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all do that nucleic acid contains ribos
+that ribos we want to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ribos we want to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ribos we want to be able to do
+something with and what happens is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with and what happens is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with and what happens is it
+enters right here into the pathway in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters right here into the pathway in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters right here into the pathway in
+other words I if I want to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I if I want to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I if I want to take that
+ribos and if I wanted to make energy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos and if I wanted to make energy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos and if I wanted to make energy out
+of it the ribos would go from left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the ribos would go from left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it the ribos would go from left to
+right and I would end up with fructose 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I would end up with fructose 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I would end up with fructose 6
+phosphate glycer aldhy 3 phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate glycer aldhy 3 phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate glycer aldhy 3 phosphate and
+then I could use that put putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could use that put putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could use that put putting it
+through glycolysis and then the TCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through glycolysis and then the TCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through glycolysis and then the TCA
+cycle to make energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point four is one that I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four is one that I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four is one that I mentioned
+earlier I'm a toxicologist in point4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I'm a toxicologist in point4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I'm a toxicologist in point4
+shows how nadph helps us defend against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how nadph helps us defend against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows how nadph helps us defend against
+oxidative stress and I have this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress and I have this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress and I have this little
+cartoon at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon at the
+bottom um free radicals are um a u a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um free radicals are um a u a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom um free radicals are um a u a
+consequence of you know of living in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of you know of living in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of you know of living in an
+aerobic environment um we breathe oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic environment um we breathe oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerobic environment um we breathe oxygen
+it um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um uh
+can be incompletely reduced to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be incompletely reduced to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be incompletely reduced to produce
+things like super oxide and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like super oxide and hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like super oxide and hydrogen
+peroxide and even hydroxy radical these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and even hydroxy radical these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and even hydroxy radical these
+are chemically very dangerous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chemically very dangerous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chemically very dangerous and
+they'll form peroxides and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll form peroxides and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll form peroxides and other
+molecules that can um cause disease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that can um cause disease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that can um cause disease so
+we have protective systems based on um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have protective systems based on um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have protective systems based on um a
+variety of small molecules in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of small molecules in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of small molecules in the cell
+one of them is called glutathione um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is called glutathione um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is called glutathione um
+Millar concent of glutathione exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millar concent of glutathione exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millar concent of glutathione exist in
+our liver cells and they exist in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our liver cells and they exist in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our liver cells and they exist in order
+to be able to do the kind of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do the kind of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do the kind of chemistry
+I'm going to show you right here so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you right here so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you right here so a
+peroxide that I'm pointing to ro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide that I'm pointing to ro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide that I'm pointing to ro is
+dangerous because it can give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because it can give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because it can give rise to
+these free radicals that can be damaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these free radicals that can be damaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these free radicals that can be damaging
+to us what we can do is take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us what we can do is take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us what we can do is take two
+molecules of this sulfur containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of this sulfur containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of this sulfur containing
+glutathione it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione it's a
+tripeptide and they will give up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide and they will give up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripeptide and they will give up their
+dot dot they hydrides in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot they hydrides in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot they hydrides in order to be
+able to basically break this Ro into Ro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to basically break this Ro into Ro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to basically break this Ro into Ro
+and alcohol and HOH water in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol and HOH water in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alcohol and HOH water in other words
+relatively harmless um products now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively harmless um products now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively harmless um products now
+glutathione the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione the
+rsh sometimes called gsh sacrifices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsh sometimes called gsh sacrifices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsh sometimes called gsh sacrifices
+itself and becomes this oxidized form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and becomes this oxidized form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and becomes this oxidized form
+rssr now the reaction that does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rssr now the reaction that does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rssr now the reaction that does this
+first part is called glutathion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part is called glutathion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part is called glutathion
+peroxidase in order to restore our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase in order to restore our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase in order to restore our
+Cellular stores of reduced glutathione
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cellular stores of reduced glutathione
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cellular stores of reduced glutathione
+rsh we have to take the oxidized form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsh we have to take the oxidized form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rsh we have to take the oxidized form
+rssr and we have to reduce it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rssr and we have to reduce it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rssr and we have to reduce it that's
+where the nadph comes in nadph is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nadph comes in nadph is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the nadph comes in nadph is the
+co-actor used by glutathione reductase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor used by glutathione reductase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor used by glutathione reductase
+and what it does is puts in the reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is puts in the reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is puts in the reducing
+equivalent to basically convert oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to basically convert oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to basically convert oxidized
+glutathione back to the what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione back to the what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione back to the what we want
+which is the reduced glut I that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the reduced glut I that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the reduced glut I that then
+can then go on to protect us against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then go on to protect us against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then go on to protect us against
+free radicals nadph has a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free radicals nadph has a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free radicals nadph has a very special
+role in protecting any cell from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in protecting any cell from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in protecting any cell from
+oxidative stress it has a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress it has a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress it has a very special
+role however when you deal with red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role however when you deal with red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role however when you deal with red
+blood cells red blood cells lack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells red blood cells lack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells red blood cells lack a
+nucleus they lack a mitochondrian they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus they lack a mitochondrian they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus they lack a mitochondrian they
+pretty much entirely cytool cytool has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much entirely cytool cytool has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much entirely cytool cytool has a
+glycolysis pathway that's where they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway that's where they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycolysis pathway that's where they get
+their energy and the pentos phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy and the pentos phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy and the pentos phosphate
+pathway which is where they get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which is where they get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway which is where they get the
+reducing equivalents that are necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing equivalents that are necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing equivalents that are necessary
+to help maintain the red blood cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help maintain the red blood cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help maintain the red blood cells
+Integrity if you think about it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity if you think about it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Integrity if you think about it you know
+red blood cells carrying a lot of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cells carrying a lot of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cells carrying a lot of oxygen
+oxygen itself can be very damaging red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen itself can be very damaging red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen itself can be very damaging red
+blood cells are damaged and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells are damaged and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells are damaged and you really
+need to have these reducing equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have these reducing equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have these reducing equivalents
+available in order to maintain the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in order to maintain the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in order to maintain the the
+structural and functional Integrity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural and functional Integrity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural and functional Integrity of a
+red blood cell so anything that disrupts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cell so anything that disrupts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red blood cell so anything that disrupts
+the um nadph pool in a red blood cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um nadph pool in a red blood cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um nadph pool in a red blood cell
+ultimately causes a kind of anemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately causes a kind of anemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately causes a kind of anemia
+because that means the red blood cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means the red blood cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means the red blood cell
+can't persist as long as it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't persist as long as it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't persist as long as it would
+otherwise people who have defects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise people who have defects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise people who have defects in
+nadph metabolism for example a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph metabolism for example a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph metabolism for example a person
+who might have a defect or a sluggish U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might have a defect or a sluggish U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might have a defect or a sluggish U
+First enzyme in the pathway pathway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First enzyme in the pathway pathway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First enzyme in the pathway pathway the
+the glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
+the red blood cells because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red blood cells because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red blood cells because of this
+nadph problem don't last as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph problem don't last as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph problem don't last as long
+clinically it's observe that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically it's observe that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinically it's observe that these
+people have somewhat of a resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have somewhat of a resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have somewhat of a resistance
+against diseases such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against diseases such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against diseases such as
+malaria that might be because the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria that might be because the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria that might be because the red
+blood cells don't last long enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells don't last long enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood cells don't last long enough for
+the organism that causes malaria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism that causes malaria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism that causes malaria
+plasmodium fum to be able to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmodium fum to be able to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasmodium fum to be able to complete
+its life cycle so um sometimes a genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its life cycle so um sometimes a genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its life cycle so um sometimes a genetic
+defect can actually provide an asset and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect can actually provide an asset and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect can actually provide an asset and
+that some places in the world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some places in the world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some places in the world where
+people have evolved um in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have evolved um in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have evolved um in the in the
+presence of the malaria plasmodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the malaria plasmodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the malaria plasmodium
+organism they have defects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism they have defects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism they have defects in the
+pathway that are maintained from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that are maintained from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that are maintained from
+generation to generation in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation to generation in order to be
+resistant to the environment the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to the environment the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant to the environment the sixth
+point I want to bring up with regard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to bring up with regard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I want to bring up with regard to
+uh this pathway has to do with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this pathway has to do with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this pathway has to do with the the
+enzyme at the top of the pathway once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme at the top of the pathway once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme at the top of the pathway once
+again the the glucose 6 phosphate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the glucose 6 phosphate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the the glucose 6 phosphate um
+dehydrogenase I mentioned in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase I mentioned in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehydrogenase I mentioned in the very
+beginning but I want to reiterate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but I want to reiterate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but I want to reiterate that
+enzymes that are at the top of a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that are at the top of a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that are at the top of a pathway
+where there's thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's thermodynamically
+reversible steps they are places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible steps they are places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible steps they are places where
+you U have the ability to control entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you U have the ability to control entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you U have the ability to control entry
+into the pathway so these are the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pathway so these are the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the pathway so these are the rate
+determining steps and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining steps and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining steps and in this case the
+presence of NAD plus that is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of NAD plus that is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of NAD plus that is the product
+determines the um the rate of Passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the um the rate of Passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the um the rate of Passage
+through the uh the pathway so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the uh the pathway so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the uh the pathway so for
+example if a cell has been um doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if a cell has been um doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if a cell has been um doing a
+lot of biosynthesis the nadp plus levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of biosynthesis the nadp plus levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of biosynthesis the nadp plus levels
+go up that has a uh it interacts alisic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that has a uh it interacts alisic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up that has a uh it interacts alisic
+in order to be able to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to be able to increase the
+throughput of the pathway so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of the pathway so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput of the pathway so you
+increase the amount of nadph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of nadph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of nadph
+biosynthesis to be able to let it match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis to be able to let it match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis to be able to let it match
+the the the biosynthetic needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the biosynthetic needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the biosynthetic needs
+associated with doing a lot of lipid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with doing a lot of lipid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with doing a lot of lipid
+biosynthesis so this is the regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step the uh last thing I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the uh last thing I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the uh last thing I'm going to say
+about the the uh pentos phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the uh pentos phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the uh pentos phosphate
+pathway is that it's strikingly similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is that it's strikingly similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway is that it's strikingly similar
+to the pathway called the Calvin cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pathway called the Calvin cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pathway called the Calvin cycle
+which are the dark reactions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the dark reactions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the dark reactions of
+photosynthesis um photosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis um photosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthesis um photosynthesis
+involves the capture of one CO2 into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the capture of one CO2 into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the capture of one CO2 into a
+five carbon scaffold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon scaffold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon scaffold
+and to make a six carbon compound then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make a six carbon compound then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make a six carbon compound then
+that six carbon compound splits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six carbon compound splits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that six carbon compound splits into
+three carbon compounds it turns out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon compounds it turns out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three carbon compounds it turns out if
+you if you work with enough molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you work with enough molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you work with enough molecules of
+five carbon compound what you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon compound what you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five carbon compound what you're able to
+do is go through the carbon scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is go through the carbon scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is go through the carbon scrambling
+phase and work all your way back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and work all your way back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and work all your way back to the
+hexos glucose the carbon scrambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexos glucose the carbon scrambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexos glucose the carbon scrambling
+intermediates are almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates are almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates are almost identical
+chemically to the ones that we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically to the ones that we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically to the ones that we have just
+looked at in the pentos phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in the pentos phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in the pentos phosphate
+pathway so if you look at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so if you look at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so if you look at the at the
+Calvin cycle you will see three carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin cycle you will see three carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin cycle you will see three carbon
+and four carbon and five carbon and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four carbon and five carbon and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four carbon and five carbon and six
+carbon and even seven carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and even seven carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and even seven carbon
+intermediates identical so the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates identical so the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates identical so the nature
+again didn't reinvent the wheel twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again didn't reinvent the wheel twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again didn't reinvent the wheel twice
+what it did was at some point in time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it did was at some point in time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it did was at some point in time it
+took the pentos phosphate pathway and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the pentos phosphate pathway and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the pentos phosphate pathway and it
+converted it into the photosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted it into the photosynthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted it into the photosynthetic
+dark reactions or perhaps vice versa uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark reactions or perhaps vice versa uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark reactions or perhaps vice versa uh
+they have different purposes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different purposes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different purposes the
+photosynthetic pathway involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic pathway involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic pathway involves
+capturing carbon in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing carbon in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing carbon in order to make
+hexoses that we can use to for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexoses that we can use to for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexoses that we can use to for for
+energy in future energy use or to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in future energy use or to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in future energy use or to make
+hexoses you could use to make cellulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexoses you could use to make cellulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexoses you could use to make cellulose
+if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a
+plant and the other hand pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and the other hand pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and the other hand pentos
+phosphate pathway again the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway again the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway again the same
+chemistry but in this case the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but in this case the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but in this case the chemistry
+is all aimed at taking the hexos the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all aimed at taking the hexos the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all aimed at taking the hexos the the
+the the the six carbon compound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the six carbon compound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the six carbon compound and
+using it to make reducing equivalents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to make reducing equivalents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it to make reducing equivalents
+that we can use for biosynthesis or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use for biosynthesis or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use for biosynthesis or to
+protect us from oxidative stress or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect us from oxidative stress or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect us from oxidative stress or to
+make riboses that we need when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make riboses that we need when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make riboses that we need when we're
+growing in order to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in order to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in order to be able to make
+nucleic acids nucleotides ATP and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids nucleotides ATP and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acids nucleotides ATP and so on
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need the the pentos phosphate pathway U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the the pentos phosphate pathway U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the the pentos phosphate pathway U
+may seem a little bit difficult to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem a little bit difficult to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem a little bit difficult to learn
+but I think it's very worthwhile it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's very worthwhile it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's very worthwhile it um
+is something that uh provides us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that uh provides us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that uh provides us with
+through with amazing versatility it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with amazing versatility it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with amazing versatility it
+gives us um compounds that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us um compounds that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us um compounds that are
+chemically reactive at the level of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically reactive at the level of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically reactive at the level of two
+carbons three carbons four carbons five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons three carbons four carbons five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons three carbons four carbons five
+carbons six carbons and seven carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons six carbons and seven carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons six carbons and seven carbons
+you can take these pieces and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take these pieces and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take these pieces and you can
+make a wide array of molecules that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a wide array of molecules that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a wide array of molecules that are
+absolutely essential for Life moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely essential for Life moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely essential for Life moreover
+it uh provides us with reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh provides us with reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh provides us with reducing
+equivalents which we need to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents which we need to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents which we need to grow
+biosynthesis moreover those reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis moreover those reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis moreover those reducing
+equivalents also help protect us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents also help protect us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalents also help protect us from
+oxidative stress that helps Keep Us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress that helps Keep Us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidative stress that helps Keep Us
+Alive and healthy longer so the pentos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alive and healthy longer so the pentos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alive and healthy longer so the pentos
+phosphate pathway um is is complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway um is is complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate pathway um is is complicated
+because it does so many different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does so many different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does so many different things
+but any one of those things I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any one of those things I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but any one of those things I think in
+it in itself makes it worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in itself makes it worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in itself makes it worthwhile
+learning all of this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning all of this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning all of this complicated
+chemistry so that's the pentos phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so that's the pentos phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so that's the pentos phosphate
+pathway from the 10,000 ft level down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from the 10,000 ft level down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from the 10,000 ft level down to
+the twoot level uh incredibly versatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twoot level uh incredibly versatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twoot level uh incredibly versatile
+pathway and I hope that this has helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and I hope that this has helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and I hope that this has helped
+you understand it thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B_QyhG2-VBI.txt b/B_QyhG2-VBI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d34de58870e096a675f30a0720468273c919f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B_QyhG2-VBI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chromatography the purification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography the purification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography the purification of
+chemicals is one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals is one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals is one of the most important
+jobs of a research chemist perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs of a research chemist perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs of a research chemist perhaps the
+most common purification technique in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common purification technique in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common purification technique in an
+organic laboratory is colum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic laboratory is colum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic laboratory is colum
+chromatography this technique takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography this technique takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography this technique takes
+advantage of the different polarities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the different polarities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the different polarities of
+different compounds to separate mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compounds to separate mixtures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compounds to separate mixtures
+frequently on the gram scale technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently on the gram scale technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently on the gram scale technically
+column chromatography can be challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column chromatography can be challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column chromatography can be challenging
+but with a little practice you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a little practice you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a little practice you will be
+able to separate mixtures of compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to separate mixtures of compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to separate mixtures of compounds
+consistently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+successfully as the name suggests a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully as the name suggests a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully as the name suggests a
+column of absorbent either silica or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of absorbent either silica or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of absorbent either silica or
+alumina is packed into a glass tube with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina is packed into a glass tube with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina is packed into a glass tube with
+a stopcock at the bottom the sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stopcock at the bottom the sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stopcock at the bottom the sample is
+applied to the top of the absorbent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the top of the absorbent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the top of the absorbent and
+solvent is run through the column until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent is run through the column until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent is run through the column until
+the compound is flushed out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compound is flushed out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compound is flushed out of the
+bottom in most cases flash column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom in most cases flash column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom in most cases flash column
+chromatography is used meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography is used meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography is used meaning that
+pressure is applied to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is applied to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is applied to the top of the
+column resulting in faster running times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column resulting in faster running times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column resulting in faster running times
+and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better
+separation before you can run a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation before you can run a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation before you can run a column
+you need to decide on the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to decide on the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to decide on the appropriate
+conditions it is vital that you pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it is vital that you pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it is vital that you pick a
+solvent system that will provide good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system that will provide good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system that will provide good
+separation in general you will use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation in general you will use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation in general you will use a
+mixture of two missable solvents one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of two missable solvents one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of two missable solvents one
+polar and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and one
+non-polar luckily TLC is an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar luckily TLC is an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-polar luckily TLC is an effective
+tool for deciding on the optimal solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for deciding on the optimal solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for deciding on the optimal solvent
+system for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for your
+sample make a TLC sample by dissolving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample make a TLC sample by dissolving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample make a TLC sample by dissolving a
+small amount of your material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of your material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of your material in
+approximately 1 ml of solvent use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 1 ml of solvent use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 1 ml of solvent use this
+sample to spot several TLC plates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to spot several TLC plates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to spot several TLC plates and
+develop each plate in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop each plate in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop each plate in a different
+solvent system make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system make sure that the
+absorbent on your TLC plates is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent on your TLC plates is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent on your TLC plates is the same
+as the absorbent you will use in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the absorbent you will use in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the absorbent you will use in the
+column either silica or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column either silica or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column either silica or
+alumina most commonly you will use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina most commonly you will use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina most commonly you will use a
+solvent system composed of a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system composed of a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system composed of a mixture of
+ethylacetate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylacetate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylacetate and
+hexane but when you are purifying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexane but when you are purifying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexane but when you are purifying a
+volatile compound it is a good idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile compound it is a good idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatile compound it is a good idea to
+use a lower boiling solvent system such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lower boiling solvent system such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lower boiling solvent system such
+as a mixture of ether and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pentane mixtures of methanol and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentane mixtures of methanol and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentane mixtures of methanol and D
+chloromethane are frequently used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloromethane are frequently used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloromethane are frequently used to
+purify highly polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify highly polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purify highly polar
+compounds when you are removing small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds when you are removing small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds when you are removing small
+amounts of impurities from a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of impurities from a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of impurities from a sample
+Focus on the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constituent once you have found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent once you have found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent once you have found a
+solvent system that separates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system that separates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system that separates the
+components of your sample adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of your sample adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of your sample adjust the
+polarity so that the major and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity so that the major and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity so that the major and hopefully
+the desired constituent has an RF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired constituent has an RF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired constituent has an RF of
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.3 if the RF is too low then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 if the RF is too low then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 if the RF is too low then the
+solvent system is too non-polar and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system is too non-polar and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system is too non-polar and it
+will take a very long time for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a very long time for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take a very long time for the
+material to come off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to come off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to come off of the
+column Al alternatively if the RF is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Al alternatively if the RF is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column Al alternatively if the RF is too
+high then the solvent system is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high then the solvent system is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high then the solvent system is too
+polar and the material will come off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and the material will come off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and the material will come off of
+the column very quickly with poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column very quickly with poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column very quickly with poor
+separation when you are separating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation when you are separating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation when you are separating a
+mixture of two or more compounds adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of two or more compounds adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of two or more compounds adjust
+the solvent polarity such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent polarity such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent polarity such that the
+midpoint between the spots is at an RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint between the spots is at an RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint between the spots is at an RF
+of approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.3 when you are separating two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 when you are separating two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 when you are separating two or more
+compounds with very different polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds with very different polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds with very different polarity
+it will save you time to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will save you time to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will save you time to increase the
+polarity of the solvent as the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the solvent as the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the solvent as the column
+proceeds begin the column with a solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds begin the column with a solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds begin the column with a solvent
+system that puts the least polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that puts the least polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that puts the least polar
+compound at an RF of approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound at an RF of approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound at an RF of approximately
+0.3 once that compound has completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 once that compound has completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 once that compound has completely
+come off of the column slowly increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off of the column slowly increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off of the column slowly increase
+the polarity of the solvent to a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarity of the solvent to a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarity of the solvent to a mixture
+that puts the next spot at an RF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts the next spot at an RF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that puts the next spot at an RF of
+0.3 continue this until all desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 continue this until all desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 continue this until all desired
+spots have come off of the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you have picked an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have picked an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have picked an appropriate
+solvent system you need to decide how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system you need to decide how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system you need to decide how
+much absorbent to use this video will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much absorbent to use this video will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much absorbent to use this video will
+illustrate the use of a silica gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the use of a silica gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the use of a silica gel
+column but the same procedure can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but the same procedure can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column but the same procedure can be
+followed using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alumina caution silica and alumina are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina caution silica and alumina are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina caution silica and alumina are
+highly toxic when inhaled handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly toxic when inhaled handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly toxic when inhaled handle
+absorbance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbance in the
+hood in cases with good separation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood in cases with good separation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood in cases with good separation a
+20:1 mass ratio of silica gel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20:1 mass ratio of silica gel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20:1 mass ratio of silica gel to
+compound is usually adequate this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is usually adequate this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is usually adequate this means
+that for one gram of compound you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for one gram of compound you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for one gram of compound you would
+use 20 G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 20 G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 20 G of
+silica it is good to use as little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica it is good to use as little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica it is good to use as little
+absorbent as possible but when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent as possible but when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent as possible but when the
+separation is more difficult ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is more difficult ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is more difficult ratios of
+50 or 100:1 may be necessary choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or 100:1 may be necessary choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 or 100:1 may be necessary choosing
+the appropriate amount of absorbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate amount of absorbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate amount of absorbent
+takes practice until you have developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes practice until you have developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes practice until you have developed
+your own intuition it is a good idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own intuition it is a good idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own intuition it is a good idea to
+ask a more experienced chemist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a more experienced chemist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a more experienced chemist for
+advice weigh the silica into an Erland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice weigh the silica into an Erland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice weigh the silica into an Erland
+Meer flask in the hood use a flask large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meer flask in the hood use a flask large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meer flask in the hood use a flask large
+enough that you don't fill it more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you don't fill it more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you don't fill it more than
+1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3
+full the last major decision to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full the last major decision to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full the last major decision to make is
+what diameter of column to use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what diameter of column to use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what diameter of column to use different
+people have very different opinions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have very different opinions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have very different opinions
+about this but in general it is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but in general it is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this but in general it is a good
+idea to choose a column that will fill 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to choose a column that will fill 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to choose a column that will fill 6
+to 7 in with the chosen amount of silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a taller column the different bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a taller column the different bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a taller column the different bands
+of compounds will disperse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlap but a shorter column will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap but a shorter column will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap but a shorter column will not
+have enough surface area to give good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separation packing a column with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation packing a column with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation packing a column with
+absorbent can be fairly tricky and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent can be fairly tricky and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent can be fairly tricky and it
+takes practice to be able to do it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes practice to be able to do it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes practice to be able to do it well
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+time the first step involves plugging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the first step involves plugging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the first step involves plugging
+the bottom of the column with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the column with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the column with a small
+piece of of cotton to prevent loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of of cotton to prevent loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of of cotton to prevent loss of
+silica gel roll a small piece of cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica gel roll a small piece of cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica gel roll a small piece of cotton
+between your fingers and drop it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your fingers and drop it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your fingers and drop it into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+column tilt and tap the column until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column tilt and tap the column until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column tilt and tap the column until the
+cotton settles into the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton settles into the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton settles into the center
+depression using a long stick gently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression using a long stick gently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression using a long stick gently
+pack the cotton into the hole don't pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack the cotton into the hole don't pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack the cotton into the hole don't pack
+the cotton too tightly or it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cotton too tightly or it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cotton too tightly or it will be
+difficult to force solvent through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to force solvent through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to force solvent through the
+plug to continue packing the column you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug to continue packing the column you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug to continue packing the column you
+will need an empty Beaker a pipe pet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need an empty Beaker a pipe pet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need an empty Beaker a pipe pet a
+supply of your chosen solvent mixture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of your chosen solvent mixture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of your chosen solvent mixture a
+funnel your pre-weighed silica gel some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel your pre-weighed silica gel some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnel your pre-weighed silica gel some
+sand and a flash pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand and a flash pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand and a flash pressure
+apparatus with the cotton in place clamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus with the cotton in place clamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus with the cotton in place clamp
+the column in a straight vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column in a straight vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column in a straight vertical
+position and use a funnel to pour in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and use a funnel to pour in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and use a funnel to pour in a
+small layer of sand approximately 1 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small layer of sand approximately 1 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small layer of sand approximately 1 to 2
+mm now fill the column with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm now fill the column with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm now fill the column with
+approximately 5 in of solvent mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 5 in of solvent mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 5 in of solvent mixture
+make sure that the sand layer is flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the sand layer is flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the sand layer is flat
+and no sand is stuck to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides pour enough of the solvent mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides pour enough of the solvent mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides pour enough of the solvent mixture
+into the silica gel to form a mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slurry swirl the silica and carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry swirl the silica and carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry swirl the silica and carefully
+pour it into the column making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour it into the column making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour it into the column making sure that
+you do not disturb the sand layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use additional solvent to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use additional solvent to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use additional solvent to add the
+remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silica once you have added all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica once you have added all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica once you have added all of the
+silica rinse the funnel and sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica rinse the funnel and sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica rinse the funnel and sides of the
+column with a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solvent apply pressure to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent apply pressure to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent apply pressure to the top of the
+column and open the stop coock tapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and open the stop coock tapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and open the stop coock tapping
+the sides of the column gently to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides of the column gently to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides of the column gently to make
+sure that the silic layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the silic layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the silic layer is
+flat drain the solvent until 2 or 3 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat drain the solvent until 2 or 3 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat drain the solvent until 2 or 3 in
+remain above the silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain above the silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain above the silica
+layer then close the stopcock and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer then close the stopcock and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer then close the stopcock and remove
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure caution make sure there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure caution make sure there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure caution make sure there are no
+bubbles before you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sand Bubbles and inconsistencies in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand Bubbles and inconsistencies in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand Bubbles and inconsistencies in your
+column will cause serious problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will cause serious problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will cause serious problems
+later to avoid bubbles use a very wet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later to avoid bubbles use a very wet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later to avoid bubbles use a very wet
+slurry of silica gel gently tap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry of silica gel gently tap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slurry of silica gel gently tap the
+sides of the column while packing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the column while packing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the column while packing the
+silica and apply pressure before opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica and apply pressure before opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silica and apply pressure before opening
+the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coock when you have achieved a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock when you have achieved a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock when you have achieved a uniform
+layer of absorbent use a pipet to rinse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of absorbent use a pipet to rinse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of absorbent use a pipet to rinse
+any excess silica down from the sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any excess silica down from the sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any excess silica down from the sides of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+column using the funnel carefully add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column using the funnel carefully add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column using the funnel carefully add a
+small layer of sand careful not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small layer of sand careful not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small layer of sand careful not to
+disturb the top of the silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gel use a small amount of solvent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel use a small amount of solvent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel use a small amount of solvent to
+wash the excess sand from the sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash the excess sand from the sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wash the excess sand from the sides of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column apply
+pressure open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure open the
+stopcock and drain the solvent to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopcock and drain the solvent to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopcock and drain the solvent to just
+above the silica gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+caution never let the solvent layer drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution never let the solvent layer drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution never let the solvent layer drop
+below the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the top of the
+column now you're ready to load your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column now you're ready to load your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column now you're ready to load your
+sample onto the column there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample onto the column there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample onto the column there are a
+couple of ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of ways to do
+this if your sample is soluble in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if your sample is soluble in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if your sample is soluble in the
+chosen solvent system then it is easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen solvent system then it is easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen solvent system then it is easiest
+to load your sample as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load your sample as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load your sample as a
+solution dissolve your sample Le in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution dissolve your sample Le in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution dissolve your sample Le in the
+smallest possible volume of the chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible volume of the chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible volume of the chosen
+solvent mixture if you have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent mixture if you have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent mixture if you have trouble
+getting it to dissolve try adding a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it to dissolve try adding a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it to dissolve try adding a few
+drops of methylene chloride it is vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops of methylene chloride it is vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops of methylene chloride it is vital
+that your sample is completely dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your sample is completely dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your sample is completely dissolved
+before you add it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column slowly drip the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column slowly drip the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column slowly drip the solution of
+sample around the edges of the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample around the edges of the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample around the edges of the column
+being careful not to disturb the sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful not to disturb the sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careful not to disturb the sand
+layer lower the solvent level to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer lower the solvent level to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer lower the solvent level to just
+above the silica rinse the flask with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the silica rinse the flask with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the silica rinse the flask with a
+small amount of solvent and add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of solvent and add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of solvent and add the
+rinse in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fashion lower the solvent level again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion lower the solvent level again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion lower the solvent level again
+and repeat the rinse one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times it is a good idea to rinse any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it is a good idea to rinse any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it is a good idea to rinse any
+residual sample from the sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual sample from the sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual sample from the sides of the
+column lowering the solvent level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column lowering the solvent level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column lowering the solvent level in
+between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rinse now you're ready to fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse now you're ready to fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse now you're ready to fill the
+column with solvent start by slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column with solvent start by slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column with solvent start by slowly
+adding solvent with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding solvent with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding solvent with a
+pipet once you have added a nice cushion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet once you have added a nice cushion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet once you have added a nice cushion
+slowly pour the remaining solvent into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly pour the remaining solvent into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly pour the remaining solvent into
+the column being careful not to disturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column being careful not to disturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column being careful not to disturb
+the sand or the silic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand or the silic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand or the silic
+done correctly you should end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done correctly you should end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done correctly you should end up with a
+thin band of sample just below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin band of sample just below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin band of sample just below the
+sand when your sample is largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand when your sample is largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand when your sample is largely
+insoluble in the chosen solvent mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in the chosen solvent mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in the chosen solvent mixture
+it is more effective to pre- absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more effective to pre- absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is more effective to pre- absorb the
+sample onto a small quantity of silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample onto a small quantity of silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample onto a small quantity of silica
+and add it as a dry mixture to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add it as a dry mixture to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add it as a dry mixture to do this
+you will need some methylene chloride a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need some methylene chloride a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will need some methylene chloride a
+round bottom flask and some silica gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start by dissolving your sample in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by dissolving your sample in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by dissolving your sample in
+methylene chloride and transferring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene chloride and transferring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene chloride and transferring it
+to the round bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flask make sure you complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask make sure you complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask make sure you complete the
+transfer with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rinses then add a small amount of silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinses then add a small amount of silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinses then add a small amount of silica
+gel to the flask and swirl to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel to the flask and swirl to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel to the flask and swirl to
+mix before you can remove the solvent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix before you can remove the solvent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix before you can remove the solvent on
+the rotovap stuff a few Kim wipes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotovap stuff a few Kim wipes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotovap stuff a few Kim wipes into
+the bump trap to prevent contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap to prevent contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bump trap to prevent contamination
+of the rotovap with the very fine silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+powder attach your flask to the bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder attach your flask to the bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder attach your flask to the bump
+trap and concentrate it on the rotap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and concentrate it on the rotap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap and concentrate it on the rotap
+until you obtain a fine free flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you obtain a fine free flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you obtain a fine free flowing
+powder if the mix mixture remains clumpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder if the mix mixture remains clumpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder if the mix mixture remains clumpy
+or sticky you may need to redissolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sticky you may need to redissolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sticky you may need to redissolve the
+sample and add more silica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and add more silica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and add more silica
+gel don't add it to your column until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel don't add it to your column until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel don't add it to your column until it
+is a free flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a free flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a free flowing
+powder to dry load your sample pack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder to dry load your sample pack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powder to dry load your sample pack the
+column as before but leave a small layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column as before but leave a small layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column as before but leave a small layer
+of solvent above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sand pour the pre-absorbed silica onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand pour the pre-absorbed silica onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand pour the pre-absorbed silica onto
+the top of the sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use a small amount of the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a small amount of the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a small amount of the solvent
+mixture to rinse the flask and wash the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture to rinse the flask and wash the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture to rinse the flask and wash the
+silica down from the sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column drain the solvent to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column drain the solvent to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column drain the solvent to the top of
+the silica and add a small layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sand carefully fill the column with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand carefully fill the column with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand carefully fill the column with
+solvent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before one alternative to dry loading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before one alternative to dry loading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before one alternative to dry loading is
+loading your sample as a solution in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading your sample as a solution in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading your sample as a solution in a
+solvent that is more polar than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent that is more polar than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent that is more polar than the
+solvent system you're using for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system you're using for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent system you're using for your
+column you will end up with a thick band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column you will end up with a thick band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column you will end up with a thick band
+of compound and poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compound and poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compound and poor
+separation once your sample is loaded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation once your sample is loaded on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation once your sample is loaded on
+the column you must begin running it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column you must begin running it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column you must begin running it
+immediately and it's a good idea not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and it's a good idea not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately and it's a good idea not to
+take any breaks until it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any breaks until it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any breaks until it's
+through before you start make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through before you start make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through before you start make sure you
+have an adequate supply of your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an adequate supply of your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an adequate supply of your your
+chosen solvent mixture and a nice big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen solvent mixture and a nice big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen solvent mixture and a nice big
+rack of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rack of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rack of test
+tubes begin running the column by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes begin running the column by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes begin running the column by
+placing a test tube at the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a test tube at the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing a test tube at the bottom of the
+column applying pressure to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top and opening the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and opening the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and opening the stop
+coock if the pressure is right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock if the pressure is right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock if the pressure is right you
+should have a fairly rapid flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a fairly rapid flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have a fairly rapid flow of
+solvent out of the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent out of the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent out of the bottom of the
+column you may have to adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column you may have to adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column you may have to adjust the
+pressure so that the flow rate isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so that the flow rate isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so that the flow rate isn't a
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drip or an Out of Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stream but something right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+middle don't forget to continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle don't forget to continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle don't forget to continually
+collect the eluent in test tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to pay attention so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay attention so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay attention so that the
+solvent doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overflow caution pay close attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow caution pay close attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow caution pay close attention to
+the solvent level and refill frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now your hard work is over and it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your hard work is over and it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your hard work is over and it's time
+to see if it paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if it paid
+off when your compound is colored it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off when your compound is colored it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off when your compound is colored it can
+be easy to find it in the fractions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to find it in the fractions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to find it in the fractions but
+a more reliable method for monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more reliable method for monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more reliable method for monitoring
+your column is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your column is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your column is with
+TLC you can easily spot five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC you can easily spot five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC you can easily spot five or six
+fractions per TLC plate make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions per TLC plate make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions per TLC plate make sure you
+rinse your spotter in between fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse your spotter in between fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinse your spotter in between fractions
+develop the plates with a solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the plates with a solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the plates with a solvent
+mixture that spreads the spots out on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that spreads the spots out on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture that spreads the spots out on on
+the plate it does not have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate it does not have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate it does not have to be the
+same solvent system you use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same solvent system you use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same solvent system you use for the
+column if it goes well you will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column if it goes well you will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column if it goes well you will end up
+with a maximum of one compound per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a maximum of one compound per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a maximum of one compound per
+fraction with a few clean fractions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction with a few clean fractions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction with a few clean fractions in
+between the compounds you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the compounds you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the compounds you're trying to
+separate unfortunately it doesn't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate unfortunately it doesn't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate unfortunately it doesn't always
+work out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so
+well overlapping fractions containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well overlapping fractions containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well overlapping fractions containing
+more than one compound are the sign of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one compound are the sign of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one compound are the sign of a
+failed separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed separation
+so what went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what went
+wrong if all of the material elutes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if all of the material elutes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong if all of the material elutes in
+just a few fractions then the column may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few fractions then the column may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few fractions then the column may
+have been too small or the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been too small or the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been too small or the developing
+solvent too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent too
+polar on the other hand if the compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar on the other hand if the compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar on the other hand if the compounds
+are spread out over many fractions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spread out over many fractions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spread out over many fractions then
+the column may have been too tall or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column may have been too tall or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the column may have been too tall or you
+used Too Much solvent to load your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample once the last compound has come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample once the last compound has come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample once the last compound has come
+off of the column and you have analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the column and you have analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the column and you have analyzed
+your TLC plates it is time to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TLC plates it is time to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your TLC plates it is time to combine
+the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired
+fractions combine all of the fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions combine all of the fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions combine all of the fractions
+containing the same pure compound in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the same pure compound in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the same pure compound in a
+round bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round bottom
+flask fractions containing more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask fractions containing more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask fractions containing more than one
+compound should be set aside for further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purification it is a good idea to rinse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification it is a good idea to rinse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification it is a good idea to rinse
+the test tubes two or three times with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test tubes two or three times with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test tubes two or three times with a
+little bit of clean solvent and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of clean solvent and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of clean solvent and add
+those rinses to the flask as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rinses to the flask as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rinses to the flask as
+well don't fill the flask more than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't fill the flask more than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't fill the flask more than half
+full remember you need to concentrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full remember you need to concentrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full remember you need to concentrate it
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+rotovap removing solvent from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap removing solvent from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotovap removing solvent from your
+compound is the last step in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is the last step in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound is the last step in a
+chromatographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purification caution never discard any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification caution never discard any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification caution never discard any
+fractions until you recover the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions until you recover the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions until you recover the desired
+material it is a good idea to clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it is a good idea to clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it is a good idea to clean up
+the silica before you discard it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silica before you discard it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the silica before you discard it in the
+appropriate waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate waste
+container when you are sure that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container when you are sure that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container when you are sure that there
+is no more desired material on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no more desired material on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no more desired material on the
+column fill the column with ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column fill the column with ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column fill the column with ethanol
+place a flask underneath and push air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a flask underneath and push air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place a flask underneath and push air
+through the column until the silica is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the column until the silica is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the column until the silica is
+dry and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry and free
+flowing at this point it will be easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing at this point it will be easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing at this point it will be easy to
+discard the silica by pouring it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard the silica by pouring it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard the silica by pouring it into
+the proper waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+container when you need to purify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container when you need to purify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container when you need to purify a
+small amount of compound it is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of compound it is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of compound it is sometimes
+easier to run a micro column in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to run a micro column in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to run a micro column in a
+pipet on small scale the packing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet on small scale the packing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet on small scale the packing and
+Sample loading steps are greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sample loading steps are greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sample loading steps are greatly
+simplified it is easiest to pack a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified it is easiest to pack a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified it is easiest to pack a
+microc column completely dry without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microc column completely dry without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microc column completely dry without any
+solvent plug the end of the pipet with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent plug the end of the pipet with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent plug the end of the pipet with a
+small piece of cotton then add a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of cotton then add a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of cotton then add a couple
+of inches of absorbent and a thin layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inches of absorbent and a thin layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inches of absorbent and a thin layer
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sand next add your sample pre-absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand next add your sample pre-absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand next add your sample pre-absorbed
+onto a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a small amount of
+absorbent top it off with a thin layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent top it off with a thin layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent top it off with a thin layer
+of sand and you're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand and you're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sand and you're ready to
+go to run the column place a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to run the column place a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to run the column place a collection
+flask or a test tube underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask or a test tube underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask or a test tube underneath the
+pipet and use another pipet to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet and use another pipet to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipet and use another pipet to add
+solvent to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+column keep adding solvent until your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column keep adding solvent until your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column keep adding solvent until your
+compound has come off of the column make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound has come off of the column make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound has come off of the column make
+sure you don't let the column run dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this video has outlined the basic steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video has outlined the basic steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video has outlined the basic steps
+that you will use to perform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will use to perform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will use to perform a
+purification using column chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification using column chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification using column chromatography
+now it's time to get in the lab and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's time to get in the lab and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's time to get in the lab and try
+it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself remember this video is intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself remember this video is intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself remember this video is intended
+to help you prepare for lab by providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you prepare for lab by providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you prepare for lab by providing
+a demonstration of the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demonstration of the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demonstration of the proper
+experimental technique it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental technique it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental technique it is not
+intended as a replacement for reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended as a replacement for reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended as a replacement for reading
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+material in order to become a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in order to become a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in order to become a great
+experimentalist it is important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist it is important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist it is important that you
+understand both Theory and technique now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand both Theory and technique now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand both Theory and technique now
+it's your turn good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your turn good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your turn good luck
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Bn49TBjEAI4.txt b/Bn49TBjEAI4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..694df2c834c462a917d0c8834e63e03212ca7cd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Bn49TBjEAI4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I'm Ishita Dasgupta I'm going into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Ishita Dasgupta I'm going into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Ishita Dasgupta I'm going into my
+third year of my PhD at Harvard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third year of my PhD at Harvard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third year of my PhD at Harvard in
+computational cognitive science I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational cognitive science I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational cognitive science I'm
+David Rolnick I'm just going into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Rolnick I'm just going into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Rolnick I'm just going into my
+fourth year of my PhD at MIT I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth year of my PhD at MIT I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth year of my PhD at MIT I'm in the
+applied math department so we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math department so we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math department so we're working
+with healthier networks which is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with healthier networks which is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with healthier networks which is a kind
+of it's a it's a concept in which toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a it's a concept in which toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a it's a concept in which toy
+neurons are kind of connected they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are kind of connected they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons are kind of connected they're
+all connected together and the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all connected together and the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all connected together and the way they
+update each other basically determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update each other basically determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update each other basically determines
+the states are going to be in it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are going to be in it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are going to be in it has
+been used in the past to model memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in the past to model memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in the past to model memory so
+it's basically that there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically that there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically that there are certain
+kinds of states that the neurons prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of states that the neurons prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of states that the neurons prefer
+to be in given the way that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in given the way that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in given the way that they're all
+connected together and you can make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together and you can make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together and you can make them
+go into these states by initializing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into these states by initializing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into these states by initializing at
+a different points and so it's been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different points and so it's been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different points and so it's been used
+to store memories before but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store memories before but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store memories before but these are
+static memories like once you're in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static memories like once you're in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static memories like once you're in one
+of those memories you just stay there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those memories you just stay there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those memories you just stay there so
+we were working with this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were working with this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were working with this kind of a
+model to make some changes to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to make some changes to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to make some changes to it and
+have it be such that you can go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it be such that you can go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it be such that you can go from one
+such memory to another such memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such memory to another such memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such memory to another such memory and
+decide what probability it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what probability it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what probability it is that
+you're going to go to one memory or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go to one memory or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go to one memory or to
+another memory and so basically add some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another memory and so basically add some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another memory and so basically add some
+stochastic dynamics to help you network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic dynamics to help you network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic dynamics to help you network
+well the idea is that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the idea is that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the idea is that there are many
+situations were living brain is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations were living brain is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations were living brain is going to
+be faced with the task of reconstructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be faced with the task of reconstructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be faced with the task of reconstructing
+or simulating a stochastic sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simulating a stochastic sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or simulating a stochastic sequence of
+actions so for instance if one were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so for instance if one were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so for instance if one were
+simulating an event in which one didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating an event in which one didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating an event in which one didn't
+know quite what the probabilities were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quite what the probabilities were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quite what the probabilities were
+that something was going to happen then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something was going to happen then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something was going to happen then
+you could imagine playing it out in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine playing it out in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine playing it out in your
+mind and imagining one way of realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and imagining one way of realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and imagining one way of realizing
+it and each stage in your in your mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and each stage in your in your mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and each stage in your in your mental
+sequence would be determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence would be determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence would be determined by the
+previous stage so if something's falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stage so if something's falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stage so if something's falling
+then it's state when it's polling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's state when it's polling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's state when it's polling is
+determined by the state when it was up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the state when it was up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the state when it was up
+right and if we can understand how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we can understand how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if we can understand how we
+could use memory to generate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use memory to generate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use memory to generate these
+sequences of patterns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of patterns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of patterns that are
+determined by stochastic rules then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by stochastic rules then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by stochastic rules then we
+would be able to get a better sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to get a better sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to get a better sense of
+what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+what kind of imagination memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of imagination memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of imagination memory
+connections there are possible even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections there are possible even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections there are possible even in a
+very simple model of the brain and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple model of the brain and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple model of the brain and we're
+working with sort of a simplest model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with sort of a simplest model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with sort of a simplest model of
+memory but it still turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but it still turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory but it still turns out to be
+extremely powerful in being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful in being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful in being able to
+create these these patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these these patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these these patterns of
+stochastic sequences in our countries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic sequences in our countries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic sequences in our countries so
+far we've just been modeling it on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've just been modeling it on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far we've just been modeling it on using
+like computationally modeling what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like computationally modeling what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like computationally modeling what we
+think should happen first there's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should happen first there's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should happen first there's a bit
+of theory work to figure out all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theory work to figure out all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theory work to figure out all kind of
+connections we should put in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections we should put in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections we should put in there so
+that it should work and then we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should work and then we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should work and then we actually
+set up those connections and see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up those connections and see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up those connections and see if it
+does work and we're hoping at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work and we're hoping at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work and we're hoping at some point
+to be able to tie it back to actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to tie it back to actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to tie it back to actual
+real-world situations in which this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world situations in which this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-world situations in which this kind
+of stochastic sequence of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stochastic sequence of events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stochastic sequence of events
+actually happens in a brain but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens in a brain but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens in a brain but that is
+currently on the like in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently on the like in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently on the like in the future
+right now we're just making sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're just making sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're just making sure that we
+can model this kind of behavior in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model this kind of behavior in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model this kind of behavior in a
+computer in some sense it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in some sense it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in some sense it's an
+engineering task or a theoretical task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering task or a theoretical task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering task or a theoretical task
+followed by an engineering task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by an engineering task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by an engineering task
+understanding what is what can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what is what can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what is what can be done
+in a system like this and then simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system like this and then simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a system like this and then simply
+building it we've built it and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it we've built it and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it we've built it and now we
+have to yes see how see how it works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to yes see how see how it works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to yes see how see how it works in
+practice it becomes kind of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it becomes kind of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it becomes kind of like an
+experimental science where you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental science where you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental science where you're just
+changing parameters and seeing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing parameters and seeing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing parameters and seeing how
+things change because these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change because these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change because these are not
+entirely theoretically predictable like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely theoretically predictable like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely theoretically predictable like
+you can't just say that because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just say that because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just say that because you
+built it you should know how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it you should know how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built it you should know how it works
+it's there to be need agree with freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there to be need agree with freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there to be need agree with freedom
+so there are a lot of things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are a lot of things to be
+tested to see how well it performs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested to see how well it performs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested to see how well it performs in
+different under different environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different under different environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different under different environments
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C9luv3o6emw.txt b/C9luv3o6emw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..738a3e2ab922b6d6b4fbe734986f31c7f5659e29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C9luv3o6emw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1610 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation today
+we're going to do another example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do another example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do another example of a
+definite integral this time it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral this time it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integral this time it's going
+to be one that you're going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one that you're going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one that you're going to need to
+do some some substitution for you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some some substitution for you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some some substitution for you're not
+going to know the anti-derivative right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know the anti-derivative right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know the anti-derivative right
+off the top of your head I think so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the top of your head I think so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the top of your head I think so I've
+got it on the the board behind me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it on the the board behind me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it on the the board behind me so
+it's compute the integral from minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's compute the integral from minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's compute the integral from minus 2
+to2 of the function x^2 cosine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 of the function x^2 cosine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 of the function x^2 cosine of the
+quantity X Cub over 8 D X so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity X Cub over 8 D X so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity X Cub over 8 D X so this is a
+kind of a weird integrand if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a weird integrand if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a weird integrand if you're a
+roughly you know very very rough graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly you know very very rough graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly you know very very rough graph
+of of kind of what it looks like so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of kind of what it looks like so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of kind of what it looks like so this
+is sort of the area of this region it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the area of this region it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the area of this region it's
+it's a positive function over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive function over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a positive function over this
+interval so it's it's the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so it's it's the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so it's it's the area of this
+region that I've that I'm asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that I've that I'm asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that I've that I'm asking you to
+compute so all right so definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so all right so definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so all right so definite
+integral why don't you pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral why don't you pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral why don't you pause the video
+take a couple minutes work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple minutes work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple minutes work this out
+yourself come back we can work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself come back we can work it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself come back we can work it out
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right welcome back so from looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back so from looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back so from looking
+at this integrand here it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this integrand here it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this integrand here it seems to me
+that I don't know immediately off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know immediately off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know immediately off the
+top of my head what what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of my head what what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of my head what what its
+anti-derivative is so so I can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative is so so I can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative is so so I can't just
+sort of apply the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of apply the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of apply the fundamental theorem of
+calculus directly without a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus directly without a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus directly without a little bit
+of work um so there are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work um so there are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work um so there are two different
+ways that I can I can go about this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that I can I can go about this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that I can I can go about this then
+about Computing this this definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Computing this this definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Computing this this definite
+integral one is that I can forget for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one is that I can forget for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral one is that I can forget for
+the minute that it's a definite integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute that it's a definite integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute that it's a definite integral
+and compute the anti-derivative and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute the anti-derivative and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute the anti-derivative and then
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fundamental theorem of calculus
+so let's try that way first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try that way first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try that way first and then
+we'll we'll do it a second way as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so method one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute the anti-derivative so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the anti-derivative so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the anti-derivative so we
+compute the anti-derivative of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the anti-derivative of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the anti-derivative of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x Cub / 8 DX so here it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x Cub / 8 DX so here it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x Cub / 8 DX so here it's not
+a definite integral anymore now I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definite integral anymore now I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definite integral anymore now I'm just
+looking at the anti-derivative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the anti-derivative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the anti-derivative and so
+okay so either by intelligent guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so either by intelligent guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so either by intelligent guessing
+or that that uh I for I forget that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that that uh I for I forget that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that that uh I for I forget that's if
+that's what Professor jarrison called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Professor jarrison called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Professor jarrison called it
+or by just a a substitution method so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by just a a substitution method so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by just a a substitution method so a
+a good thing to substitute here is is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing to substitute here is is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing to substitute here is is we
+see inside this function we have this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see inside this function we have this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see inside this function we have this x
+cubed part and then outside we have an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed part and then outside we have an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed part and then outside we have an s
+part so x^2 DX that's closely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so x^2 DX that's closely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so x^2 DX that's closely related to
+you know the the differential of X cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the differential of X cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the differential of X cubed
+so we might try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might try the
+substitution we might try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we might try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution we might try the
+substitution U equals well we can maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution U equals well we can maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution U equals well we can maybe
+get rid of all of that at once so make u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of all of that at once so make u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of all of that at once so make u
+= x Cub over 8 so in that case du is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= x Cub over 8 so in that case du is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= x Cub over 8 so in that case du is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+38 x^2 DX and so this integral is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 x^2 DX and so this integral is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 x^2 DX and so this integral is is
+equal to the integral of well so x^2 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of well so x^2 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of well so x^2 DX
+we have that so we need to multiply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that so we need to multiply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that so we need to multiply and
+divide by 38 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 38 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by 38 so this is
+8/3 cosine of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 cosine of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 cosine of U
+du all right and so now okay so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du all right and so now okay so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du all right and so now okay so so the
+8/3 that's just a constant that pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 that's just a constant that pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 that's just a constant that pulls
+out in front that's not hard so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front that's not hard so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front that's not hard so then the
+anti-derivative of cosine U du that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of cosine U du that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of cosine U du that's
+something we know so this is 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we know so this is 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we know so this is 8
+thir of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thir of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thir of
+minus s sorry not minus I was doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s sorry not minus I was doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s sorry not minus I was doing the
+derivative instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative instead of the
+anti-derivative just 8/3 s u okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative just 8/3 s u okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative just 8/3 s u okay and
+good so that's the anti plus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's the anti plus a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's the anti plus a constant
+which we don't we don't need because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't we don't need because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we don't we don't need because
+we're going to plug this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to plug this into
+fundamental theorem of calculus in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus in a
+minute so it's 8/3 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so it's 8/3 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so it's 8/3 sin
+U and okay so but that's not good I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and okay so but that's not good I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and okay so but that's not good I I
+need it back in terms of my x's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it back in terms of my x's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it back in terms of my x's so I
+have to back substitute so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of X cubed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of X cubed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of X cubed over
+8 all right now I've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 all right now I've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 all right now I've got an
+anti-derivative of this expression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of this expression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of this expression so
+now I can take this anti-derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can take this anti-derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can take this anti-derivative and
+apply fundamental theorem of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fundamental theorem of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply fundamental theorem of calculus
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the integral from minus 2 to 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral from minus 2 to 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the integral from minus 2 to 2 of
+x^2 cosine of x Cub over 8 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 cosine of x Cub over 8 DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 cosine of x Cub over 8 DX
+is equal to well it's equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well it's equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well it's equal to this
+anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative
+8/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3
+s x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s x
+cubed over 8 taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over 8 taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over 8 taken
+between x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x =
+-2 and xal 2 so this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and xal 2 so this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 and xal 2 so this is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+8/3 * s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 * s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 * s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8/3
+time sin of minus1 okay and S of - x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sin of minus1 okay and S of - x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time sin of minus1 okay and S of - x is
+equal to minus sin x so we could rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus sin x so we could rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus sin x so we could rewrite
+this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+16/3 * s of 1 so that's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16/3 * s of 1 so that's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16/3 * s of 1 so that's the answer
+that's the value of this integral and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of this integral and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of this integral and we
+did this this first method by first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this this first method by first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this this first method by first
+Computing the anti-derivative and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the anti-derivative and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the anti-derivative and then
+using it with the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it with the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it with the fundamental theorem of
+calculus the second way we can do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the second way we can do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the second way we can do it is
+the one that we just learned more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we just learned more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that we just learned more
+recently in lecture which is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in lecture which is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in lecture which is to use
+substit directly in the definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substit directly in the definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substit directly in the definite
+integral so let me come over here and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let me come over here and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let me come over here and do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so now when we do it this way mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now when we do it this way mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so now when we do it this way mostly
+this looks the same so we start off we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks the same so we start off we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks the same so we start off we
+don't go back to the anti-derivative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go back to the anti-derivative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go back to the anti-derivative we
+start off with the definite integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with the definite integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with the definite integral so
+that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference we can use the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we can use the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we can use the exact same
+substitution so we can use exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so we can use exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution so we can use exactly the
+substitution that we used before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that we used before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that we used before which
+was = X Cub over 8 that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change and we still have the same du is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and we still have the same du is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and we still have the same du is
+equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 over 8 but what does change uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over 8 but what does change uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over 8 but what does change uh sorry
+DX good need a differential always to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX good need a differential always to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX good need a differential always to be
+equal to a differential um so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a differential um so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a differential um so what does
+change is that this uh I need to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is that this uh I need to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is that this uh I need to change
+the bounds right if I'm keeping it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds right if I'm keeping it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds right if I'm keeping it as
+definite integrals all the time so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integrals all the time so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite integrals all the time so I
+changing I'm changing here from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing I'm changing here from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing I'm changing here from an
+integral with respect to X to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to X to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to X to an
+integral with respect to U and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to U and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to U and so that
+means that when I write down the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that when I write down the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that when I write down the second
+integral with respect to U the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to U the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to U the bounds
+that I write down have to be the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I write down have to be the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I write down have to be the bounds
+for U not for X so when X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U not for X so when X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U not for X so when X is equal to
+Min -2 I need to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min -2 I need to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min -2 I need to know what the
+corresponding value of U is so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding value of U is so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding value of U is so in this
+case when X is equal to minus 2 we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when X is equal to minus 2 we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when X is equal to minus 2 we see
+that the lower bound here when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lower bound here when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lower bound here when X is
+equal to min-2 the lower bound on U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to min-2 the lower bound on U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to min-2 the lower bound on U
+becomes U equals well -2 cubed over 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes U equals well -2 cubed over 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes U equals well -2 cubed over 8
+that's minus1 and when X is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus1 and when X is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus1 and when X is equal to 2
+the upper bound U becomes 2 cubed over 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound U becomes 2 cubed over 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper bound U becomes 2 cubed over 8
+so U becomes one so we have this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U becomes one so we have this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U becomes one so we have this extra
+step when we do it this way of changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step when we do it this way of changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step when we do it this way of changing
+the bounds okay so I do that so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds okay so I do that so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds okay so I do that so now I
+get the integral so I'm going to write U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the integral so I'm going to write U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the integral so I'm going to write U
+equals minus1 here just to remind myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus1 here just to remind myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus1 here just to remind myself
+that I made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I made this
+change to one of okay and now the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to one of okay and now the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to one of okay and now the inside
+transforms exactly the same so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+83 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+83 time
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+uu okay and now again this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu okay and now again this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uu okay and now again this is something
+for which I already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which I already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which I already know the
+anti-derivative so I apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative so I apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative so I apply the
+fundamental theorem of calculus here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem of calculus here so
+I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the
+integral is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is equal to
+8/3 sine of U where U goes between minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 sine of U where U goes between minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 sine of U where U goes between minus
+one and one so the other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one so the other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one so the other thing that's
+changed here is that now I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed here is that now I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed here is that now I don't have to
+change this back in terms of x's right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this back in terms of x's right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this back in terms of x's right I
+have the values that I'm going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the values that I'm going to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the values that I'm going to plug
+in here already in terms of U so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here already in terms of U so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here already in terms of U so I don't
+have to switch back in terms of x's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to switch back in terms of x's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to switch back in terms of x's and
+so I just plug these values in and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just plug these values in and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just plug these values in and take
+the difference so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference so this is equal to
+8/3 S of 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 S of 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 S of 1 minus
+8/3 s of minus one which as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 s of minus one which as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8/3 s of minus one which as we said
+before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is
+16/3 Time s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16/3 Time s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16/3 Time s of
+one okay so we have these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we have these two different
+methods they're very very very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they're very very very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods they're very very very similar
+in how you apply them the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how you apply them the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in how you apply them the the key
+differences are that when you do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are that when you do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are that when you do it the
+substitution in terms of definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in terms of definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in terms of definite
+integrals you have have to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you have have to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals you have have to change your
+bounds of integration and the what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of integration and the what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of integration and the what you
+get for changing your bounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for changing your bounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for changing your bounds of
+integration is at the end you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is at the end you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is at the end you don't have
+to switch back from use and ter into X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch back from use and ter into X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch back from use and ter into X's
+whereas if you do it by first Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you do it by first Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you do it by first Computing
+the anti-derivative well you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative well you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative well you don't have
+any bounds of integration when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bounds of integration when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any bounds of integration when you
+compute the anti- derivative so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the anti- derivative so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the anti- derivative so you
+don't have to change them but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to change them but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to change them but once
+you've computed the anti-derivative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've computed the anti-derivative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've computed the anti-derivative then
+you have to go and and make your back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go and and make your back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go and and make your back
+substitution put everything back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution put everything back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution put everything back in
+terms of x's before going on to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x's before going on to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of x's before going on to to
+compute the definite integral that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the definite integral that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the definite integral that you
+started with so th those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with so th those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with so th those are the two
+different ways that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you can do
+substitution in definite integrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in definite integrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in definite integrals and
+I'll end with that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CBi8SyXRn1Q.txt b/CBi8SyXRn1Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d70a3a594a5666ffbcc948b24a23e52c294395c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CBi8SyXRn1Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi there my name is Anna welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi there my name is Anna welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi there my name is Anna welcome to
+recitation in lecture you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in lecture you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in lecture you've been
+learning about how to multiply matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about how to multiply matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about how to multiply matrices
+and how to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to think about that
+multiplication in different ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in different ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in different ways and
+also about when a matrix is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about when a matrix is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about when a matrix is invertible
+not or not and how to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or not and how to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not or not and how to compute the
+inverse when it is invertible and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse when it is invertible and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse when it is invertible and that's
+what today's problem is about we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what today's problem is about we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what today's problem is about we have a
+matrix a that has variables a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a that has variables a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a that has variables a and b
+instead of numbers and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of numbers and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of numbers and the question is
+what are the conditions on A and B that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the conditions on A and B that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the conditions on A and B that
+make that that make that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that that make that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that that make that Matrix
+invertible and when it is invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible and when it is invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible and when it is invertible
+what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a
+inverse uh why don't you hit pause and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh why don't you hit pause and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh why don't you hit pause and
+work on it for a little while and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it for a little while and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on it for a little while and then
+we'll come back and work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together and we're back I hope you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we're back I hope you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we're back I hope you had
+uh success in solving that um let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh success in solving that um let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh success in solving that um let's do
+it ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ourselves
+all right so remember from lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so remember from lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so remember from lecture we
+talked about well Professor strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about well Professor strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about well Professor strength
+talked about how it's easy to spot some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how it's easy to spot some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how it's easy to spot some
+easy tests to spot when a matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy tests to spot when a matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy tests to spot when a matrix is not
+invertible those were if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible those were if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible those were if you have a
+column of zeros or a row of zeros then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of zeros or a row of zeros then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of zeros or a row of zeros then
+the Matrix is not invertible or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is not invertible or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix is not invertible or if you
+have two columns that are the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two columns that are the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two columns that are the same or
+two rows that are the same The Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows that are the same The Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows that are the same The Matrix is
+also not invertible so let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not invertible so let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not invertible so let's see if we
+can uh if this Matrix satisfies any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh if this Matrix satisfies any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh if this Matrix satisfies any of
+those easy conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those easy conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those easy conditions
+well here you have a row of A's if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here you have a row of A's if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here you have a row of A's if a is
+equal to zero you have a row of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero you have a row of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero you have a row of zeros
+The Matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix is not
+invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is um what was the other one two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um what was the other one two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um what was the other one two of the
+same column or of the same row well if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column or of the same row well if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same column or of the same row well if a
+is equal to B then all the entries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to B then all the entries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to B then all the entries in
+The Matrix are the same so all the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix are the same so all the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix are the same so all the rows
+are the same all the columns are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same all the columns are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same all the columns are the
+same The Matrix is not invertible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same The Matrix is not invertible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same The Matrix is not invertible so
+that's the other easy condition a is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other easy condition a is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other easy condition a is not
+invertible if a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if a is equal to
+Z or a equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z or a equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z or a equals to
+B there's not any other easy condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B there's not any other easy condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B there's not any other easy condition
+that I can spot so we have to do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can spot so we have to do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can spot so we have to do it in a
+more systematic way so to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic way so to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic way so to do that
+actually what we do is we start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we do is we start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we do is we start with a
+we try to find its in its inverse and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to find its in its inverse and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to find its in its inverse and if
+in the process we run into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process we run into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process we run into something
+fishy those are our conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishy those are our conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishy those are our conditions so
+remember how to find the inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to find the inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how to find the inverse of a
+matrix you start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+writing a giant Matrix that has a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a giant Matrix that has a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a giant Matrix that has a and
+the identity next to it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity next to it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity next to it and then you
+perform elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform elimination
+steps until let's put Dots here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps until let's put Dots here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps until let's put Dots here because
+there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps and you stop once you've reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and you stop once you've reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and you stop once you've reached
+the identity Matrix on the left side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix on the left side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity Matrix on the left side and
+when you do that what you have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that what you have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do that what you have on the
+right side will be your a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side will be your a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side will be your a inverse
+easy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy enough
+so let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computations a b b a a b a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and my identity Matrix next to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and my identity Matrix next to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and my identity Matrix next to it and
+now I know you learned about elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know you learned about elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I know you learned about elimination
+in the past recitation so I'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past recitation so I'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past recitation so I'll do the
+first few steps slowly and then uh I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few steps slowly and then uh I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few steps slowly and then uh I'll
+just write the solution for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the solution for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the solution for the last
+steps all right so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps all right so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps all right so we want to
+eliminate this a we want to turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this a we want to turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this a we want to turn it into
+a zero so let's subtract the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero so let's subtract the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero so let's subtract the first row
+from the second let's do row two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second let's do row two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second let's do row two minus
+Row one and write it instead of row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one and write it instead of row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one and write it instead of row two
+so a b b 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a b b 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a b b 1 0
+0 z a minus a a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 z a minus a a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 z a minus a a minus
+b b - B is 0 0 - 1 1 - 0 0 - 0 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b - B is 0 0 - 1 1 - 0 0 - 0 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b - B is 0 0 - 1 1 - 0 0 - 0 and then
+we want to do the same with the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do the same with the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do the same with the third
+row so let's do Row 3 minus Row 1 0 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so let's do Row 3 minus Row 1 0 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so let's do Row 3 minus Row 1 0 a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+B it doesn't fit a minus B can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it doesn't fit a minus B can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B it doesn't fit a minus B can you
+understand that and then 0 - 1 0 - 0 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that and then 0 - 1 0 - 0 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that and then 0 - 1 0 - 0 1 -
+0 all right let's continue up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 all right let's continue up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 all right let's continue up
+here um right now I want to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um right now I want to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um right now I want to eliminate
+this a minus B I want to turn it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a minus B I want to turn it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a minus B I want to turn it into a
+zero so the first row stays the same a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the first row stays the same a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the first row stays the same a b
+b 1 0 0 0 a minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 1 0 0 0 a minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b 1 0 0 0 a minus B
+0 - 1 1 0 and now 0 - 0 a - b - a - b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 - 1 1 0 and now 0 - 0 a - b - a - b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 - 1 1 0 and now 0 - 0 a - b - a - b is
+0 a - b - 0 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a - b - 0 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 a - b - 0 that's
+easy -1 - -1 zero again -1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy -1 - -1 zero again -1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy -1 - -1 zero again -1 and 1
+right almost there we already have zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right almost there we already have zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right almost there we already have zeros
+down here it's looking more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here it's looking more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here it's looking more and more
+like the identity Matrix so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the identity Matrix so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the identity Matrix so we have to
+turn all these diagonal entries into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn all these diagonal entries into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn all these diagonal entries into
+ones so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one B over a b oh I'm dividing by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one B over a b oh I'm dividing by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one B over a b oh I'm dividing by a
+a better not be zero so let me signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better not be zero so let me signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better not be zero so let me signal
+that here a different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here a different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here a different from
+zero uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh
+one over a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a z
+z zero I want to make that into a one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z zero I want to make that into a one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z zero I want to make that into a one so
+one over a minus B and you guessed it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a minus B and you guessed it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a minus B and you guessed it a
+minus B has to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 0
+minus -1 over a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus -1 over a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus -1 over a minus
+B 1/ A minus b z 0 0 1 Z - one over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1/ A minus b z 0 0 1 Z - one over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1/ A minus b z 0 0 1 Z - one over a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+B one over a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B someone's pointing a mistake in the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B someone's pointing a mistake in the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B someone's pointing a mistake in the 2
+two entry you should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entry you should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entry you should have a
+one oh you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um all right so not much left to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so not much left to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so not much left to do when
+only have to eliminate B A and B A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to eliminate B A and B A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have to eliminate B A and B A
+that's a little bit um computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit um computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit um computationally
+heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+so what do you have to do you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you have to do you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you have to do you just have
+to basically subtract replace Row one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically subtract replace Row one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to basically subtract replace Row one by
+Row one minus B over a * row 2+ Row 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one minus B over a * row 2+ Row 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Row one minus B over a * row 2+ Row 3
+let me write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write that
+down Row 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Row 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Row 1
+minus B over a * Row 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over a * Row 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B over a * Row 2
++ Row 3 you want to go into your Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ Row 3 you want to go into your Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ Row 3 you want to go into your Row
+one these stay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same - 1/ Aus b 1/ a -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same - 1/ Aus b 1/ a -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same - 1/ Aus b 1/ a -
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b all right this is where I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b all right this is where I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b all right this is where I'm going to
+go to my notes and tell you that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to my notes and tell you that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to my notes and tell you that these
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+are one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one over
+a minus B 0 minus B over a a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus B 0 minus B over a a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus B 0 minus B over a a minus
+B that looks pretty awful uh but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that looks pretty awful uh but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that looks pretty awful uh but that is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+inverse and we're done except it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and we're done except it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and we're done except it looks
+terrible so let me just write it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible so let me just write it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible so let me just write it in a
+nicer way a inverse equals see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer way a inverse equals see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer way a inverse equals see you're
+dividing everything by a minus B so pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing everything by a minus B so pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing everything by a minus B so pull
+out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor 1 zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 zer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 1 zer
+Min - b/ a - 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 looks much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - b/ a - 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 looks much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Min - b/ a - 1 1 0 0 - 1 1 looks much
+better now so here's your a inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better now so here's your a inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better now so here's your a inverse and
+the other question was what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other question was what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other question was what are the
+conditions on a and b for the Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on a and b for the Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions on a and b for the Matrix a
+to be invertible well a has to be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invertible well a has to be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invertible well a has to be non
+zero and a has to be different from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a has to be different from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and a has to be different from B
+and we're done that's it for today see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done that's it for today see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done that's it for today see
+you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CvT9dMwuHhQ.txt b/CvT9dMwuHhQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c015e366ff416710ea103dafbf7a31e0773aa2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CvT9dMwuHhQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've been of the course but I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been of the course but I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've been of the course but I've been
+wanting and I think that it was achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting and I think that it was achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting and I think that it was achieved
+for the greater part is to have students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the greater part is to have students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the greater part is to have students
+become very analytical when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very analytical when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very analytical when it comes to
+the use of language race religion gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of language race religion gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of language race religion gender
+as technologies technologies to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as technologies technologies to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as technologies technologies to create
+hierarchies of of power and and but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies of of power and and but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies of of power and and but if
+you think of something that 7 Biko once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of something that 7 Biko once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of something that 7 Biko once
+said because one said that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because one said that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because one said that the most
+efficient tool of the oppressor is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient tool of the oppressor is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient tool of the oppressor is the
+mind of the of the oppressed so Altidore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of the of the oppressed so Altidore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of the of the oppressed so Altidore
+is to understand how when you grow up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand how when you grow up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to understand how when you grow up in
+a society where there are various Iraqis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a society where there are various Iraqis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a society where there are various Iraqis
+that are imposed on that society based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are imposed on that society based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are imposed on that society based
+on tools like how we perceive race how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tools like how we perceive race how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tools like how we perceive race how
+we perceive language varieties that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we perceive language varieties that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we perceive language varieties that we
+perceive gender how we perceive religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive gender how we perceive religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive gender how we perceive religion
+and we ourselves both myself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ourselves both myself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ourselves both myself as a
+faculty at MIT but also the students us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at MIT but also the students us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at MIT but also the students us
+as students coming from different social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as students coming from different social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as students coming from different social
+groupings we bring those those Iraqis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings we bring those those Iraqis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings we bring those those Iraqis
+with us and often it's implicit not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us and often it's implicit not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us and often it's implicit not
+aware of that so I didn't of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that so I didn't of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that so I didn't of the course
+one thing which became clear to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing which became clear to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing which became clear to me that
+the students became more aware of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students became more aware of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students became more aware of how
+these cultural phenomena and in the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cultural phenomena and in the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cultural phenomena and in the use
+of them in the position of them are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the position of them are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the position of them are used
+as tools to maintain those Iraqis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tools to maintain those Iraqis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as tools to maintain those Iraqis so
+what became clear to me that towards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became clear to me that towards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became clear to me that towards in
+of the course the students were indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course the students were indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course the students were indeed
+very self-conscious of those of the uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very self-conscious of those of the uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very self-conscious of those of the uses
+of of culture of race of religion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of culture of race of religion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of culture of race of religion of
+issues about migration in creating those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about migration in creating those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues about migration in creating those
+those walls and and I think now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those walls and and I think now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those walls and and I think now they
+have tools that we can use to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tools that we can use to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tools that we can use to bring
+those walls within themselves but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those walls within themselves but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those walls within themselves but also
+within the social groups
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DQg2qBch7Ck.txt b/DQg2qBch7Ck.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0fb52fe0c8a231b5661cb4d5ce711cf3503d7c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DQg2qBch7Ck.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18648 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of fortuitous given uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fortuitous given uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fortuitous given uh again
+the all the sources of let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the sources of let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the sources of let's just say
+swirling uncertainty uh in The Wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling uncertainty uh in The Wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirling uncertainty uh in The Wider
+World maybe it's a uh lucky timing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World maybe it's a uh lucky timing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World maybe it's a uh lucky timing that
+the lecture for today is on maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture for today is on maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture for today is on maybe a
+little bit lighter uh material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit lighter uh material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit lighter uh material so
+um we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can
+um kind of wrap up our unit on physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of wrap up our unit on physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of wrap up our unit on physics
+and the state and the bomb but ending in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the state and the bomb but ending in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the state and the bomb but ending in
+a very different place than some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different place than some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different place than some of the
+pretty heavy material we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy material we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy material we were looking at
+only a few class sessions ago with Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few class sessions ago with Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few class sessions ago with Nazis
+and nuclear weapons and wartime and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nuclear weapons and wartime and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nuclear weapons and wartime and and
+huge Cold War drama after the war So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Cold War drama after the war So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge Cold War drama after the war So
+today we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to be talking about
+a kind of longer tail some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of longer tail some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of longer tail some of the
+unanticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanticipated
+um sort of shifts in the field uh coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of shifts in the field uh coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of shifts in the field uh coming
+uh about a quarter Century after the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about a quarter Century after the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about a quarter Century after the end
+of the second world war when this cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second world war when this cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second world war when this cold
+war system that we looked at now for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war system that we looked at now for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war system that we looked at now for a
+few classes in a row was really uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classes in a row was really uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few classes in a row was really uh going
+through some pretty significant changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some pretty significant changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some pretty significant changes
+uh and that'll set us up then to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that'll set us up then to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that'll set us up then to launch
+in an Earnest on uh next week for a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an Earnest on uh next week for a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an Earnest on uh next week for a week
+from today the last main section for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today the last main section for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from today the last main section for the
+course we start looking at post-war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we start looking at post-war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we start looking at post-war
+developments in high energy physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in high energy physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments in high energy physics
+astrophysics and cosmology so for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics and cosmology so for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astrophysics and cosmology so for today
+we're going to kind of wrap up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of wrap up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of wrap up this
+middle unit for the class uh on as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle unit for the class uh on as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle unit for the class uh on as I say
+a bit of a uh I think more fun or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a uh I think more fun or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a uh I think more fun or more
+lighthearted kind of uh set of themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighthearted kind of uh set of themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighthearted kind of uh set of themes
+perfect for the timing so uh what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for the timing so uh what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect for the timing so uh what I'm
+going to be talking about is under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about is under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about is under the
+general topic of counterculture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general topic of counterculture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general topic of counterculture and
+physics uh and for this uh talk for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh and for this uh talk for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh and for this uh talk for this
+lecture I have some uh more colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I have some uh more colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I have some uh more colorful
+than average sets of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average sets of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average sets of slides
+um the materials drawn mostly from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the materials drawn mostly from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the materials drawn mostly from a
+book I wrote a few years ago called how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I wrote a few years ago called how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I wrote a few years ago called how
+the hippies say physics uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippies say physics uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hippies say physics uh and then
+um uh worked on with some some friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh worked on with some some friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh worked on with some some friends
+and colleagues kind of expanding upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues kind of expanding upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and colleagues kind of expanding upon
+that in this book called groovy science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this book called groovy science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this book called groovy science
+and one of the readings for today was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the readings for today was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the readings for today was by
+a different colleague of mine Cyrus Modi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different colleague of mine Cyrus Modi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different colleague of mine Cyrus Modi
+um from this more recent collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from this more recent collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from this more recent collection
+and so today as usual we have three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today as usual we have three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today as usual we have three main
+topics three main sections for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics three main sections for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics three main sections for the for
+the discussion we're gonna look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion we're gonna look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion we're gonna look at some
+of the shifting topics what counted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shifting topics what counted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shifting topics what counted as
+relevant topics to study uh by whom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant topics to study uh by whom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant topics to study uh by whom and
+where and to what ends uh in physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and to what ends uh in physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and to what ends uh in physics and
+then how is this newer work being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how is this newer work being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how is this newer work being
+supported so we've seen a lot especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported so we've seen a lot especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported so we've seen a lot especially
+in the previous class session on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous class session on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous class session on some of
+these kind of quintessential Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of quintessential Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of quintessential Cold War
+formats for supporting research in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats for supporting research in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats for supporting research in the
+physical sciences huge emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences huge emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sciences huge emphasis on
+Military funding on a huge expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military funding on a huge expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Military funding on a huge expansion of
+the University system for training young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University system for training young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University system for training young
+physicists today we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists today we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists today we're going to look at
+some of the ways that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the ways that system
+um came in for a kind of Readjustment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um came in for a kind of Readjustment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um came in for a kind of Readjustment uh
+during the uh 1970s late 60s early 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the uh 1970s late 60s early 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the uh 1970s late 60s early 70s
+and then lastly but the third part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly but the third part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly but the third part for
+the third part we'll be looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part we'll be looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third part we'll be looking at what
+were some of the kind of idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the kind of idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the kind of idea is that
+wound up having a longer than expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up having a longer than expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound up having a longer than expected
+kind of Legacy some of them reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Legacy some of them reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Legacy some of them reaching
+really literally right up to today they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really literally right up to today they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really literally right up to today they
+came from this moment of real kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from this moment of real kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from this moment of real kind of uh
+uncertainty in the way that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the way that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the way that some people
+were approaching the study of physics uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approaching the study of physics uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were approaching the study of physics uh
+and and particular questions with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and particular questions with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and particular questions with it so
+that's our path for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our path for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our path for today
+so I began working on this project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I began working on this project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I began working on this project that
+became that that um that book that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became that that um that book that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became that that um that book that I
+mentioned by trying to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned by trying to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned by trying to understand how
+we've we've all come to live in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've all come to live in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've all come to live in a world
+in which really exciting very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which really exciting very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which really exciting very uh
+significant new um new topics we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant new um new topics we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant new um new topics we're kind
+of bubbling up all over the place in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bubbling up all over the place in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bubbling up all over the place in a
+field that's now often called Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's now often called Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's now often called Quantum
+information science or qis and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information science or qis and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information science or qis and that
+includes topics you probably have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes topics you probably have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes topics you probably have heard
+about maybe even taking courses in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe even taking courses in by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about maybe even taking courses in by
+now topics like Quantum encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now topics like Quantum encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now topics like Quantum encryption
+Quantum Computing and then related areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Computing and then related areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Computing and then related areas
+and basically putting some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically putting some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically putting some of the
+strange features of quantum theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange features of quantum theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange features of quantum theory that
+we that we have looked at together even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that we have looked at together even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that we have looked at together even
+if briefly over this semester putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if briefly over this semester putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if briefly over this semester putting
+those to work in kind of real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to work in kind of real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those to work in kind of real world
+engineering scenarios and not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering scenarios and not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering scenarios and not only
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+strange features of quantum theory kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange features of quantum theory kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange features of quantum theory kind
+of in the abstract now some some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the abstract now some some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the abstract now some some of the
+most dramatic examples that are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most dramatic examples that are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most dramatic examples that are already
+being rolled out in real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rolled out in real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rolled out in real world
+implementations not only on kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations not only on kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations not only on kind of
+chalkboards uh or or planning and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalkboards uh or or planning and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalkboards uh or or planning and uh
+among the first I think the furthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first I think the furthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first I think the furthest
+ahead among this collection of topics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead among this collection of topics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead among this collection of topics is
+quantum encryption or Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum encryption or Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum encryption or Quantum
+cryptography already now 16 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography already now 16 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography already now 16 years ago
+it's quite a long way there was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a long way there was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite a long way there was there
+were already these kind of real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already these kind of real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already these kind of real world
+beta tests being conducted in many parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta tests being conducted in many parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta tests being conducted in many parts
+of the world so I have these headlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world so I have these headlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world so I have these headlines
+here uh press releases one of them in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh press releases one of them in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh press releases one of them in uh
+from Vienna in April 2004 was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Vienna in April 2004 was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Vienna in April 2004 was the first
+successful use of quantum encryption to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful use of quantum encryption to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful use of quantum encryption to
+conduct basically a wire transfer money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct basically a wire transfer money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct basically a wire transfer money
+transfer in the city of Vienna and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer in the city of Vienna and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer in the city of Vienna and what
+they did is both the the mayor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is both the the mayor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is both the the mayor of the
+city and the one of the leading banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and the one of the leading banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and the one of the leading banks
+collaborated with local physicists led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with local physicists led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with local physicists led
+by Anton zeiliger and his group to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Anton zeiliger and his group to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Anton zeiliger and his group to use
+this new form of encryption to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new form of encryption to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new form of encryption to protect
+the electronic message going between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic message going between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic message going between
+City Hall and the bank to wire uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Hall and the bank to wire uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Hall and the bank to wire uh some
+money from one to the other the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from one to the other the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money from one to the other the the
+signal was encrypted not in the way most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal was encrypted not in the way most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal was encrypted not in the way most
+of our uh signals even to this day are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our uh signals even to this day are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our uh signals even to this day are
+encrypted by using uh kind of fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted by using uh kind of fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted by using uh kind of fancy
+algorithms to to manipulate very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to to manipulate very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to to manipulate very large
+numbers that are much easier to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are much easier to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are much easier to multiply
+than to factorize so our ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to factorize so our ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to factorize so our ordinary
+computers take a long time to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers take a long time to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers take a long time to break
+these secret codes Instead This the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these secret codes Instead This the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these secret codes Instead This the
+quantum encryption or Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum encryption or Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum encryption or Quantum
+cryptography exploits features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography exploits features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography exploits features of
+quantum theory uh of quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory uh of quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory uh of quantum theory
+itself including most principally things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself including most principally things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself including most principally things
+like quantum entanglement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum entanglement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quantum entanglement
+to create signals that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create signals that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create signals that should be
+protected by the very laws of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by the very laws of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by the very laws of physics
+these are signals that are protected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are signals that are protected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are signals that are protected by
+the practicalities of current day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practicalities of current day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practicalities of current day
+Computing algorithms but actually by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing algorithms but actually by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing algorithms but actually by
+very fundamental laws like quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental laws like quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamental laws like quantum
+entanglement like the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement like the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement like the uncertainty
+principle and so on and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and so on and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and so on and this was
+um uh demonstrated in a real world test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh demonstrated in a real world test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh demonstrated in a real world test
+with fiber optic cables strung through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fiber optic cables strung through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fiber optic cables strung through
+the sewers in the underground sewers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sewers in the underground sewers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sewers in the underground sewers of
+Vienna I always joke that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna I always joke that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna I always joke that's why you
+actually need graduate students to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need graduate students to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need graduate students to get
+under the ground and sling this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ground and sling this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the ground and sling this stuff
+through the muck and it was a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the muck and it was a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the muck and it was a highly
+successful test right around the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful test right around the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful test right around the same
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+a few months later there's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months later there's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few months later there's a similar
+demonstration of the same basic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the same basic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of the same basic kind of
+technology in Geneva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in Geneva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology in Geneva
+in Switzerland in this case to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Switzerland in this case to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Switzerland in this case to protect
+electronic voting so there were Regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic voting so there were Regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic voting so there were Regional
+or cantonl elections throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cantonl elections throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cantonl elections throughout
+Switzerland and to transmit the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and to transmit the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland and to transmit the results
+of those local elections uh again sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those local elections uh again sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those local elections uh again sort
+of um uh government officials work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um uh government officials work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um uh government officials work
+closely with a different team of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with a different team of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with a different team of quantum
+physicists nikolaj zizad and his group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists nikolaj zizad and his group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists nikolaj zizad and his group
+to demonstrate that um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate that um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate that um that the
+electronic signal could be transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic signal could be transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic signal could be transmitted
+successfully and encrypted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and encrypted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully and encrypted with
+encryption protected by the very laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption protected by the very laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption protected by the very laws of
+so very exciting these are already now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very exciting these are already now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very exciting these are already now
+quite old examples what I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite old examples what I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite old examples what I wanted to
+figure out for this when I was launching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for this when I was launching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out for this when I was launching
+in this project is how do we get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project is how do we get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project is how do we get into a
+world like that where bankers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world like that where bankers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world like that where bankers and
+politicians and trust their most sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians and trust their most sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politicians and trust their most sort of
+uh most sensitive information to Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most sensitive information to Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most sensitive information to Quantum
+physicists where Quantum physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists where Quantum physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists where Quantum physicists
+could be harnessing some what appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be harnessing some what appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be harnessing some what appear to
+be basic laws of nature in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basic laws of nature in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basic laws of nature in these
+increasingly practical kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly practical kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly practical kind of
+engineering contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering contexts
+and so as I dug in a bit more it took me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as I dug in a bit more it took me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as I dug in a bit more it took me
+back to this plot that we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this plot that we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this plot that we looked at
+together in the previous class session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the previous class session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the previous class session
+how that new field is now flourishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that new field is now flourishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that new field is now flourishing
+multi-billion dollar field which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-billion dollar field which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-billion dollar field which is uh
+being pursued in Earnest by physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pursued in Earnest by physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pursued in Earnest by physicists
+and Engineers uh in in many many parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers uh in in many many parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineers uh in in many many parts
+of the world both in universities and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world both in universities and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world both in universities and in
+private sectors and in government labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sectors and in government labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sectors and in government labs
+to understand how we got there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how we got there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how we got there we
+collectively got there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively got there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively got there
+we come back to this plot with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to this plot with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to this plot with this
+really dramatic series of changes coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dramatic series of changes coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dramatic series of changes coming
+out of the second World War uh a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the second World War uh a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the second World War uh a second
+kind of immediate code will responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediate code will responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediate code will responds
+around the time of the launch of Sputnik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of the launch of Sputnik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the time of the launch of Sputnik
+by the Soviet Union and then this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Soviet Union and then this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Soviet Union and then this this
+really precipitous collapse and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really precipitous collapse and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really precipitous collapse and we
+looked a little bit at this collapse um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a little bit at this collapse um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked a little bit at this collapse um
+the downward turn in the previous class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downward turn in the previous class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downward turn in the previous class
+as well this kind of a constellation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this kind of a constellation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well this kind of a constellation of
+forces that really shook what had come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that really shook what had come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that really shook what had come
+to scene seem like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scene seem like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scene seem like a very
+straightforward Cold War response in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward Cold War response in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward Cold War response in the
+years after the second World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the second World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the second World War
+we capture that in these in these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we capture that in these in these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we capture that in these in these really
+extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+um job placement statistics so that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um job placement statistics so that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um job placement statistics so that by
+the early 1970s probably early 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1970s probably early 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1970s probably early 1970s
+there were 20 times more young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 20 times more young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 20 times more young
+physicists applying for jobs than jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists applying for jobs than jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists applying for jobs than jobs
+available if you look at this entry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you look at this entry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available if you look at this entry for
+1971 the Gap had widened to just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 the Gap had widened to just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 the Gap had widened to just an
+extraordinary degree and that counts not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary degree and that counts not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary degree and that counts not
+just academic positions but positions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just academic positions but positions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just academic positions but positions uh
+advertised for PhD physicists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised for PhD physicists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertised for PhD physicists in
+industrial labs and in government Labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial labs and in government Labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial labs and in government Labs
+as well just a complete collapse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just a complete collapse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well just a complete collapse of the
+kind of job job market or employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of job job market or employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of job job market or employment
+path for young physicists in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for young physicists in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path for young physicists in this
+country very similar Trends in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country very similar Trends in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country very similar Trends in many
+other parts of the world and so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the world and so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the world and so last
+time we saw this is like a speculative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we saw this is like a speculative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we saw this is like a speculative
+bubble it's like a stock market crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble it's like a stock market crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble it's like a stock market crash
+you have this remarkably rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this remarkably rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this remarkably rapid
+exponential rise that is self-evidently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential rise that is self-evidently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential rise that is self-evidently
+not sustainable that can't keep Rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sustainable that can't keep Rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sustainable that can't keep Rising
+forever and there's an equally sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and there's an equally sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and there's an equally sudden
+equally dramatic kind of adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally dramatic kind of adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally dramatic kind of adjustment
+rather than kind of uh noodling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than kind of uh noodling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than kind of uh noodling around
+some equilibrium you have these unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium you have these unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium you have these unstable
+rise and fall and it turns out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise and fall and it turns out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise and fall and it turns out that that
+transitioned in the field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioned in the field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitioned in the field in the
+realities of trying to become a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities of trying to become a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities of trying to become a young
+physicist uh in the United States and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist uh in the United States and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist uh in the United States and in
+many other parts of the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other parts of the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other parts of the world that
+really is critical to help us understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is critical to help us understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is critical to help us understand
+what would become this now flourishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would become this now flourishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would become this now flourishing
+field of quantum information science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of quantum information science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of quantum information science
+and so to dig in to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to dig in to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to dig in to try to understand
+what was it like to try to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it like to try to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was it like to try to become a
+young physicist during that moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young physicist during that moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young physicist during that moment of
+pretty dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dramatic
+um uh shifts in the kind of expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh shifts in the kind of expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh shifts in the kind of expectations
+for career paths or job opportunities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for career paths or job opportunities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for career paths or job opportunities in
+the field to make sense of those shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field to make sense of those shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field to make sense of those shifts
+I wound up looking at this group they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wound up looking at this group they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wound up looking at this group they
+call themselves the fundamental physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call themselves the fundamental physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call themselves the fundamental physics
+group I always joke that then as now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I always joke that then as now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I always joke that then as now
+physicists don't know how to spell they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists don't know how to spell they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists don't know how to spell they
+spell physics with an F they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell physics with an F they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell physics with an F they're actually
+just being very playful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being very playful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being very playful
+it was a group founded in Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a group founded in Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a group founded in Berkeley
+California in 1975. it had roughly 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California in 1975. it had roughly 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California in 1975. it had roughly 10
+kind of core members and then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of core members and then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of core members and then they would
+hold weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold weekly
+um kind of informal discussion sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of informal discussion sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um kind of informal discussion sessions
+some of which would swell to have 40 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which would swell to have 40 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which would swell to have 40 or
+50 members for a given session other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 members for a given session other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 members for a given session other
+other times it would be more of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times it would be more of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times it would be more of the kind
+of 10 to 12 or 15 kind of core members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 to 12 or 15 kind of core members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 to 12 or 15 kind of core members
+the people who founded the group who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who founded the group who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who founded the group who
+really kept it going for for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kept it going for for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kept it going for for several
+years throughout the 70s had almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years throughout the 70s had almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years throughout the 70s had almost all
+of them had earned their phds in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had earned their phds in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had earned their phds in physics
+already some were still grad students at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some were still grad students at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already some were still grad students at
+the time but they were being trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but they were being trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time but they were being trained in
+some of the most elite physics programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most elite physics programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most elite physics programs
+in the country they had earned phds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country they had earned phds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the country they had earned phds from
+places like Columbia and Stanford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like Columbia and Stanford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places like Columbia and Stanford and
+UCLA and University of Illinois
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UCLA and University of Illinois
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UCLA and University of Illinois
+Urbana-Champaign and so on they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urbana-Champaign and so on they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urbana-Champaign and so on they were
+exceptionally well trained they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally well trained they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionally well trained they had
+entered the field during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the field during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the field during that
+post-spotnik boom when fellowships were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-spotnik boom when fellowships were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-spotnik boom when fellowships were
+plentiful when it looked like the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful when it looked like the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful when it looked like the sky
+was the limit during that extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the limit during that extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the limit during that extraordinary
+ramp up in the field that we did look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up in the field that we did look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up in the field that we did look at
+it again a bit more uh directly at last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again a bit more uh directly at last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again a bit more uh directly at last
+time when the enrollments were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the enrollments were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the enrollments were really
+booming so they entered the field they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booming so they entered the field they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booming so they entered the field they
+entered their graduate study uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered their graduate study uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered their graduate study uh in the
+years after Sputnik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after Sputnik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after Sputnik
+um and then their main miscalculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then their main miscalculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then their main miscalculation
+was completing their phds just when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completing their phds just when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was completing their phds just when the
+bottom fell out which of course no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom fell out which of course no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom fell out which of course no one
+really saw coming so they were entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really saw coming so they were entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really saw coming so they were entering
+very elite programs doing very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elite programs doing very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very elite programs doing very well
+publishing articles in mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing articles in mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing articles in mainstream
+journals uh and then uh unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals uh and then uh unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals uh and then uh unfortunately
+for them by the time they were going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them by the time they were going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them by the time they were going on
+the job market there were hardly any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job market there were hardly any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job market there were hardly any
+jobs available so it was as they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs available so it was as they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs available so it was as they were
+caught right up in that in that boom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught right up in that in that boom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught right up in that in that boom and
+bust cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bust cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bust cycle
+one of the founders is this person here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the founders is this person here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the founders is this person here
+Elizabeth rousher she was at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth rousher she was at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elizabeth rousher she was at the time
+still pursuing her PhD at uh Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pursuing her PhD at uh Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still pursuing her PhD at uh Berkeley
+there's a photograph of her in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a photograph of her in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a photograph of her in the
+control room for one of those huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control room for one of those huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control room for one of those huge
+particle accelerators I think it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle accelerators I think it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle accelerators I think it was the
+babatron anyway one of the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babatron anyway one of the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babatron anyway one of the huge
+accelerators uh at the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators uh at the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerators uh at the laboratory
+so folks like Elizabeth and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folks like Elizabeth and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folks like Elizabeth and like the
+others who joined her informing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who joined her informing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others who joined her informing this
+group they were trained in that era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group they were trained in that era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group they were trained in that era of
+what we looked at last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we looked at last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we looked at last time the
+so-called shut up and calculate where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called shut up and calculate where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called shut up and calculate where
+the emphasis had fallen away very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emphasis had fallen away very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emphasis had fallen away very
+abruptly from the kind of philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly from the kind of philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abruptly from the kind of philosophical
+or interpretive or open-ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or interpretive or open-ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or interpretive or open-ended
+investigation of say the mysteries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of say the mysteries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation of say the mysteries of
+quantum theory the meaning of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory the meaning of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory the meaning of quantum
+theory and instead they were they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and instead they were they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and instead they were they were
+taught during this period of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught during this period of exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught during this period of exponential
+growth in the enrollments and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the enrollments and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in the enrollments and kind of
+narrowing of what counted as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowing of what counted as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowing of what counted as uh
+pedagogically of ways to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically of ways to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogically of ways to deal with
+quantum theory they were taught how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory they were taught how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory they were taught how to
+calculate but not really uh to to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate but not really uh to to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate but not really uh to to kind
+of entertain these bigger questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertain these bigger questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertain these bigger questions of
+the sort that had kept people up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort that had kept people up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort that had kept people up
+um you know the generation or two before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the generation or two before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the generation or two before
+the kinds of debates about Schrodinger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of debates about Schrodinger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of debates about Schrodinger's
+cat about superposition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat about superposition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat about superposition about
+entanglement or epr those things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement or epr those things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement or epr those things that
+had really bothered people like Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really bothered people like Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really bothered people like Albert
+Einstein and Niels Bohr and young Vernon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Niels Bohr and young Vernon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Niels Bohr and young Vernon
+Heisenberg for this generation trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg for this generation trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg for this generation trained
+after the war those questions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war those questions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the war those questions were
+deemed really just kind of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deemed really just kind of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deemed really just kind of on the
+sideline and really not relevant we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideline and really not relevant we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideline and really not relevant we saw
+that shift in the materials we talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift in the materials we talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift in the materials we talked a
+bit about that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about that last
+time so this group that wound up forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this group that wound up forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this group that wound up forming
+the fundamental physics group they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental physics group they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental physics group they had
+entered the field because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the field because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered the field because they were
+really Enchanted by these big what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Enchanted by these big what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Enchanted by these big what does
+it all mean questions and yet in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all mean questions and yet in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all mean questions and yet in their
+formal training during that period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal training during that period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal training during that period of
+the exponential growth of enrollments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential growth of enrollments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential growth of enrollments
+that was really not what their what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really not what their what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really not what their what
+their training was was focusing them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their training was was focusing them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their training was was focusing them on
+and so Elizabeth said many years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Elizabeth said many years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Elizabeth said many years later
+when I wound up talking with her about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I wound up talking with her about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I wound up talking with her about
+it what was her motivation for joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what was her motivation for joining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what was her motivation for joining
+this for for founding this informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for for founding this informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for for founding this informal
+Discussion Group uh she said it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discussion Group uh she said it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discussion Group uh she said it would be
+easy to learn about all this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn about all this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn about all this material
+which was not being covered in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not being covered in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not being covered in in the
+textbooks or problem sets by that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks or problem sets by that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks or problem sets by that time
+if we got together for informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got together for informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we got together for informal
+discussions and lectures and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and lectures and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and lectures and that's what
+they set out to do so Elizabeth was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set out to do so Elizabeth was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set out to do so Elizabeth was
+still a full-time grad student she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a full-time grad student she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a full-time grad student she was
+sort of entitled to reserve space uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of entitled to reserve space uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of entitled to reserve space uh to
+just reserve a room on Friday afternoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reserve a room on Friday afternoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reserve a room on Friday afternoons
+at the Lawrence Berkeley laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Lawrence Berkeley laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Lawrence Berkeley laboratory
+where she was doing a bunch of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she was doing a bunch of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where she was doing a bunch of her
+research and so she basically signed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and so she basically signed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and so she basically signed up
+a room that was available and she and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room that was available and she and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room that was available and she and
+her and her friends began putting out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and her friends began putting out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her and her friends began putting out
+flyers and saying you know open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyers and saying you know open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flyers and saying you know open to
+anyone come let's discuss the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone come let's discuss the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone come let's discuss the big
+questions in quantum theory and modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in quantum theory and modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in quantum theory and modern
+physics more generally Friday afternoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics more generally Friday afternoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics more generally Friday afternoons
+and they began that in 1975 and it ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they began that in 1975 and it ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they began that in 1975 and it ran
+uh virtually every week for about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh virtually every week for about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh virtually every week for about four
+years a long stretch of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a long stretch of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a long stretch of that
+we have records of the topics that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have records of the topics that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have records of the topics that they
+talked about informally each virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about informally each virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about informally each virtually
+every week we have pretty good paperwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week we have pretty good paperwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week we have pretty good paperwork
+from that time and we see we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that time and we see we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that time and we see we can see
+then that the one topic that totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that the one topic that totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that the one topic that totally
+dominated their discussions was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated their discussions was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated their discussions was
+something we looked together we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we looked together we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we looked together we looked
+at together in this class A few sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at together in this class A few sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at together in this class A few sessions
+ago uh quantum entanglement as as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh quantum entanglement as as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago uh quantum entanglement as as as
+kind of crystallized by that work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crystallized by that work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crystallized by that work by
+John Bell so you may remember Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Bell so you may remember Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Bell so you may remember Bell
+published this this work that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this this work that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this this work that we now
+call Bell's theorem or related to Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Bell's theorem or related to Bell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Bell's theorem or related to Bell's
+inequality we had his optional lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality we had his optional lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality we had his optional lecture
+notes on this we had we looked a bit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on this we had we looked a bit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on this we had we looked a bit at
+this sometime some class sessions ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometime some class sessions ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sometime some class sessions ago
+Belle's really famous paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belle's really famous paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belle's really famous paper was
+published in 1964.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1964.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 1964.
+this group was getting together just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group was getting together just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group was getting together just a
+little over a decade after that so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a decade after that so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over a decade after that so they
+were really really just kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really really just kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really really just kind of uh
+mesmerized by Belle's inequality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerized by Belle's inequality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerized by Belle's inequality and
+what Einstein had called as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein had called as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein had called as we saw
+spooky action at a distance as a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spooky action at a distance as a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spooky action at a distance as a cartoon
+reminder entanglement concerned systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder entanglement concerned systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder entanglement concerned systems
+where there's some source that emits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's some source that emits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's some source that emits
+pairs of particles their properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of particles their properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of particles their properties are
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+um correlated by the because the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um correlated by the because the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um correlated by the because the nature
+of how the the pair of particles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the the pair of particles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the the pair of particles were
+produced uh and then we can subject each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced uh and then we can subject each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced uh and then we can subject each
+particle separately to measurement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle separately to measurement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle separately to measurement we
+can choose to measure various properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose to measure various properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose to measure various properties
+of one particle or the other and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one particle or the other and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one particle or the other and then as
+Bell demonstrated they must according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell demonstrated they must according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell demonstrated they must according to
+Quantum Theory the outcomes of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Theory the outcomes of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum Theory the outcomes of those
+measurements are more strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are more strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are more strongly
+correlated than anything like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated than anything like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated than anything like an
+einstein-like explanation would ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein-like explanation would ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein-like explanation would ever
+allow or could ever account for so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow or could ever account for so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow or could ever account for so you
+could really say that entanglement truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really say that entanglement truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really say that entanglement truly
+is the case in which the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case in which the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case in which the whole system
+the system particles a plus b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system particles a plus b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system particles a plus b is
+literally more in fact it's infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally more in fact it's infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally more in fact it's infinitely
+more than the sum of its parts knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the sum of its parts knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the sum of its parts knowing
+everything we could about the system A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we could about the system A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we could about the system A
+and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B
+is completely insufficient to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely insufficient to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely insufficient to tell us
+anything definite about particle a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything definite about particle a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything definite about particle a on
+its own and vice versa uh so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own and vice versa uh so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own and vice versa uh so there's
+this really strange quintessentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really strange quintessentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really strange quintessentially
+quantum mechanical behavior of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical behavior of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical behavior of these
+entangled systems and the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled systems and the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled systems and the fundamental
+physics group thought this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group thought this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group thought this was just
+extraordinary and the kind of thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary and the kind of thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary and the kind of thing they
+wanted to spend Friday afternoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to spend Friday afternoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to spend Friday afternoons
+talking about together because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about together because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about together because it was
+not being emphasized in their main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being emphasized in their main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being emphasized in their main
+coursework even in graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursework even in graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coursework even in graduate school
+so today Bell's theorem that 1964
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today Bell's theorem that 1964
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today Bell's theorem that 1964
+article is literally renowned renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is literally renowned renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article is literally renowned renowned
+as a technical term to high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a technical term to high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a technical term to high energy
+physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists
+um some of you might know this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of you might know this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some of you might know this uh
+physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists
+um relentlessly counts our citations my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relentlessly counts our citations my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relentlessly counts our citations my
+wife is a psychologist she has all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife is a psychologist she has all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife is a psychologist she has all kinds
+of theories why we're so obsessed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories why we're so obsessed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories why we're so obsessed with
+this form of measurement anyway for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form of measurement anyway for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form of measurement anyway for a
+long long time it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time it's been
+um routine to count up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um routine to count up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um routine to count up the number of
+citations in the scientific literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations in the scientific literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations in the scientific literature
+that a given article receives and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a given article receives and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a given article receives and use
+that fairly or unfairly appropriately or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fairly or unfairly appropriately or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fairly or unfairly appropriately or
+otherwise as a kind of proxy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise as a kind of proxy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise as a kind of proxy for
+influence or importance there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence or importance there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence or importance there's all
+kinds of caveats to be had there people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of caveats to be had there people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of caveats to be had there people
+are a bit more sophisticated now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit more sophisticated now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit more sophisticated now about
+that citation counting than we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that citation counting than we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that citation counting than we used to
+be nonetheless we have this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nonetheless we have this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nonetheless we have this kind of
+machinery for counting up citations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery for counting up citations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery for counting up citations so
+if you do if you do that exercise then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do if you do that exercise then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do if you do that exercise then
+today that 1964 article by John Bell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that 1964 article by John Bell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that 1964 article by John Bell is
+among the most cited articles in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the most cited articles in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the most cited articles in all of
+physics in the history of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in the history of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in the history of the universe
+not just in 20th century physics not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in 20th century physics not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in 20th century physics not
+just in quantum physics take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in quantum physics take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in quantum physics take any
+subfield and go back to the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subfield and go back to the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subfield and go back to the time of
+Isaac Newton or Aristotle if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton or Aristotle if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton or Aristotle if you'd like
+and it's very very hard to find a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very hard to find a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very very hard to find a single
+article that has been cited more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that has been cited more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that has been cited more often
+in the scientific literature than Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scientific literature than Bell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the scientific literature than Bell's
+1964 article it is literally renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 article it is literally renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1964 article it is literally renowned
+which is the highest category the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the highest category the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the highest category the label
+for the most cited papers when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most cited papers when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most cited papers when
+physicists do this kind of chopping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists do this kind of chopping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists do this kind of chopping up
+exercise or citation counts so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise or citation counts so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise or citation counts so this is
+really really um an extra today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really um an extra today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really um an extra today
+recognized as an extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as an extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as an extraordinarily
+um well-known and influential article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well-known and influential article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well-known and influential article
+and yet it took a long time to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it took a long time to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet it took a long time to get there
+so if you look at the at the citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the at the citation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the at the citation
+counts to Bella's 1964 paper over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts to Bella's 1964 paper over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts to Bella's 1964 paper over the
+first 15 or so years after it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 15 or so years after it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 15 or so years after it was
+published not the half century or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published not the half century or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published not the half century or more
+since since then but in the first period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since then but in the first period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since since then but in the first period
+of more than a decade it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than a decade it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than a decade it was really
+really not lighting the field on fire at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not lighting the field on fire at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not lighting the field on fire at
+all it was published in 1964 very late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it was published in 1964 very late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it was published in 1964 very late
+in 1964 there were no other citations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1964 there were no other citations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1964 there were no other citations to
+it that year it was uh notice I teach at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that year it was uh notice I teach at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that year it was uh notice I teach at
+night all of 1965 in the worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night all of 1965 in the worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night all of 1965 in the worldwide
+literature there was one citation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there was one citation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature there was one citation to the
+article 1966 that was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article 1966 that was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article 1966 that was actually a
+self-citation it was a follow-up article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-citation it was a follow-up article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-citation it was a follow-up article
+by John Bell himself that we might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John Bell himself that we might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John Bell himself that we might take
+that one away so it's really only in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one away so it's really only in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one away so it's really only in the
+mid 1970s mid to late 1970s they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1970s mid to late 1970s they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid 1970s mid to late 1970s they would
+see anything like a kind of sustained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything like a kind of sustained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything like a kind of sustained
+attention at least by this proxy measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention at least by this proxy measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention at least by this proxy measure
+by citation counts anything like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by citation counts anything like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by citation counts anything like that it
+kind of sustained if still rather modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sustained if still rather modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sustained if still rather modest
+attention to a topic that today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to a topic that today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to a topic that today is
+considered literally renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered literally renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered literally renowned
+if you do a little more careful looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a little more careful looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a little more careful looking
+don't just count things but see who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just count things but see who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just count things but see who was
+writing the articles that was doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the articles that was doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the articles that was doing that
+that were doing uh that siding who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were doing uh that siding who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were doing uh that siding who was
+actually engaging with Bell's theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engaging with Bell's theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually engaging with Bell's theorem in
+quantum entanglement during this period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement during this period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement during this period
+it turns out that about almost three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that about almost three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that about almost three
+quarters of all the articles that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of all the articles that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters of all the articles that make
+up this sort of Blue Area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this sort of Blue Area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this sort of Blue Area under the
+curve of all those that that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of all those that that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of all those that that were
+written by physicists based in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by physicists based in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by physicists based in the US
+which was already itself the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was already itself the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was already itself the largest
+fraction of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of these
+three quarters of that U.S based um body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters of that U.S based um body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quarters of that U.S based um body
+of work that was citing Bell's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that was citing Bell's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that was citing Bell's theorem
+came from members of this very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from members of this very strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from members of this very strange
+little ragtag study group called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ragtag study group called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ragtag study group called the
+fundamental physics group the group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group the group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group the group that
+was founded by Elizabeth rousher uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded by Elizabeth rousher uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was founded by Elizabeth rousher uh at
+Berkeley in 75. so that helps us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley in 75. so that helps us at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley in 75. so that helps us at
+least make sense of why citations aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least make sense of why citations aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least make sense of why citations aren't
+picking up around here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up around here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up around here this is the
+period when that group itself was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when that group itself was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period when that group itself was
+founded and kind of reinforcing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded and kind of reinforcing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founded and kind of reinforcing this
+topic as really interesting meanwhile if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic as really interesting meanwhile if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic as really interesting meanwhile if
+you if you don't just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you don't just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you don't just look at the
+authorship but actually read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorship but actually read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorship but actually read the
+articles which is kind of fun uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles which is kind of fun uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles which is kind of fun uh you can
+see that actually the proportion Rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually the proportion Rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually the proportion Rises
+to be almost 90 about 86 percent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be almost 90 about 86 percent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be almost 90 about 86 percent of that
+U.S based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S based
+proportion here if you include people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion here if you include people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion here if you include people
+who either wrote the articles or thanked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who either wrote the articles or thanked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who either wrote the articles or thanked
+members of that first group The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of that first group The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of that first group The
+fundamentalist group in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentalist group in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentalist group in the
+acknowledgments this group was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgments this group was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgments this group was really
+what we would call the early adopters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would call the early adopters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would call the early adopters
+these people who mostly got their phds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people who mostly got their phds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people who mostly got their phds
+graduated from graduate school couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from graduate school couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from graduate school couldn't
+get a kind of typical sort of job in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a kind of typical sort of job in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a kind of typical sort of job in the
+field because of these larger scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because of these larger scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because of these larger scale
+shifts um later in the Cold War they met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts um later in the Cold War they met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts um later in the Cold War they met
+each week to talk about quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each week to talk about quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each week to talk about quantum
+entanglement and they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement and they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement and they were just
+mesmerized by Belle's inequality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerized by Belle's inequality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerized by Belle's inequality and
+they were really helping to to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really helping to to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really helping to to get at
+least some sustained attention to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some sustained attention to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some sustained attention to this
+topic at a time when it was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic at a time when it was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic at a time when it was still
+otherwise quite marginal they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise quite marginal they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise quite marginal they weren't
+only talking about it a core member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about it a core member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about it a core member of
+the group shown here John clauser in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group shown here John clauser in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group shown here John clauser in his
+lab at Berkeley at this point he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab at Berkeley at this point he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab at Berkeley at this point he was a
+postdoc at the Berkeley laboratory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc at the Berkeley laboratory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdoc at the Berkeley laboratory and
+he and then graduate student Stuart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and then graduate student Stuart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and then graduate student Stuart
+Friedman conducted the world's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman conducted the world's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friedman conducted the world's first
+Laboratory test of Bell's inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory test of Bell's inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory test of Bell's inequality
+this was the first Laboratory test to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first Laboratory test to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the first Laboratory test to
+try to confirm or to check whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to confirm or to check whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to confirm or to check whether the
+measurements on these pairs of entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on these pairs of entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements on these pairs of entangled
+particles really show this spooky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles really show this spooky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles really show this spooky
+correlation beyond what an einstein-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation beyond what an einstein-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation beyond what an einstein-like
+Theory could ever account for this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory could ever account for this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory could ever account for this was
+published in physical review letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in physical review letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in physical review letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next year klauser was told by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next year klauser was told by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next year klauser was told by
+multiple department heads where he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple department heads where he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple department heads where he'd
+apply for jobs that he not only would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for jobs that he not only would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for jobs that he not only would
+not be hired but the several department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be hired but the several department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be hired but the several department
+has wrote in to say they didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has wrote in to say they didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has wrote in to say they didn't think
+this was actually real physics so he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually real physics so he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was actually real physics so he and
+Stuart Friedman had conducted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuart Friedman had conducted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuart Friedman had conducted the
+world's first Laboratory test of Belle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's first Laboratory test of Belle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's first Laboratory test of Belle's
+inequality found results squarely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality found results squarely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality found results squarely in
+keeping with the predictions of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping with the predictions of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping with the predictions of quantum
+theory squarely uh in conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory squarely uh in conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory squarely uh in conflict with
+Einstein's own uh careful view about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own uh careful view about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's own uh careful view about how
+the world should work and he was told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world should work and he was told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world should work and he was told
+that this was literally not even proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was literally not even proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was literally not even proper
+physics he actually never was offered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he actually never was offered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he actually never was offered a
+academic position of that had been his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic position of that had been his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic position of that had been his
+ambition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambition
+certainly for that stage of his career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly for that stage of his career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly for that stage of his career
+so this work was really really still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this work was really really still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this work was really really still
+marginal and yet this little study group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal and yet this little study group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal and yet this little study group
+the fundamental physics group included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental physics group included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental physics group included
+people like Clouser who were at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Clouser who were at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Clouser who were at the at
+the world's Cutting Edge for trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's Cutting Edge for trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world's Cutting Edge for trying to
+explore the topic experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the topic experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the topic experimentally
+so it turns out this study group had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out this study group had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out this study group had
+some broad ranging interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some broad ranging interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some broad ranging interests
+so the members meant not all some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the members meant not all some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the members meant not all some
+members of the group some of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the group some of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the group some of the core
+founding members of the group were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding members of the group were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding members of the group were
+really curious about Quantum Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really curious about Quantum Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really curious about Quantum Theory and
+it turns out a wider range of topics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out a wider range of topics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out a wider range of topics and
+for some members the the sort of Stew of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some members the the sort of Stew of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some members the the sort of Stew of
+curious topics kind of um uh bled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious topics kind of um uh bled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious topics kind of um uh bled
+together so some of the members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so some of the members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so some of the members of the
+group actually hoped they could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group actually hoped they could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group actually hoped they could use
+quantum mechanics especially especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics especially especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics especially especially
+quantum entanglement or so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement or so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement or so-called
+non-locality to make sense of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-locality to make sense of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-locality to make sense of other
+strange features of the world and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange features of the world and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange features of the world and they
+were especially interested in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were especially interested in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were especially interested in something
+called parapsychology or PSI phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parapsychology or PSI phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called parapsychology or PSI phenomena
+so it's very convenient As We Know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very convenient As We Know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very convenient As We Know
+in quantum physics we use the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum physics we use the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum physics we use the Greek
+letter PSI to represent Schrodinger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter PSI to represent Schrodinger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter PSI to represent Schrodinger's
+wave function uh and uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function uh and uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function uh and uh the the the
+field of the pseudo field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the pseudo field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the pseudo field of
+parapsychology its own practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology its own practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology its own practitioners
+often uh refer to it as PSI phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh refer to it as PSI phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh refer to it as PSI phenomena
+the great the same the same letter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great the same the same letter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great the same the same letter so
+what's parapsychology you might know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's parapsychology you might know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's parapsychology you might know it
+by other terms it includes things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other terms it includes things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other terms it includes things like
+mind reading I say alleged mind reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind reading I say alleged mind reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind reading I say alleged mind reading
+or ESP extra sensory perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ESP extra sensory perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ESP extra sensory perception
+telepathy precognition which is a fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathy precognition which is a fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathy precognition which is a fancy
+word for saying having visions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for saying having visions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for saying having visions of the
+future like Clairvoyance remote viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future like Clairvoyance remote viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future like Clairvoyance remote viewing
+a particular kind of telepathy we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular kind of telepathy we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular kind of telepathy we'll
+talk about in a moment again alleged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a moment again alleged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a moment again alleged
+telepathy uh psychokinesis could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathy uh psychokinesis could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathy uh psychokinesis could you
+kind of move a matter with your with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move a matter with your with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move a matter with your with the
+power of your mind alone pretty out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of your mind alone pretty out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of your mind alone pretty out
+there sounding stuff so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sounding stuff so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sounding stuff so this is where
+the fact that this group was getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this group was getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this group was getting
+together in the San Francisco Bay area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the San Francisco Bay area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the San Francisco Bay area
+in the mid-1970s matters a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid-1970s matters a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mid-1970s matters a great deal
+these are hardly uh typical phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hardly uh typical phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are hardly uh typical phenomena
+studied in academic settings today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in academic settings today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in academic settings today but
+there are some exceptions uh and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some exceptions uh and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some exceptions uh and yet
+this group was kind of on the margins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group was kind of on the margins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group was kind of on the margins
+and some members not all were especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some members not all were especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some members not all were especially
+eager to explore all kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to explore all kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager to explore all kinds of questions
+that were marginal Bell's inequality was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were marginal Bell's inequality was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were marginal Bell's inequality was
+very marginal compared to mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very marginal compared to mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very marginal compared to mainstream
+physics at the time as were some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics at the time as were some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics at the time as were some of
+these questions about basically mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions about basically mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions about basically mind
+reading or ESP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading or ESP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading or ESP
+they were especially excited when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were especially excited when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were especially excited when this
+gentleman shown here Yuri Geller came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman shown here Yuri Geller came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman shown here Yuri Geller came to
+visit the San Francisco area again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the San Francisco area again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the San Francisco area again in
+around 1972-73 just before the group uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1972-73 just before the group uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1972-73 just before the group uh
+really kind of uh started meeting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of uh started meeting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of uh started meeting more
+formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+Geller was originally Israeli from Tel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geller was originally Israeli from Tel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geller was originally Israeli from Tel
+Aviv he had made a early career as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviv he had made a early career as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aviv he had made a early career as a
+stage magician he literally said I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage magician he literally said I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage magician he literally said I am a
+magician I can do slighted hand tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magician I can do slighted hand tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magician I can do slighted hand tricks
+and then somewhere along the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somewhere along the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then somewhere along the way he
+started proclaiming that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started proclaiming that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started proclaiming that he could
+actually perform not just clever sleight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perform not just clever sleight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perform not just clever sleight
+of hand but actual um ESP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hand but actual um ESP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hand but actual um ESP
+he he claimed he had paranormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he claimed he had paranormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he claimed he had paranormal
+abilities not only exceptionally good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities not only exceptionally good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities not only exceptionally good uh
+kind of magic trick uh skills he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of magic trick uh skills he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of magic trick uh skills he was
+whisked to the United States subjected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisked to the United States subjected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisked to the United States subjected
+to hours and hours of seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hours and hours of seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hours and hours of seemingly
+controlled scientific study at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled scientific study at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled scientific study at this
+place called the Stanford Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place called the Stanford Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place called the Stanford Research
+Institute or SRI SRI was until that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute or SRI SRI was until that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute or SRI SRI was until that time
+a defense oriented laboratory affiliated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defense oriented laboratory affiliated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a defense oriented laboratory affiliated
+with Stanford University very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Stanford University very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Stanford University very much like
+Draper lab or Lincoln Lab at MIT the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Draper lab or Lincoln Lab at MIT the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Draper lab or Lincoln Lab at MIT the the
+lab was funded until uh through the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab was funded until uh through the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab was funded until uh through the late
+60s almost exclusively by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s almost exclusively by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s almost exclusively by
+um military contracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um military contracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um military contracts
+but as we saw there was this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we saw there was this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we saw there was this kind of
+collapse in the physics bubble right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse in the physics bubble right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse in the physics bubble right
+around 1970 and uh the Stafford Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1970 and uh the Stafford Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1970 and uh the Stafford Research
+Institute was spun off as its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute was spun off as its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute was spun off as its own
+independent Institute separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Institute separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Institute separate from
+Stanford in part over Vietnam War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford in part over Vietnam War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford in part over Vietnam War
+protests and then they were under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests and then they were under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests and then they were under
+capacity because like most of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity because like most of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity because like most of physics
+they were not getting the kind of grants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not getting the kind of grants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not getting the kind of grants
+that they had once done so some laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had once done so some laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had once done so some laser
+physicists uh very well-trained laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh very well-trained laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh very well-trained laser
+physicists uh Harold putoff and Russell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh Harold putoff and Russell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh Harold putoff and Russell
+targ uh wondered if they could spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targ uh wondered if they could spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targ uh wondered if they could spend
+some of their free time studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their free time studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their free time studying
+basically things like ESP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically things like ESP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically things like ESP
+they wound up doing this uh hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wound up doing this uh hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wound up doing this uh hours and
+hours dozens of hours of filmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours dozens of hours of filmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours dozens of hours of filmed
+seemingly laboratory controlled tests on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly laboratory controlled tests on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemingly laboratory controlled tests on
+Geller himself at the laboratory they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geller himself at the laboratory they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geller himself at the laboratory they
+were able to publish their findings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to publish their findings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to publish their findings in
+journals like nature peer-reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals like nature peer-reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals like nature peer-reviewed
+Journal among the most elite scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal among the most elite scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal among the most elite scientific
+journals uh on the planet likewise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals uh on the planet likewise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals uh on the planet likewise in
+the proceedings of the IEEE for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proceedings of the IEEE for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proceedings of the IEEE for the
+electric Engineers they were finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Engineers they were finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric Engineers they were finding
+what they considered scientifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they considered scientifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they considered scientifically
+sound robust statistically significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound robust statistically significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound robust statistically significant
+evidence that Geller seems to have ESP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that Geller seems to have ESP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that Geller seems to have ESP
+like abilities now this wasn't uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like abilities now this wasn't uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like abilities now this wasn't uniformly
+accepted as you might expect there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted as you might expect there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted as you might expect there were
+some efforts at kind of debate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some efforts at kind of debate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some efforts at kind of debate or
+rebuttal among the most entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuttal among the most entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebuttal among the most entertaining
+were actually done by a real magician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually done by a real magician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually done by a real magician
+named James Randy he went by the amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named James Randy he went by the amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named James Randy he went by the amazing
+Randy in fact he just passed away in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randy in fact he just passed away in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randy in fact he just passed away in his
+90s or near age 100 just a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s or near age 100 just a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s or near age 100 just a few weeks ago
+so James Randy would would then find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so James Randy would would then find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so James Randy would would then find
+ways to give more conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to give more conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to give more conventional
+explanations based on his own quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations based on his own quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations based on his own quite
+extraordinary sleight of hand skill he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary sleight of hand skill he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary sleight of hand skill he
+said well Geller might have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well Geller might have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well Geller might have been able to
+do this or that but I could reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or that but I could reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this or that but I could reproduce
+the same effects and I'll tell you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effects and I'll tell you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effects and I'll tell you I
+don't have ASP Randy would say I just am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have ASP Randy would say I just am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have ASP Randy would say I just am
+a skilled magician so this is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skilled magician so this is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skilled magician so this is what this
+went you know on on and on and on a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went you know on on and on and on a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went you know on on and on and on a kind
+of circus of back and forth the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circus of back and forth the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circus of back and forth the point is
+this was happening in the San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was happening in the San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was happening in the San Francisco
+area and getting a ton of attention in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and getting a ton of attention in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and getting a ton of attention in
+the newspapers and magazines and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspapers and magazines and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspapers and magazines and and
+television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television
+Gala went on to become enormously famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gala went on to become enormously famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gala went on to become enormously famous
+and well known and this was the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well known and this was the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well known and this was the earliest
+stages literally right in the backyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages literally right in the backyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages literally right in the backyard
+for this fundamental physics group some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this fundamental physics group some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this fundamental physics group some
+members of the group were then hired at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the group were then hired at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the group were then hired at
+Stanford Research Institute at the SRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford Research Institute at the SRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford Research Institute at the SRI
+to serve as kind of In-House Consultants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to serve as kind of In-House Consultants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to serve as kind of In-House Consultants
+to be house theorists to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be house theorists to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be house theorists to make sense of
+these and related studies in ESP and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and related studies in ESP and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and related studies in ESP and to
+try to to puzzle through could these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to puzzle through could these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to puzzle through could these
+strange phenomena like quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange phenomena like quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange phenomena like quantum
+entanglement maybe make sense of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement maybe make sense of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement maybe make sense of or
+account for what seemed to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for what seemed to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for what seemed to be kind of
+magical effects otherwise and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical effects otherwise and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical effects otherwise and so one
+core member of the fundamental physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core member of the fundamental physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core member of the fundamental physical
+group named Jack sarfati
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group named Jack sarfati
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group named Jack sarfati
+began releasing these press releases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began releasing these press releases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began releasing these press releases in
+uh Downstream from Geller's original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Downstream from Geller's original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Downstream from Geller's original
+visit saying things like this top quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit saying things like this top quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit saying things like this top quote
+the ambiguity and the interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity and the interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambiguity and the interpretation of
+quantum mechanics leaves ample room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics leaves ample room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics leaves ample room for
+the possibility of psychokinetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of psychokinetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of psychokinetic and
+telepathic effects basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathic effects basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathic effects basically you know
+Bell's inequality starts sounding like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell's inequality starts sounding like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell's inequality starts sounding like
+telepathy already that's why Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathy already that's why Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telepathy already that's why Einstein
+thought it was so so so strange he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was so so so strange he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was so so so strange he
+called it spooky if if the events could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it spooky if if the events could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it spooky if if the events could
+could remain correlated across arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remain correlated across arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remain correlated across arbitrary
+distance so they began to argue maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so they began to argue maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so they began to argue maybe
+there's some correlation between sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some correlation between sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some correlation between sort of
+you know a Quantum particle that lodges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a Quantum particle that lodges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a Quantum particle that lodges
+in Geller's mind or brain and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Geller's mind or brain and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Geller's mind or brain and some
+correlated particle that lodges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated particle that lodges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated particle that lodges
+somewhere else is that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else is that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else is that at least
+consistent with this kind of action at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this kind of action at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with this kind of action at a
+distance Jack goes on to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Jack goes on to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance Jack goes on to write a
+follow-up press release my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up press release my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up press release my personal
+professional judgment as a PhD physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment as a PhD physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional judgment as a PhD physicist
+which we now all have to re-evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now all have to re-evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we now all have to re-evaluate
+what that's good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's good for
+my professional judgment is that Yuri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my professional judgment is that Yuri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my professional judgment is that Yuri
+Geller demonstrated genuine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geller demonstrated genuine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geller demonstrated genuine
+psychoenergetic ability Now cast your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoenergetic ability Now cast your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoenergetic ability Now cast your
+minds back to mid-1970s San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds back to mid-1970s San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds back to mid-1970s San Francisco
+Bay area or imagine it if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay area or imagine it if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay area or imagine it if you can
+uh and you can if you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can if you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and you can if you have a bunch of
+PhD physicists working with uh seemingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD physicists working with uh seemingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD physicists working with uh seemingly
+very upstanding scientific research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very upstanding scientific research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very upstanding scientific research
+institute finding what looked to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute finding what looked to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute finding what looked to be
+robust evidence of like mind reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust evidence of like mind reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust evidence of like mind reading and
+ESP that's going to be pretty exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESP that's going to be pretty exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESP that's going to be pretty exciting
+news so here's a picture of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news so here's a picture of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news so here's a picture of some of the
+core members of that fundamental visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core members of that fundamental visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core members of that fundamental visit
+group this one here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group this one here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group this one here in the in the
+saffron robe is Jack sarfati who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saffron robe is Jack sarfati who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saffron robe is Jack sarfati who just
+gave those press releases I quoted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave those press releases I quoted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave those press releases I quoted from
+here's Saul Paul sarag I would literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Saul Paul sarag I would literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Saul Paul sarag I would literally
+kill for that hair look at that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill for that hair look at that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill for that hair look at that that is
+just fantastic Nick Herbert and uh Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fantastic Nick Herbert and uh Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fantastic Nick Herbert and uh Fred
+Allen Wolfe so they were just Clowning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen Wolfe so they were just Clowning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allen Wolfe so they were just Clowning
+Around they were having a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around they were having a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Around they were having a lot of fun
+mostly because they were out of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because they were out of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because they were out of work
+Nick Herbert had finished his PhD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Herbert had finished his PhD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick Herbert had finished his PhD in
+physics at Stanford and at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics at Stanford and at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics at Stanford and at this point
+was on welfare he was literally on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on welfare he was literally on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on welfare he was literally on
+public assistance because he couldn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public assistance because he couldn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public assistance because he couldn't uh
+get a job that's how bad the system had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job that's how bad the system had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a job that's how bad the system had
+contracted so these young highly trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted so these young highly trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted so these young highly trained
+physicists were having an awfully good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists were having an awfully good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists were having an awfully good
+time wondering about deep Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wondering about deep Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time wondering about deep Quantum
+Mysteries and Beyond and so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mysteries and Beyond and so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mysteries and Beyond and so they were
+highlighted in San Francisco area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in San Francisco area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in San Francisco area
+magazines there was a big kind of photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines there was a big kind of photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazines there was a big kind of photo
+spread on the group uh in a in a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread on the group uh in a in a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread on the group uh in a in a local
+magazine in 75 which highlighted these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine in 75 which highlighted these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine in 75 which highlighted these
+folks were going into trance's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were going into trance's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks were going into trance's working
+at telepathy and dipping into their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at telepathy and dipping into their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at telepathy and dipping into their
+subconscious and experiments towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious and experiments towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subconscious and experiments towards
+psychic Mobility which is literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic Mobility which is literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychic Mobility which is literally
+groovy man I mean this was like totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groovy man I mean this was like totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groovy man I mean this was like totally
+in step with the times and they became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in step with the times and they became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in step with the times and they became
+really just a multimedia Darlings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a multimedia Darlings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a multimedia Darlings
+and it wasn't only San Francisco there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't only San Francisco there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't only San Francisco there
+were similar stories picked up in uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were similar stories picked up in uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were similar stories picked up in uh by
+the news wires by the Associated Press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news wires by the Associated Press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news wires by the Associated Press
+and United Press International there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and United Press International there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and United Press International there was
+a cover article in Time Magazine it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cover article in Time Magazine it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cover article in Time Magazine it was
+covered in uh other Publications like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in uh other Publications like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in uh other Publications like we
+magazine uh which I always say was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine uh which I always say was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine uh which I always say was not a
+publication of the French Embassy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the French Embassy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of the French Embassy it's
+actually a porno mag we magazine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a porno mag we magazine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a porno mag we magazine was
+Playboy's answer to Penthouse in 1979 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Playboy's answer to Penthouse in 1979 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Playboy's answer to Penthouse in 1979 if
+you wanted to read a detailed article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to read a detailed article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to read a detailed article
+about quantum entanglement uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum entanglement uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quantum entanglement uh you could
+find actually very competent Popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find actually very competent Popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find actually very competent Popular
+Science treatment in Wii magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science treatment in Wii magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science treatment in Wii magazine
+because it was steam so interesting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was steam so interesting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was steam so interesting uh
+but not in um many other venues so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in um many other venues so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in um many other venues so the
+the group starts getting lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group starts getting lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group starts getting lots and lots
+of attention because they're this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention because they're this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention because they're this
+strange coagulation of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange coagulation of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange coagulation of um of
+well-trained physicists uh not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-trained physicists uh not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-trained physicists uh not just
+dabbling with strange topics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dabbling with strange topics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dabbling with strange topics but
+claiming they could actually explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming they could actually explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming they could actually explain it
+the quantum mechanics might unlock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanics might unlock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum mechanics might unlock the
+power of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of lines
+okay let me pause there for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me pause there for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me pause there for some
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+and then we'll move on to the next part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll move on to the next part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll move on to the next part
+any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that
+so Alex asked how much LSD were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alex asked how much LSD were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Alex asked how much LSD were these
+people using that's actually a literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using that's actually a literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people using that's actually a literally
+a fair question one thing to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair question one thing to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair question one thing to keep in
+mind I write about this in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I write about this in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I write about this in the in the
+book a little bit uh LSD until this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book a little bit uh LSD until this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book a little bit uh LSD until this
+until right around this time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until right around this time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until right around this time was
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um uh not considered illegal it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh not considered illegal it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh not considered illegal it was it
+was reclassified first as an as use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reclassified first as an as use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reclassified first as an as use of
+it was a misdemeanor and later made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a misdemeanor and later made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a misdemeanor and later made a
+more serious felony charge but only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious felony charge but only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more serious felony charge but only a
+bit later in fact LSD was considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later in fact LSD was considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit later in fact LSD was considered a
+very interesting research substance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting research substance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting research substance on
+which there was a lot of research being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there was a lot of research being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there was a lot of research being
+done at the time at Stanford Medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the time at Stanford Medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at the time at Stanford Medical
+School at many University Hospitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School at many University Hospitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School at many University Hospitals and
+biology departments it's like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology departments it's like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology departments it's like and
+psychology departments uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology departments uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology departments uh and so
+it does uh seem that not all members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does uh seem that not all members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does uh seem that not all members of
+the group but some members um claimed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group but some members um claimed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group but some members um claimed at
+least they were uh having a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least they were uh having a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least they were uh having a lot of fun
+with recreational drugs others said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with recreational drugs others said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with recreational drugs others said they
+never touched the stuff it wasn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touched the stuff it wasn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never touched the stuff it wasn't the
+whole group but what's interesting is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group but what's interesting is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group but what's interesting is it
+the associations around such psychedelic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associations around such psychedelic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the associations around such psychedelic
+drug use were quite different than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug use were quite different than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug use were quite different than than
+what would what would become more common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what would become more common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would what would become more common
+later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on
+and so uh Alex also asked about MK Ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh Alex also asked about MK Ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh Alex also asked about MK Ultra
+that's right so that all was at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so that all was at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so that all was at the time
+still quite top secret that was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite top secret that was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still quite top secret that was um
+a a program uh subsidized at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a program uh subsidized at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a program uh subsidized at least in
+part by the U.S Central Intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part by the U.S Central Intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part by the U.S Central Intelligence
+Agency the top secret at the time to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agency the top secret at the time to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agency the top secret at the time to see
+if if uh psychedel drugs like LSD might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if uh psychedel drugs like LSD might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if uh psychedel drugs like LSD might
+have some role as a kind of truth serum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some role as a kind of truth serum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some role as a kind of truth serum
+could these have a role in National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could these have a role in National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could these have a role in National
+Security and National Defense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security and National Defense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security and National Defense the
+results for which seem to be let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for which seem to be let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results for which seem to be let's just
+say inconclusive but it did lead to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say inconclusive but it did lead to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say inconclusive but it did lead to some
+pretty Sensational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty Sensational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty Sensational
+um experiments that were revealed only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experiments that were revealed only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um experiments that were revealed only
+years later when this when the secrecy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later when this when the secrecy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later when this when the secrecy
+was broken so these folks weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was broken so these folks weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was broken so these folks weren't
+directly involved in it but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly involved in it but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly involved in it but that's
+another indication of the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another indication of the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another indication of the time it's
+still a relevant topic because many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a relevant topic because many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a relevant topic because many
+people research psychologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people research psychologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people research psychologists
+defense experts uh and and and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense experts uh and and and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense experts uh and and and others
+thought that these psychedelics might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that these psychedelics might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that these psychedelics might
+kind of unlock the true meaning and role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unlock the true meaning and role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unlock the true meaning and role
+of Consciousness and so on it was later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness and so on it was later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness and so on it was later
+on was come to see come to be seen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was come to see come to be seen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on was come to see come to be seen as a
+more dangerous or elicit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dangerous or elicit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dangerous or elicit with
+corresponding kind of criminal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding kind of criminal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding kind of criminal charges
+against it but um but one of the members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it but um but one of the members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it but um but one of the members
+I mentioned Nick Herbert remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned Nick Herbert remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned Nick Herbert remembers
+participating in a Stanford University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in a Stanford University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in a Stanford University
+study where he was it was a willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where he was it was a willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where he was it was a willing
+subject he was asked to participate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject he was asked to participate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject he was asked to participate in a
+psychology experiment took several doses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiment took several doses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology experiment took several doses
+of LSD under close supervision and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of LSD under close supervision and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of LSD under close supervision and was
+asked to describe the experience it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to describe the experience it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to describe the experience it was
+still seen as a kind of on-campus thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still seen as a kind of on-campus thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still seen as a kind of on-campus thing
+through the early and mid 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the early and mid 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the early and mid 60s
+any other questions about uh about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about uh about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about uh about the
+uh the setup here the group The Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the setup here the group The Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the setup here the group The Times
+anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well if questions come to you we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if questions come to you we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if questions come to you we'll
+have another chance for it for uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another chance for it for uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another chance for it for uh to
+discuss it but let me let me press on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it but let me let me press on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it but let me let me press on a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+so I wanted to to let us know about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to to let us know about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted to to let us know about what
+were some of the topics these folks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the topics these folks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the topics these folks were
+focusing on let's ask how were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on let's ask how were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on let's ask how were they
+doing it remember this was a time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it remember this was a time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it remember this was a time when
+the conventional career paths for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional career paths for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional career paths for many
+many physicists in the United States had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many physicists in the United States had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many physicists in the United States had
+really been interrupted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been interrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really been interrupted
+so they weren't uh just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they weren't uh just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they weren't uh just getting
+positions as assistant professors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions as assistant professors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions as assistant professors at
+universities so that was what most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities so that was what most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities so that was what most of
+them had been aiming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them had been aiming for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them had been aiming for
+so how do they support their work how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do they support their work how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do they support their work how do
+they conduct research how do they share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they conduct research how do they share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they conduct research how do they share
+their findings and so on if they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their findings and so on if they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their findings and so on if they weren't
+in a kind of typical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of typical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of typical research
+environment uh that had at least come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh that had at least come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment uh that had at least come to
+seem to take a typical for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to take a typical for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to take a typical for the
+generation before so again we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation before so again we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation before so again we start
+asking questions much like we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions much like we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions much like we asked
+about in the previous class who's paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the previous class who's paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the previous class who's paying
+for the work who's supporting it what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the work who's supporting it what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the work who's supporting it what's
+the kind of funding structure and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of funding structure and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of funding structure and what
+are the institutions in which the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the institutions in which the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the institutions in which the work
+will be pursued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pursued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be pursued
+let's ask about money first let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask about money first let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask about money first let's talk
+about funding so on the one hand there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about funding so on the one hand there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about funding so on the one hand there
+was actually a kind of continuity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a kind of continuity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually a kind of continuity with
+the Cold War stuff we looked at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War stuff we looked at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War stuff we looked at in the
+in the previous session so a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous session so a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous session so a fair amount
+of the work of the funding to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work of the funding to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work of the funding to support
+this work actually came from the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work actually came from the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work actually came from the U.S
+federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government
+uh in in the part of both the CIA that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the part of both the CIA that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the part of both the CIA that I
+mentioned briefly and also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned briefly and also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned briefly and also something
+called the DIA the defense intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the DIA the defense intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the DIA the defense intelligence
+agency which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency which is
+as his name implies a kind of CIA but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as his name implies a kind of CIA but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as his name implies a kind of CIA but
+within the Pentagon so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the Pentagon so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the Pentagon so there are
+actually separate agencies so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually separate agencies so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually separate agencies so they have
+similar kind of roles to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of roles to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of roles to play
+here's an example of one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of one of their
+reports that was later Declassified is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports that was later Declassified is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports that was later Declassified is
+originally a classified report now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a classified report now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a classified report now you
+can download it on the internet it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download it on the internet it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can download it on the internet it was
+uh on uh Declassified in response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on uh Declassified in response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on uh Declassified in response to a
+Freedom of Information Act request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act request
+originally finished in July of 1972 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally finished in July of 1972 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally finished in July of 1972 it
+has this kind of innocuous sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of innocuous sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of innocuous sounding
+title called controlled offensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title called controlled offensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title called controlled offensive
+Behavior USSR what it's really about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior USSR what it's really about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior USSR what it's really about was
+an investigation into whether the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investigation into whether the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investigation into whether the Soviet
+Union was how uh how far ahead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union was how uh how far ahead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union was how uh how far ahead the
+Soviet Union was in basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union was in basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union was in basically
+weaponizing mind reading and mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaponizing mind reading and mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaponizing mind reading and mind
+control think about if you've ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control think about if you've ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control think about if you've ever heard
+of the movie The Manchurian Candidate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie The Manchurian Candidate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the movie The Manchurian Candidate or
+so-called brainwashing the concern from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called brainwashing the concern from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called brainwashing the concern from
+the Pentagon intelligence agency here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pentagon intelligence agency here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pentagon intelligence agency here
+the defense intelligence agency was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense intelligence agency was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense intelligence agency was that
+the Soviets weren't just pursuing kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviets weren't just pursuing kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviets weren't just pursuing kind
+of um Advanced efforts in mind reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um Advanced efforts in mind reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um Advanced efforts in mind reading
+and mind interval or actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mind interval or actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mind interval or actually um
+excelling at it and therefore the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excelling at it and therefore the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excelling at it and therefore the United
+States faced so they estimated a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States faced so they estimated a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States faced so they estimated a gap
+much of there had reportedly been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of there had reportedly been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of there had reportedly been a
+so-called scientific man power Gap that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scientific man power Gap that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called scientific man power Gap that
+we looked at last time or a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at last time or a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at last time or a so-called
+missile gap which also turns out wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile gap which also turns out wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missile gap which also turns out wasn't
+actually there so this is a concern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there so this is a concern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there so this is a concern that
+the Soviets were way ahead in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviets were way ahead in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviets were way ahead in a kind of
+parapsychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+and so that Unleashed lots of funding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that Unleashed lots of funding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that Unleashed lots of funding or
+at least some surprisingly generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some surprisingly generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least some surprisingly generous
+funding within U.S uh settings to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding within U.S uh settings to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding within U.S uh settings to try to
+catch up to the so supposed Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up to the so supposed Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up to the so supposed Soviet
+advances in things like parapsychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in things like parapsychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in things like parapsychology
+so between the CIA and the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between the CIA and the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so between the CIA and the defense
+intelligence agency funding began for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence agency funding began for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence agency funding began for
+what came to be called Espionage which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what came to be called Espionage which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what came to be called Espionage which
+is a using ESP to conduct Espionage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a using ESP to conduct Espionage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a using ESP to conduct Espionage
+wouldn't it be great if it were possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be great if it were possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be great if it were possible
+to spy on the Soviet Union from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spy on the Soviet Union from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spy on the Soviet Union from the
+comfort of Langley uh or CIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort of Langley uh or CIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort of Langley uh or CIA
+headquarters or some you know Air Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters or some you know Air Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters or some you know Air Force
+Base in California so if mines could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Base in California so if mines could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Base in California so if mines could
+become entangled which it seemed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become entangled which it seemed people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become entangled which it seemed people
+like Yuri Geller seem to suggest could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Yuri Geller seem to suggest could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Yuri Geller seem to suggest could
+be happening then could that be hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening then could that be hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening then could that be hardest
+to protect the nation and both the CIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect the nation and both the CIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protect the nation and both the CIA
+and the defense intelligence agent said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the defense intelligence agent said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the defense intelligence agent said
+well if so we'd better find out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if so we'd better find out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if so we'd better find out they
+began funding research at places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began funding research at places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began funding research at places like
+the Stanford Research Institute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stanford Research Institute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stanford Research Institute that
+sort of spin-off defense lab I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spin-off defense lab I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of spin-off defense lab I mentioned
+uh in the Bay Area and at um defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the Bay Area and at um defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the Bay Area and at um defense
+Labs actually around the country is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs actually around the country is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs actually around the country is a
+fair amount spent at Aberdeen Proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount spent at Aberdeen Proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair amount spent at Aberdeen Proving
+Grounds in Maryland and many other of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grounds in Maryland and many other of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grounds in Maryland and many other of
+these once highly classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these once highly classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these once highly classified
+kind of replication studies were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of replication studies were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of replication studies were being
+conducted and again with the help and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted and again with the help and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted and again with the help and
+Freedom of Information Act One can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act One can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act One can begin
+to learn how much of this kind of dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how much of this kind of dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how much of this kind of dark
+money was channeled to these once highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money was channeled to these once highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money was channeled to these once highly
+classified defense efforts to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified defense efforts to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified defense efforts to basically
+try to figure out mind reading and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out mind reading and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out mind reading and maybe
+even mind control some of you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mind control some of you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mind control some of you might have
+seen the movie called The Met Who Stare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the movie called The Met Who Stare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the movie called The Met Who Stare
+at Goats it was originally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Goats it was originally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Goats it was originally a
+best-selling paperback and they made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best-selling paperback and they made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best-selling paperback and they made it
+into a movie a number of years ago with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a movie a number of years ago with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a movie a number of years ago with
+George Clooney and others that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Clooney and others that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Clooney and others that's
+actually based on on uh the true story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually based on on uh the true story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually based on on uh the true story
+of some of these military efforts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these military efforts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these military efforts to
+figure out ESP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ESP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out ESP
+uh other investigative journalists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other investigative journalists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other investigative journalists and
+historians and others have pieced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and others have pieced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historians and others have pieced
+together at least some of the spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at least some of the spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at least some of the spending
+uh which was once highly classified this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which was once highly classified this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which was once highly classified this
+was this was discretionary spending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was discretionary spending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was discretionary spending it
+wasn't disclosed to Congress directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't disclosed to Congress directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't disclosed to Congress directly
+but later uh Freedom of Information Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later uh Freedom of Information Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later uh Freedom of Information Act
+requests revealed that often Millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests revealed that often Millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests revealed that often Millions
+sometimes many millions of dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes many millions of dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes many millions of dollars per
+year being invested in these uh in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year being invested in these uh in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year being invested in these uh in these
+efforts the program was supposedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts the program was supposedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts the program was supposedly
+canceled in 1995. uh some people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled in 1995. uh some people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled in 1995. uh some people say
+maybe we started again after 9 11. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we started again after 9 11. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we started again after 9 11. I
+have seen no evidence of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen no evidence of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen no evidence of that
+anyway this is one way to perpetuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is one way to perpetuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is one way to perpetuate
+research uh in the kind of in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh in the kind of in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research uh in the kind of in in
+parapsychology was you convinced the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology was you convinced the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology was you convinced the U.S
+federal government that the Soviets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government that the Soviets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government that the Soviets are
+doing it and that unleashes lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and that unleashes lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and that unleashes lots of
+money because there was a cold war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because there was a cold war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because there was a cold war
+rivalry it was still the Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry it was still the Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry it was still the Cold War
+rivalry I find that pretty astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry I find that pretty astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry I find that pretty astonishing
+so several members of that fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so several members of that fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so several members of that fundamental
+physic group including Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic group including Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physic group including Elizabeth
+Rauscher and George Weissman together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rauscher and George Weissman together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rauscher and George Weissman together
+they had founded the group Jack sarfati
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had founded the group Jack sarfati
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had founded the group Jack sarfati
+I showed you saw Paul sarag he was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you saw Paul sarag he was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you saw Paul sarag he was all
+the great hair they actually began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great hair they actually began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great hair they actually began
+conducting their own unclassified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting their own unclassified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting their own unclassified
+replication efforts as well some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication efforts as well some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication efforts as well some of it
+partly um underwritten by some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly um underwritten by some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly um underwritten by some of this
+um uh defense money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh defense money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh defense money
+so they would do the file and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would do the file and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would do the file and actually
+published in the open literature uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the open literature uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the open literature uh in
+the open parapsychology literatures it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open parapsychology literatures it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open parapsychology literatures it
+wasn't classified it also wasn't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't classified it also wasn't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't classified it also wasn't in
+mainstream journals so they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream journals so they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream journals so they would do
+things like this is what became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this is what became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this is what became known as
+so-called remote viewing they would try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called remote viewing they would try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called remote viewing they would try
+to find people who seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find people who seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find people who seem to be
+particularly sensitive to these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitive to these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly sensitive to these you know
+shared Sensations like Yuri Geller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared Sensations like Yuri Geller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared Sensations like Yuri Geller
+seemed to be and they found others who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be and they found others who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be and they found others who
+seem to have comparable abilities at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have comparable abilities at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have comparable abilities at
+least to their estimation and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to their estimation and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to their estimation and they would
+basically have one person have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have one person have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have one person have that
+person sit in a dark room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sit in a dark room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sit in a dark room
+um without with very few kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without with very few kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without with very few kind of
+external stimuli no bright lights no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external stimuli no bright lights no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external stimuli no bright lights no
+loud music have them sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud music have them sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud music have them sit there
+while someone else traveled to an to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while someone else traveled to an to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while someone else traveled to an to a a
+randomly selected location in the San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected location in the San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selected location in the San
+Francisco area there would be a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco area there would be a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco area there would be a series
+of targets but they wouldn't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of targets but they wouldn't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of targets but they wouldn't know which
+Target that they wouldn't uh uh try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target that they wouldn't uh uh try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target that they wouldn't uh uh try to
+they would try to Shield the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would try to Shield the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would try to Shield the information
+from the sensitive person back at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sensitive person back at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sensitive person back at home
+base and that person who's on the who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and that person who's on the who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base and that person who's on the who's
+outside would just go to some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside would just go to some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside would just go to some kind of
+landmark location and stare at it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmark location and stare at it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmark location and stare at it very
+very hard like you know uh uh places on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard like you know uh uh places on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard like you know uh uh places on
+Stanford's campus or Berkeley's campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford's campus or Berkeley's campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford's campus or Berkeley's campus
+or Golden Gate the park and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Golden Gate the park and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Golden Gate the park and so on and
+then the person who's trying to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person who's trying to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the person who's trying to receive
+these kind of seemingly entangled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of seemingly entangled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of seemingly entangled
+signals would just start either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals would just start either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals would just start either
+sketching or or verbally speaking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching or or verbally speaking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketching or or verbally speaking uh
+what they what they seem to with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they seem to with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they seem to with the
+kind of uh pictures it would form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh pictures it would form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh pictures it would form in
+their minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minds
+and the argument was uh as Rauscher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument was uh as Rauscher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument was uh as Rauscher and
+Wiseman sarfati and saraga eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiseman sarfati and saraga eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiseman sarfati and saraga eventually
+concluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded
+was that there was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was actually
+um no better than chance in matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no better than chance in matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no better than chance in matching
+between the descriptions and the targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the descriptions and the targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the descriptions and the targets
+uh statistically it was about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statistically it was about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statistically it was about you know
+about even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about even
+however there was what they considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there was what they considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there was what they considered
+remarkable precognitive effects so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable precognitive effects so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable precognitive effects so in
+fact was the sensitive people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact was the sensitive people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact was the sensitive people seem to be
+doing was was sketching sort of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was was sketching sort of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was was sketching sort of the next
+Target in line or if you relax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in line or if you relax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in line or if you relax the
+criteria for matching they found lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for matching they found lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for matching they found lots of
+matches afterwards and so naturally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches afterwards and so naturally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches afterwards and so naturally that
+we I'll leave it up to you about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll leave it up to you about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'll leave it up to you about how
+robust that effect seemed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust that effect seemed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust that effect seemed to be the
+point is that's the kind of thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that's the kind of thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that's the kind of thing they
+spent a fair amount of time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a fair amount of time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a fair amount of time trying to
+pursue turns out again as we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue turns out again as we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue turns out again as we know from
+Freedom of Information Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom of Information Act
+declassifications there were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declassifications there were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declassifications there were very
+significant efforts at this at multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant efforts at this at multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant efforts at this at multiple
+um uh defense Laboratories across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh defense Laboratories across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh defense Laboratories across
+country some of which claims you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country some of which claims you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country some of which claims you know
+success uh although uh independent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success uh although uh independent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success uh although uh independent uh
+audits uh usually came down to uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audits uh usually came down to uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audits uh usually came down to uh kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+oh statistical chance anyway that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh statistical chance anyway that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh statistical chance anyway that's one
+thing that was one way this work was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was one way this work was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was one way this work was was
+supported uh basically go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported uh basically go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported uh basically go back to the
+defense department say the Soviets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense department say the Soviets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense department say the Soviets are
+doing it we should do it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it we should do it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it we should do it too
+the folks I was focused on got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folks I was focused on got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the folks I was focused on got a little
+even more creative a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more creative a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more creative a little more
+entrepreneurial and how to support their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial and how to support their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial and how to support their
+work and that was not only to appeal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that was not only to appeal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that was not only to appeal to
+the defense department but also to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense department but also to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense department but also to some
+of these kind of quintessential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of quintessential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kind of quintessential
+California self-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California self-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California self-made
+um millionaires um and and what came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um millionaires um and and what came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um millionaires um and and what came to
+be called the California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called the California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called the California
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a human potential movement it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human potential movement it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human potential movement it was very
+very much in the rage starting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in the rage starting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in the rage starting in the
+late 60s throughout the over the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s throughout the over the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 60s throughout the over the 1970s
+and Beyond there are a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond there are a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Beyond there are a number of these
+folks who became really Nationwide or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who became really Nationwide or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who became really Nationwide or
+even International celebrities for again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even International celebrities for again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even International celebrities for again
+kind of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of either
+claiming to have unlocked the secrets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming to have unlocked the secrets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming to have unlocked the secrets of
+human consciousness and therefore human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human consciousness and therefore human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human consciousness and therefore human
+potential or at least investing heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or at least investing heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or at least investing heavily
+in the effort to do so one of them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effort to do so one of them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the effort to do so one of them was
+named took on the name Warner Earhart he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named took on the name Warner Earhart he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named took on the name Warner Earhart he
+was actually born Jack Rosenberg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually born Jack Rosenberg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually born Jack Rosenberg and
+grew up in Philadelphia but he threw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in Philadelphia but he threw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in Philadelphia but he threw a
+whole series of events he wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of events he wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole series of events he wound up
+moving to the West Coast adopting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the West Coast adopting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the West Coast adopting this
+assumed name he called herself Werner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed name he called herself Werner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed name he called herself Werner
+not Varner although he borrowed the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Varner although he borrowed the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Varner although he borrowed the name
+from Werner Heisenberg because as a kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Werner Heisenberg because as a kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Werner Heisenberg because as a kid
+he'd been very interested in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd been very interested in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd been very interested in modern
+physics and used to read some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and used to read some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and used to read some of
+Heisenberg's popular books we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's popular books we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg's popular books we thought
+Werner or Werner would be a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Werner or Werner would be a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Werner or Werner would be a kind of a
+serious sounding name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious sounding name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious sounding name
+so he adopted this the sort of pseudonym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he adopted this the sort of pseudonym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he adopted this the sort of pseudonym
+Werner Earhart introduced something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Werner Earhart introduced something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Werner Earhart introduced something that
+came to be called Earhart seminars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be called Earhart seminars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to be called Earhart seminars
+training or EST and if you if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or EST and if you if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training or EST and if you if you ask
+your parents they will almost certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents they will almost certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your parents they will almost certainly
+have heard of this at least if they grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of this at least if they grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of this at least if they grew
+up uh in the United States or even many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh in the United States or even many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh in the United States or even many
+parts of Europe became really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe became really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of Europe became really an
+international sensation EST for Earhart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international sensation EST for Earhart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international sensation EST for Earhart
+seminars training this was in the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars training this was in the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars training this was in the kind
+of mainstream news uh regularly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mainstream news uh regularly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mainstream news uh regularly kind of
+relentlessly over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relentlessly over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relentlessly over the course of the
+1970s the S movement could eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s the S movement could eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s the S movement could eventually
+claim kind of devotees among a gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim kind of devotees among a gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim kind of devotees among a gold
+medal gold medal winning Olympic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal gold medal winning Olympic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal gold medal winning Olympic
+athletes among people pretty close to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes among people pretty close to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletes among people pretty close to uh
+political leaders sort of sons daughters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political leaders sort of sons daughters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political leaders sort of sons daughters
+cousins of presidents and Senators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousins of presidents and Senators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousins of presidents and Senators that
+kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing
+media Stars it became really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media Stars it became really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media Stars it became really
+very very pervasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very pervasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very pervasive
+um uh I think they claim some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I think they claim some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh I think they claim some something
+like 800 000 paying alumni had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 800 000 paying alumni had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 800 000 paying alumni had gone
+through these intense kind of uh Hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these intense kind of uh Hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these intense kind of uh Hotel
+Ballroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ballroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ballroom
+um uh intense kind of sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh intense kind of sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh intense kind of sessions
+so Earhart uh met up with um he was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Earhart uh met up with um he was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Earhart uh met up with um he was he
+was by this point based in San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by this point based in San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by this point based in San Francisco
+he met up kind of by chance with members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he met up kind of by chance with members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he met up kind of by chance with members
+of that fundamental physics group in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fundamental physics group in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fundamental physics group in a
+way that I kind of talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I kind of talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that I kind of talk about in the
+book and he basically was convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and he basically was convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and he basically was convinced that
+um that this Quantum entangle and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this Quantum entangle and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that this Quantum entangle and stuff
+really would be the key to unlock powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would be the key to unlock powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would be the key to unlock powers
+of Consciousness so he actually helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness so he actually helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Consciousness so he actually helped
+his lawyers help set up a not-for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lawyers help set up a not-for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his lawyers help set up a not-for-profit
+um Corporation a way that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Corporation a way that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Corporation a way that they could
+actually collect and spend money much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collect and spend money much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually collect and spend money much of
+it coming from Earhart's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coming from Earhart's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coming from Earhart's own
+um generosity they call themselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generosity they call themselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generosity they call themselves a
+physics Consciousness research group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics Consciousness research group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics Consciousness research group
+that would actually uh filed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would actually uh filed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would actually uh filed for
+incorporation in the state of California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation in the state of California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation in the state of California
+and this was again a kind of structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was again a kind of structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was again a kind of structure
+to enable the group to raise funds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable the group to raise funds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable the group to raise funds from
+private donors as and to spend funds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private donors as and to spend funds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private donors as and to spend funds uh
+and Earhart was among the most generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Earhart was among the most generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Earhart was among the most generous
+early donors to get that started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early donors to get that started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early donors to get that started
+Earhart went on to become quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earhart went on to become quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earhart went on to become quite
+controversial EST or S also kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial EST or S also kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial EST or S also kind of
+eventually uh faded from view there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh faded from view there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually uh faded from view there was
+a huge series of very high profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge series of very high profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge series of very high profile
+scandals and counter scandals and claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandals and counter scandals and claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scandals and counter scandals and claims
+and counter claims again the tails off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counter claims again the tails off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counter claims again the tails off
+uh through the 80s and into the 90s for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh through the 80s and into the 90s for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh through the 80s and into the 90s for
+some time Earhart was outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time Earhart was outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time Earhart was outside the
+country then he actually wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country then he actually wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country then he actually wound up
+winning a bunch of uh cases that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning a bunch of uh cases that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning a bunch of uh cases that had
+been brought against him so he is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought against him so he is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been brought against him so he is is
+back in the country and so on anyway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the country and so on anyway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the country and so on anyway it
+became a big a big big to do but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a big a big big to do but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a big a big big to do but for
+over the 70s Earhart was um a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the 70s Earhart was um a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the 70s Earhart was um a kind of
+almost household name and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost household name and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost household name and one of the
+earliest supporters of this work so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest supporters of this work so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest supporters of this work so now
+you have the group not only getting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the group not only getting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the group not only getting some
+support from the CIA and the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from the CIA and the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from the CIA and the defense
+department but also from some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department but also from some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department but also from some of these
+kind of self-made uh kind of California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self-made uh kind of California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of self-made uh kind of California
+gurus of this counterculture scene like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gurus of this counterculture scene like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gurus of this counterculture scene like
+we're in Earhart it turns out before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in Earhart it turns out before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in Earhart it turns out before we
+say oh Earhart that stuff sounds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh Earhart that stuff sounds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh Earhart that stuff sounds a
+little flaky at almost the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flaky at almost the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little flaky at almost the exact same
+time Earhart was also starting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Earhart was also starting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Earhart was also starting up
+another Series in physics that ran for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Series in physics that ran for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Series in physics that ran for
+um 13 years and was run by one of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 13 years and was run by one of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 13 years and was run by one of my own
+colleagues here at MIT Roman Jackie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues here at MIT Roman Jackie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues here at MIT Roman Jackie and
+my physics PhD advisor one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my physics PhD advisor one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my physics PhD advisor one of my
+advisors Sydney Coleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors Sydney Coleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisors Sydney Coleman
+and their meetings attract to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their meetings attract to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their meetings attract to people
+like uh Stephen Hawking and uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Stephen Hawking and uh John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Stephen Hawking and uh John
+Wheeler and a number of Nobel laureates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheeler and a number of Nobel laureates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wheeler and a number of Nobel laureates
+Gerard hosts in this Photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gerard hosts in this Photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gerard hosts in this Photograph
+somewhere so at the same time that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so at the same time that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so at the same time that uh
+that or basically around the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or basically around the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or basically around the same time
+that Earhart was funding this physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Earhart was funding this physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Earhart was funding this physics
+Consciousness research group from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness research group from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness research group from the
+fundamental physics group and digging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group and digging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group and digging
+into things like ESP and quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into things like ESP and quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into things like ESP and quantum
+entanglement other physicists at leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement other physicists at leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement other physicists at leading
+institutions who did who had pursued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions who did who had pursued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions who did who had pursued
+more typical careers uh in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical careers uh in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more typical careers uh in the field
+academic careers we're also getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic careers we're also getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic careers we're also getting
+support from that same source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from that same source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from that same source and
+hosting what turned out to be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting what turned out to be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting what turned out to be a pretty
+uh successful series of informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh successful series of informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh successful series of informal
+conferences held often in Earhart's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences held often in Earhart's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences held often in Earhart's
+personal house uh a big huge mansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal house uh a big huge mansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal house uh a big huge mansion
+that he bought in San Francisco so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he bought in San Francisco so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he bought in San Francisco so the
+source of patronage was was not a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of patronage was was not a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of patronage was was not a kind
+of uh one way or the other it's I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh one way or the other it's I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh one way or the other it's I take
+that as a further sign of just how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a further sign of just how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a further sign of just how much
+that cold war set of assumptions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cold war set of assumptions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cold war set of assumptions have
+really kind of been been disrupted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of been been disrupted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of been been disrupted by
+the early mid 1970s where even Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early mid 1970s where even Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early mid 1970s where even Harvard
+MIT physicist even Nobel laureates we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT physicist even Nobel laureates we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT physicist even Nobel laureates we're
+at least sometimes in need there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least sometimes in need there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least sometimes in need there's
+untraditional patronage because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untraditional patronage because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untraditional patronage because the
+usual sources were really in short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual sources were really in short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual sources were really in short
+supply okay so it wasn't only a word of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply okay so it wasn't only a word of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply okay so it wasn't only a word of
+Earhart uh the group the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earhart uh the group the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earhart uh the group the fundamental
+physics group also got considerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group also got considerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group also got considerable
+support uh from another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support uh from another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support uh from another kind of
+California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California
+um uh counterculture Maven named Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh counterculture Maven named Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh counterculture Maven named Michael
+Murphy Murphy had much like when Earhart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy Murphy had much like when Earhart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy Murphy had much like when Earhart
+had been really enamored by quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been really enamored by quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been really enamored by quantum
+physics as a younger person he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as a younger person he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as a younger person he actually
+studied physics briefly at Stanford if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied physics briefly at Stanford if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied physics briefly at Stanford if
+we switched his major but it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switched his major but it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switched his major but it was really
+you know fascinated by this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fascinated by this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fascinated by this and then
+soon after graduating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after graduating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon after graduating
+he founded this place called The esselin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he founded this place called The esselin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he founded this place called The esselin
+Institute in Big Sur California down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute in Big Sur California down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute in Big Sur California down the
+coast about 150 miles south of San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast about 150 miles south of San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast about 150 miles south of San
+Francisco nestled as you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco nestled as you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco nestled as you can see is
+extraordinary location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary location
+on the Pacific coast so esselin became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pacific coast so esselin became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Pacific coast so esselin became
+over the 60s and 70s kind of ground zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the 60s and 70s kind of ground zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the 60s and 70s kind of ground zero
+for the hippie world for The Counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hippie world for The Counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hippie world for The Counter
+Culture world this is where people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Culture world this is where people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Culture world this is where people would
+go to talk about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to talk about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to talk about things like
+vegetarianism which once seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetarianism which once seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetarianism which once seemed
+incredibly strange in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly strange in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly strange in the United States
+it's where they would go to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where they would go to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where they would go to explore
+psychedelic drugs both before and even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychedelic drugs both before and even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychedelic drugs both before and even a
+bit after they become illegal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit after they become illegal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit after they become illegal where
+people would explore this kind of newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would explore this kind of newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would explore this kind of newer
+set of ideas about human consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of ideas about human consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of ideas about human consciousness
+and human potential and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human potential and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and human potential and it turns out
+where they would go to explore quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they would go to explore quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they would go to explore quantum
+entanglement so as I mentioned Murphy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so as I mentioned Murphy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement so as I mentioned Murphy
+himself was fascinated by quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself was fascinated by quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself was fascinated by quantum
+physics he invited this this group this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he invited this this group this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he invited this this group this
+berkeley-based group to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berkeley-based group to come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berkeley-based group to come down
+and host a month-long Workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and host a month-long Workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and host a month-long Workshop
+underwritten entirely by Murphy host a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwritten entirely by Murphy host a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwritten entirely by Murphy host a
+month-long workshop at esselin for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month-long workshop at esselin for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month-long workshop at esselin for a
+bunch of their uh friends and colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of their uh friends and colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of their uh friends and colleagues
+and then uh other people could kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh other people could kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh other people could kind of
+pay a modest entrance fee to attend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a modest entrance fee to attend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a modest entrance fee to attend the
+workshop uh and have sort of you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop uh and have sort of you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop uh and have sort of you know um
+uh naked hot spring bath massages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naked hot spring bath massages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh naked hot spring bath massages and
+all the rest so they advertise this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest so they advertise this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest so they advertise this uh
+Workshop that perhaps a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop that perhaps a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workshop that perhaps a new kind of
+inspired physicist experienced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired physicist experienced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired physicist experienced in the
+yogic modes of perception must emerge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yogic modes of perception must emerge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yogic modes of perception must emerge to
+comprehend the further reaches of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend the further reaches of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehend the further reaches of matter
+space and time and when it came to yogic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time and when it came to yogic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and time and when it came to yogic
+modes of perception Ashlyn had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of perception Ashlyn had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of perception Ashlyn had the
+market cornered that's literally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market cornered that's literally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market cornered that's literally what
+they uh became known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh became known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh became known for
+some of you might have heard of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might have heard of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you might have heard of the book
+The Dancing woolly Masters it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Dancing woolly Masters it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Dancing woolly Masters it actually
+won the national book award obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the national book award obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the national book award obviously
+the American book award uh it sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American book award uh it sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American book award uh it sold
+something like 20 million copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 million copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 20 million copies
+worldwide many many translations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide many many translations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide many many translations it
+became a publishing sensation the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a publishing sensation the author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a publishing sensation the author
+of the book Gary zhukov was at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book Gary zhukov was at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book Gary zhukov was at the time
+the roommate of Jack sarfati one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roommate of Jack sarfati one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roommate of Jack sarfati one of
+those members I mentioned before the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those members I mentioned before the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those members I mentioned before the one
+had been in that saffron wrote so Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been in that saffron wrote so Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been in that saffron wrote so Jack
+invited his friend Gary to come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited his friend Gary to come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited his friend Gary to come along
+and the whole book is basically trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole book is basically trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole book is basically trying
+to capture the nature of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture the nature of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture the nature of these
+discussions at this month-long um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions at this month-long um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions at this month-long um
+quantum physics workshop at eslin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics workshop at eslin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics workshop at eslin in
+January of 1976 in fact the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 1976 in fact the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 1976 in fact the very first
+chapter is called Big thoughts in Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is called Big thoughts in Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter is called Big thoughts in Big
+Sur date for Big Sur California so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sur date for Big Sur California so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sur date for Big Sur California so you
+have this kind of broader um uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of broader um uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of broader um uh kind of
+circulation of some of these ideas well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation of some of these ideas well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation of some of these ideas well
+beyond the Pacific coast itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the Pacific coast itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the Pacific coast itself
+and in fact much like those Earhart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact much like those Earhart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact much like those Earhart
+funded workshops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded workshops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded workshops
+there wasn't only a one-off there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't only a one-off there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't only a one-off there were
+um 13 years worth of annual week-long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 13 years worth of annual week-long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 13 years worth of annual week-long
+sessions that were followers up after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions that were followers up after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions that were followers up after
+the month-long one that became known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month-long one that became known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month-long one that became known as
+the bells theorem study group held every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bells theorem study group held every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bells theorem study group held every
+year at esselen with members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at esselen with members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year at esselen with members of the
+fundamental physics group like Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group like Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group like Henry
+Stapp shown here coming down the coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stapp shown here coming down the coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stapp shown here coming down the coast
+uh for the for the week-long Retreats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the for the week-long Retreats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the for the week-long Retreats
+every week and in fact that became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week and in fact that became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week and in fact that became the
+longest running longest running Workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest running longest running Workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest running longest running Workshop
+in excellence history so esslin's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excellence history so esslin's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in excellence history so esslin's known
+for uh for kind of hippie Counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for kind of hippie Counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for kind of hippie Counter
+Culture stuff uh psychedelics nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Culture stuff uh psychedelics nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Culture stuff uh psychedelics nature
+Consciousness vegetarianism Eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness vegetarianism Eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness vegetarianism Eastern
+mysticism and spiritualism and yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysticism and spiritualism and yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysticism and spiritualism and yet the
+longest running Workshop the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest running Workshop the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest running Workshop the longest
+continuously running Workshop was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously running Workshop was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously running Workshop was
+actually on quantum entanglement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on quantum entanglement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on quantum entanglement
+so now you can see the group's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can see the group's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can see the group's getting
+funds and also something like a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and also something like a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds and also something like a kind of
+institutional base from which uh to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional base from which uh to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional base from which uh to try
+to pursue their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pursue their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pursue their work
+so how do you spread the word Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you spread the word Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you spread the word Beyond
+just you know kind of the the hot spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know kind of the the hot spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know kind of the the hot spring
+baths or the conference room at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baths or the conference room at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baths or the conference room at the
+Berkeley Laboratory that actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley Laboratory that actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley Laboratory that actually was
+not so straightforward it turns out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so straightforward it turns out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so straightforward it turns out at
+the time the long-running editor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the long-running editor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the long-running editor of the
+physical review actually banned articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical review actually banned articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical review actually banned articles
+on the kind of philosophy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of philosophy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of philosophy or
+interpretation of quantum mechanics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of quantum mechanics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of quantum mechanics in
+fact he even went so far as to drop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he even went so far as to drop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he even went so far as to drop a
+special sheet of instructions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sheet of instructions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special sheet of instructions for
+referees and the instructions were if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referees and the instructions were if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referees and the instructions were if
+this submission to the journal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this submission to the journal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this submission to the journal to the
+mainstream resource Journal looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream resource Journal looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainstream resource Journal looks like
+it's only on the so-called philosophy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only on the so-called philosophy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only on the so-called philosophy or
+interpretation of quantum theory then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of quantum theory then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of quantum theory then
+don't bother reviewing it just check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother reviewing it just check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother reviewing it just check
+this box and will automatically reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box and will automatically reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box and will automatically reject
+it it was really a kind of high barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was really a kind of high barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was really a kind of high barrier
+in the U.S um Journal scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S um Journal scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S um Journal scene
+so high in fact that a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high in fact that a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high in fact that a number of
+follow-up articles by John Bell himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up articles by John Bell himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up articles by John Bell himself
+on Bell's theorem wound up appearing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bell's theorem wound up appearing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Bell's theorem wound up appearing in
+these very strange out of the way places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very strange out of the way places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very strange out of the way places
+so some of John Bell's own work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of John Bell's own work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of John Bell's own work was
+shunted out of the mainstream journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunted out of the mainstream journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunted out of the mainstream journals
+like the physical review and into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the physical review and into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the physical review and into these
+hand-typed mimeographed newsletters from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-typed mimeographed newsletters from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-typed mimeographed newsletters from
+this case a little group in uh in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a little group in uh in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case a little group in uh in I
+think Geneva or somewhere in Switzerland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Geneva or somewhere in Switzerland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Geneva or somewhere in Switzerland
+and circulated uh as a kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circulated uh as a kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circulated uh as a kind of um
+Clubhouse newsletter so it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clubhouse newsletter so it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clubhouse newsletter so it wasn't
+peer-reviewed it wasn't sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-reviewed it wasn't sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-reviewed it wasn't sent to
+libraries it was like you you sent in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries it was like you you sent in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries it was like you you sent in a
+postcard saying please send me the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcard saying please send me the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcard saying please send me the next
+month installment and so this was a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month installment and so this was a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month installment and so this was a kind
+of underground newsletter called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underground newsletter called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underground newsletter called
+epistemological letters and literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemological letters and literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epistemological letters and literally
+some of the work that would later come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that would later come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work that would later come
+out come to be recognized as remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out come to be recognized as remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out come to be recognized as remarkably
+important for understanding things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for understanding things like
+quantum entanglement his follow-up work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement his follow-up work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement his follow-up work
+was was shunted into these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was shunted into these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was shunted into these kind of
+non-traditional circulation mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional circulation mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-traditional circulation mechanisms
+even more untraditional was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more untraditional was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more untraditional was the
+following uh it became to be known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh it became to be known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following uh it became to be known as
+the ucorn a unicorn preprint service the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ucorn a unicorn preprint service the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ucorn a unicorn preprint service the
+Unicorn was a little kind of joke uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unicorn was a little kind of joke uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unicorn was a little kind of joke uh for
+the based on the last name of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the based on the last name of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the based on the last name of this
+gentleman Ira Einhorn so as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman Ira Einhorn so as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentleman Ira Einhorn so as you might
+know in German means one horn a unicorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in German means one horn a unicorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in German means one horn a unicorn
+Einhorn had also been enamored of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn had also been enamored of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn had also been enamored of
+physics uh as a as a younger person he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh as a as a younger person he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh as a as a younger person he
+actually briefly did a double he briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually briefly did a double he briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually briefly did a double he briefly
+pursued a double major in physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursued a double major in physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursued a double major in physics and
+English as an undergraduate he dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as an undergraduate he dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English as an undergraduate he dropped
+physics and just was an English maid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and just was an English maid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and just was an English maid in
+the end and then he became Reed got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and then he became Reed got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and then he became Reed got
+really swept up with some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really swept up with some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really swept up with some of these
+pretty big dramatic changes uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big dramatic changes uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big dramatic changes uh in the
+U.S by the late 60s he became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S by the late 60s he became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S by the late 60s he became an
+anti-war activist and he was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war activist and he was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-war activist and he was something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of anti-war kind of um iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind of anti-war kind of um iconic
+leader showing up a lot of the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader showing up a lot of the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader showing up a lot of the famous
+protests with people like Abby Hoffman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests with people like Abby Hoffman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests with people like Abby Hoffman
+and Jerry Rubin he actually helped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jerry Rubin he actually helped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Jerry Rubin he actually helped to
+emcee the nation's first Earth Day rally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emcee the nation's first Earth Day rally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emcee the nation's first Earth Day rally
+in his native Philadelphia in 1970 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his native Philadelphia in 1970 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his native Philadelphia in 1970 and
+around that same time he became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that same time he became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that same time he became an
+unusual kind of Management Consultant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual kind of Management Consultant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual kind of Management Consultant to
+the Pennsylvania branch of Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pennsylvania branch of Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pennsylvania branch of Bell
+Telephone so Bell Telephone Executives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telephone so Bell Telephone Executives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telephone so Bell Telephone Executives
+base in Philadelphia where einhone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in Philadelphia where einhone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base in Philadelphia where einhone was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+were worried that they were kind of
+
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+were worried that they were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+falling behind with what the youth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling behind with what the youth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling behind with what the youth
+culture was all about which was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture was all about which was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture was all about which was almost
+certainly correct so the the a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly correct so the the a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly correct so the the a bunch of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of you know executive types in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of you know executive types in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Bell wanted to get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Bell wanted to get a sense
+for what the young people of the day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the young people of the day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the young people of the day the
+kind of hippie Counter Culture scene was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hippie Counter Culture scene was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hippie Counter Culture scene was
+all about so they hired Einhorn uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about so they hired Einhorn uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about so they hired Einhorn uh who
+at this point had become really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point had become really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point had become really well
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in Philadelphia to come in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in Philadelphia to come in and and
+be their kind of channel to what Youth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be their kind of channel to what Youth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be their kind of channel to what Youth
+of the day were into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day were into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day were into
+Einhorn refused any traditional payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn refused any traditional payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn refused any traditional payment
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in instead of being paid in cash for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in instead of being paid in cash for
+his Consulting Services he made a deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Consulting Services he made a deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Consulting Services he made a deal
+with the executives at Pennsylvania Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the executives at Pennsylvania Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the executives at Pennsylvania Bell
+that he would send to them regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would send to them regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would send to them regularly
+sometimes once a week sometimes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes once a week sometimes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes once a week sometimes every
+two weeks a big stack of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks a big stack of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks a big stack of materials
+newspaper clippings uh unpublished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper clippings uh unpublished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper clippings uh unpublished
+physics preprints just a mash of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics preprints just a mash of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics preprints just a mash of stuff
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remember well before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remember well before the
+internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet
+and so the executives at Bell would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the executives at Bell would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the executives at Bell would have
+their administrative assistants Xerox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their administrative assistants Xerox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their administrative assistants Xerox
+for free all these things make 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free all these things make 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free all these things make 300
+copies of these packets and then pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of these packets and then pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of these packets and then pay the
+postage to mail it to 300 kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage to mail it to 300 kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postage to mail it to 300 kind of
+hand-picked recipients on einhorn's list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-picked recipients on einhorn's list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand-picked recipients on einhorn's list
+and the recipients were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipients were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the recipients were really
+International some of them even behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International some of them even behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International some of them even behind
+the so-called Iron Curtain in in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Iron Curtain in in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Iron Curtain in in uh the
+Soviet Union or the Soviet aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union or the Soviet aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union or the Soviet aligned
+countries in Eastern Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in Eastern Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in Eastern Europe
+it was also even within the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also even within the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also even within the United
+States a mixture of people that included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States a mixture of people that included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States a mixture of people that included
+renowned physicists like Freeman Dyson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned physicists like Freeman Dyson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renowned physicists like Freeman Dyson
+and John Wheeler Gerald Feinberg at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John Wheeler Gerald Feinberg at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John Wheeler Gerald Feinberg at the
+time with the physics department head at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the physics department head at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with the physics department head at
+Columbia University so these really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia University so these really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia University so these really uh
+kind of uh very prestigious physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh very prestigious physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh very prestigious physicists
+uh in the U.S and abroad as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the U.S and abroad as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the U.S and abroad as well as
+people like um kind of the Handler of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like um kind of the Handler of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like um kind of the Handler of
+Yuri Geller Andrew puharic other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yuri Geller Andrew puharic other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yuri Geller Andrew puharic other people
+who were well known at the same time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were well known at the same time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were well known at the same time for
+being really into the kind of ESP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really into the kind of ESP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being really into the kind of ESP
+parapsychology scene here's Nick Herbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology scene here's Nick Herbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parapsychology scene here's Nick Herbert
+member of the feminism fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the feminism fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the feminism fundamental
+physics group so einhard would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group so einhard would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group so einhard would
+concatenate would collect stuff he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate would collect stuff he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate would collect stuff he
+thought these 300 people just had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these 300 people just had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought these 300 people just had to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+uh things that he thought were special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that he thought were special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that he thought were special
+interesting and it was usually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and it was usually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and it was usually about
+kind of quantum theory and the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quantum theory and the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quantum theory and the nature of
+Consciousness and so he was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and so he was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness and so he was really
+instrumental in circulating uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in circulating uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in circulating uh kind of
+unpublished or barely published versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpublished or barely published versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpublished or barely published versions
+of uh these latest physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh these latest physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh these latest physics
+investigations by the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations by the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations by the fundamental
+physics group including for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group including for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group including for example this
+pre-print by Jack sifati and Fred Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-print by Jack sifati and Fred Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-print by Jack sifati and Fred Alan
+wolf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolf
+that was uh sent to Ira and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was uh sent to Ira and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was uh sent to Ira and then from
+Iris sent thanks to Bell Telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iris sent thanks to Bell Telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iris sent thanks to Bell Telephone
+literally around the world so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally around the world so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally around the world so they're
+doing a kind of end run around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a kind of end run around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a kind of end run around the
+ordinary peer review journals like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary peer review journals like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary peer review journals like the
+physical review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical review
+this worked really really effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked really really effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked really really effectively
+until the very end of 1979. he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the very end of 1979. he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the very end of 1979. he was doing
+this for about a decade what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for about a decade what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for about a decade what happened in
+1979 is that while Einhorn was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 is that while Einhorn was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1979 is that while Einhorn was actually
+at Harvard as a short-term uh invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard as a short-term uh invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard as a short-term uh invited
+um scholar at Harvard uh at I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scholar at Harvard uh at I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scholar at Harvard uh at I think the
+Kennedy School to talk about leadership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy School to talk about leadership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy School to talk about leadership
+uh the rotting remains of his it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rotting remains of his it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rotting remains of his it turns
+out murdered girlfriend were found in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out murdered girlfriend were found in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out murdered girlfriend were found in a
+trunk in his apartment he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunk in his apartment he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trunk in his apartment he was
+um suspected of having of their or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suspected of having of their or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suspected of having of their or
+having been Foul Play when his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been Foul Play when his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having been Foul Play when his
+girlfriend Holly Maddox disappeared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend Holly Maddox disappeared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend Holly Maddox disappeared and
+yet Einhorn is kind of peace-loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet Einhorn is kind of peace-loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet Einhorn is kind of peace-loving
+hippie uh favorite person of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippie uh favorite person of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippie uh favorite person of
+Philadelphia was never seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia was never seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia was never seriously
+investigated for 18 months and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated for 18 months and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated for 18 months and so
+finally retired FBI agent hired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally retired FBI agent hired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally retired FBI agent hired by
+Holly's family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holly's family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holly's family
+followed the clues and indeed LED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the clues and indeed LED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed the clues and indeed LED
+investigators to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators to
+to Holly Einhorn was charged with murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Holly Einhorn was charged with murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Holly Einhorn was charged with murder
+he was eventually convicted it's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was eventually convicted it's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was eventually convicted it's a whole
+long story anyway as you can imagine as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story anyway as you can imagine as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story anyway as you can imagine as
+soon as he was charged the Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as he was charged the Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as he was charged the Bell
+Telephone folks stopped um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telephone folks stopped um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telephone folks stopped um you know
+their circulation service so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their circulation service so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their circulation service so this
+Einhorn uh unicorn preprint service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn uh unicorn preprint service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn uh unicorn preprint service
+worked remarkably effectively for nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked remarkably effectively for nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked remarkably effectively for nearly
+10 years until it stops one day with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years until it stops one day with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years until it stops one day with
+kind of no warning when the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of no warning when the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of no warning when the situation
+changed so dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so dramatically
+before long before the arrest long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before long before the arrest long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before long before the arrest long
+before Ollie Maddox had disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Ollie Maddox had disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Ollie Maddox had disappeared
+Einhorn had had a kind of second career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn had had a kind of second career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn had had a kind of second career
+as a kind of free-form literary agent he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of free-form literary agent he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of free-form literary agent he
+was actually connecting some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually connecting some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually connecting some of these
+new Authors many from the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Authors many from the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Authors many from the fundamental
+physics group to Big commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group to Big commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics group to Big commercial
+publishing houses in New York City which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing houses in New York City which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing houses in New York City which
+again we're really eager to tap into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're really eager to tap into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're really eager to tap into
+this kind of Youth hippie counterculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Youth hippie counterculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of Youth hippie counterculture
+market and so a second way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so a second way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and so a second way that the
+group got their word out rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group got their word out rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group got their word out rather than
+publishing the physical view was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing the physical view was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing the physical view was
+actually in some genuinely commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some genuinely commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in some genuinely commercially
+successful very widely circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful very widely circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful very widely circulating
+popular books books like the dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular books books like the dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular books books like the dancing
+ruling Masters and I mentioned in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling Masters and I mentioned in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling Masters and I mentioned in fact a
+number of kind of related knockoff books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of kind of related knockoff books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of kind of related knockoff books
+that some of which became really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of which became really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of which became really quite
+well known the other day many of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known the other day many of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known the other day many of which
+were kind of shepherded into print uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of shepherded into print uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of shepherded into print uh
+thanks to Einhorn and his uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Einhorn and his uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Einhorn and his uh his
+connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections
+so uh one of the books that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the books that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the books that came out
+about it was uh the topic of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it was uh the topic of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it was uh the topic of the other
+reading you had for today my short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you had for today my short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading you had for today my short
+little piece on friction Copper's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece on friction Copper's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece on friction Copper's book
+The Tao of physics copper was again one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Tao of physics copper was again one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Tao of physics copper was again one
+of the founding members of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founding members of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founding members of this
+fundamental physics group uh he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group uh he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group uh he was
+originally from Vienna as you read but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally from Vienna as you read but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally from Vienna as you read but
+had come over to California as a postdoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come over to California as a postdoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had come over to California as a postdoc
+and then kind of um went back to London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of um went back to London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of um went back to London
+when his Visa expired and so on but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his Visa expired and so on but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his Visa expired and so on but he
+stayed in touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed in touch
+came back once again to California after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back once again to California after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back once again to California after
+that so he wrote this book originally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so he wrote this book originally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so he wrote this book originally to
+try to write a textbook on Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to write a textbook on Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to write a textbook on Modern
+physics he um thought this would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he um thought this would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics he um thought this would help
+him get an academic teaching job which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him get an academic teaching job which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him get an academic teaching job which
+is a kind of his position he'd been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of his position he'd been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of his position he'd been
+longing for he was sharing drafts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longing for he was sharing drafts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longing for he was sharing drafts of
+particular chapters with renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chapters with renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular chapters with renowned
+physicists like um Vicki weiskov and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists like um Vicki weiskov and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists like um Vicki weiskov and
+John Wheeler and getting advice to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wheeler and getting advice to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Wheeler and getting advice to how
+to sharpen his his discussions and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sharpen his his discussions and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sharpen his his discussions and so on
+and then finally uh was told that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally uh was told that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally uh was told that you
+know you're not going to get a job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're not going to get a job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're not going to get a job and
+No One's Gonna you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No One's Gonna you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No One's Gonna you're not going to get
+rich to support yourself on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich to support yourself on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich to support yourself on the
+royalties of a textbook why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties of a textbook why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalties of a textbook why don't you
+combine these two interests that he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two interests that he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two interests that he'd
+been uh otherwise enamored of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh otherwise enamored of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been uh otherwise enamored of modern
+physics and Eastern spirituality and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and Eastern spirituality and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and Eastern spirituality and so
+he rewrote the draft to become what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rewrote the draft to become what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he rewrote the draft to become what what
+became known as the tower physics became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became known as the tower physics became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became known as the tower physics became
+an international bestseller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an international bestseller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an international bestseller
+now it turns out this book was not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out this book was not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out this book was not only
+popular uh with the kind of um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular uh with the kind of um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular uh with the kind of um you know
+new age Counter Culture set it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new age Counter Culture set it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new age Counter Culture set it got
+really quite warm and enthusiastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite warm and enthusiastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite warm and enthusiastic
+reviews in places like physics today a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews in places like physics today a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviews in places like physics today a
+reviewer of Cornell astrophysicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer of Cornell astrophysicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer of Cornell astrophysicist
+reviewed the book for physics today it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed the book for physics today it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed the book for physics today it
+said the physics is basically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the physics is basically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the physics is basically right
+after all coppera had done a PhD in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all coppera had done a PhD in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all coppera had done a PhD in two
+postdocs and had really really senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdocs and had really really senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postdocs and had really really senior
+physicists kind of reading over drafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists kind of reading over drafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists kind of reading over drafts
+it was it was reasonable accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was reasonable accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it was reasonable accessible
+discussion of things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of things like the
+uncertainty principle moreover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle moreover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle moreover the
+reviewer emphasized it couches this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer emphasized it couches this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewer emphasized it couches this
+physics in quote the immediate feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in quote the immediate feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics in quote the immediate feeling
+oriented vision of the Mystic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented vision of the Mystic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented vision of the Mystic so
+attractive to many of our best students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to many of our best students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive to many of our best students
+again this is a time when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a time when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a time when the
+enrollments had crashed when physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments had crashed when physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollments had crashed when physics
+classrooms were emptying out uh faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms were emptying out uh faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms were emptying out uh faster
+than any other field and this was seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other field and this was seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any other field and this was seen
+as a vehicle to try to try to recapture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vehicle to try to try to recapture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a vehicle to try to try to recapture
+the imagination of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imagination of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imagination of some of the
+disaffected young college students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaffected young college students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaffected young college students who
+were no longer flocking to physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no longer flocking to physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were no longer flocking to physics
+classrooms it was seen as reasonable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms it was seen as reasonable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms it was seen as reasonable in
+the physics and a great kind of PR tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics and a great kind of PR tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics and a great kind of PR tool
+if nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing else
+meanwhile there broke out a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile there broke out a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile there broke out a kind of
+almost like a cold war competition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a cold war competition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a cold war competition in
+another uh very prominent journal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh very prominent journal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh very prominent journal the
+American General Physics which as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American General Physics which as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American General Physics which as you
+probably know is devoted has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know is devoted has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know is devoted has been
+devoted since its founding to improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted since its founding to improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted since its founding to improving
+the teaching of physics so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching of physics so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching of physics so it's not
+really a research Journal per se but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a research Journal per se but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a research Journal per se but
+it's it's research on how to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's research on how to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's research on how to improve the
+teaching of physics from high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching of physics from high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching of physics from high school
+level through through undergraduate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level through through undergraduate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level through through undergraduate and
+Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you can trace through in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can trace through in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can trace through in the
+pages of the American General Physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of the American General Physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of the American General Physics
+again this kind of playful kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this kind of playful kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this kind of playful kind of
+gamesmanship not whether physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamesmanship not whether physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamesmanship not whether physicists
+should use books like Adele physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use books like Adele physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use books like Adele physics in
+their classrooms but how best do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classrooms but how best do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classrooms but how best do they
+all agreed you should because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agreed you should because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all agreed you should because it was
+pretty clear on the physics and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear on the physics and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear on the physics and also
+seem to have this special appeal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have this special appeal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have this special appeal to the
+youth culture of the day and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth culture of the day and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youth culture of the day and so you have
+these kind of dueling lesson plans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of dueling lesson plans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of dueling lesson plans and
+whole semester-long courses being kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole semester-long courses being kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole semester-long courses being kind
+of paraded through the American Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paraded through the American Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paraded through the American Journal
+of physics because it looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics because it looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics because it looked like this
+book was sort of too good to pass up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was sort of too good to pass up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was sort of too good to pass up and
+it turns out other books by members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out other books by members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out other books by members of
+the fundamental physics group uh played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental physics group uh played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental physics group uh played
+a similar role a few years later they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar role a few years later they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar role a few years later they
+were published a little bit Downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were published a little bit Downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were published a little bit Downstream
+from Copper's book and they also were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Copper's book and they also were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Copper's book and they also were
+picked up as kind of quasi-textbooks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up as kind of quasi-textbooks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up as kind of quasi-textbooks as
+well as uh often best-selling paperbacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as uh often best-selling paperbacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as uh often best-selling paperbacks
+can we pause there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we pause there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we pause there
+so that unit was really on on this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that unit was really on on this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that unit was really on on this kind
+of question about institutions funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question about institutions funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question about institutions funding
+how do you get the word out how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the word out how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get the word out how do you
+get a kind of stable platform on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a kind of stable platform on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a kind of stable platform on which
+to pursue this work if the folks were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pursue this work if the folks were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pursue this work if the folks were
+not going to have be pursuing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have be pursuing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to have be pursuing kind of
+typical University type careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical University type careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical University type careers
+any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was Einhorn was often credited um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Einhorn was often credited um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Einhorn was often credited um
+even while I was in jail with having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even while I was in jail with having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even while I was in jail with having
+sort of invented the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of invented the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of invented the idea of the
+internet before the internet you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet before the internet you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet before the internet you can see
+this kind of pre-print service was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of pre-print service was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of pre-print service was sort
+of like a kind of not quite Reddit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a kind of not quite Reddit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a kind of not quite Reddit but
+some kind of like like-minded group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of like like-minded group you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of like like-minded group you
+go there and find out you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and find out you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there and find out you know an
+Eclectic group of people from all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclectic group of people from all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eclectic group of people from all over
+the world who might share some Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who might share some Niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world who might share some Niche
+interests they can find each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests they can find each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests they can find each other and
+communicate and that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate and that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate and that's the kind of
+connectivity model that Einhorn was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity model that Einhorn was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity model that Einhorn was
+trying to build with you know Xerox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build with you know Xerox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build with you know Xerox
+machines and postage stamps it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and postage stamps it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and postage stamps it was
+technologically quite old school but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically quite old school but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically quite old school but the
+notion of trying to get kind of Niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of trying to get kind of Niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of trying to get kind of Niche
+communities to be able to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities to be able to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities to be able to communicate
+that uh was maybe a little bit ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh was maybe a little bit ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh was maybe a little bit ahead of
+its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on that you're stunned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that you're stunned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on that you're stunned
+into silence that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it worth reading some of these books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth reading some of these books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth reading some of these books
+that's a good question let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question let me put it
+this way when I was a grad student at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way when I was a grad student at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way when I was a grad student at
+Harvard some many many years ago uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard some many many years ago uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard some many many years ago uh I
+was a teaching assistant for a Physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a teaching assistant for a Physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a teaching assistant for a Physics
+course and we still listed Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we still listed Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and we still listed Nick
+Herbert's book Quantum reality on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herbert's book Quantum reality on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herbert's book Quantum reality on the
+syllabus as a worthwhile supplemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus as a worthwhile supplemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus as a worthwhile supplemental
+reading and I still think it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I still think it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I still think it's a good
+book Nick's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Nick's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Nick's book
+I personally read the Dow physics as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally read the Dow physics as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I personally read the Dow physics as a
+high school student it was still kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school student it was still kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school student it was still kind of
+widely in circulation and I just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely in circulation and I just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely in circulation and I just kind of
+stumbled on it like a used bookstore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbled on it like a used bookstore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stumbled on it like a used bookstore and
+my personal assessment is that I I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal assessment is that I I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my personal assessment is that I I found
+the physicsy parts really well described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physicsy parts really well described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physicsy parts really well described
+and really fun for me as a high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really fun for me as a high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really fun for me as a high school
+kid who you know was taking physics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid who you know was taking physics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid who you know was taking physics but
+not yet in college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet in college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet in college
+um and the Eastern descriptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the Eastern descriptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the Eastern descriptions of
+Eastern kind of spiritualism just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern kind of spiritualism just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern kind of spiritualism just didn't
+really do it for me but that was just me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do it for me but that was just me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do it for me but that was just me
+um but it's it's not you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's it's not you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's it's not you know those
+books I think are were more careful with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I think are were more careful with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books I think are were more careful with
+the physics than others like the dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics than others like the dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics than others like the dancing
+woolly Masters which I will say without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woolly Masters which I will say without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woolly Masters which I will say without
+hesitation is not very good on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation is not very good on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation is not very good on the
+physics the author was had no training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the author was had no training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics the author was had no training
+in physics himself uh and it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics himself uh and it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physics himself uh and it was kind of
+rushed into print and sold more copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushed into print and sold more copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rushed into print and sold more copies
+than many of the others put together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than many of the others put together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than many of the others put together so
+not all these books are worth reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all these books are worth reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all these books are worth reading
+let me make maybe I should make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make maybe I should make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make maybe I should make that
+clear but I think that uh Nick's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but I think that uh Nick's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but I think that uh Nick's book
+what you know she reflects the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know she reflects the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know she reflects the kind of
+earnest efforts to make sense of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnest efforts to make sense of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnest efforts to make sense of these
+strange quantum entanglement phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange quantum entanglement phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange quantum entanglement phenomena
+and it's you know it's a popular book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's you know it's a popular book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's you know it's a popular book
+with no equations but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no equations but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no equations but it's it's
+um a a well-received example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a well-received example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a well-received example of the
+genre and the Tao physics for me runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre and the Tao physics for me runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre and the Tao physics for me runs
+kind of hot and cold but that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hot and cold but that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hot and cold but that's because
+it's doing it's doing two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing it's doing two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing it's doing two different
+Missions at once whereas Nick Herbert's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Missions at once whereas Nick Herbert's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Missions at once whereas Nick Herbert's
+book is maybe a more straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is maybe a more straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is maybe a more straightforward
+physics popularization it's like let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics popularization it's like let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics popularization it's like let me
+let me try to explain some cool physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to explain some cool physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try to explain some cool physics
+ideas and just March forward and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and just March forward and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and just March forward and you
+know I think other books that maybe do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think other books that maybe do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think other books that maybe do
+that better have come out since then but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that better have come out since then but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that better have come out since then but
+that book came out in like 1985 it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book came out in like 1985 it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book came out in like 1985 it was
+pretty early in the genre and I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early in the genre and I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty early in the genre and I think it
+was you know a pretty admirable job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know a pretty admirable job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you know a pretty admirable job and
+it's in its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in its time
+and again it's not just me I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's not just me I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's not just me I remember
+there were books uh physics textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were books uh physics textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were books uh physics textbooks
+aimed at both undergraduates and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at both undergraduates and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at both undergraduates and even
+graduate level textbooks on quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate level textbooks on quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate level textbooks on quantum
+mechanics before topics like Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before topics like Bell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before topics like Bell's
+inequality have really percolated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality have really percolated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality have really percolated into
+the mainstream textbooks it was a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mainstream textbooks it was a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mainstream textbooks it was a long
+delay until they entered the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay until they entered the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay until they entered the main
+textbooks in the 90s so in the 80s one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks in the 90s so in the 80s one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks in the 90s so in the 80s one
+could still find uh published textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still find uh published textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still find uh published textbooks
+recommending both Nick Herbert's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending both Nick Herbert's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending both Nick Herbert's book
+and and some of them recommending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some of them recommending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some of them recommending the
+Dow physics as as helpful supplemental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow physics as as helpful supplemental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dow physics as as helpful supplemental
+reading so uh so that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so uh so that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so uh so that you don't have to
+take my word for it we all have our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my word for it we all have our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my word for it we all have our our
+tastes and they can rightly um vary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes and they can rightly um vary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes and they can rightly um vary but
+these were seen as you know serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were seen as you know serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were seen as you know serious
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+um to be helpful supplements and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to be helpful supplements and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to be helpful supplements and I think
+that's a fair I think that's a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fair I think that's a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fair I think that's a fair
+assessment they really were showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment they really were showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment they really were showing up
+on on syllabi and then textbooks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on syllabi and then textbooks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on syllabi and then textbooks really
+across the US and Canada for for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the US and Canada for for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the US and Canada for for a long
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+I think there are some better books out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are some better books out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are some better books out
+now I mean but that's that's true of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean but that's that's true of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I mean but that's that's true of any
+property of science topic I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of science topic I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of science topic I mean you
+know lots changed since the 70s and 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots changed since the 70s and 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know lots changed since the 70s and 80s
+but in their day I think they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in their day I think they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in their day I think they were they
+were quite reasonable you know careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite reasonable you know careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite reasonable you know careful
+uh careful descriptions so Alex says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh careful descriptions so Alex says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh careful descriptions so Alex says
+like what like what book so I mean maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what like what book so I mean maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what like what book so I mean maybe
+I'll talk more about that later uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about that later uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about that later uh I
+have my own personal set of favorites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my own personal set of favorites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my own personal set of favorites
+and a bunch of my friends have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of my friends have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of my friends have written
+them by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by now
+um but uh but I think as I say for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but I think as I say for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but I think as I say for the
+earlier period when this was not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier period when this was not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier period when this was not yet
+um such a common thing for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such a common thing for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um such a common thing for other
+scientists to do I think these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists to do I think these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists to do I think these were
+quite kind of successful and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite kind of successful and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite kind of successful and and
+respectable efforts let me personally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable efforts let me personally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable efforts let me personally I
+got one more section here uh for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one more section here uh for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one more section here uh for the for
+today's class and then we'll um I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class and then we'll um I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class and then we'll um I'd be
+glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad to
+come back for more chatting here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back for more chatting here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back for more chatting here let's
+look briefly at that third part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look briefly at that third part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look briefly at that third part for
+today which is what are why am I telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is what are why am I telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is what are why am I telling
+you about all this crazy stuff why in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about all this crazy stuff why in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about all this crazy stuff why in on
+Earth now we're hearing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth now we're hearing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth now we're hearing about this
+fundamental physics group today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group today and
+that's because again what I stumbled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because again what I stumbled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because again what I stumbled on
+without knowing about it ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing about it ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing about it ahead of time
+was some pretty surprising kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some pretty surprising kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some pretty surprising kind of
+connections one might even say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections one might even say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections one might even say
+entanglements between this very strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglements between this very strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglements between this very strange
+woolly kind of tie-dyed counterculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woolly kind of tie-dyed counterculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woolly kind of tie-dyed counterculture
+scene and some uh recent developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and some uh recent developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and some uh recent developments
+like Quantum cryptography today which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Quantum cryptography today which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Quantum cryptography today which is
+now uh really really considered pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh really really considered pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh really really considered pretty
+serious stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious stuff
+so what were some of the ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what were some of the ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what were some of the ideas and
+Legacies that this group helped really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacies that this group helped really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacies that this group helped really
+nurse and and put forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse and and put forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse and and put forward
+as I mentioned they were totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned they were totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned they were totally
+obsessed uh or fascinated by quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed uh or fascinated by quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed uh or fascinated by quantum
+entanglement and they really learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement and they really learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement and they really learned to
+push on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on it
+one of the things they wanted to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things they wanted to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things they wanted to do was
+see could you could you use quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see could you could you use quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see could you could you use quantum
+entanglement to basically break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement to basically break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement to basically break
+relativity are they headed for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity are they headed for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity are they headed for a
+showdown which is a pretty significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showdown which is a pretty significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showdown which is a pretty significant
+question to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask
+these are the two kind of main pillars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two kind of main pillars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the two kind of main pillars
+of modern physical looks on the face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern physical looks on the face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern physical looks on the face of
+it like they're not compatible that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like they're not compatible that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like they're not compatible that's
+what upset Einstein so much that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what upset Einstein so much that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what upset Einstein so much that's why
+something called it spooky action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called it spooky action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called it spooky action of
+distance because Einstein was convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because Einstein was convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because Einstein was convinced
+anything like antagon that seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like antagon that seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like antagon that seemed to
+violate a kind of local causes yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate a kind of local causes yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate a kind of local causes yield
+only local effects and that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only local effects and that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only local effects and that's the same
+that question the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question the same kind of
+intellectual Stakes really drove a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual Stakes really drove a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual Stakes really drove a lot
+of this fundamental physics groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fundamental physics groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fundamental physics groups
+discussions as well so one very clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions as well so one very clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions as well so one very clever
+idea came from Jack sarfati that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea came from Jack sarfati that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea came from Jack sarfati that same
+guy from the saffron robes he actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy from the saffron robes he actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy from the saffron robes he actually
+filed for a patent disclosure the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed for a patent disclosure the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filed for a patent disclosure the first
+step toward trying to retain a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step toward trying to retain a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step toward trying to retain a patent
+and again you can see he sent it to Ira
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can see he sent it to Ira
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can see he sent it to Ira
+Einhorn which is partly white wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn which is partly white wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einhorn which is partly white wound up
+in the uh archival collections of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh archival collections of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh archival collections of many
+physicists back in the spring of 78. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists back in the spring of 78. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists back in the spring of 78. the
+idea was to use the exact same source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to use the exact same source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was to use the exact same source of
+entangled photons that his fellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled photons that his fellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled photons that his fellow
+fundamental physics group member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group member
+um uh John um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh John um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh John um
+had literally been using in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had literally been using in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had literally been using in the
+laboratory use the exact same Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory use the exact same Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory use the exact same Source
+they were getting tours of John's Lab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting tours of John's Lab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were getting tours of John's Lab at
+the time a certain down conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time a certain down conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time a certain down conversion
+encount and excited calcium atoms now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encount and excited calcium atoms now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encount and excited calcium atoms now
+you admit these entangled photons send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you admit these entangled photons send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you admit these entangled photons send
+them both towards double slits so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both towards double slits so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both towards double slits so now we
+get to think about the double slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to think about the double slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to think about the double slit
+experiment as well as collecting screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment as well as collecting screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment as well as collecting screens
+in the back and have this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back and have this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back and have this variable
+efficiency slick detector that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency slick detector that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency slick detector that's pretty
+clever actually so you could this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever actually so you could this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever actually so you could this would
+be a kind of you'd have a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of you'd have a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of you'd have a kind of
+potentiometer on here a little dial we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer on here a little dial we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiometer on here a little dial we
+could tune this to either always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tune this to either always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tune this to either always
+determine exactly which slit a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine exactly which slit a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine exactly which slit a given
+photo went through or never and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo went through or never and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo went through or never and have a
+kind of continuous range in between so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of continuous range in between so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of continuous range in between so
+you could adjust the accuracy with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could adjust the accuracy with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could adjust the accuracy with which
+this slit detector could determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slit detector could determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slit detector could determine
+through which slit a given Photon passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which slit a given Photon passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which slit a given Photon passed
+so you have a varying sharpness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a varying sharpness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a varying sharpness of the
+resulting interference pattern it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting interference pattern it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting interference pattern it just
+goes back to that wave particle duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to that wave particle duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to that wave particle duality
+we looked at in class some some time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at in class some some time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at in class some some time ago
+the idea was then the varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was then the varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was then the varying
+interference pattern here as you tune up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern here as you tune up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern here as you tune up
+or down the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down the the
+um sharpness with which you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sharpness with which you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sharpness with which you can tell
+which slit information that Jack argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which slit information that Jack argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which slit information that Jack argued
+should then be instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should then be instantaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should then be instantaneously
+correlated with a varying sharpness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with a varying sharpness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with a varying sharpness of
+an interference interference pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interference interference pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interference interference pattern
+over here then he says hook it up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then he says hook it up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here then he says hook it up to a
+speaker so now you can basically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so now you can basically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker so now you can basically be
+encoding like voice messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding like voice messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding like voice messages
+instantaneously across arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously across arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously across arbitrary
+distance that could be pretty handy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that could be pretty handy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that could be pretty handy to
+be able to do so if you harness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do so if you harness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do so if you harness the
+variable sharpness of an interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable sharpness of an interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable sharpness of an interference
+pattern from double slit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern from double slit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern from double slit and then
+harness the instantaneous connectedness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness the instantaneous connectedness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harness the instantaneous connectedness
+from quantum entanglement and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from quantum entanglement and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from quantum entanglement and now you
+should be able to send varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to send varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to send varying
+interference patterns instantly across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns instantly across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference patterns instantly across
+arbitrary distances that was at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary distances that was at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary distances that was at least
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um the claim which was the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the claim which was the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the claim which was the basis for
+this patent disclosure he goes on to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patent disclosure he goes on to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patent disclosure he goes on to say
+this isn't just cool we could really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just cool we could really use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just cool we could really use
+it remember the discussions he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remember the discussions he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it remember the discussions he's
+immersed in he says the device could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in he says the device could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in he says the device could
+give instant communication between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give instant communication between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give instant communication between an
+intelligence agent a spy and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence agent a spy and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence agent a spy and his
+headquarters in this case we would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters in this case we would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquarters in this case we would use
+correlated psychoactive molecules such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated psychoactive molecules such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated psychoactive molecules such
+as LSD affecting neurotransmitter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as LSD affecting neurotransmitter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as LSD affecting neurotransmitter
+chemistry let me just back up and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry let me just back up and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry let me just back up and say
+what he's proposing here is this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's proposing here is this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's proposing here is this will
+really work if you get both the CIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work if you get both the CIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work if you get both the CIA
+field agent and the CIA Handler hopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field agent and the CIA Handler hopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field agent and the CIA Handler hopped
+up on LSD send the field agent into say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on LSD send the field agent into say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on LSD send the field agent into say
+Novus appears in the Soviet Union and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novus appears in the Soviet Union and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Novus appears in the Soviet Union and
+then the field agents brainwaves will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the field agents brainwaves will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the field agents brainwaves will be
+instantly connected to those of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly connected to those of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly connected to those of the
+Handler uh the patent was not granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Handler uh the patent was not granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Handler uh the patent was not granted
+part of the reason the patent wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason the patent wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reason the patent wasn't
+granted was actually because it fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted was actually because it fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted was actually because it fell
+apart because of fully local discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart because of fully local discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart because of fully local discussion
+so around the same discussion table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around the same discussion table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around the same discussion table in
+Berkeley was another core member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley was another core member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley was another core member of the
+group Philippe abrahart who was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Philippe abrahart who was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group Philippe abrahart who was a
+originally a European scientist but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a European scientist but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally a European scientist but he
+spent his career as a staff scientist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent his career as a staff scientist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent his career as a staff scientist at
+the broken lab and he also had the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broken lab and he also had the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broken lab and he also had the kind
+of taste for these fundamental questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taste for these fundamental questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taste for these fundamental questions
+in quantum theory and he introduced what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum theory and he introduced what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum theory and he introduced what
+he has become the textbook reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has become the textbook reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has become the textbook reason why we
+all now know with some confidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all now know with some confidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all now know with some confidence that
+entanglement cannot be used to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement cannot be used to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entanglement cannot be used to send
+signals faster than light we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals faster than light we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals faster than light we know that
+because these people debated it around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these people debated it around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these people debated it around a
+conference table every Friday afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference table every Friday afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference table every Friday afternoon
+in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s
+so abrahart got wind of Jack's cool idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so abrahart got wind of Jack's cool idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so abrahart got wind of Jack's cool idea
+because they were talking about it every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were talking about it every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were talking about it every
+week a neighborhood said that shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week a neighborhood said that shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week a neighborhood said that shouldn't
+work and it was actually Abraham who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it was actually Abraham who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and it was actually Abraham who
+cracked it white wall if you all and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked it white wall if you all and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracked it white wall if you all and it
+goes like this if you only have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this if you only have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this if you only have access
+to one side of of a measuring device one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one side of of a measuring device one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one side of of a measuring device one
+side of a kind of bell type test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of a kind of bell type test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of a kind of bell type test
+then all you have access to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all you have access to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all you have access to is the
+series of measurements that you perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of measurements that you perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of measurements that you perform
+did you measure say polarization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you measure say polarization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you measure say polarization in
+orientation one or two remember we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation one or two remember we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation one or two remember we get
+to choose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose that
+and the and the outcomes did you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the outcomes did you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the outcomes did you know
+was it spin up in which case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it spin up in which case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it spin up in which case the
+the green light flashes or spin down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green light flashes or spin down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green light flashes or spin down in
+which case the red light flashes we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case the red light flashes we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case the red light flashes we know
+detector settings and measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector settings and measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector settings and measurement
+outcomes from one box only if we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes from one box only if we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes from one box only if we only
+have access to our local information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to our local information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to our local information
+if you only have access to to this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have access to to this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have access to to this side
+then you don't know that the red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't know that the red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't know that the red and
+green flashes actually were correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green flashes actually were correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green flashes actually were correlated
+with what happened all the way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what happened all the way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what happened all the way over
+there we only recognize the correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we only recognize the correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we only recognize the correlations
+inherent in Bell's inequality when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in Bell's inequality when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in Bell's inequality when we
+can bring information from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring information from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring information from both
+detectors together and compare the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors together and compare the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors together and compare the log
+books or we can compare the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books or we can compare the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books or we can compare the sequence of
+detector settings and measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector settings and measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector settings and measurement
+outcomes from both sides then we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes from both sides then we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes from both sides then we can go
+through the data and say oh look there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the data and say oh look there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the data and say oh look there
+were these remarkable correlations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these remarkable correlations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were these remarkable correlations the
+outcomes if you only have access to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes if you only have access to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes if you only have access to one
+box all you see is what looks to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box all you see is what looks to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box all you see is what looks to be a
+thoroughly random series of plus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly random series of plus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly random series of plus ones
+and minus ones green flashes and red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus ones green flashes and red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus ones green flashes and red
+flashes I've actually put that in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashes I've actually put that in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashes I've actually put that in in the
+very end of the optional lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the optional lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end of the optional lecture notes
+from a few class sessions go on Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a few class sessions go on Bell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a few class sessions go on Bell's
+inequality so that's easy to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so that's easy to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality so that's easy to summarize
+now now we can all say oh of course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now we can all say oh of course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now we can all say oh of course of
+course no one knew that John Bell didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course no one knew that John Bell didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course no one knew that John Bell didn't
+realize that in 1964. in fact Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that in 1964. in fact Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that in 1964. in fact Bell
+himself thought that uh entitlement was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself thought that uh entitlement was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself thought that uh entitlement was
+on a collision course with relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a collision course with relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a collision course with relativity
+this was pretty subtle stuff and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was pretty subtle stuff and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was pretty subtle stuff and we all
+know that as a community in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that as a community in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that as a community in part because
+it was being debated over in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was being debated over in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was being debated over in a very
+friendly very kind of fun ongoing debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly very kind of fun ongoing debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly very kind of fun ongoing debate
+by members of the fundamental physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by members of the fundamental physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by members of the fundamental physics
+group in Berkeley California in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Berkeley California in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in Berkeley California in the late
+70s this became the standard response if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s this became the standard response if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s this became the standard response if
+I was packaged up in another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was packaged up in another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was packaged up in another one of
+these very lovely widely circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very lovely widely circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very lovely widely circulating
+popular books by another person on Ira
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular books by another person on Ira
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular books by another person on Ira
+einhorn's distribution list Heinz pagels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einhorn's distribution list Heinz pagels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einhorn's distribution list Heinz pagels
+that's also a lovely book by the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a lovely book by the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also a lovely book by the way I
+recommend that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that one
+and abrahart's own proof he said he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abrahart's own proof he said he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abrahart's own proof he said he had
+to publish it in one of the Italian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish it in one of the Italian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish it in one of the Italian
+journals not in the physical review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals not in the physical review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals not in the physical review
+because of that kind of ban and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that kind of ban and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that kind of ban and he says
+in the conclusion is that don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conclusion is that don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conclusion is that don't be
+discouraged just because this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged just because this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged just because this argument
+fails doesn't mean we should stop asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails doesn't mean we should stop asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails doesn't mean we should stop asking
+that question so it says don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question so it says don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question so it says don't
+discourage the work being performed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage the work being performed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discourage the work being performed by
+by groups like the fundamental physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by groups like the fundamental physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by groups like the fundamental physics
+group because these are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group because these are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group because these are really important
+questions that are not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are not getting
+sufficient attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient attention
+so Jack's main patent effort did not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Jack's main patent effort did not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Jack's main patent effort did not go
+anywhere but not only upped the ante for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere but not only upped the ante for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere but not only upped the ante for
+another Corps member named Nick Herbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Corps member named Nick Herbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Corps member named Nick Herbert
+who then uh introduced the following a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who then uh introduced the following a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who then uh introduced the following a
+few years later there's again a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later there's again a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few years later there's again a kind of
+cat and mouse game on on spur un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and mouse game on on spur un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and mouse game on on spur un
+spooling here with the discussions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spooling here with the discussions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spooling here with the discussions in
+Berkeley so Nick Herbert introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley so Nick Herbert introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley so Nick Herbert introduced
+something he called flash which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he called flash which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he called flash which was a
+playful acronym that stood for first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful acronym that stood for first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful acronym that stood for first
+laser Amplified superluminal hookup he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser Amplified superluminal hookup he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser Amplified superluminal hookup he
+also writes physics limericks he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also writes physics limericks he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also writes physics limericks he's very
+playful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful
+so the idea was the following he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was the following he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea was the following he
+considered again A system that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered again A system that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered again A system that would
+emit pairs of entangled photons just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit pairs of entangled photons just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emit pairs of entangled photons just
+like from his friend John clauser was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from his friend John clauser was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from his friend John clauser was
+really doing in the laboratory at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing in the laboratory at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doing in the laboratory at
+Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley
+and he put in a little extra Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he put in a little extra Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he put in a little extra Machinery
+here let's go through this one step at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's go through this one step at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's go through this one step at a
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+for both for kind of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both for kind of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both for kind of classical
+maxwellian waves regular light waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian waves regular light waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian waves regular light waves and
+even for individual Quantum photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for individual Quantum photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for individual Quantum photons
+we can characterize the polarization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can characterize the polarization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can characterize the polarization in
+several different ways several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different ways several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different ways several
+equivalent ways if we choose to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent ways if we choose to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent ways if we choose to measure
+the so-called circular polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called circular polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called circular polarization
+using a certain combination of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a certain combination of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a certain combination of wave
+plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates
+then we then we can measure the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we then we can measure the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we then we can measure the proton
+as either being right-handed white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as either being right-handed white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as either being right-handed white
+circular polarized or left-handed it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarized or left-handed it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular polarized or left-handed it has
+to do with the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the orientation of the
+spinning electric and magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning electric and magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning electric and magnetic fields
+with respect to its direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to its direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to its direction of the
+photons trap so we have a complete basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons trap so we have a complete basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons trap so we have a complete basis
+for polarization called circular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polarization called circular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polarization called circular right
+left if we choose to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if we choose to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if we choose to measure
+polarization actually in a with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization actually in a with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization actually in a with a linear
+filter we need to kind of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we need to kind of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we need to kind of think about
+the usual kind of picket fence picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual kind of picket fence picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual kind of picket fence picture
+of a polarization filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polarization filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polarization filter
+then we have one of two uh opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have one of two uh opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have one of two uh opposite
+outcomes it's either going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's either going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's either going to be
+horizontal or vertical with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical with respect to
+some orientation in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some orientation in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some orientation in space
+so we have two complete bases with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two complete bases with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two complete bases with which
+we can characterize light's polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can characterize light's polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can characterize light's polarization
+in fact we can do any linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we can do any linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we can do any linear combination
+to have elliptically polarized States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have elliptically polarized States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have elliptically polarized States
+but it's enough to consider circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's enough to consider circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's enough to consider circular
+right left and plane polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right left and plane polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right left and plane polarization
+horizontal vertical and in fact at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical and in fact at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal vertical and in fact at the
+quantum mechanical level people long ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical level people long ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical level people long ago
+long since worked out that you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long since worked out that you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long since worked out that you can write
+one state as a super position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state as a super position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state as a super position of the
+others there are two complete bases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others there are two complete bases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others there are two complete bases we
+can always rewrite one in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always rewrite one in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always rewrite one in terms of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+so at a quantum mechanical level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a quantum mechanical level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a quantum mechanical level the
+quantum state of right circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum state of right circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum state of right circularly
+polarized Photon could be written as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized Photon could be written as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized Photon could be written as an
+equal uh superposition with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal uh superposition with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal uh superposition with a particular
+phase between horizontal and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase between horizontal and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase between horizontal and vertical
+left is a a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is a a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is a a different
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+different superposition and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different superposition and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different superposition and vice versa
+so now Nick says well from this Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Nick says well from this Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Nick says well from this Source
+prepare exactly the entangled states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare exactly the entangled states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare exactly the entangled states
+that John klauser and Stewart Friedman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that John klauser and Stewart Friedman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that John klauser and Stewart Friedman
+really were prepare these maximally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were prepare these maximally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really were prepare these maximally
+entangled states where if we choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled states where if we choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entangled states where if we choose to
+measure Photon a in the horizontal basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Photon a in the horizontal basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Photon a in the horizontal basis
+because I mean in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean in the in the in the
+linear in the plane polarization basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the plane polarization basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the plane polarization basis
+we have a 50 50 chance of finding Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a 50 50 chance of finding Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a 50 50 chance of finding Photon
+a to be either horizontal or vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be either horizontal or vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be either horizontal or vertical
+if we find Photon a and horizontal then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we find Photon a and horizontal then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we find Photon a and horizontal then
+Photon B must be in vertical if we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon B must be in vertical if we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon B must be in vertical if we find
+Photon a in vertical Photon B must be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon a in vertical Photon B must be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon a in vertical Photon B must be in
+horizontal these maximally entangled if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal these maximally entangled if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal these maximally entangled if
+one is basically the equivalent spin off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is basically the equivalent spin off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is basically the equivalent spin off
+the other must be spin down spin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other must be spin down spin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other must be spin down spin down
+spin up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up
+that exact same entanglement implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact same entanglement implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact same entanglement implies
+that if we happens to have measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we happens to have measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we happens to have measured
+Photon a in the circular basis let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon a in the circular basis let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon a in the circular basis let's say
+we happen to find right-handed then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we happen to find right-handed then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we happen to find right-handed then
+Photon B must be found to be left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon B must be found to be left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon B must be found to be left-handed
+when measured in circular basis and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when measured in circular basis and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when measured in circular basis and vice
+versa that's actually an exact rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa that's actually an exact rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa that's actually an exact rewriting
+because because these two bases are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because these two bases are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because these two bases are so
+easily in relatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily in relatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily in relatable
+so now Nick gets a little more creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Nick gets a little more creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now Nick gets a little more creative
+we subject Photon Aid to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we subject Photon Aid to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we subject Photon Aid to some
+measurement and again as usual the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and again as usual the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and again as usual the
+physicist over here gets to choose can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist over here gets to choose can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist over here gets to choose can
+choose at the last moment well after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose at the last moment well after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose at the last moment well after
+they're emitted which basis to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're emitted which basis to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're emitted which basis to choose
+for her measurement she can choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her measurement she can choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her measurement she can choose a
+measure either in the HV basis or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure either in the HV basis or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure either in the HV basis or in the
+RL basis by choose by choosing whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL basis by choose by choosing whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL basis by choose by choosing whether
+or not to put in a wavelength G makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to put in a wavelength G makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to put in a wavelength G makes
+that choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice
+whatever Choice she makes she finds a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Choice she makes she finds a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Choice she makes she finds a
+particular outcome with 50 50 odds let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular outcome with 50 50 odds let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular outcome with 50 50 odds let's
+say she happens to measure plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say she happens to measure plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say she happens to measure plane
+polarization it happens to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization it happens to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization it happens to get a
+horizontal Photon then Photon B at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Photon then Photon B at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal Photon then Photon B at that
+moment gets put into the quantum State V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment gets put into the quantum State V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment gets put into the quantum State V
+it must be in the matching pair the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be in the matching pair the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be in the matching pair the
+correlated uh correlated state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated uh correlated state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated uh correlated state
+so after its state is determined long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after its state is determined long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after its state is determined long
+before it gets to its detector station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it gets to its detector station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it gets to its detector station
+it enters this magical thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters this magical thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters this magical thing called a
+laser gain tube which where that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser gain tube which where that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser gain tube which where that point
+was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about
+20 years old they really were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years old they really were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years old they really were working
+lasers by then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers by then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasers by then
+a laser games who makes lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser games who makes lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a laser games who makes lots and lots of
+copies of the signal that enters it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the signal that enters it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the signal that enters it so
+Nick says well we'll just send Photon B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick says well we'll just send Photon B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick says well we'll just send Photon B
+into a laser gain tube which emits many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a laser gain tube which emits many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a laser gain tube which emits many
+many copies of the incoming Photon if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many copies of the incoming Photon if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many copies of the incoming Photon if
+the incoming Photon was put into Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming Photon was put into Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming Photon was put into Quantum
+State V then now you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State V then now you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State V then now you have a bunch of
+copies of photon V coming out photons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of photon V coming out photons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of photon V coming out photons in
+the state vertical polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state vertical polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state vertical polarization
+subject send those to a beam splitter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject send those to a beam splitter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject send those to a beam splitter so
+now half of the output goes to station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now half of the output goes to station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now half of the output goes to station
+one half the output goes to station two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half the output goes to station two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half the output goes to station two
+measure those in the distinct bases once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure those in the distinct bases once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure those in the distinct bases once
+one station is measured uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one station is measured uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one station is measured uh in in
+circular right or left the other station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular right or left the other station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular right or left the other station
+is measured in plane a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured in plane a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measured in plane a horizontal
+vertical and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and now
+you have a series of possibilities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a series of possibilities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a series of possibilities if
+you chose to measure at Photon a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chose to measure at Photon a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chose to measure at Photon a in a
+circular basis you have a 50 50 chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular basis you have a 50 50 chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular basis you have a 50 50 chance
+of finding right or left let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding right or left let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding right or left let's say you
+find left then Photon B must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find left then Photon B must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find left then Photon B must have been
+put into state right right-handed then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into state right right-handed then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into state right right-handed then
+you magnify you make amplify make lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you magnify you make amplify make lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you magnify you make amplify make lots
+and lots of copies so at the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of copies so at the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of copies so at the detector
+station is only measuring circular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is only measuring circular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is only measuring circular you
+should find them all in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find them all in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should find them all in the right
+detector right-handed detector and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector right-handed detector and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector right-handed detector and they
+should be equally split because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equally split because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equally split because of this
+property here equally split in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here equally split in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property here equally split in the other
+station between horizontal and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station between horizontal and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station between horizontal and vertical
+if physicist a happen to measure Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if physicist a happen to measure Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if physicist a happen to measure Photon
+a in the horizontal vertical basis make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the horizontal vertical basis make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the horizontal vertical basis make
+sure you get the opposite set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you get the opposite set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you get the opposite set of
+outcomes all of photon B copies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes all of photon B copies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes all of photon B copies that are
+measured in that same base it should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in that same base it should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in that same base it should go
+to Vertical if a was h b had to be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vertical if a was h b had to be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vertical if a was h b had to be V
+meanwhile you'll have a 50 50 split at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile you'll have a 50 50 split at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile you'll have a 50 50 split at
+the other station so now you can signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other station so now you can signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other station so now you can signal
+instantaneously or arbitrarily quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously or arbitrarily quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously or arbitrarily quickly
+by choosing here you're like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing here you're like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by choosing here you're like you can
+make Morse code but whether you choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Morse code but whether you choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Morse code but whether you choose a
+detector station a to measure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector station a to measure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector station a to measure in
+circular or plane polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular or plane polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular or plane polarization
+that's pretty awesome right Nick wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty awesome right Nick wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty awesome right Nick wrote
+it up in a uh a preprint that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in a uh a preprint that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in a uh a preprint that was
+circulated in part thanks to Ira Einhorn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulated in part thanks to Ira Einhorn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulated in part thanks to Ira Einhorn
+this is what the cover looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the cover looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the cover looked like
+because he was really into Eastern Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was really into Eastern Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was really into Eastern Mrs
+at the time this was released by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time this was released by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time this was released by The
+notional Science Foundation that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional Science Foundation that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional Science Foundation that's not a
+typo he had no support he was on welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo he had no support he was on welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typo he had no support he was on welfare
+this was his joke from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was his joke from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was his joke from like
+Consciousness studies as opposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness studies as opposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consciousness studies as opposed to the
+National Science Foundation and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Science Foundation and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Science Foundation and he
+worked out of the post office box this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out of the post office box this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out of the post office box this
+was submitted to another kind of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was submitted to another kind of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was submitted to another kind of out of
+the way Journal that had only recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Journal that had only recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Journal that had only recently
+been founded called foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been founded called foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been founded called foundations of
+physics not the physical view I was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics not the physical view I was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics not the physical view I was able
+to track down many of the referee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down many of the referee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to track down many of the referee
+reports the referees uh were mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports the referees uh were mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports the referees uh were mostly
+split and stumped they said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and stumped they said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split and stumped they said this
+shouldn't be able to work it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to work it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to work it seems to
+violate relativity and yet they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate relativity and yet they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate relativity and yet they couldn't
+find uh the loophole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh the loophole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh the loophole
+it began the paper begins of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it began the paper begins of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it began the paper begins of the
+preprint begins an even wider Journey so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preprint begins an even wider Journey so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preprint begins an even wider Journey so
+it's set by the Journal to be refereed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's set by the Journal to be refereed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's set by the Journal to be refereed
+by John Carlo Girardi in uh in Italy he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John Carlo Girardi in uh in Italy he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by John Carlo Girardi in uh in Italy he
+writes back right away saying reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes back right away saying reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes back right away saying reject it
+and here's why he wrote a one paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's why he wrote a one paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's why he wrote a one paragraph
+report which John Kohler shared with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which John Kohler shared with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report which John Kohler shared with me
+uh in the meantime unbeknownst to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the meantime unbeknownst to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the meantime unbeknownst to to
+Giancarlo the pre-print was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giancarlo the pre-print was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giancarlo the pre-print was also
+circulating to through to the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating to through to the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating to through to the kind of
+remnants of that Einhorn Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of that Einhorn Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of that Einhorn Network
+and it gets to people like John Wheeler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets to people like John Wheeler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets to people like John Wheeler
+and Wheeler passes on to his students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wheeler passes on to his students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wheeler passes on to his students
+including wojic Zurich who then gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including wojic Zurich who then gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including wojic Zurich who then gave me
+uh copies of his notebook to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh copies of his notebook to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh copies of his notebook to look at
+they're grappling with this challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're grappling with this challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're grappling with this challenge
+and then independently of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then independently of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then independently of each other
+both uh wheeler students Bill wooders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh wheeler students Bill wooders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh wheeler students Bill wooders
+and logic Zurich and then separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logic Zurich and then separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logic Zurich and then separately
+Dennis Deeks and the Netherlands who'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis Deeks and the Netherlands who'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dennis Deeks and the Netherlands who'd
+gotten the paper again through the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the paper again through the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten the paper again through the kind
+of underground Network all find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underground Network all find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of underground Network all find the
+reason why this won't work it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this won't work it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why this won't work it turns out
+the same reason that gerardi had found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that gerardi had found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that gerardi had found a
+year and a half earlier but it never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half earlier but it never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and a half earlier but it never
+published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published
+that Nick Herbert had missed something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nick Herbert had missed something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Nick Herbert had missed something
+very subtle as had most of the referees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle as had most of the referees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtle as had most of the referees
+that yes we can write the right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes we can write the right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes we can write the right-handed
+circular Photon as an equal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular Photon as an equal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular Photon as an equal part
+superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition
+but what the laser does is it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the laser does is it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the laser does is it doesn't
+doesn't make n copies of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make n copies of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make n copies of a single
+particle state that would violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle state that would violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle state that would violate the
+linear Behavior the linear nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Behavior the linear nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Behavior the linear nature of the
+schroding equation you can't go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schroding equation you can't go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schroding equation you can't go from one
+to many because Schrodinger's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many because Schrodinger's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many because Schrodinger's equation
+is a linear equation what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear equation what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a linear equation what happens in the
+laser gain tube is that you make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser gain tube is that you make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser gain tube is that you make one
+multi-particle state instead of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-particle state instead of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-particle state instead of many
+single particle States that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle States that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single particle States that's really
+subtle if that went too fast you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle if that went too fast you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle if that went too fast you're an
+exceptional good company logic Zurich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional good company logic Zurich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional good company logic Zurich
+told me that he stumped Richard Feynman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me that he stumped Richard Feynman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me that he stumped Richard Feynman
+with this which I believe this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this which I believe this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this which I believe this was
+really hard to puzzle through this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to puzzle through this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to puzzle through this was
+not really obvious now we can take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really obvious now we can take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really obvious now we can take it
+for granted this became known as the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted this became known as the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for granted this became known as the no
+cloning theorem which is to say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning theorem which is to say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning theorem which is to say you
+can't make arbitrary many copies of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make arbitrary many copies of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't make arbitrary many copies of an
+unknown Quantum State because that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown Quantum State because that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown Quantum State because that would
+violate linearity this is as Central as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate linearity this is as Central as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate linearity this is as Central as
+the uncertainty principle today it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle today it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle today it's in
+the opening pages of most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening pages of most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opening pages of most of our
+textbooks and Quantum information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and Quantum information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and Quantum information
+science we as a community know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we as a community know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we as a community know this
+because people were beating their heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people were beating their heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people were beating their heads
+against this really clever Challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this really clever Challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this really clever Challenge
+from a member of the final physics group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a member of the final physics group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a member of the final physics group
+that last bit the fact that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last bit the fact that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last bit the fact that you can't
+make copies of an unknown Quantum state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of an unknown Quantum state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of an unknown Quantum state
+is what was the last missing piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what was the last missing piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what was the last missing piece
+needed for Quantum encryption that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for Quantum encryption that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed for Quantum encryption that's why
+encryption systems can work if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption systems can work if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption systems can work if any
+eavesdropper tried to grab onto a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eavesdropper tried to grab onto a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eavesdropper tried to grab onto a one
+member of an entangled pair and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of an entangled pair and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of an entangled pair and make
+many copies of it to then do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many copies of it to then do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many copies of it to then do exactly
+what Nick Herbert had in mind to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Nick Herbert had in mind to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Nick Herbert had in mind to kind of
+reverse engineer that secret signal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineer that secret signal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineer that secret signal it
+will destroy the entanglement so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will destroy the entanglement so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will destroy the entanglement so that
+neither the eavesdropper nor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the eavesdropper nor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the eavesdropper nor the
+intended recipients will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended recipients will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended recipients will get the
+intended information so encryption works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended information so encryption works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended information so encryption works
+because you can't make copies of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't make copies of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't make copies of a
+Quantum State without basically breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State without basically breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State without basically breaking
+the encryption and destroying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encryption and destroying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encryption and destroying the
+original state that's what leads with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original state that's what leads with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original state that's what leads with
+very rapid order to the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid order to the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid order to the very first
+protocol for Quantum encryption as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for Quantum encryption as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for Quantum encryption as I
+wrote about more in the book and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about more in the book and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote about more in the book and I could
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+so let me wrap up we're almost done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me wrap up we're almost done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me wrap up we're almost done so
+the Nobel Laureate Roy glauber uh gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Laureate Roy glauber uh gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Laureate Roy glauber uh gave
+credit to Nick Herbert for really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit to Nick Herbert for really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit to Nick Herbert for really
+pushing on this kind of seemingly weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on this kind of seemingly weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing on this kind of seemingly weak
+joint in in the between quantum theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint in in the between quantum theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint in in the between quantum theory
+and relativity said yes it was wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relativity said yes it was wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relativity said yes it was wrong but
+it was remarkably productive we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was remarkably productive we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was remarkably productive we had to
+learn through that mistake as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn through that mistake as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn through that mistake as a
+community and that was a worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and that was a worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and that was a worthwhile
+exercise so he's not saying Nick Herbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise so he's not saying Nick Herbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise so he's not saying Nick Herbert
+was right we all know why Nick Herbert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right we all know why Nick Herbert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right we all know why Nick Herbert
+wasn't right now but he's saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't right now but he's saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't right now but he's saying we
+learned that because of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that because of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that because of the process
+because some people took the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people took the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some people took the question
+seriously very similarly ashra Perez
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously very similarly ashra Perez
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously very similarly ashra Perez
+another leader in the field just passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another leader in the field just passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another leader in the field just passed
+away a few years ago actually turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a few years ago actually turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a few years ago actually turned out
+to have been one of the referees of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been one of the referees of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been one of the referees of the
+paper who admitted many years later he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper who admitted many years later he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper who admitted many years later he
+couldn't crack it and therefore urged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't crack it and therefore urged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't crack it and therefore urged
+the journal to publish it because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal to publish it because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journal to publish it because he
+said this must be wrong but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this must be wrong but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this must be wrong but I can't
+figure out why we need to crowdsource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why we need to crowdsource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out why we need to crowdsource
+this so we all learned because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we all learned because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we all learned because there's
+some pointing something very very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pointing something very very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pointing something very very deep
+so I find that a kind of productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I find that a kind of productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I find that a kind of productive
+mistake so let me let me close here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so let me let me close here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so let me let me close here this
+very unusual sounding group called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual sounding group called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unusual sounding group called the
+fundamental physics group actually left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group actually left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental physics group actually left
+their Mark in modern physics in ways it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Mark in modern physics in ways it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Mark in modern physics in ways it
+can be a little um surprising or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a little um surprising or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a little um surprising or
+counter-intuitive members like John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter-intuitive members like John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter-intuitive members like John
+klauser uh conducted the world's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+klauser uh conducted the world's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+klauser uh conducted the world's first
+experimental tests to Bell's inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental tests to Bell's inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental tests to Bell's inequality
+it was through these kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was through these kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was through these kind of really
+playful but Earnest efforts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful but Earnest efforts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playful but Earnest efforts to
+understand things like faster than light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand things like faster than light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand things like faster than light
+communication devices that the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication devices that the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication devices that the entire
+Community learned just exactly how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community learned just exactly how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community learned just exactly how to
+keep quantum theory compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep quantum theory compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep quantum theory compatible with
+relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity
+it led to new understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it led to new understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it led to new understanding of how
+amplifiers work at the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers work at the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers work at the quantum
+mechanical level which has never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical level which has never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical level which has never been
+clarified before a huge area of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified before a huge area of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarified before a huge area of quantum
+Optics begins to be get a boost from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics begins to be get a boost from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics begins to be get a boost from
+that this is the first kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the first kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the first kind of
+Publications that are bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications that are bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Publications that are bringing
+pretty grounded information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty grounded information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty grounded information about
+quantum entanglement uh into even into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement uh into even into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum entanglement uh into even into
+classrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms
+and whole lesson plans being built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whole lesson plans being built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whole lesson plans being built
+around that for undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that for undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that for undergraduate
+instruction in physics so this worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in physics so this worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction in physics so this worked
+with all of its clear excesses which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of its clear excesses which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of its clear excesses which are
+things otherwise I personally don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things otherwise I personally don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things otherwise I personally don't
+endorse or believe in nonetheless was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorse or believe in nonetheless was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endorse or believe in nonetheless was
+active in a very unusual time to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in a very unusual time to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in a very unusual time to bring
+some of these really important topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these really important topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these really important topics
+topics that we all now I think can agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that we all now I think can agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that we all now I think can agree
+are really important like entanglement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important like entanglement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important like entanglement
+and relativity uh back into U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relativity uh back into U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relativity uh back into U.S
+classrooms so I'll stop there again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms so I'll stop there again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms so I'll stop there again I
+apologize for running a bit long if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for running a bit long if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for running a bit long if
+people have questions I'd be glad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions I'd be glad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have questions I'd be glad to
+stay on longer but of course I know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on longer but of course I know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on longer but of course I know if
+people have to head off please don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to head off please don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to head off please don't be
+shy any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stay well everyone remember no class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay well everyone remember no class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay well everyone remember no class
+wednesday see you next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dz8G2XoPrkM.txt b/Dz8G2XoPrkM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..247e792cc7200f44624ad02927f0152692834d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Dz8G2XoPrkM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I want to do today is finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do today is finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do today is finish up
+module seven rayon reactive oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module seven rayon reactive oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module seven rayon reactive oxygen
+species and then move on into the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and then move on into the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species and then move on into the last
+module which we are obviously not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which we are obviously not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module which we are obviously not going
+to get completely through where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get completely through where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get completely through where we're
+going to be focused mostly on purines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused mostly on purines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused mostly on purines
+and maybe some primitives and I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some primitives and I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some primitives and I'll give
+you a big overview of what I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a big overview of what I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a big overview of what I think the
+things are you need to think about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are you need to think about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are you need to think about in
+nucleotide and deoxy nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and deoxy nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and deoxy nucleotide
+metabolism as a starting point okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism as a starting point okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism as a starting point okay so
+we've been talking about module seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about module seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about module seven
+and in this section and reactive how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this section and reactive how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this section and reactive how you
+control reactive oxygen species for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control reactive oxygen species for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control reactive oxygen species for
+signaling we were going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling we were going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling we were going through the
+generic overview and at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic overview and at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic overview and at the end of the
+last at the end of the last lecture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last at the end of the last lecture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last at the end of the last lecture this
+is the system we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the system we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the system we were talking about
+using epidermal growth factor receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using epidermal growth factor receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using epidermal growth factor receptor
+which we've now looked at quite a bit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've now looked at quite a bit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've now looked at quite a bit as
+an example but what I wanted to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example but what I wanted to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example but what I wanted to point
+out is that it's not limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that it's not limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that it's not limited to
+epidermal growth factor receptor so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor so you
+have insulin growth factor receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have insulin growth factor receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have insulin growth factor receptor
+nerve growth factor signaling veg F il-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve growth factor signaling veg F il-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve growth factor signaling veg F il-1
+aisle four etc and all of these things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aisle four etc and all of these things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aisle four etc and all of these things I
+thought you know they're all distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know they're all distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know they're all distinct
+they all have different signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have different signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have different signaling
+Cascades but the generic approach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascades but the generic approach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cascades but the generic approach that
+we've been looking at to indicate Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been looking at to indicate Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been looking at to indicate Carol
+paper is also I think applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is also I think applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is also I think applicable to
+these other systems and so what I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other systems and so what I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other systems and so what I wanted
+to do was just make one more point with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was just make one more point with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do was just make one more point with
+this and then what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then what I'm going to do is
+summarize the general principles of post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the general principles of post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the general principles of post
+translational modification by anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification by anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification by anything
+we're going to be we're using post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be we're using post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be we're using post
+translational modification by self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification by self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification by self
+emulation and then briefly come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulation and then briefly come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emulation and then briefly come back to
+the methods use but we spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods use but we spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methods use but we spent a lot of
+time in recitations at eleven and twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in recitations at eleven and twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in recitations at eleven and twelve
+focused on methods so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on methods so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on methods so I'm not going to
+spend very much time on that it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend very much time on that it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend very much time on that it's also
+in your PowerPoint handouts so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your PowerPoint handouts so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your PowerPoint handouts so the key
+thing here is the general is we have EGF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the general is we have EGF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is the general is we have EGF
+okay so that's epidermal growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's epidermal growth factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's epidermal growth factor
+and in the membrane we have epidermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the membrane we have epidermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the membrane we have epidermal
+growth factor receptor which you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptor which you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptor which you all
+know has to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know has to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know has to die
+and you all know at this stage is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all know at this stage is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all know at this stage is a
+tyrosine kinase and the key thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine kinase and the key thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine kinase and the key thing we're
+going to be focused on is if we modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused on is if we modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focused on is if we modify
+these proteins what is the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins what is the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins what is the biological
+consequence okay do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence okay do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence okay do you have any
+biological consequence and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological consequence and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological consequence and if you don't
+it's probably just an artifact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably just an artifact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably just an artifact of the
+fact that cysteine is react rapidly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that cysteine is react rapidly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that cysteine is react rapidly with
+hydrogen not rapidly but they react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen not rapidly but they react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen not rapidly but they react with
+hydrogen peroxide at some level to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide at some level to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide at some level to give
+you modification so this is all I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you modification so this is all I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you modification so this is all I'm just
+going to say Kyra Singh kinase activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say Kyra Singh kinase activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say Kyra Singh kinase activity
+we've already gone through that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already gone through that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already gone through that and what
+happens is you activate the NOx proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you activate the NOx proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is you activate the NOx proteins
+and in this case it's the knock - knocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's the knock - knocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case it's the knock - knocks
+- isozymes and this is outside and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- isozymes and this is outside and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- isozymes and this is outside and this
+is inside the cell and knocks - can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the cell and knocks - can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the cell and knocks - can
+generate superoxide okay so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate superoxide okay so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate superoxide okay so let's just
+put this in parentheses which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in parentheses which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in parentheses which can
+rapidly generate hydrogen peroxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly generate hydrogen peroxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly generate hydrogen peroxide and
+so the issue is that the superoxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is that the superoxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is that the superoxide and
+all of the hydrogen peroxide needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the hydrogen peroxide needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the hydrogen peroxide needs to
+come from the outside of the cell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the outside of the cell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the outside of the cell to the
+inside of the cell okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell okay so we have
+hydrogen peroxide and what is hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide and what is hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide and what is hydrogen
+peroxide doing so the model is and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide doing so the model is and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide doing so the model is and this
+is what we've been focusing on is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we've been focusing on is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we've been focusing on is that
+the hydrogen peroxide can modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen peroxide can modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen peroxide can modify the
+cysteine by self-immolation okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine by self-immolation okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine by self-immolation okay so we
+can go from s H to Soh and in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from s H to Soh and in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from s H to Soh and in the case
+of the tyrosine kinase and in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tyrosine kinase and in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tyrosine kinase and in the paper
+you had to read it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to read it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to read it turns out the
+tyrosine kinase by activity assays was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine kinase by activity assays was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine kinase by activity assays was
+more active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active
+so it's phosphorylated it's so phenol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's phosphorylated it's so phenol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's phosphorylated it's so phenol
+ated that leads to higher activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated that leads to higher activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated that leads to higher activity that
+means it's potentially biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's potentially biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's potentially biologically
+interesting and we also in the K Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we also in the K Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we also in the K Carol
+paper it looked not only in the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it looked not only in the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it looked not only in the activity
+but we look downstream and the signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we look downstream and the signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we look downstream and the signaling
+pathways and we saw signaling as defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and we saw signaling as defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and we saw signaling as defined
+by phosphorylation events we saw more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phosphorylation events we saw more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by phosphorylation events we saw more
+signaling so those are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling so those are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling so those are the kinds of
+criteria people looking at for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria people looking at for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria people looking at for being
+biologically interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically interesting
+now what we also have is a key control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we also have is a key control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we also have is a key control
+and in these cascades like over there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these cascades like over there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in these cascades like over there is
+we also have PTP and that's phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have PTP and that's phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have PTP and that's phosphatase
+protein tyrosine phosphatase and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein tyrosine phosphatase and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein tyrosine phosphatase and these
+proteins all have a cysteine at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins all have a cysteine at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins all have a cysteine at the
+active site we talked about this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site we talked about this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site we talked about this before
+and the cysteine at the active site what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cysteine at the active site what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cysteine at the active site what
+can it can do it can really sort of de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it can do it can really sort of de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it can do it can really sort of de
+phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase and if
+you remove the phosphate the activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the phosphate the activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the phosphate the activity is
+lowered okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered okay
+so again you have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you have something that
+activates something that removes it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates something that removes it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates something that removes it but
+what we also know so this is the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we also know so this is the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we also know so this is the active
+form and this is the key and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this is the key and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and this is the key and all these
+signaling events and so what we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling events and so what we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling events and so what we also
+have so let me go over here since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let me go over here since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let me go over here since I
+didn't leave enough quite enough room so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leave enough quite enough room so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't leave enough quite enough room so
+we have PTP that can also react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have PTP that can also react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have PTP that can also react with
+hydrogen peroxide to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide to become
+self-immolated that's the inactive form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-immolated that's the inactive form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-immolated that's the inactive form
+so when it's in this state basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's in this state basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it's in this state basically you
+you put a roadblock okay in this pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a roadblock okay in this pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a roadblock okay in this pathway
+so this is inactive okay and the Carroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is inactive okay and the Carroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is inactive okay and the Carroll
+papers spent a lot of time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers spent a lot of time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers spent a lot of time trying to
+define there are lots of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define there are lots of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define there are lots of protein
+tyrosine phosphatases inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine phosphatases inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine phosphatases inside the cell
+not anywhere near as many as kinases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anywhere near as many as kinases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anywhere near as many as kinases so
+one protein tyrosine phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one protein tyrosine phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one protein tyrosine phosphatase
+services many proteins but both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services many proteins but both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services many proteins but both of these
+guys are regulated by by self-immolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are regulated by by self-immolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are regulated by by self-immolation
+and there's one third thing and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one third thing and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one third thing and so this
+is this giving us the big picture now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this giving us the big picture now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this giving us the big picture now if
+you have hydrogen peroxide in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have hydrogen peroxide in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have hydrogen peroxide in the cell
+I've already told you that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already told you that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already told you that there are
+enzymes that can degrade hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that can degrade hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes that can degrade hydrogen
+peroxide peroxide redox ins and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide peroxide redox ins and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide peroxide redox ins and so that
+removes the hydrogen peroxide which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the hydrogen peroxide which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the hydrogen peroxide which then
+prevents these things from happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents these things from happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents these things from happening so
+you have peroxide we toxins which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have peroxide we toxins which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have peroxide we toxins which I
+already talked about and so the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about and so the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about and so the hydrogen
+peroxide concentration goes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide concentration goes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide concentration goes down so
+that's another mechanism of control okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another mechanism of control okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another mechanism of control okay
+so the take-home message is that's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take-home message is that's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the take-home message is that's shown
+in this slide it's shown in the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this slide it's shown in the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this slide it's shown in the papers
+you had to read and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to read and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to read and there are many
+proteins that have some variation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that have some variation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that have some variation on the
+same and this is a really active area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and this is a really active area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and this is a really active area of
+research to look at this in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to look at this in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to look at this in more detail
+okay yeah so I mean in biology that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so I mean in biology that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so I mean in biology that's a
+huge effect so I mean it's just somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge effect so I mean it's just somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge effect so I mean it's just somebody
+that's doing something in the test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's doing something in the test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's doing something in the test tube
+you know a factor of two is nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a factor of two is nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a factor of two is nothing in
+biology that's all it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology that's all it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology that's all it takes
+so the question is is that enough and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is that enough and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is that enough and
+you should always ask that question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always ask that question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always ask that question and
+then you've got to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got to look at the
+consequences and you do more experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and you do more experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and you do more experiments
+if you hadn't seen any effect what with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hadn't seen any effect what with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hadn't seen any effect what with
+a totally well maybe you didn't help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally well maybe you didn't help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally well maybe you didn't help the
+repro teens in there and you need five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repro teens in there and you need five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repro teens in there and you need five
+more proteins to assay which would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proteins to assay which would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proteins to assay which would give
+you a bigger effect okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bigger effect okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bigger effect okay so that's the
+issue with all these problems that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with all these problems that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue with all these problems that that
+a particular experiment if you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular experiment if you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular experiment if you go back
+and look at it was done in crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it was done in crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it was done in crude
+extracts okay and they had a user they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts okay and they had a user they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts okay and they had a user they
+the activity is extremely low they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity is extremely low they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity is extremely low they had
+to use a luciferase assay to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a luciferase assay to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a luciferase assay to be able to
+measure this and amplify the signal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this and amplify the signal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this and amplify the signal okay
+which probably has a lot of issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably has a lot of issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which probably has a lot of issues with
+it can't have a lot of issues so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't have a lot of issues so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't have a lot of issues so if
+you're not happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not happy with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not happy with that
+then you're going to have trouble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have trouble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to have trouble in
+biology because things going you know up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because things going you know up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because things going you know up
+it so the question is what is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the question is what is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the question is what is what is
+the baseline how much slop do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline how much slop do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline how much slop do you have
+and then you have to do the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to do the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to do the experiments
+many many times it's all a question it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times it's all a question it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many times it's all a question it's
+just statistics and then do you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just statistics and then do you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just statistics and then do you believe
+it and does do that does the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and does do that does the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and does do that does the rest of the
+community believe it so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community believe it so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community believe it so that's a good
+question but if that's what they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but if that's what they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but if that's what they saw
+that's what they suffer and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they suffer and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they suffer and their
+interpretation was based on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation was based on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation was based on this and
+other they did a lot of experiments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they did a lot of experiments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other they did a lot of experiments in
+the paper and that's why we chose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper and that's why we chose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper and that's why we chose that
+paper suggested this is a good working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper suggested this is a good working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper suggested this is a good working
+hypothesis so I'm one of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so I'm one of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis so I'm one of these people
+you always start out with the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always start out with the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always start out with the simplest
+working hypothesis you do experiments it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis you do experiments it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis you do experiments it
+always gets more complicated always and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gets more complicated always and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always gets more complicated always and
+then you expand it or you change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you expand it or you change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you expand it or you change it
+there's nothing wrong with that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong with that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing wrong with that that's
+what science is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what science is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what science is all about
+so Knox we were taught we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Knox we were taught we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Knox we were taught we've been
+talking about Knox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Knox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Knox
+talked about it for the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it for the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it for the last couple of
+lectures and I had already told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and I had already told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and I had already told you that
+there were seven isozymes of NOx okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were seven isozymes of NOx okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were seven isozymes of NOx okay we
+had focused on this guy in the phagosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had focused on this guy in the phagosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had focused on this guy in the phagosome
+we now are focusing on NOx to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now are focusing on NOx to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now are focusing on NOx to
+again and then this guy is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then this guy is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then this guy is also
+important but this guy is not that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but this guy is not that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but this guy is not that's the
+phagosome oxidase so you're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phagosome oxidase so you're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phagosome oxidase so you're changing the
+factors inside the cell that government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors inside the cell that government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors inside the cell that government
+what happens and so each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens and so each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens and so each one of these
+guys you know you google it you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you know you google it you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys you know you google it you find
+another 100 papers on this people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 100 papers on this people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 100 papers on this people are
+trying to understand the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the details of
+what's going on with these systems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with these systems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with these systems okay
+so that sort of just shows you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of just shows you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sort of just shows you again
+we're generic it affects a lot of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're generic it affects a lot of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're generic it affects a lot of growth
+factors or a lot of cytokines can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors or a lot of cytokines can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors or a lot of cytokines can use
+these signaling pathways and NOx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signaling pathways and NOx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signaling pathways and NOx is
+important and many of them and the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and many of them and the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and many of them and the model
+is that self-immolation is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that self-immolation is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that self-immolation is also
+important but in many cases that remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but in many cases that remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but in many cases that remains
+to be established okay so what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be established okay so what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be established okay so what I want to
+briefly do then is look at the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principles of regulation okay and so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of regulation okay and so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of regulation okay and so and
+I'm just going to briefly outline these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to briefly outline these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to briefly outline these
+and we've gone through each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've gone through each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've gone through each one of these
+examples in in the two recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in in the two recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in in the two recitation
+sections so I'm just sort of reviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections so I'm just sort of reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections so I'm just sort of reviewing
+this and making making a point so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and making making a point so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and making making a point so you
+know is post translational modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is post translational modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is post translational modification
+important okay and I think your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay and I think your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay and I think your
+generation needs to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation needs to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation needs to think about this
+because as the methods become more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the methods become more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as the methods become more and
+more more sophisticated okay we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more sophisticated okay we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more sophisticated okay we've got
+really amazing mass spec methods if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing mass spec methods if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing mass spec methods if you
+if you even you can figure out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you even you can figure out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you even you can figure out how to do
+them correctly everything almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them correctly everything almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them correctly everything almost any
+metabolite in the cell can modify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite in the cell can modify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite in the cell can modify a
+protein asset ilka way it'll settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein asset ilka way it'll settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein asset ilka way it'll settle
+eight things I said Anna steel Medina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight things I said Anna steel Medina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight things I said Anna steel Medina
+Universal methylating agent methyl these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal methylating agent methyl these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal methylating agent methyl these
+things okay so you have hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so you have hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so you have hundreds of
+modifications on your protein okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications on your protein okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications on your protein okay and
+it is in fact related to in part I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in fact related to in part I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in fact related to in part I think
+the metabolites interacting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolites interacting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metabolites interacting with the
+proteins not enzymatically the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins not enzymatically the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins not enzymatically the question
+is is it interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it interested
+so I want you to think about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to think about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want you to think about that so
+that's why the general principles what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the general principles what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the general principles what
+are you going to use as a control you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to use as a control you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to use as a control you
+can see it are you gonna check you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it are you gonna check you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it are you gonna check you're
+gonna spend five years of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend five years of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend five years of your life
+chasing this or is it not interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing this or is it not interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing this or is it not interesting
+that's so you need to think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so you need to think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so you need to think about that
+question it's not an easy question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's not an easy question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's not an easy question and
+that's what everybody is into now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what everybody is into now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what everybody is into now that's
+the future for the next five years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future for the next five years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future for the next five years so
+one of the things we see is that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we see is that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we see is that and I
+told you this 20 times it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you this 20 times it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you this 20 times it needs to be
+reversible okay so in our case so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible okay so in our case so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible okay so in our case so it
+doesn't matter whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether it's
+phosphorylation dephosphorylation a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation dephosphorylation a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation dephosphorylation a set
+elation deacetylation methylation lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elation deacetylation methylation lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elation deacetylation methylation lots
+of the methyl group okay so many mint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the methyl group okay so many mint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the methyl group okay so many mint
+ubiquitination do ubiquitination we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitination do ubiquitination we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitination do ubiquitination we've
+seen many examples of this and needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen many examples of this and needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen many examples of this and needs to
+be reversible in our case and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reversible in our case and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reversible in our case and and this
+is related to again oxidative stress how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to again oxidative stress how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to again oxidative stress how
+do you how do you how do you reverse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you how do you reverse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you how do you reverse so
+this is forward how do you reverse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is forward how do you reverse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is forward how do you reverse this
+so you need a reductant and this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a reductant and this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a reductant and this could
+be any one of a number of things there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any one of a number of things there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any one of a number of things there
+are lots of reductants inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of reductants inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of reductants inside the cell
+so I'm just gonna say reductant I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna say reductant I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna say reductant I've
+used thyroid auxin here but I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used thyroid auxin here but I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used thyroid auxin here but I don't have
+this has not been identified in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has not been identified in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has not been identified in the case
+of the Knox to system in the epidermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Knox to system in the epidermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Knox to system in the epidermal
+growth factor receptor so by simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptor so by simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptor so by simple
+we've already looked at this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already looked at this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already looked at this you can
+convert this back to the cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this back to the cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this back to the cysteine
+something this is reduced if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is reduced if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this is reduced if something
+else needs to be oxidized okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else needs to be oxidized okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else needs to be oxidized okay so that's
+a basic thing that you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic thing that you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basic thing that you need to think
+about okay the second thing which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay the second thing which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay the second thing which I
+think is very important I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is very important I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is very important I think this is
+a general principle used in biology over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general principle used in biology over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general principle used in biology over
+and over and over again is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over and over again is increasing
+the effective molarity okay and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective molarity okay and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective molarity okay and so we
+say increasing effective molarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say increasing effective molarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say increasing effective molarity
+and why is that important because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that important because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that important because if you
+have two things reacting here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things reacting here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things reacting here we have
+two things reacting or Ellis here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things reacting or Ellis here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things reacting or Ellis here we
+have two things reacting hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things reacting hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two things reacting hydrogen
+peroxide and a protein so if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and a protein so if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and a protein so if we can
+generate them right next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate them right next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate them right next to each other
+the concentration is much higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration is much higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration is much higher the
+rate of the reaction has to be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction has to be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction has to be faster
+okay and so how do you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so how do you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so how do you increase the
+effective molarity in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective molarity in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective molarity in the case of the
+epidermal growth factor receptor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor we
+looked at this these guys who are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this these guys who are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this these guys who are in the
+membrane and NOx interacted with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and NOx interacted with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and NOx interacted with the
+epidermal growth factor receptor by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor receptor by the
+immuno precipitation experiments that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno precipitation experiments that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immuno precipitation experiments that we
+looked at in the recitation so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in the recitation so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in the recitation so an
+example is I'll just say Knox dot EGF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is I'll just say Knox dot EGF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is I'll just say Knox dot EGF
+receptor and you know precipitation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and you know precipitation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor and you know precipitation okay
+so another way that and we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way that and we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way that and we're talking
+about signaling that Nature has used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signaling that Nature has used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about signaling that Nature has used
+over and over again is lots of times we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again is lots of times we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again is lots of times we
+have these little G proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these little G proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these little G proteins
+Jiki piezas and these GTP Aizaz can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jiki piezas and these GTP Aizaz can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jiki piezas and these GTP Aizaz can be
+on the cytosol but a lot of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cytosol but a lot of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cytosol but a lot of the time
+they do all of the signaling at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do all of the signaling at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do all of the signaling at the
+membrane how do you get them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane how do you get them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane how do you get them to the
+membrane anybody got any idea so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane anybody got any idea so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane anybody got any idea so these
+things move around inside the cell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things move around inside the cell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things move around inside the cell a
+localization becomes really key how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization becomes really key how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization becomes really key how
+would you get little soluble g-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you get little soluble g-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you get little soluble g-protein
+to the membrane yeah so you would put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the membrane yeah so you would put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the membrane yeah so you would put an
+anchor on it and what do you use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor on it and what do you use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchor on it and what do you use as
+anchors you can use by Supremes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchors you can use by Supremes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anchors you can use by Supremes so
+farnesylated in general Jaron elated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesylated in general Jaron elated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farnesylated in general Jaron elated or
+frequently use you've seen that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently use you've seen that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently use you've seen that in the
+first module module five of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first module module five of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first module module five of the second
+half and you also can put a fatty acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and you also can put a fatty acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and you also can put a fatty acid
+on there it's used over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there it's used over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there it's used over and over again
+so the parental ation reaction people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parental ation reaction people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parental ation reaction people
+have been looking for the reversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been looking for the reversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been looking for the reversibility
+of fat for a long time and as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fat for a long time and as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fat for a long time and as far as I
+know no one's found it but the fatty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no one's found it but the fatty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no one's found it but the fatty
+acid which is put on usually as a thio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid which is put on usually as a thio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid which is put on usually as a thio
+ester or is enamour'd you can hydrolyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester or is enamour'd you can hydrolyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ester or is enamour'd you can hydrolyze
+it off so what you can do then is have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off so what you can do then is have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off so what you can do then is have
+let's just use fatty acid whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just use fatty acid whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just use fatty acid whatever so
+you have co a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now sit and so this gets modified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sit and so this gets modified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sit and so this gets modified and
+then this goes to the membrane so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this goes to the membrane so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this goes to the membrane so what
+that does then is it takes that out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does then is it takes that out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does then is it takes that out of
+solution under a certain set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution under a certain set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution under a certain set of
+conditions so you've modified your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so you've modified your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so you've modified your
+protein just like we had by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein just like we had by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein just like we had by
+self-immolation and you bring it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-immolation and you bring it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-immolation and you bring it to
+wherever the proteins are it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the proteins are it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever the proteins are it's
+interacting with CR increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with CR increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with CR increasing the
+effective molarity okay so this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective molarity okay so this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective molarity okay so this happens
+all the time putting that into a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time putting that into a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time putting that into a big
+picture related to what I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture related to what I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture related to what I'm going to say
+next is I think incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is I think incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is I think incredibly important
+so this is a general principle but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a general principle but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a general principle but one
+that needs to be studied or described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be studied or described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be studied or described
+and a lot more detail so the third thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot more detail so the third thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot more detail so the third thing
+is the post translational modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the post translational modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the post translational modification
+must have a biological phenotype so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a biological phenotype so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have a biological phenotype so this
+is the question the chimbure was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question the chimbure was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question the chimbure was just
+asking if this is increased by whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if this is increased by whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking if this is increased by whatever
+50% is it interesting is it important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% is it interesting is it important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% is it interesting is it important
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you need to do additional experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to do additional experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to do additional experiments
+if you don't think based on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't think based on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't think based on what you
+know about the system that that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the system that that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the system that that's true
+and so in the case of the NOC system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the case of the NOC system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in the case of the NOC system
+what do we use remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we use remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we use remember we talked about
+this we did two things we have increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we did two things we have increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we did two things we have increased
+activity of the tyrosine kinase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the tyrosine kinase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the tyrosine kinase and then
+we also had increased downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signaling and how did they look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling and how did they look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling and how did they look at that
+we looked at that by phosphorylation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at that by phosphorylation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at that by phosphorylation so
+we use antibodies to serine phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use antibodies to serine phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use antibodies to serine phosphate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so by those two criteria the NOx system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by those two criteria the NOx system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by those two criteria the NOx system
+in the Caroll paper was interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Caroll paper was interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Caroll paper was interesting and
+then in the fourth the fourth thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the fourth the fourth thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the fourth the fourth thing that
+I think is also really important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is also really important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is also really important is
+relating to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to this one
+whatever the signaling agent is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the signaling agent is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the signaling agent is if you
+have ways of removing it you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ways of removing it you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ways of removing it you then
+decreases signaling okay and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases signaling okay and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases signaling okay and so this is
+frequently observed in many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently observed in many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently observed in many of these
+systems so enzymes can modulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the concentrations of the signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of the signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentrations of the signaling
+agent and the example I used up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and the example I used up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent and the example I used up there
+with an ox system so we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an ox system so we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an ox system so we're looking at
+hydrogen peroxide and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide and I'm not going to
+draw the structures out but because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the structures out but because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the structures out but because I've
+already done this before the peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this before the peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this before the peroxide
+redox s we've gone through that a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox s we've gone through that a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redox s we've gone through that a couple
+of two lectures that go something can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two lectures that go something can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two lectures that go something can
+remove that signaling agent okay so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that signaling agent okay so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove that signaling agent okay so to
+me these are the key things you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me these are the key things you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me these are the key things you need to
+think about if you're you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you're you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about if you're you're looking at
+whether you think your post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you think your post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you think your post
+translational modification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification is
+interesting or not and people a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or not and people a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting or not and people a lot of
+people doing that so we see lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing that so we see lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing that so we see lots of
+modifications because of the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications because of the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications because of the power of
+mass spec the question is are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spec the question is are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spec the question is are they
+interesting and so finally the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so finally the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so finally the only
+other thing I wanted to say here is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to say here is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to say here is in
+the last little section and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last little section and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last little section and I'm not
+going to look at this in any detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this in any detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this in any detail
+either but if you look at methods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but if you look at methods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but if you look at methods so
+this is the last how do you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last how do you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last how do you look at this
+so what you saw in the Carroll case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you saw in the Carroll case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you saw in the Carroll case and
+again it's not unique to the Carroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not unique to the Carroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not unique to the Carroll
+case is you need to develop a reagents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is you need to develop a reagents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is you need to develop a reagents
+that's specific for the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specific for the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specific for the post
+translational modification so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification so you need
+to what number one you need to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what number one you need to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what number one you need to develop a
+reagent a specific for post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent a specific for post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent a specific for post
+translational modification it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modification it needs to
+be so specific it needs to be fast so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so specific it needs to be fast so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so specific it needs to be fast so
+the kinetics are important under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics are important under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetics are important under
+physiological conditions and it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological conditions and it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological conditions and it needs to
+be cell permeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay because ultimately with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because ultimately with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because ultimately with something
+like hydrogen peroxide or an O or many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydrogen peroxide or an O or many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydrogen peroxide or an O or many
+of the other signaling agents these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other signaling agents these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other signaling agents these guys
+are really reactive and you crack open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really reactive and you crack open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really reactive and you crack open
+the cells and you do things out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells and you do things out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells and you do things out and you
+add more oxygen you can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more oxygen you can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more oxygen you can change the
+levels of modification all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of modification all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of modification all over the
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+so you really want to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to look at this
+contained within the cell under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the cell under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the cell under
+controlled growth conditions so and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled growth conditions so and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled growth conditions so and this
+is what the whole the two papers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the whole the two papers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the whole the two papers we
+looked at by Carol we're focused on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at by Carol we're focused on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at by Carol we're focused on okay
+and so then the methods so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the methods so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then the methods so you have a
+reagent hope you hopefully you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent hope you hopefully you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent hope you hopefully you believe
+Diamond oh it was a good reagent okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond oh it was a good reagent okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diamond oh it was a good reagent okay so
+I'm just I'm not gonna but knocks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just I'm not gonna but knocks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just I'm not gonna but knocks for
+knocks Sophina Latian we use diamond ohm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks Sophina Latian we use diamond ohm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knocks Sophina Latian we use diamond ohm
+okay we discussed this we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we discussed this we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we discussed this we've discussed
+the mechanism and then what we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism and then what we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism and then what we looked at
+is MS analysis and how you had to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MS analysis and how you had to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MS analysis and how you had to modify
+the reagent so it worked effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reagent so it worked effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reagent so it worked effectively
+inside the cells that you can enrich and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cells that you can enrich and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cells that you can enrich and
+then use modern method as we break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use modern method as we break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use modern method as we break down
+the protein into peptides and sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein into peptides and sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein into peptides and sequence
+doing this ms/ms okay so I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this ms/ms okay so I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this ms/ms okay so I'm not going
+to talk about that more because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that more because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that more because we had
+two old recitations on these topics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two old recitations on these topics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two old recitations on these topics okay
+so that's what I wanted to say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to say in this
+module on reactive oxygen species NOx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module on reactive oxygen species NOx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module on reactive oxygen species NOx is
+front reactive oxygen species I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front reactive oxygen species I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front reactive oxygen species I think a
+front center you can't pick up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front center you can't pick up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front center you can't pick up in
+journals or even great listen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals or even great listen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals or even great listen on the
+radio or newspapers if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or newspapers if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or newspapers if you read
+newspapers without seeing reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers without seeing reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers without seeing reactive
+oxygen reactive nitrogen species I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen reactive nitrogen species I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen reactive nitrogen species I think
+you now know what you need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know what you need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now know what you need to think
+about and here's an example reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and here's an example reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and here's an example reactive
+oxygen species can modify cystines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species can modify cystines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species can modify cystines
+cystines or you've seen over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cystines or you've seen over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cystines or you've seen over and over
+and over again play central roles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again play central roles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again play central roles and
+enzymatic reactions and control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reactions and control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reactions and control of
+signaling pathways and I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathways and I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathways and I think the the
+growth factor receptor is a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptor is a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor receptor is a good example
+of that of the kinds of things you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of the kinds of things you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of the kinds of things you need
+to do to try to determine whether these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to try to determine whether these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to try to determine whether these
+modifications which are every everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications which are every everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications which are every everywhere
+are really in fact real okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really in fact real okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really in fact real okay so that's
+what I wanted you to get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted you to get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wanted you to get out of this
+little module what I want to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little module what I want to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little module what I want to do now is
+move into the next module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into the next module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move into the next module
+and the next mod the last module module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next mod the last module module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next mod the last module module
+8 is going to be on nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 is going to be on nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 is going to be on nucleotide
+metabolism okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism okay
+oh how bad am i oh good I've got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh how bad am i oh good I've got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh how bad am i oh good I've got lots of
+time all right okay so let me just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right okay so let me just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right okay so let me just start
+erase something so we have some place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase something so we have some place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase something so we have some place to
+start so nucleotide metabolism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so nucleotide metabolism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so nucleotide metabolism is
+something that in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that in our in our
+introductory course we don't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course we don't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory course we don't talk about
+it at all because we just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all because we just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all because we just don't have
+time and we just focus on glycolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we just focus on glycolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we just focus on glycolysis
+fatty acid sugar biosynthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid sugar biosynthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty acid sugar biosynthesis and
+degradation fatty acid biosynthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation fatty acid biosynthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation fatty acid biosynthesis and
+degradation but you all know and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation but you all know and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degradation but you all know and I'll
+show you how nucleotides it everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how nucleotides it everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how nucleotides it everywhere
+and so in my opinion nucleotides had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in my opinion nucleotides had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in my opinion nucleotides had the
+heyday when I was your age that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heyday when I was your age that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heyday when I was your age that
+everybody and his brother was focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and his brother was focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and his brother was focused on
+nucleotide metabolism the data's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism the data's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism the data's really
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+we learned how to make nucleotides back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned how to make nucleotides back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned how to make nucleotides back
+in those days but we didn't have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days but we didn't have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those days but we didn't have any of
+the tools we have now and we used a t60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we have now and we used a t60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tools we have now and we used a t60
+rather than an 800 megahertz machine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than an 800 megahertz machine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than an 800 megahertz machine to
+look at edimar they I mean you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at edimar they I mean you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at edimar they I mean you had to
+take the spectra 20 times to remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the spectra 20 times to remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the spectra 20 times to remove the
+spinning side bands anyhow we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning side bands anyhow we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning side bands anyhow we didn't
+have any of the modern methods but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the modern methods but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the modern methods but
+everything it back in those days was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it back in those days was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it back in those days was
+correct because people really cared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because people really cared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because people really cared
+about the truth back in those days as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the truth back in those days as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the truth back in those days as
+opposed to publishing and nature cell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to publishing and nature cell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to publishing and nature cell on
+science okay so people that data if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science okay so people that data if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science okay so people that data if you
+want reproducibility and you go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want reproducibility and you go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want reproducibility and you go back in
+the literature is absolutely going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature is absolutely going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature is absolutely going to be
+reproducible okay so I'm gonna show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible okay so I'm gonna show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible okay so I'm gonna show you
+where we are but I would say in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are but I would say in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are but I would say in the next
+decade it's gonna be the era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade it's gonna be the era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade it's gonna be the era of
+nucleotides but what we need is ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides but what we need is ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides but what we need is ways of
+looking at nucleotides inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at nucleotides inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at nucleotides inside the cell
+and I'll show you the complexity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you the complexity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you the complexity of this
+but nucleotides everywhere they control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nucleotides everywhere they control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nucleotides everywhere they control
+everything okay and so and we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and so and we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay and so and we really
+don't know that much about regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that much about regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that much about regulation
+and to understand regulation you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand regulation you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand regulation you need to
+be inside the cell I can tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inside the cell I can tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be inside the cell I can tell you what
+all these enzymes do I know a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these enzymes do I know a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these enzymes do I know a lot about
+the enzymes but the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes but the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes but the question is how do
+they work inside the cell on how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work inside the cell on how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work inside the cell on how are
+they regulated so I'm gonna try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they regulated so I'm gonna try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they regulated so I'm gonna try to give
+you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of
+a picture and what the issues are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and what the issues are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and what the issues are and
+teach you something about pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you something about pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you something about pathways
+because a peering pathway to me is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a peering pathway to me is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a peering pathway to me is sort
+of been amazing this is not a thinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been amazing this is not a thinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been amazing this is not a thinker
+it's sort of an amazing pathway and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of an amazing pathway and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of an amazing pathway and in
+fact one of my heroes when I first moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of my heroes when I first moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of my heroes when I first moved
+to MIT this is Jack B yeah Buchanan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT this is Jack B yeah Buchanan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT this is Jack B yeah Buchanan
+whose picture is on the first slide over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose picture is on the first slide over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose picture is on the first slide over
+the he was still here and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he was still here and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he was still here and I just
+remember talking to other people he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember talking to other people he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember talking to other people he was
+like you know he was older than me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know he was older than me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know he was older than me I
+think he was like probably 75 and I he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was like probably 75 and I he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was like probably 75 and I he
+was just like my hero you know I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like my hero you know I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like my hero you know I mean if
+you read his papers totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read his papers totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read his papers totally
+mind-boggling what the guy did with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-boggling what the guy did with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-boggling what the guy did with what
+he had okay and everybody was jumping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had okay and everybody was jumping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had okay and everybody was jumping on
+him because he had moved into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him because he had moved into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him because he had moved into the
+state-of-the-art back in those days okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art back in those days okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art back in those days okay
+but if you look took what he did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look took what he did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look took what he did in
+perspective he'd done so much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective he'd done so much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective he'd done so much more than
+all the people that were dumping on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people that were dumping on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people that were dumping on him
+it drove me nuts so I used to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drove me nuts so I used to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drove me nuts so I used to have
+fights with everybody I got here telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights with everybody I got here telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fights with everybody I got here telling
+everybody what a great scientist this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what a great scientist this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what a great scientist this
+guy was and I'll try to point out what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was and I'll try to point out what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was and I'll try to point out what I
+think he was such a great scientist when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was such a great scientist when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he was such a great scientist when
+I when we look at the pathway anyhow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when we look at the pathway anyhow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when we look at the pathway anyhow the
+pureeing biosynthetic pathway we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pureeing biosynthetic pathway we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pureeing biosynthetic pathway we'll see
+was elucidated in pigeons he used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was elucidated in pigeons he used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was elucidated in pigeons he used to
+catch the pigeons in the Boston Common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the pigeons in the Boston Common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the pigeons in the Boston Common
+and then I'll tell you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll tell you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll tell you why
+they have a different metabolism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different metabolism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a different metabolism of
+excretion than humans do and say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excretion than humans do and say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excretion than humans do and say you
+could feed the pigeons and 15 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could feed the pigeons and 15 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could feed the pigeons and 15 this is
+back in the 1940s 1950s you could feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1940s 1950s you could feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the 1940s 1950s you could feed
+them isotopically labeled stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them isotopically labeled stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them isotopically labeled stable
+isotropically labeled nitrogen stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically labeled nitrogen stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropically labeled nitrogen stuff and
+we'll see purines got nitrogenous all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see purines got nitrogenous all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see purines got nitrogenous all
+over the place and then you isolate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and then you isolate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and then you isolate the
+poop and and characterized it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop and and characterized it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poop and and characterized it and that's
+how we unraveled the pathway okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we unraveled the pathway okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we unraveled the pathway okay all
+right so where am i all right I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where am i all right I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so where am i all right I just
+want to be sure I'm in order so reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sure I'm in order so reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sure I'm in order so reading
+so whatever this on you to read um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever this on you to read um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever this on you to read um in
+507 people haven't done nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+507 people haven't done nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+507 people haven't done nucleotide
+metabolism say should we put online from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism say should we put online from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism say should we put online from
+the chapter on nucleotide metabolism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter on nucleotide metabolism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter on nucleotide metabolism for
+vote vote there's a lot of stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote vote there's a lot of stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote vote there's a lot of stuff in
+there that's not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's not right
+but it gives you sort of an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gives you sort of an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it gives you sort of an overview
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and you can take it out of any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take it out of any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take it out of any any
+bookie if you strive or if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookie if you strive or if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookie if you strive or if you use
+whatever you can use any book you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can use any book you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can use any book you want
+it just sort of gives you a big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sort of gives you a big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just sort of gives you a big picture
+and the picture keeps changing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture keeps changing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture keeps changing and the
+books don't keep up to today okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books don't keep up to today okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books don't keep up to today okay
+I gave you an article to read by Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you an article to read by Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gave you an article to read by Bank
+Vic which is a review not just focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vic which is a review not just focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vic which is a review not just focused
+on the papers that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the papers that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the papers that we've talked about
+we'll talk about today in recitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about today in recitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about today in recitation and
+so what I want to do is after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is after
+introducing you to the nomenclature I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing you to the nomenclature I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing you to the nomenclature I'm
+going to give you a general overview of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a general overview of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a general overview of
+nucleotide metabolism focus a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism focus a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism focus a little bit
+on the biology of purines then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the biology of purines then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the biology of purines then we'll
+talk about the pathway and why I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the pathway and why I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the pathway and why I think
+the pathway it is interesting and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway it is interesting and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway it is interesting and we
+were going to close with the section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to close with the section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to close with the section
+which is what we're doing on today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're doing on today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're doing on today this
+is one of the reasons I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons I talked about
+this is because I think this idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because I think this idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because I think this idea or
+appear in his ohms complexes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in his ohms complexes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in his ohms complexes of
+transiently interacting proteins has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently interacting proteins has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiently interacting proteins has has
+captured people's attention for decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured people's attention for decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured people's attention for decades
+and when this paper came out in 2008 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when this paper came out in 2008 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when this paper came out in 2008 it
+was one of the first examples where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first examples where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the first examples where
+people thought they might have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought they might have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought they might have gotten
+evidence inside tissue culture cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence inside tissue culture cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence inside tissue culture cells so
+it's still in vitro to show that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still in vitro to show that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still in vitro to show that these
+transient interactions of pathways play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient interactions of pathways play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient interactions of pathways play
+another regulatory mechanism inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another regulatory mechanism inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another regulatory mechanism inside
+cells okay so that's where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay so that's where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay so that's where we're going
+okay so nomenclature okay so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nomenclature okay so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so nomenclature okay so many of you
+probably have seen this before if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen this before if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen this before if you
+took 705 instead of 507 you you did like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 705 instead of 507 you you did like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 705 instead of 507 you you did like
+it I guess they taught in seven did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I guess they taught in seven did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I guess they taught in seven did they
+teach you in 507 nucleotides any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you in 507 nucleotides any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you in 507 nucleotides any of you
+had have ting in Cleburne off didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had have ting in Cleburne off didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had have ting in Cleburne off didn't
+they teach about nucleotide metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they teach about nucleotide metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they teach about nucleotide metabolism
+I thought they taught about DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought they taught about DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought they taught about DNA
+replication how can they well how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication how can they well how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication how can they well how can
+you talk about DNA replication without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about DNA replication without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about DNA replication without
+knowing what a nucleotide is sorry all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what a nucleotide is sorry all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what a nucleotide is sorry all
+right so it's so anyhow I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's so anyhow I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's so anyhow I'm not gonna
+draw I'm not gonna draw all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw I'm not gonna draw all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw I'm not gonna draw all these
+structures in the board but this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the board but this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the board but this is like
+the amino acids I think you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids I think you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids I think you should know
+the nucleotides okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleotides okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleotides okay
+people hate me for the amino acid side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hate me for the amino acid side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people hate me for the amino acid side
+chains from the pka's here's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains from the pka's here's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains from the pka's here's something
+else you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you can
+like me for but anyhow these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me for but anyhow these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me for but anyhow these are the
+bases the names are you know not so easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases the names are you know not so easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases the names are you know not so easy
+to remember but I mean it's like central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember but I mean it's like central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember but I mean it's like central
+to all its genetic material so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all its genetic material so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all its genetic material so it's
+pretty darn important no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn important no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn important no matter what
+kind of a biologist biochemist you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a biologist biochemist you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a biologist biochemist you are
+so we're gonna be looking at the purines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna be looking at the purines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna be looking at the purines
+adenine and guanine so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine and guanine so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenine and guanine so these are the
+bases so I mean cytosine and uracil okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases so I mean cytosine and uracil okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases so I mean cytosine and uracil okay
+and if you take the base and stick on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take the base and stick on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you take the base and stick on a
+sugar okay so this sugar is ribose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar okay so this sugar is ribose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar okay so this sugar is ribose you
+now have the nucleoside okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the nucleoside okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have the nucleoside okay and this is
+in the introductory if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the introductory if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the introductory if you don't know
+this you should read the first few pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you should read the first few pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you should read the first few pages
+but vote and they'll introduce you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vote and they'll introduce you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vote and they'll introduce you to
+this nomenclature again but you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nomenclature again but you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nomenclature again but you can come
+back to your notes so I've redone these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your notes so I've redone these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your notes so I've redone these
+notes again and I will repost them again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes again and I will repost them again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes again and I will repost them again
+whoops putting in more detail because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops putting in more detail because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops putting in more detail because I
+didn't really know what your backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know what your backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really know what your backgrounds
+backgrounds are so so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds are so so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds are so so this is something
+that I think so we have a Dennison cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think so we have a Dennison cited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think so we have a Dennison cited
+een Guan go on a seniority what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+een Guan go on a seniority what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+een Guan go on a seniority what about
+diamond II why don't I have that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond II why don't I have that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond II why don't I have that up
+there so this is a take-home message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is a take-home message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is a take-home message
+from the next few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are all have to hi to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all have to hi to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all have to hi to find
+three Frances hydroxyls there is no rye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Frances hydroxyls there is no rye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Frances hydroxyls there is no rye
+both limonene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both limonene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both limonene okay
+you only have deoxy okay so Simon eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have deoxy okay so Simon eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have deoxy okay so Simon eating
+some people right deoxy that's redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people right deoxy that's redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people right deoxy that's redundant
+it is deoxy by MIDI is deoxy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is deoxy by MIDI is deoxy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is deoxy by MIDI is deoxy and that
+becomes so this hydroxyl is replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so this hydroxyl is replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so this hydroxyl is replaced
+with a hydrogen okay on criminy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hydrogen okay on criminy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hydrogen okay on criminy
+so that becomes really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that becomes really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that becomes really important in
+connecting nucleotide and deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting nucleotide and deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting nucleotide and deoxy
+nucleotide metabolism because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism because you have
+to get from the nucleoside to the deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from the nucleoside to the deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from the nucleoside to the deoxy
+nucleoside and it's not straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside and it's not straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleoside and it's not straightforward
+okay there are many many steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are many many steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are many many steps that
+metabolism is complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is complicated
+and I'll show you one of them but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you one of them but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you one of them but every
+organism is slightly slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism is slightly slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism is slightly slightly different
+okay so one of the things I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the things I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one of the things I want you to
+remember is you have bases and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is you have bases and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is you have bases and you have
+bases and the sugar those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and the sugar those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases and the sugar those are the
+nucleus sides these are the bases and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus sides these are the bases and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus sides these are the bases and in
+DNA you have T or as an RNA you have u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA you have T or as an RNA you have u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA you have T or as an RNA you have u
+so you need both uridine and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need both uridine and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need both uridine and you need
+thymidine in DNA as a building blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymidine in DNA as a building blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thymidine in DNA as a building blocks
+for DNA biosynthesis okay and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DNA biosynthesis okay and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DNA biosynthesis okay and what we're
+going to do so a purine and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so a purine and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so a purine and this was
+again developed mostly from the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again developed mostly from the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again developed mostly from the work of
+Jack Buchanan's lab a long time ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Buchanan's lab a long time ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack Buchanan's lab a long time ago and
+you don't need to remember this but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to remember this but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to remember this but what
+pigeons excrete is uric acid and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons excrete is uric acid and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons excrete is uric acid and so this
+is the molecule they isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from pigeon poop okay which allowed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pigeon poop okay which allowed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pigeon poop okay which allowed them
+to tell ultimately which is the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell ultimately which is the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell ultimately which is the key
+these labeling isotopic labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labeling isotopic labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labeling isotopic labeling
+experiments which allowed them to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which allowed them to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which allowed them to tell
+the source of all of the different atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of all of the different atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of all of the different atoms
+in in purines okay and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in purines okay and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in purines okay and we're going to
+come back to this but what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this but what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this but what I want you to
+see this is true in both purines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is true in both purines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this is true in both purines and
+pyrimidines and what we're focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines and what we're focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines and what we're focusing on
+what we're gonna be focusing on is jus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna be focusing on is jus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna be focusing on is jus
+novo purine biosynthesis but what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novo purine biosynthesis but what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novo purine biosynthesis but what I'm
+going to also show you of course as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to also show you of course as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to also show you of course as you
+have salvaged so you could get purines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have salvaged so you could get purines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have salvaged so you could get purines
+from the diet your DNA breaks down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet your DNA breaks down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the diet your DNA breaks down your
+RNA breaks down so all of that stuff can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA breaks down so all of that stuff can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA breaks down so all of that stuff can
+then be used as well and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used as well and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be used as well and so it's a
+question of de novo and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of de novo and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of de novo and it's the
+question of Salvage I think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Salvage I think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of Salvage I think it's really
+underappreciated how much how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underappreciated how much how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underappreciated how much how important
+salvaged pathways are and now with mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvaged pathways are and now with mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvaged pathways are and now with mass
+spec and isotopic labeling we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec and isotopic labeling we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec and isotopic labeling we can
+actually figure that out fairly recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure that out fairly recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure that out fairly recently
+and people interested in targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people interested in targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people interested in targeting
+targeting making cancer chemotherapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting making cancer chemotherapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting making cancer chemotherapeutic
+SAR finding really sort of things nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR finding really sort of things nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR finding really sort of things nobody
+ever expected in terms of how much comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever expected in terms of how much comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever expected in terms of how much comes
+from Salvage versus how much comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Salvage versus how much comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Salvage versus how much comes from
+de novo okay and the salvage is easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo okay and the salvage is easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de novo okay and the salvage is easy to
+understand I'll show you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I'll show you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I'll show you that's
+chemically simple that you know was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically simple that you know was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically simple that you know was much
+more complicated okay so anyhow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated okay so anyhow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated okay so anyhow it's
+these labeling and I think this is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labeling and I think this is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labeling and I think this is we'll
+come back to this in a minute but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this in a minute but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this in a minute but I
+think this is important is that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is important is that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is important is that all of
+these atoms come from simple building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atoms come from simple building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these atoms come from simple building
+blocks and you'll see that when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and you'll see that when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks and you'll see that when we look
+at the pathway so glutamine glutamine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pathway so glutamine glutamine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the pathway so glutamine glutamine is
+the major source of ammonia in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major source of ammonia in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major source of ammonia in all
+metabolic pathways how does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways how does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways how does that happen
+I'm going to show you that will be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you that will be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you that will be one
+of the generic reactions I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the generic reactions I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the generic reactions I talk about
+because the same approach is used over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the same approach is used over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the same approach is used over
+and over again by Nature and nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again by Nature and nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again by Nature and nitrogen
+plays again the nitrogen to play a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays again the nitrogen to play a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays again the nitrogen to play a key
+role in these hetero cyclic purines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in these hetero cyclic purines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in these hetero cyclic purines and
+pyrimidines glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrimidines glycine
+we'll see where glycine comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see where glycine comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see where glycine comes from
+aspartic acid formate and bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid formate and bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid formate and bicarbonate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you can't get much simpler than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't get much simpler than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't get much simpler than than
+that and most of you probably know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and most of you probably know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and most of you probably know these
+all self-assemble allowing you to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all self-assemble allowing you to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all self-assemble allowing you to maybe
+think about the evolution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the evolution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the evolution of this
+process you can throw them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can throw them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you can throw them all together
+and you can get a purine out the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get a purine out the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get a purine out the other
+side with varying degrees of success ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with varying degrees of success ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with varying degrees of success ok
+so what I want to do so that's a purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do so that's a purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do so that's a purine
+so what I want to do now is sort of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do now is sort of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do now is sort of give
+you an overview I thought I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overview I thought I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an overview I thought I've
+introduced you to the nomenclature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to the nomenclature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to the nomenclature and
+what the purines are going to be but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the purines are going to be but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the purines are going to be but I
+want to give you an overview two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you an overview two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you an overview two
+nucleotide metabolism in general okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism in general okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide metabolism in general okay
+I'm going to have to use there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to use there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have to use there's a lot
+of stuff so the way I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff so the way I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff so the way I'm going to do this
+is up and down okay so you need a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up and down okay so you need a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up and down okay so you need a piece
+of paper if you're writing this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper if you're writing this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper if you're writing this down
+that goes up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes up and down
+okay so what's central to everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's central to everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's central to everything is
+fossil Ryba Co pyrophosphate okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil Ryba Co pyrophosphate okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil Ryba Co pyrophosphate okay okay
+so this is a central player so this is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a central player so this is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a central player so this is P
+R P P and in your recitation and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R P P and in your recitation and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R P P and in your recitation and also in
+your handout I've given you the horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handout I've given you the horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handout I've given you the horrible
+names that aren't with a peering pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that aren't with a peering pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that aren't with a peering pathway
+so I don't expect that if we have a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't expect that if we have a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't expect that if we have a test
+I will give you the structure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you the structure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you the structure the
+peering pathway I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering pathway I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peering pathway I don't expect you to
+remember the details of the peering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the details of the peering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the details of the peering
+pathway it's complicated and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it's complicated and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway it's complicated and I'm not
+sure I would have designed it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I would have designed it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I would have designed it that way
+to start with so it's not like a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with so it's not like a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with so it's not like a so
+logical like some of the other pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical like some of the other pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical like some of the other pathways
+which are straightforward okay so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are straightforward okay so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are straightforward okay so where
+do you think sauce the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think sauce the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think sauce the ribosome
+pyrophosphate comes from does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate comes from does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate comes from does anybody
+have any idea what are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea what are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any idea what are you doing
+learning from basic metabolism this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from basic metabolism this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from basic metabolism this is
+something that's covered in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's covered in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's covered in most
+introductory courses where does PRPP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory courses where does PRPP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory courses where does PRPP
+most likely come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah out of the pentose pelase so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah out of the pentose pelase so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah out of the pentose pelase so the
+two things that play a really critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that play a really critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that play a really critical
+role in nucleotide metabolism are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in nucleotide metabolism are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in nucleotide metabolism are the
+pentose phosphate oxidative Inanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate oxidative Inanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pentose phosphate oxidative Inanna
+octave oxidative pentose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave oxidative pentose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave oxidative pentose phosphate
+pathway you form ribose 5-phosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway you form ribose 5-phosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway you form ribose 5-phosphate and
+NADPH okay so over here we have ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH okay so over here we have ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NADPH okay so over here we have ribose
+5-phosphate and four phosphate from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate and four phosphate from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-phosphate and four phosphate from now
+on and for pyrophosphate from now on I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and for pyrophosphate from now on I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and for pyrophosphate from now on I'm
+gonna believe II ate it so I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna believe II ate it so I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna believe II ate it so I don't have
+to draw the structures out but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the structures out but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw the structures out but the
+charges are important so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are important so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are important so you need to
+remember the structures are charged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the structures are charged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the structures are charged so
+this is ribose 5-phosphate one prime two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ribose 5-phosphate one prime two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ribose 5-phosphate one prime two
+prime three prime four prime five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me ask this question why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me ask this question why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me ask this question why do you
+think this is the major form of ribose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the major form of ribose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the major form of ribose
+inside this cell I don't know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this cell I don't know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this cell I don't know if they
+teach you this or not but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you this or not but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you this or not but I think it's
+important why is ribose always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why is ribose always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important why is ribose always
+phosphorylated and inside this cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated and inside this cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated and inside this cell to
+keep it in the cell but what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in the cell but what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in the cell but what happens if
+you don't phosphorylate it so that's yo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't phosphorylate it so that's yo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't phosphorylate it so that's yo
+to keep it in the cell phosphates keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it in the cell phosphates keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it in the cell phosphates keep
+things inside cells what is this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things inside cells what is this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things inside cells what is this what
+happens to that structure when it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to that structure when it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to that structure when it's not
+phosphorylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it can't open is that what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can't open is that what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can't open is that what you see
+inside the cell no no what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell no no what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell no no what do you see
+what kind of a right sugar is this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a right sugar is this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a right sugar is this if
+you look at it's a five membered ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it's a five membered ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it's a five membered ring
+sugar what's that this is what happens I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar what's that this is what happens I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar what's that this is what happens I
+digress and then we don't get finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digress and then we don't get finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digress and then we don't get finished
+the course but so it's a furanose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but so it's a furanose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but so it's a furanose okay
+if you ring open this thing then it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ring open this thing then it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ring open this thing then it can
+close easy to form a five-member ring or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close easy to form a five-member ring or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close easy to form a five-member ring or
+a six membered ring um it forms the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six membered ring um it forms the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six membered ring um it forms the six
+of my ring almost all the time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my ring almost all the time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my ring almost all the time that's
+the para nose so it's not in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the para nose so it's not in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the para nose so it's not in the right
+state so then you have to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so then you have to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so then you have to have your
+enzymes then there are enzymes they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes then there are enzymes they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes then there are enzymes they do
+this that can catalyze back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that can catalyze back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that can catalyze back into
+conversion into the ribose form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion into the ribose form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion into the ribose form so
+phosphorylation plays it keeps it inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation plays it keeps it inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation plays it keeps it inside
+the cell which is incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell which is incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell which is incredibly important
+but it also controls the state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also controls the state with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also controls the state with
+which you want to deal in metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you want to deal in metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you want to deal in metabolic
+pathways okay so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways okay so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways okay so okay so
+prpp is and we'll see we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp is and we'll see we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prpp is and we'll see we're gonna be
+talking about it hopefully we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it hopefully we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it hopefully we'll get
+this far I'm not sure but if we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far I'm not sure but if we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far I'm not sure but if we start
+with glutamine they don't abbreviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glutamine they don't abbreviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with glutamine they don't abbreviate
+like this bicarbonate in a spark eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this bicarbonate in a spark eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this bicarbonate in a spark eight
+okay so so those are the same three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so those are the same three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so those are the same three
+things I just told you we're involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I just told you we're involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I just told you we're involved in
+in making the purine ring these are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making the purine ring these are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in making the purine ring these are also
+involved in making the perimeter ring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making the perimeter ring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in making the perimeter ring so
+what we're looking at now is there no ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perimeter pathway and what what see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perimeter pathway and what what see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perimeter pathway and what what see if
+we do this is that we have let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this is that we have let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this is that we have let's see if
+I can just get the network so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just get the network so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just get the network so there are
+four steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you make the molecule called Baraka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what we're doing what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we're doing what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we're doing what we're
+doing now which is gonna be completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now which is gonna be completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now which is gonna be completely
+distinct from the purine pathway is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from the purine pathway is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from the purine pathway is you
+make the base okay so you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the base okay so you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the base okay so you make your
+nucleotide base we go back you make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide base we go back you make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide base we go back you make you
+nucleotide base first and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide base first and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide base first and then you're
+going to stick on the ribose 5-phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick on the ribose 5-phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick on the ribose 5-phosphate
+in purine biosynthesis you make the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in purine biosynthesis you make the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in purine biosynthesis you make the base
+on the ribose 5-phosphate so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ribose 5-phosphate so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ribose 5-phosphate so the
+strategy is is distinct okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is is distinct okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is is distinct okay
+so here we have no base on it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have no base on it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have no base on it so what
+happens here is it interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is it interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here is it interacts with the
+fossil ribosome Firefox who will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil ribosome Firefox who will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil ribosome Firefox who will talk
+about this reaction because it's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this reaction because it's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this reaction because it's a major
+way you use salvaged proteins if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you use salvaged proteins if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you use salvaged proteins if you get
+a base how do you put them back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base how do you put them back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base how do you put them back together
+to form the nucleoside it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the nucleoside it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form the nucleoside it allows you to
+form OMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so OMT we're not there yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so OMT we're not there yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so OMT we're not there yet
+OMP we'll see can get converted it loses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OMP we'll see can get converted it loses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OMP we'll see can get converted it loses
+co2 will look a little bit that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 will look a little bit that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 will look a little bit that's the
+chemistry in this pathway is released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in this pathway is released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in this pathway is released
+pretty simple so this is enzyme v this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple so this is enzyme v this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple so this is enzyme v this
+is enzyme six sailu co2 and you form UMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enzyme six sailu co2 and you form UMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enzyme six sailu co2 and you form UMP
+okay so UMP is one of the nucleotides we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so UMP is one of the nucleotides we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so UMP is one of the nucleotides we
+need to actually make RNA but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually make RNA but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually make RNA but we also
+need need to make so we need it to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need need to make so we need it to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need need to make so we need it to make
+DNA we need deoxy by Medivh okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA we need deoxy by Medivh okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA we need deoxy by Medivh okay and we
+also need deoxy tightening so on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need deoxy tightening so on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need deoxy tightening so on this
+pathway this pathway does not give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway this pathway does not give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway this pathway does not give us
+site inning and so the way we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site inning and so the way we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site inning and so the way we go from
+you and p2 to the site Adeem mono
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and p2 to the site Adeem mono
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and p2 to the site Adeem mono
+phosphate is complicated okay so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is complicated okay so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is complicated okay so you're
+gonna see there's a couple little there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see there's a couple little there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see there's a couple little there
+are certain ease is central to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain ease is central to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain ease is central to
+everything this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is sort of
+straightforward but then you'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but then you'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward but then you'll see it's
+gonna be organism specific and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be organism specific and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be organism specific and there's a
+lot of messing around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of messing around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of messing around
+you have to do with kinases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do with kinases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do with kinases and
+hydrolases to get you into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolases to get you into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolases to get you into the right
+stage to get you all of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage to get you all of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage to get you all of the building
+relax blocks required for RNA and DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax blocks required for RNA and DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax blocks required for RNA and DNA
+biosynthesis okay so I'm gonna go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis okay so I'm gonna go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis okay so I'm gonna go over
+here so this set I'm gonna say many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this set I'm gonna say many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this set I'm gonna say many
+steps and we'll look at this to form CTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and we'll look at this to form CTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and we'll look at this to form CTP
+and this does not go through CMP okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does not go through CMP okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this does not go through CMP okay so
+there are many steps here and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many steps here and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many steps here and so let's
+just put a question mark there also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a question mark there also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a question mark there also we
+need to have TTP and again there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have TTP and again there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have TTP and again there are
+many steps so and we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps so and we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many steps so and we're gonna have to
+figure out how to do this okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do this okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do this okay so it's
+not simple to get from UMP to see MP or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple to get from UMP to see MP or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple to get from UMP to see MP or
+deoxy TMP okay I'm just telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxy TMP okay I'm just telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deoxy TMP okay I'm just telling you
+where you're gonna see the complexity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're gonna see the complexity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're gonna see the complexity in
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+okay so fossil ribosome pyrophosphate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fossil ribosome pyrophosphate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fossil ribosome pyrophosphate is
+central and what it does I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central and what it does I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central and what it does I'm not gonna
+have enough room to do this but anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough room to do this but anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough room to do this but anyhow
+there are ten steps and you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ten steps and you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ten steps and you've already
+seen this if you had recitation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this if you had recitation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this if you had recitation on
+Thursday or hopefully you read the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday or hopefully you read the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday or hopefully you read the paper
+this is the purine pathway during during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the purine pathway during during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the purine pathway during during
+ovo okay and so what we're doing is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovo okay and so what we're doing is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ovo okay and so what we're doing is we
+have the sugar and so in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sugar and so in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the sugar and so in every single
+step in the pathway what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the pathway what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the pathway what you're doing is
+you're building up the base okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building up the base okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're building up the base okay so
+you're adding us so that's why there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding us so that's why there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding us so that's why there are
+so many steps and I showed you whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many steps and I showed you whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many steps and I showed you whatever
+on the first slide where maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first slide where maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first slide where maybe the
+second one where all of the pieces come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one where all of the pieces come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one where all of the pieces come
+from so again let me just emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so again let me just emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so again let me just emphasize this
+these all come from small building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all come from small building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all come from small building
+blocks let me look look do that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks let me look look do that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks let me look look do that over
+here so you have glycine bicarbonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you have glycine bicarbonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you have glycine bicarbonate
+aspartic acid and for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid and for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartic acid and for me
+okay so the other thing from PRPP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the other thing from PRPP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the other thing from PRPP is
+Salvage and salvage the salvage pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvage and salvage the salvage pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salvage and salvage the salvage pathways
+are really important when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important when you're
+scarfing up bases that are provided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarfing up bases that are provided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarfing up bases that are provided by
+the diet or from breakdown of DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet or from breakdown of DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diet or from breakdown of DNA and
+RNA so you have the salvage pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so this can come from the diet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this can come from the diet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this can come from the diet
+or from nucleoside we're tied tied being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from nucleoside we're tied tied being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from nucleoside we're tied tied being
+having a phosphate on it break down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a phosphate on it break down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a phosphate on it break down and
+why is this important it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important it's important
+because many organisms like parasites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many organisms like parasites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many organisms like parasites
+like malaria parasites don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like malaria parasites don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like malaria parasites don't make
+purines the only way they can make get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines the only way they can make get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines the only way they can make get
+purines for anything is from salvaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines for anything is from salvaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purines for anything is from salvaged
+pathways so it's a major target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so it's a major target of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so it's a major target of
+focusing on anti anti malarial and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on anti anti malarial and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on anti anti malarial and in
+some cases anti viral systems so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases anti viral systems so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases anti viral systems so here we
+have ten steps and at the WYD of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ten steps and at the WYD of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ten steps and at the WYD of this
+i'm not gonna draw this structure out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna draw this structure out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not gonna draw this structure out we
+don't get to a MP and GMP which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to a MP and GMP which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to a MP and GMP which is what
+we were looking at in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at in the previous slide
+we get to iymp okay and then i MP that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to iymp okay and then i MP that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to iymp okay and then i MP that's
+a branch point i MP can't get converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch point i MP can't get converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch point i MP can't get converted
+it either to GMP na MP so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either to GMP na MP so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either to GMP na MP so those are the
+two purine nucleoside z-- that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two purine nucleoside z-- that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two purine nucleoside z-- that we
+nucleotides that we need as building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that we need as building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that we need as building
+blocks to make both RNA and DNA so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks to make both RNA and DNA so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks to make both RNA and DNA so we
+end up over here with a MP and GMP okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up over here with a MP and GMP okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up over here with a MP and GMP okay
+okay so when you get that down there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you get that down there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you get that down there's
+one other thing I want to say up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing I want to say up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing I want to say up on the
+top board and that's introduce you to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top board and that's introduce you to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top board and that's introduce you to a
+cofactor that many of you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor that many of you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor that many of you probably
+haven't thought about before which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about before which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't thought about before which I
+plan to talk about and that's Foley so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to talk about and that's Foley so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to talk about and that's Foley so
+any of you think about chemotherapeutics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you think about chemotherapeutics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you think about chemotherapeutics
+folates have been around for decades and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folates have been around for decades and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folates have been around for decades and
+it's a major target successful target of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major target successful target of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a major target successful target of
+drugs that use clinically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that use clinically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that use clinically in the
+a worldwide rot range of cancers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worldwide rot range of cancers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a worldwide rot range of cancers so
+folate this is a key cofactor and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate this is a key cofactor and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate this is a key cofactor and what I
+will show you is that it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you is that it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you is that it can do
+chemistry it does one carbon transfer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry it does one carbon transfer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry it does one carbon transfer so
+one carbon at a time and what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon at a time and what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one carbon at a time and what's really
+interesting about it and I'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about it and I'll draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about it and I'll draw the
+mechanisms out it can transfer it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms out it can transfer it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms out it can transfer it the
+methyl you can transfer one carbon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl you can transfer one carbon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl you can transfer one carbon in
+all oxidation state in the methyl state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all oxidation state in the methyl state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all oxidation state in the methyl state
+the aldehyde state and the acid state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldehyde state and the acid state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aldehyde state and the acid state so
+for example in the peering pathway over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the peering pathway over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the peering pathway over
+here you need I'm just going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you need I'm just going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you need I'm just going to draw
+this out you need it in this state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out you need it in this state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out you need it in this state the
+acid state ok in this state what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid state ok in this state what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid state ok in this state what you're
+gonna see is you need it in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see is you need it in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see is you need it in this state
+we'll come back and look at this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methylene tetrahydrofolate which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene tetrahydrofolate which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene tetrahydrofolate which is a
+key player so this is going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key player so this is going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key player so this is going to end up
+being the methyl group in fly MIDI okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the methyl group in fly MIDI okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the methyl group in fly MIDI okay
+so folate the only interesting cofactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folate the only interesting cofactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so folate the only interesting cofactor
+chemistry in the Pyrenean pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the Pyrenean pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in the Pyrenean pathways
+folate and folate plays a central role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate and folate plays a central role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folate and folate plays a central role
+in therapeutic design okay so then way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in therapeutic design okay so then way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in therapeutic design okay so then way
+down here and we still haven't gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and we still haven't gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and we still haven't gotten
+finished how are we doing all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished how are we doing all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished how are we doing all right I'm
+over but what I want to just let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but what I want to just let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but what I want to just let me say
+this so now you're into kinase Asst okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you're into kinase Asst okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now you're into kinase Asst okay
+and there are lots of different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are lots of different kinds of
+so the kinase story gets complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinase story gets complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinase story gets complicated but
+it's extremely important so you need if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely important so you need if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely important so you need if
+you're gonna make deoxynucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna make deoxynucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna make deoxynucleotides
+you have to have it in the diphosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have it in the diphosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have it in the diphosphate
+stage so there are kinase --is that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so there are kinase --is that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so there are kinase --is that can
+convert these guys and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert these guys and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert these guys and also the
+parameters from over there into NDP's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from over there into NDP's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from over there into NDP's
+okay so we're gonna have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna have to think about
+kinase --is and in all organisms again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase --is and in all organisms again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase --is and in all organisms again
+this is de novo deoxy NDP's are made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is de novo deoxy NDP's are made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is de novo deoxy NDP's are made by
+ribonucleotide reductase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide reductase is
+okay so this is the only way do novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you could make deoxynucleotides if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make deoxynucleotides if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make deoxynucleotides if
+you think about the substrates for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the substrates for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the substrates for for
+DNA replication and repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication and repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication and repair
+they need to be triphosphate so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be triphosphate so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be triphosphate so again
+you need kinase is again so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need kinase is again so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need kinase is again so I'm gonna
+stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here
+I will finish off the last half to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will finish off the last half to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will finish off the last half to get
+this to go back together and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to go back together and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to go back together and we will
+talk about folate metabolism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about folate metabolism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about folate metabolism in
+introductory and folate metabolism so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory and folate metabolism so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory and folate metabolism so I
+don't sort of digress and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of digress and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't sort of digress and then we're
+going to look at the peering pathway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the peering pathway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the peering pathway and
+things that I think are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I think are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I think are interesting
+about the peering pathway
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EHCACV8rdig.txt b/EHCACV8rdig.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd265a1611029e7cfb49d936442a5b005e7ba89a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EHCACV8rdig.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we've introduced mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've introduced mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've introduced mechanical
+energy and our potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and our potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and our potential energy
+functions we're describing our systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're describing our systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're describing our systems
+differently we talked about States we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we talked about States we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently we talked about States we
+talked about the potential energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the potential energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the potential energy of
+that state we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state we talked about the
+mechanical energy of that state remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy of that state remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical energy of that state remember
+we're always referring to a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always referring to a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always referring to a reference
+state for our reference potential but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for our reference potential but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state for our reference potential but in
+one dimension what we have is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension what we have is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension what we have is that the
+potential energy say in some final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy say in some final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy say in some final state
+minus the change in potential energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the change in potential energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the change in potential energies
+from some initial state was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some initial state was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some initial state was that
+integral X final of the X component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral X final of the X component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral X final of the X component of
+our I'm going to put C up there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I'm going to put C up there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our I'm going to put C up there for
+conservative force DX and now we can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force DX and now we can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative force DX and now we can so
+the potential energy difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy difference is the
+integral of the force with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the force with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the force with a minus sign
+now let's look at a fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at a fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at a fundamental theorem
+of calculus which tells us that anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus which tells us that anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus which tells us that anytime
+you take the difference of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the difference of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the difference of a function
+between two endpoints then by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two endpoints then by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two endpoints then by definition
+that's the derivative integrated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the derivative integrated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the derivative integrated with
+respect to DX so when we compare these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to DX so when we compare these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to DX so when we compare these
+two pictures this is a math here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pictures this is a math here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pictures this is a math here this is
+our physics how we define them that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics how we define them that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics how we define them that when
+we compare these two pictures we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compare these two pictures we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compare these two pictures we see
+that we can recover the conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can recover the conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can recover the conservative
+force by taking the derivative minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force by taking the derivative minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force by taking the derivative minus the
+derivative of the potential function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the potential function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the potential function
+here force does not depend on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here force does not depend on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here force does not depend on any
+reference point and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point and when we
+differentiate a constant that's zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a constant that's zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a constant that's zero so
+this is independent of the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is independent of the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is independent of the reference
+point and this enables us to when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this enables us to when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this enables us to when we
+think about the potential function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the potential function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the potential function and
+its first derivative then this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first derivative then this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first derivative then this tells us
+about forces let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forces let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forces let's look at an example
+suppose again we look at our spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose again we look at our spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose again we look at our spring
+potential where we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential where we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential where we're talking about the
+potential energy function of a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy function of a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy function of a spring
+we're at our zero point where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at our zero point where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at our zero point where it was
+unstretched was our reference point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstretched was our reference point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstretched was our reference point and
+if we plotted this function so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plotted this function so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we plotted this function so let's
+plot that function so here is U of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that function so here is U of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that function so here is U of X
+versus X now we can talk about at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus X now we can talk about at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus X now we can talk about at any
+given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point
+so suppose we're at a point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we're at a point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we're at a point here
+maybe our energy has some fixed value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe our energy has some fixed value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe our energy has some fixed value
+then the slope at this point is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the slope at this point is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the slope at this point is equal to
+D u DX and the force is minus that slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D u DX and the force is minus that slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D u DX and the force is minus that slope
+so here you can see that the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you can see that the slope is
+positive so the force is negative so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the force is negative so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so the force is negative so I
+can write FX like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write FX like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write FX like that
+so here FX is negative so our actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here FX is negative so our actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here FX is negative so our actual
+force is pointing inward when we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is pointing inward when we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is pointing inward when we're on
+this side of the potential function my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the potential function my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the potential function my
+slope is negative so the X component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is negative so the X component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is negative so the X component of
+the force is positive so my force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is positive so my force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is positive so my force is
+pointing everywhere on this side back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing everywhere on this side back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing everywhere on this side back to
+the unstretched length so knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstretched length so knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstretched length so knowledge of
+the potential function also by underst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential function also by underst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential function also by underst
+knowledge of its first derivative gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of its first derivative gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of its first derivative gives
+us information about the force at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us information about the force at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us information about the force at any
+point any state that the system is in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point any state that the system is in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point any state that the system is in so
+when we talk about potential implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about potential implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about potential implicitly
+we also know what the forces and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know what the forces and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know what the forces and the
+potential function is enough to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function is enough to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential function is enough to tell us
+what the force is at any point and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the force is at any point and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the force is at any point and let's
+just check for this simple case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check for this simple case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just check for this simple case this is
+minus D u DX when you differentiate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D u DX when you differentiate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus D u DX when you differentiate that
+you get minus K X and we know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus K X and we know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus K X and we know that's the
+spring force so this is why we're subtly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force so this is why we're subtly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force so this is why we're subtly
+shifting our focus to our state our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting our focus to our state our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting our focus to our state our
+function U of X and its first derivative
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EOWyWHTA_vQ.txt b/EOWyWHTA_vQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b69ca366c549934709b839f9f4447025992814f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EOWyWHTA_vQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we were able to solve our sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to solve our sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to solve our sport
+scheduling problem with four teams 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling problem with four teams 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling problem with four teams 24
+decision variables and 22 basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables and 22 basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables and 22 basic
+constraints pretty quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints pretty quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints pretty quickly
+however the problem size increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the problem size increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the problem size increases
+rapidly the same problem with 10 teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the same problem with 10 teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly the same problem with 10 teams
+would have 585 decision variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 585 decision variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 585 decision variables and
+175 basic constraints for scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+175 basic constraints for scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+175 basic constraints for scheduling
+Major League Baseball the problem has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Major League Baseball the problem has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Major League Baseball the problem has a
+hundred thousand decision variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand decision variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand decision variables and
+two hundred thousand constraints for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred thousand constraints for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred thousand constraints for
+small problems spreadsheet software's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small problems spreadsheet software's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small problems spreadsheet software's
+like LibreOffice are great but for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LibreOffice are great but for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like LibreOffice are great but for large
+problems like this solving them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this solving them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like this solving them in
+LibreOffice would be impossible so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice would be impossible so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LibreOffice would be impossible so how
+are integer optimization models like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integer optimization models like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are integer optimization models like
+this solved and practice many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solved and practice many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solved and practice many different
+tricks are used to solve large integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks are used to solve large integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks are used to solve large integer
+optimization problems one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems one is to
+reformulate the problem the sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the problem the sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformulate the problem the sports
+scheduling problem with more teams is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling problem with more teams is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling problem with more teams is
+often solved by changing the formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often solved by changing the formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often solved by changing the formulation
+instead of the decision variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the decision variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the decision variables we
+discussed in this lecture the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in this lecture the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in this lecture the variables
+are sequences of games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sequences of games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sequences of games
+additionally the problem can be split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the problem can be split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the problem can be split
+into three smaller problems that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three smaller problems that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three smaller problems that can
+each be solved separately and much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each be solved separately and much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each be solved separately and much
+faster than just solving the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than just solving the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than just solving the whole
+problem another trick that's often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem another trick that's often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem another trick that's often used
+is what are called heuristic methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are called heuristic methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are called heuristic methods
+these methods find good but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods find good but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods find good but not
+necessarily optimal decisions a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily optimal decisions a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily optimal decisions a good
+decision is sometimes accepted since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is sometimes accepted since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is sometimes accepted since the
+problem is so much easier to solve using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is so much easier to solve using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is so much easier to solve using
+a heuristic method in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heuristic method in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heuristic method in addition to
+changing the formulation using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the formulation using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the formulation using
+heuristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics
+there are general-purpose optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are general-purpose optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are general-purpose optimization
+solvers that can solve large problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers that can solve large problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvers that can solve large problems
+these include SEAPLEX Goro P JL PK & CBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these include SEAPLEX Goro P JL PK & CBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these include SEAPLEX Goro P JL PK & CBC
+Aquino our project most practitioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aquino our project most practitioners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aquino our project most practitioners
+who solve large optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solve large optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solve large optimization problems
+use one of these software packages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of these software packages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of these software packages and
+in the past 20 years the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past 20 years the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past 20 years the speed of
+integer optimization solvers has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer optimization solvers has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer optimization solvers has
+increased by a factor of 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by a factor of 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by a factor of 200
+fifty-thousand which doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty-thousand which doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty-thousand which doesn't even
+include the increasing speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the increasing speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the increasing speed of
+computers assuming a modest machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers assuming a modest machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers assuming a modest machine
+speed-up of a thousand this means that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of a thousand this means that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of a thousand this means that a
+problem that can be solved in one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that can be solved in one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that can be solved in one second
+today took seven years to solve twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today took seven years to solve twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today took seven years to solve twenty
+years ago because of this increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago because of this increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago because of this increase in
+speed were able to solve much larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed were able to solve much larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed were able to solve much larger and
+more complicated optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated optimization problems
+today than just a few years ago so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than just a few years ago so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than just a few years ago so how
+about the sports scheduling problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sports scheduling problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sports scheduling problem when
+the sports scheduling group was started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sports scheduling group was started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sports scheduling group was started
+in 1996 integer optimization software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1996 integer optimization software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1996 integer optimization software
+was too slow to be useful now they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too slow to be useful now they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too slow to be useful now they can
+use powerful solvers to generate sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use powerful solvers to generate sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use powerful solvers to generate sports
+schedules even with these solvers it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules even with these solvers it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules even with these solvers it can
+take months to make the Major League
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take months to make the Major League
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take months to make the Major League
+Baseball schedule this is due to several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseball schedule this is due to several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseball schedule this is due to several
+reasons including the enormous list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons including the enormous list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons including the enormous list of
+ever-changing constraints that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever-changing constraints that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever-changing constraints that they have
+to account for the need to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for the need to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to account for the need to define
+priorities on the constraints to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities on the constraints to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities on the constraints to find a
+feasible solution and the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible solution and the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible solution and the fact that it
+takes several iterations to get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes several iterations to get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes several iterations to get a good
+schedule but even with these challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule but even with these challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule but even with these challenges
+analytics offers a significant edge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics offers a significant edge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics offers a significant edge in
+sports scheduling the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports scheduling the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports scheduling the use of
+optimization allows for the addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization allows for the addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization allows for the addition of
+new constraints or schedule changes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new constraints or schedule changes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new constraints or schedule changes a
+new schedule can easily be generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new schedule can easily be generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new schedule can easily be generated
+based on an updated requirement or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an updated requirement or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an updated requirement or
+request now all professional sports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request now all professional sports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request now all professional sports and
+most college sports construct their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most college sports construct their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most college sports construct their
+schedules using optimization in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules using optimization in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules using optimization in this
+lecture we've seen one powerful use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we've seen one powerful use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we've seen one powerful use of
+integer optimization but this method has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer optimization but this method has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer optimization but this method has
+a huge number of applications which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number of applications which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number of applications which
+you'll see more of in the second lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see more of in the second lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see more of in the second lecture
+the recitation and in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recitation and in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recitation and in the homework
+assignment
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EeLD_40wDoU.txt b/EeLD_40wDoU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d73937f30ff8aa4d9b3e3bcc02854e79f580a8fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EeLD_40wDoU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2024 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today we begin our study of
+integral calculus, which had
+
+its roots back in ancient
+Greece, roughly 600 BC, and
+
+began with an investigation
+of the study of area.
+
+In a certain manner of speaking,
+today's lecture
+
+could be called 'Calculus
+Revisited Revisited', in the
+
+sense that integral calculus
+can be studied quite apart
+
+from the fact that differential
+
+calculus was ever invented.
+
+We'll see later in this block
+of material that there is a
+
+wondrous relationship between
+integral and differential
+
+calculus, but perhaps the best
+proof that integral calculus
+
+can be studied independently of
+differential calculus lies
+
+in the fact that the ancient
+Greek was doing integral
+
+calculus in 600 BC, whereas
+differential calculus did not
+
+begin until about 1680 AD
+with Sir Isaac Newton.
+
+Well, at any rate then, what
+we'll call today's lecture is
+
+simply 'Two-dimensional Area'.
+
+In other words, this is how
+the subject began, with
+
+studying the amount of space
+in plane regions,
+
+two-dimensional area, as opposed
+to, say, as we'll talk
+
+about later, three-dimensional
+area, which is really a fancy
+
+word for volume, et cetera.
+
+But enough about that
+for the time being.
+
+Two-dimensional area, or
+Calculus Revisited Revisited.
+
+And to see what's happening over
+here, the study of area
+
+was the forerunner of integral
+calculus as we now know it.
+
+It began in ancient Greece,
+roughly 600 BC.
+
+The branch of calculus that
+we've been studying up until
+
+now in our course, differential
+calculus, did not
+
+begin until 1680 AD.
+
+Notice, then, the interesting
+juxtaposition in time.
+
+In other words, pedagogically,
+one seems to study
+
+differential calculus before
+integral calculus.
+
+Chronologically, integral
+calculus preceded differential
+
+calculus by more than
+2,000 years.
+
+Now this is a rather
+beautiful study.
+
+It's one of the most aesthetic
+parts of elementary
+
+mathematics, namely the
+simplicity with which the
+
+Greek was able to tackle the
+sophisticated problem of
+
+finding areas in general.
+
+He started with three basically
+simple properties of
+
+area, so simple that most of us
+are willing to accept them
+
+almost intuitively.
+
+We'll call these the
+'Axioms for Area'.
+
+And simply stated, they
+were the following.
+
+One, that the area of a
+rectangle is the base times
+
+the height.
+
+Two, if one region is contained
+within another, the
+
+area of the contained region is
+less than or equal to-- in
+
+other words, can be no greater
+than-- that of
+
+the containing region.
+
+Roughly speaking, the
+smaller the region,
+
+the smaller its area.
+
+And finally, written slightly
+more formally here, the old
+
+high-school axiom for plane
+geometry, that the area of the
+
+whole equals the sum of the
+areas of the parts, that if a
+
+region 'R' is subdivided into a
+union of mutually exclusive
+
+pieces, then the area of the
+entire region is equal to the
+
+sum of the areas of the
+constituent parts.
+
+And with just these three
+axioms, the ancient Greek
+
+invented a technique for finding
+areas that today is
+
+still known by its original
+name, the 'Method of
+
+Exhaustion'.
+
+And here, exhaustion does not
+refer to the fact that we get
+
+tired using the system, even
+though, as we shall soon see,
+
+it's quite intricate.
+
+It refers to the fact that we
+take the region whose area we
+
+want to find and exhaust the
+space by squeezing it between
+
+regions which are made
+up of rectangles.
+
+Stated more precisely,
+given a region 'R'--
+
+and I'll define this more
+precisely later-- we squeeze
+
+it between two networks
+of rectangles,
+
+the idea being what?
+
+That we know what the area
+of a rectangle is, and
+
+consequently, by the fact that
+the area of the whole equals
+
+the sum of the areas of the
+parts, if we have a
+
+rectangular network, knowing how
+to find the area of each
+
+rectangle, we know how
+to find the area of
+
+the rectangular network.
+
+Now, rather than to wax on like
+this philosophically,
+
+let's tackle a specific
+problem.
+
+In fact, give or take a little
+bit, this is specifically the
+
+problem that Archimedes dealt
+with in finding the area of
+
+parabolic segments way back,
+as I say, in the
+
+300 to 600 BC era.
+
+As an example, consider
+the following.
+
+We wish to determine the area of
+the region 'R', 'A sub R',
+
+where the region 'R' is that
+region which is bounded above
+
+by the curve 'y' equals 'x
+squared', below by the x-axis,
+
+on the left by the y-axis,
+and on the right by the
+
+line 'x' equals 1.
+
+In other words, this
+region in here.
+
+Now here's the way we put the
+squeeze on it, and we'll start
+
+this quite gradually.
+
+The first thing that we observe
+is that if we draw a
+
+line parallel to the x-axis
+through the point (1 , 1), the
+
+highest point of our region
+here, we construct a rectangle
+
+which contains our region 'R'.
+
+And since 'R' is contained in
+the rectangle, the area of the
+
+region 'R' must be less than
+the area of the rectangle.
+
+But notice that this particular
+rectangle that
+
+we've just constructed has its
+base equal to 1, its height
+
+equal to 1.
+
+Therefore by our first axiom,
+its area is 1 times 1, or 1.
+
+Also, since intuitively, area
+is a positive thing, we see
+
+just from this quick diagram
+that whatever the area of the
+
+region is, we now have it
+bounded between 0 and 1.
+
+We have an upper bound.
+
+We have a lower bound.
+
+We have this thing caught, OK?
+
+Now, there's still a lot of
+space between 0 and 1.
+
+The method of exhaustion
+refines this idea.
+
+Namely, what we do next
+is we say, look at--
+
+instead of just drawing one big
+rectangle like this, why
+
+don't we partition the base
+of our region 'R'
+
+into two equal parts?
+
+In other words, let's locate the
+point 1/2, which of course
+
+is midway between 0 and 1.
+
+Now what I can do is I can
+circumscribe two rectangles,
+
+one of which is the rectangle
+whose height corresponds to
+
+the x-coordinate
+equaling 1/2--
+
+that means the y-coordinate
+is 1/4--
+
+and the second rectangle, the
+one whose x-coordinate--
+
+the x-coordinate of the height
+is 1, and since 'y' equals 'x
+
+squared', the height
+is also 1.
+
+You see, notice that by picking
+a region which is a
+
+curve which is always rising,
+the lowest point of each
+
+region is the point that's
+furthest to the left.
+
+And the highest point of each
+region is the point that's
+
+furthest to the right.
+
+And keeping this in mind, you
+see by making rectangles
+
+corresponding to the points
+furthest to the right in each
+
+interval, I get a rectangle
+which contains the portion of
+
+the region 'R' that
+I'm talking about.
+
+In other words, if I look at
+this rectangular network, my
+
+region 'R' is contained
+inside that.
+
+Consequently, its area is less
+than the area of the
+
+rectangular network.
+
+Now, what is the area of this
+rectangular network?
+
+Well, the big rectangle has its
+base equal to 1/2 and its
+
+height equal to 1.
+
+So its area is 1/2.
+
+The small rectangle has its
+base equal to 1/2 and its
+
+height equal to 1/4.
+
+Since its area is the
+base times the
+
+height, its area is 1/8.
+
+1/8 plus 1/2 is 5/8.
+
+In other words, the area of the
+rectangular network which
+
+contains 'R' is 5/8.
+
+Consequently, the area of
+the region 'R' must
+
+be less than 5/8.
+
+On the other hand, notice that
+the lowest point in the second
+
+interval corresponds to
+'x' equaling 1/2.
+
+In other words, notice that
+this particular rectangle,
+
+whose base is 1/2 and whose
+height is 1/4, that this
+
+rectangle here is inscribed
+in the region 'R'.
+
+Its area is 1/8.
+
+And since it's contained within
+the region 'R', its
+
+area must be less than the
+area of the region 'R'.
+
+And so we're now certain that
+whatever the area of the
+
+region 'R' is, it's between
+1/8 and 5/8.
+
+And by the way, notice in terms
+of these shaded regions,
+
+that even though this is an
+approximation which is too
+
+large to be the right answer,
+it is closer to being the
+
+right answer than this
+approximation here.
+
+In other words, notice that
+the difference between the
+
+overestimate here and the
+overestimate here is this
+
+amount in here.
+
+You see, we've chopped off
+part of the error.
+
+But we'll talk about that,
+as I say, in more
+
+detail in the notes.
+
+What I'd like to do is to give
+you an overall view of what's
+
+happening over here.
+
+You see, to generalize the
+method of exhaustion, we do
+
+what the mathematician
+usually does.
+
+Instead of saying, let's divide
+the base of the region
+
+into two equal parts, or three
+equal parts, or four equal
+
+parts, we say, let's divide
+it into 'n' equal parts.
+
+Now if we divide this base into
+'n' equal parts, since
+
+the whole region--
+
+the whole length is 0 to 1,
+dividing into 'n' equal parts
+
+means that my points of division
+will be '1/n', '2/n',
+
+'3/n', et cetera, right down
+to 'n/n', which is 1.
+
+What I do now is I pick the
+right endpoint of each point
+
+in that partition to
+draw my rectangle.
+
+You see, each of these
+rectangles that I draw this
+
+way contains the corresponding
+part of my region 'R'.
+
+Consequently, the area of this
+rectangular network must be an
+
+upper bound for the area
+of my region 'R'.
+
+Now, because it's going to be an
+upper bound, and because it
+
+depends on what the value of
+'n' is, I will denote that
+
+upper bound by 'U sub n'.
+
+And what will 'U sub n' be?
+
+It's the sum of the areas
+of these circumscribed
+
+rectangles.
+
+And it's not difficult to
+see from this picture.
+
+Let's take a look.
+
+Since this rectangle has its
+height corresponding to the
+
+x-coordinate equaling '1/n', and
+since the y-coordinate is
+
+the square of the x-coordinate,
+the height of
+
+this rectangle will be
+''1/n' squared'.
+
+The base is '1/n'.
+
+So the area of that
+circumscribed rectangle is
+
+''1/n' squared' times '1/n'.
+
+Similarly, the next rectangle
+here has its height
+
+corresponding to the
+x-coordinate '2/n'.
+
+So its height is ''2/n'
+squared'.
+
+Keep in mind the y-coordinate
+is the square of the
+
+x-coordinate here.
+
+The base of all of these
+rectangles is '1/n'.
+
+And proceeding in this way, I
+finally come down to the last
+
+rectangle, whose
+height is what?
+
+Well, the x-coordinate is 1,
+so the y-coordinate is 1.
+
+To keep my form here, I'll
+write that as 'n/n'.
+
+Its height is therefore
+''n/n' squared'.
+
+The base of that rectangle is
+'1/n', so the area of that
+
+last rectangle is ''n/n'
+squared' times '1/n'.
+
+Now you see that's what?
+
+That's an area which is too
+large to be 'A sub R'.
+
+Well, let's take a look now and
+see what's happening here.
+
+Notice that each of these terms
+has an 'n cubed' in the
+
+denominator.
+
+So I can factor out the
+'n cubed' term.
+
+And what I'm left
+with is what?
+
+The sum of the first
+'n' squares.
+
+1 squared plus 2 squared plus 3
+squared, et cetera, plus et
+
+cetera, 'n squared'.
+
+In other words, this tells me
+how to find 'U sub n' for any
+
+value of 'n'.
+
+And we'll talk about that some
+more in a little while.
+
+That's an upper bound.
+
+In a corresponding way, I can
+also find a lower bound.
+
+Namely, what I'll do now is pick
+the smallest rectangle in
+
+each region.
+
+In other words, I'll now
+inscribe rectangles inside my
+
+region 'R', and therefore find
+a rectangular region whose
+
+area is less than that
+of the region 'R'.
+
+And to do that, without going
+through the details, notice
+
+that essentially all I have to
+do is shift each of these
+
+rectangles over by
+one partition.
+
+Namely, notice, for example,
+that the smallest height in
+
+the second partition here is the
+one which corresponds to
+
+the height '1/n'.
+
+In other words, what I do
+now is, to inscribe the
+
+rectangles, I just shift
+everything over like this.
+
+And leaving the details out, and
+letting you verify these
+
+for yourselves, I
+can again mimic
+
+exactly what I did before.
+
+The only difference being now,
+that instead of the height of
+
+the last rectangle being 'n/n',
+notice that it's 'n -
+
+1' over 'n', squared.
+
+In other words, the
+x-coordinate is
+
+'n - 1' over 'n'.
+
+The y-coordinate is the square
+of the x-coordinate.
+
+In other words, notice that this
+point here gives rise to
+
+the height of the lowest
+rectangle that can be
+
+inscribed in my last
+portion here.
+
+So without further ado, it turns
+out that 'L sub n', the
+
+lower estimate, is '1 over 'n
+cubed'' times the sum of the
+
+first 'n - 1' squares.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, let's keep track of just
+what it is that we've done
+
+over here so far.
+
+What we've done is what?
+
+For each 'n', we have squeezed
+'A sub R' between two numbers,
+
+one number being an upper
+approximation, one number
+
+being a lower approximation.
+
+Now notice that the 'U sub
+n' and the 'L sub n' are
+
+functions of 'n'.
+
+'A sub R' is a constant.
+
+That's the area of
+the region 'R'.
+
+What the method of exhaustion
+means is simply this.
+
+We say, look.
+
+Let's take the limit of the 'L
+sub n's as 'n' approaches
+
+infinity, and let's take the
+limit of the 'U sub n's as 'n'
+
+approaches infinity, observing
+that for each 'n', 'A sub R'
+
+is squeezed between these two.
+
+Consequently, since 'A sub R' is
+squeezed between these two
+
+for each 'n', it must be
+squeezed between these two
+
+when we go to the limit.
+
+In other words, whatever 'A sub
+R' is, it must be between
+
+these two limits.
+
+Now here's the key step.
+
+It turns out, at least in this
+particular problem, that the
+
+limit of 'L sub n' as 'n' goes
+to infinity is the same as the
+
+limit of 'U sub n' as 'n'
+goes to infinity.
+
+And the best way to see that
+without becoming too fancy at
+
+this stage of the game is to
+observe that for a given 'n',
+
+the difference between
+'U sub n' and 'L
+
+sub n' is just '1/n'.
+
+And again, I'll just indicate
+to you from this diagram how
+
+we can see that.
+
+Notice that back here, the way
+we went from 'U sub n' to 'L
+
+sub n' was we just pushed
+over this whole
+
+network by one unit.
+
+In other words, the rectangle
+that we squeezed out in going
+
+from the upper sum to the
+lower sum was just this
+
+particular rectangle whose
+height was 1 and
+
+whose base was '1/n'.
+
+In other words, the area that
+was kicked out in going from
+
+'L sub n' to 'U sub
+n' is '1/n'.
+
+This is what this thing
+here says here.
+
+This is worked out in
+detail in the notes.
+
+But again, I just want to go
+through this thing quickly so
+
+we get the idea of what's
+happening over here.
+
+In other words, since 'U sub n'
+minus 'L sub n' is '1/n',
+
+that's just another way
+of saying what?
+
+That the limit of this
+difference is just the limit
+
+of '1/n' as 'n' goes
+to infinity.
+
+But that's clearly 0.
+
+In other words, these two limits
+are the same because
+
+their difference goes
+to 0 in the limit.
+
+Consequently, since these two
+things are the same, and 'A
+
+sub R' is caught between these
+two, it must be that 'A sub R'
+
+is equal to this common limit.
+
+And that's precisely what the
+method of exhaustion was.
+
+We squeeze what we were looking
+for between two
+
+estimates which converge
+towards each
+
+other as 'n' got large.
+
+Now, by the way, I'm going to
+point out the fact that it's
+
+very, very difficult
+in general to find
+
+what this limit is.
+
+We're going to see
+that in working a
+
+few specific problems.
+
+What I thought might
+be informative--
+
+without going through the
+details right now, I have
+
+taken the liberty of computing
+'L sub n' and 'U sub n' in
+
+this problem for 'n'
+equals 1,000.
+
+In other words, if we divided
+this region into 1,000 equal
+
+parts and took the network of
+circumscribed rectangles and
+
+inscribed rectangles, it would
+turn out that the area of the
+
+inscribed rectangles would
+be 0.3328335, and for the
+
+circumscribed rectangles,
+0.3338335.
+
+And by the way, notice how
+this is borne out.
+
+Notice that the difference
+between these two is precisely
+
+1/1000, and that is '1/n'
+with 'n' equal to 1,000.
+
+But that's not the important
+point here.
+
+The important point is that just
+looking at this decimal
+
+expansion, if I didn't know
+anything else, I know that 'A
+
+sub R' is caught between
+these two.
+
+Consequently, to two decimal
+places, I can be sure that 'A
+
+sub R' is 0.33.
+
+And notice that if I want more
+and more decimal place
+
+accuracy, especially if I have
+access to a desk calculator, I
+
+don't really have to compute
+the limit exactly.
+
+I can feed the formula into
+the machine and put the
+
+squeeze on and get as
+many decimal place
+
+accuracy as I want.
+
+By the way, as an aside, this is
+exactly what we did in high
+
+school, when we said things
+like let pi equal 22/7.
+
+Pi is not equal to 22/7.
+
+Among other things, 22/7
+is a rational number.
+
+It's the ratio of two
+whole numbers.
+
+Pi is an irrational number.
+
+What people really meant was
+that you can't tell the
+
+difference between pi and 22/7
+to two decimal places.
+
+They both begin 3.14.
+
+And consequently, if all you
+wanted to measure was to two
+
+decimal digits, you could
+use 22/7 as the
+
+approximation for pi.
+
+But if you wanted to squeeze out
+more places, you'd have to
+
+use a more refined approach.
+
+By the way, let me point out
+that one of the reasons that I
+
+chose the curve 'y' equals 'x
+squared' to work with was--
+
+you may recall that back in our
+discussion of mathematical
+
+induction, one of the problems
+that we worked on was to show
+
+how we find by induction the
+recipe for the sum of the
+
+first 'n' squares.
+
+And by way of review, let me
+recall for you the fact that
+
+the sum of the first 'n' squares
+was given by ''n'
+
+times 'n + 1' times
+'2n + 1'' over 6.
+
+OK?
+
+In other words, going back to
+our recipe for 'U sub n', I
+
+can now replace 1 squared plus
+2 squared plus et cetera 'n
+
+squared' by ''n' times 'n +
+1' times '2n + 1'' over 6.
+
+And if I now divide through by
+'n cubed' judiciously, namely
+
+canceling out one 'n' with this
+'n', dividing 'n + 1' by
+
+'n' and '2n + 1' by 'n', I get
+that 'U sub n' is '1/6 'n + 1'
+
+over 'n'' times ''2n
++ 1' over 'n''.
+
+And that can be written even
+more suggestively as 1/6 times
+
+'1 + '1/n'' times '2 + '1/n''.
+
+And I can now put a very
+nice mathematical
+
+interpretation on this.
+
+Mainly, notice that no matter
+how big 'n' is, '1 + '1/n'' is
+
+bigger than 1, you see, because
+'1/n' is positive.
+
+And '2 + '1/n'' is
+bigger than 2.
+
+Consequently, whatever this is,
+it's bigger than 1/6 times
+
+1 times 2, which is 1/3.
+
+In other words, for each 'n', 'U
+sub n' is greater than 1/3.
+
+It also happens that
+as 'n' gets larger,
+
+'U sub n' gets smaller.
+
+Again, looking at this recipe,
+the bigger 'n' is, the bigger
+
+is our denominator, and the
+bigger the denominator, the
+
+smaller the fraction.
+
+And finally, notice that as 'n'
+goes to infinity, 'U sub
+
+n' gets arbitrarily close to
+1/3 in value, because '1/n'
+
+approaches 0 in the limit.
+
+In fact, it is 0 in the limit.
+
+So summarizing then, each 'U
+sub n' is bigger than 1/3.
+
+As 'n' increases, 'U sub n'
+decreases, and the limit of 'U
+
+sub n' as 'n' approaches
+infinity is 1/3.
+
+Pictorially, what this means
+is that if we locate 1/3 on
+
+the number line, the 'U sub n's
+converge uniformly in the
+
+sense of moving steadily towards
+the left, towards 1/3
+
+as the limit.
+
+Well, that's an upper squeeze.
+
+The lower squeeze comes from
+the fact that in a similar
+
+way, we can show that
+'L sub n' is 1/6--
+
+and look at how close this
+comes to parallelling the
+
+structure of 'U sub n'-- '1 -
+'1/n'' times '2 - '1/n''.
+
+Minuses here instead of pluses
+as we had above.
+
+Now, mimicking what we did
+before, notice now
+
+that for each 'n'--
+
+since we're subtracting
+over here--
+
+for each 'n', 'L sub n'
+is less than 1/3.
+
+But now since the fractions
+get smaller as 'n' gets
+
+bigger, and you're subtracting
+them, the
+
+difference becomes larger.
+
+In other words, now notice
+that each 'L sub n'
+
+is less than 1/3.
+
+As 'n' increases, 'L
+sub n' increases.
+
+And the limit of 'L sub
+n' as 'n' approaches
+
+infinity is also 1/3.
+
+In other words, if we draw this
+in back here, look what
+
+the 'L sub n's are doing.
+
+They're all less than 1/3, but
+they move steadily towards the
+
+right as 'n' increases,
+pushing in on 1/3.
+
+And since 'A sub R' is always
+caught between these two, and
+
+these two converge relentlessly
+upon 1/3, it must
+
+be, by definition, if there is
+an area at all, that the area
+
+of the region 'R' must
+be exactly 1/3.
+
+And by the way, just as a
+quick aside, notice how
+
+important it is that we not
+only have upper and lower
+
+bounds which converge.
+
+They must converge to
+the same value.
+
+In other words, what I'm saying
+is suppose all the 'U
+
+sub n's get arbitrarily close
+to what I call script 'L sub
+
+1', and all the 'L sub n's
+get arbitrarily close
+
+to 'L2' over here.
+
+Then all I'm saying is, all we
+would know is that the area
+
+was someplace between
+'L2' and 'L1'.
+
+We couldn't conclude that it
+was exactly equal to 1/3.
+
+You see, the method of
+exhaustion implies that all
+
+the error, all the room for
+doubt, is squeezed out.
+
+By the way, there was nothing
+sacred about choosing 'y'
+
+equals 'x squared'.
+
+We could generalize this.
+
+And we'll do this kind of
+rapidly because I just want
+
+you to hear what I'm saying.
+
+This is all written out
+in great detail in our
+
+supplementary notes.
+
+The idea is this.
+
+Let 'f' be any positive,
+continuous function on 'a',
+
+'b' and non-decreasing.
+
+The non-decreasing part is just
+for the convenience of
+
+being able to locate the high
+and low points of each
+
+partition point conveniently.
+
+Partition 'a', 'b' into 'n'
+equal parts, calling the first
+
+partition point 'x sub 0', the
+last partition point 'x sub
+
+n', and the points in between
+'x1' up through ''x 'n - 1''.
+
+In other words, we've
+partitioned this closed
+
+interval into 'n' equal parts.
+
+And what we can now
+do is what?
+
+Pick the lowest point in each
+region, the highest point in
+
+each region, to form
+a rectangle.
+
+We can form 'U sub
+n' and 'L sub n'.
+
+And you see it's just what?
+
+For 'L sub n', you just pick
+this height, which is 'f of 'x
+
+sub 0'', 'f of a'.
+
+The base is 'delta x'.
+
+You just add these all up until
+you get to your last
+
+inscribed partition point.
+
+That's 'x sub 'n - 1''.
+
+OK.
+
+'U sub n' is the same thing,
+only now your first rectangle
+
+has its height corresponding
+to 'x' equals 'x1'.
+
+Consequently, the height
+is 'f of x1'.
+
+The base is 'delta x'.
+
+Where in each of these, 'delta
+x' is just what?
+
+This total length, which
+is 'b - a', divided
+
+into 'n' equal parts.
+
+And to review the so-called
+sigma notation that we have in
+
+our course--
+
+in this section in the textbook,
+and we'll have
+
+exercises on this to make sure
+that you are familiar with
+
+this notation, the shortcut
+notation for writing this sum
+
+is given by this.
+
+We add up 'f of 'x sub
+k'' times 'delta x'.
+
+As a subscript, 'k' is allowed
+to vary from 1 to 'n'.
+
+And here we form the same sum,
+only now the subscript 'k'
+
+varies from 0 to 'n - 1'.
+
+At any rate, the observations
+are this.
+
+That 'U sub n' and 'L sub n'
+converge to the same limit.
+
+In fact, this isn't
+too hard to show.
+
+If you just algebraically
+subtract 'L sub n' from 'U sub
+
+n', notice that the only terms
+that won't cancel are
+
+the last term here.
+
+See, 'f of 'x sub n'' times
+'delta x' has no counterpart
+
+here, because this ends with
+the subscript 'n - 1'.
+
+Similarly, there is no 0
+subscript in 'U sub n', so
+
+this term won't cancel.
+
+To make a long story short, if
+we just subtract 'L sub n'
+
+from 'U sub n', that difference
+will be 'f of 'x
+
+sub n'' times 'delta x'
+minus 'f of 'x sub 0''
+
+times 'delta x'.
+
+See, that's just this difference
+over here.
+
+'Delta x' is 'b - a' over 'n'.
+
+'x sub n' was called 'b'.
+
+'x sub 0' was called 'a'.
+
+In other words, the difference
+between 'U sub n' and 'L sub
+
+n' is just 'f of b' minus
+'f of a' times
+
+''b - a' over 'n''.
+
+And the important thing to
+observe is that 'a', 'b', 'f
+
+of a', and 'f of b' are
+fixed constants.
+
+The only thing that depends on
+'n' is this denominator.
+
+Consequently, as 'n' goes to
+infinity, since the rest of
+
+this thing is a constant, the
+whole term goes to 0.
+
+In other words, the difference
+between 'Un' and 'Ln' goes to
+
+0 in the limit.
+
+That means that the limit of 'U
+sub n', as 'n' approaches
+
+infinity, equals the limit
+of 'L sub n' as
+
+'n' approaches infinity.
+
+'A sub R' is always caught
+between 'L sub n' and 'U sub
+
+n' by this very construction.
+
+Consequently, what this means is
+that the area of the region
+
+'R' must equal this
+common limit.
+
+Now by the way, this
+looks very hard.
+
+And it is difficult.
+
+In fact, in general, these
+limits are very hard to find.
+
+The point that I thought would
+be interesting to mention at
+
+this stage of the game is that
+if all we want is an estimate
+
+for the area under the curve,
+there are faster and better
+
+ways of doing this.
+
+You see, the beauty of this
+technique here is that it's a
+
+technique for exhausting
+the space completely.
+
+We find the exact
+areas this way.
+
+Let me give you a for
+instance here.
+
+Namely, let me explain to you
+what we mean by trapezoidal
+
+approximations.
+
+Let's take the same region,
+'y' equals 'x squared'.
+
+And now, we'll divide it
+into two parts here.
+
+And what we'll do is we'll
+replace the arc of the curve
+
+by the straight line segment,
+the chord, that joins two
+
+points here.
+
+In other words, using the
+accented chalk here to
+
+illustrate this.
+
+What I'm going to do is instead
+of finding the area of
+
+the region 'R', I'm going to
+find the area of the region
+
+which has the top of
+'R' replaced by
+
+these two line segments.
+
+All I want you to observe is
+that this first region here is
+
+a triangle whose height is 1/4
+and whose base is 1/2.
+
+Consequently, its area, being
+one half the base times the
+
+height, is 1/16.
+
+The second region here is a
+trapezoid whose bases are 1
+
+and 1/4 and whose
+height is 1/2.
+
+And since the area of a
+trapezoid is half the sum of
+
+the bases times the height, we
+get that the area of this
+
+trapezoid is 5/16.
+
+Therefore, the area of the
+triangle plus the trapezoid is
+
+6/16 or 3/8, which is 0.375.
+
+Recall that 1/3, we've just
+seen, was the exact answer.
+
+And notice how close this
+approximation is to the exact
+
+answer, even with just two
+subdivisions over here.
+
+In fact, sparing you the
+details, if you now divide the
+
+base here into four equal
+parts, thus forming your
+
+trapezoidal approximations
+corresponding to what?
+
+Altitudes of 1/16, 1/4, 9/16,
+and 1, and adding up the areas
+
+of all these trapezoids--
+
+by the way, this is
+a bit unfortunate.
+
+This is a triangle.
+
+But we can view a triangle as
+being a degenerate trapezoid,
+
+meaning the height here just
+happens to be 0 at this
+
+particular point.
+
+But let's not worry
+about that.
+
+Let's just get the idea of
+what the trapezoidal
+
+approximation idea means.
+
+We find the area of these four
+trapezoids, and we use that as
+
+an approximation for the
+area under the curve.
+
+By the way, just coming back
+here for a moment, notice that
+
+because this curve is always
+holding water, the chord will
+
+always lie above the arc.
+
+And consequently, not only do we
+get an approximation using
+
+trapezoids this way that's
+reasonably close, but we also
+
+know by the geometry here that
+our approximation must be too
+
+large to be the right answer.
+
+In other words, we're going to
+get an over-approximation.
+
+But watch how close we come.
+
+Leaving these details for you to
+verify, all I show here is
+
+that if you add up the areas of
+these four regions, we wind
+
+up with 44/128, which
+is 11/32.
+
+And 11/32 is mighty close
+to 1/3, being what?
+
+11/33.
+
+In other words, look at how
+close, with just four
+
+subdivisions, we get to an
+approximation that's good for
+
+the area under the curve,
+without having to put the
+
+squeeze on.
+
+But to get the exact area,
+we need the squeeze.
+
+We have to push the thing from
+above, from below, and show
+
+that these two things that we're
+squeezing it between, as
+
+gruesome as it sounds, converge
+towards each other.
+
+The thing that we're looking
+for is caught between them,
+
+and consequently must
+be the common limit.
+
+That was the method of
+exhaustion as known by the
+
+ancient Greeks.
+
+And if this seems tough to
+you, think of it from two
+
+points of view.
+
+One, it is tough.
+
+And secondly, if people of some
+2,500 years ago were able
+
+to do this, it should be at
+least plausible that with a
+
+little bit of effort, we can get
+a good feeling for what's
+
+going on here.
+
+In fact, hopefully, the
+exercises to this particular
+
+unit will make this a little
+bit easier for
+
+you to see in action.
+
+But at any rate--
+
+let me just make a few
+asides over here.
+
+The deeper asides will be made
+in greater detail in our
+
+supplementary notes.
+
+Notice that when we dealt with
+differential calculus, it was
+
+very, very important in
+differential calculus to have
+
+smooth curves.
+
+For finding areas, all you need
+are continuous curves.
+
+In other words, for example,
+we can find
+
+the area of a square.
+
+But certainly, a square
+has sharp corners.
+
+In other words, those corners
+are continuous, but they're
+
+not differentiable in terms
+of the language of
+
+differential calculus.
+
+The point is that even
+continuity can be weakened.
+
+Let me give you a definition.
+
+'f' is called piecewise
+continuous on the interval
+
+from 'a' to 'b' if and only if
+'f' is continuous except at a
+
+finite number of points where
+it has jump discontinuities.
+
+For example, in terms of this
+particular diagram, notice
+
+that my curve, 'y' equals 'f of
+x', is discontinuous at a
+
+finite number of points,
+namely at 'c1'
+
+and 'c2', two points.
+
+Notice that what happens at
+those two points is you have
+
+just a finite jump
+discontinuity.
+
+The point is that whereas this
+curve is not continuous,
+
+notice that since a straight
+line having no thickness has
+
+no area, if we replace the
+given curve by this one--
+
+you see, putting in these
+vertical lines--
+
+notice that this does form
+a closed region.
+
+And to find the area of this
+closed region, I can pretend
+
+it was made up of these three
+particular regular regions.
+
+In other words, that even if I
+just have jumps, since the
+
+jump does not contribute towards
+the area, there is no
+
+harm done when one talks about
+piecewise continuous in
+
+finding areas rather
+than continuous.
+
+A second aside--
+
+well, I've actually called this
+one aside number one,
+
+because this definition I
+didn't call an aside--
+
+but the idea is this.
+
+Notice that up until now, we
+were assuming that we had to
+
+form our 'U sub n's and our 'L
+sub n's by choosing either the
+
+left endpoint of a partition
+or the right endpoint.
+
+What I'd like you to see also as
+a generalization is that if
+
+I pick any point between these
+two extremes and form--
+
+look, I'll call it
+'c sub k' between
+
+these two points here--
+
+and form this particular sum,
+where 'c sub k' replaces
+
+either 'x sub k' or 'x sub 'k -
+1'', that this sum here also
+
+gives me the area of
+the region 'R'.
+
+In other words, that whatever
+this sum is, it's caught
+
+between 'U sub n'
+and 'L sub n'.
+
+And since 'U sub n' and 'L
+sub n' have a common
+
+limit of 'A sub R'--
+
+in other words, since both
+of these squeeze in
+
+towards 'A sub R'--
+
+this being caught between them
+must also be 'A sub R'.
+
+That's what I've
+said over here.
+
+And to see this thing in terms
+of a picture, all we're saying
+
+is that when you pick the lowest
+point in the interval,
+
+you get the rectangle that
+contributes to 'L sub n'.
+
+When you pick the highest point
+in the interval, you get
+
+the rectangle that contributes
+to 'U sub n'.
+
+Consequently, for any point
+between these two extremes--
+
+call that--that's what 'c sub k'
+is, it's any point between
+
+these two--
+
+pick the height that corresponds
+to that.
+
+And whatever rectangle you form
+this way, that rectangle
+
+must have a greater area than
+the rectangle that went into
+
+forming 'L sub n', but a lesser
+area than the rectangle
+
+that went into forming
+'U sub n'.
+
+And consequently, that's
+where this particular
+
+result comes from.
+
+Again, this is done in more
+detail in the notes, but I
+
+think some of these things you
+should hear me say out loud
+
+rather than to rely on
+your reading it.
+
+And finally, one more
+important point.
+
+Up until now, it's been clear
+that since we're talking about
+
+area, our region has to
+lie above the x-axis.
+
+We can remove the restriction
+that 'f' be non-negative if we
+
+replace area by net area.
+
+In other words, all I want you
+to see here is that if my
+
+region happens to look something
+like this, notice
+
+that between 'c' and 'b',
+'f of x' is negative.
+
+Consequently, when I form things
+of the form 'f of x'
+
+times 'delta x', 'delta x' being
+positive, 'f of x' being
+
+negative, is going to give
+me a negative result.
+
+In other words, algebraically,
+if I form my summation, this
+
+portion in here will give
+me a positive result.
+
+This portion in here will give
+me a negative result.
+
+Consequently, working
+algebraically, what I will
+
+find is not the true area
+but the positive
+
+minus this amount here.
+
+In other words, what I'll
+find is the net area.
+
+And again, this will all be
+worked out in the notes.
+
+In addition, there'll be other
+refinements made in the notes,
+
+such as that these partitions
+don't have to be into equal
+
+parts or things like this.
+
+The important point from today's
+lecture is this.
+
+Observe that this entire study
+of area is done independently
+
+of differential calculus.
+
+In our next lecture, we are
+going to show a truly
+
+remarkable, a wonderful
+relationship between the
+
+differential calculus of before
+and the so-called area
+
+or integral calculus
+that we did today.
+
+At any rate, until next
+time, goodbye.
+
+Funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the
+
+Gabriella and Paul Rosenbaum
+Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FB0pyYTs2mw.txt b/FB0pyYTs2mw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e4cad74e423fe95a8f6030f46d6596c01b32ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FB0pyYTs2mw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4466 @@
+It was quite an experience for all of us to
+get to hear him.
+
+And it is equally very fortunate now to have
+Wayne Hale who has had a very illustrious
+
+career at NASA.
+
+Wayne came to NASA the same year I did in
+1978, worked his way up as an engineer through
+
+the propulsion system, the integrated communication
+systems.
+
+Became a flight director in 1988 and served
+there for 15 years.
+
+He was flight director both for the orbit
+phase and then the most really kind of intense
+
+flight control phase as ascent and entry.
+
+And Wayne was ascent and entry flight director
+and then lead flight director for many flights,
+
+including-- we were trying to figure out before.
+
+But I think he actually served for all of
+my last four flights.
+
+So we've known each other for a long time.
+
+In 2003, he was sent to the Kennedy Space
+Center to be head of launch operations.
+
+But he didn't get to spend very much time
+in the Florida sunshine because they asked
+
+him to come back to Houston the next year
+as deputy program manager for the Space Shuttle.
+
+And then, when Bill Gerstenmeyer left to move
+up to NASA headquarters, Wayne became the
+
+program manager.
+
+So he is able to talk to us both about Mission
+Control operations and the current and future
+
+state of affairs of the Shuttle.
+
+And he is very happy to have you ask questions
+while he is talking.
+
+And I am not going to talk anymore because
+they came to hear you, Wayne.
+
+WAYNE: Thank you, Jeff.
+
+I cannot tell you how much I've been looking
+forward to coming here to talk to you folks.
+
+This is my favorite subject.
+
+Space, number one.
+
+The Shuttle, number two.
+
+And Mission Control, number three.
+
+Maybe not exactly in that order, but they
+are all three topics that have been--
+
+[NOISE OBSCURES]
+
+Oh, that was you.
+
+I thought that was me.
+
+I thought that's a sound I haven't heard before
+and I'm in big trouble.
+
+OK.
+
+But, as Jeff said, please feel free to ask
+any questions.
+
+I will tell you all kinds of interesting stories
+today, I think.
+
+Some of them might even be about Dr. Hoffman.
+
+I should tell you my background as an engineer.
+
+I got my bachelor's and master's degree in
+mechanical engineering.
+
+Did not decide to pursue a doctorate degree
+for a variety of reasons.
+
+You need to understand that the organization
+of NASA is very much around the centers.
+
+It was organized as a group largely of independent
+centers with a very thin veneer of integration
+
+at NASA headquarters.
+
+And it remains that way to this day.
+
+And every center is quite different from every
+other center.
+
+We have some centers that are largely involved
+in research.
+
+And, if you want to work in the research center,
+Langley, Glenn, Ames then you need to clearly
+
+pursue a PhD.
+
+If you're more interested in an ops center,
+Kennedy, Marshall, Johnson, then you need
+
+to kind of not go after the PhD.
+
+Because people with PhDs clearly do not have
+a real world practical understanding of problems.
+
+And it is only the guys with bachelor's degrees
+that get out and know how to turn wrenches
+
+in their spare time required there.
+
+So it is very interesting, the different cultures.
+
+I can say that with a grin because there are
+different cultures within NASA.
+
+And working between the centers is very interesting.
+
+And since I have moved in the management ranks,
+for what reason I don't understand, I have
+
+fouled up in my career.
+
+[OVERLAPPING VOICES]
+
+make you a manager when you don't get to do
+the things that you're good at anymore.
+
+Yes, promote you something that you were never
+trained for.
+
+It has been very interesting for me to try
+to work between the various centers to help
+
+them accomplish the goals that the agency
+has.
+
+One of the things I should say is that I regret
+my academic career as I didn't take more psychology,
+
+more accounting.
+
+Because, frankly, when I was in graduate school,
+I can remember one of the courses I had was
+
+systems of nonlinear partial differential
+equations.
+
+Anybody taken a class that has a title vaguely
+similar to that?
+
+I never used that class.
+
+I have never touched a differential equation
+in my professional career.
+
+Now, why that is, is kind of interesting.
+
+But what I really did need was trigonometry
+and accounting.
+
+And you will see a little bit of that.
+
+Today my class is not going to be highly technical.
+
+It is going to be a series of illustrations
+about Mission Control.
+
+And, as I said, I will be happy to talk to
+you about it.
+
+I go to a lot of conferences these days, and
+I frequently sit in advanced space systems
+
+sessions.
+
+I sat in a very interesting future reusable
+launch vehicle session the last AIAA conference
+
+I went to.
+
+And I walked away totally distressed because
+they have no concept of what the real world
+
+is like in many of these academic seminars.
+
+And I want to inject a little bit of real
+world realism into what you guys think about
+
+as engineers.
+
+One of the favorite topics of people these
+days that are designing advanced space systems
+
+include what they call and "austere" launch
+pad.
+
+In other words, you cannot fix anything on
+the rocket when it is on the launch pad.
+
+And the reason they side is look how much
+money all these programs spend fixing their
+
+rocket out on the launch pad.
+
+Well, the fact of the matter is rockets are
+very finicky, rockets have very little margin
+
+in many of their components and things break.
+
+They can break and you don't even know it
+until you plug them all together and turn
+
+them on.
+
+And if you have a launch pad that is austere
+and you can do no work on it, well, what was
+
+one of those colorful phrases that Chris Kraft
+would use?
+
+You have really bought the farm.
+
+I won't use his colorful phrases.
+
+You wind up spending a lot more money because
+you've got to take the rocket back to the
+
+barn and take it all apart rather than maybe
+get access to fix it.
+
+If there was anything that I wish we had was
+more capability to fix things on the launch
+
+pad.
+
+We spend a lot of time and money working around
+problems that we cannot fix at the launch
+
+pad, even though we have a huge amount of
+capability.
+
+You don't save money there.
+
+It is a false economy.
+
+Similarly, there is a notion en vogue that
+you don't need a big Mission Control.
+
+That is just a lot of people that cost a lot
+of money that you don't really need.
+
+I think it reached the height of the anti
+Mission Control forces during the DCX program
+
+when they were very proud to proclaim their
+Mission Control was a trailer house with three
+
+people in it.
+
+And they thought that was all any space vehicle
+needed to have to launch.
+
+Of course, they only reached an altitude to
+5000 feet and they crashed their only prototype
+
+vehicle, not because of Mission Control but
+perhaps because they didn't pay enough attention
+
+to operational situations.
+
+In my business now, I can tell you that in
+the Space Shuttle program Mission Control
+
+cost me less than 2% of the total budget for
+the Space Shuttle program.
+
+What we get for that 2% is quite amazing.
+
+And every time the budget folks come down
+from Washington to review our budget, they
+
+want to help us drive down the ops cost, they
+take one look, you have the budget breakdown
+
+of the Shuttle program and they say you guys
+don't spend very much on ops.
+
+This is not where we need to look if we want
+to save some money.
+
+If you want to save some money, you need to
+make a reusable vehicle.
+
+Reusable and not so maintenance intensive
+to turn it around.
+
+And that may be a theme that you hear today.
+
+I've got a couple of things I want to pass
+out to get started, a couple of glossy brochures.
+
+I think there are enough of these for everyone
+about Mission Control.
+
+People in the class should get first dibs
+at this, but hopefully there are enough to
+
+go around.
+
+I think there are plenty of these.
+
+And the little one is similar to the big one.
+
+And I'm not going to spend a lot of time.
+
+If you want to know about how Mission Control
+Room is laid out and who the people are that
+
+do things, it's all in this brochure.
+
+I don't intend to go over that.
+
+I think Chris Kraft probably gave you a good
+background about why do we have a Mission
+
+Control.
+
+Why did he invent a Mission Control?
+
+And this is kind of the nuts and bolts of
+Mission Control as it exists today.
+
+Public Affairs Office is really good about
+putting those things together, and I don't
+
+intend to cover them.
+
+Also because I had a whole bunch of copies
+of my last two papers sitting around that
+
+I needed to get rid of, I lugged them up here.
+
+I want to give you copies of my last two papers
+which have to do with operational issues that
+
+you can read at your leisure.
+
+And I particularly want you to look at the
+considerations in rendezvous launch windows.
+
+Those are two different papers.
+
+One discussing entry operational considerations
+and hypersonic entry that we've learned with
+
+the Space Shuttle.
+
+The other about rendezvous launch windows.
+
+And it will give you a little flavor for what
+a real operation needs.
+
+Many people can talk to you about the physics,
+kind of the things that God says you must
+
+do if you are going to rendezvous in space,
+for example.
+
+But there are many other considerations that
+you run into in the real world.
+
+So I am going to talk today mostly about Mission
+Control.
+
+Perhaps at the end we can talk a little bit
+about the Shuttle program.
+
+And these I am short of so, please, people
+in the class only as my handout for the slides
+
+here today.
+
+And the slides will be posted on the Web as
+well.
+
+Yes.
+
+Dr.
+
+Hoffman has got them off my electronics here.
+
+OK, so the things I am going to talk about
+today basically are outlines on this page.
+
+We have a Mission Control.
+
+Here are some of the reasons we are going
+to talk about trajectory.
+
+Planning and monitoring flight planning.
+
+Systems engineering.
+
+And then I've got a couple of stories from
+the trenches.
+
+And then I promise you no differential equations
+today.
+
+Question.
+
+Why should you have a Mission Control?
+
+Why is it necessary to have a Mission Control?
+
+I have four basic reasons to have a Mission
+Control.
+
+The first one is safety.
+
+We have seven or eight astronauts flying arguably
+the most complex flight vehicle that has ever
+
+been invented.
+
+They don't have enough time or enough resources
+to watch everything to the degree that is
+
+necessary.
+
+We have a large group of folks on the ground
+in Mission Control, about 800 folks in Mission
+
+Control that are also monitoring at a very
+detailed level with more information than
+
+the astronauts get to make sure that everything
+is operating as it should be.
+
+We provide a level of safety in Mission Control.
+
+Secondly, we provide flexibility.
+
+We start planning a Space Shuttle Mission
+typically about 18 months in advance.
+
+The flight operations people are the flight
+planning people, so the Space Shuttle program,
+
+NASA headquarters will come down and say you
+need to fly a Space Shuttle flight that does
+
+X, services the Hubble Space Telescope, deploys
+the Chandra X-Ray Telescope, goes to the International
+
+Space Station and adds a module or carries
+supplies or what have you.
+
+Then it is up to the planners who will become
+the operators to put that plan together.
+
+How are we going to accomplish the big objectives
+on this flight?
+
+It's not just enough to take this big module
+up and plug it into the Space Station.
+
+You've got to wire it up.
+
+You've got know when to do which wire first
+and what switch to throw in what order or
+
+you will fry the circuits.
+
+It's a very complicated business.
+
+It is really complicated when you have to
+deal with scientists.
+
+So, when we fly scientific payloads, we deal
+with folks that are not operationally minded.
+
+They may have been working on their experiment
+for, oh, how long did it take to get a doctorate
+
+degree, 15, 20 years in some cases.
+
+They have been working on this experiment
+for many years.
+
+They are going to get the maximum amount of
+data they can, but they are not aware of the
+
+fact that there are four other payloads onboard
+and four other competing folks that want to
+
+get their science data in.
+
+We always have a discussion about how many
+person hours of astronaut time can we devote
+
+to an experiment?
+
+How many kilowatt hours of power can we devote
+to an experiment?
+
+On and on and on.
+
+And it makes these researchers do some really
+tough sole-searching.
+
+And the saddest thing that I have ever seen
+is an experiment, and there has been more
+
+than one of them, where they flipped the switch,
+it blew the fuse, it was down for the count
+
+and lost all objectives with the first switch
+throw.
+
+And then the scientists would come running
+and in and say if you'll just let the astronauts
+
+take the back panel off and rewire this circuit
+it will work.
+
+And we don't have time to do that on a spaceflight.
+
+Or, if we did have time to do it, we would
+take that time away from experimenter number
+
+two or experimenter number three or all of
+the above.
+
+In operations, there is a lot of work to set
+priorities, set timelines, make sure you do
+
+things in the right order, and then train
+the operators and the crew.
+
+Now, once you do that planning for 18 months
+you understand the priorities, the pros and
+
+cons, the logic behind all of those trades.
+
+And so, when you go into flight and something
+happens, as it always does, we can re-plan
+
+it on the fly.
+
+And we do, almost every flight or the vast
+majority of flights, take the flight plan
+
+that we published pre-flight, put it gently
+in the recycle bin and develop a new flight
+
+plan that can be drastically different.
+
+And we're able to achieve a great degree of
+success in our operation of the objectives
+
+that we set out to do because we have the
+people that can, in real-time while we're
+
+flying the flight, in this short period of
+less than two weeks overnight re-plan and
+
+come back with a new plan to accomplish the
+objectives.
+
+Yes sir.
+
+Wayne, I was one of those scientists who didn't
+understand about the realities of spaceflight.
+
+And I liked your choice of the words "you
+would discuss with us".
+
+Dictate would be the key word.
+
+Indeed.
+
+The question I wanted to address to you is
+this business of taking the flight pad, putting
+
+it in the wastebasket and then generating
+a new one.
+
+In the seven Shuttle flights that I would
+have investigator status on, they all had,
+
+as their basic philosophy, a return to baseline.
+
+If something went wrong, get back to your
+baseline plan as quickly as you could, even
+
+if you knew that it was non-optimal.
+
+Could you comment on that?
+
+I would say, from my perspective, quite the
+opposite.
+
+Yes, there is a baseline plan.
+
+And there were very good reasons for that
+baseline plan.
+
+But the flight control team is always looking
+for the optimum solution.
+
+So I would say my perspective may be a little
+bit different from yours, but that has been
+
+my experience.
+
+We are always trying to achieve the maximum
+number of objectives.
+
+So flexibility from Mission Control is the
+second big advantage.
+
+The third big advantage is let the crew focus
+on those things that people can only do in
+
+space.
+
+They have access to vacuum.
+
+They've got zero gravity.
+
+They've got the high vantage point to do earth
+observations, what have you.
+
+You cannot do those things on earth.
+
+That is why we put people in space.
+
+And why would we make them calculate the gas
+budget for deorbit burn which can be done
+
+by some bachelor of science engineer with
+an accounting minor on the ground?
+
+So we let the crews focus on those things
+that you can only do in space and we do every
+
+job that we can on the ground.
+
+Somebody calculated for me one time, and I
+almost hate to give the statistic, that it
+
+is $30,000 a minute for people in space.
+
+You can hire a lot of engineers to offload
+that amount of time.
+
+And, finally, there are some jobs that you
+can only do on the ground.
+
+The NOAA weather satellites do not directly
+uplink to the Shuttle so the astronauts don't
+
+know anything about weather, other than the
+little part of the world they can see out
+
+their window.
+
+If you want to forecast where you land, that's
+a job that you can only do on the ground.
+
+Obviously, radar tracking there are hundreds
+of things that you can only do on the ground.
+
+And I would say interact with management and
+review the priorities is one of those things
+
+that can only be done on the ground.
+
+Here is my first cartoon for the day that
+compares airline travel to space travel.
+
+And I think this is a telling cartoon because
+it is entirely true.
+
+I flew in last night on probably a 12 or 15
+year old 737.
+
+It was a nice plane but a little shabby.
+
+And we got bumped around pretty good coming
+into Boston.
+
+And I am thinking all the time about I wonder
+if they have maintained this aircraft well.
+
+You can pick up the papers.
+
+And they do a very good job in the airlines,
+but the fact of the matter is much of the
+
+airline industry is involved with passengers
+and customer relations and baggage handling
+
+and all those good things.
+
+And the maintainers and the safety people
+are few by comparison.
+
+In comparison with the Shuttle, we don't have
+very many passengers to deal with.
+
+Generally, they are cooperative.
+
+Sometimes they get surly.
+
+But we don't have very many to deal with.
+
+And everybody in the program is a safety worker.
+
+And that is something we continuously exercise.
+
+To turn a Space Shuttle orbiter around from
+one flight to the next takes 500,000 man hours
+
+of maintenance.
+
+There is a gem for you.
+
+People have been working for 30 years to decrease
+the amount of time that it takes to turn the
+
+Space Shuttle orbiter around.
+
+It is a reusable vehicle, but it is a reusable
+vehicle built with very small margins with
+
+a lot of complicated technology.
+
+And it takes a lot of maintenance.
+
+Some people think we would have been better
+launching expendable rockets.
+
+The same amount of time, actually, a little
+more is involved in launching Titan IVs which
+
+have the same payload throw weight as the
+orbiter does to low earth orbit.
+
+The new launch vehicles Atlas V, Delta IV
+and its variance are supposed to be launched
+
+with a whole lot less.
+
+However, they do not have the payload capacity
+to orbit.
+
+And, in fact, they have not achieved their
+goals of man hours to a launch that they have
+
+set out to yet.
+
+Although, they are early yet.
+
+We've got to give them time to work on it.
+
+But, the fact of the matter, getting into
+space, whether you doing with an Ariane, a
+
+Soyuz, an H2 or an Atlas V, Delta IV or the
+Space Shuttle remains a very expensive process
+
+which I think the public doesn't quite understand.
+
+I would like to talk about some of the things
+that Mission Control does to get ready for
+
+a flight and then how they execute it in-flight.
+
+And first among those is trajectory control.
+
+Who in here is an orbital mechanics wizard?
+
+Good.
+
+OK.
+
+We will have some equations for you in just
+a minute.
+
+Here is the first one.
+
+Would you like to step up and explain?
+
+OK.
+
+This is all involved in orbital mechanics.
+
+This is how do you get to orbit?
+
+We have the flight performance reserve of
+main propulsion system propellant.
+
+We load a half a million gallons of propellant.
+
+That is over 2.5 million pounds of liquid
+hydrogen and liquid oxygen in the external
+
+tank for the Shuttle.
+
+How much do we have for a normally planned
+mission at the end of when you achieve orbital
+
+insertion?
+
+Anybody want to guess?
+
+Remember, every pound of propellant that you
+leave in the tank and throw away into the
+
+ocean is a pound of payload that you could
+have carried to orbit.
+
+So this is not a trivial process.
+
+Our goal is about 900 pounds.
+
+And you are going to see how we do.
+
+But this is a little plot that we've developed
+based on mixture ratio of the engines.
+
+Now, the Space Shuttle main engines have what
+we call an overboard mixture ratio of 6.039
+
+nominally.
+
+We test fire them at the Stennis Space Center,
+every engine for every flight, to check how
+
+they operate mixture ratio because mixture
+ratio and ISP are critical.
+
+When we updated the Space Shuttle main engines
+to the block two engines they are vastly safer
+
+than the original engines in the Shuttle because
+they operate at lower pressures, lower temperatures
+
+and their rotating turbo machinery operates
+considerably slower RPM.
+
+However, we gave us a second and a half of
+ISP.
+
+And that is huge in this business, a second
+and a half of ISP.
+
+This plot shows, as a function of mixture
+ratio, if you have any shift in mixture ratio
+
+in flight, which we have, I'm going to talk
+a little bit about that, you will change the
+
+amount of residual remaining.
+
+Here the 
+little blue dots are the normal flight performance
+
+reserve.
+
+That is how much gas you've got left in the
+tank when you get to orbit.
+
+And you can see our goal here is about 2500
+pounds.
+
+Of that about 900 pounds is fuel residual
+based on this curve right here.
+
+Now, you may ask why do you want to have an
+extra amount of hydrogen fuel in the tank
+
+over oxygen, what is the difference?
+
+The engines are designed, the cutoff hydrogen
+rich.
+
+We don't operate at the stoichiometric chemical
+ratio that you would combine hydrogen and
+
+oxygen to make water.
+
+We operated at about a mixture ratio of six
+instead of a mixture ratio that would be 18,
+
+I think.
+
+Did I do my chemistry right?
+
+It's been a while.
+
+We operate considerably off the stoichiometric
+ratio.
+
+As you get mixture ratios that approach the
+stoichiometric mixture ratio your fire burns
+
+a lot hotter.
+
+You get a lot more heat out of that fire.
+
+Metallurgically, the engines cannot stand
+those higher temperatures.
+
+We already operate at 6000 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+That is tough.
+
+You run out of fuel and cut off oxygen rich,
+those temperatures will go out of site in
+
+the engine turbo pumps.
+
+So we want to cut off fuel rich.
+
+We biased ourselves so we cut off fuel rich,
+but it does not take very much of a mixture
+
+ratio shift to get you to cut of LOX rich.
+
+In fact, as mixture ratio crosses the knee
+of this curve, you wind up leaving actually
+
+a lot of LOX in the system cutting off on
+the fuel side.
+
+So we have to carefully monitor how the engines
+come in.
+
+And, when we talk about overboard mixture
+ratio, that is not just what the engines operate
+
+at, but it's whatever losses you have in the
+system.
+
+As you bleed hot hydrogen or hot oxygen off
+the engines to repressurize the tank, that
+
+becomes a loss and that affects mixture ratio.
+
+One of the real problems we're dealing with
+is, as we develop what we call engine tags
+
+down at the Stennis Space Center, we have
+found an interesting phenomenon.
+
+In flight, we pressurize the tanks with their
+native constituent, the oxygen tanks pressurized
+
+with oxygen and the hydrogen tanks pressurized
+with hydrogen.
+
+At Stennis, where we do the engine tests and
+develop the characteristics of each engine,
+
+and every engine is just a little bit different,
+they pressurize their tanks with nitrogen
+
+for safety reasons.
+
+The nitrogen can diffuse into your hydrogen,
+but more importantly it can diffuse into your
+
+oxygen system.
+
+And, therefore, you have a less pure propellant
+and it drives our mixture ratio off as a function
+
+of having impurities in the propellant.
+
+So we get a tag of what we think the mixture
+ratio is of the engine.
+
+That is different than what we get when we
+go fly.
+
+And, in fact, the last flights, one of the
+last meetings I had before I came down here
+
+yesterday was a meeting with our flight analyst
+who have an unexplained missing 300 pounds
+
+of hydrogen every flight for the last 10 or
+12 flights.
+
+And we are beginning to converge on the idea
+that it is this nitrogen impurity in Stennis
+
+that gives us a false mixture ratio which
+we design our flights around.
+
+Let's talk a little bit about it.
+
+Here is a little schematic.
+
+The external tanks really have two tanks,
+the oxygen tank on top and the hydrogen tank
+
+on bottom.
+
+When we make it to orbit, how much is remaining
+in each tank?
+
+Well, the answer to that question is none.
+
+What we are running on at orbit insertion
+is what is left in the pipe.
+
+And it is really not orbit insertion but close
+enough to talk about it.
+
+So we have 17 inch diameter pipe coming down
+the side of the hydrogen tank from the oxygen
+
+tank up above.
+
+It goes across into the engine compartment
+of the orbiter.
+
+And this shows you where several of the early
+flights were at main engine cutoff, guided
+
+cutoff where we wanted to be from an orbital
+mechanics standpoint, altitude velocity, flight
+
+path angle and so forth.
+
+That is where we were.
+
+That is how much was remaining in the tank.
+
+None in the tank.
+
+That is how much is remaining in the line.
+
+That is how close you have to cut it for spaceflight.
+
+I have another presentation, and if we have
+time I might show you a few charts out of
+
+that, that talks about the difference between
+commercial aviation and spaceflight.
+
+We operate on much smaller margins.
+
+And every pound you see in that far part of
+the table that talks about the residual remaining,
+
+those number of pounds, and, by the way, we're
+antiques.
+
+We use English tradition units in the Space
+Shuttle program.
+
+But every pound residual that you have in
+that far column is a pound that you could
+
+have taken to orbit of payload but did not.
+
+You threw that away.
+
+Yes.
+
+How do you measure that mass?
+
+Very good question.
+
+They look at pressure hit.
+
+We have pressure transducers down in the lines
+as they approach the engine and you're accelerating
+
+at 3G.
+
+We have an inertial measurement unit that
+measures velocity, and we control the engine
+
+throttle setting to 3Gs as we approach MECO.
+
+And so you look at the pressure and that determines,
+based on a very simple head calculation, where
+
+you are in that standby coming down the outside.
+
+The fuel side is a little bit more complicated.
+
+They have a 5% level sensor in the tank that
+tells you when you're at 5% in the tank.
+
+And then we have fuel flow meters on the hydrogen
+side, and they calculate flow rate minus from
+
+the 5% level down to when a main engine is
+cut off.
+
+So those are the ways we can do residual.
+
+And that is not a simple exercise.
+
+It is vastly more complicated than the simple
+explanation I just gave you because the engines
+
+are throttling continuously.
+
+Now, I wanted to talk a little bit, if I can
+move from normal mission planning to abort
+
+mission planning.
+
+Normal mission planning is something we do
+upfront and then we monitor during flight.
+
+And one of the stories at the very end of
+this presentation is about a day when things
+
+did not go right in the engine world and what
+we did about it.
+
+This is going to talk about abort modes.
+
+Now, the Shuttle is very interesting.
+
+Human spaceflight is different than expendable
+spaceflight because we would really like to
+
+get the people back.
+
+And expendable spaceflight, your basic principle
+is if one of the rocket engines quits early
+
+you are done.
+
+The payload goes in the water.
+
+Or, if you launch from
+
+[NOISE OBSCURES]
+
+it may go into Mongolia.
+
+But you don't get it back.
+
+There are no overs with very few exceptions.
+
+If you have a problem in your main propulsion
+system on an expendable rocket it is time
+
+to talk to your insurance company because
+you are done.
+
+Even very minor problems can strand satellites
+in lower orbits than they have useful life.
+
+It is very important that the propulsion system
+work well.
+
+But the Shuttle was designed with the thought
+that one of the three main engines could shut
+
+down early.
+
+We have safety monitoring on those engines
+to make sure that they would shut down if
+
+something goes wrong in a contained, that
+is to say they don't blow up, manner.
+
+And then you have to have the capability to
+get the crew back, much like an airliner.
+
+If you fly on an airliner or any kind of multi-engine
+aircraft, one of the things that they must
+
+be certified for is engine out operations.
+
+Lose an engine, pass the commitment point
+on takeoff and still be able to takeoff safely
+
+and return to the airport.
+
+That is a fundamental principle in aviation
+safety for a multi-engine aircraft.
+
+One of the Shuttle design goals is very similar.
+
+Lose one of the rocket engines, have it shut
+down prematurely and still be able to land
+
+safely somewhere.
+
+Notice I said one engine.
+
+Not two engines.
+
+Not three engines.
+
+One engine.
+
+That is a huge technological leap over expendable
+rockets.
+
+A huge technological leap.
+
+And we pay the price in terms of performance.
+
+Here is a little bit of the different abort
+modes.
+
+If you have an engine out somewhere between
+launch and about four minutes into flight,
+
+you have to return to the launch site which
+involves turning around and flying backwards
+
+at mach 6 through your own rocket plume, which
+is everybody's favorite thing to want to avoid
+
+doing.
+
+A little bit later than that we pick up the
+capability to do transatlantic abort.
+
+Sometimes we call the transoceanic aborts,
+but the acronym really is transatlantic abort,
+
+TAL.
+
+And land somewhere in Europe or Africa.
+
+And somewhat further along you can abort to
+orbit.
+
+You can actually dump your secondary propellant
+and wind up in a lower orbit.
+
+And then you may orbit once around or you
+may come back on the third orbit.
+
+Or you may be able, in fact, to fly nearly
+a normal mission depending on how lucky you
+
+got for the time that the engine was out and
+how you were doing with reserves.
+
+Here is a little bit of different graphic,
+a cartoon of the same thing.
+
+I don't like it too much because RTLS actually
+turns the other way.
+
+But, as you can see, we would try to return
+to the Kennedy Space Center which has possibly
+
+the worst weather in the entire western hemisphere
+or continue on around or up on end to orbit.
+
+And you have to always be concerned about
+external tank disposal.
+
+This was the abort regions chart generated
+pre-flight for our last flight, STS-114.
+
+We have three TAL sites, transatlantic intact
+TAL sites, one at the Zaragoza Air Base in
+
+North Spain, one at Moron Air Base in South
+Spain near Seville and one at Le Tube which
+
+is the French Air Force Flight Test Facility
+near Marseilles.
+
+And then we have what we call "Press to ATO".
+
+Press to abort which involves a dump, involves
+changing your inclination of your orbit to
+
+a lower inclination if you invoke this.
+
+You cannot, for example, ever rendezvous with
+the Space Station because you won't wind up
+
+in the right orbital inclination, even though
+you may make the altitude.
+
+And then we have what we call "Press to MECO"
+which involves just kind of closing your eyes
+
+and riding it out and see what happens as
+you get close to your guided MECO.
+
+So we build these charts in advance.
+
+And then we have a very sophisticated computer
+program in Mission Control that monitors the
+
+engines the entire time during launch called
+the "abort region determinator" that can emulate
+
+a single engine out, two engines out, three
+engines out or a vacuum impact point.
+
+And a flight dynamics officer is responsible
+for making those calls.
+
+The crew does not make these calls.
+
+The crew has a crew card very similar to this
+onboard so that if they lose communication
+
+with the ground and something bad happens
+they might have a chance at pulling it off.
+
+But it is based on everything more or less
+performing as planned.
+
+If anything is performing off normal than
+these charts are no good.
+
+That is hosted in Mission Control.
+
+And until some day we put a supercomputer
+onboard the space vehicle it will continue
+
+to be hosted in Mission Control.
+
+Do you have a question?
+
+Yes.
+
+That is a critical real-time call that is
+made in a hurry.
+
+It is not always decision aid.
+
+Can you comment a little bit on the reliance
+upon the automatic decision aid computer that
+
+is grinding this out and the judgment of flight
+control?
+
+Well, first of all, you have made a false
+distinction because the people that wrote
+
+the computer code are the flight controllers.
+
+They understand the logic that went into it
+with practice probably three days a week in
+
+Mission Control exercising simulated missions
+that have engine problems so you practice
+
+that.
+
+It's not an either or.
+
+It's a symbiotic relationship.
+
+The abort region determinator doesn't work
+without operators.
+
+Operators only have the cue cards to go on
+if the abort region determinator software
+
+quits.
+
+You cannot get by without the other.
+
+There is some judgment involved.
+
+And a good flight dynamics officer with these
+charts, with no
+
+[UNCLEAR]
+
+can make some judgment calls based on trends
+and performance.
+
+But we need both.
+
+You cannot have one or the other.
+
+It is very sophisticated.
+
+It is very subtle.
+
+And very small changes can make this software,
+this predictor work.
+
+It is probably the best example of an expert
+system that I know of, but it takes a great
+
+deal of care and feeding.
+
+And it is very, very sensitive to the inputs.
+
+So it does take a lot of judgment and experience
+to interpret.
+
+Along with that, we need to talk about where
+you land.
+
+Because here are all the places.
+
+We kind of closed down Banjul and the Gambia
+because we don't fly that inclination anymore.
+
+We do fly at the International Space Station
+Missions, and we have the TAL sites I talked
+
+about.
+
+We could fly as high as 57 degrees inclination,
+which we have done in the past, but that is
+
+outside the range of what we need to do for
+the Space Station.
+
+The interesting thing is we get into the weather
+story and the weather forecasting, and deciding
+
+which landing site you can go to is pretty
+complicated.
+
+I never studied meteorology in college.
+
+It is another subject I wish I had.
+
+That is not all.
+
+We talked about intact abort landings if one
+engine quits.
+
+But being good flight planners and controllers
+you always take it to the next level.
+
+What if two engines quit?
+
+What if all three engines quit?
+
+And so we have made agreements all the way
+up the East Coast of the United States with
+
+the Canadians to have places to land.
+
+And, again, we have agreements with all of
+these landing sites.
+
+We send people to train them about what would
+happen if the Shuttle would land there.
+
+We check the weather.
+
+Across the Atlantic we have landing sites.
+
+Again, Shannon, Ireland was probably the first
+dry patch of land that you can come to on
+
+the far side of the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+Typical weather conditions there are 500 feet
+overcast and rain and fog so we don't really
+
+probably want to use that.
+
+England is a little better.
+
+Cologne Bonn is a little better.
+
+And then we have all of these landing sites
+that we can look at.
+
+And that keeps the State Department busy for
+us because we have to have international agreements
+
+to use any of these places.
+
+It took us two years to negotiate with the
+French government for emergency use only of
+
+their landing site.
+
+We typically don't have people at these landing
+sites other than our intact TAL sites, Moron,
+
+Zaragoza and Istres-Le Tube.
+
+But they are there.
+
+We would not hold the launch up if one of
+the landing sites for two or three engines
+
+out was not available, but we would if we
+did not have an intact landing site which
+
+is the one engine out requirement.
+
+So we have requirements difference.
+
+One of the really fun things is when we get
+into the summer months we frequently cannot
+
+use some of these airports because they have
+air shows going on.
+
+And they would really like us to land the
+Shuttle there during an air show, but we don't.
+
+One of the things that we have to watch very
+carefully is where do we get rid of the external
+
+tank?
+
+Now, we can carry the external tank to orbit.
+
+There have been some very colorful viewgraph
+presentations put together of using the external
+
+tank as parts for a Space Station.
+
+Totally science fiction.
+
+Operationally it would be extremely difficult
+to do.
+
+Carrying the tank to orbit would be very easy,
+but we stopped just short of orbital velocity
+
+so that we can control the disposal of the
+tank.
+
+We now have international treaties that say
+you shouldn't put things in orbit without
+
+being able to put them in a place where they
+don't hurt people.
+
+We don't like to have satellites reenter and
+drop radioactive garbage or even just big
+
+hunks of metal on top of people, so we have
+the external tank that we separate and drop
+
+just short of orbital velocity and use the
+small orbital maneuvering engines on the Shuttle
+
+to provide the last couple hundred feet a
+second to get to orbit.
+
+And we have to plan this very carefully.
+
+We've done a lot of studies to find out when
+that tank will rupture, how big the pieces
+
+are, how far they've come apart.
+
+And we actually have flight rules talking
+about ET disposal.
+
+This is a serious subject.
+
+Everybody that flies an expendable rocket
+has to know where their stages are going to
+
+fall, except maybe the Russians who just drop
+them in Kazak or used to.
+
+I grew up in New Mexico in the 1970s.
+
+We were very excited about the thought that
+White Sands might be the launch site for the
+
+Shuttle when it was under early design phase.
+
+When they picked solid rocket boosters that
+fell off just a couple hundred miles downrange,
+
+we knew that White Sands was out of the running
+because that would put people at-risk in the
+
+continental United States.
+
+And those kinds of decisions make for launch
+site decisions.
+
+Yes sir.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+We're talking a little less than an hour.
+
+Probably about 45 minutes from managing cutoff
+to the rupture at about, let me see, let me
+
+make sure I say that right, 122 kilometers.
+
+I don't operate in kilometers.
+
+I have to do the math, but it's not long.
+
+It's less than one orbit.
+
+One orbit taken 90 minutes.
+
+It's about halfway to two-thirds of the way
+around the world that we get rid of the tank.
+
+And this is a very important subject.
+
+In fact, US laws and the Eastern Range that
+we have to work with to get launch clearance
+
+issues what we call "Notice to Airmen" or
+"ET disposal" about 48 hours prior to the
+
+Shuttle launch to clear the ocean area and
+the air space.
+
+And this is all based on what we call a normal
+main engine cutoff.
+
+We made our guided cutoff to orbit.
+
+And here is a little picture of a problem
+we had earlier I want to talk about.
+
+Here are the ET disposal lines for the different
+inclinations.
+
+You can see that some of these get kind of
+close to the West Coast of Mexico, but most
+
+of them fall out in the Pacific Ocean.
+
+And, in particular, here are the Space Station
+lines for disposal of the external tank.
+
+And, as we go through the five minute launch
+window, the inclination of the orbit -- Not
+
+the inclination but the steering the Shuttle
+has got to do to reach the Internal Space
+
+Station changes the place where these tanks
+are disposed of.
+
+I think I have a better picture.
+
+And, in particular, we had a problem with
+this little island right here that we were
+
+infringing on the internationally recognized
+200 nautical mile limit for pieces.
+
+Now, if we do a normal insertion, you will
+see that we have these typical nominal footprints
+
+based on where we were in the launch window.
+
+That is where all the pieces will fall.
+
+But we have dispersions based on trajectory
+and other dispersions that say we've got to
+
+clear to a 99.7% probability this whole area,
+or this is the area that results from all
+
+the dispersions at that level.
+
+So we don't want to drop pieces on people.
+
+Once upon a time, the United States Air Force
+thought that Pitt Island down here was a bird
+
+sanctuary and nobody lived there.
+
+And they sent out the Notice to Airmen to
+clear the area, and we found out there are
+
+a couple of hundred people that live on this
+little island and the Australian government
+
+got kind of bent out of shape over that.
+
+We had to negotiate infringing by just a few
+miles on the 200 nautical mile circle around
+
+these guys just at the toe of the footprint,
+and that went back to the French government.
+
+And that took us two years to negotiate.
+
+So they don't teach you everything you need
+to know in engineering school like negotiating
+
+with the French.
+
+JEFF:
+
+[BEGINS SPEAKING WITHOUT MICROPHONE]
+
+...disposal probability to your average diplomat,
+like you say, we don't get training for that.
+
+Way beyond.
+
+Now, here is my funny story number one.
+
+Dick Richards, who was program manager before
+me, was asked to go on speaking engagement
+
+to American Samoa.
+
+Now, I've been asked to speak a lot of places
+and they are always like Boston or, you know,
+
+OK, this is a nice place to come, but think
+about a speaking engagement in American Samoa.
+
+So he had to go to American Samoa to speak.
+
+And, as they got ready to leave, the airline
+pilot came on and said we cannot take off
+
+because they are going to launch the Shuttle
+today.
+
+He had seen these tanks come in.
+
+He was not about to violate that airspace
+that they have been notified.
+
+And the launch time would put him past the
+point of no return where they had to continue
+
+onto Hawaii and could not turn back to American
+Samoa, so he wasn't going to take off until
+
+he got word that the Shuttle had either launched
+or scrubbed for the day.
+
+And there was a delay.
+
+And so Dick Richards got on his cell phone
+and called to Houston and found out that we
+
+were sitting on the ground in Florida based
+on bad weather at the TAL site at Banjul and
+
+the Gambia.
+
+The passengers started talking about this.
+
+And they said you mean here we are in American
+Samoa waiting on a Shuttle launch from Florida
+
+that has been delayed because of bad weather
+in West Africa?
+
+The answer is yes.
+
+So, what you do has an impact all around the
+world.
+
+OK, enough about trajectory.
+
+And I have quite a lot I could talk about.
+
+Let's talk about flight planning.
+
+One of the interesting things that we do onboard
+the Space Shuttle is we carry a lot of laptop.
+
+At last count, I think we carried about 11
+laptops on the last flight.
+
+But we don't rely on those laptops because
+they keep breaking.
+
+What we rely on is paper.
+
+Spacelab flights are worse.
+
+I'd say the typical Space Shuttle flight that
+launches carries 80 pounds of paper checklists.
+
+Every one of those pages lovingly crafted.
+
+We got maps and charts and we got all kinds
+of little cue cards that stick up on Velcro
+
+all around the cockpit, but by and large they
+come in books, and here are some of the books.
+
+And Mission Control folks build those books,
+understand those books, can modify those books
+
+in real-time, and frequently do.
+
+One of the things we have to watch is printer
+paper onboard because we cannot run out of
+
+printer paper when we update checklists.
+
+And so we have to monitor how much paper we
+are using as we print out changes to the checklists
+
+onboard.
+
+Yes sir.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+In so far as paper can be made low flammable.
+
+It is but it is paper and it will burn.
+
+The Shuttle cockpit is full of flammable stuff.
+
+But it is tried to kept under control.
+
+It is tried to be protected.
+
+And, of course, we don't operate in a pure
+oxygen atmosphere as Apollo did.
+
+It is very much like earth normal atmosphere.
+
+So, no, it is not fire proof.
+
+I wish it was.
+
+When we start a flight, we start out with
+what we call a flight requirement.
+
+Here is the flight definition requirement
+document.
+
+Here is the flight we just flew and the basic
+parameters that we've got.
+
+Which orbiter are we going to fly?
+
+The next flight up we're going to fly Atlantis.
+
+Which external tank is TBD?
+
+Because we're still arguing about that.
+
+Which solid rocket booster pair, so on and
+so forth?
+
+Which main engine by serial number?
+
+Which flight software release?
+
+How many cryogenic tanks do we have the arm
+onboard and all this stuff?
+
+What is the manifest?
+
+Well, it is a station manifest for the utilization
+flight 1.1 which has got an MPLM.
+
+It used to be called the Miniature Payload
+Logistics Module.
+
+Now it is the Multi-Purpose.
+
+That transmigration of acronyms over time
+have become more politically correct as a
+
+subject for a doctoral thesis, I think.
+
+Which launch pad we're going to operate out
+of?
+
+And how many days are we going to fly?
+
+How many people?
+
+We're going to carry seven up, six down, land
+at KSC and a bunch of remarks.
+
+This is kind of the basic definition.
+
+This is the starting point for a flight.
+
+This is what we get to start.
+
+And then we have to flush those out.
+
+We build a word document and we talk about
+the requirements for a flight.
+
+This is done at the program level.
+
+What is the launch window?
+
+What is the launch period?
+
+And many of these things are just flushing
+out the basic requirements you saw in the
+
+chart.
+
+Here is an interesting one, part of that flight
+requirements document that talks about EVA
+
+spacewalks and talks about what we're going
+to do.
+
+And you will notice, in great bureaucratic
+language, the purposes of the EVAs are defined
+
+in another document that you have to go off
+and look at.
+
+So, they're not any flight requirements documents
+but at least you got a reference where to
+
+go.
+
+And here are some of the things we are going
+to be able to do on this flight.
+
+And, in fact, we're going to have some contingency
+or emergency EVAs that can do these emergency
+
+things, which we hope we don't have to do
+but we are going to be prepared to do.
+
+From that we develop flight rules and flight
+plans.
+
+Here is a page out of the flight rules book
+that the ops people built.
+
+This is discussing how we take pictures of
+the external tank.
+
+You saw those beautiful pictures just a few
+minutes ago of the tank taken by the Shuttle.
+
+And here are the guidelines.
+
+We're going to have to do a thrust from the
+plus X jets, but we won't do it if we've got
+
+problems in the propellant system, if we are
+way under speed, if we're going to be dark
+
+because we don't have a flash that big, and
+so on and so forth.
+
+And then that's the automated umbilical well
+camera.
+
+And then we've got the handheld photography.
+
+And we've got a whole bunch of reasons why
+we wouldn't do that.
+
+If we had to go to a backup software, we don't
+want to do that because it makes it too sporty,
+
+just all kinds of reasons.
+
+Bob's people are thinking about this all the
+time.
+
+And, in fact, it's not enough to have the
+rule.
+
+Here is the rationale behind that rule.
+
+Why is it we decided you would or would not
+take those pictures which are very important
+
+to us for post-flight analysis on a very detailed
+level?
+
+Anything you see in italics font is what we
+call flight rule rationale which is the subject
+
+of interminable meetings and lots of haranguing
+and wrangling.
+
+Here is a little bit of the inspect rule.
+
+We all know that the thermal protection system
+on the Shuttle is not as robust as we would
+
+like it to be.
+
+We are going to inspect it every time.
+
+Here are the priorities that are planned before
+flight for thermal inspection system.
+
+And we start with the most important and we
+work to the least important.
+
+Your goal is to do them all but your plan
+is to have a plan ready if you run out of
+
+time.
+
+And then, again, the backup of why did we
+say that.
+
+And, again, it is more inspection priorities.
+
+I am not going to go over all of these.
+
+You can look at them.
+
+I want to come back to EVAs for a minute.
+
+Here are some of the EVA task objectives.
+
+This is something that they did just the other
+day onboard the International Space Station.
+
+This happens to be an International Space
+Station rule, but it is closely related to
+
+the Shuttle rules.
+
+They put in a new camera group.
+
+All this is perfectly clear to you guys, all
+these acronyms.
+
+It takes about six weeks to learn the language
+when you come to work at NASA.
+
+And then we have something on the Station
+called the floating point potential measurement
+
+device which is broken and became junk and
+they threw it overboard just a couple of days
+
+ago.
+
+Well, you get through all the rules and you
+come to a flight plan.
+
+And here is the flight plan.
+
+This is from the last flight.
+
+Eileen Collins, here is what she is doing
+this particular day.
+
+This is flight day number three.
+
+This is what the pilot is doing.
+
+Some time I will have to tell you the difference
+between pilot astronauts and mission specialists.
+
+Dr.
+
+Hoffman has his PhD.
+
+He well versed in many things.
+
+And the pilot, Jim Kelly, one of my favorite
+guys, I like him a lot, flies jet planes so
+
+he gets post-sleep exercise.
+
+And so we have all the guys.
+
+And what they are doing by the hour of the
+day, and this is the overview, by the way,
+
+but these guys are going out on a spacewalk.
+
+And so here is their EVA preparation, purging
+their suits, getting setup, going out the
+
+door.
+
+Here is the EVA which are going to be outside
+for 6.5 hours.
+
+And this particular day they're doing the
+thermal protection system repair detailed
+
+test objective which you saw in the rules
+as one of the priorities.
+
+So, we build this level of flight plan.
+
+Now, this is not it.
+
+We go to the minute-by-minute level, detailed
+checklist, this is the overview.
+
+This is kind of OK, you've got to get up and
+brush your teeth and make breakfast and then
+
+go do some work kind of thing.
+
+And then we have all of our other procedure
+and checklist to make sure everything goes
+
+as perfectly as it possibly can.
+
+And this is just A day.
+
+And then we get all kinds of good little information
+down here.
+
+One of which is when we're going to be able
+to communicate with the astronauts.
+
+There was a revolution in flight control when
+we launched the Tracking and Data Relay Satellites.
+
+Before we had Tracking and Data Relay Satellites
+and you just had ground stations to communicate
+
+with the crew, we could talk to the crew about
+15% of the time.
+
+85% of the time they were out of communications
+with the earth.
+
+Now, if you were going to the Moon and you
+used a Deep Space Network, you pretty much
+
+had continuous comm.
+
+But if you were doing Shuttle or any other
+low-earth orbit kind of thing you could only
+
+talk to the crew for about 15% of the time.
+
+And sometimes it lined up that you would talk
+to them three or four minutes every hour and
+
+a half.
+
+The Russians have a huge problem in that they
+lost all of their tracking stations outside
+
+of geographical Russia.
+
+And so they talk to their crew and plan their
+crew day on those parts of the orbit where
+
+they come over geographical Russia.
+
+And they are a slave to that.
+
+And we launched the Tracking and Data Relay
+Satellite.
+
+Now we can talk to the crew all the time.
+
+There is virtually no time you cannot talk
+to the crew.
+
+The crew gets really tired of that.
+
+They want to shut the radio off because Mission
+Control is always calling up and yammering
+
+at them.
+
+But it is a revolution because now we can
+get continuous data, communications and command
+
+with the crew from the ground.
+
+And the bottom line on that is we're much
+more efficient.
+
+We don't have to wait for critical activities
+to happen until we get that communication
+
+link.
+
+Yes sir.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Mars there are going to be four to 20 minute
+time delays in communications one way.
+
+Yes.
+
+What are the preliminary plans for dealing
+with that?
+
+I don't know.
+
+No, I'm sorry.
+
+I'm serious.
+
+A lot of people are really worried about that.
+
+It will be a different way to operate.
+
+And the folks that are working on those programs
+have got a real challenge.
+
+Two quick questions.
+
+One is if you time the checklist, I mean do
+you know how long page three is going to take?
+
+Absolutely.
+
+And the other thing is do you have backup
+flight plans for every contingency pretty
+
+much where you know if this experiment fails,
+per se, we will pull out this flight plan
+
+and it reschedules everybody?
+
+No.
+
+In fact, what we do is we have some emergency
+checklists.
+
+If you develop a leak in a cabin, OK, here
+is the emergency drill checklist to get you
+
+back on the ground as soon as possible.
+
+But the flexibility that I talked about in
+Mission Control is no, we don't build complete
+
+different timelines.
+
+Say if experiment A doesn't work we have a
+different timeline.
+
+What we do is we have the smart people in
+Mission Control that can take the existing
+
+timeline and build a new one.
+
+And, in fact, they do almost every night.
+
+I call it night.
+
+That is when the crew is asleep.
+
+It could be daytime in Houston but it is when
+the crew is asleep.
+
+The last thing I want to talk about in a flight
+preparation.
+
+Yes.
+
+If the crew fall asleep at the same time,
+isn't that not a bad idea in case something
+
+goes wrong?
+
+Shouldn't someone be keeping watch?
+
+Mission Control is watching, A, number one.
+
+And, B, number two, there are enough automatic
+sensing.
+
+The computer is watching the really vital
+things so that if you've got a link in the
+
+cabin, if you've got fire, something like
+that happens, the alarms will go off and wake
+
+the crew off.
+
+One of the case studies I am going to show
+is when Mission Control didn't get to watch,
+
+so look for that in a minute.
+
+The post-sleep period?
+
+Ask Jeff.
+
+The post-sleep period is what do you do after
+your alarm clock goes off?
+
+There is cleanup, shave, get dressed and make
+breakfast, which is a huge deal.
+
+This is not like taking something out of the
+freezer, throw it in the microwave and eat
+
+it.
+
+It's a huge deal to cook and cleanup onboard.
+
+Personal hygiene time.
+
+It's also time that most crews spend reading
+the morning mail.
+
+They don't get a newspaper but they get reams
+and reams of paper off the printer from Mission
+
+Control.
+
+You thought you were going to do an EVA today,
+but here is what we're really going to do.
+
+It's a really important time, getting ready
+for the day, so we allow the crews about an
+
+hour and a half of post-sleep activities.
+
+And that is everything to get to work.
+
+Yes.
+
+How do you decide what to tell the crew and
+who makes that decision?
+
+Well, that's an interesting discussion.
+
+The flight director, of course, is in overall
+charge.
+
+I should say that there are three shifts of
+flight controllers in Mission Control, who
+
+are not ironmen, but that work about 9 hours.
+
+There is an hour handover period, and so three
+shifts a day cover the day.
+
+A flight director is in charge of the team.
+
+The flight planners, big flight activities
+officer we call them, obviously have a big
+
+part of this.
+
+On a day like this when it's an EVA day the
+EVA officers have a big part of this.
+
+The CAPCOM, capsule communicator which is
+held over from Mercury days, is an astronaut.
+
+And hopefully a flown astronaut.
+
+Not always but typically a flown astronaut
+that is the crew's representative in Mission
+
+Control.
+
+And the CAPCOM is a very valuable resource
+in saying here are things the crew would want
+
+to know, here are some things the crew already
+knows so we don't have to tell them.
+
+Here you've built a plan that is going to
+overwork the crew or here you've built a plan
+
+that has got people sitting around with a
+lot of white space not doing anything getting
+
+bored.
+
+So, it becomes a team effort.
+
+Finally, the flight director approves all
+uplink messages.
+
+Yes.
+
+[AUDIENCE]
+
+...when do you tell the crew about that and
+who decides?
+
+Well, again, it is a team so it's not this
+military hierarchy that orders come from the
+
+top.
+
+There is a team.
+
+The team will develop here is what is happening,
+here is what we think we're going to do.
+
+The stories come together enough and here
+is the judgment factor.
+
+The flight director will tell the CAPCOM to
+tell the crew in basic terms what the crew
+
+should know.
+
+Now, we have a lot of ways to communicate
+with the crew.
+
+And the Shuttle we are very fixed, obsessed
+with doing things on an open air to ground
+
+because in the old days they did some things
+kind of pine that got came out in press conferences
+
+that were bad.
+
+The station crew has got this IP phone, Internet
+Protocol phone and they can call you.
+
+Like right now if they had your phone number.
+
+They can just call you and talk on the phone,
+and nobody knows what's going on.
+
+We have email with the crew.
+
+And a lot of things go up on email, but all
+of those communication paths are utilized
+
+to get information back and forth to the crew.
+
+I probably ought to tell you one little short
+story.
+
+This is my sports analogy story so you will
+have to put up with that.
+
+Working in Mission Control is like working
+in different sports.
+
+If you are the ascent entry shuttle team it
+is like playing basketball full court press
+
+all the time.
+
+You are always running short time but very
+intense.
+
+If you are a shuttle on orbit it is kind of
+like American football.
+
+You huddle up, figure out what play you're
+going to do, go out, execute the play, it
+
+worked or it didn't work, you come back, huddle
+up.
+
+It is very episodic but it can happen fast
+when it is happening, when you're executing
+
+it.
+
+The Space Station is baseball.
+
+It's a very much different game.
+
+And one of the hard things as you move as
+a flight control from Shuttle ascent to Shuttle
+
+orbit to Space Station, you have to accommodate
+the different rhythms of the game.
+
+The Russians have a phrase for when the Shuttle
+comes to visit the Space Station.
+
+They say the hurricane came through.
+
+Because they have this nice orderly regime
+and these folks come and fill the place up
+
+and they're doing stuff and they're throwing
+things here and there and then they leave.
+
+And then we have to sort it all out and go
+back to our normal kind of placid existence.
+
+The last thing about flight planning is we
+talk about decision making.
+
+Here is the simplified diagram for the Chandra
+X-Ray Telescope launch decision.
+
+AXAF, as you might know, is the Advanced X-Ray
+Astrophysics Facility which got renamed Chandra
+
+Telescope.
+
+And we have the ascent flight direction, we
+have a mission director, we have the ops director,
+
+we have the launch director, we've got the
+KSC people and all these people.
+
+Then the prelaunch timeframe are all watching
+their parts of this.
+
+They're watching the telescope.
+
+They're watching the upper stage.
+
+They're watching the Shuttle.
+
+They're watching a launch complex.
+
+Somebody has got to decide and they all have
+got to talk to each other.
+
+And they are all, by the way, geographically
+in different places.
+
+And you've got to know who is responsible
+for what and who has authority to give information
+
+for what.
+
+Because you don't want somebody in the AXAF
+control center saying to the NASA test director
+
+your shuttle doesn't look right on TV.
+
+He doesn't know that his TV is out of adjustment
+or something.
+
+The plan to get all these people together,
+what numbers they call, what they loops they
+
+talk on has got to all be worked through.
+
+That is a real operational nightmare when
+you come to decision-making and communications.
+
+We have literally thousands of people involved
+on a launch decision, a payload deploy decision
+
+and looking at their piece part.
+
+It has to be clearly defined what you're looking
+at, what you're going to do if it doesn't
+
+look right, and so you have to spend a conservable
+amount of time planning that, training for
+
+it and then executing.
+
+And I think we ought to break here if we're
+going to take a two-minute break.
+
+Thanks, Jeff.
+
+I hope this is helpful to you guys.
+
+It is not exactly the standard academic fare.
+
+I want to talk a little bit about systems
+engineering because one of the things we pride
+
+ourselves on in an operations community is
+that we are systems engineers.
+
+We're not mechanical, aero, what have you.
+
+You're a systems engineer and you've got to
+know a little bit about a lot.
+
+One of my favorite authors is Robert Heinlein.
+
+You may have heard of him.
+
+And his quotation about what a human being
+is I think is particularly appropriate to
+
+us.
+
+And somehow this didn't come off on the page,
+but the bottom line is he comes out with specialization
+
+is for insects.
+
+I'm not going to go over the Shuttle.
+
+You guys kind of know what it looks like and
+why it got there.
+
+I was looking at the syllabus of the class
+thinking I should have been in this class.
+
+Structurally, it is a complex vehicle.
+
+Inordinately complex in my way of thinking.
+
+But that is because of requiring wings for
+the cross range, large aero surfaces for the
+
+aerodynamics and, of course, being able to
+transform from a rocket to an on-orbit spacecraft
+
+to a hypersonic glider is not easy.
+
+The main landing gear and the tires is a subject
+that I could talk about for a long time.
+
+And, in the interest of time, I took it out
+of my presentation.
+
+But if I ever get a chance to come back -- I
+think you probably had a discussion of that,
+
+but operationally they are a bear.
+
+Al Louviere actually gave a nice talk.
+
+Good.
+
+We are the only folks that operate tires in
+that regime, other than the Concorde.
+
+And you guys know what happened to the Concorde.
+
+And we have real constraints on our tires
+and fret about them all the time.
+
+Here is a list of the Space Shuttle systems
+that we divide up into.
+
+One of my favorites is right here in the middle.
+
+Food.
+
+But it goes everywhere from the main propulsion
+system onto the waste management system.
+
+Isn't that a great NASA acronym?
+
+This, I think, is an erroneously named chart
+because it says Space Shuttle Systems.
+
+This ought to be Orbiter Systems.
+
+There are many other systems in the main engines
+and so forth.
+
+One I would like to talk just a little bit
+about is the environmental life control system.
+
+I think you probably had a little talk about
+that before.
+
+Have you had an introduction to the environmental
+system before?
+
+I think it is a wonderful system.
+
+Again, it is wonderfully complex.
+
+We have water in the crew compartment so that
+if it leaks it is not hazardous.
+
+We have Freon out in a payload bay so it won't
+freeze when it gets very cold.
+
+And we have this ammonia stuff for the last
+part of entry which is a pain in the butt
+
+but it is what it takes to get there.
+
+As you know the story, basically we take oxygen
+and hydrogen in the fuel cells and make electricity.
+
+And, as a happy byproduct, we make water.
+
+My case study here is going to be what do
+we do with the water?
+
+These days, most of the time, we give the
+water to the International Space Station where
+
+they can electrolyze it using electrical energy
+from the solar rays and turn it back into
+
+oxygen, dump the hydrogen overboard and breath
+the oxygen.
+
+We probably made this stuff by electrolyzing
+seawater so it is going this back and forth,
+
+water to electricity to components.
+
+I wanted to talk a little bit about what we
+do with this water.
+
+Some of the water is used as coolant through
+the flash evaporator system.
+
+It is very important to us but we typically
+run in excess, and so we've got to get rid
+
+of it which becomes a waste management problem.
+
+If the crew doesn't drink it, we have to dump
+it overboard.
+
+As I say, we've tied into that system.
+
+And typically we've used the very pure water
+and give it to the International Space Station
+
+these days.
+
+I am sorry the print is kind of small.
+
+But right here is the dump valve.
+
+And one of these is the waste and one of them
+is the supply water dump valve where we dump
+
+that water out.
+
+Now, you'll notice something very interesting
+about that dump valve.
+
+We have a window in a hatch and we've got
+windows up here and we've got a TV camera
+
+here and a TV camera here and nobody can see
+what is going on.
+
+Nobody can see what is going on coming out
+of that dump valve.
+
+The only way to see is to take the arm out
+and put it in a very sensitive position to
+
+look at what happened.
+
+In the old days they used to teach drafting.
+
+I always liked to look at these.
+
+The computer did not do this drawing.
+
+This is a work of art.
+
+This is the nozzle.
+
+The Shuttle was developed in the 1970s.
+
+We don't have a CAD model of the Shuttle.
+
+Jeff asked me could you send us the CAD model
+of the Shuttle?
+
+We had a little arrow CAD model of the outer
+mold line that the aero people use.
+
+There is no CAD model of the Shuttle.
+
+It exists on 800,000 paper drawings.
+
+And, when I came to work, one of the things
+I got in the Program Office was a recommendation
+
+from the independent people to go off and
+computerize all of this.
+
+And so we went off and tried to develop an
+estimate to computerize it.
+
+They said it would take us eight years and
+cost about $40 million to convert these drawings
+
+from paper to the latest -- What's the CAD
+model that everybody uses?
+
+CATIA.
+
+I cannot remember.
+
+We are not going to do it because we don't
+have the money, so we're still working with
+
+the paper products.
+
+Anyway, here is the nozzle.
+
+The water comes in.
+
+There is an orifice and a set of heaters because
+you've got space on this side.
+
+And if you just push water out there it will
+freeze.
+
+You want to keep it from freezing so you've
+got the heaters in there.
+
+And this is a very tricky small orifice to
+design, install and maintain.
+
+Now, here is what Mission Control sees.
+
+This is a plot of temperature, well, it's
+actually three or four things versus time.
+
+And what we have here is the first thing that
+happens is you turn on the heaters on the
+
+nozzle and the nozzle temperature warms up.
+
+Then you open the dump valve and the water
+supply quantity goes down.
+
+And, as the water goes out, the nozzle temperatures
+jitter a little bit, but they basically stay
+
+in this nice, warm 150 degree temperature
+range.
+
+Close the dump valve.
+
+The water quits flowing, the nozzle bakes
+out, turn the heaters off and it turns off.
+
+That is a normal water dump, what Mission
+Control looks at all the time.
+
+The crew has got a timer.
+
+Or, better yet, Mission Control calls and
+says start the dump now, stop the dump now.
+
+Sometimes they'll set a timer.
+
+Here is a little bit of an abnormal signature.
+
+Turn the heaters on, the temperature comes
+up, it plateaued out and it kind of does this
+
+kind of thing, and people start scratching
+their heads what is going on?
+
+There is another interesting thing.
+
+Here is one that warmed up, didn't get quite
+as warm as it should have, sputtered out and
+
+quit.
+
+What is going on?
+
+We actually took the arm out and looked at
+this nozzle, and there was an icicle that
+
+had grown on the outside.
+
+And, if you go back to this little drawing,
+it turns out there is an offset here.
+
+And this nozzle has got a little offset to
+it.
+
+And they had rotated the offset 180 degrees
+so that the heat wasn't being applied properly
+
+and we were building an icicle.
+
+And we built probably a 16 foot long icicle
+off the side of the Shuttle on more than one
+
+occasion.
+
+And actually went out on one flight with the
+arm and knocked it off.
+
+Actually knocked it off like you would knock
+an icicle off your eaves.
+
+The thing that clued us into this, in addition
+to these temperature plots, was the fact that
+
+we came back with ice stuck to the top of
+the payload bay doors.
+
+There was actually a lump of ice that survived
+reentry.
+
+At the Kennedy Space Center there was a lump
+of ice on top of the payload bay doors.
+
+How would you get a lump of ice on top of
+the payload bay door?
+
+The reason is when this door is open, right
+here, it hangs over.
+
+And this icicle had grown all the way from
+the gap from the nozzle to the open door and
+
+had actually stuck on the open door.
+
+And when we closed the door the icicle broke
+off, people theorize, at the root and then
+
+carried this long stick of ice up and reentered
+that way.
+
+And when we landed most of it was gone but
+about a two or three pound ball of ice on
+
+the doors had survived reentry.
+
+Now, you might say, well, what is the big
+deal about that?
+
+We also found a big hunk out of the insulating
+tile on the OMS pod where some of that had
+
+broken off and had traveled back during entry
+and struck the OMS pod.
+
+This is not a good thing because you are depending,
+in early phases of atmospheric flight, on
+
+these thrusters for attitude control.
+
+And their propellant tank is right there inside
+that pod.
+
+Not a good plan.
+
+There is an example of a mystery in Mission
+Control that we had to work our way through
+
+over the course of, really, several flights.
+
+And they redesigned the nozzle.
+
+Here is the simplified drawing of the electrical
+system.
+
+I think you guys have seen some of these systems
+things before.
+
+We've got three fuel cells connected to three
+main buses which branch out into all these
+
+sub-buses.
+
+If you are a flight controller you need to
+understand how you get electrical power because
+
+everything on the Shuttle works on electricity.
+
+I am old enough now that I went to work in
+Mission Control before the simulator had programmed
+
+in the electrical system.
+
+And I was a propulsion guy, OMS RCS guy, and
+we practiced all this stuff about the propulsion
+
+system and what would you do if different
+things happened.
+
+One day they released a new drop of the software
+and all of a sudden the trainers could cause
+
+electrical power buses to fail.
+
+We didn't know what the heck was going on
+but we learned in a big hurray because that
+
+is a big important part of our job.
+
+Here is a simplified picture of the communication
+systems onboard the Shuttle.
+
+This is the simplified.
+
+Did you catch that?
+
+Have you guys been through the communication
+system?
+
+We have S-band FM, S-band PM and Ku, and it
+all comes in here and goes out there.
+
+And it is all cross-strap so that if any one
+of these little black boxes doesn't work the
+
+integrated communications officer can send
+commands and change it all around.
+
+Unless it was the communications boxes didn't
+work, in which case we've got to call the
+
+crew on the other radio and tell them to go
+throw some switches, which is very complicated.
+
+And if you don't talk to the crew from Mission
+Control you don't do anything.
+
+If you don't get telemetry from the vehicle,
+from Mission Control, you don't do anything.
+
+If you cannot command the vehicle, from Mission
+Control, you don't do anything.
+
+You might as well go out and get a cup of
+coffee because there is nothing you can do.
+
+If the comm systems folks are having a bad
+day -- And I will just add that's one of the
+
+most serious malfunctions that we would practice
+all the time so you had it cold.
+
+I mean if most things, if they break, you
+can talk to the ground, get some help, they're
+
+looking over your shoulder, but if you cannot
+communicate with the ground at that point
+
+onboard your success in getting home depends
+on being able to analyze what is the malfunction
+
+and reestablish communication.
+
+So, we take that very seriously.
+
+And, I've got to tell you, this is a serious
+design flaw in the Shuttle.
+
+And here is a principle you need to remember.
+
+When the systems were categorized
+
+[NOISE OBSCURES]
+
+they were categorized on the basis of the
+severity of their failure mode.
+
+Obviously, the main propulsion system is what
+we call a criticality one system.
+
+If bad things go wrong in the main propulsion
+system really bad things could happen, so
+
+they spent serious design effort making sure
+that nothing bad would happen.
+
+The communication system is a crit-3 system.
+
+That means that people did not spend the time
+to make a robust communication system.
+
+It is not as reliable as some of the other
+systems.
+
+And that was a huge mistake.
+
+And we have to fuss with this all the time.
+
+That is a huge headache.
+
+When you design something people say, well,
+communications isn't critical.
+
+Absolutely wrong.
+
+Communications is absolutely vital.
+
+You cannot do anything without communication.
+
+A flight rule on the books says if we lose
+all communication between a station and a
+
+shuttle the crew must land within 24 hours.
+
+And we keep updated with just enough information
+so that they know where to land without communication.
+
+That is part of the news you get every morning
+is an update of if you lose communication
+
+these are the landing sites.
+
+That's right.
+
+Here is where you want to go.
+
+Here is the weather and here are the times.
+
+This is the simplified drawing of the data
+processing system.
+
+This is the hardware of the data process system.
+
+And you've got this general purpose computer
+that goes out through all these data buses
+
+to all these multiplexers and demultiplexers
+to talk to all these different pieces of gear.
+
+And we've got different buses to get into
+each of the black boxes.
+
+And you can switch ports and it is very reconfigurable
+and is a big pain in the butt.
+
+And if you want to operate as a systems flight
+controller you have to understand it cold.
+
+This is the software, very simplified high
+level view of the flight software onboard
+
+the computer.
+
+You guys talk about the onboard computers
+on the Shuttle?
+
+OK.
+
+How much memory does a general purpose computer
+have?
+
+512K memory.
+
+Not megs, not gigs, K.
+
+Of course, it works in ascent and vibrations
+and radiation and all these other things.
+
+Very sophisticated software in a very small
+place.
+
+What I grew up on is the reaction control
+system.
+
+This has got helium pressurization going through
+a series of regulators and valves down to
+
+propellant tanks which get manifolded out
+to the various thrusters.
+
+You've got oxidizer and fuel.
+
+They come together and they make fire.
+
+And so I started life as a mechanical engineer
+specializing in fluids so I'm supposed to
+
+understand things like pressure and temperature
+and combustion.
+
+But I had to learn about valves which are
+mechanical and electrically operated that
+
+are operated through the computer system so
+all of those data buses on this page right
+
+here became very important to me.
+
+They are sometimes operated automatically
+by the software so I have to understand all
+
+the software.
+
+And then we get to what we call we redundancy
+management.
+
+We have this basic principle that we want
+to have more than one of a critical thing.
+
+And so the question is how do you monitor
+and manage that redundancy.
+
+And the reaction control system has got the
+most sophisticated redundancy management program
+
+in the Shuttle.
+
+And it depends on instrumentation coming back
+through those multiplexers and signal conditioners
+
+going to the computer that when it commands
+through the digital autopilot those jets to
+
+fire they either do or they don't.
+
+And it tells it all about it.
+
+And then the crew gets notified back over
+here.
+
+And it is very complicated, redundancy management.
+
+Redundancy is a way to provide reliability.
+
+Redundancy is not a means to an end.
+
+I noticed Chris Kraft said that the Shuttle
+is quad redundant.
+
+That is not correct, Chris.
+
+The Shuttle is not quad redundant.
+
+We have four computers.
+
+They are not quad redundant.
+
+Now, if you go to a lot of systems, you only
+have three of.
+
+If you go to some systems that you have four
+of, one cannot do the job.
+
+For example, flight control.
+
+We have four flight control hydraulic channels
+that operate the elevons.
+
+One channel cannot operate that.
+
+It takes two.
+
+So you've got four but it takes two.
+
+That means I can lose two.
+
+So, I am at best, three redundant.
+
+I can lose two and fly with two.
+
+The trouble is if you lose two and they get
+in a fight with the other two it becomes very
+
+difficult to manage.
+
+One of my favorite systems is the inertial
+measurement system.
+
+The main requirement on Shuttle avionics is
+that it is fail operational/fail safe.
+
+You've got to be able to take the first failure
+and you can keep flying the mission as planned.
+
+You take the second failure and you're still
+safe to land because you've got one left.
+
+Three inertial measurement units, clearly
+we are fail operational/fail safe.
+
+Well, no.
+
+If the first inertial measurement unit fails,
+good to go, we keep on doing what we're doing.
+
+But those last two, if they disagree, how
+do you know which one is telling you the truth?
+
+That is tough.
+
+We developed this mathematical scheme using
+matrices and the navigation quaternion that
+
+would give us the best chance.
+
+We have about a 99.5% chance of determining
+which IMU is telling us the truth versus lying
+
+to us, but it isn't foolproof.
+
+It takes people to manage it.
+
+We have opened ourselves, through redundancy,
+to a system in some cases where we don't have
+
+quad redundancy.
+
+We have four ways to fail the system.
+
+The reaction control system is one of my favorites
+because we have four jets on each side.
+
+For example, the yaw jets in the aft that
+you need.
+
+So, you would say quad redundancy.
+
+No, I have four ways to fail.
+
+What I'd really like to have is just one jet
+that would do the job and was highly reliable,
+
+but I've got four jets that are leaky that
+get clogged up, that lie to you on the instrumentation
+
+that you've got to watch all the time because
+I need at least two of them to do the job
+
+during entry.
+
+So, be careful when you say things about redundancy.
+
+What you're really after is reliability, not
+redundancy.
+
+Redundancy is a way to reliability.
+
+And you build these incredibly complicated
+schemes to deal with redundancy to provide
+
+the reliability of the system level you need.
+
+Simple is better, let me tell you.
+
+Complicated is not.
+
+I've got two stories from the trenches and
+then I'm going to quit.
+
+You guys have not been asking too many questions
+so that either means I am a brilliant lecturer
+
+or I'm putting you to sleep.
+
+This is not your standard academic fair.
+
+Is this good for you guys?
+
+OK.
+
+Yes sir.
+
+I have a question on the redundancy.
+
+Chris Kraft talked earlier this week about
+how because you have four strings that you
+
+should launch if one string is broken and
+not worry about it since you're still failsafe
+
+with what is left and that that would increase
+the turnaround time and you would be able
+
+to launch more often.
+
+One IMU has failed, we'll launch with the
+two because we know that 99.5% of the time
+
+that is good enough for us.
+
+Do you have any comments on that?
+
+Chris and I have had this discussion before.
+
+I have a technical response to this discussion.
+
+Bullshit.
+
+We are not reliable enough to launch with
+anything down.
+
+This vehicle is barely reliable enough to
+make the mission as planned when we launch
+
+full up.
+
+If you want to build a spacecraft that needs
+two of or three of or four of.
+
+And you want to be able to launch with one
+broken on the launch pad like sometimes your
+
+airplane takes off with something broken that
+you, the passenger, don't know, but the pilot
+
+does and say it is OK.
+
+We're not at that stage.
+
+That is a nice idea.
+
+That is a great goal.
+
+I think people, when they thought about designing
+the Shuttle, thought that we ought to do it
+
+that way.
+
+It doesn't work with the design we've got.
+
+If you were going to build a new Shuttle,
+yeah, I would put five IMUs on it.
+
+Well, shoot, I would throw out the IMUs and
+I would put GPS on it or something like that
+
+because it is more reliable.
+
+But we are not at a stage where we can launch
+with less than the normal stuff.
+
+Our flight history is that we have terminated
+three Shuttle flights because we lost redundant
+
+gear to the point where the flight rules said
+you needed to come home.
+
+Now, if you had launched with just enough
+gear so that the next failure puts you into
+
+shortened mission, you would have terminated
+more flights early.
+
+The whole theory about the Shuttle, if you
+go back to the very beginning, we are going
+
+to fly a flight a week.
+
+What?
+
+64 flights a year originally.
+
+That didn't happen for a variety of reasons.
+
+If you flew 64 flights a year, the theory
+was if you got up there and something broke
+
+and you had to bring the payload back, OK,
+we would just role it into the one next week
+
+and we would have enough flights.
+
+It hasn't happened that way.
+
+Spaceflight remains difficult because these
+flights are rare.
+
+The best we've ever done, I think, is ten
+flights in a year in 1985.
+
+And typically we're talking four or five flights
+in a year.
+
+These flights are rare.
+
+The pressure is on to get the maximum advantage
+out of every flight.
+
+And I think spaceflights are going to remain
+rare with the technology we've got into the
+
+future.
+
+That is probably a discussion for a future
+date, but the fact of the matter is that Shuttle
+
+does not have the reliability in its piece
+parts to launch with one of things down.
+
+JEFF: Wayne, let me ask you a question to
+speak to, you know, just here at a classroom,
+
+not as the Shuttle manager and not for attribution.
+
+This is a danger, when people
+
+[OVERLAPPING VOICES]
+
+.
+
+Sheila Widnall was here and told us about
+CARB and their reputation.
+
+What is your feeling about the wisdom of ending
+the Shuttle flights at the end of the decade?
+
+WAYNE: I have a couple of thoughts.
+
+First of all, I am a Shuttle hugger.
+
+I grew up with Shuttle.
+
+Shuttle is an amazing vehicle.
+
+It is a huge technological leap.
+
+I am very proud of what it has done.
+
+On the other hand, we need a replacement.
+
+It has got some serious shortcomings.
+
+And if you look at the history of aviation
+and the first 30 years from the Wright Brothers
+
+to, say, the DC3, that was about 35 years,
+a little less.
+
+DC3 was the first economically practical airliner,
+right?
+
+Everybody wanted to compare the Shuttle to
+the DC3.
+
+The problem is between the Wright Flyer in
+1903 and a DC3 in 1935 or thereabouts, they
+
+went through probably 10,000 designs.
+
+They had trial and error.
+
+We tried things out.
+
+We found out what worked, we found out what
+didn't.
+
+They junked the bad designs.
+
+They took the good designs, and they took
+the good parts of the good designs and built
+
+the next designs even better.
+
+They probably went through 10,000 variations
+on aircraft to get to that point.
+
+Now, we've been flying in space for about
+35 years.
+
+Count them all.
+
+Chinese, Russian, American.
+
+How many space vehicles have there been?
+
+Human space vehicles.
+
+Less than ten.
+
+Soyuz, Vostok, Voskhod, Mercury, Gemini, Apollo,
+Skylab, Shuttle, Shenzhou, what am I missing?
+
+That's about it.
+
+How can you possibly advance that technology?
+
+It is ludicrous to think that you are going
+to advance the technology without doing the
+
+iteration that we saw in early aviation.
+
+We should have replaced the Shuttle 20 years
+ago as a nation with a more advanced version
+
+that fixed some of the shortcomings that made
+it more economical to operate.
+
+We should have done a lot of things but, for
+national reasons, we didn't.
+
+So, I am torn.
+
+I love the Shuttle.
+
+It is a great machine.
+
+I spent my whole career with it.
+
+It gives us capabilities that we are going
+to give up, frankly, when we go to the CEV.
+
+It's going to be a different kind of machine
+that does different kinds of things.
+
+And we are going to miss the Shuttle, I am
+convinced.
+
+But should we long ago have built a new one?
+
+Absolutely.
+
+Are we behind where we should be?
+
+Absolutely.
+
+We need to invent the next generation of spacecraft
+and be ready to go on and invent the next
+
+one after that.
+
+The Shuttle was designed for a ten year life.
+
+We should have been working on Shuttle II
+the day that Columbia launched the first flight.
+
+OK.
+
+That is my perspective.
+
+Anybody else?
+
+Yes.
+
+This might be outside of the realm of the
+discussion, but those 10,000 different designs
+
+that were done for aircraft were done largely
+by private sector, right?
+
+There was a fair amount of government.
+
+And, remember, it wasn't all American.
+
+There was a large amount of government subsidy.
+
+And it was, frankly, a cheaper technology
+to develop.
+
+Rocket technology is difficult to develop.
+
+I will go back to Heinlein my favorite author.
+
+He says when you're in earth orbit you are
+halfway to anywhere in the universe.
+
+Getting the first hundred miles off the planet
+is very hard, but once you get in earth orbit
+
+or thereabouts you are halfway to anywhere
+in the universe.
+
+And we still have not cracked that nut.
+
+I really like the space elevator guys.
+
+It is science fiction but the idea is a good
+one.
+
+There ought to be a different technology other
+than rockets to get to space.
+
+Somebody did a calculation that said if we
+had an elevator to the Moon, we could get
+
+to the Moon for about $10 worth of electricity.
+
+Of course, there is a big "if" that goes in
+front of that rolling that elevator.
+
+So, rockets are an exceedingly difficult technology.
+
+I want one of you guys to invent a new technology.
+
+Aaron Cohen, he may have already told you
+this, tells one of the great stories of all
+
+times about spaceflight.
+
+He talks about when he was in the management
+of the Space Shuttle program and the fact
+
+that the main engines were causing just awful
+problems getting them developed.
+
+Stop me if you heard the story.
+
+And one day he woke up and said wouldn't it
+be great if somebody just invented an antigravity
+
+device and we could get away from rockets?
+
+Wouldn't that just be great?
+
+And he thought about it a little while longer
+and said no, it would still have braised welds
+
+and electronic parts and all the things that
+are causing us problems on the engines would
+
+cause us problems with the antigravity machine.
+
+Get him to tell you the story.
+
+He tells it better than I do.
+
+But we need a better technology, quite frankly.
+
+We need something that makes the transition
+from propellers to jet engines.
+
+We need something like that.
+
+The Space Shuttle main engines in terms of
+the rocket cycle thermodynamically are about
+
+99% of the maximum theoretical efficiency
+for a hydrogen/oxygen rocket engine.
+
+You're not going to do any better.
+
+We need a new technology.
+
+You might make them cheaper, you might make
+them more reliable but you're not going to
+
+lift any more pounds to orbit.
+
+So, we need that revolution.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, I'm passionate about it.
+
+Anybody else?
+
+Yes.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+You're talking to the wrong guy.
+
+Of course it's a help.
+
+If you want to talk about whether it's a hindrance,
+ask him after I'm gone.
+
+Some of our astronauts friends which we'd
+shut up.
+
+But, no, seriously, I think everybody would
+say that Mission Control is actually a vital
+
+part of the process.
+
+You've got to plan the missions.
+
+You've got to execute the missions.
+
+There are only so many people onboard the
+vehicle.
+
+These are not autonomous vehicles.
+
+That is another word that really sets my teeth
+on edge when people say space vehicles ought
+
+to be autonomous like commercial aircraft.
+
+It just sets my teeth on edge.
+
+Have you ever seen what it takes to plan a
+commercial aircraft flight?
+
+There are more people on the ground than there
+are in the cockpit by a lot.
+
+And I'm not talking about the baggage handlers
+and I'm not even really talking about the
+
+mechanics that keep it flying.
+
+Everybody has got to plan the routes, got
+to make sure that they've got the manifesting
+
+right, make sure that they've got the fuel
+right, all that planning process, you've got
+
+to have people that do that.
+
+Saying you're going to get by without that
+shows a total ignorance of how the world really
+
+works.
+
+Now I'm beginning to sound like Chris Kraft.
+
+I want to share with you a couple of stories.
+
+This is something you ought to past on your
+wall.
+
+The last law of robotics.
+
+The only real errors are human errors.
+
+Mother nature does not make mistakes.
+
+If you flew your airplane into a thunderstorm
+and it crashes, was it mother nature's fault?
+
+No, you were stupid and flew your airplane
+into a place that it wasn't designed to handle.
+
+Perhaps the weather forecaster gave you a
+bad forecast.
+
+Perhaps your weather radar was insufficient
+and didn't pick up that nimbus cumulous cloud
+
+on its radar, but it wasn't mother nature's
+fault.
+
+It was a human error.
+
+They used to talk about in aircraft accidents
+there were really three causes for aircraft
+
+accidents.
+
+There is pilot error, which we all understand.
+
+The pilot turned left when he should have
+gone right, you know, something much more
+
+sophisticated than that.
+
+Pilot error.
+
+There is mechanical failure.
+
+Mechanical failure can come for two reasons.
+
+Number one, the aircraft was not maintained
+properly.
+
+I remember that Alaska airline jet that went
+down because it had the mechanism in the tail
+
+that had the long spiral grooved shaft and
+they didn't lubricate it properly and it wore
+
+off.
+
+And finally they had no elevator control and
+the plane crashed.
+
+It wasn't maintained properly or it wasn't
+designed properly.
+
+It wasn't design properly to handle the environment
+that it flew in.
+
+So, mechanically.
+
+Or weather.
+
+Well, I submit that weather is not a cause
+of an accident.
+
+Weather is a human failure because you need
+to understand what you're capable of operating
+
+your vehicle in, and you don't operate it
+in environments that you're not capable of
+
+handling.
+
+The only real errors are human errors.
+
+It's either the pilot, the engineer that designed
+it, the guys that didn't maintain it properly
+
+or maybe the guys that didn't forecast the
+weather right.
+
+Those are human errors.
+
+They are not acts of god.
+
+You need to understand the environment you're
+going to operate your spacecraft in.
+
+Make sure you design it robustly so it doesn't
+come apart.
+
+Makes sure you design it so that it can be
+maintained and you make sure the instructions
+
+for the maintainers is done properly.
+
+And, finally, you've got to train your crews
+so they can pilot it properly.
+
+OK.
+
+One of the things that the Shuttle doesn't
+do well is navigate on its own.
+
+The Shuttle has an inertial navigation system.
+
+We're trying to upgrade it to GPS.
+
+We've been trying to upgrade it to GPS for
+ten years.
+
+Maybe we will get the next vehicle Endeavor
+out of its maintenance depot period with GPS
+
+and fly it with GPS, but right now we fly
+it with inertial measurement systems.
+
+Those inertial measurement systems, developed
+right here at the Charles Stark Draper Lab,
+
+have some drift in them.
+
+After about a day their knowledge of where
+the Shuttle is creeps off.
+
+It creeps off enough so that you could not
+reenter safely because the error in the onboard
+
+knowledge of where the Shuttle is is different
+from where the Shuttle actually is.
+
+In addition to that, the integration over
+time doesn't give you a good state vector
+
+so we track the Shuttle from the ground with
+radar and update what we call the state vector
+
+position, velocity and direction, six components
+at least once a day.
+
+On STS-32, Mission Control screwed it up.
+
+There is a long flight.
+
+The ninth day of the flight the INCO officer
+sent a bad command that caused the Shuttle
+
+orbiter to lose attitude control.
+
+And if the propulsion system had been configured
+differently they would have run the little
+
+jets.
+
+If they had been on the big jets we might
+have used up enough gas so that the crew could
+
+not have reentered safety.
+
+This is a serious error.
+
+It also happened at about 3:00 in the morning.
+
+I would offer to you that you ought not do
+critical things in the wee hours of the morning.
+
+Writing term papers, running somewhat hazardous
+experiments are not things you want to do
+
+at 3:00 in the morning.
+
+That error was recognized and corrective actions
+were taken immediately.
+
+But, due to some other circumstances, it was
+a near thing.
+
+We were out of control and out of communications
+for about ten minutes.
+
+And this was in the middle of crew sleep.
+
+What they did basically was to uplink a state
+vector that told the computer that the position
+
+of the orbiter was somewhere outside the Milky
+Way Galaxy.
+
+I mean it was that kind of thing.
+
+OK.
+
+Here is the story for the night.
+
+This is 17 days, 23 hours to 18 days GMT.
+
+This was in the early part of the year.
+
+This is a one hour time period.
+
+The crew is awakened in the middle of crew
+sleep because an onboard smoke alarm goes
+
+off.
+
+There was no fire.
+
+It was just an erroneous alarm, but it woke
+the crew up.
+
+Now, when you are the flight control team
+and you are working when the crew is asleep,
+
+your number one goal is to keep the crew asleep.
+
+Don't let them wake up.
+
+So, this flight control team has already failed.
+
+They allowed an erroneous alarm to wake the
+crew.
+
+A little bit later the flight dynamics officer
+says we need to reinitialize the state vector,
+
+which is something that we normally do, about
+once a day.
+
+It is interesting that this is in the middle
+of crew sleep.
+
+Normally it is done when the crew is awake,
+but the flight dynamics officer says we need
+
+to uplink a new position and velocity sort
+of vectors.
+
+The flight director says did you do a good
+job, Fido?
+
+Fido says of course we did.
+
+Flight say OK, you have a go to uplink that
+vector.
+
+The integrated communication officer gets
+the word from the flight dynamics officer,
+
+I want you to go to the computer and get vector
+number umpty-ump and uplink it to the crew.
+
+And the integrated communications officer
+uplinks the vector to the onboard system.
+
+Now, there is a check in the onboard system
+that goes into a buffer in the computer.
+
+And that buffer gets sent telemetry back to
+the ground, and the ground computer compares
+
+what is in the onboard versus what is sent
+and they should be the same.
+
+We send about 5000 commands in the course
+of a two week flight, and normally they always
+
+compare.
+
+This particular time there was a problem,
+some radio noise or something and the data
+
+got scrambled.
+
+And it came back to the ground and the computer
+put out the little words "data reject".
+
+In other words, the command that you sent
+is not what is onboard, the integrated communications
+
+officer.
+
+The backroom is doing other things.
+
+The guy in the front room, integrated communications
+officer checks the display and says, for whatever
+
+reasons at 3:00 in the morning, OK, punches
+the button to send the execute.
+
+In other words, move the data from the buffer
+into the navigation software.
+
+It is wrong.
+
+But he just makes a human error and sends
+it.
+
+His backroom guy, because we always work in
+teams, is doing something else and didn't
+
+check his work.
+
+Normally there is a check and balance.
+
+Before you send buffer execute you say to
+somebody else does this look OK to you, too?
+
+They missed that check.
+
+What happens?
+
+They send this command.
+
+The Shuttle thinks it is in orbit around,
+I was going to say Alpha Centauri, but it
+
+was a lot farther away than that doing what
+we call local vertical/local horizontal hold.
+
+Well, now it's doing LV/LH around the star
+in the Andromeda Galaxy, I guess, and it goes
+
+out of control.
+
+Not fast.
+
+Now, this doesn't tumble end over end.
+
+It reaches three degrees a minute rate, which
+is not a high rate but you're moving out of
+
+your attitude.
+
+Well, what happens?
+
+When you move out of your attitude the antennas
+are no longer pointing at each other.
+
+The Shuttle antenna is no longer pointing
+at the tracking and data relay satellite so
+
+command, data, voice, go away.
+
+Loss of signal.
+
+The worst thing the flight director can hear
+is loss of signal with the crew.
+
+OK.
+
+We got lucky because about ten minutes later
+it just happened to be acquired back through
+
+the satellite.
+
+It just happened to be acquired back.
+
+We got lucky and they called the crew.
+
+The crew switched to a manual autopilot, turns
+on the big jets, restores the attitude and
+
+life goes back to normal.
+
+The crew now has been awakened twice, by the
+way.
+
+They are going to be grumpy the whole next
+day.
+
+If the big jets, which use a lot of gas, had
+been on in that ten minutes, we could have
+
+used the entire entry allowance of propellant.
+
+OK.
+
+As anything there is always a chain of events.
+
+The flight dynamics officer was unable to
+do this navigation state vector prior to crew
+
+sleep because of the vehicle activity.
+
+In other words, they had been doing maneuvers
+and they had to get the radars to track to
+
+build a solution.
+
+Plans were made to uplink the state vector
+during sleep, which is not terribly unusual
+
+but not the typical situation.
+
+During a sleep period, and I don't know why
+they put during a sleep period, we typically
+
+can have telemetry dropouts and radio frequency
+interference and conditions which cause telemetry
+
+dropouts.
+
+They were predicted because of the orbiter
+attitude.
+
+The antennas don't always point in the best
+part of the antenna pattern.
+
+That we're going to have that.
+
+We had the onboard smoke alarm that woke the
+crew up.
+
+We let them go back to sleep.
+
+This is the same thing I went through.
+
+Twelve seconds after he sent the back command
+the backroom guy this did trivial recorder
+
+command and we saw that they were miscompared.
+
+And this is really the key.
+
+Seventeen seconds after calling up the display
+the backroom attempted to question the decision
+
+but too late, the button had been pushed by
+seventeen seconds.
+
+OK.
+
+The flight dynamic officer is looking to see
+if we get a good state vector on the board.
+
+He didn't see on the board.
+
+INCO said I sent it.
+
+What's going on?
+
+The data processing system officer reports
+that the computers, both of them, the guidance
+
+and navigation computer and the system management
+computer are clocking internal errors.
+
+They have a term for this.
+
+It's called divide by zero.
+
+Computers don't like to do that arithmetically.
+
+They send an alarm.
+
+The propulsion system officer reports continuous
+jet firing.
+
+The guidance officer reports that they are
+huge autopilot errors and high vehicle rates.
+
+When I said three degrees, I meant three degrees
+a second, quite a lot.
+
+CAPCOM says wake up.
+
+CAPCOM, we need to tell the crew something
+is going on.
+
+Wake the crew up.
+
+Voice link is normally disabled during crew
+sleep.
+
+Because every once in a while somebody pushes
+the button and wakes the crew up during crew
+
+sleep so we configure it so that we cannot
+do it.
+
+So we had to reconfigure the ground voice
+system to allow the CAPCOM to communicate.
+
+We lost the one satellite.
+
+We had the wrong antenna selecting.
+
+And then ten minutes everybody thought they
+were dead.
+
+We woke the crew up, they put the vehicle
+on manual mode and life returned to normal
+
+after the new state vector onboard.
+
+That never made the press, I don't think.
+
+It was directly caused by operator error.
+
+He clearly did things outside of what he was
+trained to.
+
+And these are all nice little bureaucratic
+words saying that everything worked like it
+
+was supposed to except for the guy.
+
+And here is what we did in our great bureaucratic
+mode.
+
+Procedures were updated.
+
+Software was updated.
+
+Rules were updated.
+
+Consol handbook procedures were updated.
+
+Work guidelines of making people work ten
+or twelve days in a row on nine or ten or
+
+twelve hour shifts, particularly on a nice
+shift were revised so we let people off.
+
+And, basically, what we did was we added more
+checks and balances to the system.
+
+Now, is that the kind of thing that you do
+when you are designing a spacecraft?
+
+Why would you design a spacecraft where you
+had to update the state vector every day?
+
+Why would you design a spacecraft that would
+crash into the surface of Mars when it was
+
+supposed to go into orbit around Mars?
+
+You've got to be careful when you design your
+system of the unintended consequences of your
+
+operation.
+
+And if you don't think very clearly about
+what you're putting on the operators you'll
+
+force them into positions like this, so you've
+got to think about the operation.
+
+Not just is the wing going to fall off because
+the wind gust is going to exceed the structural
+
+capability?
+
+You have to think about the operations.
+
+I've got one more.
+
+Do we have time for one more?
+
+If you can do it in two minutes.
+
+OK.
+
+This main engine combustion chamber, the main
+engines have a computer that looks at sensors
+
+that controlled our mixture ratio and things.
+
+One of these sensors plugged up.
+
+And they give you the 30 second version.
+
+You can read it all.
+
+The ground had been using a pressure check
+with a little pressure meter that had a Neoprene
+
+rubber O ring.
+
+And, when they pulled the pressure gauge off,
+it left the Neoprene rubber there and stopped
+
+up the sensor.
+
+And, because of that, the engine nearly shut
+down in flight.
+
+And, if Mission Control hadn't been paying
+attention and disabled that sensor during
+
+real-time, we would have done our first return
+to launch site abort on that engine.
+
+So, little things count for a lot.
+
+Small instrumentation things count for a lot.
+
+I hope this has been helpful to you.
+
+Anybody got any other questions before I sit
+down?
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+One question from the back.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+Well, my thoughts are: I'm excited that NASA's
+got the goal of going back to the Moon and
+
+Mars, I wish we'd never gotten away from that.
+
+I'm working really hard in the Space Shuttle
+program to free up money so that exploration
+
+can do what it needs to do.
+
+I'm not in a position to know whether they've
+got enough to do their job.
+
+It does look a little tight - I don't know,
+time will tell.
+
+But I'm just excited to have the opportunity
+to head in that direction.
+
+I'm going to give you the diplomatic answer.
+
+Chris is retired; I still have to go to work.
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/GM4pqoiS6Vg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1826 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality,
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of
+MIT courses, "visit
+
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+at ocw.mit.edu."
+
+PROFESSOR: So today we are going
+to spend a little bit of time
+
+discussing the Bimber
+reading, which introduces
+
+a really important
+concept for us.
+
+That is the concept of
+technological determinism.
+
+I think this is particularly
+important in our look at music
+
+and technology because
+music technologies, I think,
+
+raise really
+interesting questions,
+
+and pose really
+interesting examples
+
+and counter examples
+of this question
+
+of technological determinism.
+
+So we'll spend a little
+time talking about that.
+
+Then we're going
+to experiment with
+
+some electromagnetic
+properties of sound generation.
+
+So we're going to generate
+a mini Telharmonium light,
+
+as Collins likes to say,
+using a simple motor.
+
+We're going to experiment
+with humbucker pickup,
+
+and see what kind of sounds
+we can pick up with that.
+
+And then we're going to build
+a little oscillator using
+
+the Schmitt trigger model, that
+Collins nicely provides for us.
+
+Good?
+
+Questions?
+
+In general, keep in mind
+we will have another quiz
+
+next Thursday, a week from
+today, so keep that in mind.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So let's start with the Bimber
+article, and I believe Jillian,
+
+you were responsible
+for this one.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So, basically this article
+is talking about, as he said,
+
+technological determinism.
+
+Which he kind of describes
+as the views on relationships
+
+between technology
+and human activity,
+
+or the significance
+of technology
+
+to this social change.
+
+But he kind of talks
+about how there's
+
+a huge debate on what the
+concept actually means.
+
+So he goes through
+the other three types
+
+of technological
+determinism, that
+
+would be norm-based
+accounts, logical sequence
+
+accounts, and unintended
+consequence accounts.
+
+He kind of describes those, and
+goes through different views
+
+on each of those.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, good.
+
+And the big picture-- his
+goal-- his big question
+
+for this article is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Basically,
+how technology
+
+relates to social aspects.
+
+Or, does it really?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So how technology relates
+to culture and society--
+
+what action-- what
+power technology has
+
+in relation to
+society and culture.
+
+And specifically this article--
+on the biggest picture,
+
+he's asking a question that
+doesn't really concern us.
+
+But what's the big
+question he's trying
+
+to answer with this article?
+
+AUDIENCE: Did what Marx say--
+was it really technological--
+
+PROFESSOR: Was Marx a
+technological determinist?
+
+That's sort of the big
+question, but that's
+
+the least interesting for us.
+
+People debate that a lot, and
+that's an interesting issue,
+
+but that's not really
+relevant for us.
+
+This article, for
+us, provides us
+
+with a really nice way of just
+getting an introduction to some
+
+of the different approaches to
+what technological determinism
+
+is.
+
+So let's first discuss
+a little bit about what
+
+is technological determinism,
+without looking at his three
+
+cases, let's just talk
+about this in general.
+
+What is this idea of
+technological determinism?
+
+AUDIENCE: Which one of them?
+
+PROFESSOR: Just in general.
+
+Try from the highest, most
+broadest description first.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you have this
+aspect of, does technology
+
+affect us?
+
+And how-- in that case,
+how much does it affect us?
+
+There's also the deterministic
+part , where it's like,
+
+is what's going to happen
+in technology really
+
+deterministic?
+
+And so that's at
+times, do we affect it?
+
+Do we actually have control
+over that technology?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+I think in the
+biggest sense, that's
+
+the question we're
+trying to answer here.
+
+Is technology an independent
+force that acts on its own,
+
+or do we have some control?
+
+I think, in the
+biggest sense, that's
+
+the question this gets to.
+
+What is this concept
+of determinism?
+
+In general.
+
+Determinism?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have free will?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+it basically gets
+
+to the question of free will.
+
+Determinism-- I mean, how
+could we not have free will?
+
+Well, what are
+you talking about?
+
+I make choices.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's to say
+that possibly the course
+
+of human history, or
+any event that happens,
+
+is all predetermined
+by the choices
+
+that we made in the past.
+
+So, it's hard to say whether or
+not your free will is actually
+
+your decision, or if
+that's just a conclusion
+
+of some other
+decision that's made.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+But then that case,
+then you still
+
+have decisions playing a part.
+
+That might be a sort
+of soft determinism.
+
+A hard determinism, taken
+further would be what?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have no choice.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+And why not?
+
+Why don't you have any choices?
+
+AUDIENCE: Everything's just a
+bunch of chemical reactions,
+
+right?
+
+It's just all physics.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's all physics.
+
+It's all chemical reactions.
+
+It's all causal change,
+causality and causal change.
+
+One reaction, one physical law
+interacts, results in another.
+
+And that chain of causal
+actions, leads in a result.
+
+That's the idea of determinism.
+
+And if that is taken
+to its logical extreme,
+
+then we don't have any
+room for free will.
+
+And that's a debate we'll
+let the philosophers discuss,
+
+it doesn't really bother us.
+
+Well it does.
+
+Sometimes it bothers me, but
+I feel like I have free will,
+
+and you probably
+all do too, so we
+
+can work with that
+assumption just because it's
+
+a little more practical.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then
+the other major
+
+in technological determinism
+is not determinism in general,
+
+but does technology
+determine social things?
+
+Does it cause social
+things to happen?
+
+So does the fact that
+the typewriter came about
+
+at a certain time,
+make certain things
+
+happen because of
+the typewriter?
+
+Not the other way around.
+
+Not, did the
+typewriter get invented
+
+because of social things?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I mean, the idea that
+technologies on their own,
+
+just by existing, play a
+part in the causal chain,
+
+independent of human
+actions, that's
+
+really at the core of the issue.
+
+We'll talk about that more, but
+let's look at Bimber's three--
+
+he categorizes three groups
+of approaches, accounts
+
+of technological determinism.
+
+He's trying to narrow the field,
+because so many people have
+
+talked about this.
+
+He's trying to narrow the field
+down, and sort of categorize
+
+the ideas about this.
+
+Let's start with the
+norm-based account.
+
+What's the norm-based account?
+
+What are the norms that
+he's talking about?
+
+AUDIENCE: So basically,
+that technology
+
+is like a human activity.
+
+People create technology.
+
+They get together
+and make things,
+
+then their actions are
+governed by whatever
+
+political body is ruling.
+
+And also he talks about
+the fear of productivity
+
+over ethical things.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+the key-- I think
+
+that's the key point
+in norm-based accounts.
+
+Somebody else want to
+build on that idea?
+
+Norm-based?
+
+So the norms he's
+talking about-- he's
+
+basically talking
+about where people
+
+give up some control
+to technology,
+
+right, giving up some
+control to technology.
+
+And he's talking about
+that based on these norms.
+
+And what are the norms?
+
+You mentioned one of the
+norms that he mentions,
+
+which was-- which
+one did you say?
+
+AUDIENCE: Productivity.
+
+PROFESSOR: Productivity.
+
+Productivity, that's right.
+
+What are some of the other
+norms that he describes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Logic.
+
+PROFESSOR: Logic.
+
+Logic.
+
+And often with logic is reason.
+
+Logic, reason, productivity,
+efficiency, those
+
+are the norms that he's talking
+in the norms-based account.
+
+And what he's
+talking about-- how
+
+this is a sort of technological
+determinism is that people say,
+
+well, I don't know if
+I like this technology,
+
+but it makes my life easier.
+
+It's more efficient, or
+it's a reasonable approach.
+
+That's sort of a giving up
+of some control, but not all
+
+control.
+
+Ultimately, does he say that
+the norm-based account is
+
+a technological determinism?
+
+No.
+
+He rejects it because
+humans still play some role,
+
+but don't have complete control.
+
+OK, the second one.
+
+Let's go to-- let's jump
+to unintended consequences.
+
+What are the unintended
+consequences?
+
+AUDIENCE: Basically,
+you have a technology,
+
+and you're creating
+it for some purpose.
+
+And then, way down the road, it
+has some completely different
+
+affect that you
+couldn't have predicted.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+Now how is that a
+technological-- suggests
+
+perhaps a technological
+determinism?
+
+AUDIENCE: For instance, he
+brought up the example cars.
+
+They were created to
+clean up the streets
+
+so there wouldn't be
+horses everywhere.
+
+And then it kind of led to
+this whole Co2 emissions,
+
+and that's kind of a
+technological determinism,
+
+because we couldn't have
+prevented that because we
+
+couldn't have predicted
+it in the first place.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+unintended consequences.
+
+Technologies have results
+that we may not foresee.
+
+And that gives us a sign
+that the technology--
+
+it suggests perhaps,
+that the technology has
+
+some sort of agency,
+that technology
+
+is doing something
+out of our control.
+
+That's another
+reason why it might
+
+be seen as a
+technological determinism.
+
+Does Bimber ultimately
+say that it's
+
+a technological determinism?
+
+No, he cuts that one out too.
+
+And why?
+
+AUDIENCE: He makes
+the distinction that
+
+because it's-- just because it's
+uncontrollable and unintended,
+
+doesn't mean that
+it's deterministic.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, that's true.
+
+And also that humans
+still have agency rights.
+
+Humans still played a role in
+creating those technologies,
+
+introducing them, so
+it doesn't completely
+
+remove the human agency.
+
+Finally, we get to the
+logical sequence account,
+
+which is the one that
+he wants to hold up
+
+as the real, pure
+technological determinism.
+
+And what is the logical
+sequence account?
+
+AUDIENCE: The technology itself,
+creates the social change.
+
+PROFESSOR: Technology
+creates social change,
+
+that's one aspect of the
+logical sequence account.
+
+What are some other aspects of
+the logical sequence account?
+
+AUDIENCE: That the existing
+technologies will always
+
+entirely determine what next
+technologies [INAUDIBLE]
+
+emerge.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, and that
+there's a logical sequence.
+
+Both it's logical,
+one leads to another,
+
+and that there's a sequence.
+
+Anybody want to flesh out
+that idea a little bit more?
+
+With this logical
+sequence, can we
+
+think of an example of how
+somebody might interpret
+
+this logical sequence
+in our world,
+
+or in some sort of
+practical context?
+
+AUDIENCE: Steam
+before combustion.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, like you have
+to go through the steam engine,
+
+before we go through
+combustion engine,
+
+before we move through
+different technologies.
+
+AUDIENCE: Bronze Age.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+We see this all the time
+in simulation games,
+
+like Sim World or
+something, where
+
+you're building a little
+artificial culture,
+
+and you have to go
+through the Iron Age
+
+before you do this
+and that, and that's
+
+an idea of a logical
+sequence of technology.
+
+Does it have to be like that?
+
+Do you agree?
+
+Is that--
+
+AUDIENCE: I was
+just going to say
+
+that it was regardless
+of where it was and who--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+The logical sequence
+happens regardless
+
+of geography, regardless of
+background, ethnicity, climate,
+
+cultural context,
+economics, politics.
+
+AUDIENCE: Personally,
+I disagree.
+
+I may be biased because we just
+read the [INAUDIBLE] article.
+
+But basically this is
+making everything linear,
+
+which, as we found out,
+isn't really the best model.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so it does
+suggest a linear trajectory.
+
+That's absolutely right.
+
+I think that's a good flaw.
+
+What else makes you wonder
+about this logical sequence?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's very
+Western Eurocentric.
+
+It's about our
+sequence that we've
+
+gone through
+[INTERPOSING VOICES] sequences
+
+happen elsewhere.
+
+So the idea that you need to
+go through certain steps--
+
+and like now with
+globalization you
+
+see in Africa they
+use cell phones,
+
+but they don't use
+landline phones.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a great example.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's not
+necessarily, basically
+
+leapfrogging all these things.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's true.
+
+We have great examples of that.
+
+And of course, the idea
+that the logical sequence is
+
+our sequence is
+pretty, I think, true.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] logical,
+because once you look back
+
+and you see which
+steps have occurred,
+
+it's hard to imagine another
+set of steps occurring.
+
+I [INAUDIBLE] with the
+deterministic quality
+
+of the universe, because
+we assume that everything--
+
+if you assume determinism
+in the universe,
+
+then obviously technological
+determinism holds.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+But of course we
+have people that
+
+are embracing
+technological determinism,
+
+without really being
+philosophical determinists.
+
+Great, so that's Bimber.
+
+And Bimber sets
+this out, and that's
+
+the really important
+thing for us.
+
+Now that we have a good idea
+of technological determinism,
+
+he doesn't want to say
+these other things are
+
+technological
+determinism, but I think
+
+we can think of them as
+technological determinism
+
+light.
+
+They're there, they happen.
+
+So the reason why I find
+this concept so interesting
+
+and relevant to us is because
+we find aspects of technological
+
+determinism all around
+us in our lives, .
+
+in commentary that people offer,
+both in the media and in casual
+
+discourse.
+
+And I'm wondering
+if you guys can
+
+think of some casual ways
+in which people reinforce
+
+or suggest technological
+determinism?
+
+Casual ways people
+talk about technology--
+
+AUDIENCE: Just our
+idea of the future.
+
+We've predetermined
+what future is supposed
+
+to look like in science fiction.
+
+And so now if someone wants
+to design a product that
+
+looks futuristic, then they have
+a model to work with already.
+
+Even though it
+hasn't happened yet.
+
+PROFESSOR: Interesting.
+
+Interesting.
+
+Are people making
+choices there though?
+
+Or are they--
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess we've
+made a choice that's
+
+supposed to drive some type of
+aesthetics of our development.
+
+These are the products that
+people develop and have
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: I think that's-- I
+think there's two layers there.
+
+One is not technological
+determinism,
+
+that it's sort of the
+result of creativity,
+
+of fancy, that
+imagines that future.
+
+That's one part.
+
+The part that's technological
+deterministic about that
+
+is the idea that, that
+future looks a certain way
+
+and is often better, or good,
+or more efficient, or more
+
+Star Trek like.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think that you
+can consider a social aesthetic
+
+that's [INAUDIBLE] your norm,
+or would that maybe not qualify?
+
+PROFESSOR: What do you
+mean a social aesthetic?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like he was saying,
+we had this predetermined way,
+
+just because of how popular
+the idea of the future was,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] maybe [INAUDIBLE]
+the stereotypical Star Trek
+
+idea.
+
+And then you have an idea of
+what a spaceship looks like,
+
+even though it does not exist.
+
+Can you call that--
+you can define
+
+that as a social aesthetic?
+
+Can you call that a norm
+for certain [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that's interesting.
+
+I think--
+
+AUDIENCE: File that under
+norm-based accounts?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+that's interesting.
+
+I think it is a norm.
+
+I think it is-- there's some
+freedom there though, right?
+
+Because we can
+imagine other things.
+
+So I think science
+fiction offers
+
+some freedom and
+actually some ways out
+
+of a technological
+deterministic approach.
+
+Let me give you an example.
+
+One way in which I think that we
+see technological determinism,
+
+is whenever people give
+agency to technologies.
+
+So remember when we are
+reading the Stern article,
+
+and he kept on saying
+the MP3 does this.
+
+The MP3 has changed
+the way that we
+
+listen to-- That sentence,
+in and of itself,
+
+I think is problematic,
+because it implies
+
+that the MP3 is doing something.
+
+Is the MP3 doing something?
+
+Do you think it does something?
+
+Gets up, has a nice day,
+forces you to listen to music
+
+at a lower cost and
+a lower quality?
+
+AUDIENCE: Technically
+we were talking
+
+about how it's not
+the MP3, but it's
+
+the person who developed the
+MP3 coding that does [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Either the developer or
+the user are real agents.
+
+But this casual use of language,
+this attribution of agency
+
+to technologies, I think
+is a significant point
+
+of how these technological
+deterministic ideas creep
+
+into our thinking
+about technology.
+
+Can you think of any others?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was going to
+say there is something
+
+to be said though for the idea
+that these technologies embody,
+
+in certain ways,
+the ideas of people.
+
+So, the people who made
+the MP3, had certain ideas
+
+about how people
+hear and listen,
+
+and so that sort of
+built into the MP3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+AUDIENCE: So in a sense, we
+can say the MP3 does do stuff.
+
+You play it and it plays music
+back, and it has properties.
+
+So in a certain sense, those
+properties can shape things.
+
+There isn't agency
+necessarily of the MP3,
+
+but they are reflective of
+human agency cycled back.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a bunch of math.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, and it's sort
+of this casual use of language
+
+that sort of overlooks the
+humans behind the process.
+
+And I think that it's not-- that
+that's important to recognize,
+
+that that process is happening.
+
+Can you think of other examples
+of this, where we casually
+
+sort of give technology a power
+that it may not really have?
+
+AUDIENCE: The nuclear
+bomb overturned ordinary
+
+in the 20th century.
+
+It's completely different now.
+
+All political
+science has changed,
+
+international relations.
+
+And so I don't know if you give
+the agency to the bomb itself,
+
+or to it's inventors.
+
+But it changed a lot.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+true, that's true.
+
+And it-- very casually, people
+say things like the Nuclear Age
+
+transformed geopolitics.
+
+But again, the question I
+raise is, well, was it that?
+
+Or was it the people
+behind it, and the culture,
+
+that led to that?
+
+And is it significant
+in our language
+
+if we make a distinction?
+
+AUDIENCE: At the
+same time, I don't
+
+know if any of the people who
+developed it had a choice.
+
+Because at the time,
+there was a competition.
+
+And so you could look at that
+as a deterministic factor
+
+also, that once
+some spark goes off
+
+and there's this idea
+of the nuclear bomb,
+
+the superpowers have no choice
+but to develop it, and have
+
+no choice but to go
+into the Nuclear Age.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+one of the arguments
+
+for technological determinism.
+
+Yeah, that's right
+
+AUDIENCE: Once you're
+in the Nuclear Age,
+
+you can't leave it.
+
+PROFESSOR: That some
+technologies sort of push you
+
+like this.
+
+Some would say, and
+I would probably say,
+
+that we still have control.
+
+That we can still make a choice,
+and getting to that position
+
+that we were in,
+was still a choice.
+
+I mean now we're
+trying for-- we're
+
+attempting to do
+nuclear disarmament.
+
+And that's a choice to take that
+away, whether that can work--
+
+AUDIENCE: But what
+you can't take away,
+
+is the knowledge of
+how to build bomb.
+
+So even if everyone
+disarms, then
+
+should things get tense
+again, will people
+
+start building again?
+
+You really can never go back.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah that's
+an argument for--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] I
+think it's optimistic,
+
+in a sense, that some
+people theorize that you can
+
+in fact destroy knowledge
+by rewriting history
+
+books [INAUDIBLE] 1,000
+years [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Well, and there's
+contemporary examples
+
+of countries doing that in
+explicit and inexplicit ways.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+any knowledge globally?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's hard.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+it's hard to prove.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So I think again another sort
+of telltale sign for this
+
+is when people say-- talk
+about technology evolving.
+
+That's another use of language
+that raises a question for me,
+
+because technology
+itself in my view,
+
+I don't think actually evolves.
+
+Humans change their
+uses of technology,
+
+and technology changes.
+
+But to say that
+technology itself evolves,
+
+I think this is a
+problematic thing.
+
+Another common way is this idea
+that the technologies we have
+
+are the best.
+
+That's a very common idea.
+
+People think oh,
+the technologies we
+
+have are the best.
+
+Are they the best?
+
+We don't know.
+
+AUDIENCE: His whole umbrella,
+technological determinism,
+
+and technology evolves in this
+direction and the current one
+
+is the best.
+
+I think people
+spend a lot of money
+
+to make us all believe
+that particular idea.
+
+Particularly some
+technological tycoons
+
+out in Seattle, and
+maybe in Silicon Valley.
+
+There's a couple of
+guys I have in mind
+
+who thought it was certainly
+in their best interest
+
+to make you think that in
+order to get best access
+
+the internet, you need this best
+technology browser, which works
+
+with this best operating
+system and best platform,
+
+and it goes in this way.
+
+And thankfully, we make it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+And those ideas, I think seep
+into the culture and seep
+
+into the discourse.
+
+And people who don't engage in
+technology, tend to think that.
+
+And they have a
+sort of resignation
+
+that they don't play an
+active role in technology.
+
+That technology is just there.
+
+OK, well they buy the
+product, or they're
+
+sort of passive consumers
+of technology, and not
+
+active agents in technology.
+
+And I think this idea of
+technological determinism
+
+helps us remind ourselves
+that we are active agents.
+
+Well, it may be a little
+easier for you guys.
+
+But it's important
+that everyone realize,
+
+even those unskilled
+and untrained
+
+are active agents in shaping
+what technologies happen,
+
+and what technologies
+move forward.
+
+A lot of people don't
+see that all the time.
+
+OK, so the last
+case now, in terms
+
+of music technology--
+in our look
+
+so far at music technologies,
+do we have examples?
+
+Does our look at
+music technology
+
+support this idea of
+technological determinism,
+
+or does it counter it?
+
+Can we think of some
+things we've seen so far?
+
+AUDIENCE: Could the development
+of a certain type of instrument
+
+follow a logical
+sequence approach?
+
+Starting at the lute,
+moving all the way
+
+down to the electric guitar?
+
+PROFESSOR: A determinist
+might say, yes,
+
+the electric guitar
+is the logical outcome
+
+of the [? Ude ?].
+
+A determinist might say that.
+
+Do you think that's true?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't know.
+
+I feel like that
+probably wouldn't
+
+be the case, because
+it's either looking
+
+at it like the development and
+evolution of the instrument
+
+affected the course
+of music history,
+
+or it's the other way around,
+that music history affected
+
+the evolution, if you want to
+call it, of the instrument.
+
+So I have to give more
+credit to [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Me too.
+
+AUDIENCE: Quite a bit
+of music technology
+
+follows competing power,
+which is determined
+
+by literally a law,
+Moore's law, so--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not
+determined by Moore's law.
+
+Moore's law is empirical,
+based on an estimation
+
+of what happens.
+
+It's not determined--
+
+AUDIENCE: It is a law, though.
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+think it's a law.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're not
+coming out with a better chip
+
+every 18 months, you're
+breaking the law.
+
+It's pretty important that you--
+
+PROFESSOR: Is it a law?
+
+I don't think--
+
+AUDIENCE: You get booted out of
+Silicon Valley, if you don't.
+
+It's a real thing.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a
+economic practice.
+
+So music techno-- go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+seems very confused
+
+that they have no
+way of measuring
+
+how successful a theory is.
+
+I feel like what we
+need to be looking at
+
+is their predictive power.
+
+So if we have a theory that
+says technologies are going
+
+to determine what
+happens next, then we
+
+should be able to kind of put
+these building blocks together
+
+from where we are now.
+
+And say, OK, ten years
+down the line, here's
+
+exactly what's
+going to be there.
+
+And then we can measure that.
+
+This hasn't happened.
+
+These theories have been
+around for a long time.
+
+So I feel like the
+ones that claim
+
+that things are deterministic,
+that they should really
+
+be able to back that up.
+
+And they haven't.
+
+PROFESSOR: I agree.
+
+And that makes it
+very clear and simple.
+
+But what I find
+really interesting
+
+is that these ideas of
+technological determinism
+
+sort of seep into our culture,
+and seep into our discourse.
+
+Even though, as you
+point out there,
+
+there's some ways where, very
+clearly, it could be tested,
+
+and could be shown
+to not always follow.
+
+And so in many cases--
+
+AUDIENCE: They do
+say-- he mentioned
+
+Robert Heilbroner in there.
+
+And Heilbroner has this thing
+about technological determinism
+
+that one of the reasons that you
+might [INAUDIBLE] or anything,
+
+is that people have
+predicted historically
+
+technological developments.
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES] which
+is sort of a crazy idea,
+
+I think, because it's not like
+they printed a lot of things.
+
+And so it's sort of
+hard, that's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Nostradamus is
+right three out of 1,000 times.
+
+AUDIENCE: People say there's
+going to be flying skateboards.
+
+There's all these things
+that people predict,
+
+and [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Well, there is the issue of a
+sort of simultaneous discovery,
+
+where people separated in
+different regions come up
+
+with the same inventions
+at the same time.
+
+There's many examples
+of that, which
+
+is kind of an interesting case.
+
+But again, to
+music technologies.
+
+I think music technologies
+pose an interesting challenge
+
+to this idea of
+technological determinism
+
+because, one, we see the role of
+aesthetics and cultural factors
+
+making the choices that
+determine what technologies are
+
+successful and
+how they are used.
+
+Nobody intended the disk
+based player of a gramophone
+
+to be used as a
+musical instrument
+
+for altering the playback speed.
+
+Nobody intended the
+components of a radio
+
+to be hacked together
+to build a synthesizer.
+
+Nobody intended
+countless other examples
+
+of repurposing-- that
+was one of our articles,
+
+talked about the idea of
+repurposing technologies.
+
+We see many examples of
+that in music technology.
+
+We were talking
+about the attraction
+
+to 8-bit technologies.
+
+We see people going back
+to older technologies,
+
+inferior technologies,
+for aesthetic reasons,
+
+not for a technological
+logical sequence.
+
+And I think those give us
+some interesting examples
+
+of deviating from the
+deterministic approach.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I
+absolutely agree.
+
+And especially-- you
+were saying that in order
+
+to subscribe to the
+deterministic view,
+
+you need to have some
+sort of predictive power.
+
+It enumerates that
+you're actually
+
+committing some kind of
+fallacy that's really common.
+
+Which is to say, because it
+did happen in this direction,
+
+you forget that there were
+other possible directions
+
+that it could have
+gone into, that
+
+were dependent on
+a bunch of factors
+
+you didn't even think about.
+
+I wonder how dependent
+rock and roll, and all
+
+of the technologies
+that go along with it,
+
+be it distortion pedals or
+different kinds of guitars
+
+and pickups, is dependant on
+World War II, and the baby
+
+boomer generation happening, and
+the rebellious kids and stuff.
+
+PROFESSOR: You mean
+just independent
+
+of the technologies?
+
+AUDIENCE: If World
+War II never happened,
+
+we'd never have
+distortion pedals, right?
+
+It's probably true.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the Scott model
+talks about an interconnected
+
+web.
+
+And I don't like to
+give agency to machines,
+
+that's just my personal opinion.
+
+If you guys want to give agency
+to the machines in your lives,
+
+that's good for you.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+music though?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, not at all.
+
+In fact, I've argued
+very strenuously
+
+for the opposite
+of that, and that's
+
+a case where it becomes
+really, really interesting.
+
+But this is, I think,
+a useful thing for us
+
+to think about as
+we move forward.
+
+Other comments?
+
+OK, let's make some noise.
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/GRc5GKMNuho.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
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+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
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+the following content is provided under
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+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
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+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
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+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you it's a pleasure to be here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you it's a pleasure to be here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you it's a pleasure to be here so
+I'm going to talk about winomi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about winomi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about winomi
+trigonometry is a new nonprofit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry is a new nonprofit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry is a new nonprofit that
+enlists the market in solving climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlists the market in solving climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlists the market in solving climate
+change enlisting the market means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change enlisting the market means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change enlisting the market means that
+we want to allow everyone to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to allow everyone to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to allow everyone to know the
+carbon footprint of everything and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint of everything and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint of everything and for
+that we need to fix carbon footprint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to fix carbon footprint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to fix carbon footprint so
+that's what I want to talk about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to talk about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to talk about and
+it's not a secret to you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a secret to you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a secret to you that the
+country took like a different trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country took like a different trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country took like a different trajectory
+than reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+16 of the last 17 years were the hottest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 of the last 17 years were the hottest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 of the last 17 years were the hottest
+on on record and then policy is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on record and then policy is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on record and then policy is going on
+the opposite direction so if we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction so if we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction so if we would
+expect the emitters the supply side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the emitters the supply side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the emitters the supply side to
+be major a major part of the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be major a major part of the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be major a major part of the solution
+they have less incentive to be a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have less incentive to be a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have less incentive to be a major
+part of the solution right now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution right now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution right now because
+they're not forced to so the power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not forced to so the power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not forced to so the power that
+we want to engage is the market and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to engage is the market and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to engage is the market and if
+you think about it the market is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it the market is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it the market is maybe
+the largest force on the planet think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest force on the planet think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest force on the planet think
+about nearly 7 billion buyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nearly 7 billion buyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nearly 7 billion buyers
+trillions of dollars of investors about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions of dollars of investors about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillions of dollars of investors about
+400 companies control 70% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 companies control 70% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 companies control 70% of the
+commodity trading think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity trading think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity trading think about the
+decision power these entities health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision power these entities health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision power these entities health
+universities have univer every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities have univer every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities have univer every
+university including this one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university including this one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university including this one has a
+climate action plan cities about 70% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate action plan cities about 70% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate action plan cities about 70% of
+the carbon emission in the on the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon emission in the on the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon emission in the on the planet
+is related to cities and so on so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to cities and so on so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to cities and so on so we
+want to engage the market the oxygen of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to engage the market the oxygen of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to engage the market the oxygen of
+markets is metrics not markets needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is metrics not markets needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets is metrics not markets needs to
+be run by numbers and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be run by numbers and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be run by numbers and the problem is
+that carbon footprint is broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon footprint is broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbon footprint is broken
+this system doesn't add up if I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system doesn't add up if I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system doesn't add up if I would
+ask any of you was the carbon footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask any of you was the carbon footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask any of you was the carbon footprint
+of nearly anything you wouldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nearly anything you wouldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nearly anything you wouldn't know
+it's so vague so we need to fix carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so vague so we need to fix carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so vague so we need to fix carbon
+footprint to activate the market to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint to activate the market to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint to activate the market to be
+part of the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the solution
+want to talk more about this point so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk more about this point so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk more about this point so if
+you look at how many searches are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how many searches are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how many searches are done
+for the term carbon footprint on Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the term carbon footprint on Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the term carbon footprint on Google
+you would see the rise and fall of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see the rise and fall of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see the rise and fall of
+carbon footprint it was it was high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint it was it was high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint it was it was high and
+then went low if you look at newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went low if you look at newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then went low if you look at newspaper
+articles it also went lower on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles it also went lower on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles it also went lower on the other
+hand academic publications went up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand academic publications went up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand academic publications went up so
+there's a gap between knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap between knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap between knowledge and
+actual public engagement in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual public engagement in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual public engagement in the actual
+information of what is a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of what is a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of what is a carbon
+footprint and part of the mission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and part of the mission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and part of the mission of
+Green AMA tree in order to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green AMA tree in order to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green AMA tree in order to allow
+everyone to know the carbon footprint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to know the carbon footprint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to know the carbon footprint of
+everything is to bridge this gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is to bridge this gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is to bridge this gap between
+knowledge and actual behavior so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and actual behavior so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and actual behavior so what
+does well what makes a good metric next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well what makes a good metric next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well what makes a good metric next
+so how do we build a good carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we build a good carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we build a good carbon
+footprint to answer this question a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint to answer this question a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint to answer this question a few
+years ago I went to meet Daniel Kahneman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I went to meet Daniel Kahneman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago I went to meet Daniel Kahneman
+the Nobel Prize winner in economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize winner in economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize winner in economics and
+we had a long conversation about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a long conversation about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a long conversation about what
+makes a good metrics and essentially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good metrics and essentially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a good metrics and essentially you
+need to think of two components one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of two components one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think of two components one is
+simplicity it needs to be simple we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity it needs to be simple we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity it needs to be simple we need
+to maybe able to make estimations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe able to make estimations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe able to make estimations to
+make back-of-the-envelope quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make back-of-the-envelope quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make back-of-the-envelope quantitative
+reasoning and you need accuracy in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and you need accuracy in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning and you need accuracy in every
+decision most decisions in life we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision most decisions in life we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision most decisions in life we use
+this ability to make estimations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability to make estimations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ability to make estimations we
+estimate distances us to make price who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate distances us to make price who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate distances us to make price who
+has to make the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to make the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to make the probability that the
+jury will be on our favor we do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury will be on our favor we do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury will be on our favor we do those
+estimations all the time someone on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimations all the time someone on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimations all the time someone on the
+diet can estimate calories with pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet can estimate calories with pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diet can estimate calories with pretty
+good accuracy if you like sports then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good accuracy if you like sports then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good accuracy if you like sports then
+you would know that an Olympic athlete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know that an Olympic athlete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would know that an Olympic athlete
+will run a hundred meters of at about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run a hundred meters of at about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will run a hundred meters of at about 10
+seconds but then you need the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but then you need the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but then you need the accuracy
+in order to have a race to the top who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have a race to the top who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have a race to the top who
+is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best
+it's fractions of seconds and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fractions of seconds and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fractions of seconds and if you
+think about carbon footprint and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about carbon footprint and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about carbon footprint and you
+want to compare two probe two products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare two probe two products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare two probe two products
+that are the same two running shoes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the same two running shoes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the same two running shoes you
+need the accuracy in order to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the accuracy in order to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the accuracy in order to determine
+between the two them so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two them so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two them so you need
+simplicity and you need accuracy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity and you need accuracy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity and you need accuracy the
+simplicity is this quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity is this quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity is this quantitative
+reasoning or quantitative intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning or quantitative intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning or quantitative intuition
+which is sort of vague or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of vague or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of vague or sort of
+elusive but quantitative attrition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elusive but quantitative attrition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elusive but quantitative attrition the
+way to build it according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to build it according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to build it according to this
+beautiful book thinking of fast and slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful book thinking of fast and slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful book thinking of fast and slow
+is by thinking about two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by thinking about two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by thinking about two things
+this inconsistency if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inconsistency if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inconsistency if you have a
+consistent signal like the calories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent signal like the calories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent signal like the calories of
+food and you think about it daily it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and you think about it daily it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and you think about it daily it
+becomes intuitive so how do how well are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes intuitive so how do how well are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes intuitive so how do how well are
+we doing on carbon footprint and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing on carbon footprint and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we doing on carbon footprint and the
+easiest thing to think about is a gallon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest thing to think about is a gallon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest thing to think about is a gallon
+of gas this is like the one major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas this is like the one major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas this is like the one major
+decision that we nearly make daily put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that we nearly make daily put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that we nearly make daily put
+gas in our car it's very energy dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in our car it's very energy dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in our car it's very energy dense
+and this is like the largest emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like the largest emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like the largest emission
+that we do and about two hours a year we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do and about two hours a year we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do and about two hours a year we
+have nothing better to do just fuel our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing better to do just fuel our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing better to do just fuel our
+cars and look at the price that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and look at the price that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and look at the price that's why
+the price is presented with fractions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is presented with fractions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is presented with fractions of
+cents so how good can how well can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents so how good can how well can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents so how good can how well can we
+tell the carbon content how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the carbon content how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the carbon content how much the
+carbon emission of a gallon of gas so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission of a gallon of gas so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon emission of a gallon of gas so we
+were curious about this question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were curious about this question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were curious about this question and
+with a friend at Northeastern University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a friend at Northeastern University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a friend at Northeastern University
+we've asked 300 people what's the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've asked 300 people what's the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've asked 300 people what's the how
+much carbon they emit when they put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much carbon they emit when they put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much carbon they emit when they put one
+gallon of gas in their car the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of gas in their car the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of gas in their car the variation
+of the answer was two to three orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer was two to three orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer was two to three orders of
+magnitude between grams and tones sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude between grams and tones sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude between grams and tones sort
+of or tens of grams of tones think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or tens of grams of tones think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or tens of grams of tones think about
+going into a Starbucks wanting to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a Starbucks wanting to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into a Starbucks wanting to buy a
+cup of coffee and don't know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of coffee and don't know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup of coffee and don't know if it's
+going to cost you $300 or 0.3 cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost you $300 or 0.3 cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost you $300 or 0.3 cents
+that's how bad we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how bad we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how bad we are
+so what helped us the market help to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what helped us the market help to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what helped us the market help to fix
+this problem if we look at numbers in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem if we look at numbers in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem if we look at numbers in an
+anecdotal way with as adjectives gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotal way with as adjectives gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotal way with as adjectives gram
+stones everything is confused it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones everything is confused it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones everything is confused it's
+either that we don't care or that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that we don't care or that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that we don't care or that we're
+too lazy to actually do the math or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too lazy to actually do the math or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too lazy to actually do the math or
+something else is wrong in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is wrong in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else is wrong in the system
+that we want to fix by the way we're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to fix by the way we're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to fix by the way we're so
+surprised by this result that we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by this result that we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by this result that we asked
+thousand people and got the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people and got the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand people and got the same result
+this is a lobe scale the x-axis are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lobe scale the x-axis are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lobe scale the x-axis are
+questions that are also relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are also relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that are also relevant to the
+daily life like what the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life like what the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily life like what the weight of the
+car you know you don't lift your car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you know you don't lift your car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you know you don't lift your car and
+still it's orders of magnitude better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's orders of magnitude better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's orders of magnitude better
+estimation than carbon something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation than carbon something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation than carbon something is
+fundamentally wrong with carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally wrong with carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally wrong with carbon
+footprint if you put the same data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint if you put the same data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint if you put the same data in
+different Carbon calculators online the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Carbon calculators online the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Carbon calculators online the
+results vary varies by 300% so MIT wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results vary varies by 300% so MIT wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results vary varies by 300% so MIT wants
+to reduce its carbon footprint but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce its carbon footprint but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce its carbon footprint but let's
+say 30 percent and we use a system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 30 percent and we use a system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 30 percent and we use a system with
+uncertainty of 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty of 3
+so where's the must and that obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where's the must and that obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where's the must and that obviously
+gives rise to all kinds of anecdotes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to all kinds of anecdotes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to all kinds of anecdotes you
+can see newspaper articles about saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see newspaper articles about saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see newspaper articles about saving
+the planet by sending less emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet by sending less emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planet by sending less emails
+because the email is 0.3 grams and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the email is 0.3 grams and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the email is 0.3 grams and in
+the world of anecdotes of adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of anecdotes of adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of anecdotes of adjectives
+they grow monotone is the same so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grow monotone is the same so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they grow monotone is the same so you
+don't bother to do the math it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother to do the math it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't bother to do the math it's zero
+point four zeros a gallon of gas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four zeros a gallon of gas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point four zeros a gallon of gas right
+if you look at the way that companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the way that companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the way that companies
+are handling this program look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are handling this program look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are handling this program look at
+Timberland Timberland is probably one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timberland Timberland is probably one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Timberland Timberland is probably one of
+the companies that were the best years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies that were the best years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies that were the best years
+to give to have a good sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give to have a good sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give to have a good sustainability
+program they had a committed CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program they had a committed CEO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program they had a committed CEO
+committed shareholders the customers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed shareholders the customers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed shareholders the customers are
+the outdoor people so who is better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor people so who is better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outdoor people so who is better so
+they wanted to reduce the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to reduce the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to reduce the carbon
+footprint and they built beautiful a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and they built beautiful a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint and they built beautiful a
+great sustainability reports there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sustainability reports there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sustainability reports there were
+prize winners in terms of the sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize winners in terms of the sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize winners in terms of the sudden
+it's a terrible performance the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible performance the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible performance the way
+carbon footprint is built so they looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint is built so they looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint is built so they looked
+at only their on-site emissions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at only their on-site emissions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at only their on-site emissions what
+they're responsible for which turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're responsible for which turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're responsible for which turns out
+to be about four percent of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about four percent of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be about four percent of the total
+emission the other about twenty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission the other about twenty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission the other about twenty percent
+is electricity and then the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electricity and then the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is electricity and then the rest is
+supply chain so they did a phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain so they did a phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain so they did a phenomenal
+walk reducing twenty percent of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk reducing twenty percent of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk reducing twenty percent of the four
+percent and that's the best company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and that's the best company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and that's the best company and
+then they said let's engage our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they said let's engage our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they said let's engage our
+customers our outdoor people so the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers our outdoor people so the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers our outdoor people so the head
+of a label a product label on the shoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a label a product label on the shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a label a product label on the shoes
+an average Timberland shoe is about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average Timberland shoe is about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average Timberland shoe is about two
+kilowatt hour definite the accuracy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour definite the accuracy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour definite the accuracy was
+such that all the shoes were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all the shoes were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that all the shoes were two
+kilowatt hour and who is the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour and who is the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour and who is the consumer
+that knows what's a kilowatt hour in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knows what's a kilowatt hour in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knows what's a kilowatt hour in the
+contents of a shoe what buying decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of a shoe what buying decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of a shoe what buying decisions
+that we make so after 18 month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make so after 18 month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make so after 18 month of
+building this program they had a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this program they had a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this program they had a label
+and just and they took it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just and they took it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just and they took it out so
+something is fundamentally wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is fundamentally wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is fundamentally wrong with
+the way we try to fix the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we try to fix the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we try to fix the problem of
+climate change through the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change through the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change through the market
+because the market doesn't have metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market doesn't have metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market doesn't have metrics
+because carbon footprint doesn't work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because carbon footprint doesn't work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because carbon footprint doesn't work so
+let's look at how carbon footprint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how carbon footprint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how carbon footprint is
+built what are we doing so it's divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built what are we doing so it's divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built what are we doing so it's divided
+to a few scopes scope one is what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few scopes scope one is what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few scopes scope one is what we do
+on site scope two is the electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on site scope two is the electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on site scope two is the electricity
+that we purchase and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we purchase and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we purchase and it's the
+otoscope to avoid the a double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otoscope to avoid the a double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otoscope to avoid the a double counting
+then supply chain is hugely complex it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then supply chain is hugely complex it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then supply chain is hugely complex it
+is scope 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scope 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scope 3
+this complex because how do I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex because how do I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex because how do I know what
+the supply is supplier in China or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply is supplier in China or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply is supplier in China or in
+Vietnam or in Malaysia is doing and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam or in Malaysia is doing and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam or in Malaysia is doing and how
+do I allocate their emissions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I allocate their emissions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I allocate their emissions to the
+different other customers and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other customers and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different other customers and then there
+are things that are really important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that are really important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that are really important and
+are not included like water or land use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not included like water or land use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not included like water or land use
+next step is to convert this consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is to convert this consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is to convert this consumption
+to a to a metric which is tons of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a to a metric which is tons of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a to a metric which is tons of co2
+and then we need to read the tons of co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to read the tons of co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to read the tons of co2
+so what needs fixing the on-site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what needs fixing the on-site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what needs fixing the on-site
+emission is pretty well I mean we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is pretty well I mean we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is pretty well I mean we can
+measure it we can measure our natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it we can measure our natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it we can measure our natural
+gas that you'll hear about soon we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that you'll hear about soon we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that you'll hear about soon we can
+all everything that on site is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all everything that on site is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all everything that on site is pretty
+fixed is okay electricity is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed is okay electricity is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed is okay electricity is a very
+complex problem because we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem because we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex problem because we need to solve
+the inverse problem I'm here consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse problem I'm here consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse problem I'm here consuming
+electricity in this room some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in this room some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity in this room some of it
+might come from the Cochin plant down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come from the Cochin plant down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might come from the Cochin plant down
+the road some of it might come from New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road some of it might come from New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road some of it might come from New
+England I saw from solar panels from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England I saw from solar panels from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England I saw from solar panels from
+hydro-québec how do I solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro-québec how do I solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro-québec how do I solve this problem
+it's an its prominent wasn't sold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an its prominent wasn't sold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an its prominent wasn't sold in
+supply chain as I said is hugely complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain as I said is hugely complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain as I said is hugely complex
+needs to be fixed and then water needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be fixed and then water needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be fixed and then water needs
+to be fixed and then I need a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fixed and then I need a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fixed and then I need a metric
+which is intuitive so it will won't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is intuitive so it will won't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is intuitive so it will won't talk
+with those anecdotes so it's a hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those anecdotes so it's a hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those anecdotes so it's a hugely
+complex system because agricultural in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system because agricultural in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex system because agricultural in a
+gradual waste and where everything comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradual waste and where everything comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradual waste and where everything comes
+from is we live in a very stopping for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is we live in a very stopping for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is we live in a very stopping for
+the infrastructure is very complex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure is very complex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure is very complex and
+as I mentioned we need to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned we need to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned we need to solve the
+inverse problem we're in the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse problem we're in the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse problem we're in the and
+receiving electricity and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving electricity and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving electricity and we need to
+walk out all the way upstream to see ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk out all the way upstream to see ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk out all the way upstream to see ok
+where this electricity is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this electricity is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this electricity is coming from
+electricity is one example and the added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is one example and the added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity is one example and the added
+problem is that your generation is busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that your generation is busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that your generation is busy
+doing something else clicking on add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else clicking on add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else clicking on add the
+best data scientist in this country are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best data scientist in this country are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best data scientist in this country are
+busy doing not so she not solving social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy doing not so she not solving social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy doing not so she not solving social
+problems but solving other problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but solving other problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but solving other problems so
+part of the things that we're doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the things that we're doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the things that we're doing with
+green Amma tree is trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Amma tree is trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green Amma tree is trying to build a
+tech company nonprofit nonprofit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech company nonprofit nonprofit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech company nonprofit nonprofit that
+acts like a tech company but the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts like a tech company but the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts like a tech company but the success
+criteria instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria instead of being
+building shareholder value it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building shareholder value it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building shareholder value it will be
+just a ballad co2 just reducing carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ballad co2 just reducing carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ballad co2 just reducing carbon
+footprint so what needs to be so we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint so what needs to be so we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint so what needs to be so we fix
+we want to fix the electricity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to fix the electricity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to fix the electricity the
+supply chain obviously with others we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain obviously with others we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain obviously with others we
+cannot do everything ourselves water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do everything ourselves water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do everything ourselves water and
+have a very simple unit which we call an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very simple unit which we call an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very simple unit which we call an
+energy point an energy point is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy point an energy point is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy point an energy point is simply
+ten kilograms of co2 very simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten kilograms of co2 very simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten kilograms of co2 very simple but
+it's equivalent to one gallon of gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent to one gallon of gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent to one gallon of gas so
+if I have if I have if I bought a shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I have if I bought a shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have if I have if I bought a shoe
+that is three energy points I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is three energy points I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is three energy points I know that
+it's equivalent to about three gallons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent to about three gallons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent to about three gallons
+of gas in my cars that have stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas in my cars that have stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gas in my cars that have stopped
+building this intuition and it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this intuition and it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this intuition and it's a huge
+path and we're in the beginning of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and we're in the beginning of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and we're in the beginning of this
+road because creating a new language a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road because creating a new language a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road because creating a new language a
+new quantitative way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new quantitative way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new quantitative way of thinking about
+things is a huge part so let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is a huge part so let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is a huge part so let me show you
+a few ways that we've handled this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few ways that we've handled this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few ways that we've handled this
+problem with data science so thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with data science so thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with data science so thinking
+about electricity the way carbon foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electricity the way carbon foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electricity the way carbon foot
+the carbon footprint of electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon footprint of electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon footprint of electricity is
+measured in this country right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in this country right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured in this country right now and
+the u.s. bio is leading in the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. bio is leading in the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. bio is leading in the world and
+God bless the EPA and I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God bless the EPA and I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God bless the EPA and I hope that
+they'll exist and be safe for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll exist and be safe for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll exist and be safe for a long
+time so the EPA divides the u.s. to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the EPA divides the u.s. to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the EPA divides the u.s. to
+twenty four regions provides that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty four regions provides that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty four regions provides that an
+annual average information with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual average information with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual average information with two
+years delay so just two weeks ago we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years delay so just two weeks ago we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years delay so just two weeks ago we got
+the 2014 information which is an annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2014 information which is an annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2014 information which is an annual
+average now as we know electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now as we know electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now as we know electricity is
+traded in ten minutes intervals and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded in ten minutes intervals and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded in ten minutes intervals and it's
+very and there's about twenty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very and there's about twenty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very and there's about twenty thousand
+power plants in the u.s. so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants in the u.s. so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plants in the u.s. so it's a
+hugely complex problem that needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely complex problem that needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely complex problem that needs to be
+solved and with more details so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and with more details so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved and with more details so we've
+developed a data science model what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a data science model what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a data science model what we
+didn't solve it entirely we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't solve it entirely we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't solve it entirely we just
+improved it and then published and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved it and then published and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved it and then published and made
+the data available we improved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data available we improved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data available we improved the
+cadence from annual to monthly or hourly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadence from annual to monthly or hourly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cadence from annual to monthly or hourly
+depends on the data available from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the data available from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the data available from the
+power plant and the spatial resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant and the spatial resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant and the spatial resolution
+from 24 238 so it's it's progress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 24 238 so it's it's progress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 24 238 so it's it's progress and
+it's and we're now providing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and we're now providing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and we're now providing this
+information to all developers through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to all developers through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to all developers through an
+API that will be launched next week so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+API that will be launched next week so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+API that will be launched next week so
+every developer that would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every developer that would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every developer that would like to
+develop an app the 12 that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an app the 12 that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an app the 12 that uses
+electricity can use our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity can use our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity can use our
+information and develop cool cool apps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and develop cool cool apps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and develop cool cool apps
+because the developers market is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the developers market is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the developers market is kind of
+stagnant in carbon footprint if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnant in carbon footprint if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnant in carbon footprint if the
+informant if the data is so boring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informant if the data is so boring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informant if the data is so boring and
+so and so and in such a low air cadence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so and in such a low air cadence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so and in such a low air cadence
+the other example of solving carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other example of solving carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other example of solving carbon
+footprint is how to introduce water into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint is how to introduce water into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint is how to introduce water into
+carbon footprint so if someone who grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so if someone who grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so if someone who grew
+up in Israel and very sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Israel and very sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in Israel and very sensitive to the
+water issue just like you have college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water issue just like you have college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water issue just like you have college
+football in the newspaper in the US you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football in the newspaper in the US you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football in the newspaper in the US you
+have water issues in Israel along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have water issues in Israel along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have water issues in Israel along with
+other issues so the way we developed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues so the way we developed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues so the way we developed it
+we looked at the energy intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the energy intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the energy intensity of
+water how much energy is invested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water how much energy is invested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water how much energy is invested in
+water in each location and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in each location and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in each location and then what's
+the source of this energy which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of this energy which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of this energy which is the
+previous problem and together we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem and together we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous problem and together we we
+mapped water into energy now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped water into energy now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped water into energy now there's a
+huge remaining work to do because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge remaining work to do because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge remaining work to do because it's
+very local last summer farmers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very local last summer farmers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very local last summer farmers in
+Massachusetts had to truck water into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts had to truck water into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts had to truck water into
+their fields how do you account for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fields how do you account for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fields how do you account for that
+how do you account for scarcity so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you account for scarcity so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you account for scarcity so what
+we do is we try to solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we try to solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do is we try to solve this problem
+publish papers in academic journals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish papers in academic journals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish papers in academic journals or
+or or other places and engage into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or other places and engage into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or other places and engage into a
+dialogue so let's see how the world if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue so let's see how the world if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue so let's see how the world if
+we have this carbon footprint 2.0 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this carbon footprint 2.0 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this carbon footprint 2.0 if you
+have like a quantitative way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a quantitative way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a quantitative way to think
+about climate how the world looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate how the world looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about climate how the world looks like
+so think about the possibility that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about the possibility that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about the possibility that each
+of you will have a carbon budget in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have a carbon budget in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will have a carbon budget in a
+very simple in very simple terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple in very simple terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple in very simple terms
+EPA equivalent to a gallon of gas as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA equivalent to a gallon of gas as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA equivalent to a gallon of gas as we
+discussed so you have a household budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed so you have a household budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed so you have a household budget
+you have a city budget a university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a city budget a university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a city budget a university
+budget the company budget in your EP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget the company budget in your EP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget the company budget in your EP and
+you have a context its you if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a context its you if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a context its you if you're in
+the in Texas in the summer you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Texas in the summer you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in Texas in the summer you will be
+about 200 apiece equivalent of gallon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 apiece equivalent of gallon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 200 apiece equivalent of gallon of
+gas or 2,000 kilos of co2 per month for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas or 2,000 kilos of co2 per month for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas or 2,000 kilos of co2 per month for
+your household and part of it is water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your household and part of it is water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your household and part of it is water
+just because of just because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of just because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of just because a lot of
+energy goes into water and New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes into water and New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes into water and New England
+in the winter will be less so but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter will be less so but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter will be less so but it's
+it can be very specific and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be very specific and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be very specific and you start
+thinking quantitatively about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking quantitatively about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking quantitatively about your
+impact so if you have just like we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact so if you have just like we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact so if you have just like we've
+discussed their home energy device so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed their home energy device so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed their home energy device so a
+home energy device like a sense will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home energy device like a sense will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home energy device like a sense will
+give you a reading and took in kilowatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a reading and took in kilowatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a reading and took in kilowatt
+hours so you have let's say 29 kilowatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so you have let's say 29 kilowatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours so you have let's say 29 kilowatt
+hours it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours it doesn't have
+any carbon context unless you translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any carbon context unless you translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any carbon context unless you translate
+it to the what happens on the grid right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the what happens on the grid right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the what happens on the grid right
+now so using our API you can have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so using our API you can have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so using our API you can have this
+translation so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so you can see the
+defilement in Brookline and I call in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defilement in Brookline and I call in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defilement in Brookline and I call in I
+have in my energy sources solar this 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in my energy sources solar this 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in my energy sources solar this 29
+kilowatt hours is less than 1 EP but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours is less than 1 EP but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hours is less than 1 EP but on
+the other hand if I'm in Wyoming and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I'm in Wyoming and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I'm in Wyoming and my
+electricity source happens to be cold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity source happens to be cold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity source happens to be cold it
+can be a significantly significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a significantly significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a significantly significantly
+more maybe five times more so I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more maybe five times more so I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more maybe five times more so I can have
+a budget that allows me to think on it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budget that allows me to think on it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budget that allows me to think on it a
+tively just like a dieter think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tively just like a dieter think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tively just like a dieter think about
+calories think about my carbon footprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories think about my carbon footprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories think about my carbon footprint
+if I happen to drive a Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I happen to drive a Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I happen to drive a Tesla
+so the Tesla doesn't have an MPG rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Tesla doesn't have an MPG rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Tesla doesn't have an MPG rating
+because it doesn't consumes gasoline but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't consumes gasoline but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't consumes gasoline but
+if you think about this conversion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about this conversion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about this conversion of a
+10 kilowatt at 10 kilograms of co2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilowatt at 10 kilograms of co2 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilowatt at 10 kilograms of co2 is a
+gallon of gas so I can convert the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of gas so I can convert the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallon of gas so I can convert the same
+10 kilograms of co2 to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilograms of co2 to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilograms of co2 to the energy
+sources that feed the Tesla right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that feed the Tesla right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that feed the Tesla right now
+instead of having just what hours per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having just what hours per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having just what hours per
+mile which is the reading on the Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile which is the reading on the Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile which is the reading on the Tesla
+dashboard I can have the Tesla mpg so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard I can have the Tesla mpg so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashboard I can have the Tesla mpg so I
+can actually compare the Tesla to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compare the Tesla to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually compare the Tesla to other
+cars Tesla vs. Lexus if I'm on wire in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars Tesla vs. Lexus if I'm on wire in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars Tesla vs. Lexus if I'm on wire in
+Wyoming and I have an energy-intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyoming and I have an energy-intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyoming and I have an energy-intensive
+grid actually let the Lexus is better if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid actually let the Lexus is better if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid actually let the Lexus is better if
+I'm in California most of California or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in California most of California or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in California most of California or
+most of Massachusetts actually Tesla is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of Massachusetts actually Tesla is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of Massachusetts actually Tesla is
+better and if I have a cleaner power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and if I have a cleaner power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and if I have a cleaner power
+source obviously it's better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source obviously it's better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source obviously it's better but
+everything is quantitative it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is quantitative it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is quantitative it's not
+anecdotal it's the actions actually add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotal it's the actions actually add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotal it's the actions actually add
+up so I can see how much money I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I can see how much money I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I can see how much money I can I
+need to invest per unit of carbon one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to invest per unit of carbon one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to invest per unit of carbon one of
+my favorite examples is the running shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite examples is the running shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite examples is the running shoe
+if I buy a Nike Nike it's very proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I buy a Nike Nike it's very proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I buy a Nike Nike it's very proud of
+the Flyknit because they have this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flyknit because they have this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flyknit because they have this great
+innovation of having one thread that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of having one thread that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of having one thread that
+ties the entire shoe but the Flyknit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties the entire shoe but the Flyknit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties the entire shoe but the Flyknit
+reduces about 20 percent of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces about 20 percent of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces about 20 percent of the material
+in the shoe which is a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shoe which is a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shoe which is a huge
+accomplishment but if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment but if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment but if you think about
+the climate impact and you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climate impact and you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the climate impact and you add the
+energy and water which are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and water which are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and water which are pretty
+similar to the compelling issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the compelling issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the compelling issue the
+pegasus the accomplishment is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegasus the accomplishment is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegasus the accomplishment is not that
+huge is like about let's say 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge is like about let's say 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge is like about let's say 10%
+what's interesting especially with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting especially with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting especially with those
+conversations on domestic manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations on domestic manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations on domestic manufacturing
+is that if I willing if I will know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I willing if I will know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if I willing if I will know the
+entire interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire interest
+I'll solve this reverse problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll solve this reverse problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll solve this reverse problem and
+understand the infrastructure and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the infrastructure and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the infrastructure and look
+at what does it make what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what does it make what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what does it make what does it mean
+for the climate not financially to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the climate not financially to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the climate not financially to move
+manufacturing to Portland Oregon likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing to Portland Oregon likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing to Portland Oregon likely
+Nikes headquarter I will reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikes headquarter I will reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikes headquarter I will reduce the
+impact of these shoes significantly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of these shoes significantly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of these shoes significantly by
+about thirty percent because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thirty percent because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thirty percent because I have
+cleaner water and clean a power and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner water and clean a power and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner water and clean a power and I
+have this quantitative notion I step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this quantitative notion I step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this quantitative notion I step
+into a shop want to buy a running shoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a shop want to buy a running shoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a shop want to buy a running shoe
+and I know that it's about three energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that it's about three energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know that it's about three energy
+points which is equivalent to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which is equivalent to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which is equivalent to about
+three gallons of gas so I can I can know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gallons of gas so I can I can know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gallons of gas so I can I can know
+how much how much it relates to my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much it relates to my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much how much it relates to my other
+activities I start having a budget can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities I start having a budget can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities I start having a budget can
+just like people that are athletes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like people that are athletes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like people that are athletes that
+run their lives with a Fitbit I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run their lives with a Fitbit I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run their lives with a Fitbit I can have
+a cobble beat the endless possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cobble beat the endless possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cobble beat the endless possibilities
+and I'll end with the last example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll end with the last example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll end with the last example
+investors there are there are trillions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors there are there are trillions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors there are there are trillions
+of dollars that claim to be impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars that claim to be impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dollars that claim to be impact
+investors and they're thirsty for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and they're thirsty for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and they're thirsty for data
+for one example imagine that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one example imagine that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one example imagine that you want to
+invest in a solar project now a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in a solar project now a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in a solar project now a solar
+project that if you takes all mmm-ma no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that if you takes all mmm-ma no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that if you takes all mmm-ma no
+silicon panels produced in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon panels produced in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon panels produced in China
+installed in a relatively clean grid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed in a relatively clean grid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed in a relatively clean grid in
+California it can take up to nine years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California it can take up to nine years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California it can take up to nine years
+just to pay back the carbon if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to pay back the carbon if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to pay back the carbon if the
+lifetime of these panels is twenty years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of these panels is twenty years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of these panels is twenty years
+it's it's nearly half it's a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's nearly half it's a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's nearly half it's a serious
+time just take just paying back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just take just paying back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time just take just paying back the
+carbon so the MGP of solar using carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so the MGP of solar using carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so the MGP of solar using carbon
+footprint 2.0 can be calculated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint 2.0 can be calculated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint 2.0 can be calculated on the
+other hand if I take cadmium telluride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I take cadmium telluride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I take cadmium telluride
+produced in Malaysia installed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in Malaysia installed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced in Malaysia installed in
+Wyoming it returns its carbon within two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyoming it returns its carbon within two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wyoming it returns its carbon within two
+years so it won't drive the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so it won't drive the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so it won't drive the decisions
+but it needs to be an additional factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs to be an additional factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs to be an additional factor
+the economics will drive the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics will drive the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics will drive the decisions
+but if I have a carbon budget I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I have a carbon budget I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I have a carbon budget I start
+thinking in numbers and not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in numbers and not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in numbers and not in
+adjectives so these things starts to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives so these things starts to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives so these things starts to be
+meaningful because today investors can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful because today investors can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful because today investors can
+calculate the financial ROI they totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the financial ROI they totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the financial ROI they totally
+lost on the social ROI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on the social ROI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost on the social ROI
+what's the climate everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the climate everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the climate everything is
+renewable everything is great and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable everything is great and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewable everything is great and we're
+having a great party and everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a great party and everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a great party and everything is
+green except the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green except the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green except the planet
+so um only three points that I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um only three points that I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um only three points that I want you
+to remember we must engage the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember we must engage the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember we must engage the market
+because the polluters will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polluters will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polluters will be less
+engaged the market lives on metrics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged the market lives on metrics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged the market lives on metrics and
+to have a good metric we need to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good metric we need to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good metric we need to fix
+carbon footprint so the privilege of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so the privilege of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so the privilege of
+knowledge brings a duty to act so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge brings a duty to act so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge brings a duty to act so let's
+all act about it thank you very much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all act about it thank you very much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all act about it thank you very much so
+like so there's a there's a market in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's a there's a market in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so there's a there's a market in my
+neighborhood I would have pepco it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood I would have pepco it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood I would have pepco it would
+probably be cold but I've opted for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be cold but I've opted for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be cold but I've opted for a
+wind power is that I've had some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind power is that I've had some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind power is that I've had some people
+tell me that's not really doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that's not really doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me that's not really doing anything
+but so obviously does I mean having wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so obviously does I mean having wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so obviously does I mean having wind
+is better than not having wind the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than not having wind the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better than not having wind the way
+it works today since once you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works today since once you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works today since once you have an
+electron on the grid it doesn't run with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on the grid it doesn't run with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on the grid it doesn't run with
+an ID card you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ID card you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ID card you don't know
+so people are loading a wind electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are loading a wind electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are loading a wind electricity
+on there let's say New England I saw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there let's say New England I saw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there let's say New England I saw and
+then it's assumed to be sure I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's assumed to be sure I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's assumed to be sure I think we
+can do a better job with data science to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a better job with data science to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a better job with data science to
+for you to allow you to know your actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to allow you to know your actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to allow you to know your actual
+carbon footprint so you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon footprint so you can have a
+budget that actually relates to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget that actually relates to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget that actually relates to your
+activity and the and and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the and and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and the and and I think that
+those numbers will create a extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers will create a extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers will create a extra
+motivation but obviously all solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but obviously all solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but obviously all solar
+panels and and the wind is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and and the wind is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and and the wind is a
+contribution especially if the benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution especially if the benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution especially if the benchmark
+is coal I mean there's no argument about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coal I mean there's no argument about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coal I mean there's no argument about
+that it's almost like the lemon problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's almost like the lemon problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's almost like the lemon problems
+in economics that you need that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics that you need that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics that you need that more
+transparency and it provides a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and it provides a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and it provides a better
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GXuI9fKDxso.txt b/GXuI9fKDxso.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf685d5af47bc02eb795ed6428158277870f6953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GXuI9fKDxso.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so what you've heard by now is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you've heard by now is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you've heard by now is that the
+hard problem of cognitive science turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem of cognitive science turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem of cognitive science turns
+out to be the problem of common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the problem of common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be the problem of common sense
+reasoning our computers can drive they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning our computers can drive they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning our computers can drive they
+can perform fabulous calculations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perform fabulous calculations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perform fabulous calculations they
+can beat us at jeopardy but when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can beat us at jeopardy but when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can beat us at jeopardy but when it
+comes to all of the really hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to all of the really hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to all of the really hard problems
+of cognitive science there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cognitive science there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cognitive science there's only one
+organism that solves them and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that solves them and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that solves them and that's a
+human child and those are problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human child and those are problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human child and those are problems with
+face recognition scene recognition motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition scene recognition motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition scene recognition motor
+planning natural language acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning natural language acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning natural language acquisition
+causal reasoning theory of mind moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal reasoning theory of mind moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal reasoning theory of mind moral
+reasoning all of those are solved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning all of those are solved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning all of those are solved and
+largely unsupervised learning by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely unsupervised learning by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely unsupervised learning by
+children by the age of 5 and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children by the age of 5 and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children by the age of 5 and those are
+the things our computers don't do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things our computers don't do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things our computers don't do well
+and that is largely because the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is largely because the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is largely because the problem
+of human intelligence common-sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human intelligence common-sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of human intelligence common-sense
+intelligence is a problem of drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is a problem of drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence is a problem of drawing
+really rich inferences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rich inferences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rich inferences that are
+massively under determined by the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively under determined by the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively under determined by the data
+so to make that point really clear him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make that point really clear him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make that point really clear him
+to give you all pop intelligence quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you all pop intelligence quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you all pop intelligence quiz
+okay so here's the pop intelligence quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the pop intelligence quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's the pop intelligence quiz
+can I see a show of hands please how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I see a show of hands please how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I see a show of hands please how
+many of you thinks that I have a spleen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you thinks that I have a spleen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you thinks that I have a spleen
+can I see a show of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I see a show of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I see a show of hands
+excellent how many of you would care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent how many of you would care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent how many of you would care
+keep your hands down if you're an MD but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your hands down if you're an MD but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your hands down if you're an MD but
+other than that how many of you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that how many of you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that how many of you would
+care to come up here and diagram for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to come up here and diagram for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to come up here and diagram for the
+class a spleen and explain what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a spleen and explain what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class a spleen and explain what it is
+where it is and what its exact function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is and what its exact function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it is and what its exact function
+is in the human body anyway how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the human body anyway how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the human body anyway how many of
+you have met me before few of you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have met me before few of you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have met me before few of you but
+most of you without knowing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you without knowing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you without knowing anything
+about spleens and not knowing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spleens and not knowing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spleens and not knowing anything
+about me are nonetheless extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me are nonetheless extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about me are nonetheless extremely
+confident that I have one so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that I have one so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that I have one so you have a
+lot of abstract knowledge in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of abstract knowledge in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of abstract knowledge in the absence
+of really much in the way of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really much in the way of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really much in the way of specific
+concrete facts ok let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete facts ok let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete facts ok let me give you
+another problem of course it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem of course it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem of course it's kind of
+classic one from oh by the way for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic one from oh by the way for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic one from oh by the way for those
+of you who are curious that's a spleen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are curious that's a spleen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are curious that's a spleen
+all right classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right classic
+crop up in every aspect of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop up in every aspect of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop up in every aspect of human
+cognition all right what's behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition all right what's behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition all right what's behind the
+rectangle oh yeah you can't write you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle oh yeah you can't write you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle oh yeah you can't write you
+can't articulate it but you know and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't articulate it but you know and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't articulate it but you know and the
+fact that there are infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there are infinitely many
+other hypotheses consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hypotheses consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hypotheses consistent with the
+data doesn't trouble you at all doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data doesn't trouble you at all doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data doesn't trouble you at all doesn't
+stop you from converging collectively on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you from converging collectively on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you from converging collectively on
+a single answer which means there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single answer which means there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single answer which means there has to
+be a lot of constraints on how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of constraints on how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of constraints on how you're
+interpreting this kind of data here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this kind of data here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting this kind of data here's
+another one complete this sentence very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one complete this sentence very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one complete this sentence very
+long neck could be or temperature plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long neck could be or temperature plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long neck could be or temperature plate
+to Kenya there are many things that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kenya there are many things that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kenya there are many things that it
+could be in this case it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in this case it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in this case it looks like a
+frequency issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency issue
+oh well neck is like very common word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well neck is like very common word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well neck is like very common word
+others aren't but if I said giraffes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others aren't but if I said giraffes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others aren't but if I said giraffes are
+really common on the Africa and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really common on the Africa and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really common on the Africa and you
+would say savanna not television okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say savanna not television okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say savanna not television okay so
+you're using a lot of rich information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a lot of rich information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using a lot of rich information
+to take a tiny bit of data and draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a tiny bit of data and draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a tiny bit of data and draw a
+rich inferences and that is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich inferences and that is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich inferences and that is the problem
+and the hard problem of common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hard problem of common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hard problem of common sense
+intelligent I think a real dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent I think a real dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent I think a real dissociation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we do and what our children
+ 
+
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+between what we do and what our children
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+
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+do human intelligence uses abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do human intelligence uses abstract
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured representations to constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured representations to constrain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses and make these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses and make these kind of
+outrageous inferences that we shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous inferences that we shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous inferences that we shouldn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make that's all well and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to make that's all well and good
+but where do these abstract structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where do these abstract structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where do these abstract structured
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations come from and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations come from and there's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two possibilities we're born with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two possibilities we're born with
+them or we learn them Liz spelke has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or we learn them Liz spelke has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or we learn them Liz spelke has
+already told you a lot about the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you a lot about the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already told you a lot about the reasons
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that we are born with many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that we are born with many of
+them and that's are true for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's are true for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that's are true for anything
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be stable over evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be stable over evolutionary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that might emerge early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that might emerge early and
+ontogeny and broadly in phylogeny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny and broadly in phylogeny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontogeny and broadly in phylogeny and
+that's true for many aspects of folk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for many aspects of folk
+ 
+
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+that's true for many aspects of folk
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+
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+physics books psychology calls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics books psychology calls a
+reasoning navigation number but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning navigation number but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning navigation number but there's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other things you know shoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other things you know shoes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship sealing-wax basically everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship sealing-wax basically everything
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+else they are not plausibly innate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else they are not plausibly innate and
+so how do you learn them so Piaget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you learn them so Piaget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you learn them so Piaget the
+founder of our field of developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder of our field of developmental
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+founder of our field of developmental
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+
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+psychology says you build these up from
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+
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+
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+experience you build them up starting
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+experience you build them up starting
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sensory motor representations very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sensory motor representations very
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+ align:start position:0%
+very gradually you progress through a
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+very gradually you progress through a
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally somewhere on the age of 12 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally somewhere on the age of 12 you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to abstract representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to abstract representations
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that just like you and
+ 
+
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+but it turns out that just like you and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spleens children have a lot of
+ 
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+abstract knowledge before they have much
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually almost nothing even less than
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+actually almost nothing even less than
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it turns out about anatomy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it turns out about anatomy and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things animals have insides similar
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+
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+
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+and has animals of similar in size
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+
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+thinking go on and on without really
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+understanding anything about anatomy or
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+
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+
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+have these intuitive theories that seem
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really hard chicken and egg
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+which abstracts there is to constrain
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+learn them if we don't have concrete
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+information and nonetheless some of them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+I'm going to do that to set up Josh and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do that to set up Josh and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the infancy Revolution you've
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+not just infants though it turns out
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+revolutions was about learning per se
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+
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+
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+and I think I can make that point most
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+
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+and I think I can make that point most
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+can say this with great reverence and
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+metaphorically this is where I began it
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+
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+metaphorically this is where I began it
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+
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+
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+a really odd place to look for a
+universal metaphor for a cognitive
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+universal metaphor for a cognitive
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+peculiar property which is that it gets
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+peculiar property which is that it gets
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+right you might want to understand how
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+ align:start position:0%
+right you might want to understand how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might want to understand how
+scientists do it what kinds of epistemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists do it what kinds of epistemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists do it what kinds of epistemic
+practices might support learning and
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+discovering and the answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering and the answer to that is
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+
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+discovering and the answer to that is
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+
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+both that we do and do not know which is
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+
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+to say we can say a lot of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we can say a lot of things about
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+to say we can say a lot of things about
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+
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+what scientists do here are some of them
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+what scientists do here are some of them
+they'll all be familiar to you they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll all be familiar to you they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll all be familiar to you they
+would be familiar to you if you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be familiar to you if you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be familiar to you if you were a
+physicist if you were an arrow Astro if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist if you were an arrow Astro if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist if you were an arrow Astro if
+you're on telly ontology these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on telly ontology these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on telly ontology these are the
+kinds of scientific practices that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of scientific practices that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of scientific practices that cut
+across content domains and arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across content domains and arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across content domains and arguably
+define what science is which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what science is which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define what science is which is to say
+if you did all of these things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did all of these things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did all of these things you
+couldn't necessarily do science science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't necessarily do science science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't necessarily do science science
+requires bringing these inferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires bringing these inferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires bringing these inferential
+processes to bear on really rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to bear on really rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to bear on really rich
+specific conceptual representations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific conceptual representations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific conceptual representations of
+individual content domains but arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual content domains but arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual content domains but arguably
+if you had all of that rich specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had all of that rich specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had all of that rich specific
+content knowledge and you didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content knowledge and you didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content knowledge and you didn't do
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+you couldn't learn anything at all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't learn anything at all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't learn anything at all these
+are the kinds of epistemic practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of epistemic practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of epistemic practices
+that seem fundamental to inquiry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem fundamental to inquiry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem fundamental to inquiry and
+discovery and the argument that I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and the argument that I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and the argument that I made
+in my research program is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my research program is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my research program is their
+fundamental not just in science their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental not just in science their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental not just in science their
+fundamental in cognitive development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in cognitive development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in cognitive development
+these are the processes that support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the processes that support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the processes that support
+learning and discovery and there's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and discovery and there's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and discovery and there's good
+evidence that each and every one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that each and every one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that each and every one of them
+emerges in some form in the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges in some form in the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges in some form in the first few
+years of life and that is because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of life and that is because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of life and that is because these
+are the only rational processes we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only rational processes we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only rational processes we know
+of that can solve the hard problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that can solve the hard problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that can solve the hard problem of
+learning which is exactly the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is exactly the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is exactly the problem of
+how to draw rich abstract inferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to draw rich abstract inferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to draw rich abstract inferences
+rapidly and accurately from sparse noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and accurately from sparse noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and accurately from sparse noisy
+data I said we could characterize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I said we could characterize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I said we could characterize these
+practices both formally and informally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices both formally and informally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices both formally and informally
+and indeed as you've heard I think from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed as you've heard I think from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed as you've heard I think from
+some of our computational modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our computational modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our computational modeling
+colleagues for each and every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues for each and every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues for each and every one of
+these practices we can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these practices we can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these practices we can begin to
+characterize something about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize something about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize something about what it
+means to distinguish genuine causes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to distinguish genuine causes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to distinguish genuine causes from
+spurious associations or to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurious associations or to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spurious associations or to optimize
+information game but with all due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information game but with all due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information game but with all due
+respect to my computational model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my computational model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to my computational model and
+colleagues and much as we want really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and much as we want really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and much as we want really
+simple models hebbs rule or score lagna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models hebbs rule or score lagna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models hebbs rule or score lagna
+or Bayes law that would capture it none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bayes law that would capture it none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Bayes law that would capture it none
+of these do justice to what children can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these do justice to what children can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these do justice to what children can
+do because children can do all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because children can do all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because children can do all of these
+things and we don't yet have a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we don't yet have a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we don't yet have a full
+formal theory of hypothesis generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal theory of hypothesis generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal theory of hypothesis generation
+inquiry and discovery that remains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry and discovery that remains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquiry and discovery that remains a
+hard problem of cognitive science but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem of cognitive science but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard problem of cognitive science but
+it's a problems which I think our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a problems which I think our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a problems which I think our
+theories should aspire because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories should aspire because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories should aspire because there is
+good empirical data that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good empirical data that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good empirical data that this is the
+kind of learning that humans including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learning that humans including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of learning that humans including
+even very young children engage in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very young children engage in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even very young children engage in so
+this normal at this point what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normal at this point what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normal at this point what I would
+do is I'd say and I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'd say and I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'd say and I'm going to show you
+a few examples of this from my research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few examples of this from my research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few examples of this from my research
+program but the term I'm giving here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but the term I'm giving here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but the term I'm giving here
+isn't it's sort of funny throwback talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it's sort of funny throwback talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it's sort of funny throwback talk
+in some ways whatever it was asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways whatever it was asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways whatever it was asked to
+talk about today with the child of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today with the child of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today with the child of
+scientists and that was a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and that was a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and that was a research
+program I'm from a few few years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I'm from a few few years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program I'm from a few few years ago and
+you know at that point I was a junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at that point I was a junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at that point I was a junior
+professor and you know when your junior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and you know when your junior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and you know when your junior
+professor like when your graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor like when your graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor like when your graduate
+student or postdoc it's all idealistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student or postdoc it's all idealistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student or postdoc it's all idealistic
+you know science for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know science for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know science for the sake of
+knowledge pure science and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge pure science and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge pure science and then you get
+tenure and it's all grants and money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure and it's all grants and money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure and it's all grants and money and
+administration and allocation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration and allocation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration and allocation of
+resources and in the years since I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and in the years since I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and in the years since I have
+started to think not just about the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to think not just about the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to think not just about the pure
+science of learning but about the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of learning but about the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of learning but about the costs
+associated with gaining information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with gaining information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with gaining information and
+the trade-offs between those costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs between those costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs between those costs and
+rewards so I'm going to take these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards so I'm going to take these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewards so I'm going to take these same
+practices now and situate them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices now and situate them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices now and situate them in a
+world a real world that has certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a real world that has certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world a real world that has certain
+kinds of trade-offs and how you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of trade-offs and how you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of trade-offs and how you think
+about information and talk along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information and talk along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information and talk along with
+the child the scientist about what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child the scientist about what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child the scientist about what those
+costs do and how they are also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs do and how they are also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs do and how they are also in
+themselves a source of information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a source of information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves a source of information about
+the world so I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so I'm going to talk about
+this sort of inferential economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of inferential economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of inferential economics
+children know information is valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children know information is valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children know information is valuable
+I'm going to show you a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you a couple of
+examples of how they they reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how they they reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how they they reason about
+it and children selectively explore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and children selectively explore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and children selectively explore in
+ways that support information gained so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that support information gained so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that support information gained so
+rich do some old work but I'm also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich do some old work but I'm also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich do some old work but I'm also going
+to throw in a new studies because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw in a new studies because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw in a new studies because I
+can't read this but information is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read this but information is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read this but information is also
+costly and the costs themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and the costs themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and the costs themselves are
+informative in a variety of ways I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative in a variety of ways I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative in a variety of ways I'm not
+necessarily going to get through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to get through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily going to get through all of
+these studies although I might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies although I might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these studies although I might try to
+but but I want to give you a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I want to give you a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I want to give you a kind of
+feel for the kinds of things children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for the kinds of things children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for the kinds of things children
+children can do alright so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children can do alright so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children can do alright so let's start
+by talking about a really basic problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about a really basic problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about a really basic problems
+problems basic to science but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems basic to science but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems basic to science but it's also
+a problem basic to human learning which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem basic to human learning which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem basic to human learning which
+is the problem of generalization how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem of generalization how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the problem of generalization how do
+you generalize from sparse data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generalize from sparse data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generalize from sparse data in
+science we do this all the time we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we do this all the time we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we do this all the time we have
+a small sample we want to make a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small sample we want to make a claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small sample we want to make a claim
+about the population as a whole and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the population as a whole and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the population as a whole and of
+course we can use feature similarity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can use feature similarity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we can use feature similarity in
+category membership to say things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category membership to say things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category membership to say things that
+look the same or belong to the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same or belong to the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same or belong to the same kind
+are likely to share properties so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to share properties so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to share properties so if
+some of these Martian rocks have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these Martian rocks have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these Martian rocks have high
+concentrations of silica maybe they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of silica maybe they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of silica maybe they all
+do if some of these needles on specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if some of these needles on specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if some of these needles on specific
+silver for trees grow flat on the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver for trees grow flat on the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver for trees grow flat on the branch
+maybe they all do but in science we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they all do but in science we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they all do but in science we can
+also do something a little more fussy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do something a little more fussy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do something a little more fussy
+and suspicious we can say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suspicious we can say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suspicious we can say well you know
+it kind of depends on how you got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of depends on how you got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of depends on how you got that
+sample of evidence right if you randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of evidence right if you randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of evidence right if you randomly
+sampled from the population yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled from the population yeah sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled from the population yeah sure
+the properties are can generalize but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties are can generalize but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties are can generalize but if
+you cherry-pick that data in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cherry-pick that data in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cherry-pick that data in some way
+maybe the sample isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the sample isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the sample isn't going to
+generalize quite as broadly so do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize quite as broadly so do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize quite as broadly so do all
+Martian rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian rocks
+high concentrations of silica just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentrations of silica just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high concentrations of silica just the
+dusty ones on the surface do all Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dusty ones on the surface do all Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dusty ones on the surface do all Pacific
+silver for needleless life light or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver for needleless life light or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver for needleless life light or just
+those low on the canopy right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those low on the canopy right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those low on the canopy right these are
+the ones that are easy to sample from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are easy to sample from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that are easy to sample from
+how do I know how generalizable ah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know how generalizable ah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know how generalizable ah the
+property is and if I think that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is and if I think that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is and if I think that your
+cherry picked your sample I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picked your sample I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry picked your sample I might
+constrain my inferences only to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain my inferences only to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain my inferences only to things
+near the ground so how far you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the ground so how far you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the ground so how far you're gonna
+extend generalization in science depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend generalization in science depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend generalization in science depends
+on whether you think that the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether you think that the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether you think that the sampling
+process was random or selective and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was random or selective and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was random or selective and we
+wanted to know whether this was true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know whether this was true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know whether this was true for
+babies as well so this is how we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies as well so this is how we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies as well so this is how we asked
+we showed babies a population in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed babies a population in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed babies a population in this
+case of blue and yellow dog toys oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of blue and yellow dog toys oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of blue and yellow dog toys oh
+they're in a box the boxes transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a box the boxes transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a box the boxes transparent
+has a false front so it stays less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a false front so it stays less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a false front so it stays less
+stable representation of what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable representation of what looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable representation of what looks like
+a lot of balls and we're in a reach into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of balls and we're in a reach into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of balls and we're in a reach into
+their backs and we're going to pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backs and we're going to pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their backs and we're going to pull out
+there are many more blue balls in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many more blue balls in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many more blue balls in this
+box than yellow balls we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box than yellow balls we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box than yellow balls we're going to
+pull out three blue balls one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out three blue balls one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out three blue balls one at a time
+and squeak them and squeeze them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squeak them and squeeze them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squeak them and squeeze them and
+they're going to squeak and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to squeak and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to squeak and then we're
+gonna hand the baby a yellow ball from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hand the baby a yellow ball from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hand the baby a yellow ball from
+the same box and the question is does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same box and the question is does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same box and the question is does
+the baby squeeze the ball and expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby squeeze the ball and expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby squeeze the ball and expect it
+to squeak well there's nothing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeak well there's nothing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeak well there's nothing very
+suspicious about pulling three blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious about pulling three blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious about pulling three blue
+balls from a box of mostly blue balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls from a box of mostly blue balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls from a box of mostly blue balls
+and this has a lot of feature properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a lot of feature properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a lot of feature properties
+in common so it looks like the others we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common so it looks like the others we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common so it looks like the others we
+predict the children's in generalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the children's in generalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the children's in generalist
+they should try squeezing this bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should try squeezing this bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should try squeezing this bond
+should squeeze often and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should squeeze often and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should squeeze often and the question is
+what happens if you draw exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you draw exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you draw exactly the
+same sample in exactly the same way from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sample in exactly the same way from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sample in exactly the same way from
+a different population now it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different population now it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different population now it is very
+unlikely that you sampled three blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that you sampled three blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that you sampled three blue
+balls from a population of mostly yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls from a population of mostly yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls from a population of mostly yellow
+balls in this case is much more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in this case is much more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in this case is much more likely
+that you were sampling selectively so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were sampling selectively so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were sampling selectively so
+maybe only the blue balls have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe only the blue balls have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe only the blue balls have the
+property yeah they can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property yeah they can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property yeah they can see the
+population of transparent box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of transparent box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of transparent box
+transparent front so they can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent front so they can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent front so they can see the
+population and if children understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and if children understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and if children understand
+it's not just about the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just about the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just about the property
+similarity but something about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity but something about how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity but something about how that
+evidence was generated then in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence was generated then in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence was generated then in this case
+children should say well look you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children should say well look you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children should say well look you just
+looked like you were cherry-picking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like you were cherry-picking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like you were cherry-picking your
+sample maybe it doesn't generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample maybe it doesn't generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample maybe it doesn't generalize
+prediction is that fewer children should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is that fewer children should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is that fewer children should
+shy squeaking and children squeeze less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy squeaking and children squeeze less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy squeaking and children squeeze less
+often so I'm going to show you what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so I'm going to show you what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so I'm going to show you what this
+looks like by the way the yellow one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like by the way the yellow one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like by the way the yellow one has
+that funny thing at the end so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funny thing at the end so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that funny thing at the end so that
+children could do something else with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children could do something else with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children could do something else with
+the balls right so they can bang it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balls right so they can bang it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balls right so they can bang it or
+throw it around or other things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it around or other things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it around or other things like
+that so let me show you what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me show you what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me show you what it looks
+like kids are always going to see three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kids are always going to see three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kids are always going to see three
+squeaker blue balls they're always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeaker blue balls they're always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeaker blue balls they're always going
+to get a yellow one but you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a yellow one but you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a yellow one but you'll see that
+they do different things and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do different things and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do different things and well
+depending on whether they think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether they think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether they think the
+evidence was randomly sampled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence was randomly sampled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence was randomly sampled and
+possibly generalizable or not so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly generalizable or not so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly generalizable or not so the
+child at the top is squeezing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child at the top is squeezing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child at the top is squeezing and
+squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and squeezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these were this was true both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were this was true both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these were this was true both of the
+mean number of squeezes and the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean number of squeezes and the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean number of squeezes and the number
+of individual children who squeezed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual children who squeezed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual children who squeezed at
+all I'm just going to show you the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm just going to show you the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I'm just going to show you the mean
+number of squeezes but what you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of squeezes but what you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of squeezes but what you'll see
+is that children were much more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that children were much more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that children were much more likely
+to squeeze in squeeze persistently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze in squeeze persistently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze in squeeze persistently in
+the condition where the evidence looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition where the evidence looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition where the evidence looks
+like it was randomly sampled then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was randomly sampled then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was randomly sampled then
+selectively sampled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively sampled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively sampled
+but what you could worry about here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you could worry about here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you could worry about here is
+children are sensitive to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are sensitive to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are sensitive to something
+about the relationship of the sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relationship of the sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relationship of the sample and
+the population but maybe they will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population but maybe they will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population but maybe they will just
+generalize from a majority object to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from a majority object to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from a majority object to a
+minority but not the reverse maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority but not the reverse maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority but not the reverse maybe they
+won't generalize from a minority object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't generalize from a minority object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't generalize from a minority object
+to the majority so they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the majority so they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the majority so they don't really
+care about whether the evidence was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about whether the evidence was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about whether the evidence was
+randomly sampled or not they just care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sampled or not they just care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly sampled or not they just care
+about that aspect of the sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that aspect of the sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that aspect of the sample and
+population so we ran a replication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so we ran a replication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so we ran a replication of
+the yellow ball condition again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow ball condition again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yellow ball condition again we're
+going to pull an unlikely sample from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull an unlikely sample from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pull an unlikely sample from
+that back three blue balls in a row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back three blue balls in a row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back three blue balls in a row and
+we're going to compare it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compare it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compare it with the
+sample that's not that improbable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that's not that improbable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that's not that improbable you
+could easily randomly sample just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily randomly sample just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily randomly sample just one
+blue ball from the box so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue ball from the box so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue ball from the box so in this case
+children are gonna see much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are gonna see much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are gonna see much less
+squeezing right they're only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing right they're only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezing right they're only going to
+see one blue ball squeeze when we screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one blue ball squeeze when we screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one blue ball squeeze when we screw
+to both once and three times but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both once and three times but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to both once and three times but it's
+only one blue ball and in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one blue ball and in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one blue ball and in two different
+conditions and the prediction there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and the prediction there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and the prediction there is
+that even though the children themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though the children themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even though the children themselves
+are seeing much less squeezing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing much less squeezing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seeing much less squeezing they
+should say well that's not an improbable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say well that's not an improbable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say well that's not an improbable
+sample and they themselves should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and they themselves should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and they themselves should
+squeeze more and that's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze more and that's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze more and that's exactly what we
+found in both of those conditions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in both of those conditions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in both of those conditions it's
+graded by the way if you do two balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded by the way if you do two balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded by the way if you do two balls
+they're intermediate and if it's a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're intermediate and if it's a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're intermediate and if it's a model
+that I'm not going to talk about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not going to talk about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not going to talk about but
+yeah what happens if you just pour them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what happens if you just pour them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what happens if you just pour them
+upside down and drop them now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down and drop them now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down and drop them now this is a
+really improvable sample I said three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improvable sample I said three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improvable sample I said three
+blue balls from yellow backs but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue balls from yellow backs but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue balls from yellow backs but you've
+just given positive evidence that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given positive evidence that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given positive evidence that you
+shook the ball and it just happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shook the ball and it just happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shook the ball and it just happened to
+fall out and they don't know where am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out and they don't know where am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall out and they don't know where am i
+T and we can do sneaky technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we can do sneaky technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and we can do sneaky technological
+things like have a trap door so so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like have a trap door so so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like have a trap door so so in
+this case is an improbable sample but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is an improbable sample but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is an improbable sample but it
+was randomly generated and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was randomly generated and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was randomly generated and the
+prediction is in this case the babies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is in this case the babies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is in this case the babies
+themselves should squeeze more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves should squeeze more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves should squeeze more because
+they say if you can pour out any balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say if you can pour out any balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say if you can pour out any balls
+that squeak probably everything squeaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeak probably everything squeaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeak probably everything squeaks
+and indeed they do all right so 15 month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed they do all right so 15 month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed they do all right so 15 month
+old babies generalisations take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old babies generalisations take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old babies generalisations take into
+account more than category membership in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account more than category membership in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account more than category membership in
+the perceptual similarity of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perceptual similarity of objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perceptual similarity of objects
+they make graded inferences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make graded inferences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make graded inferences that are
+sensitive both to the amount of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive both to the amount of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive both to the amount of evidence
+they observe and to the process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe and to the process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe and to the process by which
+that evidence is sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evidence is sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evidence is sample
+okay all right let me show you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let me show you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let me show you another
+example of sort of child as scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of sort of child as scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of sort of child as scientists
+if you can start with a hard problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can start with a hard problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can start with a hard problem of
+confounding that we all have which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding that we all have which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding that we all have which is
+that we are part of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are part of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are part of the world
+so in one-offs when things go wrong we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one-offs when things go wrong we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in one-offs when things go wrong we
+may not know if we were responsible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not know if we were responsible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not know if we were responsible or
+the world was responsible right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world was responsible right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world was responsible right this is
+a chronic problem in relationships right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chronic problem in relationships right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chronic problem in relationships right
+you're me so it's a hard problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're me so it's a hard problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're me so it's a hard problem of
+confounding and you might need some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding and you might need some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding and you might need some data
+to disambiguate it so here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disambiguate it so here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disambiguate it so here we're going
+to give babies a case where they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give babies a case where they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give babies a case where they cannot
+do something and the question is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something and the question is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something and the question is can we
+give them a little bit of data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a little bit of data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a little bit of data to
+unconfined that problem and convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconfined that problem and convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconfined that problem and convince
+them either that the problem is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them either that the problem is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them either that the problem is probably
+with the toys or the problem is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the toys or the problem is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the toys or the problem is with
+themselves and the item is if they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the item is if they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and the item is if they think
+that it's themselves the survive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's themselves the survive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's themselves the survive it's
+the agent state and not the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent state and not the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent state and not the environment
+state they should hold the toy constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state they should hold the toy constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state they should hold the toy constant
+and change the agent but if they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the agent but if they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the agent but if they think
+it's the toy then they should just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the toy then they should just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the toy then they should just go
+ahead and reach for another toy so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and reach for another toy so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and reach for another toy so in
+both cases they're going to have access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases they're going to have access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cases they're going to have access
+to another person their mom and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another person their mom and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another person their mom and they're
+going to have access to another toy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have access to another toy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have access to another toy and
+so the question is what to do they do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what to do they do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what to do they do if
+we give them a minimal statistical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them a minimal statistical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give them a minimal statistical data
+to disambiguate this okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disambiguate this okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disambiguate this okay so this is the
+set up we're gonna show the babies two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up we're gonna show the babies two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up we're gonna show the babies two
+agents in one condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents in one condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents in one condition
+I'm going to succeed one time at making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to succeed one time at making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to succeed one time at making
+that toy go and fail one time and yo one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toy go and fail one time and yo one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that toy go and fail one time and yo one
+gwaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gwaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gwaan
+my collaborator and this project is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my collaborator and this project is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my collaborator and this project is also
+going to fail and succeed once so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail and succeed once so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail and succeed once so this
+looks like this toy is like maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this toy is like maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this toy is like maybe a
+faulty wiring or something it works some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty wiring or something it works some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faulty wiring or something it works some
+of the time not all the time it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time not all the time it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time not all the time it's just
+not a great toy the babies can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great toy the babies can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great toy the babies can have
+another toy they're the parents going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another toy they're the parents going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another toy they're the parents going to
+be there if they think it's the toy they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there if they think it's the toy they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there if they think it's the toy they
+should change the object in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change the object in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change the object in the other
+condition I am young one is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I am young one is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I am young one is always going
+to succeed which is generally true in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to succeed which is generally true in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to succeed which is generally true in my
+experience so and I is always true of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so and I is always true of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so and I is always true of my
+expensive technology I'm always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive technology I'm always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive technology I'm always going to
+fail and in this case the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and in this case the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and in this case the children
+should conclude that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should conclude that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should conclude that there's something
+wrong with the person and if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the person and if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with the person and if that's the
+case they should hold the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they should hold the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case they should hold the object
+constant and change the agent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and change the agent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and change the agent this is
+what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well there's an audio here it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's an audio here it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's an audio here it's very
+good I went back to later any case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I went back to later any case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I went back to later any case we're
+just showing them the data at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing them the data at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing them the data at this point
+and now the babies are gonna get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the babies are gonna get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the babies are gonna get the
+story condition one present no matter by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story condition one present no matter by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story condition one present no matter by
+the way there are lots of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there are lots of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way there are lots of individual
+differences in any two sets of clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in any two sets of clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in any two sets of clips
+between the exact positioning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the exact positioning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the exact positioning of the
+parent the child the toy all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent the child the toy all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent the child the toy all of these
+were coded blind the conditions for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coded blind the conditions for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coded blind the conditions for all
+of these other variables to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other variables to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other variables to make sure
+those were evenly matched across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were evenly matched across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were evenly matched across
+conditions and they work so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and they work so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and they work so what you're
+going to see narrative is sorry that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see narrative is sorry that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see narrative is sorry that in
+the condition where the babies think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition where the babies think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition where the babies think it
+is probably the toy engaging a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the toy engaging a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably the toy engaging a very
+different behavior than when they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is public again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's what we found overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we found overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we found overall the
+distribution overall of children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution overall of children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution overall of children's
+tendency to perform one action versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to perform one action versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency to perform one action versus
+and other differed across conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other differed across conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other differed across conditions
+depending on the pattern of data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the pattern of data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the pattern of data that
+the answer so 16 month olds tracked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer so 16 month olds tracked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer so 16 month olds tracked the
+statistical dependence between agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical dependence between agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical dependence between agents
+objects and outcomes they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and outcomes they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and outcomes they can use
+minimal data to make attributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal data to make attributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal data to make attributions and
+they have them choose between seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have them choose between seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have them choose between seeking
+help from others or exploring on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from others or exploring on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help from others or exploring on their
+own I've just shown you kids sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I've just shown you kids sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own I've just shown you kids sensitivity
+to the data that they see but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data that they see but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data that they see but of course
+data isn't handed out all the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data isn't handed out all the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data isn't handed out all the time at
+least disambiguating data isn't handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least disambiguating data isn't handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least disambiguating data isn't handed
+out one of the really important hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one of the really important hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one of the really important hard
+things that you have to do if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have to do if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have to do if you want
+to learn this sometimes actually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn this sometimes actually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn this sometimes actually figure
+out what data would be informative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what data would be informative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what data would be informative and
+go get it and that is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go get it and that is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go get it and that is a really
+characteristic thing about science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic thing about science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic thing about science and
+the question is is it in some sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is it in some sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is it in some sense a
+characteristic thing about common sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic thing about common sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic thing about common sense
+so that's what we're gonna ask here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're gonna ask here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we're gonna ask here when
+to jump to much older children here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump to much older children here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jump to much older children here
+these are four and five year olds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are four and five year olds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are four and five year olds and
+we're going to give them a problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give them a problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to give them a problem where
+instead of showing them the descend big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of showing them the descend big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of showing them the descend big
+your rating data we're going to ask if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rating data we're going to ask if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rating data we're going to ask if
+the kids themselves will find it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids themselves will find it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids themselves will find it so what
+we showed children when you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed children when you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed children when you were a
+little you possibly played with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you possibly played with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you possibly played with some
+beads that snap together and pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads that snap together and pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads that snap together and pulled
+apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart
+these are like toddler toys so we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like toddler toys so we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like toddler toys so we give
+them they snap together beads they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they snap together beads they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they snap together beads they're
+each uniquely colored so there's ah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uniquely colored so there's ah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uniquely colored so there's ah we
+place each bead one at a time on a toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place each bead one at a time on a toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place each bead one at a time on a toy
+and in one condition every bead makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one condition every bead makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in one condition every bead makes
+the toy play music right so each bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy play music right so each bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy play music right so each bead
+you put on and the other condition only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on and the other condition only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on and the other condition only
+half the beads did okay so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the beads did okay so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the beads did okay so the only
+difference between these two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two conditions
+is basically the base rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the base rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the base rate of the
+candidate causes one works for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate causes one works for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate causes one works for everybody
+the other only works for some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other only works for some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other only works for some of the
+beads and then we took all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads and then we took all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads and then we took all these
+training toys away and we showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training toys away and we showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training toys away and we showed the
+children either a pair that we'd epoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children either a pair that we'd epoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children either a pair that we'd epoxy
+together it was stuck we tried to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it was stuck we tried to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it was stuck we tried to pull
+it apart we showed we couldn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart we showed we couldn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart we showed we couldn't the
+children tried to pull it apart they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children tried to pull it apart they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children tried to pull it apart they
+couldn't it's a stuck pair of beads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't it's a stuck pair of beads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't it's a stuck pair of beads or
+it's an ordinary separable pair of beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an ordinary separable pair of beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an ordinary separable pair of beads
+and then as a pair we placed each pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as a pair we placed each pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as a pair we placed each pair
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+time on the toy and the toy played music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the toy and the toy played music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on the toy and the toy played music
+in principle this evidence is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle this evidence is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle this evidence is always
+confounded one bead in each pair might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded one bead in each pair might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded one bead in each pair might
+be the responsible party activating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the responsible party activating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the responsible party activating the
+toy but as a practical matter if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy but as a practical matter if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy but as a practical matter if you'd
+just learned the base rate is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned the base rate is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learned the base rate is that every
+single bead activates this toy there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bead activates this toy there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bead activates this toy there's
+not a lot of information to be gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of information to be gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of information to be gained
+here you should just assume that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you should just assume that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you should just assume that all of
+these beads work and in that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beads work and in that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beads work and in that condition
+we expected that kids would play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected that kids would play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expected that kids would play
+indiscriminately with the two toys but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminately with the two toys but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminately with the two toys but
+in the condition where only some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the condition where only some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the condition where only some of the
+beads work there's genuine uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads work there's genuine uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads work there's genuine uncertainty
+right maybe only one of these beads work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe only one of these beads work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe only one of these beads work
+maybe they both did and if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they both did and if that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they both did and if that's true
+and if kids are sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if kids are sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if kids are sensitive to the
+possibility of information gained only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of information gained only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of information gained only
+one of these beads affords of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these beads affords of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these beads affords of the
+possibility of finding out own the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of finding out own the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of finding out own the only
+one can you isolate the variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can you isolate the variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can you isolate the variables and
+that's what the separable pair so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the separable pair so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the separable pair so we
+thought in this condition the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought in this condition the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought in this condition the kids
+should selectively play with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should selectively play with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should selectively play with the
+separable pair and in particular they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable pair and in particular they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable pair and in particular they
+should place each bead one at a time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should place each bead one at a time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should place each bead one at a time on
+the toy ah so that's in fact what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy ah so that's in fact what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy ah so that's in fact what we
+found in the obvious condition the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the obvious condition the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the obvious condition the kids
+basically never separated the pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically never separated the pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically never separated the pair and
+in this some beads condition about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this some beads condition about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this some beads condition about half
+the kids did it and performed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids did it and performed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids did it and performed the
+exhaustive ah intervention that was cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive ah intervention that was cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive ah intervention that was cool
+but my graduate student at the time said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my graduate student at the time said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my graduate student at the time said
+they're doing something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing something really
+interesting even with the stuck pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting even with the stuck pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting even with the stuck pair of
+beads we should look at the stuck pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads we should look at the stuck pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads we should look at the stuck pair
+and I said what can they do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said what can they do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said what can they do with the
+stuck pair there's nothing to be done if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck pair there's nothing to be done if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck pair there's nothing to be done if
+the stock pair it's stuck and she's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock pair it's stuck and she's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock pair it's stuck and she's well
+so just try it again with the stock pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just try it again with the stock pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just try it again with the stock pair
+so we did the same thing they got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did the same thing they got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we did the same thing they got
+introduced the fact that either every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the fact that either every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the fact that either every
+bead work to only some of the beads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead work to only some of the beads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bead work to only some of the beads
+worked and this time we introduced just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and this time we introduced just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and this time we introduced just
+the stock pair and we placed it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock pair and we placed it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock pair and we placed it on the
+toy the toy we made music and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy the toy we made music and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy the toy we made music and let me
+show you what the children did right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes over that a second time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over that a second time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over that a second time and then
+she hands which other players ran those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she hands which other players ran those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she hands which other players ran those
+just retreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then forget something we never done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the only one makes contact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only one makes contact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only one makes contact with the
+toy editor and if you have a folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy editor and if you have a folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy editor and if you have a folks
+period contact causality that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period contact causality that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period contact causality that is a
+pretty good way to isolate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good way to isolate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good way to isolate your
+variables I'm not one there had occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'm not one there had occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'm not one there had occurred
+to say the P I on this investigation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the P I on this investigation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the P I on this investigation but
+in fact it occurred to about half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it occurred to about half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it occurred to about half the
+kids again in that condition in the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids again in that condition in the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids again in that condition in the some
+beads condition where there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads condition where there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beads condition where there was
+uncertainty the kids were more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty the kids were more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty the kids were more likely to
+design their own intervention to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design their own intervention to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design their own intervention to try to
+isolate the variables then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the variables then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the variables then in the
+condition where all the beads worked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where all the beads worked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition where all the beads worked so
+preschoolers are using information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschoolers are using information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preschoolers are using information about
+the base rate of candidate causes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base rate of candidate causes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base rate of candidate causes to
+distinguish the ambiguity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the ambiguity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the ambiguity of the
+evidence and they're selecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and they're selecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and they're selecting and
+designing potentially informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing potentially informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing potentially informative
+interventions to isolate these causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to isolate these causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions to isolate these causal
+variables all right I'm gonna show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right I'm gonna show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all right I'm gonna show you
+some new work now kind of on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new work now kind of on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new work now kind of on the same
+theme one way the investigations can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme one way the investigations can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme one way the investigations can be
+uninformative is because evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformative is because evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninformative is because evidence is
+confounded we're all familiar with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded we're all familiar with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounded we're all familiar with that
+right we think we did the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we think we did the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we think we did the perfect
+experiment they're like oh it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they're like oh it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they're like oh it really
+could have been because of this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been because of this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been because of this really
+silly boring reason and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly boring reason and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly boring reason and that's
+disappointing and you have to run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing and you have to run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing and you have to run it
+again but another reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but another reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but another reason that
+investigations can be uninformative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations can be uninformative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations can be uninformative is
+because they generate outcomes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they generate outcomes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they generate outcomes that are
+super hard to distinguish right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super hard to distinguish right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super hard to distinguish right so if I
+have a handkerchief in one pocket and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a handkerchief in one pocket and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a handkerchief in one pocket and a
+candy cane in the other then a childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy cane in the other then a childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy cane in the other then a childhood
+once that candy cane is can have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that candy cane is can have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that candy cane is can have no
+trouble patting you down and finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble patting you down and finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble patting you down and finding the
+Cadi cane but if I have a pen in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadi cane but if I have a pen in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cadi cane but if I have a pen in one
+pocket and a candy cane and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and a candy cane and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket and a candy cane and the other
+that's gonna be a harder problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be a harder problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be a harder problem and
+this might be more salient to you if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be more salient to you if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be more salient to you if I
+say you're gonna go in and have a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're gonna go in and have a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're gonna go in and have a lab
+test for a fatal disease or potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for a fatal disease or potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for a fatal disease or potentially
+a benign disease and you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a benign disease and you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a benign disease and you know what the
+results are going to look like one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are going to look like one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are going to look like one is
+going to be reddish maroon and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reddish maroon and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be reddish maroon and the other
+is going to be maroonish red okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be maroonish red okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be maroonish red okay that's
+not the kind of test you want you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the kind of test you want you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the kind of test you want you want
+yellow blue right so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow blue right so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow blue right so so this is
+important we care about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we care about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we care about how much
+uncertainty there is over interpreting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty there is over interpreting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty there is over interpreting
+the outcome as well so if children are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome as well so if children are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome as well so if children are
+sensitive to the how useful actions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the how useful actions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the how useful actions are
+for information gained then they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for information gained then they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for information gained then they should
+prefer interventions that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer interventions that generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer interventions that generate
+distinctive patterns of evidence okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive patterns of evidence okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive patterns of evidence okay so
+max Seigle in my labs have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max Seigle in my labs have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max Seigle in my labs have been
+some some experiments like this he start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some experiments like this he start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some experiments like this he start
+with a very simple one basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple one basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple one basically the
+equivalent of the handkerchief and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the handkerchief and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the handkerchief and the
+candy cane so okay there's either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy cane so okay there's either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy cane so okay there's either a
+beanbag in this box that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beanbag in this box that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beanbag in this box that I've been
+putting here a pencil in this bag it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting here a pencil in this bag it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting here a pencil in this bag it is
+a shiny cool hologram sparkly that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shiny cool hologram sparkly that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shiny cool hologram sparkly that's all
+you want it okay that's gonna go in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it okay that's gonna go in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it okay that's gonna go in this
+box over here and in this box either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over here and in this box either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over here and in this box either the
+really cool shiny hologram pencil or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool shiny hologram pencil or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool shiny hologram pencil or the
+really boring yellow pencil it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring yellow pencil it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring yellow pencil it's gonna
+go in this box saying guess what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this box saying guess what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this box saying guess what I'm
+gonna do I'm going to take each box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do I'm going to take each box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do I'm going to take each box and
+I'm gonna shake it so he does that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna shake it so he does that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna shake it so he does that and
+you know what you hear both times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you hear both times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you hear both times
+because I've got that coming because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got that coming because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've got that coming because
+that can pack a tuck indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can pack a tuck indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can pack a tuck indistinguishable
+sense and now the question is which box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and now the question is which box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and now the question is which box
+do you want to open which box do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to open which box do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to open which box do you
+want oh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want oh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want oh right
+and if you're sensitive to the ambiguity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're sensitive to the ambiguity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're sensitive to the ambiguity
+I should say well listen if it were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say well listen if it were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say well listen if it were a
+beanbag I would really know so that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beanbag I would really know so that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beanbag I would really know so that must
+be the sparkly pencil right but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sparkly pencil right but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sparkly pencil right but I'm
+never gonna know in this box cuz books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna know in this box cuz books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna know in this box cuz books
+look nothing alike so I really better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nothing alike so I really better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look nothing alike so I really better
+choose this box and then he's gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this box and then he's gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this box and then he's gonna do a
+harder problem he's gonna say there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problem he's gonna say there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problem he's gonna say there are
+sick no sorry eight shiny colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick no sorry eight shiny colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick no sorry eight shiny colorful
+marbles do you really want them in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles do you really want them in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles do you really want them in this
+box or two really boring white ones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box or two really boring white ones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box or two really boring white ones or
+they're eight colorful shiny marbles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eight colorful shiny marbles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're eight colorful shiny marbles in
+this box or six really boring white ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box or six really boring white ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box or six really boring white ones
+in each case it's get hidden you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case it's get hidden you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each case it's get hidden you're
+gonna hear the box in each case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hear the box in each case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna hear the box in each case it's
+going to make exactly the same sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make exactly the same sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make exactly the same sound
+which is actually the sound of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the sound of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the sound of eight
+marbles in a box and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles in a box and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles in a box and the question is
+which box do you want to open so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which box do you want to open so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which box do you want to open so let me
+show you how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess what these marvels of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what these marvels of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what these marvels of those are
+yours for right now that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours for right now that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours for right now that's pretty cool
+right those are for Mark polls and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are for Mark polls and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are for Mark polls and in
+this game I'm going to hide either your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game I'm going to hide either your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game I'm going to hide either your
+marbles or Bunny's marbles inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles or Bunny's marbles inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles or Bunny's marbles inside of
+this box I'm going to look for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box I'm going to look for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this box I'm going to look for your
+marbles okay if you find them you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles okay if you find them you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles okay if you find them you get
+another sticker all right I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sticker all right I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sticker all right I'm going to
+put mine right here and we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put mine right here and we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put mine right here and we're gonna do
+the five since first I'm going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five since first I'm going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five since first I'm going to choose
+either your bottles or muddy marbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody's marbles are in here now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's marbles are in here now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's marbles are in here now I'm
+gonna do the same thing with this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the same thing with this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the same thing with this box
+under your buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll skip the one more time but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll skip the one more time but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll skip the one more time but your
+lips sorry well you can get that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips sorry well you can get that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips sorry well you can get that but
+never mind uh you can get the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind uh you can get the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind uh you can get the general
+principle the children are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the children are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle the children are
+overwhelmingly good at this kind of task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly good at this kind of task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelmingly good at this kind of task
+it turns out in both of these cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in both of these cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out in both of these cases and
+in many many other iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many other iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many many other iterations
+they went they're very confident about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went they're very confident about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went they're very confident about
+which box they should pH speak which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which box they should pH speak which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which box they should pH speak which
+means they're representing to themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they're representing to themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they're representing to themselves
+something about the ambiguity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the ambiguity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the ambiguity of the
+evidence and their own ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and their own ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and their own ability to
+perceive these kinds of of distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive these kinds of of distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive these kinds of of distinctions
+so with max we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with max we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with max we've been talking about
+this is a kind of intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of intuitive
+psychophysics where they can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics where they can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychophysics where they can represent
+their own discrimination threshold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own discrimination threshold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own discrimination threshold to
+make these kinds of distinctions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these kinds of distinctions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these kinds of distinctions and
+they prefer interventions that generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer interventions that generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer interventions that generate
+distinctive patterns of evidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive patterns of evidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive patterns of evidence and
+maximize the possibility of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the possibility of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the possibility of information
+again that clear okay so these are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that clear okay so these are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that clear okay so these are lots
+of ways in which children seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways in which children seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways in which children seem to be
+using intuitive theories some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using intuitive theories some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using intuitive theories some kind of
+abstract higher-order knowledge to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract higher-order knowledge to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract higher-order knowledge to to
+make inferences from from data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences from from data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make inferences from from data but
+information is also costly to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is also costly to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is also costly to generate
+and the cost themselves are informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost themselves are informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cost themselves are informative
+so I'm going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to talk a little bit about
+that that piece now it's costly both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that piece now it's costly both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that piece now it's costly both for
+the learner who cannot learn everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learner who cannot learn everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learner who cannot learn everything
+and in a cultural context where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a cultural context where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a cultural context where you're
+not just learning and exploring on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just learning and exploring on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just learning and exploring on your
+own but you're actually getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but you're actually getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own but you're actually getting
+information from other people it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from other people it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from other people it's
+costly also for for the teacher for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly also for for the teacher for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly also for for the teacher for the
+informant and and these kinds of costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informant and and these kinds of costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informant and and these kinds of costs
+and how we negotiate these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we negotiate these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we negotiate these kinds of
+costs I think are really fundamental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs I think are really fundamental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs I think are really fundamental to
+a lot of hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of hard problems
+in in communication language so Minh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in communication language so Minh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in communication language so Minh
+lots of the field of pragmatics deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of the field of pragmatics deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of the field of pragmatics deals
+with problems of under determination we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problems of under determination we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problems of under determination we
+say these sentences we understand each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these sentences we understand each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these sentences we understand each
+other we understand each other and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we understand each other and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we understand each other and all
+kinds of ambiguous context we use a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ambiguous context we use a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of ambiguous context we use a lot
+of social cues and other information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social cues and other information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social cues and other information to
+disambiguate but part of what we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate but part of what we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguate but part of what we do is
+we make inferences about how much this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make inferences about how much this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make inferences about how much this
+person is going to communicate in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is going to communicate in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is going to communicate in this
+context given how much I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context given how much I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context given how much I need to
+understand and we use this to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we use this to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we use this to resolve
+these kinds of ambiguities I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of ambiguities I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of ambiguities I'm going to
+give you a few examples of that here how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples of that here how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples of that here how
+again i'm start with a study we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm start with a study we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm start with a study we did
+awhile ago then show you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awhile ago then show you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awhile ago then show you a little bit of
+more recent work so i'm just gonna i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent work so i'm just gonna i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent work so i'm just gonna i'm
+gonna skip over some of this just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip over some of this just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna skip over some of this just to be
+able to cover all of this and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to cover all of this and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to cover all of this and say
+because there's a cost of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a cost of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a cost of information
+for both teachers and learners it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both teachers and learners it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both teachers and learners it
+predicts some trade-offs and the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts some trade-offs and the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts some trade-offs and the kinds
+of inferences you should make so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inferences you should make so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inferences you should make so for
+instance if a knowledgeable informants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if a knowledgeable informants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if a knowledgeable informants
+shows your toy and says here this toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows your toy and says here this toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows your toy and says here this toy
+has a single function then if you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a single function then if you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a single function then if you the
+learner think that that teacher is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner think that that teacher is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner think that that teacher is
+trying to generate a true sample from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to generate a true sample from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to generate a true sample from
+the hypothesis base and one actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis base and one actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis base and one actually is
+going to get the right idea to your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the right idea to your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get the right idea to your head
+you should assume that there is only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should assume that there is only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should assume that there is only one
+function and not two or three or four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and not two or three or four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and not two or three or four or
+five because if there were more they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five because if there were more they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five because if there were more they
+should have shown them to you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have shown them to you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have shown them to you right
+because if they know the true hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they know the true hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they know the true hypothesis
+they could just demonstrate that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just demonstrate that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just demonstrate that they
+can rule out all of that all of that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rule out all of that all of that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rule out all of that all of that for
+you but if you just stumble upon a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if you just stumble upon a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if you just stumble upon a
+single function of a toy or a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single function of a toy or a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single function of a toy or a not
+knowledgeable teacher generates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable teacher generates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable teacher generates it
+accidentally or if the teacher as Liz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally or if the teacher as Liz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally or if the teacher as Liz
+spoke II pointed out is interrupted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke II pointed out is interrupted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke II pointed out is interrupted in
+the middle of that demonstration then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of that demonstration then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of that demonstration then
+you shouldn't assume that that evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't assume that that evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't assume that that evidence
+is exhaustive it suspends that inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exhaustive it suspends that inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exhaustive it suspends that inference
+right now okay Lee showed me one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay Lee showed me one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now okay Lee showed me one but
+maybe there are two three or four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are two three or four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are two three or four so
+it's only in a condition where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only in a condition where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only in a condition where I think
+you are fully informed freely acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are fully informed freely acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are fully informed freely acting
+teacher that I should assume well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher that I should assume well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher that I should assume well look
+if you are a helpful knowledgeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a helpful knowledgeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a helpful knowledgeable
+teacher then the information should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher then the information should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher then the information should you
+give me should not only be true of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me should not only be true of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me should not only be true of the
+hypothesis it should help me distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis it should help me distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis it should help me distinguish
+that hypothesis from available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hypothesis from available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hypothesis from available
+alternatives okay and what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives okay and what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives okay and what that means is
+there's a specific trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a specific trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a specific trade-off between
+instruction and exploration because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and exploration because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction and exploration because if
+I'm instructed that there's one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm instructed that there's one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm instructed that there's one function
+of the toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the toy
+I don't need to explore any further but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to explore any further but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to explore any further but
+if I just happen to find one function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just happen to find one function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just happen to find one function in
+the toy baby I do okay so let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy baby I do okay so let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy baby I do okay so let me show
+you what we did to test this we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we did to test this we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what we did to test this we had a
+novel toy it actually had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel toy it actually had four
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+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties a squeaker alloy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting properties a squeaker alloy
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+ align:start position:0%
+mirror music and we demonstrated a
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+
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+single function of the toy the squeaker
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+
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+
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+in three conditions and we also set a
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+
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+in three conditions and we also set a
+baseline in the pedagogical condition we
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+said watch this I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said watch this I'm going to show you
+sorry the line nuts off but watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the line nuts off but watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the line nuts off but watch this
+I'm going to show you my toy they pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you my toy they pulled
+ 
+
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+I'm going to show you my toy they pulled
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy and then said while see that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy and then said while see that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the accidental condition was look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the accidental condition was look
+at this neat toy I found here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this neat toy I found here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this neat toy I found here
+accidentally pulled this tube in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally pulled this tube in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally pulled this tube in the
+same way while see that the baseline was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way while see that the baseline was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way while see that the baseline was
+just look at this neat toy I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this neat toy I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this neat toy I have here
+with no demonstration and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no demonstration and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no demonstration and the
+interrupted condition was identical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted condition was identical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted condition was identical to
+the pedagogical intuition except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pedagogical intuition except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pedagogical intuition except the
+teacher was interrupted
+
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+teacher was interrupted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher was interrupted
+immediately after pulling the tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after pulling the tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately after pulling the tube and
+then she said Wow see that so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she said Wow see that so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she said Wow see that so is that
+Clara I'm sorry for the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clara I'm sorry for the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clara I'm sorry for the slide
+misalignment and the prediction is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment and the prediction is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misalignment and the prediction is that
+in the first condition children should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first condition children should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first condition children should
+constrain their exploration relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain their exploration relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain their exploration relative to
+all the other conditions so let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other conditions so let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other conditions so let me show
+you what that looks like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or not but just to bag this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but just to bag this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but just to bag this is a really
+super cute slide but it's not gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cute slide but it's not gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super cute slide but it's not gonna work
+Oh in this condition what we found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh in this condition what we found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh in this condition what we found was
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+we found a child in the Children's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found a child in the Children's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found a child in the Children's
+Museum with the toy with all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum with the toy with all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum with the toy with all of these
+kind of nail properties we say well see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nail properties we say well see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nail properties we say well see
+this we showed them in the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we showed them in the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we showed them in the property of
+the toy and the child spends 90 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy and the child spends 90 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy and the child spends 90 seconds
+pulling only the squeaker he then says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling only the squeaker he then says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling only the squeaker he then says
+I'm very smart for a five-year-old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very smart for a five-year-old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm very smart for a five-year-old and
+when she asked for all of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she asked for all of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she asked for all of the other
+functions the toy he doesn't know any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the toy he doesn't know any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the toy he doesn't know any of
+the other functions because he hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other functions because he hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other functions because he hasn't
+explored and what we think is he is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored and what we think is he is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored and what we think is he is very
+smart for a five-year-old because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart for a five-year-old because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart for a five-year-old because it's a
+completely rational inference if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rational inference if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely rational inference if there
+were more functions of the toy then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more functions of the toy then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more functions of the toy then they
+should have been demonstrated yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been demonstrated yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been demonstrated yeah and
+so what we find overall is in fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we find overall is in fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we find overall is in fact that
+children do fewer actions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do fewer actions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do fewer actions and they
+discover fewer functions of this toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover fewer functions of this toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover fewer functions of this toy
+this isn't just true it turns out we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just true it turns out we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't just true it turns out we now
+know because we live in a hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because we live in a hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because we live in a hyper
+pedagogical culture because they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical culture because they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical culture because they're just
+Rep laura schwendemann and Amanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rep laura schwendemann and Amanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rep laura schwendemann and Amanda
+Woodward just replicated this study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodward just replicated this study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodward just replicated this study of
+the Yucatec Maya and toddlers and found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yucatec Maya and toddlers and found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yucatec Maya and toddlers and found
+the same kind of effect constraints in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of effect constraints in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of effect constraints in a
+pedagogical condition even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical condition even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical condition even though it's a
+culture that's pretty limited in their
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+culture that's pretty limited in their
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+
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+culture that's pretty limited in their
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their pedagogy so information is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their pedagogy so information is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and pedagogical contexts
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly and pedagogical contexts
+strengthen the inference that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the inference that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen the inference that the
+absence of evidence of fit teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of evidence of fit teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of evidence of fit teachers
+failure to go on and teach you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to go on and teach you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure to go on and teach you more
+information is in fact evidence of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in fact evidence of its
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+
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+information is in fact evidence of its
+absence so clear and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence so clear and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence so clear and this is a very
+sensible inductive bias but it predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible inductive bias but it predicts
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible inductive bias but it predicts
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+constrain expression because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain expression because that's what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain expression because that's what
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+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+it's supposed to constrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to constrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to constrain the
+hypothesis you consider and indeed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis you consider and indeed it
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+
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+hypothesis you consider and indeed it
+works quite well and that's good if
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+works quite well and that's good if
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+it constrains it to efficient learning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it constrains it to efficient learning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+things you don't know are true that you
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss mislead a learner how much is
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+
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+enough information well there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information well there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough information well there are lots
+of good reasons why teachers ought to
+
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+of good reasons why teachers ought to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good reasons why teachers ought to
+provide very limited information first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide very limited information first
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide very limited information first
+of all I've showed you in the first set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I've showed you in the first set
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I've showed you in the first set
+of studies evidence often supports
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+ align:start position:0%
+of studies evidence often supports
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+generalization right one dog toy squeaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization right one dog toy squeaks
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+
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+generalization right one dog toy squeaks
+probably they all squeak barring how
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+ align:start position:0%
+probably they all squeak barring how
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+
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+probably they all squeak barring how
+generalizable that sample sample is so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable that sample sample is so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable that sample sample is so I
+don't need to show you every single toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to show you every single toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to show you every single toy
+I don't need to show a child this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to show a child this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to show a child this is a
+cup and that's a cop in this little cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup and that's a cop in this little cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup and that's a cop in this little cup
+- and that's a cup and that's a cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and that's a cup and that's a cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and that's a cup and that's a cup
+right once the child has a cup I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once the child has a cup I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once the child has a cup I can
+assume that that child herself will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that that child herself will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that that child herself will be
+able to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make the
+generalization or sometimes I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization or sometimes I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization or sometimes I know
+you're not gonna be able to make it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna be able to make it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna be able to make it but
+the additional information is just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional information is just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional information is just too
+costly I'm working on teaching you 2+2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly I'm working on teaching you 2+2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly I'm working on teaching you 2+2
+I'm not going to teach you a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to teach you a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to teach you a linear
+algebra right now right it's a waste of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right now right it's a waste of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra right now right it's a waste of
+it's a waste of our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a waste of our time
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a waste of our time
+so that's another reason why you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another reason why you might
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+
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+so that's another reason why you might
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+provide limited information so what are
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+and when is it misleading right when is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when is it misleading right when is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+hypothesis then we consider that a sin
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+
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+hypothesis then we consider that a sin
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+information and I I'm not doing that
+then you know maybe that's not a problem
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+ align:start position:0%
+then you know maybe that's not a problem
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know maybe that's not a problem
+so one of the questions is can children
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+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the questions is can children
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the questions is can children
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost the learner something in her in
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+
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+to cost the learner something in her in
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+terms of what they can gain and when
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+
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+terms of what they can gain and when
+they're not so to test this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so to test this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so to test this this is
+again your one guan's work we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your one guan's work we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again your one guan's work we introduced
+a toy and it had one function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy and it had one function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy and it had one function this
+wind-up mechanism and the kids got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind-up mechanism and the kids got to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind-up mechanism and the kids got to
+explore and they found out the toy did
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+ align:start position:0%
+explore and they found out the toy did
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and they found out the toy did
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+ align:start position:0%
+one thing another condition the toy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+looked the same but in fact the toy had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked the same but in fact the toy had
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked the same but in fact the toy had
+lots of functions and the children knew
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so the children always knew
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+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth the toreador had one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground truth the toreador had one
+function or four and then there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or four and then there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or four and then there was a
+teacher who taught Elmo and this teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher who taught Elmo and this teacher
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher who taught Elmo and this teacher
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+always did the same thing teacher always
+taught just one function and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught just one function and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught just one function and the first
+question was the teachers always do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was the teachers always do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was the teachers always do the
+same thing the same thing with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the same thing with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing the same thing with an
+identical looking toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical looking toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical looking toy
+do the kids penalize the teacher do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the kids penalize the teacher do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the kids penalize the teacher do they
+think is a bad teacher if he only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a bad teacher if he only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is a bad teacher if he only
+teaches one function when they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches one function when they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches one function when they're really
+four compared to when he teaches one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four compared to when he teaches one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four compared to when he teaches one
+function and there's only one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and there's only one so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and there's only one so the
+first thing we did was ask kids to rape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we did was ask kids to rape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we did was ask kids to rape
+that teacher and indeed they think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teacher and indeed they think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teacher and indeed they think that
+this teacher is a terrible teacher when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teacher is a terrible teacher when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teacher is a terrible teacher when
+there's four functions only tip is one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four functions only tip is one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's four functions only tip is one I
+think it's a good teacher when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good teacher when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good teacher when he
+teaches one of one but the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches one of one but the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches one of one but the really
+interesting question was what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question was what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question was what would the
+children do to compensate if they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do to compensate if they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do to compensate if they knew
+they had a bad teacher so we ran exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a bad teacher so we ran exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a bad teacher so we ran exactly
+the same setup where the teacher shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same setup where the teacher shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same setup where the teacher shows
+on mow the toy in the one function case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mow the toy in the one function case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mow the toy in the one function case
+and the four function test and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the four function test and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the four function test and for
+reasons that will become clear we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that will become clear we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that will become clear we also
+ran a control condition where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a control condition where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran a control condition where the
+were for active functions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were for active functions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were for active functions and the
+teacher taught all four okay in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher taught all four okay in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher taught all four okay in all
+cases the teacher thing goes on him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the teacher thing goes on him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the teacher thing goes on him and
+runs that experiment I just showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs that experiment I just showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs that experiment I just showed you
+the teacher shows just the squeaker toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teacher shows just the squeaker toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teacher shows just the squeaker toy
+here of this single function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of this single function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of this single function and the
+question is what should the kids do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what should the kids do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what should the kids do so
+it's a complicated setup so I'll walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated setup so I'll walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complicated setup so I'll walk
+you through it a little bit when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through it a little bit when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through it a little bit when you
+teach one of one function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach one of one function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach one of one function right
+you should infer the toy probably does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should infer the toy probably does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should infer the toy probably does
+one thing it's a good teacher and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing it's a good teacher and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing it's a good teacher and so
+when they show you one function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they show you one function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they show you one function of this
+you should constrain your exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should constrain your exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should constrain your exploration
+today that was a sensible sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that was a sensible sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that was a sensible sensible
+infants ah when they teach one a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants ah when they teach one a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infants ah when they teach one a four
+you should say that's a bad teacher toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should say that's a bad teacher toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should say that's a bad teacher toy
+pride does more than one thing the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pride does more than one thing the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pride does more than one thing the new
+toy probably does too I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy probably does too I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy probably does too I'm going to
+explore more broadly but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore more broadly but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore more broadly but we don't know
+in that case if they're doing it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case if they're doing it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case if they're doing it because
+they just saw a toy with one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just saw a toy with one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just saw a toy with one function
+and so they think this toy is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they think this toy is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they think this toy is one
+question and they just saw her with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and they just saw her with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and they just saw her with four
+functions so they think this toy is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so they think this toy is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so they think this toy is four
+functions so we can disambiguate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so we can disambiguate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so we can disambiguate those
+with this condition now if they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this condition now if they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this condition now if they're just
+generalizing from the toy this story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing from the toy this story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing from the toy this story is
+for functions well then they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for functions well then they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for functions well then they should
+think the story is four functions but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the story is four functions but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the story is four functions but if
+they're generalizing from the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generalizing from the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generalizing from the teacher
+this is a good teacher so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good teacher so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good teacher so when the
+teacher now tells you about the new toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher now tells you about the new toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher now tells you about the new toy
+that it has one function the kids should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has one function the kids should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has one function the kids should
+constrain their explorations does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain their explorations does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain their explorations does
+everyone understand the logic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand the logic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand the logic of the
+design here and in fact that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design here and in fact that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design here and in fact that's exactly
+what we've had ok the teacher their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've had ok the teacher their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've had ok the teacher their
+children compensated with additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children compensated with additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children compensated with additional
+exploration when they thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration when they thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration when they thought the
+teacher had provided insufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher had provided insufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher had provided insufficient
+information to the limner is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so information is costly to teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so information is costly to teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so information is costly to teachers
+and learners if teachers minimize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learners if teachers minimize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learners if teachers minimize their
+own costs and provide too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own costs and provide too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own costs and provide too little
+information children think they're poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information children think they're poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information children think they're poor
+teachers they suspend the inference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers they suspend the inference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers they suspend the inference that
+that information is representative they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is representative they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information is representative they
+compensate with additional exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate with additional exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate with additional exploration
+I'm going to go ahead and show you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go ahead and show you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go ahead and show you just
+a couple more examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's too little information but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's too little information but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's too little information but
+because information is costly can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because information is costly can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because information is costly can also
+provide too much information I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide too much information I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide too much information I might be
+doing that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that right now
+too much information it's costly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much information it's costly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much information it's costly it's
+taking a toll on the learner to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a toll on the learner to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a toll on the learner to absorb
+all of that and you have to know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and you have to know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that and you have to know well
+are you providing me too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you providing me too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you providing me too much
+information or just the right amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or just the right amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or just the right amount and
+that the risk of falling into this trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the risk of falling into this trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the risk of falling into this trap
+myself I am going to show you quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I am going to show you quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself I am going to show you quickly
+this study because how much information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study because how much information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study because how much information
+is too much information depends on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too much information depends on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too much information depends on a
+hard question which is how much do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question which is how much do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question which is how much do you
+already know right you've all been here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know right you've all been here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know right you've all been here
+off somewhere you know a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off somewhere you know a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off somewhere you know a lot of things
+I'm not a very good estimate of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a very good estimate of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a very good estimate of what you
+know or how much this information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or how much this information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or how much this information is
+going so it's a little hard for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so it's a little hard for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so it's a little hard for me to
+titrate what's the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrate what's the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titrate what's the right amount of
+information to give you and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to give you and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to give you and the question
+is can children take these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can children take these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can children take these kinds of
+theory of mind problems into account in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of mind problems into account in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of mind problems into account in
+order to estimate what information they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to estimate what information they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to estimate what information they
+should be getting to test this we gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting to test this we gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting to test this we gave
+kids a 20 button toy if I push a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids a 20 button toy if I push a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids a 20 button toy if I push a single
+button and it makes music how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and it makes music how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and it makes music how many of
+you think that all the other buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that all the other buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that all the other buttons
+make music because you can generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music because you can generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make music because you can generalize
+from data and that is a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data and that is a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from data and that is a really good
+inductive inference they look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive inference they look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive inference they look the same
+it's a toy one makes music they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a toy one makes music they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a toy one makes music they probably
+all do but suppose they go out now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all do but suppose they go out now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all do but suppose they go out now to
+show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+so that's your prior expectation they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's your prior expectation they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's your prior expectation they
+all work but that one doesn't work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all work but that one doesn't work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all work but that one doesn't work and
+that one doesn't work and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't work and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one doesn't work and that one
+doesn't work and that one doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and that one doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and that one doesn't work
+and that one doesn't work and that ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one doesn't work and that ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one doesn't work and that ah
+that one works and that one doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one works and that one doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one works and that one doesn't work
+and that one doesn't work and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one doesn't work and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one doesn't work and that one
+doesn't work out that one doesn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work out that one doesn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work out that one doesn't like
+I'm doing this for a reason I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this for a reason I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing this for a reason I know this
+is really boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really boring
+partly to give you a break but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly to give you a break but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly to give you a break but it is
+awesome that one works okay so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome that one works okay so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome that one works okay so now what
+you have learned about this toy is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned about this toy is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned about this toy is that
+actually only three of these buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only three of these buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only three of these buttons
+work okay and suppose I show you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay and suppose I show you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay and suppose I show you this
+across a couple of toys you've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a couple of toys you've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a couple of toys you've just
+changed your expectations now if I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed your expectations now if I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed your expectations now if I show
+you right that one button works you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right that one button works you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right that one button works you
+don't think all the rest work you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think all the rest work you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think all the rest work you think
+probably two others work right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably two others work right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably two others work right so if I
+bring out a brand new toy and I push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out a brand new toy and I push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out a brand new toy and I push
+this button you'll probably be relieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button you'll probably be relieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button you'll probably be relieved
+if I just go ahead and push these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just go ahead and push these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just go ahead and push these three
+right but I don't go around and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I don't go around and show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I don't go around and show you
+all of the inert buttons I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the inert buttons I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the inert buttons I'm sorry
+because information is costly you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because information is costly you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because information is costly you have
+to sit there through all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there through all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit there through all those
+demonstrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrations
+in this experiment also your lawns work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment also your lawns work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment also your lawns work
+we gave kids a common ground condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave kids a common ground condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gave kids a common ground condition
+where everybody shared prior knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody shared prior knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody shared prior knowledge
+this abstract there you can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstract there you can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstract there you can use to
+constrain your interpretation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain your interpretation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain your interpretation of this
+data in this condition there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in this condition there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in this condition there were two
+toy makers for the informants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy makers for the informants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy makers for the informants and
+there's two naive learners Ernie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two naive learners Ernie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two naive learners Ernie and
+Bert and in the common ground condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bert and in the common ground condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bert and in the common ground condition
+Ernie and Bert and the toy makers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ernie and Bert and the toy makers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ernie and Bert and the toy makers are
+all there while the child explores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there while the child explores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there while the child explores and
+finds out that only three buttons work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out that only three buttons work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds out that only three buttons work
+on these toys okay and then one teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these toys okay and then one teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these toys okay and then one teacher
+shows of a brand new toy just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows of a brand new toy just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows of a brand new toy just like this
+every single button the inert ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single button the inert ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single button the inert ones and
+the non inner ones and the other teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non inner ones and the other teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non inner ones and the other teacher
+shows just the three working buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows just the three working buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows just the three working buttons
+right and then we say hey kids guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we say hey kids guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then we say hey kids guess
+what we have a whole closetful more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have a whole closetful more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have a whole closetful more of
+those toys one of these teachers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those toys one of these teachers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those toys one of these teachers can
+show them to you which one do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them to you which one do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them to you which one do you want
+which one do you want okay the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you want okay the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do you want okay the other
+condition is almost the same but guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is almost the same but guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is almost the same but guess
+what the child explores on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the child explores on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the child explores on their own
+right and so there's no common ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's no common ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's no common ground
+about what these toys do and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what these toys do and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what these toys do and then the
+teachers do the same thing one teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers do the same thing one teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers do the same thing one teacher
+shows exhaustive information and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows exhaustive information and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows exhaustive information and the
+other teacher pushes only the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other teacher pushes only the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other teacher pushes only the three
+working buttons okay so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working buttons okay so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working buttons okay so in this case
+that that efficient information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that efficient information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that efficient information that
+lest costly simple demonstration could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lest costly simple demonstration could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lest costly simple demonstration could
+mislead the learners about what the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislead the learners about what the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislead the learners about what the true
+hypothesis is they have a prior that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is they have a prior that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is they have a prior that all
+this buttons on which toy maker would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this buttons on which toy maker would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this buttons on which toy maker would
+you rather whoops learn from depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather whoops learn from depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rather whoops learn from depends on
+whether the learner shared that prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the learner shared that prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the learner shared that prior
+background information or not and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information or not and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information or not and that
+was not that was true now only when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not that was true now only when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not that was true now only when the
+children were judging the informants but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were judging the informants but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children were judging the informants but
+when they were teaching themselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were teaching themselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were teaching themselves so
+again these are four and five-year-olds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are four and five-year-olds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these are four and five-year-olds
+the children had a condition where elmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children had a condition where elmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children had a condition where elmo
+got to see the only 3 buttons worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to see the only 3 buttons worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to see the only 3 buttons worked on
+the toy and a condition where Elmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy and a condition where Elmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy and a condition where Elmo
+didn't get to see how many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to see how many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to see how many of those
+buttons worked on the toy and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons worked on the toy and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons worked on the toy and then the
+children got to teach Elmo the toy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children got to teach Elmo the toy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children got to teach Elmo the toy and
+the children were much more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children were much more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the children were much more likely to
+press more buttons and provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press more buttons and provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press more buttons and provide
+exhaustive evidence in the no common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive evidence in the no common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive evidence in the no common
+ground condition though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground condition though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground condition though
+so children themselves are adjusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so children themselves are adjusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so children themselves are adjusting the
+cost of the information they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the information they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of the information they provide
+based on their prior expectation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their prior expectation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their prior expectation about
+what they think they learned is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think they learned is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think they learned is going to
+learn from the data what i'ma do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the data what i'ma do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from the data what i'ma do is
+lastly tell you a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly tell you a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly tell you a little bit about how
+the cost of information our informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of information our informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of information our informative
+in not just in figuring out what data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not just in figuring out what data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not just in figuring out what data
+learn from and how you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from and how you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from and how you should
+communicate information but and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate information but and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate information but and actually
+figuring out what people are doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what people are doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what people are doing and
+actually grounding our ordinary everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grounding our ordinary everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually grounding our ordinary everyday
+theory of mind okay I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of mind okay I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of mind okay I'm going to start
+with an example you're familiar with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example you're familiar with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an example you're familiar with I
+know you've seen this before this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've seen this before this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you've seen this before this is an
+experiment by Giga and zebra a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by Giga and zebra a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment by Giga and zebra a rational
+action this little ball jumps over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this little ball jumps over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action this little ball jumps over the
+wall to get to the mama ball you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to get to the mama ball you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall to get to the mama ball you've all
+seen this I think Josh was presenting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this I think Josh was presenting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this I think Josh was presenting it
+maybe okay and when you take the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe okay and when you take the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe okay and when you take the wall
+away babies expect to that ball to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away babies expect to that ball to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away babies expect to that ball to take
+an efficient rich the goal so we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient rich the goal so we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient rich the goal so we think
+that rational agents should take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rational agents should take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rational agents should take the
+most efficient route to the goal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient route to the goal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient route to the goal they
+should maximize their overall utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should maximize their overall utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should maximize their overall utility
+okay but there's a lot of reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's a lot of reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there's a lot of reasons why
+that ball might have jumped over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ball might have jumped over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ball might have jumped over the
+wall and they all have to do with costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and they all have to do with costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and they all have to do with costs
+of rewards of action one might be it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rewards of action one might be it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rewards of action one might be it was
+really hard to get over the wall but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get over the wall but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to get over the wall but
+really rewarding to do so another reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rewarding to do so another reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rewarding to do so another reason
+though is that it was really easy to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that it was really easy to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that it was really easy to get
+over the wall so she might as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wall so she might as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the wall so she might as well but
+she didn't care that much about the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't care that much about the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't care that much about the word
+these could have the same net utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could have the same net utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these could have the same net utility
+but psychologically you really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but psychologically you really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but psychologically you really care
+about the difference right doesn't we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference right doesn't we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difference right doesn't we're
+talking about the internal structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the internal structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the internal structure of
+an agent motivations you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent motivations you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agent motivations you want to
+decompose this simple argument a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose this simple argument a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose this simple argument a
+rational goal directed action into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational goal directed action into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational goal directed action into what
+the particular costs and rewards are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular costs and rewards are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular costs and rewards are so
+Julianne hard and Jen our lab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julianne hard and Jen our lab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julianne hard and Jen our lab has
+developed this account because the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this account because the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this account because the naive
+utility calculus which is our way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility calculus which is our way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility calculus which is our way of
+reasoning about other people's actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about other people's actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about other people's actions
+which is we assume other agents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we assume other agents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we assume other agents are
+acting to maximize utility but we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting to maximize utility but we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting to maximize utility but we care
+about the internal structure also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the internal structure also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the internal structure also there
+are agent invariant rewards and costs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are agent invariant rewards and costs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are agent invariant rewards and costs to
+cookies is always more than one cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies is always more than one cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies is always more than one cookie
+higher hills are always higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher hills are always higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher hills are always higher than
+lower thumbs for all of us but some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower thumbs for all of us but some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower thumbs for all of us but some of
+us are more motivated to get cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are more motivated to get cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us are more motivated to get cookies
+than others of us and some of us find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others of us and some of us find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others of us and some of us find
+hills more costly than others of us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills more costly than others of us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills more costly than others of us so
+in addition to these agent invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to these agent invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to these agent invariant
+aspects of cost and rewards there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of cost and rewards there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of cost and rewards there's also
+these internal subjective things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these internal subjective things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these internal subjective things that
+are harder to judge right how confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are harder to judge right how confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are harder to judge right how confident
+you are what your values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are what your values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are what your values are
+in your preferences I and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your preferences I and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your preferences I and so
+understanding how all of these work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how all of these work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how all of these work
+together lets you get take a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together lets you get take a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together lets you get take a very very
+simple analysis and make surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analysis and make surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analysis and make surprisingly
+powerful inferences about what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful inferences about what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful inferences about what other
+agents are doing I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents are doing I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents are doing I'm going to show you a
+few examples and actually connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples and actually connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples and actually connect it
+back to how children are scientists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to how children are scientists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to how children are scientists in
+this record so here as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this record so here as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this record so here as an example
+experiment here is Grover and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here is Grover and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment here is Grover and there is a
+cracker and a cookie down on the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracker and a cookie down on the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracker and a cookie down on the slow
+shelf and Grover goes ahead and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf and Grover goes ahead and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelf and Grover goes ahead and he
+chooses the cookie and now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the cookie and now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the cookie and now there's a
+cracker and a cookie on this shelf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracker and a cookie on this shelf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracker and a cookie on this shelf and
+Grover goes ahead and chooses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grover goes ahead and chooses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grover goes ahead and chooses the
+cracker and the question is what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracker and the question is what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracker and the question is what does
+Grover like better well if your readout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grover like better well if your readout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grover like better well if your readout
+of preferences it's your actions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferences it's your actions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of preferences it's your actions you
+take it your goal directed action it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it your goal directed action it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it your goal directed action it's
+your treat you should be a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your treat you should be a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your treat you should be a chance
+you're just a crack on what's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a crack on what's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just a crack on what's in a
+cookie once but if even young children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie once but if even young children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie once but if even young children
+understand no it's not that simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand no it's not that simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand no it's not that simple right
+you're you're you're not just acting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you're not just acting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you're not just acting the
+Maximizer the reward your actioning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximizer the reward your actioning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximizer the reward your actioning to
+maximize utility you have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize utility you have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize utility you have to take the
+cost into account then clearly his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost into account then clearly his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost into account then clearly his
+preference is what he chose when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference is what he chose when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference is what he chose when the
+costs were matched right not when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs were matched right not when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs were matched right not when the
+costs were mismatched and the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs were mismatched and the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs were mismatched and the children
+should say no no no it's why he chose on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say no no no it's why he chose on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say no no no it's why he chose on
+the low box which treat does he like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low box which treat does he like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low box which treat does he like
+dust Sechler and indeed that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust Sechler and indeed that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust Sechler and indeed that is what
+children do you can also introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do you can also introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do you can also introduce a
+couple of characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of characters
+Cookie Monster who has a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster who has a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster who has a strong
+preference for cookies and Grover who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for cookies and Grover who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for cookies and Grover who's
+indifferent who likes them both so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent who likes them both so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent who likes them both so for
+Cookie Monster the reward value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster the reward value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster the reward value of
+cookies is much higher for Grover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies is much higher for Grover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies is much higher for Grover
+they're equivalent and now you can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent and now you can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equivalent and now you can set
+up a situation where there's crackers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a situation where there's crackers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a situation where there's crackers
+and a low box and cookies out of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a low box and cookies out of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a low box and cookies out of high
+box and you say it's good you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you say it's good you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and you say it's good you can make a
+choice and Grover chooses the cracker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and Grover chooses the cracker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice and Grover chooses the cracker
+and Cookie Monster chooses the cracker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cookie Monster chooses the cracker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Cookie Monster chooses the cracker
+and you say to the kids which puppet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say to the kids which puppet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say to the kids which puppet
+can't climb now no puppet is climbed no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't climb now no puppet is climbed no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't climb now no puppet is climbed no
+puppet has failed to climb no puppet has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppet has failed to climb no puppet has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puppet has failed to climb no puppet has
+even thought about climbing but the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thought about climbing but the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even thought about climbing but the kids
+can know the answer right because if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know the answer right because if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know the answer right because if he
+monster quick climb and he had a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster quick climb and he had a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster quick climb and he had a high
+reward then he would do it you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward then he would do it you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward then he would do it you don't
+really know what about gerberg but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what about gerberg but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what about gerberg but you
+can make an inference that the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make an inference that the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make an inference that the costs
+were not equivalent but the cost were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not equivalent but the cost were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not equivalent but the cost were
+that equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equipment
+and by the way in case you're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way in case you're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way in case you're worried
+that kids they're just saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids they're just saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kids they're just saying what
+Cookie Monster I've been listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster I've been listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster I've been listening to
+Michelle Obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle Obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle Obama
+you know obesity and fitness cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obesity and fitness cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obesity and fitness cookies
+aren't good I can't climb we ran the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't good I can't climb we ran the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't good I can't climb we ran the
+same experiment with Grover's and clover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment with Grover's and clover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment with Grover's and clover
+oh and Grover really likes clovers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and Grover really likes clovers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and Grover really likes clovers and
+Cookie Monster likes them both and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster likes them both and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster likes them both and you
+know flip the infants around okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know flip the infants around okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know flip the infants around okay so so
+they can they can consider how the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can consider how the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they can consider how the costs
+affect the entrances they make all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the entrances they make all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the entrances they make all right
+so let's bring this all back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's bring this all back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's bring this all back together
+I've thrown a lot of information prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've thrown a lot of information prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've thrown a lot of information prior
+to much information at you about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much information at you about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to much information at you about how
+kids can reason from sparse data about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids can reason from sparse data about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids can reason from sparse data about
+how they use their theories to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they use their theories to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they use their theories to make
+these inferences about how they use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inferences about how they use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these inferences about how they use this
+in teaching and learning and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teaching and learning and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teaching and learning and social
+context but if kids are sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but if kids are sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but if kids are sensitive to
+these utilities and the trade-offs then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these utilities and the trade-offs then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these utilities and the trade-offs then
+the kinds of things that I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that I showed you
+them doing with beads and with machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doing with beads and with machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doing with beads and with machines
+they should also be able to do in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should also be able to do in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should also be able to do in social
+context right there's we would leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right there's we would leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context right there's we would leave
+psychology to be something of a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology to be something of a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology to be something of a science
+as well as all these other Sciences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as all these other Sciences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as all these other Sciences and
+they should be able to apply some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be able to apply some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be able to apply some of the
+same principles holding some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles holding some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles holding some things
+constant manipulating others in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant manipulating others in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant manipulating others in order to
+gain information so we basically asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain information so we basically asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain information so we basically asked
+that question of the children here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question of the children here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question of the children here can
+they distinguish agents different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they distinguish agents different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they distinguish agents different
+competencies and rewards by manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competencies and rewards by manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competencies and rewards by manipulating
+the contexts that they see and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contexts that they see and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contexts that they see and and
+gaining information so here we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining information so here we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining information so here we don't
+know if Cookie Monster can climb so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if Cookie Monster can climb so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if Cookie Monster can climb so
+let's put one tree on each box where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put one tree on each box where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put one tree on each box where
+should we put the treats to find out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we put the treats to find out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we put the treats to find out if
+Cookie Monster can hot now only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster can hot now only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster can hot now only one of
+these interventions is informative if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interventions is informative if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interventions is informative if
+the cookie is down low and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookie is down low and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cookie is down low and you know
+Cookie Monster prefers cookies then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster prefers cookies then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster prefers cookies then
+you're not going to get any information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get any information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to get any information
+but if the cookie is up high then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the cookie is up high then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the cookie is up high then you
+are going to get information right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get information right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get information right and
+in fact the kids are overwhelmingly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the kids are overwhelmingly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the kids are overwhelmingly good
+at this you can also do in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this you can also do in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this you can also do in case you
+think well treats should be put up high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well treats should be put up high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well treats should be put up high
+and this is also true by the way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also true by the way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also true by the way for
+clovers but that's alright in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clovers but that's alright in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clovers but that's alright in case you
+think they just have a heuristic like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they just have a heuristic like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they just have a heuristic like oh
+well it's poor treats up how you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's poor treats up how you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's poor treats up how you can ask
+the question a different way you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question a different way you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question a different way you can say
+both of our friends can find the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of our friends can find the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of our friends can find the short
+box but only one of our friends can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but only one of our friends can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box but only one of our friends can
+climb the tall box and we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb the tall box and we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb the tall box and we don't know
+which one so let's put the cookie up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one so let's put the cookie up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one so let's put the cookie up
+here and the cracker down here and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the cracker down here and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the cracker down here and if we
+want to figure out which one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out which one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out which one of our
+friends can climb which friend should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends can climb which friend should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends can climb which friend should we
+send it well Grover has her particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it well Grover has her particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it well Grover has her particular
+incentive to climb he could just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to climb he could just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to climb he could just do the
+crack of a cookie monster he has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack of a cookie monster he has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack of a cookie monster he has an
+incentive to climb you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to climb you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to climb you should probably
+send in Cookie Monster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in Cookie Monster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in Cookie Monster
+and again these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again these are the kinds of
+inferences that young children can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences that young children can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences that young children can make
+so end of end of long-winded talk I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so end of end of long-winded talk I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so end of end of long-winded talk I want
+to return it to this so I framed it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return it to this so I framed it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to return it to this so I framed it in
+terms of the way I've been increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the way I've been increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the way I've been increasingly
+thinking and the projects that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and the projects that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and the projects that were
+increasingly moved to which is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly moved to which is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly moved to which is thinking
+not just about sort of the pure pursuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just about sort of the pure pursuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just about sort of the pure pursuit
+of knowledge and information about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and information about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge and information about how
+you pursue information in a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pursue information in a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pursue information in a complex
+world where it's not just you're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where it's not just you're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where it's not just you're an
+individual exploration you get it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual exploration you get it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual exploration you get it in a
+social context you get it in interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social context you get it in interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social context you get it in interaction
+with others the information is costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with others the information is costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with others the information is costly
+both to deliver and to process but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to deliver and to process but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to deliver and to process but that
+those cost themselves are information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cost themselves are information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cost themselves are information
+and you can use them to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use them to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use them to make sense of
+the world and so I want to sort of bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and so I want to sort of bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and so I want to sort of bring
+these together and come back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together and come back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these together and come back to a
+problem that I posed a bit earlier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I posed a bit earlier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I posed a bit earlier which
+is I think I hope I've made the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think I hope I've made the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think I hope I've made the case
+that what kids are doing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what kids are doing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what kids are doing is not
+reasoning about huge sets of data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about huge sets of data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about huge sets of data right
+what kids are doing is they're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kids are doing is they're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kids are doing is they're taking
+some very abstract structure knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very abstract structure knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very abstract structure knowledge
+and using it to constrain their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using it to constrain their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using it to constrain their
+information finn's is about tiny amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information finn's is about tiny amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information finn's is about tiny amounts
+of data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data right
+Cookie Monster this a couple trials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster this a couple trials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cookie Monster this a couple trials of
+evidence and then they make good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and then they make good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and then they make good
+inductive guesses which are sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive guesses which are sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive guesses which are sometimes
+wrong but they are are good and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but they are are good and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but they are are good and I said
+these abstract representations not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abstract representations not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these abstract representations not all
+of them are innate right you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are innate right you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are innate right you've seen
+beautiful evidence of the many that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful evidence of the many that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful evidence of the many that are
+but a lot of them aren't a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of them aren't a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of them aren't a lot of them
+aren't a lot of the things that govern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't a lot of the things that govern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't a lot of the things that govern
+your common sense knowledge everyday how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your common sense knowledge everyday how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your common sense knowledge everyday how
+do you get those and how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get those and how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get those and how do you get
+those from tiny amounts of data this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from tiny amounts of data this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those from tiny amounts of data this is
+a problem that bugged me deeply for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that bugged me deeply for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem that bugged me deeply for a
+very long time and I think there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time and I think there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time and I think there's been
+a real leap and some some you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real leap and some some you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real leap and some some you know a
+very exciting a sense of how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting a sense of how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting a sense of how it is
+actually possible to use tiny amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually possible to use tiny amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually possible to use tiny amounts of
+data to make really rich abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to make really rich abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to make really rich abstract
+inferences which then constrain your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences which then constrain your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferences which then constrain your
+interpretation of subsequent data I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of subsequent data I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of subsequent data I
+think that is a really important problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is a really important problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that is a really important problem
+and with that I'm going to turn it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that I'm going to turn it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that I'm going to turn it over
+to Josh and Homer who maybe can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Josh and Homer who maybe can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Josh and Homer who maybe can tell you
+how that is going to actually work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that is going to actually work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that is going to actually work so
+thanks to everyone who isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GZ2gWYzCYeI.txt b/GZ2gWYzCYeI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e047c86c8faa48ef55a730a9260f0500ae96a4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GZ2gWYzCYeI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8867 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I want to start off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I want to start off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I want to start off by
+telling you guys some about the reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you guys some about the reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you guys some about the reactors
+that you may or may not have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may or may not have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may or may not have heard of
+yet in the undergrad curriculum I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in the undergrad curriculum I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in the undergrad curriculum I know
+when uh when I was an undergrad we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh when I was an undergrad we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh when I was an undergrad we
+didn't spend too much time on non pwr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spend too much time on non pwr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't spend too much time on non pwr
+and bwr reactors so I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bwr reactors so I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bwr reactors so I just wanted to
+introduce you to them and get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to them and get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to them and get you
+thinking about when you choose your core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about when you choose your core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about when you choose your core
+design what sort of things do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design what sort of things do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design what sort of things do you have
+to be thinking about and this isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thinking about and this isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be thinking about and this isn't just
+for the core group this is for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the core group this is for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the core group this is for everyone
+because the choice of the core will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the choice of the core will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the choice of the core will help
+determine the outlet temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the outlet temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the outlet temperature the
+amount of power uh all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power uh all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of power uh all sorts of other
+things that are going to trickle down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to trickle down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to trickle down to
+the process heat hydrogen and biofuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat hydrogen and biofuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat hydrogen and biofuels
+folks um so for those and for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks um so for those and for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks um so for those and for those who
+just walked in if you need paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked in if you need paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walked in if you need paper
+handouts they're up here if you're fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts they're up here if you're fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts they're up here if you're fine
+with electronic then you're fine with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electronic then you're fine with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electronic then you're fine with
+electronic so the main param some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic so the main param some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic so the main param some of the
+main parameters to consider this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main parameters to consider this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main parameters to consider this is not
+an exhaustive list is what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhaustive list is what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhaustive list is what sort of
+coolant do you want to use uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant do you want to use uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant do you want to use uh there are
+pluses and minuses to each coolant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses and minuses to each coolant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluses and minuses to each coolant uh
+what kind of moderator do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of moderator do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of moderator do you want to
+use is the coolant the moderator are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is the coolant the moderator are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is the coolant the moderator are the
+coolant and moderator different what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant and moderator different what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant and moderator different what
+sort of thermodynamic cycle do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thermodynamic cycle do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thermodynamic cycle do you want
+to use for example if you're using a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for example if you're using a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for example if you're using a gas
+do you want to use a brighten cycle if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to use a brighten cycle if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to use a brighten cycle if
+you have uh a phase change material like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a phase change material like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a phase change material like
+water would you want to use a ring Keen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water would you want to use a ring Keen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water would you want to use a ring Keen
+cycle uh what are your Inlet and Outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh what are your Inlet and Outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh what are your Inlet and Outlet
+temperatures uh the outlet temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures uh the outlet temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures uh the outlet temperature
+is going to be pretty important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be pretty important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be pretty important because
+that's going to tell the process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell the process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to tell the process heat
+folks what they have to work with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks what they have to work with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks what they have to work with and
+then the process heat folks will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the process heat folks will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the process heat folks will tell
+you what the losses are and tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the losses are and tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the losses are and tell the
+hydrogen and biofuels people what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and biofuels people what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and biofuels people what they
+have to work with uh what Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work with uh what Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work with uh what Neutron
+spectrum is it going to be is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is it going to be is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum is it going to be is it going
+to be fast thermal epithermal um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fast thermal epithermal um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fast thermal epithermal um there's
+always materials concerns and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always materials concerns and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always materials concerns and I'm
+actually a uh material scientist as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a uh material scientist as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a uh material scientist as well
+as a nuclear engineer so I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a nuclear engineer so I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a nuclear engineer so I'll be
+weighing in pretty heavily on that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing in pretty heavily on that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighing in pretty heavily on that um
+what's the power density and the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the power density and the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the power density and the power
+density and the size of reactor can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the size of reactor can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the size of reactor can help
+you determine the size of the core uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you determine the size of the core uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you determine the size of the core uh
+are there any special features like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any special features like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any special features like are
+any of the designs you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the designs you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the designs you're looking at
+have a positive void coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive void coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive void coefficient in
+which case I don't think you're allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I don't think you're allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I don't think you're allowed
+to use them in the US uh how ready is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them in the US uh how ready is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them in the US uh how ready is it
+to make a commercial reactor and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a commercial reactor and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a commercial reactor and this
+doesn't mean can you build one tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean can you build one tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean can you build one tomorrow
+this means do you think with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means do you think with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means do you think with some
+certainty that in the next 5 10 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty that in the next 5 10 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty that in the next 5 10 15 years
+there'll be a licensable design that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a licensable design that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a licensable design that you
+can manufacture because if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manufacture because if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can manufacture because if you're going
+to come up and say oh I have this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up and say oh I have this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up and say oh I have this great
+design it works perfectly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it works perfectly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it works perfectly from the
+physics I don't think the licensing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I don't think the licensing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I don't think the licensing will
+be there for a 100 years nobody's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there for a 100 years nobody's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there for a 100 years nobody's going
+to listen to you in your lifetime unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you in your lifetime unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen to you in your lifetime unless
+you come up with some pretty major uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with some pretty major uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with some pretty major uh
+updates and changes um what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and changes um what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates and changes um what sort of
+Safety Systems does it have are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safety Systems does it have are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Safety Systems does it have are they
+active or passive are they both uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or passive are they both uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active or passive are they both uh if
+the actives fail can passives take over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actives fail can passives take over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actives fail can passives take over
+and then you have to start thinking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to start thinking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to start thinking a
+little bit about what happens in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what happens in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what happens in an
+accident scenario uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident scenario uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident scenario uh what's the
+efficiency and I want to stress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and I want to stress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency and I want to stress the
+efficiency a little bit you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency a little bit you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency a little bit you might not
+want to necessarily go for the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to necessarily go for the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to necessarily go for the max
+efficiency because you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency because you're not just
+making electricity in this class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making electricity in this class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making electricity in this class the
+goal is to make electricity and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to make electricity and hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to make electricity and hydrogen
+and biofuels and use them in whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biofuels and use them in whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biofuels and use them in whatever
+way you guys decide so the most Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you guys decide so the most Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you guys decide so the most Electric
+thermal to Electric efficient reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal to Electric efficient reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal to Electric efficient reactor
+might not be the one you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be the one you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be the one you guys
+necessarily choose and then finally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily choose and then finally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily choose and then finally what
+sort of fuel do you want to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fuel do you want to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of fuel do you want to use and
+there there are more considerations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are more considerations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are more considerations but
+especially now that we caught a half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially now that we caught a half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially now that we caught a half an
+hour off class I don't want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour off class I don't want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour off class I don't want to talk
+about every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every single
+one um just some relative scales for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um just some relative scales for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um just some relative scales for the
+parameters I'll be going through as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I'll be going through as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I'll be going through as far
+as Outlet temperature um when I say low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Outlet temperature um when I say low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Outlet temperature um when I say low
+I mean something below 400 C since a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean something below 400 C since a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean something below 400 C since a lot
+of the light water reactors have Outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light water reactors have Outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the light water reactors have Outlet
+temperatures in the 320 range Celsius so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures in the 320 range Celsius so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures in the 320 range Celsius so
+that would we would consider that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would we would consider that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would we would consider that low
+temperature process heat uh a medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature process heat uh a medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature process heat uh a medium
+temperature reactor there's some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature reactor there's some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature reactor there's some more
+materials concerns to think about we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials concerns to think about we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials concerns to think about we so
+we're talking here 4 to 700 c um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking here 4 to 700 c um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking here 4 to 700 c um the
+heat coming out can be a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat coming out can be a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat coming out can be a higher
+temperature which allows you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which allows you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which allows you more
+flexibility in terms of what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in terms of what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in terms of what you want to
+do with it when it comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it when it comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it when it comes out of the
+reactor and the high temperature ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and the high temperature ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and the high temperature ones
+over 700 C very high quality process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 700 C very high quality process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 700 C very high quality process
+heat and it starts to open up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and it starts to open up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and it starts to open up the
+playing field for a lot of different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing field for a lot of different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing field for a lot of different uh
+hydrogen production processes like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen production processes like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen production processes like the
+sulfur iodine process in terms of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur iodine process in terms of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur iodine process in terms of making
+it efficient enough to make it worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it efficient enough to make it worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it efficient enough to make it worth it
+um as far as the power levels um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as far as the power levels um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as far as the power levels um if you
+remember from the constraints on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from the constraints on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from the constraints on this
+problem I don't want you guys to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I don't want you guys to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I don't want you guys to design
+a reactor that's less than 100 megawatts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactor that's less than 100 megawatts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactor that's less than 100 megawatts
+electric and that's just to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and that's just to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and that's just to make sure
+you're dealing with a large system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a large system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with a large system that
+there's the right number of zeros on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the right number of zeros on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the right number of zeros on
+your design um so these are just what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your design um so these are just what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your design um so these are just what
+I'm calling low medium high for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling low medium high for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm calling low medium high for the
+following slides and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slides and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following slides and in terms of
+feasibility I would say something would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility I would say something would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility I would say something would
+have a low feasibility if let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low feasibility if let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a low feasibility if let's say
+there's been a test reactor maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a test reactor maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a test reactor maybe it
+didn't go so well or maybe it was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go so well or maybe it was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go so well or maybe it was in a
+submarine and sank to the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine and sank to the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine and sank to the bottom of the
+ocean um medium feasibility I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean um medium feasibility I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean um medium feasibility I'd say
+there are some operated plants some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some operated plants some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some operated plants some
+designs but it's not really a widespread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs but it's not really a widespread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs but it's not really a widespread
+thing High feasibility would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing High feasibility would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing High feasibility would be
+something like a bwr a pwr a can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a bwr a pwr a can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a bwr a pwr a can do
+reactor something that's been a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor something that's been a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor something that's been a pretty
+successful program in not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful program in not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful program in not necessarily
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+US so welcome to the world of acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US so welcome to the world of acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US so welcome to the world of acronyms
+um do any of you guys know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do any of you guys know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do any of you guys know about the
+Castle Project the Consortium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle Project the Consortium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castle Project the Consortium for
+advanced simulation of lightwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced simulation of lightwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced simulation of lightwater
+acronyms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms
+reactors we we have more acronyms than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors we we have more acronyms than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors we we have more acronyms than
+English words um I recently compiled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words um I recently compiled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words um I recently compiled a
+list of acronyms for this project and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of acronyms for this project and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of acronyms for this project and it
+spans four page double column table um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans four page double column table um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans four page double column table um
+get used to it there's going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it there's going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to it there's going to be a lot
+a lot a lot of acronyms and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot of acronyms and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot a lot of acronyms and as long as
+you define them at the start of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define them at the start of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define them at the start of any
+presentation or report you can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation or report you can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation or report you can just use
+them like English words so does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like English words so does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them like English words so does anybody
+recognize some a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize some a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize some a lot of
+these yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yeah
+what about the nnr does anyone know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the nnr does anyone know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the nnr does anyone know what
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is that's the uh the natural fion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the uh the natural fion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's the uh the natural fion
+reactor there was a site in Africa I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor there was a site in Africa I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor there was a site in Africa I
+think at OKO where there was enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at OKO where there was enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at OKO where there was enough
+uranium ore and water to moderate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium ore and water to moderate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium ore and water to moderate it
+that fision reactions just spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fision reactions just spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fision reactions just spontaneously
+begun and stopped and begun and stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun and stopped and begun and stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun and stopped and begun and stopped
+with a cycle of 100 thousand or a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cycle of 100 thousand or a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a cycle of 100 thousand or a few
+hundred thousand years it was a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand years it was a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand years it was a long
+time ago but you can tell from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago but you can tell from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago but you can tell from the uh
+from the fision products in that ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fision products in that ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fision products in that ore
+that fision reactions took place but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fision reactions took place but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fision reactions took place but
+that's I wouldn't consider that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I wouldn't consider that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I wouldn't consider that for a
+design there's only one place to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there's only one place to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there's only one place to do it
+um so just to start with one genre of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just to start with one genre of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just to start with one genre of
+gas cooled reactors with some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas cooled reactors with some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas cooled reactors with some more
+acronyms for you when I say nu I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms for you when I say nu I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronyms for you when I say nu I mean
+natural uranium and L MH here stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uranium and L MH here stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uranium and L MH here stands for
+low medium high enriched uranium um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low medium high enriched uranium um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low medium high enriched uranium um
+anything that is over 20% is considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is over 20% is considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is over 20% is considered
+high in riched uranium and I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in riched uranium and I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high in riched uranium and I believe
+anyone correct me if I'm wrong that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone correct me if I'm wrong that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone correct me if I'm wrong that
+we're not going to be able to use high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to use high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be able to use high
+enriched uranium after a certain time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched uranium after a certain time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched uranium after a certain time so
+you may want consider that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want consider that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want consider that when you're
+thinking of which core to use um I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of which core to use um I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of which core to use um I'm not
+going to put actual numbers on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put actual numbers on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put actual numbers on this uh
+because I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think it's
+necessary so has anyone seen this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so has anyone seen this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so has anyone seen this one
+before the advanced gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the advanced gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the advanced gas
+reactor just raise your hand if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor just raise your hand if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor just raise your hand if you've
+heard of it before seen okay so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it before seen okay so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it before seen okay so you've
+heard of it this is sort of a main stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it this is sort of a main stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it this is sort of a main stay
+in England this is the uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England this is the uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England this is the uh this is the
+next generation of the magnox reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation of the magnox reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation of the magnox reactors
+it's gas cooled um it's quite big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gas cooled um it's quite big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gas cooled um it's quite big and
+you can see it has a fairly low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it has a fairly low power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it has a fairly low power
+density looking at this reactor if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density looking at this reactor if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density looking at this reactor if the
+coolant is a gas let's say CO2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant is a gas let's say CO2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant is a gas let's say CO2 the
+moderator here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator here is
+graphite why do you think it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite why do you think it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite why do you think it would have
+a low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density or how could you tell just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or how could you tell just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or how could you tell just by
+looking at it that it would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it that it would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it that it would probably
+have a low power density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you certainly do you need a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you certainly do you need a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you certainly do you need a high
+flow rate to to remove that amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate to to remove that amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow rate to to remove that amount of
+heat um and you need there's the coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat um and you need there's the coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat um and you need there's the coolant
+and the moderator are separate the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moderator are separate the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moderator are separate the point
+is it just takes up a lot of space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just takes up a lot of space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just takes up a lot of space and
+in addition this graphite oxidizes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition this graphite oxidizes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition this graphite oxidizes in
+very hot CO2 so you have to have systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot CO2 so you have to have systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hot CO2 so you have to have systems
+in there to cool the graphite so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there to cool the graphite so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there to cool the graphite so there's
+a lot of stuff in the reactor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff in the reactor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of stuff in the reactor and the
+core is not as tight as some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is not as tight as some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is not as tight as some of the
+other cores like liquid metal cores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cores like liquid metal cores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cores like liquid metal cores
+let's see it has a fairly High Outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see it has a fairly High Outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see it has a fairly High Outlet
+temperature in the 640 to 650 Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the 640 to 650 Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the 640 to 650 Celsius
+range and it's pretty feasible like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and it's pretty feasible like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and it's pretty feasible like I
+said this is sort of a main stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is sort of a main stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is sort of a main stay in
+England um it's kind of interesting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England um it's kind of interesting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England um it's kind of interesting part
+of the reason they use agrs in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason they use agrs in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reason they use agrs in England
+is a political reason it was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a political reason it was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a political reason it was supposed to
+be the British homegrown alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the British homegrown alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the British homegrown alternative to
+the American lightwater reactors or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American lightwater reactors or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American lightwater reactors or the
+Canadian can do reactors and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian can do reactors and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian can do reactors and it's not
+without its its design flaws but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without its its design flaws but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without its its design flaws but this
+was pushed pretty heavily through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pushed pretty heavily through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pushed pretty heavily through the
+political route as well as the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political route as well as the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political route as well as the design
+route so some of the special features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so some of the special features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route so some of the special features of
+the advanced gas reactor it's capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advanced gas reactor it's capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advanced gas reactor it's capable of
+onload refueling or at least part load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onload refueling or at least part load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onload refueling or at least part load
+which means you don't have to shut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you don't have to shut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you don't have to shut the
+reactor down to reload fuel you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor down to reload fuel you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor down to reload fuel you can do
+this continuously or because of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuously or because of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuously or because of some
+derating problems that the reactors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derating problems that the reactors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derating problems that the reactors have
+had you can ramp down to about 50% power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you can ramp down to about 50% power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you can ramp down to about 50% power
+and then you can refuel which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can refuel which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can refuel which means that
+you don't have a complete outage unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a complete outage unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a complete outage unless
+you have a plan shutdown or an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plan shutdown or an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plan shutdown or an accident
+or something so that's a plus uh but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so that's a plus uh but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something so that's a plus uh but one
+of the minuses is like I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minuses is like I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minuses is like I said the
+graphite moderator has to be cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator has to be cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator has to be cooled
+because it can oxidize in hot CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the pebble bed modular reactor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pebble bed modular reactor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pebble bed modular reactor this
+is sort of a favorite of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a favorite of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a favorite of some of the
+folks in the department have you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the department have you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks in the department have you guys
+heard of this one did any of you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this one did any of you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of this one did any of you ever
+meet Professor kak yeah he was sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet Professor kak yeah he was sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet Professor kak yeah he was sort of a
+championing this design it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championing this design it's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+championing this design it's pretty cool
+um it uses helium as a coolant it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it uses helium as a coolant it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it uses helium as a coolant it can
+potentially have a very high Outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially have a very high Outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially have a very high Outlet
+temperature uh and it uses somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh and it uses somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh and it uses somewhere
+between low and medium Ur riched uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between low and medium Ur riched uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between low and medium Ur riched uranium
+depending on the design it's a graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the design it's a graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the design it's a graphite
+moderator and I'll get a little bit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator and I'll get a little bit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator and I'll get a little bit to
+that in a little more of that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little more of that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a little more of that in a
+second it's a fairly low to medium power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's a fairly low to medium power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second it's a fairly low to medium power
+level um the M as you see stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um the M as you see stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um the M as you see stands for
+modular so some of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular so some of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular so some of these things are
+supposed to be designed to be 10 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be designed to be 10 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be designed to be 10 to 30
+megawatt plants that fit on the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt plants that fit on the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt plants that fit on the train
+car and you can transport somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and you can transport somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and you can transport somewhere
+there are designs being considered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are designs being considered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are designs being considered that
+are bigger um which is why it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger um which is why it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger um which is why it's on the
+map here you know it's not like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map here you know it's not like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map here you know it's not like I'm
+giving you a 10 megawatt reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a 10 megawatt reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a 10 megawatt reactor and
+saying don't choose this it's just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying don't choose this it's just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying don't choose this it's just for
+fun um the feasibility I'd say is low to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um the feasibility I'd say is low to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun um the feasibility I'd say is low to
+medium there are some smaller plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium there are some smaller plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium there are some smaller plants
+being constructed South Africa's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being constructed South Africa's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being constructed South Africa's
+recently decided to stop funding for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently decided to stop funding for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently decided to stop funding for the
+program is what I've recently read but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is what I've recently read but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is what I've recently read but I
+think China's going ahead with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think China's going ahead with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think China's going ahead with it so
+we'll see in the coming years and pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in the coming years and pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see in the coming years and pretty
+shortly whether or not this design takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly whether or not this design takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly whether or not this design takes
+off the fuel for the pebble bed is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the fuel for the pebble bed is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the fuel for the pebble bed is not
+what you would recognize from a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would recognize from a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would recognize from a light
+Water Reactor there are these what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Water Reactor there are these what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Water Reactor there are these what's
+called Trio fuel spheres that are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Trio fuel spheres that are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Trio fuel spheres that are about
+6 cm in diameter and inside those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 cm in diameter and inside those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 cm in diameter and inside those are
+hundreds of thousands of tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of thousands of tiny little
+kernels these coated particles less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels these coated particles less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels these coated particles less than
+a millimeter in diameter that have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millimeter in diameter that have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a millimeter in diameter that have an
+outer and inner layer of some pyrotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer and inner layer of some pyrotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer and inner layer of some pyrotic
+graphite it's kind of porous it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite it's kind of porous it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite it's kind of porous it helps
+the inner stuff helps absorb the fision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner stuff helps absorb the fision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner stuff helps absorb the fision
+products there's a layer of right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products there's a layer of right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products there's a layer of right now
+silicon carbide which acts as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide which acts as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon carbide which acts as the
+barrier to one keep everything inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to one keep everything inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier to one keep everything inside
+the pellet from getting out and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pellet from getting out and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pellet from getting out and two
+that's sort of this the uh the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of this the uh the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of this the uh the stress
+holding layer when you have a whole pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding layer when you have a whole pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding layer when you have a whole pile
+of these Pebbles all the stress from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Pebbles all the stress from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Pebbles all the stress from
+these Pebbles which can be a lot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pebbles which can be a lot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pebbles which can be a lot is
+going to be resting on some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be resting on some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be resting on some of those
+bottom ones and that has to hold up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ones and that has to hold up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ones and that has to hold up uh
+that stress luckily it's a sphere which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress luckily it's a sphere which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress luckily it's a sphere which
+is the best designed to hold up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best designed to hold up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best designed to hold up against
+stress from all directions and inside is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress from all directions and inside is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress from all directions and inside is
+a little kernel of uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little kernel of uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little kernel of uranium
+dioxide so some of the pluses for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so some of the pluses for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide so some of the pluses for this
+is It's a continuous fuel cycle if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is It's a continuous fuel cycle if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is It's a continuous fuel cycle if you
+do it right um as you can see down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right um as you can see down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it right um as you can see down here
+there's a pellet discharge tube rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pellet discharge tube rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pellet discharge tube rather
+than shutting down the reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than shutting down the reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than shutting down the reactor and
+dumping all the pellets pellets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping all the pellets pellets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping all the pellets pellets are
+continuously fed in and dumped out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously fed in and dumped out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously fed in and dumped out where
+they can be checked to see if they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be checked to see if they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be checked to see if they've
+reached the correct burnup if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the correct burnup if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached the correct burnup if they are
+if they have burned up they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have burned up they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have burned up they can be
+discarded or disposed and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded or disposed and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded or disposed and they're
+already in a nice little uh ball all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in a nice little uh ball all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in a nice little uh ball all you
+have to do is put them in something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is put them in something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is put them in something else
+safe and store it and if they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and store it and if they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe and store it and if they're still
+ready to go you dump it back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top so as I said it's Pebble fuel uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so as I said it's Pebble fuel uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so as I said it's Pebble fuel uh the
+Pebbles act as a built-in disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles act as a built-in disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pebbles act as a built-in disposal
+method um they're being designed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um they're being designed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um they're being designed with
+very passive Safety Systems so the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very passive Safety Systems so the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very passive Safety Systems so the folks
+that are designing these are saying if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designing these are saying if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are designing these are saying if
+every everything goes wrong you can cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everything goes wrong you can cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every everything goes wrong you can cool
+it by natural circulation there won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by natural circulation there won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by natural circulation there won't be
+any any heat up problems or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any heat up problems or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any heat up problems or anything
+like that there are some unknowns for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are some unknowns for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that there are some unknowns for
+example can the Pebbles actually hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example can the Pebbles actually hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example can the Pebbles actually hold up
+against the stress of all the Pebbles on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the stress of all the Pebbles on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the stress of all the Pebbles on
+top of them and can they do it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of them and can they do it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of them and can they do it at the
+beginning of Life can they do it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of Life can they do it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of Life can they do it at the
+end of life after everything has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of life after everything has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of life after everything has been
+highly irradiated and there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly irradiated and there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly irradiated and there are a lot of
+materials concerns um for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials concerns um for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials concerns um for example when
+uranium under goes fishion it produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium under goes fishion it produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium under goes fishion it produces
+most of the elements some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the elements some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the elements some of these
+actually attack silicon carbide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attack silicon carbide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attack silicon carbide uh
+Palladium in particular is one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium in particular is one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium in particular is one that I
+studied for my europ it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied for my europ it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied for my europ it turns out
+Palladium can attack silicon carbide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium can attack silicon carbide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palladium can attack silicon carbide and
+formed inter metallic phases which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed inter metallic phases which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed inter metallic phases which are
+either brittle or liquid at Pebble bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either brittle or liquid at Pebble bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either brittle or liquid at Pebble bed
+temperatures um they're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures um they're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures um they're thinking of
+using zirconium carbide as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zirconium carbide as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zirconium carbide as an
+alternative and the testing that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and the testing that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and the testing that we've
+done shows that it fares up pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done shows that it fares up pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done shows that it fares up pretty well
+but we haven't been able to find 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't been able to find 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't been able to find 100%
+dense zirconium carbide anywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense zirconium carbide anywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense zirconium carbide anywhere and
+every time I see someone's paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I see someone's paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I see someone's paper and
+they show some zirconium carbide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show some zirconium carbide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show some zirconium carbide and
+it's 100% dense I'm like oh can I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100% dense I'm like oh can I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100% dense I'm like oh can I get a
+sample of that they say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of that they say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of that they say no
+so I don't know it's either proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know it's either proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know it's either proprietary
+or who knows what then there's the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who knows what then there's the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or who knows what then there's the very
+high temperature reactor it runs at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature reactor it runs at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature reactor it runs at a
+very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high
+temperature they have been saying 1,100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature they have been saying 1,100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature they have been saying 1,100
+de Celsius that may have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Celsius that may have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Celsius that may have to be
+downgraded a little bit 950 900 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgraded a little bit 950 900 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgraded a little bit 950 900 if you
+guys look at the history of designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys look at the history of designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys look at the history of designs
+claiming vhtr parameters the outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming vhtr parameters the outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming vhtr parameters the outlet
+temperatures are sort of creeping down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are sort of creeping down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are sort of creeping down
+because not a lot of metals can hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not a lot of metals can hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not a lot of metals can hold up
+pretty well in terms of corrosion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in terms of corrosion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well in terms of corrosion in
+terms of just holding up their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just holding up their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of just holding up their own
+weight at 1100 c um it uses low to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight at 1100 c um it uses low to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight at 1100 c um it uses low to
+medium enriched uranium you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium enriched uranium you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium enriched uranium you can either
+cool it with helium or molten salt I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it with helium or molten salt I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool it with helium or molten salt I've
+seen both of these designs it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen both of these designs it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen both of these designs it's a
+graphite moderator um and it's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator um and it's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator um and it's there's
+some similar features to a pebble bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some similar features to a pebble bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some similar features to a pebble bed
+you can still have some of those kernels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still have some of those kernels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still have some of those kernels
+that are either in spheres or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either in spheres or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are either in spheres or they're
+encased in these what's called Prismatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encased in these what's called Prismatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encased in these what's called Prismatic
+blocks these hexagonal prisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks these hexagonal prisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks these hexagonal prisms of
+graphite with these particles inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite with these particles inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite with these particles inside
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um it'll be a fairly low power level at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll be a fairly low power level at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it'll be a fairly low power level at
+least the designs I've seen uh the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the designs I've seen uh the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the designs I've seen uh the power
+density changes depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density changes depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density changes depending on which
+coolant you're using uh and this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant you're using uh and this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant you're using uh and this you can
+see in this diagram actually they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this diagram actually they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this diagram actually they've
+drawn it with a hydrogen production plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it with a hydrogen production plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn it with a hydrogen production plan
+don't let that bias you and just be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let that bias you and just be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't let that bias you and just be like
+well that's the answer to hydrogen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the answer to hydrogen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the answer to hydrogen uh
+this is certainly the answer to hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly the answer to hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is certainly the answer to hydrogen
+if you want to use a hydrogen production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use a hydrogen production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use a hydrogen production
+process at a th000 c or 800 C but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at a th000 c or 800 C but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process at a th000 c or 800 C but there
+are other ways to make hydrogen um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other ways to make hydrogen um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other ways to make hydrogen um let's
+see so some of the special features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so some of the special features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so some of the special features
+uh this is the highest Outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the highest Outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the highest Outlet
+temperature that we've seen um in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that we've seen um in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that we've seen um in terms
+of all these designs it's the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these designs it's the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these designs it's the highest
+one that I'll show you and so it opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I'll show you and so it opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I'll show you and so it opens
+up all the doors to the highest quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the doors to the highest quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the doors to the highest quality
+process heat which is one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat which is one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat which is one of the things
+you guys are going to want to make but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to want to make but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to want to make but
+not the only one so keep that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one so keep that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only one so keep that in mind
+there are significant materials concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are significant materials concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are significant materials concerns
+when you go to this high temperature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to this high temperature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to this high temperature uh
+and any any parous of the Journal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any any parous of the Journal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any any parous of the Journal of
+nuclear materials you'll find 100 papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials you'll find 100 papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear materials you'll find 100 papers
+on that maybe more some of them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that maybe more some of them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that maybe more some of them from
+here U molten salt can be corrosive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U molten salt can be corrosive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here U molten salt can be corrosive in
+some ways in some ways obvious you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways in some ways obvious you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways in some ways obvious you know
+let's say you have a chloride salt or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a chloride salt or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a chloride salt or a
+fluoride salt and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride salt and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride salt and there are some
+Insidious ways which I'll actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insidious ways which I'll actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insidious ways which I'll actually get
+to in another reactor design um the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in another reactor design um the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in another reactor design um the nice
+thing is it's a singlephase coolant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it's a singlephase coolant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is it's a singlephase coolant so
+unless you have some real bad stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some real bad stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have some real bad stuff
+happening you're not going to boil that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you're not going to boil that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening you're not going to boil that
+mol and salt and helium's already a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mol and salt and helium's already a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mol and salt and helium's already a gas
+so coolant voiding is almost a non-issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coolant voiding is almost a non-issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coolant voiding is almost a non-issue
+and there are the ups and downs like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are the ups and downs like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are the ups and downs like I
+said to using these tof fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to using these tof fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to using these tof fuel
+particles so on to some water cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so on to some water cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so on to some water cooled
+reactors and like I said we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and like I said we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and like I said we're not going
+to go through pwrs or bwrs or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through pwrs or bwrs or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through pwrs or bwrs or any
+variant of those designs because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of those designs because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of those designs because that's
+outside the scope of this course uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the scope of this course uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the scope of this course uh one
+acronym is when I say d2o I mean dyum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym is when I say d2o I mean dyum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym is when I say d2o I mean dyum
+oxide which is also known as heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide which is also known as heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide which is also known as heavy
+water the can do reactor so this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the can do reactor so this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the can do reactor so this is sort
+of the main stay in Canada it uses a d2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main stay in Canada it uses a d2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the main stay in Canada it uses a d2o
+tant it has a separate d2o moderator I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tant it has a separate d2o moderator I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tant it has a separate d2o moderator I
+can just point this out the coolant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just point this out the coolant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just point this out the coolant is
+in these tubes right here which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these tubes right here which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these tubes right here which are
+called candria tubes this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called candria tubes this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called candria tubes this is actually
+the pressure boundary in the can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure boundary in the can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure boundary in the can do
+reactor this moderator right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor this moderator right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor this moderator right here is
+unpressurized it's also not heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpressurized it's also not heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpressurized it's also not heated
+directly there the candria tubes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly there the candria tubes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly there the candria tubes are
+actually thermally insulated so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thermally insulated so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually thermally insulated so having
+that nice cool moderator as a giant heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice cool moderator as a giant heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nice cool moderator as a giant heat
+sink is a nice safety system um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink is a nice safety system um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink is a nice safety system um and
+another cool thing about this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cool thing about this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cool thing about this you can
+see there's a fueling machine here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a fueling machine here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's a fueling machine here that
+can do is another design that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is another design that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is another design that you can
+fuel while it's running you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel while it's running you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel while it's running you can just
+pull one rod out put another rod in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull one rod out put another rod in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull one rod out put another rod in and
+as long as there hasn't been any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there hasn't been any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there hasn't been any
+mechanical deformation for any reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical deformation for any reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical deformation for any reason
+usually goes pretty smoothly um it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually goes pretty smoothly um it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually goes pretty smoothly um it can
+use natural uranium as well as low enris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use natural uranium as well as low enris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use natural uranium as well as low enris
+uranium does anyhow and have any idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium does anyhow and have any idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium does anyhow and have any idea
+why you wouldn't necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you wouldn't necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you wouldn't necessarily have to
+enrich the uranium in a can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrich the uranium in a can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrich the uranium in a can do
+reactor keep in mind it has to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor keep in mind it has to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor keep in mind it has to do a lot
+with the coolant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moderator just shout it out if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator just shout it out if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator just shout it out if you have
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+idea yeah it doesn't move that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah it doesn't move that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah it doesn't move that many
+neutrons from the neutron life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons from the neutron life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons from the neutron life cycle
+because d2o doesn't like absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because d2o doesn't like absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because d2o doesn't like absorbing
+neutrons yes uh H2O otherwise known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons yes uh H2O otherwise known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons yes uh H2O otherwise known as
+dihydrogen monoxide is very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydrogen monoxide is very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihydrogen monoxide is very good at
+moderating neutrons it's also fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderating neutrons it's also fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderating neutrons it's also fairly
+good at absorbing them and forming d2o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at absorbing them and forming d2o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at absorbing them and forming d2o
+d2's capture cross-section for neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2's capture cross-section for neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2's capture cross-section for neutrons
+is not as high so in some configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as high so in some configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not as high so in some configurations
+at a at a slightly lower power density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a at a slightly lower power density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a at a slightly lower power density
+you can actually run this with natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually run this with natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually run this with natural
+uranium now there are pluses and minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium now there are pluses and minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium now there are pluses and minuses
+to using natural uranium the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using natural uranium the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to using natural uranium the obvious
+plus is you don't have to enrich it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is you don't have to enrich it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is you don't have to enrich it you
+get get it from The Ore you make natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get it from The Ore you make natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get it from The Ore you make natural
+U2 and you use it why would folks think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and you use it why would folks think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and you use it why would folks think
+it's bad to use natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad to use natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bad to use natural
+uranium does anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas yeah you create more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas yeah you create more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas yeah you create more more
+plutonium you can yep you have more u238
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium you can yep you have more u238
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plutonium you can yep you have more u238
+so you can create more plutonium but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can create more plutonium but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can create more plutonium but in
+order to do so someone needs to know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do so someone needs to know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do so someone needs to know you
+have it it's a lot easier to get natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it it's a lot easier to get natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it it's a lot easier to get natural
+uranium than enriched uranium you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium than enriched uranium you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium than enriched uranium you don't
+need an enrichment plan and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an enrichment plan and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an enrichment plan and the
+safeguards aren't as severe so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeguards aren't as severe so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeguards aren't as severe so there
+people are saying there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are saying there is a
+proliferation risk to having natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation risk to having natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation risk to having natural
+uranium reactors because it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium reactors because it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium reactors because it's easier to
+get your hands on and like you said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your hands on and like you said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your hands on and like you said you
+can still make plutonium with it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still make plutonium with it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still make plutonium with it so if
+you choose the can do reactor I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose the can do reactor I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose the can do reactor I would
+address the proliferation concern uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the proliferation concern uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the proliferation concern uh
+whatever way you guys want I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way you guys want I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way you guys want I don't know
+and this is a high feasibility reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a high feasibility reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a high feasibility reactor
+these are used widely throughout Canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are used widely throughout Canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are used widely throughout Canada
+and India it's there's it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India it's there's it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India it's there's it's kind of an
+interesting note um Canada and India up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting note um Canada and India up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting note um Canada and India up
+until the mid 70s or so were pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the mid 70s or so were pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the mid 70s or so were pretty good
+friends and they shared some nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and they shared some nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and they shared some nuclear
+secrets and then in 1970 something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets and then in 1970 something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets and then in 1970 something I
+think it was 73 India conducted its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was 73 India conducted its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was 73 India conducted its
+first atomic bomb test and Canada was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first atomic bomb test and Canada was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first atomic bomb test and Canada was
+like we're not friends anymore and India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're not friends anymore and India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're not friends anymore and India
+was like that's okay because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like that's okay because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like that's okay because we have
+your designs and there are 13 there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your designs and there are 13 there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your designs and there are 13 there's at
+least 13 can do reactors in India based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 13 can do reactors in India based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 13 can do reactors in India based
+off of the Canadian design even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the Canadian design even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the Canadian design even though
+they weren't cooperating they figured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't cooperating they figured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't cooperating they figured it
+out anyway so a lot of weird a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anyway so a lot of weird a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out anyway so a lot of weird a lot of
+lot of these major design choices tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these major design choices tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these major design choices tend
+to happen for political reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen for political reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen for political reasons for
+example does anybody know why carrots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does anybody know why carrots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does anybody know why carrots
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+orange not the chemical reason but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange not the chemical reason but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange not the chemical reason but
+carrots used to come in like white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots used to come in like white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots used to come in like white
+yellow red orange purple why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow red orange purple why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow red orange purple why don't you
+see them anymore except at Whole Foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them anymore except at Whole Foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them anymore except at Whole Foods
+wasn't it it was in Holland and orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it it was in Holland and orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it it was in Holland and orange
+is their National color so they read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their National color so they read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their National color so they read the
+orange carrots only absolutely it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange carrots only absolutely it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange carrots only absolutely it's a
+political reason there was also there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political reason there was also there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political reason there was also there
+was also a duke or a prince or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a duke or a prince or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a duke or a prince or something
+Sir Sir William of Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sir Sir William of Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sir Sir William of Orange
+and to pay tribute to him they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to pay tribute to him they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to pay tribute to him they started
+breeding orange carrots and it caught on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding orange carrots and it caught on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding orange carrots and it caught on
+and that's why you don't tend to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you don't tend to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why you don't tend to see
+fanc well now what they call fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanc well now what they call fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanc well now what they call fancy
+carrots they're actually like regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots they're actually like regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots they're actually like regular
+carrots except at fancy restaurants so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots except at fancy restaurants so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrots except at fancy restaurants so a
+lot of the things around you are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the things around you are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the things around you are here
+for strictly political reasons it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strictly political reasons it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for strictly political reasons it's kind
+of strange the AGR is like that the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange the AGR is like that the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange the AGR is like that the can
+do in India is like that you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in India is like that you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in India is like that you'd be
+surprised so this is what one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised so this is what one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised so this is what one of these
+candria tubes looks like the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candria tubes looks like the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candria tubes looks like the fuel
+bundles on the inside there's a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles on the inside there's a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles on the inside there's a pressure
+tube and there's a spacer with an in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and there's a spacer with an in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and there's a spacer with an in an
+iner is gas in the middle that acts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iner is gas in the middle that acts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iner is gas in the middle that acts as
+an insulator so it can be immersed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insulator so it can be immersed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insulator so it can be immersed in
+this d2o moderator without heating it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d2o moderator without heating it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this d2o moderator without heating it up
+too much all the Heats pushed out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much all the Heats pushed out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much all the Heats pushed out by the
+gas to the steam generator let's see oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to the steam generator let's see oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to the steam generator let's see oh
+the moderator is expensive if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moderator is expensive if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moderator is expensive if you want
+to make an actual can do reactor expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an actual can do reactor expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an actual can do reactor expect
+to drop about1 and5 billion dollars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop about1 and5 billion dollars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drop about1 and5 billion dollars in
+d2o uh unlike light water reactors where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2o uh unlike light water reactors where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2o uh unlike light water reactors where
+the coolant and moderator is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant and moderator is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant and moderator is not a
+significant fraction of the cost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the cost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the cost the
+moderator here is about 25% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator here is about 25% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator here is about 25% of the
+capital cost of this plant now that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital cost of this plant now that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital cost of this plant now that can
+be offset by nice things like unload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be offset by nice things like unload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be offset by nice things like unload
+refueling and other safety features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refueling and other safety features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refueling and other safety features of
+the can do but keep in mind if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can do but keep in mind if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can do but keep in mind if you want
+to convince someone to build a can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince someone to build a can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince someone to build a can do
+reactor they have to be willing to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor they have to be willing to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor they have to be willing to write
+you a large check uh it's also nice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a large check uh it's also nice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a large check uh it's also nice that
+the moderator is I said is unpressurized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moderator is I said is unpressurized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moderator is I said is unpressurized
+and thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermally
+insulated the rbmk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated the rbmk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated the rbmk
+I'm sure I won't say this right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure I won't say this right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure I won't say this right the
+reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor
+boloy uh MOS no does anyone know Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no thank you very much uh I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no thank you very much uh I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no thank you very much uh I think I'm
+originally Russian like 100 or 110 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally Russian like 100 or 110 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally Russian like 100 or 110 years
+ago but all it's all been lost do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but all it's all been lost do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago but all it's all been lost do you
+know what that means by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that means by the
+way high power Channel type reactor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way high power Channel type reactor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way high power Channel type reactor this
+reactor will if you guess by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor will if you guess by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor will if you guess by the name
+what's the most famous rbmk you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most famous rbmk you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the most famous rbmk you can
+think of Chernobyl right uh now there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Chernobyl right uh now there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Chernobyl right uh now there're
+not all that unsafe and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that unsafe and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that unsafe and by the way
+Chernobyl would mainly happen because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl would mainly happen because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chernobyl would mainly happen because of
+a lack of understanding of the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lack of understanding of the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lack of understanding of the physics
+in the reactor and operator idy um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactor and operator idy um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactor and operator idy um it
+uses water as a coolant it has a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses water as a coolant it has a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses water as a coolant it has a fairly
+low Outlet temperature because it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Outlet temperature because it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Outlet temperature because it uses
+water as a coolant and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as a coolant and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as a coolant and as you can see
+it's got a steam generator of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a steam generator of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a steam generator of some sort
+in here it can use low enrich uranium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here it can use low enrich uranium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here it can use low enrich uranium or
+can also use natural uranium it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use natural uranium it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use natural uranium it's
+graphite moderated and what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderated and what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderated and what does the
+graphite moderator have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator have to do
+with the rbmk what happened in Chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rbmk what happened in Chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rbmk what happened in Chernobyl
+does anybody know yeah C fire it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know yeah C fire it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know yeah C fire it
+certainly burned uh but before that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly burned uh but before that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly burned uh but before that how
+did it help initiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it does this this design as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does this this design as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it does this this design as it was
+has a positive reactivity coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive reactivity coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a positive reactivity coefficient
+you increase the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the temperature the
+reactivity goes up rather than down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity goes up rather than down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity goes up rather than down
+that's bad news to the point where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad news to the point where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bad news to the point where it
+was like I think it was uh more than 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I think it was uh more than 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like I think it was uh more than 7
+beta or something very high the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta or something very high the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta or something very high the control
+rods were also tipped with graphite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods were also tipped with graphite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods were also tipped with graphite so
+as soon as you insert them there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you insert them there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as you insert them there's an
+initial spike in power before it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial spike in power before it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial spike in power before it starts
+to come back down that's also bad news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back down that's also bad news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back down that's also bad news
+when you have an accident that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an accident that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an accident that only
+takes 4 seconds to increase in Power 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 4 seconds to increase in Power 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 4 seconds to increase in Power 600
+fold um they can be pretty high power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold um they can be pretty high power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold um they can be pretty high power
+we're talking four digits up in the 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking four digits up in the 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking four digits up in the 13
+1500 megawatt electric design there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 megawatt electric design there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 megawatt electric design there are
+still some of them running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some of them running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some of them running
+actually um they have a fairly low power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um they have a fairly low power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um they have a fairly low power
+density and I say the feasibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and I say the feasibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and I say the feasibility is
+medium because it's been done but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium because it's been done but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium because it's been done but they
+are safety concerns and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are safety concerns and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are safety concerns and you will
+probably have a hard time convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a hard time convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a hard time convincing
+anyone in this country let's build rbmk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone in this country let's build rbmk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone in this country let's build rbmk
+because there's that stigma with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's that stigma with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's that stigma with
+them this is actually a photo of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is actually a photo of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is actually a photo of the
+reactor Hall in Chernobyl 3 uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor Hall in Chernobyl 3 uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor Hall in Chernobyl 3 uh one of
+the units that did not have the accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units that did not have the accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units that did not have the accident
+um it is possible to refuel online these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is possible to refuel online these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is possible to refuel online these
+tubes here a crane can come down pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes here a crane can come down pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes here a crane can come down pull
+one of these tubes out pop in a fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these tubes out pop in a fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these tubes out pop in a fresh
+one while it's running so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one while it's running so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one while it's running so that's another
+plus of it um we already went over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of it um we already went over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of it um we already went over the
+high positive void coefficient there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high positive void coefficient there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high positive void coefficient there
+have been improvements in design there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been improvements in design there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been improvements in design there's
+no more graphite tipped control rods uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more graphite tipped control rods uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more graphite tipped control rods uh
+there are more control rods and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more control rods and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more control rods and they've
+had to do a little bit of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do a little bit of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do a little bit of power
+downgrades and other things to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgrades and other things to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downgrades and other things to make sure
+that the uh the reactivity coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the reactivity coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh the reactivity coefficient
+is still positive but it's smaller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still positive but it's smaller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still positive but it's smaller so
+it's more controllable but like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more controllable but like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more controllable but like I said
+good luck convincing someone in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck convincing someone in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck convincing someone in the US
+let's build a whole Fleet of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build a whole Fleet of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build a whole Fleet of these
+and the super critical Water Reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the super critical Water Reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the super critical Water Reactor
+when you look at the diagram for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the diagram for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the diagram for this
+what's the first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice yeah uh the uh primary circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice yeah uh the uh primary circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice yeah uh the uh primary circuit
+goes directly to a turbine yep so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes directly to a turbine yep so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes directly to a turbine yep so it's a
+it's just a it's a one circuit kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a it's a one circuit kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a it's a one circuit kind of
+thing it's a very simple design that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's a very simple design that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's a very simple design that's a
+plus in terms of building it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in terms of building it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in terms of building it in terms of
+complexity uses super critical water as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uses super critical water as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity uses super critical water as
+a coolant and as a result it can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coolant and as a result it can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coolant and as a result it can get to
+higher temperatures than plain old water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperatures than plain old water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperatures than plain old water
+reactors does anyone not know what super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors does anyone not know what super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors does anyone not know what super
+critical water is just raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical water is just raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical water is just raise your hand
+or yeah okay I will get to that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah okay I will get to that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah okay I will get to that on the
+next slide super critical water is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide super critical water is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide super critical water is when
+you reach a certain temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach a certain temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach a certain temperature and
+pressure the line between vapor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the line between vapor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the line between vapor and
+liquid goes away steam liquid same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid goes away steam liquid same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid goes away steam liquid same thing
+it's a fairly high density compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly high density compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fairly high density compared to
+the gas lower density than the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas lower density than the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas lower density than the liquid
+but there's no distinction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no distinction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no distinction between the
+phases anymore um it uses super critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases anymore um it uses super critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases anymore um it uses super critical
+water as the moderator and they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as the moderator and they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as the moderator and they can have
+a fairly High power level and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly High power level and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly High power level and high
+density right now the feasibility is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right now the feasibility is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density right now the feasibility is low
+there have not been I mean as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have not been I mean as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have not been I mean as far as I
+know nobody's built one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody's built one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody's built one of these
+gigantic super critical water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic super critical water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic super critical water
+reactors um for now but this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors um for now but this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors um for now but this is one of
+the technologies that the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologies that the department of
+energy is looking at as a generation 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactor so just for reference I put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so just for reference I put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so just for reference I put up
+the phase diagram for water here a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram for water here a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram for water here a lot
+of other materials have super critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other materials have super critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other materials have super critical
+points like CO2 um there are designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points like CO2 um there are designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points like CO2 um there are designs
+that have been proposed with super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been proposed with super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been proposed with super
+critical CO2 but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical CO2 but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical CO2 but there are some
+corrosion problems there so I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion problems there so I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosion problems there so I just put
+water up for now at 374 C and 22.1 MPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water up for now at 374 C and 22.1 MPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water up for now at 374 C and 22.1 MPA
+there's no real line between solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real line between solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no real line between solid and
+liquid and we just call it super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and we just call it super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and we just call it super
+critical water um it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical water um it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical water um it's a very simple
+design there are significant materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there are significant materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design there are significant materials
+concerns and uh there are whoa there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns and uh there are whoa there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns and uh there are whoa there are
+some folks here that are working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some folks here that are working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some folks here that are working on
+materials corrosion in super critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials corrosion in super critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials corrosion in super critical
+water um coolant moderator voiding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um coolant moderator voiding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water um coolant moderator voiding is
+pretty much a non-issue because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much a non-issue because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much a non-issue because you
+can't boil something that acts like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't boil something that acts like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't boil something that acts like a
+gas it's already a gas gas it can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it's already a gas gas it can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it's already a gas gas it can get
+less dense but you can't form giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dense but you can't form giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dense but you can't form giant
+voids in it uh they were on at a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids in it uh they were on at a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids in it uh they were on at a pretty
+high efficiency so we're talking upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high efficiency so we're talking upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high efficiency so we're talking upwards
+of 45% is what's being claimed now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 45% is what's being claimed now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 45% is what's being claimed now there
+are startup procedures in order for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are startup procedures in order for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are startup procedures in order for a
+super critical Water Reactor to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super critical Water Reactor to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super critical Water Reactor to be
+running the water has to be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the water has to be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the water has to be super
+critical and things don't often start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and things don't often start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and things don't often start
+out at 374 C 22.1 MPA so there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at 374 C 22.1 MPA so there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at 374 C 22.1 MPA so there can be
+some instability issues when starting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instability issues when starting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some instability issues when starting up
+a reactor that does whose coolant is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactor that does whose coolant is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reactor that does whose coolant is not
+the same as it is at room temperature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as it is at room temperature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as it is at room temperature um
+but it is theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is theoretically
+possible so on to the liquid metal cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so on to the liquid metal cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so on to the liquid metal cool
+reactors these are some of my favorites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors these are some of my favorites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors these are some of my favorites
+probably because I studied lead bismi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because I studied lead bismi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because I studied lead bismi
+tic for my PhD and there are also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic for my PhD and there are also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic for my PhD and there are also uh
+there's one Acron I want to get into we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one Acron I want to get into we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one Acron I want to get into we
+just say Knack which stands for na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say Knack which stands for na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say Knack which stands for na
+sodium potassium alloy it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium alloy it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium potassium alloy it's uh it's
+actually liquid at room temperature I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually liquid at room temperature I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually liquid at room temperature I
+think the freezing point was like minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the freezing point was like minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the freezing point was like minus
+11 C or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 C or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 C or
+something so onto the sfr the sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so onto the sfr the sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so onto the sfr the sodium
+fast reactor or you could do a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor or you could do a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor or you could do a sodium
+potassium fast reactor um when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium fast reactor um when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium fast reactor um when you look
+at the diagram for this reactor what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the diagram for this reactor what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the diagram for this reactor what's
+the first thing you notice that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you notice that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you notice that's
+different from a lot of the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a lot of the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a lot of the other ones
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen yeah this is pool type it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yeah this is pool type it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yeah this is pool type it's a it's
+not actually considered a pool type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually considered a pool type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually considered a pool type
+there is a big pool but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a big pool but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a big pool but this is
+considered a loop type you can't pump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a loop type you can't pump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a loop type you can't pump
+water as a secondary coolant into a pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as a secondary coolant into a pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water as a secondary coolant into a pool
+full of sodium have I know I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of sodium have I know I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full of sodium have I know I don't have
+to ask this but have any of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask this but have any of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask this but have any of you guys
+ever seen sodium explode in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen sodium explode in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen sodium explode in a
+river okay um yeah you wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river okay um yeah you wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river okay um yeah you wouldn't want to
+pump sodium directly into the pool you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump sodium directly into the pool you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump sodium directly into the pool you
+can have a secondary circuit which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a secondary circuit which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a secondary circuit which could
+also be sodium but you wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be sodium but you wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be sodium but you wouldn't want to
+be pumping water into activated sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pumping water into activated sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pumping water into activated sodium
+so you need a secondary Loop to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a secondary Loop to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a secondary Loop to get the
+heat out uh depending on the coolant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat out uh depending on the coolant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat out uh depending on the coolant you
+use um um uses liquid sodium or knac as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um um uses liquid sodium or knac as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um um uses liquid sodium or knac as
+a coolant right now there are is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coolant right now there are is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coolant right now there are is a uh
+proposing a pretty medium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing a pretty medium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing a pretty medium output
+temperature but Tyrell I think you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but Tyrell I think you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but Tyrell I think you were
+saying there's a new design being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's a new design being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's a new design being
+proposed what is that uh it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed what is that uh it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed what is that uh it's something
+in Russia they're trying to out 1800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Russia they're trying to out 1800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Russia they're trying to out 1800
+Mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mega
+of and wow the outlet temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and wow the outlet temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and wow the outlet temperature is
+supposed to be a little bit higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a little bit higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a little bit higher than
+what we thought was possible I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought was possible I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we thought was possible I don't
+know the exact number okay um that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact number okay um that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the exact number okay um that would
+be interesting to consider i' probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to consider i' probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting to consider i' probably
+put that in the low feasibility though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in the low feasibility though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that in the low feasibility though
+since it's a paper reactor right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a paper reactor right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's a paper reactor right now
+right yeah okay um it can use natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay um it can use natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay um it can use natural
+urani oh sorry it can use uh that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urani oh sorry it can use uh that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urani oh sorry it can use uh that might
+be a typo that should be an m not an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a typo that should be an m not an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a typo that should be an m not an N
+sorry so it can use either medium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so it can use either medium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so it can use either medium or
+high enriched uranium there are designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enriched uranium there are designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enriched uranium there are designs
+that can go over 20% but I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go over 20% but I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go over 20% but I wouldn't
+recommend it for your class doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it for your class doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it for your class doesn't have
+a moderator this is a fast reactor um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moderator this is a fast reactor um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moderator this is a fast reactor um
+sodium moderates a little bit but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium moderates a little bit but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium moderates a little bit but not
+very much um you can design them to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much um you can design them to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much um you can design them to run
+at all power levels they can go any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all power levels they can go any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all power levels they can go any
+anywhere from little plants like EBR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from little plants like EBR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from little plants like EBR and
+Idaho to this monster Russian thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Idaho to this monster Russian thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Idaho to this monster Russian thing
+that's being proposed right now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being proposed right now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being proposed right now they
+have a pretty high power density and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty high power density and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pretty high power density and I
+would put the feasibility as low coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put the feasibility as low coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put the feasibility as low coming
+up on medium uh there are a few sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on medium uh there are a few sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on medium uh there are a few sodium
+reactors right now there's mju in Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors right now there's mju in Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors right now there's mju in Japan
+super Phoenix in France there was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super Phoenix in France there was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super Phoenix in France there was one of
+the ebrs in Idaho actually I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ebrs in Idaho actually I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ebrs in Idaho actually I've got a
+pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool
+picture this is liquid sodium at mju I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is liquid sodium at mju I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is liquid sodium at mju I
+found this on a website of a french guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this on a website of a french guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this on a website of a french guy
+that went to visit it and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went to visit it and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went to visit it and you can
+actually see if uh I'm sure most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see if uh I'm sure most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see if uh I'm sure most of you
+have seen SE sodium in its solid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen SE sodium in its solid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen SE sodium in its solid or
+exploding form but not necessarily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding form but not necessarily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding form but not necessarily in
+its liquid form so this is what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its liquid form so this is what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its liquid form so this is what it looks
+like it's kind of cool um you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's kind of cool um you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's kind of cool um you don't need
+to pressurize it sodium just needs an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pressurize it sodium just needs an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pressurize it sodium just needs an
+inert cover gas but you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert cover gas but you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert cover gas but you don't have to
+pressurize this reactor which has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurize this reactor which has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurize this reactor which has some
+pretty obvious safety implications like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious safety implications like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious safety implications like
+how can you have a loss of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you have a loss of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you have a loss of pressure
+accident when you don't have pressure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident when you don't have pressure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident when you don't have pressure um
+sodium has a very high thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium has a very high thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium has a very high thermal
+conductivity pretty good heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity pretty good heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity pretty good heat capacity
+so it's great at pulling heat out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's great at pulling heat out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's great at pulling heat out of
+things and it's highly compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's highly compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it's highly compatible with
+many material so sodium doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many material so sodium doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many material so sodium doesn't
+necessarily corrode things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily corrode things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily corrode things like
+stainless steel which is great there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel which is great there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel which is great there's a
+high boiling margin sodium boils just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high boiling margin sodium boils just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high boiling margin sodium boils just
+shy of 900° c and if you're running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy of 900° c and if you're running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shy of 900° c and if you're running this
+thing with an outlet temperature of 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with an outlet temperature of 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with an outlet temperature of 500
+550 even 600 c you have a big margin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 even 600 c you have a big margin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 even 600 c you have a big margin to
+go before you can actually boil any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go before you can actually boil any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go before you can actually boil any
+coolant there are concerns to worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant there are concerns to worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant there are concerns to worker
+dose sodium can activate with neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose sodium can activate with neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose sodium can activate with neutrons
+it has fairly short-lived Isotopes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fairly short-lived Isotopes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fairly short-lived Isotopes but
+there is a concern to people working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a concern to people working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a concern to people working
+there and there's this concern to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's this concern to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and there's this concern to people
+working there I actually have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there I actually have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working there I actually have a little
+story um a couple years ago I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um a couple years ago I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um a couple years ago I went to
+visit some labs in Belgium theck Cen lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit some labs in Belgium theck Cen lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit some labs in Belgium theck Cen lab
+and they have a Sodium Reactor mockup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a Sodium Reactor mockup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a Sodium Reactor mockup
+loop it's not a reactor it has a heater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop it's not a reactor it has a heater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop it's not a reactor it has a heater
+and there are sodium pipes running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are sodium pipes running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are sodium pipes running
+throughout the building at some point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the building at some point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the building at some point I
+asked where's the bathroom and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked where's the bathroom and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked where's the bathroom and the
+people looked around and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looked around and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people looked around and they just
+started snickering to each other a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started snickering to each other a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started snickering to each other a
+little bit and they say don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and they say don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and they say don't you
+remember your Chemistry there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your Chemistry there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your Chemistry there's no
+Plumbing in this building there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plumbing in this building there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plumbing in this building there's no
+sprinklers there's no toilets and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinklers there's no toilets and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinklers there's no toilets and then
+they pointed around the room and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pointed around the room and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pointed around the room and they
+said you see those buckets of sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you see those buckets of sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you see those buckets of sand
+everywhere and all of a sudden I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and all of a sudden I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and all of a sudden I was
+like oh yeah there's like 100 buckets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah there's like 100 buckets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah there's like 100 buckets of
+sand in this big room and they said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand in this big room and they said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand in this big room and they said if
+there's a fire of any kind you take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fire of any kind you take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fire of any kind you take as
+much sand as you can and you cover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sand as you can and you cover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much sand as you can and you cover that
+fire in sand and if you run out of sand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire in sand and if you run out of sand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire in sand and if you run out of sand
+and you do not run out of fire you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do not run out of fire you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do not run out of fire you run
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the
+building so don't let that dissuade you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so don't let that dissuade you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building so don't let that dissuade you
+from picking sodium as a design this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from picking sodium as a design this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from picking sodium as a design this was
+a test Loop but that's when I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test Loop but that's when I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test Loop but that's when I just
+thought to myself like oh yeah I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to myself like oh yeah I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to myself like oh yeah I wasn't
+really thinking about all the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking about all the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really thinking about all the safety
+implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications
+here and then there's the LFR the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then there's the LFR the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then there's the LFR the lead
+fast reactor or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor or the
+lbe can't really reach the lead bismi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbe can't really reach the lead bismi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbe can't really reach the lead bismi
+tic fast reactor does anyone know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic fast reactor does anyone know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic fast reactor does anyone know what
+uh does anyone not know what a tic alloy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does anyone not know what a tic alloy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does anyone not know what a tic alloy
+is so tic alloy is the lowest melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so tic alloy is the lowest melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so tic alloy is the lowest melting
+point combination of two or more other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point combination of two or more other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point combination of two or more other
+metals so for example lead melts at 330
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals so for example lead melts at 330
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals so for example lead melts at 330
+celsi bmth melts it something you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsi bmth melts it something you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celsi bmth melts it something you put
+them together in about a 45 to 55 ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together in about a 45 to 55 ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together in about a 45 to 55 ratio
+and it brings the melting point down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it brings the melting point down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it brings the melting point down at
+100 to 123 celsus that has some obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 123 celsus that has some obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 123 celsus that has some obvious
+positive implications if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive implications if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive implications if you have a
+reactor that you want the coolant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that you want the coolant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that you want the coolant to be
+molten and it's normally solid you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten and it's normally solid you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten and it's normally solid you don't
+have to heat lead bismi tic as much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat lead bismi tic as much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to heat lead bismi tic as much to
+melt the coolant and get things flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt the coolant and get things flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt the coolant and get things flowing
+as compared to lead there are minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to lead there are minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to lead there are minuses
+though uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though uh
+bismi um can form I believe believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismi um can form I believe believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismi um can form I believe believe
+bouth forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouth forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouth forms
+polonium uh under Neutron activation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium uh under Neutron activation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium uh under Neutron activation and
+bis smouth is also a lot more corrosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bis smouth is also a lot more corrosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bis smouth is also a lot more corrosive
+to materials it's about solubilities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to materials it's about solubilities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to materials it's about solubilities for
+things like nickel and chromium are 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like nickel and chromium are 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like nickel and chromium are 10
+times higher in bismi than they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times higher in bismi than they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times higher in bismi than they are in
+lead and I'll just say if anyone has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and I'll just say if anyone has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and I'll just say if anyone has any
+questions about lead bismi anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about lead bismi anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about lead bismi anything you
+can ask me because I've done nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask me because I've done nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask me because I've done nothing but
+study that for five years uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that for five years uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that for five years uh in terms of
+materials and where it would go in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and where it would go in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and where it would go in a
+reactor you can also talk to Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you can also talk to Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor you can also talk to Professor
+bonjourno who for part of his thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonjourno who for part of his thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonjourno who for part of his thesis
+designed a lead bismi design where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a lead bismi design where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a lead bismi design where you
+bubble steam directly through the molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble steam directly through the molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble steam directly through the molten
+metal it's kind of a wacky design but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal it's kind of a wacky design but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal it's kind of a wacky design but
+very interesting I'd also put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting I'd also put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting I'd also put the
+feasibility here at low bordering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility here at low bordering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility here at low bordering on
+medium because we're making some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium because we're making some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium because we're making some
+advances now in terms of the materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances now in terms of the materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances now in terms of the materials
+I'm just plugging my own research or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just plugging my own research or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just plugging my own research or in
+terms of other designs there have been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of other designs there have been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of other designs there have been a
+few of these plants um for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these plants um for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of these plants um for example the
+alpha class submarines from the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha class submarines from the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha class submarines from the Soviet
+Union used uh lead bismi reactors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union used uh lead bismi reactors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union used uh lead bismi reactors to
+power them um they unfortunately ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power them um they unfortunately ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power them um they unfortunately ended
+up running these reactors like a toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up running these reactors like a toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up running these reactors like a toilet
+U and I'll explain that in a second in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I'll explain that in a second in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I'll explain that in a second in
+in order to control corrosion in lead or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to control corrosion in lead or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to control corrosion in lead or
+lead bismi you have to do one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead bismi you have to do one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead bismi you have to do one of two
+things one you have to make sure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one you have to make sure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one you have to make sure there's
+absolutely no oxygen in your system or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no oxygen in your system or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no oxygen in your system or
+that the materials can passivate and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the materials can passivate and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the materials can passivate and it
+doesn't matter if there's very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if there's very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if there's very little
+oxygen or two you run your system at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or two you run your system at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or two you run your system at the
+lead lead oxide or bismi bismi oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead lead oxide or bismi bismi oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead lead oxide or bismi bismi oxide
+potential so there's an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so there's an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so there's an equilibrium
+between lead oxide and bismi oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lead oxide and bismi oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lead oxide and bismi oxide
+problem is if you have chunks of lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is if you have chunks of lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is if you have chunks of lead
+oxide flowing through your reactor they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide flowing through your reactor they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide flowing through your reactor they
+can clog the pipes then the submarine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clog the pipes then the submarine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can clog the pipes then the submarine
+can sink and some of them did um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sink and some of them did um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sink and some of them did um it's
+funny a lot of these Alpha class Subs if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny a lot of these Alpha class Subs if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny a lot of these Alpha class Subs if
+you look online they weren't in service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look online they weren't in service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look online they weren't in service
+for more than a year or two they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than a year or two they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than a year or two they were
+pretty much designed to be fast attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much designed to be fast attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much designed to be fast attack
+Subs to intimidate us I don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs to intimidate us I don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs to intimidate us I don't believe
+they were ever used to SN anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were ever used to SN anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were ever used to SN anything but
+this way they could say oh yeah we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they could say oh yeah we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way they could say oh yeah we can
+chase down any of your ships of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase down any of your ships of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase down any of your ships of these
+things and sort of another political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and sort of another political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and sort of another political
+move which is the reason these Subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move which is the reason these Subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move which is the reason these Subs
+became the into existence lead has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the into existence lead has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the into existence lead has a
+pretty high heat capacity it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high heat capacity it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high heat capacity it's not quite
+as good in terms of heat transfer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good in terms of heat transfer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good in terms of heat transfer as
+sodium but it doesn't have that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium but it doesn't have that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium but it doesn't have that whole
+exploding problem it's shelf shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding problem it's shelf shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding problem it's shelf shielding
+uh lead is a pretty good Gamma shield uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead is a pretty good Gamma shield uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead is a pretty good Gamma shield uh
+you have to melt the coolant first for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to melt the coolant first for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to melt the coolant first for
+sodium it's not as much of a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium it's not as much of a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium it's not as much of a problem
+because the melting Point's around 80c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the melting Point's around 80c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the melting Point's around 80c
+90c for Knack sodium potassium it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90c for Knack sodium potassium it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90c for Knack sodium potassium it's
+already liquid at room temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already liquid at room temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already liquid at room temperature for
+lead bis smouth it's 123c for lead it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead bis smouth it's 123c for lead it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead bis smouth it's 123c for lead it's
+330 see there's essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+330 see there's essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+330 see there's essentially no
+possibility avoiding the coolant lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility avoiding the coolant lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility avoiding the coolant lead
+bismi tic boils at 1670 C so you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismi tic boils at 1670 C so you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bismi tic boils at 1670 C so you'd have
+to have a really bad day to get any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a really bad day to get any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a really bad day to get any of
+this to start boiling you do create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to start boiling you do create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to start boiling you do create
+polonium and that is fairly long lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium and that is fairly long lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium and that is fairly long lived
+if any of you guys remember uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you guys remember uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you guys remember uh that
+Russian spy that had some bad sushi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian spy that had some bad sushi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian spy that had some bad sushi that
+was polonium that did a in and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was polonium that did a in and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was polonium that did a in and there are
+significant materials corrosion concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant materials corrosion concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant materials corrosion concerns
+and let bis smouth is expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let bis smouth is expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let bis smouth is expensive
+especially the bis smouth there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the bis smouth there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the bis smouth there's not a
+lot of it bis smouth costs something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it bis smouth costs something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of it bis smouth costs something
+like six or eight times as much as lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six or eight times as much as lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six or eight times as much as lead
+we don't have nearly as much of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have nearly as much of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have nearly as much of it so
+that's a that's a concern whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a concern whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a concern whether you're
+designing one reactor or whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing one reactor or whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing one reactor or whether you're
+designing a fleet of reactors take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a fleet of reactors take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing a fleet of reactors take into
+account the price of bismi because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the price of bismi because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the price of bismi because it
+might surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might surprise
+you and the last reactor I'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the last reactor I'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the last reactor I'll get into
+is the mol and salt reactor which some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mol and salt reactor which some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mol and salt reactor which some
+folks are saying is the most probable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are saying is the most probable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are saying is the most probable of
+the so-called Generation 4 or the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Generation 4 or the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Generation 4 or the uh the
+Revolutionary reactor designs being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolutionary reactor designs being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolutionary reactor designs being
+considered by the department of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered by the department of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered by the department of energy
+do folks know about do you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do folks know about do you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do folks know about do you guys know
+about the Generation 1 2 3 3 plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Generation 1 2 3 3 plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Generation 1 2 3 3 plus and
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+reactors where Generation 1 was guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors where Generation 1 was guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors where Generation 1 was guess it
+the first we're currently on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first we're currently on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first we're currently on about
+Generation 3 or 3 plus those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation 3 or 3 plus those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation 3 or 3 plus those are
+considered evolutionary designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered evolutionary designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered evolutionary designs
+Generation 4 reactors are revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation 4 reactors are revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generation 4 reactors are revolutionary
+designs rather than just improving on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs rather than just improving on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs rather than just improving on an
+old design you start from scratch do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old design you start from scratch do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old design you start from scratch do
+something crazy like this um when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something crazy like this um when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something crazy like this um when I say
+fbe I mean lithium and burum fluoride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe I mean lithium and burum fluoride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe I mean lithium and burum fluoride
+salt just so you know but uh everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt just so you know but uh everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt just so you know but uh everyone
+just refers to it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refers to it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just refers to it as
+fbe the molten salt reactor can use fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe the molten salt reactor can use fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe the molten salt reactor can use fly
+and maybe a combination of uranium or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a combination of uranium or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a combination of uranium or
+thorium fluoride salts so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorium fluoride salts so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorium fluoride salts so the the
+coolant can be the fuel so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant can be the fuel so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant can be the fuel so you can
+actually be pumping fuel through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pumping fuel through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be pumping fuel through the
+reactor that has some pluses in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that has some pluses in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that has some pluses in terms
+of um Simplicity and such it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um Simplicity and such it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um Simplicity and such it has some
+minuses that you have to continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses that you have to continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses that you have to continuously
+clean up your coolant fuel in a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up your coolant fuel in a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean up your coolant fuel in a chemical
+processing plant because you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing plant because you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing plant because you have to
+remove the fision products some of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the fision products some of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the fision products some of which
+are poisons um it has a medium to high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poisons um it has a medium to high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are poisons um it has a medium to high
+Outlet temperature uh it can use usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet temperature uh it can use usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet temperature uh it can use usually
+medium enriched uranium it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium enriched uranium it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium enriched uranium it has a
+graphite moderator there you can design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator there you can design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite moderator there you can design
+them to be at all power levels has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be at all power levels has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be at all power levels has a
+very high power density and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high power density and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high power density and because the
+doe is touting this one on top I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe is touting this one on top I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doe is touting this one on top I'd say
+the feasibility is medium and uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasibility is medium and uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feasibility is medium and uh just to
+sort of put it into perspective this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put it into perspective this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put it into perspective this is
+fbe uh I didn't know what to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe uh I didn't know what to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe uh I didn't know what to think of
+when someone said mol and salt until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone said mol and salt until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone said mol and salt until I
+found this picture and it's just looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this picture and it's just looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found this picture and it's just looks
+like a regular liquid except it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a regular liquid except it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a regular liquid except it's really
+hot uh again with the molten salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot uh again with the molten salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot uh again with the molten salt
+reactor just like the lead bismuth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor just like the lead bismuth the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor just like the lead bismuth the
+lead and the sodium reactors you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and the sodium reactors you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and the sodium reactors you don't
+need to pressurize the core uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pressurize the core uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pressurize the core uh because
+it stays a singlephase liquid coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays a singlephase liquid coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays a singlephase liquid coolant
+you can put thorium and uranium salts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put thorium and uranium salts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put thorium and uranium salts to
+be used as the fuel and the coolant it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as the fuel and the coolant it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as the fuel and the coolant it
+has a very negative temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very negative temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very negative temperature
+coefficient which is good for safety uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is good for safety uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is good for safety uh
+but remember when I was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember when I was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember when I was saying that
+molten salts can be directly corrosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salts can be directly corrosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salts can be directly corrosive
+and corrosive in an Insidious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrosive in an Insidious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrosive in an Insidious
+way a high Neutron flux can transmute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a high Neutron flux can transmute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a high Neutron flux can transmute
+lithium and produce tridium trium on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium and produce tridium trium on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium and produce tridium trium on its
+own has to be collected or you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own has to be collected or you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own has to be collected or you have to
+make sure that it doesn't get out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it doesn't get out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it doesn't get out and
+get to anybody but tridium which acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to anybody but tridium which acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to anybody but tridium which acts
+chemically just like hydrogen can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically just like hydrogen can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically just like hydrogen can
+combine with all the Florine in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with all the Florine in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with all the Florine in these
+fbe salts and make HF hydrofor acid have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe salts and make HF hydrofor acid have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbe salts and make HF hydrofor acid have
+any of you dealt with hydrofor acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you dealt with hydrofor acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you dealt with hydrofor acid
+before no it is the worst stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before no it is the worst stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before no it is the worst stuff in the
+world um there's a special antidote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um there's a special antidote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um there's a special antidote
+called calcium gluconate if you get HF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called calcium gluconate if you get HF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called calcium gluconate if you get HF
+on on your skin you pretty much have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your skin you pretty much have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your skin you pretty much have to
+flood the area with calcium and try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood the area with calcium and try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood the area with calcium and try and
+get the Florine atoms to make calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Florine atoms to make calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Florine atoms to make calcium
+fluoride with the gluconate gel before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride with the gluconate gel before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride with the gluconate gel before
+it starts to pull it out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to pull it out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to pull it out of your
+bloodstream and by the way calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream and by the way calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream and by the way calcium
+regulates your heartbeat it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates your heartbeat it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates your heartbeat it's in your
+bones and it's really bad stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones and it's really bad stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones and it's really bad stuff it's
+also really bad for a lot of metals HF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really bad for a lot of metals HF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really bad for a lot of metals HF
+is one of the few materials that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the few materials that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the few materials that can
+dissolve quartz and we use it in our lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve quartz and we use it in our lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve quartz and we use it in our lab
+to dissolve the quartz off the silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve the quartz off the silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dissolve the quartz off the silicon
+carbide when we really want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide when we really want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbide when we really want to know what
+sort of erosion is going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of erosion is going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of erosion is going to happen in
+those tof fuel particles from the pebble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tof fuel particles from the pebble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tof fuel particles from the pebble
+bed reactor and it does require on-site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed reactor and it does require on-site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed reactor and it does require on-site
+salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt
+reprocessing so some of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessing so some of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprocessing so some of the questions
+that if I were in the core group I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I were in the core group I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I were in the core group I would
+ask myself would be which coolant do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask myself would be which coolant do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask myself would be which coolant do you
+want to use what implications does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use what implications does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use what implications does that
+have all the way down the line for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the way down the line for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the way down the line for this
+design what Outlet temperature do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design what Outlet temperature do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design what Outlet temperature do you
+want because you know depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because you know depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because you know depending on what
+coolant you use you may have a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant you use you may have a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant you use you may have a range of
+Outlet temperatures or you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet temperatures or you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlet temperatures or you might be
+pegged in a certain small range how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegged in a certain small range how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegged in a certain small range how big
+of a reactor do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reactor do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reactor do you want
+the size of the reactor is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the reactor is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the reactor is going to have
+a pretty big impact on the biofuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty big impact on the biofuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty big impact on the biofuels
+people mostly because if you make a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mostly because if you make a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mostly because if you make a 100
+megawatt versus a 1000 megawatt reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt versus a 1000 megawatt reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt versus a 1000 megawatt reactor
+you don't take up that much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't take up that much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't take up that much more
+footprint but if you're dealing with 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint but if you're dealing with 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footprint but if you're dealing with 10
+times more biofuels you have to have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more biofuels you have to have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more biofuels you have to have 10
+times more land and you could go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more land and you could go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more land and you could go from
+something where you grow crops in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you grow crops in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you grow crops in a
+couple miles around the reactor to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple miles around the reactor to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple miles around the reactor to where
+you have to have local distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have local distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have local distribution
+centers bringing in biomass to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers bringing in biomass to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers bringing in biomass to your
+plant so the core folks keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so the core folks keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so the core folks keep the
+biofuels folks in mind when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels folks in mind when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels folks in mind when you're
+choosing the size of your reactor is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the size of your reactor is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the size of your reactor is it
+going to have primary secondary tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have primary secondary tertiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have primary secondary tertiary
+Cycles what are the Heat exchangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles what are the Heat exchangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles what are the Heat exchangers
+going to look like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like what are the
+implications there will it have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications there will it have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications there will it have a
+recuperator as in will the hot and cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recuperator as in will the hot and cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recuperator as in will the hot and cold
+streams pass by each other to help raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams pass by each other to help raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams pass by each other to help raise
+the inlet temperature for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inlet temperature for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inlet temperature for example so
+let's say you had a uh a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you had a uh a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you had a uh a very high
+temperature Reactor with an outlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Reactor with an outlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Reactor with an outlet
+temperature of a th000 deg you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of a th000 deg you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of a th000 deg you don't
+necessarily want to bring back in 100 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to bring back in 100 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want to bring back in 100 C
+gas because having a huge temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas because having a huge temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas because having a huge temperature
+gradient can have some pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient can have some pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient can have some pretty bad
+thermal expansion stress effects lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion stress effects lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion stress effects lots of
+other bad things could happen how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bad things could happen how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bad things could happen how much
+electricity versus how much process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity versus how much process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity versus how much process heat
+do you want so you guys together are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want so you guys together are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want so you guys together are
+going to have to balance how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to balance how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to balance how much
+electricity how much process heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity how much process heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity how much process heat and
+when the process heat is made how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the process heat is made how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the process heat is made how much
+goes to hydrogen how much goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to hydrogen how much goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to hydrogen how much goes to
+biofuels can you come up with any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels can you come up with any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels can you come up with any other
+products that you could make with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you could make with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products that you could make with the
+rest of this process heat for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this process heat for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of this process heat for example
+when you were making biofuels you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were making biofuels you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were making biofuels you could
+end up with some charge draw or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with some charge draw or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with some charge draw or some
+random biomass that you can't turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random biomass that you can't turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random biomass that you can't turn into
+anything could you package that sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything could you package that sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything could you package that sell it
+as house insulation and make some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as house insulation and make some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as house insulation and make some more
+money for almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for almost no
+investment and where in the cycle should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and where in the cycle should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and where in the cycle should
+the process heat exit do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat exit do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat exit do you want to
+take it off the top when it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it off the top when it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it off the top when it's the
+hottest and then send it back through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hottest and then send it back through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hottest and then send it back through
+the turbine or do you want to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbine or do you want to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbine or do you want to put it
+through the turbine and then take it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the turbine and then take it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the turbine and then take it off
+the bottom of the cycle when the heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the cycle when the heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the cycle when the heat is
+fairly cool and that'll depend a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly cool and that'll depend a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly cool and that'll depend a lot on
+the hydrogen and biofuels production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and biofuels production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and biofuels production
+processes that you guys choose to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you guys choose to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that you guys choose to use
+something else I I'd like you guys to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I I'd like you guys to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else I I'd like you guys to do
+by Wednesday's class is come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Wednesday's class is come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Wednesday's class is come up with a
+group contract I'm not going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group contract I'm not going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group contract I'm not going to tell you
+what to say but I want you guys to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to say but I want you guys to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to say but I want you guys to put
+in it what you promise each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it what you promise each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it what you promise each other
+because only 30% of your grade in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only 30% of your grade in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only 30% of your grade in this
+class is dependent on your work alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is dependent on your work alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is dependent on your work alone
+the other 70 is dependent on the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 70 is dependent on the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other 70 is dependent on the class
+as a whole but the biggest fraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole but the biggest fraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole but the biggest fraction is
+dependent on your sub team so I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on your sub team so I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on your sub team so I'd like
+you guys to think about what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to think about what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to think about what do you want
+to promise each other to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promise each other to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promise each other to make sure that
+you all perform well do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all perform well do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all perform well do you want to
+promise to be on time to meetings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to be on time to meetings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to be on time to meetings or
+only 5 minutes late do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 5 minutes late do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 5 minutes late do you want to
+promise to split up work equally do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to split up work equally do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to split up work equally do you
+want to promise to play to strengths or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to promise to play to strengths or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to promise to play to strengths or
+give people different things to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people different things to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people different things to do that
+they've never seen before do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never seen before do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never seen before do you want to
+open every meeting with a joke do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open every meeting with a joke do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open every meeting with a joke do you
+promise to meet at the Asgard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to meet at the Asgard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to meet at the Asgard or
+suitably fun location that's where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitably fun location that's where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitably fun location that's where my
+team met when I did this class so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team met when I did this class so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team met when I did this class so that's
+not out of the question for you over 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out of the question for you over 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not out of the question for you over 21
+folks um and I would like the subtask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks um and I would like the subtask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks um and I would like the subtask
+leaders whoever you decide to be to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders whoever you decide to be to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders whoever you decide to be to give
+your cont contracts to the integrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cont contracts to the integrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cont contracts to the integrators
+to either Sarah or Catherine have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either Sarah or Catherine have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either Sarah or Catherine have
+everyone in the group sign and date it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the group sign and date it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the group sign and date it
+keep copies for yourself and give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep copies for yourself and give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep copies for yourself and give a
+couple copies to them so I can keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple copies to them so I can keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple copies to them so I can keep them
+because uh I don't want to be the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I don't want to be the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I don't want to be the one
+putting pressure on every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting pressure on every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting pressure on every single one of
+you guys I'd rather make you guys do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys I'd rather make you guys do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys I'd rather make you guys do it
+plus it means more coming from you so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it means more coming from you so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it means more coming from you so in
+these next few minutes um pick who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next few minutes um pick who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next few minutes um pick who wants
+to be the leader I'd say separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the leader I'd say separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the leader I'd say separate
+according to group and choose who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to group and choose who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to group and choose who wants
+to be the subtask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leader for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GfoM-s9ZKrI.txt b/GfoM-s9ZKrI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5270fac30df7e78b3793c376c2129ad8e4ccd15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GfoM-s9ZKrI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7960 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what I'd like to do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'd like to do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I'd like to do now is to
+introduce to you our first Speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you our first Speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you our first Speaker
+Professor Doug lenberg he's the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Doug lenberg he's the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Doug lenberg he's the head of
+biological engineering and what he'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering and what he'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering and what he'll do
+is introduce us into what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bioengineering thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um can I ask just first how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I ask just first how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can I ask just first how many of you
+are freshmen raise your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are freshmen raise your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are freshmen raise your hands
+okay good for those who aren't today can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good for those who aren't today can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good for those who aren't today can
+be a uh a bonus lecture but then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh a bonus lecture but then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a uh a bonus lecture but then uh
+henceforth uh we really do want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henceforth uh we really do want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henceforth uh we really do want to focus
+this uh this on the on on the freshmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this on the on on the freshmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this on the on on the freshmen
+uh as they start to look at at their MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they start to look at at their MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as they start to look at at their MIT
+educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+careers so as a pleasure to do this uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers so as a pleasure to do this uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careers so as a pleasure to do this uh I
+will introduce you to the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will introduce you to the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will introduce you to the world of
+bioengineering as a whole as we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering as a whole as we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering as a whole as we see it
+at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT
+to the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the different
+facets uh we'll delve into a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets uh we'll delve into a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets uh we'll delve into a little bit
+about biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biological
+engineering per se as a discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering per se as a discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering per se as a discipline
+within the world of of bioengineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the world of of bioengineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the world of of bioengineering
+overall and I hope set the stage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and I hope set the stage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall and I hope set the stage for
+most of the rest of the uh the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the rest of the uh the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the rest of the uh the lectures
+that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be
+seeing okay well let me Begin by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing okay well let me Begin by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing okay well let me Begin by just
+talking about what engineering is at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what engineering is at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what engineering is at all
+okay because you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you talk about
+bioengineering it's nice to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering it's nice to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering it's nice to have a
+concept for what engineering is and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for what engineering is and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for what engineering is and for
+those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are
+freshmen chances are very few of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen chances are very few of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshmen chances are very few of you
+took a course in Engineering in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a course in Engineering in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a course in Engineering in high
+school how many of you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school how many of you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school how many of you took a
+engineering course in high school they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering course in high school they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering course in high school they
+really don't exist do they right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't exist do they right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't exist do they right so you
+come here and you think about majoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here and you think about majoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come here and you think about majoring
+and Engineering well do I really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineering well do I really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Engineering well do I really know
+what it is so let me let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so let me let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is so let me let me start
+there this is one way of looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is one way of looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is one way of looking at it
+um engineering comp comprises two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um engineering comp comprises two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um engineering comp comprises two
+aspects there's a science aspect of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects there's a science aspect of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects there's a science aspect of it
+Engineers are scientists they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers are scientists they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers are scientists they learn
+about the world around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world around
+us the second aspect is technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the second aspect is technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the second aspect is technology
+engineers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are
+technologists they make things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists they make things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists they make things that
+haven't existed before so if the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't existed before so if the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't existed before so if the science
+is studying the things that exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is studying the things that exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is studying the things that exist and
+technology is making things that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is making things that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is making things that don't
+exist okay Engineers actually do both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist okay Engineers actually do both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist okay Engineers actually do both
+okay so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two
+pieces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces um
+the the formal words might be analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the formal words might be analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the formal words might be analysis
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+study uh systems of Interest they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh systems of Interest they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study uh systems of Interest they're
+usually complicated and there's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually complicated and there's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually complicated and there's usually
+many many components to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many components to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many components to them
+hierarchical means there's details and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical means there's details and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical means there's details and
+they come together to create something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together to create something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come together to create something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an integrative way and then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+put together to create something yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together to create something yet
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together to create something yet
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now all turns into one kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now all turns into one kind of an
+operating system the other word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system the other word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system the other word is
+synthesis and that's building and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and that's building and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and that's building and that's
+making Technologies using these many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Technologies using these many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making Technologies using these many
+many components put together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many components put together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many components put together in
+complicated ways so the science is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ways so the science is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated ways so the science is kind
+of the analysis part and the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis part and the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis part and the technology
+is kind of the synthesis part all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the synthesis part all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of the synthesis part all
+right in engineering though the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in engineering though the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in engineering though the one you
+say well how does this distinguish from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well how does this distinguish from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well how does this distinguish from
+science because scientists can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science because scientists can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science because scientists can also
+create new technologies and scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new technologies and scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new technologies and scientists
+certainly study how the world Works uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly study how the world Works uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly study how the world Works uh
+one of the crucial aspects is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the crucial aspects is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the crucial aspects is that
+Engineers tend to emphasis design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers tend to emphasis design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers tend to emphasis design
+emphasize design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize design
+both in the study and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the study and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the study and the
+building not only want to see what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building not only want to see what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building not only want to see what is
+all there and how it works together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there and how it works together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there and how it works together we
+want to see if there's design principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see if there's design principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see if there's design principles
+that help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help us
+understand the relationship between how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the relationship between how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the relationship between how
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+
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+they're put together and how the system
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole
+operates okay because to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates okay because to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates okay because to build a
+technology if you can't think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology if you can't think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+designing it from putting pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing it from putting pieces
+ 
+
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+designing it from putting pieces
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to accomplish
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in order to accomplish
+something it's really going to be trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's really going to be trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's really going to be trial
+and air and that's not a very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air and that's not a very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air and that's not a very effective
+way to build Technologies so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to build Technologies so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to build Technologies so this is
+something that really is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really is an important
+facet of engineering and that is design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facet of engineering and that is design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facet of engineering and that is design
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how things get put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how things get put together
+in order to accomplish some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to accomplish some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to accomplish some kind of a
+desired task now within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired task now within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired task now within
+engineering each of the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering each of the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering each of the engineering
+disciplines you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines you can think
+of focus on a particular science base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus on a particular science base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus on a particular science base
+for the components that it wants to
+
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+for the components that it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the components that it wants to
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+study and build things from and the
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+
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+mechanisms it wants to study and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms it wants to study and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms it wants to study and build
+things from you can't know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from you can't know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from you can't know all the
+science in the world so if you're get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the world so if you're get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the world so if you're get a
+major in some kind of engineering you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in some kind of engineering you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in some kind of engineering you
+usually pick some aspect of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pick some aspect of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually pick some aspect of science
+that's uh that's going to be your focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's going to be your focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh that's going to be your focus
+so for instance uh civil engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance uh civil engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance uh civil engineering
+mechanical engineering electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering electrical
+engineering tend to focus on particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering tend to focus on particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering tend to focus on particular
+branches of physics that's the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of physics that's the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of physics that's the science
+they study the most okay all engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they study the most okay all engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they study the most okay all engineer
+study mathematics that's that's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study mathematics that's that's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study mathematics that's that's clear
+but then if you're in civil engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you're in civil engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you're in civil engineering
+mechanical engineering electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineering electrical
+engineering you really go in depth on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you really go in depth on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you really go in depth on a
+lot of the physics because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the physics because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the physics because the
+components you're going to be putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you're going to be putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you're going to be putting
+together are physical components and the
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+ align:start position:0%
+together are physical components and the
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+
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+together are physical components and the
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+
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+mechanisms are going to be the physics
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+
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+mechanisms are going to be the physics
+of how these things interact might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how these things interact might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how these things interact might be
+quantum physics solid state physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics solid state physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum physics solid state physics
+Newtonian physics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian physics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian physics so
+forth uh people who major in let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth uh people who major in let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth uh people who major in let's say
+chemical engineering or nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering or nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering or nuclear
+engineering or Materials Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or Materials Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or Materials Science and
+Engineering they learn math they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering they learn math they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering they learn math they learn
+some Physics but then they tend to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Physics but then they tend to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Physics but then they tend to focus
+on some branches of chem chemistry maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some branches of chem chemistry maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some branches of chem chemistry maybe
+organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic
+chemistry maybe physical chemistry maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry maybe physical chemistry maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry maybe physical chemistry maybe
+inorganic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic
+chemistry okay and that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay and that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay and that's the kind of
+science they'll study most because those
+
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+science they'll study most because those
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+science they'll study most because those
+are the they're going to study how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the they're going to study how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the they're going to study how
+chemical components work together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical components work together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical components work together and
+how chemical mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how chemical mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how chemical mechanisms
+operate you notice I haven't written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate you notice I haven't written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate you notice I haven't written
+biology here yet okay that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology here yet okay that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology here yet okay that's going to
+come later but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come later but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come later but if you look at the
+traditional engineering disciplines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional engineering disciplines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional engineering disciplines that
+have been around they've been based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around they've been based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around they've been based on
+some branches of of physics or some
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+ align:start position:0%
+some branches of of physics or some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some branches of of physics or some
+branches of chemistry by and large but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of chemistry by and large but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of chemistry by and large but
+in all of these there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these there's a very
+interesting Paradigm you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Paradigm you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Paradigm you can use
+different words for it but here's uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words for it but here's uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words for it but here's uh one
+set of words that's easy enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of words that's easy enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of words that's easy enough to
+remember measure model manipulate make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember measure model manipulate make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember measure model manipulate make
+you need to measure things to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to measure things to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to measure things to quantify
+what's there and how it works you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there and how it works you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there and how it works you need
+to model it you need to describe it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it you need to describe it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it you need to describe it in
+mathematical terms because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical terms because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical terms because it's so
+complicated your intuition can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated your intuition can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated your intuition can't do it
+so you need mathematical models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need mathematical models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need mathematical models to
+represent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh
+how the system operates in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system operates in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system operates in ways that
+your intuition just can't grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition just can't grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition just can't grasp
+manipulate you need to go in and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate you need to go in and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate you need to go in and change
+things change one component change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change one component change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things change one component change its
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in order to make the system
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in order to make the system
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave differently and then if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave differently and then if you're
+good at all that if you now can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at all that if you now can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at all that if you now can measure
+what's there and know how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there and know how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's there and know how it works
+together it can manipulate it to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it can manipulate it to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it can manipulate it to make
+changes then you can actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes then you can actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes then you can actually make
+something useful so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something useful so that's sort of the
+progression and it requires design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression and it requires design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression and it requires design
+principles design parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles design parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles design parameters
+computational models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models
+uh to make something you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make something you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make something you really need to
+construct it for the kind of operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it for the kind of operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it for the kind of operation
+you want you have to study how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you have to study how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you have to study how the
+overall system is behaving based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system is behaving based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system is behaving based on the
+components so that's what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so that's what these
+Engineers do based on physics and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers do based on physics and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers do based on physics and that's
+what these Engineers do based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these Engineers do based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these Engineers do based on
+chemistry okay so that's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay so that's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay so that's a little bit of
+a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engineering okay well now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay well now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering okay well now let's
+add this engineering to the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this engineering to the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this engineering to the world of
+biology and Medicine okay because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and Medicine okay because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and Medicine okay because you
+hear words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear words like
+bioengineering biomedical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering biomedical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering biomedical engineering
+medical engineering biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical engineering biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical engineering biological
+engineering how can we make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering how can we make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering how can we make sense of
+that well here's one way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well here's one way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well here's one way to look at
+it first let's start with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first let's start with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first let's start with these
+traditional engineerings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional engineerings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional engineerings that
+everybody's familiar with that are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar with that are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar with that are based
+on mathematics and some branches of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mathematics and some branches of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mathematics and some branches of
+physics and and chemistry depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and and chemistry depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and and chemistry depending on
+the discipline chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discipline chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discipline chemical engineering
+electrical engineering mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering mechanical
+engineering Material Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Material Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering Material Science and
+Engineering okay if you take any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering okay if you take any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering okay if you take any one of
+these disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these disciplines
+and apply them to problems that arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply them to problems that arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply them to problems that arise
+from health care whether it's clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from health care whether it's clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from health care whether it's clinical
+hospitals or the device or diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals or the device or diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals or the device or diagnostic
+Industries uh you can call yourself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries uh you can call yourself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries uh you can call yourself a
+biomedical engineer you're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineer you're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineer you're taking the
+disciplinary engineering based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary engineering based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary engineering based on
+chemistry or physics you're applying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or physics you're applying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or physics you're applying it
+to a medical problem that's biomedical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a medical problem that's biomedical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a medical problem that's biomedical
+engineering it's really not a discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it's really not a discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering it's really not a discipline
+you would major in so at MIT we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would major in so at MIT we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would major in so at MIT we have a
+minor in biomedical engineering where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor in biomedical engineering where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor in biomedical engineering where
+you can major in any one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can major in any one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can major in any one of these things
+take some courses that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some courses that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some courses that have to do with
+Biology and medicine and that's now an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biology and medicine and that's now an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Biology and medicine and that's now an
+application field that applies yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application field that applies yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application field that applies yourself
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+problems now we also added biology which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now we also added biology which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems now we also added biology which
+I forgot to put here this is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot to put here this is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot to put here this is plus
+medicine and this is plus biology so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and this is plus biology so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and this is plus biology so if
+you take any one of these traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any one of these traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any one of these traditional
+disciplines and teach also adds some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and teach also adds some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and teach also adds some
+biology that's essentially the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology that's essentially the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology that's essentially the field of
+biotechnology you know thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology you know thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology you know thinking about
+engineering on biology and that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering on biology and that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering on biology and that can be
+applied to Health Care problems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to Health Care problems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to Health Care problems in the
+pharmaceutical industry say or even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry say or even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry say or even the
+device industry or it's also applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device industry or it's also applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device industry or it's also applicable
+to many other kinds of Industry new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many other kinds of Industry new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to many other kinds of Industry new
+kinds of materials new kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of materials new kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of materials new kinds of
+manufacturing uh biowarfare defense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh biowarfare defense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing uh biowarfare defense uh
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+that okay so a chemical engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so a chemical engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so a chemical engineer
+electrical engineer material uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer material uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer material uh
+mechanical engineer Material Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineer Material Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineer Material Science
+engineer can apply themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer can apply themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer can apply themselves to
+biomedical engineering they can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineering they can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineering they can apply
+the to biotechnology so that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to biotechnology so that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to biotechnology so that's part of
+your choices you can major in course 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choices you can major in course 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choices you can major in course 10
+or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or six
+or two or three and one and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two or three and one and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two or three and one and so forth and
+depending on the choice of problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the choice of problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the choice of problems that
+you solve you can also be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve you can also be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve you can also be part of the
+world of biomedical engineering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of biomedical engineering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of biomedical engineering or
+biotechnology and all of this lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology and all of this lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechnology and all of this lump
+together is what we would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is what we would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is what we would call
+bioengineering bioengineering is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering bioengineering is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering bioengineering is just a
+very broad umbrella that covers what any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad umbrella that covers what any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad umbrella that covers what any
+of these diverse disciplines might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diverse disciplines might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diverse disciplines might do
+that bring engineering together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring engineering together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bring engineering together with the
+science of biology or the profession of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of biology or the profession of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of biology or the profession of
+medicine now in addition the thing we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine now in addition the thing we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine now in addition the thing we've
+created here at MIT is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created here at MIT is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created here at MIT is another
+engineering discipline that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering discipline that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering discipline that's very
+analogous to this you might think it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this you might think it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this you might think it as
+a sister to course 10 or course 6 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sister to course 10 or course 6 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sister to course 10 or course 6 or
+course two or course three but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course two or course three but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course two or course three but now the
+science that it focuses on it learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that it focuses on it learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that it focuses on it learns
+math learns a little bit of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math learns a little bit of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math learns a little bit of physics
+learns a bit of chemistry but now its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns a bit of chemistry but now its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learns a bit of chemistry but now its
+basic science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic science is
+biology the components and mechanisms by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology the components and mechanisms by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology the components and mechanisms by
+which biology works so genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which biology works so genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which biology works so genetics
+biochemistry molecular biology cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry molecular biology cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry molecular biology cell
+biology it says this is the science for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it says this is the science for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it says this is the science for
+biological engineering in so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering in so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering in so these
+people can now get a major and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can now get a major and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can now get a major and I think
+we're a couple weeks away from we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a couple weeks away from we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a couple weeks away from we hope
+being approved as course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being approved as course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being approved as course
+20 and you can use this major to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and you can use this major to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 and you can use this major to solve
+medical problems that have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical problems that have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical problems that have to do with
+health care you can use this major to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care you can use this major to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care you can use this major to
+solve biotechnology problems in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve biotechnology problems in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve biotechnology problems in other
+Industries so it becomes a sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries so it becomes a sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries so it becomes a sister
+discipline alongside chemical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline alongside chemical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline alongside chemical or
+electrical or mechanical or materials or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical or mechanical or materials or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical or mechanical or materials or
+civil it's just based on a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil it's just based on a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil it's just based on a different
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+all of these Majors whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Majors whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Majors whether it's
+biological engineering or any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering or any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering or any of these
+you can be part of the whole world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be part of the whole world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be part of the whole world of
+bioengineering and you can do biomedical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and you can do biomedical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering and you can do biomedical
+engineering work or biotechnology work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering work or biotechnology work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering work or biotechnology work
+so this is a very important picture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very important picture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very important picture to
+keep in mind otherwise these names just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind otherwise these names just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind otherwise these names just
+kind of go all over the place what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go all over the place what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go all over the place what's the
+difference oh they're all the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference oh they're all the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference oh they're all the same okay
+it's not true okay there really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true okay there really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true okay there really are
+specific differences and it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific differences and it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific differences and it's just a
+matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of
+choice so uh let's look at a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so uh let's look at a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice so uh let's look at a little
+history to figure out how we got here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history to figure out how we got here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history to figure out how we got here uh
+bio ining biomedical engineering has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio ining biomedical engineering has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio ining biomedical engineering has
+actually been around for about more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been around for about more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been around for about more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay back in the middle part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay back in the middle part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay back in the middle part of
+the 20th century people were creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century people were creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century people were creating
+artificial kidneys and artificial hearts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial kidneys and artificial hearts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial kidneys and artificial hearts
+and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like
+that uh they were trained as electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they were trained as electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they were trained as electrical
+engineers or chemical Engineers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers or chemical Engineers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers or chemical Engineers or
+mechanical engineers with chemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers with chemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers with chemistry and
+physics but they just applied it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but they just applied it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but they just applied it to the
+problem of replacing heart function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of replacing heart function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of replacing heart function or
+replacing kidney function so the careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing kidney function so the careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing kidney function so the careers
+they tended to work in the Med medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tended to work in the Med medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tended to work in the Med medical
+device field Diagnostics IM in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device field Diagnostics IM in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device field Diagnostics IM in
+Prosthetics those are artificial limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prosthetics those are artificial limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prosthetics those are artificial limbs
+say implants uh the artificial heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say implants uh the artificial heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say implants uh the artificial heart
+extracoporeal means outside the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracoporeal means outside the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracoporeal means outside the body
+artificial kidney so a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial kidney so a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial kidney so a lot of these
+folks would work in those Industries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks would work in those Industries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks would work in those Industries or
+some of them can work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them can work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them can work in the
+pharmaceutical industry where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry where you
+actually made a drug so you worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made a drug so you worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made a drug so you worked in
+manufacturing or processing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing or processing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing or processing or
+delivery okay um and these Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery okay um and these Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery okay um and these Engineers
+didn't really need to be trained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to be trained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to be trained in the
+science of biology per se they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of biology per se they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of biology per se they didn't
+really need genetics or biochemistry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need genetics or biochemistry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need genetics or biochemistry or
+molecular biology or biology they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology or biology they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology or biology they could
+take the engineering they learn based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the engineering they learn based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the engineering they learn based on
+physics and chemistry and solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and chemistry and solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and chemistry and solve these
+kinds of problems very usefully okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems very usefully okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems very usefully okay and
+most of the majors around the country if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the majors around the country if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the majors around the country if
+you go to other universities you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to other universities you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to other universities you had
+choice to go to other universities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice to go to other universities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice to go to other universities if
+they have a biomed or bioengineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a biomed or bioengineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a biomed or bioengineering
+major this is really what it's focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major this is really what it's focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major this is really what it's focused
+on okay and you have that choice here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and you have that choice here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay and you have that choice here
+you can major in one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can major in one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can major in one of the other
+engineering disciplines and still apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering disciplines and still apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering disciplines and still apply
+yourself to medical problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to medical problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to medical problems
+so just some examples and I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just some examples and I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just some examples and I've sort of
+got them in alphabetical order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them in alphabetical order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got them in alphabetical order of
+departments it might be associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments it might be associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments it might be associated with
+for instance the Aro asro Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the Aro asro Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance the Aro asro Department
+there's interests in spaceflight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's interests in spaceflight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's interests in spaceflight
+physiology what happens when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology what happens when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology what happens when you take
+humans out into low gravity what changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans out into low gravity what changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans out into low gravity what changes
+about their physiology that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their physiology that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their physiology that's something
+that an aerospace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an aerospace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an aerospace
+major interested in biomedical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major interested in biomedical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major interested in biomedical
+engineering might find a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering might find a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering might find a very
+attractive uh research area to be in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive uh research area to be in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive uh research area to be in and
+that's a great research area to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great research area to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great research area to be in
+okay so major in Aero Astro and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so major in Aero Astro and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so major in Aero Astro and look
+into space flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into space flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into space flight
+physiology uh chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology uh chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology uh chemical engineering
+bioprocessing chemical Engineers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioprocessing chemical Engineers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioprocessing chemical Engineers are
+very well trained in process engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well trained in process engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well trained in process engineering
+how to make things out of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make things out of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make things out of chemical
+products so you learn how to uh build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so you learn how to uh build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so you learn how to uh build
+bioreactors say uh reactors that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioreactors say uh reactors that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioreactors say uh reactors that have
+cells making some useful therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells making some useful therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells making some useful therapeutic
+protein okay that's a that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay that's a that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay that's a that's a very
+exciting type of thing to be in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting type of thing to be in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting type of thing to be in with a
+chemical engineering background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering background
+uh electrical engineering I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrical engineering I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrical engineering I think I've
+got a couple examples here uh Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple examples here uh Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a couple examples here uh Imaging
+how to use different types of modalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use different types of modalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use different types of modalities
+where you send different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you send different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you send different types of
+electromagnetic waves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves into
+tissue and have them distorted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and have them distorted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue and have them distorted in
+different ways by the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways by the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways by the different
+components of the tissue so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the tissue so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the tissue so they
+actually can see through tissue okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can see through tissue okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can see through tissue okay so
+electrical engineer can be very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer can be very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer can be very good at
+this sort of uh Imaging work and know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of uh Imaging work and know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of uh Imaging work and know a
+lot about uh uh electrom magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about uh uh electrom magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about uh uh electrom magnetic
+physics and Signal processing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and Signal processing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and Signal processing and so
+forth in order to figure out uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in order to figure out uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in order to figure out uh how
+different waves pass through tissue can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different waves pass through tissue can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different waves pass through tissue can
+end up depicting uh different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up depicting uh different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up depicting uh different uh
+portions of that tissue tumors and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of that tissue tumors and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of that tissue tumors and so
+forth so electrical engineering interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so electrical engineering interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so electrical engineering interest
+in biomedical engineering this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biomedical engineering this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biomedical engineering this might be
+something that they would do uh image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they would do uh image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they would do uh image
+guided surgery I sort of have this under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided surgery I sort of have this under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guided surgery I sort of have this under
+computer science because then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science because then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science because then you can
+take those images put them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those images put them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those images put them in the
+computer and then say well where should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then say well where should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then say well where should
+I cut in order to miss some arteries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut in order to miss some arteries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut in order to miss some arteries and
+veins and do the most effective thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veins and do the most effective thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veins and do the most effective thing
+with if I've got to do a a surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if I've got to do a a surgery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with if I've got to do a a surgery
+around somebody's knee okay so you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around somebody's knee okay so you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around somebody's knee okay so you got
+to be very well trained in in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very well trained in in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very well trained in in computer
+science and robotic algorithms and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and robotic algorithms and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and robotic algorithms and apply
+them to this sort of medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem uh environmental uh vom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh environmental uh vom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh environmental uh vom
+mediation this might be civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation this might be civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediation this might be civil
+engineering environmental engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering environmental engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering environmental engineering
+course one where we'd be very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one where we'd be very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one where we'd be very interested
+in the microbes in the outside world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microbes in the outside world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the microbes in the outside world and
+how they consume toxic chemicals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they consume toxic chemicals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they consume toxic chemicals they
+might be able to clean it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to clean it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to clean it up
+okay so that's uh that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's uh that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's uh that's an interesting
+application of of let's say civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of of let's say civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of of let's say civil
+environmental engineering to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental engineering to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental engineering to uh
+bioengineering Material Science you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering Material Science you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering Material Science you
+might be interested in drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in drug
+delivery uh somebody makes a drug how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery uh somebody makes a drug how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery uh somebody makes a drug how do
+you actually get it into the body in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get it into the body in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually get it into the body in the
+right places and released at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right places and released at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right places and released at the right
+rates and the right amounts Target it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the right amounts Target it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and the right amounts Target it to
+the brain Target it to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain Target it to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain Target it to the uh
+liver okay so you have to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver okay so you have to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver okay so you have to create the
+right kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kinds of uh
+materials to encapsulate drugs and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to encapsulate drugs and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials to encapsulate drugs and let
+them diffuse out at the right places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them diffuse out at the right places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them diffuse out at the right places in
+the right time at the right pH and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time at the right pH and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right time at the right pH and so
+forth so material scientists might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so material scientists might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so material scientists might be
+very good at controlled uh release drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at controlled uh release drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at controlled uh release drug
+delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery
+problems do I have any more ah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems do I have any more ah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems do I have any more ah okay
+artificial heart mechanical engineers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial heart mechanical engineers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial heart mechanical engineers uh
+would learn all the things you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn all the things you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would learn all the things you need to
+know to uh build the pumps and study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to uh build the pumps and study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to uh build the pumps and study the
+fluid flow the fluid mechanics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow the fluid mechanics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid flow the fluid mechanics of the
+blood and how it doesn't get sheared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and how it doesn't get sheared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and how it doesn't get sheared so
+the blood cells get Dam damage and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood cells get Dam damage and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blood cells get Dam damage and have
+you the right temp the right pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the right temp the right pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the right temp the right pressures
+uh uh the right flow rates the right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the right flow rates the right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the right flow rates the right uh
+Pulsa toll op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulsa toll op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulsa toll op
+oscillations okay so to study that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations okay so to study that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations okay so to study that sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+fluid physics fluid mechanics uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid physics fluid mechanics uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid physics fluid mechanics uh you can
+major mechanical engineering and uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major mechanical engineering and uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major mechanical engineering and uh make
+very important contributions with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important contributions with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important contributions with uh
+let's say artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say artificial
+hearts or hip implants okay you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts or hip implants okay you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearts or hip implants okay you need to
+replace a damaged and injured hip uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a damaged and injured hip uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a damaged and injured hip uh
+mechanical engineers might be very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers might be very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical engineers might be very well
+trained to be able to study the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to be able to study the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to be able to study the forces
+that need to be withstood and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be withstood and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that need to be withstood and how to
+create the right uh structures of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the right uh structures of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the right uh structures of some
+kind of material to Bear those loads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of material to Bear those loads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of material to Bear those loads and
+connect things in the right ways okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect things in the right ways okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect things in the right ways okay so
+you could get a degree in mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get a degree in mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get a degree in mechanical
+engineering and be very good at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and be very good at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and be very good at things
+like hip implants okay so you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hip implants okay so you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hip implants okay so you get the
+message there's all sorts of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message there's all sorts of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message there's all sorts of things you
+can major in one of these disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can major in one of these disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can major in one of these disciplines
+and connect that discipline to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect that discipline to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connect that discipline to the
+application world of biology or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application world of biology or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application world of biology or the
+application world of medicine but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application world of medicine but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application world of medicine but still
+trained uh in that in that discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained uh in that in that discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained uh in that in that discipline
+and these would be things that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these would be things that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these would be things that you would
+major in course one or two or three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in course one or two or three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major in course one or two or three or
+six or 10 uh say and then do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or 10 uh say and then do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or 10 uh say and then do the
+biomedical engineering minor to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineering minor to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical engineering minor to connect
+that major to uh some of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that major to uh some of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that major to uh some of the right
+elective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elective
+courses okay and that's been the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses okay and that's been the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses okay and that's been the state
+of the world for about the last 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world for about the last 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world for about the last 50
+years okay there's been all those majors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay there's been all those majors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay there's been all those majors
+and as I said if you go to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said if you go to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said if you go to some other
+universities and major in biomedical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and major in biomedical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and major in biomedical
+engineering you really get trained to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you really get trained to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you really get trained to do
+one of those things you specialize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things you specialize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those things you specialize in
+electrical or mechanic mecal or chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical or mechanic mecal or chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical or mechanic mecal or chemical
+uh controlled release or implants and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh controlled release or implants and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh controlled release or implants and so
+forth and you notice I haven't said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you notice I haven't said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and you notice I haven't said
+anything about biology those folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about biology those folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about biology those folks
+didn't really need to be educated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to be educated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really need to be educated in
+genetics biochemistry molecular biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics biochemistry molecular biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics biochemistry molecular biology
+cell biology to solve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell biology to solve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell biology to solve those
+problems and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and that's
+because uh biology as it used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh biology as it used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh biology as it used to
+be was not a science that Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be was not a science that Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be was not a science that Engineers
+could address very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could address very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could address very well
+because in order for engineers to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order for engineers to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order for engineers to really
+analyze study quantitatively develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze study quantitatively develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze study quantitatively develop
+models and to build Technologies alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and to build Technologies alter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and to build Technologies alter
+the parts there's a lot of requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts there's a lot of requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts there's a lot of requirements
+on the science that really biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the science that really biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the science that really biology
+didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't
+satisfy uh the the actual mechanisms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy uh the the actual mechanisms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy uh the the actual mechanisms of
+function weren't understood yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function weren't understood yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function weren't understood yes you
+could see that moving your arm required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that moving your arm required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that moving your arm required
+a certain force and uh would bear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain force and uh would bear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain force and uh would bear a
+certain load but you really didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain load but you really didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain load but you really didn't know
+what was going on down in the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on down in the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on down in the proteins
+and cells and tissues of the muscles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cells and tissues of the muscles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cells and tissues of the muscles and
+the bone B okay but still you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone B okay but still you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bone B okay but still you could
+design maybe an artificial bone uh to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design maybe an artificial bone uh to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design maybe an artificial bone uh to do
+this uh an implant you didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh an implant you didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh an implant you didn't really
+know the molecular components so how in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the molecular components so how in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the molecular components so how in
+the world Could you actually manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world Could you actually manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world Could you actually manipulate
+the system if you didn't even know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system if you didn't even know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system if you didn't even know what
+the molecules were that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules were that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules were that are really
+underlying this okay you couldn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying this okay you couldn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying this okay you couldn't really
+do the chemistry on the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chemistry on the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the chemistry on the biological
+molecules uh it's very hard to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh it's very hard to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uh it's very hard to quantify
+since if you didn't even know the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if you didn't even know the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if you didn't even know the parts
+and the mechanisms how could you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanisms how could you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanisms how could you get
+quantitative measurements for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measurements for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measurements for them
+develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+models so there's a good reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so there's a good reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so there's a good reason why
+there never really was a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there never really was a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there never really was a biological
+engineering until very recently because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering until very recently because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering until very recently because
+biology wasn't a science that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology wasn't a science that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology wasn't a science that was really
+suited for engineering analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited for engineering analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited for engineering analysis and
+Engineering synthesis and so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering synthesis and so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering synthesis and so therefore
+the world of biomedical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of biomedical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of biomedical engineering
+mainly involved all these application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly involved all these application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly involved all these application
+problems that I've just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I've just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that I've just talked about
+that didn't necessarily require biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't necessarily require biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't necessarily require biology
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+se but that's changed okay the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se but that's changed okay the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se but that's changed okay the good news
+for you folks is biology has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you folks is biology has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you folks is biology has changed
+it's now a science that Engineers can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now a science that Engineers can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now a science that Engineers can in
+fact connect to very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact connect to very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact connect to very well
+this is very different when I was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very different when I was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very different when I was your
+age okay when I was your age in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age okay when I was your age in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age okay when I was your age in a
+freshman in college biology was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman in college biology was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshman in college biology was just
+starting to be on the verge of becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be on the verge of becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to be on the verge of becoming
+a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quantitative
+mechanistic component manipulatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic component manipulatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic component manipulatable
+designable modelable science okay when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designable modelable science okay when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designable modelable science okay when I
+sat in your chair it didn't it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat in your chair it didn't it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat in your chair it didn't it wasn't
+that right it wasn't that way so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right it wasn't that way so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right it wasn't that way so I I
+envy you all two revolutions happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envy you all two revolutions happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envy you all two revolutions happened
+one was the molecular Revolution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the molecular Revolution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the molecular Revolution you
+know about molecular biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about molecular biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about molecular biology
+okay at one point in time that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at one point in time that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at one point in time that was a
+revolution it didn't exist uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution it didn't exist uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution it didn't exist uh the
+identification of the actual components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the actual components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the actual components
+involved so if we just look at bone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so if we just look at bone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so if we just look at bone you
+may think well it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think well it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may think well it's just this
+mechanical material tissue well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical material tissue well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical material tissue well no
+underneath it is cells that build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it is cells that build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it is cells that build up
+polymers and degrade them and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and degrade them and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and degrade them and they have
+little Motors that move them around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Motors that move them around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Motors that move them around and
+uh Machinery that pulls on the tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Machinery that pulls on the tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Machinery that pulls on the tissues
+and factories inside that create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factories inside that create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factories inside that create the
+molecules and degrade them and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and degrade them and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and degrade them and that's
+all governed by specific networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all governed by specific networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all governed by specific networks and
+machines that we'll talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that we'll talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that we'll talk about in a
+minute and molecular biology allowed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and molecular biology allowed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and molecular biology allowed all
+these pieces these components underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces these components underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces these components underneath
+just this big macroscopic structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this big macroscopic structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this big macroscopic structure to
+now start to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now start to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now start to be
+identified only when you could identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified only when you could identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified only when you could identify
+the actual molecular components could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual molecular components could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual molecular components could
+you really start to do engineering on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really start to do engineering on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really start to do engineering on it
+okay could you really decide what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could you really decide what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could you really decide what they
+were measure them and then change them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measure them and then change them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were measure them and then change them
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+genetically the Second Revolution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically the Second Revolution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically the Second Revolution was
+the genomic Revolution ution and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomic Revolution ution and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomic Revolution ution and that
+was really important because even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really important because even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really important because even though
+molecular biology existed you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology existed you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biology existed you could
+identify these components and study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify these components and study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify these components and study
+their properties and manipulate them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their properties and manipulate them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their properties and manipulate them it
+was very painstaking you kind of had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very painstaking you kind of had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very painstaking you kind of had to
+do it one at a time and it might take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one at a time and it might take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it one at a time and it might take a
+decade to really learn about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade to really learn about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade to really learn about one
+particular gene or one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene or one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene or one particular
+protein okay the nice thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay the nice thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein okay the nice thing about the
+genomic Revolution is just accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic Revolution is just accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic Revolution is just accelerated
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+immensely okay you can now learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely okay you can now learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely okay you can now learn about
+the parts in a very comprehensive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts in a very comprehensive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts in a very comprehensive way
+hundreds at a time thousands at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds at a time thousands at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds at a time thousands at a time
+and the technologies that exists now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the technologies that exists now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the technologies that exists now to
+study these now allow us to get many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study these now allow us to get many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study these now allow us to get many
+many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many more
+components uh understood identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh understood identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh understood identified
+measured and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and so
+forth so we can now identify the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so we can now identify the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so we can now identify the parts
+manipulate them and do this actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate them and do this actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate them and do this actually in
+a a very fast way so biology is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very fast way so biology is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very fast way so biology is at the
+point where getting the parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where getting the parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where getting the parts and
+manipulating them is now relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating them is now relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating them is now relatively easy
+now the hard part is how do they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the hard part is how do they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the hard part is how do they work
+now that you you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you you know what the
+components are how do they work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are how do they work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are how do they work well
+interestingly enough they work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough they work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly enough they work as
+machines if you look at a picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines if you look at a picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines if you look at a picture of a
+cell here migrating across the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here migrating across the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here migrating across the surface
+you want to know how to make that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know how to make that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know how to make that cell
+migrate faster to colonize a biom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate faster to colonize a biom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate faster to colonize a biom
+material or or or slower to prevent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or or or slower to prevent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material or or or slower to prevent a
+tumor from metastasizing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor from metastasizing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor from metastasizing you have to
+look inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside the
+cell for how the molecular components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell for how the molecular components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell for how the molecular components
+work together as a machine to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together as a machine to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together as a machine to transmit
+forces to the environment pull on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces to the environment pull on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces to the environment pull on the
+environment pull the rest of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment pull the rest of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment pull the rest of the cell
+along okay so there's Acton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so there's Acton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so there's Acton
+cytoskeleton and all sorts of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton and all sorts of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoskeleton and all sorts of proteins
+that link the Acton cytoskeleton to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that link the Acton cytoskeleton to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that link the Acton cytoskeleton to
+receptors that cross the cell membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that cross the cell membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that cross the cell membrane
+and they bind to proteins in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they bind to proteins in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they bind to proteins in The
+extracellular Matrix and these all work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular Matrix and these all work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular Matrix and these all work
+as an Exquisite many many many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an Exquisite many many many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an Exquisite many many many many many
+molecule machine to decide what force it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule machine to decide what force it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule machine to decide what force it
+to generate and where and how strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate and where and how strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate and where and how strong
+okay so just knowing that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just knowing that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just knowing that all these
+parts exist and their properties is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts exist and their properties is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts exist and their properties is
+crucial but then you have to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial but then you have to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial but then you have to put them
+all together to study them as a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together to study them as a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together to study them as a machine
+the other aspect is these machines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other aspect is these machines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other aspect is these machines are
+not autonomous they're not just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not autonomous they're not just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not autonomous they're not just sort of
+sitting there working constantly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there working constantly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there working constantly at the
+same rates and the same Powers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rates and the same Powers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rates and the same Powers they're
+regulated so those machines might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated so those machines might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated so those machines might be
+tuned to generate more force or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to generate more force or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuned to generate more force or less
+force or Force at one side of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force or Force at one side of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force or Force at one side of the cell
+instead of the other well who regulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the other well who regulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the other well who regulates
+them well there's a whole other sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well there's a whole other sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well there's a whole other sets of
+molecules that actually work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that actually work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that actually work as
+information processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information processing
+circuits and you uh you can draw them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and you uh you can draw them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits and you uh you can draw them as
+signal transduction Cascades where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction Cascades where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transduction Cascades where
+signals come in from the environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals come in from the environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals come in from the environment and
+they set off enzymatic reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set off enzymatic reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they set off enzymatic reactions that
+change what genes are expressed and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what genes are expressed and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what genes are expressed and the
+forces at which cytoskeleton pulls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces at which cytoskeleton pulls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces at which cytoskeleton pulls and
+the rates at which enzymes uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates at which enzymes uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rates at which enzymes uh uh uh uh
+perform metabolic reactions and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform metabolic reactions and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform metabolic reactions and people
+draw them then as schematically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them then as schematically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them then as schematically as
+circuits where you would take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits where you would take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits where you would take all the
+molecules that might be in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that might be in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that might be in this kind of
+biological cartoon and just draw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological cartoon and just draw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological cartoon and just draw them
+here in some kind of archaic electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in some kind of archaic electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in some kind of archaic electrical
+circuit because the cells are they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit because the cells are they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit because the cells are they have
+machines that carry out function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that carry out function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that carry out function and
+they have circuits that govern how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have circuits that govern how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have circuits that govern how those
+machines work so these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines work so these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines work so these are very
+appealing metaphors and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing metaphors and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing metaphors and this is
+engineering language so all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering language so all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering language so all this is
+saying biology now that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying biology now that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying biology now that we have the
+components we can do something with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we can do something with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we can do something with them
+it actually needs to be studied the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually needs to be studied the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually needs to be studied the way
+Engineers look at things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers look at things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers look at things in terms of
+machines circuits uh systems and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines circuits uh systems and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines circuits uh systems and so
+forth so the point is biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so the point is biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so the point is biology is
+now very different the bi ology of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now very different the bi ology of 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now very different the bi ology of 30
+years ago didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago didn't
+allow biological engineering biology now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow biological engineering biology now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow biological engineering biology now
+does okay so the bioengineering world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay so the bioengineering world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay so the bioengineering world
+that's existed for 50 years that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's existed for 50 years that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's existed for 50 years that has
+chemical engineering electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering electrical
+engineering mechanical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering mechanical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering mechanical engineering
+Material Science aimed at medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science aimed at medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Material Science aimed at medical
+problems without really studying biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems without really studying biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems without really studying biology
+in depth that's been around for 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth that's been around for 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in depth that's been around for 50 years
+because it didn't need biology it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't need biology it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't need biology it still
+exists but now that biology can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but now that biology can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but now that biology can be
+accessed by Engineers this new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed by Engineers this new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed by Engineers this new thing
+shows up beside them and now there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up beside them and now there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up beside them and now there is a
+biological engineering that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering that you can
+study if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study if you
+learn genetics biochemistry molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn genetics biochemistry molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn genetics biochemistry molecular
+biology cell biology as your basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology cell biology as your basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology cell biology as your basic
+science because now biology can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science because now biology can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science because now biology can be
+analyzed and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed and it can be
+synthesized uh and actually it benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized uh and actually it benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized uh and actually it benefits
+from this engineering approach because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this engineering approach because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this engineering approach because
+these machines and circuits are complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines and circuits are complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these machines and circuits are complex
+so the components can now be identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the components can now be identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the components can now be identified
+and the mechanisms can now be studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanisms can now be studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mechanisms can now be studied
+you can now quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now quantify
+them uh genetic engineering means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh genetic engineering means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh genetic engineering means you
+can very easily manipulate these There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very easily manipulate these There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very easily manipulate these There's
+A protein that has a critical function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A protein that has a critical function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A protein that has a critical function
+you can mutate it make it Express at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mutate it make it Express at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can mutate it make it Express at
+higher levels or lower levels or move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels or lower levels or move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher levels or lower levels or move it
+to different places in the cell or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different places in the cell or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different places in the cell or have
+it interact with different molecules or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interact with different molecules or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interact with different molecules or
+with different affinities you can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different affinities you can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different affinities you can now
+change any component you want so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any component you want so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change any component you want so the
+hard part is predicting what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is predicting what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is predicting what's going to
+happen when you do okay so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you do okay so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen when you do okay so this is where
+uh Engineers now come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Engineers now come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Engineers now come in
+so added then to the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so added then to the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so added then to the traditional
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+disciplines that can be applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines that can be applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines that can be applied to
+solving uh medical problems there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh medical problems there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh medical problems there is
+this new discipline now that MIT has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new discipline now that MIT has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new discipline now that MIT has
+created that's called biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that's called biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that's called biological
+engineering because it's rooted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering because it's rooted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering because it's rooted in
+biology just like chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology just like chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology just like chemical engineering
+is rooted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rooted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rooted in
+chemistry electrical engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry electrical engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry electrical engineering is
+rooted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in
+well electrons but that's a branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well electrons but that's a branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well electrons but that's a branch of
+physics and so forth so it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and so forth so it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and so forth so it's hard to
+call everything physical engineering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call everything physical engineering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call everything physical engineering uh
+that's why we have the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have the different
+branches but uh there's an analogy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches but uh there's an analogy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches but uh there's an analogy to
+100 years ago electrical engineering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years ago electrical engineering was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years ago electrical engineering was
+invented here you may not know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented here you may not know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented here you may not know this
+there was no such thing as electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no such thing as electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no such thing as electrical
+engineering until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering until the
+1890s MIT invented it said you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s MIT invented it said you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1890s MIT invented it said you know what
+there's all these advances in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these advances in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all these advances in physics
+and we ought to train Engineers to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ought to train Engineers to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we ought to train Engineers to study
+it better and build things on it so MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better and build things on it so MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better and build things on it so MIT
+created electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created electrical
+engineering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering in the
+1930s up until then there was no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s up until then there was no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s up until then there was no such
+thing as chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as chemical
+engineering MIT inven and said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering MIT inven and said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering MIT inven and said you know
+what there's all these advances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's all these advances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's all these advances in
+science in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in
+chemistry okay in the early part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay in the early part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry okay in the early part of the
+20th century chemistry became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century chemistry became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century chemistry became
+mechanistic and quantifiable in MIT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic and quantifiable in MIT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanistic and quantifiable in MIT so
+you know what we ought to train people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we ought to train people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we ought to train people
+who think like Engineers to study it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think like Engineers to study it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think like Engineers to study it and
+build things on it and it created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things on it and it created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build things on it and it created
+chemical engineering well now we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering well now we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering well now we're in
+roughly 2000 plus and MIT is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 2000 plus and MIT is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 2000 plus and MIT is doing the
+same thing with with with biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with with with biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with with with biological
+engineering say you know what there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering say you know what there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering say you know what there's
+been these Revolutions in biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been these Revolutions in biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been these Revolutions in biology and
+it's now mechanistic and quantifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now mechanistic and quantifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now mechanistic and quantifiable
+and designable and manipulatable let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designable and manipulatable let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designable and manipulatable let's
+create this too so it's it doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this too so it's it doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create this too so it's it doesn't take
+place that frequently every few decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that frequently every few decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place that frequently every few decades
+there's a new kind of engineering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new kind of engineering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new kind of engineering so
+this is the newest one so it's got both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the newest one so it's got both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the newest one so it's got both
+technology facets and science facets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology facets and science facets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology facets and science facets uh
+biological Engineers want to create new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Engineers want to create new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Engineers want to create new
+technologies new things that are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies new things that are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies new things that are built
+from biological components and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from biological components and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from biological components and there's
+also the science facet we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the science facet we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the science facet we want to
+analyze and understand better the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and understand better the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and understand better the way
+biological systems work as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems work as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems work as these
+machines and circuits and so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and circuits and so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines and circuits and so forth okay
+so you can be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can be interested in
+understanding be interested in building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding be interested in building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding be interested in building
+both their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both their
+facets so it looks just like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets so it looks just like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets so it looks just like all the
+other engineering science technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other engineering science technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other engineering science technology
+there's analysis of these complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's analysis of these complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's analysis of these complicated
+many component systems there's synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many component systems there's synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many component systems there's synthesis
+there's building new things based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's building new things based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's building new things based on
+these systems there's measure model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems there's measure model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems there's measure model
+manipulate and make the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate and make the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate and make the only difference
+is instead of doing these on the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of doing these on the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of doing these on the basis
+of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physical
+components and inorganic or organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and inorganic or organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and inorganic or organic
+chemistry components you're doing it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry components you're doing it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry components you're doing it on
+genes proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes proteins
+cells that's the science of which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that's the science of which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that's the science of which you
+analyze and build all right let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and build all right let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and build all right let me just
+give you a few examples uh of the sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples uh of the sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a few examples uh of the sorts
+of things that are being done in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that are being done in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that are being done in in the
+labs of some of the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs of some of the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs of some of the biological
+engineering faculty that will give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering faculty that will give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering faculty that will give you a
+flavor of this of what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of this of what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of this of what happens when you
+think like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like an
+engineer in terms of analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer in terms of analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer in terms of analysis and
+synthesis of complicated things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of complicated things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of complicated things and
+quantitative integrative design-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative integrative design-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative integrative design-based
+ways but you're doing it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but you're doing it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but you're doing it on the
+substrate of the mechanisms of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate of the mechanisms of biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate of the mechanisms of biology
+so one aspect is are there new methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one aspect is are there new methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one aspect is are there new methods
+to really manipulate biological systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really manipulate biological systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really manipulate biological systems
+maybe for studying them better Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for studying them better Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for studying them better Professor
+uh Bon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Bon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Bon
+angelard uh has a new kind of uh genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angelard uh has a new kind of uh genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angelard uh has a new kind of uh genetic
+construct that she's made I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that she's made I won't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that she's made I won't go
+into in detail but in the genes of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in detail but in the genes of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in detail but in the genes of a
+cell uh if you think about how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh if you think about how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell uh if you think about how do you
+get mutations you may get bombarded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mutations you may get bombarded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mutations you may get bombarded by
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+radiation uh toxic chemicals chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh toxic chemicals chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation uh toxic chemicals chemicals
+uh uh uh in in in your inflammatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh in in in your inflammatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh in in in your inflammatory
+response those chemicals can interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response those chemicals can interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response those chemicals can interact
+with the DNA in your chromosomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the DNA in your chromosomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the DNA in your chromosomes and
+cause little mutations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause little mutations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause little mutations in the
+chromosomes they just change the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes they just change the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes they just change the the
+bases in the in the DNA and that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases in the in the DNA and that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases in the in the DNA and that changes
+the way the genes uh turn into proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the genes uh turn into proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the genes uh turn into proteins
+and can mutate the cells how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can mutate the cells how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can mutate the cells how can you
+watch that happen how could you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that happen how could you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that happen how could you actually
+see that happen Okay She's created a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that happen Okay She's created a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that happen Okay She's created a way
+to do it by taking a a gene that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by taking a a gene that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by taking a a gene that will
+make a protein that's yellow flues is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a protein that's yellow flues is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a protein that's yellow flues is
+yellow but only when there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow but only when there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow but only when there's been a
+damage event in that particular piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage event in that particular piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage event in that particular piece of
+the DNA so the might a mouse might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA so the might a mouse might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA so the might a mouse might
+normally be whatever color it is white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be whatever color it is white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally be whatever color it is white
+or brown if every one of its cells was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brown if every one of its cells was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brown if every one of its cells was
+expressing this yellow protein the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing this yellow protein the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing this yellow protein the mouse
+would be green that wouldn't help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be green that wouldn't help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be green that wouldn't help you
+much okay what you really want is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay what you really want is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay what you really want is to be
+able to see a green or a yellow cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see a green or a yellow cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see a green or a yellow cell
+only when there's been a damage mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when there's been a damage mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when there's been a damage mutation
+there that might lead to cancer so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that might lead to cancer so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that might lead to cancer so she's
+created that and what you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that and what you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that and what you can see here
+this is actually the pancreas of a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the pancreas of a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the pancreas of a mouse
+and the mouse is just about all white or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mouse is just about all white or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mouse is just about all white or
+brown but every now and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown but every now and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown but every now and then the
+pancreas let's say you can see one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas let's say you can see one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas let's say you can see one cell
+or two cells that now light up yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two cells that now light up yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two cells that now light up yellow
+it's because their chromosomes have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because their chromosomes have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because their chromosomes have been
+damaged in this place by some radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged in this place by some radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged in this place by some radiation
+or chemical or some kind of an event so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chemical or some kind of an event so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chemical or some kind of an event so
+she's created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's created a
+new way to manipulate the biology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way to manipulate the biology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way to manipulate the biology in
+inside a living animal to study these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a living animal to study these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a living animal to study these
+mutation events okay that's biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation events okay that's biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation events okay that's biological
+ing it's manipulated a system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing it's manipulated a system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ing it's manipulated a system by
+biological components in order to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological components in order to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological components in order to study
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+better uh another type of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh another type of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh another type of biological
+measurement method uh this is Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement method uh this is Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement method uh this is Professor
+Scott manales and you might want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott manales and you might want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott manales and you might want to be
+able to have better ways of studying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have better ways of studying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have better ways of studying how
+DNA interacts with uh RNA or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA interacts with uh RNA or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA interacts with uh RNA or how
+proteins interact with DNA or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact with DNA or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact with DNA or how
+proteins interact with each other uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact with each other uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins interact with each other uh but
+you really want to measure them in cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to measure them in cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to measure them in cells
+at very low levels and with without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low levels and with without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low levels and with without
+having to add extra labels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to add extra labels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to add extra labels like
+fluoresence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresence or
+radioactivity uh just intact so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity uh just intact so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity uh just intact so he's
+created this new device where he can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this new device where he can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created this new device where he can put
+one kind of molecule on these tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of molecule on these tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of molecule on these tiny
+little Canal levers that are only uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Canal levers that are only uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Canal levers that are only uh a
+few hundred microns long and very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred microns long and very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few hundred microns long and very very
+thin and then if he takes some sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and then if he takes some sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and then if he takes some sample
+from blood or tissues or cells if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from blood or tissues or cells if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from blood or tissues or cells if they
+bind to these molecules at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to these molecules at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to these molecules at very
+selective way it'll Bend can scan a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective way it'll Bend can scan a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective way it'll Bend can scan a
+laser cross it and watch little tining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cross it and watch little tining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser cross it and watch little tining
+bends and measure tens or hundreds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends and measure tens or hundreds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends and measure tens or hundreds or
+thousands of these things simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of these things simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of these things simultaneously
+so it's a new measurement method aimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a new measurement method aimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a new measurement method aimed
+at understanding the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at understanding the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at understanding the molecular
+components inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components inside
+cells you may create entirely new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you may create entirely new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you may create entirely new
+systems in which to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in which to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in which to study
+biology uh Professor Linda Griffith um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh Professor Linda Griffith um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh Professor Linda Griffith um
+all of these are biological engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are biological engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are biological engineering
+professors is very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors is very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors is very interested in
+studying the onset of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the onset of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the onset of human
+disease and it's really hard to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and it's really hard to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and it's really hard to study
+human patients and say you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human patients and say you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human patients and say you know what I
+want to treat you I want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat you I want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat you I want to give you
+this thing and I want to see if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and I want to see if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and I want to see if you get
+this disease it's ethically not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease it's ethically not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease it's ethically not very
+good you can do it with animals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you can do it with animals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you can do it with animals but
+animal physiology isn't the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal physiology isn't the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal physiology isn't the same as
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+physiology so how can you actually study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology so how can you actually study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology so how can you actually study
+human physiology and the onset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human physiology and the onset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human physiology and the onset of
+disease when you can't really do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease when you can't really do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease when you can't really do it in
+humans and you can't really do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and you can't really do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and you can't really do it in
+animals so in the world of tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so in the world of tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so in the world of tissue
+engineering what she's uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering what she's uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering what she's uh really
+discovered is you can create human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is you can create human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is you can create human
+tissues outside the body so here she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues outside the body so here she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissues outside the body so here she has
+this tiny silicon chip you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tiny silicon chip you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tiny silicon chip you can see how
+small it is relative to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it is relative to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it is relative to a
+and in this is drilled all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this is drilled all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this is drilled all sorts of
+holes and in these holes essentially she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and in these holes essentially she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and in these holes essentially she
+can build with the right combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build with the right combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build with the right combinations of
+Cell Biology and biochemistry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cell Biology and biochemistry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cell Biology and biochemistry and
+biophysics she can recreate liver tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics she can recreate liver tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics she can recreate liver tissue
+capillary beds where she has liver cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary beds where she has liver cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary beds where she has liver cells
+all branching and she can have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all branching and she can have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all branching and she can have uh a
+blood-like fluid flow through it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood-like fluid flow through it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood-like fluid flow through it and the
+cells live and she can study this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells live and she can study this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells live and she can study this with
+microscopy or things like that so she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy or things like that so she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopy or things like that so she's
+created human tissue liver tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created human tissue liver tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created human tissue liver tissue
+outside the body so she can now study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the body so she can now study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the body so she can now study
+the onset of human liver diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onset of human liver diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onset of human liver diseases
+cancers viral infections in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers viral infections in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers viral infections in ways that
+you could never do because you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could never do because you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could never do because you couldn't
+do it on human patients okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on human patients okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on human patients okay this is
+biological engineering she's created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering she's created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological engineering she's created a
+new biological assay system out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new biological assay system out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new biological assay system out of
+biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological
+components uh new biology based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh new biology based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh new biology based
+materials uh Professor an Angela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh Professor an Angela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh Professor an Angela
+beler uh wants to create it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beler uh wants to create it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beler uh wants to create it's very
+important to have uh small micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have uh small micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have uh small micro
+electronic uh circuits let's say or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh circuits let's say or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic uh circuits let's say or uh
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh photonic displays but what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photonic displays but what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photonic displays but what they
+require is to get inorganic compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require is to get inorganic compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require is to get inorganic compounds
+patterned in a in a very very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned in a in a very very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterned in a in a very very careful
+and very reliable way down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very reliable way down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very reliable way down at the
+nanometer scale so the right crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer scale so the right crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer scale so the right crystal
+structures form and so forth okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures form and so forth okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures form and so forth okay right
+now that's done with very expensive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's done with very expensive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's done with very expensive and
+very toxic processes toxic chemicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very toxic processes toxic chemicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very toxic processes toxic chemicals
+High pressures things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High pressures things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High pressures things like
+that could you replace this all with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could you replace this all with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could you replace this all with a
+biological process that didn't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process that didn't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological process that didn't require
+the toxic chemicals and the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toxic chemicals and the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toxic chemicals and the high
+pressures and temperatures and the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and temperatures and the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and temperatures and the uh
+environmental waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental waste
+and so she's taken viruses that are tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she's taken viruses that are tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so she's taken viruses that are tiny
+there on a nanometer scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on a nanometer scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on a nanometer scale and
+engineered them genetically altered them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered them genetically altered them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered them genetically altered them
+so that on their tips and their sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that on their tips and their sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that on their tips and their sides
+they express specific peptide sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they express specific peptide sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they express specific peptide sequences
+that can bind to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can bind to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can bind to the particular
+inorganic materials crystals that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic materials crystals that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic materials crystals that she's
+interested and the viruses will organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and the viruses will organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested and the viruses will organize
+them uh into wires she's made conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh into wires she's made conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh into wires she's made conducting
+wires uh she's made batteries and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires uh she's made batteries and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires uh she's made batteries and she
+can do this like on the lab you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this like on the lab you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this like on the lab you could do
+this on this bench right here no high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this bench right here no high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on this bench right here no high
+temperature no high pressure no toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature no high pressure no toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature no high pressure no toxic
+chemicals just do it right here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals just do it right here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals just do it right here the
+viruses will do it if you if she just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses will do it if you if she just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses will do it if you if she just
+manipulates them correctly genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulates them correctly genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulates them correctly genetically
+okay so new kinds of materials based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so new kinds of materials based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so new kinds of materials based on
+biology uh uh Professor matadera who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh uh Professor matadera who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh uh Professor matadera who's
+your instructor for this course uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor for this course uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor for this course uh you
+might think of this as new biology based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of this as new biology based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think of this as new biology based
+devices I talked about biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I talked about biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices I talked about biological
+machines where these molecules come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines where these molecules come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines where these molecules come
+together and they can generate forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they can generate forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they can generate forces in
+very uh clever ways so he's studying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh clever ways so he's studying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh clever ways so he's studying how
+uh for instance in some uh organisms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for instance in some uh organisms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for instance in some uh organisms the
+horseshoe crab has something called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horseshoe crab has something called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horseshoe crab has something called an
+acrosome in which you have a coiled up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrosome in which you have a coiled up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrosome in which you have a coiled up
+uh a cytoskeletal structure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a cytoskeletal structure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a cytoskeletal structure and then
+under the right conditions it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the right conditions it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the right conditions it gets
+released and very quickly generates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and very quickly generates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and very quickly generates a
+very uh large Force um that can push or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh large Force um that can push or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh large Force um that can push or
+penetrate or so forth so he's threading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate or so forth so he's threading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrate or so forth so he's threading
+the structure of this molecule how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this molecule how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this molecule how it's
+regulated how it moves from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated how it moves from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated how it moves from a
+confirmation that stores energy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation that stores energy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation that stores energy and that
+can be triggered to then change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be triggered to then change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be triggered to then change its
+confirmation and structure and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation and structure and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation and structure and generate
+a force this now can create new kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force this now can create new kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force this now can create new kinds of
+force generating devices based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force generating devices based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force generating devices based on
+biology uh creating whole new organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh creating whole new organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology uh creating whole new organisms
+some of you have heard of this field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have heard of this field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have heard of this field of
+synthetic biology really what that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biology really what that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biology really what that is is
+genetic engineering but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering but with a
+engineering design perspective rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering design perspective rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering design perspective rather
+than just trial and error oh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just trial and error oh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just trial and error oh what
+happens if I mutate this Gene it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I mutate this Gene it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I mutate this Gene it's okay
+I'm going to have a model for Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a model for Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to have a model for Gene
+regulation and expression in proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and expression in proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and expression in proteins
+and what are these proteins going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are these proteins going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are these proteins going to do
+in a network for metabolism or protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a network for metabolism or protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a network for metabolism or protein
+production or things like that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or things like that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production or things like that I'm going
+to have engineering models for this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have engineering models for this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have engineering models for this and
+I'm going to say exactly what I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say exactly what I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say exactly what I have to
+do to the gene sequence in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to the gene sequence in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to the gene sequence in order to get
+the outcome that I want okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome that I want okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome that I want okay so that's
+genetic engineering with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering with real
+engineering interestingly it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering interestingly it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering interestingly it's called
+synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic
+biology so Drew Endy Professor uh Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so Drew Endy Professor uh Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so Drew Endy Professor uh Andy
+uh in biological engineering has taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in biological engineering has taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in biological engineering has taken a
+particular virus the bacteria Fage t7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular virus the bacteria Fage t7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular virus the bacteria Fage t7
+that has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a very
+complex uh genome that people understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh genome that people understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex uh genome that people understand
+parts of it but not all of it and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it but not all of it and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it but not all of it and he's
+essentially uh refactoring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh refactoring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh refactoring it
+re-engineering it he likes to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engineering it he likes to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-engineering it he likes to call it
+refactoring because it's like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refactoring because it's like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refactoring because it's like he's
+redoing a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing a computer
+algorithm okay and he's uh intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay and he's uh intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay and he's uh intentionally
+changing the uh the genome on a base by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the uh the genome on a base by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the uh the genome on a base by
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+sequence uh fundamental modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh fundamental modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh fundamental modeling
+understanding to say what proteins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to say what proteins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding to say what proteins are
+going to be expressed and at what levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed and at what levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed and at what levels
+and in what order and then study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in what order and then study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in what order and then study the
+various new organisms that he's made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various new organisms that he's made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various new organisms that he's made for
+how they can grow under different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can grow under different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can grow under different
+conditions and so forth okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so forth okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so forth okay so you can
+actually create new organisms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create new organisms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create new organisms or
+organisms with new processes uh new new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms with new processes uh new new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms with new processes uh new new
+properties okay so these last examples I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so these last examples I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties okay so these last examples I
+gave you came from over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you came from over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you came from over
+here this is what you can do if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what you can do if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what you can do if you're
+educated to think like an engineer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated to think like an engineer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated to think like an engineer in
+terms of the analysis and synthesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the analysis and synthesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the analysis and synthesis and
+complicated many components quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated many components quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated many components quantitative
+modeling design but just on genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling design but just on genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling design but just on genetics
+biochemistry molecular biology and cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry molecular biology and cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry molecular biology and cell
+biology and that now creates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and that now creates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and that now creates this
+discipline that's alongside of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that's alongside of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that's alongside of all these
+others that are strongly based in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are strongly based in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that are strongly based in
+chemistry and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and and
+physics and the application area is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the application area is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and the application area is yes
+you got
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HPIethXGwnE.txt b/HPIethXGwnE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35adf9f25685bcb93c4c50de3243f8a441175b4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HPIethXGwnE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thank you for coming to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for coming to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thank you for coming to this
+evening's event public fantasy Judith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening's event public fantasy Judith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening's event public fantasy Judith
+Barry one of our senior fellows here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry one of our senior fellows here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barry one of our senior fellows here at
+the center for advanced visual studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for advanced visual studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for advanced visual studies
+we at MIT and locals welcome you Judith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we at MIT and locals welcome you Judith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we at MIT and locals welcome you Judith
+thank you for coming Judith has been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for coming Judith has been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for coming Judith has been an
+outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding
+feminist Voyer media productionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminist Voyer media productionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminist Voyer media productionist
+sounding board Evangelical media artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding board Evangelical media artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding board Evangelical media artist
+and participant writer bookmaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and participant writer bookmaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and participant writer bookmaker
+traveler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveler and
+architect I can't say enough good things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect I can't say enough good things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect I can't say enough good things
+about the input that Judith has given me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the input that Judith has given me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the input that Judith has given me
+personally over my own artistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally over my own artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally over my own artistic
+career born in Columbus Ohio she's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career born in Columbus Ohio she's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career born in Columbus Ohio she's been
+everywhere in fact I usually see Judith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in fact I usually see Judith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in fact I usually see Judith
+in far-flung cities not where she lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in far-flung cities not where she lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in far-flung cities not where she lives
+echo in the shadow of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo in the shadow of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echo in the shadow of the city
+Vampira is an exod ition piece that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vampira is an exod ition piece that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vampira is an exod ition piece that I
+saw many years ago and I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw many years ago and I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw many years ago and I'm always
+reminded of even in my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of even in my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded of even in my current
+production it's also true that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it's also true that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production it's also true that many of
+the things Judith has said over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things Judith has said over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things Judith has said over the
+years appears in the writings of others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years appears in the writings of others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years appears in the writings of others
+later and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and I'm
+surprised but somehow we all remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised but somehow we all remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised but somehow we all remember
+Judith when she first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judith when she first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judith when she first
+said when she talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when she talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when she talked about the
+interactivity as a primal ingredient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity as a primal ingredient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactivity as a primal ingredient of
+art production and spatial construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art production and spatial construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art production and spatial construction
+and identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identity
+so with no further Ado I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with no further Ado I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with no further Ado I'd like to
+welcome uh Judith thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming hi um well I want to thank Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming hi um well I want to thank Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming hi um well I want to thank Julia
+for that great introduction and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that great introduction and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that great introduction and also
+thank Cavs Lissa and Meg for having me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank Cavs Lissa and Meg for having me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank Cavs Lissa and Meg for having me
+here as a senior fellow can you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a senior fellow can you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a senior fellow can you hear
+me yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I can't turn off the lights oh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't turn off the lights oh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can't turn off the lights oh um
+not yet just a second um you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet just a second um you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet just a second um you'll have
+plenty of chance to sit in the dark um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of chance to sit in the dark um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of chance to sit in the dark um
+what I'm going to do tonight is to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do tonight is to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do tonight is to just
+give you an overview of my work as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an overview of my work as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an overview of my work as an
+artist as juliia mentioned I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist as juliia mentioned I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist as juliia mentioned I've been
+working for a really long time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a really long time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for a really long time and I
+have a lot of different projects so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of different projects so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of different projects so what
+I decided to do for tonight is excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to do for tonight is excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I decided to do for tonight is excerpt
+from a number of types of Works rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a number of types of Works rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a number of types of Works rather
+than giving you much of an overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than giving you much of an overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than giving you much of an overview
+about any kind of work and I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any kind of work and I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any kind of work and I think for
+those of you who are students in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are students in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are students in the
+audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience
+it's always really good to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always really good to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always really good to know what
+people's day jobs are and have been how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's day jobs are and have been how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's day jobs are and have been how
+they've developed through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've developed through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've developed through different
+moments in their career because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in their career because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in their career because I think
+that's the kind of thing that often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of thing that often you
+want to take away from one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take away from one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take away from one of these
+sorts of talks so I will be mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of talks so I will be mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of talks so I will be mentioning
+those things when I when I'm talking I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things when I when I'm talking I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things when I when I'm talking I
+began as an architect and now now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began as an architect and now now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began as an architect and now now you
+can turn off the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn off the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can turn off the lights
+um I began as an architect and um lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I began as an architect and um lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I began as an architect and um lucky
+for me but you know probably not so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me but you know probably not so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me but you know probably not so so
+lucky if you're pursuing an architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky if you're pursuing an architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky if you're pursuing an architecture
+career when I was first out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career when I was first out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career when I was first out of
+architecture school I got a job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture school I got a job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture school I got a job at
+Skidmore Owings and Marl and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skidmore Owings and Marl and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skidmore Owings and Marl and almost
+immediately was laid off and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately was laid off and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately was laid off and that
+propelled me back into school and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelled me back into school and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propelled me back into school and this
+I'm I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm talking about
+1977 or so and I went back to school at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 or so and I went back to school at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 or so and I went back to school at
+the San Francisco art institute and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the San Francisco art institute and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the San Francisco art institute and also
+began taking classes in University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began taking classes in University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began taking classes in University of
+California at Berkeley in the rhetoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California at Berkeley in the rhetoric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California at Berkeley in the rhetoric
+Department which just happened to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department which just happened to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department which just happened to be the
+place where all of postmodernity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where all of postmodernity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where all of postmodernity and
+postmodern thinking was funneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodern thinking was funneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postmodern thinking was funneling
+through the United States through people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the United States through people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the United States through people
+like uh Jean France leotar through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Jean France leotar through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Jean France leotar through
+Raymond bour through chrisan Mets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond bour through chrisan Mets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raymond bour through chrisan Mets
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+dareda uh Fuko etc etc and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dareda uh Fuko etc etc and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dareda uh Fuko etc etc and it was
+completely an accident and completely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely an accident and completely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely an accident and completely by
+chance that I happened to be there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I happened to be there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that I happened to be there at
+that time but being there at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but being there at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but being there at that time
+in San Francisco really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in San Francisco really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in San Francisco really
+framed um my thinking and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed um my thinking and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed um my thinking and the kind of
+work that I was doing and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I was doing and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that I was doing and one of the
+first kinds of work that I started doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kinds of work that I started doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kinds of work that I started doing
+was performance art because when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was performance art because when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was performance art because when I was
+going to art school this again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to art school this again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to art school this again this is
+1977 everybody in art school was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 everybody in art school was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1977 everybody in art school was a
+performance artist and Joan was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance artist and Joan was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance artist and Joan was one of
+the most famous performance artists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous performance artists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous performance artists of
+all and one of the few women who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and one of the few women who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and one of the few women who were
+actually working in performance art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working in performance art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually working in performance art and
+I remember seeing your performance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember seeing your performance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember seeing your performance at
+aing lton Street I think in 1976 I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aing lton Street I think in 1976 I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aing lton Street I think in 1976 I don't
+know if you remember that but I but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you remember that but I but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you remember that but I but I
+remember because it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember because it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember because it was a very
+compelling moment so I became interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling moment so I became interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling moment so I became interested
+in performance art and I also saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in performance art and I also saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in performance art and I also saw
+performance and the performative as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and the performative as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and the performative as a
+way of presenting certain kinds of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of presenting certain kinds of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of presenting certain kinds of ideas
+and at this particular time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this particular time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this particular time in
+performance art it was transitioning out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance art it was transitioning out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance art it was transitioning out
+of performance using the body or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance using the body or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance using the body or about
+the body so particularly into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so particularly into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body so particularly into other
+forms of media because we're at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of media because we're at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of media because we're at the end
+of the 1970s when questions around video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1970s when questions around video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 1970s when questions around video
+and how video is being used in the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how video is being used in the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how video is being used in the art
+world first come into play and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world first come into play and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world first come into play and so what
+you're looking at here is my actual very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at here is my actual very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at here is my actual very
+first performance and it was done at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first performance and it was done at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first performance and it was done at
+aing Lon Street in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aing Lon Street in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aing Lon Street in
+1978 I believe and what I did trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 I believe and what I did trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 I believe and what I did trying to
+make use of my architecture because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of my architecture because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of my architecture because I
+I've never wanted to give anything up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never wanted to give anything up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never wanted to give anything up or
+let anything go is I built out this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let anything go is I built out this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let anything go is I built out this room
+at aing lton Street in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at aing lton Street in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at aing lton Street in such a way that
+it housed a 2,000 pound or 2000 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it housed a 2,000 pound or 2000 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it housed a 2,000 pound or 2000 yeah
+2,000 PB trough of sand that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 PB trough of sand that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 PB trough of sand that went
+horizontally across the room and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally across the room and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally across the room and the
+screen that you see are projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that you see are projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that you see are projecting
+stories called from women's lives it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories called from women's lives it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories called from women's lives it was
+a time when questions about identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when questions about identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when questions about identity and
+the performative in terms of identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performative in terms of identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performative in terms of identity
+for those of you familiar with Judith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you familiar with Judith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you familiar with Judith
+Butler it's it's the notion that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butler it's it's the notion that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Butler it's it's the notion that we all
+perform our identities differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform our identities differently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform our identities differently and
+construct them differently every day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct them differently every day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct them differently every day so
+on these three screens I had all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these three screens I had all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these three screens I had all of
+these different stories of women's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different stories of women's lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different stories of women's lives
+and then in front of that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in front of that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in front of that I was
+performing using a piece of wire mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing using a piece of wire mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing using a piece of wire mesh
+and I was turning that wire mesh MH into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was turning that wire mesh MH into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was turning that wire mesh MH into
+different sculptures almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sculptures almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sculptures almost like
+sculptural gesture drawings using them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculptural gesture drawings using them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculptural gesture drawings using them
+you know one minute setups with a pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one minute setups with a pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one minute setups with a pose
+another one minute setup with a pose etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one minute setup with a pose etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one minute setup with a pose etc
+etc for about 20 minutes until at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc for about 20 minutes until at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc for about 20 minutes until at one
+point after about 10 minutes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point after about 10 minutes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point after about 10 minutes this is
+backwards but I hung up this the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards but I hung up this the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards but I hung up this the um
+screen and made a hammock out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and made a hammock out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and made a hammock out of it and
+then at a certain point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at a certain point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at a certain point in the
+performance I pulled the screen thread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I pulled the screen thread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance I pulled the screen thread
+that held the sand in place and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held the sand in place and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that held the sand in place and all the
+sand dumped down on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand dumped down on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand dumped down on me
+and that's kind of Midway through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of Midway through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of Midway through the
+performance and that's the end and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that's the end and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that's the end and then
+in True Performance fashion because Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in True Performance fashion because Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in True Performance fashion because Al
+also these things you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these things you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these things you know they're
+events and they were one night only and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and they were one night only and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and they were one night only and
+so about the last thing you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about the last thing you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about the last thing you wanted to do
+this took two weeks to build about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this took two weeks to build about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this took two weeks to build about the
+last thing you want to do is clean it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing you want to do is clean it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing you want to do is clean it up
+so I left it up for a week or so until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I left it up for a week or so until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I left it up for a week or so until
+the next performance artist came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next performance artist came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next performance artist came in and
+transformed the space and so this became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed the space and so this became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed the space and so this became
+known as a performance installation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a performance installation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a performance installation and
+I think I think you did that with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think you did that with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think you did that with your
+work to too then too but you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to too then too but you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to too then too but you know the
+whole idea of performance installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of performance installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of performance installation
+which the art world seems to think just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the art world seems to think just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the art world seems to think just
+happened a year ago is has been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a year ago is has been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened a year ago is has been around
+for a very long time at any rate um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time at any rate um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time at any rate um this
+performance led to several other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance led to several other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance led to several other
+performances where I also was exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances where I also was exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances where I also was exploring
+questions of media and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of media and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of media and I'm not going to
+go into them in very great detail but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into them in very great detail but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into them in very great detail but I
+did one that took place over two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one that took place over two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did one that took place over two weeks
+at the San Francisco art institute in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the San Francisco art institute in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the San Francisco art institute in a
+show called motion the women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show called motion the women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show called motion the women's
+performance Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Collective
+and it basically dealt with soap oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically dealt with soap oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically dealt with soap oper
+themes in particular the pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes in particular the pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes in particular the pleasure
+associated with performing as an evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with performing as an evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with performing as an evil
+character and in this particular case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and in this particular case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and in this particular case it
+was sort of scenes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of scenes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of scenes from a
+relationship um and I would change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um and I would change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship um and I would change the
+order of eight scenes over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of eight scenes over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of eight scenes over the course of
+this twoe period so it was very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this twoe period so it was very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this twoe period so it was very you know
+soap opera derived and these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap opera derived and these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap opera derived and these are just
+some shots of it and the audience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shots of it and the audience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shots of it and the audience for
+this was located in the center and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was located in the center and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was located in the center and the
+performance took place all around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance took place all around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance took place all around them
+and I used a lot of slides and video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used a lot of slides and video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used a lot of slides and video and
+and stuff like that um this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that um this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that um this is another
+shot from it where people are sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot from it where people are sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot from it where people are sleeping
+but they're sleeping against the wall um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're sleeping against the wall um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're sleeping against the wall um
+ultimately this became a video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately this became a video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately this became a video and
+similarly in another space llama Mel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in another space llama Mel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in another space llama Mel I
+did another performance called cup couch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did another performance called cup couch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did another performance called cup couch
+which explored the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which explored the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which explored the relationship between
+metaphor and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor and M
+metomic again I was trying to apply what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metomic again I was trying to apply what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metomic again I was trying to apply what
+I was learning in graduate school to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was learning in graduate school to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was learning in graduate school to
+questions around the performative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions around the performative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions around the performative and
+again the audience was situated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the audience was situated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the audience was situated in the
+center of the room and the media took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the room and the media took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the room and the media took
+place all around and I'm also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all around and I'm also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place all around and I'm also just
+mentioning this just to remind people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning this just to remind people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning this just to remind people
+that media and art have been around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that media and art have been around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that media and art have been around for
+a very long time at any rate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time at any rate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time at any rate what
+happened to me in terms of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me in terms of performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to me in terms of performance
+was that it was pretty clear to me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that it was pretty clear to me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that it was pretty clear to me by
+the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the
+1980s that I wasn't going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s that I wasn't going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s that I wasn't going to be able to
+be a performance orst because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a performance orst because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a performance orst because it was
+kind of over in the sense of of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over in the sense of of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over in the sense of of getting
+people to fund things or or even having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to fund things or or even having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to fund things or or even having
+people um invite me to do things I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um invite me to do things I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um invite me to do things I kind
+of had missed that particular moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had missed that particular moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of had missed that particular moment in
+the art world and the art world I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world and the art world I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world and the art world I think
+is is and Julia and Joan and Joe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is and Julia and Joan and Joe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is and Julia and Joan and Joe and
+other people may disagree with me but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people may disagree with me but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people may disagree with me but I
+think the art world is very periodized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the art world is very periodized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the art world is very periodized
+by what it will support and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what it will support and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what it will support and what it
+won't support So as a young artist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't support So as a young artist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't support So as a young artist and
+you know trying to get out of school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to get out of school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to get out of school I
+immediately switched into making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately switched into making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately switched into making
+videotapes and um while I was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotapes and um while I was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotapes and um while I was making
+that switch and also trying to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that switch and also trying to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that switch and also trying to come to
+terms with my interest in film Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with my interest in film Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with my interest in film Theory
+what became known as academic feminism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became known as academic feminism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what became known as academic feminism
+and also questions about architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also questions about architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also questions about architecture
+that that were still circulating in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that were still circulating in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that were still circulating in my
+uh thinking I started to make videotapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking I started to make videotapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking I started to make videotapes
+but meanwhile I also had to have a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but meanwhile I also had to have a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but meanwhile I also had to have a job
+one of those horrible things um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those horrible things um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those horrible things um and so
+my job after I got laid off was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job after I got laid off was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job after I got laid off was to
+design party spaces for big corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design party spaces for big corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design party spaces for big corporations
+and what you're looking at is San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're looking at is San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're looking at is San
+Francisco it in the 1980s excuse me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco it in the 1980s excuse me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Francisco it in the 1980s excuse me and
+it it's an old hanger or kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's an old hanger or kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's an old hanger or kind of
+warehouse space that coca colola took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse space that coca colola took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse space that coca colola took
+over and that went from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and that went from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and that went from this
+space to this space and little did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to this space and little did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to this space and little did I
+know as an extremely young person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as an extremely young person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as an extremely young person that
+it would be the biggest budget I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be the biggest budget I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be the biggest budget I ever
+had because you think oh this will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had because you think oh this will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had because you think oh this will just
+continue forever um and of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue forever um and of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue forever um and of course it
+didn't um but this this space was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't um but this this space was built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't um but this this space was built
+to to become a party space for a 2hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to become a party space for a 2hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to become a party space for a 2hour
+party that Coca-Cola was having for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party that Coca-Cola was having for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party that Coca-Cola was having for its
+bottlers in San Francisco and for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlers in San Francisco and for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottlers in San Francisco and for those
+of you who are architecture architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are architecture architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are architecture architecture
+trained if you decoded this you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained if you decoded this you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained if you decoded this you would
+see that I was very very influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I was very very influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I was very very influenced by
+the work of um Denise Scott Brown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of um Denise Scott Brown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of um Denise Scott Brown and
+Robert Venturi in particular they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Venturi in particular they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Venturi in particular they were
+my very big heroes in architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my very big heroes in architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my very big heroes in architecture
+school and I was particularly affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I was particularly affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and I was particularly affected
+by learning from Las Vegas because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning from Las Vegas because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning from Las Vegas because I
+decided that how I would manage this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that how I would manage this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that how I would manage this
+space which was basically a corridor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which was basically a corridor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which was basically a corridor
+with food was I would make this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with food was I would make this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with food was I would make this um
+series of of uh kind of disney-esque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of uh kind of disney-esque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of of uh kind of disney-esque
+eating huts and you would be able to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating huts and you would be able to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating huts and you would be able to eat
+your way through the ethnic history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way through the ethnic history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your way through the ethnic history of
+San Francisco and so this is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco and so this is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+San Francisco and so this is pretty much
+um all that cocacola agreed to however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all that cocacola agreed to however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all that cocacola agreed to however
+because I was in school and because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was in school and because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was in school and because I
+was extremely naive and and perhaps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was extremely naive and and perhaps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was extremely naive and and perhaps it
+was a good thing I was also trying to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good thing I was also trying to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good thing I was also trying to to
+have an effect on the corporate world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect on the corporate world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect on the corporate world
+and so I kept proposing well why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I kept proposing well why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I kept proposing well why don't
+we do something that's more historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do something that's more historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do something that's more historically
+accurate about what happened when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate about what happened when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate about what happened when
+Coca-Cola gained hemony worldwide and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola gained hemony worldwide and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola gained hemony worldwide and so
+these are some drawings I made about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some drawings I made about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are some drawings I made about
+when Coca-Cola came to Japan and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Coca-Cola came to Japan and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Coca-Cola came to Japan and the
+Coca-Cola dispenser replaces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola dispenser replaces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola dispenser replaces the
+refrigerator I mean they were meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator I mean they were meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerator I mean they were meant to
+be also humorous I thought I could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also humorous I thought I could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be also humorous I thought I could use
+irony and humor in the corporate world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irony and humor in the corporate world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irony and humor in the corporate world
+more successfully than I was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more successfully than I was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more successfully than I was able to
+do this is China where um the changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is China where um the changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is China where um the changing
+room has a Coca-Cola dispenser next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room has a Coca-Cola dispenser next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room has a Coca-Cola dispenser next to
+it and this is the only one that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is the only one that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this is the only one that they
+did do which unfortunately I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did do which unfortunately I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did do which unfortunately I don't have
+any shots of but the one thing that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shots of but the one thing that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any shots of but the one thing that they
+did go for was just was a Hut basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did go for was just was a Hut basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did go for was just was a Hut basically
+made out of recycled Coca-Cola cans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of recycled Coca-Cola cans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of recycled Coca-Cola cans that
+would allow us also to dump garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow us also to dump garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow us also to dump garbage
+because at a party with 4,000 people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at a party with 4,000 people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at a party with 4,000 people in
+2 hours and they're only allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours and they're only allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 hours and they're only allowed to
+drink Coke there's no place for garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink Coke there's no place for garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink Coke there's no place for garbage
+and nobody wanted to have garbage cans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody wanted to have garbage cans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody wanted to have garbage cans
+around and that kind of thing and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and that kind of thing and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and that kind of thing and so we
+made a moat and made the Hut out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a moat and made the Hut out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a moat and made the Hut out of
+recycled Coca-Cola cans and we featured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled Coca-Cola cans and we featured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled Coca-Cola cans and we featured
+avocado and sprouts and all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocado and sprouts and all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avocado and sprouts and all of this
+stuff we're in 1980 now we featured all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're in 1980 now we featured all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we're in 1980 now we featured all
+of this and that was of new to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and that was of new to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and that was of new to the
+people who were attending the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were attending the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were attending the party
+because they were mostly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were mostly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were mostly from the
+Midwest so um this project I published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest so um this project I published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Midwest so um this project I published
+quite a bit because also in architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit because also in architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit because also in architecture
+as those of you in architecture know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those of you in architecture know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those of you in architecture know in
+architecture we have a long tradition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we have a long tradition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture we have a long tradition of
+publishing and that's Al often been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing and that's Al often been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing and that's Al often been
+negatively viewed as paper architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively viewed as paper architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively viewed as paper architecture
+however in the art World Young Artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in the art World Young Artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in the art World Young Artists
+tend not to publish nearly as much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to publish nearly as much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend not to publish nearly as much and
+for me this project was quite useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me this project was quite useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me this project was quite useful
+because I published it so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I published it so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I published it so much that
+finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally
+curators saw it and that did lead to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curators saw it and that did lead to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curators saw it and that did lead to to
+further projects I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further projects I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further projects I'm going to show you
+um two more architecture projects and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two more architecture projects and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two more architecture projects and I
+should also mention that for me when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also mention that for me when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also mention that for me when I
+was in architecture school I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in architecture school I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in architecture school I was
+thinking about how or what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how or what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how or what is
+architecture and I think that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and I think that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and I think that question
+is still very much um both needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still very much um both needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still very much um both needs to be
+asked in architecture and very much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in architecture and very much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in architecture and very much is
+asked in most architecture programs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in most architecture programs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked in most architecture programs as
+and I I know it's asked here at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I know it's asked here at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I know it's asked here at MIT and
+when I decided architecture was for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I decided architecture was for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I decided architecture was for me
+was actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the
+representation in built space of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in built space of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in built space of our
+social relations and you can see in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social relations and you can see in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social relations and you can see in that
+formulation some of the traces of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation some of the traces of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation some of the traces of my
+history or my interest at the time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history or my interest at the time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history or my interest at the time which
+were Marxism questions about feminism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Marxism questions about feminism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Marxism questions about feminism
+questions about social relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about social relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about social relations
+questions about how people use space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how people use space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how people use space and
+also how all of these codes or these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how all of these codes or these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how all of these codes or these uh
+different forms of conceiving space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of conceiving space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms of conceiving space
+actually impact the built world and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impact the built world and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually impact the built world and I've
+pretty much even today still refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much even today still refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much even today still refer to
+that Trope when I'm thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Trope when I'm thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Trope when I'm thinking about
+architecture Visa V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Visa V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Visa V
+space at any rate in 1980 after um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at any rate in 1980 after um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space at any rate in 1980 after um the
+Coca-Cola piece Lyn hman who's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola piece Lyn hman who's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coca-Cola piece Lyn hman who's a very
+well-known artist from San Francisco had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known artist from San Francisco had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known artist from San Francisco had
+a museum that she called The Floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a museum that she called The Floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a museum that she called The Floating
+Museum and it was an alternative space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum and it was an alternative space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum and it was an alternative space
+essentially with no permanent space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially with no permanent space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially with no permanent space and
+she asked me to do a project at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked me to do a project at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she asked me to do a project at a
+shopping mall that was going out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping mall that was going out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping mall that was going out of
+business in Silicon Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in Silicon Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in Silicon Valley
+and this shopping mall didn't have a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shopping mall didn't have a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this shopping mall didn't have a um
+a nean Marcus it had a pennies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nean Marcus it had a pennies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nean Marcus it had a pennies and the
+owner of the shopping mall thought if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the shopping mall thought if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner of the shopping mall thought if we
+only could bring High art here maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only could bring High art here maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only could bring High art here maybe the
+rich people would shop here it was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people would shop here it was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people would shop here it was as
+you can imagine a pretty silly idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a pretty silly idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine a pretty silly idea but
+nonetheless for me it was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless for me it was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless for me it was a great
+launching pad to do a project and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching pad to do a project and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching pad to do a project and again
+I referred a lot to the work of Denise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I referred a lot to the work of Denise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I referred a lot to the work of Denise
+Scott Brown and Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott Brown and Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott Brown and Robert
+Venturi in the parking lot I proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venturi in the parking lot I proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venturi in the parking lot I proposed
+that we make an alternative kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make an alternative kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make an alternative kind of
+Museum out of the shopping mall and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum out of the shopping mall and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum out of the shopping mall and I
+called it display Museum of signs and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it display Museum of signs and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it display Museum of signs and in
+the windows I wanted to have a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows I wanted to have a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows I wanted to have a kind of
+changing Panorama of what this Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Panorama of what this Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing Panorama of what this Museum
+would be and it was kind of up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and it was kind of up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and it was kind of up to the
+shopkeepers to to make those decisions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopkeepers to to make those decisions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopkeepers to to make those decisions I
+was also basing this very much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also basing this very much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also basing this very much on
+Notions about the memory Theater which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions about the memory Theater which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions about the memory Theater which I
+was very interested in at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very interested in at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very interested in at the time and
+continueed to be interested in which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continueed to be interested in which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continueed to be interested in which is
+a way of reading images and inputting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of reading images and inputting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of reading images and inputting
+architecture into your mind in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture into your mind in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture into your mind in order to
+remember things as well as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember things as well as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember things as well as a way of
+encoding information and so I used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding information and so I used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding information and so I used this
+concept of the memory theater in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the memory theater in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of the memory theater in
+conceiving of um of this Museum and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceiving of um of this Museum and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceiving of um of this Museum and if
+you wanted to read about that Francis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to read about that Francis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to read about that Francis
+Yates is still the best um person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yates is still the best um person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yates is still the best um person and
+her book is called the art of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her book is called the art of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her book is called the art of memory
+anyway at the at the center of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway at the at the center of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway at the at the center of this um
+shopping mall I located the map and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping mall I located the map and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping mall I located the map and this
+is you know very typical of a California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know very typical of a California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know very typical of a California
+shopping mall and this was a map that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping mall and this was a map that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping mall and this was a map that
+would describe how the museum worked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would describe how the museum worked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would describe how the museum worked and
+functioned what you could do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned what you could do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned what you could do in this
+Museum and again you know this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum and again you know this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum and again you know this was
+totally meant as an imaginary construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally meant as an imaginary construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally meant as an imaginary construct
+and additionally I was playing with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additionally I was playing with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additionally I was playing with all
+kinds of things that had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that had to do with
+questions about Marxism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about Marxism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about Marxism and
+psychoanalysis such as trying to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalysis such as trying to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychoanalysis such as trying to get the
+shop owners to collaborate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop owners to collaborate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop owners to collaborate on the
+construction of their displays instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of their displays instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of their displays instead
+of competing setting up things within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competing setting up things within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of competing setting up things within
+the shop so that you would actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop so that you would actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shop so that you would actually have
+um strange Notions about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strange Notions about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strange Notions about what you
+desired and what you didn't desire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired and what you didn't desire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired and what you didn't desire and
+why and so it was kind of a treasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and so it was kind of a treasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and so it was kind of a treasure
+hunt and in the center is kind of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunt and in the center is kind of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunt and in the center is kind of where
+I located the main part of this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I located the main part of this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I located the main part of this you can
+also see that this was a very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that this was a very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that this was a very expensive
+project because it would have cost them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because it would have cost them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because it would have cost them
+a lot of money to actually go to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money to actually go to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money to actually go to all the
+trouble of Designing and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of Designing and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble of Designing and building
+building all these things and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building all these things and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building all these things and then the
+final thing I wanted to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I wanted to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I wanted to do with the
+project was to make a labeling Center so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was to make a labeling Center so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project was to make a labeling Center so
+you could so the the entire or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could so the the entire or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could so the the entire or at least
+one store would be under deconstruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one store would be under deconstruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one store would be under deconstruction
+Allah Dara and so you know this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah Dara and so you know this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allah Dara and so you know this is you
+know many ways a graduate project but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many ways a graduate project but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know many ways a graduate project but
+still it it um was very important to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it it um was very important to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it it um was very important to me
+and it fueled a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fueled a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it fueled a lot of different
+research projects and of course like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects and of course like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research projects and of course like all
+of these sorts of projects it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sorts of projects it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sorts of projects it was not
+done surprise um but what I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done surprise um but what I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done surprise um but what I decided to
+do remember I'm the person who doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember I'm the person who doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do remember I'm the person who doesn't
+like to lose anything was I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to lose anything was I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to lose anything was I decided to
+write an article about it which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an article about it which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an article about it which I
+called casual imagination and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called casual imagination and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called casual imagination and I also
+made a videotape because I had spent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a videotape because I had spent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a videotape because I had spent so
+much time in the shopping mall making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time in the shopping mall making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time in the shopping mall making
+friends with all these people and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with all these people and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with all these people and doing
+all these studies that I decided Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these studies that I decided Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these studies that I decided Well
+how can I make use of this contact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I make use of this contact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I make use of this contact and
+how can I make something out of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I make something out of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can I make something out of this so
+I made a single Channel video called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a single Channel video called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a single Channel video called
+casual Shopper which um you can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual Shopper which um you can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual Shopper which um you can go ahead
+and put that in well actually let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put that in well actually let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put that in well actually let me
+just set it up first because I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set it up first because I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just set it up first because I'm I'm
+going to try not to talk over my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try not to talk over my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try not to talk over my work
+which is something new for me um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something new for me um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something new for me um but
+what the video was about was it took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the video was about was it took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the video was about was it took off
+from a very important article that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very important article that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very important article that was
+written by Laura mvy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Laura mvy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Laura mvy in
+1975 it was called visual pleasure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 it was called visual pleasure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 it was called visual pleasure and
+narrative Cinema and in that article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative Cinema and in that article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative Cinema and in that article
+she's writing as a feminist and also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's writing as a feminist and also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's writing as a feminist and also as
+a film theoretician she's asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film theoretician she's asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film theoretician she's asking the
+question how come in mainstream film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how come in mainstream film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how come in mainstream film
+when the woman comes on the screen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the woman comes on the screen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the woman comes on the screen the
+action stops there's a kiss an interlude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action stops there's a kiss an interlude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action stops there's a kiss an interlude
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+something but virtually nothing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but virtually nothing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but virtually nothing happens
+then the kiss is over and the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the kiss is over and the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the kiss is over and the narrative
+resumes and something happens etc etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes and something happens etc etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes and something happens etc etc so
+I thought what would happen if I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought what would happen if I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought what would happen if I made a
+film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+where when the woman came on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when the woman came on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when the woman came on the screen
+something happened and when the man came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened and when the man came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened and when the man came
+on he disappeared and so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on he disappeared and so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on he disappeared and so that's really
+the kind of logic that underscores this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of logic that underscores this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of logic that underscores this
+film and I decided to make it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and I decided to make it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and I decided to make it about
+shopping because shopping is such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping because shopping is such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping because shopping is such an
+interesting Trope of 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Trope of 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Trope of 20th century
+culture and it has such a long history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and it has such a long history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and it has such a long history
+if you think about Walter Benjamine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about Walter Benjamine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about Walter Benjamine and
+the Flor I thought about this female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flor I thought about this female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Flor I thought about this female
+character as a kind of fluse so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character as a kind of fluse so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character as a kind of fluse so you can
+you can start it and this is about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start it and this is about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start it and this is about about
+a 7 minute clip from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 7 minute clip from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 7 minute clip from this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film oh okay uh oh is it playing no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film oh okay uh oh is it playing no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film oh okay uh oh is it playing no okay
+good cuz if it's playing then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cuz if it's playing then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good cuz if it's playing then we
+probably missed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably missed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably missed the
+clip you know for the for the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip you know for the for the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clip you know for the for the um the
+film we need to turn the light off can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film we need to turn the light off can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film we need to turn the light off can
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay the that light because it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay the that light because it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay the that light because it'll
+it'll really make it um an already very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll really make it um an already very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll really make it um an already very
+old VHS look even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it has sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should also say that it's not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should also say that it's not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should also say that it's not this
+yellow we didn't have a chance to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow we didn't have a chance to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow we didn't have a chance to do a
+tech rehearsal so it's um usually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech rehearsal so it's um usually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech rehearsal so it's um usually more
+um color balanced um one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um color balanced um one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um color balanced um one of the things
+you'll notice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she kind of becomes a sort of um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she kind of becomes a sort of um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she kind of becomes a sort of um in
+becoming a female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming a female
+Fen um she kind of becomes a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fen um she kind of becomes a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fen um she kind of becomes a sort of
+stalker because she follows him or tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalker because she follows him or tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalker because she follows him or tries
+to find him in an imaginary way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find him in an imaginary way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find him in an imaginary way
+throughout the shopping mall and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the shopping mall and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the shopping mall and when I
+made this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this this is
+1980 obviously the notion of the stalker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 obviously the notion of the stalker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 obviously the notion of the stalker
+wasn't so much a part of popular culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so much a part of popular culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so much a part of popular culture
+but now um as one of my students pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now um as one of my students pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now um as one of my students pointed
+out when I showed this recently at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I showed this recently at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out when I showed this recently at a
+film school she would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film school she would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film school she would probably be
+arrested so again that question of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrested so again that question of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrested so again that question of like
+whether or not there can be such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there can be such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there can be such a thing
+as a female fleno following along from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a female fleno following along from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a female fleno following along from
+Walter Benjamin's Flor is um still up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter Benjamin's Flor is um still up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walter Benjamin's Flor is um still up
+for grabs I guess anyway you can stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grabs I guess anyway you can stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grabs I guess anyway you can stop
+this um thanks um so I made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um thanks um so I made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um thanks um so I made a lot of
+single Channel videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Channel videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Channel videos
+and after this after this one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after this after this one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after this after this one and this
+this is about 30 minutes long and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about 30 minutes long and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about 30 minutes long and it's
+right on that edge of it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on that edge of it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on that edge of it being
+excruciating or not and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excruciating or not and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excruciating or not and in order to
+understand the context I also want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the context I also want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the context I also want to
+mention that at the time experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that at the time experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that at the time experimental
+film was still around um in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was still around um in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was still around um in the in the
+sense of experimental film is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of experimental film is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of experimental film is the way
+Peter Wen meant it when he wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Wen meant it when he wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Wen meant it when he wrote the
+article to Avant guards where many in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article to Avant guards where many in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article to Avant guards where many in
+quotes avantgard artists such as Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes avantgard artists such as Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes avantgard artists such as Peter
+Cabela Michael snow Hollis Frampton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabela Michael snow Hollis Frampton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabela Michael snow Hollis Frampton and
+so on were experimenting with the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on were experimenting with the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on were experimenting with the image
+track but they were not making narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track but they were not making narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track but they were not making narrative
+and I was playing with a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was playing with a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was playing with a notion of
+introducing a little bit of narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a little bit of narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a little bit of narrative
+and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also
+reintroducing questions that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroducing questions that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reintroducing questions that had been
+also abolished from avagard film which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also abolished from avagard film which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also abolished from avagard film which
+had to do do with questions of pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do do with questions of pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do do with questions of pleasure
+and I wanted to make this film that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to make this film that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to make this film that was
+both pleasurable and unpleasurable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pleasurable and unpleasurable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both pleasurable and unpleasurable so
+I'm mously and if that's that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mously and if that's that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mously and if that's that's probably
+more than you want to know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you want to know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you want to know about this
+particular period but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular period but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular period but it's a very
+important period to understand if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important period to understand if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important period to understand if you're
+looking at the history of US avantgard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the history of US avantgard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the history of US avantgard
+Film from say the 70s up through the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Film from say the 70s up through the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Film from say the 70s up through the mid
+80s as I said I made a number of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s as I said I made a number of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s as I said I made a number of these
+uh videotapes and for the most part I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh videotapes and for the most part I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh videotapes and for the most part I
+found the practice of making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the practice of making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the practice of making them
+extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+unsatisfactory a lot of which had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfactory a lot of which had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfactory a lot of which had to do
+with the viewing conventions in museums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the viewing conventions in museums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the viewing conventions in museums
+often often times when your work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often often times when your work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often often times when your work was
+shown in a museum if you were lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in a museum if you were lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in a museum if you were lucky
+enough to be invited to show your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be invited to show your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be invited to show your work
+was shown in a room that was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown in a room that was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shown in a room that was in a
+hallway next to the bathroom by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway next to the bathroom by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway next to the bathroom by the
+cafeteria etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria etc
+etc so nobody ever really got a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so nobody ever really got a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so nobody ever really got a chance
+to see your work look very good and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see your work look very good and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see your work look very good and I
+BEC I became increasingly frustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEC I became increasingly frustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BEC I became increasingly frustrated
+with being known as a video artist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being known as a video artist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with being known as a video artist in
+quotes and also with with the viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and also with with the viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes and also with with the viewing
+conventions and so I took a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions and so I took a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions and so I took a brief
+detour um into MTV and I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour um into MTV and I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detour um into MTV and I'm going to show
+you MTV starts at in 1982 as some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you MTV starts at in 1982 as some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you MTV starts at in 1982 as some of you
+most of you are way too young to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are way too young to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you are way too young to know
+this but um it did and I was um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um it did and I was um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but um it did and I was um a
+producer there for a while during its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer there for a while during its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer there for a while during its
+early days before it was bought by Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days before it was bought by Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days before it was bought by Time
+Warner when it actually was very artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner when it actually was very artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner when it actually was very artist
+friendly and there were many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly and there were many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly and there were many many
+artists who were Affiliated in one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists who were Affiliated in one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists who were Affiliated in one way
+or another and the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another and the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another and the interesting thing
+about MTV at the time was that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MTV at the time was that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about MTV at the time was that it was
+trying to rethink what is television it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to rethink what is television it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to rethink what is television it
+had no idea what it wanted to be when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no idea what it wanted to be when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no idea what it wanted to be when it
+first began it was you know started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first began it was you know started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first began it was you know started by
+two very young boys who like to have fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very young boys who like to have fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very young boys who like to have fun
+and so there was about four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was about four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was about four or five
+years where it was actually fun and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years where it was actually fun and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years where it was actually fun and you
+could try lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try lots of
+experiments and um I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and um I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and um I'm not going to go
+into that now but one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that now but one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that now but one of the things that
+we did try was um I made a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did try was um I made a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did try was um I made a number of
+very very very short films of which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very short films of which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very short films of which this
+one is one so if you can put in number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is one so if you can put in number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is one so if you can put in number
+two but you should turn the light out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but you should turn the light out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but you should turn the light out
+for first please because it's very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first please because it's very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for first please because it's very short
+I think it's 10 seconds so and I I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's 10 seconds so and I I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's 10 seconds so and I I like
+really short things although I hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short things although I hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really short things although I hardly
+ever get to do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay stop the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay stop the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay stop the tape
+please very very sharp but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please very very sharp but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please very very sharp but we were
+really experimenting with content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really experimenting with content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really experimenting with content and
+you know that advertising the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that advertising the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that advertising the stuff
+between programming or the programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between programming or the programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between programming or the programming
+the stuff between the advertisements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff between the advertisements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff between the advertisements and
+so forth anyway when it was bought by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth anyway when it was bought by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth anyway when it was bought by
+Time Warner uh the party was over and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Warner uh the party was over and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Warner uh the party was over and um
+I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was
+fired um but not before I got to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired um but not before I got to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired um but not before I got to make a
+of music videos which were also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music videos which were also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music videos which were also another
+kind of dead end and I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dead end and I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dead end and I'm going to show
+you one of those and it's too bad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of those and it's too bad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of those and it's too bad that
+we can't turn up the sound um because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't turn up the sound um because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't turn up the sound um because it
+really is about the music but um during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is about the music but um during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is about the music but um during
+the early 1980s was the beginning of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1980s was the beginning of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1980s was the beginning of of
+the um music video business when some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um music video business when some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um music video business when some
+people got enormous budgets other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got enormous budgets other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got enormous budgets other people
+never did some people got enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never did some people got enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never did some people got enormous
+budgets some of the time and um I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets some of the time and um I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets some of the time and um I uh
+conformed to the latter one but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformed to the latter one but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformed to the latter one but I'm
+going to show you one of the first ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you one of the first ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you one of the first ones
+I did because it was actually for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did because it was actually for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did because it was actually for no
+money with Sonic Youth and Richard Kern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money with Sonic Youth and Richard Kern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money with Sonic Youth and Richard Kern
+called Death Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Death Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Death Valley
+69 so you can play that and I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69 so you can play that and I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69 so you can play that and I made
+probably around a hundred music videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably around a hundred music videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably around a hundred music videos
+um over the over about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Val the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you can stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can stop the
+table um anyway that led to um as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um anyway that led to um as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table um anyway that led to um as I said
+I made a lot of music videos and um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a lot of music videos and um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a lot of music videos and um they
+that also became increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also became increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also became increasingly
+corporatized and even more exploitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporatized and even more exploitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporatized and even more exploitative
+of artists labor than the art world was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artists labor than the art world was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artists labor than the art world was
+so around 198 two when I was beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around 198 two when I was beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so around 198 two when I was beginning
+to do all these music videos and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all these music videos and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do all these music videos and also
+making all these single Channel vide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these single Channel vide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making all these single Channel vide
+tapes I started to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes I started to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes I started to think about the
+coming back more into the art world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back more into the art world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back more into the art world as
+an artist and for me it was a a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist and for me it was a a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist and for me it was a a moment
+of Crisis because I was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crisis because I was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Crisis because I was very
+dissatisfied with the viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissatisfied with the viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissatisfied with the viewing
+conventions that I mentioned and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that I mentioned and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions that I mentioned and also
+increasingly even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly even in
+1982 dissatisfied with a world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 dissatisfied with a world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 dissatisfied with a world of
+popular culture since it wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture since it wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture since it wasn't really
+turning out as I had hoped so I began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning out as I had hoped so I began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning out as I had hoped so I began to
+think about what my I do that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what my I do that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what my I do that would
+combine all of my interests I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all of my interests I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all of my interests I was
+interested in performance I was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in performance I was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in performance I was still
+interested in architecture I had half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in architecture I had half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in architecture I had half of
+a PhD from UC Berkeley and film Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PhD from UC Berkeley and film Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PhD from UC Berkeley and film Theory
+feminism and other madeup things which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminism and other madeup things which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feminism and other madeup things which I
+knew would be useless in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew would be useless in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew would be useless in terms of
+actually getting a job so I thought H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting a job so I thought H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting a job so I thought H
+the art world that doesn't look so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world that doesn't look so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world that doesn't look so bad
+and actually I think the art world is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I think the art world is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I think the art world is a
+place still where you can try things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place still where you can try things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place still where you can try things out
+and experiment and there aren't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiment and there aren't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiment and there aren't that
+many other places in in US culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other places in in US culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other places in in US culture
+anywhere where that's possible possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere where that's possible possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere where that's possible possible
+so I began to propose um actuallyy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I began to propose um actuallyy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I began to propose um actuallyy you
+should put in tape number four I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put in tape number four I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put in tape number four I began
+to propose this VD this um video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose this VD this um video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propose this VD this um video
+installation film um installation called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation film um installation called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation film um installation called
+in the shadow of the city Vampira that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shadow of the city Vampira that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shadow of the city Vampira that
+Julia was mentioning in her introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia was mentioning in her introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia was mentioning in her introduction
+and I tried to combine all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to combine all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I tried to combine all of my
+interests in one project and soon as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests in one project and soon as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests in one project and soon as it
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+on um I will um tell you about it um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um I will um tell you about it um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um I will um tell you about it um it
+was a very simple very low Tech project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very simple very low Tech project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very simple very low Tech project
+it used two slides on each side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used two slides on each side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used two slides on each side of a
+screen that bisected a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that bisected a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen that bisected a
+room and in those two slides which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and in those two slides which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and in those two slides which
+dissolved continuously I projected two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved continuously I projected two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved continuously I projected two
+film loops and I made the space here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film loops and I made the space here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film loops and I made the space here you
+can see the setup and those are the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the setup and those are the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the setup and those are the film
+loops and the little proje projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and the little proje projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and the little proje projections
+and then the slides are in the back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the slides are in the back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the slides are in the back and
+I made it so that you could see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made it so that you could see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made it so that you could see the
+whole thing in a minute because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in a minute because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing in a minute because
+obviously one of the problems of viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one of the problems of viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously one of the problems of viewing
+video in a gallery is that no one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in a gallery is that no one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video in a gallery is that no one is
+going to come and spend a half an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come and spend a half an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come and spend a half an hour
+they really want a quick hit and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want a quick hit and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really want a quick hit and at the
+time in the art world what was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the art world what was around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the art world what was around
+was a lot of painting and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of painting and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of painting and by the way
+this is not yellow it's um actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not yellow it's um actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not yellow it's um actually kind
+of pink um at any rate so I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pink um at any rate so I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pink um at any rate so I wanted to
+make something that you could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something that you could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make something that you could actually
+see get in and out in maybe 15 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see get in and out in maybe 15 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see get in and out in maybe 15 seconds
+if that's all you all you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's all you all you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's all you all you wanted to
+spend and actually have some idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend and actually have some idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend and actually have some idea of
+what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were
+seeing and so that was sort of the brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and so that was sort of the brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and so that was sort of the brief
+in terms of like an architectural brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like an architectural brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like an architectural brief
+of what I was trying to do the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I was trying to do the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I was trying to do the subject
+matter came from my reading of Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter came from my reading of Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter came from my reading of Jean
+Louie bodri AR's notion of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louie bodri AR's notion of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louie bodri AR's notion of the kind of
+subjectivity that you and I and everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity that you and I and everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity that you and I and everyone
+performs when they're in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs when they're in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs when they're in front of the
+television set and in his reading which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television set and in his reading which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television set and in his reading which
+is very very pessimistic we all become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very pessimistic we all become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very very pessimistic we all become
+schizophrenics in front of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics in front of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenics in front of the screen
+and so I decided in the title using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I decided in the title using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I decided in the title using the
+notion of them vampire the vampire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of them vampire the vampire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of them vampire the vampire to
+propose another way of understanding our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose another way of understanding our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose another way of understanding our
+insatiable hunger for images and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insatiable hunger for images and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insatiable hunger for images and that's
+with a vampire and so I kind of wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vampire and so I kind of wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vampire and so I kind of wrote
+this um I I thought it was funny anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I I thought it was funny anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I I thought it was funny anyway
+article about this vampiric subject who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about this vampiric subject who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about this vampiric subject who
+has a sensationable hunger for images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sensationable hunger for images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sensationable hunger for images
+and who consumes images at of acious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who consumes images at of acious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who consumes images at of acious
+pace and and wanders the city etc etc um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace and and wanders the city etc etc um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace and and wanders the city etc etc um
+and so that became the title of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that became the title of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that became the title of the
+piece and how the piece actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and how the piece actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and how the piece actually
+functioned is that because when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned is that because when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned is that because when you look
+at a Hollywood film you're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a Hollywood film you're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a Hollywood film you're used to
+getting something called narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something called narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting something called narrative
+closure in other words you look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure in other words you look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure in other words you look for the
+beginning and the middle and the end in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the middle and the end in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the middle and the end in
+the film how this piece functioned was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film how this piece functioned was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film how this piece functioned was
+that you watched it and watched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you watched it and watched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you watched it and watched the
+different slides changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slides changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slides changing in
+relationship to the film Loops all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the film Loops all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the film Loops all the
+while looking for this narrative closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while looking for this narrative closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while looking for this narrative closure
+and what would actually happen to you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would actually happen to you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would actually happen to you as
+a viewer as you wandered around was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a viewer as you wandered around was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a viewer as you wandered around was that
+you would actually never get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would actually never get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would actually never get this
+narrative closure but it would excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative closure but it would excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative closure but it would excite
+your desire for it and so this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desire for it and so this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your desire for it and so this piece
+sort of kept you circling around it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kept you circling around it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of kept you circling around it in
+this as a kind of anxious form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a kind of anxious form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a kind of anxious form of
+subjectivity um can you stop the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity um can you stop the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity um can you stop the tape
+for a second and then what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second and then what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second and then what I'm going to
+do now is um so that was my big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is um so that was my big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is um so that was my big
+breakthrough piece for me I mean it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough piece for me I mean it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough piece for me I mean it um
+doesn't seem like that much when you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like that much when you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like that much when you you
+know when I talk about it but for me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I talk about it but for me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when I talk about it but for me it
+was a very big deal because I had solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very big deal because I had solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very big deal because I had solved
+some of these problems that I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these problems that I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these problems that I was trying
+to solve the other thing that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the other thing that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the other thing that I really
+wanted to do at this point in in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do at this point in in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do at this point in in uh in
+the art world was I really wanted to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world was I really wanted to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world was I really wanted to use
+the art world to explore issues that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world to explore issues that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art world to explore issues that I
+was interested in so by this time I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in so by this time I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in so by this time I had
+already decided something else which as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already decided something else which as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already decided something else which as
+an artist is not the best solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist is not the best solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist is not the best solution to
+make but it was the one that I made at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but it was the one that I made at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make but it was the one that I made at
+the time and that was not to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and that was not to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and that was not to have a
+signature style so that each of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature style so that each of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature style so that each of my
+projects comes out of a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects comes out of a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects comes out of a research
+methodology meaning I'll have an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology meaning I'll have an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology meaning I'll have an idea
+about something I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something I'm interested in
+exploring and then both the form and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring and then both the form and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring and then both the form and the
+content come from that and obviously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content come from that and obviously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content come from that and obviously in
+an art World which has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art World which has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an art World which has become
+increasingly corporate and we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly corporate and we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly corporate and we're in the
+kind of height of a corporate art world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of height of a corporate art world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of height of a corporate art world
+right now at least in New York City this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at least in New York City this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at least in New York City this
+doesn't necessarily serve you very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily serve you very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily serve you very well
+as an artist but it has let me have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist but it has let me have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist but it has let me have a
+fairly interesting practice as an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly interesting practice as an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly interesting practice as an artist
+because it's let me follow my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's let me follow my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's let me follow my own
+interests and go where they take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and go where they take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and go where they take me
+rather than having to make product or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having to make product or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having to make product or
+the same thing so the collector can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so the collector can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so the collector can can
+show his friend and say oh I have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show his friend and say oh I have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show his friend and say oh I have one of
+those oh I have one of those so but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those oh I have one of those so but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those oh I have one of those so but I
+wouldn't I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I have to
+say and if somebody wants to ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and if somebody wants to ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and if somebody wants to ask me
+about this we can talk about this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we can talk about this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this we can talk about this later
+I wouldn't necessarily recommend this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't necessarily recommend this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't necessarily recommend this as
+a solution it's just what I did um not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution it's just what I did um not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution it's just what I did um not
+that it's not too late um it's never too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not too late um it's never too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not too late um it's never too
+late to change but anyway so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late to change but anyway so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late to change but anyway so the the
+projects that I'm going to show you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that I'm going to show you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that I'm going to show you now
+very very quickly in video form are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly in video form are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly in video form are
+different experiments that take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experiments that take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experiments that take up
+different issues and for each one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues and for each one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different issues and for each one I
+generally as I said do research I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally as I said do research I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally as I said do research I often
+write an article or two which I publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an article or two which I publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an article or two which I publish
+and then I do the artwork and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I do the artwork and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I do the artwork and the
+artwork may have several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork may have several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artwork may have several different
+parameters like it may be film or video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters like it may be film or video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters like it may be film or video
+it might be a book it might be an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a book it might be an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be a book it might be an an
+architecture installation or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture installation or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture installation or an
+exhibition design there's a whole part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition design there's a whole part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition design there's a whole part
+of my practice which um I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my practice which um I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my practice which um I'm not going to
+show you at all tonight where I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you at all tonight where I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you at all tonight where I did a
+lot of exhibition designs as an art arti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of exhibition designs as an art arti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of exhibition designs as an art arti
+so if you ever see my CV you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you ever see my CV you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you ever see my CV you'll see a
+lot of those mentioned I have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those mentioned I have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those mentioned I have to say
+that in that one area me being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that one area me being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that one area me being an
+exibition designer as an artist the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exibition designer as an artist the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exibition designer as an artist the art
+world had a very hard time accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had a very hard time accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world had a very hard time accepting
+that it was always like huh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was always like huh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was always like huh what what
+are what was your role in this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what was your role in this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what was your role in this because I
+had crossed that imaginary divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had crossed that imaginary divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had crossed that imaginary divide
+between the Artist as artist and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Artist as artist and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Artist as artist and the
+museum side of the Artist as curator or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum side of the Artist as curator or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum side of the Artist as curator or
+exhibition designer but nonetheless I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition designer but nonetheless I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibition designer but nonetheless I
+made a number of these and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a number of these and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a number of these and I really
+enjoyed making these exhibition designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed making these exhibition designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed making these exhibition designs
+like the Coca-Cola one I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Coca-Cola one I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Coca-Cola one I showed you
+where the project of um display excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the project of um display excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the project of um display excuse
+me display Museum of signs because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me display Museum of signs because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me display Museum of signs because it
+actually let me try out in real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me try out in real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me try out in real space
+stuff that I couldn't try out in my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I couldn't try out in my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that I couldn't try out in my own
+work and so I found this very fruitful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so I found this very fruitful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so I found this very fruitful
+as well as i' I very much enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as i' I very much enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as i' I very much enjoyed
+working with the curators and designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the curators and designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with the curators and designing
+these exhibitions and a lot of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exhibitions and a lot of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exhibitions and a lot of them were
+themed in relationship to questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themed in relationship to questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themed in relationship to questions of
+new technology or new things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology or new things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology or new things that were
+happening in popular culture such as Zen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in popular culture such as Zen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in popular culture such as Zen
+culture and I had brought slides of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and I had brought slides of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and I had brought slides of one
+of those to show but I I think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those to show but I I think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those to show but I I think we're
+going to run out of time so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run out of time so I'm not
+going to show you those but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you those but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you those but just
+remember that that's um another part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that's um another part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that that's um another part of
+my Pro my project at any rate um can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Pro my project at any rate um can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Pro my project at any rate um can you
+start the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the tape
+again after um in the shadow of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after um in the shadow of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again after um in the shadow of the city
+I made a number of pieces that were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a number of pieces that were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made a number of pieces that were like
+in the shadow of the city sort of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shadow of the city sort of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the shadow of the city sort of but
+with different sets of conditions and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different sets of conditions and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different sets of conditions and by
+1987 when I was invited to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 when I was invited to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 when I was invited to be in the
+Whitney by bi anual with an installation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney by bi anual with an installation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney by bi anual with an installation
+I had been been in as a single Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had been been in as a single Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had been been in as a single Channel
+artist I was um up against the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist I was um up against the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist I was um up against the fact that
+the technology that I was using to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that I was using to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology that I was using to make
+super r film had died and so I was if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super r film had died and so I was if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super r film had died and so I was if I
+wanted to do something with projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do something with projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do something with projection
+which I did I was forced to use video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did I was forced to use video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I did I was forced to use video
+and I began to think about what I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I began to think about what I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I began to think about what I could
+do using video given the fact that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do using video given the fact that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do using video given the fact that I was
+offered two choices I was offered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered two choices I was offered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered two choices I was offered the
+bathroom and I was off also offered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom and I was off also offered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom and I was off also offered the
+stairs and since Kenny sharf had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs and since Kenny sharf had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs and since Kenny sharf had the
+bathroom to years before me and had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom to years before me and had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom to years before me and had done
+a great job I decided no bathroom stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job I decided no bathroom stairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job I decided no bathroom stairs
+and then I decided okay what can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I decided okay what can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I decided okay what can I do
+and so when I did is I decided that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I did is I decided that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I did is I decided that to
+use um a piece that I had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um a piece that I had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um a piece that I had been
+collecting information for which is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting information for which is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting information for which is was
+called first and third which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called first and third which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called first and third which was
+immigrant stories of people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant stories of people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant stories of people who were
+coming to New York with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to New York with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to New York with their
+expectations and what you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and what you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and what you're looking at
+here is a clip tape that I've made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a clip tape that I've made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a clip tape that I've made to
+try to get grants and so every time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get grants and so every time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get grants and so every time I
+show first and third and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show first and third and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show first and third and the other
+there's seven other pieces in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven other pieces in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven other pieces in this
+series I use an architectural reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I use an architectural reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I use an architectural reference
+for the projection but anyway what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the projection but anyway what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the projection but anyway what the
+piece did is it actually projected on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece did is it actually projected on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece did is it actually projected on
+the stairwell at the Whitney Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairwell at the Whitney Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stairwell at the Whitney Museum
+these different immigrant stories which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different immigrant stories which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different immigrant stories which
+I collected using a documentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collected using a documentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I collected using a documentary
+methodology and then I edited them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology and then I edited them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology and then I edited them down
+to about one to two minute sound bites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about one to two minute sound bites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about one to two minute sound bites
+so that they were deliverable by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they were deliverable by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they were deliverable by an
+actor who was hired and paid to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who was hired and paid to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who was hired and paid to deliver
+them in one single te take and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in one single te take and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in one single te take and they're
+giant heads that are projected and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant heads that are projected and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant heads that are projected and I
+projected them on the side of the Tate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected them on the side of the Tate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected them on the side of the Tate
+modern in London in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern in London in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern in London in
+1991 um on on many different buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 um on on many different buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 um on on many different buildings
+around the world you should turn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world you should turn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world you should turn that
+one down yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one down yeah
+because and on glass brick I mean every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and on glass brick I mean every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and on glass brick I mean every
+kind of projection surface that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of projection surface that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of projection surface that I can
+find I project can you turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I project can you turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I project can you turn it
+down yeah thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down yeah thanks
+um so so after doing the first one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so after doing the first one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so after doing the first one of
+these which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first okay um it's just I can't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay um it's just I can't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay um it's just I can't it's
+hard for me to talk over it um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to talk over it um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to talk over it um if you
+want to read these stories some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read these stories some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to read these stories some of them
+are collected in October magazine 1995 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collected in October magazine 1995 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are collected in October magazine 1995 I
+believe in a piece called not reconciled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in a piece called not reconciled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in a piece called not reconciled
+at any rate um so you can you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate um so you can you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any rate um so you can you know so
+what I did is I explored like how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did is I explored like how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did is I explored like how I
+could use the projector where I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the projector where I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the projector where I could
+project etc etc meanwhile I found these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project etc etc meanwhile I found these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project etc etc meanwhile I found these
+projects to be quite interesting and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to be quite interesting and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to be quite interesting and as
+I mentioned earlier I've done about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier I've done about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned earlier I've done about
+seven of them right now I'm working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of them right now I'm working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of them right now I'm working on a
+set of stories in Cairo using women from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of stories in Cairo using women from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of stories in Cairo using women from
+um from corillian women and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from corillian women and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from corillian women and we're going
+to do something um with them I hope as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something um with them I hope as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something um with them I hope as
+soon as I I can get back there as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I I can get back there as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I I can get back there as soon
+as the political tensions ease a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the political tensions ease a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the political tensions ease a little
+bit uh and with these stories and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh and with these stories and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh and with these stories and each
+time I do them in KIRO they're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I do them in KIRO they're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I do them in KIRO they're about
+lives of middle class lives um in Cairo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of middle class lives um in Cairo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives of middle class lives um in Cairo
+I've done them in Corsica can you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done them in Corsica can you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done them in Corsica can you stop
+the tape please um in Corsica I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape please um in Corsica I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape please um in Corsica I've done
+them about um the fact that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about um the fact that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about um the fact that there's no
+20th century culture in Corsica there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century culture in Corsica there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century culture in Corsica there's
+only 18th century agrarianism and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 18th century agrarianism and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 18th century agrarianism and then
+tourism culture from the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism culture from the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tourism culture from the 20th century
+but nothing in between in rdam I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing in between in rdam I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing in between in rdam I did
+them about the kinds of housing projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about the kinds of housing projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them about the kinds of housing projects
+that were built in rdam after Rotterdam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were built in rdam after Rotterdam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were built in rdam after Rotterdam
+was bombed and so forth and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bombed and so forth and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bombed and so forth and so on but
+the thing about the stories that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about the stories that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing about the stories that's uh
+the most interesting to me is that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting to me is that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most interesting to me is that as an
+artist you become a kind of facilitator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist you become a kind of facilitator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist you become a kind of facilitator
+and you can disappear or or get away a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can disappear or or get away a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can disappear or or get away a
+little bit from that kind of aour ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from that kind of aour ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit from that kind of aour ship
+or your name having to be attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your name having to be attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your name having to be attached to
+everything in quite the same way as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in quite the same way as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in quite the same way as it
+always has to be in the art world and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has to be in the art world and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has to be in the art world and I
+find that very liberating and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that very liberating and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that very liberating and I also
+very much enjoy working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much enjoy working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much enjoy working with the
+different groups of people who've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups of people who've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups of people who've
+contacted me to do these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted me to do these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted me to do these kinds of
+stories they're not exactly agit prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories they're not exactly agit prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories they're not exactly agit prop
+and they're not speak outs they're much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not speak outs they're much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not speak outs they're much
+more longer term stories about real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more longer term stories about real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more longer term stories about real
+social conditions that usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social conditions that usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social conditions that usually don't
+change very quickly so they're not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very quickly so they're not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very quickly so they're not for
+example issue oriented they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example issue oriented they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example issue oriented they're they're
+much more um about deeper cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more um about deeper cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more um about deeper cultural
+issues um you can start you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um you can start you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues um you can start you can start
+the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape
+again and this is another one I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this is another one I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this is another one I think
+um from the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the same time
+period yeah this is this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period yeah this is this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period yeah this is this is another
+outdoor one that I did in um actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor one that I did in um actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outdoor one that I did in um actually in
+um in London in 19 1991 where I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in London in 19 1991 where I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in London in 19 1991 where I I
+projected outside on the um in a kiosk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected outside on the um in a kiosk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected outside on the um in a kiosk
+in a in a um in a um in the Hammersmith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a um in a um in the Hammersmith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a um in a um in the Hammersmith
+tube stop as it was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube stop as it was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube stop as it was being
+renovated the other thing I like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated the other thing I like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovated the other thing I like about
+um these stories and and every so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these stories and and every so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these stories and and every so
+often um what's called city of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um what's called city of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often um what's called city of culture
+projects also provide this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects also provide this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects also provide this is that
+sometimes when a cultural project works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when a cultural project works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes when a cultural project works
+with infrastructure questions and urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infrastructure questions and urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with infrastructure questions and urban
+issue questions an artwork can function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue questions an artwork can function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue questions an artwork can function
+in a very different way and one project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very different way and one project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very different way and one project
+that I'm not going to show you but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not going to show you but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not going to show you but I'll
+just talk about it was a project that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about it was a project that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about it was a project that I
+did in uh also around this time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in uh also around this time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in uh also around this time in
+Glasgow when Glasgow was city of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow when Glasgow was city of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow when Glasgow was city of culture
+and the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the project
+actually used um historical footage from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used um historical footage from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used um historical footage from
+Glasgow contrasted with all the ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow contrasted with all the ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow contrasted with all the ship
+plans and architecture drawings that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and architecture drawings that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and architecture drawings that had
+been done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done to
+produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the
+kind of Glorious industrial past of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Glorious industrial past of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Glorious industrial past of
+Glasgow and how the city of Glasgow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow and how the city of Glasgow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Glasgow and how the city of Glasgow
+working in conjunction with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in conjunction with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in conjunction with a lot of
+artists use this is they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists use this is they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists use this is they were able to
+attract a lot of media attention which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract a lot of media attention which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract a lot of media attention which
+directly led to Glasgow becoming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly led to Glasgow becoming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly led to Glasgow becoming the
+financial capital of Western Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial capital of Western Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial capital of Western Great
+Britain or Northern Great Britain I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain or Northern Great Britain I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain or Northern Great Britain I mean
+so that the unemployment rate which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the unemployment rate which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the unemployment rate which was
+44% when Glasgow was city of culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44% when Glasgow was city of culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44% when Glasgow was city of culture
+three years later had dropped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years later had dropped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years later had dropped to
+21% so it was a very big change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21% so it was a very big change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21% so it was a very big change
+um the next couple of projects I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next couple of projects I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next couple of projects I'm going
+to show you are uh very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you are uh very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you are uh very short
+experiments and for a while I did a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and for a while I did a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and for a while I did a lot
+of experiments in public space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments in public space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments in public space because
+there was a kind of log rest in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kind of log rest in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kind of log rest in the in
+the end of the 1980s where there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the 1980s where there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the 1980s where there was a
+lot of money for artists and Architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money for artists and Architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money for artists and Architects
+too to do projects in public space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to do projects in public space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to do projects in public space and
+this one was done in um for the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was done in um for the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was done in um for the opening
+of a building in Midtown Manhattan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a building in Midtown Manhattan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a building in Midtown Manhattan and
+it was called um the name of my project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called um the name of my project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was called um the name of my project
+was called U Maelstrom Max laughs and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called U Maelstrom Max laughs and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called U Maelstrom Max laughs and it
+looked at the history of computing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the history of computing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the history of computing and
+computer Graphics in relation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Graphics in relation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Graphics in relation to the
+kinds of social positions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of social positions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of social positions that the
+computer sets up and it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer sets up and it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer sets up and it's about a
+two-minute Loop that you're meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-minute Loop that you're meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-minute Loop that you're meant to
+walk on and for those of you I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on and for those of you I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk on and for those of you I know that
+there's I've discovered that there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I've discovered that there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I've discovered that there's not
+much Graphics at in MIT but um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Graphics at in MIT but um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Graphics at in MIT but um if
+anybody is a graphics person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody is a graphics person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody is a graphics person in the
+audience the amount of time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the amount of time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience the amount of time that we
+spent making this two-minute Loop was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent making this two-minute Loop was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent making this two-minute Loop was
+probably about 9 months of of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about 9 months of of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about 9 months of of very
+expensive high-end time and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive high-end time and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive high-end time and now you
+could do this in a half an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this in a half an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this in a half an hour
+practically on your home computer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically on your home computer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically on your home computer so you
+know the computer is really trickled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the computer is really trickled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the computer is really trickled
+down but what the piece um tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but what the piece um tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but what the piece um tried to do
+is have you walk on this floor and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have you walk on this floor and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have you walk on this floor and as
+you walked on the floor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walked on the floor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walked on the floor you
+decoded what was happening underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoded what was happening underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoded what was happening underneath
+your feet and it's usually installed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet and it's usually installed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feet and it's usually installed as
+a corridor piece and then also it tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corridor piece and then also it tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a corridor piece and then also it tried
+to take you on a ride using motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you on a ride using motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you on a ride using motion
+control technology and so in the mid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control technology and so in the mid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control technology and so in the mid of
+this this is a Mac animation from Circa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a Mac animation from Circa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a Mac animation from Circa
+1988 but the next thing that comes up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 but the next thing that comes up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 but the next thing that comes up is
+um symbolic 3D animation Circ in 1988
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um symbolic 3D animation Circ in 1988
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um symbolic 3D animation Circ in 1988
+which took about 6 months to build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which took about 6 months to build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which took about 6 months to build and
+it's about you know 30 seconds long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you know 30 seconds long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about you know 30 seconds long and
+it was just you know a major nightmare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just you know a major nightmare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just you know a major nightmare
+of a 3D animation to try to produce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 3D animation to try to produce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 3D animation to try to produce and
+yet you know nowadays you could do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you know nowadays you could do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet you know nowadays you could do it in
+3D Studio Max and you know a heartbeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D Studio Max and you know a heartbeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D Studio Max and you know a heartbeat
+so um you know it's kind of a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know it's kind of a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know it's kind of a you know
+very different landscape that we're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different landscape that we're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different landscape that we're that
+we're looking at now but it was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at now but it was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at now but it was you know
+kind of interesting to try to to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to try to to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting to try to to play
+play with those is issues I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with those is issues I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with those is issues I guess it
+already I think we I think I chopped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I think we I think I chopped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I think we I think I chopped it
+out in this particular version um oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in this particular version um oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in this particular version um oh no
+here here it comes so just you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here it comes so just you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here it comes so just you know just
+this is where it starts it's and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where it starts it's and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where it starts it's and you can
+see it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's very
+clunky uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunky uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clunky uh from
+1988 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 and then
+um but if you think of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you think of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you think of you know the
+computational time I was trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational time I was trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational time I was trying to show
+in a kind of materialist Cinema way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of materialist Cinema way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a kind of materialist Cinema way all
+uh Jean Luke Gard in his materialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jean Luke Gard in his materialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Jean Luke Gard in his materialist
+Cinema phase um kind of how the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema phase um kind of how the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema phase um kind of how the computer
+works together in with motion control to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works together in with motion control to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works together in with motion control to
+to create new illusions of space so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create new illusions of space so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create new illusions of space so that
+was it and that took six months um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it and that took six months um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it and that took six months um at
+any rate so there's um there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate so there's um there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate so there's um there's this
+piece and then there's another piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then there's another piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and then there's another piece
+that I did for a big group show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did for a big group show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did for a big group show the
+opening of the Caesar P buildings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening of the Caesar P buildings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening of the Caesar P buildings um
+down in the financial district in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the financial district in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the financial district in um in
+lower Manhattan also in 1988 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Manhattan also in 1988 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Manhattan also in 1988 which is
+another little animation which also took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little animation which also took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little animation which also took
+I don't think it took quite as much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it took quite as much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it took quite as much time
+it took maybe 3 weeks of Fairly serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took maybe 3 weeks of Fairly serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took maybe 3 weeks of Fairly serious
+um editing but it was designed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um editing but it was designed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um editing but it was designed to to
+question the notion of public space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the notion of public space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the notion of public space in
+the financial district in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial district in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial district in
+relationship to who uses public space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to who uses public space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to who uses public space
+why there is no public space at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there is no public space at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there is no public space at this
+particular time in New York we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time in New York we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular time in New York we had an
+enormous homeless population many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous homeless population many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous homeless population many of
+whom were camped out out in front of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom were camped out out in front of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom were camped out out in front of um
+mayor dkin who was the mayor of New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor dkin who was the mayor of New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor dkin who was the mayor of New York
+um at the time they were camped out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the time they were camped out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the time they were camped out in
+front of City Hall and it was a a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of City Hall and it was a a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of City Hall and it was a a huge
+huge problem of course later on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem of course later on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge problem of course later on when
+Giuliani took over he busted them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giuliani took over he busted them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giuliani took over he busted them out of
+the city so the homeless people kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city so the homeless people kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city so the homeless people kind of
+disappeared and they're not they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared and they're not they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared and they're not they're not
+really um so evident even though we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um so evident even though we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really um so evident even though we have
+even greater numbers of homeless people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even greater numbers of homeless people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even greater numbers of homeless people
+in New York City than we we did back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City than we we did back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City than we we did back
+then um this is various installations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um this is various installations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um this is various installations of
+this piece it's um with all of my pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece it's um with all of my pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece it's um with all of my pieces
+that are site specific especially I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are site specific especially I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are site specific especially I try
+to find homes for them in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find homes for them in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find homes for them in other
+installations because they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations because they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations because they are very
+expensive to make and I think it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to make and I think it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to make and I think it's kind
+of wasteful just to to do them only once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasteful just to to do them only once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wasteful just to to do them only once
+so what I tend to do is I tend to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I tend to do is I tend to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I tend to do is I tend to um
+redo them or or design them again into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo them or or design them again into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo them or or design them again into
+other spaces and so you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spaces and so you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spaces and so you're looking at
+another another version of um of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another version of um of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another another version of um of this
+piece which is called Adam's wish but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece which is called Adam's wish but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece which is called Adam's wish but
+the clip is going to come on in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clip is going to come on in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clip is going to come on in a second
+yeah here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and it starts off um with a worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it starts off um with a worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it starts off um with a worker
+being bored in the Caesar P space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bored in the Caesar P space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bored in the Caesar P space and
+then he yawns and when he yawns he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he yawns and when he yawns he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he yawns and when he yawns he
+basically ingests the world and he flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ingests the world and he flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ingests the world and he flies
+into the sky and then a number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sky and then a number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sky and then a number of things
+happen and again it's you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and again it's you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and again it's you know it's it's
+very much a cartoon of a a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much a cartoon of a a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much a cartoon of a a certain sense
+of of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and so here here he is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so here here he is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so here here he is in the
+cistin chapel and then there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cistin chapel and then there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cistin chapel and then there are all
+these different ways that he flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different ways that he flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different ways that he flies
+through space and you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space and you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space and you know different
+kind of historical moments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of historical moments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of historical moments in the
+construction of space until he falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of space until he falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of space until he falls
+into a line drawing of Donald Trump's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a line drawing of Donald Trump's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a line drawing of Donald Trump's um
+Trump Tower in Manhattan which you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump Tower in Manhattan which you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump Tower in Manhattan which you see
+there and then into City Hall and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then into City Hall and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then into City Hall and he has
+a number of costume changes which as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of costume changes which as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of costume changes which as you
+can see is the homeless part and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is the homeless part and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see is the homeless part and then he
+looks around and he can't find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks around and he can't find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks around and he can't find another
+space to be and so he actually decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to be and so he actually decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to be and so he actually decides
+that corporate space isn't so bad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corporate space isn't so bad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corporate space isn't so bad and
+the subtext of this in fact was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtext of this in fact was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtext of this in fact was the
+notion that a lot of corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that a lot of corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that a lot of corporate
+space which we often think of as public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which we often think of as public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which we often think of as public
+space when it's been divied away or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space when it's been divied away or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space when it's been divied away or
+bargained away for air rights is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargained away for air rights is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargained away for air rights is in fact
+actually private space and so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually private space and so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually private space and so that was
+sort of the central question um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the central question um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the central question um that
+this piece was was trying to ask um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece was was trying to ask um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece was was trying to ask um can
+you stop that tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop that tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop that tap
+tape now I'm going to switch to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape now I'm going to switch to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape now I'm going to switch to some
+more recent work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent work
+um when you put in tape number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six I think I'm going to talk for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I think I'm going to talk for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I think I'm going to talk for like
+10 more minutes is that okay because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 more minutes is that okay because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 more minutes is that okay because I
+know I've been talking a long time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've been talking a long time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've been talking a long time so
+yeah okay um so I'll show you three more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay um so I'll show you three more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay um so I'll show you three more
+U pieces and I'll give you the URL for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U pieces and I'll give you the URL for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U pieces and I'll give you the URL for
+this um uh well maybe we'll show show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um uh well maybe we'll show show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um uh well maybe we'll show show
+that too just for a minute okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too just for a minute okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too just for a minute okay you can
+can start the tape um I'm I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start the tape um I'm I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start the tape um I'm I'm not going
+to show the sound with this and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the sound with this and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the sound with this and I'm
+going to um excerpt these um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um excerpt these um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um excerpt these um as
+hopefully you can kind of tell I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can kind of tell I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can kind of tell I really
+do like to experiment and um in 19 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like to experiment and um in 19 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like to experiment and um in 19 I
+think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was
+1993 or 19 yeah 1993 I was given as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 or 19 yeah 1993 I was given as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 or 19 yeah 1993 I was given as a
+gift um a lot a lot a lot like a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift um a lot a lot a lot like a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gift um a lot a lot a lot like a kind of
+truck full of side illuminated fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck full of side illuminated fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck full of side illuminated fiber
+optics and those are the kind of fiber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and those are the kind of fiber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and those are the kind of fiber
+optics that are fully capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics that are fully capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics that are fully capable of
+projecting sound and video and it was s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting sound and video and it was s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting sound and video and it was s
+you know somebody called me up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody called me up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody called me up from
+California and said I'm getting I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and said I'm getting I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and said I'm getting I'm
+going out of business do you want all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of business do you want all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of business do you want all
+this stuff and and I thought of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and and I thought of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff and and I thought of you
+Julia um when I got this phone call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia um when I got this phone call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia um when I got this phone call and
+I said sure and so on my doorstep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said sure and so on my doorstep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said sure and so on my doorstep
+arrived you know tons and tons and tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived you know tons and tons and tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived you know tons and tons and tons
+of side illuminated fiber optics and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of side illuminated fiber optics and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of side illuminated fiber optics and so
+then the question of was what can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question of was what can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question of was what can I do
+with them and I was had been invited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and I was had been invited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them and I was had been invited to
+into several um big site specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into several um big site specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into several um big site specific
+installations which as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations which as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations which as I mentioned
+earlier at the end of the 80s there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier at the end of the 80s there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier at the end of the 80s there was
+actually quite big budgets for me anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite big budgets for me anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite big budgets for me anyway
+and and many artists to make site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many artists to make site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many artists to make site
+specific works and so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific works and so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific works and so what you're
+looking at is an exploded ceiling that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is an exploded ceiling that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is an exploded ceiling that I
+made out of fiber optics for this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of fiber optics for this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of fiber optics for this place
+in antor called the Muka when Anor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in antor called the Muka when Anor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in antor called the Muka when Anor was
+city of culture and what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of culture and what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city of culture and what happens is that
+the people on the floor are reading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on the floor are reading a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on the floor are reading a
+glossery which is the history of antor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossery which is the history of antor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossery which is the history of antor
+in relationship to Smart materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relationship to Smart materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relationship to Smart materials and
+Magic um antor has a long alchemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magic um antor has a long alchemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magic um antor has a long alchemical
+tradition and while they're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and while they're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and while they're sitting
+there reading they're also occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there reading they're also occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there reading they're also occasionally
+hearing their own voices circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing their own voices circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing their own voices circulating
+back through speakers that are hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through speakers that are hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back through speakers that are hidden
+into in this room and so at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in this room and so at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in this room and so at the time
+1993 this whole this piece was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 this whole this piece was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 this whole this piece was kind of
+mesmerizing in the sense that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerizing in the sense that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesmerizing in the sense that you could
+actually sit on the floor for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sit on the floor for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sit on the floor for those of
+you who haven't been to the Muka it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who haven't been to the Muka it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who haven't been to the Muka it's an
+extremely C building it's made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely C building it's made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely C building it's made out of
+concrete there was no Cafe at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete there was no Cafe at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete there was no Cafe at the time
+Etc so it became you know a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so it became you know a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so it became you know a place where
+people really like to sit you can stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really like to sit you can stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people really like to sit you can stop
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+tape um actually can you turn the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape um actually can you turn the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape um actually can you turn the light
+on because I can't see my own notes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because I can't see my own notes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because I can't see my own notes can
+you put in tape number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight so there's those kinds of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so there's those kinds of pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so there's those kinds of pieces
+and I you know because I had all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know because I had all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know because I had all these
+fiber optics I felt compelled to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics I felt compelled to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics I felt compelled to use
+them and I must have made seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I must have made seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I must have made seven or eight
+of these pieces most of which are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pieces most of which are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these pieces most of which are in
+storage sadly um because the tech on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage sadly um because the tech on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage sadly um because the tech on it
+was just too heavy for most collectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just too heavy for most collectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just too heavy for most collectors
+to to deal with um lately I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with um lately I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with um lately I've been
+making and and now we're kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and and now we're kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making and and now we're kind of more
+into the present I've been trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the present I've been trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the present I've been trying to
+make simpler video pieces that in invoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make simpler video pieces that in invoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make simpler video pieces that in invoke
+spaciality in some way and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaciality in some way and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaciality in some way and this is a
+piece called voice off which is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called voice off which is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called voice off which is probably
+the most popular piece I've made simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular piece I've made simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most popular piece I've made simply
+because it only uses two video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only uses two video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only uses two video
+projectors um many of my other pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors um many of my other pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors um many of my other pieces
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+N9 or 10 or eight or six or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N9 or 10 or eight or six or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N9 or 10 or eight or six or something
+like that and the brief for this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and the brief for this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and the brief for this project
+was to try to make something that showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to try to make something that showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to try to make something that showed
+how the voice might be visualized it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the voice might be visualized it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the voice might be visualized it was
+a show for for initially for a show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a show for for initially for a show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a show for for initially for a show
+called voice off and so I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called voice off and so I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called voice off and so I decided to
+Stage it as two different sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stage it as two different sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stage it as two different sides of the
+same listening condition and on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same listening condition and on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same listening condition and on one side
+you have these characters you can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these characters you can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these characters you can turn
+up the sound a little bit here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the sound a little bit here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the sound a little bit here because
+it'll be clearer you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be clearer you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be clearer you have these
+characters who are in this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters who are in this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters who are in this kind of
+miasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miasmic
+space which is literally a catalog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is literally a catalog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is literally a catalog of
+all the ways that sound affects you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ways that sound affects you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ways that sound affects you when
+you speak and you know when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak and you know when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak and you know when you're
+speaking you're not you're you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you're not you're you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you're not you're you're really
+possessed by the act of speaking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessed by the act of speaking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possessed by the act of speaking or
+singing or you find yourself singing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing or you find yourself singing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing or you find yourself singing a
+song that you've heard from someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song that you've heard from someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song that you've heard from someone else
+or you find yourself hearing fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you find yourself hearing fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you find yourself hearing fragments
+from a movie that you've just seen etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a movie that you've just seen etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a movie that you've just seen etc
+etc so that side represented all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so that side represented all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so that side represented all the way
+The Voice could possess you on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Voice could possess you on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Voice could possess you on the other
+side I decided in order to really stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I decided in order to really stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I decided in order to really stage
+this that I needed to have somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I needed to have somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I needed to have somebody
+listening and being affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and being affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and being affected by
+listening and so on this side I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and so on this side I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and so on this side I had a
+guy who was working in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was working in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was working in his
+office and briefly what happens is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and briefly what happens is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and briefly what happens is he
+kind of is Driven Crazy by all the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of is Driven Crazy by all the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of is Driven Crazy by all the noise
+he hears on the other side of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hears on the other side of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he hears on the other side of the screen
+and so he actually breaks through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he actually breaks through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he actually breaks through the
+wall into the other side of this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall into the other side of this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall into the other side of this room
+but by the the time he gets there of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the the time he gets there of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the the time he gets there of
+course there's nothing there so you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's nothing there so you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's nothing there so you as a
+viewer are left wondering was he crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer are left wondering was he crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer are left wondering was he crazy
+was there really something there what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there really something there what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there really something there what's
+this about and so forth and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about and so forth and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this about and so forth and so on and so
+this piece actually has a secret screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece actually has a secret screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece actually has a secret screen
+that you can pass through as a viewer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pass through as a viewer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pass through as a viewer in
+the screen of the two sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen of the two sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen of the two sides of the
+projection it's like one wall with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection it's like one wall with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection it's like one wall with
+projections on either side you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections on either side you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections on either side you can you
+can stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop the
+tape um can you put in tape number nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape um can you put in tape number nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape um can you put in tape number nine
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again I'm going I'm just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm going I'm just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm going I'm just kind of
+giving you the briefest outline of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the briefest outline of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the briefest outline of of
+some of these but they'll just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these but they'll just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these but they'll just give you
+a better sense for you know what my work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better sense for you know what my work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better sense for you know what my work
+is about and also should mention that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about and also should mention that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about and also should mention that I
+um really do do a lot of book projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really do do a lot of book projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um really do do a lot of book projects
+and and graphic projects often for shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and graphic projects often for shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and graphic projects often for shows
+where there's nobody no budget for video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's nobody no budget for video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's nobody no budget for video
+um oh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh actually
+um I guess I don't want to oh yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I don't want to oh yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess I don't want to oh yeah yeah
+I'll talk about this why not this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about this why not this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about this why not this yeah
+these will be the last two that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will be the last two that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will be the last two that I'll
+talk about I forgot about this piece um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I forgot about this piece um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about I forgot about this piece um
+this is what you're looking at too I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're looking at too I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you're looking at too I
+should uh mention is video documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh mention is video documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh mention is video documentation
+so please don't think what you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please don't think what you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please don't think what you saw
+tonight has anything to do with what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight has anything to do with what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight has anything to do with what the
+work really looks like but um in in 1997
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work really looks like but um in in 1997
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work really looks like but um in in 1997
+I was invited to be part of a border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was invited to be part of a border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was invited to be part of a border
+project called Insight which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project called Insight which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project called Insight which happens
+every few years and this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every few years and this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every few years and this is one of the
+pieces I I did for them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces I I did for them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces I I did for them in
+1997 and it's an interesting project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 and it's an interesting project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1997 and it's an interesting project
+because it's right on the border between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right on the border between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's right on the border between
+Tijana and San Diego and you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tijana and San Diego and you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tijana and San Diego and you can see in
+the landscape the differences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landscape the differences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the landscape the differences that are
+rought by infrastructure questions San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rought by infrastructure questions San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rought by infrastructure questions San
+Diego has all the water uana has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego has all the water uana has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego has all the water uana has no
+water the US is on one side San Diego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the US is on one side San Diego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the US is on one side San Diego
+looks like every other Southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like every other Southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like every other Southern
+California town it's very generic Tijana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California town it's very generic Tijana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California town it's very generic Tijana
+looks like Mexico and so what I did is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like Mexico and so what I did is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like Mexico and so what I did is I
+made a giant sign that was t-shaped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a giant sign that was t-shaped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a giant sign that was t-shaped and
+I projected different images and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I projected different images and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I projected different images and this
+this is um one of the long horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um one of the long horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um one of the long horizontal
+sides of the image and I tried to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the image and I tried to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the image and I tried to use
+the notion of water and this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of water and this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of water and this notion of
+the water how it's used in a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water how it's used in a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water how it's used in a kind of
+postcard graphic way to affect um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcard graphic way to affect um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postcard graphic way to affect um what's
+actually projected can you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually projected can you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually projected can you can you
+actually fast forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fast forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fast forward in
+this I'll just talk through the screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll just talk through the screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll just talk through the screens
+a little bit um then I also used a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um then I also used a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um then I also used a water
+wipe um in oh play that sorry um I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe um in oh play that sorry um I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wipe um in oh play that sorry um I also
+used a water wipe and in this section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a water wipe and in this section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a water wipe and in this section
+which was a little imagine a capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a little imagine a capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a little imagine a capital T
+and then imagine laying the te on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then imagine laying the te on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then imagine laying the te on its
+side and that's in fact um how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and that's in fact um how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and that's in fact um how this
+functioned as a as a piece of sculpture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned as a as a piece of sculpture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioned as a as a piece of sculpture
+it's about 15 feet by 15 feet on a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 15 feet by 15 feet on a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 15 feet by 15 feet on a side
+and it's 10 feet tall and usually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 10 feet tall and usually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 10 feet tall and usually I
+suspend it so it's floating in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend it so it's floating in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend it so it's floating in the space
+obviously I like it when it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I like it when it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I like it when it can be
+really really big um this is this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really big um this is this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really big um this is this the
+side where the Tijana side and the San
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side where the Tijana side and the San
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side where the Tijana side and the San
+Diego side cross and what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego side cross and what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diego side cross and what I was
+interested in this piece was setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this piece was setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this piece was setting up
+these anical relationships between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anical relationships between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anical relationships between the
+use of the land in Tijana and the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the land in Tijana and the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the land in Tijana and the use of
+the land in San Diego and this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land in San Diego and this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land in San Diego and this happens
+to be the madora area of Tiana which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the madora area of Tiana which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the madora area of Tiana which is
+where large manufacturing plants have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where large manufacturing plants have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where large manufacturing plants have
+have erected their structures however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have erected their structures however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have erected their structures however
+they don't care anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't care anything about
+Landscaping it's just about working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscaping it's just about working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Landscaping it's just about working and
+getting the work out and so within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the work out and so within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the work out and so within that
+landscape or some very haunting pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape or some very haunting pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape or some very haunting pictures
+and so I tried to show how they Collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I tried to show how they Collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I tried to show how they Collide
+and actually when I was filming there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually when I was filming there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually when I was filming there
+was a big fire there so I happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big fire there so I happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big fire there so I happened to
+catch the you know the money shot which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the you know the money shot which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the you know the money shot which
+I was happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was happy to
+do and can you fast forward to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and can you fast forward to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and can you fast forward to the the
+next one and then the next side are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one and then the next side are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one and then the next side are the
+sides that represent Tijana and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that represent Tijana and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that represent Tijana and I was
+very particular about not taking up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular about not taking up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very particular about not taking up a
+point of view in other words I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view in other words I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view in other words I wasn't
+trying to say San Diego is bad and Tiana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say San Diego is bad and Tiana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say San Diego is bad and Tiana
+is good good or or vice versa I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good good or or vice versa I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good good or or vice versa I really
+wanted people to really look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted people to really look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted people to really look at the
+landscape and make their their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and make their their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape and make their their own
+opinion or form their own opinion and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion or form their own opinion and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion or form their own opinion and I
+try to do that as much as possible um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that as much as possible um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that as much as possible um in
+the pieces so this shows a crosswalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces so this shows a crosswalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces so this shows a crosswalk
+which is a certain kind of crosswalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a certain kind of crosswalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a certain kind of crosswalk
+that was invented in TJ and I decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was invented in TJ and I decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was invented in TJ and I decided to
+use dust wipes in order to take people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dust wipes in order to take people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use dust wipes in order to take people
+through the landscape and can you fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the landscape and can you fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the landscape and can you fast
+forward to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and then this is the the Baja Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this is the the Baja Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then this is the the Baja Coast
+which is an incredible Coast which where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an incredible Coast which where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an incredible Coast which where
+we all should have um vacation homes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all should have um vacation homes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all should have um vacation homes or
+trailers although they don't allow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers although they don't allow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailers although they don't allow that
+anymore but this coast of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but this coast of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but this coast of course is
+being massively developed now and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being massively developed now and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being massively developed now and so I
+just um used a kind of Paintbrush effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um used a kind of Paintbrush effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um used a kind of Paintbrush effect
+to really um look at what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really um look at what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really um look at what's being
+projected for that landscape but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected for that landscape but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected for that landscape but it's
+exactly the same coast of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same coast of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same coast of course that
+fronts San Diego and yet on the Baja
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronts San Diego and yet on the Baja
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fronts San Diego and yet on the Baja
+side it's um you know unspoiled and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's um you know unspoiled and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's um you know unspoiled and not
+developed etc etc but s L not for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed etc etc but s L not for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed etc etc but s L not for long
+okay can you fast forward to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and
+then this is a project is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a project is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is a project is a this is a
+three 360 degree projection and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 360 degree projection and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 360 degree projection and this is
+hard to talk about and I don't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to talk about and I don't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to talk about and I don't have very
+good slides but I just um thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good slides but I just um thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good slides but I just um thought I
+would show it because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show it because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show it because it's so
+technologically complex and after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically complex and after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically complex and after all
+I'm at MIT so this is my my chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at MIT so this is my my chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at MIT so this is my my chance to
+talk about it if I you know if I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it if I you know if I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it if I you know if I can't
+talk about it here where can I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it here where can I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it here where can I talk
+about it and what it is it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and what it is it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and what it is it's it's a
+composite of four different stories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite of four different stories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite of four different stories that
+take place in that narrative um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place in that narrative um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place in that narrative um in the
+in the band which is the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the band which is the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the band which is the narrative
+center of the piece and the naked girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the piece and the naked girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the piece and the naked girl
+is projected and stretched in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is projected and stretched in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is projected and stretched in a in
+something that I called a leaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I called a leaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I called a leaning
+theater about 360 Degrees around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater about 360 Degrees around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater about 360 Degrees around you
+it's a it's an oval that's 7et by 10t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an oval that's 7et by 10t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an oval that's 7et by 10t
+and that's what it looks like in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what it looks like in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what it looks like in a very
+bad video um rendition where somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad video um rendition where somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad video um rendition where somebody's
+standing in the middle of the theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in the middle of the theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in the middle of the theater
+and you stand in the center and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stand in the center and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stand in the center and you
+actually can drive through the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can drive through the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can drive through the last five
+minutes in the lives of four characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in the lives of four characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in the lives of four characters
+who are dying and the characters are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are dying and the characters are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are dying and the characters are in
+various states of human machine robotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states of human machine robotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various states of human machine robotic
+Etc so that um that's kind of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so that um that's kind of what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so that um that's kind of what that
+piece is about um can you stop the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is about um can you stop the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece is about um can you stop the tape
+and should we try to show this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should we try to show this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and should we try to show this one I
+guess I is this is this hooked up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I is this is this hooked up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I is this is this hooked up and
+the last one I'm going to show you is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one I'm going to show you is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one I'm going to show you is a
+is a piece that I did actually here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece that I did actually here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece that I did actually here in
+Boston for the a right as they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston for the a right as they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston for the a right as they were
+fundraising for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundraising for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundraising for their
+um their new building that Diller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their new building that Diller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their new building that Diller and
+scaffido are designing and it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffido are designing and it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffido are designing and it's it's a
+piece called the museum you want and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called the museum you want and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece called the museum you want and it
+asks you to play a 20 second a 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you to play a 20 second a 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you to play a 20 second a 20
+Questions game where I collect data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions game where I collect data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions game where I collect data from
+you about the kind of digital or online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the kind of digital or online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the kind of digital or online
+Museum that you might find interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum that you might find interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Museum that you might find interesting
+and I think I made this piece in 19 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I made this piece in 19 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I made this piece in 19 no
+in 2002 or 2003 I can't remember but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 or 2003 I can't remember but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 or 2003 I can't remember but um
+it's been in quite a lot of uh festivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in quite a lot of uh festivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been in quite a lot of uh festivals
+and so I have a very big database about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have a very big database about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I have a very big database about
+what people want is it not showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people want is it not showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people want is it not showing
+up no oh well anyway you can visit it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no oh well anyway you can visit it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up no oh well anyway you can visit it if
+you just Google the museum you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just Google the museum you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just Google the museum you want
+it'll come up and um I was going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come up and um I was going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come up and um I was going to show
+it but I guess it's not going to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I guess it's not going to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I guess it's not going to it
+doesn't show up at all cuz it's on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up at all cuz it's on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up at all cuz it's on my
+computer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer but
+um anyway it's a it's um it's designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it's a it's um it's designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it's a it's um it's designed
+by the same person who actually does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same person who actually does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same person who actually does the
+22nd question I mean the the 20 question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22nd question I mean the the 20 question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22nd question I mean the the 20 question
+game I don't know if anybody's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I don't know if anybody's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game I don't know if anybody's ever
+played that but um he's a uh his name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played that but um he's a uh his name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played that but um he's a uh his name is
+Robin burer and he's a Canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robin burer and he's a Canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robin burer and he's a Canadian
+programmer that I've been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer that I've been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer that I've been working with
+for a long time and we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and we also have a
+children's game which is the 22nd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's game which is the 22nd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's game which is the 22nd
+children's game TW I mean 20 question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's game TW I mean 20 question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's game TW I mean 20 question
+children's game which um is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's game which um is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's game which um is a little
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+um device you can buy that lights up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um device you can buy that lights up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um device you can buy that lights up
+kind of like the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the old
+um uh what was that old ball that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what was that old ball that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh what was that old ball that
+you that you you you shake in and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you you you shake in and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you you you shake in and you
+asking a question and it it's yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a question and it it's yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a question and it it's yeah yeah
+it was like it was it's based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like it was it's based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like it was it's based on that
+anyway so that's the end everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so that's the end everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so that's the end everybody
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stretch thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments J seems like there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments J seems like there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments J seems like there's a certain
+debate going on uh now around MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate going on uh now around MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate going on uh now around MIT and
+elsewhere about the prescriptive nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere about the prescriptive nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere about the prescriptive nature
+of some digital tools uh so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some digital tools uh so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some digital tools uh so that the
+software that we use often will permit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that we use often will permit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that we use often will permit
+certain things and not perm other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things and not perm other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things and not perm other
+and as one who's who's over number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as one who's who's over number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as one who's who's over number of
+years has been sort of at the Forefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years has been sort of at the Forefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years has been sort of at the Forefront
+of using technology to toward greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using technology to toward greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using technology to toward greater
+expression I wonder if you do have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I wonder if you do have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression I wonder if you do have an
+opinion about about that aspect of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion about about that aspect of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion about about that aspect of of
+Technology yeah I mean I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology yeah I mean I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology yeah I mean I think that
+debate circulates a lot I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate circulates a lot I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate circulates a lot I mean I
+remember it in in um the early 90s when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it in in um the early 90s when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it in in um the early 90s when
+Photoshop became the when people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop became the when people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photoshop became the when people were
+saying oh Photoshop is the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh Photoshop is the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh Photoshop is the greatest
+artist you know and that was do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist you know and that was do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist you know and that was do you
+remember that uh you know and you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that uh you know and you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that uh you know and you'd be
+on a panel and someone would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a panel and someone would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a panel and someone would actually
+say what do you think about the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what do you think about the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what do you think about the notion
+that photoshop is the greatest AR I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that photoshop is the greatest AR I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that photoshop is the greatest AR I mean
+I think that the answer to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the answer to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that the answer to that is
+programming programming programming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming programming programming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming programming programming and
+in the in the early 90s there were a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the early 90s there were a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the early 90s there were a lot
+of artist programmers who like uh David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rockabye you know I think I think the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockabye you know I think I think the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockabye you know I think I think the us
+right now in terms of the Art Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of the Art Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now in terms of the Art Market
+it's just so incredibly corporate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so incredibly corporate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just so incredibly corporate and
+there's not enough debate in the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough debate in the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not enough debate in the art
+World anyway about these issues I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World anyway about these issues I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World anyway about these issues I don't
+know how it is in the in architecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it is in the in architecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it is in the in architecture I
+mean I don't know whether people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't know whether people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't know whether people are
+talking about you know what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know what would happen
+if you were actually writing programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were actually writing programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were actually writing programming
+languages that would allow you to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that would allow you to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that would allow you to do the
+things that you need to do because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to do because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to do because for
+almost all of my work when I take it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of my work when I take it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of my work when I take it to
+the next level when you want to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level when you want to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level when you want to get as
+they love to say in advertising out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love to say in advertising out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they love to say in advertising out of
+the box you have to write program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box you have to write program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box you have to write program in
+order to get out of the box I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get out of the box I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get out of the box I mean it's
+not something that happens magically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that happens magically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something that happens magically you
+know on the highend of video I work a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the highend of video I work a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on the highend of video I work a
+lot in um with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in um with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot in um with a
+discrete um logic products like Inferno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete um logic products like Inferno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete um logic products like Inferno
+Etc and that you know they come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and that you know they come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and that you know they come with
+plugins that you pay for but to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins that you pay for but to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins that you pay for but to make
+them do things that you haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do things that you haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do things that you haven't seen
+2,000 times then you have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 times then you have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 times then you have to change the
+code because that's how you that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because that's how you that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code because that's how you that's you
+know how it's written getting hold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's written getting hold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how it's written getting hold of
+that code because it's so propriety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code because it's so propriety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code because it's so propriety
+proprietorial and you know getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietorial and you know getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietorial and you know getting
+access to it is very difficult um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to it is very difficult um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to it is very difficult um but I
+I I still think that's the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I still think that's the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I still think that's the answer and
+you know a place like MIT has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a place like MIT has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a place like MIT has the
+opportunity to actually train people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to actually train people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to actually train people
+certainly in the Computing skills and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the Computing skills and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the Computing skills and
+you know hopefully in the graphic end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hopefully in the graphic end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hopefully in the graphic end of
+things to actually be able to do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to actually be able to do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to actually be able to do this so
+I mean it should be I think it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it should be I think it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it should be I think it should be
+happening at schools like MIT at R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at schools like MIT at R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at schools like MIT at R and
+and or rental a or whatever it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or rental a or whatever it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or rental a or whatever it's called
+you know even at UCLA in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even at UCLA in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even at UCLA in the
+architecture school I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture school I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture school I should be
+happening I don't know if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I don't know if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I don't know if it is
+but so but keep asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so but keep asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so but keep asking the
+question yeah I then again in that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah I then again in that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah I then again in that same
+vein once you do that and you you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein once you do that and you you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vein once you do that and you you put in
+the the effort and the thought and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the effort and the thought and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the effort and the thought and and
+code something new it immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code something new it immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code something new it immediately
+becomes Common Place thereafter mhm well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Common Place thereafter mhm well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Common Place thereafter mhm well
+that's that's true of all graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's true of all graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's true of all graphic
+Solutions though I mean that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions though I mean that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions though I mean that's why you
+know for artists I mean I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for artists I mean I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for artists I mean I think you know
+they're only like working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only like working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only like working with
+projectors and with video they're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors and with video they're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors and with video they're only
+so you know you can you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you can you know you can
+make you could make a list of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you could make a list of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you could make a list of all the
+ways you can use the projector and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can use the projector and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can use the projector and what
+you can project on etc etc and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can project on etc etc and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can project on etc etc and it's
+going to be used up like that just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used up like that just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be used up like that just like
+with certain tropes and advertising you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain tropes and advertising you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain tropes and advertising you
+know nobody uses morphs anymore you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody uses morphs anymore you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nobody uses morphs anymore you know
+you know if you see a morph it's like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you see a morph it's like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you see a morph it's like oh
+that's really tacky and you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really tacky and you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really tacky and you know even
+the um you know the um the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you know the um the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you know the um the camera
+arrays have also become a cliche where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays have also become a cliche where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays have also become a cliche where
+people are you know I when I'm ever at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are you know I when I'm ever at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are you know I when I'm ever at
+client meetings and sitting in on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client meetings and sitting in on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client meetings and sitting in on with
+somebody who's going to do a high-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's going to do a high-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's going to do a high-end
+commercial and somebody says oh let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial and somebody says oh let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial and somebody says oh let's do
+one of those you know Matrix shots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those you know Matrix shots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those you know Matrix shots and
+then you hear people groan so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you hear people groan so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you hear people groan so I think
+you know even on the highend things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even on the highend things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even on the highend things get
+used up I think as artists you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up I think as artists you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up I think as artists you have to
+be you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you have to
+think differently about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differently about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think differently about some of these
+issues and and really try to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and and really try to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and and really try to make them
+have meaning which doesn't happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaning which doesn't happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have meaning which doesn't happen in the
+in the corporate world because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corporate world because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corporate world because you're
+never going to be able to be ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be able to be ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be able to be ahead of
+the curve and I can remember in 1981
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and I can remember in 1981
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and I can remember in 1981
+which is when that first video I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when that first video I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is when that first video I showed
+you came out casual Shopper at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came out casual Shopper at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came out casual Shopper at that time
+computer Graphics really weren't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Graphics really weren't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Graphics really weren't used
+very much in the art World computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in the art World computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in the art World computer
+editing had just come into being around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing had just come into being around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing had just come into being around
+1978 79 and so artists really didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 79 and so artists really didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1978 79 and so artists really didn't
+have access to the means of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the means of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the means of technology
+so that little U video cost me and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that little U video cost me and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that little U video cost me and I was
+a student so it cost me my car and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student so it cost me my car and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student so it cost me my car and you
+know a lot of money but it was like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of money but it was like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of money but it was like you
+know $6,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know $6,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know $6,000
+total was what I spent by 1982 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total was what I spent by 1982 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total was what I spent by 1982 which is
+only like a year and a half later I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like a year and a half later I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only like a year and a half later I was
+hearing about artist video projects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing about artist video projects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing about artist video projects that
+had budgets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had budgets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had budgets of
+$100,000 and I just thought that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and I just thought that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and I just thought that was
+completely crazy so because of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely crazy so because of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely crazy so because of the whole
+computer graphic world had entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer graphic world had entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer graphic world had entered
+digital video had entered and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital video had entered and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital video had entered and people
+were beginning to want access to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were beginning to want access to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were beginning to want access to these
+tools and unfortunately even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and unfortunately even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and unfortunately even if
+facilities were willing to give you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities were willing to give you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities were willing to give you and
+you know a um a nighttime rate it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a um a nighttime rate it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a um a nighttime rate it still
+costs a lot of money so at that time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs a lot of money so at that time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs a lot of money so at that time you
+began to see artists thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to see artists thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to see artists thinking
+differently about this but also artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about this but also artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently about this but also artists
+were realizing that this notion of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were realizing that this notion of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were realizing that this notion of being
+in the Forefront or the in quote Avant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Forefront or the in quote Avant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Forefront or the in quote Avant
+guard is something that's very debatable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is something that's very debatable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard is something that's very debatable
+in terms of those old questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of those old questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of those old questions about
+the Avant guard in terms of the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Avant guard in terms of the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Avant guard in terms of the images
+that actually affect people's lives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually affect people's lives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually affect people's lives and
+you know I would say that for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would say that for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I would say that for the most
+part artists do make images that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part artists do make images that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part artists do make images that affect
+people's lives but so do people working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives but so do people working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives but so do people working
+in advertising you know perhaps on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advertising you know perhaps on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in advertising you know perhaps on a
+broader level but it's definitely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader level but it's definitely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader level but it's definitely a
+question that that comes up all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that that comes up all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that that comes up all the time
+yeah to build on that last comment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to build on that last comment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah to build on that last comment about
+um being involved in helping well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being involved in helping well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being involved in helping well I'm
+actually I'm tilting you toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm tilting you toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm tilting you toward the
+helping part about your imagination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping part about your imagination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping part about your imagination and
+your um creativity and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um creativity and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um creativity and building
+environments have you thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments have you thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments have you thought of
+doing places spaces uh of in help in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing places spaces uh of in help in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing places spaces uh of in help in
+healing environments like hospitals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healing environments like hospitals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healing environments like hospitals or
+rehabs where there's many hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabs where there's many hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabs where there's many hundreds of
+hours that you have to physically go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours that you have to physically go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours that you have to physically go
+through pain and if you can be in a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pain and if you can be in a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through pain and if you can be in a fun
+and creative environment then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creative environment then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and creative environment then you know
+you are immersed in that so to speak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are immersed in that so to speak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are immersed in that so to speak and
+um and have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and have you
+thought well nobody's ever invited me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well nobody's ever invited me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well nobody's ever invited me to
+do that so I have to say no but I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so I have to say no but I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so I have to say no but I'd be
+very interested if you have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested if you have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interested if you have such a
+project because I think that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because I think that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project because I think that would be a
+good you know public project to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know public project to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know public project to try to
+do I'm but I also would have to say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm but I also would have to say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm but I also would have to say at
+the same time that somebody's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that somebody's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time that somebody's one
+person's idea of a comforting space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's idea of a comforting space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's idea of a comforting space is
+probably another person's idea of hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably another person's idea of hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably another person's idea of hell
+so you know I think it would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I think it would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I think it would have to be
+PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PR
+programmable to to have the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable to to have the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmable to to have the environment
+change then you can have a menu or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change then you can have a menu or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change then you can have a menu or
+palette yeah yeah I mean in when when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette yeah yeah I mean in when when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palette yeah yeah I mean in when when I
+was doing more um sort of crossover I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing more um sort of crossover I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing more um sort of crossover I
+guess I would call it commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I would call it commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I would call it commercial
+commercial artistic design and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial artistic design and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial artistic design and again
+this was the'80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the'80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the'80s
+in in New York City I did do a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in New York City I did do a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in New York City I did do a couple of
+restaurants that had environments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants that had environments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants that had environments that
+would change but they never really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change but they never really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would change but they never really had
+the money to keep them up and running so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to keep them up and running so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money to keep them up and running so
+they would they'd have like a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they'd have like a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they'd have like a three
+Monon shelf life and then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monon shelf life and then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monon shelf life and then something
+would break and then you know they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break and then you know they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would break and then you know they might
+go out of business or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of business or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out of business or something like
+that but you know I think there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know I think there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you know I think there's a lot
+of possibilities for those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environments just one more question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments just one more question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments just one more question
+maybe an open-ended one about just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an open-ended one about just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe an open-ended one about just your
+your general listening to you said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your general listening to you said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your general listening to you said you
+recorded some of the comments in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded some of the comments in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded some of the comments in one
+installation in particular you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation in particular you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installation in particular you just you
+mentioned and then you fed back so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned and then you fed back so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned and then you fed back so that
+people would hear their own voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would hear their own voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would hear their own voice and
+comments and you have I'm sure heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and you have I'm sure heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments and you have I'm sure heard
+overheard but have you also recorded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard but have you also recorded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheard but have you also recorded or
+can you share some of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you share some of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you share some of the um
+threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional
+experiential com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential com
+comments well actually you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments well actually you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments well actually you know a lot of
+times I don't have you know have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I don't have you know have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I don't have you know have that
+luxury I mean you know I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury I mean you know I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury I mean you know I think people
+like to Delight in in the space in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to Delight in in the space in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to Delight in in the space in a
+spatial experience and even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial experience and even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial experience and even though you
+know it's a funny thing because we're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a funny thing because we're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a funny thing because we're so
+um I guess inundated with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess inundated with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess inundated with all these
+different kinds of spaces that we we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of spaces that we we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of spaces that we we I
+guess we're overstimulated all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we're overstimulated all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we're overstimulated all the time
+so if you can again this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can again this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can again this is something
+that the art world does that say going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the art world does that say going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the art world does that say going
+to the mall which is equally stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mall which is equally stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mall which is equally stimulating
+doesn't do very well because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do very well because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do very well because it's not
+trying to do that but you know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that but you know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do that but you know I think
+the the difference is one of intent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference is one of intent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference is one of intent and
+so when people go into an art experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people go into an art experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when people go into an art experience
+they're usually in a more contemplative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually in a more contemplative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually in a more contemplative
+mood so they're more willing to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood so they're more willing to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood so they're more willing to give
+themselves over whereas when you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves over whereas when you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves over whereas when you go into
+blooming Dales at Christmas time and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blooming Dales at Christmas time and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blooming Dales at Christmas time and you
+can't find the exit you're really pissed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find the exit you're really pissed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find the exit you're really pissed
+off even though that space has been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off even though that space has been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off even though that space has been very
+carefully orchestrated to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully orchestrated to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully orchestrated to exactly
+produce that effect of not being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that effect of not being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce that effect of not being able to
+get out of the store and so you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the store and so you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the store and so you know I
+think it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's one of
+intent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent but
+Judah thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/In0E5_JrPpo.txt b/In0E5_JrPpo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b6e03d15404cfb827cd528708cb879ec90738f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/In0E5_JrPpo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so happy to see you again welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so happy to see you again welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so happy to see you again welcome
+back to a oh sorry so today as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a oh sorry so today as you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a oh sorry so today as you see
+on the slides are going to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides are going to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the slides are going to continue the
+discussion of dispersive median how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of dispersive median how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of dispersive median how the
+waves and vibrations should be sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and vibrations should be sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and vibrations should be sent
+through this median and and also we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this median and and also we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this median and and also we were
+learned about uncertainty principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about uncertainty principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about uncertainty principle
+actually today kind of interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually today kind of interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually today kind of interesting that
+actually less connected to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less connected to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually less connected to what we
+discussed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed here
+and finally if we have time we'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if we have time we'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally if we have time we'll move
+to two dimensional system and the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two dimensional system and the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two dimensional system and the three
+dimensional system to look at tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional system to look at tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional system to look at tube
+animation of weapons three dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation of weapons three dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation of weapons three dimensional
+waves okay so that's the plan for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay so that's the plan for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay so that's the plan for today
+so there's a quick review about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a quick review about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a quick review about what we
+have learned so far so so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned so far so so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned so far so so last time we
+discuss about shaking one end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss about shaking one end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss about shaking one end of this
+dispersive medium could use actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium could use actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium could use actually a
+string with stiffness and the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with stiffness and the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string with stiffness and the basically
+you will see that the strategy what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that the strategy what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see that the strategy what we
+have been following is to do Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been following is to do Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been following is to do Fourier
+transform to actually decompose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to actually decompose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform to actually decompose the
+motion of the hand which is holding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the hand which is holding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the hand which is holding the
+one edge of one end of the of the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge of one end of the of the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge of one end of the of the string
+and then decompose that into wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then decompose that into wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then decompose that into wave
+population in frequency space okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in frequency space okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in frequency space okay so
+that's actually what we have been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what we have been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what we have been doing
+and then we know based on the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know based on the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we know based on the property
+of this median the dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this median the dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this median the dispersion relation
+which is Omega as a function of K we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Omega as a function of K we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Omega as a function of K we can
+propagate okay we can propagate waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate okay we can propagate waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate okay we can propagate waves
+with different frequency at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different frequency at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different frequency at different
+speed then we can actually see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed then we can actually see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed then we can actually see how this
+system will evolved as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will evolved as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will evolved as a function of
+time okay so that's actually the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's actually the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's actually the whole
+idea and the strategy we approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and the strategy we approach this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and the strategy we approach this
+this interesting problem so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting problem so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting problem so last time we
+also introduced n radio I so the streak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also introduced n radio I so the streak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also introduced n radio I so the streak
+so as you were sweet discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you were sweet discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you were sweet discussed before
+if we have a very simple-minded strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a very simple-minded strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a very simple-minded strategy
+to send the pulse which is content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the pulse which is content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the pulse which is content
+information directly through this median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information directly through this median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information directly through this median
+due to the dispersion relation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the dispersion relation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the dispersion relation which we
+have this median different a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this median different a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this median different a component
+would be traveling at different speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be traveling at different speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be traveling at different speed
+therefore the information is smeared out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the information is smeared out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the information is smeared out
+after it travels through a long distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it travels through a long distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it travels through a long distance
+okay so that's a problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a problem and the
+solution was to use this approach which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was to use this approach which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution was to use this approach which
+is a amplitude which is a mp2 modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a amplitude which is a mp2 modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a amplitude which is a mp2 modulation
+master so basically and Alice I see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master so basically and Alice I see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master so basically and Alice I see how
+AM radio issue works so basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM radio issue works so basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM radio issue works so basically we
+have a slowly oscillating as message or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slowly oscillating as message or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a slowly oscillating as message or
+signal like music or voice which we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal like music or voice which we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal like music or voice which we want
+to send and we actually multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send and we actually multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send and we actually multiply that by
+a really fast the oscillating cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really fast the oscillating cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really fast the oscillating cosine
+turn okay if we do this we assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn okay if we do this we assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn okay if we do this we assuming that
+Omega 0 is actually much much higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 is actually much much higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 is actually much much higher or
+larger than the typical scale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the typical scale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the typical scale of the
+u're signal which is omega s then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u're signal which is omega s then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u're signal which is omega s then what
+is going to happen is the powering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is the powering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is the powering so
+after all the calculation we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the calculation we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the calculation we have done
+last time we found that the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we found that the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we found that the resulting
+wave which is such as the amplitude as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which is such as the amplitude as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave which is such as the amplitude as a
+function of time and space side okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and space side okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and space side okay you
+can see that this can factorize into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this can factorize into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this can factorize into two
+components the first component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the first component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the first component is
+actually the original signal you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the original signal you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the original signal you are
+trying to send this is she traveling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to send this is she traveling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to send this is she traveling at
+the speed of group velocity and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of group velocity and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of group velocity and finally
+the right-hand side the second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side the second component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side the second component
+is actually the contribution or were say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the contribution or were say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the contribution or were say
+the the really small structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the really small structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the really small structure of this
+high frequency oscillation we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency oscillation we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency oscillation we call it
+carrier and the carrier is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and the carrier is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and the carrier is still
+traveling at the speed of phase velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the speed of phase velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the speed of phase velocity
+okay so that's actually how we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually how we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually how we actually
+finally understand what is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally understand what is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally understand what is actually the
+meaning of group velocity and the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of group velocity and the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of group velocity and the phase
+velocity through this example okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity through this example okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity through this example okay so
+what I'm going to do today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do today is to
+guide you through another example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you through another example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you through another example okay
+which racially we can learn some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which racially we can learn some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which racially we can learn some more
+insight from this calculation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight from this calculation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight from this calculation okay so
+today we are going to have another test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to have another test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to have another test
+of function which we actually can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function which we actually can't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function which we actually can't we
+can do for the air transports really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for the air transports really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for the air transports really
+easily and this function and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and this function and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and this function and trying to
+introduce here is I have this functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce here is I have this functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce here is I have this functional
+phone exponential minus gamma times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone exponential minus gamma times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone exponential minus gamma times
+absolute value of T okay the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of T okay the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of T okay the reason why
+I choose absolute value of T is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose absolute value of T is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose absolute value of T is because
+I would like to make it symmetric okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to make it symmetric okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to make it symmetric okay
+around zero okay so this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero okay so this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero okay so this equation
+actually I can now do the usual for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can now do the usual for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I can now do the usual for the
+air transport and to extract the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air transport and to extract the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air transport and to extract the weight
+population those function of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population those function of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population those function of angular
+frequency C Omega C as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency C Omega C as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency C Omega C as a function of
+Omega and according to the formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and according to the formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and according to the formula here
+which we introduced last time we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we introduced last time we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we introduced last time we can
+actually quickly write it down like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quickly write it down like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quickly write it down like this
+so basically you get 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you get 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you get 1 over 2 pi
+integration from minus 2 e infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration from minus 2 e infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration from minus 2 e infinity to
+infinity integrating over time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity integrating over time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity integrating over time this is
+the original function f of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original function f of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original function f of T and
+multiply that by exponential I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by exponential I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by exponential I Omega T
+and that's the way we extract a C Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the way we extract a C Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the way we extract a C Omega
+okay and since we have this absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and since we have this absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and since we have this absolute
+value here okay basically the trick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here okay basically the trick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here okay basically the trick is
+to actually change that interval you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually change that interval you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually change that interval you
+know spread the impure ball into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spread the impure ball into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know spread the impure ball into two
+pieces right so why is actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right so why is actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces right so why is actually in the
+negative T part therefore you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative T part therefore you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative T part therefore you get the
+exponential plus gamma T here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential plus gamma T here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential plus gamma T here and the
+other part is as you from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part is as you from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part is as you from zero to
+infinity then the absolute value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then the absolute value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity then the absolute value to
+learn actually change sign you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn actually change sign you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn actually change sign you have the
+original exponential minus gamma times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original exponential minus gamma times T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original exponential minus gamma times T
+okay then you can actually go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you can actually go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you can actually go ahead and
+do this in equation then basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in equation then basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in equation then basically you
+get the two turns and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the two turns and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the two turns and you get a
+functional form which is C Omega equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form which is C Omega equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form which is C Omega equal
+to gamma over PI times gamma square plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma over PI times gamma square plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gamma over PI times gamma square plus
+Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square
+from this simple exercise they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this simple exercise they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this simple exercise they are
+interesting seeing which we can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting seeing which we can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting seeing which we can learn
+about here okay so if I go ahead okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here okay so if I go ahead okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here okay so if I go ahead okay
+and draw f of T as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw f of T as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and draw f of T as a function of time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and this is actually what you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually what you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually what you you were
+get okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay
+suppose I have set gamma to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have set gamma to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have set gamma to be equal to
+0.1 okay and I would like to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 okay and I would like to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 okay and I would like to visualize
+this function and that's actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and that's actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and that's actually what
+with this year you can see that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this year you can see that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this year you can see that from the
+right hand front on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand front on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand front on the left hand side
+figure is actually F of T as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is actually F of T as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is actually F of T as a function
+of time and you can see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and you can see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and you can see that this is
+actually like explanation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like explanation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like explanation the
+exponential decay but symmetric like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay but symmetric like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay but symmetric like
+Miro at T equal to zero right and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miro at T equal to zero right and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miro at T equal to zero right and with
+the small gamma value I choose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small gamma value I choose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small gamma value I choose that
+means this exponential decay will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this exponential decay will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this exponential decay will be
+really slow right therefore you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow right therefore you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow right therefore you have
+pretty wide distribution in in a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wide distribution in in a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty wide distribution in in a as a
+function of time okay however if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time okay however if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time okay however if you
+look at the right hand side what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the right hand side what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the right hand side what is
+actually in the right hand side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the right hand side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in the right hand side right
+hand side is C Omega okay C as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is C Omega okay C as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is C Omega okay C as a
+functional mega is the population in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mega is the population in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional mega is the population in
+frequency space and you can see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space and you can see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space and you can see that if
+i plug in gamma equal to 0.1 into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i plug in gamma equal to 0.1 into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i plug in gamma equal to 0.1 into that
+equation then you get a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then you get a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then you get a distribution
+which is actually pretty narrow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually pretty narrow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually pretty narrow okay
+around zero okay so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero okay so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero okay so that's actually
+quite interesting and now if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting and now if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite interesting and now if I change
+your gamma I increase the gamma slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma I increase the gamma slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gamma I increase the gamma slowly
+so changes to 0.2 then you see that huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so changes to 0.2 then you see that huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so changes to 0.2 then you see that huh
+as we expect the F function within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we expect the F function within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we expect the F function within the
+coordinate space become narrower but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space become narrower but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space become narrower but on
+the other hand you pay the price that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you pay the price that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you pay the price that
+the way population in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way population in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way population in the frequency
+space become wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space become wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space become wider
+okay the distribution becomes white I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the distribution becomes white I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the distribution becomes white I
+can increase and increase nice gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase and increase nice gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can increase and increase nice gamma
+equal to point five gamma equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to point five gamma equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to point five gamma equal to one
+and now I have a rather large gamma now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have a rather large gamma now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have a rather large gamma now
+it says 2.0 and you can see that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says 2.0 and you can see that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says 2.0 and you can see that as a
+function of gamma now if I set a comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of gamma now if I set a comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of gamma now if I set a comma
+to be five okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be five okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be five okay
+okay and you can see that the wave were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that the wave were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that the wave were
+say that we of the that the wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we of the that the wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we of the that the wave in the
+coordinate space becomes really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space becomes really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space becomes really small
+but if you look at the corresponding C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the corresponding C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the corresponding C
+value C function you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value C function you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value C function you can see that the
+the which becomes really large okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which becomes really large okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which becomes really large okay it
+seems to be telling us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be telling us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be telling us something
+interesting so it seems to me that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so it seems to me that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so it seems to me that I
+could not choose a gamma value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not choose a gamma value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not choose a gamma value which
+simultaneously make waves in coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously make waves in coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously make waves in coordinate
+space narrow and those away population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space narrow and those away population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space narrow and those away population
+in the frequency space narrow at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency space narrow at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency space narrow at the
+same time okay I cannot actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time okay I cannot actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time okay I cannot actually do that
+based on this simple mighty exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this simple mighty exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this simple mighty exercise
+okay and what you are going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you are going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what you are going to do in
+your pset is to go through another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pset is to go through another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pset is to go through another
+promote relation which is a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote relation which is a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote relation which is a Gaussian
+distribution and the basically you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the basically you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and the basically you will
+see very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very similar
+hopefully it's very similar conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's very similar conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it's very similar conclusion
+from your exercise okay so what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your exercise okay so what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your exercise okay so what is going
+on and how do we interpret eight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how do we interpret eight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and how do we interpret eight this
+result and why this wise this result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and why this wise this result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and why this wise this result is
+she related to uncertainty principle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she related to uncertainty principle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she related to uncertainty principle so
+that's actually what the the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what the the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what the the first part
+of the lecture which we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture which we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture which we are going to
+discuss today okay so we can issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today okay so we can issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss today okay so we can issue of
+course demonstrate this effect by except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course demonstrate this effect by except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course demonstrate this effect by except
+by 1xy example F of T which is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1xy example F of T which is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1xy example F of T which is shown
+here right and we go through and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and we go through and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right and we go through and change
+the width of this distribution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this distribution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of this distribution and the
+of course we can also try to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we can also try to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we can also try to show this
+in a much more precise mathematic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more precise mathematic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a much more precise mathematic a
+mathematical definition so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definition so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definition so this is what
+we are going to do now so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to do now so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to do now so the first
+thing which we would net with d22 is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we would net with d22 is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we would net with d22 is to
+define how to quantify the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define how to quantify the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define how to quantify the width of the
+the distribution in frequency space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution in frequency space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution in frequency space and
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+or than a space okay so first we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or than a space okay so first we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or than a space okay so first we define
+that that intensity of the signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that intensity of the signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that intensity of the signal is
+actually proportional to F of P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to F of P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually proportional to F of P squared
+okay so that is a altitude a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is a altitude a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is a altitude a way to
+estimate the size of the intensity it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the size of the intensity it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the size of the intensity it
+kind of makes sense because for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense because for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense because for example
+the energy of the electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the electromagnetic wave
+is actually proportional to the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually proportional to the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually proportional to the wave
+function squared right so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared right so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared right so that's kind of
+resemble to choose this definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble to choose this definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resemble to choose this definition and
+then once we have the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once we have the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once we have the definition of
+intensity then I can now calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity then I can now calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity then I can now calculate the
+average of some arbitrary function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of some arbitrary function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of some arbitrary function for
+example I can calculate G of T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can calculate G of T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can calculate G of T the
+average of the G function and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the G function and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the G function and in this
+definition of intensity how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of intensity how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of intensity how to calculate
+the average is to 2 integration over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is to 2 integration over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is to 2 integration over
+minus infinity to infinity over T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity over T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity over T and
+these three functions put it there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three functions put it there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three functions put it there and
+all the components are weighted by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components are weighted by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components are weighted by this
+intensity estimator which is actually F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity estimator which is actually F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity estimator which is actually F
+of T squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T squared okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T squared okay
+of course since we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course since we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course since we are actually
+calculating the the average we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the the average we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the the average we need to
+take out the sum of the intensity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the sum of the intensity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take out the sum of the intensity right
+so the sum of the other intensity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the other intensity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the other intensity is
+integration from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration from minus infinity to
+infinity DT over T squared okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity DT over T squared okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity DT over T squared okay with
+this definition we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition we can actually
+calculate the average okay and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average okay and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the average okay and know
+don't care our our goal is to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care our our goal is to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care our our goal is to have an
+estimator estimate the the Wiis of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator estimate the the Wiis of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator estimate the the Wiis of some
+distribution right so therefore you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so therefore you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so therefore you are
+probably very familiar with that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably very familiar with that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably very familiar with that we use
+standard deviation right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation right so basically
+lassos usually associated with 6n but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lassos usually associated with 6n but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lassos usually associated with 6n but
+this time is actually associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time is actually associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time is actually associated with
+physical quantity okay so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantity okay so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantity okay so what is
+actually the estimator of spread of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we can issue the make use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can issue the make use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can issue the make use of this
+definition and I can write the use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and I can write the use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and I can write the use this
+notation to type T Square to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to type T Square to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to type T Square to be a
+quantity which is associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is associated with the
+size of spread in time and that is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of spread in time and that is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of spread in time and that is as
+you define to be the average of T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define to be the average of T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you define to be the average of T minus
+average of T squared so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of T squared so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of T squared so basically you
+calculate the difference which is spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the difference which is spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the difference which is spread
+to the mean value squared square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mean value squared square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mean value squared square it and
+I told then the to average again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told then the to average again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told then the to average again okay
+all right everybody is following in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody is following in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody is following in
+questions okay so if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so if I have this
+standard Sakata standard deviation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Sakata standard deviation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Sakata standard deviation or a
+spread of time definition here then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of time definition here then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of time definition here then I
+can write it down explicitly and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it down explicitly and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it down explicitly and this
+will become minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become minus infinity to infinity
+to this integration over T and I have t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integration over T and I have t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integration over T and I have t
+minus in value of T F of T squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in value of T F of T squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in value of T F of T squared and
+of course I would take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I would take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I would take out the
+normalization which is minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization which is minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization which is minus infinity to
+infinity T ft square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity T ft square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity T ft square
+okay and I can also do a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can also do a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can also do a similar
+exercise for the frequency space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for the frequency space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for the frequency space right
+so basically I can define the spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically I can define the spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically I can define the spread of
+the frequency spectrum and that I define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency spectrum and that I define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency spectrum and that I define
+it to be Delta Omega square and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be Delta Omega square and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be Delta Omega square and this
+would be defined as the average of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be defined as the average of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be defined as the average of Omega
+minus the mean value of Omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the mean value of Omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the mean value of Omega squared
+okay and with this definition we in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and with this definition we in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and with this definition we in our
+hand we have a estimator of the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we have a estimator of the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we have a estimator of the spread
+of time and we have a estimator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and we have a estimator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time and we have a estimator of
+spread of the frequency and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the frequency and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of the frequency and the
+phenomena which we'll see from here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we'll see from here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we'll see from here from
+this exercise going from low gamma value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise going from low gamma value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise going from low gamma value
+to large gamma value is that it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to large gamma value is that it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to large gamma value is that it seemed
+to us that the spread of the time or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that the spread of the time or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us that the spread of the time or in
+coordinate space and the spread of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space and the spread of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space and the spread of the
+distribution in the frequency space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the frequency space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in the frequency space
+cannot simultaneously be be small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot simultaneously be be small okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot simultaneously be be small okay
+therefore based on this mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore based on this mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore based on this mathematical
+definition our goal is now to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition our goal is now to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition our goal is now to show that
+okay we can actually prove that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can actually prove that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can actually prove that Delta
+Omega times delta T will be larger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times delta T will be larger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times delta T will be larger or
+equal to one over two so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one over two so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one over two so that is
+actually interesting consequence based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting consequence based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting consequence based
+on this definition of spread etc we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this definition of spread etc we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this definition of spread etc we can
+actually achieve from the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieve from the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually achieve from the lecture today
+so that's our goal and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our goal and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our goal and we are going to
+try to actually achieve this goal before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to actually achieve this goal before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to actually achieve this goal before
+we actually go ahead and prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually go ahead and prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually go ahead and prove this
+relation Delta Omega times delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Delta Omega times delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Delta Omega times delta T
+greater or equal to one over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to one over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to one over two
+we also realize that when the discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also realize that when the discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also realize that when the discuss
+when we discuss the spread of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discuss the spread of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we discuss the spread of the
+frequencies spectra okay if I'd write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies spectra okay if I'd write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies spectra okay if I'd write it
+down here basically I earn if I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here basically I earn if I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here basically I earn if I try to
+calculate an average of Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an average of Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate an average of Omega okay
+then basically what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically what I'm going to do is
+to do integration from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do integration from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do integration from minus infinity to
+infinity P Omega right because now I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity P Omega right because now I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity P Omega right because now I am
+trying to calculate the mean value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the mean value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate the mean value of
+Omega and I have Omega times C Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I have Omega times C Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I have Omega times C Omega
+okay and the exponential I Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the exponential I Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the exponential I Omega and
+this is actually this is actually okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually this is actually okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually this is actually okay
+so if I if I actually go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I if I actually go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I if I actually go ahead and
+evaluate this integral okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this integral okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this integral okay
+basically I integrate over Omega and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I integrate over Omega and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I integrate over Omega and I
+have Omega times C Omega times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Omega times C Omega times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Omega times C Omega times
+exponential I Omega T okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T okay and you can
+see that this Omega can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this Omega can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this Omega can actually be
+attractive from this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive from this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive from this exponential
+function if I do differentiation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I do differentiation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I do differentiation which
+is fed to time then I think actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fed to time then I think actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fed to time then I think actually
+track 1 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track 1 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track 1 Omega
+all of the explanations right there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the explanations right there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the explanations right there for
+what I'm going to get is this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is this will be
+equal to 1 I partial partial t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 I partial partial t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 I partial partial t minus
+infinity to infinity T Omega C Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity T Omega C Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity T Omega C Omega
+exponential minus I Omega T right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega T right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega T right so you
+can see that this is actually the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is actually the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this is actually the design
+if I do a partial T relative to respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do a partial T relative to respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do a partial T relative to respect
+to T then I take minus I Omega out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T then I take minus I Omega out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T then I take minus I Omega out of
+this exponential function right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential function right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponential function right and this
+I will make - I become 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make - I become 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will make - I become 1 right
+therefore you can see that this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can see that this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can see that this actually
+this this indigo which I construct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this indigo which I construct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this indigo which I construct is
+actually equal to I partial partial T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to I partial partial T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to I partial partial T is
+this function okay and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function okay and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function okay and you can actually
+quickly realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly realize that
+ha this is actually we know what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha this is actually we know what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha this is actually we know what what
+this indigo is doing right according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indigo is doing right according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this indigo is doing right according to
+the formula which are these two here F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula which are these two here F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula which are these two here F
+of T is equal to this integral which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is equal to this integral which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is equal to this integral which I
+actually just highlight there therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just highlight there therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just highlight there therefore
+this is just F up okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just F up okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just F up okay so that's
+actually quite a tiny kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite a tiny kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite a tiny kind of
+interesting because that will give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because that will give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because that will give me a
+partial partial key F of T okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial key F of T okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial key F of T okay so that
+so so basically you can see that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically you can see that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically you can see that I don't
+need to deal with Omega I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with Omega I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to deal with Omega I can actually
+to a partial T relative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a partial T relative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a partial T relative with respect to
+time and I can actually take 1 Omega out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I can actually take 1 Omega out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I can actually take 1 Omega out
+of that function which I shot okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that function which I shot okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that function which I shot okay in
+questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right
+so now I can calculate well be the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can calculate well be the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can calculate well be the mean
+Omega okay will be the minnow megha the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay will be the minnow megha the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay will be the minnow megha the
+mean Omega according to this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Omega according to this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Omega according to this definition
+here okay this is actually how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is actually how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is actually how we
+actually calculate a mean of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate a mean of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate a mean of some
+quantity okay mean Omega will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay mean Omega will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity okay mean Omega will be equal
+to minus infinity to infinity DT F start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus infinity to infinity DT F start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus infinity to infinity DT F start
+II I partial hockey F of T okay sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II I partial hockey F of T okay sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II I partial hockey F of T okay sorry
+this is actually kind of close to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually kind of close to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually kind of close to it
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+so originally the original definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so originally the original definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so originally the original definition
+I should put Omega here right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put Omega here right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should put Omega here right but
+instead of putting Omega there I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting Omega there I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting Omega there I use the
+trick that this I times partial partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that this I times partial partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that this I times partial partial
+T can generate Omega for me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can generate Omega for me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T can generate Omega for me okay
+therefore instead of putting Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore instead of putting Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore instead of putting Omega
+explicitly into the integral I put eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly into the integral I put eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly into the integral I put eye
+patch opacity into the integral then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch opacity into the integral then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch opacity into the integral then I
+get 1 Omega out of it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 Omega out of it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 Omega out of it and that's
+actually equivalent to the talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to the talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to the talk to the
+calculation with G of T equal to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with G of T equal to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation with G of T equal to Omega
+okay everybody is following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody is following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody is following
+okay therefore I of course still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore I of course still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay therefore I of course still need to
+normalize the calculation right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize the calculation right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize the calculation right so this
+they should give you the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should give you the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should give you the denominator
+which is actually minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually minus infinity to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+indigo over DT F of T squared okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigo over DT F of T squared okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigo over DT F of T squared okay so
+you can see that instead of using Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that instead of using Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that instead of using Omega
+directly I use this trick to use I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I use this trick to use I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I use this trick to use I do
+type of partial partial T to extract one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of partial partial T to extract one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of partial partial T to extract one
+Omega and I can actually calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I can actually calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and I can actually calculate the
+mean value of Omega therefore I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of Omega therefore I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of Omega therefore I can also
+calculate explicitly what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate explicitly what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate explicitly what would be the
+Delta Omega square based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega square based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega square based on the
+definition which I outlined before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which I outlined before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which I outlined before this
+would be the average value of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the average value of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the average value of Omega
+minus mean Omega Ning Omega is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mean Omega Ning Omega is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mean Omega Ning Omega is actually
+number and I if I write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I if I write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I if I write it down
+explicitly by CD I get minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly by CD I get minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly by CD I get minus infinity
+infinity DT I partial partial t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity DT I partial partial t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity DT I partial partial t minus
+average value of Omega F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/ - infinity to infinity disintegration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ - infinity to infinity disintegration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ - infinity to infinity disintegration
+Albert DT F of T squared so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert DT F of T squared so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert DT F of T squared so the
+take-home message is that I'm using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message is that I'm using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take-home message is that I'm using this
+trick to replace all the Omega by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to replace all the Omega by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to replace all the Omega by I
+partial partial T therefore in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial T therefore in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial T therefore in my
+formula you will see that originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you will see that originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you will see that originally
+this is actually supposed to be Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually supposed to be Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually supposed to be Omega
+and now this actually I used we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this actually I used we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this actually I used we were
+using that trick therefore it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that trick therefore it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that trick therefore it can be
+written as high partial partial T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as high partial partial T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as high partial partial T and
+you realized why this is as you use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realized why this is as you use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realized why this is as you use for
+afterward okay all right so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward okay all right so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward okay all right so those are
+just preparation right so what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just preparation right so what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just preparation right so what have we
+been done is that my goal is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done is that my goal is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done is that my goal is to show
+that Delta Omega times delta T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta Omega times delta T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta Omega times delta T is
+greater than or equal to 1 over 2 ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 1 over 2 ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 1 over 2 ok so
+that's my goal and I'm preparing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my goal and I'm preparing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my goal and I'm preparing for
+that and I have the definition of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I have the definition of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I have the definition of delta
+T and Delta Omega oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Delta Omega oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Delta Omega oh sorry
+so there should be it should be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there should be it should be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there should be it should be like
+this so that so I am taking partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that so I am taking partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that so I am taking partial
+partial T out of F ok sorry very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T out of F ok sorry very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T out of F ok sorry very good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ok any other mistakes very good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok any other mistakes very good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok any other mistakes very good all
+right not yet all right so now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not yet all right so now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not yet all right so now you can
+see that I have the definition in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I have the definition in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I have the definition in my
+hand and I almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and I almost there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and I almost there
+to show you that delta omega times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that delta omega times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you that delta omega times delta
+T is going to be greater or equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is going to be greater or equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is going to be greater or equal to 1
+over 2 okay and what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 okay and what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 okay and what I'm going to do
+after this maybe you will be even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this maybe you will be even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this maybe you will be even more
+mad at me is to use exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad at me is to use exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad at me is to use exactly the same
+trick which will be used to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which will be used to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick which will be used to show
+Heisenberg uncertainty principle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg uncertainty principle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg uncertainty principle in
+quantum mechanics ok so so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics ok so so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics ok so so basically
+what I'm going to do is to consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is to consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is to consider a
+function which is R of T ok this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is R of T ok this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is R of T ok this
+actually are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are of
+as a function of Papa and T okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of Papa and T okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of Papa and T okay and the
+definition of this our function is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this our function is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of this our function is like
+this I define this our function to be t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I define this our function to be t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I define this our function to be t
+minus average t minus I Kappa PI partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus average t minus I Kappa PI partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus average t minus I Kappa PI partial
+charge of t minus Omega F of T if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of t minus Omega F of T if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of t minus Omega F of T if you
+don't know why this is where this a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why this is where this a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why this is where this a is
+this relation as you come in from don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation as you come in from don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relation as you come in from don't
+be worried because you don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried because you don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried because you don't really need
+to okay this is as you just to guide us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay this is as you just to guide us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay this is as you just to guide us
+through this mathematical calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mathematical calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mathematical calculation
+okay but if you can see directly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you can see directly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you can see directly that
+this will help there may be you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will help there may be you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will help there may be you a
+Heisenberg maybe okay so that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg maybe okay so that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg maybe okay so that's very
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+it's a test okay so we what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a test okay so we what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a test okay so we what I'm going to
+do is to employee this R is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to employee this R is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to employee this R is a function
+of kappa t okay and the two for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kappa t okay and the two for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kappa t okay and the two for our
+purpose to show that data Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to show that data Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to show that data Omega and
+Delta T greater than one over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta T greater than one over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta T greater than one over two and
+the first to make my life easier I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to make my life easier I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to make my life easier I would
+define this to be capital T and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this to be capital T and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this to be capital T and I would
+define this thing to be capital Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this thing to be capital Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this thing to be capital Omega
+okay so that my mathematical expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that my mathematical expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that my mathematical expression
+to the X Pro all right so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X Pro all right so now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X Pro all right so now I can
+consider this ratio function of Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this ratio function of Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this ratio function of Kappa
+which is defined as minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as minus infinity to
+infinity integrating over T are kappa e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity integrating over T are kappa e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity integrating over T are kappa e
+divided by minus infinity to infinity DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by minus infinity to infinity DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by minus infinity to infinity DT
+F of T okay this is actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T okay this is actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of T okay this is actually our
+function which the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which the ratio of the
+area of gamma of our function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of gamma of our function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of gamma of our function in the
+area of the F function okay you may say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the F function okay you may say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the F function okay you may say
+that Professor these really crazy today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor these really crazy today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Professor these really crazy today
+is telling about all the crazy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling about all the crazy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling about all the crazy things
+but the last issue because I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last issue because I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last issue because I would like
+to that you know that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you know that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you know that we are going to
+see a very interesting result so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very interesting result so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very interesting result so that is
+why I am doing this okay and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I am doing this okay and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I am doing this okay and if I
+construct this R function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this R function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this R function
+okay this odd function have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this odd function have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this odd function have an
+interesting property what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property what is the
+interesting property I entry integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property I entry integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting property I entry integral
+over something squared in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over something squared in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over something squared in the numerator
+and denominator okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominator okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and denominator okay
+that means won't be the value of this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means won't be the value of this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means won't be the value of this R
+function this but our function will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this but our function will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this but our function will be
+always positive right because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive right because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive right because this is a
+squared is a squared therefore R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is a squared therefore R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is a squared therefore R is
+going to be positive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive right
+so that means R is going to be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means R is going to be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means R is going to be greater
+than or equal to zero okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to zero okay so that's
+actually why we have this odd function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why we have this odd function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually why we have this odd function
+and the miracle will happen because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the miracle will happen because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the miracle will happen because if I
+go ahead and calculate this are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and calculate this are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and calculate this are okay
+before I calculate this capital R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I calculate this capital R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I calculate this capital R
+function as a function of Kappa I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of Kappa I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as a function of Kappa I need
+to actually deal with this small as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually deal with this small as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually deal with this small as a
+function of time T squared right so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time T squared right so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time T squared right so if I
+attract this component and the check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract this component and the check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract this component and the check
+today that are Kappa T squared okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that are Kappa T squared okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that are Kappa T squared okay
+basically the bank I am going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the bank I am going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the bank I am going to do is
+to use this expression right is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this expression right is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this expression right is actually
+now equal to T capital T minus I Kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equal to T capital T minus I Kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equal to T capital T minus I Kappa
+Omega times f of T all right so that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times f of T all right so that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times f of T all right so that my
+life would be easier then basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life would be easier then basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life would be easier then basically you
+get P minus I Kappa Omega F right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get P minus I Kappa Omega F right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get P minus I Kappa Omega F right and
+you need the complex conjugate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the complex conjugate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the complex conjugate right
+basically you get T's plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega start F stop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega start F stop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega start F stop okay
+you can have T star but he is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have T star but he is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have T star but he is actually a
+real number therefore doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number therefore doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number therefore doesn't do
+anything okay then I can now go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay then I can now go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay then I can now go ahead
+and collect all the turns then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect all the turns then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collect all the turns then the first
+time which I can collect is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which I can collect is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which I can collect is everything
+related to P times F then basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to P times F then basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to P times F then basically you
+get P squared okay so that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get P squared okay so that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get P squared okay so that this is
+should be coming from this T times AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be coming from this T times AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be coming from this T times AB
+times T times s this term times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T times s this term times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T times s this term times this
+term this transistor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this transistor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this transistor okay
+giving you the first time and also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the first time and also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the first time and also you
+can collect another term which is HD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect another term which is HD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect another term which is HD
+Omega F squared right so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega F squared right so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega F squared right so basically you
+can actually find that contribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ah you should have a copper square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah you should have a copper square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah you should have a copper square
+in front of it alright any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it alright any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of it alright any questions so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+basically I collect the terms related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I collect the terms related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I collect the terms related to
+Omega times F and put it here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times F and put it here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega times F and put it here okay
+the finally you have the third term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finally you have the third term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finally you have the third term
+which is I kappa TF Omega star F star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I kappa TF Omega star F star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I kappa TF Omega star F star
+minus Omega F T F star okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega F T F star okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega F T F star okay so basically
+this art as a small R function squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this art as a small R function squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this art as a small R function squared
+can be written in this functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in this functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written in this functional form
+okay we are almost there so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are almost there so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are almost there so what I'm
+going to discuss first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss first
+is that okay now I have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay now I have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay now I have these three
+tails number one number two and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails number one number two and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails number one number two and number
+three okay so I can now attack number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so I can now attack number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay so I can now attack number
+three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number three I'm going to get I kappa TF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three I'm going to get I kappa TF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three I'm going to get I kappa TF
+- eyepatch oh I should t minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- eyepatch oh I should t minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- eyepatch oh I should t minus Omega
+have start right basically what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start right basically what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start right basically what I'm
+going to do is to to take this Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is to to take this Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is to to take this Omega
+here this is omega start okay and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is omega start okay and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is omega start okay and use
+the definition basically write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition basically write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition basically write down the
+the expression for Omega capital Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for Omega capital Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for Omega capital Omega
+explicity okay since I'm writing Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicity okay since I'm writing Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicity okay since I'm writing Omega
+star therefore you get the - I partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star therefore you get the - I partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star therefore you get the - I partial
+partial t minus average omega out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial t minus average omega out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial t minus average omega out of it
+okay so that's actually why here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually why here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually why here you
+have this expression and the multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this expression and the multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this expression and the multiplied
+by F which is the original expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F which is the original expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F which is the original expression
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+- I also write this Omega capital Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I also write this Omega capital Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I also write this Omega capital Omega
+explicitly hi hi shorty - every Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly hi hi shorty - every Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly hi hi shorty - every Omega
+average Omega okay half T star okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Omega okay half T star okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average Omega okay half T star okay
+and you can immediately really realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can immediately really realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can immediately really realize
+that okay this the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay this the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay this the whole thing is
+actually money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually money
+multiplied by I times Kappa right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by I times Kappa right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by I times Kappa right so you
+can immediately recognize that this turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately recognize that this turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately recognize that this turn
+actually cancel right because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cancel right because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cancel right because they are
+should be the same and then what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same and then what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same and then what this
+issue is up over is the two turns which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is up over is the two turns which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is up over is the two turns which
+is in the middle so basically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the middle so basically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the middle so basically what you
+are going to get now I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get now I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to get now I can actually
+multiply I and put it in the cancel this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I and put it in the cancel this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I and put it in the cancel this
+- I right solicit eiq poly Booker T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I right solicit eiq poly Booker T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I right solicit eiq poly Booker T's
+Kappa times T because postern helper T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa times T because postern helper T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa times T because postern helper T
+right so I can attract this tea out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can attract this tea out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can attract this tea out of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay F partial F star partial T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay F partial F star partial T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay F partial F star partial T plus
+partial F partial T f stock after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial T f stock after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial F partial T f stock after all
+those works you can see that huh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those works you can see that huh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those works you can see that huh this
+one looks pretty nice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks pretty nice right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks pretty nice right
+this is such a wad this is not bad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a wad this is not bad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a wad this is not bad at
+all after all those calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all after all those calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all after all those calculations
+after all those can cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all those can cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all those can cancellation
+basically this will be equal to Kappa T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this will be equal to Kappa T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this will be equal to Kappa T
+partial partial T F F star okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial T F F star okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial T F F star okay
+everybody's following or everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following or everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following or everybody
+already lost we are almost there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already lost we are almost there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already lost we are almost there okay
+alright so now we have these three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now we have these three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now we have these three three
+original is a beast looks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original is a beast looks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original is a beast looks really
+horrible and after I read it explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible and after I read it explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible and after I read it explicitly
+it looks okay now prepare yes let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks okay now prepare yes let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks okay now prepare yes let's
+start with the complex conjugate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the complex conjugate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the complex conjugate of the
+F function all right so now I can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F function all right so now I can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F function all right so now I can put
+one two and three into this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two and three into this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two and three into this integral
+right then we are done okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we are done okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then we are done okay so now let's
+put numbers three into the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put numbers three into the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put numbers three into the integral
+first I to minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I to minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I to minus infinity to infinity
+number three P key okay so so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three P key okay so so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three P key okay so so what is
+going to happen this will give you minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen this will give you minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen this will give you minus
+infinity to infinity Kappa T partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity Kappa T partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity Kappa T partial
+partial T F F star right and I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T F F star right and I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T F F star right and I can use
+integration by part right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by part right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by part right so basically
+what I am going to get this kappa TF f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am going to get this kappa TF f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am going to get this kappa TF f
+start integrating from medicine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start integrating from medicine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start integrating from medicine okay
+evaluative at minus infinity and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluative at minus infinity and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluative at minus infinity and a
+passing finiti minus Kappa minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing finiti minus Kappa minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing finiti minus Kappa minus
+infinity to infinity F square partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity F square partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity F square partial T
+partial capital T Partee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's look at this so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at this so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at this so basically
+what I am doing is to put in the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am doing is to put in the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am doing is to put in the number
+sweet turn back into it isn't equal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet turn back into it isn't equal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet turn back into it isn't equal okay
+and use integration by part right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use integration by part right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use integration by part right so
+basically you can see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can see that this is
+actually what you will expect okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you will expect okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what you will expect okay the
+interesting thing is that this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that this function
+is evaluated at proximate infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evaluated at proximate infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evaluated at proximate infinity and
+minus infinity okay if you assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity okay if you assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity okay if you assume that
+your F function is localized okay is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your F function is localized okay is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your F function is localized okay is it
+some fine in some specific range of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fine in some specific range of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fine in some specific range of time
+okay instead of spreading our over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay instead of spreading our over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay instead of spreading our over the
+whole universe okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole universe okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole universe okay
+that means this term will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means this term will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means this term will be equal to
+zero right because it's evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right because it's evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right because it's evaluated at
+plus infinity time and a minus infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity time and a minus infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity time and a minus infinite
+time okay if the F function is localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay if the F function is localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay if the F function is localized
+then at the boundary of time you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the boundary of time you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the boundary of time you are
+going to get zero okay so this turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get zero okay so this turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get zero okay so this turn
+disappear very good we saw one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear very good we saw one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear very good we saw one problem
+okay and this look horrible but partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this look horrible but partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this look horrible but partial
+capital T partial T what is the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T partial T what is the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T partial T what is the capital
+T pieces.you small t minus average T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T pieces.you small t minus average T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T pieces.you small t minus average T
+every GT is a number and T is just T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every GT is a number and T is just T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every GT is a number and T is just T
+right therefore partial T partial small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore partial T partial small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore partial T partial small
+T is actually just one okay you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is actually just one okay you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is actually just one okay you can see
+that there are hopes right so things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are hopes right so things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are hopes right so things are
+becoming simpler and the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming simpler and the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming simpler and the simpler
+therefore what I am going to get is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what I am going to get is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what I am going to get is this
+minus Kappa minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kappa minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Kappa minus infinity to infinity
+DT F squared okay and that if you divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT F squared okay and that if you divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT F squared okay and that if you divide
+this if you actually a divide that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you actually a divide that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you actually a divide that by
+this this turn okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this turn okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this turn okay
+basically you can see that three number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can see that three number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can see that three number
+three term will give you a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three term will give you a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three term will give you a country
+lucien of - kappa that's all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucien of - kappa that's all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucien of - kappa that's all because
+once you product up but this indigo back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you product up but this indigo back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you product up but this indigo back
+into this our function that the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this our function that the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this our function that the third
+turn contribution give you - kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn contribution give you - kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn contribution give you - kappa
+that's a very good news because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good news because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good news because it's
+actually pretty simple any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+thank you very much yeah so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much yeah so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much yeah so basically
+what I am trying to do is okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am trying to do is okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am trying to do is okay so you
+can see that the contribution from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the contribution from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the contribution from the
+certain time pursuing is rather simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time pursuing is rather simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time pursuing is rather simple
+it's just - haha and that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just - haha and that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just - haha and that's actually
+also take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is actually not crazy at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not crazy at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not crazy at all
+because this is a justice information of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a justice information of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a justice information of
+the cathedral there's a reminder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cathedral there's a reminder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cathedral there's a reminder that
+the definition of a t-square is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a t-square is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a t-square is written
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+therefore this is actually just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is actually just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is actually just the
+heart whisper the first trend which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart whisper the first trend which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart whisper the first trend which is
+looks really strange there but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really strange there but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks really strange there but in
+reality okay FOP and square okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality okay FOP and square okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality okay FOP and square okay and now
+we'll give you okay basically our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you okay basically our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you okay basically our
+conclusion is that this our function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that this our function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that this our function is
+a function of Kappa essentially equates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Kappa essentially equates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Kappa essentially equates
+with the first ones here the taxi square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first ones here the taxi square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first ones here the taxi square
+the second term is fast a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term is fast a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term is fast a square
+where and finally the search term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and finally the search term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and finally the search term is
+here - okay and this would be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here - okay and this would be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here - okay and this would be right
+because what I'm going why I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm going why I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'm going why I'm doing
+this is summing all those positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is summing all those positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is summing all those positive
+functions okay let me take the race okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay let me take the race okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay let me take the race okay
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one o means I should equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one o means I should equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one o means I should equal to zero
+right oh so so this is actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh so so this is actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh so so this is actually in
+degree minus infinity to infinity number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree minus infinity to infinity number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree minus infinity to infinity number
+3 TP it's a contribution here then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 TP it's a contribution here then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 TP it's a contribution here then if I
+take a ratio between this turn that turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a ratio between this turn that turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a ratio between this turn that turn
+then this issue cancelled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this issue cancelled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this issue cancelled by the
+denominator therefore what is left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator therefore what is left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator therefore what is left over
+is minus Kappa okay so these three can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus Kappa okay so these three can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus Kappa okay so these three can
+the contribution of three in green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of three in green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of three in green is
+actually already taking the ratio when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already taking the ratio when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already taking the ratio when I
+evaluate the chemical ha function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the chemical ha function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the chemical ha function okay
+good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+alright so now you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now you can see that
+basically you can safely ignore what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can safely ignore what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can safely ignore what I
+have said so far everything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said so far everything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said so far everything you can
+ignore those are just mathematics tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore those are just mathematics tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore those are just mathematics tricks
+okay but what is actually important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is actually important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what is actually important is
+that now I have this relation delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I have this relation delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I have this relation delta T
+squared plus Kappa square Delta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus Kappa square Delta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus Kappa square Delta Omega
+square minus K okay this is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus K okay this is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus K okay this is a function
+of K and I can actually minimize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and I can actually minimize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K and I can actually minimize it
+I can minimize R by carefully choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can minimize R by carefully choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can minimize R by carefully choose a
+kappa value right so this Kappa equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappa value right so this Kappa equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappa value right so this Kappa equal to
+Kappa mean value okay which makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa mean value okay which makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa mean value okay which makes the
+minimized our function is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized our function is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized our function is actually equal
+to one over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one over two
+ha Omega square which I will not go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha Omega square which I will not go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha Omega square which I will not go over
+this calculation because this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation because this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation because this is just a
+minimization problem okay so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem okay so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization problem okay so that means
+if I progress in why I'm getting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I progress in why I'm getting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I progress in why I'm getting is that
+are Kappa me will be equal to delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Kappa me will be equal to delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Kappa me will be equal to delta T
+squared minus 1 over 4 Delta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 1 over 4 Delta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 1 over 4 Delta Omega
+squared that is greater or equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that is greater or equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that is greater or equal to 0
+okay so we arrived there if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we arrived there if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we arrived there if I multiply
+both sides by 4 Delta Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by 4 Delta Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by 4 Delta Omega square
+basically you get Delta T square Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get Delta T square Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get Delta T square Delta
+Omega square greater or equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square greater or equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square greater or equal to 1 over
+4 if you take a square root of that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 if you take a square root of that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 if you take a square root of that then
+basically you get delta T Delta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get delta T Delta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get delta T Delta Omega
+greater or equal to 1 over 2 that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to 1 over 2 that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal to 1 over 2 that's how
+you do what we see as we started to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what we see as we started to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do what we see as we started to to
+try to prove right so basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove right so basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove right so basically you can
+see that after all those works a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that after all those works a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that after all those works a lot of
+complicated mathematical calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mathematical calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated mathematical calculations
+you can see that we actually make no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we actually make no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we actually make no
+assumption we are just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we are just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we are just using the
+definition of the spread of time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the spread of time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the spread of time and the
+spread of frequency we follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of frequency we follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread of frequency we follow that
+definition and use a mathematical trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and use a mathematical trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and use a mathematical trick
+which were used to prove Heisenberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were used to prove Heisenberg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were used to prove Heisenberg's
+uncertainty principle and we arrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and we arrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle and we arrive
+there this means that this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this means that this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this means that this is actually
+intrinsic property of wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic property of wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic property of wave function
+intrinsic property means is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic property means is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic property means is a
+mathematical property of wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical property of wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical property of wave function
+ok so what do I mean by this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what do I mean by this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what do I mean by this equation
+which will actually finally derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so after all those hard work we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after all those hard work we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after all those hard work we have to
+enjoy right what we have learned right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy right what we have learned right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy right what we have learned right
+from from all those craziness right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from all those craziness right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from all those craziness right so
+what we learn so look at this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learn so look at this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we learn so look at this function
+delta T times Delta Omega greater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T times Delta Omega greater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T times Delta Omega greater or
+equal to 1 over 2 that means I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 that means I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 that means I if I
+contract ok f function which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract ok f function which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract ok f function which is actually
+how I asked they the string as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I asked they the string as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I asked they the string as a
+function of time if I control really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time if I control really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time if I control really
+narrow one to this very very fast whoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow one to this very very fast whoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow one to this very very fast whoo
+okay then I stop ok very narrow then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I stop ok very narrow then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I stop ok very narrow then you
+have a very small delta T okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small delta T okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small delta T okay that
+sounds really nice I produce a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really nice I produce a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds really nice I produce a delta
+function in total T but the Delta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in total T but the Delta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in total T but the Delta Omega
+space is going to be in a mass it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is going to be in a mass it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is going to be in a mass it's
+going to be a super wide distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a super wide distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a super wide distribution
+because delta T is really very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta T is really very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta T is really very small
+that means you have to compensate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to compensate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you have to compensate that
+by read a large Delta Omega because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by read a large Delta Omega because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by read a large Delta Omega because the
+if you multiply delta T times Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you multiply delta T times Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you multiply delta T times Delta
+Omega naught is going to be greater or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega naught is going to be greater or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega naught is going to be greater or
+equal to 1 over 2 okay and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 okay and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 okay and what is the
+consequence of this for example for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this for example for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this for example for the
+discussion of AM radio okay if I have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of AM radio okay if I have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of AM radio okay if I have n
+radio with penguins penguins means total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio with penguins penguins means total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio with penguins penguins means total
+Omega okay this is a should two pi Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay this is a should two pi Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay this is a should two pi Delta
+Nu and that is actually roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nu and that is actually roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nu and that is actually roughly
+something like 3 times 10 to the 4/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 3 times 10 to the 4/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 3 times 10 to the 4/3
+okay so if I have some some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I have some some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I have some some kind of
+penguins which is actually roughly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penguins which is actually roughly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penguins which is actually roughly this
+bad okay so I can now immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay so I can now immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad okay so I can now immediately
+calculate what will be the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what will be the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what will be the resulting
+delta T the resulting delta T will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T the resulting delta T will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T the resulting delta T will be a
+few times 10 to the minus 5 second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times 10 to the minus 5 second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times 10 to the minus 5 second
+okay based on this equation okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay based on this equation okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay based on this equation okay so this
+means that if I'm trying to send two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I'm trying to send two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if I'm trying to send two
+signal okay in sequence if I try to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay in sequence if I try to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay in sequence if I try to send
+two signal in sequence through this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signal in sequence through this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signal in sequence through this end
+radio that means if the delta T the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio that means if the delta T the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio that means if the delta T the the
+time difference between the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time difference between the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time difference between the first and
+the second information if the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second information if the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second information if the time
+difference is large but if the delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is large but if the delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is large but if the delta T
+between these two is larger much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two is larger much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two is larger much much
+larger than ten to the minus five second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than ten to the minus five second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than ten to the minus five second
+then I can then that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can then that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can then that I can actually
+easily separate this two signal okay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily separate this two signal okay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily separate this two signal okay on
+the other hand if I send and really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I send and really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I send and really the
+two signal really close to each other it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signal really close to each other it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signal really close to each other it
+would look like this the ended receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this the ended receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this the ended receiver
+the the ones who'll receive the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ones who'll receive the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ones who'll receive the signal
+will not be able to separate if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to separate if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be able to separate if this is
+a one signal were two signal or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one signal were two signal or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one signal were two signal or one
+pulse or two powers which you are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse or two powers which you are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse or two powers which you are trying
+to send okay any questions so far so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send okay any questions so far so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send okay any questions so far so you
+can see that we can actually quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that we can actually quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that we can actually quantify
+will be the limitation in the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the limitation in the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the limitation in the resolution
+tiny resolution okay due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny resolution okay due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny resolution okay due to the
+limitation of penguins Delta Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of penguins Delta Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of penguins Delta Omega okay
+before we take a break I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a break I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we take a break I would like to
+make connection to quantum physics so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make connection to quantum physics so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make connection to quantum physics so if
+I look at this delta T times Delta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this delta T times Delta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at this delta T times Delta Omega
+greater than or equal to one over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one over to
+this expression I can rewrite it I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression I can rewrite it I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression I can rewrite it I can
+multiply T by velocity V and I get V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply T by velocity V and I get V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply T by velocity V and I get V
+times velocity and I can have Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times velocity and I can have Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times velocity and I can have Omega
+divided by V okay and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by V okay and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by V okay and this will be
+greater or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal
+- parable so I just multiply V and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- parable so I just multiply V and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- parable so I just multiply V and the
+divided by V deadly cancer okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by V deadly cancer okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by V deadly cancer okay and that
+means this will become Delta X and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this will become Delta X and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this will become Delta X and and
+that the second term will become Delta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second term will become Delta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second term will become Delta K
+and now will be equal weight or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now will be equal weight or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now will be equal weight or equal to
+one over two okay in the quantum physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum is equal to H bar times K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum will be equal to H bar times K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will be equal to H bar times K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum will be equal to H bar times K
+H bar is issue the Planck's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar is issue the Planck's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar is issue the Planck's constant
+okay so that issue you will see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that issue you will see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that issue you will see that a
+few times in ll4 okay so if I have P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times in ll4 okay so if I have P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times in ll4 okay so if I have P
+equal to H bar times K that means I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar times K that means I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to H bar times K that means I have
+Delta x times Delta P greater or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x times Delta P greater or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x times Delta P greater or equal
+to H bar over 2 that is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H bar over 2 that is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H bar over 2 that is exactly the
+uncertainty principle which we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle which we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle which we actually
+are introduced by Heisenberg and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introduced by Heisenberg and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are introduced by Heisenberg and what is
+essentially the meaning of this so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the meaning of this so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the meaning of this so if we
+describe all those particles we see by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all those particles we see by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe all those particles we see by
+content mechanical waves okay if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content mechanical waves okay if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content mechanical waves okay if I have
+momentum P now will corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P now will corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P now will corresponds to a
+wave function with wave number K and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function with wave number K and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function with wave number K and the
+the Khans the constant which associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Khans the constant which associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Khans the constant which associated
+P and the K is the prank constant okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and the K is the prank constant okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and the K is the prank constant okay
+so this means that if I measure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if I measure one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that if I measure one
+particle really really precisely in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle really really precisely in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle really really precisely in a
+position okay due to the nature of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay due to the nature of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position okay due to the nature of wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that means I will not have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I will not have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I will not have a lot of
+information about the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the momentum of the
+particle and where is this uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and where is this uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and where is this uncertainty
+principle coming from is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle coming from is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle coming from is coming from
+purely the mathematics related to waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely the mathematics related to waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely the mathematics related to waves
+right because you can see there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can see there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you can see there there's
+really nothing to do with quantum so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nothing to do with quantum so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nothing to do with quantum so far
+and the pun tensing actually only cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pun tensing actually only cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pun tensing actually only cows
+in after we prove the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in after we prove the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in after we prove the uncertainty
+principle Delta Omega times delta T you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Delta Omega times delta T you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle Delta Omega times delta T you
+cannot have a very precise agar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a very precise agar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have a very precise agar
+frequency and very precise position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and very precise position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and very precise position in
+the coordinate space over time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate space over time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate space over time at the
+same time and that HD have direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and that HD have direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and that HD have direct
+consequence that means if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that means if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that means if you are
+considered in quantum mechanics that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered in quantum mechanics that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered in quantum mechanics that is
+actually the limitation which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the limitation which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the limitation which will be
+posted there are certainty principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted there are certainty principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted there are certainty principle
+okay so we would take a five minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we would take a five minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we would take a five minute
+break and we come back and we will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we come back and we will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and we come back and we will take
+a look at two three dimensional waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at two three dimensional waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at two three dimensional waves
+and let me know if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me know if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me know if you have any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so welcome back everybody so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back everybody so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back everybody so before
+we actually move to two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually move to two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually move to two three
+dimensional waves we will discuss a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional waves we will discuss a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional waves we will discuss a very
+interesting topic which is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic which is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic which is related to
+the dispersion relation of the thus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relation of the thus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relation of the thus of
+the of the light actually okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the light actually okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the light actually okay so if you
+use special relativity basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use special relativity basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use special relativity basically you
+have that you can relate energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you can relate energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you can relate energy to
+momentum and the mass right so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the mass right so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the mass right so each
+square will be equal to a P Square C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square will be equal to a P Square C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square will be equal to a P Square C
+square plus n square C to the four all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus n square C to the four all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus n square C to the four all
+right and if you have you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you have you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you have you actually
+interpreted a light as photon then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted a light as photon then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted a light as photon then
+basically E is actually equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically E is actually equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically E is actually equal to the
+energy of the photon will be equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon will be equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the photon will be equal to H
+bar times Omega okay so we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar times Omega okay so we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar times Omega okay so we are actually
+really going in really forward a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going in really forward a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going in really forward a bit
+because maybe some of you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe some of you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because maybe some of you actually
+haven't seen this before but if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this before but if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen this before but if you just
+be deep what I have said okay basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be deep what I have said okay basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be deep what I have said okay basically
+you can actually divide everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually divide everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually divide everything from
+the first formula which is the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first formula which is the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first formula which is the special
+relativity formula by H bar square then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity formula by H bar square then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity formula by H bar square then
+you will be able to derive and derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to derive and derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to derive and derive
+the second formula which is Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second formula which is Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second formula which is Omega square
+equal to C square K square plus Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C square K square plus Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C square K square plus Omega 0
+square okay and the Omega 0 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay and the Omega 0 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay and the Omega 0 is actually
+defined as n Z squared over H bar just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as n Z squared over H bar just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as n Z squared over H bar just
+for simplicity ok so if we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity ok so if we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity ok so if we look at this
+equation ok this is essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ok this is essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ok this is essentially a
+dispersion relation right now you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation right now you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation right now you have
+seen this so many times and this Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this so many times and this Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this so many times and this Omega
+square equal to C squared K squared plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square equal to C squared K squared plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square equal to C squared K squared plus
+Omega 0 Square this formula is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 Square this formula is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 Square this formula is actually
+reminding you that this is a dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you that this is a dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding you that this is a dispersion
+relation ok so what does that mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photon having mass here ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon having mass here ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon having mass here ok
+that means the N term in this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the N term in this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the N term in this special
+relativity formula is not zero ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity formula is not zero ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity formula is not zero ok
+therefore Omega zero will be nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore Omega zero will be nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore Omega zero will be nonzero
+what is going to happen that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen that means the
+space velocity of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space velocity of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space velocity of light is
+going to be different it depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different it depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different it depends on what
+value of K you choose okay that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K you choose okay that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K you choose okay that's kind
+of interesting right because that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting right because that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting right because that means
+light with different frequency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with different frequency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with different frequency or
+different wave less it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave less it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave less it's going to be
+traveling through the super the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through the super the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling through the super the vacuum
+at different speed if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody get it very cool so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get it very cool so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody get it very cool so how do we
+as we test this alright so that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we test this alright so that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we test this alright so that means I
+need a light source which are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a light source which are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a light source which are very very
+far away from Earth then I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from Earth then I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from Earth then I would like to
+measure the Delta T as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Delta T as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the Delta T as a function of
+frequency for example I'll analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for example I'll analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency for example I'll analyze it
+okay so how do we do that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we do that so this is
+actually possible if you actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually possible if you actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually possible if you actually use
+natural light source which is the Pulsar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural light source which is the Pulsar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural light source which is the Pulsar
+so what is this really about so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this really about so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this really about so what we
+actually use this issue a mini second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this issue a mini second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this issue a mini second
+pauza so those are actually coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pauza so those are actually coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pauza so those are actually coming from
+rapidly rotating neutron stars and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly rotating neutron stars and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly rotating neutron stars and that
+those neutral 13 neutron stars will emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neutral 13 neutron stars will emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neutral 13 neutron stars will emit
+pulse of radiation like x-ray and radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of radiation like x-ray and radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of radiation like x-ray and radio
+waves at a regular empirical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves at a regular empirical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves at a regular empirical because
+this issue is rotating rotating rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue is rotating rotating rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue is rotating rotating rotating
+again again okay based on this mu movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again okay based on this mu movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again again okay based on this mu movie
+basically what is showing here is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what is showing here is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what is showing here is a very
+old neutron star is actually in a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old neutron star is actually in a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old neutron star is actually in a binary
+system and this neutron star can absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this neutron star can absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this neutron star can absorb
+the material from the other partner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material from the other partner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material from the other partner so
+that is the rotation speed HD increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the rotation speed HD increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the rotation speed HD increased
+and finally at the speed of mini second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally at the speed of mini second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally at the speed of mini second
+per tournament okay so this issue did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per tournament okay so this issue did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per tournament okay so this issue did
+really happen and we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen and we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happen and we can actually
+observe this and if we are lucky okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this and if we are lucky okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this and if we are lucky okay
+the earth essentially somehow in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth essentially somehow in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth essentially somehow in a
+spatial direction such that the emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial direction such that the emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial direction such that the emitted
+radio wave actually pointing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio wave actually pointing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio wave actually pointing from the
+Pulsar to earth then I can see the pauza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulsar to earth then I can see the pauza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulsar to earth then I can see the pauza
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the amplitude of the light from pasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the light from pasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the light from pasa
+he says you changing rapidly as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says you changing rapidly as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says you changing rapidly as a
+function of time and the another great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and the another great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and the another great
+good news is that typically those pulses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that typically those pulses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that typically those pulses
+are really far away for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really far away for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really far away for example in this
+example pulsar P 1937 plus 21 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example pulsar P 1937 plus 21 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example pulsar P 1937 plus 21 this is
+actually pulsar with rotation period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pulsar with rotation period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pulsar with rotation period of
+just one point six milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one point six milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one point six milliseconds
+okay and this is actually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is actually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is actually something
+which is really happened in really far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really happened in really far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really happened in really far
+away from funding earth which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from funding earth which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from funding earth which was
+actually sixteen thousand light years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sixteen thousand light years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sixteen thousand light years
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+okay and we can actually observe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can actually observe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can actually observe this
+this is actually pretty close to us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty close to us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty close to us a
+cheetah and the you can easily see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheetah and the you can easily see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheetah and the you can easily see this
+power polska and how to start issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power polska and how to start issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power polska and how to start issue the
+associate with the original question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the original question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the original question we
+were posting the original question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were posting the original question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were posting the original question is
+does the light with different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the light with different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the light with different frequency
+travel at different speed right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel at different speed right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel at different speed right and this
+is a very nice to all right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very nice to all right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very nice to all right because you
+is emitting the radio wave and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitting the radio wave and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitting the radio wave and now I can
+just measure the spectra as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measure the spectra as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just measure the spectra as a function
+of time then I will be able to see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time then I will be able to see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time then I will be able to see if we
+actually can observe different speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can observe different speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can observe different speed
+because we know that the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that the rotation
+interval and etc and also in me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and etc and also in me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and etc and also in me the
+white white spectra of the frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white white spectra of the frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white white spectra of the frequency the
+light frequency therefore I can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light frequency therefore I can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light frequency therefore I can use this
+as a light source far far away from upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a light source far far away from upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a light source far far away from upon
+the earth to see what will happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth to see what will happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth to see what will happen okay
+so somebody as you did this management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody as you did this management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody as you did this management
+and this is what they found they found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what they found they found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what they found they found a
+non zero Omega zero a non zero Omega G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero Omega zero a non zero Omega G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero Omega zero a non zero Omega G
+was found so that means the mass will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found so that means the mass will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was found so that means the mass will be
+one point three times ten to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point three times ten to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point three times ten to the minus
+fourteen I brown that sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen I brown that sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen I brown that sounds really
+small but it's not small at all God says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but it's not small at all God says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but it's not small at all God says
+you destroyed the whole understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you destroyed the whole understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you destroyed the whole understanding of
+light right what is going on so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right what is going on so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right what is going on so we are
+in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so after all this discussion as a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after all this discussion as a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after all this discussion as a and
+also other measurements which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also other measurements which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also other measurements which are
+sensitive to photon mass they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to photon mass they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to photon mass they actually
+do all this possible contribution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all this possible contribution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all this possible contribution this
+is actually just simply too large based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just simply too large based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just simply too large based
+on per sample measurement of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on per sample measurement of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on per sample measurement of magnetic
+field in the colors in a galaxy etc it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the colors in a galaxy etc it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the colors in a galaxy etc it
+doesn't really work so what this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really work so what this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really work so what this issue
+is really happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really happening
+the explanation is that this the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation is that this the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation is that this the path
+from the pulsar to the earth is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pulsar to the earth is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pulsar to the earth is really
+not vacuum there are a lot of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vacuum there are a lot of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not vacuum there are a lot of knowledge
+we have very few very tight dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very few very tight dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very few very tight dude
+electrons which I do to free electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which I do to free electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which I do to free electrons
+or the press and now we'll change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the press and now we'll change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the press and now we'll change the
+frequency and the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the speed of light
+slightly therefore you see the observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly therefore you see the observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly therefore you see the observer
+interesting observed effect and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting observed effect and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting observed effect and we are
+going to actually also talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually also talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually also talk about how
+the material actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material actually change the
+behavior of the electromagnetic wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the electromagnetic wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the electromagnetic wave in
+the coming lectures okay I hope you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming lectures okay I hope you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming lectures okay I hope you find
+this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting
+any questions alright so we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions alright so we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions alright so we are going to
+move on so so far what we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on so so far what we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on so so far what we have been
+discussing is always one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing is always one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing is always one dimensional
+waves right so for example string you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so for example string you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so for example string you
+know we also know so the the sound wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we also know so the the sound wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we also know so the the sound wave
+in the two ways that we always discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two ways that we always discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two ways that we always discuss
+things which is in one dimension okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is in one dimension okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which is in one dimension okay
+but we are actually now one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are actually now one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are actually now one dimensional
+and them alright we are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and them alright we are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and them alright we are three
+dimensional and of course those for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and of course those for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional and of course those for
+example this object the the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this object the the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this object the the surface is
+two dimension know right so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimension know right so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimension know right so there are
+many many since were more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many since were more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many since were more than one
+dimension okay so can the question I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension okay so can the question I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension okay so can the question I'm
+trying to ask is can we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to ask is can we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to ask is can we actually
+understand this kind of object and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of object and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of object and how
+actually how actually to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how actually to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how actually to understand
+those object and how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those object and how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those object and how do we actually
+derive the normal mode and how to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the normal mode and how to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the normal mode and how to really
+write down the general solution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the general solution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the general solution which is
+scribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribe
+would I mention the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I mention the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I mention the whole
+three-dimensional wave that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional wave that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional wave that's actually
+the next topic which I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic which I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next topic which I would like to
+discuss so that's actually get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss so that's actually get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss so that's actually get started
+with a plate like this okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plate like this okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plate like this okay so basically
+I that's not plate can be a is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's not plate can be a is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's not plate can be a is actually
+a two-dimensional okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-dimensional okay
+and I assume in that this plate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I assume in that this plate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I assume in that this plate is
+infinitely long okay full of bullet for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long okay full of bullet for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long okay full of bullet for
+a moment okay very very long okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment okay very very long okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment okay very very long okay so
+what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+this means that if I define my x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if I define my x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that if I define my x and y
+coordinate okay which describe which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay which describe which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay which describe which is
+actually used to describe the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to describe the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used to describe the position
+of a specific point and displayed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specific point and displayed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a specific point and displayed okay
+then basically you see that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you see that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically you see that there are
+beautiful symmetries which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful symmetries which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful symmetries which you can
+actually identify from from this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify from from this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify from from this simple
+example what is actually the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what is actually the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what is actually the symmetry
+which you can identify can anybody help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can identify can anybody help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can identify can anybody help
+me we start so the x and y are symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we start so the x and y are symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me we start so the x and y are symmetric
+yes and as a function of X what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and as a function of X what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and as a function of X what kind of
+symmetry do you have yeah also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry do you have yeah also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry do you have yeah also
+refraction and what I'm looking for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and what I'm looking for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refraction and what I'm looking for is
+if I change u X and the change of Y what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change u X and the change of Y what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I change u X and the change of Y what
+kind of symmetry do you have translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of symmetry do you have translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of symmetry do you have translate
+what of you are correct right but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of you are correct right but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of you are correct right but what
+I'm trying to focus on now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to focus on now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to focus on now is the
+translation symmetry right so so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetry right so so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetry right so so if I
+use translation symmetry what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use translation symmetry what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use translation symmetry what I'm going
+to get is that I can already know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is that I can already know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is that I can already know the
+functional form of the normal mode right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of the normal mode right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of the normal mode right
+because it's actually if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's actually if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's actually if it's a
+translation symmetric as a function X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetric as a function X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetric as a function X is
+translation symmetric as a function of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetric as a function of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation symmetric as a function of Y
+then I can stay is in the X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will be proportional to exponential I K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be proportional to exponential I K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be proportional to exponential I K
+X X okay okay i underscore X is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X okay okay i underscore X is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X okay okay i underscore X is actually
+the wave number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave number
+associated with the wave in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the wave in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the wave in the X
+direction right so that's actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so that's actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so that's actually one
+consequence which we actually learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence which we actually learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence which we actually learn from
+the discussion of symmetry and now in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of symmetry and now in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of symmetry and now in a
+white direction I can conclude also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white direction I can conclude also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white direction I can conclude also that
+the the normal mode will be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the normal mode will be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the normal mode will be proportional
+to exponential I K Y times y okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponential I K Y times y okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponential I K Y times y okay
+therefore I already know what will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I already know what will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I already know what will be
+the functional form of the normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form of the normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form of the normal mode
+of this highly symmetric system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this highly symmetric system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this highly symmetric system okay
+what is that the sy X Y will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that the sy X Y will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that the sy X Y will be equal to
+a times exponential I K X as X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times exponential I K X as X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times exponential I K X as X
+exponential I K why why okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K why why okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K why why okay so you can
+see that if I and also I need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I and also I need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I and also I need to take
+the real part right something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part right something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part right something like this
+would be but possible no more more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be but possible no more more okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be but possible no more more okay
+therefore without going into detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore without going into detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore without going into detail
+basically we will see that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we will see that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we will see that the expected
+behavior of psy as a function of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of psy as a function of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of psy as a function of x and y
+will be like something like a sine KX X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like something like a sine KX X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like something like a sine KX X
+sine Y okay so that's actually the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine Y okay so that's actually the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine Y okay so that's actually the kind
+of normal mode which will expect basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal mode which will expect basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normal mode which will expect basis
+based on the argument of translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the argument of translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the argument of translation
+symmetry okay and of course if I now go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay and of course if I now go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay and of course if I now go
+back from infinitely long system okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from infinitely long system okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from infinitely long system okay to
+a finite system then you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite system then you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite system then you can actually
+use the boundary condition to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the boundary condition to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the boundary condition to determine
+what will be the K value K x value and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the K value K x value and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be the K value K x value and K
+value okay away allowed K X value and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay away allowed K X value and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay away allowed K X value and a
+lot K Y value using boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot K Y value using boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot K Y value using boundary conditions
+okay so a study without doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a study without doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a study without doing any
+calculation we can already find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we can already find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we can already find that
+okay so now if I have a plate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if I have a plate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if I have a plate with
+finite size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite size
+okay basically you expect that okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically you expect that okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically you expect that okay I
+can have some kind of normal mo which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some kind of normal mo which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some kind of normal mo which
+this is an amplitude projection in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an amplitude projection in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an amplitude projection in the X
+direction it can be a sine function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it can be a sine function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it can be a sine function and
+it can become 0 at 0 at the LaPenta edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can become 0 at 0 at the LaPenta edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can become 0 at 0 at the LaPenta edge
+and the right hand side edge and in a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side edge and in a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right hand side edge and in a y
+direction it has to be also some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it has to be also some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it has to be also some kind of
+sign form as some kind of sine wave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign form as some kind of sine wave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign form as some kind of sine wave as a
+function of Y and of course it goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y and of course it goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Y and of course it goes to 0
+at the edge because if those are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge because if those are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge because if those are they
+should be fixed upon 3 for example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fixed upon 3 for example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fixed upon 3 for example okay
+and if those are actually not fixed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if those are actually not fixed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if those are actually not fixed a
+boundary then you you expect that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary then you you expect that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary then you you expect that okay
+like open and a solution so you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like open and a solution so you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like open and a solution so you expect
+that the distribution will be more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distribution will be more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the distribution will be more like
+a cosine function right for the first no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine function right for the first no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine function right for the first no
+more moment okay and if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more moment okay and if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more moment okay and if you look at this
+the structure of this kind of a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this kind of a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of this kind of a solution
+it looks really complicated because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks really complicated because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks really complicated because you
+have X direction and you also have Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X direction and you also have Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X direction and you also have Y
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+post-op' then I issue the sine function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-op' then I issue the sine function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-op' then I issue the sine function
+okay and how do we actually visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how do we actually visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and how do we actually visualize
+this kind of sine function and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of sine function and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of sine function and here is
+actually a demonstration which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a demonstration which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a demonstration which I
+prepared it's really a two time mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared it's really a two time mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared it's really a two time mention
+now too far too much dimensional plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now too far too much dimensional plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now too far too much dimensional plate
+and you can you can see that under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can see that under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can see that under this
+spread I have a loudspeaker which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread I have a loudspeaker which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread I have a loudspeaker which
+actually produce a sound wave to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce a sound wave to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produce a sound wave to try to
+excite one of the one of the normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite one of the one of the normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite one of the one of the normal mode
+and one I'm going to do is to turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one I'm going to do is to turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one I'm going to do is to turn on
+this loudspeaker you can hear the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loudspeaker you can hear the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loudspeaker you can hear the sound
+and I would like to see the normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to see the normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to see the normal mode
+but it's very hard to see that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very hard to see that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very hard to see that right
+without doing anything because okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing anything because okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing anything because okay it's
+vibrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating
+but it's so fast and it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so fast and it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so fast and it's really really
+difficult to see it so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see it so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see it so what I'm going to
+do is to pour some of the stand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to pour some of the stand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to pour some of the stand and the
+surface and see what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and see what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and see what is going to happen
+and if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at this
+I'm putting sand on it you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting sand on it you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm putting sand on it you can see that
+huh there's something happening if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh there's something happening if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh there's something happening if I
+change the frequency to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the frequency to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the frequency to one of the
+normal frequency you can see that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal frequency you can see that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal frequency you can see that now
+we are reaching some kind of resonance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are reaching some kind of resonance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are reaching some kind of resonance I
+exciting one of the normal mode and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting one of the normal mode and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting one of the normal mode and you
+can see that hard the center actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that hard the center actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that hard the center actually
+doesn't like to stay on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like to stay on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like to stay on some of the
+place because it's vibrating like crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because it's vibrating like crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because it's vibrating like crazy
+and it's not very comfortable to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not very comfortable to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not very comfortable to sit
+there right so the stand where were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so the stand where were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so the stand where were the
+same as receipt they were sit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as receipt they were sit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as receipt they were sit and the
+press where you don't have any vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press where you don't have any vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press where you don't have any vibration
+because what we are talking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we are talking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we are talking at this
+issue is some kind of sine wave time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is some kind of sine wave time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is some kind of sine wave time
+sine wave or cosine wave signs cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave or cosine wave signs cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave or cosine wave signs cosine
+wave that means there will be not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that means there will be not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that means there will be not right
+on the prey and that those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prey and that those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the prey and that those are two
+dimensional notes in the one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional notes in the one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional notes in the one dimensional
+case we are talking about notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we are talking about notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we are talking about notice
+actually the place where you have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the place where you have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the place where you have zero
+amplitude and now I have cosine times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and now I have cosine times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and now I have cosine times
+cosine therefore there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine therefore there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine therefore there will be
+complicated pattern appeared in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pattern appeared in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pattern appeared in which we
+actually the praise the prate is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the praise the prate is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the praise the prate is not
+actually moving at all as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving at all as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving at all as a function of
+time and you can see that huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can see that huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can see that huh
+now I can actually excite one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can actually excite one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can actually excite one with the
+normal mode and you can see really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and you can see really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and you can see really
+beautiful pattern and let me to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful pattern and let me to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful pattern and let me to this and
+increase the frequency so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the frequency so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the frequency so that if you
+see if I can excite another normal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can excite another normal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can excite another normal mode
+look look at what is happening so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look at what is happening so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look at what is happening so now
+you can see that the number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the number of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the number of lines
+actually increased right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increased right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increased right so this is a
+so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+Keala cottony figures basically those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keala cottony figures basically those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keala cottony figures basically those
+speakers are actually produced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers are actually produced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers are actually produced by this
+kind of trying to excite one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trying to excite one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trying to excite one of the
+normal mode and basically the send will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and basically the send will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and basically the send will
+be collected in the nodal lines and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collected in the nodal lines and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collected in the nodal lines and you
+can see that in this higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in this higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in this higher frequency
+input Soundwave you can excite a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Soundwave you can excite a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Soundwave you can excite a higher
+frequency in normal mode and of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in normal mode and of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in normal mode and of course I
+can continue to increase and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue to increase and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can continue to increase and see what
+happen now I'm increasing the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now I'm increasing the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now I'm increasing the frequency
+boom higher and higher you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom higher and higher you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom higher and higher you can see that
+now the sound is really red red red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sound is really red red red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sound is really red red red
+loud and I mean if you put in Morse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and I mean if you put in Morse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud and I mean if you put in Morse and
+you can see that there are more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are more and more
+pattern right because now I'm increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right because now I'm increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern right because now I'm increasing
+the the frequency so that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the frequency so that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the frequency so that actually
+higher frequency normal modes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency normal modes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequency normal modes are
+excited and you will expect more notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and you will expect more notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and you will expect more notes
+right for a higher frequency once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for a higher frequency once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for a higher frequency once and
+now I can even go even higher to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can even go even higher to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can even go even higher to see if
+I success it's not easy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably this is a very good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this is a very good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this is a very good way to
+design the pattern of your t-shirt okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the pattern of your t-shirt okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design the pattern of your t-shirt okay
+so how do we actually understand all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we actually understand all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we actually understand all
+those pattern and that we have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pattern and that we have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pattern and that we have already
+started that this issue is an extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started that this issue is an extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started that this issue is an extension
+related to cosine and sine multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to cosine and sine multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to cosine and sine multiplied
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and the next time we are going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next time we are going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next time we are going to do a
+more detailed calculation and show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed calculation and show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detailed calculation and show you a
+few more demos and let's see if we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more demos and let's see if we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more demos and let's see if we what
+we can actually learn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually learn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually learn from the
+2-dimensional case thank you very much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-dimensional case thank you very much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-dimensional case thank you very much I
+hope you enjoyed the lecture today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoyed the lecture today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoyed the lecture today and
+if you have any questions let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions let me know
+and you can actually come over and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually come over and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually come over and play
+with those demos if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JXRd60knm-A.txt b/JXRd60knm-A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d7ca13e90abce266a71692d3e86986f5fe769a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JXRd60knm-A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6104 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right uh sorry about this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh sorry about this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh sorry about this um
+hello um sorry about this there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello um sorry about this there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello um sorry about this there's some
+internet problems we have he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet problems we have he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet problems we have he's just
+actually talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talking to
+uh the the uh mitch president who was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the uh mitch president who was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the uh mitch president who was at
+the economics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economics department
+talking how the mit can be a leader in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking how the mit can be a leader in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking how the mit can be a leader in
+technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies
+uh apparently good internet is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparently good internet is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparently good internet is not a
+a part of that but anyway um so um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of that but anyway um so um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of that but anyway um so um we're
+gonna play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna play
+a number of games which are standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of games which are standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of games which are standard
+games and uh to measure social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and uh to measure social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and uh to measure social
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+you might have a lot of questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a lot of questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a lot of questions about
+those eventually uh you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eventually uh you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eventually uh you know what
+exactly do they measure how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do they measure how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do they measure how do we
+interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret
+certain results and so on we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain results and so on we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain results and so on we're going to
+discuss these in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss these in the next few
+uh classes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classes and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classes and uh
+uh but for now essentially i just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but for now essentially i just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but for now essentially i just want
+to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of
+show you how these games work you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how these games work you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how these games work you can
+sort of experience them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of experience them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of experience them
+you know pretty close to what an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty close to what an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty close to what an actual
+participant of such a game would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant of such a game would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participant of such a game would
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+one big difference of course is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big difference of course is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big difference of course is that
+usually these games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually these games are
+played in private usually you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played in private usually you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played in private usually you shouldn't
+talk very much to your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk very much to your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk very much to your neighbor
+one big difference as well is like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big difference as well is like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big difference as well is like we
+can actually implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually implement
+some of these or randomly implement some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these or randomly implement some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these or randomly implement some
+of the choices that are being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the choices that are being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the choices that are being made
+um so and so that makes it sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and so that makes it sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and so that makes it sort of more
+public than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public than
+uh uh uh uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh uh you know
+in a typical experiment so you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a typical experiment so you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a typical experiment so you know you
+should be aware that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be aware that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be aware that like
+uh whatever choices you may make whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever choices you may make whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever choices you may make whether
+they're nice or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice or not
+uh they might actually be implemented so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they might actually be implemented so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they might actually be implemented so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so that may or may not affect the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that may or may not affect the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that may or may not affect the way
+you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+uh you you choose uh you should sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you choose uh you should sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you choose uh you should sort of
+choose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose uh
+uh truthfully or the way you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh truthfully or the way you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh truthfully or the way you'd like to
+choose don't let that sort of influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose don't let that sort of influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose don't let that sort of influence
+you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+too much okay so um what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much okay so um what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much okay so um what we're going to
+do is we're going to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to start with the
+simplest of all games which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest of all games which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest of all games which is called
+the dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dictator game
+which you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can can you guys see the game can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can you guys see the game can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can you guys see the game can you
+join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i try to join the game as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the way this game works is hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way this game works is hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way this game works is hope
+these instructions work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by five we mean not the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by five we mean not the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by five we mean not the bank
+okay sorry so the way this works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry so the way this works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry so the way this works is
+essentially it's a split the player game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a split the player game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's a split the player game
+uh we're gonna figure out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're gonna figure out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're gonna figure out what's going
+on with the volume because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the volume because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the volume because it's a
+different laptop but essentially the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different laptop but essentially the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different laptop but essentially the way
+this works is like you're gonna end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is like you're gonna end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is like you're gonna end up
+with an amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an amount of money
+there's gonna be two people there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be two people there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be two people there's
+gonna be essentially the what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be essentially the what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be essentially the what we call
+the divider or the dictator that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divider or the dictator that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divider or the dictator that's the
+person who gets the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who gets the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who gets the money
+that person can decide how much money uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person can decide how much money uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person can decide how much money uh
+he or she wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she wants to
+um share with another person who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um share with another person who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um share with another person who is
+randomly uh selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh selected
+the amounts will be this is uh so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amounts will be this is uh so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amounts will be this is uh so far
+entirely hypothetical so the amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely hypothetical so the amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely hypothetical so the amounts
+will be here currently it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here currently it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be here currently it's it's it's
+hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars
+uh uh i hate to break it to you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh i hate to break it to you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh i hate to break it to you will not
+be able to win hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to win hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to win hundred dollars
+today um i know i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um i know i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um i know i know
+um uh uh it's under dollars you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh it's under dollars you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh it's under dollars you can
+essentially decide between you and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially decide between you and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially decide between you and a
+randomly other a randomly uh selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly other a randomly uh selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly other a randomly uh selected
+other person how much you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person how much you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person how much you would like to
+give that money uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that money uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that money uh
+of that money to that other uh person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that money to that other uh person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that money to that other uh person
+okay it's the simplest of our games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the simplest of our games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the simplest of our games
+there's going to be the divider and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be the divider and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be the divider and the
+receiver the receiver actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver the receiver actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver the receiver actually does
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+other than just receiving money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just receiving money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than just receiving money
+potentially the divider is the person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially the divider is the person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially the divider is the person to
+do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that okay
+again i'm going to show you some results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm going to show you some results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm going to show you some results
+um uh uh in a bit but so one big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh in a bit but so one big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh in a bit but so one big issue
+that people often have about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people often have about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people often have about these
+dictator kinds of games is to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator kinds of games is to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictator kinds of games is to say well
+do you need real stakes or do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need real stakes or do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need real stakes or do you need
+like a fake sticks and so on so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fake sticks and so on so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fake sticks and so on so what i
+have here is um i have some candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is um i have some candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is um i have some candy
+and have some apples and later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have some apples and later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have some apples and later um
+some money we're gonna start with candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money we're gonna start with candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some money we're gonna start with candy
+so these are uh swiss chocolate um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are uh swiss chocolate um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are uh swiss chocolate um um
+so the way that's gonna be it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that's gonna be it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that's gonna be it's like
+there's going to be always 10 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be always 10 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be always 10 of them
+uh so 10 is sort of like the the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so 10 is sort of like the the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so 10 is sort of like the the overall
+amount that's being shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that's being shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that's being shared
+now uh what i'm going to do is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what i'm going to do is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh what i'm going to do is you're
+going to decide as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decide as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decide as if you
+were going to be selected of course i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be selected of course i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to be selected of course i'm
+going to only select one pair of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to only select one pair of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to only select one pair of people
+and that pair is actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pair is actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that pair is actually going to be
+actually implemented okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implemented okay and then
+there's going to be 10 and sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be 10 and sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be 10 and sort of like
+the 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100
+you know the percentage of the candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the percentage of the candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the percentage of the candy
+that's being shared is going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being shared is going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being shared is going to get to
+the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person
+you should probably use round numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably use round numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably use round numbers
+otherwise you have to sort of like share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have to sort of like share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you have to sort of like share
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh lemons and parts i'm going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lemons and parts i'm going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lemons and parts i'm going to pick
+number 50 so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 50 so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 50 so this will be
+hopefully working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's brian and uh jackie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so brian was the uh dictator yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so brian was the uh dictator yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so brian was the uh dictator yes the
+person giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person giving
+yes object boys brian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes object boys brian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes object boys brian
+what did brian do uh there we go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did brian do uh there we go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did brian do uh there we go so
+here's your uh here's your candy um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your uh here's your candy um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your uh here's your candy um you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+you can pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can pick it up
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you should um you should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should um you should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you should um you should uh
+uh you this is sort of the issue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you this is sort of the issue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you this is sort of the issue with
+the public version of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public version of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public version of this um
+uh you should feel free to do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should feel free to do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should feel free to do whatever
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+whatever you would like uh uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you would like uh uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you would like uh uh of course
+uh now we're gonna do the same thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're gonna do the same thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're gonna do the same thing i
+brought 10 apples as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought 10 apples as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought 10 apples as well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have uh bg whoever you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh bg whoever you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh bg whoever you are
+yes and how many apples did you there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and how many apples did you there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and how many apples did you there's
+three apples for you and seven apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three apples for you and seven apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three apples for you and seven apples
+for lauren i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+uh here you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're good apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can share them with others as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can share them with others as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can share them with others as well
+if you like um so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like um so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like um so now um
+uh now we're gonna do the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're gonna do the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're gonna do the typical
+version of this which is money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this which is money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this which is money um
+usually people do this with five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people do this with five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people do this with five dollars
+ten dollars and so on we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars and so on we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten dollars and so on we're gonna do
+uh um five dollars now so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um five dollars now so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um five dollars now so we have to
+figure out some way of sharing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some way of sharing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out some way of sharing it
+uh venmo or whatever i'm not quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh venmo or whatever i'm not quite sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh venmo or whatever i'm not quite sure
+but you'll i'm sure you'll figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry what'd you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry what'd you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry what'd you do
+i see here's the you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see here's the you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see here's the you have to figure out
+some way of giving giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of giving giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way of giving giving
+uh two dollars to isabelle wherever she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two dollars to isabelle wherever she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two dollars to isabelle wherever she
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+but here's the five dollars so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now something that people often say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something that people often say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something that people often say is
+like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well
+um maybe for five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe for five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe for five dollars
+is that a lot of money maybe not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a lot of money maybe not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a lot of money maybe not so
+we're gonna do maybe the stakes matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do maybe the stakes matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do maybe the stakes matter
+and some sort of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sort of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some sort of small
+um uh sakes and so on people decide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sakes and so on people decide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh sakes and so on people decide in
+certain ways no there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways no there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways no there's not
+uh i don't have a lot of money actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't have a lot of money actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't have a lot of money actually
+this is mostly like i don't have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mostly like i don't have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mostly like i don't have more
+cash with me so like the largest stake i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash with me so like the largest stake i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash with me so like the largest stake i
+can do is twenty dollars so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is twenty dollars so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is twenty dollars so we're gonna
+do twenty dollars now do the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do twenty dollars now do the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do twenty dollars now do the exact same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right how about number 80.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how about number 80.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how about number 80.
+alvin and uh julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alvin and uh julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alvin and uh julia
+what did you do very nice here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you do very nice here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you do very nice here you go
+uh you have to figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to figure out a way to
+actually do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that
+um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's a couple more things that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a couple more things that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a couple more things that um
+perhaps one wants to vary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one wants to vary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps one wants to vary here
+so one is um uh communication so far i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is um uh communication so far i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is um uh communication so far i
+think you're not allowed to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not allowed to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're not allowed to communicate
+is that right you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right you could not
+communicate with that person so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with that person so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with that person so now
+we're going to do is like a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is like a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is like a version
+the exact same thing uh i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing uh i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing uh i think this
+will be ten dollars but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ten dollars but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be ten dollars but
+the same but now it actually allows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but now it actually allows for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but now it actually allows for
+communication so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication so now the
+sender and the receiver can communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and the receiver can communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and the receiver can communicate
+the receiver can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver can sort of
+try different things to like influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different things to like influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different things to like influence
+perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the
+defender in some ways of eliciting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defender in some ways of eliciting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defender in some ways of eliciting more
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so jinkai and uh rikita uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so jinkai and uh rikita uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so jinkai and uh rikita uh
+where are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that you haven't decided no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that you haven't decided no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that you haven't decided no
+what's that i see and what was the did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that i see and what was the did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that i see and what was the did
+you get any message that conveyed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get any message that conveyed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get any message that conveyed uh
+that made you nicer or no or yeah so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made you nicer or no or yeah so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made you nicer or no or yeah so i
+was gonna keep everything to myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i see so some communication did seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so some communication did seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so some communication did seem to
+to help in this case so here's ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help in this case so here's ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help in this case so here's ten
+dollars you have to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you have to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you have to figure out how to
+actually now give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now give the
+uh three dollars now another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three dollars now another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh three dollars now another thing that
+you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think
+uh might matter quite a bit which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might matter quite a bit which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might matter quite a bit which is um
+i'm sort of like putting you on the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of like putting you on the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of like putting you on the spot
+quite a bit like you know i'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit like you know i'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit like you know i'm sort of
+like publicizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like publicizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like publicizing
+uh uh uh you know how much money you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh you know how much money you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh you know how much money you're
+getting fund of everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting fund of everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting fund of everybody
+so in some sense you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you might want to
+actually keep the 10 or you might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep the 10 or you might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually keep the 10 or you might want
+to give a lot or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a lot or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a lot or whatever
+and like but just the fact that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like but just the fact that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like but just the fact that like
+showing that to everybody might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that to everybody might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that to everybody might
+influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence
+your choices so we're gonna do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choices so we're gonna do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choices so we're gonna do one
+version which is not quite private but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version which is not quite private but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version which is not quite private but
+sort of close to getting private which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of close to getting private which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of close to getting private which
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+i'm just gonna announce which team it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna announce which team it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just gonna announce which team it
+was and at the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and at the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and at the end of the class
+uh uh you'll tell me what the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you'll tell me what the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you'll tell me what the outcome
+was and you get the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and you get the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and you get the or
+i guess so you you see what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess so you you see what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess so you you see what the other
+person does to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person does to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person does to uh
+with you i see so then the two of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you i see so then the two of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you i see so then the two of you
+can just essentially then sort of split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just essentially then sort of split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just essentially then sort of split
+the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+it's sort of not quite private because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of not quite private because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of not quite private because
+the other person obviously you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person obviously you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person obviously you have to
+interact with another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with another person
+uh you should keep that in mind but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should keep that in mind but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you should keep that in mind but it's
+not like everybody in class will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like everybody in class will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like everybody in class will
+uh will notice it okay is it clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will notice it okay is it clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will notice it okay is it clear what
+i'm what i'm asking everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm what i'm asking everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm what i'm asking everyone
+yes so this is private to the extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this is private to the extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so this is private to the extent
+like private towards your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private towards your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private towards your other
+classmate except for the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate except for the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmate except for the person
+uh uh that you're matched with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that you're matched with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that you're matched with okay
+so this is again ten dollars and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again ten dollars and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is again ten dollars and uh uh
+this is the last ten dollars i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last ten dollars i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last ten dollars i actually
+have so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so um
+i have more candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here um where's him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here um where's him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here um where's him
+here so you got the ten dollars you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you got the ten dollars you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you got the ten dollars you just
+have to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh uh
+find your your partner uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your your partner uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find your your partner uh
+who's um wizard uh yoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's um wizard uh yoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's um wizard uh yoon
+okay so you have to sort of uh settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to sort of uh settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to sort of uh settle
+that with her um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with her um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with her um
+i'll stay out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um we're gonna do more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we're gonna do more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um we're gonna do more um
+and this is the last one we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the last one we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the last one we're gonna do
+more of uh communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of uh communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of uh communication
+perhaps you learned about kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you learned about kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you learned about kind of like
+how to best communicate or or the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to best communicate or or the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to best communicate or or the like
+uh i think in most of the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think in most of the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think in most of the remaining
+rounds we're just gonna do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds we're just gonna do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds we're just gonna do um
+uh uh ten candies or 10 chocolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ten candies or 10 chocolates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh ten candies or 10 chocolates
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+each so this one is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so this one is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so this one is again
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+with communications you can chat and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communications you can chat and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communications you can chat and try
+to figure out kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out kind of like
+perhaps as a receiver how to best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as a receiver how to best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps as a receiver how to best
+influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the
+ascender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way we can you can be repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we can you can be repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way we can you can be repeatedly
+uh uh chosen so we have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh chosen so we have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh chosen so we have um
+e one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e one
+what did you do very nice of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you do very nice of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did you do very nice of you
+here yes and here's the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's your
+other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are yours yeah girlfriend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are yours yeah girlfriend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are yours yeah girlfriend
+um okay so what are some good messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what are some good messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what are some good messages
+or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what
+some compelling messages that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some compelling messages that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some compelling messages that you
+received of any or maybe funny ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received of any or maybe funny ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received of any or maybe funny ones
+yes what was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you are lactose intolerant or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lactose intolerant or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are lactose intolerant or the
+receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i see i say so here's a giver that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see i say so here's a giver that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see i say so here's a giver that
+lactose intolerant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose intolerant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose intolerant
+you could have given it instead of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have given it instead of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have given it instead of like
+the other classmate you could have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other classmate you could have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other classmate you could have also
+just given it to your friend as a giver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given it to your friend as a giver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just given it to your friend as a giver
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+yes um what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um what else
+was there any compelling messages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any compelling messages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there any compelling messages that
+you received it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you received it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you received it actually
+worked or did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes i wasn't deciding but the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i wasn't deciding but the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i wasn't deciding but the person
+told me that if i tell them a joke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me that if i tell them a joke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me that if i tell them a joke that
+makes them laugh they'll give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them laugh they'll give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them laugh they'll give me
+chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chocolate
+and did you yeah they gave me 40. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did you yeah they gave me 40. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and did you yeah they gave me 40. so
+not bad so maybe you need to work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad so maybe you need to work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad so maybe you need to work on the
+jokes but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes but uh
+yes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right
+so now we're going to choose play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to choose play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to choose play a
+second game which is called the oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second game which is called the oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second game which is called the oh sorry
+let me close this um which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me close this um which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me close this um which is called the
+ultimatum game so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimatum game so the
+so the dictator game is a nice game in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dictator game is a nice game in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dictator game is a nice game in a
+sense it's very uh it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's very uh it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it's very uh it's a very simple
+game it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game it's a very
+sort of start game and very in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of start game and very in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of start game and very in some
+sense good at capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense good at capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense good at capturing
+sort of a form of like pure altruism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a form of like pure altruism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a form of like pure altruism
+here's like your money here's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like your money here's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's like your money here's the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+or like how much money you want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like how much money you want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like how much money you want to give
+for that person there's no often no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that person there's no often no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that person there's no often no
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+often it's like even anonymous and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's like even anonymous and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's like even anonymous and so on
+so it's essentially just kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's essentially just kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's essentially just kind of like
+how much do you care about yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you care about yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you care about yourself
+versus like some other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like some other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus like some other person
+so that's very simple but when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very simple but when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very simple but when you think
+about the real world situation often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real world situation often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real world situation often you
+know there's interactions across people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's interactions across people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's interactions across people
+and um uh you know the dictator game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh you know the dictator game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um uh you know the dictator game
+cannot really capture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really capture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot really capture that
+um uh uh that well so um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that well so um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh uh that well so um one of the
+sort of the second perhaps most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the second perhaps most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the second perhaps most famous
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+game in this literature is what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in this literature is what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in this literature is what's called
+the ultimatum game um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimatum game um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ultimatum game um
+we have again sort of instructions i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have again sort of instructions i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have again sort of instructions i
+think you can't really necessarily hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can't really necessarily hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can't really necessarily hear
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um the uh
+narration but um you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narration but um you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narration but um you're going to be
+randomly played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly played
+sort of one player each pair is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one player each pair is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one player each pair is the
+proposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer
+the other is the respondent the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the respondent the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the respondent the first
+thing that will happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry so there's a proposer and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so there's a proposer and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so there's a proposer and there's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+turn this off there's a proposer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this off there's a proposer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this off there's a proposer and
+there's a receiver the proposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a receiver the proposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a receiver the proposer
+uh as in the dictator game proposes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as in the dictator game proposes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as in the dictator game proposes some
+amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money
+as you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the other person who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other person who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other person who is the
+receiver the responder can accept or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver the responder can accept or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver the responder can accept or uh
+reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+okay so if somebody says you know i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if somebody says you know i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if somebody says you know i have
+10 10 10 candy if i offer you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 10 candy if i offer you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 10 candy if i offer you like
+uh uh one you might say that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one you might say that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh one you might say that's sort of
+not very nice and you might reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very nice and you might reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very nice and you might reject it
+or you might say actually i'd rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might say actually i'd rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might say actually i'd rather
+have one candy than zero candy and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one candy than zero candy and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one candy than zero candy and i
+accept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it
+and for each of these amounts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these amounts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each of these amounts you can
+sort of make a choice but so the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make a choice but so the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make a choice but so the when
+you are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are the
+um uh the the the first person choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the the first person choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the the the first person choosing
+you sort of need to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of need to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of need to take into account
+what the other person might do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person might do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the other person might do for
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+offers that you have if the offer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that you have if the offer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers that you have if the offer is
+rejected you essentially neither of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected you essentially neither of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejected you essentially neither of you
+receives anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives anything
+if it's accepted it's just implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's accepted it's just implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's accepted it's just implemented
+as was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as was
+what the proposal was any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the proposal was any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the proposal was any questions on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're still playing for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're still playing for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're still playing for um
+uh lin chocolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh wise choice uh you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wise choice uh you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wise choice uh you are
+so vijay you and yeah you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vijay you and yeah you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vijay you and yeah you are
+um okay so we're gonna do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i see we're going to play the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see we're going to play the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see we're going to play the same thing
+again uh uh uh but in rotated roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh uh uh but in rotated roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh uh uh but in rotated roles
+so that's usually not what people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's usually not what people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's usually not what people would
+necessarily do because usually it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily do because usually it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily do because usually it would
+be essentially one-shot games was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially one-shot games was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be essentially one-shot games was very
+clean in a sense of like expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean in a sense of like expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean in a sense of like expectations
+are clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clear
+this is a little bit just like for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit just like for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit just like for you
+to see the other side i think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the other side i think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the other side i think this is
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i think it is with the same person it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it is with the same person it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it is with the same person it
+might just be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be that the
+the the rolls are rotated uh i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rolls are rotated uh i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rolls are rotated uh i don't
+know if you can see who the other can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see who the other can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can see who the other can
+you actually see the name of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually see the name of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually see the name of the other
+person when you play or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person when you play or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person when you play or no
+i see so i think it might not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so i think it might not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see so i think it might not be the
+same person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same person
+sorry i should know this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's you um there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's you um there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's you um there you go
+i think she's up there um now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think she's up there um now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think she's up there um now we're
+gonna do the same thing which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the same thing which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the same thing which uh
+but entails communication so that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but entails communication so that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but entails communication so that is to
+say now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now
+as a receiver you can talk to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a receiver you can talk to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a receiver you can talk to the other
+person you can discuss or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you can discuss or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you can discuss or as
+a giver you can sort of discuss about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giver you can sort of discuss about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giver you can sort of discuss about
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+if i make you the software will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i make you the software will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i make you the software will you
+accept it or not and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it or not and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it or not and of course the
+receiver will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver will
+have some thoughts and try to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some thoughts and try to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some thoughts and try to sort of
+make the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the case
+of yes or no and you'll see that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yes or no and you'll see that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yes or no and you'll see that has a
+somewhat slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat slightly different
+dynamic so again same game now except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic so again same game now except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic so again same game now except
+for now there's communication you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now there's communication you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now there's communication you can
+talk to the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one person is playing with a robot so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is playing with a robot so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is playing with a robot so i
+guess you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you can't really
+communicate sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate sorry
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just because there's uneven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because there's uneven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just because there's uneven
+numbers and uh and trying to finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh and trying to finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh and trying to finish up
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the person gave me a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person gave me a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person gave me a hundred
+did you accept i accept there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you accept i accept there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you accept i accept there you go
+lucky you but uh who is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very nice of you are you the lacto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice of you are you the lacto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice of you are you the lacto
+are you the lactose intolerant no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now we're gonna do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're gonna do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're gonna do the same thing
+again and private just to see kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and private just to see kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and private just to see kind of
+like whether your choices in private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether your choices in private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether your choices in private
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+are are different from the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it isn't private with communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it isn't private with communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it isn't private with communication
+so as in like you can communicate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as in like you can communicate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as in like you can communicate but
+again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like
+it's not public just at least to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not public just at least to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not public just at least to your
+other classmates what is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classmates what is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classmates what is actually the
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+of um the game i think i'm running out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the game i think i'm running out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um the game i think i'm running out
+of swiss chocolate so now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swiss chocolate so now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swiss chocolate so now you have to
+get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some
+snickers instead which is worse i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snickers instead which is worse i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snickers instead which is worse i think
+but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway
+what did you offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh three did you say 330.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh three did you say 330.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh three did you say 330.
+i gave them three 3.1 chocolates uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave them three 3.1 chocolates uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave them three 3.1 chocolates uh you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+you guys can deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i stay out of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right um we can do one more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um we can do one more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um we can do one more of these
+i also have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also have um
+i brought some chocolate bunnies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought some chocolate bunnies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought some chocolate bunnies
+these are very nice bunnies so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very nice bunnies so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very nice bunnies so here you
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this is again with communication uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again with communication uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again with communication uh
+sorry i was saying this was private i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i was saying this was private i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i was saying this was private i
+guess it wasn't private so i forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it wasn't private so i forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it wasn't private so i forgot
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+uh this is in public uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is in public uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is in public uh with
+communication so i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication so i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication so i should
+think isabelle and hannah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what uh what did you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it was accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lucky you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now um one main thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um one main thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now um one main thing about
+these games is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games is
+when you notice this is like uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you notice this is like uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you notice this is like uh in
+particular from the receivers part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular from the receivers part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular from the receivers part
+there's only one action that you see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one action that you see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one action that you see for
+like one realization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one realization right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one realization right
+so it's not very efficient in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not very efficient in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not very efficient in terms of
+eliciting a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting a lot of information
+in the sense that like if i ask you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that like if i ask you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that like if i ask you like
+how much money do you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money do you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money do you give
+and i'm gonna see what you do as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna see what you do as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm gonna see what you do as like
+the the first mover and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first mover and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first mover and then
+for specific realization you sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific realization you sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for specific realization you sort of see
+what does this person do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this person do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this person do um
+as a second mover instead what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a second mover instead what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a second mover instead what you can
+do is we can use what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we can use what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we can use what's called the
+strategy method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy method
+uh which we're kind of in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which we're kind of in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which we're kind of in some sense
+already doing in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already doing in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already doing in the sense of like
+the strategy method is to say like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy method is to say like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strategy method is to say like in
+case a certain thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a certain thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a certain thing
+of course a certain situation occurs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a certain situation occurs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a certain situation occurs and
+that situation will be implemented what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation will be implemented what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation will be implemented what
+would you do in that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do in that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do in that situation
+and there's a positive probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a positive probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a positive probability that
+this actually happens and so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually happens and so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually happens and so therefore
+people are incentivized to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are incentivized to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are incentivized to behave
+optimally in a sense that like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally in a sense that like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimally in a sense that like that's
+exactly what we're doing right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're doing right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're doing right now and
+something to you there's like 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to you there's like 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to you there's like 80
+different pairs that are playing and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs that are playing and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pairs that are playing and i'm
+randomly just or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly just or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly just or
+randomly selecting just one so like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selecting just one so like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly selecting just one so like this
+is already like a strategy method in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already like a strategy method in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already like a strategy method in a
+sense i'm asking you like in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i'm asking you like in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense i'm asking you like in case you
+are selected what would you like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are selected what would you like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are selected what would you like to do
+um so i'm eliciting sort of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm eliciting sort of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm eliciting sort of information
+from like 80 people at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 80 people at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 80 people at the same time
+uh while only having to pay out like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while only having to pay out like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while only having to pay out like 10
+10 uh chocolates or chocolate bunnies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh chocolates or chocolate bunnies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh chocolates or chocolate bunnies or
+whatever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh
+at one time for the result so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one time for the result so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one time for the result so that's
+essentially a way of creating if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a way of creating if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a way of creating if you
+wanted to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to run
+large experiments that's a way of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large experiments that's a way of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large experiments that's a way of um
+running experiments where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running experiments where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running experiments where there are
+stakes and sometimes it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes and sometimes it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes and sometimes it doesn't matter
+what you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you choose
+but it's much cheaper to do and much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much cheaper to do and much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's much cheaper to do and much
+more feasible to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feasible to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feasible to do so
+now the strategy method is sort of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the strategy method is sort of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the strategy method is sort of going
+um a little bit further what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit further what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit further what the
+strategy method essentially is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy method essentially is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy method essentially is doing
+it is essentially just asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is essentially just asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is essentially just asking you
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+it's asking you explicitly as a proposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asking you explicitly as a proposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's asking you explicitly as a proposer
+how much would you offer so it's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much would you offer so it's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much would you offer so it's asking
+essentially both people as a proposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially both people as a proposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially both people as a proposer
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+each person has asked if you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has asked if you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person has asked if you were a
+proposer what would you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer what would you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposer what would you do
+and then it's asking each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a responder what's the smallest offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a responder what's the smallest offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a responder what's the smallest offer
+that you would accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would accept
+notice if i have those two pieces if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice if i have those two pieces if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice if i have those two pieces if i
+match two people i can play the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match two people i can play the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match two people i can play the entire
+game for any realization because i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for any realization because i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for any realization because i know
+essentially the fully contingent plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the fully contingent plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the fully contingent plan
+and that way i'm eliciting way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way i'm eliciting way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that way i'm eliciting way more
+information than just sort of realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than just sort of realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than just sort of realizing
+essentially for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for each
+person i'm going to elicit both what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person i'm going to elicit both what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person i'm going to elicit both what
+they're doing in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're doing in both
+in both roles and for the responder i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both roles and for the responder i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both roles and for the responder i'm
+eliciting also kind of like for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting also kind of like for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting also kind of like for all
+potential realization as opposed to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential realization as opposed to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential realization as opposed to just
+like if you received three dollars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you received three dollars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you received three dollars or
+five dollars whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dollars whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dollars whatever
+what would you do okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do okay so we're going to
+do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that um
+uh uh right now um i guess with snickers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now it's not clear who actually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's not clear who actually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's not clear who actually your
+partner is because now it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner is because now it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner is because now it's essentially
+you're choosing like for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing like for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing like for all
+uh contingent plans so so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contingent plans so so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contingent plans so so um
+it's not obvious what your other partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious what your other partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obvious what your other partner
+will actually do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually do you
+are essentially deciding independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially deciding independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially deciding independent of
+my partner what my partner does for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partner what my partner does for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partner what my partner does for all
+sorts of scenarios what i'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scenarios what i'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of scenarios what i'm gonna do
+um and then essentially randomly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then essentially randomly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then essentially randomly you
+will be matched with somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um why don't you tell me two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um why don't you tell me two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um why don't you tell me two numbers
+between one and sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and sixty
+two twenty three and twenty three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two twenty three and twenty three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two twenty three and twenty three and
+fifty two so i'm gonna just pick number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty two so i'm gonna just pick number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty two so i'm gonna just pick number
+23 and 52 we're going to take the offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and 52 we're going to take the offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and 52 we're going to take the offer
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+23 and then the response from 52.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and then the response from 52.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and then the response from 52.
+and i guess you remember what you chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess you remember what you chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess you remember what you chose
+hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully
+so 23 is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know how to pronounce your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how to pronounce your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how to pronounce your name
+uh adidton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adidton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adidton
+how do you pronounce your name anitron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pronounce your name anitron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pronounce your name anitron
+what did you uh propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half okay and then what what did you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and then what what did you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay and then what what did you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 uh which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 uh which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 uh which is uh
+uh brendan so now the question is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brendan so now the question is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh brendan so now the question is four
+half if you offered half brendan what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half if you offered half brendan what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half if you offered half brendan what
+would you actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you actually do
+yes and you also accepted it earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you also accepted it earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and you also accepted it earlier and
+in your round yes here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your round yes here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your round yes here you go
+that's always the so essentially that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always the so essentially that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always the so essentially that's
+the way this is usually implemented so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is usually implemented so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is usually implemented so
+now essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now essentially
+for that specific contingency um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that specific contingency um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that specific contingency um that's
+now being implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now being implemented
+but now i know essentially what brandon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i know essentially what brandon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i know essentially what brandon
+would have done for all scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done for all scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done for all scenarios
+because he gave me like his fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he gave me like his fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he gave me like his fully
+contingent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contingent
+uh plan um we're going to do the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plan um we're going to do the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plan um we're going to do the exact
+same thing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing again
+in case this wasn't fully clear um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i don't know actually why that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know actually why that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't know actually why that group
+make making groups out of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make making groups out of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make making groups out of this but
+whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's
+it's fine um abby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes what did you propose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight was that 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight was that 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight was that 30
+50. sorry and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. sorry and uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50. sorry and uh what
+you no uh so it was eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no uh so it was eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no uh so it was eight and
+thirteen as uh uh brian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're good uh uh here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're good uh uh here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're good uh uh here we go
+you guys are pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+previous years were not that nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous years were not that nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous years were not that nice
+all right so now we're gonna play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're gonna play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we're gonna play the
+third game which has been used a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third game which has been used a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third game which has been used a lot in
+this literature which is called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature which is called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this literature which is called um
+uh the trust game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the trust game um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the trust game um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the trust game um
+works as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is um
+a person who is the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who is the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who is the um
+the investor who uh uh gives some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investor who uh uh gives some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the investor who uh uh gives some amount
+of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money
+and so let me just okay where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just okay where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just okay where's the
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+supposed to be a video oh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a video oh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a video oh here
+right so they call it like an investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they call it like an investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they call it like an investment
+game a trust game there's the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a trust game there's the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a trust game there's the investor
+and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's the
+um responder the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the investor uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the investor uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the investor uh and the
+responder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responder
+have some uh amount of money which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uh amount of money which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some uh amount of money which is a
+little bit contrived here but anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit contrived here but anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit contrived here but anyway um
+let's assume that's true the investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that's true the investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that's true the investor
+chooses how much to send this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses how much to send this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses how much to send this is the
+investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+the responder gets the investment plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responder gets the investment plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the responder gets the investment plus a
+multiplier the multiplier here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually two or three and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually two or three and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually two or three and then the
+responder gets essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responder gets essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responder gets essentially the
+investment plus the multiplier and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment plus the multiplier and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment plus the multiplier and then
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+decide to respond and send money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to respond and send money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to respond and send money back
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in our case i guess it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case i guess it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case i guess it's a little
+tricky to do with candy but suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to do with candy but suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to do with candy but suppose the
+investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor
+has like a 10 to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a 10 to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a 10 to start with
+you can now decide out of the 10 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now decide out of the 10 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now decide out of the 10 how
+much you're gonna give to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're gonna give to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're gonna give to the other
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+that is multiplied by three i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is multiplied by three i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is multiplied by three i need to
+make sure you have enough candy i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have enough candy i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you have enough candy i think
+i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do
+uh that is multiplied by three and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is multiplied by three and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is multiplied by three and then
+the other person can decide to send some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person can decide to send some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person can decide to send some
+back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you get sort of the issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get sort of the issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get sort of the issue that
+like essentially on the one hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially on the one hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essentially on the one hand you
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+want to send a lot to get the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a lot to get the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send a lot to get the other
+person sort of to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sort of to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person sort of to to
+to to have a lot to be able to send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have a lot to be able to send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to have a lot to be able to send you
+back but of course it could also be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but of course it could also be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but of course it could also be that
+you send a lot and the other person says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a lot and the other person says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a lot and the other person says
+thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+and doesn't send you anything okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't send you anything okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't send you anything okay
+okay so this is without communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is without communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is without communication
+and we'll do one with communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do one with communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do one with communication
+after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+and why don't you take these two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why don't you take these two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why don't you take these two and
+divide it in those fractions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it in those fractions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it in those fractions that you
+have how about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have how about this
+so usually this would be obviously what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually this would be obviously what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually this would be obviously what
+like uh real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh real numbers
+uh done properly no no just divided like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done properly no no just divided like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh done properly no no just divided like
+i think roughly half is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this is a little tricky with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a little tricky with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is a little tricky with these
+numbers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um
+okay no no that we will use this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no no that we will use this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no no that we will use this for the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+i'll keep these yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll keep these yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll keep these yes um
+all right so we can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we can do the same thing
+with communication so now instead of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication so now instead of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with communication so now instead of um
+now you can essentially before the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can essentially before the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can essentially before the first
+person makes their first choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person makes their first choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person makes their first choice
+or what before when the person is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what before when the person is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what before when the person is uh
+making the response choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the response choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the response choice
+you can communicate and talk about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can communicate and talk about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can communicate and talk about like
+you know what you might do in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you might do in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you might do in the future
+which may not be the truth of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have um jody and sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi what what did you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi what what did you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi what what did you um
+give and received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's kind of like in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of like in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of like in some sense the
+ideal scenario because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal scenario because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal scenario because
+the other person had a lot of faith in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person had a lot of faith in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other person had a lot of faith in
+their classmate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classmate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their classmate
+perhaps because it's in public because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because it's in public because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because it's in public because
+perhaps because they think their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because they think their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because they think their
+classmates are really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates are really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates are really nice
+so you gave a lot to start with and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you gave a lot to start with and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you gave a lot to start with and then
+so that was multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was multiplied
+and and then you know you actually got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you know you actually got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then you know you actually got a
+lot back which doesn't always happen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot back which doesn't always happen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot back which doesn't always happen uh
+either so i think you can just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so i think you can just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either so i think you can just sort of
+uh whatever this number is um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever this number is um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whatever this number is um and uh
+divide it according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it according to
+like the the actual division what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the actual division what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the actual division what it is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so now we're done with those games um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're done with those games um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're done with those games um
+what i'd like you to do is so next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'd like you to do is so next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'd like you to do is so next time
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+discuss in detail kind of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in detail kind of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss in detail kind of each of these
+games and sort of like if you want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and sort of like if you want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and sort of like if you want more
+rigorous research in a sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous research in a sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous research in a sense of like
+rigorous versions of this research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous versions of this research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous versions of this research and
+trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand
+when you do this a bit more carefully in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this a bit more carefully in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this a bit more carefully in
+terms of like experimental economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like experimental economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like experimental economists
+are extremely careful in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely careful in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely careful in their
+procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures
+and in their ways in which they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in their ways in which they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in their ways in which they uh
+present information and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present information and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present information and so on and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+so what we just were doing was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we just were doing was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we just were doing was kind of
+like pretty sloppy by those standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty sloppy by those standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty sloppy by those standards
+um so what can we learn from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what can we learn from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what can we learn from this
+research that does it very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that does it very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that does it very carefully
+and what does it sort of predict when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it sort of predict when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does it sort of predict when
+you think about okay like these lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about okay like these lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about okay like these lab
+games in some sense they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in some sense they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games in some sense they're
+fairly contrived what can we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly contrived what can we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly contrived what can we learn
+actually are they predictive of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are they predictive of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are they predictive of real
+world behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world behaviors
+if you have any observations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any observations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any observations about
+things that you have learned or thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have learned or thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have learned or thought
+that were interesting and so on feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were interesting and so on feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were interesting and so on feel
+free to share them on the forum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to share them on the forum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to share them on the forum
+um anonymously if you like and i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anonymously if you like and i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anonymously if you like and i can
+discuss some of the things that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some of the things that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss some of the things that could be
+either anecdotes about like messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either anecdotes about like messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either anecdotes about like messages
+received or things that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received or things that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received or things that happened
+uh i can then sort of like look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can then sort of like look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i can then sort of like look at these
+and share them with the class otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share them with the class otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and share them with the class otherwise
+i'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JjoqYkq4J6k.txt b/JjoqYkq4J6k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69d5301713001bbd26bd4048c7036689f4832e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JjoqYkq4J6k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3197 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Today we'll be talking a
+little about angular momentum.
+
+Continuing the discussion
+of those vector operators
+
+and their identities
+that we had last time.
+
+So it will allow us to make
+quite a bit of progress
+
+with those operators, and
+understand them better.
+
+Then we'll go through
+the algebraic analysis
+
+of the spectrum.
+
+This is something
+that probably you've
+
+seen in some way or another,
+perhaps in not so much detail.
+
+But you're probably
+somewhat familiar,
+
+but it's good to see it again.
+
+And finally at the end
+we'll discuss an application
+
+that is related to your last
+problem in the homework.
+
+And it's a rather
+mysterious thing
+
+that I think one
+should appreciate
+
+how unusual the
+result is, related
+
+to the two dimensional
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+So I'll begin by reminding
+you of a few things.
+
+We have L, which is r cross p.
+
+And we managed to
+prove last time
+
+that that was equal to p
+cross r, with a minus sign.
+
+And then part of the
+problem's that you're
+
+solving with
+angular momentum use
+
+the concept of a vector
+and the rotations.
+
+So if u is a vector
+under rotations--
+
+to say that something is a
+vector under rotations means
+
+the following, means that if you
+compute Li commutator with uj,
+
+you can put a hat.
+
+All these things are
+operators, all these vectors.
+
+So maybe I won't put a hat
+here on the blackboard.
+
+Then you're supposed to get
+i, epsilon, ijk, ih bar.
+
+Epsilon, ijk, uk.
+
+So that's a definition
+if you wish.
+
+Any object that does that
+is a vector under rotations.
+
+And something that in the
+homework you can verify
+
+is that r and p are
+vectors under rotation.
+
+That is, if you put here xj,
+you get this thing with xk.
+
+If you put here pj, you
+get this thing with pk.
+
+If you compute the commutator.
+
+So r and p are vectors
+under rotation.
+
+Then comes that little theorem,
+that is awfully important,
+
+that shows that if u and v are
+vectors under rotations-- u
+
+and v vectors under rotations--
+then u dot v is a scalar.
+
+And u cross v is a vector.
+
+And in both cases,
+under rotations.
+
+So this is something
+you must prove,
+
+because if you know how u and
+v commute with the angular
+
+momentum, you know how u
+times v, in either the dot
+
+combination or the cross
+combination, commute with j,
+
+with L. So to say that
+something is a scalar,
+
+the translation is that
+Li with u dot v will be 0.
+
+You don't have to
+calculate it again.
+
+If you've shown that
+u and v are vectors,
+
+that they transform like
+that, this commutes with this.
+
+So r-- so what do you
+conclude from this?
+
+That Li commutes with r squared,
+commutes-- it's equal to p
+
+squared.
+
+And it's equal to Li, r dot p.
+
+They all are 0.
+
+Because r and p are
+vectors under rotation,
+
+so you don't have to
+compute those ones anymore.
+
+Li will commute with r squared,
+with p squared r cross p.
+
+And also, the fact
+that u cross v
+
+is a vector means that Li
+commutated with u cross v,
+
+j-- the j component of u cross
+v is ih bar, u cross v. I'm
+
+sorry-- epsilon,
+ijk, u cross v, k.
+
+Which is to say that u cross
+v is a vector under rotations.
+
+This has a lot of
+important corollaries.
+
+The most important
+perhaps is the commutation
+
+of angular momentum with itself.
+
+That is since you've shown
+that r and p satisfy this,
+
+r cross p, which is
+angular momentum,
+
+is also a vector under rotation.
+
+So here choosing u
+equal r, and v equal p,
+
+you get that Li, Lj is equal
+to ih bar, epsilon, ijk, Lk.
+
+And it's the end of the story.
+
+You got this commutation.
+
+The commutation you wanted.
+
+In earlier courses,
+you probably found
+
+that this was a fairly
+complicated calculation.
+
+Which you had to put the x's and
+the p's, the x's and the p's,
+
+and start moving them.
+
+And it takes quite
+a while to do it.
+
+So, that's important.
+
+Another property
+that follows from all
+
+of this, which is sort of
+interesting, that since L
+
+is now also a vector under
+rotations, Li commutes with L
+
+squared.
+
+Because l squared is L dot
+L, therefore it's a scalar.
+
+So Li commutes with L squared.
+
+And that property is
+absolutely crucial.
+
+It's important that it's worth
+checking that in fact, it
+
+follows just from this algebra.
+
+You see, the only
+thing you need to know
+
+to compute the commutator
+of Li with L squared
+
+is how L's commute.
+
+Therefore it should be
+possible to calculate this
+
+based on this algebra.
+
+So this property is true just
+because of this algebra, not
+
+because of anything
+we've said before.
+
+And that's important
+to realize it.
+
+Because you have
+algebra like si,
+
+sj, ih bar, epsilon,
+ijk, sk, which
+
+was the algebra of
+spin angular momentum.
+
+And we claim that
+for that same reason
+
+that this algebra
+leads to this result,
+
+that si should commute
+with s squared.
+
+And you may remember that
+in the particular case
+
+we examined in this
+course, s squared--
+
+that would be sx squared plus
+sy squared plus sz squared-- was
+
+in fact h bar over 2 squared.
+
+And each matrix was
+proportional to the identity.
+
+So there's a 3 in
+the identity matrix.
+
+And s squared is really in the
+way we represent that spin,
+
+by 2 by 2 matrices,
+commutes with si.
+
+Because it is the identity.
+
+So it's no accident
+that this thing is 0.
+
+Because this algebra,
+whatever l is,
+
+implies that this with the
+thing squared is equal to zero.
+
+So whenever we'll be
+talking about spin angular
+
+momentum, orbital angular
+momentum, total angular
+
+momentum, when we
+add them, there's
+
+all kinds of angular momentum.
+
+And our another generic name
+for angular momentum will be j.
+
+And we'll say that ji, jj,
+equal ih bar, epsilon, ijk,
+
+jk is the algebra
+of angular momentum.
+
+And by using j, you're
+sending the signal
+
+that you may be talking about l.
+
+Or may be talking about
+s, but it's not obvious
+
+which you're talking about.
+
+And you're focusing on those
+properties of angular momentum
+
+that hold just because this
+algebra is supposed to be true.
+
+So in this algebra, you will
+have that ji commutes with j
+
+squared.
+
+And what is j squared?
+
+Of course, j squared
+is j1 squared
+
+plus j2 squared plus j3 squared.
+
+Now this is so important,
+and this derivation
+
+is a little bit indirect,
+that I encourage you all
+
+to just do it.
+
+Without using any
+formula, put the jx here,
+
+and compute this commutator.
+
+And it takes a couple of lines,
+but just convince yourself
+
+that this is true.
+
+OK, now we did have a
+little more discussion.
+
+And these are all things
+that are basically related
+
+to what you've been
+doing in the homework.
+
+Another fact is
+that this algebra
+
+is translated into j
+cross j equal ih bar, j.
+
+Another result in
+transcription of equations
+
+is that the statement that u
+is a vector under rotations
+
+corresponds to a
+vector identity.
+
+Just the fact that
+the algebra here
+
+is this, the fact
+that l with u is this,
+
+implies the following algebra.
+
+j cross u plus u cross
+j equal 2i h bar.
+
+So this is for a
+vector under rotations.
+
+Under rotations.
+
+So this I think is in the notes.
+
+It's basically
+saying that if you
+
+want to translate this equation
+into vector form, which
+
+is a nice thing to have,
+it reads like this.
+
+And the way to do that is to
+just calculate the left hand
+
+side.
+
+Put and index, i.
+
+And just try to get
+the right hand side.
+
+It will work out.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions so far
+with these identities?
+
+OK.
+
+So we move on to
+another identity
+
+that you've been
+working on, based
+
+on the calculation of what
+is a cross b dot a cross b.
+
+If these things are
+operators, there's
+
+corrections to the
+classical formula
+
+for the answer of of what this
+product is supposed to be.
+
+Actually, the classical
+formula, so it's not
+
+equal to a squared, b squared,
+minus a dot b squared.
+
+But it's actually equal
+to this, plus dot dot dot.
+
+A few more things.
+
+Classically it's just that.
+
+You put 2 epsilons.
+
+Calculate the left hand side.
+
+And it's just these 2 terms.
+
+Since there are
+more terms, let's
+
+look what they are for a
+particular case of interest.
+
+So our case of interest is L
+squared, that corresponds to r
+
+cross b, times r cross b.
+
+And indeed, it's
+not just r squared,
+
+p squared, minus
+r dot p squared.
+
+But there's a little extra.
+
+And perhaps you have computed
+that little extra by now.
+
+It's ih bar r dot p.
+
+So that's a pretty
+useful result.
+
+And from here, we typically
+look for what is p squared.
+
+So for p squared-- so what we
+do is pass these other terms
+
+to the other side.
+
+And therefore we have
+1 over r squared,
+
+r dot p squared,
+minus ih bar, r dot p.
+
+Yes.
+
+Plus 1 over r
+squared, l squared.
+
+And, we've done this
+with some prudence.
+
+The r squared is here in
+front of the p squared.
+
+It may be fairly different from
+having it to the other side.
+
+And therefore, when I apply
+the inverse 1 over r squared,
+
+I apply it from the left.
+
+So I write it like that.
+
+And that's very
+different for having
+
+the r squared on the other side.
+
+Could be completely different.
+
+Now, what is this?
+
+Well this is a
+simple computation,
+
+when you remember that p vector
+is h bar over i gradient.
+
+And r dot p, therefore
+is h bar over i, r, dvr.
+
+Because r vector is
+r magnitude times
+
+the unit vector in
+the radial direction.
+
+And the radial direction
+of gradient is dvr.
+
+So this can be simplified.
+
+I will not do it because
+it's in the notes.
+
+And you get minus h squared, 1
+over r, d second, d r squared,
+
+r.
+
+In a funny notation,
+the r is on the right.
+
+And the 1 over r is on the left.
+
+And you would say, this
+doesn't sound right.
+
+You have here all
+this derivatives
+
+and what is an r doing to
+the right of the derivatives.
+
+I see no r.
+
+But this is a kind of a
+trick to rewrite everything
+
+in a short way.
+
+So if you want,
+think of this being
+
+acting on some function of r.
+
+And see what it is.
+
+And then you put a function
+of r here, and calculate it.
+
+And you will see,
+you get the same.
+
+So it's a good
+thing to try that.
+
+So p squared is given by this.
+
+There's another
+formula for p squared.
+
+p squared is, of
+course, the Laplacian.
+
+So p squared is also
+equal to minus h squared
+
+times the Laplacian operator.
+
+And that's equal to minus
+h squared times-- in fact,
+
+the Laplacian operator is 1
+over r, d second, dr squared, r,
+
+plus 1 over r squared,
+1 over sine theta, dd
+
+theta, sine theta, dd theta.
+
+It's a little bit messy.
+
+Plus 1 over sine squared
+theta, d second, d phi squared,
+
+times closing this.
+
+So a few things
+are there to learn.
+
+And the first thing is if you
+compare these 2 expressions,
+
+you have a formula
+for l squared.
+
+You have l squared is 1 over
+r squared on the upper right.
+
+And here you have minus h
+squared times this thing.
+
+So l squared, that
+scalar operator
+
+is minus h squared,
+1 over sine theta,
+
+dd theta, sine theta, dd
+theta, plus 1 over sine
+
+squared theta, d
+second, d phi squared.
+
+So in terms of functions of
+3 variables, x, y, and z,
+
+L squared, which is a
+very complicated object,
+
+has become just a function
+of the angular variables.
+
+And that this a very
+important intuitive fact.
+
+L squared.
+
+L is operator.
+
+That's rotation.
+
+So it shouldn't really affect
+the r, shouldn't change r,
+
+modify r in any way.
+
+So it's a nice thing
+to confirm here
+
+that this operator can be
+thought as an operator acting
+
+on the angular variables.
+
+Or you could say, on functions,
+on the units here for example.
+
+It's a good thing.
+
+The other thing that
+you've learned here--
+
+so this is a very nice result.
+
+It's not all that easy to
+get by direct computation.
+
+If you had to do Lx squared
+plus Ly squared plus Lz
+
+squared, first all this
+possible order-- well,
+
+there's no ordering
+problems here.
+
+But you would have to write this
+in terms of x, and py, and pz,
+
+and xy, and z, then pass
+to angular variables.
+
+Simplify all that.
+
+It's a very bad way to do it.
+
+And it's painful.
+
+So the fact that we got
+this like that is very nice.
+
+The other thing that we've
+got is some understanding
+
+of the Hamiltonian for a
+central potential, what
+
+we call a central
+potential problem.
+
+v of r.
+
+Now, I will write
+a v of r like this.
+
+But then we'll simplify it.
+
+In fact, let me just go to a
+central potential case, which
+
+means that the potential just
+depends on the magnitude of r.
+
+So r is the magnitude
+of the vector r.
+
+So at this moment, you
+have p squared over there.
+
+So this whole
+Hamiltonian is minus h
+
+squared over 2m, 1 over r, d
+second, dr squared, r, plus p
+
+squared over 2m.
+
+So 1 over 2m, r squared,
+l squared plus v of r.
+
+So our Hamiltonian has
+also been simplified.
+
+So this will be
+the starting point
+
+for writing the
+Schrodinger equation
+
+for central potentials.
+
+And you have the
+operator l squared.
+
+And as far as we can, we'll
+try to avoid computations
+
+in theta and phi
+very explicitly,
+
+but try to do things
+algebraically.
+
+So at this moment,
+the last comment
+
+I want to make on this
+subject is the issue
+
+of set of commuting observables.
+
+So if you have a
+Hamiltonian like that,
+
+you can try to form a set of
+commuting observables that
+
+are going to help you
+understand the physics
+
+of your particular problem.
+
+So the first thing
+that you would
+
+want to put in the list of
+complete set of observables
+
+is the Hamiltonian.
+
+We really want to know the
+energies of this thing.
+
+So what other
+operators do I have?
+
+Well I have x1, x2, and x3.
+
+And well, can I add
+them to the Hamiltonian
+
+to have a complete set
+of commuting observables?
+
+Well, the x's commute
+among themselves.
+
+So can I add them?
+
+Yes or no?
+
+No.
+
+No you can't add
+them, because the x's
+
+don't commute with
+the Hamiltonian.
+
+There's a p here.
+
+p doesn't commute with x's.
+
+So that's out of the question.
+
+They cannot be
+added to our list.
+
+How about the p's?
+
+p1, p2, and p3.
+
+Not good either,
+because they don't
+
+commune with the potential term.
+
+The potential has x dependents,
+and will take a miracle for it
+
+to commute.
+
+In general, it won't commute.
+
+So no reason for it to commute,
+unless the potential is 0.
+
+So this is not good.
+
+Nor is good to have r squared,
+or p squared, or r dot p.
+
+r squared, p squared, r dot p.
+
+No good either.
+
+On the other hand, r
+cross p is interesting.
+
+You have the angular
+momentum, L1, L2, and L3.
+
+Well, the angular momentum
+will commute, I think,
+
+with the Hamiltonian.
+
+You can see it here.
+
+You have p squared,
+and Li's commute with p
+
+squared because p is a
+vector under rotations.
+
+p doesn't communicate with
+Li, but p squared does.
+
+Because that was a scalar.
+
+So this term commutes with
+any angular momentum operator.
+
+Moreover, v or r, r is this.
+
+So a v of r is a
+function of r squared.
+
+And r squared is the
+vector r squared.
+
+So ultimately, anything that is
+a function of r is a function
+
+of r squared that involves
+the operator r squared,
+
+that also commutes
+with all the Li's.
+
+So h commutes with all the Li's.
+
+And that's a great thing.
+
+So this is absolutely important.
+
+h commutes with all the Li's.
+
+That's angular
+momentum conservation.
+
+As we've seen, the rate
+of change of any operator
+
+is equal to expectation
+value of the commutator
+
+of the operator with
+the Hamiltonian.
+
+So if you put any Li,
+this commutator is 0.
+
+And the operator is
+conserved in the sense
+
+of expectation values.
+
+Now this conservation
+law is great.
+
+You could add this operators
+to the commuting set
+
+of observables.
+
+But this time, you have
+a different problem.
+
+Yes, this commutes with h.
+
+This commutes with h.
+
+And this commutes with h.
+
+But these one's don't
+commute with each other.
+
+So not quite good enough.
+
+You cannot add them all.
+
+So let's see how
+many can we add.
+
+We can only add 1.
+
+Because once you have 2 of
+them, they don't commute.
+
+So you're going to add 1, and
+everybody has agreed to add L3.
+
+So we have H, L3.
+
+And happily we have
+1 more is L squared.
+
+Remember, L squared commutes
+with all the Li's, so that's
+
+another operator.
+
+And for a central
+potential problem,
+
+this will be sufficient to
+label all of our states some.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how do we know
+that we need the L squared?
+
+How do we know
+that we can't get--
+
+how do we know that just
+H and L3 isn't already
+
+a complete set?
+
+PROFESSOR: I probably wouldn't
+know now, but in a little bit,
+
+as we calculate
+the kind of states
+
+that we get with
+angular momentum,
+
+I will see that there are many
+states with the same value
+
+of L3 that don't correspond
+to the same value of the total
+
+or length of the
+angular momentum.
+
+So it's almost like saying
+that there are angular
+
+momenta-- here is--
+let me draw a plane.
+
+Here is z component of
+angular momentum, Lz.
+
+And here you got it.
+
+You can have an angular
+momentum that is like that,
+
+and has this Lz.
+
+Or you can have an
+angular momentum
+
+that is like this, L prime,
+that has the same Lz.
+
+And then it will be difficult
+to tell these 2 states apart.
+
+And they will correspond
+to states of this angular
+
+momentum, or this angular
+momentum, have the same Lz.
+
+Now drawing these arrows is
+extraordinarily misleading.
+
+Hope you don't get
+upset that I did it.
+
+It's misleading because this
+vector you cannot measure
+
+simultaneously the 3 components.
+
+Because they don't commute.
+
+So what do I mean
+by drawing an arrow?
+
+Nevertheless, the
+intuition is sort of there.
+
+And it's not wrong,
+the intuition.
+
+It will happen to be
+the case that states
+
+that have same amount of Lz
+will not be distinguished.
+
+But by the time we have this,
+we will distinguish them.
+
+And that's also a peculiarity
+of a result but we'll use.
+
+Even though we're talking
+about 3 dimensions,
+
+the fact that the 1 dimensional
+Schrodinger equation
+
+has non degenerate bound states.
+
+You say, what does that have
+to do with 3 dimensions?
+
+What will happen is that the
+3 dimensional Schrodinger
+
+equation will reduce to a 1
+dimensional radial equation.
+
+And the fact that that
+doesn't have degeneracies
+
+tells you that for
+bound state problems,
+
+this will be enough to do it.
+
+So you will have
+to wait a little
+
+to be sure that this will do it.
+
+But this is pretty much
+the best we can do now.
+
+And I don't think you will
+be able to add anything
+
+else to this at this stage.
+
+Now there's of
+course funny things
+
+that you could add
+like-- if there's spin,
+
+the particles have spin, well
+we can add spin and things
+
+like that.
+
+But let's leave
+it at that and now
+
+begin really our calculation,
+algebraic calculation,
+
+of the angular momentum
+representations.
+
+So at this moment,
+we really want
+
+to make sure we work with this.
+
+Only this formula over here.
+
+And learn things about
+the kind of states
+
+that can exist in a
+system in which there
+
+are operators like that.
+
+So it's a funny thing.
+
+You're talking about
+a vector space.
+
+And in fact, you don't
+know almost anything
+
+about this vector space so far.
+
+But there is an action
+of those operators.
+
+From that fact alone, and
+one more important fact--
+
+the j's are Hermitian.
+
+From these 2 facts,
+we're going to derive
+
+incredibly powerful results,
+extremely powerful things.
+
+And as we'll see, they
+have applications even
+
+in cases that you would
+imagine they have nothing
+
+to do with angular momentum,
+which is really surprising.
+
+So how do we proceed
+with this stuff?
+
+Well, there's a hermeticity.
+
+And you immediately
+introduce things
+
+called J plus minus, which
+are J1 plus minus i J 2.
+
+Or Jx plus minus y Jc.
+
+Then you calculate
+what is J plus J minus.
+
+Well J plus J minus will be
+a J1 squared plus J2 squared.
+
+And then you have
+the cross product
+
+that this doesn't cancel.
+
+So J plus times J minus would
+be J1 plus i J2, J1 minus i J2.
+
+So the next term would
+be minus i, J1, J2.
+
+And that's i h bar, J3.
+
+So this is J1 squared plus
+J2 squared plus h bar J3.
+
+So that's a nice formula
+for J plus, J minus.
+
+J minus, J plus would
+be J1 squared plus J2
+
+squared minus h bar J3.
+
+These 2 formulas are summarized
+by J plus, J minus-- minus,
+
+plus-- is equal to
+J1 squared plus J2
+
+squared plus minus h bar J3.
+
+OK.
+
+Things to learn from this.
+
+Maybe I'll continue
+here for a little while
+
+to use the blackboards,
+up to here only.
+
+The commutator of
+J plus and J minus
+
+can be obtained
+from this equation.
+
+You just subtract them.
+
+And that's 2h bar, J3.
+
+And finally, one last
+thing that we like to know
+
+is how to write J squared.
+
+So J squared is J1 squared
+plus J2 squared plus J3
+
+squared, which
+then show up here.
+
+So we might as well
+add it and subtract it.
+
+So I add a J3 squared, and I
+add it on the left hand side.
+
+And pass this term
+to the other side.
+
+So J squared would be J plus,
+J minus, plus J3 squared,
+
+minus h bar, J3.
+
+Or J minus, J plus, plus
+J3 squared, plus h bar, J3.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's J squared.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're doing sort
+of simple things.
+
+Basically at this
+moment, we decided
+
+that we like better
+J plus and J minus.
+
+And we tried to
+figure out everything
+
+that we should know
+about J plus, J minus.
+
+If we substitute Lx, and Jx,
+and Jy for J plus and J minus,
+
+you better know what
+is the commutator
+
+of J plus and J minus.
+
+And how to write J squared in
+terms of J plus and J minus.
+
+And this is what
+we've done here.
+
+And in particular, we have a
+whole lot of nice formulas.
+
+So one more formula
+is probably useful.
+
+And it's the formula for the
+commutator of J plus and J
+
+minus with Jz.
+
+Because after all, the J
+plus, J minus commutator,
+
+you've got it.
+
+So if you're systematic
+about these things
+
+you should figure
+out that at this I
+
+would like to know what is
+the commutator of J plus and J
+
+minus with Jz.
+
+So I can do Jz, J plus.
+
+It's not hard.
+
+It's Jz.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+I'm calling it 3.
+
+So, I think in the notes
+I call them x, y, and z.
+
+But never mind.
+
+J1 plus i, J2.
+
+The plus is really
+with a plus i.
+
+So J3 with J1 by the cyclic
+ordering is ih bar, J2.
+
+And here you have plus i, and
+J3 with J2 is minus ih bar, J1.
+
+So this is h bar, J1, plus i,
+J2, which is h bar, J plus.
+
+So what you've learned
+is that J3 with J plus
+
+is equal to h bar, J plus.
+
+And if you did it
+with J minus, you'll
+
+find a minus, and
+a plus minus here.
+
+So that is the complete result.
+
+And that should remind you
+of the analogous relation
+
+in which you have in the
+harmonic oscillator, N
+
+commutator, with a dagger.
+
+With a dagger.
+
+And N commutator
+with a was minus a.
+
+Because of the fact that I
+maybe didn't say it here,
+
+and I should have, that the
+dagger of J plus is J minus.
+
+Because the operators
+are Hermitians.
+
+So J plus and J minus are
+daggers of each other,
+
+are adjoins of each other.
+
+And here you see a very
+analogous situation.
+
+a and a dagger were
+adjoins of each other.
+
+And with respect to N, a
+counting number operator.
+
+One increased it.
+
+One decreased it.
+
+a dagger increased the
+number eigenvalue of N. a
+
+decreased it, the same way
+it's going to happen here.
+
+J plus is going
+to increase the C
+
+component of angular momentum.
+
+And J minus is going
+to decrease it.
+
+OK.
+
+So we've done most of the
+calculations that we need.
+
+The rest is pretty easy work.
+
+Not that it was
+difficult so far.
+
+But it took a little time.
+
+So what happens next
+is the following.
+
+You must make a declaration.
+
+There should exist
+states, basically.
+
+We have a vector space.
+
+It's very large.
+
+It's actually
+infinite dimensional.
+
+Because they will be related
+to all kinds of functions
+
+on the unit sphere.
+
+All these angular variables.
+
+So it's infinite dimensional.
+
+So it's a little scary.
+
+But let's not worry about that.
+
+Something very nice happens
+with angular momentum.
+
+Something so nice that
+it didn't happen actually
+
+with a and a dagger.
+
+With a and a dagger,
+you build states
+
+in the harmonic oscillator.
+
+And you build
+infinitely many ones.
+
+The operators x and p, you've
+learned you cannot represent
+
+them by finite
+dimensional matrices.
+
+So this is a lot more
+complicated, you would say.
+
+And you would say, well,
+this is just much harder.
+
+This algebra is so much
+harder than this algebra.
+
+Nevertheless, this algebra
+is the difficult one.
+
+Gives you infinite
+dimensional representations.
+
+You can keep piling
+the a daggers.
+
+Here, this is a
+very dense algebra.
+
+Mathematicians would say this
+is much simpler than this one.
+
+And we'll see the simplicity
+of this one, in that you
+
+will manage to get
+representations
+
+and matrices that are
+finite dimensional
+
+to work these things out.
+
+So it's going to be
+nicer in that sense.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+We have to think of our
+commuting observables
+
+and the set of Hermitian
+operators that commute.
+
+So we have J squared, and J3--
+I call it Jz now, apologies.
+
+And we'll declare
+that there are states.
+
+These are Hermitian,
+and they commute.
+
+So they must be
+diagonalized simultaneously.
+
+And there should
+exist states that
+
+represent the diagonalization.
+
+In fact, since they commute,
+and can be diagonalized
+
+simultaneously, the
+vector space must
+
+break into a list of vectors.
+
+All of them eigenstates
+of these 2 operators.
+
+And all of them
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+Matthew, you had a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I was
+just wondering when
+
+we showed that Jz is Hermitian?
+
+PROFESSOR: We didn't show it.
+
+We postulated that J's
+are Hermitian operators.
+
+So you know that when J
+is L, yes it's Hermitian.
+
+You know when J is spin,
+yes it's Hermitian.
+
+Whatever you're doing we'll
+use Hermitian operators.
+
+So not only they can
+diagonalize simultaneously,
+
+by our main theorem about
+Hermitian operators,
+
+this should provide
+an orthonormal basis
+
+for the full vector space.
+
+So the whole answer is
+supposed to be here.
+
+Let's see.
+
+So I'll define
+states, Jm, that are
+
+eigenstates of both
+of these things.
+
+And I have 2 numbers to
+declare those eigenvalues.
+
+You would say J squared.
+
+Now, any normal person
+would put here maybe h
+
+squared, for units,
+time J squared.
+
+And then Jm.
+
+Don't copy it yet.
+
+And Jz for Jm.
+
+It has units of
+angular momentum.
+
+So an h, times m, times Jm.
+
+But that turns
+out not to be very
+
+convenient to put
+the J squared there.
+
+It ruins the algebra later.
+
+So we'll put something
+different that we
+
+hope has the same effect.
+
+And I will discuss that.
+
+I'll put h squared,
+J times J plus 1.
+
+It's a funny way
+of declaring how
+
+you're going to
+build the states.
+
+But it's a possible thing to do.
+
+So here are the states, J and m.
+
+And the only thing I
+know at this moment
+
+is that since these are
+Hermitian operators,
+
+their eigenvalues must be real.
+
+So J times J plus 1 is real.
+
+And m is real.
+
+So J and m belong to the reals.
+
+And they are
+orthogonal to-- we can
+
+say they're orthonormal states.
+
+We will see very soon that
+these things get quantized.
+
+But basically, the overlap of
+a Jm with a J prime, m prime
+
+would be 0 whenever the J's
+and the m's are different.
+
+As you know from our
+theory, any 2 eigenstates
+
+with different eigenvalues
+are orthonormal.
+
+And in fact, you
+can choose a basis
+
+so that in fact,
+everything is orthonormal.
+
+So there's no
+question like that.
+
+So let's explain a little what's
+happening with this thing.
+
+Why do we put this like that?
+
+Or why can we get
+away with this?
+
+And the reason is the following.
+
+Let's consider
+Jm, J squared, Jm.
+
+If I use this, J squared
+on this is this number.
+
+And Jm with itself will be 1.
+
+And therefore I'll put
+here h-- I'm sorry.
+
+This should be an h squared.
+
+J has units of angular momentum.
+
+h squared, J times J plus 1.
+
+And I'm assuming that
+this will be discretized
+
+so I don't have to put the
+delta function normalization.
+
+At any rate, this
+thing is equal to this.
+
+And moreover, it's
+equal to the following.
+
+Jm sum over i, Jm, Ji, Ji, Jm.
+
+But since J is Hermitian, this
+is nothing but the sum over i
+
+of the norm squared of
+Ji with J acting on Jm.
+
+The norm squared of this state.
+
+Because this times the
+bra with Ji Hermitian
+
+is the norm squared.
+
+So this is greater
+or equal than 0.
+
+Perhaps no surprise, this
+is a vector operator,
+
+which is the sum of squares
+of Hermitian operators.
+
+And therefore it
+should be like that.
+
+Now, given that, we have
+the following-- oops--
+
+the following fact that
+L times L plus-- no.
+
+J times J plus 1 must be
+greater or equal than 0.
+
+J times J plus 1 must be
+greater or equal than 0.
+
+Well, plot it as a function
+of J. It vanishes at 0.
+
+J times J plus 1 vanishes at
+0, and vanishes at minus 1.
+
+It's a function like this.
+
+The function J times J plus 1.
+
+And this shows that all you need
+is this thing to be positive.
+
+So to represent all the states
+that have J times J plus 1
+
+positive, I could label them
+with J's that are positive.
+
+Or J's that are
+smaller than minus 1.
+
+So each way, I can label
+uniquely those states.
+
+So if I get J times
+J plus 1 equals 3,
+
+it may correspond
+to a J of something
+
+and a J of some other thing.
+
+I will have just 1 state,
+so I will choose J positive.
+
+So given that J times
+J plus 1 is positive,
+
+I can label states
+with J positive, or 0.
+
+So it allows you to do this.
+
+Whatever value of this
+quantity that is positive
+
+corresponds to some J positive
+that you can put in here.
+
+A unique J positive.
+
+So this is a fine
+parametrization of the problem.
+
+OK.
+
+Now what's next?
+
+Next, we have to understand
+what the J plus operators and J
+
+minus operators
+do to the states.
+
+So, first thing is that J plus
+and J minus commute with J
+
+squared.
+
+That should not be a surprise.
+
+J1 and J2 commute.
+
+Every J commutes with J squared.
+
+So J plus and J minus
+commute with J squared.
+
+What this means in words
+is that J plus and J minus
+
+do not change the eigenvalue
+of J squared on a state.
+
+That is, if I would have J
+squared on J plus or minus
+
+on Jm-- since I can move the J
+squared up across the J plus,
+
+minus-- it hits here.
+
+Then I have J plus
+minus, J squared, Jm.
+
+And that's there for h
+squared, J times J plus 1,
+
+times J plus minus on Jm.
+
+So this state is also a
+state with the same value
+
+of J squared.
+
+Therefore, it must have the
+same value of J. In other words,
+
+this state J plus minus
+of Jm must be proportional
+
+to a state with J and maybe
+some different value of m,
+
+but the same value of J.
+
+J cannot have changed.
+
+J must be the same.
+
+Then we have to
+see who changes m,
+
+or how does J plus
+minus changes m.
+
+So here comes a little
+bit of a same calculation.
+
+You want to see what is
+the m value of this thing.
+
+So you have J plus minus on Jm.
+
+And you act with it with
+a Jz, to see what it is.
+
+And then, you put, well,
+the commutator first.
+
+Jz, J plus minus, plus J
+plus minus, Jz on the state.
+
+The commutator,
+you've calculated it
+
+before, was Jz with J
+plus minus is there,
+
+is plus minus h
+bar, J plus minus.
+
+And this Jz already act.
+
+So this is plus h bar
+m, J plus minus on Jm.
+
+So we can get the
+J plus minus out.
+
+And this h bar m plus
+minus 1, j plus minus, Jm.
+
+So look what you got.
+
+Jz acting on this state is
+h bar, m plus minus 1, Jm.
+
+So this state has m equal to
+either m plus 1, or m minus 1.
+
+Something that we can write.
+
+Clearly-- oops--
+in this way, we'll
+
+say that J plus minus,
+Jm-- we know already
+
+it's a state with J
+and m plus minus 1.
+
+So it raises m.
+
+Just like what we said
+that the a's and a daggers
+
+raise or lower the number.
+
+J plus and J minus
+raise and lower Jz.
+
+Therefore, it's this is
+proportional to this state.
+
+But there's a constant
+of proportionality
+
+that we have to figure out.
+
+And we'll call it
+the constant C, Jm.
+
+To be calculated.
+
+So the way to calculate
+this constant-- and that
+
+will bring us almost pretty
+close to what we need--
+
+is to take inner products.
+
+So we must take the
+dagger of this equation.
+
+So take the dagger, and you get
+Jm, the adjoin, J minus plus.
+
+And hit it with this equation.
+
+So you'll have here--
+well maybe I'll write it.
+
+The dagger of this
+equation would
+
+be C plus minus star of Jm.
+
+Jm plus minus 1.
+
+And now, sandwich
+this with that.
+
+So you have Jm, J minus
+plus, J plus minus,
+
+Jm equals to norm
+of C plus minus Jm.
+
+And then you have this state
+times this state, but that's 1.
+
+Because it's J, J,
+m plus 1, m plus 1.
+
+So this is an orthonormal basis.
+
+So we have just 1.
+
+And I don't have to write more.
+
+Well the left hand
+side can be calculated.
+
+We have still that formula here.
+
+So let's calculate it.
+
+The left hand side,
+I'll write it like this.
+
+I will have C plus
+minus, Jm squared,
+
+which is equal to the norm
+squared of J plus minus, Jm.
+
+It's equal to what?
+
+Whatever this is,
+where you substitute
+
+that for this formula.
+
+So you'll put here Jm.
+
+And you'll have--
+well, I want actually
+
+the formula I just erased.
+
+Because I actually would
+prefer to have J squared.
+
+So I would have this is equal
+to J squared, minus J3 squared,
+
+plus minus h, J3.
+
+So let's see.
+
+I have the sign minus
+plus, plus minus.
+
+So I should change
+the signs there.
+
+So it should be J squared,
+minus J3 squared, minus plus J3,
+
+and Jm, minus plus
+h bar, J3, Jm.
+
+So this is equal to h bar
+squared, J times J plus 1,
+
+minus an m squared,
+and a minus plus.
+
+So minus, plus, minus here.
+
+I think I have it here correct.
+
+Plus minus 1.
+
+And that's it.
+
+J squared is h squared this.
+
+J3 squared would give that.
+
+And the minus plus here is
+correctly with this one.
+
+So m should be here.
+
+Plus minus m.
+
+So this is h squared,
+J times J plus 1,
+
+minus m, times m plus minus 1.
+
+OK.
+
+So the C's have
+been already found.
+
+And you can take
+their square roots.
+
+In fact, we can ideally
+just take the square roots,
+
+because these things
+better be positive numbers
+
+because they're norms squared.
+
+So whenever we'll
+be able to do this,
+
+these things better
+be positive, being
+
+the square of some states.
+
+And therefore the C plus
+minus is-- C plus minus of Jm
+
+can be simply taken to be
+h bar, square root of J
+
+times J plus 1, minus
+m, times m plus 1.
+
+And it's because of
+this thing, this m times
+
+m plus 1, that it was convenient
+to have J times J plus 1.
+
+So that we can compare
+J's and m's better.
+
+Otherwise it would have
+been pretty disastrous.
+
+So, OK, we're almost done
+now with the calculation
+
+of the spectrum.
+
+You will say, well, we seem
+to be getting no where.
+
+Learned all these
+properties, these states,
+
+and now you're just
+manipulating the states.
+
+But the main thing
+is that we need
+
+these things to be positive.
+
+And that will give us
+the whole condition.
+
+So, for example, we need
+1, that the states J
+
+plus, Jm, their norm
+squareds be positive.
+
+So for the plus sign-- so you
+should have J times J plus 1,
+
+minus m, times m
+plus 1 be positive.
+
+Or m times m plus 1 be
+smaller then J times J plus 1.
+
+The best way for my mind to
+solve these kind of things
+
+is to just plot them.
+
+So here is m.
+
+And here is m times m plus 1.
+
+So you plot this function.
+
+And you want it to be less than
+some value of J times J plus 1.
+
+So here's J times J
+plus 1, some value.
+
+So this is 0 here.
+
+This function is 0 at minus 1.
+
+So it will be
+something like this.
+
+And there's 2 values at which
+m becomes equal to this thing.
+
+And one is clearly J.
+When m is equal to J,
+
+it's saturates an inequality.
+
+And the other one
+is minus J, minus 1.
+
+If m is minus J,
+minus 1, you will
+
+have minus J, minus
+1 here, and minus J
+
+here, which would
+be equal to this.
+
+So, in order for these states
+to be good, the value of m
+
+must be in between J
+and minus J, minus 1.
+
+Then the other case is that
+J plus on-- J minus on Jm.
+
+If you produce those
+states, they also
+
+must have positive norms.
+
+So J times J plus 1, minus
+m, times m minus 1 this time,
+
+must be greater than 0.
+
+So m times m minus
+1 must be less than
+
+or equal then J times J plus 1.
+
+And again, we try to
+do it geometrically.
+
+So here it is.
+
+Here is m.
+
+And what values do you have?
+
+Well, if you plot here
+m times m minus 1.
+
+And that should be
+equal to some value
+
+that you get fixed, which is
+the value J times J plus 1.
+
+So you think in terms of
+m's, how far can they go?
+
+So if you take m equals
+J plus 1 that hits it.
+
+So this is 0 here, at 1, at 0.
+
+So it's some function like this.
+
+And here you have J plus 1.
+
+And here you have
+minus J. Both are
+
+the places for m equal
+J plus 1, and minus J
+
+that you get the states.
+
+You get the saturation.
+
+So you can run m
+from this range.
+
+Now, m can go less than
+or equal to J plus 1,
+
+and greater than or
+equal to minus J.
+
+But these 2 inequalities
+must hold at the same time.
+
+You cannot allow either one to
+go wrong for any set of states.
+
+So if both must hold at the
+same time for any state,
+
+because both things have to
+happen, you get constrained.
+
+This time for the upper range,
+this is the stronger value.
+
+For the lower range, this
+is the stronger value.
+
+So m must go between J and
+minus J for both to hold.
+
+Oops.
+
+To hold.
+
+Now look what happens.
+
+Funny things happen
+if-- this is reasonable
+
+that the strongest value
+comes from this equation.
+
+Because J plus increases m.
+
+So at some point
+you run into trouble
+
+if you increase m too much.
+
+How much can you increase it?
+
+You cannot go beyond J,
+and that makes sense.
+
+In some sense, your
+intuition should
+
+be that J is the
+length of J squared.
+
+And m is mz.
+
+So m should not go beyond J.
+And that's reasonable here.
+
+And in fact, when m is equal to
+J, this whole thing vanishes.
+
+So if you reach that state
+when m is equal to J,
+
+only then for m equal to J,
+or for this state, you get 0.
+
+So you cannot raise
+the state anymore.
+
+So actually, you see if you
+choose some J over here,
+
+we need a few things to happen.
+
+You choose some J, and some m.
+
+Well you're going to
+be shifting the m's.
+
+And if you keep adding
+J pluses, eventually you
+
+will go beyond this point.
+
+The only way not to
+go beyond this point
+
+is if m reaches the value J.
+Because if m reaches the value
+
+J, the state is killed.
+
+So m should reach the value
+J over here at some stage.
+
+So you fix J, and you try
+to think what m can be.
+
+And m has to reach
+the value J. So
+
+m at some point,
+whatever m is, you add 1.
+
+You add 1.
+
+You add 1.
+
+And eventually you must
+reach the value J. Reach
+
+with some m prime.
+
+m here.
+
+You should reach the
+value J, so that you
+
+don't produce another
+state that is higher.
+
+If you reach something before
+that, that state is not killed.
+
+This number is not equal to 0.
+
+You produce a state and it's
+a bad state of bad norm.
+
+So you must reach this one.
+
+On the other hand,
+you can lower things.
+
+And if you go below minus
+J, you produce bad states.
+
+So you must also,
+when you decrease m,
+
+you must reach this point.
+
+Because if you didn't, and you
+stop half a unit away from it,
+
+the next state that
+you produce is bad.
+
+And that can't be.
+
+So you must reach this one too.
+
+And that's the key logical
+part of the argument
+
+in which this distance
+2J plus 1-- no.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+This 2J must be equal
+to some integer.
+
+And that's the key
+thing that must happen,
+
+because you must reach this
+and you must reach here.
+
+And m just varies by integers.
+
+So the distance between
+this J and minus J
+
+must be twice an integer.
+
+And you've discovered
+something remarkable by getting
+
+to that point,
+because now you see
+
+that if this has to
+be an integer, well
+
+it may be 0, 1, 2, 3.
+
+And when J-- then J-- this
+integer is equal to 0,
+
+then J is equal to 0.
+
+1/2, 1, 3/2.
+
+And you get all these spins
+with-- consider particles
+
+without spin having spin 0.
+
+Particles with spin 1/2.
+
+Particles of spin 1,
+or angular momentum 1,
+
+orbital angular momentum 1.
+
+And both these things
+have a reason for you.
+
+Now if you have 2J being
+an integer, the values of m
+
+go from J to J minus
+1, up to minus J.
+
+And there are two
+J plus 1 values.
+
+And in fact, that
+is the main result
+
+of the theory of
+angular momentum.
+
+The values of the angular
+momentum are 0, 1, 1/2, 3/2.
+
+So for J equals 0,
+there's just one state.
+
+m is equal to 0.
+
+For J equals to 1,
+there's two states.
+
+I'm sorry for 1/2, two states.
+
+One with m equals 1/2.
+
+And m equals minus 1/2.
+
+J equals 1, there's
+three states.
+
+M equals 1, 0, and minus 1.
+
+And so on.
+
+OK.
+
+This is a great result.
+
+Let me give you an application
+in the last 10 minutes.
+
+It's a remarkable application.
+
+Now actually, you
+would say, so what
+
+do you get-- what vector
+space were we talking about?
+
+And what's sort of
+the punchline here
+
+is that the vector space
+was infinite dimensional
+
+and it breaks down into
+states with J equals 0.
+
+States was J equal 1/2.
+
+States with J equal 1.
+
+States with J equal 3/2.
+
+All these things
+are possibilities.
+
+They can all be present
+in your vector space.
+
+Maybe some are present.
+
+Some are not.
+
+That is part of figuring
+out what's going on.
+
+When we do central
+potentials, 0, 1, 2, 4
+
+will be present for the
+angular momentum theory.
+
+When we do spins, we have 1/2.
+
+And when we do other things,
+we can get some funny things
+
+as well.
+
+So let's do a case where
+you get something funny.
+
+So the 2D, SHO.
+
+You have ax's, and ay's, and
+a daggers, and ay daggers.
+
+And this should
+seem very strange.
+
+What are we talking about
+2 dimensional oscillators
+
+after talking about
+3 dimensional angular
+
+momentum and all that?
+
+Doesn't make any sense.
+
+Well, what's going to happen
+now is something more magical
+
+than when a magician takes
+a bunny out of a hat.
+
+Out of this problem, an angular
+momentum, a 3 dimensional
+
+angular momentum,
+is going to pop out.
+
+No reason whatsoever there
+should be there at first sight.
+
+But it's there.
+
+And it's an abstract
+angular momentum,
+
+but it's a full
+angular momentum.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Let's look at the spectrum.
+
+Ground state.
+
+First excited
+state is isotropic.
+
+So 2 states
+degenerate in energy.
+
+Next state.
+
+ax dagger, ax dagger.
+
+ax, ay.
+
+ay, ay.
+
+3 states, degenerate.
+
+Go up to ax dagger
+to the n, up to ax--
+
+no ax, or ax dagger to the 0.
+
+And ay dagger to the n.
+
+And that's n a daggers up to 0
+a daggers, so n plus 1 states.
+
+3 states, 2 states, 1 state.
+
+And you'll come here
+and say, that's strange.
+
+1 state, 2 states,
+3 states, 4 states.
+
+Does that have
+anything to do with it?
+
+Well, the surprise is it
+has something to do with it.
+
+Let's think about it.
+
+Well, first thing is to put
+these aR's and aL oscillators--
+
+these were 1/2, 1 over square
+root of 2, ax plus iay.
+
+And a left was 1 over square
+root of 2, ax minus iay.
+
+I may have-- no,
+the signs are wrong.
+
+Plus and minus.
+
+And we had number operators.
+
+n right, which were a
+right dagger, a right.
+
+And n left, which was
+a left dagger, a left.
+
+And they don't mix a
+lefts and a rights.
+
+And now, we could build a
+state the following way.
+
+0.
+
+a right dagger on 0.
+a left dagger on 0.
+
+A right dagger squared on 0.
+
+a right, a left on 0.
+
+and a left dagger,
+a left dagger on 0.
+
+Up to a right dagger
+to the n on 0.
+
+Up to a left dagger
+to the n on 0.
+
+And this is completely
+analogous to what we had.
+
+Now here comes the real thing.
+
+You did compute the angular
+momentum in the z direction.
+
+And the angular momentum
+in the z direction was Lz.
+
+And you could compute
+this. xpy minus ypx.
+
+And this was all legal.
+
+And the answer was h
+bar, N right, minus NL.
+
+That was the Lz component
+of angular momentum.
+
+So, let's see what
+Lz's those states have.
+
+This one has no n rights, or
+n lefts, so has Lz equals 0.
+
+This state has Nz equal h bar.
+
+And this has minus h bar.
+
+OK.
+
+h bar and minus h bar.
+
+That doesn't quite
+seem to fit here,
+
+because the z component
+of angular momentum
+
+is 1/2 of h bar, and
+minus 1/2 of h bar.
+
+That's-- something went wrong.
+
+OK.
+
+You go here.
+
+You say, well, what is Lz?
+
+Lz here was h bar, minus h bar.
+
+Here is 2h bar, 0,
+and minus 2h bar.
+
+And you look there, and say, no,
+that's not quite right either.
+
+This-- if you would
+say these 3 states
+
+should correspond
+to angular momentum,
+
+they should have m equal plus 1,
+plus h bar, 0, and minus h bar.
+
+So it's not right.
+
+OK.
+
+Well one other thing maybe
+we can make sense of this.
+
+If we had L plus, should
+be the kind of thing
+
+that you can't annihilate.
+
+That you annihilate
+the top state.
+
+Remember L plus, or J
+plus, kept increasing
+
+so it should annihilate
+the top state.
+
+And I could try to
+devise something
+
+that annihilates the top state.
+
+And it would be something
+like aR dagger, a left.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if aR dagger, a
+left, goes to the top state,
+
+the top state has
+no a left daggers,
+
+so the a left just zooms in,
+and hits the 0 and kills it.
+
+Kills it here.
+
+So actually I do have
+something like an L plus.
+
+And I would have the
+dagger-- would be something
+
+like an L minus-- would
+be aL dagger, a right.
+
+And this one should
+annihilate the bottom one.
+
+And it does.
+
+Because the bottom
+state has no aR's,
+
+and therefore has no aR daggers.
+
+And therefore, the aR comes
+there, and hits the state,
+
+and kills it.
+
+So we seem to have more
+or less everything,
+
+but nothing is working.
+
+So we have to do a
+last conceptual step.
+
+And say-- you see, this
+is moving in a plane.
+
+There's no 3 dimensional
+angular momentum.
+
+You are fooling
+yourself with this.
+
+But what could exist is an
+abstract angular momentum.
+
+And for that, in
+order to-- it's time
+
+to change the
+letter from L to J.
+
+That means some kind of
+abstract angular momentum.
+
+And I'll put a 1/2
+here, now a definition.
+
+If this is what I called Jz,
+oh well, then thing's may
+
+look good.
+
+Because this one for Jz has now
+angular momentum 1/2 of h bar,
+
+and minus a half of h bar.
+
+And that fits with
+this, these 2 states.
+
+And with the 1/2, the
+other ones, the Jz's, also
+
+have something here.
+
+So Jz here now becomes
+h bar, minus h bar,
+
+and it looks right.
+
+And now you put the
+1/2 here, and in fact,
+
+if you tried to
+make these things
+
+J-- call it J plus and J minus.
+
+Now you put a number
+here, and a number here.
+
+If you would have
+put a number here,
+
+if you try to enforce
+that the algebra be
+
+the algebra of angular
+momentum, the number
+
+would have come out to be 1/2.
+
+But now we claim that in this
+2 dimensional oscillator,
+
+there is-- because
+there's a number here
+
+that works with this 1/2.
+
+Something you have to calculate.
+
+And with this number, you
+have some sort of Jx, Jy, Jz,
+
+where this is like 1/2 of Lz.
+
+And those have come
+out of thin air.
+
+But they form an algebra
+of angular momentum.
+
+And what have we
+learned today, if you
+
+have an algebra of
+angular momentum,
+
+the states must
+organize themselves
+
+into representations
+of angular momentum.
+
+So the whole spectrum of the 2
+dimensional harmonic oscillator
+
+has in fact all spin
+representations.
+
+J equals 0.
+
+J equals 1/2.
+
+J equals 1.
+
+J equals 2.
+
+J equals n, and all of them.
+
+So the best example of
+all the representations
+
+of angular momentum
+are in the states
+
+of the 2 dimensional
+simple harmonic oscillator.
+
+It's an abstract angular
+momentum, but it's very useful.
+
+The one step I didn't do
+here for you is to check.
+
+Although you check that
+all of these Ji commute
+
+with the Hamiltonian.
+
+Simple calculation to do it.
+
+In fact, the Hamiltonian
+is NL plus N right,
+
+and you can check it.
+
+Since they commute with them,
+these operators act in states
+
+and don't change the energy.
+
+And they're a symmetry
+of the problem.
+
+So that's why they fell
+into representations.
+
+So this is our first example
+of a hidden symmetry.
+
+A problem that there
+was no reason a priori
+
+to expect an angular
+momentum to exist,
+
+but it's there, and helps
+explain the degeneracies.
+
+These degeneracies you could
+have said they're accidental.
+
+But by the time
+you know they have
+
+to fall into angular
+momentum representations,
+
+you have great
+control over them.
+
+You couldn't have
+found different number
+
+of degenerate states
+at any level here.
+
+This was in fact discovered
+by Julian Schwinger
+
+in a very famous paper.
+
+And is a classic example
+of angular momentum.
+
+All right.
+
+That's it for today.
+
+See you on Wednesday if
+you come I'll be here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KJnAy6hzetw.txt b/KJnAy6hzetw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b58fb47ef123e0373b22c4d4a3756b1b55e0d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KJnAy6hzetw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1247 @@
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm Al Oppenheim, and
+I'd like to welcome you to
+
+this videotape course on
+signals and systems.
+
+Signals, at least as an informal
+definition, are
+
+functions of one or more
+independent variables that
+
+typically carry some type
+of information.
+
+Systems, in our setting,
+would typically be
+
+used to process signals.
+
+One very common example of a
+signal might be, let's say, a
+
+speech signal.
+
+And you might think of the air
+pressure as a function of
+
+time, or perhaps the electrical
+signal after it
+
+goes through the microphone
+transducer as a function of
+
+time, as representing
+the speech signal.
+
+And we might see a typical
+speech signal looking
+
+something like I've
+indicated here.
+
+It's a function of time, in
+this particular case.
+
+And the independent variable,
+being time, is, in fact,
+
+continuous.
+
+And so a signal like this, we
+will typically be referring to
+
+as a continuous time signal.
+
+Now, it also, for this
+particular example, is a
+
+function of one independent
+variable.
+
+And that will be referred to
+as a one-dimensional signal
+
+corresponding to the fact that
+there's only one independent
+
+variable instead of several
+independent variables.
+
+So the speech signal is an
+example of a continuous time,
+
+one-dimensional signal.
+
+Now, signals can, of course,
+be multi-dimensional.
+
+And they may not have, as their
+independent variables,
+
+time variables.
+
+One very common example
+are the examples
+
+represented by images.
+
+Images, as signals, we might
+think of as representing
+
+brightness, as it varies
+in a horizontal
+
+and vertical direction.
+
+And so the brightness as a
+function of these two spatial
+
+variables is then a
+two-dimensional signal.
+
+And the independent variables
+would typically be continuous,
+
+but of course they're
+not time variables.
+
+And incidentally, it's worth
+just commenting that very
+
+often, simply for convenience,
+we'll have a tendency to refer
+
+to the independent variables
+when we talk about signals as
+
+time variables, whether or not
+they really do represent time.
+
+Well, let me illustrate one
+example of an image.
+
+And this is a picture of J. B.
+J. Fourier, who, perhaps, more
+
+than anyone else, is responsible
+for the elegance
+
+and beauty of a lot of the
+concepts that we'll be talking
+
+about throughout this course.
+
+And when you look at this, in
+addition to seeing Fourier
+
+himself, you should recognize
+that what you're looking at is
+
+basically a signal which is
+brightness as a function of
+
+the horizontal and vertical
+spatial variables.
+
+As another example of an image
+as a signal, let's look at an
+
+aerial photograph.
+
+This is an aerial photograph
+taken over a set of roads,
+
+which you can more or less
+recognize in the picture.
+
+And one of the difficulties with
+this signal is that the
+
+road system is somewhat obscured
+by cloud cover.
+
+And what I'll want to show later
+as an example of what a
+
+system might do to such a
+signal, in terms of processing
+
+it, is an attempt to at least
+compensate somewhat for the
+
+cloud cover that's represented
+in the photograph.
+
+Although in terms of the
+detailed analysis that we go
+
+through during the course, our
+focus of attention is pretty
+
+much restricted to
+one-dimensional signals.
+
+In fact, we will be using
+two-dimensional signals, more
+
+specifically images, very often
+to illustrate a variety
+
+of concepts.
+
+Now, speech and images are
+examples of what we've
+
+referred to as continuous-time
+signals in that they are
+
+functions of continuous
+variables.
+
+An equally important class of
+signals that we will be
+
+concentrating on in the course
+are signals that are
+
+discrete-time signals, where by
+discrete-time, what we mean
+
+is that the signal is a
+function of an integer
+
+variable, and so specifically
+only takes on values at
+
+integer values of
+the argument.
+
+So here is a graphical
+illustration of a
+
+discrete-time signal.
+
+And discrete-time signals arise
+in a variety of ways.
+
+One very common example that
+is seen fairly often is
+
+discrete-time signals in the
+context of economic time
+
+series, for example, stock
+market analysis.
+
+So what I show here is one
+very commonly occurring
+
+example of a discrete-time
+signal.
+
+It represents the weekly
+stock market index.
+
+The independent variable in this
+case is the week number.
+
+And we see what the stock market
+is doing over this
+
+particular period as
+a function of the
+
+number of the week.
+
+And, of course, along
+the vertical axis
+
+is the weekly index.
+
+Incidentally, this particular
+period was
+
+not chosen at random.
+
+It In fact captures a very
+interesting aspect of stock
+
+market history, namely the stock
+market crash in 1929,
+
+which, in fact, is represented
+by the behavior of this
+
+discrete-time signal,
+or sequence, in
+
+this particular area.
+
+So this dramatic dip, in
+fact, is the stock
+
+market crash of 1929.
+
+Well, the Dow Jones weekly
+average is an example of a
+
+one-dimensional discrete-time
+signal.
+
+And just as with continuous
+time, we had not just
+
+one-dimensional but
+multi-dimensional signals,
+
+likewise we have
+multi-dimensional signals in
+
+the discrete-time case where,
+in that case, then, the
+
+discrete-time signal that
+we're talking about, or
+
+sequence, is a function of
+two integer variables.
+
+And as one example, this might,
+let's say, represent a
+
+spatial antenna array where this
+is array number in, let's
+
+say, the horizontal direction,
+and this is array number in
+
+the vertical direction.
+
+Both classes of signals,
+continuous-time and
+
+discrete-time, as I've
+indicated, are very important.
+
+And it should be emphasized
+that the importance of
+
+discrete-time signals and
+associated processing
+
+continues to grow in large part
+because of the current
+
+and emerging technologies that
+permit, basically, the
+
+processing of continuous-time
+signals by first converting
+
+them to discrete-time signals
+and processing them with
+
+discrete-time systems.
+
+And that, in fact, is a topic
+that we will discuss in a fair
+
+amount of detail later
+on in the course.
+
+Let's now our attention
+to systems.
+
+And as I indicated, a system
+basically processes signals.
+
+And they have, of course,
+inputs and outputs.
+
+And depending on whether we're
+talking about continuous time
+
+or discrete time, the system
+may be a continuous-time
+
+system or a discrete-time
+system.
+
+So in the continuous-time case,
+I indicate here an input
+
+x(t) and an output y(t) If
+we were talking about a
+
+discrete-time system, I would
+represent the input in terms
+
+of a discrete-time variable,
+and, of course, the output in
+
+terms of a discrete-time
+variable also.
+
+Now, in very general terms,
+systems are hard to deal with
+
+because they are defined very
+broadly and very generally.
+
+And in dealing with systems and
+analyzing them, what we
+
+will do is attempt to exploit
+some very specific, and as
+
+we'll see, very useful
+system properties.
+
+To indicate what I mean and how
+things might be split up,
+
+we could talk about systems, and
+will talk about systems,
+
+that are linear.
+
+And we could divide systems,
+basically, into systems that
+
+are either linear or nonlinear,
+and we will, and
+
+also divide systems into systems
+that are what we'll
+
+refer to as time-invariant
+or time-varying systems.
+
+And these aren't terms that
+we've defined yet, of course,
+
+but we will be defining in
+the course very shortly.
+
+And while, in some sense, this
+division represents all
+
+systems, and this does, too,
+the focus of the course is
+
+really going to be principally
+on linear,
+
+time-invariant systems.
+
+So it's basically these systems
+that we will be
+
+focusing on.
+
+And we'll be referring to
+those systems as linear,
+
+time-invariant systems.
+
+Well, as a brief glimpse at some
+of the kinds of things
+
+that systems can do, let me
+illustrate, first in a
+
+one-dimensional continuous-time
+context, and
+
+then later with a discrete-time
+example, one
+
+example of some processing
+of signals with
+
+an appropriate system.
+
+The particular example that I
+want to illustrate relates to
+
+the restoration of
+old recordings.
+
+And this is some work that was
+done by Professor Thomas
+
+Stockham, who is at the
+University of Utah, and work
+
+that he had done a number of
+years ago relating to the fact
+
+that in old recordings, for
+example in Caruso recordings,
+
+the recording was done through
+a mechanical horn, and the
+
+characteristics of the
+horn tended to
+
+vary from day to day.
+
+And because of the
+characteristics of the horn,
+
+the recording tended to have a
+muffled quality, something
+
+like this, sort of the sense
+that you would get if you were
+
+speaking through a megaphone.
+
+What Professor Stockham did
+was develop a system to
+
+process these old recordings
+in such a way that a lot of
+
+the characteristics and
+distortion due to that
+
+recording system was removed.
+
+So I'd like to illustrate that
+as one example of some signal
+
+processing with an appropriate
+continuous-time system.
+
+And what you'll hear is
+a two-track recording.
+
+On the first track is the
+original, unrestored Caruso
+
+recording, and on the second
+track is the result of the
+
+restoration.
+
+And so as I switch back and
+forth from channel one to
+
+channel two, we'll be switching
+from the original to
+
+the restored.
+
+We'll begin the tape by
+playing the original.
+
+And then, as it proceeds,
+we'll switch.
+
+So we'll begin on channel one.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING, MUFFLED]
+
+That's the original recording.
+
+And switch now to
+the processed.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING, CLEARER]
+
+Now let's switch back,
+back to the original.
+
+Back to the restoration.
+
+And once again, back
+to the original.
+
+And presumably and hopefully,
+what you heard was that in the
+
+restoration, in fact, a lot of
+the muffled characteristics of
+
+the original recording were
+compensated for or removed.
+
+Now one of the interesting
+things that happened, in fact,
+
+in the work that Professor
+Stockham did is that in the
+
+process of the restoration--
+
+and perhaps you heard this--
+
+in the process of the
+restoration, in fact, some of
+
+the background noise on the
+recording was emphasized.
+
+And so he processed the signal
+further in an attempt to
+
+remove that background noise.
+
+And with that particular
+processing, the processing was
+
+very highly nonlinear.
+
+A very interesting thing
+happened, which was that not
+
+only in that processing was the
+background noise removed,
+
+but somewhat surprisingly,
+also the
+
+orchestra was removed.
+
+And let me just play that now
+as an example of some very
+
+sophisticated processing with
+a nonlinear system.
+
+What you'll hear on channel one
+is the restoration as we
+
+had just played it.
+
+When I switch to channel two,
+it will be after the
+
+processing with an attempt to
+remove the orchestra and the
+
+background noise.
+
+Channel one now.
+
+And now the noise and
+orchestra removed.
+
+Back to channel one.
+
+And finally, once again, with
+the orchestra removed.
+
+So that's an example
+of processing of a
+
+continuous-time signal
+with a corresponding
+
+continuous-time system.
+
+Now I'd like to illustrate an
+example of some processing on
+
+a discrete-time signal.
+
+And I'd like to do that in the
+context of the example that I
+
+showed before of a discrete-time
+signal, which
+
+was the Dow Jones Industrial
+weekly stock market index.
+
+I had shown it before, as I've
+shown it here again, over a
+
+period of slightly more than a
+year, where this is the number
+
+of weeks and this is
+the weekly index.
+
+And to illustrate some of the
+processing, what I'd like to
+
+do is show the stock market
+index, the weekly index, over
+
+a much longer time period, in
+particular, the weekly index
+
+over a 10 year period.
+
+And that's what I show here.
+
+So what this covers is
+roughly 1927 to 1937.
+
+And in this case, although this
+is still a discrete-time
+
+signal, just simply for the
+purposes of display, what
+
+we've done is to essentially
+connect the dots and draw a
+
+continuous curve through the
+points so that this picture
+
+isn't filled up with a lot
+of vertical lines.
+
+So this is the discrete-time
+sequence that represents the
+
+weekly Dow Jones Index over
+a 10 year period.
+
+And here, by the way, again,
+is the crash of 1929.
+
+It's interesting to note, by
+the way, that actually the
+
+disaster in the stock market
+wasn't so much the 1929 crash
+
+but the long downward trend
+that followed that.
+
+And you can see that here by
+filtering through, by eye, the
+
+rapid variations in the index.
+
+And what you see is this
+smooth downward trend
+
+followed, eventually,
+by an upward trend.
+
+Now, this issue of looking at
+something like this, looking
+
+at a sequence, and following
+the smoother parts of it,
+
+namely the long term trends, is,
+in fact, something that is
+
+done quite typically
+with economic
+
+time series like this.
+
+And in particular, what's done
+is to smooth it, or average
+
+over some time period, to
+emphasize the slow variations
+
+and de-emphasize the
+rapid variations.
+
+And that, in fact, is processing
+that is done with a
+
+discrete-time system.
+
+So when you hear referred to,
+let's say, in stock market
+
+reports, a 51-day moving
+average, that, in fact, is
+
+processing the stock market
+index with a particular
+
+discrete-time system.
+
+The result of doing that on
+this particular example
+
+generates a smooth version
+of the curve,
+
+which I overlay here.
+
+And the overlay, then, is really
+attempting to track the
+
+smoother variations and
+de-emphasize the more rapid
+
+variations.
+
+Let me just slightly offset that
+so that the difference
+
+stands out a little more.
+
+And so here you see what is
+the original weekly index.
+
+And this is the result of
+processing that sequence with
+
+an appropriate system
+to apply smoothing.
+
+And in fact, what it is
+is a moving average.
+
+And so here again, you can see,
+in the smoother curve,
+
+this general downward trend
+up until this time period,
+
+followed by, eventually,
+a recovery.
+
+Well, we've seen an example with
+a continuous-time signal,
+
+the Caruso recording, an example
+of the discrete-time
+
+signal, this stock
+market index.
+
+And what I'd also like to show
+is a third example, which is
+
+the result of some processing on
+an image, in particular the
+
+image that we talked about
+before, which was the aerial
+
+photograph that had the problem
+of some cloud cover.
+
+So once again, what we see here
+is the original aerial
+
+photograph with the
+cloud cover.
+
+And some processing was applied
+to this using a system
+
+which, in fact, was both
+nonlinear and quote
+
+"time-varying," or, in the
+case of these independent
+
+variables, we would refer to
+it as spatially-varying.
+
+And the result of applying that
+processing is shown in
+
+the adjoining picture.
+
+And what we see there is
+hopefully a reasonable attempt
+
+to compensate for
+the cloud cover.
+
+And this, by the way, was some
+work that was done by
+
+Professor Lim at MIT, and has
+been very successful type of
+
+processing for aerial
+photographs.
+
+I should say, also, that this
+particular example is one
+
+where, although the original
+signal was a signal that is
+
+continuous-time, that is, the
+independent variables are
+
+continuous, as they are in a
+spatial, aerial photograph, in
+
+fact, for the processing, that
+picture was first converted to
+
+a sequence through a process
+called sampling, which we'll
+
+be talking about later.
+
+And then the processing,
+in fact, was done
+
+on a digital computer.
+
+Well, these then are some
+examples of the use of some
+
+systems to process some signals,
+both in continuous
+
+time and discrete time, for
+one-dimensional signals and
+
+for multi-dimensional signals.
+
+And as I've referred to systems,
+we've thought of them
+
+as one big block with an
+appropriate, or associated,
+
+input and output.
+
+And as we'll be getting into
+in the first part of the
+
+course, very often, systems are
+interconnected together
+
+for a variety of reasons.
+
+Some of the kinds of
+interconnections that we'll
+
+talk about are connecting
+systems in what are called
+
+series, or cascade
+interconnections, parallel
+
+interconnections, feedback
+interconnections.
+
+And feedback interconnections,
+in fact, are very interesting,
+
+very important, and very useful,
+and will be a major
+
+topic toward the end
+of the course.
+
+Feedback, as you may or may not
+know, comes into play in a
+
+variety of situations, for
+example, in amplifier design,
+
+as we'll talk about, feedback
+plays an important role.
+
+In a situation where you have
+a basically unstable system,
+
+feedback is often used to
+stabilize the system.
+
+And feedback interconnections
+of systems in that sense are
+
+very often used in high
+performance aircraft, which
+
+are inherently unstable, and
+are stabilized through this
+
+kind of interconnection.
+
+Just to give you a little sense
+of this without going
+
+into any of the details, what
+I'd like to show you is an
+
+excerpt from a lecture that
+we'll be seeing toward the end
+
+of the course relating to the
+analysis of feedback systems
+
+and the uses of feedback.
+
+And this is in the context of
+what's referred to as the
+
+inverted pendulum, which is
+a system that's basically
+
+unstable, and feedback
+interconnections are used to
+
+stabilize it.
+
+The idea, as you'll see in this
+brief clip, is that there
+
+is a cart that's moving on
+a track with a rod that's
+
+pivoted at the base.
+
+And so that system, in the
+absence of anything, is
+
+unstable in that the rod
+would tend to fall.
+
+And as we go into in detail in
+the lecture later, we use
+
+feedback to position
+the cart under the
+
+pendulum to balance it.
+
+And in fact, that balancing
+can be done even when we
+
+modify the system in a
+variety of ways, as
+
+you'll see in this clip.
+
+So let's take a look at that,
+remembering that this is just
+
+a brief excerpt from a
+longer discussion.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+I can change the overall system
+even further by, let's
+
+say, for example, pouring
+a liquid in.
+
+And now, let me also comment
+that I've changed the physics
+
+of it a little bit because the
+liquid can slosh around a
+
+little bit.
+
+It becomes a little more
+complicated a system, but as
+
+you can see, it still
+remains balanced.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+As you'll see when we get
+to it, by the way, that
+
+demonstration was a
+lot of fun to do.
+
+Now, in talking about signals
+and systems as we go through
+
+the course, there are several
+domains, two in particular,
+
+that we will find convenient
+for the analysis and
+
+representation of signals
+and systems.
+
+One is the time domain, which
+is what we tend to think of,
+
+and which we have kind of been
+focusing on in the discussion
+
+so far in this lecture.
+
+But equally important is what's
+referred to as the
+
+frequency domain as a
+representation for signals,
+
+and as a means for analysis
+for systems.
+
+And in the context of
+the frequency domain
+
+representation, some of the
+kinds of ideas and topics that
+
+we'll be exploring are the
+Fourier Transform, and the
+
+Laplace Transform, and a
+discrete-time counterpart of
+
+the Laplace Transform, which
+is the z-Transform.
+
+The Fourier Transform discussion
+we'll get into
+
+fairly early in the course.
+
+And the Laplace Transform and
+z-Transform represent
+
+extensions of the Fourier
+transform, and we'll be
+
+getting into that later
+in the course.
+
+Just initially to think about
+the time domain and frequency
+
+domain, you might think,
+for example, of
+
+a note being played.
+
+And the time-domain
+representation would be how
+
+the sound pressure,
+as a function
+
+of time, would change.
+
+And the frequency-domain
+representation would
+
+correspond to a representation
+of the frequency
+
+content of the note.
+
+And, in fact, what I'd like to
+do is illustrate that and
+
+those two domains simultaneously
+by playing a
+
+glockenspiel note.
+
+What you'll hear is the note
+repeated several times over.
+
+And at the same time, you'll see
+two displays, one on the
+
+left representing the time
+domain display a
+
+representation of the signal,
+and the one on the right
+
+representing the frequency
+domain.
+
+So let's look at that.
+
+And you'll hear the note
+and simultaneously
+
+see these two displays.
+
+So there's the note on the
+left, the time waveform.
+
+And on the right, what we see
+is the frequency content, in
+
+particular, indicating the fact
+that there are several
+
+harmonic lines in the tone.
+
+Well, what I've gone through in
+this lecture represents a
+
+brief overview of signals
+and systems.
+
+And beginning with the next
+lecture, we will be much more
+
+specific and precise, first
+discussing some basic signals,
+
+and then talking about
+systems, and system
+
+properties, and how
+to exploit them.
+
+As one final comment that I'd
+like to make in this lecture,
+
+I'd like to emphasize at the
+outset that the taped lectures
+
+represent only one component
+of the course.
+
+And equally important will be
+both the textbook and the
+
+video course manual.
+
+In particular, it's important
+not only to be viewing the
+
+tapes, but simultaneously, or
+in conjunction with that,
+
+doing the appropriate reading
+in the textbook and also
+
+working through the problems
+carefully in the
+
+video course manual.
+
+In a course like this, you
+basically only get out of it
+
+as much as you put into it.
+
+The hope is that if you put the
+right amount of time and
+
+effort into it, you'll find the
+course to be educational
+
+and interesting.
+
+And I certainly hope that
+that will be the case.
+
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KPWMFrMA52Y.txt b/KPWMFrMA52Y.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/KPWMFrMA52Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5977 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What was the
+objective of the assignment?
+
+Charlotte?
+
+AUDIENCE: To test your product.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: No.
+
+No.
+
+But I'm really happy
+you tested my product.
+
+That was great.
+
+That was not the objective
+of the assignment, though.
+
+Not 100%.
+
+Ben.
+
+AUDIENCE: To see that
+design is everywhere.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yeah.
+
+That's part of it.
+
+To see that design
+is everywhere.
+
+So you can see all
+the things that people
+
+have done as well in
+terms of their critiques.
+
+Christy.
+
+AUDIENCE: To start
+analyzing the design.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: To start
+analyzing the design.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+And what are you
+analyzing the design for?
+
+OK.
+
+We can do this.
+
+What are you analyzing
+the design for?
+
+Kenny.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you
+mean for what product
+
+are we analyzing
+the design or are
+
+you thinking why
+are we analyzing?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Oh, let's
+talk about the why.
+
+Why are you analyzing design?
+
+AUDIENCE: So we can
+incorporate what
+
+we're learning into things
+that we design [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and what we design ourselves.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+You're going to incorporate
+the things you're
+
+learning in terms of being
+able to do an analysis
+
+and work it in somehow
+to when you're designing.
+
+Isabella.
+
+AUDIENCE: To understand
+effective and ineffective
+
+designs.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, to
+see what designs work
+
+and what designs don't work.
+
+Now this is interesting.
+
+You used one product.
+
+There weren't two
+different products.
+
+You didn't say, well
+this was a good design,
+
+this was a bad one.
+
+You said, within one product,
+what was good and what was bad?
+
+Other reasons why we
+might have done it?
+
+If you get really good at being
+able to critique other designs,
+
+you'll be able to be really good
+at critiquing your own designs.
+
+So what you'll do
+over the semester
+
+is learn a whole
+bunch about this.
+
+And at the end of
+the semester, I
+
+want you to look at the
+same video you've made
+
+and it see how you
+could make it better.
+
+Let's see what comes
+to mind about that.
+
+Do you have a comment, Joel?
+
+JOEL SCHINDALL: No, just
+watching the answers.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: OK, so here--
+
+JOEL SCHINDALL: But
+actually, I think
+
+whoever answered early in
+it-- an awareness of design
+
+so that as you go-- this course
+actually takes place not just
+
+in the two hours
+that you're here
+
+but in the hours in a week minus
+hours that you're here that you
+
+spend the rest of your lives.
+
+And we intend to project it
+out there and have you actually
+
+be aware during your
+life of what design is.
+
+That's what's going to
+make you a better designer.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: OK.
+
+So, we're going to get
+right into the meat of this.
+
+This is the 10-Step
+Design Process.
+
+This is the core of what
+we're going to be teaching.
+
+You'll use this process over
+and over and over again.
+
+It's a great process to know.
+
+You might find that it
+appears on pop quizzes.
+
+You might find it
+appears on pop quizzes.
+
+And it might be something
+that if you wrote on a card
+
+and you put in your
+wallet and kept with you,
+
+you might be allowed
+to use on a pop quiz.
+
+Just saying.
+
+It might be on many pop quizzes.
+
+But it might not.
+
+OK.
+
+So we start with these
+first beginning steps.
+
+Number one, we want
+to identify the needs
+
+and really understand
+the problem.
+
+In our last class I gave
+you a design challenge.
+
+So this is the first step,
+identifying the needs.
+
+What is the problem we're
+really trying to solve?
+
+And if we can get
+underneath that
+
+we can design something in
+a much more impactful way.
+
+So let's talk about this
+interesting example here.
+
+I had a teacher as
+an undergraduate
+
+who designed a toothbrush.
+
+Now, I'll show you a picture.
+
+This is Napoleon's toothbrush.
+
+Napoleon Bonaparte
+used this toothbrush.
+
+A long time ago.
+
+If you bought a toothbrush
+in the '60s or something,
+
+you'd buy a toothbrush
+that looked like this.
+
+Does that look
+familiar to people?
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+He designed a toothbrush
+that looked like this.
+
+That's his design,
+the Reach toothbrush.
+
+Who's heard of the
+Reach toothbrush?
+
+OK.
+
+And there are a lot
+of different versions
+
+that they wound up
+making over time.
+
+But that's the early
+version of the toothbrush.
+
+People brush longer
+and more thoroughly
+
+based on the design of
+the toothbrush alone--
+
+with no instructions.
+
+Here's what happened.
+
+If you have a toothbrush and
+it's a flat head toothbrush
+
+like the one we showed you
+before here-- like that-- you
+
+hold it, you start brushing
+your teeth like this.
+
+And you see people
+can do this all day.
+
+They can watch a
+sitcom with doing this
+
+to their front
+teeth, no problem.
+
+Very comfortable.
+
+But if they need to brush
+other parts of their mouth--
+
+and they do-- they do this.
+
+They take this.
+
+I'm going to represent
+the bristles with my thumb
+
+and hold the handle like this.
+
+They brush their teeth
+like this and then
+
+they get their rear molars
+like this on the side.
+
+And they want to get
+the upper rear molars
+
+on their sub dominant hand side.
+
+Which means they do this.
+
+Right?
+
+I'm writing, so I do this.
+
+So everyone, if you're a
+righty, put your right hand up.
+
+If you're a lefty,
+put your left hand up.
+
+Take your hand, make a fist
+like that with your thumb
+
+out, curve your wrist over,
+and bring it across like that.
+
+Now hold this.
+
+Is that comfortable?
+
+This is not a
+comfortable position
+
+for your arm to be in, right?
+
+OK.
+
+So as a result, people do this.
+
+And if you watch them
+do it, they do this
+
+and they go, ugh,
+they get bored.
+
+And they stop brushing.
+
+That's not good.
+
+So this teacher, this professor
+I had, to understand this,
+
+he did some studies.
+
+He had people stain
+their teeth red.
+
+And then, with no mirror,
+he said, brush your teeth.
+
+And people would brush it.
+
+And then he'd look
+inside their mouth
+
+and see the red was all
+of the front and all
+
+stuck in that part in the back.
+
+He said, that's no good.
+
+So he designed this thing.
+
+In fact, there's a ton of
+innovations around this.
+
+Different handle.
+
+You see this side.
+
+Your thumb sits in that
+groove really easily.
+
+In fact, you'll turn that
+toothbrush 90 degrees
+
+and your thumb will
+rest right there.
+
+You do it automatically.
+
+You'll do it
+automatically like this.
+
+And this is thin over
+here at an angle.
+
+So it doesn't pull your
+cheek out like this .
+
+That's not very
+comfortable, right?
+
+OK.
+
+So he did that.
+
+The head was shaped differently.
+
+Instead of doing a square
+head, it's now tapered,
+
+the bristles are
+shaped differently.
+
+So here's the question.
+
+What was the underlying
+problem he was trying to solve?
+
+Kristen.
+
+AUDIENCE: The fact
+that people weren't
+
+able to reach their
+back teeth properly.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+That was a problem
+
+he was trying to solve but
+it wasn't the underlying
+
+problem he was trying to solve.
+
+AUDIENCE: The fact
+that people didn't
+
+want to brush their teeth.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+fact that people
+
+didn't want to
+brush their teeth.
+
+That's a problem that
+he was helping with
+
+but that wasn't the
+underlying problem.
+
+David.
+
+AUDIENCE: People with bad teeth.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: People
+have bad teeth?
+
+People with bad teeth--
+not the underlying problem.
+
+[? Cosi? ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: The design
+of the toothbrush
+
+hadn't changed in a while.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+design of the toothbrush
+
+hadn't changed in
+a while and we're
+
+getting closer now to
+the underlying problem.
+
+Because we saw that Napoleon
+had a toothbrush very
+
+similar to the toothbrush that
+you could buy in the '60s.
+
+A small difference though, his
+was they said silver-plated,
+
+I think.
+
+Anyone here own a
+silver-plated toothbrush?
+
+OK.
+
+Yes, Dennis?
+
+AUDIENCE: The functionality
+of the toothbrush?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+functionality of the toothbrush.
+
+He definitely wanted to
+change the functionality
+
+of the toothbrush but it
+wasn't the underlying thing.
+
+Louis?
+
+AUDIENCE: Was it to simply
+build a better toothbrush?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: It was about
+building a better toothbrush
+
+but that's not the
+underlying reason.
+
+[? Shuni. ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: An
+uncomfortable toothbrush
+
+was leading to poor
+brushing habits.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+But we're not getting
+to the underlying
+
+reason, what made him do this.
+
+Emily.
+
+AUDIENCE: Was it low
+toothbrush sales?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Well, interesting.
+
+It wasn't-- we're
+getting very close now--
+
+it wasn't low toothbrush
+sales, per se.
+
+But by doing that
+he did make somebody
+
+happy by increasing the
+number of toothbrush sales.
+
+AUDIENCE: People have loads
+of cavities back here?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Oh, cavities.
+
+No, we're getting further away.
+
+Cavities is cooler.
+
+Sales is warmer.
+
+Patrick.
+
+AUDIENCE: The ability
+to increase the price
+
+on the toothbrushes
+that are new?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Increasing the price
+
+of toothbrushes that are new.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+Kind of.
+
+Kind of.
+
+It's actually-- they
+would have been happy
+
+if the toothbrushes
+were the same price.
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean,
+but you're like,
+
+trying to get people to
+believe that it's worth
+
+what you're paying for.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+For what though?
+
+For this for that
+particular toothbrush.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+It's a little bit-- it's a
+shade of meaning difference.
+
+I think your close.
+
+AUDIENCE: To design
+the best toothbrush?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Well, he definitely
+
+wanted to design
+the best toothbrush
+
+and he did at the time.
+
+But we're now getting colder.
+
+[? Cosi? ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: So they
+can make money?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Oh, to make money.
+
+Yes.
+
+To make money.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+For whom?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: For who?
+
+AUDIENCE: For himself.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: For himself.
+
+No.
+
+He's a designer.
+
+Designers don't make
+much money, it turns out.
+
+Some do.
+
+Some designers make money.
+
+Not a whole bunch of
+designers make money.
+
+And they paid him a
+fee to do this work.
+
+They don't get residuals.
+
+Like if you make a movie and
+you're a famous movie star,
+
+you get residuals.
+
+Designers don't get residuals.
+
+They should.
+
+Definitely.
+
+Ben?
+
+AUDIENCE: Stakeholders?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Stakeholders.
+
+Yes, stakeholders, yes,
+that's kind of close.
+
+A little bit too far back.
+
+But if you tell me
+which stakeholders.
+
+AUDIENCE: Company.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Which company?
+
+AUDIENCE: Did he just not
+like brushing his teeth?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: I don't think he
+cared about brushing his teeth.
+
+He was hired by a company
+who said, hey, John.
+
+We make blank.
+
+We want you to make
+something that's
+
+going to sell a lot of blank.
+
+Can you fill in the blank?
+
+AUDIENCE: Toothpaste?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Not toothpaste.
+
+That's a great idea.
+
+It's not toothpaste.
+
+Emily.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it the
+nylon, like the bristles?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: It is nylon.
+
+It is the bristles.
+
+Nylon is made by whom?
+
+DuPont.
+
+Nylon bristles started
+coming out in, I think, 1936.
+
+And they, DuPont
+loves to sell nylon.
+
+And they said, hey John, we
+want to sell a lot of nylon.
+
+Can you do something that going
+to help sell a lot of nylon?
+
+And they asked him to do this.
+
+So what he did is he looked
+around the world and he said,
+
+what in the world
+is made of nylon?
+
+It's a lot of research
+just to figure out
+
+what's made of nylon.
+
+What hasn't been redesigned in
+a long time that's made of nylon
+
+that I could redesign?
+
+Hey, what hasn't been redesigned
+in a long time, that's
+
+sold all over the
+world, made of nylon,
+
+has existing manufacturing
+capabilities,
+
+so it's really easy to make
+a small modification that
+
+will sell a ton of nylon.
+
+Answer?
+
+Toothbrush.
+
+So he made a toothbrush
+and he improved the design.
+
+And they made a tremendous
+number of changes
+
+to the toothbrush in the
+first design he made.
+
+And they kept releasing
+them slowly over time.
+
+So people get used to it,
+buy more toothbrushes,
+
+buy more nylon.
+
+Cool, right?
+
+So understand the
+underlying reason.
+
+If you said, I want to sell--
+if someone said to you,
+
+I want to sell a
+lot of nylon, it's
+
+hard to figure out what to
+do to sell a lot of nylon.
+
+And that was his approach.
+
+So what's the real problem here?
+
+Information phase.
+
+What in the world exists
+that can inform us
+
+about this problem?
+
+So what kind of things might
+you do to understand a problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: Google.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You
+can use Google.
+
+Excellent.
+
+What else might you do
+to understand a problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: Talk to people who
+are suffering from the problem.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Talk to people.
+
+Do market research.
+
+Excellent.
+
+You might even look
+at adjacent problems.
+
+Problems that are
+not exactly the same.
+
+So if you're doing a
+toothbrush redesign,
+
+what other kinds
+of things might you
+
+look at to help
+inform you about how
+
+to design a better toothbrush?
+
+Emily.
+
+AUDIENCE: Hair brush design.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Hair brush design.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Might have
+similar problems
+
+dealing with the product.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Absolutely.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Dental floss.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Dental floss.
+
+So you might figure out
+what dental floss does well.
+
+In fact, there's a
+dental floss device
+
+that looks kind of
+like a toothbrush.
+
+It's got a handle.
+
+It's got a little small piece of
+floss and you use it like this.
+
+So that's another way
+of considering it.
+
+Excellent.
+
+Stakeholder phase.
+
+This is really important.
+
+What's wanted and who wants it?
+
+Just because you
+can make it doesn't
+
+mean that people want it.
+
+Who knows what a VCR is?
+
+Great.
+
+This example won't work one day.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's the question.
+
+If I made a VCR, what functions
+would it have to have.
+
+I'll start you off.
+
+Play.
+
+AUDIENCE: Stop.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Stop.
+
+AUDIENCE: Rewind.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Rewind.
+
+And?
+
+AUDIENCE: Fast forward.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Fast forward.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Eject.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Eject.
+
+That's great because
+otherwise the tape
+
+is sitting stuck in there.
+
+Wow, it's an awesome
+tape I keep using.
+
+I've watched "Tron" 145 times.
+
+AUDIENCE: Open.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Open.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes, so we
+have an eject mechanism.
+
+Pause.
+
+AUDIENCE: Power.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Power.
+
+AUDIENCE: Record.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Power, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Record.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Record.
+
+That's great.
+
+AUDIENCE: Some of them
+have the little displays
+
+with like the time.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+I need a flashing 12:00.
+
+Let's do flash 12:00.
+
+OK.
+
+So, a time.
+
+Why do we have a
+time display at all?
+
+Why was there ever a
+time display on a VCR?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you know
+long is the tape.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Well, yes.
+
+So we have some
+sort of a method.
+
+That actually is separate.
+
+To position the tape,
+I just use the counter.
+
+It might go up to a thousand
+or something-- or more.
+
+The counter might tell me
+a position of the tape.
+
+What'd the time tell me?
+
+Besides the time.
+
+AUDIENCE: How long
+you've watched.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: It could tell me
+how long I've been watching it.
+
+It might allow me
+to do something.
+
+AUDIENCE: Timed recordings.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Timed recordings.
+
+I could not have to be
+home and I could set my VCR
+
+to record channel
+four-- because back then
+
+we only had five
+channels-- channel four
+
+and that would record
+that at 5:00 PM
+
+when I didn't get
+home till 7:00.
+
+Big deal.
+
+It was before DVRs.
+
+Amazing.
+
+What else?
+
+OK.
+
+I like that list too.
+
+So, let's suppose I made a VCR
+and it had all these features
+
+on it but I took
+away one feature.
+
+I took away the ability
+for you to record.
+
+Show of hands, who thinks
+that's still useful?
+
+Who thinks it's useless.
+
+OK.
+
+Why is it still useful?
+
+A VCR that cannot record.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+that ability is
+
+pretty-- it's decoupled
+from the other--
+
+from the other functions.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: But why would I
+want a VCR that doesn't record?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you
+can watch movies?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: So
+I can watch movies.
+
+When would I want to
+watch movies, but not
+
+be able to record things?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you rent them.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: When I rent them.
+
+Or when I bring them to
+a ski condo or something.
+
+I go to someone else's
+place, we bring up videotapes
+
+and then people can
+watch the video tapes.
+
+Right?
+
+Great.
+
+And what's the benefit of
+not having that record head
+
+in the machine?
+
+Because it's a record
+head and a playhead.
+
+AUDIENCE: It saves you a
+lot of money manufacturing.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: It saves you
+a lot of money manufacturing.
+
+You can pass that savings
+on to the consumer.
+
+Because these are two
+different objects.
+
+OK.
+
+What if I took out,
+instead of the record head,
+
+I took out the playhead.
+
+Who thinks that's useful?
+
+Who thinks it's useless?
+
+You're all wrong.
+
+No, it's you're all
+right, in a certain way.
+
+Why do you think it's useless?
+
+I can't play videotape.
+
+Why is it useless?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you
+can record something.
+
+You can't watch it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: As soon
+as I record something,
+
+I can't watch it.
+
+Kind of a weird
+thing to do, right?
+
+Oh, I can't wait to watch
+this thing when I get home.
+
+I've recorded it.
+
+Now what?
+
+I have no idea.
+
+But think of it this way.
+
+What if I had a
+business and my business
+
+was a video
+duplication business.
+
+You gave me one videotape and
+I'd make thousands for you.
+
+You know at graduation
+they shoot people
+
+when they walk down.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: With a camera.
+
+They shoot people when they walk
+down and receive their diploma
+
+and they shake hands.
+
+So, they have you on videotape.
+
+And what if people want
+to order videotapes?
+
+They want to duplicate them.
+
+Or back when you used to
+buy videotapes, as a kid
+
+perhaps, you bought "Bambi"
+and you wanted to get a copy.
+
+Well, there's some room where
+there's a machine and it plays.
+
+And there are thousands
+of machines that record.
+
+Thousands.
+
+They can record and rewind.
+
+They can do nothing else.
+
+They record and they rewind.
+
+And that's all they do.
+
+That's the whole thing.
+
+And so it's a lot
+cheaper for people
+
+to buy thousands of those things
+without the playhead or fast
+
+forward or anything else.
+
+You can really make it a
+much less expensive product.
+
+So, just because you can
+do it and you can put it on
+
+there doesn't mean you should.
+
+So, stakeholder phase is
+also a little bit bigger.
+
+Who are the possible
+stakeholders?
+
+We talked about this
+a little bit before.
+
+I think Ben brought it up,
+saying that the stakeholder can
+
+be shareholders or
+they could be people
+
+who are related to the design
+in some method, some aspect.
+
+Whether it's-- in this class.
+
+Let's take this
+class, for example.
+
+Who are your stakeholders
+in this class?
+
+Who's the primary stakeholder?
+
+AUDIENCE: Ourselves.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You.
+
+You're the primary stakeholder.
+
+Who's another stakeholder?
+
+AUDIENCE: Parents.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Parents.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because
+they're paying for it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Because
+they're paying for it.
+
+And they want to get
+some value out of that.
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Staff.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Staff.
+
+Which staff?
+
+AUDIENCE: All of you guys.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: All of us.
+
+So we're all stakeholders.
+
+AUDIENCE: You all want to
+see this class be a success.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: No.
+
+We want to see you be success.
+
+It's different.
+
+AUDIENCE: Aww.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: I don't
+care about the class.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+It's true.
+
+AUDIENCE: I believe it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The class
+could be a massive failure,
+
+but if you're successful,
+and we've helped
+
+you do that, then
+we've been successful.
+
+That's our job, to
+make you successful.
+
+What other stakeholders
+do you have?
+
+AUDIENCE: MIT.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: MIT.
+
+How's MIT a stakeholder?
+
+What?
+
+AUDIENCE: They're
+putting us on their CW
+
+so they get more
+attention to MIT--
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Well, maybe so
+they can get more attention
+
+or maybe so they
+can share the ideas
+
+with people who can't be in
+this room with all of you.
+
+So maybe there are two
+different stakeholders.
+
+Maybe there's people that
+want to get money from
+
+and say, look at
+this cool class!
+
+I hope they think it's cool.
+
+Or maybe there are
+people who say,
+
+I really wanted to
+hear about that lecture
+
+that I can't get to.
+
+John's brother can't get
+to this lecture today.
+
+Wanted to.
+
+Can't do it.
+
+So he's a stakeholder as
+well of the recording.
+
+So lots of
+stakeholders and we'll
+
+be discussing this next class.
+
+Now we do
+planning/operational research.
+
+What's realistic?
+
+What limits us?
+
+If we want to make
+something, what limits
+
+do we have whenever
+we make something?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cost.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Cost.
+
+Sure.
+
+What do you mean by cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: The cost
+of manufacturing.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+cost of manufacturing.
+
+What about software?
+
+Does it cost anything
+to manufacture software?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+What does it cost?
+
+AUDIENCE: Time.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: For
+the-- well, yes.
+
+Let's call that the design
+development portion.
+
+But how about the
+manufacturing of it?
+
+Because if I
+manufacture toothbrush,
+
+I've designed and
+developed it and now I
+
+could have machines
+that are stamping out
+
+toothbrushes and putting
+bristles all on stuff.
+
+How about software?
+
+Any cost of software?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+A lot less.
+
+There is a cost, though.
+
+Because I gotta pay somebody
+to host it and somebody
+
+to-- every time you
+download software,
+
+it costs a little bit of money
+and that begins to add up.
+
+So yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Cost of memory--
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Absolutely.
+
+Yes.
+
+So there are costs
+involved that can limit us.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Time.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Time.
+
+What kind of time?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you're in
+the-- basically any stage,
+
+you have a certain amount
+of time to get this done,
+
+so you've got deadlines to meet.
+
+Plus, if you're
+paying people to work
+
+for you, the longer
+they're working on it,
+
+the more that turns
+into money later.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+So there are lots
+of costs involved.
+
+I'm sorry, lots of
+time costs involved.
+
+So the time it
+takes for something
+
+to be executed upon to the
+time we have to execute it.
+
+In classes, you're
+often limited by time.
+
+If you had an infinite
+amount of time,
+
+you could learn the material
+much more easily, probably.
+
+What else are we limited by?
+
+AUDIENCE: Finite amount
+of raw materials.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Materials, right.
+
+And materials can come
+in a lot of versions.
+
+Resources can be
+physical resources,
+
+they can be people
+resources, they
+
+can be environmental resources
+that we have access to.
+
+Anything else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Technical
+capabilities.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Abilities.
+
+Knowledge.
+
+We can be limited by knowledge.
+
+So we have a team--
+a brilliant team.
+
+You're all brilliant people.
+
+Who here knows the
+process of opening
+
+a restaurant that's successful?
+
+OK.
+
+So right now we're limited by
+a certain level of knowledge.
+
+If we all decided to open a
+successful restaurant tomorrow,
+
+but you are all
+brilliant people,
+
+so maybe we could figure
+it out very quickly.
+
+Maybe not.
+
+Maybe we'd find
+someone who's already
+
+opened a successful
+restaurant to let
+
+us know all the
+things we should know
+
+and short circuit that amount
+of failure time we have.
+
+OK.
+
+So, from there we go
+into a hazard analysis.
+
+And we're thinking
+about here, what's safe?
+
+Or what can go wrong?
+
+So in classical design, let's
+say it's a baby's high chair.
+
+I might say, well,
+if the baby can
+
+slip underneath the high
+chair, that's not safe.
+
+So you gotta keep
+that from happening.
+
+If I'm designing a
+stock trading system,
+
+where online you get
+to buy stock or maybe
+
+call over the phone.
+
+You say, buy 100 shares of
+Microsoft at the market price.
+
+What could go wrong?
+
+AUDIENCE: Fraud.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Fraud.
+
+What kind of fraud?
+
+AUDIENCE: Someone
+impersonates someone else
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: So we have
+a security issue there.
+
+We don't know if you are you.
+
+What else can go wrong?
+
+AUDIENCE: In terms of how
+you design the website
+
+or whatever else--
+the interface--
+
+if it's really easy
+to make mistakes.
+
+Say, an extra zero somewhere.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+What if I put a number in
+and I don't put the dots
+
+and I have two zeros.
+
+It's a bit more than
+a rounding error.
+
+In fact, a friend of mine
+just made a piece of software
+
+where you can pay-- you
+walk into a restaurant
+
+and if they have the
+software running,
+
+you can walk in to say,
+I'm here at the restaurant.
+
+And then when you want to
+leave, if a bunch of you
+
+are all eating together,
+so we're all eating
+
+and we want to split
+the bill differently,
+
+and he ordered something,
+the very expensive caviar,
+
+and she ordered the very
+expensive champagne,
+
+and she ordered the
+very inexpensive fries,
+
+and she ordered the somewhat
+moderately expensive chicken,
+
+and I didn't order anything.
+
+Well, we want to split
+the bill somehow.
+
+Well, they make it
+very easy to do it.
+
+But they were just testing it
+in real life and for a server,
+
+the server came over said,
+let me see how to do this.
+
+And he said, sure
+let me show you.
+
+The server entered in the
+numbers for how much we had.
+
+But it came out
+to a huge number.
+
+Much more expensive.
+
+100 times more expensive.
+
+Because servers, on these
+point of sale systems
+
+that they press in, they
+don't enter the decimal point.
+
+Because it's faster to
+just type in the numbers
+
+and enter two zeros.
+
+So his system required that
+you enter a decimal point.
+
+And he realized, oh, gotta
+change that behavior.
+
+So what can go wrong.
+
+We think about in
+this hazard analysis,
+
+which is lots of things.
+
+And so when you're
+designing something,
+
+you want to think of
+what can go wrong.
+
+In software, we have bugs.
+
+Bugs can go wrong and we
+try to mitigate for that.
+
+In physical design,
+it can be unsafe.
+
+Someone's hand could
+be caught something.
+
+They could pinch their hand.
+
+It could cause injury.
+
+From that, we do a
+specifications phase to really
+
+sit down say, OK.
+
+What is required?
+
+What's required of
+this design without
+
+any specific instructions
+of how to design it?
+
+What's required?
+
+So in this phase,
+we really sit down
+
+to figure out what
+we need to do.
+
+But we haven't said
+what to do yet.
+
+We go on to creative design.
+
+Who here knows
+how to brainstorm?
+
+Who here does not know
+how to brainstorm?
+
+OK.
+
+Brainstorming is
+really important
+
+and we'll talk about
+this a little bit later.
+
+How you brainstorm
+is important as well.
+
+This is the part where
+we begin to think
+
+about all the different
+things that are possible.
+
+And if you're working
+with a good team or people
+
+you like a lot, it's
+easier to come up
+
+with really interesting ideas.
+
+They may be terrible ideas but
+they may be very interesting.
+
+And that's OK.
+
+From there, we start narrowing
+down to conceptual design.
+
+What are the potential
+solutions that we can make?
+
+So we might have a few different
+ones that look pretty good.
+
+But they may not work together.
+
+We might say look,
+we go down one path,
+
+we can't go down the other path.
+
+They are mutually exclusive.
+
+Or if we try to do
+both paths, they're
+
+very hard to do together.
+
+So we narrow down
+the concepts and then
+
+we say, OK, we're going
+to pick something.
+
+At this phase, you
+might just say,
+
+let's pick whatever
+one we want to.
+
+Or you might have a process
+for picking a design.
+
+You might ask
+experts to help you
+
+pick which approach to take.
+
+You might do market research.
+
+You might do a whole
+bunch of other things
+
+to figure out which
+one you prototype.
+
+And lastly, the last
+step is verification.
+
+And I don't mean
+quality assurance.
+
+I don't mean does it work
+to the specification.
+
+Of course we expect it to
+work as we want it to work.
+
+But I mean, do people like?
+
+Can they use it?
+
+Do they want to use it?
+
+Is it emotionally and
+intellectually compelling?
+
+Does it makes sense?
+
+Does it connect with
+people on these two levels?
+
+And that goes right down
+to very small things.
+
+To parts and cars.
+
+Goes to things that are consumer
+products and things that
+
+are less obvious in terms
+of being consumer products.
+
+And we have an end solution but
+is it an end solution, really?
+
+What solutions or products
+do you know that cannot be
+
+improved upon?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+That's pretty good.
+
+Maybe there is
+something out there.
+
+But I like the idea that
+we can improve on anything.
+
+So end solutions mean if there's
+more room for improvement,
+
+we go back and do the whole
+process all over again.
+
+Let's map this to
+cooking dinner.
+
+Who here has cooked dinner?
+
+Who has never cooked
+anything in their life?
+
+Ah, it's worth cooking.
+
+You'll like.
+
+It will make you less hungry.
+
+So let's start off.
+
+We're going to
+identify the needs.
+
+What is the underlying
+reason that we cook dinner?
+
+AUDIENCE: Hunger.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Hunger.
+
+Because we're hungry.
+
+What other underlying
+reasons could there
+
+be for cooking dinner?
+
+AUDIENCE: Other
+people are hungry.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Other
+people are hungry, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could be
+a social occasion.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: A
+social occasion.
+
+AUDIENCE: To stay alive.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: To
+stay alive, yes.
+
+Maslow's hierarchy here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Not to
+take the dining plan.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: To avoid
+a required dining plan,
+
+you need to cook.
+
+OK.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: To win or earn money.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: To
+win or earn money.
+
+Do you mean, on a TV show?
+
+Fantastic.
+
+AUDIENCE: I like cooking.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You like cooking.
+
+It's an enjoyable experience.
+
+It's fun to do.
+
+It's creative.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Boredom.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Boredom.
+
+I'm bored.
+
+What should I do?
+
+Watch TV?
+
+No.
+
+Play video games?
+
+No.
+
+Cook?
+
+Great.
+
+Why else would we cook?
+
+AUDIENCE: To come
+up with new dishes.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: To come
+up with new dishes.
+
+To create, to
+innovate on dishes.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: To impress someone.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: To
+impress someone.
+
+Who might you want to impress?
+
+AUDIENCE: Boyfriend
+or girlfriend.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, a date.
+
+A boyfriend or girlfriend.
+
+Great.
+
+Jackie.
+
+OK.
+
+So Jackie has a date.
+
+And she's identified the needs.
+
+She's gotta impress her date.
+
+We go on to an
+information phase.
+
+What in the world
+can help Jackie
+
+determine how to
+impress her date?
+
+AUDIENCE: What does
+he like to eat?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, yes, so
+she's lost her voice here.
+
+And she said, what
+does he like to eat?
+
+Right.
+
+What does the date like to eat?
+
+Right.
+
+That's what we want to find out.
+
+So we're doing market
+research to that point
+
+to figure out the preferences
+of our target audience.
+
+Emily.
+
+AUDIENCE: What the
+date's allergic to?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What's
+that he's allergic to?
+
+I would put that in
+step number five.
+
+AUDIENCE: Food in season?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah,
+food in season.
+
+Yes.
+
+We could be informed by
+what food is in season.
+
+And how would we find out
+what food is in season?
+
+AUDIENCE: Grocery
+store or look online?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You can
+go to the grocery store.
+
+Now, tomatoes.
+
+Have you ever not been
+able to find a tomato
+
+at your grocery store?
+
+But they're not in
+season very long.
+
+So the question is, if you
+want to get something that's
+
+in season and local perhaps,
+you can go to grocery stores,
+
+you could look online.
+
+AUDIENCE: Farmers market.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: A farmer's market
+where the farmers who are local
+
+come over there
+and they'll let you
+
+know, we've got
+lots of kohlrabi.
+
+Rabi Who here has
+ever used kohlrabi?
+
+Who's ever heard
+the word "kohlrabi?"
+
+OK.
+
+So it's one of those things that
+farmers' markets have lots of.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's affordable?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+What's affordable.
+
+I might put that under
+our planning research
+
+and operational research there.
+
+Jackie.
+
+AUDIENCE: What do
+you know how to make?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What do
+you know how to make.
+
+Knowledge.
+
+That's what would be limited
+by in planned research.
+
+But what else can inform our
+decision can also be that.
+
+Which is, I happen to make
+these four things really well.
+
+So, that's part of my research.
+
+What else?
+
+What else might we
+look to, to help us
+
+with planning a date for Jackie?
+
+AUDIENCE: Whether he or
+she is vegetarian or not.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Whether the
+date is vegetarian or not
+
+could inform us.
+
+So some market research.
+
+AUDIENCE: What
+kind of date it is.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah,
+the kind of date.
+
+We're going back to step one.
+
+Tell me about this.
+
+AUDIENCE: It could be a very
+important occasion as far as
+
+like engagement.
+
+Or it might be
+like a first date.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: A first
+date, an engagement.
+
+And they might be different.
+
+So the first date may not have
+caviar and a diamond ring.
+
+It might.
+
+Might be pushing it
+a little bit much,
+
+if you want the date to
+go more than five minutes.
+
+OK.
+
+So, yes.
+
+So first day and an anniversary
+date might be very different.
+
+AUDIENCE: What tools
+you have to cook with?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Tools
+you have to cook with.
+
+Yes.
+
+I might put that again
+under planned research
+
+but information phase as well.
+
+AUDIENCE: What
+Jackie likes to eat.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, yes,
+what you want to yourself.
+
+Jackie enjoys pasta
+and hates hamburgers.
+
+What about some resources that
+are available for research?
+
+Ann.
+
+AUDIENCE: You can get a cookbook
+to see what types of foods
+
+go well together.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Cookbooks.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+And she said to
+look at cookbooks
+
+to see what kinds of
+foods go well together.
+
+Most cookbooks
+don't tell you this.
+
+Interestingly, most
+cookbooks tell you
+
+how to cook a specific
+dish, but don't tell you
+
+what to cook it with.
+
+Some very good cookbooks do.
+
+I recommend Mark Bittman
+if you're cooking
+
+and you're in college.
+
+It's a great cookbook and
+tells you what to pair with it.
+
+What did you say?
+
+I heard something else.
+
+AUDIENCE: The internet.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The internet.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+And what might we Google?
+
+AUDIENCE: The price of
+stuff at stores, recipes,
+
+what goes good with
+it, everything.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: So we have
+we have recipes we could
+
+Google, the price of
+stuff at the store.
+
+Let's bring up Google
+for a second here.
+
+OK.
+
+So, let's bring this over
+and type in, price of stuff
+
+at the store.
+
+Just slide it over-- Great.
+
+And slide it over to the
+right a little bit, please.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Jackie.
+
+Do you like beer?
+
+Like beer, Jackie?
+
+Because if you do, this is
+a great thing to Google?
+
+OK.
+
+What else might we Google?
+
+Thomas.
+
+AUDIENCE: What does
+my date like to eat?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Let's Google
+what does my date like to eat?
+
+On the board, 100 people
+surveyed, top answers.
+
+10 foods you should never
+eat on a first date.
+
+Phenomenal.
+
+The person's not
+sure if they can
+
+eat chorizo that is still not
+expired for another month.
+
+I'm glad they posted it on here
+and it's the second result.
+
+What else should we Google?
+
+AUDIENCE: Delicious food
+that's easy to cook.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Delicious
+food that's easy to cook.
+
+It's auto completing.
+
+This is great.
+
+Which I guess, John
+has already been to.
+
+John is in charge or
+does a lot of work
+
+with the food at his
+fraternity house,
+
+and that makes a lot of sense.
+
+What else might
+we Google for what
+
+you should cook on a first date.
+
+How about, what should
+I cook on a first date?
+
+I have no idea what's
+going to come up.
+
+AUDIENCE: Be careful.
+
+Be careful.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Actually, go
+back to what should I cook on.
+
+Let's go back to what
+should I cook on.
+
+And hit space.
+
+A, letter A. Romantic
+dinner, first date, and date
+
+come up at the top three
+suggestions by Google.
+
+That's pretty cool.
+
+OK, let's go back to
+that slide, please.
+
+Yes.
+
+So this is pretty cool.
+
+OK, we're getting a
+lot of information
+
+right now from Google.
+
+And we're up here to
+stakeholder phase now.
+
+Who are the
+stakeholders involved?
+
+AUDIENCE: Jackie.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Jackie.
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Her date.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Her date.
+
+Who else might be
+stakeholders involved?
+
+AUDIENCE: People that sell food.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: People that
+sell food, absolutely.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Her parents.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Her parents.
+
+If they don't like
+Jackie's date at all.
+
+Make the pineapple upside cake.
+
+But mom, I can't make that.
+
+Make the--
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe anybody that
+shares the kitchen with Jackie.
+
+People sharing the kitchen.
+
+There could be
+other stakeholders
+
+because maybe Jackie
+lives with other people.
+
+And she's like, hey can you
+be out of the kitchen tonight?
+
+I'm Like, no, I've got
+a really important date.
+
+I'm making dinner.
+
+Two people making dinner
+dates at the same time.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: OK.
+
+Planned research.
+
+What could we be limited by?
+
+What could Jackie be limited by?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cost.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Cost.
+
+Right.
+
+So maybe the beluga
+caviar is prohibitively
+
+expensive for the date.
+
+Daniel.
+
+AUDIENCE: Experience.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Experience.
+
+Cooking experience.
+
+I can boil water but I
+can't make a bechamel sauce.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Equipment.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Equipment.
+
+Yes.
+
+I have a pot to boil water
+in but do not own a toaster.
+
+Making toast is harder.
+
+Not impossible, but harder.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Time.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Time.
+
+Oh my god, the date's
+in half an hour.
+
+I haven't started dinner.
+
+I haven't been to the store.
+
+Calling Dominoes.
+
+OK.
+
+What else could
+you be limited by.
+
+AUDIENCE: Her date's
+dietary restrictions.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes, and
+I like that, actually,
+
+dietary restrictions
+in that phase.
+
+Stephanie.
+
+AUDIENCE: Ingredients that
+you can't find at the store.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah,
+yes, ingredients
+
+that you can't
+find at the store.
+
+So sometimes certain-- you
+have to go to special markets
+
+to find certain kinds of special
+spices or something else.
+
+And if you can't get
+that at your local store,
+
+then you may not be
+able to get it all.
+
+Or maybe you have to fly it in
+or mail order it or something.
+
+OK.
+
+This is good.
+
+Hazard analysis.
+
+What could go wrong when cooking
+dinner for a romantic evening?
+
+Rod in the back.
+
+AUDIENCE: Allergies,
+food poisoning.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Allergies
+and food poisoning.
+
+Should she cook the chorizo?
+
+I don't know.
+
+Looks kinda iffy.
+
+Allergies, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Faulty equipment.
+
+If you have a bad stove.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes,
+faulty equipment
+
+could cause a fire or something.
+
+That's really bad.
+
+AUDIENCE: Setting the
+entire chicken on fire.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: He sounds like
+he speaks from experience.
+
+AUDIENCE: Personal injury.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Personal?
+
+AUDIENCE: Injury.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Injury, yes.
+
+So when cutting onions,
+look at the onion
+
+and don't try to make cool eyes.
+
+Stop.
+
+Bleeding is not considered cool
+on a date if you can avoid it.
+
+AUDIENCE: Quantity of food.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes, quantity
+of food, absolutely.
+
+This is a very real issue
+that really happens on dates.
+
+I'll tell you a story when
+I'm not on camera sometime.
+
+AUDIENCE: Your date
+doesn't show up.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Oh, yes.
+
+She's not speaking
+from experience.
+
+But yes, the date
+doesn't show up.
+
+That is sad.
+
+That can be a very sad thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Or you have a
+pset due the next day.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Or you have
+pset due the next day.
+
+Not a good day for
+a romantic evening.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Forgetting
+to set a timer.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+That's an easy thing to go
+wrong-- not setting timers.
+
+Yes.
+
+In fact, yesterday I
+did not set a timer.
+
+I put a thermometer
+inside the chicken
+
+and I said, great, when
+the thermometer reads 162,
+
+I'm going to pull the
+chicken out, no problem.
+
+I proceeded to enjoy the company
+my friends and drink the wine
+
+and went, oh my god, came
+back over here, went oh, 175.
+
+Darn it.
+
+Yes.
+
+I should have set a timer.
+
+That would have been helpful.
+
+AUDIENCE: Unlabeled
+food ingredients,
+
+such as salt and sugar.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Confusing
+two similar in appearance
+
+ingredients like salt and sugar.
+
+Thomas sounds like he speaks
+from experience in this one.
+
+Yes.
+
+Not so good in
+coffee, salty coffee.
+
+But I believe popular
+in some places.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Fire drills.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Fire drills.
+
+Something's that are a little
+bit beyond your control.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is good.
+
+Good hazard analysis for that.
+
+Specifications.
+
+From there, we try to figure
+out what we're going to do.
+
+We might make a shopping list.
+
+We might make a list of what
+we're doing for the recipes.
+
+We go on to design it.
+
+And then we have to figure
+out, do people like it or not?
+
+Verification.
+
+How do we test to figure out
+if people are going to like it
+
+or not?
+
+Ben.
+
+AUDIENCE: Take a small bite.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Take a small bite.
+
+Take many small bites.
+
+Over the course
+of the meal, they
+
+say a good cook keeps tasting
+it before you serve it.
+
+What else could you do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Get someone
+else to taste it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Get someone
+else to taste it, yes.
+
+When?
+
+Do you say, psst, come over
+here, John, come over here,
+
+I'm about to serve it to Jackie.
+
+No, when?
+
+At the time?
+
+AUDIENCE: Earlier.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Earlier.
+
+How much earlier?
+
+An hour?
+
+AUDIENCE: Enough so you
+have time to fix it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Enough time
+so you could fix it later.
+
+What else could you do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Call mom and ask
+if it's supposed to be brown.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Mom, the chorizo's
+
+not looking very good.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Purple, green, yeah.
+
+Use it?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could,
+if you wanted to,
+
+do like a practice
+dinner beforehand.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, yes.
+
+A practice dinner beforehand.
+
+Let's see if you can make
+this stuff and how it tastes
+
+and if you like it.
+
+That's exactly right.
+
+OK.
+
+So I've given you a design
+process that I'll tell you,
+
+you can use for making
+anything-- anything you ever
+
+make ever, ever, ever, ever,
+ever, ever, ever, ever, ever,
+
+ever, ever-- ever.
+
+In all your engineering
+disciplines,
+
+you can use this exact
+same process all the time
+
+for anything you want to make.
+
+We've got it to cooking dinner.
+
+Let's have you try
+it on your own.
+
+Let's try this.
+
+Here's your design challenge.
+
+Map the steps of throwing a
+surprise party for your best
+
+friend.
+
+You're going to map
+the first five steps.
+
+I want you to work
+in groups of three--
+
+the people in your vicinity.
+
+I'm going to give you about
+five minutes to do this.
+
+First five steps as
+completely as you
+
+can to throwing a surprise
+birthday party for your best
+
+friend.
+
+Here we go.
+
+All right, so right
+now the students
+
+are trying to figure how to
+map the steps to throwing
+
+a surprise birthday party
+for their best friend.
+
+And they'll take about
+five minutes to do this.
+
+Over those give minutes, they'll
+try to map each of the steps
+
+individually.
+
+And we're going to do a debrief
+and figure out what they said.
+
+But now, if you want to,
+try doing it yourself
+
+and see if you can come up
+with a really good solution.
+
+And see if they get some
+ones that you don't get.
+
+All right, let's find out what
+you said to solve this problem.
+
+So you've had five
+minutes to try
+
+to figure out how to
+solve the first five
+
+steps of this problem.
+
+To figure out how to
+throw a surprise birthday
+
+party for your best friend.
+
+What is the underlying problem
+that we are trying to solve?
+
+AUDIENCE: They don't have
+plans for their birthday
+
+and we want to make it awesome.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: She said we don't
+have plans for the birthday,
+
+and we're trying
+to make it awesome.
+
+Or they may have
+plans for the birthday
+
+and we're still trying
+to make it awesome.
+
+What are the other aspects
+of the underlying problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a surprise.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: It
+should be a surprise.
+
+Stated in the problem
+statement but also true.
+
+What else?
+
+Underlying problems,
+underlying objectives.
+
+AUDIENCE: Throw a fun party
+for all those involved.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: To throw a
+fun party for those involved.
+
+Let's talk about those
+involved-- who are they?
+
+Anybody.
+
+In the back.
+
+AUDIENCE: And the actual
+person whose birthday it is.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: And
+the actual person
+
+whose birthday it is, yes.
+
+What else?
+
+That's it?
+
+No other reason to
+throw a birthday party?
+
+AUDIENCE: So that
+you get one later on.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, it's for
+you to get one later on.
+
+In psychology, we call it
+the reciprocity effect.
+
+Good.
+
+OK.
+
+So, we've identified the needs.
+
+Information phase.
+
+What can inform us about how
+to throw a surprise birthday
+
+party?
+
+AUDIENCE: How old
+they're turning?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: How
+old they're turning?
+
+What do you mean by that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably don't throw
+a clown party for a 50-year-old.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You don't throw
+a clown party for a 50-year-old.
+
+I happen to know
+some 50-year-olds who
+
+might enjoy that, but it'd
+be kind of weird, right?
+
+OK.
+
+So maybe you do.
+
+Gotta pick your
+50-year-olds very carefully.
+
+[? Affinity? ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: When
+their birthday is.
+
+When their birthday is.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: When
+their birthday is
+
+would inform it, absolutely.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just a
+quick question, does
+
+surprise party automatically
+mean it's a birthday party?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: This is a
+surprise birthday party.
+
+I'm sorry, yes.
+
+In this case it did.
+
+I didn't put that on the slide.
+
+Yes, you're right.
+
+AUDIENCE: When they're free.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: When they're free
+would influence it, absolutely.
+
+What else can inform us about
+throwing a surprise birthday
+
+party?
+
+AUDIENCE: If they
+like surprises or not.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: If they
+like surprises or not
+
+absolutely will
+inform us about how
+
+to throw a surprise birthday
+party for someone who
+
+doesn't like surprises.
+
+AUDIENCE: What they like to do.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What
+they like to do.
+
+For example?
+
+AUDIENCE: If they like to
+go out bowling or something,
+
+you can throw a
+surprise birthday party.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Right.
+
+To appeal to their
+hobbies and likes.
+
+Great.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: What kind
+of friends they have.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What kind
+of friends they have.
+
+How do you mean that?
+
+AUDIENCE: It informs who we're
+going to invite to the party.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Informs who
+we're going to invite, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Size and nature
+of the social circles.
+
+So you could have small
+gatherings or big gatherings.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+So how big the party should be.
+
+What else could inform us?
+
+AUDIENCE: Past parties
+that you have been to.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Past
+parties you've been to.
+
+Personal experience, where you
+say, this was an awesome party.
+
+This party sucked-- we are not
+going to do one of those again.
+
+Right.
+
+Absolutely, past experience
+is hugely important.
+
+AUDIENCE: What can you
+do to distract them?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What can
+you do to distract them.
+
+How do you mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: You have to
+trick them into showing up
+
+in a room full of
+people at some point.
+
+You need a plan.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You
+need a plan, yes.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So that's information phase
+that can inform us about it.
+
+But we forgot one of
+our most valuable tools
+
+that we talked about before.
+
+AUDIENCE: Google.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Google!
+
+And what might you Google?
+
+AUDIENCE: How to
+throw a surprise
+
+party. [INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: How to
+throw a surprise party.
+
+And do you think
+you'd get any results?
+
+A ton.
+
+You'd get a ton.
+
+Google has all the
+information that would appear.
+
+OK.
+
+Stakeholder phase.
+
+Who are the primary
+stakeholders?
+
+AUDIENCE: Guest of honor.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Guest of honor.
+
+AUDIENCE: Everyone invited.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Everyone invited.
+
+AUDIENCE: You.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You.
+
+Who are secondary stakeholders?
+
+AUDIENCE: People who live
+in the place you're hosting.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+many people who
+
+live in the place
+you're hosting,
+
+the neighbors that call
+the cops all the time,
+
+and therefore the cops
+are also stakeholders.
+
+OK.
+
+Planned research,
+operational research.
+
+What are we limited by?
+
+AUDIENCE: Money.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Money!
+
+Great.
+
+So if we don't have
+a lot of money,
+
+we can't buy the expensive beer.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Again, time.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Time.
+
+When's their birthday?
+
+Tomorrow.
+
+No way.
+
+Tomorrow.
+
+What am I going to do?
+
+Going to throw a surprise
+birthday party in one day
+
+is going to be
+really hard to do.
+
+Right.
+
+OK.
+
+How much time do have exactly.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Your best
+friend's schedule.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Your
+best friend's schedule.
+
+Yes, because they
+could be traveling
+
+or our of the country or working
+night shifts or something
+
+like that, right.
+
+OK.
+
+What can go wrong at a
+surprise birthday party
+
+for your best friend?
+
+Veronica.
+
+AUDIENCE: The person
+doesn't show up.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+person doesn't show up.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+David.
+
+AUDIENCE: Person finds
+out ahead of time.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The person
+finds out ahead of time.
+
+AUDIENCE: None of
+the guests show up.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: None
+of the guests show up.
+
+It's you and the person,
+you're like, surprise.
+
+AUDIENCE: Going
+back to the cops.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Going
+back to the cops.
+
+AUDIENCE: Having them come.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Having the cops come.
+
+Yes.
+
+Ben.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you scare
+them into heart attack.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+You don't want to
+scare your friend
+
+if they have a heart condition.
+
+That's good.
+
+Cameron was that yours?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, weather.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Weather.
+
+So don't have an
+outdoor party when
+
+it's going to be threatening
+to have a thunderstorm.
+
+Or in January in Boston.
+
+Not a good time for an
+outdoor barbecue-- just isn't.
+
+Kristen.
+
+AUDIENCE: You accidentally send
+someone to the wrong location.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, yes, someone
+goes to the wrong location.
+
+Thomas.
+
+AUDIENCE: You have
+invited some people
+
+that your friend is
+on bad terms with.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, yes.
+
+The old ex-girlfriend issue.
+
+I thought you were together.
+
+We haven't been
+together for months.
+
+I didn't know that.
+
+So I'll tell you a little story.
+
+So my best friend
+in high school--
+
+we're best friends
+and I'm throwing
+
+him a surprise birthday party.
+
+And my best friend was notorious
+for not showing up to things.
+
+You make plans a
+week ahead of time,
+
+you confirmed a few
+days ahead of time,
+
+it's Friday night-- ghost town.
+
+Just not there.
+
+And no one knows where he is.
+
+He just was kind of casual.
+
+This happened all the time.
+
+And we all knew this.
+
+I said, OK, I'm going to
+make sure he shows up.
+
+So I said, look-- he's
+really into art and design--
+
+there's this great exhibit
+coming up for an M.C. Escher
+
+thing they're doing at
+this museum in Boston.
+
+And there's someone
+speaking and I'm
+
+going to buy tickets
+to it for your birthday
+
+and they're really
+expensive so can we
+
+clear the date,
+make sure it's OK.
+
+He goes, yeah, it's fine.
+
+Great.
+
+So it's like two months out.
+
+Two months.
+
+So a month later, I'm
+like hey, looking forward
+
+to that exhibit thing?
+
+He goes, oh, yeah.
+
+Do you have it in your calendar?
+
+I do have it in my calendar.
+
+It's like the only thing
+he had in his calendar.
+
+It's good.
+
+It's now like a week out.
+
+Hey, dude.
+
+Next Friday we're going to
+the M.C. Escher exhibit.
+
+Right on.
+
+It's great.
+
+Perfect.
+
+It's Monday.
+
+Hey, Friday night, we'll
+get together like 6:00-ish,
+
+we'll go and get some
+dinner or something.
+
+Then we'll go-- yeah
+it sounds great.
+
+Cool.
+
+Great.
+
+Wednesday.
+
+Got two days.
+
+Two days away!
+
+Cool.
+
+Right on.
+
+Thursday.
+
+Tomorrow!
+
+Friday night, 6
+o'clock, his house.
+
+I go there, what happens?
+
+AUDIENCE: He's not there.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: No, he's there.
+
+It's amazing.
+
+I'm blown away.
+
+I'm like, he's actually there.
+
+Incredibly cool.
+
+So we do our whole thing.
+
+We go.
+
+We go to the thing.
+
+We go to the house.
+
+We walk inside, open the door.
+
+I go around the
+side of the door.
+
+Everyone's waiting here.
+
+He comes up around the door,
+everyone goes, surprise!
+
+And he's like, what?
+
+I said, dude it's your
+surprise birthday party.
+
+Surprise!
+
+And he's like, I thought we
+were going to an exhibit.
+
+No, no, that was all fake.
+
+But you bought the tickets.
+
+No, they're not real.
+
+And he was sad.
+
+What we learned from
+our hazard analysis,
+
+our post mortem, don't make
+the other event sound more fun
+
+than a surprise birthday party.
+
+OK.
+
+All true.
+
+Next.
+
+So, I've said you can
+map this to anything.
+
+Well, let's be a little
+bit more serious here.
+
+A little more serious about
+the engineering aspect here.
+
+You have four minutes
+now to map it to this.
+
+Making a car fueled
+by a nuclear reactor.
+
+Same groups.
+
+Four minutes.
+
+If you happen to be
+a nuclear engineer,
+
+you have a head start.
+
+OK.
+
+Right now, they're doing
+the same exact thing
+
+except for they're
+mapping something
+
+more engineering based.
+
+And the idea is
+that they can start
+
+to apply something that
+seemed very easy and informal
+
+to something a little bit
+more of their engineering
+
+curriculum.
+
+It's not a big stretch
+in this case here.
+
+They're going to
+get lots of practice
+
+throughout the
+whole semester being
+
+able to apply this to a variety
+of different environments
+
+and produce things
+using this process.
+
+But here I wanted
+to show that there's
+
+a mapping that exists
+between stuff that seems very
+
+unrelated to engineering, like
+throwing a birthday party,
+
+and some very
+engineering related.
+
+Let's see what
+they come up with.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's find out what
+you thought about how
+
+to solve this problem.
+
+Mapping the steps
+to making a car
+
+fueled by a nuclear reactor.
+
+What is the
+underlying objective?
+
+Or what could the
+underlying objective be?
+
+AUDIENCE: Finding a
+new means of fuel.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Different fuel.
+
+AUDIENCE: Building a car that
+never needs to be refueled.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: A car that
+never needs to be refueled.
+
+AUDIENCE: Cleaner energy.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Cleaner energy.
+
+AUDIENCE: Job market
+for nuclear engineers.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: A job market
+for nuclear engineers.
+
+That's very good.
+
+I like that.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Faster car.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Faster car.
+
+Zoom!
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cleaner
+for the environment.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Cleaner
+for the environment.
+
+Yes.
+
+What else?
+
+OK.
+
+Step number two,
+what can inform us
+
+about how to build-- where might
+we look to understand about how
+
+to build a car fueled
+by a nuclear reactor?
+
+AUDIENCE: Other vehicles
+fueled by nuclear reactors,
+
+like submarines.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Like
+submarines that
+
+are fueled by nuclear
+reactors, yes.
+
+Understand how a
+submarine works.
+
+Jackie.
+
+AUDIENCE: Current car designs.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Current car designs
+
+could inform us about
+what we could do.
+
+AUDIENCE: How you could research
+possible nuclear accidents.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, look
+at nuclear accidents.
+
+I'm going to put that under
+the hazard analysis section.
+
+But yes, absolutely.
+
+Charlotte.
+
+AUDIENCE: Small module
+nuclear reactors.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Small?
+
+AUDIENCE: Module.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Module
+nuclear reactors.
+
+She knows a little
+bit about this.
+
+AUDIENCE: I just got
+hired to work them.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: She got hired
+to work on them, great.
+
+You could actually
+research the thing
+
+that you might want to use.
+
+AUDIENCE: Professors.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Professors.
+
+Yes.
+
+You could talk to professors
+who deal with these things.
+
+AUDIENCE: What regulations exist
+on nuclear reactors in cars.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Regulations
+about nuclear reactors in cars
+
+or other kinds of
+transportation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Find out what
+aspects of cars people
+
+don't want to change.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: What
+aspects of cars people
+
+don't want to change.
+
+Sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: Who will
+want to use it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Understand
+the potential market
+
+of people who might want to
+have a car that never needs
+
+refueling, Stakeholder phase.
+
+Who are the stakeholders?
+
+Ben.
+
+AUDIENCE: Everyone
+who's Course 22.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Everyone
+who's in nuclear engineering.
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: NRC.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+NRC who are the--?
+
+AUDIENCE: Nuclear
+Regulatory Commission.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Nuclear
+Regulatory Commission.
+
+So, government.
+
+Government.
+
+Who else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Everyone within
+a 50-kilometer radius.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Everyone
+in a 50-kilometer radius
+
+of you driving your car.
+
+Rod.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oil companies.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Oil companies.
+
+Yes, they are a stakeholder.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+Yes.
+
+Because if you have a
+really great car that
+
+doesn't need to be fueled
+ever, they're like, excuse me,
+
+pardon me, would you
+mind not making that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Countries
+that mine uranium.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Countries
+that mine uranium.
+
+So, they're definitely
+stakeholder because they've
+
+got uranium.
+
+Dale.
+
+AUDIENCE: If we haven't said
+it already, car manufacturers.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Car manufacturers.
+
+Yes.
+
+Who else?
+
+We haven't said one
+particular constituent group
+
+that I think are very important
+in this particular calculus.
+
+Maybe not.
+
+AUDIENCE: Mechanics.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Mechanics.
+
+Wow, yes.
+
+Boy, how do you fix that?
+
+No idea.
+
+Why not?
+
+Didn't go Course 22.
+
+Really?
+
+What'd you do?
+
+Course 18.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: You.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The nature of the
+fact that you're designing them.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The designer.
+
+Or the person
+who's the consumer.
+
+AUDIENCE: Anyone who buys a car.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Anyone
+who buys a car.
+
+Right.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+Anyone who buys a car-- electric
+cars, non-electric cars.
+
+Anyone else?
+
+That's a good list.
+
+Planned research.
+
+Operational research.
+
+What are we are limited by?
+
+AUDIENCE: Fission or fusion.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, the choice
+between fission or fusion.
+
+AUDIENCE: Current
+roads and whether we
+
+can have nuclear
+reactors on them.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+Whether we can
+actually have this
+
+on our current infrastructure.
+
+David.
+
+AUDIENCE: Disposable spent fuel.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Disposable
+spent fuel, yes.
+
+Charlotte.
+
+AUDIENCE: Have to
+have low enriched--
+
+you'd have to have
+low enriched uranium.
+
+You can't have highly
+enriched uranium.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: OK.
+
+So we're limited by our ability
+to get low enriched uranium.
+
+Yes.
+
+I'm glad we have you here.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+cost of making them?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Cost.
+
+Absolutely.
+
+The cost of making a
+nuclear powered car.
+
+Jake.
+
+AUDIENCE: Different laws
+on street legal vehicles.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: On?
+
+AUDIENCE: Street legal vehicles.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+Government laws on
+street legal vehicles
+
+and what you can and can't do
+with a vehicle to begin with.
+
+[? Yu? ?]
+
+AUDIENCE: Price that
+people are willing to pay
+
+for a car that
+doesn't refueling.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+What would you pay
+for a car if it never
+
+needed fuel ever again?
+
+It's a good question, right?
+
+Would you pay a million dollars?
+
+No.
+
+Do you think you're paying
+a million dollars now
+
+in gas over the
+course of your life?
+
+AUDIENCE: Your car
+won't last that long.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Your car
+won't last that long.
+
+OK.
+
+Foiled again.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Whether
+people would buy it
+
+because it's a nuclear reactor.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Whether
+people would even buy it.
+
+It's nuclear reactor.
+
+I don't want to get that car.
+
+But it never needs fuel again.
+
+I don't want that car.
+
+Well, why not?
+
+Because I don't want
+to glow, I don't know.
+
+What else are you limited by?
+
+AUDIENCE: How available
+the raw materials are.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes,
+availability of raw materials.
+
+What could go wrong?
+
+What could go wrong in a
+nuclear powered automobile?
+
+AUDIENCE: Two cars
+crash into each other.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Two cars crash.
+
+That doesn't seems so wrong.
+
+So far, it sounds OK.
+
+Or are we talking about fusion?
+
+What do you mean by that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Finding
+out what happens--
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Oh, what
+happens to the nuclear reactor
+
+during a car crash.
+
+What was that movie--
+was it the new Batman?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+They had a nuclear
+thing in a truck
+
+and it kind of like,
+boom, boom, boom, boom.
+
+You're like, oh no,
+that seems so bad.
+
+But everything
+worked out just fine.
+
+Batman saved the day.
+
+OK.
+
+What else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can it be modified
+to serve another purpose.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Such as?
+
+A what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like a more
+dangerous purpose.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: A more
+dangerous purpose.
+
+So yes.
+
+You could have terrorists who
+take advantage of the fact
+
+that you have a
+nuclear powered car
+
+to create a nuclear
+powered bomb.
+
+I saw that in "Batman."
+
+I know.
+
+I saw.
+
+Everything I ever
+needed to learn,
+
+I learned from
+watching "Batman."
+
+Cameron.
+
+AUDIENCE: If it's
+a fission reactor,
+
+where does the waste go?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, waste.
+
+Yeah, what do you do
+with waste disposal?
+
+Right.
+
+Ben.
+
+AUDIENCE: Exposure to radiation.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Exposure to radiation.
+
+Yes, absolutely.
+
+Charlotte.
+
+AUDIENCE: Control and
+proliferation concerns.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Control and
+proliferation concerns.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you
+create nuclear waste,
+
+and you can't
+control it, someone
+
+can take it and turn
+it into a nuclear bomb.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes, OK.
+
+So how do we keep that
+thing from happening
+
+that could be used
+negatively and prevent that.
+
+What else could go wrong?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do it yourself people.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: DIY.
+
+How to build a nuclear
+reactor at home.
+
+Yes this may require a few more
+tools than most people have.
+
+OK.
+
+So are you beginning
+to see how we
+
+can start applying this process
+to things of engineering base
+
+as well?
+
+Right, that you have to make?
+
+And now, you may not be making
+a nuclear powered reactor
+
+car right now, but
+Charlotte, you're
+
+working on these
+small reactors, right?
+
+And what could they be used for?
+
+AUDIENCE: So the market
+shares that number
+
+one, reactors are really
+expensive and they're very big.
+
+And if you don't need
+1,200 megawatts of power
+
+and you don't want
+to spend $7 million,
+
+you can get 250 megawatts
+of power for $1 million.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: OK.
+
+So you could make a small
+reactor and use it to do what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Basically,
+you create electricity
+
+and then distribute it cheaply.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: So
+cheap electricity.
+
+And where would you
+want to do that?
+
+AUDIENCE: All over the world.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: All
+over the world.
+
+In even a company,
+potentially like
+
+Apple where they have that
+new campus being put up.
+
+They have their own
+power energy place
+
+and they might, potentially, put
+a nuclear reactor there, right?
+
+They could power their
+whole thing and then
+
+supply the energy back to the
+grid, if they chose to do that.
+
+OK.
+
+Joel, did you have a--?
+
+JOEL SCHINDALL: Yeah.
+
+This process we're going
+to use again and again
+
+during the course of the term.
+
+But I wanted to just
+point out a few things
+
+to set a little bit
+of context for you.
+
+First of all, I think
+there's an image
+
+that designers just kind of
+go into this special sort
+
+of a daze and they come out
+with a wonderful invention,
+
+a great dress, a beautiful room
+layout or something like that.
+
+And I want to point out that
+it rarely happens that way.
+
+The design is work and effort
+and looking at relationships
+
+and going again and again.
+
+And looking at what's
+wanted and what's needed
+
+and what's the context of it.
+
+And actually what
+we described here
+
+is not that different from
+what you do as engineers
+
+when you study engineering.
+
+It's breaking down the
+problem into parts,
+
+looking at the relationship
+between those parts,
+
+and optimizing the system,
+just like you optimize
+
+an engineering system
+that's designed
+
+to generate electricity or
+build a bridge whatever branch
+
+of engineering that you
+might be involved in.
+
+So actually you've got
+the kind of training
+
+to be able to do good design.
+
+Second point I want to make--
+the numbers, one, two, three,
+
+four, five.
+
+We all know how to count.
+
+So it sort of leads you
+into thinking you do one
+
+and then you do two and then you
+do three and then you do four.
+
+And again, not that way
+if you recognize that.
+
+Actually, good design, you're
+actually doing it in parallel.
+
+You get about up to number five
+and you're doing the hazard
+
+analysis, you realize some of
+the things, the assumptions
+
+you made early ain't going to
+work that way because they're
+
+dangerous to your health
+or other people's health.
+
+You go back to step one.
+
+So actually, this is a very good
+linear way of representing it.
+
+But in the actual
+implementation of doing it,
+
+you're going to move in and out
+of all those different phases.
+
+And then the third
+thing I want to say
+
+doesn't quite apply here
+but I spent a lot of time
+
+in the satellite industry.
+
+And in the satellite
+industry, you
+
+go through a very careful
+analysis up front of the design
+
+that you've come up with.
+
+Make sure that it's
+reliable, that everything's
+
+going to hang together.
+
+And then, later on,
+down around here,
+
+you wind up making
+a few changes.
+
+Things are just a
+little bit different.
+
+You modify this.
+
+You modify that.
+
+And almost every serious
+failure that occurs
+
+is because after you
+made those changes,
+
+no one kind of went back
+to the beginning and said,
+
+well did this perhaps change
+the assumptions under which we
+
+based our design and move
+us onto a different track?
+
+So again, you always have to
+be aware of those things--
+
+just kind of a
+perspective to put on it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Rita.
+
+AUDIENCE: So say I'm Course 20
+and I was hired by a Course 22
+
+company to be a project
+manager and I don't even
+
+know of the existence of
+some of these problems that
+
+could come up.
+
+How do you go about
+figuring that out?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, yes.
+
+How do you solve a problem
+when you don't know much
+
+about problem space.
+
+That is a good
+question which we're
+
+going to hold for
+now because of time.
+
+But we will address it
+because you will all
+
+be working on problems
+over the semester which
+
+you may no knowledge about.
+
+And so the question is how
+do you acquire that knowledge
+
+and how do you figure
+out what you don't know.
+
+It's a great question.
+
+I want to talk briefly
+about innovation.
+
+This is a huge thing.
+
+The course called "Engineering
+Innovation and Design."
+
+I have a very particular
+thought about innovation
+
+that I want to share with you.
+
+This is a diagram from a
+very famous design consultant
+
+and how they explain innovation.
+
+Now, I think I see
+where they're going.
+
+They talk about the business
+on one side, technology
+
+and people.
+
+And they say, look, innovation
+happens in different places
+
+here.
+
+Process innovation
+occurs between business
+
+and technology.
+
+Functional innovation
+occurs over here.
+
+Emotional innovation occurs over
+here, like building a brand.
+
+And then they have
+experience innovation.
+
+And this is this thing
+that's very, very special.
+
+They say yes, when we
+combine understanding
+
+of the business, the
+technology, the people.
+
+Do we build something
+that people want?
+
+Is it able to be built?
+
+And will it create a business
+that can sustain itself?
+
+Then we have achieved great
+experience innovation.
+
+Now it's not a bad model.
+
+And it's not untrue
+that innovation
+
+occurs in these places.
+
+But I think it's
+not a useful model.
+
+I think in that zone here, you
+build things that are useful.
+
+They're useful.
+
+But they may not be innovative.
+
+So here's my thing
+about innovation.
+
+There's something out there.
+
+There's something.
+
+And you're required
+to do something
+
+and yet you have this
+other tension pulling you
+
+because you desire to
+do something else that
+
+seems in conflict.
+
+I'm required to create
+a nuclear powered car
+
+but-- I desire to create
+a nuclear powered car,
+
+but I'm required to adhere
+to laws of government,
+
+which is causing
+a lot of problems.
+
+I am required to make an
+artificial heart valve
+
+and I want to make
+that but what I realize
+
+is that there's a problem
+because in this requirement,
+
+I have something that spins
+and it creates friction.
+
+And the friction causes
+blood platelets to form
+
+and causes clotting.
+
+And I desire to have no clotting
+happen even though I have
+
+this spinning object
+in a heart valve.
+
+Tension.
+
+I'm required to
+pass the class but I
+
+desire to go out
+drinking with my friends.
+
+These are in tension.
+
+OK.
+
+So when you have this and
+you start stretching this,
+
+by resolving this, this is
+where innovation occurs.
+
+Innovation is the result
+of resolving your need
+
+to do something with your
+desire of how it can be done.
+
+The designer's job
+is to reconcile
+
+the seemingly irreconcilable.
+
+The designer's job
+is to reconcile
+
+the seemingly irreconcilable.
+
+It's not that you can't do it.
+
+Maybe you think you can't do it.
+
+It appears that you can't do it.
+
+But you gotta think about it
+differently or think about it
+
+from a new angle.
+
+Or get some new
+information to resolve
+
+the seemingly irreconcilable.
+
+And that is what your
+job is your whole lives
+
+is to try to figure out the
+solution to these problems.
+
+If they were obvious,
+people would just do them.
+
+But when they're not
+obvious, and they
+
+cause this tension,
+this pain, this
+
+is where the innovation occurs.
+
+And where you get
+people who do things.
+
+Like a company called Levatronix
+who took that spinning thing.
+
+And they said, well,
+we know if they're
+
+touching it causes friction.
+
+Instead, they used
+magnets to levitate it
+
+so there's no friction at
+all inside of a heart valve.
+
+Do you want to talk about
+the heart valve for a second?
+
+JOEL SCHINDALL: There's a
+small company out in Walton
+
+called Levatronics.
+
+And part of their charter was to
+build an artificial heart that
+
+could be used at least
+temporarily as substitution
+
+until a real heart was
+available for transplant.
+
+And you know, the
+usual way that you
+
+build a pump is a
+rotary pump that
+
+produces just a
+constant pressure.
+
+But everyone knows that
+the heart beats like this.
+
+And everyone assumed
+that the body
+
+needs that heart beat in order
+for the biological processes
+
+to work as they're supposed to.
+
+Turns out, that's not the case.
+
+Turns out that if you pump
+blood smoothly through the body,
+
+it works.
+
+You get oxygen from the lungs
+to the parts that need it.
+
+And you actually can have a
+working rotary heart pump.
+
+So Levatronix thought, well,
+this would be a great thing
+
+to build except that the
+spinning pump shaft has
+
+a bearing at either
+end of the shaft
+
+and there's friction in the
+bearing which creates heat,
+
+the heat creates
+blood clots, the blood
+
+clots break off and go to the
+lungs and that's an embolism
+
+and the person dies.
+
+So the question was, well,
+looks like you can't do it.
+
+So talk about reconciling
+the seemingly irreconcilable.
+
+It turns out that
+you can magnetically
+
+levitate the ends of the shaft
+so that they don't actually
+
+touch the bearing.
+
+And you have a
+frictionless bearing.
+
+Now, it's not stable.
+
+It takes an external
+electronic circuit
+
+in order to be able to sense the
+little latitudinal motions that
+
+come up in the shaft.
+
+But we're pretty advanced
+in our technology now.
+
+We can sense the position of
+the shaft and you can fix that.
+
+And Levatronix has actually
+been selling that product
+
+for the last four or five years.
+
+It's saved lives.
+
+It works.
+
+It reconciles the seemingly
+inconceivable-- well,
+
+inconceivable--
+but irreconcilable.
+
+And that is what I would
+call a real out of the box
+
+innovative idea.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this
+the company that they
+
+were written about
+in "Popular Science?"
+
+They were having people who had
+these smooth hearts going in.
+
+And they were going into doctors
+and freaking the doctors out
+
+because they didn't
+have a pulse?
+
+JOEL SCHINDALL: It
+certainly would fit.
+
+There were a few articles
+about Levatronix.
+
+I don't know that specific one.
+
+But yeah, that's right,
+they don't have a pulse.
+
+So when you say that to be
+alive, they must have a pulse,
+
+perhaps that's not a
+necessary precondition.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: OK.
+
+So I want you all to work in
+pairs for just a few minutes.
+
+I want you to come
+up a list-- let's
+
+see who can come up with
+the longest list in three
+
+minutes, what group can come up
+with the longest list in three
+
+minutes, of either things
+you've experienced personally
+
+or things that you know about
+where people had to reconcile
+
+the seemingly irreconcilable.
+
+To solve a seemingly impossible
+design problem at the time.
+
+You have three minutes.
+
+All right, let's find out.
+
+OK.
+
+Who put down one thing or more?
+
+Wow.
+
+Pretty good.
+
+Two.
+
+Three things.
+
+Four things.
+
+Five.
+
+Six.
+
+Seven.
+
+Eight.
+
+Nine.
+
+10.
+
+OK.
+
+15.
+
+20.
+
+25.
+
+OK.
+
+21.
+
+22.
+
+How many did you get?
+
+AUDIENCE: 22.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: 22 things.
+
+22.
+
+Both 22?
+
+AUDIENCE: 21.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: 21, OK.
+
+Who only got five or fewer?
+
+Five or fewer.
+
+Tell us one of them.
+
+AUDIENCE: Portable media players
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Portable media players.
+
+Tell me what you mean by that.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Basically
+making something
+
+that is small and functional.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+That would do what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Playing
+any kind of media.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Right.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's like the idea of putting
+all your music in your pocket,
+
+right?
+
+That seems impossible to do
+at some point in time, right?
+
+And now you're like, of course,
+all my music's in my pocket,
+
+all my videos are in my pocket,
+everything's in my pocket.
+
+Got big pockets.
+
+OK, yes.
+
+So things like that.
+
+That's an excellent one.
+
+In the back, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Infrared thermometers.
+
+Infrared thermometers.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Infrared thermometers.
+
+Yeah.
+
+How to be able to get the
+temperature of something
+
+at distance.
+
+Well, you got 21 of them.
+
+We're going to work
+our way up to you.
+
+OK people who got 10 or fewer.
+
+Groups that got 10 or fewer.
+
+OK.
+
+Tell us, Daniel.
+
+AUDIENCE: Selling a product
+without a salesforce.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Selling a product
+without having a salesforce.
+
+Right, that's an amazing idea.
+
+Like, what do you
+do when you don't
+
+have anybody doing the selling?
+
+How can you possibly do that?
+
+And said, ah, I've
+got the internet.
+
+I'm Jeff Bezos.
+
+I can sell everything the world.
+
+AUDIENCE: A self-driving car.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: A
+self-driving car.
+
+Yeah.
+
+It seems impossible.
+
+GM is working on this and
+putting a lot of effort
+
+into this.
+
+In fact I've had a conversation
+recently with someone
+
+who thought there's
+no way we're going
+
+to have self-driving cars
+in the next 15 years.
+
+They think well, maybe for
+special lanes, special places.
+
+But I think we're going to see
+a lot more self-driving cars
+
+with breathalyzers on them.
+
+[PUFF] You are not driving home.
+
+Get in the backseat.
+
+You pass out.
+
+You wake up at home.
+
+OK.
+
+Amazing!
+
+Who else?
+
+10 or fewer, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, no
+sorry, I had more.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You
+had more than 10.
+
+OK.
+
+Who had 10 or fewer?
+
+AUDIENCE: Nuclear fusion.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Nuclear fusion.
+
+Can we do it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, just
+can't sustain it.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Just
+can't sustain it.
+
+Interesting.
+
+So we're so close.
+
+But we desire it.
+
+What else?
+
+How about 15 or fewer.
+
+I'm sorry, were we at 15?
+
+15 or fewer.
+
+AUDIENCE: The invention
+of the light bulb.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+invention of the light bulb.
+
+So people thought, boy, how do
+we get light without candles?
+
+Right.
+
+How can I stay in
+light without candles?
+
+Who invented the light bulb?
+
+AUDIENCE: Not Thomas Edison.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Not Thomas Edison.
+
+That was a correct answer.
+
+Swan did.
+
+Swan did in England.
+
+Smaller version.
+
+Swan invents the light bulb.
+
+Edison's like, ugh, you.
+
+And he spends a
+lot of time trying
+
+to figure out how to
+get around this patent.
+
+But we all call them Edison
+bulbs and not Swan bulbs.
+
+Do you know why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because he
+made them really big.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Because
+he made them really big.
+
+How did he do it?
+
+So clever.
+
+So in this whole thing,
+we talked about process,
+
+we talked about stakeholders
+and all these different people
+
+who are involved.
+
+And Thomas Edison had
+a very smart staff.
+
+And the staff had a
+very big-- we call it
+
+systems thinking perspective.
+
+They said, well
+look, candles are
+
+used or things that supply
+light and heat, gas lamps,
+
+are used on the
+side of fireplaces
+
+in a very expensive homes.
+
+Particularly in Boston.
+
+They said, here's an idea.
+
+We're going to take
+these light bulbs things,
+
+we're going to run wires
+right through the tubes that
+
+currently kept gas,
+we'll turn the gas off,
+
+and we'll put a little
+meter outside of your house
+
+that will measure how
+much of this electricity
+
+you're using for
+your light bulb.
+
+It's all brand new, right?
+
+So everyone's
+like, whatever, OK.
+
+And so they did it.
+
+It's cool because it won't
+burn down your house.
+
+And they put these bulbs in
+and they ran the wires through.
+
+Because they, said,
+if you don't like it,
+
+we'll pull out the
+wires, turn the gas on,
+
+everything just works.
+
+So it's easy low
+switching costs.
+
+Easy to start trying it out.
+
+Low risk.
+
+If you don't like
+it, you can go back.
+
+No problem.
+
+Money back guarantee.
+
+And a way of measuring it.
+
+And that's why he became
+hugely successful.
+
+OK.
+
+Great.
+
+Other inventions from
+people who got 20 or fewer.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+SR-81 Blackbird.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yes.
+
+The SR-71 Blackbird.
+
+Yes.
+
+Something that would
+go incredibly fast.
+
+How fast does it go?
+
+So fast we don't even know!
+
+I think it's still classified.
+
+And it goes so fast and
+flew so high that it
+
+couldn't be caught on radar.
+
+You couldn't even see.
+
+You didn't know it
+existed at the time.
+
+AUDIENCE: The design
+compromise was about the fuel
+
+because it's not
+sealed at ground level.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Ah, yes, so the
+design compromise specifically
+
+here, is that at ground
+level, it just leaks fuel.
+
+Because when it goes so
+fast, it gets really hot.
+
+And we all know from
+your thermal class
+
+that things expand when they
+get really hot, like metal.
+
+And it would expand and all
+of a sudden not leak fuel
+
+when it was flying really fast.
+
+But on the ground it
+is just dripping fuel.
+
+Pretty crazy, right?
+
+What if your car ran like that?
+
+I'd love that.
+
+I could drive fast all the time.
+
+I'm sorry, Mr. Policeman.
+
+I had to drive fast.
+
+I'd be leaking fuel
+all over the ground.
+
+AUDIENCE: Alternating currents
+
+BLADE KOTELLY:
+Alternating currents.
+
+Tell us.
+
+What was the--
+
+AUDIENCE: They were
+looking for a way
+
+to distribute and
+transmit high voltage.
+
+Enough electricity to keep the
+[INAUDIBLE] and direct current
+
+would break.
+
+Would not-- it wasn't--
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Didn't work.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Motion
+pictures or movies.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Movies.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Movies.
+
+I want to see in front of me,
+stuff happening like I'm there.
+
+How do I do that?
+
+I just have to put you
+there, in front of a train,
+
+speeding towards you
+at 100 miles an hour.
+
+Or put a camera and I
+project on a big thing.
+
+And it's so big,
+it's so exciting,
+
+that people in the
+audience were aghast.
+
+They gasped when they
+saw people moving.
+
+What else?
+
+Actually, coming
+off of that-- color.
+
+We don't think about
+color too much.
+
+All we think of is
+black and white.
+
+But we want it in color.
+
+And that was a huge
+process change.
+
+And how about 22 items or fewer.
+
+We'll give you a chance.
+
+Go ahead, Patrick.
+
+AUDIENCE: The printing
+press was a big one.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: The
+printing press.
+
+Yeah, huge deal.
+
+What was the issue?
+
+AUDIENCE: They were
+having to have scribes--
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yeah, you
+have to copy everything
+
+by hand which leads to lots of--
+
+AUDIENCE: Carpal tunnel.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: I don't
+know if they really
+
+cared about the carpal tunnel
+syndrome thing back then.
+
+They might have cared.
+
+But lots of errors.
+
+Lots of errors and translation
+errors and tons of errors.
+
+And what else was
+the issue there?
+
+AUDIENCE: Slow.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Slow.
+
+It's very limited.
+
+So if you had a book, it's a
+very big deal to have a book.
+
+And probably in the future
+it will be a big deal
+
+to have a book again because
+we'll all be reading PDFs.
+
+And from-- is this
+your group who go 22?
+
+Yes.
+
+OK, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Paper cups.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Paper cups.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do
+you use something
+
+that isn't waterproof
+to actually hold water?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Right.
+
+So paper will let
+water go through it
+
+at some point when it saturates.
+
+And The question is how
+do you make it waterproof.
+
+Right.
+
+So these are all
+incredible innovations
+
+that occurred from paper cups to
+something like SR-71 Blackbird.
+
+And what I want to do is show
+you, quickly, a short video.
+
+This is a really
+interesting thing
+
+because the year
+it was made was?
+
+JOHN: 1987.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: 1987.
+
+Take a look at this.
+
+OK, So I won't show you
+the whole thing here.
+
+If you'd like, we
+can send you a link.
+
+This is something
+Apple made in when?
+
+JOHN: 1987.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: And
+in it you'll see
+
+there's a date that
+actually occurs.
+
+And the date is?
+
+JOHN: One year before
+Siri is launched.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's right around
+Siri's launch.
+
+And now we can do almost all the
+things you see in this video.
+
+You'll see there's
+a camera up there.
+
+He has a video chat with her.
+
+They're looking up things.
+
+He's correcting his spoken
+spelling of something
+
+which Google does all the time.
+
+With enough context, they
+correct things, sometimes
+
+even accurately.
+
+He's getting his
+information here.
+
+He's reading appointments.
+
+This is all something
+that's happening now.
+
+This was the idea they wanted
+so desperately to create.
+
+Something that allowed
+you to do something
+
+in the most natural way,
+but with technology.
+
+And we're basically there.
+
+So for your homework, I
+want you to do something
+
+that maybe none of you have
+ever done before, your homework.
+
+No, the--
+
+OK.
+
+I want you to design a game.
+
+I want you to make a game.
+
+There's not many
+requirements you have.
+
+But it's a two player game.
+
+Maximum cost of materials
+must be under $5.00.
+
+You can find materials.
+
+You don't need to
+spend any money.
+
+But the cost of materials
+if someone were to buy them
+
+and make your game,
+has to be under $5.00.
+
+It must include an
+element of chance.
+
+Must somehow contain chance
+by whatever method you want.
+
+And must be able to be taught
+to someone else within three
+
+minutes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we actually have
+to make it or just design it?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: You need
+to design it and make it.
+
+You design it and make it.
+
+I suggest you even try it out.
+
+We might try some
+of them in class.
+
+We might try some
+of them in class.
+
+AUDIENCE: This is due what day?
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: I don't know.
+
+It's on your syllabus.
+
+I think it's due on--
+
+JOHN: Next Monday.
+
+BLADE KOTELLY: Next Monday.
+
+It's due next Monday.
+
+Yes, I'm not going to give
+you two days to design a game.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you very much, everyone.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KS-DHlqHcwo.txt b/KS-DHlqHcwo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a98866719150c4f755c8d5a22694b042fa417a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KS-DHlqHcwo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so back into the origin natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back into the origin natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back into the origin natural
+selection of course is the key mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of course is the key mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of course is the key mechanism
+that Darwin is bringing out here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Darwin is bringing out here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Darwin is bringing out here and we
+do have to keep in mind we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to keep in mind we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to keep in mind we don't have
+time to go into his work but Alfred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go into his work but Alfred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go into his work but Alfred
+Wallace was the co-discoverer natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace was the co-discoverer natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace was the co-discoverer natural
+selection he was a man who had traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection he was a man who had traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection he was a man who had traveled
+widely and he had he collected specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely and he had he collected specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely and he had he collected specimens
+he did all sorts of things on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did all sorts of things on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did all sorts of things on his
+travels and he in his travels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and he in his travels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and he in his travels in
+Indonesia in 1858 he hit upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia in 1858 he hit upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesia in 1858 he hit upon the
+concept of selection a selection process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of selection a selection process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of selection a selection process
+that took place as a kind of a filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took place as a kind of a filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took place as a kind of a filtering
+process if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you will
+I mean selection in artificial selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean selection in artificial selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean selection in artificial selection
+somebody actually does the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually does the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually does the selection
+right the person who owns the sheep herd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the person who owns the sheep herd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the person who owns the sheep herd
+or whatever you know selects the Sheep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you know selects the Sheep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever you know selects the Sheep
+so there's a selection process how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a selection process how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a selection process how is
+natural selection different natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection different natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection different natural
+selection is a kind of filtering process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is a kind of filtering process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is a kind of filtering process
+if you will that is you know if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will that is you know if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will that is you know if there
+are two organisms and one is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two organisms and one is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two organisms and one is slightly
+more able to survive under certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more able to survive under certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more able to survive under certain kinds
+of pressure and manages to survive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure and manages to survive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pressure and manages to survive and
+and breed it's been naturally selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breed it's been naturally selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and breed it's been naturally selected
+so but there wasn't really a agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but there wasn't really a agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but there wasn't really a agent
+selecting in this in this context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting in this in this context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting in this in this context and
+natural selection takes places in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection takes places in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection takes places in a
+takes place in a whole variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place in a whole variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place in a whole variety of ways
+there are lots and lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots and lots of different
+ways in which things can get filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which things can get filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which things can get filtered
+out and you know some organisms live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you know some organisms live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and you know some organisms live
+perfectly well and die an old age but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well and die an old age but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well and die an old age but
+just never managed to breed I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never managed to breed I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never managed to breed I mean you
+know they just don't get access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they just don't get access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they just don't get access to the
+partners and therefore they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and therefore they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and therefore they have no
+offspring so this is this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring so this is this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring so this is this is another
+factor so you know the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so you know the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so you know the concept of
+selection here is sort of the way Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection here is sort of the way Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection here is sort of the way Darwin
+uses it it's a metaphor for a filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses it it's a metaphor for a filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses it it's a metaphor for a filtering
+process and Wallace hit upon the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and Wallace hit upon the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and Wallace hit upon the same
+idea in the handout I sent you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the handout I sent you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in the handout I sent you I
+included his turn 8 essay I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included his turn 8 essay I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included his turn 8 essay I don't know
+if anybody's here here I mean it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody's here here I mean it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody's here here I mean it's it
+sort of gives his statement this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gives his statement this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gives his statement this is this
+is the statement that Charles Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statement that Charles Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the statement that Charles Darwin
+received in the mail and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received in the mail and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received in the mail and of course
+Darwin went into some kind of I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin went into some kind of I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin went into some kind of I don't
+know panic as a word but he certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know panic as a word but he certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know panic as a word but he certainly
+wanted to he was a very honorable man so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to he was a very honorable man so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to he was a very honorable man so
+he felt that maybe he should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he felt that maybe he should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he felt that maybe he should just
+forward Wallace's essay to the Linnaean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Wallace's essay to the Linnaean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Wallace's essay to the Linnaean
+Society and just give Wallace credit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society and just give Wallace credit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society and just give Wallace credit but
+he'd been working in the same theory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd been working in the same theory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd been working in the same theory for
+years yeah the the concepts all worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years yeah the the concepts all worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years yeah the the concepts all worked
+out and so forth and he needed he'd even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so forth and he needed he'd even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so forth and he needed he'd even
+discussed them with colleagues so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed them with colleagues so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed them with colleagues so it was
+it was decided by his colleague hooker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was decided by his colleague hooker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was decided by his colleague hooker
+that they should really Wallace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should really Wallace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should really Wallace and
+Darwin should announce their Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin should announce their Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin should announce their Theory
+together which they in which they ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which they in which they ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which they in which they ended
+up doing and so and Wallace it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing and so and Wallace it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up doing and so and Wallace it turned
+out was very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was very good
+for word about this I mean he definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for word about this I mean he definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for word about this I mean he definitely
+saw Darwin as the sort of comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Darwin as the sort of comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw Darwin as the sort of comprehensive
+thinker in this area and Darwin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker in this area and Darwin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker in this area and Darwin was
+cordial to Wallace so in some sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordial to Wallace so in some sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cordial to Wallace so in some sense it's
+it's always mentioned that natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always mentioned that natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always mentioned that natural
+selection was co-discovered I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection was co-discovered I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection was co-discovered I mean there
+are lots and lots and ins and outs of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots and ins and outs of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots and ins and outs of it
+if you really want to study it but in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to study it but in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really want to study it but in in
+in in general that's the way it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in general that's the way it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in general that's the way it happened
+Wallace was a naturalist definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace was a naturalist definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wallace was a naturalist definitely
+raised in a more modest more modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in a more modest more modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised in a more modest more modest
+background educational background than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background educational background than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background educational background than
+Darwin didn't go to Cambridge things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin didn't go to Cambridge things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin didn't go to Cambridge things of
+that sort but he had a lot of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort but he had a lot of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort but he had a lot of natural
+talent and he was type of person in 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and he was type of person in 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and he was type of person in 19th
+century who liked to travel or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century who liked to travel or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century who liked to travel or at least
+I don't know he didn't like to travel he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know he didn't like to travel he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know he didn't like to travel he
+certainly did a lot of it and he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly did a lot of it and he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly did a lot of it and he wrote
+books about his travel and one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about his travel and one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about his travel and one of his
+very famous books is the Mele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous books is the Mele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous books is the Mele
+archipelago which is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archipelago which is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archipelago which is absolutely
+wonderful book came out ten years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book came out ten years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book came out ten years after
+the after the origin but it just his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the origin but it just his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the after the origin but it just his
+account on his travels in Malaysia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account on his travels in Malaysia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account on his travels in Malaysia and
+his some of his ideas about evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his some of his ideas about evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his some of his ideas about evolution
+and also about just the people he met so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also about just the people he met so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also about just the people he met so
+long okay I don't know why is picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long okay I don't know why is picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long okay I don't know why is picture
+not black down here all right so back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black down here all right so back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not black down here all right so back to
+chapter three which we were just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter three which we were just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter three which we were just kind of
+getting into in the last class Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into in the last class Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into in the last class Darwin
+mentions his term natural selection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions his term natural selection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions his term natural selection and
+he says I've called this principle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I've called this principle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says I've called this principle by
+which each slight variation if useful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which each slight variation if useful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which each slight variation if useful is
+preserved by the term natural selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by the term natural selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved by the term natural selection
+in order to mark its relation to man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to mark its relation to man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to mark its relation to man's
+power of selection we have seen that man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of selection we have seen that man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of selection we have seen that man
+by selection can certainly produce great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selection can certainly produce great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by selection can certainly produce great
+results and can adapt organic means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and can adapt organic means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and can adapt organic means to
+his own uses through the accumulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own uses through the accumulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own uses through the accumulation of
+slight but useful variations given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight but useful variations given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight but useful variations given
+to him by the hand of nature some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him by the hand of nature some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him by the hand of nature some of
+this some of this language is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some of this language is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this some of this language is always
+reminds me of Adam Smith you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of Adam Smith you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds me of Adam Smith you know the
+these hands and you know these economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hands and you know these economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hands and you know these economies
+and all this word keeps coming up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this word keeps coming up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this word keeps coming up and
+I've never decided for sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never decided for sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never decided for sure whether
+Darwin was thinking of Smith or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin was thinking of Smith or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin was thinking of Smith or not but
+certainly the language kind of reflects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the language kind of reflects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the language kind of reflects
+some of this large system thinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this large system thinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this large system thinking the
+hand of nature here but natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand of nature here but natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand of nature here but natural
+selection as we shall see hereafter as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection as we shall see hereafter as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection as we shall see hereafter as
+we shall hereafter see is a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shall hereafter see is a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shall hereafter see is a power
+incessantly ready for action and is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incessantly ready for action and is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incessantly ready for action and is as
+immeasurably superior to man's feeble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immeasurably superior to man's feeble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immeasurably superior to man's feeble
+efforts as the works of nature are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts as the works of nature are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts as the works of nature are the
+works of art how about that what's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art how about that what's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art how about that what's he
+talking about here how is natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here how is natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here how is natural
+selection so immeasurably superior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection so immeasurably superior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection so immeasurably superior to
+artificial selection the chickens not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial selection the chickens not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial selection the chickens not
+getting bigger for someone else's needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger for someone else's needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger for someone else's needs
+doing because it's helping itself to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because it's helping itself to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing because it's helping itself to be
+able to as a result it's gonna be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to as a result it's gonna be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to as a result it's gonna be able
+to survive better no where is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive better no where is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive better no where is an
+artificial selection every change that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial selection every change that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial selection every change that's
+made and the chicken is really only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and the chicken is really only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and the chicken is really only a
+benefit because the chicken doesn't yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because the chicken doesn't yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit because the chicken doesn't yeah
+that's that's the crucial distinction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the crucial distinction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the crucial distinction in
+artificial selection we bend these forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial selection we bend these forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial selection we bend these forms
+to our purposes so humans are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our purposes so humans are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our purposes so humans are
+interacting with these natural forms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with these natural forms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with these natural forms in
+order to shape them and make them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to shape them and make them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to shape them and make them more
+supportive of what humans want so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive of what humans want so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive of what humans want so this
+is uh this is a pretty amazing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a pretty amazing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is a pretty amazing process
+when you think about it when you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it when you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about it when you sit
+down and think about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and think about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and think about you know the
+domestication an artificial selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestication an artificial selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestication an artificial selection
+what-what it's produced it's it's humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what-what it's produced it's it's humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what-what it's produced it's it's humans
+taking the natural world and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the natural world and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the natural world and to the
+extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that
+offers opportunities through generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers opportunities through generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers opportunities through generations
+bringing some of those possibilities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing some of those possibilities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing some of those possibilities in
+the closer relationship and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closer relationship and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closer relationship and closer
+support of human ends why we're dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of human ends why we're dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of human ends why we're dogs
+domesticated I don't know we have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated I don't know we have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domesticated I don't know we have lots
+of theories maybe they provided an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories maybe they provided an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theories maybe they provided an early
+warning system or you know maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning system or you know maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning system or you know maybe they
+help people hunt there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people hunt there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people hunt there are lots of
+things that dogs did and they are cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that dogs did and they are cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that dogs did and they are cute
+yes and that's another thing they do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and that's another thing they do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and that's another thing they do we
+we we breed them to look beautiful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we breed them to look beautiful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we breed them to look beautiful you
+know think of the dog shows you know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think of the dog shows you know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think of the dog shows you know all
+these phenomenal breeds I mean you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenomenal breeds I mean you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenomenal breeds I mean you just
+look at a dog show and you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a dog show and you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a dog show and you see these
+incredible breeds they look some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible breeds they look some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible breeds they look some of them
+look really bizarre they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really bizarre they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really bizarre they're so
+tremendously adapted yeah like the Pug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously adapted yeah like the Pug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously adapted yeah like the Pug
+where they've bred it so much that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've bred it so much that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've bred it so much that it
+can't even like breathe anymore yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even like breathe anymore yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even like breathe anymore yeah
+yeah so and that goes back the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so and that goes back the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so and that goes back the question
+is this good for the is this good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this good for the is this good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this good for the is this good for
+the dog it's good for and yeah we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog it's good for and yeah we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog it's good for and yeah we reach
+you know the stages where certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the stages where certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the stages where certain
+animals can't function naturally many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals can't function naturally many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals can't function naturally many of
+these domesticated forms as I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these domesticated forms as I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these domesticated forms as I was saying
+last class if released in nature would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class if released in nature would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class if released in nature would
+perish they become you know food for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perish they become you know food for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perish they become you know food for
+other more capable and better naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more capable and better naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more capable and better naturally
+selected organisms so we not only breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected organisms so we not only breed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected organisms so we not only breed
+but we also in some sense sequester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also in some sense sequester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also in some sense sequester and
+protect protect that livestock though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect protect that livestock though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect protect that livestock though
+sheep out there you have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep out there you have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep out there you have to have a
+Shepherd out there and some sheepdogs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd out there and some sheepdogs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shepherd out there and some sheepdogs to
+keep the wolves at bay or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the wolves at bay or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the wolves at bay or whatever and
+because you know they can't the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they can't the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know they can't the these
+domestic sheep can't protect themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic sheep can't protect themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic sheep can't protect themselves
+so you know the same thing with plants I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the same thing with plants I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the same thing with plants I
+mean plants are probably even a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean plants are probably even a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean plants are probably even a much
+more profound area of domestication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more profound area of domestication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more profound area of domestication
+because the plants really gave rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the plants really gave rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the plants really gave rise to
+all kinds of possibilities for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of possibilities for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of possibilities for people
+shifting from hunter-gatherer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting from hunter-gatherer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting from hunter-gatherer to
+agricultural societies created more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural societies created more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural societies created more
+stability but you know those plants had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but you know those plants had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but you know those plants had
+to be planted had to be maintained and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be planted had to be maintained and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be planted had to be maintained and
+harvested and receded and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvested and receded and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvested and receded and so on and so
+forth they needed a lot of attention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they needed a lot of attention and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they needed a lot of attention and
+it was worth humans time to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was worth humans time to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was worth humans time to do that
+because they got in return a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got in return a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got in return a much
+greater production more resources and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater production more resources and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater production more resources and so
+forth so domestication is a mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so domestication is a mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so domestication is a mass of
+story for humans and it made possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for humans and it made possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for humans and it made possible
+it's the basis of civilization in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the basis of civilization in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the basis of civilization in many
+ways okay so now we come to natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways okay so now we come to natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways okay so now we come to natural
+selection and as Darwin says a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and as Darwin says a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and as Darwin says a power
+incessantly ready for action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incessantly ready for action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incessantly ready for action
+it doesn't just do it at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't just do it at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't just do it at you know
+breeding time in the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding time in the natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding time in the natural world
+selection never stops it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection never stops it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection never stops it's just it's
+just a constant process and what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant process and what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant process and what about
+these forms that are naturally naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms that are naturally naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms that are naturally naturally
+selected do they revert back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected do they revert back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected do they revert back to
+Aboriginal stalks are they likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginal stalks are they likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aboriginal stalks are they likely to
+that is to ancestral forms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to ancestral forms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to ancestral forms because
+they've already out competed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already out competed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've already out competed their
+ancestral forms so the light the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral forms so the light the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestral forms so the light the idea
+they're gonna revert back to some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna revert back to some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna revert back to some kind
+of more more original form it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more more original form it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more more original form it's just not
+the way it works it's sort of it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works it's sort of it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it works it's sort of it's it
+moves forward that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves forward that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves forward that doesn't mean that
+certain forms won't become highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain forms won't become highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain forms won't become highly
+complicated and and become more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and and become more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and and become more simple
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know adapt to various circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know adapt to various circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know adapt to various circumstances
+but but this is not this is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this is not this is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but this is not this is a much more
+powerful form of selection and changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful form of selection and changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful form of selection and changes
+features that range right across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that range right across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that range right across all the
+I mean the subject potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the subject potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the subject potential the
+potential subject matter for natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential subject matter for natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential subject matter for natural
+selection is everything no the sensorium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is everything no the sensorium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection is everything no the sensorium
+the senses chemistry of the body nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senses chemistry of the body nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senses chemistry of the body nervous
+system all of it is all of it is up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all of it is all of it is up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system all of it is all of it is up for
+change simply because all of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change simply because all of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change simply because all of it is
+potentially changeable through random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially changeable through random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially changeable through random
+variation we understand more now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation we understand more now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation we understand more now what
+that is all about as we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all about as we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is all about as we understand the
+genetic basis of it Darwin was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic basis of it Darwin was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic basis of it Darwin was not
+working from that direction it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working from that direction it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working from that direction it's amazing
+how far he got without having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far he got without having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far he got without having these
+these these micro theories but he knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these micro theories but he knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these micro theories but he knew
+that there were that there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were that there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were that there were some
+that there was some kind of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some kind of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was some kind of material
+basis for this he just didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for this he just didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for this he just didn't really
+know enough chemistry and microbiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know enough chemistry and microbiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know enough chemistry and microbiology
+to know what it was but he pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it was but he pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what it was but he pretty much
+nailed that there was something going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nailed that there was something going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nailed that there was something going on
+at the physical level okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the physical level okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the physical level okay all right so
+the struggle for existence is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggle for existence is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the struggle for existence is is
+definitely something that is introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that is introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely something that is introduced
+in a very dramatic way in Chapter three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very dramatic way in Chapter three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very dramatic way in Chapter three
+and you know it's pretty brutal what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's pretty brutal what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it's pretty brutal what
+he's talking about he says I mean he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about he says I mean he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about he says I mean he he
+doesn't pull any punches here he says I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pull any punches here he says I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pull any punches here he says I
+quote him nothing is easier than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote him nothing is easier than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote him nothing is easier than to
+admit in words the truth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit in words the truth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit in words the truth of the
+universal struggle for life or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal struggle for life or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal struggle for life or more
+difficult at least I've found it so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult at least I've found it so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult at least I've found it so then
+constantly to bear this conclusion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly to bear this conclusion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly to bear this conclusion in
+mind I am convinced that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I am convinced that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind I am convinced that the whole
+economy of nature with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy of nature with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy of nature with
+on distribution rarity abundance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on distribution rarity abundance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on distribution rarity abundance
+extinction and variation will be dimly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinction and variation will be dimly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinction and variation will be dimly
+seen or quite misunderstood we behold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen or quite misunderstood we behold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen or quite misunderstood we behold
+the face of nature bright with gladness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of nature bright with gladness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of nature bright with gladness
+think of Wordsworth here we often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Wordsworth here we often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Wordsworth here we often see
+super abundance of food we do not see or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super abundance of food we do not see or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super abundance of food we do not see or
+we forget that the birds which are idly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we forget that the birds which are idly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we forget that the birds which are idly
+singing around us mostly live on insects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing around us mostly live on insects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing around us mostly live on insects
+or seeds and are thus constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seeds and are thus constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seeds and are thus constantly
+destroying life or we forget how largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying life or we forget how largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying life or we forget how largely
+these songsters are their eggs or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these songsters are their eggs or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these songsters are their eggs or their
+nestlings are destroyed by birds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nestlings are destroyed by birds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nestlings are destroyed by birds and
+beasts of prey we do not always bear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts of prey we do not always bear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beasts of prey we do not always bear in
+mind that though food may now be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that though food may now be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that though food may now be super
+in London if it is not so at all seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London if it is not so at all seasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London if it is not so at all seasons
+of each recurring year so you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each recurring year so you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each recurring year so you know this
+this underlying you know struggle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this underlying you know struggle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this underlying you know struggle for
+resources and he mentions it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and he mentions it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and he mentions it's a
+doctrine of Malthus and so on he brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine of Malthus and so on he brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine of Malthus and so on he brings
+up Malthus a couple times here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Malthus a couple times here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Malthus a couple times here this is a
+one of Audubon's watercolors from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Audubon's watercolors from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of Audubon's watercolors from his
+Birds of America and I always used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds of America and I always used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birds of America and I always used to
+look at this water car I mean we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this water car I mean we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this water car I mean we've all
+seen on a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen on a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen on a bond
+I used to say oh those beautiful jays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to say oh those beautiful jays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to say oh those beautiful jays
+there and when I was you know it took me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and when I was you know it took me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and when I was you know it took me
+some time before I realized what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time before I realized what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time before I realized what they
+were doing they're eating they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing they're eating they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing they're eating they're
+robbing a bird's nests jays are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robbing a bird's nests jays are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robbing a bird's nests jays are pretty
+nervy Birds I don't know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervy Birds I don't know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervy Birds I don't know if you know
+about Jays but they're you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jays but they're you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Jays but they're you know they
+they're very good scavengers and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good scavengers and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good scavengers and they're
+very aggressive Birds and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aggressive Birds and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aggressive Birds and so you see
+this beauty in Audubon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beauty in Audubon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beauty in Audubon's
+painting and this is before Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and this is before Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting and this is before Darwin
+Audubon didn't have to read Darwin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audubon didn't have to read Darwin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Audubon didn't have to read Darwin to
+come up with this this quintessential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this this quintessential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this this quintessential
+piece of Americana and so you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Americana and so you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of Americana and so you've seen
+this this process it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this process it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this process it just
+life goes on this is how it is supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life goes on this is how it is supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life goes on this is how it is supported
+okay so this is this is the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is the underlying
+theme of this chapter I continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of this chapter I continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of this chapter I continue with
+his section here there's no exception to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his section here there's no exception to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his section here there's no exception to
+the rule that every organic being now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule that every organic being now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule that every organic being now
+surely increases that so high a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely increases that so high a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely increases that so high a rate
+that if not destroyed the earth would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if not destroyed the earth would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if not destroyed the earth would
+soon be covered by the progeny of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon be covered by the progeny of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon be covered by the progeny of a
+single pair Linnaeus has calculated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pair Linnaeus has calculated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pair Linnaeus has calculated that
+if an annual plant produced only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an annual plant produced only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an annual plant produced only two
+seeds and there is no plant so on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and there is no plant so on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and there is no plant so on a
+productive as this and their seedlings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive as this and their seedlings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive as this and their seedlings
+next year produced two and so on then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year produced two and so on then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year produced two and so on then in
+20 years there would be a million plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years there would be a million plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years there would be a million plants
+the elephant is reckoned to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephant is reckoned to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elephant is reckoned to be the
+slowest breeder of all known animals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest breeder of all known animals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowest breeder of all known animals and
+I've taken some point pains to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken some point pains to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken some point pains to estimate
+its probable minimum rate of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its probable minimum rate of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its probable minimum rate of natural
+increase it will be under the mark to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it will be under the mark to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase it will be under the mark to
+assume that it breeds when 30 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it breeds when 30 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it breeds when 30 years old
+and goes on breeding till 90 years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes on breeding till 90 years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes on breeding till 90 years old
+bringing forth three pair of young in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing forth three pair of young in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing forth three pair of young in
+this interval just three pair young and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval just three pair young and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interval just three pair young and
+it's interval if this be so at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interval if this be so at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interval if this be so at the end
+of the fifth century there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fifth century there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fifth century there would be
+alive fifteen million elephants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive fifteen million elephants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive fifteen million elephants
+descended from the first pair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descended from the first pair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descended from the first pair so
+basically you know how fast to populate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know how fast to populate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know how fast to populate
+how fast an environments get populated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast an environments get populated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast an environments get populated
+in geological terms instantaneously I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geological terms instantaneously I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geological terms instantaneously I
+mean you know this is this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know this is this is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know this is this is nothing
+compared to Lyell geology I mean if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to Lyell geology I mean if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to Lyell geology I mean if so
+you know the the the over productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the over productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the over productivity
+of the natural world is just absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural world is just absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural world is just absolutely
+stunning and of course this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning and of course this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning and of course this is something
+that you know we don't normally think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we don't normally think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we don't normally think
+too much about or we don't see you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about or we don't see you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about or we don't see you know
+I mean a lot of Darwin's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a lot of Darwin's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean a lot of Darwin's not just
+talking about organisms out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about organisms out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about organisms out there
+ripping each other apart you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping each other apart you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping each other apart you know there
+are a lot of different ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of different ways in which
+these struggles take place and struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these struggles take place and struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these struggles take place and struggle
+in some ways it may not be the best word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it may not be the best word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some ways it may not be the best word
+because you know I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know I don't think that
+eating a seed is necessarily something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating a seed is necessarily something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating a seed is necessarily something
+that makes you get an image of struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you get an image of struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you get an image of struggle
+in your mind so but you know the fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind so but you know the fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind so but you know the fact is
+is that there's there's just as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's there's just as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's there's just as fast
+potential for life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an amazing an amazing development okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing an amazing development okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing an amazing development okay
+so this so in what ways is this similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so in what ways is this similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this so in what ways is this similar
+to Malthus and how is it different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Malthus and how is it different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Malthus and how is it different in
+that way it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's okay
+it is yeah it's certainly the Malthusian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yeah it's certainly the Malthusian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yeah it's certainly the Malthusian
+principle of rapid geometrical increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of rapid geometrical increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of rapid geometrical increase
+in populations is score here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in populations is score here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in populations is score here there's a
+core part of this how is it different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah David Tutera so it didn't serve on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah David Tutera so it didn't serve on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah David Tutera so it didn't serve on
+a lighter note saying with English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lighter note saying with English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lighter note saying with English
+population there's an increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there's an increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there's an increased
+variation that hence at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that hence at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that hence at least two
+invention but I don't really see that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention but I don't really see that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention but I don't really see that as
+much here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much here
+no commercially in the natural selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no commercially in the natural selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no commercially in the natural selection
+it would just be greater adoption for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be greater adoption for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would just be greater adoption for
+the environment and hence greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and hence greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment and hence greater
+struggle okay okay that's you bring up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle okay okay that's you bring up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle okay okay that's you bring up a
+really interesting point so Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting point so Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting point so Darwin's
+talking about the natural world isn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the natural world isn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the natural world isn't he
+what world is Malthus interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what world is Malthus interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what world is Malthus interested in the
+human social world so I mean he's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human social world so I mean he's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human social world so I mean he's saying
+yeah humans humans are biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah humans humans are biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah humans humans are biological
+organisms and they breed and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and they breed and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and they breed and they have
+offspring and so on and they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring and so on and they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring and so on and they produce
+they try to produce the resources needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to produce the resources needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to produce the resources needed
+to support the population and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support the population and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support the population and they can
+keep up to it to a certain extent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up to it to a certain extent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up to it to a certain extent but
+they can't they can in no way produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they can in no way produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they can in no way produce
+enough to endlessly support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to endlessly support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to endlessly support the
+geometric increase in population but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric increase in population but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric increase in population but
+he's not really I mean he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really I mean he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really I mean he talks about
+the natural world and humans as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world and humans as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world and humans as part of
+the natural world in some sense but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world in some sense but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world in some sense but in
+Malthus Malthus is not the biologist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malthus Malthus is not the biologist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malthus Malthus is not the biologist you
+know there's not a biologists mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's not a biologists mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's not a biologists mind
+they're much more a theologian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more a theologian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more a theologian
+statistician cleric very very savvy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician cleric very very savvy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician cleric very very savvy
+thinker social scientist is what he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Darwin's a biologist I mean he thinks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's a biologist I mean he thinks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's a biologist I mean he thinks in
+very systematic ways and you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic ways and you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very systematic ways and you know he
+doesn't even try to deal with he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even try to deal with he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even try to deal with he just
+puts humans aside because he knows I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts humans aside because he knows I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts humans aside because he knows I
+mean later he comes back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean later he comes back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean later he comes back to this
+question but in some ways humans are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but in some ways humans are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but in some ways humans are a
+special case they are the exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the world that Darwin is talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that Darwin is talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that Darwin is talking about
+has it's just the natural world and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it's just the natural world and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it's just the natural world and he
+will later come back to humans when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will later come back to humans when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will later come back to humans when he
+writes his descent a man but he does say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes his descent a man but he does say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes his descent a man but he does say
+at the end of the origin that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the origin that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the origin that you know
+light will be thrown on the origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will be thrown on the origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will be thrown on the origins of
+humans too but that's not what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans too but that's not what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans too but that's not what he's
+dealing with here he's just dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here he's just dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with here he's just dealing with
+the natural world his chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world his chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural world his chapter on
+instinct really treats instinct as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct really treats instinct as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct really treats instinct as an
+organ instinct is highly specific it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ instinct is highly specific it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ instinct is highly specific it is
+inherited through the generations it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited through the generations it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited through the generations it is
+a phenomenon that can change there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenomenon that can change there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenomenon that can change there are
+altered there are variations in instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered there are variations in instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered there are variations in instinct
+that produce better and better versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produce better and better versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produce better and better versions
+that are that enabled the organism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that enabled the organism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that enabled the organism to
+survive better it's it's a mechanic as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive better it's it's a mechanic as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive better it's it's a mechanic as a
+material thing but as you say it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material thing but as you say it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material thing but as you say it's hard
+to think of it that way because instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it that way because instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of it that way because instinct
+is you know it's we think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know it's we think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know it's we think of it as
+mental we think of it as something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental we think of it as something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental we think of it as something that
+you know is in the mind and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is in the mind and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is in the mind and you know we
+kind of think unclearly about it mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think unclearly about it mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of think unclearly about it mostly
+because you know we think oh I did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we think oh I did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we think oh I did I do
+that or why am i you know it's like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or why am i you know it's like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or why am i you know it's like we
+encounter instinct mentally response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter instinct mentally response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter instinct mentally response
+which would is very instinctual and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would is very instinctual and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would is very instinctual and very
+based in the body it's I mean it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in the body it's I mean it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in the body it's I mean it's easy
+to think that if an organism didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that if an organism didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that if an organism didn't have
+that response they would more easily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response they would more easily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response they would more easily be
+killed off them it's got to any change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed off them it's got to any change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed off them it's got to any change
+Darwin says that is not beneficial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin says that is not beneficial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin says that is not beneficial to
+the individual if somebody can show me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual if somebody can show me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual if somebody can show me
+such an example my entire theory falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an example my entire theory falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an example my entire theory falls
+to the ground so instinct in Darwin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground so instinct in Darwin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ground so instinct in Darwin's
+system is it's beneficial it it and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is it's beneficial it it and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is it's beneficial it it and by
+beneficial we mean it gives the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial we mean it gives the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial we mean it gives the organism
+a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a greater
+agree of adaption to its environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree of adaption to its environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree of adaption to its environment
+and there are certain there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certain there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are certain there are certain
+species forms whole families generous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species forms whole families generous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species forms whole families generous
+families classes of organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families classes of organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families classes of organisms that
+pretty much run on instinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much run on instinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much run on instinct
+I mean we're thinking of course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're thinking of course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we're thinking of course of
+insects and things of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects and things of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insects and things of that sort
+don't need a lot of rationale I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a lot of rationale I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a lot of rationale I mean if
+you're if you're if your instincts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're if your instincts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're if your instincts are
+really well adapted and there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well adapted and there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well adapted and there are lots
+of you and you know you can run on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and you know you can run on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you and you know you can run on
+pretty much pure instinct or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much pure instinct or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much pure instinct or something
+like it whereas humans have kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it whereas humans have kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it whereas humans have kind of you
+know yeah they have the instinct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah they have the instinct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah they have the instinct and
+that's incredibly important I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incredibly important I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incredibly important I mean there
+are a lot of things that happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things that happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of things that happen in
+humans that is instinctual didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that is instinctual didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that is instinctual didn't you
+know families are bound together through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know families are bound together through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know families are bound together through
+you know paternal maternal instincts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know paternal maternal instincts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know paternal maternal instincts I
+mean there are there all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are there all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are there all sorts of
+content that is derived from instinctual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that is derived from instinctual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that is derived from instinctual
+it has an instinctual basis but humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an instinctual basis but humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has an instinctual basis but humans
+have also you know we just come through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also you know we just come through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have also you know we just come through
+this enlightenment or Smith and Hume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enlightenment or Smith and Hume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enlightenment or Smith and Hume and
+you know all these people are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these people are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all these people are talking
+about the the powers of the brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the powers of the brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the powers of the brain and
+the great you know this is this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great you know this is this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great you know this is this great
+human thinking entity that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human thinking entity that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human thinking entity that can do
+wonders so now here comes in Darwin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonders so now here comes in Darwin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonders so now here comes in Darwin with
+boom instinctive it's like oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom instinctive it's like oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom instinctive it's like oh this is
+this is kind of a this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a this is a this is a
+jolt for people who thought that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jolt for people who thought that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jolt for people who thought that human
+behavior is fairly rational and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is fairly rational and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is fairly rational and now
+we're thinking wow it's Scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking wow it's Scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking wow it's Scott
+instinctual kind of we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual kind of we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctual kind of we actually have
+there are instincts in us and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are instincts in us and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are instincts in us and we have to
+assume that they're in there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they're in there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they're in there because
+they've been beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been beneficial
+however at certain points we begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however at certain points we begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however at certain points we begin to
+wonder when we encounter something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder when we encounter something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder when we encounter something like
+Adam like Thomas Malthus because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam like Thomas Malthus because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam like Thomas Malthus because the
+instincts their human instinct is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instincts their human instinct is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instincts their human instinct is not
+always beneficial to the individual it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always beneficial to the individual it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always beneficial to the individual it
+drives them in malthus's sense of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives them in malthus's sense of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives them in malthus's sense of things
+- you know all kinds of bad actions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you know all kinds of bad actions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you know all kinds of bad actions that
+a more rational person would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more rational person would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more rational person would you know
+reject okay so yeah well we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay so yeah well we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject okay so yeah well we'll come back
+to instinct but it's it's a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instinct but it's it's a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instinct but it's it's a very big
+part of this in the same chapter three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this in the same chapter three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this in the same chapter three
+Darwin talks about the web of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin talks about the web of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin talks about the web of complex
+relations and this is the fact that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and this is the fact that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and this is the fact that all
+life is intimately integrated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is intimately integrated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is intimately integrated in
+connected to other forms of life that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to other forms of life that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to other forms of life that
+there is a kind of dependency in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a kind of dependency in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a kind of dependency in life
+that that that makes organisms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that makes organisms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that makes organisms where
+that that that takes in which a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that takes in which a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that takes in which a change
+in one organism will have an effect on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one organism will have an effect on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one organism will have an effect on a
+whole variety of other organisms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole variety of other organisms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole variety of other organisms because
+organisms just aren't individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms just aren't individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms just aren't individual
+entities a tremendously important idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities a tremendously important idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities a tremendously important idea
+in the origin that all life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the origin that all life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the origin that all life is
+interconnected and if some species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected and if some species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected and if some species
+disappears it's probably because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears it's probably because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears it's probably because some
+other species has pushed it out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species has pushed it out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other species has pushed it out you know
+species are constantly morphing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are constantly morphing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species are constantly morphing and
+changing and you know what we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and you know what we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and you know what we're getting
+is this this kind of mass of change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this kind of mass of change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this kind of mass of change and
+complex interaction and Darwin gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex interaction and Darwin gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex interaction and Darwin gives
+some specific examples but one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific examples but one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific examples but one of the
+main quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main quote
+here is lighting any check this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is lighting any check this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is lighting any check this is the
+natural selection light in any check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection light in any check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection light in any check
+mitigate the destruction ever so little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the destruction ever so little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the destruction ever so little
+and the number of species will almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of species will almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of species will almost
+instantaneously increased any amount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously increased any amount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously increased any amount the
+face of nature may be compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of nature may be compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of nature may be compared to the
+yielding surface with 10th I am sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding surface with 10th I am sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding surface with 10th I am sir
+ffice with 10000 sharp wedges packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffice with 10000 sharp wedges packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ffice with 10000 sharp wedges packed
+close together and driven inwards by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together and driven inwards by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together and driven inwards by
+incessant blows it's a pretty violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incessant blows it's a pretty violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incessant blows it's a pretty violent
+metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphor
+sometimes one wedge being struck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one wedge being struck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one wedge being struck and
+then another with greater force and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another with greater force and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another with greater force and can
+you man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you man
+this is this is a pretty dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a pretty dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a pretty dramatic
+picture of nature isn't it he's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of nature isn't it he's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of nature isn't it he's trying
+to give an illustration where he gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an illustration where he gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an illustration where he gives a
+relationship of bees and mice and honey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of bees and mice and honey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of bees and mice and honey
+what's the relationship that's anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship that's anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship that's anybody
+recall that why is there more well he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that why is there more well he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that why is there more well he he
+gets this from one of his observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this from one of his observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this from one of his observers
+somebody tells him you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tells him you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tells him you know there's a
+lot more honey around the village then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more honey around the village then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more honey around the village then
+when you go further out away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go further out away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go further out away from the
+village why are there more why are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village why are there more why are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village why are there more why are there
+more bees nests and honey closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bees nests and honey closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bees nests and honey closer to the
+just the outskirts of the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody remember okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember okay
+this was this was in on page 73 but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was in on page 73 but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this was in on page 73 but he
+what eats the bees my sees eat these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what eats the bees my sees eat these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what eats the bees my sees eat these the
+field mice and they eat a lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field mice and they eat a lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field mice and they eat a lot of them
+what eats mice well cats like to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what eats mice well cats like to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what eats mice well cats like to eat
+mice and you know around the villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and you know around the villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and you know around the villages
+where there are lots of cats the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are lots of cats the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are lots of cats the mouse
+population is kept down so that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is kept down so that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is kept down so that allows
+the bee population to thrive a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bee population to thrive a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bee population to thrive a little
+bit better so they're just as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better so they're just as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better so they're just as a result
+of that happens to be more honey in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happens to be more honey in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happens to be more honey in the
+proximity of villages because bees make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity of villages because bees make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity of villages because bees make
+honey so it's just an effort on his part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey so it's just an effort on his part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honey so it's just an effort on his part
+he has a whole series of dip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a whole series of dip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a whole series of dip
+kinds of examples of you know how there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of examples of you know how there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of examples of you know how there
+are certain types of cattle and South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain types of cattle and South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain types of cattle and South
+America and Paraguay he says that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and Paraguay he says that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and Paraguay he says that they
+just can't breed them unless they breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't breed them unless they breed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't breed them unless they breed
+them in very close oversight of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in very close oversight of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in very close oversight of the the
+ranch because when the young are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranch because when the young are born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranch because when the young are born
+there's a little tiny fly that lays its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little tiny fly that lays its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little tiny fly that lays its
+egg in the navel and it will inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg in the navel and it will inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg in the navel and it will inevitably
+destroy the newborn and therefore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the newborn and therefore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the newborn and therefore it
+just can't raise below a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't raise below a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't raise below a certain
+latitude you just can't raise those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude you just can't raise those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latitude you just can't raise those
+species of of cattle so the point he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of of cattle so the point he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of of cattle so the point he's
+trying to make is that you know nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make is that you know nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make is that you know nature
+we we don't realize how interrelated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't realize how interrelated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't realize how interrelated and
+interconnected a system the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected a system the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected a system the natural
+system actually is we we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually is we we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system actually is we we don't really
+appreciate it and through evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it and through evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it and through evolutionary
+through the evolutionary lens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the evolutionary lens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the evolutionary lens the
+understanding through evolution we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding through evolution we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding through evolution we can
+see through these mechanisms these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see through these mechanisms these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see through these mechanisms these
+forces how closely interconnected all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces how closely interconnected all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces how closely interconnected all
+these different species are as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different species are as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different species are as they
+compete for spaces in nature we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for spaces in nature we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete for spaces in nature we call
+them niches no Darwin uses the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them niches no Darwin uses the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them niches no Darwin uses the word
+space over and over again for you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space over and over again for you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space over and over again for you know a
+place in nature yeah how Darwin use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in nature yeah how Darwin use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in nature yeah how Darwin use
+nature yeah I've always kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature yeah I've always kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature yeah I've always kind of
+visualized nature as this kind of taut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized nature as this kind of taut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualized nature as this kind of taut
+stretchable fabric and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretchable fabric and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretchable fabric and that you know
+with each of the links of the meshes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each of the links of the meshes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each of the links of the meshes
+being a different species that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a different species that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a different species that you know
+you you have an increase in population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have an increase in population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have an increase in population
+that fabric gets more taut and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fabric gets more taut and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fabric gets more taut and the other
+you know regions are rounded go down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know regions are rounded go down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know regions are rounded go down or
+up as a result of that and unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a result of that and unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a result of that and unfortunately
+if the balance gets too far out of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the balance gets too far out of play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the balance gets too far out of play
+and you push one population too high the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you push one population too high the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you push one population too high the
+fabric will tear it because it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric will tear it because it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric will tear it because it's already
+taught you can actually cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you can actually cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you can actually cause a
+cataclysmic change that'll rip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataclysmic change that'll rip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataclysmic change that'll rip the
+entire fabric into so that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire fabric into so that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire fabric into so that really
+emphasizes the importance of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes the importance of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizes the importance of of that
+kind of dependency but I and I think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dependency but I and I think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dependency but I and I think as
+you were getting at to it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were getting at to it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were getting at to it's also
+important to notice that it's a mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to notice that it's a mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to notice that it's a mutual
+dependency like you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency like you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency like you know for
+the classic predator-prey the links on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic predator-prey the links on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic predator-prey the links on
+the rabbit you know because even if even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit you know because even if even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rabbit you know because even if even
+if the Lynx population goes down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Lynx population goes down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Lynx population goes down the
+rabbits explode and they die off not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits explode and they die off not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabbits explode and they die off not
+from the Lynx but from the lack of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Lynx but from the lack of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Lynx but from the lack of food
+in the environment because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment because they're
+competing for resources dependency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing for resources dependency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing for resources dependency and
+these are modern studies I've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are modern studies I've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are modern studies I've given you
+a paper here you can check it out if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper here you can check it out if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a paper here you can check it out if you
+want people actually study this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people actually study this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want people actually study this is a
+modern subject of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern subject of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern subject of study
+ecological studies these patterns these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological studies these patterns these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological studies these patterns these
+webs of relationships and they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs of relationships and they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webs of relationships and they're highly
+highly complicated and people chart them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly complicated and people chart them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly complicated and people chart them
+out and figure out you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and figure out you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and figure out you know what's
+happening - what's happening to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening - what's happening to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening - what's happening to the
+populations in certain locations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations in certain locations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations in certain locations because
+if you somehow artificially end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you somehow artificially end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you somehow artificially end up
+removing a species and humans can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing a species and humans can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing a species and humans can do
+that you know we can over fish we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we can over fish we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we can over fish we can
+over we do all you know the loss of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we do all you know the loss of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over we do all you know the loss of a
+species when you begin to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species when you begin to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species when you begin to think of the
+complex web of really you know we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex web of really you know we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex web of really you know we don't
+really know what the impact of the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what the impact of the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what the impact of the loss
+of a-- of a species actually is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a-- of a species actually is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a-- of a species actually is there
+could be tremendous collapse it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be tremendous collapse it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be tremendous collapse it could
+also mean that something else fills its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mean that something else fills its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mean that something else fills its
+space but biologists today are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but biologists today are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but biologists today are very
+interested in these web relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these web relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these web relationships
+and studying them at that great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studying them at that great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and studying them at that great
+precision to try to get an understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision to try to get an understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision to try to get an understanding
+of how the connections and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the connections and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the connections and it's really
+coming straight out of i mean these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight out of i mean these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight out of i mean these are
+these are ideas that darwin brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ideas that darwin brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are ideas that darwin brought
+forward in its theory so what we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in its theory so what we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in its theory so what we what we
+see are is a kind of a whole sea change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are is a kind of a whole sea change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see are is a kind of a whole sea change
+in in in in this sort of way in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in this sort of way in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in this sort of way in which we
+think about nature and thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about nature and thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about nature and thinking about it
+much more precisely in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more precisely in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more precisely in terms of the
+dynamics of its entities and the spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of its entities and the spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of its entities and the spaces
+that are available and the changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available and the changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available and the changing
+forms in a relationship between the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in a relationship between the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms in a relationship between the form
+is a much more physical concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much more physical concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a much more physical concept of
+nature and darwin is really just pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and darwin is really just pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and darwin is really just pushing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+to a tremendous extent in this book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a tremendous extent in this book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a tremendous extent in this book it's
+just I mean everybody likes to say and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean everybody likes to say and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I mean everybody likes to say and I
+totally agree that Darwin didn't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally agree that Darwin didn't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally agree that Darwin didn't do this
+all by himself but the power of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by himself but the power of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by himself but the power of this
+book in driving home this idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in driving home this idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in driving home this idea of the
+physical complexity and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical complexity and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical complexity and the fact that
+this complexity is governed by natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity is governed by natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity is governed by natural
+forces and laws it's just it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and laws it's just it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and laws it's just it's just
+astounding it's a tremendous shift so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding it's a tremendous shift so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding it's a tremendous shift so
+this is a very physical view of nature a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very physical view of nature a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very physical view of nature a
+very material view of nature you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very material view of nature you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very material view of nature you know
+there's a fundamental materialism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental materialism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental materialism in
+Darwin I mean you know this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin I mean you know this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin I mean you know this is this is
+basically a very powerful physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a very powerful physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a very powerful physical
+theory so he says you know she nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so he says you know she nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so he says you know she nature
+can act on every internal organ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can act on every internal organ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can act on every internal organ and
+every shade of constitutional difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every shade of constitutional difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every shade of constitutional difference
+on the whole machinery of life man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole machinery of life man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole machinery of life man
+selects only for his own good nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects only for his own good nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selects only for his own good nature
+only for that of the being in what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for that of the being in what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for that of the being in what she
+tends so we've seen this may be said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends so we've seen this may be said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends so we've seen this may be said
+that natural selection is daily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that natural selection is daily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that natural selection is daily and
+hourly scrutinizing so even in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly scrutinizing so even in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourly scrutinizing so even in this
+illustration so there there been lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration so there there been lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration so there there been lots of
+studies after Darwin of the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies after Darwin of the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies after Darwin of the way in which
+character is displaced through periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is displaced through periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is displaced through periods
+of drought and so forth where tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drought and so forth where tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drought and so forth where tremendous
+pressures put on local populations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures put on local populations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures put on local populations and
+when these pressures are exerted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these pressures are exerted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these pressures are exerted on
+these populations something has to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these populations something has to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these populations something has to give
+and the species that don't have quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the species that don't have quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the species that don't have quite
+the adaptation to the environment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptation to the environment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adaptation to the environment are
+going to be the ones that get competed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the ones that get competed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the ones that get competed
+and through this process certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through this process certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through this process certain
+features and changes in the native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and changes in the native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and changes in the native
+populations can shift and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations can shift and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations can shift and those
+organisms will have a superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms will have a superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms will have a superior
+opportunity to have offspring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to have offspring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to have offspring
+breed down through generations so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed down through generations so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed down through generations so that
+you can get this this phenomenon that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this this phenomenon that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this this phenomenon that is
+sometimes called character shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called character shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called character shift the
+other thing I wanted to mention about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to mention about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I wanted to mention about
+his view of nature is it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his view of nature is it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his view of nature is it's it's very
+numerical it's it's it's really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical it's it's it's really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical it's it's it's really about
+just its statistical know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just its statistical know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just its statistical know what is the
+species we can give some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species we can give some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species we can give some kind of
+definition but a species is whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but a species is whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition but a species is whatever
+seems to survive and breed in groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to survive and breed in groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to survive and breed in groups
+it's kind of a it's a very indefinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a it's a very indefinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a it's a very indefinite
+concept we tend to think oh yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we tend to think oh yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we tend to think oh yeah there's
+this because we think of our species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we think of our species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we think of our species
+sometimes through the metaphor of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes through the metaphor of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes through the metaphor of our
+domestic forms and say oh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic forms and say oh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic forms and say oh there's a
+species of animal that looks this way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of animal that looks this way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of animal that looks this way in
+another speech so we have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another speech so we have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another speech so we have this nice
+divided sense of species but in Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided sense of species but in Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided sense of species but in Darwin
+he struggles with the concept of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he struggles with the concept of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he struggles with the concept of species
+is there such a thing or how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there such a thing or how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there such a thing or how do we
+define it it's basically breeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it it's basically breeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it it's basically breeding
+populations and they're not so distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and they're not so distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations and they're not so distinct
+that they don't necessarily cross over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't necessarily cross over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't necessarily cross over
+and there are a whole range of phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a whole range of phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a whole range of phenomena
+like subspecies incipient species you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like subspecies incipient species you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like subspecies incipient species you
+know things that seem to be forming but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things that seem to be forming but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things that seem to be forming but
+we can't tell quite yet so I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't tell quite yet so I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't tell quite yet so I think we
+have much better tools today to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much better tools today to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much better tools today to come up
+with some of these ideas because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these ideas because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of these ideas because we have
+a we have you know a basis for actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have you know a basis for actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have you know a basis for actually
+seeing material differences okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing material differences okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing material differences okay
+speciation a very very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation a very very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation a very very complicated
+process I gave you a little primer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I gave you a little primer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I gave you a little primer in
+there if you're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you're really interested in
+speciation you I mean that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation you I mean that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speciation you I mean that's the whole
+field of study but there are generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of study but there are generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of study but there are generally a
+series of patterns that take place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of patterns that take place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of patterns that take place the
+one that Darwin seems to favor the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that Darwin seems to favor the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that Darwin seems to favor the most
+is the notion of geographic separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion of geographic separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the notion of geographic separation
+when organisms get separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when organisms get separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when organisms get separated
+geographically they don't rebreathe back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically they don't rebreathe back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically they don't rebreathe back
+into the parent population that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the parent population that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the parent population that'll
+for a kind of independence of breeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a kind of independence of breeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a kind of independence of breeding
+but we have several different versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have several different versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have several different versions
+here I just took this out of entry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you're interested but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're interested but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're interested but you can see
+the problems here partially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems here partially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems here partially just
+isolation sometimes isolation in a in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation sometimes isolation in a in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation sometimes isolation in a in an
+adjacent habitat and sometimes some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent habitat and sometimes some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent habitat and sometimes some kind
+of isolation within a within a native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolation within a within a native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of isolation within a within a native
+population and the mechanisms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and the mechanisms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and the mechanisms of these
+can be quite complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he mentions in this same chapter special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentions in this same chapter special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he mentions in this same chapter special
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+so sexual selection what is what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sexual selection what is what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sexual selection what is what is this
+these are special cases of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are special cases of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are special cases of natural
+selection Jake there are a creature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection Jake there are a creature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection Jake there are a creature has
+a particular trade okay this is some so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular trade okay this is some so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular trade okay this is some so
+yeah this this is a this is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this this is a this is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this this is a this is a special
+case and a weaker form of selection as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and a weaker form of selection as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and a weaker form of selection as
+you said this depends not on a struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this depends not on a struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said this depends not on a struggle
+for existence but on a struggle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for existence but on a struggle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for existence but on a struggle between
+males for possession of the females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males for possession of the females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males for possession of the females
+there are actually a number of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually a number of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are actually a number of other
+mechanisms too but he's just mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms too but he's just mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms too but he's just mentioning
+this one the result is not death to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the result is not death to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one the result is not death to the
+unsuccessful competitor but few are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful competitor but few are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessful competitor but few are no
+offspring sexual selection is therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring sexual selection is therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring sexual selection is therefore
+less rigorous than natural selection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rigorous than natural selection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rigorous than natural selection the
+war is perhaps severus between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war is perhaps severus between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war is perhaps severus between the
+male's of polygamous animals and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male's of polygamous animals and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+male's of polygamous animals and these
+seem often us provided with special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem often us provided with special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem often us provided with special
+weapons great big antlers of the huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons great big antlers of the huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons great big antlers of the huge
+deer or you know the big tusks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deer or you know the big tusks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deer or you know the big tusks of the
+walrus or whatever I can see no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walrus or whatever I can see no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walrus or whatever I can see no good
+reason to doubt that female Birds by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to doubt that female Birds by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to doubt that female Birds by
+selecting during thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting during thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting during thousands of
+generations the most melodious of beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations the most melodious of beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations the most melodious of beauty
+or beautiful males according to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beautiful males according to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beautiful males according to their
+standard of beauty might produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of beauty might produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard of beauty might produce a
+marked effect the bird of paradise was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked effect the bird of paradise was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked effect the bird of paradise was
+one of the famous examples here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the famous examples here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the famous examples here in
+sexual selection it's the female that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual selection it's the female that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual selection it's the female that's
+doing the selecting it's the male that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the selecting it's the male that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the selecting it's the male that's
+presenting itself and then you often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting itself and then you often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting itself and then you often see
+this kind of nondescript little female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of nondescript little female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of nondescript little female
+goes up and it looks and does that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and it looks and does that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and it looks and does that move
+on to some other and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some other and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to some other and of course the
+problem is some of these secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is some of these secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is some of these secondary
+characteristics that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that these
+these males develop actually expose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these males develop actually expose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these males develop actually expose them
+in greater degree or hamper their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in greater degree or hamper their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in greater degree or hamper their
+movement or do all sorts of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement or do all sorts of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement or do all sorts of things and
+so I suppose in some ways they are seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I suppose in some ways they are seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I suppose in some ways they are seen
+it must be so as more fit because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be so as more fit because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be so as more fit because they
+have the excess capacity I mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the excess capacity I mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the excess capacity I mean the the
+resources to build whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to build whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to build whatever the
+expression is that is being selected for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is that is being selected for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is that is being selected for
+can be tremendous and they may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tremendous and they may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tremendous and they may not be
+beneficial to the organism at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to the organism at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to the organism at a certain
+stage in survival and just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in survival and just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage in survival and just basically
+surviving yeah I was actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving yeah I was actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving yeah I was actually really
+confused about this when I read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about this when I read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about this when I read about
+this because he says natural selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because he says natural selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because he says natural selection
+will never produce in any being anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never produce in any being anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never produce in any being anything
+injurious to itself for natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injurious to itself for natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injurious to itself for natural
+selection that's solely solely by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that's solely solely by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection that's solely solely by and
+for the good of each and like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good of each and like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the good of each and like for
+example with this bird of paradise night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with this bird of paradise night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with this bird of paradise night
+or like the in caribou out we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the in caribou out we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the in caribou out we talked
+about before I don't know if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before I don't know if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before I don't know if that's
+actually true so in that case is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true so in that case is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true so in that case is it the
+species that keeps trying to populate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that keeps trying to populate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species that keeps trying to populate or
+is like the traits in other words I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the traits in other words I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the traits in other words I'm
+kind of alluding to like The Selfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of alluding to like The Selfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of alluding to like The Selfish
+Gene sort of ideas yeah you know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene sort of ideas yeah you know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene sort of ideas yeah you know is it
+really the the organism that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the organism that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the organism that's
+benefiting from all of this or is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting from all of this or is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefiting from all of this or is it the
+continuation and reproduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation and reproduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation and reproduction of the
+same trait whatever that's you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trait whatever that's you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trait whatever that's you know well
+it was part of the part of the so part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was part of the part of the so part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was part of the part of the so part
+of the fact of being beneficial to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact of being beneficial to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact of being beneficial to the
+individual is getting selected to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is getting selected to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual is getting selected to me
+because that allows you to get your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows you to get your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows you to get your your
+genetics into the next generation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics into the next generation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics into the next generation so
+that's that's the name of the game the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the name of the game the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the name of the game the
+name of the game is to breed into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the game is to breed into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the game is to breed into the
+next generation and to transmit your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation and to transmit your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation and to transmit your you
+know your your genes so to speak good of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your your genes so to speak good of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your your genes so to speak good of
+you really means how can I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really means how can I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really means how can I have my
+traits proliferate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but there it's it's it's a game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but there it's it's it's a game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but there it's it's it's a game of
+chance - oh are you gonna be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance - oh are you gonna be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance - oh are you gonna be more
+beautiful and bigger and fluffy than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and bigger and fluffy than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and bigger and fluffy than the
+next mail that comes along so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next mail that comes along so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next mail that comes along so there's
+kind of there's a risk element there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's a risk element there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of there's a risk element there but
+it seems to be driven I guess we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be driven I guess we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be driven I guess we can
+come back to old good ol instinct here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to old good ol instinct here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to old good ol instinct here I
+mean an instinct to somehow driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean an instinct to somehow driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean an instinct to somehow driving
+these organisms to these extent and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organisms to these extent and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these organisms to these extent and as
+far as the fitness of these individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the fitness of these individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the fitness of these individuals
+at least theoretically you know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least theoretically you know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least theoretically you know if they
+have as I said the excess capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as I said the excess capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as I said the excess capacity to
+not just survive and get enough to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just survive and get enough to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just survive and get enough to eat
+and but to develop these this incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but to develop these this incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but to develop these this incredible
+plumage and everything they must have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumage and everything they must have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumage and everything they must have a
+pretty nifty no set of genes so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nifty no set of genes so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nifty no set of genes so I
+suppose there's some kind of at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's some kind of at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's some kind of at some
+level there's a evaluation taking place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there's a evaluation taking place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there's a evaluation taking place
+and I don't know anything more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know anything more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know anything more about it
+than that because you know it's it's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that because you know it's it's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that because you know it's it's I'm
+sure there are definite specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there are definite specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there are definite specific
+mechanisms and instincts that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and instincts that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and instincts that could be
+worked up the other special case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked up the other special case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked up the other special case that
+Darwin talks about and it's turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin talks about and it's turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin talks about and it's turned out
+to be very controversial is group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very controversial is group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very controversial is group
+selection here he says in social animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection here he says in social animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection here he says in social animals
+it will adapt the structure to natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will adapt the structure to natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will adapt the structure to natural
+selection of each individual for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of each individual for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of each individual for the
+benefit of the community and this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of the community and this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit of the community and this comes
+back to your point you know is it how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your point you know is it how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your point you know is it how is
+this benefiting that individual can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this benefiting that individual can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this benefiting that individual can the
+benefit to the community supplant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to the community supplant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to the community supplant the
+benefit to the individual and this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to the individual and this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit to the individual and this isn't
+a totally settled to fit human today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally settled to fit human today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a totally settled to fit human today and
+there are many people who say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many people who say you know
+this is just not a good theory but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just not a good theory but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just not a good theory but and
+there are many other explanations for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other explanations for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many other explanations for it
+but in Darwin's view is for the benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Darwin's view is for the benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Darwin's view is for the benefit
+of community if each and consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of community if each and consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of community if each and consequences
+profits by the selected change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits by the selected change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits by the selected change
+what natural selection cannot do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what natural selection cannot do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what natural selection cannot do is to
+modify the structure of one species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the structure of one species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the structure of one species
+without giving any advantage for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving any advantage for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without giving any advantage for the
+good of another species and and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of another species and and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of another species and and those
+statements to this effect may be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements to this effect may be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements to this effect may be found
+and works in natural history I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and works in natural history I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and works in natural history I cannot
+find one case which will bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one case which will bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find one case which will bear
+investigation Jake all right so worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation Jake all right so worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation Jake all right so worker
+bees insects of all sorts you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees insects of all sorts you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees insects of all sorts you know they
+they work without reproducing they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work without reproducing they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they work without reproducing they don't
+they don't reproduce let's say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't reproduce let's say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't reproduce let's say a few
+things about the chart this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the chart this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the chart this this is the
+chart that comes at the end of at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that comes at the end of at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that comes at the end of at the
+end of the origin in which he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the origin in which he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the origin in which he talks
+about divergence of character and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about divergence of character and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about divergence of character and these
+this is his so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is his so-called
+tree and what we see here is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and what we see here is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and what we see here is he's
+speculating that this could be these 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating that this could be these 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating that this could be these 14
+levels could be 14,000 or a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels could be 14,000 or a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels could be 14,000 or a hundred and
+forty thousand generations lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty thousand generations lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty thousand generations lots and lots
+of generations so the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generations so the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generations so the first thing that
+you get from this is that it's a vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from this is that it's a vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get from this is that it's a vast
+period of time this is you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time this is you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time this is you know he's
+thinking of thousands and thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of thousands and thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of thousands and thousands of
+generations and that's why you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations and that's why you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations and that's why you know
+evolution is hard for a lot of people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is hard for a lot of people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is hard for a lot of people to
+grasp because they can't grasp the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp because they can't grasp the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp because they can't grasp the kind
+of time that Darwin is dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that Darwin is dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that Darwin is dealing with the
+way in which he's thinking of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which he's thinking of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which he's thinking of changes
+spread out over hundreds of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out over hundreds of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out over hundreds of thousands
+and millions of years ok so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of years ok so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of years ok so what you
+notice in this chart well one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this chart well one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this chart well one of the
+things you've observed from it these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've observed from it these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you've observed from it these are
+just the the development of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the development of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the the development of various
+forms general and species what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms general and species what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms general and species what do you
+notice in this pattern and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this pattern and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this pattern and the more
+ancient are at the bottom and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient are at the bottom and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient are at the bottom and the more
+recent are at the top what does it tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent are at the top what does it tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent are at the top what does it tell
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+Chris there's a lot of trial and error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris there's a lot of trial and error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris there's a lot of trial and error
+okay species trying to emerge okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay species trying to emerge okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay species trying to emerge okay yeah
+now necessarily comes from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now necessarily comes from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now necessarily comes from the same
+ancestor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay theoretically if you go back far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay theoretically if you go back far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay theoretically if you go back far
+enough you come back but he's starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you come back but he's starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you come back but he's starting
+at some point here we don't know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point here we don't know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point here we don't know he
+doesn't have a specific time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a specific time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a specific time okay
+anything else okay because at first it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else okay because at first it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else okay because at first it's
+got there's like the two one the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there's like the two one the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got there's like the two one the two
+branches that break off there's two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches that break off there's two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches that break off there's two of
+them then suddenly there's four on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then suddenly there's four on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then suddenly there's four on each
+side and now there's come from any depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and now there's come from any depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and now there's come from any depth
+again it seems that there's getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it seems that there's getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it seems that there's getting more
+and more specialization faster faster as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more specialization faster faster as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more specialization faster faster as
+the time progresses from the two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time progresses from the two okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time progresses from the two okay so
+there's a kind of an advance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of an advance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of an advance and
+complexity and species diversity what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and species diversity what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and species diversity what
+about F en F what about E what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about F en F what about E what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about F en F what about E what happened
+to eat stayed the same and but it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat stayed the same and but it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eat stayed the same and but it's more
+no longer is this sort of ended so it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer is this sort of ended so it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer is this sort of ended so it it
+got into the tenth stage of this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the tenth stage of this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the tenth stage of this into
+the hundred and forty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred and forty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundred and forty thousand
+generation then it just what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation then it just what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation then it just what I get
+replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah hey it's pretty successful isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah hey it's pretty successful isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah hey it's pretty successful isn't it
+look at a o how successful a is man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a o how successful a is man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a o how successful a is man
+that's it's branched out into all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's branched out into all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's branched out into all these
+different areas and in successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas and in successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas and in successful
+species successful species breed other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species successful species breed other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species successful species breed other
+successful species physiological change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful species physiological change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful species physiological change
+well from simple organisms unicellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from simple organisms unicellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well from simple organisms unicellular
+and more complex organisms and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complex organisms and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more complex organisms and they
+begin to organisms develop you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to organisms develop you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to organisms develop you know
+primitive nervous systems and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive nervous systems and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive nervous systems and some
+photophores and things of that sort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photophores and things of that sort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photophores and things of that sort and
+pretty soon you know so it represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon you know so it represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon you know so it represents a
+kind of physiological spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of physiological spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of physiological spreading
+complexity if you will and those new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity if you will and those new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity if you will and those new
+physiology features enable organisms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology features enable organisms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology features enable organisms to
+branch out I mean make better use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch out I mean make better use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch out I mean make better use of
+environments create new niches so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments create new niches so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments create new niches so what
+you're seeing here is is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing here is is something like
+that what else do these lines represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they typically also are thought of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they typically also are thought of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they typically also are thought of in
+terms of strata this layers geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of strata this layers geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of strata this layers geological
+layers of the earth I mean you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the earth I mean you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the earth I mean you know if
+you dig down in here to fine earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig down in here to fine earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig down in here to fine earlier
+forms and so you know this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and so you know this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and so you know this is something
+that is reflected in this chart fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is reflected in this chart fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is reflected in this chart fact
+that and most organisms most species by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and most organisms most species by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and most organisms most species by
+far the vast number of species that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the vast number of species that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the vast number of species that have
+existed are gone I mean there many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed are gone I mean there many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed are gone I mean there many many
+more species have existed in time than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more species have existed in time than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more species have existed in time than
+exists now in terms of types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KrjZyCRi29o.txt b/KrjZyCRi29o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..963d785cd81aceb234c8f65e972c1391560dd8ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KrjZyCRi29o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now use counting to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now use counting to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now use counting to solve a
+simple probabilistic problem we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probabilistic problem we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple probabilistic problem we have in
+our hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hands
+an ordinary six-sided die which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary six-sided die which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary six-sided die which we're
+going to roll six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll six times
+so this is our probabilistic experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our probabilistic experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our probabilistic experiment
+and we're interested in the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're interested in the probability
+of a certain event the event that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain event the event that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain event the event that the
+six rolls result in different numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six rolls result in different numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six rolls result in different numbers so
+let us give a name to that event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us give a name to that event and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us give a name to that event and
+call it event a so we wish to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it event a so we wish to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it event a so we wish to calculate
+the probability of this event but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this event but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of this event but before
+we can even get started answering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can even get started answering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can even get started answering this
+question we need a probabilistic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we need a probabilistic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we need a probabilistic model
+we need to make some assumptions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make some assumptions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make some assumptions and the
+assumption that we are going to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we are going to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we are going to make is
+that all outcomes of this experiment are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all outcomes of this experiment are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all outcomes of this experiment are
+equally likely this is going to place us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely this is going to place us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely this is going to place us
+within a discrete uniform probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a discrete uniform probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a discrete uniform probabilistic
+model so that we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so that we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so that we can calculate
+probabilities by Counting in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities by Counting in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities by Counting in particular
+as we discussed earlier in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed earlier in this lecture
+the probability of an event a is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of an event a is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of an event a is going
+to be the number of elements of the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the number of elements of the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the number of elements of the set
+a the number of outcomes that make event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the number of outcomes that make event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the number of outcomes that make event
+a occur divided by the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a occur divided by the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a occur divided by the total number of
+possible outcomes which is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes which is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes which is the number of
+elements in our sample space so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in our sample space so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in our sample space so let us
+start with a denominator and let us look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a denominator and let us look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a denominator and let us look
+at the typical outcomes of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the typical outcomes of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the typical outcomes of this
+experiment a typical outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a typical outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment a typical outcome is
+something like something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like something like this
+sequence two three four three six two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence two three four three six two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence two three four three six two
+that's one possible outcome how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possible outcome how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one possible outcome how many
+outcomes of this kind are there well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of this kind are there well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of this kind are there well we
+have six choices for the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six choices for the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six choices for the result of the
+first roll six choices for the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first roll six choices for the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first roll six choices for the result of
+the second roll and so on and since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second roll and so on and since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second roll and so on and since we
+have a total of six rolls this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of six rolls this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of six rolls this means
+that there is a total of six to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a total of six to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a total of six to the
+sixth power possible outcomes according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power possible outcomes according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power possible outcomes according
+to the counting principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the counting principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the counting principle
+and by the way since we have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way since we have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way since we have so many
+possible outcomes and we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes and we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes and we assume that
+they're equally likely the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally likely the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally likely the probability
+of each one of them would be 1 over 6 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of them would be 1 over 6 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each one of them would be 1 over 6 to
+the sixth incidentally that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth incidentally that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixth incidentally that's the same
+number the same answer you would get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the same answer you would get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the same answer you would get if
+you were to assume instead of assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to assume instead of assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to assume instead of assuming
+directly that all outcomes are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that all outcomes are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that all outcomes are equally
+likely to just assume that the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to just assume that the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to just assume that the different
+roles are roles of a fair six-sided die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles are roles of a fair six-sided die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles are roles of a fair six-sided die
+so each so the probability of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each so the probability of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each so the probability of getting a
+2 is 1/6 and also that the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 1/6 and also that the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is 1/6 and also that the different
+roles are independent of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles are independent of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles are independent of each other
+so in that case the probability let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the probability let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case the probability let's
+say of this particular sequence would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of this particular sequence would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of this particular sequence would be
+the probability of obtaining a 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of obtaining a 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of obtaining a 2 which
+is 1/6 times the probability that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/6 times the probability that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/6 times the probability that we get
+a 3 at the next role which is 1/6 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 at the next role which is 1/6 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 at the next role which is 1/6 times
+1/6 times 1/6 and so on and we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/6 times 1/6 and so on and we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/6 times 1/6 and so on and we get the
+same answer 1 over 6 to the 6 so we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer 1 over 6 to the 6 so we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer 1 over 6 to the 6 so we see
+that this assumption of all equal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this assumption of all equal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this assumption of all equal all
+outcomes being equally likely has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes being equally likely has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes being equally likely has an
+alternative interpretation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative interpretation in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative interpretation in terms of
+having a fair die which is rolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a fair die which is rolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a fair die which is rolled
+independently 6 times now let us look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently 6 times now let us look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently 6 times now let us look at
+the event of interest a what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of interest a what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event of interest a what is a
+typical element of a the typical element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical element of a the typical element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical element of a the typical element
+of a is a sequence of 6 rolls in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is a sequence of 6 rolls in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is a sequence of 6 rolls in which
+no number gets repeated so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no number gets repeated so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no number gets repeated so for example
+it could be a roll like a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a roll like a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a roll like a sequence of
+results of this kind for each number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of this kind for each number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of this kind for each number
+appears just once so all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears just once so all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears just once so all the numbers
+appear exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear exactly once
+in this sequence so what we need here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence so what we need here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this sequence so what we need here is
+basically to have a permutation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to have a permutation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to have a permutation of the
+numbers 1 up to 6 so these six numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 up to 6 so these six numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers 1 up to 6 so these six numbers
+have to appear in an arbitrary order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to appear in an arbitrary order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to appear in an arbitrary order in
+how many ways can we order six elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ways can we order six elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ways can we order six elements
+then this is the number of permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the number of permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the number of permutations
+of a set of six elements and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set of six elements and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set of six elements and as we
+discussed earlier this is equal to 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier this is equal to 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed earlier this is equal to 6
+factorial so we have now counted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so we have now counted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so we have now counted the
+number of outcomes that make event a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of outcomes that make event a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of outcomes that make event a
+happen which is 6 factorial and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which is 6 factorial and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen which is 6 factorial and by
+calculating this ratio we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating this ratio we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating this ratio we
+have obtained the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have obtained the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have obtained the probability of the
+desire event you can now pause and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire event you can now pause and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire event you can now pause and try
+to solve a problem of a similar kind
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KwtuwXp16cY.txt b/KwtuwXp16cY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1f96c306441e2fb8f522c9c3732260290bb6ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KwtuwXp16cY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+about regularization and power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regularization and power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about regularization and power counting
+and in particular we were we argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we were we argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we were we argued that
+there's some things that are nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things that are nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things that are nice about
+dimensional regularization when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional regularization when you're
+doing dimensional power counting which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing dimensional power counting which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing dimensional power counting which
+is what we've been discussing so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we've been discussing so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we've been discussing so far
+power counting in ratios of mass scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting in ratios of mass scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting in ratios of mass scales
+so I want to continue along that theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to continue along that theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to continue along that theme
+today and in particular move towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and in particular move towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and in particular move towards
+really talking about matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talking about matching
+calculations in the context of mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in the context of mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations in the context of mass of
+particles so just continuing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so just continuing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so just continuing with this
+discussion of dimensional regularization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of dimensional regularization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of dimensional regularization
+we also have to pick a scheme and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have to pick a scheme and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have to pick a scheme and the
+scheme that is a nice scheme for dienal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that is a nice scheme for dienal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that is a nice scheme for dienal
+regularization is this mspar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization is this mspar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization is this mspar
+scheme there's some things that are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme there's some things that are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme there's some things that are good
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it well it's good because it works under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well it's good because it works under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well it's good because it works under
+the context of dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of dimensional
+regularization and preserves and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and preserves and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and preserves and it
+doesn't mess up any of the nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mess up any of the nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mess up any of the nice things
+about that regulator so it preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that regulator so it preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that regulator so it preserves
+symmetries gauge symmetry luren symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries gauge symmetry luren symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries gauge symmetry luren symmetry
+the things we mentioned last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we mentioned last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we mentioned last
+time in terms of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in terms of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in terms of doing
+calculations it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations it makes
+them technically easy or easier so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them technically easy or easier so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them technically easy or easier so a lot
+of if you look at like the literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you look at like the literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of if you look at like the literature
+and you look at multi-loop calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at multi-loop calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at multi-loop calculations
+they're all done in the msar scheme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all done in the msar scheme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all done in the msar scheme and
+there's a reason for that because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for that because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reason for that because you've
+only you haven't introduced these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you haven't introduced these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only you haven't introduced these extra
+scales that would make your Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales that would make your Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales that would make your Loop
+calculations more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated and finally in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and finally in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and finally in the context
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discussion of effective field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of effective field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of effective field Theory
+it's nice because it often gives what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice because it often gives what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice because it often gives what I
+would call manifest power C where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call manifest power C where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call manifest power C where we can
+power count both the regulated diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power count both the regulated diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power count both the regulated diagrams
+the normalized diagrams we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized diagrams we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized diagrams we don't have to
+worry about whether we've added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about whether we've added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about whether we've added the
+counter terms or not we can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter terms or not we can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter terms or not we can just do
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+counting so if there's some good there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so if there's some good there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so if there's some good there
+should be some bad so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bad nothing is free in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life so one thing that we kind of lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so one thing that we kind of lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life so one thing that we kind of lose
+with dimensional regularization is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dimensional regularization is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dimensional regularization is the
+physical picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the when we had this cut off that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the when we had this cut off that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the when we had this cut off that we
+introduced or if you have a wilsonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced or if you have a wilsonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced or if you have a wilsonian
+picture it's very clear what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's very clear what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's very clear what you're
+doing as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as far as
+removing degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing degrees of
+freedom and in msar that's a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and in msar that's a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and in msar that's a little less
+clear so if it's just less clear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so if it's just less clear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so if it's just less clear but
+it's still fine that would be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still fine that would be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still fine that would be you know
+that that would just be a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would just be a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would just be a technical
+aspect and we would just pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect and we would just pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect and we would just pretty much
+ignore it so what's one I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it so what's one I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it so what's one I'll give you
+one example of something that in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of something that in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of something that in which
+it you know the picture being less clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know the picture being less clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know the picture being less clear
+could actually mislead you so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually mislead you so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually mislead you so if you
+calculate some renormalized quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some renormalized quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some renormalized quantities
+in msar you could have some a prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in msar you could have some a prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in msar you could have some a prior
+knowledge that these R normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that these R normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that these R normalized
+quantities should be positive maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities should be positive maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities should be positive maybe
+they're supposed to be a kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be a kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to be a kinetic energy
+of some operator higher Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some operator higher Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some operator higher Dimension
+operator that gives a kind of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gives a kind of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gives a kind of higher
+order kinetic energy term some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order kinetic energy term some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order kinetic energy term some kind of
+physical intuition that it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical intuition that it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical intuition that it should be
+positive well that might not be true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well that might not be true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive well that might not be true in
+msar because Ms bars loses this physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar because Ms bars loses this physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar because Ms bars loses this physical
+picture you're removing just the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you're removing just the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you're removing just the one
+over epsilons you're not really having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over epsilons you're not really having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over epsilons you're not really having
+any control over the constants or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any control over the constants or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any control over the constants or the
+constants are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants are kind of
+predefined if those constants are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predefined if those constants are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predefined if those constants are kind
+of too negative then you can end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of too negative then you can end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of too negative then you can end up with
+re normalized Matrix elements in msar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re normalized Matrix elements in msar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re normalized Matrix elements in msar
+that could be negative even though your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be negative even though your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be negative even though your
+physical intuition tells you they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical intuition tells you they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical intuition tells you they should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive so that's something to be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that's something to be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so that's something to be aware
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where a physical picture could guide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a physical picture could guide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a physical picture could guide you
+and tell you what to expect but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell you what to expect but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell you what to expect but you
+might lose that by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+msar there's another thing that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar there's another thing that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar there's another thing that's kind
+of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical
+but is worth knowing and we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is worth knowing and we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is worth knowing and we will talk
+about it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later you could ask the question is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you could ask the question is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you could ask the question is the
+wilsonian picture and the wilsonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilsonian picture and the wilsonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilsonian picture and the wilsonian
+scale separation really equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale separation really equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale separation really equivalent to
+the scale separation that you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale separation that you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale separation that you do in
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+regularization and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and the answer is
+almost but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quite it certainly is for all the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite it certainly is for all the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite it certainly is for all the log
+terms and I mentioned last time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I mentioned last time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and I mentioned last time that the
+log terms that we saw in the two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log terms that we saw in the two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log terms that we saw in the two ways of
+doing the calculation you could just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the calculation you could just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the calculation you could just see
+a direct correspondence between them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct correspondence between them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct correspondence between them but
+there is a leftover residual Effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a leftover residual Effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a leftover residual Effect
+called ver normal on that does show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ver normal on that does show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ver normal on that does show up
+in the msar scheme and is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the msar scheme and is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the msar scheme and is related to
+power diver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power diver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power diver
+is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and
+so this effect is carefully hidden it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this effect is carefully hidden it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this effect is carefully hidden it's
+actually hidden in the astics of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hidden in the astics of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hidden in the astics of the of
+the expansion in alpha s and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion in alpha s and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion in alpha s and it goes
+under the rubric of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the rubric of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the rubric of something that
+people call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+renormalons so there is a leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalons so there is a leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalons so there is a leftover
+physical effect from kind of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical effect from kind of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical effect from kind of having the
+freedom to drop all the all the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to drop all the all the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to drop all the all the power
+Divergent terms but it carefully hides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent terms but it carefully hides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent terms but it carefully hides
+itself in a strange place in the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in a strange place in the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in a strange place in the gauge
+Theory and we'll talk more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later it's not so important if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's not so important if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later it's not so important if you're
+working to order alpha s but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to order alpha s but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to order alpha s but if you
+start working to order Alpha squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working to order Alpha squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working to order Alpha squared or
+higher then or if you start going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then or if you start going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then or if you start going to
+higher orders in in peration theory then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders in in peration theory then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher orders in in peration theory then
+this could come in and and be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could come in and and be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could come in and and be important
+and it does come in in qcd at fairly low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does come in in qcd at fairly low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does come in in qcd at fairly low
+orders at order Alpha squar can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders at order Alpha squar can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders at order Alpha squar can cause
+numerical effects if you ignore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical effects if you ignore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical effects if you ignore this
+and there are ways of taking it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways of taking it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ways of taking it into
+account without losing the nice things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account without losing the nice things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account without losing the nice things
+here so we'll talk about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we'll talk about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we'll talk about that later
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+on and then there's a final thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then there's a final thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and then there's a final thing we
+should had three good points we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should had three good points we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should had three good points we should
+have three bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three bad
+points the final thing we'll deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the final thing we'll deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the final thing we'll deal with
+right now and that is the fact that msar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and that is the fact that msar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and that is the fact that msar
+does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+satisfy something that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy something that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy something that's a
+theorem called the decoupling theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what is the decoupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so this goes back to Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so this goes back to Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so this goes back to Apple
+applequist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applequist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applequist in
+Carone and it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following so you're thinking about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so you're thinking about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so you're thinking about an
+effective fi field Theory you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective fi field Theory you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective fi field Theory you're
+thinking about deriving a low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about deriving a low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about deriving a low energy
+effect of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of field
+Theory by integrating out the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory by integrating out the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory by integrating out the mass of
+particle and the decoupling theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the decoupling theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the decoupling theorem
+says that if the remaining low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if the remaining low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if the remaining low energy
+theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+renormalizable and we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalizable and we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalizable and we use a
+physical re normalization scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you kind of get what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of get what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of get what you expect
+that all the effects of the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles turn up in couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or effects they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppressed so this seems very physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed so this seems very physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed so this seems very physical
+from what we've described about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've described about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've described about what
+effective field theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so in that sense it's I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in that sense it's I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so in that sense it's I'm not going
+to try to prove it for to you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to prove it for to you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to prove it for to you or
+anything but there is this caveat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but there is this caveat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but there is this caveat that
+you need to use a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to use a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to use a physical
+renormalization scheme of which msar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization scheme of which msar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization scheme of which msar is
+not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we decided that we liked mspire but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we decided that we liked mspire but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we decided that we liked mspire but
+then we found some problems and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we found some problems and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we found some problems and this
+problem here this last problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here this last problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here this last problem we're
+going to deal with right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away so msar is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+physical and hence it doesn't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and hence it doesn't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and hence it doesn't satisfy
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+theorem it's Mass independent and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's Mass independent and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's Mass independent and that
+is something that we like but it also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we like but it also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that we like but it also is
+causing exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem it's how it it's why it violates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's how it it's why it violates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's how it it's why it violates
+the the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the coupling
+theorem because it's Mass independent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because it's Mass independent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because it's Mass independent it
+doesn't know enough about the mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know enough about the mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know enough about the mass to
+know that the the effect of mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the the effect of mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the the effect of mass of
+particles should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decouple so in Ms what you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple so in Ms what you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple so in Ms what you have to do is
+you have to implement that decoupling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to implement that decoupling by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to implement that decoupling by
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we've gotten actually so used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've gotten actually so used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've gotten actually so used to
+this logic that it's often even not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logic that it's often even not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logic that it's often even not
+mentioned that this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that this is something that
+we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+so go over that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit so I'll just go over this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so I'll just go over this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so I'll just go over this in the
+context of a particular example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a particular example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a particular example which is
+the most common example which is qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common example which is qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common example which is qcd
+with mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles in Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar and I'll show you how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and I'll show you how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and I'll show you how it
+works so qcd has a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of the r normalized coupling mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the r normalized coupling mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the r normalized coupling mu
+mu of G of mu and just to establish some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of G of mu and just to establish some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu of G of mu and just to establish some
+notation I'm going to remind you of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to remind you of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to remind you of some
+facts that you've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the beta function at lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the beta function at lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the beta function at lowest
+order I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order I'll call
+this factor that depends on the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor that depends on the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor that depends on the group
+that you're dealing with and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're dealing with and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're dealing with and how many
+light Fons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b0 and this is less than zero and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 and this is less than zero and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0 and this is less than zero and this
+is only the first order term in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only the first order term in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only the first order term in a
+series but it'll be enough for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but it'll be enough for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series but it'll be enough for our
+discussion right now so there's G to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion right now so there's G to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion right now so there's G to the
+fifth terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth terms
+Etc that's the beta function for G we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc that's the beta function for G we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc that's the beta function for G we
+can also think about using since G likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about using since G likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about using since G likes
+to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+squared we can switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared we can switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared we can switch to
+Alpha qcd is ASM totically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free when we solve this equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free when we solve this equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free when we solve this equation for
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows and the coupling constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows and the coupling constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows and the coupling constant
+decreases as you go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so if this is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if this is Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if this is Alpha
+MB and this is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB and this is Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB and this is Alpha
+MW Alpha MW is less than Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MB okay this is the lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so just just a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so just just a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so just just a little bit more
+in the way of setting the stage you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of setting the stage you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of setting the stage you can
+also associate to this solution here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also associate to this solution here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also associate to this solution here an
+intrinsic Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic Mass
+scale dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transmutation if you form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmutation if you form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmutation if you form the
+combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination
+mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu
+exponential of - 2 piun over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of - 2 piun over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of - 2 piun over
+beta B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not Alpha of mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you use this equation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use this equation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use this equation over
+here then what you'll find is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then what you'll find is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then what you'll find is that this
+combination is also equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is also equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination is also equal to
+Mu same thing Alpha of mu so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu same thing Alpha of mu so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu same thing Alpha of mu so it's
+independent of what choice of scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what choice of scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what choice of scale you
+use mu or mu therefore you define it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use mu or mu therefore you define it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use mu or mu therefore you define it to
+be a constant and that constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant and that constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant and that constant is
+called Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qcd once you do that you can also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd once you do that you can also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd once you do that you can also just
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+equation and write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this as write that rewrite that solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as write that rewrite that solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as write that rewrite that solution
+like this so it's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so it's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so it's another way of
+specifying a boundary condition if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a boundary condition if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a boundary condition if you
+like for the differential equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the differential equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for the differential equation one
+way is to pick a value of the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to pick a value of the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to pick a value of the coupling
+somewhere another way is to fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so this guy is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this guy is independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this guy is independent of
+mu as I said and it's the scale where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu as I said and it's the scale where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu as I said and it's the scale where
+qcd becomes non-perturbative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason I have to mention this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I have to mention this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason I have to mention this is
+because we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to be talking about
+anomalous dimensions and I have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimensions and I have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimensions and I have to tell
+you when the things that I write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when the things that I write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when the things that I write down
+are valid and it's all going to be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid and it's all going to be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valid and it's all going to be valid
+as long as we're not near this scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're not near this scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're not near this scale
+because if we're near this scale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're near this scale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we're near this scale the
+coupling gets too large for us to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling gets too large for us to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling gets too large for us to do the
+peration theory that we're doing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory that we're doing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration theory that we're doing when
+we're calculating onless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calculating onless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calculating onless
+dimensions so you can ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so you can ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so you can ask the question
+what does this thing depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this thing depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this thing depend
+on and if we look at the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and if we look at the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and if we look at the right hand side
+here we can already see some things it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can already see some things it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can already see some things it
+depends on because it depends on B 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on because it depends on B 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on because it depends on B 0 and
+if we look back at what B 0 is B 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look back at what B 0 is B 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look back at what B 0 is B 0
+depended on the fact that we were in su3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on the fact that we were in su3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on the fact that we were in su3
+if it's qcd it also dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's qcd it also dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's qcd it also dependent on the
+number of Light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Flavors so this scale that you fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavors so this scale that you fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavors so this scale that you fix
+here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well
+it depends on the order of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the order of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the order of the loop
+expansion we we wrote down a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we we wrote down a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion we we wrote down a formula
+that was valid at first order but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was valid at first order but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was valid at first order but we
+could extend that formula to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could extend that formula to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could extend that formula to higher
+orders as well and the formula would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders as well and the formula would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders as well and the formula would
+change and the value would change if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the value would change if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and the value would change if we
+went to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orders depends on the number of Light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders depends on the number of Light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders depends on the number of Light
+Flavors and it actually also starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavors and it actually also starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flavors and it actually also starts to
+depend on the scheme but only at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops so it'll depend on Ms bar versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so it'll depend on Ms bar versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops so it'll depend on Ms bar versus
+is Ms for example but only Beyond two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ms for example but only Beyond two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ms for example but only Beyond two
+Loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops
+now the issue with this is that a priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the issue with this is that a priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the issue with this is that a priori
+nothing tells us whether if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing tells us whether if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing tells us whether if you have a
+top Quirk or an up Quirk or a bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top Quirk or an up Quirk or a bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top Quirk or an up Quirk or a bottom
+quirk in in msar nothing a priori tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirk in in msar nothing a priori tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirk in in msar nothing a priori tells
+us what to do with these formulas what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what to do with these formulas what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what to do with these formulas what
+to include in the B 0 just seems like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include in the B 0 just seems like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include in the B 0 just seems like we
+should include everything that exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should include everything that exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should include everything that exists
+All the known light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the known light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the known light
+firmance that couple to the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmance that couple to the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmance that couple to the gauge
+field well there might be some we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field well there might be some we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field well there might be some we don't
+know about should we include those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about should we include those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about should we include those two
+msar without with the logic we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar without with the logic we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar without with the logic we've
+presented so far doesn't tell us what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented so far doesn't tell us what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented so far doesn't tell us what to
+include there in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NF so let me phrase it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way that the top quark and the up Quirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the top quark and the up Quirk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the top quark and the up Quirk
+which have very different masses both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have very different masses both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have very different masses both
+contribute to b0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it seems like they do that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu even though even if I'm at a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu even though even if I'm at a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu even though even if I'm at a very low
+energy scale and the top is very heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale and the top is very heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale and the top is very heavy
+msar is not smart enough to decouple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar is not smart enough to decouple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar is not smart enough to decouple the
+top cork if you were to work in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top cork if you were to work in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top cork if you were to work in a
+physical scheme then this decoupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical scheme then this decoupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical scheme then this decoupling
+theorem guarantees actually that the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem guarantees actually that the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem guarantees actually that the top
+cork would decouple and it would drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork would decouple and it would drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cork would decouple and it would drop
+out of the beta function in that scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the beta function in that scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the beta function in that scheme
+but in this msar scheme it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen so the solution to this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so the solution to this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so the solution to this is to
+build back in the thing that happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build back in the thing that happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build back in the thing that happened in
+the physical schemes into our msar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical schemes into our msar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical schemes into our msar
+scheme and we do that by implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and we do that by implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and we do that by implementing
+the decoupling by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand and we just say that when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and we just say that when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and we just say that when we get to
+a mass threshold we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass threshold we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass threshold we're going to
+integrate out the heavy fermon in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out the heavy fermon in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out the heavy fermon in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at some scale of order the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some scale of order the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some scale of order the mass of
+that Fon we're going to integrate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Fon we're going to integrate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Fon we're going to integrate out
+the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy
+Fon and that's an example of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and that's an example of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon and that's an example of doing
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually you're moving from one Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you're moving from one Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you're moving from one Theory
+to another because you're changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another because you're changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another because you're changing the
+field content you're removing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field content you're removing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field content you're removing some
+fields and that's an example of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and that's an example of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and that's an example of doing
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this means is that we'll Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that we'll Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that we'll Define
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+b0 depending on what scale we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at so NF would be six if we're at Scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so NF would be six if we're at Scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so NF would be six if we're at Scales
+above the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Quirk but then we drop NF down to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quirk but then we drop NF down to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quirk but then we drop NF down to five
+once we're below the top quk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc so it's a discrete jump in What the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so it's a discrete jump in What the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so it's a discrete jump in What the
+b0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so in some sense what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so in some sense what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so in some sense what that means is
+that this kind of matching is forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of matching is forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of matching is forced
+upon you in order to preserve physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you in order to preserve physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you in order to preserve physics in
+Ms bar if you were to do some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms bar if you were to do some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms bar if you were to do some other
+scheme like a physical scheme it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme like a physical scheme it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme like a physical scheme it's not
+to say that you you couldn't take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you you couldn't take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that you you couldn't take the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+logic um you could do matching to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic um you could do matching to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic um you could do matching to
+integrate our heavy particles in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate our heavy particles in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate our heavy particles in those
+schemes as well and in fact some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes as well and in fact some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes as well and in fact some
+sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people
+have but in msar it's really forced upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but in msar it's really forced upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but in msar it's really forced upon
+you there's no way out because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's no way out because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's no way out because you
+otherwise wouldn't get the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise wouldn't get the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise wouldn't get the physics
+right so we've got to be careful if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got to be careful if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got to be careful if you
+gain something sometimes you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain something sometimes you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain something sometimes you lose
+something and you if it's physics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you if it's physics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you if it's physics that
+you're losing you have to build it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing you have to build it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're losing you have to build it back
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we actually do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually do this uh
+matching well we use what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching well we use what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching well we use what are called
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so what is a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so what is a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so what is a matching
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition at some scale which I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at some scale which I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at some scale which I'll call
+MU M that could be equal to M but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU M that could be equal to M but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU M that could be equal to M but it
+could also be equal to twice M or half M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be equal to twice M or half M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be equal to twice M or half M
+some scale that's of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scale that's of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scale that's of order
+M we're going to demand something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M we're going to demand something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M we're going to demand something about
+the theory above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+below and that is that s Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and that is that s Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and that is that s Matrix elements
+in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two
+theories are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agree of course we should be careful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree of course we should be careful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree of course we should be careful to
+make sure that we work within the realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we work within the realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we work within the realm
+of things that are things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that are things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that are things that we can
+calculate in the low energy Theory so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in the low energy Theory so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate in the low energy Theory so we
+should consider only s Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider only s Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider only s Matrix elements
+with light external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles if we're getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if we're getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles if we're getting rid of the
+heavy ones we don't want them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy ones we don't want them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy ones we don't want them on the
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines so the basic idea is that we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so the basic idea is that we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so the basic idea is that we set
+up a matching conditions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a matching conditions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a matching conditions which are
+conditions that say that s Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that say that s Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that say that s Matrix
+elements should agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements should agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements should agree
+between theories one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between theories one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between theories one and two
+what we called theories one and two last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so if we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so if we do that
+for qcd the example we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qcd the example we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for qcd the example we've been talking
+about and we do it at lowest order then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we do it at lowest order then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and we do it at lowest order then
+the conditions are actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the
+picture let's imagine that the top cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture let's imagine that the top cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture let's imagine that the top cork
+is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bottom cork is here my picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom cork is here my picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom cork is here my picture is
+not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale charm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale charm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale charm
+quk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc then what we do when we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc then what we do when we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc then what we do when we want to say
+that the theory above and below that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory above and below that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theory above and below that's
+that threshold is the same if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold is the same if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threshold is the same if we just
+match qcd above and below it just is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match qcd above and below it just is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match qcd above and below it just is a
+continuity condition on Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity condition on Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity condition on Alpha
+so let me write it down at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write it down at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me write it down at this
+scale so here we would have Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so here we would have Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so here we would have Alpha
+6 Alpha depends on the number of flavors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 Alpha depends on the number of flavors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 Alpha depends on the number of flavors
+here we'd have Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'd have Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'd have Alpha
+5 a different definition of the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 a different definition of the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 a different definition of the coupling
+a different number of active flavors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different number of active flavors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different number of active flavors a
+different value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b0
+three and what these arrows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what these arrows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and what these arrows are
+representing are is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing are is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing are is kind of
+normalization grp group Evolution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization grp group Evolution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization grp group Evolution which
+I'll just call running and then what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just call running and then what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just call running and then what the
+lines are representing is doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are representing is doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are representing is doing some
+matching so every time we reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so every time we reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so every time we reach a
+threshold we do a matching we switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold we do a matching we switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold we do a matching we switch the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+content and we get a new effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and we get a new effective field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and we get a new effective field
+Theory with a new coupling constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory with a new coupling constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory with a new coupling constant so
+the coupling just depends on what theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling just depends on what theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling just depends on what theory
+content we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content we
+have and the matching condition is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the matching condition is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the matching condition is say
+at this B Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this B Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this B Quark
+scale that alpha s at 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at some scale that's of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some scale that's of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some scale that's of order
+MB is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB is equal
+to Alpha at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alpha at
+four that's the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that's the leading
+order matching condition here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order matching condition here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order matching condition here and
+similarly same condition at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly same condition at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly same condition at all
+scales and this mub just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and this mub just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and this mub just to be
+clear is something that's of order MB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is something that's of order MB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is something that's of order MB
+could be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be equal to
+MB could be equal to MB over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB could be equal to MB over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB could be equal to MB over
+2 could be twice MB and sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 could be twice MB and sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 could be twice MB and sometimes people
+use these different choices to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these different choices to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these different choices to get
+uncertainties okay so it seems fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties okay so it seems fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties okay so it seems fairly
+straightforward just continuity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward just continuity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward just continuity of the
+coupling but that has some caveat but go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling but that has some caveat but go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling but that has some caveat but go
+ahead and ask your question yeah so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and ask your question yeah so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and ask your question yeah so how
+do you know that that's the phical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that that's the phical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that that's the phical
+observable that you care about so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable that you care about so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable that you care about so what
+if I was trying to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was trying to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was trying to measure
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um so this is the yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the yeah so
+if you're going so you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going so you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going so you have to think
+about it as not the derivative of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as not the derivative of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as not the derivative of alpha
+s but you have to think about it as an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but you have to think about it as an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but you have to think about it as an S
+Matrix element something two to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element something two to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element something two to two
+scattering right if you do two to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering right if you do two to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering right if you do two to two
+scattering then it's just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering then it's just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering then it's just going to be
+proportional to Alpha mu but the MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Alpha mu but the MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Alpha mu but the MU
+dependence in your leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in your leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in your leading order
+prediction is not really fixed you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is not really fixed you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is not really fixed you need
+to go to higher order to do that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to higher order to do that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to higher order to do that so if
+you're just ensuring continuity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just ensuring continuity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just ensuring continuity at
+leading order of s Matrix elements then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order of s Matrix elements then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order of s Matrix elements then
+this is all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all you
+need and if you want to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and if you want to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and if you want to construct
+something that's like a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like a derivative of
+alpha you have to think of derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha you have to think of derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha you have to think of derivatives
+of the S Matrix but you can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S Matrix but you can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S Matrix but you can't take
+derivatives of mu because that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of mu because that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of mu because that's a
+higher order question so this is all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order question so this is all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order question so this is all you
+need at leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need at leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need at leading
+order okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay
+so my example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B only so you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B only so you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B only so you in
+right yeah no in general you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no in general you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no in general you have to
+this is like one particular example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like one particular example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like one particular example in
+general you have to ensure continuity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you have to ensure continuity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you have to ensure continuity of
+all s Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all s Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all s Matrix elements
+and that will in in this case we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will in in this case we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will in in this case we'll give
+you conditions also on what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conditions also on what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you conditions also on what's happening
+with masses and stuff so it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with masses and stuff so it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with masses and stuff so it's all the
+parameters of the theory there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the theory there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the theory there should be
+conditions for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for all
+them so I guess these words seem more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I guess these words seem more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I guess these words seem more
+complicated than just like asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just like asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just like asking for
+continuity of some you know differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of some you know differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of some you know differential
+equation yeah does it ever boil out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah does it ever boil out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah does it ever boil out
+anything you ever to do anything more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you ever to do anything more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you ever to do anything more
+complicated than just like I'm just yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just like I'm just yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just like I'm just yeah
+data function in post continuity it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function in post continuity it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data function in post continuity it's
+it's really it's it's not complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really it's it's not complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really it's it's not complicated
+just continuity of s metrix elements but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuity of s metrix elements but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuity of s metrix elements but
+you have to just know that it's s Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to just know that it's s Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to just know that it's s Matrix
+elements and not the lran CU those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and not the lran CU those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and not the lran CU those are
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+things so let me give you an example why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so let me give you an example why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so let me give you an example why
+it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the
+lran so this kind of thing seems simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so this kind of thing seems simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so this kind of thing seems simple
+right just says well the Lan's cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just says well the Lan's cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just says well the Lan's cont
+continuous the alpha the G that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous the alpha the G that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous the alpha the G that appears
+in the lran is continuous but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lran is continuous but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lran is continuous but that's not
+true once you go to High higher orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true once you go to High higher orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true once you go to High higher orders
+okay that's only a leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's only a leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's only a leading order
+statement if I write down the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if I write down the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement if I write down the analog of
+this condition at higher orders it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition at higher orders it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this condition at higher orders it looks
+as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the coupling is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coupling is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coupling is actually not
+continuous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous in
+msar at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orders so demanding continuity of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so demanding continuity of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders so demanding continuity of the S
+Matrix elements does not lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements does not lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements does not lead to
+continuity of the coupling and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of the coupling and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity of the coupling and the
+matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching
+condition at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition at some
+scale looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the words are carefully crafted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the words are carefully crafted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the words are carefully crafted to be
+correct um and they sound a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um and they sound a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um and they sound a little more
+complicated than they need to be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than they need to be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than they need to be because
+I want them to be correct even if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want them to be correct even if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want them to be correct even if I want
+even if I were to do matching at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I were to do matching at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if I were to do matching at higher
+orders and peration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory and it's really at this Al a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and it's really at this Al a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and it's really at this Al a
+squared level that thing you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared level that thing you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared level that thing you start to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+things that are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting okay so now we've gone two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so now we've gone two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting okay so now we've gone two
+orders beyond what I just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders beyond what I just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders beyond what I just told you
+before so continuity at lowest order at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so continuity at lowest order at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so continuity at lowest order at
+the next order you can retain continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next order you can retain continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next order you can retain continuity
+as long as you pick the particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you pick the particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you pick the particular point
+where mub is equal to MB and you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mub is equal to MB and you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mub is equal to MB and you'd have
+then this log would go away and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this log would go away and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this log would go away and you'd
+still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have
+continuity but even that doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity but even that doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity but even that doesn't work
+out once you go to one higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out once you go to one higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out once you go to one higher order
+there's this constant you could get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this constant you could get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this constant you could get rid
+of the logs by picking a scale choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the logs by picking a scale choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the logs by picking a scale choice
+but there's no scale Choice which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no scale Choice which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no scale Choice which will
+make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it
+continuous once you get to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous once you get to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous once you get to Alpha
+squar in this matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar in this matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar in this matching
+condition so this is the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this is the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this is the condition
+that's necessary to ensure continuity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessary to ensure continuity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's necessary to ensure continuity of
+s Matrix elements once you get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Matrix elements once you get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Matrix elements once you get to that
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+perb peration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perb peration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perb peration
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Theory okay so that is why I said s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so that is why I said s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so that is why I said s
+Matrix and not just continuity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and not just continuity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and not just continuity of
+couplings so this condition is just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings so this condition is just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings so this condition is just for
+2 by scatter and then you get other this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by scatter and then you get other this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 by scatter and then you get other this
+is the this is the only condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the only condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the only condition you
+need for for all the smm all the you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for for all the smm all the you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for for all the smm all the you can
+use different s Matrix elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different s Matrix elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different s Matrix elements and
+they'll lead to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition so this it comes from ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this it comes from ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so this it comes from ensuring
+that I calculate Matrix element say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I calculate Matrix element say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I calculate Matrix element say two
+to2 scattering in the theory with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 scattering in the theory with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 scattering in the theory with five
+flavors and four flavors and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and four flavors and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and four flavors and I and I
+demand that yeah two up to two Loops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that yeah two up to two Loops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that yeah two up to two Loops so
+where would this this guy here come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would this this guy here come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would this this guy here come from
+this guy here would come from like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here would come from like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here would come from like the
+graph with this an explicit B Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with this an explicit B Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph with this an explicit B Quark
+which is in the theory with the B Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the theory with the B Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the theory with the B Quark
+but not in the theory without once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the theory without once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not in the theory without once you
+get to this level then there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this level then there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to this level then there's you know
+more complicated diagrams just think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated diagrams just think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated diagrams just think of
+generalizations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations of
+this and they involve constants as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they involve constants as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they involve constants as well
+as logs this guy just involves a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as logs this guy just involves a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as logs this guy just involves a log
+but and really what you're ensuring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and really what you're ensuring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and really what you're ensuring is
+that in the theory with the bork which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the theory with the bork which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the theory with the bork which
+is this five flavor Theory you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this five flavor Theory you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this five flavor Theory you get the
+same s Matrix elements as in the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same s Matrix elements as in the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same s Matrix elements as in the theory
+with four flavors since the diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four flavors since the diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four flavors since the diagrams
+differ in those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ in those two
+theories they're kind of the same at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories they're kind of the same at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories they're kind of the same at
+lowest order because you're just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order because you're just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order because you're just doing
+tree graphs but once you have the bork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree graphs but once you have the bork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree graphs but once you have the bork
+and it can go around in the loop then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can go around in the loop then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can go around in the loop then
+they they differ and the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they differ and the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they differ and the conditions
+become more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so one other thing that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so one other thing that we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so one other thing that we see
+from this is related to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logarithms we also see from these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms we also see from these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms we also see from these these
+conditions here that there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here that there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here that there's going to be
+no large logarithms as long as we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no large logarithms as long as we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no large logarithms as long as we pick
+the scale where we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale where we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale where we do this
+where we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do this
+matching to be of order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MB so you don't want to pick mu to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB so you don't want to pick mu to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB so you don't want to pick mu to be
+the gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gut
+scale or something you want to pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or something you want to pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or something you want to pick it
+to be some scale so mu is equal to mub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some scale so mu is equal to mub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be some scale so mu is equal to mub
+which is a border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a border
+MB because you don't want for example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB because you don't want for example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB because you don't want for example to
+make this log so large that it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this log so large that it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this log so large that it starts to
+overcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the
+coupling you want it to be you want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling you want it to be you want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling you want it to be you want this
+to really be a perturbative thing so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really be a perturbative thing so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really be a perturbative thing so it
+makes sense to think about this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to think about this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to think about this and then
+this is a correction and that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction okay so the general procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction okay so the general procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction okay so the general procedure
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea so if I just kind of adopt a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so if I just kind of adopt a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so if I just kind of adopt a more
+General procedure for mass of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General procedure for mass of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General procedure for mass of particles
+dropt a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ation so this is with any operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation so this is with any operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation so this is with any operators and
+couplings doesn't have to be gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory and if we have a hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles let's say we have n of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles let's say we have n of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles let's say we have n of them
+and we want to pass from an L1 to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to pass from an L1 to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to pass from an L1 to an
+L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L3 to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ln and it's we're doing the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln and it's we're doing the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln and it's we're doing the same type of
+thing we just did over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we just did over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we just did over
+there so the steps are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the steps are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the steps are the
+following consider s Matrix elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following consider s Matrix elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following consider s Matrix elements in
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+one do so at a scale which I'll call mu1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do so at a scale which I'll call mu1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do so at a scale which I'll call mu1
+that's of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of order
+M1 and match that onto in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and match that onto in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and match that onto in the same way
+as assuring the continuity and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as assuring the continuity and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as assuring the continuity and using
+these matching conditions match that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matching conditions match that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matching conditions match that
+onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L2 so this is the technical step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 so this is the technical step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 so this is the technical step by
+which I said that you could do you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I said that you could do you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I said that you could do you could
+uh in a top- down approach take Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a top- down approach take Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a top- down approach take Theory
+one and determine the parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and determine the parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and determine the parameters of
+theory 2 the matching conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory 2 the matching conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory 2 the matching conditions are
+determining the parameters Alpha S4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the parameters Alpha S4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the parameters Alpha S4 is
+the parameter of theory 2 to Alpha S 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter of theory 2 to Alpha S 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter of theory 2 to Alpha S 5
+this is Theory 1 and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Theory 1 and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Theory 1 and we're just
+determining what this Alpha S4 should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what this Alpha S4 should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what this Alpha S4 should be
+and this is the condition condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the condition condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the condition condition that
+relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so after you do that step if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so after you do that step if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so after you do that step if you
+want to go through this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go through this picture
+here or the analog of that picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or the analog of that picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or the analog of that picture for
+this case over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case over
+here then you need to compute the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you need to compute the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then you need to compute the beta
+functions and anomalous dimensions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and anomalous dimensions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and anomalous dimensions in
+this Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's the theory that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the theory that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the theory that doesn't have
+particle one and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one and then you
+evolve slash run the couplings down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve slash run the couplings down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve slash run the couplings down
+which just means using the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just means using the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just means using the evolution
+equation for the couplings whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the couplings whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the couplings whatever they
+may be so we had the evolution equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be so we had the evolution equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be so we had the evolution equation
+for alpha s a minute ago on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alpha s a minute ago on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alpha s a minute ago on the board
+and I would just use that to go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would just use that to go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would just use that to go from a
+scale of order MB down to a scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of order MB down to a scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of order MB down to a scale of
+Order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MC and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeat and this is the general kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and this is the general kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat and this is the general kind of
+Paradigm of matching and running that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm of matching and running that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm of matching and running that
+you hear about in effective Theory all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear about in effective Theory all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear about in effective Theory all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so we just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we just keep
+going and at the end of the day we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and at the end of the day we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and at the end of the day we're
+going to stop somewhere and the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop somewhere and the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop somewhere and the place
+we're going to stop is the place we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to stop is the place we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to stop is the place we want
+to do low energy physics so let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do low energy physics so let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do low energy physics so let's say we
+stop at the nth level since that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the nth level since that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at the nth level since that's the
+last level I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you're interested in Dynamics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in Dynamics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested in Dynamics at
+that scale that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop and that's where you compute your M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and that's where you compute your M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and that's where you compute your M
+final Matrix elements so everything up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Matrix elements so everything up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Matrix elements so everything up
+into that stage is just to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that stage is just to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that stage is just to determine the
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+Ln and are what are the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln and are what are the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln and are what are the values of the
+coupling in that theory determined from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling in that theory determined from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling in that theory determined from
+knowing information at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing information at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing information at the high
+scale knowing information in theory one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale knowing information in theory one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale knowing information in theory one
+how do I propagate that knowledge all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I propagate that knowledge all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I propagate that knowledge all
+the way down to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to low
+energies consistently without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies consistently without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies consistently without
+losing information I need and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing information I need and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing information I need and then once
+I'm at the lowest scale I just do do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the lowest scale I just do do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm at the lowest scale I just do do my
+computations of observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah sure I don't mention at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah sure I don't mention at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah sure I don't mention at the
+scale where the particle sits there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where the particle sits there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale where the particle sits there uh
+I'm still a bit confused because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still a bit confused because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still a bit confused because if you
+are in the for more Theory then say do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the for more Theory then say do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the for more Theory then say do
+scattering and mass scale isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and mass scale isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and mass scale isn't there
+any like a s say resonance back and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any like a s say resonance back and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any like a s say resonance back and then
+um you want to match that to a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to match that to a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you want to match that to a theory
+without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the
+particle I thought it we mes so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I thought it we mes so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I thought it we mes so there's
+no resonance effect and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no resonance effect and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no resonance effect and the reason is
+because the momentum on the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the momentum on the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the momentum on the external
+lines that you're taking you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that you're taking you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that you're taking you're thinking
+of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as
+small right the scale is chosen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right the scale is chosen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right the scale is chosen to be
+the mass of the particle the cut off U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the particle the cut off U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of the particle the cut off U
+the soft cut off but not the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft cut off but not the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soft cut off but not the momentum of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+particles good question any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+so we're not really done talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not really done talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not really done talking about
+subtleties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties
+here um and we're not really done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and we're not really done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and we're not really done
+talking about sort of some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of some of the key
+ideas that come into these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that come into these calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that come into these calculations
+I've given you a very simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you a very simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you a very simple example of
+just the coupling but it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the coupling but it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the coupling but it's a little bit
+too simple so I want to do something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too simple so I want to do something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too simple so I want to do something a
+little more sophisticated but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sophisticated but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more sophisticated but still
+fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+simple and widely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and widely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and widely used
+and that is in the standard model just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is in the standard model just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is in the standard model just
+to take the heaviest particles which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the heaviest particles which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the heaviest particles which are
+the top the higs the W and the Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top the higs the W and the Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top the higs the W and the Z and
+remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so bit we'll spend a bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so bit we'll spend a bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so bit we'll spend a bit of time
+talking about what happens when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what happens when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what happens when you do
+that that's not the only thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the only thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the only thing you could
+do and in particular before people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and in particular before people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and in particular before people do
+how heavy the higs was you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how heavy the higs was you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how heavy the higs was you think of
+other possibilities and before people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities and before people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other possibilities and before people
+knew how heavy the top was people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how heavy the top was people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew how heavy the top was people did
+think of other possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is actually a reasonable thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a reasonable thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a reasonable thing to
+do though so let me give you one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do though so let me give you one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do though so let me give you one example
+of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another
+possibility well you could say the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility well you could say the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility well you could say the top
+is heavier than the W and the Z so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heavier than the W and the Z so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heavier than the W and the Z so why
+don't I do the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I do the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I do the top
+first and then I'll just follow your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then I'll just follow your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then I'll just follow your
+diagram over there or we erased it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram over there or we erased it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram over there or we erased it but
+follow the the picture and then I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the the picture and then I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the the picture and then I'll do
+the do some running in the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do some running in the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do some running in the theory
+without the top Cork and then I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the top Cork and then I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the top Cork and then I'll get
+down to the W and the Z scales then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the W and the Z scales then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the W and the Z scales then I'll
+remove the w and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the w and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the w and the
+Z okay that would be a valid thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay that would be a valid thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z okay that would be a valid thing to do
+but it introduces complications that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it introduces complications that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it introduces complications that are
+actually not worth the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effort and the benefit is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and the benefit is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and the benefit is actually not
+that great so I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great so I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that great so I want to emphasize
+that when when should you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when when should you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when when should you think of
+things as being comparably heavy versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as being comparably heavy versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as being comparably heavy versus
+when should you think of things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should you think of things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when should you think of things being
+hierarchically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heavy well one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy well one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy well one
+complication of removing the top Quirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of removing the top Quirk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication of removing the top Quirk
+is that it breaks s U2 cross U1 gaug inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it breaks s U2 cross U1 gaug inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it breaks s U2 cross U1 gaug inv
+variance because the top cork was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance because the top cork was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance because the top cork was in a
+doublet with the B and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet with the B and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet with the B and you're trying to
+keep the B and remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top which is doesn't sound good you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top which is doesn't sound good you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top which is doesn't sound good you're
+trying to keep the gauge particles the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to keep the gauge particles the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to keep the gauge particles the W
+and the Z in your theory so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z in your theory so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z in your theory so you should
+still have that gauge symmetry even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have that gauge symmetry even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have that gauge symmetry even if
+it's spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spontaneously
+broken but you're trying to remove one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken but you're trying to remove one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken but you're trying to remove one
+member of a dou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a dou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a dou
+it and that leads to W West Amino terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that leads to W West Amino terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that leads to W West Amino terms
+that you'd have to clude to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd have to clude to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd have to clude to the
+effective Theory so you can deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory so you can deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory so you can deal with it
+and it's just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a little bit
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+annoying but you know it's something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying but you know it's something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying but you know it's something you
+can deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal
+with the real Crux of the matter is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the real Crux of the matter is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the real Crux of the matter is that
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+compare MZ over M top or MW over M top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare MZ over M top or MW over M top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare MZ over M top or MW over M top
+that's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about a
+half so if you think about what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so if you think about what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so if you think about what you're
+expanding in when you take external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in when you take external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in when you take external
+particles that have momentum of order MZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that have momentum of order MZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that have momentum of order MZ
+integrate out particles of order Mt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out particles of order Mt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out particles of order Mt
+you're expanding in a half which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expanding in a half which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expanding in a half which is not
+such a great expansion parameter usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a great expansion parameter usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a great expansion parameter usually
+an effective field Theory one expand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective field Theory one expand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective field Theory one expand in
+something that's at least a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's at least a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's at least a third
+hopefully a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a
+quarter and a tenth if you you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and a tenth if you you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter and a tenth if you you know if
+you really want to have a good expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to have a good expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to have a good expansion
+so half is not really that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so half is not really that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so half is not really that good
+so that's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason not to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you could ask well what do we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could ask well what do we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could ask well what do we lose
+by not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not doing
+that and that of course is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question well you miss some running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well you miss some running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well you miss some running
+right because you don't have a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you don't have a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you don't have a theory
+that has no top cork but still has the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no top cork but still has the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no top cork but still has the W
+and the Z and that theory could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z and that theory could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z and that theory could have
+anomalous dimensions and you'd Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimensions and you'd Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimensions and you'd Miss
+any running in that theory you're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any running in that theory you're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any running in that theory you're kind
+of collapsing two of the lines in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collapsing two of the lines in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collapsing two of the lines in my
+picture with the arrow between you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with the arrow between you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture with the arrow between you're
+collapsing them down to just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing them down to just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing them down to just a single
+line so you're missing the running that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you're missing the running that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you're missing the running that
+would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go
+between Mt to MW well of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Mt to MW well of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Mt to MW well of course that's
+not a very big hierarchy and it's logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very big hierarchy and it's logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very big hierarchy and it's logs
+of two and that's why we don't care that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and that's why we don't care that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two and that's why we don't care that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+much what it boils down to is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what it boils down to is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much what it boils down to is that
+you're treating Alpha AET of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're treating Alpha AET of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're treating Alpha AET of
+MW and if we want to be generous we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW and if we want to be generous we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW and if we want to be generous we can
+say it's MW ^2 over M to squ so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's MW ^2 over M to squ so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's MW ^2 over M to squ so they're
+logs of four that you're treating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perturbatively if you remove both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbatively if you remove both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbatively if you remove both the
+top and the W at the same time then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the W at the same time then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and the W at the same time then this
+is going to show up in your matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to show up in your matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to show up in your matching
+conditions and you're not thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and you're not thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and you're not thinking of
+that as something that's large thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as something that's large thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as something that's large thinking
+of it just as order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so that's the cost which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's the cost which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's the cost which is not
+a big cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+especially when you give say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you give say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you give say that the
+cost of going the other way would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of going the other way would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of going the other way would be
+expanding in a half better better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in a half better better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in a half better better to
+take the cost in the logarithms then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the cost in the logarithms then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the cost in the logarithms then the
+expansion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in the
+half okay so that's a general kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so that's a general kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so that's a general kind of
+rule that if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that if you're thinking about
+removing mass of particles you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing mass of particles you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing mass of particles you should
+ask how close to are they to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how close to are they to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how close to are they to each other
+should I integrate out a slew of them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I integrate out a slew of them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I integrate out a slew of them at
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+time or one at a time and that'll depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or one at a time and that'll depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or one at a time and that'll depend
+on exactly the scales in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly the scales in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly the scales in the
+problem and there's and it means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there's and it means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there's and it means you're
+organizing the theory differently if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing the theory differently if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing the theory differently if you
+do the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approaches all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches all right
+so we'll do an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we'll take a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll take a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we'll take a very simple example
+though not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though not completely
+trivial so just B quirks changing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so just B quirks changing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so just B quirks changing to
+charm quirks uar and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the standard model which is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the standard model which is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the standard model which is where
+we start let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start let's
+say we have a w BOS on we have an up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a w BOS on we have an up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a w BOS on we have an up
+Quark that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark that's
+left-handed we have a ckm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed we have a ckm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed we have a ckm
+matrix connecting flavors together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix connecting flavors together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix connecting flavors together and
+we have down quarks so this is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have down quarks so this is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have down quarks so this is there's a
+matrix space here in the flavor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix space here in the flavor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix space here in the flavor which
+includes bottom charm up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and tree level matching is is easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tree level matching is is easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tree level matching is is easy and
+some of the complications I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the complications I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the complications I want to talk
+about will come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will come into the
+loops so let's first get through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so let's first get through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so let's first get through the
+tree level and set up some notation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level and set up some notation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level and set up some notation and
+then we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk
+about what happens with the loop so tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens with the loop so tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens with the loop so tree
+level this is the diagram in the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this is the diagram in the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this is the diagram in the theory
+one just calculate it at tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W
+propagator unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gauge and then there's some spinners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have an antiquark so we have a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an antiquark so we have a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an antiquark so we have a v
+spinner for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner for the
+antiquark that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark that's an
+up everything else is a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spinner I put in exp explicitly the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner I put in exp explicitly the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner I put in exp explicitly the P
+lefts to denote the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left-handed so there's some momentum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed so there's some momentum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed so there's some momentum in
+this diagram which is the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram which is the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram which is the momentum
+transfer which is the B momentum minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer which is the B momentum minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer which is the B momentum minus
+the C momentum in a kind kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C momentum in a kind kind of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C momentum in a kind kind of obvious
+notation and of course by momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and of course by momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and of course by momentum
+conservation that's also the the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation that's also the the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation that's also the the D
+momentum plus the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum plus the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum plus the U
+momentum and that's the momentum it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's the momentum it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's the momentum it's
+going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the
+propagator we're going to count momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator we're going to count momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator we're going to count momenta
+as being of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being of order
+masses and the heaviest mass in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and the heaviest mass in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and the heaviest mass in this
+case is the B Quark Mass so we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the B Quark Mass so we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the B Quark Mass so we'll take
+it to the B Quark Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can use the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use the equations of
+motion so PB slash on U spinner for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so PB slash on U spinner for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so PB slash on U spinner for the
+B Quark is MB U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Quark is MB U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Quark is MB U
+Etc and we can simplify the diagram by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and we can simplify the diagram by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and we can simplify the diagram by
+doing that and of course the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and of course the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and of course the key thing
+is that we can expand the propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can expand the propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can expand the propagator
+since the momentum is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the momentum is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the momentum is smaller than the
+mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the
+W for integrating out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W for integrating out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W for integrating out the
+W so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W so
+the leading term when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading term when we do
+that is this term and any other terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this term and any other terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this term and any other terms
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drop are down by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop are down by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop are down by that
+much so for example this term here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so for example this term here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so for example this term here we've
+just said that the K is are of order MB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said that the K is are of order MB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said that the K is are of order MB
+so it's down and then we could drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's down and then we could drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's down and then we could drop the
+K squ here relative to mw^ S so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squ here relative to mw^ S so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K squ here relative to mw^ S so we just
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and then we put that together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we put that together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we put that together we
+can calculate the fan Rule and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the fan Rule and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the fan Rule and the
+effective Theory the fan rule in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory the fan rule in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory the fan rule in the
+effective Theory we can determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory we can determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory we can determine the
+coefficient of it so let's start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of it so let's start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of it so let's start out
+with just saying it's some Fork work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator that couples together those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that couples together those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that couples together those
+flavors conveniently chosen so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors conveniently chosen so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors conveniently chosen so that
+they're all different to avoid comat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different to avoid comat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all different to avoid comat
+toic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors and in some conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and in some conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and in some conventional
+normalization for this Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization for this Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization for this Wilson
+coefficient we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we call it
+GF for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GF for
+fmy and the fan R would again and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy and the fan R would again and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy and the fan R would again and give
+Spinners and the same Spinners as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners and the same Spinners as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners and the same Spinners as
+before have the same lran for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before have the same lran for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before have the same lran for these
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+quarks haven't changed anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks haven't changed anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks haven't changed anything about
+that we're just removing the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle and it's conventional also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and it's conventional also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and it's conventional also to
+pull out the ckm factors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the ckm factors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the ckm factors so
+that okay so if you like you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if you like you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so if you like you could say
+that there's a coefficient here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a coefficient here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a coefficient here and that
+coefficient's been fixed to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what this gurmy is then would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this gurmy is then would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this gurmy is then would just
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+leftover factors of the gauge coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover factors of the gauge coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover factors of the gauge coupling
+and the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of the
+W and that's the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convention okay so G fery is just fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention okay so G fery is just fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention okay so G fery is just fixed
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+case not is the thing that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case not is the thing that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case not is the thing that is going to
+get corrected at higher orders in qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get corrected at higher orders in qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get corrected at higher orders in qcd
+that would get corrected in high orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would get corrected in high orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would get corrected in high orders
+in Electro week if you like and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Electro week if you like and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Electro week if you like and then you
+sort of put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put
+in the qcd corrections into some other Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the qcd corrections into some other Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the qcd corrections into some other Q
+coefficient that we can call C and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that we can call C and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that we can call C and we'll
+just say that it's one at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that it's one at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that it's one at the level of
+this then this line agrees with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this line agrees with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then this line agrees with the
+expansion of that line and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of that line and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of that line and that's the
+matching of something that's measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching of something that's measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching of something that's measurable
+which is this fourpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this fourpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this fourpoint
+function so we can call it an S Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we can call it an S Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we can call it an S Matrix
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this theory is very popular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theory is very popular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theory is very popular it's
+called the electri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the electri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the electri
+hamiltonian it's used all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place and it involves more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and it involves more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and it involves more than just
+doing what I did I did because I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what I did I did because I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what I did I did because I chose
+particular set of flavors for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of flavors for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of flavors for a
+particular Channel and you have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Channel and you have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Channel and you have to do it
+for the whole for all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole for all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole for all sorts of other
+channels as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we we'll study some aspects of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we'll study some aspects of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we'll study some aspects of this
+Theory we won't study every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we won't study every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we won't study every possible
+aspect I've given you a handout that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect I've given you a handout that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect I've given you a handout that
+studies a lot more it's 250 pages long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies a lot more it's 250 pages long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies a lot more it's 250 pages long
+I'm not asking you to even read all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking you to even read all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking you to even read all of
+that I've pointed you at some pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've pointed you at some pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've pointed you at some pages of
+that in the reading which are relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the reading which are relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the reading which are relevant
+to the discussion we're having here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discussion we're having here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discussion we're having here if
+you really want to dig deeper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to dig deeper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to dig deeper you
+can so people often call this Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so people often call this Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so people often call this Electro
+hamiltonian which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian which is
+just minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just minus the
+lran so then that's 4 GF over <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so then that's 4 GF over <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so then that's 4 GF over <
+tk2 and as a as a hamiltonian we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 and as a as a hamiltonian we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 and as a as a hamiltonian we write
+Fields instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields instead of
+spinners so we have this four quk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinners so we have this four quk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinners so we have this four quk
+operator and we would have determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we would have determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we would have determined
+the hamiltonian from tree level matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian from tree level matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian from tree level matching
+from what we've done and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've done and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've done and this would be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay
+standard standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff how do we want to go further than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff how do we want to go further than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff how do we want to go further than
+that well if we want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well if we want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well if we want to think about
+Theory 2 which is this Theory and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory 2 which is this Theory and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory 2 which is this Theory and we
+want to think about it in more detail we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about it in more detail we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about it in more detail we
+should worry about whether we're with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should worry about whether we're with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should worry about whether we're with
+just this operator whether we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this operator whether we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this operator whether we've got a
+complete set of structures that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set of structures that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set of structures that could
+possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+occur so we should think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetries and it's useful to therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and it's useful to therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries and it's useful to therefore
+construct the most basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and we'll just do that so if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and we'll just do that so if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and we'll just do that so if you read
+this 250 page review then it's done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 250 page review then it's done for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 250 page review then it's done for
+the full Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full Electro
+hamiltonian and we'll just stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and we'll just stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and we'll just stick with
+the flavors we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavors we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavors we're talking about
+here so what are the most General bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what are the most General bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what are the most General bases
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+operators how should we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators how should we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators how should we think about
+that well we're constructing some Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we're constructing some Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well we're constructing some Theory
+that's going to that we're matching on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to that we're matching on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to that we're matching on
+to it mual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it mual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it mual
+MW and at that scale when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW and at that scale when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW and at that scale when we're
+determining the theory and determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the theory and determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the theory and determining
+the coefficients of the theory we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of the theory we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of the theory we can
+treat the bottom the charm the down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the bottom the charm the down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat the bottom the charm the down and
+the up as effectively as as they're ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up as effectively as as they're ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up as effectively as as they're ma
+as if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+massless and really what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless and really what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless and really what I mean by
+that is that the masses of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the masses of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the masses of these
+particles are only going to show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are only going to show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are only going to show up in
+the operators and not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators and not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operators and not in the
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+I've the C that I talked about over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've the C that I talked about over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've the C that I talked about over
+here okay the thing that shows up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the thing that shows up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay the thing that shows up in the
+coefficients are the mass scales we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are the mass scales we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are the mass scales we're
+removing and we're not removing the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing and we're not removing the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing and we're not removing the mass
+scales of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales of these
+things so that means if we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that means if we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that means if we can think of
+them as mass lless that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as mass lless that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as mass lless that we can think
+about the matching in terms of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the matching in terms of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the matching in terms of using
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+chirality and we can use the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality and we can use the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality and we can use the fact that
+qcd for massless quirks does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd for massless quirks does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd for massless quirks does not change
+chirality and we can use that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality and we can use that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirality and we can use that in
+constructing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means even though the B quark and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means even though the B quark and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means even though the B quark and the
+charm Quark really have masses for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm Quark really have masses for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm Quark really have masses for the
+purpose of constructing the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of constructing the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of constructing the operator
+basis we can think of them as massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we can think of them as massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis we can think of them as massless
+and we only have left-handed guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only have left-handed guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only have left-handed guys to
+worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+here chity means more than that it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here chity means more than that it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here chity means more than that it also
+well it means it means effectively that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means it means effectively that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means it means effectively that
+but it means also that we we'll only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it means also that we we'll only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it means also that we we'll only get
+one gamma Matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gamma Matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gamma Matrix here
+and we can think about why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about why that
+is chirality means that You' get an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chirality means that You' get an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chirality means that You' get an odd
+number you need an odd number to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you need an odd number to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you need an odd number to have
+left on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left on both
+sides but you can reduce 3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity which I won't write out for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you can reduce three back down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can reduce three back down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can reduce three back down to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+one so any other any higher odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so any other any higher odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so any other any higher odd number
+can be reduced back down to one so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reduced back down to one so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reduced back down to one so once
+we use chirality and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use chirality and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use chirality and that
+fact then we have a fairly restrictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact then we have a fairly restrictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact then we have a fairly restrictive
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+basis in terms of direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures you could ask what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you could ask what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you could ask what are the
+most General possible ways of con of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General possible ways of con of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most General possible ways of con of
+Contracting spinner indices who said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting spinner indices who said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting spinner indices who said I
+had to put this charm cork with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to put this charm cork with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to put this charm cork with the
+bottom Quirk I put could have put the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom Quirk I put could have put the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom Quirk I put could have put the up
+quk over here and maybe at high orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quk over here and maybe at high orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quk over here and maybe at high orders
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+happens well at high orders you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well at high orders you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well at high orders you could
+think about that happening but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that happening but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that happening but you can
+always get back to the the form that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get back to the the form that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get back to the the form that I
+wrote over there using this What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote over there using this What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote over there using this What's
+called the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FS so if I write it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields it means that I can there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields it means that I can there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields it means that I can there's an
+identity that I can re rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that I can re rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that I can re rearrange this
+guy the other way and so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the other way and so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the other way and so these are
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators and sometimes you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and sometimes you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and sometimes you have to use
+these relations when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relations when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these relations when you're doing
+matching calculations because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching calculations because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching calculations because you
+construct a complete basis which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a complete basis which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a complete basis which is the
+minimal one and then maybe when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal one and then maybe when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal one and then maybe when you're
+doing a calculation you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a calculation you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a calculation you get this
+operator so you have to turn it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so you have to turn it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so you have to turn it back
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+one there's two minus signs in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's two minus signs in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's two minus signs in this
+relation one is from the fears identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation one is from the fears identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation one is from the fears identity
+and one is because when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is because when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is because when you do the
+manipulations you end up anti-commuting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations you end up anti-commuting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations you end up anti-commuting
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields so from the statistics so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so from the statistics so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields so from the statistics so if you
+were to use the same relation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to use the same relation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to use the same relation for
+Spinners then there would be one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners then there would be one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners then there would be one less
+minus sign something to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign something to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign something to be careful about
+so what the this tells you once you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the this tells you once you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the this tells you once you put
+that that information together is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that information together is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that information together is that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know that you can write the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can write the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you can write the operators
+this way and you also know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and you also know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and you also know that this
+gamma Capital gamma has that gamma up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma Capital gamma has that gamma up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma Capital gamma has that gamma up
+left form in terms of the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure so the only really thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so the only really thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so the only really thing that
+can happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen is
+color and you can contract the color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and you can contract the color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color and you can contract the color of
+these threes so you have four threes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these threes so you have four threes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these threes so you have four threes you
+can contract the color of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contract the color of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contract the color of them in
+different ways well you have two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways well you have two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways well you have two three
+bars and two threes think about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and two threes think about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars and two threes think about having
+color different color contractions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color different color contractions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color different color contractions and
+that will expand our operator basis by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will expand our operator basis by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will expand our operator basis by
+one more operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more operator
+there's also a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a color
+fs and I can use that color FS to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs and I can use that color FS to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs and I can use that color FS to get
+rid of having explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of having explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of having explicit
+Tas so color is a lot like spin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas so color is a lot like spin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas so color is a lot like spin in the
+sense that if I had more Tas I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if I had more Tas I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if I had more Tas I can
+always reduce a higher number of Tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always reduce a higher number of Tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always reduce a higher number of Tas
+back down to a lower number so if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to a lower number so if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down to a lower number so if I had
+two I can reduce it down to one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I can reduce it down to one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I can reduce it down to one or
+zero okay so I only really have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so I only really have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so I only really have to think
+about having a TA here and a TA there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having a TA here and a TA there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having a TA here and a TA there if
+I have a TA there and a TA there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a TA there and a TA there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a TA there and a TA there there's
+a there's a spinner there's a color FS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a spinner there's a color FS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a spinner there's a color FS
+relation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for this
+guy which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which you can
+use and I it's there's a handout that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and I it's there's a handout that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and I it's there's a handout that I
+posted on the web that has a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web that has a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the web that has a summary of
+all these relations I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these relations I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these relations I'm not going to
+write bother writing them down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write bother writing them down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write bother writing them down in
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+here so once I I take that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+account then there end ends up being two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators and if I were to write them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and if I were to write them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and if I were to write them in
+a kind of normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of normalized
+notation where reduce the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where reduce the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where reduce the scale
+mu then I would write them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu then I would write them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu then I would write them as
+follows let's call them o1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O2 and the difference between o1 and O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and the difference between o1 and O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and the difference between o1 and O2
+is just simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply a
+color so in o01 the color index Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so in o01 the color index Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so in o01 the color index Alpha is
+contracted between charm and bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted between charm and bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted between charm and bottom and
+down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and then an O2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then an O2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then an O2 is the
+the color is contracted the other way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color is contracted the other way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color is contracted the other way so
+I don't write explicit Tas but I do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't write explicit Tas but I do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't write explicit Tas but I do have
+to consider the other possible way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the other possible way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the other possible way of
+Contracting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices up down doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices up down doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices up down doesn't
+matter okay so these operators these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so these operators these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so these operators these are
+the two operators they have once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two operators they have once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two operators they have once I
+satisfy all the symmetries and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all the symmetries and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all the symmetries and I have
+some coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you ask really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you ask really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you ask really what the
+coefficients can depend on here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can depend on here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients can depend on here well
+they can depend on mass scales like top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can depend on mass scales like top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can depend on mass scales like top
+and and the other particles that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the other particles that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the other particles that I'm
+integrating out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating out
+Z I'm not going to make that explicit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I'm not going to make that explicit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z I'm not going to make that explicit in
+my notation if I tried to make every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notation if I tried to make every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notation if I tried to make every
+possible Mass scale like the higs over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Mass scale like the higs over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Mass scale like the higs over
+the top just be too much so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top just be too much so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top just be too much so let me just
+denote two things that it can depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote two things that it can depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote two things that it can depend on
+mu over MW can show up and Alpha mu can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over MW can show up and Alpha mu can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu over MW can show up and Alpha mu can
+show up up as well as some ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up up as well as some ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up up as well as some ratios of
+other particles which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+suppress so then what tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress so then what tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress so then what tree level
+matching is saying is that you got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is saying is that you got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching is saying is that you got one
+of these operators and you didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these operators and you didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these operators and you didn't get
+the other one so it says that at tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so it says that at tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so it says that at tree
+level what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just say we do matching at mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say we do matching at mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say we do matching at mu
+equal m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m
+w and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w and
+C1 at 1 which is Mu over MW = 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 at 1 which is Mu over MW = 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 at 1 which is Mu over MW = 1 and
+Alpha at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha at
+MW is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MW is
+1 and then corrections to that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then corrections to that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then corrections to that would be
+suppressed no large logs just by Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed no large logs just by Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed no large logs just by Alpha
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+C2 of one alpha m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 of one alpha m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 of one alpha m
+w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is
+zero plus something of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus something of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus something of this
+order so that's what we determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that's what we determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so that's what we determined by
+doing our tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing our tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing our tree level
+matching now when we did our tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching now when we did our tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching now when we did our tree level
+matching we did something we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching we did something we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching we did something we used
+external states which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external states which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external states which were
+quarks we matched up the S Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks we matched up the S Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks we matched up the S Matrix
+elements in that way if you were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in that way if you were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in that way if you were really
+interested in this process B goes to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this process B goes to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this process B goes to see
+ubar D you'd not really be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubar D you'd not really be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubar D you'd not really be interested in
+measuring quarks we don't see them you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring quarks we don't see them you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring quarks we don't see them you'd
+be interested in thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in thinking about the
+process for mesons B meeson changes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for mesons B meeson changes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for mesons B meeson changes to a
+d meeson and a Pon for example and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d meeson and a Pon for example and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d meeson and a Pon for example and who's
+to say that the matching that we did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the matching that we did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that the matching that we did for
+quarks is also the matching that's valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks is also the matching that's valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks is also the matching that's valid
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+hadrons well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadrons well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadrons well it
+is so there's a key fact about matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so there's a key fact about matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so there's a key fact about matching
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+important one of the things I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one of the things I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one of the things I wanted to
+emphasize to you is that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize to you is that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize to you is that it doesn't
+depend on what states you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pick it's independent of the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it's independent of the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it's independent of the choice of
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+and it's independent of the IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's independent of the IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's independent of the IR
+Regulators that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulators that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulators that you
+pick so when you do matching you often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so when you do matching you often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick so when you do matching you often
+pick some IR Regulators to regulate ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some IR Regulators to regulate ir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick some IR Regulators to regulate ir
+divergences and the only thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and the only thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and the only thing you have
+to do is pick the same States and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is pick the same States and same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is pick the same States and same
+IR Regulators in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theories and once you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and once you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and once you do
+that your results for your coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your results for your coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your results for your coefficients
+will be independent of the choice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be independent of the choice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be independent of the choice you
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is intuitively something I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is intuitively something I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is intuitively something I think
+that's once you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's once you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's once you think about
+it fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fairly
+obvious what this sentence is saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what this sentence is saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious what this sentence is saying is
+that the matching which is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the matching which is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the matching which is supposed to
+be a high energy property is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a high energy property is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a high energy property is independent
+of the low energy physics the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low energy physics the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the low energy physics the choice of
+the states and the choice of regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and the choice of regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and the choice of regulators
+that's parameterizing something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's parameterizing something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's parameterizing something about
+low energy physics lower energy than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy physics lower energy than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy physics lower energy than the
+scale we're trying to determine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we're trying to determine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we're trying to determine these
+things should only depend on high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should only depend on high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things should only depend on high energy
+physics so the outcome for them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so the outcome for them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so the outcome for them will be
+independent of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emphasize even when we use hydronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize even when we use hydronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize even when we use hydronic
+States the result that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtain from Quark States can be is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valid that's just different choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid that's just different choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid that's just different choice of
+state and what we're doing when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and what we're doing when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and what we're doing when we do
+the matching is we're picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching is we're picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching is we're picking a
+convenient choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State something that makes it easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State something that makes it easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State something that makes it easy to
+calculate if we tried to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate if we tried to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate if we tried to calculate the
+Matrix elements with b and d and peson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements with b and d and peson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements with b and d and peson
+then I'm saying if you're strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm saying if you're strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm saying if you're strong enough
+you'd get the same maum coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get the same maum coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get the same maum coefficient of
+course you should pick the result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you should pick the result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you should pick the result that
+makes the calculation easy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the calculation easy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the calculation easy and that
+would be to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to use
+Works any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is something that you
+should keep in mind and you should keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep in mind and you should keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep in mind and you should keep
+in mind that it is there are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that it is there are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that it is there are you know
+you do have to make sure that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have to make sure that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have to make sure that you're
+using the same States in IR regulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same States in IR regulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same States in IR regulator
+the two theories in this case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two theories in this case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two theories in this case that's
+pretty easy the states are really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy the states are really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy the states are really the
+same States because you're defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same States because you're defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same States because you're defining the
+states with the Lan for the B Quark say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with the Lan for the B Quark say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with the Lan for the B Quark say
+and the B Quark lran hasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B Quark lran hasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the B Quark lran hasn't really
+changed so there's no change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so there's no change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so there's no change to the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and you can set things up so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can set things up so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can set things up so that you
+have the same IR regulator and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same IR regulator and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same IR regulator and that'll
+become important in the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important in the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important in the example that
+we're just about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just about to
+do so let's do an example of carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so let's do an example of carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so let's do an example of carrying
+out this matching for C1 and C2 in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this matching for C1 and C2 in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this matching for C1 and C2 in a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+detail and before we carry out matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and before we carry out matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and before we carry out matching
+we actually have to renormalize the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have to renormalize the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have to renormalize the two
+theories well we've been talking as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories well we've been talking as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories well we've been talking as if
+the theory above is the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory above is the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory above is the standard model
+so we'll imagine that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll imagine that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll imagine that we've already
+renormalized that and so we only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized that and so we only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized that and so we only have to
+normalize the effective theory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+msar so we'll talk about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar so we'll talk about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+msar so we'll talk about doing that
+remind you of doing that maybe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of doing that maybe something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of doing that maybe something
+you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen
+before so there's going to be wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so there's going to be wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so there's going to be wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalization CF is 4/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to leave out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave out the
+preactor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor this
+preactor it's always going to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor it's always going to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor it's always going to be there
+I'm going to stop writing it and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop writing it and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to stop writing it and start
+just focusing on the thing in square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focusing on the thing in square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just focusing on the thing in square
+brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets
+here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll
+do calculations with f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do calculations with f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do calculations with f
+engage I'm not going to really do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage I'm not going to really do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage I'm not going to really do the
+calculations I'm just going to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'm just going to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'm just going to quote
+results to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+and in order to simplify what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to simplify what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to simplify what we have to
+write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me Define the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Define the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me Define the set of
+spinners that you get from taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinners that you get from taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinners that you get from taking the
+tree level Matrix element of o1 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level Matrix element of o1 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level Matrix element of o1 to be
+S1 and of o2 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2 so this is just the Spinners that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 so this is just the Spinners that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 so this is just the Spinners that we
+wrote down before for the case of S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down before for the case of S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down before for the case of S1
+exactly what we had before and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had before and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we had before and then for
+S2 just a slightly different contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 just a slightly different contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 just a slightly different contraction
+of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disas okay so that's just trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disas okay so that's just trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disas okay so that's just trying to make
+the lowest a result simple to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest a result simple to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest a result simple to write down
+so that when I write down the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when I write down the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that when I write down the higher
+order result we can focus on the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order result we can focus on the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order result we can focus on the things
+that are changing and mattering and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are changing and mattering and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are changing and mattering and not
+on the complications that come in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the complications that come in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the complications that come in from
+what we're talking about so if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about so if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about so if we think
+about diagrams here we have four cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diagrams here we have four cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about diagrams here we have four cork
+operator and we just have to draw all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we just have to draw all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we just have to draw all
+the loop graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we have to regulate them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to regulate them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have to regulate them in some
+way because they are IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because they are IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because they are IR
+Divergent so let's regulate them with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent so let's regulate them with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent so let's regulate them with if
+we really want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to talk about the
+matching which is what I really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching which is what I really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching which is what I really want to
+do eventually we should regulate them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do eventually we should regulate them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do eventually we should regulate them in
+some way and so let's regulate them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and so let's regulate them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and so let's regulate them with
+off shell momenta on the external lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off shell momenta on the external lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off shell momenta on the external lines
+and I'll take it to be a common off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll take it to be a common off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll take it to be a common off
+shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell
+momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta
+p and I'll just set the masses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and I'll just set the masses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and I'll just set the masses of the
+external lines to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external lines to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external lines to zero
+since they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter okay so then what does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so then what does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so then what does it look
+like so the Matrix element of o1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the Matrix element of o1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so the Matrix element of o1 the
+zero means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero means
+be is going to have divergences and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is going to have divergences and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is going to have divergences and it
+has the following structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times spinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times spinner
+one and then there's another piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then there's another piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then there's another piece that
+involves spinner one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there's a piece that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a piece that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a piece that involves
+Spinner 2 that shows up in these from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinner 2 that shows up in these from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinner 2 that shows up in these from
+these Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Loop
+graphs so even though we're calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so even though we're calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so even though we're calculating
+the bare Matrix element of operator one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare Matrix element of operator one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bare Matrix element of operator one
+the spinner combination two shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinner combination two shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinner combination two shows up
+because this is supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is supposed to be a
+gluon and the gluon moves the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around and I'm only writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and I'm only writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and I'm only writing the
+Divergent terms that that later on will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent terms that that later on will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent terms that that later on will
+be interested in the constant terms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in the constant terms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in the constant terms as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so the dots are the constant terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dots are the constant terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dots are the constant terms
+underneath the logarithms and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the logarithms and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the logarithms and all these
+little round brackets have constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little round brackets have constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little round brackets have constant
+terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them part of the reason for introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them part of the reason for introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them part of the reason for introducing
+the basis and the way I did is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis and the way I did is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis and the way I did is that when
+I want to quote you the result for O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to quote you the result for O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to quote you the result for O2
+it's the same just switching one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same just switching one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same just switching one and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two and so the the statement that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so the the statement that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and so the the statement that you
+would have from this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have from this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have from this these are
+ultraviolet divergences the infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet divergences the infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet divergences the infrared
+divergences are regulated the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences are regulated the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences are regulated the statement
+that you would have from this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have from this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have from this is that
+you can look at these various terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at these various terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at these various terms and
+you can ask what are what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask what are what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask what are what's going on
+with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those
+divergences well this one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences well this one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences well this one here is
+actually canceled by wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalization which I haven't put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet and this one here is o1 mixing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and this one here is o1 mixing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet and this one here is o1 mixing into
+o1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this one here is a counter term if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one here is a counter term if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one here is a counter term if
+you like 401 and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is a counter term for O2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a counter term for O2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a counter term for O2 and the
+language you use is you say that o1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you use is you say that o1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you use is you say that o1
+which we're calculating has mixed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're calculating has mixed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're calculating has mixed into
+O2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's two different methods where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two different methods where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two different methods where
+we could use to carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use to carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use to carry out the
+renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equivalent so method one is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so method one is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so method one is called
+composite operator or normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's useful to know what things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know what things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know what things are
+equivalent so that you know what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so that you know what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent so that you know what you can
+get away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with
+ignoring so what is composite operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring so what is composite operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring so what is composite operator
+re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re
+normalization well you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization well you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization well you think about
+having a bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bare
+operator and you need to introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you need to introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you need to introduce some
+constants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalize these are not related to wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize these are not related to wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize these are not related to wave
+function rization it's actually oper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rization it's actually oper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rization it's actually oper
+renormalization and you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization and you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization and you have multiple
+fields at the same SpaceTime point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields at the same SpaceTime point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields at the same SpaceTime point you
+need additional renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need additional renormalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need additional renormalization
+constants that's what these z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are when you go to take the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you go to take the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you go to take the Matrix
+element you have to include the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you have to include the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element you have to include the wave
+function rization as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rization as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rization as well
+so the bare Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element has a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element has a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element has a wave function
+normalization as well as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization as well as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization as well as this
+Z and this is the relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this is the relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this is the relation between the
+normalized Matrix element and the bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized Matrix element and the bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized Matrix element and the bare
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so this guy here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+renormalized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amputated okay so that's the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated okay so that's the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amputated okay so that's the relation
+you could calculate o z that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could calculate o z that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could calculate o z that's what we
+were doing we just calculated o0 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing we just calculated o0 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing we just calculated o0 we
+could remove zi and I just told you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remove zi and I just told you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could remove zi and I just told you if
+you remove Z side it's going to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove Z side it's going to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove Z side it's going to get rid
+of this and then you use the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and then you use the remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and then you use the remainder
+of the stuff to get Z J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to need the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need the other way around
+so let me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so I can write this relation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can write this relation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I can write this relation the
+other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way
+around and then it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's one method the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one method the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one method the other one
+is related more to how we usually think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related more to how we usually think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related more to how we usually think
+about things in terms of gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in terms of gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things in terms of gauge
+Theory and that is to have counterterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and that is to have counterterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and that is to have counterterm
+coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for
+the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators so start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so start with the
+hamiltonian written in terms of bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian written in terms of bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian written in terms of bare
+coefficients and operators that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and operators that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and operators that have
+bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare
+Fields bare operators if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields bare operators if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields bare operators if you
+like and now switch over to normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and now switch over to normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and now switch over to normalize
+quantities so you get zi^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so you get zi^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities so you get zi^
+squ we have to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ we have to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ we have to switch
+over from the bare coefficient to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over from the bare coefficient to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over from the bare coefficient to a
+normalized one so let me do that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized one so let me do that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized one so let me do that first
+so we get some Z for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get some Z for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get some Z for the
+coefficient some normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient some normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient some normalized
+coefficients and then we get a z size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and then we get a z size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and then we get a z size
+squared from the four Fons that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from the four Fons that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from the four Fons that are in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+operator and we get an o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we can write this in terms of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can write this in terms of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can write this in terms of C
+ioi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ioi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ioi
+plus zi^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus zi^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus zi^
+s z J C minus Delta i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z J C minus Delta i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s z J C minus Delta i
+j CJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j CJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j CJ
+oi and then this would be our counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms so we would stick in this guy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we would stick in this guy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we would stick in this guy that
+operator we haven't renormalized we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we haven't renormalized we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we haven't renormalized we
+haven't done our operator re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done our operator re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done our operator re
+normalization we're not doing method one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization we're not doing method one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization we're not doing method one
+so this The Matrix elements here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this The Matrix elements here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this The Matrix elements here will
+still diverge but we canceled them off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still diverge but we canceled them off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still diverge but we canceled them off
+with the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms okay so that's the logic of method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so that's the logic of method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so that's the logic of method
+two and once you do that the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and once you do that the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and once you do that the Divergence
+is cancel between these two terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cancel between these two terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cancel between these two terms and
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+left if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if you
+like or even if you don't with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or even if you don't with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like or even if you don't with the
+coefficients times The Operators which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times The Operators which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients times The Operators which
+are renormalized both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are renormalized both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are renormalized both
+renormalized okay even can we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized okay even can we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized okay even can we're
+normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+separately and these two are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and these two are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and these two are equivalent
+these are equivalent ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are equivalent ways of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are equivalent ways of thinking
+about the same thing and we can even go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same thing and we can even go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same thing and we can even go
+further and derive the equivalence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them so if we take this Theory and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if we take this Theory and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if we take this Theory and we
+take the Matrix element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Matrix element of the
+hamiltonian in this second way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in this second way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in this second way of doing
+things what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get this so even though it was oi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this so even though it was oi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this so even though it was oi I
+said we haven't done operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we haven't done operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we haven't done operator
+normalization so we still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so we still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so we still have a
+Divergent Divergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there that's CJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's CJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's CJ
+OJ and if we write the OJ using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OJ and if we write the OJ using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OJ and if we write the OJ using the
+relation at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation at the top of the
+board then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board then we get
+CJ zji inverse zi^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ zji inverse zi^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CJ zji inverse zi^
+s o i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s o i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s o i
+Z and then we can just look at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then we can just look at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then we can just look at the two
+sides they both have a zi squ they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides they both have a zi squ they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides they both have a zi squ they both
+have a CJ they both have an oi0 the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CJ they both have an oi0 the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a CJ they both have an oi0 the only
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's different is this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different is this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different is this so we
+find that Z J for the coefficient is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Z J for the coefficient is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that Z J for the coefficient is the
+transpose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of the
+inverse of the Z's for The Operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the Z's for The Operators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of the Z's for The Operators so
+that's a more definite way of saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more definite way of saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a more definite way of saying the
+two would lead to the same results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would lead to the same results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would lead to the same results and
+this is how you would actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you would actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you would actually get the
+relation the two ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so it's not you know completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's not you know completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so it's not you know completely
+trivial you have to know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial you have to know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial you have to know you have to
+take the inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the inverse and
+transpose but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information okay so in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example the Z is a matrix it starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Z is a matrix it starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the Z is a matrix it starts out
+as the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the unit
+Matrix and in msar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and in msar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and in msar
+we collect the divergences that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect the divergences that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect the divergences that are not
+cancelled by wave function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalization and that gives us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and that gives us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and that gives us this
+little 2 x two Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from that little 2x2 two Matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that little 2x2 two Matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that little 2x2 two Matrix we
+can construct it an almost dimension for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct it an almost dimension for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct it an almost dimension for
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+Operators so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how do we do
+that well if we take the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well if we take the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well if we take the normalization
+of the bare operators remember those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bare operators remember those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bare operators remember those
+depended on the regulator but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on the regulator but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on the regulator but they
+didn't depend on the scale mu so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't depend on the scale mu so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't depend on the scale mu so if we
+take mu byd mu of o Z which is the bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take mu byd mu of o Z which is the bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take mu byd mu of o Z which is the bare
+operator is zero that's what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is zero that's what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is zero that's what I've
+written and then we can write o in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and then we can write o in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and then we can write o in terms
+of the Z an equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z an equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Z an equation I
+erased and both Z and the normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased and both Z and the normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased and both Z and the normalized
+operator depend on the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator depend on the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator depend on the scale
+mu so that gives us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so I'm doing method one here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'm doing method one here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'm doing method one here if
+you like using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like using the
+notations from method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one if I take that equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I take that equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I take that equation and
+rearrange it I can write it as an almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it I can write it as an almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it I can write it as an almost
+dimensioned equation for the operator it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensioned equation for the operator it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensioned equation for the operator it
+says mu byd mu is one of the terms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says mu byd mu is one of the terms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says mu byd mu is one of the terms I
+isolate this and I move that over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate this and I move that over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate this and I move that over by
+taking an in inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I just
+call everything that I get there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call everything that I get there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call everything that I get there the
+anomal dimension of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so gamma ji is all the other stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gamma ji is all the other stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gamma ji is all the other stuff which
+is ZJ K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse and I put the explicit minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and I put the explicit minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and I put the explicit minus
+sign here so there's no minus sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so there's no minus sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign here so there's no minus sign in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so anomalous Dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so anomalous Dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so anomalous Dimension is
+determined by the Z factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the Z factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the Z factors
+and we determine the Z Factor so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we determine the Z Factor so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we determine the Z Factor so we can
+stick this equation into that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick this equation into that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick this equation into that equation
+and get the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension when we do that we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension when we do that we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension when we do that we have to be
+careful about the fact that alpha s in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about the fact that alpha s in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about the fact that alpha s in D
+Dimensions has a little extra piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions has a little extra piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions has a little extra piece
+that's actually important for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually important for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually important for this
+discussion which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which is this
+piece so when we take mu byd mu you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so when we take mu byd mu you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so when we take mu byd mu you ask
+what's what depends on mu and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what depends on mu and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what depends on mu and it's the
+alpha here that depends on mu and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha here that depends on mu and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha here that depends on mu and it's
+still in depends on Epsilon as well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in depends on Epsilon as well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in depends on Epsilon as well in
+that equation and so This this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation and so This this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation and so This this term is
+the term that matters at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop and this matters at two loops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and this matters at two loops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop and this matters at two loops and
+so does that but at one Loop we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that but at one Loop we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that but at one Loop we could
+just replace this by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace this by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace this by the
+identity and we can drop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay put those things together nal's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay put those things together nal's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay put those things together nal's
+dimension of course is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of course is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of course is something that
+doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on
+Epsilon and it's in this case a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and it's in this case a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and it's in this case a 2X two
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+okay and we can solve this problem if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can solve this problem if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can solve this problem if we
+want to solve this Matrix then what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this Matrix then what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to solve this Matrix then what do
+you do well you could diagonalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do well you could diagonalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do well you could diagonalize it
+that's how you would solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you would solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you would solve
+it so if you want to run the operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you want to run the operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you want to run the operators
+in this Theory just for completeness you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Theory just for completeness you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Theory just for completeness you
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonalize by forming o1 plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize by forming o1 plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize by forming o1 plus or minus
+O2 called the coefficients of those new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 called the coefficients of those new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 called the coefficients of those new
+operators C plus or minus in an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators C plus or minus in an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators C plus or minus in an obvious
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when you write down Nal Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you write down Nal Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you write down Nal Dimension
+equations for these guys they're there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for these guys they're there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for these guys they're there's
+no mixing anymore at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loop in general this is a procedure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop in general this is a procedure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop in general this is a procedure if
+you do this diagonalization that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this diagonalization that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this diagonalization that you
+have to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to carry
+out again when you get to two Loops it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again when you get to two Loops it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out again when you get to two Loops it's
+not like the basis that you pick at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the basis that you pick at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the basis that you pick at one
+Loop will be fine for two Loops we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop will be fine for two Loops we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop will be fine for two Loops we're
+not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lucky but at one Loop this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky but at one Loop this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky but at one Loop this is a
+perfectly valid basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and in a hopefully self-evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in a hopefully self-evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and in a hopefully self-evident
+notation I either take all pluses or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I either take all pluses or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I either take all pluses or all
+minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if I write my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I write my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I write my
+hamiltonian I could write it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian I could write it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian I could write it in the
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+basis and if I switch to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and if I switch to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and if I switch to the other
+basis I'll set up my conventions so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis I'll set up my conventions so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis I'll set up my conventions so that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+simple and that means I check picked C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and that means I check picked C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and that means I check picked C
+plus or minus to be C1 plus or minus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus to be C1 plus or minus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus to be C1 plus or minus C2
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two oops thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they have the opposite sign first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have the opposite sign first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have the opposite sign first
+one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+positive second one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive second one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive second one's
+negative and in this new basis tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and in this new basis tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and in this new basis tree
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching which is your boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching which is your boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching which is your boundary
+condition for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution is that both coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is that both coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is that both coefficients are
+a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then we could solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we could solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then we could solve the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+equation the same way we were doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the same way we were doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the same way we were doing for
+qcd write down a result that would some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd write down a result that would some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd write down a result that would some
+logs below the scale of the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass all right so we'll continue along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass all right so we'll continue along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass all right so we'll continue along
+this these lines next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these lines next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these lines next
+time say a few more more words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time say a few more more words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time say a few more more words about
+renormalization which is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization which is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization which is really just a
+leadup of doing the matching which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadup of doing the matching which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadup of doing the matching which is
+what I want to kind of the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to kind of the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to kind of the thing I
+wanted to spend a little more time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to spend a little more time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to spend a little more time on
+than but we'll finish that up also next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than but we'll finish that up also next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than but we'll finish that up also next
+time and move on to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and move on to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and move on to some other
+things so there's a few things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there's a few things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so there's a few things to
+emphasize when we do the matching and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize when we do the matching and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize when we do the matching and I
+want to write down the Matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write down the Matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write down the Matrix elements
+in the full Theory which are box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the full Theory which are box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the full Theory which are box
+diagrams I'll write down the results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams I'll write down the results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams I'll write down the results for
+those result we'll compare those to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those result we'll compare those to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those result we'll compare those to the
+results in the effective Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the effective Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the effective Theory and
+we'll draw some lessons from that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw some lessons from that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll draw some lessons from that and
+we'll carry out the matching figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll carry out the matching figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll carry out the matching figure out
+what the next order coefficients would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next order coefficients would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next order coefficients would
+be here what would those order Alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here what would those order Alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here what would those order Alphas
+terms be what are the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms be what are the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms be what are the what's the
+procedure I would go to through to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I would go to through to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure I would go to through to get
+to get those coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get those coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get those coefficient
+okay so we'll stop there for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LY7YmuDbuW0.txt b/LY7YmuDbuW0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9da9e0d42594f218fa81a69c3769c64fe95e275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LY7YmuDbuW0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i have to admit this is extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to admit this is extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to admit this is extremely
+awkward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward
+lecturing to an empty room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing to an empty room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing to an empty room
+so i have to imagine there's somebody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to imagine there's somebody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to imagine there's somebody on
+the other end actually listening to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end actually listening to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end actually listening to me
+at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+perhaps this is what youtube stars have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this is what youtube stars have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps this is what youtube stars have
+to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through
+at some point in their career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in their career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in their career
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what is the purpose of this course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the purpose of this course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the purpose of this course so
+this is for 18 100 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis
+so the purpose of this course is twofold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+really i think the first primary purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i think the first primary purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really i think the first primary purpose
+of this course is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gain experience with proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+being able to read a proof being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to read a proof being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to read a proof being able to
+write a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a proof
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+second statement which or the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second statement which or the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second statement which or the second
+purpose which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose which is
+supposed to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be kind of
+a way to obtain the first purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to obtain the first purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to obtain the first purpose
+is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the second part this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second part this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second part this is the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis part
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the first few lectures we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the first few lectures we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the first few lectures we're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+maybe to some will be kind of review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to some will be kind of review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to some will be kind of review
+um and most and for most of you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and most and for most of you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and most and for most of you a lot of
+this material in the first few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material in the first few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material in the first few lectures
+will be review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be review
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+but it's a nice way to ease into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a nice way to ease into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a nice way to ease into the
+material and things will most definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and things will most definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and things will most definitely
+pick up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up um
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+a few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first set of objects we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of objects we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first set of objects we're going to
+define and and try to prove some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define and and try to prove some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define and and try to prove some
+statements about are sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about are sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about are sets
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and
+because i use a lot of shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i use a lot of shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i use a lot of shorthand
+i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will
+mostly write dfn from now on instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly write dfn from now on instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly write dfn from now on instead of
+the entire word definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a collection of objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+members okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this course is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the first uh
+really rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rigorous
+course in math that many of you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in math that many of you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in math that many of you will
+deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially everything that we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially everything that we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially everything that we talk
+about will be rigorously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will be rigorously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will be rigorously and
+unambiguously defined but we do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously defined but we do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguously defined but we do have to
+start somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start somewhere
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so maybe you think this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you think this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you think this word
+collection is a little ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is a little ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is a little ambiguous
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+perhaps you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you should
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually
+build up set theory from the ground up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up set theory from the ground up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up set theory from the ground up
+would take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take us
+quite beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite beyond
+the scope of this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope of this class and
+too far afield of the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far afield of the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far afield of the things that we
+want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do
+or at least that what i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a set is just a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a set is just a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a set is just a collection of
+objects called elements or members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is the simplest set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the simplest set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the simplest set to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is set with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elements and we denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+symbol here circle with a dash through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here circle with a dash through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here circle with a dash through
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+with new math typically comes new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with new math typically comes new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with new math typically comes new
+notation new symbols that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation new symbols that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation new symbols that you use
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me introduce a few shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me introduce a few shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me introduce a few shorthand
+notations we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations we'll use
+throughout the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+you know quite honestly this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quite honestly this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quite honestly this is a little
+bit of the fun of doing higher math you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the fun of doing higher math you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of the fun of doing higher math you
+get all these funny symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all these funny symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all these funny symbols
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and a very accomplished mathematician at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very accomplished mathematician at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very accomplished mathematician at
+the university of chicago one time said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university of chicago one time said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university of chicago one time said
+you're really only interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really only interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really only interested in the
+math where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math where
+that has the symbols you like to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the symbols you like to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the symbols you like to write
+over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some notation
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and this symbol which looks like an e s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this symbol which looks like an e s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this symbol which looks like an e s
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a with
+dash through this little e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash through this little e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash through this little e
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+everything here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a is not an element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this upside down a means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all shorthand for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all shorthand for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all shorthand for all
+backwards e means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you see an arrow like this this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see an arrow like this this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see an arrow like this this mean
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies so i've written down one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies so i've written down one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies so i've written down one thing
+this implies the next statement i'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies the next statement i'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies the next statement i'll put
+an arrow between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow between them
+and an arrow going both ways means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if meaning if i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if meaning if i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if meaning if i have a
+statement p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement p
+if and only if q that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if q that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if q that means
+statement p implies q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement p implies q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement p implies q
+and statement q implies p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statement q implies p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and statement q implies p
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and if you need a quick refresher on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you need a quick refresher on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you need a quick refresher on
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+uh basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basic
+logic you can find that in the appendix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you can find that in the appendix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic you can find that in the appendix
+of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the basic definition of set empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic definition of set empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic definition of set empty
+set um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in set a another definition is that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we write
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this little symbol that looks like a c b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every element in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in a
+is an element in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element in b
+hey a little a's and capital a means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey a little a's and capital a means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey a little a's and capital a means
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+little a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a
+is in capital b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are equal we write a equals b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal we write a equals b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal we write a equals b
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is a subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and b is a subset of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a proper subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+a is a subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a subset of b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a does not equal b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does not equal b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does not equal b
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we typically write that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we typically write that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we typically write that by
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and with a dash going through a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a dash going through a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with a dash going through a line
+underneath this c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this c
+to signify that it's not equal so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to signify that it's not equal so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to signify that it's not equal so think
+of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as
+not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh
+so less than or equal to but not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so less than or equal to but not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so less than or equal to but not equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+is one way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let me say something since i'm now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say something since i'm now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say something since i'm now one
+two three definitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so definitions are a fact of life when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definitions are a fact of life when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so definitions are a fact of life when
+it comes to math in the beginning of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to math in the beginning of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to math in the beginning of any
+subject there's going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject there's going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject there's going to be a lot of
+definitions because we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions because we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions because we have to have
+objects we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we want to talk about
+and we have to have these unambiguously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to have these unambiguously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to have these unambiguously
+defined objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined objects
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it may seem like there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem like there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may seem like there's going to be a
+lot of definitions now uh but this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of definitions now uh but this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of definitions now uh but this will
+let up and we will start proving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let up and we will start proving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let up and we will start proving some
+theorems which are facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems which are facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems which are facts
+about these objects these are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these objects these are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these objects these are the things
+that we're really after we're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're really after we're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're really after we're not really
+after just making up definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after just making up definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after just making up definitions
+definitions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions are
+meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous
+way of defining an object we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining an object we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of defining an object we're
+interested in studying we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in studying we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in studying we're interested
+in proving theorems facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again a lot of this is just probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lot of this is just probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a lot of this is just probably
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we describe sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these
+uh braces and maybe list the elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh braces and maybe list the elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh braces and maybe list the elements in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+describe it as x in some set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it as x in some set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it as x in some set a
+satisfying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying some
+property p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or we won't write this x and a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we won't write this x and a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we won't write this x and a part
+we'll just write all objects x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just write all objects x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just write all objects x
+satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying
+x as uh being an element of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x as uh being an element of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x as uh being an element of whatever
+universe we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that satisfied property p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied property p of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfied property p of x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this you should read this as all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this you should read this as all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this you should read this as all x
+satisfying property p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying property p of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying property p of x
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the basic examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+you should expect this after kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should expect this after kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should expect this after kind of
+seeing any kind of non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any kind of non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any kind of non-trivial
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+if you were here i would ask you to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were here i would ask you to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were here i would ask you to call
+me out so i'll have to police myself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out so i'll have to police myself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out so i'll have to police myself but
+after every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+semi-interesting definition you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-interesting definition you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-interesting definition you should
+see examples okay this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples okay this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see examples okay this is how you
+actually learn about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn about these things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or at least digest what these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least digest what these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least digest what these things are
+so we have the natural numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the natural numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the natural numbers which
+everyone's familiar with since they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's familiar with since they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's familiar with since they
+started to count one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to count one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to count one two three
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+we have the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the integers
+which is zero one minus one two minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is zero one minus one two minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is zero one minus one two minus
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so all the natural numbers along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the natural numbers along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the natural numbers along with
+their additive inverses along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their additive inverses along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their additive inverses along with the
+zero element an additive identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+rational numbers so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers so this is
+written as m over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as m over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as m over n
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+m and n are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and n are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and n are
+integers and n does not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+as of right now cannot actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of right now cannot actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of right now cannot actually write
+down what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what they are
+in terms of set builder set building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of set builder set building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of set builder set building
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact this will be our first goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this will be our first goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this will be our first goal of
+the course is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is to
+give a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a proper
+description or definition of what r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description or definition of what r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description or definition of what r
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+actually is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is um
+but you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of this as
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+as you did in calculus as q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so rationals and irrationals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi
+2 and these things so this is fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and these things so this is fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and these things so this is fine to
+think about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't have to
+use these i could have maybe i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these i could have maybe i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these i could have maybe i'm
+interested in odd numbers that's the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in odd numbers that's the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in odd numbers that's the set
+of numbers of the form 2m minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers of the form 2m minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers of the form 2m minus 1
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m is a natural number so this is just 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is a natural number so this is just 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is a natural number so this is just 1
+3 5 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note that we have the inclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we have the inclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that we have the inclusions
+natural numbers are contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers are contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers are contained in the
+integers which are contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers which are contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers which are contained in the
+rational numbers which are contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers which are contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers which are contained in
+the real numbers okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers okay and
+you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if
+you kind of look at the history of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of look at the history of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of look at the history of why
+these things were thought up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were thought up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things were thought up in the
+first place i mean they were thought up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place i mean they were thought up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place i mean they were thought up
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+kind of polynomial equations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of polynomial equations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of polynomial equations that you
+couldn't solve in the number system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve in the number system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't solve in the number system
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integers were created because i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers were created because i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers were created because i could
+not solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not solve
+the equation x plus 1 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation x plus 1 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation x plus 1 equals 0
+in the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the natural numbers
+rationals were thought of because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals were thought of because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals were thought of because i
+could not solve the equation 2x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not solve the equation 2x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not solve the equation 2x plus 1
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0
+and the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integers
+and the real numbers were thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real numbers were thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real numbers were thought of
+because i cannot solve the equation x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i cannot solve the equation x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i cannot solve the equation x
+squared minus 2 equals 0 in the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 2 equals 0 in the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus 2 equals 0 in the rational
+numbers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers now
+i can't solve the equation x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't solve the equation x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't solve the equation x squared
+plus 1 equals 0 in the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 equals 0 in the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 equals 0 in the real numbers
+which led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led to
+the creation of complex numbers but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of complex numbers but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of complex numbers but we
+will not deal with complex numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not deal with complex numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not deal with complex numbers in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+although hopefully if you keep studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although hopefully if you keep studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although hopefully if you keep studying
+analysis you get on you go on to complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you get on you go on to complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you get on you go on to complex
+analysis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis which is
+really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beautiful subject of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful subject of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful subject of study
+to this day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day
+so as i said um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me write this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this here
+our first goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first goal
+real goal of the class and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real goal of the class and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real goal of the class and this is
+something to keep in mind we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind we're not
+going to do it uh right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it uh right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it uh right now
+our first real goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describe what r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay mean if we're gonna be proving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mean if we're gonna be proving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mean if we're gonna be proving uh
+statements about the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about the real numbers
+functions of real numbers and limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of real numbers and limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of real numbers and limits
+whatever you know those limits that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know those limits that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know those limits that you
+learned in calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in calculus
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+be able to really describe what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to really describe what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to really describe what we're
+starting with the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's get back to sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get back to sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get back to sets
+to our review of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our review of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our review of sets
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there were some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were some examples
+we have a few more definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the union of two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of two sets
+a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the set which we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set which we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set which we write
+so this is how we denote it a u b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of
+all elements x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all elements x
+x is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or x is in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the intersection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b
+so this was defining the union this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was defining the union this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was defining the union this was
+defining the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to set
+a cat b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a set of all x's so that x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set of all x's so that x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set of all x's so that x is in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x's and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the union is take all the things from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the union is take all the things from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the union is take all the things from
+a take all the things from b and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take all the things from b and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take all the things from b and put
+them together in one big basket the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together in one big basket the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together in one big basket the
+intersection is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is just
+take the things that a and b have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the things that a and b have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the things that a and b have in
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set difference
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with respect to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to b
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a backslash b this is the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash b this is the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash b this is the set of all
+elements in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in a
+such that x is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x is not
+in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+so this is how i'm denoting the set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how i'm denoting the set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how i'm denoting the set uh
+kind of the next part is how i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the next part is how i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the next part is how i'm
+defining this set this is a set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining this set this is a set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining this set this is a set of all
+elements in our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in our universe
+that is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and when i say universe i don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this universe necessarily i mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universe necessarily i mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this universe necessarily i mean if
+we're looking at subsets of r the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at subsets of r the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at subsets of r the
+complement is you know resp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is you know resp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is you know resp
+generally with respect to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally with respect to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally with respect to r
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or if all of our sets are subsets of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if all of our sets are subsets of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if all of our sets are subsets of q
+then our universe would be q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our universe would be q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our universe would be q the
+rationals and we're taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals and we're taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals and we're taking the
+complement in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two sets are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+their intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their intersection
+is empty okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it took me quite a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it took me quite a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it took me quite a long time
+to figure out this complement has an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out this complement has an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out this complement has an e
+in the middle as opposed to an i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle as opposed to an i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle as opposed to an i
+as in the complement you would give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the complement you would give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the complement you would give a
+friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i had to do a lot of spell checking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to do a lot of spell checking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to do a lot of spell checking in
+my thesis when my advisor pointed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis when my advisor pointed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis when my advisor pointed that
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so this is just something to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just something to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just something to keep in
+mind this complement has an e in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this complement has an e in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind this complement has an e in the
+middle of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just kind of draw a quick picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just kind of draw a quick picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just kind of draw a quick picture
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this blob over here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blob over here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blob over here is a
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+set b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set b
+this is a set c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set c
+in fact let's make this a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact let's make this a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact let's make this a little more
+okay let's keep see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's keep see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's keep see there
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+i have here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have here that's
+a intersect b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect b
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this bit over here with the lines going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit over here with the lines going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit over here with the lines going
+this way but not including this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but not including this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way but not including this
+this is a take away b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a take away b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a take away b
+a backslash b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was not meant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was not meant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was not meant to be
+along the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the same
+direction as this one so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as this one so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as this one so let's go
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+and everything with a vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a intersect b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a intersect b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a intersect b
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+a backslash has the lines going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash has the lines going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backslash has the lines going this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+a intersect has the lines going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect has the lines going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a intersect has the lines going this
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a union b has the lines going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union b has the lines going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union b has the lines going
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+c is way over here not touching any of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is way over here not touching any of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is way over here not touching any of a
+and b so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and c are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and c are disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and c are disjoint
+and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+and c are destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay they have nothing in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a lot of definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have not proven a single statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not proven a single statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not proven a single statement
+yet so it's about time we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so it's about time we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so it's about time we do
+this is probably one of the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably one of the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably one of the most basic
+theorems one can prove at the start of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems one can prove at the start of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems one can prove at the start of a
+real analysis class or any class about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis class or any class about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis class or any class about
+proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+you know analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know analogous to
+when you write your first hello world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write your first hello world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you write your first hello world
+program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in
+a programming class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me state
+the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is de morgan's laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the statement is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the statement is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the statement is the following
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if
+abc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sets
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i have several things i can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the union of b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of b and c
+taking their complement this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking their complement this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking their complement this is
+the intersection of the complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of the complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of the complements
+so the complement of the union is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the complement of the union is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the complement of the union is the
+intersection of the complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take their intersection and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take their intersection and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take their intersection and take
+the complement this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the union of the complement so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the complement so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the complement so the
+complement of the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the intersection
+is the union of the complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these are complements meaning i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are complements meaning i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are complements meaning i
+in some sense taking a set difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense taking a set difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense taking a set difference
+with respect to the entire universe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the entire universe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the entire universe but
+i can make these things relative to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make these things relative to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make these things relative to some
+set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a
+so a take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a take away
+b union c this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b union c this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b union c this is the same as
+a take away b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away b
+intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect
+a take away c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away c
+really again this is you should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really again this is you should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really again this is you should think of
+this as a special case of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a special case of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a special case of one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or at least if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least if you
+were to write the proof i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to write the proof i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to write the proof i'm not going to
+because it's all going to be contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all going to be contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all going to be contained
+in the first two then you would see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first two then you would see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first two then you would see it's
+really just the proof of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the proof of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the proof of this guy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a take away b intersect c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away b intersect c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away b intersect c
+equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+take away b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away b
+union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union
+a take away c okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away c okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a take away c okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+for a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a quick
+refresher about logic i would look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresher about logic i would look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresher about logic i would look at
+the appendix of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general so let me make a few remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general so let me make a few remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general so let me make a few remarks
+um before we move on to the proof about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we move on to the proof about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we move on to the proof about
+typically how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically how this
+is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is some remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some remarks
+typically a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a theorem
+is a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the type p implies q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the type p implies q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the type p implies q
+let me write this out in english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this out in english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write this out in english
+if some statement p holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then q
+for us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's
+if i have any three sets then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have any three sets then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have any three sets then
+i have these equalities between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have these equalities between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have these equalities between these
+operations of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so the general structure you'll see of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general structure you'll see of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general structure you'll see of
+the class is i have objects which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is i have objects which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class is i have objects which i
+define unambiguously i want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define unambiguously i want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define unambiguously i want to prove
+theorems now meaning uh true statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems now meaning uh true statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems now meaning uh true statements
+about these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these objects
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the real meat is the proof part so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real meat is the proof part so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real meat is the proof part so what
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+mysterious guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious guy
+the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof
+it's quite simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you assume p meaning what you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume p meaning what you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume p meaning what you're given
+the hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypotheses
+or the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the hypothesis
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i'm going to put dots here through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most definitely
+most of the time some calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time some calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time some calculations
+you arrive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is true
+and most proofs are ended with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most proofs are ended with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most proofs are ended with this
+little box here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+most proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most proofs
+have this structure i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this structure i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this structure i
+take my hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my hypotheses
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these hypotheses mean something in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hypotheses mean something in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hypotheses mean something in terms
+of the definitions i have given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definitions i have given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definitions i have given
+and now i need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i need to use
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh
+unambiguous definitions along with logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous definitions along with logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous definitions along with logic
+and maybe some calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some calculations
+to conclude that statement q is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude that statement q is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude that statement q is true
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+the essence of a proof that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of a proof that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of a proof that is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all there is to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there is to it
+um now that doesn't mean it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now that doesn't mean it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now that doesn't mean it's a simple
+thing to learn how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to learn how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to learn how to do
+that's the point of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of this course
+but distill down that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but distill down that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but distill down that's what
+uh a proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and q so i said p usually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q so i said p usually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q so i said p usually means
+something in terms of the definitions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in terms of the definitions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in terms of the definitions we
+have but also q will usually mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but also q will usually mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but also q will usually mean
+something in the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the definitions
+that we've given and so our job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've given and so our job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've given and so our job is to
+verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify
+q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q so
+let's go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proving this theorem and in fact i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this theorem and in fact i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving this theorem and in fact i'm
+only going to prove property one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to prove property one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to prove property one
+property two three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property two three and four
+i'll likely put on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b and c be set so i mean this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c be set so i mean this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c be set so i mean this is the
+only hypothesis i get i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hypothesis i get i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only hypothesis i get i'm trying to
+prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that
+uh b union c complement equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b union c complement equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh b union c complement equals
+uh the intersection of the complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the intersection of the complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the intersection of the complements
+so what does that mean so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean so we want to
+prove so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's quite helpful especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite helpful especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite helpful especially when
+you're first starting to do proofs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first starting to do proofs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first starting to do proofs to
+write down what you're actually trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what you're actually trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what you're actually trying
+to prove so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove so even though
+i have this statement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this statement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this statement here
+it's an equality between two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an equality between two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an equality between two sets
+equality between two sets means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between two sets means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality between two sets means
+something specifically right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specifically right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something specifically right we have
+that in our definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in our definition
+uh where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over there that two sets are equal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there that two sets are equal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there that two sets are equal if
+one is a subset of the other and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a subset of the other and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a subset of the other and vice
+versa so that's what we have to prove we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so that's what we have to prove we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so that's what we have to prove we
+have to prove that the left side b union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prove that the left side b union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prove that the left side b union
+c complement is a subset of b complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c complement is a subset of b complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c complement is a subset of b complement
+intersect c complement and vice versa so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect c complement and vice versa so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect c complement and vice versa so
+we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what the equality means that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the equality means that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the equality means that's
+what we have to prove we have to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to prove we have to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to prove we have to prove
+those two statements now okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two statements now okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two statements now okay and that's
+as distilled down as far as we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as distilled down as far as we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as distilled down as far as we can go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's prove this now we'll prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this now we'll prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this now we'll prove this
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+uh again logic and what these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again logic and what these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again logic and what these things
+actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are
+so let's prove this first statement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this first statement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this first statement uh
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so i have to show that every element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to show that every element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to show that every element
+in this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set
+is an element of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element of this set
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'll even write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as wts that means want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as wts that means want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as wts that means want to show
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the first thing we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first thing we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first thing we'll show
+as we go on i'm not going to write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go on i'm not going to write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go on i'm not going to write as
+much as i'm doing right now but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as i'm doing right now but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as i'm doing right now but this is
+the first theorem and proof you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first theorem and proof you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first theorem and proof you're
+seeing so i should write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing so i should write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing so i should write down
+quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit
+so the first thing we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we want to show
+is we have this inclusion okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this inclusion okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this inclusion okay that
+means every element here is an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means every element here is an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means every element here is an element
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let x be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x be in
+b union c complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b union c complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b union c complement
+and now we're going to trace what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to trace what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to trace what this
+means and we'll eventually arrive at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and we'll eventually arrive at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and we'll eventually arrive at x
+is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x is
+not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+b union c that's just the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b union c that's just the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b union c that's just the definition of
+uh the complement now x is not in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the complement now x is not in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the complement now x is not in b
+union c means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is not in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in b
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x is not in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in c
+right because the union is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the union is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the union is
+something's in the union if it's in b or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's in the union if it's in b or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's in the union if it's in b or
+c so something's not in the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so something's not in the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c so something's not in the union
+if it's not in b and not in c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in b and not in c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not in b and not in c
+now this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this implies
+simply again by the definition of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply again by the definition of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply again by the definition of what
+it means to be in the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be in the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to be in the complement
+x is in b complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x's and c complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this again is simply the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this again is simply the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this again is simply the definition
+of x being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x being in
+b complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b complement
+intersect c complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect c complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect c complement
+okay so you see we started off with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see we started off with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see we started off with an
+element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+and we showed that it's also an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed that it's also an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we showed that it's also an element
+of the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side
+so thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thus
+b union c complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is contained in b complement intersect c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in b complement intersect c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in b complement intersect c
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+now we want to do this other inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to do this other inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to do this other inclusion
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is one of those kind of rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is one of those kind of rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is one of those kind of rare
+situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to
+essentially reverse the entire argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reverse the entire argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reverse the entire argument
+and get what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get what you want
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+but let's just go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just go through it
+in a linear fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take something from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take something from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take something from here
+and show it's in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show it's in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show it's in here
+so let x be in the intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let x be in the intersection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let x be in the intersection of the
+complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+that means x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means x is in
+b complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b complement
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x's in c complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's in c complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's in c complement
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is not in b so that's this statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in b so that's this statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is not in b so that's this statement
+that's the definition of being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of being in the
+complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement
+and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x
+is not in c that's again the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in c that's again the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in c that's again the definition
+of being in the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now just like we used here in this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just like we used here in this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just like we used here in this step
+this is equivalent to so really i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to so really i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equivalent to so really i should
+in this statement i should have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this statement i should have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this statement i should have written
+this statement is equivalent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is equivalent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement is equivalent to this
+statement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but
+we'll remove that so x is not in b and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll remove that so x is not in b and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll remove that so x is not in b and x
+is not in c this means x is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in c this means x is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in c this means x is not in
+their union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in
+the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement
+of the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the union
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+we've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the subset of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since we've shown both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets are a subset of each other that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are a subset of each other that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are a subset of each other that
+means by the definition of two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by the definition of two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by the definition of two sets
+being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again this box means really nothing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this box means really nothing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this box means really nothing it
+just means that's the end of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's move over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah not everybody uses that little box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not everybody uses that little box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not everybody uses that little box
+to finish or proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish or proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish or proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some people don't put anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people don't put anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people don't put anything
+i was when i was in graduate school i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was when i was in graduate school i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was when i was in graduate school i
+was a ta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a ta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a ta for
+uh this guy named paul sally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this guy named paul sally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this guy named paul sally
+who was a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was a fantastic
+teacher and really loved math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would end
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+amazing story about this guy is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing story about this guy is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing story about this guy is you know
+when i was his ta he was in his 70s i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was his ta he was in his 70s i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was his ta he was in his 70s i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+but he had also had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had also had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he had also had
+diabetes so he had lost both of his legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes so he had lost both of his legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes so he had lost both of his legs
+beneath his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneath his
+knees he was also legally blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees he was also legally blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knees he was also legally blind
+and he had a patch over one eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a patch over one eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a patch over one eye
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+he himself often referred to himself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he himself often referred to himself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he himself often referred to himself as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+pirate mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirate mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirate mathematician
+but he would end his proofs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least in his textbook he didn't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in his textbook he didn't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in his textbook he didn't ask
+me to do this on the board thankfully he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do this on the board thankfully he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to do this on the board thankfully he
+would end his proofs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end his proofs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end his proofs with
+a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+himself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+cob pipe that he had very much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cob pipe that he had very much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cob pipe that he had very much in the
+pirate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirate
+fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion
+anyways okay moving on from things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways okay moving on from things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways okay moving on from things that
+in proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proofs
+let's go on to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next subject
+induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+so induction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+way to prove theorems about natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to prove theorems about natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to prove theorems about natural
+numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay
+that's you know the theorem itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know the theorem itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know the theorem itself
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more of a tool rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a tool rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a tool rather than
+uh an interesting fact on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an interesting fact on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an interesting fact on its own
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+state the theorem and then we'll go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the theorem and then we'll go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the theorem and then we'll go over
+a couple examples on how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple examples on how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple examples on how to use
+induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me recall from i think i just erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me recall from i think i just erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me recall from i think i just erased
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+n is the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it has an ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+um so we'll precisely define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll precisely define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll precisely define what
+ordering means but just in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering means but just in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering means but just in your head
+this means the usual thing one is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means the usual thing one is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means the usual thing one is less
+than two is less than three is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two is less than three is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two is less than three is less than
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a property of the natural numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property of the natural numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a property of the natural numbers which
+we'll take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an axiom is the well ordering property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so an axiom is not something you prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an axiom is not something you prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an axiom is not something you prove
+you assume this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume this about
+the objects that you've defined or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that you've defined or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that you've defined or
+studying up to this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the statement is
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i take a subset of natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s hat has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s hat has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s hat has a
+least element or smallest element now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least element or smallest element now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least element or smallest element now
+what does this mean let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean let me write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean let me write this
+write this last statement out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i.e there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e there exists
+an x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x and
+s st i will often write meaning such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s st i will often write meaning such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s st i will often write meaning such
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+or so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so that
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is less than or equal to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all y and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all y and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all y and s
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+every non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every non
+uh empty subset of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh empty subset of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh empty subset of the natural numbers
+has a smallest element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a smallest element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a smallest element
+okay we're going to take that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to take that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to take that as an
+axiom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom
+as just a property of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a property of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just a property of the natural
+numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which
+we'll assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now using this axiom we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using this axiom we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using this axiom we're going to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a
+you'll often hear it called as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often hear it called as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often hear it called as the
+principle of mathematical induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of mathematical induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of mathematical induction
+but this will state it as a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will state it as a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this will state it as a theorem
+instead of a principle whatever a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a principle whatever a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a principle whatever a
+principle is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is supposed to be
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so
+this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+due to pascal or at least in the its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to pascal or at least in the its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to pascal or at least in the its
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+rigorous formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous formulation
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let p n be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let p n be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let p n be
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+natural number n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n
+okay so maybe we have some equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe we have some equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe we have some equality
+between two quantities that involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two quantities that involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two quantities that involves a
+natural number n okay that could be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n okay that could be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number n okay that could be our
+statement p of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to assume
+so what are our hypotheses about this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are our hypotheses about this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are our hypotheses about this uh
+statement what are what's our if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement what are what's our if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement what are what's our if
+assume that this statement satisfies two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this statement satisfies two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this statement satisfies two
+properties this first property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this first property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this first property is
+usually recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually recall
+referred to as a base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is that p of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that p of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that p of one
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second
+property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is
+called the inductive step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this statement satisfies the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement satisfies the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement satisfies the following
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you assume p of m is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you can prove that p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can prove that p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can prove that p
+of n plus one is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have a statement which satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a statement which satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a statement which satisfies
+both of these uh properties okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these uh properties okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these uh properties okay in
+particular since i'm assuming p of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular since i'm assuming p of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular since i'm assuming p of one
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the second property p of two is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property p of two is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property p of two is true
+and then again by the second property p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again by the second property p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again by the second property p
+of three is true and then p of four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three is true and then p of four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three is true and then p of four and
+then p of five and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then p of five and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then p of five and so
+if you follow that last line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow that last line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you follow that last line of
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning
+this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means
+you should kind of be able to guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should kind of be able to guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should kind of be able to guess what
+the conclusion of this theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion of this theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion of this theorem is
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+pn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to use the well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use the well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to use the well ordering
+property of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the natural numbers
+to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this theorem about induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have our assumptions i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our assumptions i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our assumptions i'm not going to
+although i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i said
+you know over there let bc be sets i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over there let bc be sets i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over there let bc be sets i'm
+not going to rewrite the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to rewrite the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to rewrite the assumptions
+that we have about our statement p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have about our statement p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have about our statement p
+we're just going to start trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to start trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to start trying to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+p of n is true for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is true for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is true for all n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me write our conclusion slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write our conclusion slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write our conclusion slightly
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let s be the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let s be the set of all
+natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p of n is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is not true
+so what i want to show is that p of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to show is that p of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to show is that p of n is
+true for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all n
+so that's equivalent to saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s
+is empty okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empty okay
+set of natural numbers where p of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of natural numbers where p of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of natural numbers where p of n is
+not true this is empty this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true this is empty this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true this is empty this is
+equivalent to saying p and p of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying p and p of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to saying p and p of n is
+true for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way we're going to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we're going to do this is
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+kind of another staple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another staple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of another staple of
+mathematical proofs is trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical proofs is trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical proofs is trying to prove
+this by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+make a few comments about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few comments about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few comments about what that
+means proof by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+in a proof by contradiction so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a proof by contradiction so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a proof by contradiction so this is
+what i'm about to write down is not part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm about to write down is not part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm about to write down is not part
+of the proof this is commentary uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof this is commentary uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof this is commentary uh not
+to be included in the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does it mean to say we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to say we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to say we're going to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+is equal to the empty set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the empty set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the empty set by
+contradiction we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction we're going to assume
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the statement we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement we want to prove
+is false or are we not false but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false or are we not false but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false or are we not false but we want
+to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that the
+uh negation of the statement we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negation of the statement we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh negation of the statement we want to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+is true and then arrive at a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and then arrive at a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true and then arrive at a false
+statement okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we want to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to assume
+this is what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we're going to do
+we're going to assume the negation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume the negation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume the negation of
+the statement we want to prove namely s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement we want to prove namely s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement we want to prove namely s
+is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this we want to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a false statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false statement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so if we are to do if we were able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we are to do if we were able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we are to do if we were able to do
+that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then
+let me just say again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+check in the appendix or you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in the appendix or you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check in the appendix or you can just
+believe me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the rules of logic then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that our initial assumption that s was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our initial assumption that s was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our initial assumption that s was
+not empty is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to begin with okay so rules of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with okay so rules of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with okay so rules of logic
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+i cannot start from a true assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot start from a true assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i cannot start from a true assumption
+and derive in a logically consistent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derive in a logically consistent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derive in a logically consistent way
+a false statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false statement
+okay um that is if we believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um that is if we believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um that is if we believe that the
+rules of logic we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of logic we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of logic we're using
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+uh consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consistent
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit
+hairy to talk about but you for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy to talk about but you for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hairy to talk about but you for our
+purposes of our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our class
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can believe me that the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can believe me that the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can believe me that the rules of
+logic we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic we use
+or at least except that the rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least except that the rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least except that the rules of
+logic we're going to use are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic we're going to use are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic we're going to use are
+consistent and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent and sound
+okay so back to the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back to the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back to the proof
+at hand we have this set of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand we have this set of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand we have this set of natural
+numbers where the statement is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where the statement is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers where the statement is not true
+we want to show it is empty we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show it is empty we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show it is empty we're going
+to do it by contradiction meaning we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by contradiction meaning we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by contradiction meaning we're
+going to assume the negation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume the negation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume the negation of the
+statement we want to prove namely s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we want to prove namely s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we want to prove namely s is
+non-empty and we're going to derive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty and we're going to derive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty and we're going to derive a
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+statement from that assumption okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement from that assumption okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement from that assumption okay
+and by the rules of logic that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the rules of logic that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the rules of logic that means
+that our initial assumption that s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our initial assumption that s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our initial assumption that s is
+not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not empty
+is in fact false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact false
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the
+contradiction suppose that s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction suppose that s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction suppose that s is
+non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now we're going to use the well ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use the well ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to use the well ordering
+property of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the natural numbers
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+uh the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordering property of the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+least element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least element
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we know about x so first off x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about x so first off x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about x so first off x
+cannot be one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be one okay
+s is a set where this property does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is a set where this property does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is a set where this property does not
+hold x cannot be one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold x cannot be one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold x cannot be one because
+let me again rewrite that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me again rewrite that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me again rewrite that this
+fact that s is the least element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that s is the least element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that s is the least element
+uh let me just reiterate that s has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just reiterate that s has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me just reiterate that s has the
+least element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least element
+in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now x cannot be 1 because we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now x cannot be 1 because we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now x cannot be 1 because we're assuming
+the base case meaning p of 1 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case meaning p of 1 is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case meaning p of 1 is true
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since p 1 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since p 1 is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since p 1 is true
+that means 1 is not an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means 1 is not an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means 1 is not an s
+which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means
+x is not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular x must be bigger than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular x must be bigger than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular x must be bigger than one so
+x is some magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is some magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is some magical
+natural number out there bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number out there bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number out there bigger than one
+that's the least element of this set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+since x is the least element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x is the least element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x is the least element
+of s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s so
+let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along the number line we have one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the number line we have one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the number line we have one two
+three four out there some magic point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four out there some magic point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four out there some magic point x
+which is the least element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the least element of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the least element of s
+and the rest of the subset s lies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the subset s lies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the subset s lies to the
+right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of
+this number x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number x
+right because it's the least element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's the least element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's the least element of
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+x minus 1 cannot be an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since x is the least element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since x is the least element of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since x is the least element of s
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x minus 1 is less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means that x minus 1 is not an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that x minus 1 is not an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that x minus 1 is not an s
+otherwise it would be a smaller element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it would be a smaller element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it would be a smaller element
+than x in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thus
+what does it mean to not be an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to not be an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to not be an s
+it means that p of x minus 1 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the definition of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the definition of s
+this means p of x minus 1 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but by the second property we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the second property we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the second property we're
+assuming about our statement p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+guy in line x minus 1 plus 1 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in line x minus 1 plus 1 is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in line x minus 1 plus 1 is true
+which is just x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+is not an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so from the assumption so let me just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the assumption so let me just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the assumption so let me just uh
+recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap
+from the assumption that s is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assumption that s is non-empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assumption that s is non-empty
+we've derived two facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've derived two facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've derived two facts
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+x has a least element in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x has a least element in s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x has a least element in s
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that element is also not an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element is also not an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element is also not an s
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've concluded there exists a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've concluded there exists a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've concluded there exists a natural
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+which is both ns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and not in this and this is a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in this and this is a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not in this and this is a false
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have
+uh an object the member that's both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an object the member that's both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an object the member that's both in
+the set and not in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set and not in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set and not in the set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+but at the end of contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the end of contradiction
+arguments i'll usually put two arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments i'll usually put two arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments i'll usually put two arrows
+hitting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting each other
+so that's a contradiction therefore our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a contradiction therefore our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a contradiction therefore our
+initial assumption that s is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial assumption that s is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial assumption that s is non
+empty has to be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore s
+is the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the empty set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i encourage you to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage you to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i encourage you to kind of
+go through that proof a little slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that proof a little slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that proof a little slowly
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+maybe you got turned around by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking the compliments or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the compliments or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the compliments or or
+the general scheme of how proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general scheme of how proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general scheme of how proof by
+contradiction works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction works
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+don't spend too much time on it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't spend too much time on it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't spend too much time on it because
+as i've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've said
+this theorem itself and its proof are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem itself and its proof are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem itself and its proof are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+the thing we're really interested in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're really interested in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're really interested in or
+at least it's not the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's not the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it's not the most interesting
+it's more of a tool that we'll use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a tool that we'll use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more of a tool that we'll use to
+prove more interesting statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how do we actually use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually use this
+theorem induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem induction
+to prove other statements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess i should include this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i should include this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess i should include this here
+you know this is falls under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is falls under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is falls under the
+umbrella of logic meaning we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella of logic meaning we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umbrella of logic meaning we're going to
+approve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve
+previous we're going to use previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous we're going to use previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous we're going to use previous
+statements we've proven to prove new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements we've proven to prove new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements we've proven to prove new
+statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements
+but anyway so so how do we use induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so so how do we use induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so so how do we use induction
+and practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we want to prove some statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n
+p n is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p n is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p n is true
+in the print then this theorem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the print then this theorem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the print then this theorem about
+induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+this theorem of induction tells us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem of induction tells us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem of induction tells us we
+just have to do two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case
+and this is usually easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you just stick the number one into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just stick the number one into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you just stick the number one into
+the statement that you want to prove and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh
+that's the end of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second step is usually or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second step is usually or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second step is usually or the
+second thing we have to prove is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we have to prove is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we have to prove is the
+more involved part which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved part which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involved part which is
+we have to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to prove
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the statement that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pm is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+p of n plus 1 is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's kind of
+if we want to do a proof by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do a proof by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do a proof by induction
+there's kind of two smaller proofs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of two smaller proofs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of two smaller proofs we
+have to do first we have to prove p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do first we have to prove p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do first we have to prove p of
+one is true and then we have to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is true and then we have to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is true and then we have to prove
+this statement if p of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement if p of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statement if p of m
+then p of n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then p of n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then p of n plus one
+okay so again this is usually referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again this is usually referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again this is usually referred
+to as the base case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the base case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the base case this is the
+inductive step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's
+try and actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so another question i get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another question i get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another question i get at the
+beginning of a course especially about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a course especially about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a course especially about
+proofs you know because there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs you know because there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs you know because there's a lot of
+uncertainty about what you can assume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about what you can assume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about what you can assume is
+true what can you use what can you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what can you use what can you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what can you use what can you not
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+whatever you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any of the algebraic properties you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the algebraic properties you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the algebraic properties you know
+about the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real numbers
+the comp the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comp the rational numbers
+and by algebraic properties i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by algebraic properties i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by algebraic properties i mean
+you know of a plus b equals c then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of a plus b equals c then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of a plus b equals c then a
+plus b times d equals c times d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b times d equals c times d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b times d equals c times d
+and what you know about um inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you know about um inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you know about um inequalities
+so we're going to go much more in depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to go much more in depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to go much more in depth
+into ordering which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ordering which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ordering which is what
+you know inequality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know inequality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know inequality uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you can use all the properties you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use all the properties you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use all the properties you know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+solving inequalities or manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving inequalities or manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving inequalities or manipulating
+inequalities meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities meaning
+um if i have one number is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i have one number is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i have one number is less than or
+equal to another number then when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to another number then when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to another number then when i
+multiply both sides by a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by a positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by a positive number
+that doesn't change the inequality so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change the inequality so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change the inequality so
+you can use all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use all of these
+algebraic properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic properties of
+rationals and real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from here on out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here on out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here on out
+there will be it i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be it i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be it i mean
+so we're going to be proving things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be proving things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to be proving things
+about calculus so you certainly cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about calculus so you certainly cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about calculus so you certainly cannot
+use anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use anything
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity
+differentiation or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+for now you can use all the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now you can use all the algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now you can use all the algebraic
+properties you know so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you know so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you know so the first
+statement we're going to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we're going to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we're going to try and
+prove using induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove using induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove using induction
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all c
+not equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're all in a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in a natural number
+1 plus c plus c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c plus c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c plus c squared
+plus c to the n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c to the n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c to the n equals
+1 minus c to the n plus 1 over 1 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus c to the n plus 1 over 1 minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus c to the n plus 1 over 1 minus c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+statement p of n it depends on a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement p of n it depends on a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement p of n it depends on a natural
+number n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're going to do this by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we're going to
+do those two things we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those two things we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do those two things we're going to prove
+the base case p of 1 which i said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case p of 1 which i said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case p of 1 which i said is
+easy and then we're going to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and then we're going to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and then we're going to prove the
+second case in the second property the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case in the second property the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case in the second property the
+inductive step which is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step which is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step which is a little more
+involved but not so much involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but not so much involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but not so much involved
+at least in the in the beginning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the in the beginning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the in the beginning so
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me
+call this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this inequality
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to prove star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove star
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+induction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction so
+first we will do the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+like i said the base case is usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said the base case is usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said the base case is usually you
+just plug in n equals 1 and verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in n equals 1 and verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in n equals 1 and verify that
+p of n is true and that's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is true and that's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is true and that's what we do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+1 plus c to the 1 which is the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c to the 1 which is the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c to the 1 which is the left hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+does in fact equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in fact equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in fact equal
+one minus c to the one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus c to the one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus c to the one plus one
+over one minus c because this right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one minus c because this right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one minus c because this right hand
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one minus c squared is one minus c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus c squared is one minus c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus c squared is one minus c times
+one plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one minus these cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the base case is proven all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we do the inductive step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to assume
+that star holds for n equals m so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that star holds for n equals m so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that star holds for n equals m so we're
+going to assume p of m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+1 plus c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c plus
+c to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the m
+equals 1 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over 1 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show
+again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's
+write out what we want to do what's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what we want to do what's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out what we want to do what's our
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to prove
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this
+line star holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for n equals n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equals n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n equals n plus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is
+what i wrote here this is basically star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for n equals m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me call this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me call this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me call this second
+inequality the second equality two star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality the second equality two star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality the second equality two star
+so this is my assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my assumption
+for m n equals m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+take the left side for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the left side for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the left side for
+n equals n plus one and see if we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals n plus one and see if we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals n plus one and see if we cannot
+massage it to get the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage it to get the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage it to get the right hand side
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+i should say the right hand side for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say the right hand side for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say the right hand side for n
+equals n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n plus one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is the calculation part so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the calculation part so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the calculation part so we
+have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+plus c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c plus
+c to the m plus c to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the m plus c to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c to the m plus c to the
+n plus one this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one this is the
+m plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m plus one
+case of the left hand side of star which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the left hand side of star which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the left hand side of star which
+we want to show is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show is to the
+is equal to the n equals n plus one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the n equals n plus one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the n equals n plus one case
+of the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the right hand side
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is equal to now we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to now we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to now we already know
+what this is equal to by our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is equal to by our assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is equal to by our assumption
+this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by
+the second star there which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second star there which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second star there which is what
+we're assuming is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming is true
+this is equal to one minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one minus c
+n plus one over one minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one over one minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one over one minus c
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c n plus one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so now we just do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we just do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we just do a little bit of
+algebra this is equal to 1 over 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra this is equal to 1 over 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra this is equal to 1 over 1 minus
+e n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e n plus 1
+plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c
+n plus 1 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 minus c
+n plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 2
+over 1 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 minus c
+those cancel and i'm left with 1 minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cancel and i'm left with 1 minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cancel and i'm left with 1 minus c
+to the n plus 2 and i'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus 2 and i'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the n plus 2 and i'll write it
+just so that you can see this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you can see this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so that you can see this is really
+the n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n plus 1
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again we arrived at this first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our assumption
+the second starred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second starred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second starred
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the star holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for n equals n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction or really i should say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or really i should say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction or really i should say the
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+of induction that we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equality
+between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those
+two objects or two expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects or two expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects or two expressions
+is valid for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example of
+using induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using induction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if c is
+a real number bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real number bigger than or equal to
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then for all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all n
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+1 plus c to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to
+1 plus n times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus n times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus n times c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+we're going to do this by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do this by induction
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+that means we need to prove the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we need to prove the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we need to prove the base
+case and we need to do the inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we need to do the inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we need to do the inductive
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+so base case as always we'll so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so base case as always we'll so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so base case as always we'll so this is
+just right here we're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right here we're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right here we're going to do this
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction
+so as you can see the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is again n equals 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again n equals 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again n equals 1 is
+clear just by looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear just by looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear just by looking at it
+1 plus c to the 1 in fact equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c to the 1 in fact equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c to the 1 in fact equals
+1 plus 1 times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1 times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1 times c
+so it's certainly bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's certainly bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's certainly bigger than or equal
+to 1 plus n times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 plus n times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 plus n times c
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think that's the last stars i'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's the last stars i'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's the last stars i'll use
+for this uh lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh lecture
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+our statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our statement
+our inequality uh star star star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for
+n equals 1. all right so that's our base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1. all right so that's our base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1. all right so that's our base
+case now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case now
+we're going to assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume that this
+inequality holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality holds for
+n equals m and try to prove that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals m and try to prove that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals m and try to prove that it
+holds for n equals n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're assuming this when n equals m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming this when n equals m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming this when n equals m
+so 1 plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 1 plus c
+to the m is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m is bigger than or equal to
+1 plus m times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus m times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus m times c
+and we want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to prove
+this inequality with n equal to n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality with n equal to n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality with n equal to n plus
+one okay and we're just assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and we're just assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay and we're just assuming
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i want to get the statement for n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to get the statement for n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to get the statement for n equals
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+one way to do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do that is
+this left side i want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left side i want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left side i want to get
+let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the
+n equals m plus one side and see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals m plus one side and see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals m plus one side and see what we
+can do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again this is a calculation part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a calculation part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is a calculation part and
+logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic
+so we have one plus c to the m plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one plus c to the m plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one plus c to the m plus one
+so that's the n equals n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the n equals n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the n equals n plus one
+side of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this is equal to one plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to one plus c
+times one plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one plus c
+to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m
+now we're assuming again this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're assuming again this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're assuming again this inequality
+this is the n equals m case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the n equals m case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the n equals m case
+so we can use it so we're assuming it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use it so we're assuming it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use it so we're assuming it we
+use it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it this
+and since c is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since c is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since c is bigger than or equal to
+minus 1 1 plus c is non-negative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 plus c is non-negative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 1 plus c is non-negative so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing is bigger than or equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is bigger than or equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is bigger than or equal to this
+thing so if i multiply both sides by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if i multiply both sides by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so if i multiply both sides by 1
+plus c i preserve the inequality so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bigger than or equal to 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to 1 plus
+m c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+again this just follows from essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this just follows from essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this just follows from essentially
+the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption
+multiplied through by 1 plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied through by 1 plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied through by 1 plus c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finagle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finagle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finagle this
+so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not i'm not doing anything different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm not doing anything different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not i'm not doing anything different
+here i'm just going to rewrite this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm just going to rewrite this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm just going to rewrite this over
+here so that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a chain of inequality so i have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chain of inequality so i have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chain of inequality so i have 1
+plus c to the n plus 1 is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c to the n plus 1 is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c to the n plus 1 is greater than
+or equal to 1 plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 1 plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 1 plus c
+1 plus m c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus m c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus m c
+all right so now this is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now this is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now this is bigger than or
+equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here
+so when i write it equal i do not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i write it equal i do not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i write it equal i do not mean
+that this left side is now equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this left side is now equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this left side is now equal to what
+i'm about to write here that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about to write here that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm about to write here that means the
+previous thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous thing on
+here is equal to what i'm about to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to what i'm about to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to what i'm about to write
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+typical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical um
+fashion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion in
+writing down inequalities or i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down inequalities or i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down inequalities or i guess
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+so this is equal to one so just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to one so just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to one so just doing
+the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra
+n plus 1 times c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 times c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 times c plus
+m times c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m times c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m times c squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this part is exactly the n equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this part is exactly the n equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this part is exactly the n equals n
+plus 1 side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 side of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i have a little room to give because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have a little room to give because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have a little room to give because
+now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+plus something that's non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just rewrite this again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just rewrite this again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just rewrite this again this
+means that 1 plus c to the n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that 1 plus c to the n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that 1 plus c to the n plus 1
+is greater than or equal to 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again i'm kind of writing a lot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'm kind of writing a lot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'm kind of writing a lot here
+i will stop writing as much as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will stop writing as much as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will stop writing as much as the
+course goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goes on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+but i encourage you especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i encourage you especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i encourage you especially in the
+beginning to write um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to write um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to write um
+you know all the steps in logic okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the steps in logic okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all the steps in logic okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so again i'm not rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'm not rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i'm not rewriting
+anything i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i'm just
+summarizing what i've done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing what i've done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing what i've done here
+now this right hand side so i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this right hand side so i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this right hand side so i have this
+is bigger than or equal to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to this and
+this right hand side since i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right hand side since i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right hand side since i have a
+number plus something non-negative m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus something non-negative m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number plus something non-negative m
+times c squared m is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c squared m is a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c squared m is a natural number
+this is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh 1 plus n plus 1 times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+1 plus c to the n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c to the n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus c to the n plus 1
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the n equals
+n plus one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this inequality triple star holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality triple star holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality triple star holds for
+all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MYcoFYXPba4.txt b/MYcoFYXPba4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f906b23010fe6200358b3d8912383e8bc044353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MYcoFYXPba4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this week we'll see how we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll see how we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll see how we can use
+analytics to understand opinions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics to understand opinions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics to understand opinions and
+intelligence in the first lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in the first lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence in the first lecture we'll
+see how we can use tweets on Twitter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can use tweets on Twitter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can use tweets on Twitter to
+understand sentiment and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sentiment and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sentiment and public
+perception in the second lecture we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception in the second lecture we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception in the second lecture we'll
+discuss how IBM built a computer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how IBM built a computer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how IBM built a computer that
+could be the best human players at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the best human players at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the best human players at
+jeopardy a popular game show through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy a popular game show through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy a popular game show through
+these examples will introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples will introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples will introduce the
+exciting area of text analytics and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting area of text analytics and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting area of text analytics and see
+how we can turn words into variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can turn words into variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can turn words into variables to
+be used in our models let's get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MdUnh4PaGKw.txt b/MdUnh4PaGKw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9804b0ac4d3fcb46d2ecd11f0fb5d3632f8eb448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MdUnh4PaGKw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then today's lecture is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then today's lecture is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then today's lecture is going to be
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+data set shifts specifically how one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set shifts specifically how one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set shifts specifically how one can
+be robust to data that shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be robust to data that shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be robust to data that shift
+now this is a topic that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a topic that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a topic that we've been
+alluding to throughout the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to throughout the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluding to throughout the semester
+and the setting that i want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the setting that i want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the setting that i want you to be
+thinking about is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're a data scientist working at let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a data scientist working at let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a data scientist working at let's
+say mass general hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say mass general hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say mass general hospital
+and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've
+been very careful in setting up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very careful in setting up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very careful in setting up your
+machine learning task to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning task to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning task to make sure that
+the data is well specified the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is well specified the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is well specified the labels
+that you're trying to predict are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to predict are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to predict are well
+specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified
+you train on a val you train on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train on a val you train on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train on a val you train on your
+training data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data you
+test it on a held out set you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on a held out set you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on a held out set you see that
+the model generalizes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model generalizes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model generalizes well
+you do chart review to make sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do chart review to make sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do chart review to make sure what
+you're predicting is actually what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're predicting is actually what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're predicting is actually what you
+think you're predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're predicting
+and you even do perspective deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you even do perspective deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you even do perspective deployment
+where you then let your machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you then let your machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you then let your machine learning
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+drive some clinical decision support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive some clinical decision support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive some clinical decision support and
+you see things are working great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see things are working great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see things are working great
+now what what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what what happens
+after this stage when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this stage when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this stage when you go to
+deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment
+what happens when your same model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when your same model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when your same model
+is going to be used not just tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be used not just tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be used not just tomorrow
+but also next week the following week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also next week the following week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also next week the following week
+the next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next year
+what happens if your model which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if your model which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if your model which is
+working well at this one hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well at this one hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working well at this one hospital
+then wants to then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wants to then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wants to then there's another
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+say maybe bring women's hospital or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe bring women's hospital or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe bring women's hospital or
+maybe ucsf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe ucsf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe ucsf
+or some rural hospital in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some rural hospital in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some rural hospital in the united
+states wants to use the same model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states wants to use the same model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states wants to use the same model
+will it keep working in this short term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it keep working in this short term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it keep working in this short term
+to the future time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the future time period
+or in a new institution that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a new institution that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a new institution that's the
+question which we're going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which we're going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which we're going to be talking
+about in today's lecture and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in today's lecture and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in today's lecture and we'll be
+talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how
+one can deal with data set shift of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can deal with data set shift of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can deal with data set shift of two
+different varieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different varieties
+the first variety is adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first variety is adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first variety is adversarial
+perturbations to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations to data
+and the second variety is data due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second variety is data due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second variety is data due to
+the data that changes for natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that changes for natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that changes for natural
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+now the reason why it's not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason why it's not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason why it's not at all
+obvious that your machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that your machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that your machine learning
+algorithms should still work in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms should still work in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms should still work in this
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+is because the number one assumption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the number one assumption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the number one assumption we
+make when we do machine learning is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make when we do machine learning is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make when we do machine learning is that
+your training distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training distribution
+your training data is drawn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training data is drawn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your training data is drawn from the
+same distribution as your test data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution as your test data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same distribution as your test data
+so if you now go to a setting where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you now go to a setting where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you now go to a setting where your
+data distribution has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data distribution has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data distribution has changed
+even if you've computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you've computed
+your accuracy using your held out data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your accuracy using your held out data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your accuracy using your held out data
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it looks good there's no reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks good there's no reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks good there's no reason that
+should continue to look good in a new in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should continue to look good in a new in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should continue to look good in a new in
+this new setting where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new setting where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new setting where the
+data distribution has changed a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data distribution has changed a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data distribution has changed a simple
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+what it means for a data distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for a data distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for a data distribution to
+change might be as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change might be as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change might be as follows
+um suppose that we have as input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose that we have as input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose that we have as input
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're trying to predict some label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to predict some label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to predict some label
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which maybe meant something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe meant something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe meant something like
+why is if a patient has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is if a patient has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is if a patient has
+or or will be newly diagnosed with type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or will be newly diagnosed with type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or will be newly diagnosed with type
+2 diabetes and this is an example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 diabetes and this is an example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 diabetes and this is an example which
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+which we talked about when we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about when we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about when we introduced
+risk stratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk stratification
+you learn a model to predict why from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a model to predict why from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a model to predict why from
+acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+and now suppose you go to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose you go to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose you go to a new
+institution where their definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution where their definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution where their definition of
+what type 2 diabetes means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type 2 diabetes means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type 2 diabetes means
+has changed for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed for example
+they you know maybe they don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know maybe they don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know maybe they don't actually
+have type 2 diabetes coded in their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have type 2 diabetes coded in their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have type 2 diabetes coded in their data
+maybe they only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they only have
+diabetes coded in their data which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes coded in their data which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes coded in their data which
+is lumping together both type 1 and type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lumping together both type 1 and type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lumping together both type 1 and type
+2 diabetes type 1 being what's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 diabetes type 1 being what's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 diabetes type 1 being what's usually
+juvenile diabetes and is actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juvenile diabetes and is actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juvenile diabetes and is actually a very
+distinct disease from type 2 diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct disease from type 2 diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct disease from type 2 diabetes
+so now that the notion of what diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that the notion of what diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that the notion of what diabetes
+is is different maybe the use case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is different maybe the use case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is different maybe the use case is
+also slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also slightly different
+and there's no reason obviously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reason obviously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no reason obviously that
+your model which was used to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model which was used to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model which was used to predict
+type 2 diabetes would work for that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes would work for that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type 2 diabetes would work for that new
+label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+now this is an example of a very type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an example of a very type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an example of a very type of
+a type of data set shift which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of data set shift which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type of data set shift which
+is uh perhaps for you kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh perhaps for you kind of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh perhaps for you kind of obvious
+nothing should work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing should work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing should work
+in the setting right because here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting right because here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting right because here the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+of p of y given x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p of y given x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of p of y given x
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+meaning even if you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning even if you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning even if you have the same
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+your distribution p y given x and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distribution p y given x and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your distribution p y given x and let's
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+the distribution p zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution p zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution p zero and the
+distribution p of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution p of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution p of
+y given x p one where this is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y given x p one where this is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y given x p one where this is let's say
+one institution that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one institution that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one institution that's another
+institution these now are two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution these now are two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution these now are two different
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+if the meaning of the label has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the meaning of the label has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the meaning of the label has changed
+so for the same person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the same person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the same person
+there might be different distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be different distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be different distribution
+over what y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what y is
+so this is one type of data shift and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one type of data shift and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is one type of data shift and a
+very different type of data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different type of data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different type of data set
+shift is where we assume that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is where we assume that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is where we assume that these two
+are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal
+and so that would for example rule out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would for example rule out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that would for example rule out
+this type of data set shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of data set shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of data set shift
+but rather what changes is p of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather what changes is p of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather what changes is p of x
+from location one to location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from location one to location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from location one to location
+uh for two location two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for two location two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for two location two okay
+and this is the type of data set shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the type of data set shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the type of data set shift
+um which we'll be focused on in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we'll be focused on in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which we'll be focused on in today's
+lecture it goes by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it goes by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture it goes by the name
+of covariate shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's look at two different examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at two different examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at two different examples
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+the first example would be of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example would be of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example would be of an
+adversarial perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial perturbation
+and so we've you've all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've you've all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we've you've all seen
+the use of convolutional neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of convolutional neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of convolutional neural networks
+for image classification problems this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for image classification problems this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for image classification problems this
+is just one illustration of such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one illustration of such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one illustration of such an
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+and with such an architecture one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with such an architecture one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with such an architecture one could
+then attempt to do all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then attempt to do all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then attempt to do all sorts of
+different object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object
+classification or image classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification or image classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification or image classification
+tasks you could take it then put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks you could take it then put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks you could take it then put this
+picture of a dog which is clearly a dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a dog which is clearly a dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a dog which is clearly a dog
+right and you could modify it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you could modify it just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you could modify it just a
+little bit just add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit just add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit just add in
+a very small amount of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small amount of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small amount of noise
+what i'm going to do is now i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is now i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to do is now i'm going to
+create a new image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new image
+which is that original image now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that original image now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that original image now with
+every single pixel i'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single pixel i'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single pixel i'm going to add
+a very small epsilon in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small epsilon in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small epsilon in the direction of
+that noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that noise
+and what you get out is this new image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you get out is this new image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you get out is this new image
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+you could stare at it however long you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stare at it however long you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could stare at it however long you
+want you're not gonna be able to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you're not gonna be able to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you're not gonna be able to tell a
+difference basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference basically
+to the human eye these two look exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the human eye these two look exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the human eye these two look exactly
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+except when you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except when you take your
+machine learning classifier which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning classifier which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning classifier which is
+trained on original unperturbed data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on original unperturbed data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on original unperturbed data
+and now apply it to this new image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now apply it to this new image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now apply it to this new image is
+classified as an ostrich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this observation was published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this observation was published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this observation was published in
+in a paper in 2014 called intriguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paper in 2014 called intriguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paper in 2014 called intriguing
+properties of neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of neural networks
+uh and it really kick-started a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it really kick-started a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it really kick-started a uh
+a huge surge of interest in the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge surge of interest in the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge surge of interest in the machine
+learning community on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community on
+adversarial perturbations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial perturbations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial perturbations to
+machine learning so asking questions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning so asking questions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning so asking questions if
+you were to perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to perturb
+inputs just a little bit how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs just a little bit how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs just a little bit how does that
+change your classifier's output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your classifier's output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your classifier's output
+and could that be used to attack machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could that be used to attack machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could that be used to attack machine
+learning algorithms and how can one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms and how can one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithms and how can one
+defend against it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend against it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend against it
+by the way as an aside this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way as an aside this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way as an aside this is actually
+a very old area of literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very old area of literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very old area of literature
+of research and even back in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and even back in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of research and even back in the in the
+land of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of
+linear classifiers these questions had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear classifiers these questions had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear classifiers these questions had
+been studied although i won't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied although i won't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been studied although i won't get into
+it in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this course
+so this is a type of data set shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a type of data set shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a type of data set shift in
+the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that
+what we want is that this should still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is that this should still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want is that this should still
+be classified as an austria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be classified as an austria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be classified as an austria
+as a dog right so the actual label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dog right so the actual label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a dog right so the actual label
+hasn't changed we would like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed we would like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't changed we would like this
+distribution over the labels given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over the labels given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over the labels given the
+perturbed into it to be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed into it to be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed into it to be slightly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+except that now the sort of distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that now the sort of distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that now the sort of distribution
+of inputs is a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs is a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inputs is a little bit different
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we're allowing for some noise to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowing for some noise to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're allowing for some noise to be
+added to each of the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to each of the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to each of the inputs
+and in this case the noise actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the noise actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the noise actually
+isn't random it's adversarial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't random it's adversarial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't random it's adversarial and
+towards the end of today's lecture i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of today's lecture i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of today's lecture i'll
+give an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give an example
+of of how one can actually generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of how one can actually generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of how one can actually generate the
+adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial
+image which can change the classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image which can change the classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image which can change the classifier
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the reason why we should care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we should care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we should care about
+these types of things in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of things in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of things in this course
+are because i expect that this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because i expect that this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are because i expect that this type of
+data set shift which is not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set shift which is not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set shift which is not at all
+natural it's adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural it's adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural it's adversarial
+is also going to start showing up in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also going to start showing up in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also going to start showing up in in
+both computer vision and non-computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both computer vision and non-computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both computer vision and non-computer
+vision problems in medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision problems in medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision problems in medical
+in the medical domain there was a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medical domain there was a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the medical domain there was a nice
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+by um sam finlandson uh andy beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um sam finlandson uh andy beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um sam finlandson uh andy beam
+and zach cohen recently which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zach cohen recently which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zach cohen recently which
+which presented several different case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which presented several different case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which presented several different case
+studies of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of where
+these problems could really arise in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems could really arise in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems could really arise in in
+healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare
+so for example here what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here what we're looking
+at is an image classification problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is an image classification problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is an image classification problem
+arising from dermatology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising from dermatology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising from dermatology
+you're given as input and an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given as input and an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given as input and an image
+for example you would like that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you would like that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you would like that this
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+be classified as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be classified as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be classified as a as
+an individual having a particular type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual having a particular type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual having a particular type
+of skin disorder nevis in this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skin disorder nevis in this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skin disorder nevis in this other
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+melanoma and what one can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melanoma and what one can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melanoma and what one can see is that
+with a small perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a small perturbation
+of the of the input one can completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the input one can completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the input one can completely
+swap the label that would be assigned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the label that would be assigned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap the label that would be assigned to
+it from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this paper which we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this paper which we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this paper which we're going to
+post as optional readings for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post as optional readings for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post as optional readings for today's
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+they talk about how one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about how one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talk about how one could
+maliciously use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maliciously use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maliciously use
+these these algorithms to for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these algorithms to for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these algorithms to for for
+benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit
+so for example imagine that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example imagine that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example imagine that a
+health insurance company now decides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance company now decides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance company now decides in
+order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to
+reimburse for a expensive biopsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimburse for a expensive biopsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimburse for a expensive biopsy
+of a patient's skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a patient's skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a patient's skin
+a clinician or a nurse must first take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinician or a nurse must first take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinician or a nurse must first take a
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+of the of the disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the disorder
+and submit that picture together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and submit that picture together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and submit that picture together with
+the bill for the procedure and imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill for the procedure and imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bill for the procedure and imagine
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+that the insurance company were to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the insurance company were to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the insurance company were to have
+a machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning algorithm
+be an automatic sort of check is was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an automatic sort of check is was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an automatic sort of check is was
+this procedure actually reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure actually reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure actually reasonable
+for this um for this condition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this um for this condition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this um for this condition and
+if it isn't it might be flagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it isn't it might be flagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it isn't it might be flagged
+now a malicious user could perturb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a malicious user could perturb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a malicious user could perturb the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+such that it would despite the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it would despite the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it would despite the patient
+having perhaps even completely normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having perhaps even completely normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having perhaps even completely normal
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+skin could nonetheless be classified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin could nonetheless be classified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skin could nonetheless be classified by
+a machine learning algorithm as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning algorithm as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning algorithm as being
+abnormal in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal in some way
+and thus perhaps could get reimbursed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus perhaps could get reimbursed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus perhaps could get reimbursed by
+that procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that procedure
+now obviously this is this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously this is this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obviously this is this is an example
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+of a nefarious setting where we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nefarious setting where we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nefarious setting where we would
+then hope that such an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hope that such an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hope that such an individual
+would be uh caught by the police sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh caught by the police sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh caught by the police sent to
+jail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail
+but nonetheless what we would like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless what we would like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless what we would like to be
+able to do is build build checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is build build checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is build build checks and
+balances into the system such that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances into the system such that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances into the system such that that
+couldn't even happen right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't even happen right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't even happen right because
+to a human it's kind of obvious that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human it's kind of obvious that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human it's kind of obvious that you
+that you shouldn't be able to trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shouldn't be able to trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shouldn't be able to trick
+um uh trick anyone with such a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trick anyone with such a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh trick anyone with such a very
+minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor
+perturbation so how do you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so how do you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so how do you build
+algorithms that could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that could also be
+not tricked as easily as humans wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tricked as easily as humans wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tricked as easily as humans wouldn't
+be tricked ask that question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tricked ask that question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tricked ask that question yeah
+for any of these examples did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these examples did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of these examples did the
+attacker need access to the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker need access to the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker need access to the network
+is there a way to do it so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way to do it so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way to do it so the question
+is whether the attacker needs to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether the attacker needs to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whether the attacker needs to know
+something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the
+function that's being used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's being used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's being used for
+classifying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying um
+there are examples of both what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of both what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are examples of both what are
+called white box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called white box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called white box and
+black box attacks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box attacks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box attacks where
+in one setting you have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one setting you have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one setting you have access to
+the function and other settings you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and other settings you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function and other settings you
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+um and so both have been studied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so both have been studied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so both have been studied in the
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+and there are results showing that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are results showing that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are results showing that one
+can attack in either setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attack in either setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can attack in either setting
+um sometimes you you might need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes you you might need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes you you might need to know
+a little bit more like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more like for example
+sometimes you need to have the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need to have the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need to have the ability
+to query the function a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query the function a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query the function a certain number
+of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times
+so even if you don't know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you don't know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you don't know exactly what
+the function is like you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is like you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is like you don't know the
+weights of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights of the
+neural network as long as you can query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network as long as you can query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network as long as you can query
+it sufficiently many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sufficiently many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sufficiently many times
+you'll be able to construct adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to construct adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to construct adversarial
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+that would be one approach another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one approach another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be one approach another
+approach would be oh maybe we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach would be oh maybe we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach would be oh maybe we don't know
+the function but we know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function but we know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function but we know something about
+the training data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training data
+so there are ways to to go about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are ways to to go about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are ways to to go about doing
+this even if you don't perfectly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even if you don't perfectly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even if you don't perfectly know
+the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function
+does that answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what about a natural part unnatural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about a natural part unnatural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what about a natural part unnatural
+perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+so this figure is just pulled from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this figure is just pulled from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this figure is just pulled from
+lecture five when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture five when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture five when we talked about
+non-stationarity in the context of wrist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity in the context of wrist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity in the context of wrist
+stratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification
+that's just to remind you here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just to remind you here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just to remind you here the
+x-axis is time the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is time the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is time the y-axis
+is different types of laboratory test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different types of laboratory test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different types of laboratory test
+results that might be ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that might be ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that might be ordered
+and the color denotes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the color denotes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the color denotes what
+how many of those laboratory tests were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those laboratory tests were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those laboratory tests were
+ordered in a certain population at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in a certain population at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered in a certain population at a
+point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time
+so what we would expect to see if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we would expect to see if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we would expect to see if the
+data was non st was stationary is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was non st was stationary is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was non st was stationary is that
+every row would be a homogeneous color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row would be a homogeneous color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row would be a homogeneous color
+but instead what we see is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead what we see is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead what we see is that there
+are points in time for example a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are points in time for example a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are points in time for example a few
+month interval over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month interval over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month interval over here
+when suddenly it looks like for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when suddenly it looks like for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when suddenly it looks like for some of
+the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory
+tests they were never performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests they were never performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests they were never performed
+that's most likely due to a data problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most likely due to a data problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most likely due to a data problem
+or perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps
+the feed of data from that laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feed of data from that laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feed of data from that laboratory
+test provider got lost there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test provider got lost there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test provider got lost there was some
+systems problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems problem
+but they're also going to be settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're also going to be settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're also going to be settings
+where for example a laboratory test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example a laboratory test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example a laboratory test is
+never used until it's suddenly used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never used until it's suddenly used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never used until it's suddenly used and
+that might be because it's a new test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be because it's a new test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be because it's a new test
+that was just invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just invented
+or approved for reimbursement at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or approved for reimbursement at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or approved for reimbursement at that
+point in time so this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time so this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time so this is an example of
+non-stationarity and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity and of course
+this could also result in changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could also result in changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could also result in changes in
+your data distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data distribution
+such as what i described over there over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as what i described over there over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as what i described over there over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+and the third example is when you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third example is when you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third example is when you then
+go across institutions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go across institutions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go across institutions where
+of course both the language that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course both the language that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course both the language that might
+be used if i think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used if i think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used if i think of
+a hospital in the united states there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital in the united states there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital in the united states there's
+a hospital in china the clinical notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital in china the clinical notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hospital in china the clinical notes
+will be written completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be written completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be written completely different
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+that will be an extreme case and a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an extreme case and a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be an extreme case and a less
+extreme case might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case might be
+um two different hospitals in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two different hospitals in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two different hospitals in boston
+where the acronyms or the shorthand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the acronyms or the shorthand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the acronyms or the shorthand they
+use for some clinical terms might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for some clinical terms might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for some clinical terms might
+actually be different because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be different because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be different because
+of local practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local practices
+so what do we do this is all the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do this is all the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do this is all the setup
+and for the rest of the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the rest of the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the rest of the lecture
+what i'll talk about is first very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll talk about is first very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll talk about is first very
+briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly
+how one can build in population level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can build in population level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can build in population level
+checks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks for
+has something changed and then the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something changed and then the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something changed and then the bulk
+of today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture
+we'll be talking about how to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about how to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about how to develop
+transfer learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning algorithms
+and how one could think about defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how one could think about defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how one could think about defenses
+to adversarial attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so before i show you that first slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before i show you that first slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before i show you that first slide
+for bullet one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bullet one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bullet one
+i want to have a bit of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you've suddenly done that thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've suddenly done that thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've suddenly done that thing of
+learning a machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a machine learning algorithm
+and and your institution and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and your institution and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and your institution and you want to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh will this algorithm work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will this algorithm work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will this algorithm work
+at some other institution you pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other institution you pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other institution you pick up
+the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phone
+you call up the you're you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call up the you're you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call up the you're you're a
+collaborating data scientist at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating data scientist at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating data scientist at another
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+what are the questions that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the questions that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the questions that you should
+ask them and try to understand will your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them and try to understand will your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them and try to understand will your
+algorithm work there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep what kind of lab test information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep what kind of lab test information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep what kind of lab test information
+so what type of data do they have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what type of data do they have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what type of data do they have on
+their patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their patients and
+do they have similar data types or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have similar data types or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have similar data types or
+features available for their patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features available for their patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features available for their patient
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+um other ideas someone who hasn't spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other ideas someone who hasn't spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other ideas someone who hasn't spoken
+in the last two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last two lectures
+maybe someone in the far back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe someone in the far back there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe someone in the far back there
+people who have their computer out maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have their computer out maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have their computer out maybe
+you with your hand in your mouth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with your hand in your mouth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you with your hand in your mouth right
+there yeah you you with your glasses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah you you with your glasses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah you you with your glasses on
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me repeat the question the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me repeat the question the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me repeat the question the question
+was as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as follows
+you learn your machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn your machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn your machine learning
+algorithm at some institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm at some institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm at some institution
+you want to apply it now in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to apply it now in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to apply it now in a new
+institution what questions should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution what questions should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution what questions should you
+ask of that new institution to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask of that new institution to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask of that new institution to try to
+assess whether your algorithm would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether your algorithm would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether your algorithm would
+generalize that new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize that new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize that new institution
+uh yeah i guess it depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah i guess it depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah i guess it depends on your
+problem you're looking at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're looking at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're looking at like
+whatever their possible differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever their possible differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever their possible differences in
+your population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your population
+if you're acquiring data with particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're acquiring data with particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're acquiring data with particular
+tools or the differences in the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools or the differences in the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools or the differences in the tools
+that are being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being used
+solid vision data you want are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid vision data you want are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid vision data you want are your
+machines calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines calibrated
+do they use different techniques to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they use different techniques to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they use different techniques to
+acquire the present all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire the present all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire the present all right so let's
+break down each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break down each of the
+of the answers that you gave the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answers that you gave the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answers that you gave the first
+answer that you gave was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that you gave was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that you gave was
+are there differences in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there differences in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there differences in the population
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what would be someone else now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be someone else now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be someone else now what
+would be an example of a difference in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of a difference in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of a difference in a
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+age distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you might have younger people in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have younger people in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have younger people in um
+in boston versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in boston versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in boston versus
+older people in central massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older people in central massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older people in central massachusetts
+massachusetts how might a change in age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts how might a change in age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts how might a change in age
+distribution affect your ability your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution affect your ability your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution affect your ability your
+algorithms generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep responsible health patterns for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep responsible health patterns for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep responsible health patterns for
+younger people are very different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger people are very different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger people are very different than
+men for older people who have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men for older people who have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men for older people who have some
+diseases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that are
+becoming more prevalent in populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more prevalent in populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more prevalent in populations
+thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so
+sometimes we might expect a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we might expect a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we might expect a different
+set of diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of diseases
+to occur for a younger population versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur for a younger population versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur for a younger population versus
+older population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older population
+right so type 2 diabetes hypertension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so type 2 diabetes hypertension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so type 2 diabetes hypertension
+these are diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are diseases
+uh that are often diagnosed in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are often diagnosed in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are often diagnosed in when
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+are when individuals are um 40s 50s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when individuals are um 40s 50s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when individuals are um 40s 50s and
+older if you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older if you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older if you have a set of
+if you have people who are in their 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have people who are in their 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have people who are in their 20s
+don't you don't typically see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't typically see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you don't typically see those
+diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+in a younger population and so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a younger population and so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a younger population and so what that
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+is um if your model for example was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if your model for example was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if your model for example was
+trained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on
+a population of of very young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population of of very young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population of of very young
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+then it might not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might not be able to
+suppose you're doing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're doing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're doing something like
+predicting future cost or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting future cost or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting future cost or
+um so something which is not directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so something which is not directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so something which is not directly
+tied to the disease itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to the disease itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to the disease itself
+the features that are predictive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that are predictive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that are predictive of
+future cost and a very young population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future cost and a very young population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future cost and a very young population
+might be very different from features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very different from features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be very different from features
+for predictors of cost in a much older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predictors of cost in a much older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predictors of cost in a much older
+population because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population because of
+the differences and conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences and conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences and conditions that
+those individuals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individuals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individuals have
+now the second answer that was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second answer that was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the second answer that was given
+what had to do with calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had to do with calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had to do with calibration
+of instruments can you elaborate a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instruments can you elaborate a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instruments can you elaborate a bit
+about that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh
+yeah so i was thinking particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i was thinking particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i was thinking particularly in
+like the colonoscopy space um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the colonoscopy space um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the colonoscopy space um but
+like if you're collecting so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're collecting so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're collecting so in that
+space like you're collecting videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like you're collecting videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space like you're collecting videos and
+pull-ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull-ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull-ins
+and so you could have machines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could have machines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could have machines that are
+calibrated very differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated very differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrated very differently
+let's say different light exposure um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say different light exposure um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say different light exposure um
+different camera settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different camera settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different camera settings
+but you also have that the the gi's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also have that the the gi's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also have that the the gi's and
+physicians have different techniques as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians have different techniques as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians have different techniques as
+to how they explore the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how they explore the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how they explore the color
+so the video data itself is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the video data itself is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the video data itself is going to be
+very different so the example that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different so the example that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different so the example that was
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+um was uh of colonoscopies and data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was uh of colonoscopies and data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was uh of colonoscopies and data that
+might be collected as part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be collected as part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be collected as part of that
+and and the data that could be the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the data that could be the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the data that could be the data
+can be elected could be different for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be elected could be different for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be elected could be different for
+two different reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different reasons
+one because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the
+because the actual instruments that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the actual instruments that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the actual instruments that are
+collecting the data for example imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the data for example imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting the data for example imaging
+data might be calibrated a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might be calibrated a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might be calibrated a little bit
+differently and second reason might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and second reason might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and second reason might be
+because the procedures that are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the procedures that are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the procedures that are used to
+perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the
+diagnostic test might be different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic test might be different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic test might be different in
+each institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each institution
+each one reset will result in slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one reset will result in slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one reset will result in slightly
+different biases to the data and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biases to the data and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biases to the data and it's
+not clear that an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear that an algorithm
+trained on one type of procedure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on one type of procedure one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on one type of procedure one
+type of instrument would generalize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of instrument would generalize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of instrument would generalize to
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+um so these are all great examples so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are all great examples so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so these are all great examples so
+when one reads a paper from the clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one reads a paper from the clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one reads a paper from the clinical
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+on uh developing a new wrist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh developing a new wrist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh developing a new wrist
+stratification tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification tool
+what you will always see in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will always see in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will always see in this paper
+is what's known as table one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's known as table one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's known as table one right
+table one looks a little bit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table one looks a little bit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table one looks a little bit like this
+here i pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i pulled
+uh one of my own papers that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my own papers that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of my own papers that was
+published in jama cardiology for 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in jama cardiology for 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in jama cardiology for 2016
+where we looked at how to try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we looked at how to try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we looked at how to try to find
+patients with heart failure who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with heart failure who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients with heart failure who are
+hospitalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized
+um and i'm just going to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i'm just going to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i'm just going to walk through
+what this table is so this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this table is so this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this table is so this table
+is describing the population that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describing the population that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is describing the population that was
+used in the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the study
+at the very top it says these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very top it says these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very top it says these are
+characteristics of 47 000 hospitalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of 47 000 hospitalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of 47 000 hospitalized
+patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients
+then what we've done is using our domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we've done is using our domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we've done is using our domain
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+we know that this is a heart failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is a heart failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this is a heart failure
+population and we know that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we know that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we know that there are a
+number of different axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different axes
+that differentiate patients who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differentiate patients who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differentiate patients who are
+hospitalized that have heart failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized that have heart failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized that have heart failure
+and so we enumerate over many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we enumerate over many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we enumerate over many of the
+features that we think are critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we think are critical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we think are critical to
+characterizing the population and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the population and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the population and we
+give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give
+descriptive statistics on each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive statistics on each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive statistics on each one of
+those features you always start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those features you always start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those features you always start with
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+age gender and race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age gender and race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age gender and race
+so here for example the average age was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here for example the average age was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here for example the average age was
+61 years old this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61 years old this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+61 years old this
+this was by the way nyu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was by the way nyu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was by the way nyu
+medical school uh 50.8 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school uh 50.8 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical school uh 50.8 percent
+female 11.2 percent black african
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female 11.2 percent black african
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female 11.2 percent black african
+american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american
+17.6 percent of individuals were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.6 percent of individuals were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.6 percent of individuals were on
+medicaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicaid
+which was a state provided health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a state provided health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a state provided health
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance
+for um for either disabled or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for either disabled or lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for either disabled or lower
+income individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income individuals
+and then we looked at quantities like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we looked at quantities like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we looked at quantities like uh
+what types of medications were patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what types of medications were patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what types of medications were patients
+on 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 41
+of uh 42 percent of inpatient patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh 42 percent of inpatient patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh 42 percent of inpatient patients
+had were on something called beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had were on something called beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had were on something called beta
+blockers 31.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockers 31.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockers 31.6
+of outpatients were on beta blockers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outpatients were on beta blockers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outpatients were on beta blockers we
+then looked at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looked at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then looked at things
+like laboratory test results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like laboratory test results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like laboratory test results
+so one could look at the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one could look at the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one could look at the average
+creatinine values the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatinine values the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatinine values the average
+sodium values of of this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium values of of this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium values of of this patient
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+and this way describe what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this way describe what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this way describe what is the
+population that's being studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's being studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that's being studied
+then when you go to the new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you go to the new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you go to the new institution
+that new institution receives not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new institution receives not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new institution receives not just
+the algorithm but they also receive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm but they also receive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm but they also receive this
+table one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table one
+that describes the population which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes the population which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes the population which the
+algorithm was learned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was learned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was learned on
+and they could use that together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could use that together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could use that together with
+some domain knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some domain knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some domain knowledge
+to think through questions like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through questions like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through questions like what we
+were listening what i listed from you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were listening what i listed from you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were listening what i listed from you in
+our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion
+right so that we could think is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that we could think is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that we could think is it
+actually does it make sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does it make sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does it make sense that this
+model will generalize to this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model will generalize to this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model will generalize to this new
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+are the reasons why it might not and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the reasons why it might not and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the reasons why it might not and you
+could do that even before doing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that even before doing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that even before doing any
+prospective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective
+evaluation on the on the new population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation on the on the new population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation on the on the new population
+so almost all of you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all of you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so almost all of you should have
+something like table one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like table one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like table one
+in your project write-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your project write-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your project write-ups
+right because that's an important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's an important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's an important part
+of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any
+study in this field is describing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in this field is describing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in this field is describing what
+is the population that you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the population that you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the population that you're doing your
+study on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on
+you agree with me pete yeah i would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree with me pete yeah i would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you agree with me pete yeah i would just
+add that table one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that table one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that table one
+if you're doing a case control study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a case control study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing a case control study
+we'll have two columns that show the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two columns that show the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have two columns that show the uh
+the distributions in in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions in in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributions in in the two
+populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations
+and then a p-value of how likely those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a p-value of how likely those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a p-value of how likely those
+differences are to be significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are to be significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences are to be significant
+and if you leave that out you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you leave that out you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you leave that out you can't get
+your paper published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper published
+i'll just i'll just repeat pete's answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just i'll just repeat pete's answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just i'll just repeat pete's answer
+for the recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the recording
+if you are this table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are this table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are this table is
+uh is is for a predictive problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is for a predictive problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is for a predictive problem
+but if you're thinking about a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're thinking about a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're thinking about a causal
+inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference
+type problem where there's a notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type problem where there's a notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type problem where there's a notion of
+different intervention groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intervention groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intervention groups
+then you're you'd be expected to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you'd be expected to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're you'd be expected to report
+the same sorts of things but for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sorts of things but for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sorts of things but for both
+the case population people who received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case population people who received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case population people who received
+let's say treatment one and the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say treatment one and the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say treatment one and the control
+population people who receive treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population people who receive treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population people who receive treatment
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and then you would be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would be looking at
+differences between those populations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between those populations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between those populations as
+well at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at the
+individual feature level as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual feature level as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual feature level as part of the
+descriptive statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive statistics
+for that study now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that study now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that study now
+this yep just to identify like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to see if they're different no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if they're different no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if they're different no so
+they're always going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're always going to be different
+right you go to a new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you go to a new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you go to a new institution
+it's always going to look different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to look different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to look different um
+and and so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so just
+looking to see how something changed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see how something changed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see how something changed is
+not the answer is always going to be yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the answer is always going to be yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the answer is always going to be yes
+um but but it's really it enables a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but it's really it enables a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but it's really it enables a
+conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation
+to think through okay this and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through okay this and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through okay this and then you
+might look you might use some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look you might use some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look you might use some of the
+techniques that pete's going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that pete's going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that pete's going to talk
+about next week on interpretability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next week on interpretability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about next week on interpretability to
+try to understand what is the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what is the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what is the model
+actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using
+then you might ask oh okay well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might ask oh okay well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might ask oh okay well the
+model is using this thing which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is using this thing which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is using this thing which makes
+sense in this population but might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in this population but might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in this population but might not
+make sense in another population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense in another population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense in another population
+it's these two things together that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these two things together that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these two things together that make
+the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation
+now this question has really come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this question has really come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this question has really come to the
+forefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefront
+in recent years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in close connection to the topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close connection to the topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close connection to the topic that
+pete discussed last week on fairness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pete discussed last week on fairness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pete discussed last week on fairness and
+machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+because you might ask if a classifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might ask if a classifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might ask if a classifier is
+built in some population is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in some population is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in some population is it going to
+generalize to another population if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to another population if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize to another population if that
+population that was learned on was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that was learned on was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that was learned on was very
+biased for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased for example
+might have been all white people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been all white people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been all white people you
+might ask is that classifier going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask is that classifier going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might ask is that classifier going to
+work well in another population that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well in another population that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well in another population that
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+perhaps include people of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps include people of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps include people of different
+ethnicities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicities
+and so that has led to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that has led to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that has led to a
+concept um which was recently published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept um which was recently published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept um which was recently published
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this this working draft that i'm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this working draft that i'm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this working draft that i'm that
+i'm showing abstract from was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing abstract from was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing abstract from was just
+a few weeks ago called data sheets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks ago called data sheets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few weeks ago called data sheets for
+data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+and the goal here is to standardize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal here is to standardize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal here is to standardize the
+process of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of describing
+of eliciting the information about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eliciting the information about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eliciting the information about what
+is it about the data set that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about the data set that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about the data set that really
+played into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played into
+your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your
+your model and so i'm going to walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model and so i'm going to walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model and so i'm going to walk you
+through very briefly just through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through very briefly just through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through very briefly just through a
+couple of elements of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of elements of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of elements of what a
+example data set for a data sheet might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example data set for a data sheet might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example data set for a data sheet might
+look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like
+uh this is too small for you to read but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is too small for you to read but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is too small for you to read but
+i'll i'll blow up one section in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll blow up one section in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll blow up one section in just a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+so this is a data sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a data sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a data sheet
+for a dataset course called uh studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a dataset course called uh studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a dataset course called uh studying
+face recognition in unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition in unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition in unconstrained
+environment so it's for a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so it's for a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so it's for a computer
+vision problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision problem
+they're going to be a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be a number of
+questionnaires which this paper that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires which this paper that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionnaires which this paper that i
+point you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you to
+outlines and you as the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines and you as the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines and you as the model
+developer go through that questionnaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer go through that questionnaire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer go through that questionnaire
+and fill out the answers to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill out the answers to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fill out the answers to it
+so going including things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going including things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going including things about
+motivation for the data set creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for the data set creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for the data set creation
+composition and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and so on
+so in this particular instance uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular instance uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular instance uh this
+data set was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set was
+called labeled phases in the wild was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called labeled phases in the wild was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called labeled phases in the wild was
+created to provide images that study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created to provide images that study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created to provide images that study
+face recognition and in unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition and in unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face recognition and in unconstrained
+settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings
+where image characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where image characterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where image characterization
+characteristics such as pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics such as pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics such as pose
+illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+resolution and focus uh cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and focus uh cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and focus uh cannot be
+controlled so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so it's
+intended to to be real world settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to to be real world settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to to be real world settings
+now one of the most interesting sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the most interesting sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the most interesting sections
+of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this
+report that that one should release with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that that one should release with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that that one should release with
+the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set
+has to do with how was the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with how was the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with how was the data
+pre-processed or cleaned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processed or cleaned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processed or cleaned
+so for example for this data set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for this data set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for this data set it
+walks through the following process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks through the following process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks through the following process
+first raw images were obtained from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first raw images were obtained from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first raw images were obtained from the
+data set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and
+um and it consisted of images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it consisted of images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it consisted of images and
+captions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captions that were
+gathered that were found together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered that were found together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered that were found together with
+that image in news articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image in news articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image in news articles
+or around the web then there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or around the web then there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or around the web then there was a
+face detector that was run on the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face detector that was run on the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face detector that was run on the data
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+here were the parameters of the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here were the parameters of the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here were the parameters of the face
+detector that were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that were used
+and then remember the goal here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then remember the goal here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then remember the goal here is to
+study face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study face
+detection and so um so one has to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and so um so one has to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and so um so one has to know
+how were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how were the
+how were the uh how how were the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how were the uh how how were the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how were the uh how how were the labels
+uh um uh determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um uh determined
+and how would one for example eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how would one for example eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how would one for example eliminate
+if there was no face in this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was no face in this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was no face in this image
+and so there they describe how face was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there they describe how face was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there they describe how face was
+detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected
+and how a region was determined to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a region was determined to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a region was determined to not
+be a face in the case that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a face in the case that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a face in the case that it wasn't
+and finally describes how duplicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally describes how duplicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally describes how duplicates
+were removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were removed
+and if you think back to the examples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think back to the examples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think back to the examples we
+had earlier in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had earlier in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had earlier in the semester
+from medical imaging for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from medical imaging for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from medical imaging for example in
+pathology or radiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology or radiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology or radiology
+similar data set constructions had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar data set constructions had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar data set constructions had to be
+done there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done there
+for example one would go to the pac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one would go to the pac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example one would go to the pac
+system where radiology images are stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where radiology images are stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where radiology images are stored
+one would describe one would decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would describe one would decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would describe one would decide
+which images are going to be pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which images are going to be pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which images are going to be pulled out
+one would go to radiography reports to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would go to radiography reports to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would go to radiography reports to
+figure out how do we extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do we extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do we extract the
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+findings from that image which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings from that image which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings from that image which would
+give the labels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the labels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the labels for
+that predictive for that learning task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predictive for that learning task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predictive for that learning task
+and each step there will incur some bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step there will incur some bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step there will incur some bias
+and some which which one then needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some which which one then needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some which which one then needs to
+describe carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe carefully
+in order to understand what might the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand what might the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand what might the
+bias be of the learned classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias be of the learned classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias be of the learned classifier
+so i won't go into more detail on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i won't go into more detail on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i won't go into more detail on this
+now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+uh but this will also be one of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this will also be one of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but this will also be one of the one
+of the suggested readings for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the suggested readings for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the suggested readings for today's
+course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and
+i it's a fast read i encourage you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i it's a fast read i encourage you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i it's a fast read i encourage you to go
+through it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it to
+get some tuition for what are questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some tuition for what are questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some tuition for what are questions
+we might want to be asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to be asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to be asking about
+data sets that we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for the rest of the semester for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the rest of the semester for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the rest of the semester for the
+rest of the of the lecture today i'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the of the lecture today i'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the of the lecture today i'm now
+going to move on to some more technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to some more technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move on to some more technical
+issues so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so uh
+we have to do it right we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do it right we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do it right we're doing
+machine learning now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning now
+uh the populations might be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the populations might be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the populations might be different
+what do we do about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do about it
+can we change the learning algorithm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the learning algorithm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we change the learning algorithm in
+order to hope that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to hope that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to hope that it
+that your algorithm might transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your algorithm might transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your algorithm might transfer
+better to new institution or if we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to new institution or if we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to new institution or if we get a
+little bit of data from that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of data from that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of data from that new
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+could we use that small amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we use that small amount of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we use that small amount of data
+from the new institution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the new institution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the new institution or
+a future time point in the future to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future time point in the future to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future time point in the future to
+retrain our model to do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrain our model to do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrain our model to do well
+in that slightly different distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that slightly different distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that slightly different distribution
+so that's the whole field of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the whole field of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the whole field of transfer
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+so you have data from drawn from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have data from drawn from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have data from drawn from one
+distribution on p of x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on p of x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution on p of x and y
+and maybe we have a little bit of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe we have a little bit of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe we have a little bit of data
+drawn from a different distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a different distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn from a different distribution
+q of x y and under the covariate shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q of x y and under the covariate shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q of x y and under the covariate shift
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+i'm assuming that q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming that q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming that q
+x comma y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comma y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comma y is equal to
+q of x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q of x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q of x times
+p of y given x namely that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of y given x namely that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of y given x namely that the
+conditional distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional distribution
+of y given x hasn't changed the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y given x hasn't changed the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y given x hasn't changed the only
+thing that might have changed is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that might have changed is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that might have changed is your
+distribution over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over x
+so that's what the covariate shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the covariate shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the covariate shift
+assumption would it would assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption would it would assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption would it would assume
+so suppose that we have some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that we have some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that we have some small
+amount of data drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data drawn
+from the new distribution queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the new distribution queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the new distribution queue
+how can we then use that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we then use that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we then use that in order to
+perhaps retrain our classifier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps retrain our classifier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps retrain our classifier to do
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+for that new institution so i'll walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that new institution so i'll walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that new institution so i'll walk
+through four different approaches to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four different approaches to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four different approaches to do
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'll start with uh with linear models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll start with uh with linear models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll start with uh with linear models
+which are the simplest to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the simplest to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the simplest to understand
+and then i'll move on to deep deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll move on to deep deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll move on to deep deep
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+the first approach is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first approach is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first approach is something that
+you've seen already several times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen already several times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen already several times in
+this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course
+we're going to think about transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about transfer
+as a multi-task learning problem where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a multi-task learning problem where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a multi-task learning problem where
+one of the tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the tasks
+has much less data than the other tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has much less data than the other tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has much less data than the other tasks
+so if you remember when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember when we talked about
+disease progression modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease progression modeling
+we i introduced this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we i introduced this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we i introduced this notion of
+regularizing the weight vectors so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularizing the weight vectors so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularizing the weight vectors so that
+they could be close to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be close to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be close to one another
+at that at that time we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that at that time we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that at that time we were talking
+about weight vectors predicting disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about weight vectors predicting disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about weight vectors predicting disease
+progression at different time points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression at different time points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression at different time points in
+the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future
+we could use exactly the same idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use exactly the same idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use exactly the same idea here
+where you take your classifier your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take your classifier your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take your classifier your
+linear classifier that was trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear classifier that was trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear classifier that was trained
+on a really large chord press i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a really large chord press i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a really large chord press i'm going
+to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call that
+i'm going to call the weights of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call the weights of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to call the weights of that
+classifier w old and then i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier w old and then i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier w old and then i'm going to
+solve a new optimization problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a new optimization problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a new optimization problem which
+is minimizing over the weights w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimizing over the weights w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimizing over the weights w
+that minimizes some loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimizes some loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minimizes some loss
+so this is where your training your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where your training your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where your training your new
+training data come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to assume that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to assume that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to assume that the new
+training data d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data d
+is drawn from the q distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drawn from the q distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drawn from the q distribution
+and now i'm going to add on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to add on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to add on a
+regularization that asks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization that asks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization that asks that
+w should stay close to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w should stay close to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w should stay close to w
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if the amount of data you had if d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the amount of data you had if d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the amount of data you had if d
+the data from that new institution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data from that new institution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data from that new institution was
+very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+then you wouldn't need this at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um because you would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because you would be able to
+just you would be able to ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you would be able to ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you would be able to ignore the
+classifier that you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier that you learned
+previously and just refit everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and just refit everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and just refit everything to
+that new institution's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new institution's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new institution's data
+where something like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where something like this is
+particularly valuable is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly valuable is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly valuable is if
+there's a small amount of data set shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small amount of data set shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small amount of data set shift
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you only have a very small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have a very small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have a very small amount of
+labeled data from that new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled data from that new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled data from that new institution
+then this would allow you to slot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would allow you to slot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would allow you to slot to
+change your weight vector just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your weight vector just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your weight vector just a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+right so if this coefficient was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if this coefficient was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if this coefficient was very
+large it would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it would say that
+the new w can't be too far from the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new w can't be too far from the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new w can't be too far from the old
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+so allow you to shift things a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so allow you to shift things a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so allow you to shift things a little
+bit in order to do well on the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in order to do well on the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in order to do well on the small
+amount of data that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data that you have
+so for example if there's a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if there's a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if there's a feature
+which was previously predictive but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was previously predictive but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was previously predictive but that
+feature is no longer present in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is no longer present in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is no longer present in the new
+data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set
+so for example it's all identically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it's all identically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it's all identically zero
+then the curse the new weight vector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the curse the new weight vector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the curse the new weight vector the
+new weight for that feature is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new weight for that feature is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new weight for that feature is going to
+be set to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set to zero
+and the weight and that weight you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weight and that weight you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weight and that weight you can
+think about is being redistributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is being redistributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is being redistributed to
+some of the other features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other features
+this makes sense any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the simplest approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the simplest approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the simplest approach to
+transfer learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning
+and before you ever try anything more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before you ever try anything more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before you ever try anything more
+complicated always try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the second approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is also with a linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also with a linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also with a linear model
+but here we're no longer going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're no longer going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're no longer going to assume
+that the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the features
+are still useful so there there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still useful so there there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still useful so there there might
+when you go from um when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from um when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from um when you go
+from a your first institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a your first institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a your first institution
+let's say mgh on the left you learn your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say mgh on the left you learn your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say mgh on the left you learn your
+model and you want to apply it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you want to apply it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you want to apply it to some
+new institution that said ucsf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new institution that said ucsf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new institution that said ucsf
+on the right it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right it could be that
+there's some really big change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really big change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really big change in the
+feature set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature set
+such that um such that the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that um such that the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that um such that the original
+features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+are not at all useful for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at all useful for the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not at all useful for the new
+feature set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature set
+all right and a really extreme example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and a really extreme example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and a really extreme example
+of that might be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that might be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that might be this
+the setting that i gave earlier where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting that i gave earlier where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setting that i gave earlier where i
+said you know your model is trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know your model is trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know your model is trained in
+english and you're testing it out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english and you're testing it out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english and you're testing it out in
+chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese
+right that will be an example if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that will be an example if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that will be an example if you use
+a bag of words model that'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag of words model that'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bag of words model that'll be an
+example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where
+um where your model obviously wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where your model obviously wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where your model obviously wouldn't
+generalize at all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize at all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize at all because
+uh because your your features are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because your your features are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because your your features are
+completely different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different so
+um so what would you do in that setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what would you do in that setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what would you do in that setting
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+what's the simplest thing that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the simplest thing that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the simplest thing that you might
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're taking a text classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're taking a text classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're taking a text classifier
+learned in english and you want to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in english and you want to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in english and you want to apply
+it in a setting where the language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a setting where the language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a setting where the language is
+chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese
+what would you do translate you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do translate you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do translate you said
+and there was another answer partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was another answer partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was another answer partner
+i'll try training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll try training
+training our men to do what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training our men to do what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training our men to do what you
+translate training art oh so okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate training art oh so okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate training art oh so okay so so
+assume that you have some by uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you have some by uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you have some by uh some
+ability to do machine translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do machine translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do machine translation
+uh you translate from english to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you translate from english to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you translate from english to from
+chinese to english it has to be in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese to english it has to be in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chinese to english it has to be in that
+direction because your original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because your original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction because your original
+classifier was trained in english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier was trained in english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier was trained in english
+um and then your new function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then your new function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then your new function
+is the composition of the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the composition of the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the composition of the translation
+and the original function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original function
+right and then you can imagine doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you can imagine doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you can imagine doing
+some fine tuning if you had a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fine tuning if you had a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fine tuning if you had a small
+amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if this the simplest translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this the simplest translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this the simplest translation
+function might be just use a dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function might be just use a dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function might be just use a dictionary
+right so you look up a word and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you look up a word and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you look up a word and if that
+word has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word has
+an analogy another language you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogy another language you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analogy another language you say okay
+this is the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the translation
+but there are always going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are always going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are always going to be some
+words in your language which don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in your language which don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in your language which don't have
+a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good
+uh translation um and so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh translation um and so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh translation um and so you might
+imagine that the simplest approach would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the simplest approach would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the simplest approach would
+be to translate but then to just drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to translate but then to just drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to translate but then to just drop
+out words that are um that don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out words that are um that don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out words that are um that don't have a
+good analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good analog
+and force your classifier to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and force your classifier to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and force your classifier to work with
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+just the shared vocabulary everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the shared vocabulary everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the shared vocabulary everything
+we're talking about here is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about here is an example
+of a manually chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a manually chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a manually chosen
+decision so we're going to manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so we're going to manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision so we're going to manually
+choose a new representation for the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a new representation for the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a new representation for the data
+such that we have some amount of shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we have some amount of shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that we have some amount of shared
+features between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features between
+the source and target data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about electronic health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about electronic health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about electronic health
+record one electronic health worker do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record one electronic health worker do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record one electronic health worker do
+by the way the slides that i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the slides that i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the slides that i'll be
+presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting
+here are from a paper published in kdd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are from a paper published in kdd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are from a paper published in kdd
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+by jan tristan uh your your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by jan tristan uh your your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by jan tristan uh your your your
+instructor pete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor pete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor pete
+and and john good tag so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and john good tag so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and john good tag so you have
+two two electronic health records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two electronic health records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two electronic health records
+electronic algorithm one electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic algorithm one electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic algorithm one electronic
+health record two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health record two
+how can things change well uh it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can things change well uh it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can things change well uh it could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+that the same concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same concept
+in electronic health record one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronic health record one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronic health record one might be
+mapped to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to a different
+encoding so that's like an english to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding so that's like an english to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding so that's like an english to
+spanish type translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanish type translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanish type translation
+in electronic health record 2. another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronic health record 2. another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in electronic health record 2. another
+example of a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a change
+might be to say that some concepts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to say that some concepts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to say that some concepts are
+removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed
+like uh maybe you have laboratory test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh maybe you have laboratory test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh maybe you have laboratory test
+results in electronic health record one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in electronic health record one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in electronic health record one
+but not an electronic health record two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not an electronic health record two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not an electronic health record two
+so that's why you see an edge to nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you see an edge to nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you see an edge to nowhere
+another change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another change
+might be there might be new concepts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be there might be new concepts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be there might be new concepts so
+the new institution might have new types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new institution might have new types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new institution might have new types
+of data that the old institution didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that the old institution didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that the old institution didn't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+so what do you do in that setting well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do in that setting well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do in that setting well
+um one approach would say okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one approach would say okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one approach would say okay we have
+some small amount of data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small amount of data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small amount of data from
+electronic health record two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record two
+we could just train using that and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just train using that and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just train using that and and
+um and throw away your original data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and throw away your original data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and throw away your original data
+from electronic health record one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electronic health record one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from electronic health record one
+of course if you only have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you only have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you only have a small
+amount of data from this from the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data from this from the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of data from this from the target
+distribution then that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then that's going to be a
+very poor approach because you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor approach because you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor approach because you might not
+have enough data to actually learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough data to actually learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough data to actually learn a
+reasonable enough model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable enough model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable enough model
+a second obvious approach would be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second obvious approach would be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second obvious approach would be okay
+we're going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just
+train on electronic health record one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on electronic health record one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on electronic health record one
+and apply it and for those for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it and for those for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply it and for those for those
+concepts that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that did
+that aren't present anymore so be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't present anymore so be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't present anymore so be it
+um maybe things won't work very well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe things won't work very well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe things won't work very well a
+third approach which we were alluding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third approach which we were alluding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third approach which we were alluding to
+before we talked about translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talked about translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talked about translation
+would be to learn a model just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to learn a model just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to learn a model just an
+intersection of the two features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the two features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the two features
+and what this work does is they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this work does is they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this work does is they say
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+manually redefine the feature set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually redefine the feature set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually redefine the feature set in
+order to try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to try to find
+as much common ground as possible this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much common ground as possible this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much common ground as possible this
+is something which really involves a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something which really involves a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something which really involves a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+domain knowledge and i'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain knowledge and i'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain knowledge and i'm going to be
+using this as a point of contrast from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as a point of contrast from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as a point of contrast from
+what i'll be talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll be talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll be talking about in
+10 or 15 minutes where i talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 15 minutes where i talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 15 minutes where i talk about how
+one can do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can do this without
+the domain knowledge that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain knowledge that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain knowledge that we're going to
+use here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the setting that they looked at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setting that they looked at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setting that they looked at is
+one of predicting outcomes such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of predicting outcomes such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of predicting outcomes such as
+in-hospital mortality or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-hospital mortality or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-hospital mortality or
+length of stay the model which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of stay the model which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of stay the model which is going
+to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used
+is a bag of events model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bag of events model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bag of events model so
+we will take a patient's longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will take a patient's longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will take a patient's longitudinal
+history up until the time of prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history up until the time of prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history up until the time of prediction
+we'll look at different events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at different events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at different events that
+occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred
+and this study was done using physionet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this study was done using physionet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this study was done using physionet
+so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+in mimic for example events are encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mimic for example events are encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mimic for example events are encoded
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+some number like five eight one four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number like five eight one four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number like five eight one four
+might correspond to a cvp alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might correspond to a cvp alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might correspond to a cvp alarm
+one zero four six might correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero four six might correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero four six might correspond to
+pain being present 25 might correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain being present 25 might correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain being present 25 might correspond
+to the drug hyperin being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the drug hyperin being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the drug hyperin being
+uh being given and so on so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being given and so on so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh being given and so on so we're going
+to create one feature for every event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create one feature for every event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create one feature for every event
+which has some number which is coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some number which is coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some number which is coded
+with some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some number
+and we'll just say one if that event has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just say one if that event has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just say one if that event has
+occurred zero otherwise so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred zero otherwise so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred zero otherwise so that's the
+representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for
+a patient now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patient now
+because those when one goes to this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those when one goes to this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those when one goes to this new
+institution hr2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution hr2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution hr2
+the way that events are encoded might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that events are encoded might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that events are encoded might be
+completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different
+one won't be able to just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one won't be able to just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one won't be able to just use the
+original feature representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original feature representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original feature representation
+and that's the english to spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the english to spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the english to spanish
+example that i gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that i gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that i gave
+but instead what one could try to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead what one could try to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead what one could try to do is
+come up with a new feature set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a new feature set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a new feature set
+where that feature set could be derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that feature set could be derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that feature set could be derived
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+each of the different data sets so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the different data sets so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the different data sets so for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+since each one of the events in mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each one of the events in mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each one of the events in mimic
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+some text description that goes with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some text description that goes with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some text description that goes with it
+event one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event one
+corresponds to ischemic stroke event two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to ischemic stroke event two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to ischemic stroke event two
+hemorrhagic stroke and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemorrhagic stroke and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemorrhagic stroke and so on
+one could attempt to map use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could attempt to map use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could attempt to map use that
+english description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english description
+of the feature to come up with a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the feature to come up with a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the feature to come up with a way to
+map it into a common language in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it into a common language in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map it into a common language in this
+case the common language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the common language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the common language
+is uh is the umls the united medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is the umls the united medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is the umls the united medical
+language system that pete talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language system that pete talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language system that pete talked about a
+few lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures ago
+so we're going to now say okay we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to now say okay we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to now say okay we have a
+much larger feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger feature
+set where we've now encoded ischemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set where we've now encoded ischemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set where we've now encoded ischemic
+stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke
+as this concept which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this concept which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this concept which is actually the
+same ischemic stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ischemic stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ischemic stroke
+but also as this concept and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also as this concept and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also as this concept and that
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+which are more general versions of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are more general versions of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are more general versions of that
+original one right so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one right so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one right so this is just
+general stroke and it could be multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stroke and it could be multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general stroke and it could be multiple
+different types of strokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of strokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of strokes
+and the hope is that even if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even if the model doesn't even if some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the model doesn't even if some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the model doesn't even if some
+of these more specific ones don't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these more specific ones don't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these more specific ones don't show
+up in the new institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the new institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the new institutions
+data perhaps more of the gen more some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data perhaps more of the gen more some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data perhaps more of the gen more some
+of the more general concepts do show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more general concepts do show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more general concepts do show up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and then what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what you're going to do is
+you're going to learn your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to learn your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to learn your model
+now on this expanded translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this expanded translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on this expanded translated
+vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary
+and then translate it and at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then translate it and at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then translate it and at the new
+institution you'll also be using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you'll also be using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution you'll also be using that
+same common data model and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same common data model and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same common data model and that way
+one hopes to have much more overlap in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hopes to have much more overlap in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hopes to have much more overlap in
+your feature set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feature set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your feature set
+and so to evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to evaluate this
+the authors looked at two different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors looked at two different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors looked at two different time
+points within mimik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points within mimik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points within mimik
+one time point was when the bethesda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time point was when the bethesda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time point was when the bethesda
+deaconess medical center was using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaconess medical center was using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaconess medical center was using an
+electronic health record called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record called
+care view the second time point was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care view the second time point was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care view the second time point was when
+that hospital was using a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hospital was using a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hospital was using a different
+electronic health record called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health record called
+metavision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metavision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metavision
+so this is an example actually of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example actually of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example actually of
+non-stationarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stationarity
+now because of them using two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because of them using two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because of them using two different
+electronic health records then coatings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health records then coatings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic health records then coatings
+were different and that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different and that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were different and that's why this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+arose and so we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose and so we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arose and so we're going to use this
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+we're going to then learn a linear model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to then learn a linear model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to then learn a linear model
+on top of this new encoding that i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of this new encoding that i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of this new encoding that i just
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+and we're going to compare the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to compare the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to compare the results
+by looking at how much performance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at how much performance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at how much performance was
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+due to using this new encoding and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to using this new encoding and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to using this new encoding and how
+well we generalize from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we generalize from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we generalize from one
+from one from one from the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one from one from the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one from one from the source
+task to the target task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to the target task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task to the target task
+so here's the first question which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the first question which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the first question which is
+how much do we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do we lose
+by using this new encoding so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this new encoding so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using this new encoding so as a
+comparison point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison point
+for looking at predicting in-hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at predicting in-hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking at predicting in-hospital
+mortality we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality we'll look at
+what is the predicted performance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the predicted performance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the predicted performance if
+you're to just use an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're to just use an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're to just use an existing
+very simple risk score called the sap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple risk score called the sap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple risk score called the sap
+score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+and that's this red line where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this red line where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this red line where the
+y-axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis here
+is the area under the roc curve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area under the roc curve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area under the roc curve and the
+x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+is how much time in advance you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much time in advance you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much time in advance you're
+predicting the prediction gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the prediction gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the prediction gap
+so using this very simple score saps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using this very simple score saps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using this very simple score saps
+gets somewhere between set point 75 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets somewhere between set point 75 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets somewhere between set point 75 and
+0.80 area under the roc curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.80 area under the roc curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.80 area under the roc curve
+but if you were to use all of the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to use all of the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to use all of the events
+data which is much much richer than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is much much richer than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which is much much richer than what
+went into that simple sap score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into that simple sap score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into that simple sap score
+you would get the purple curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get the purple curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get the purple curve
+which is the purple curve which is saps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the purple curve which is saps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the purple curve which is saps
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+the events data or the blue curve which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events data or the blue curve which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events data or the blue curve which
+is just the events data and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the events data and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the events data and you can see
+you can get substantially better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get substantially better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get substantially better
+predicted performance by using that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted performance by using that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted performance by using that much
+richer feature set the much the sap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer feature set the much the sap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer feature set the much the sap
+score has advantage that it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score has advantage that it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score has advantage that it's easier to
+generalize because it's so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize because it's so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize because it's so simple
+those feature elements one could truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those feature elements one could truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those feature elements one could truly
+translate to any new ehr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to any new ehr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to any new ehr
+either manually or automatically and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either manually or automatically and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either manually or automatically and and
+thus it'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus it'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus it'll always
+be a viable route whereas this blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a viable route whereas this blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a viable route whereas this blue
+curve although it gets better predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve although it gets better predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve although it gets better predicted
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+you have to really worry about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really worry about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to really worry about these
+generalization questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same story happens in both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same story happens in both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same story happens in both of the
+the source task and the target task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source task and the target task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source task and the target task
+now the sex question second question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sex question second question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sex question second question to
+ask is well what happened how much do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is well what happened how much do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is well what happened how much do
+you lose when you use the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose when you use the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose when you use the new
+representation of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the data
+and so here looking at again both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here looking at again both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here looking at again both of the
+two both ehrs um what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two both ehrs um what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two both ehrs um what we see
+first in red is the same red curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in red is the same red curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in red is the same red curve
+is the same as the blue curve i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the blue curve i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the blue curve i showed
+in the previous slide it's using saps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous slide it's using saps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous slide it's using saps
+plus the item ids so using all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the item ids so using all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the item ids so using all of the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and then the the blue curve here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the blue curve here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the the blue curve here which
+is a bit harder to see but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit harder to see but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit harder to see but it's it's
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+it's substantially lower so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's substantially lower so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's substantially lower so that's what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+if you now use this new representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you now use this new representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you now use this new representation
+and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that
+you do lose something by trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do lose something by trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do lose something by trying to find
+a common vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common vocabulary
+the performance does get hit a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance does get hit a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance does get hit a bit
+but what's particularly interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's particularly interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's particularly interesting is
+when you attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you attempt to
+generalize you start to see a swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we now so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we now so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we now so now
+the colors are going to be quite similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors are going to be quite similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors are going to be quite similar
+red here was at the very top before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red here was at the very top before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red here was at the very top before so
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+is using the original representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the original representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using the original representation of
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+before it was at the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was at the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was at the very top
+shown here is the training error on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is the training error on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is the training error on this
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+careview you see there's so much rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careview you see there's so much rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careview you see there's so much rich
+information in the original feature set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the original feature set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the original feature set
+that is able to do very good predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is able to do very good predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is able to do very good predictive
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+but once you attempt to translate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you attempt to translate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you attempt to translate it so
+you train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train
+on care view but you test on metavision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on care view but you test on metavision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on care view but you test on metavision
+then the test performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the test performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the test performance
+shown here by this solid red line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here by this solid red line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here by this solid red line is
+actually the worst of all the systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the worst of all the systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the worst of all the systems so
+there's a substantial drop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substantial drop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a substantial drop in
+performance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance because
+not all of these features are present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of these features are present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of these features are present in
+the new hr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new hr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new hr
+on the other hand when the translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when the translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when the translated
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+despite the fact that it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it's a little bit
+worse um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse um
+when on when when evaluated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when on when when evaluated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when on when when evaluated on the
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+it generalizes much better and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalizes much better and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it generalizes much better and so you
+see a significantly better performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a significantly better performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a significantly better performance
+from on that's shown by this blue curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from on that's shown by this blue curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from on that's shown by this blue curve
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+when you use this translated vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use this translated vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use this translated vocabulary
+there's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question
+yeah so when you train with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when you train with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when you train with four
+features so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so
+how do you apply the model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're you assume that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you assume that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're you assume that you have
+come up with a mapping from the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a mapping from the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a mapping from the features
+in both of the hr's to this common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of the hr's to this common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of the hr's to this common
+feature vocabulary of kiwis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vocabulary of kiwis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vocabulary of kiwis
+and the way that this mapping is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that this mapping is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that this mapping is going
+to be on in this paper is based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on in this paper is based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on in this paper is based on the
+text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text
+of the of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the um
+of the uh of the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of the events
+so you take the text-based description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the text-based description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take the text-based description
+of the event and you come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the event and you come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the event and you come up with a
+deterministic mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic mapping
+to this new uh umos-based representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this new uh umos-based representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this new uh umos-based representation
+and then that's what's being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's what's being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's what's being used
+there's no fine-tuning being done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fine-tuning being done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no fine-tuning being done in
+this particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i consider this to be a very naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i consider this to be a very naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i consider this to be a very naive
+application of of transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of of transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of of transfer
+the results are exactly what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are exactly what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are exactly what you would
+expect the results to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the results to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the results to be
+and obviously a lot of work had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously a lot of work had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously a lot of work had to go
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+into doing this and there's a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into doing this and there's a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into doing this and there's a bit of
+creativity in thinking that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in thinking that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in thinking that you
+should use the english space description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the english space description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the english space description
+of the features to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the features to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the features to come up with
+automatic mapping but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic mapping but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic mapping but
+sort of the story ends there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the story ends there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the story ends there and so
+a question which which all of you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question which which all of you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question which which all of you might
+have is how could you try to do such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is how could you try to do such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is how could you try to do such an
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+automatically how can we automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically how can we automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically how can we automatically
+find representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find representations
+new representations of the data that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new representations of the data that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new representations of the data that are
+likely to generalize from let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to generalize from let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to generalize from let's say a
+source distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source distribution
+to a test to a target distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a test to a target distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a test to a target distribution and
+so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to
+talk about that we're going to now start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that we're going to now start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that we're going to now start
+thinking through representation learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through representation learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking through representation learning
+based approaches of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approaches of which
+deep models are particularly capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep models are particularly capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep models are particularly capable
+so the simplest approach to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest approach to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest approach to try to
+transfer learning in the context of deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning in the context of deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer learning in the context of deep
+let's say deep neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say deep neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say deep neural networks
+would be to just chop off part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just chop off part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to just chop off part of the
+network and reuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and reuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and reuse
+that some internal representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some internal representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some internal representation of the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+in this new location so the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new location so the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this new location so the picture
+looks a little bit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit like this
+so the data might feed in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the data might feed in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the data might feed in the bottom
+there might be a number of convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a number of convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a number of convolutional
+layers some fully connected layers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers some fully connected layers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers some fully connected layers and
+what you decide to do is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you decide to do is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you decide to do is you're going to
+sort of take this model that's trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take this model that's trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take this model that's trained
+in one institution you chop it at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one institution you chop it at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one institution you chop it at some
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+it might be for example prior to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be for example prior to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be for example prior to the
+last fully connected layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last fully connected layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last fully connected layer
+and then you're going to take that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to take that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to take that take
+the new representation of your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new representation of your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new representation of your data
+now the representation of the data is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the representation of the data is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the representation of the data is um
+is what you would get out after doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you would get out after doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you would get out after doing
+some convolutions followed by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some convolutions followed by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some convolutions followed by a single
+fully connected layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully connected layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully connected layer
+and then you're going to take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to take your
+target distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target distribution
+data which you might only have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which you might only have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data which you might only have a small
+amount of and you learn a simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of and you learn a simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of and you learn a simple model
+on top of that new representation so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that new representation so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that new representation so for
+example you might learn a shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might learn a shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might learn a shallow
+classifier using a support vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier using a support vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier using a support vector
+machine on top of that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine on top of that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine on top of that new
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+or you might add in um some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might add in um some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might add in um some more
+uh a couple more layers of a deep road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a couple more layers of a deep road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a couple more layers of a deep road
+network and then fine-tune the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then fine-tune the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and then fine-tune the whole
+thing end-to-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing end-to-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing end-to-end
+so all of these have been tried in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these have been tried in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these have been tried in some
+cases one worked better works better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one worked better works better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases one worked better works better
+than another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than another
+and we saw already one example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw already one example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw already one example of this
+notion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion in
+um in this course and that was when adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this course and that was when adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this course and that was when adam
+yella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yella
+spoke in lecture 13 about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke in lecture 13 about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke in lecture 13 about
+about breast cancer and mammography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about breast cancer and mammography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about breast cancer and mammography
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+in his approach he said that he he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his approach he said that he he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his approach he said that he he had
+tried both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried both
+taking a a randomly initialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a a randomly initialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a a randomly initialized
+uh classifier and comparing that to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classifier and comparing that to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh classifier and comparing that to what
+would happen if you initialized with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you initialized with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen if you initialized with
+a well-known imagenet based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-known imagenet based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well-known imagenet based
+deep neural network for the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network for the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network for the problem and
+he had a really interesting story that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a really interesting story that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a really interesting story that
+he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave
+in his case he had enough data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his case he had enough data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his case he had enough data
+that he actually didn't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he actually didn't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he actually didn't need to
+initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize
+using uh this pre-trained model from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh this pre-trained model from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh this pre-trained model from
+imagenet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagenet
+if he had just done a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he had just done a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he had just done a random
+initialization eventually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization eventually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization eventually this
+and this acts act as i can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this acts act as i can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this acts act as i can't remember
+maybe might be hours of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe might be hours of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe might be hours of training
+or at box i don't remember it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at box i don't remember it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at box i don't remember it's time
+eventually the random initialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the random initialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the random initialization
+gets to a very similar performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to a very similar performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to a very similar performance
+but for his particular case if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for his particular case if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for his particular case if you were
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+a initialization with imagenet and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a initialization with imagenet and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a initialization with imagenet and then
+fine-tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune
+you get there much much quicker and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there much much quicker and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there much much quicker and and
+so it was for the computational reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was for the computational reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was for the computational reason
+that he found it to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he found it to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he found it to be useful
+but in many other applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many other applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in many other applications in
+medical imaging these same tricks become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical imaging these same tricks become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical imaging these same tricks become
+essential because you just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential because you just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential because you just don't have
+enough data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough data
+in the new test case and so one makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new test case and so one makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the new test case and so one makes
+use of for example the filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of for example the filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of for example the filters
+which one learns from an imagenet's task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one learns from an imagenet's task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one learns from an imagenet's task
+which is dramatically different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dramatically different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dramatically different from
+the medical imaging problems and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical imaging problems and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical imaging problems and then
+using those same filters together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those same filters together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those same filters together with
+sort of a new top layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a new top layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a new top layer
+set of top layers in order to fine tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of top layers in order to fine tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of top layers in order to fine tune
+it for the problem that you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the problem that you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for the problem that you care about
+so this would be the simplest way to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the simplest way to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the simplest way to try
+to hope for a common representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hope for a common representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hope for a common representation
+for transfer in a deep architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transfer in a deep architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transfer in a deep architecture
+but you might ask how would you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might ask how would you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might ask how would you do the
+same sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of thing
+with with temporal data not image data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with temporal data not image data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with temporal data not image data
+maybe data that's from language or data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe data that's from language or data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe data that's from language or data
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh from time series of health insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from time series of health insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from time series of health insurance
+claims and for that you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and for that you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and for that you really want to
+be thinking about recurrent neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about recurrent neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about recurrent neural
+networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+so uh just to remind you recur no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just to remind you recur no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just to remind you recur no
+network is a recurrent architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is a recurrent architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is a recurrent architecture
+where you take as input some vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take as input some vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take as input some vector
+for example if you're doing language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you're doing language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you're doing language
+modeling that vector might be encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that vector might be encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling that vector might be encoding
+just a one-hot encoding of what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one-hot encoding of what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one-hot encoding of what is the
+word at that location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word at that location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word at that location
+so for example this this vector might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example this this vector might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example this this vector might be
+all zeros except for the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros except for the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros except for the fourth
+dimension which is one denoting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is one denoting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is one denoting that
+this word is the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word is the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word is the word
+class and then it's fed into a recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then it's fed into a recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and then it's fed into a recurrent
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+which takes previous hidden states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes previous hidden states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which takes previous hidden states
+combines it with the current input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines it with the current input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines it with the current input and
+gets you a new hidden state and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you a new hidden state and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you a new hidden state and in this
+way you read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you read in
+you encode the full input and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encode the full input and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encode the full input and then you
+might predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might predict
+make it make a classification based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it make a classification based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it make a classification based on
+the hidden state of the last time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hidden state of the last time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hidden state of the last time step
+that would be a common approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a common approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a common approach
+and here would be a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here would be a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here would be a very simple example
+of every current unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every current unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every current unit
+here i'm using s to denote the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm using s to denote the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm using s to denote the hidden
+state often you'll see h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state often you'll see h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state often you'll see h
+used to denote the hidden state this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to denote the hidden state this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to denote the hidden state this is
+a particularly simple example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly simple example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly simple example where
+there's just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a single
+non-linearity so you take your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity so you take your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity so you take your previous
+hidden state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden state
+you hit it with some matrix w ss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it with some matrix w ss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit it with some matrix w ss
+and you add that to uh to the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add that to uh to the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add that to uh to the input
+being hit by different matrix uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hit by different matrix uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being hit by different matrix uh you
+now have a combination of the input plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a combination of the input plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a combination of the input plus
+the previous hidden states you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous hidden states you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous hidden states you apply
+non-linearity to that and you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity to that and you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity to that and you get your
+new hidden state out so that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hidden state out so that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hidden state out so that would be an
+example of a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a typical
+recurrent unit a very simple recurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent unit a very simple recurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrent unit a very simple recurrent
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+now the reason why i'm going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason why i'm going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the reason why i'm going through
+these details is to point out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these details is to point out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these details is to point out that the
+dimension of that wsx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of that wsx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of that wsx
+matrix is the dimension of the hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is the dimension of the hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is the dimension of the hidden
+states the dimension of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the dimension of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the dimension of s
+by the vocabulary size if you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the vocabulary size if you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the vocabulary size if you're using a
+one hot encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hot encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hot encoding
+of the input so if you have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input so if you have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input so if you have a huge
+vocabulary that matrix wsx is also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary that matrix wsx is also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary that matrix wsx is also going
+to be equally large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equally large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equally large
+and the challenge that that presents is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the challenge that that presents is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the challenge that that presents is
+that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would
+lead to overfitting on rare words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to overfitting on rare words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to overfitting on rare words
+very quickly and so that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and so that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly and so that's a problem
+that could be addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be addressed
+by instead using a low rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead using a low rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by instead using a low rank
+representation of that wsx matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that wsx matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that wsx matrix
+in particular you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you could think about
+introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing
+a lower dimensional bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower dimensional bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower dimensional bottleneck
+which in this picture i'm noting as x t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this picture i'm noting as x t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this picture i'm noting as x t
+prime which is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime which is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime which is the original
+x t input which is the one hot encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t input which is the one hot encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t input which is the one hot encoding
+multiplied by a new matrix w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a new matrix w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a new matrix w
+e and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e and then
+your recurrent unit only takes inputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recurrent unit only takes inputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recurrent unit only takes inputs of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+hidden of that xt primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden of that xt primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden of that xt primes
+dimension which is k which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is k which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension which is k which might be
+dramatically smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically smaller than
+v and you can even think about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you can even think about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you can even think about each
+column of that intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of that intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of that intermediate
+representation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we
+as a word embedding it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is something that pete talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that pete talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that pete talked
+quite a bit about when we were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about when we were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit about when we were thinking
+about natural language when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about natural language when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about natural language when
+we were talking about natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about natural language
+processing and many many of you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and many many of you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and many many of you would
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+heard about in the context of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about in the context of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about in the context of things
+like word to vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if one wanted to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one wanted to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one wanted to take
+a setting for example one is data where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a setting for example one is data where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a setting for example one is data where
+you had a huge amount of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run learn every current new network on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run learn every current new network on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run learn every current new network on
+that institution's data and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that institution's data and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that institution's data and then
+generalize it to a new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it to a new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize it to a new institution
+one way of trying to do that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of trying to do that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of trying to do that if you
+think about what is the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what is the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what is the thing that you
+chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop
+one answer might be all you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer might be all you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one answer might be all you do is you
+keep the word embedding so you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the word embedding so you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the word embedding so you might say
+okay i'm going to keep the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to keep the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to keep the w
+e's i'm going to translate that to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e's i'm going to translate that to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e's i'm going to translate that to my
+new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new institution
+but i'm going to let the recurrent unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to let the recurrent unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to let the recurrent unit
+parameters the recurrent parameters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the recurrent parameters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the recurrent parameters for
+example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that
+wss you might allow to be relearned for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wss you might allow to be relearned for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wss you might allow to be relearned for
+each new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each new institution
+um and so that might be one approach of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that might be one approach of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that might be one approach of
+how to use the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the same idea
+of uh that we had from from uh from feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh that we had from from uh from feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh that we had from from uh from feed
+forward neural networks within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward neural networks within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward neural networks within
+a recurrent setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recurrent setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recurrent setting
+now all this is very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all this is very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all this is very general
+and what i want to do next is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to do next is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to do next is to
+instantiate it a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate it a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiate it a bit
+in the context of healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since the time that pete presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the extensions of were to vac such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extensions of were to vac such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extensions of were to vac such as
+burt and elmo and i'm not going to i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burt and elmo and i'm not going to i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burt and elmo and i'm not going to i'm
+not going to go into them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into them
+now but you could go back to pete's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but you could go back to pete's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but you could go back to pete's
+lecture from from a few weeks ago to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from from a few weeks ago to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture from from a few weeks ago to
+to remind yourselves what those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind yourselves what those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind yourselves what those were
+since the time you presented the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the time you presented the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the time you presented the lecture
+there were actually three new papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were actually three new papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were actually three new papers
+that actually tried to apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually tried to apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually tried to apply this
+in a healthcare context one of which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a healthcare context one of which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a healthcare context one of which was
+from mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mit
+and so these papers all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these papers all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these papers all have the same
+sort of idea they're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea they're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea they're going to take
+some data set and these papers all use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data set and these papers all use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data set and these papers all use
+mimik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimik
+they're going to take that text data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to take that text data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to take that text data
+they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to
+learn some word embeddings or some low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some word embeddings or some low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn some word embeddings or some low
+dimensional representations of all words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional representations of all words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional representations of all words
+in the vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vocabulary
+in this case they're not learning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they're not learning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they're not learning a
+static representation for each word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static representation for each word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static representation for each word
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+these burt and elmo approaches are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these burt and elmo approaches are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these burt and elmo approaches are going
+to be learning what you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be learning what you can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be learning what you can think of as
+dynamic representations they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic representations they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic representations they're going to
+be a function of the word and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function of the word and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function of the word and their
+context on the left and right hand sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context on the left and right hand sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context on the left and right hand sides
+and then what they do is they'll then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do is they'll then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they do is they'll then
+take those representations and attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those representations and attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those representations and attempt
+to use them for a completely new task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them for a completely new task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use them for a completely new task
+those new tasks might be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new tasks might be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those new tasks might be on
+mimic data so for example these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic data so for example these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic data so for example these two
+tasks are classification problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks are classification problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks are classification problems on
+mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic
+but they might also be on non-mimic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might also be on non-mimic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might also be on non-mimic data
+so these two tasks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two tasks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two tasks are
+from uh classification problems on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh classification problems on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh classification problems on
+on clinical texts that didn't even come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clinical texts that didn't even come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clinical texts that didn't even come
+from mimic at all so it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mimic at all so it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mimic at all so it's really an
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+sort of translating what you learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of translating what you learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of translating what you learn from
+one institution to another institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one institution to another institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one institution to another institution
+these two data sets were super small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two data sets were super small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two data sets were super small
+actually all of these data sets were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of these data sets were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of these data sets were
+really really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really small
+um compared to the original size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compared to the original size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um compared to the original size of
+mimics there might be some hope that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimics there might be some hope that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimics there might be some hope that one
+can learn something that really improves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn something that really improves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn something that really improves
+generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization
+and indeed that's what plays out so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed that's what plays out so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed that's what plays out so this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+these all these tasks are looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all these tasks are looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all these tasks are looking at a
+concept detection task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept detection task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept detection task
+given a clinical note identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a clinical note identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a clinical note identify
+the segments of text within a note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments of text within a note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segments of text within a note that
+refer to for example a disorder or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to for example a disorder or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to for example a disorder or a
+treatment or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment or something else
+which you then in a second stage might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you then in a second stage might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you then in a second stage might
+normalize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize to
+the umos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's really striking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's really striking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's really striking about these
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+is what happens when you go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when you go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens when you go from the
+left to the right column which i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the right column which i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the right column which i'll
+explain in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in a second
+and what happens when you go top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when you go top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when you go top to
+bottom across each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom across each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom across each one of these
+different tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tasks
+so the left column is are the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left column is are the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the left column is are the results
+and these results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these results are
+are f are an f score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are f are an f score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are f are an f score
+the results if you were to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results if you were to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results if you were to use
+embeddings trained on a non-clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeddings trained on a non-clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeddings trained on a non-clinical
+data set or set differently not on mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set or set differently not on mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set or set differently not on mimic
+but on some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on some other
+more general data set the second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general data set the second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general data set the second column
+is what would happen if you trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what would happen if you trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what would happen if you trained
+those embeddings on a clinical data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those embeddings on a clinical data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those embeddings on a clinical data set
+in this case mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case mimic
+and you see pretty big improvements from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see pretty big improvements from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see pretty big improvements from
+the general embeddings to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general embeddings to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general embeddings to the
+mimic-based embeddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic-based embeddings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic-based embeddings
+what's even more striking is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's even more striking is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's even more striking is the
+improvements that happen as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements that happen as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements that happen as you
+get better and better embeddings so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better and better embeddings so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better and better embeddings so the
+first row is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row is what
+are the results if you were to use just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the results if you were to use just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the results if you were to use just
+word to vacuum bettings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to vacuum bettings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to vacuum bettings
+and so for example for the itb2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example for the itb2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example for the itb2
+challenge in 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge in 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge in 2010
+uh you get 82.65 f score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get 82.65 f score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you get 82.65 f score
+using where to word to vacuum beddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using where to word to vacuum beddings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using where to word to vacuum beddings
+and if you use a very large bert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you use a very large bert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you use a very large bert
+uh embedding you get 90.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embedding you get 90.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh embedding you get 90.25
+f score f measure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f score f measure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f score f measure which is
+substantially higher and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially higher and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially higher and the same
+findings were found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings were found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+findings were found
+time and time again across different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and time again across different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and time again across different
+tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks
+now what i find really striking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i find really striking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i find really striking about
+these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these results
+is that i had tried many of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i had tried many of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i had tried many of these things
+a couple of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years ago
+not using bert or elmo but using word to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using bert or elmo but using word to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using bert or elmo but using word to
+vacuum glove and fast text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum glove and fast text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum glove and fast text
+and what i found is that using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i found is that using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i found is that using
+word embedding approaches for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word embedding approaches for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word embedding approaches for these
+problems didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems didn't
+even if you threw that in as additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you threw that in as additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you threw that in as additional
+features on top of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features on top of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features on top of other
+state-of-the-art um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art um
+approaches to this concept extraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to this concept extraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to this concept extraction
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+did not improve predictive performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not improve predictive performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not improve predictive performance
+above the existing state of the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the existing state of the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the existing state of the art
+however in this paper here they used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in this paper here they used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in this paper here they used the
+simplest possible algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible algorithm
+that used a recurrent neural network fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used a recurrent neural network fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used a recurrent neural network fed
+into a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a conditional
+random field for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random field for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random field for the purpose of
+classifying each word into each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying each word into each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifying each word into each of these
+categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories
+and the feature represents the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the feature represents the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the feature represents the features
+that they used are just these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used are just these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they used are just these
+embedding features so with just the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding features so with just the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding features so with just the word
+to back embedding features the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back embedding features the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to back embedding features the
+performance is crap you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is crap you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is crap you don't get
+anywhere closer to the state of the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere closer to the state of the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere closer to the state of the art
+but with the better embeddings they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the better embeddings they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with the better embeddings they
+actually obtained state actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually obtained state actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually obtained state actually they
+improved on the state of the art for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved on the state of the art for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved on the state of the art for
+every single one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single one of these
+tasks and that is without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and that is without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks and that is without
+any of the manual feature engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the manual feature engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the manual feature engineering
+which we have been using in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have been using in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have been using in the field
+for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last
+decade okay so i find this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade okay so i find this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade okay so i find this to be
+extremely promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely promising
+now you might ask well that is for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might ask well that is for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you might ask well that is for one
+problem which is classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is classification
+of of concepts or identification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of concepts or identification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of concepts or identification of
+concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts
+what about for a predictive problem so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about for a predictive problem so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about for a predictive problem so a
+different paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paper
+also published what month of the now may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also published what month of the now may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also published what month of the now may
+so last month in april
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looked at a predictive problem of 30-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a predictive problem of 30-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at a predictive problem of 30-day
+readmission prediction using discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmission prediction using discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmission prediction using discharge
+summaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries
+this also was valued on mimic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also was valued on mimic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also was valued on mimic and
+their evaluation looked at the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their evaluation looked at the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their evaluation looked at the area
+under the roc curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the roc curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the roc curve
+of two different approaches the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two different approaches the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two different approaches the first
+approach which is using a bag of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which is using a bag of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which is using a bag of words
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+like what you did in your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you did in your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you did in your homework
+assignment and the second approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and the second approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and the second approach
+which is the top row there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the top row there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the top row there which is
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+bert embeddings which they call clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bert embeddings which they call clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bert embeddings which they call clinical
+bert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bert
+and this again is something which i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this again is something which i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this again is something which i had
+tackled for quite a long time so i i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackled for quite a long time so i i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackled for quite a long time so i i've
+worked on these types of remission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on these types of remission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on these types of remission
+problems and bag of words model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and bag of words model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and bag of words model is
+really hard to beat in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to beat in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to beat in fact
+did any of you beat it in your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of you beat it in your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of you beat it in your homework
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you remember there was an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember there was an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember there was an extra
+question which is oh well maybe we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is oh well maybe we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which is oh well maybe we used
+if we used a deep learning based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we used a deep learning based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we used a deep learning based
+approach for this problem maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for this problem maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for this problem maybe you
+could get better performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get better performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get better performance
+did anyone get better performance no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone get better performance no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anyone get better performance no
+how many of you actually tried raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you actually tried raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you actually tried raise
+your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so one a couple of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one a couple of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one a couple of people who are
+afraid to say but yeah so a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid to say but yeah so a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid to say but yeah so a couple
+people tried but not many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tried but not many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tried but not many
+um but uh but i think the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but i think the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but i think the reason why
+it's very challenging to do better with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very challenging to do better with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very challenging to do better with
+let's say a recurrent neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a recurrent neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a recurrent neural network
+versus a bag of words model is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a bag of words model is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a bag of words model is because
+uh there's a a lot of the subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a a lot of the subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a a lot of the subtlety
+in in understanding uh the text is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in understanding uh the text is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in understanding uh the text is in
+terms of understanding the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of understanding the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of understanding the context of
+the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text
+that's something that using these newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that using these newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that using these newer
+embeddings is actually really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeddings is actually really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeddings is actually really good at
+because they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can get
+they can they could use the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they could use the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can they could use the context of
+words to to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to to better
+represent what each word actually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what each word actually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent what each word actually means
+and they see substantial improvements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see substantial improvements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see substantial improvements in
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+using this approach what about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this approach what about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this approach what about for
+non-text data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-text data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-text data
+so you might ask you know when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might ask you know when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might ask you know when we have
+health insurance claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurance claims
+we have longitudinal data across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have longitudinal data across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have longitudinal data across time
+there's no language in this it's a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no language in this it's a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no language in this it's a time
+series data set you have icd-9 codes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series data set you have icd-9 codes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series data set you have icd-9 codes at
+each point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each point in time
+you have maybe lab test results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have maybe lab test results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have maybe lab test results
+medication records and this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication records and this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medication records and this is very
+similar to the market scan data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the market scan data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the market scan data that you
+used in your homework assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in your homework assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in your homework assignment
+could one learn embeddings of for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one learn embeddings of for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one learn embeddings of for this
+type of data which is also useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of data which is also useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of data which is also useful for
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+so one goal might be to say okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one goal might be to say okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one goal might be to say okay let's
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+every icd-9 icd-10 code every medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every icd-9 icd-10 code every medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every icd-9 icd-10 code every medication
+every laboratory test result and embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every laboratory test result and embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every laboratory test result and embed
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+event types into some lower dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event types into some lower dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event types into some lower dimensional
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+so here's an example of an embedding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of an embedding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of an embedding and
+you see how this is just a sketch by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how this is just a sketch by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how this is just a sketch by the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+you see how you might hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how you might hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how you might hope that
+diagnosis codes for autoimmune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes for autoimmune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes for autoimmune
+conditions might be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions might be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions might be all
+near each other in some lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other in some lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other in some lower
+dimensional space diagnosis codes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space diagnosis codes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space diagnosis codes for
+medications that treat some conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that treat some conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications that treat some conditions
+should be near each other and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be near each other and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be near each other and so on so
+you might hope that such structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might hope that such structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might hope that such structure
+might be discovered by an unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be discovered by an unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be discovered by an unsupervised
+learning algorithm that could then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm that could then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm that could then be
+used within a transfer learning approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used within a transfer learning approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used within a transfer learning approach
+and indeed that's what we found so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed that's what we found so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed that's what we found so i
+wrote a paper on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a paper on this
+in 2015-16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2015-16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2015-16
+and here are here's here's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are here's here's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are here's here's one of the
+results from that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from that paper
+um so this is just looking at nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is just looking at nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is just looking at nearest
+neighbors to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors to give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors to give you some
+some sense of of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense of of whether
+the embedding is actually capturing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedding is actually capturing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embedding is actually capturing the
+structure of the data so we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the data so we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the data so we looked at
+nearest neighbors of the diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors of the diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors of the diagnosis
+icd-9 diagnosis code 710.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 diagnosis code 710.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 diagnosis code 710.0
+and you which which is a lupus and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you which which is a lupus and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you which which is a lupus and what
+you find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that
+another diagnosis code also for lupus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another diagnosis code also for lupus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another diagnosis code also for lupus is
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+closest results followed by connective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest results followed by connective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest results followed by connective
+tissue disorder disorder sika syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue disorder disorder sika syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue disorder disorder sika syndrome
+which is sjogren's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sjogren's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sjogren's disease
+um raynaud's syndrome and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um raynaud's syndrome and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um raynaud's syndrome and other
+autoimmune conditions so that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune conditions so that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune conditions so that makes a
+lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of sense
+you could also go across data types like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also go across data types like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also go across data types like
+ask what is the nearest neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is the nearest neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what is the nearest neighbor
+from this diet from this diagnosis code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this diet from this diagnosis code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this diet from this diagnosis code
+to laboratory tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to laboratory tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to laboratory tests
+and since we've embedded lab tests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we've embedded lab tests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we've embedded lab tests and
+diagnosis codes all in the same space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes all in the same space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis codes all in the same space
+you can actually get the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get the answer to that
+what you see is that these lab tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that these lab tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that these lab tests
+which by the way are exactly lab tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way are exactly lab tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by the way are exactly lab tests
+that are commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are commonly used
+to to understand progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to understand progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to understand progression
+in this autoimmune condition are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this autoimmune condition are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this autoimmune condition are the
+closest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest neighbors
+similarly you could ask the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you could ask the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you could ask the same
+question about about drugs and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about about drugs and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about about drugs and so on
+and by the way we have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way we have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way we have made
+all these embeddings publicly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these embeddings publicly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these embeddings publicly available
+on my on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my on my
+labs github and since the time that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs github and since the time that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labs github and since the time that i
+wrote this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this paper
+there have been a number of other papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a number of other papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been a number of other papers
+that i give citations to at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i give citations to at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i give citations to at the bottom
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+tackling a very similar problem this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackling a very similar problem this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackling a very similar problem this
+last one also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one also
+put their embeddings publicly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put their embeddings publicly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put their embeddings publicly available
+and is much larger than the one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is much larger than the one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is much larger than the one that we
+had created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had created
+so so these things i think will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these things i think will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these things i think will also be
+very useful as one starts to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful as one starts to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful as one starts to think about
+how one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one can
+transfer knowledge learned on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer knowledge learned on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer knowledge learned on one
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution
+to another institution where you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another institution where you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another institution where you might
+have much less data that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much less data that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much less data that other
+institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so finally i want to return back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally i want to return back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so finally i want to return back to the
+question that i raised in bullet 2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i raised in bullet 2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that i raised in bullet 2 here
+where we looked at a linear model with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we looked at a linear model with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we looked at a linear model with a
+manually chosen representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually chosen representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually chosen representation
+and ask could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask could we
+instead of just naively chopping your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just naively chopping your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just naively chopping your
+deep neural network at some layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network at some layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep neural network at some layer and
+and then fine tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fine tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fine tuning
+could one have learned a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one have learned a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could one have learned a representation
+of your data specifically for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your data specifically for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your data specifically for the
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+of encouraging good generalization to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of encouraging good generalization to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of encouraging good generalization to a
+new institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new institution
+and there's been some really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been some really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been some really exciting
+work in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in this field
+that goes by the name of unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes by the name of unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes by the name of unsupervised
+domain adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the setting that's considered here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setting that's considered here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setting that's considered here is
+where you have data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have data from
+you have data from some first some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have data from some first some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have data from some first some
+institution which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution which is
+x comma y but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comma y but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x comma y but the
+but then you want to you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you want to you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you want to you want to do
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+from a new institution where all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a new institution where all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a new institution where all you
+have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to
+at training time is acts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at training time is acts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at training time is acts okay
+so as opposed to the transfer settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as opposed to the transfer settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as opposed to the transfer settings
+that i talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i talked about earlier
+now for this new institution you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this new institution you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this new institution you might
+have a ton of unlabeled data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of unlabeled data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ton of unlabeled data
+whereas before i was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before i was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before i was talking about
+having just a small amount of label data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just a small amount of label data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just a small amount of label data
+but i never talked about the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i never talked about the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i never talked about the possibility
+of having a large amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having a large amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having a large amount
+of unlabeled data so you might ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unlabeled data so you might ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unlabeled data so you might ask how
+could you use that large amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you use that large amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you use that large amount of
+unlabeled data from that second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled data from that second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled data from that second
+institution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution in
+order to learn a representation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn a representation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to learn a representation that
+actually encourages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encourages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encourages
+similarities from one solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities from one solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities from one solution to the
+other and that's exactly what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that's exactly what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that's exactly what these
+domain adversarial training approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain adversarial training approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain adversarial training approaches
+will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do
+what they do is they add a second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they add a second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they add a second term
+to the loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the loss function
+so they're going to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to minimize the
+intuition is you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is you're going to
+minimize you're going to try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize you're going to try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize you're going to try to learn
+parameters that minimize your loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that minimize your loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that minimize your loss
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluated on data set 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated on data set 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated on data set 1
+but you're going to intuitively you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to intuitively you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to intuitively you're
+going to ask that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask that
+there also be a small distance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also be a small distance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also be a small distance which
+i'll just note as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just note as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just note as
+uh d here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d here between
+d1 and d2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d1 and d2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d1 and d2
+so i'm being a little bit loose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm being a little bit loose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm being a little bit loose with
+notation here but when i calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here but when i calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here but when i calculate
+distance here i'm referring to distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here i'm referring to distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here i'm referring to distance
+and representation space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representation space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representation space
+so you might imagine taking the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine taking the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might imagine taking the middle
+layer of your deep neural network so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of your deep neural network so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of your deep neural network so
+taking let's say this layer which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking let's say this layer which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking let's say this layer which we're
+going to call the feature layer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the feature layer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call the feature layer the
+representation layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation layer
+and you're going to say i want that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to say i want that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to say i want that my
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+under the first institution should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the first institution should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the first institution should look
+very similar to the data under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the data under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the data under the
+second institution so the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second institution so the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second institution so the first few
+layers of your deep neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of your deep neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of your deep neural network
+are going to attempt to equalize the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to attempt to equalize the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to attempt to equalize the two
+data sets so that they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets so that they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets so that they look
+similar to another at least in x space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to another at least in x space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to another at least in x space
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we're going to attempt to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to attempt to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to attempt to find
+representations of your model that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of your model that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of your model that get
+good predictive performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good predictive performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good predictive performance
+on the data set for which you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set for which you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the data set for which you actually
+have the labels and for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the labels and for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the labels and for which
+the induced representations let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induced representations let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induced representations let's say
+the middle layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle layer
+look very similar across the two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very similar across the two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very similar across the two data
+sets and one way to do that is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and one way to do that is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and one way to do that is just to
+try to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to predict
+for each you now get a for each data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each you now get a for each data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each you now get a for each data
+point you might actually say well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you might actually say well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you might actually say well which
+data set did it come from data set one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set did it come from data set one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set did it come from data set one
+or data set two and what you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or data set two and what you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or data set two and what you want is
+that your your model should not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your your model should not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your your model should not be able
+to distinguish which data set it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish which data set it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish which data set it came
+from so that's what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so that's what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so that's what it says
+gradient reverse layer you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient reverse layer you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient reverse layer you want to be
+able to you want to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you want to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you want to ensure that
+predicting which data set that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting which data set that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting which data set that data
+point came from you want to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point came from you want to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point came from you want to perform
+badly on that loss function it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly on that loss function it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly on that loss function it's like
+taking the minus of that loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the minus of that loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the minus of that loss
+and so we're not going to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're not going to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're not going to go into the
+details of that but i just want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that but i just want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of that but i just want to give
+you a reference to that approach in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a reference to that approach in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a reference to that approach in the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+and what i want to do is just spend one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to do is just spend one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to do is just spend one
+minute at the very end talking now about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute at the very end talking now about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute at the very end talking now about
+defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defenses
+to adversarial attacks and conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adversarial attacks and conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adversarial attacks and conceptually
+this is very simple and that's why i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very simple and that's why i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very simple and that's why i can
+actually do it in one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we talked about how one could easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about how one could easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about how one could easily
+modify an image in order to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify an image in order to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify an image in order to turn the
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+from let's say pig to airliner but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's say pig to airliner but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's say pig to airliner but how
+could we change your learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we change your learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we change your learning algorithm
+actually to make sure that despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to make sure that despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to make sure that despite the
+fact that you do this perturbation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you do this perturbation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you do this perturbation you
+still get the right prediction out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the right prediction out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the right prediction out
+pig well to think through that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig well to think through that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig well to think through that we have
+to think through how do we do machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through how do we do machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through how do we do machine
+learning well typical approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning well typical approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning well typical approach to
+machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning
+is to learn some parameters theta that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to learn some parameters theta that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to learn some parameters theta that
+minimized your empirical loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized your empirical loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized your empirical loss
+often we use deep neural networks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we use deep neural networks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we use deep neural networks which
+look a little like this and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little like this and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a little like this and we do
+gradient descent where we attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent where we attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent where we attempt to
+you know minimize some loss surfaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minimize some loss surfaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minimize some loss surfaced
+find some parameters data that have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some parameters data that have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some parameters data that have as
+low loss as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low loss as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low loss as possible
+now when you think about an adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you think about an adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when you think about an adversarial
+example and where they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and where they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and where they come
+from typically one finds an adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from typically one finds an adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from typically one finds an adversarial
+example in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the following way
+you take your same loss function now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your same loss function now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take your same loss function now for
+specific input x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific input x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific input x
+and you try to find some perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to find some perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to find some perturbation
+delta to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to x
+an additive perturbation for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive perturbation for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive perturbation for example
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+you increase the loss as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the loss as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the loss as much as
+possible with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with respect
+to the correct label y and so if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the correct label y and so if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the correct label y and so if you've
+increased the loss with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the loss with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the loss with respect to the
+correct label y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct label y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct label y
+intuitively then when you try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively then when you try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively then when you try to see
+well what should you predict for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what should you predict for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what should you predict for this
+new perturbed input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new perturbed input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new perturbed input
+there's going to be a lower loss for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lower loss for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lower loss for
+some alternative label which is why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alternative label which is why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some alternative label which is why the
+prediction the class that's predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction the class that's predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction the class that's predicted
+actually changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes
+so now one can try to find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now one can try to find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now one can try to find these
+adversarial examples using the same type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial examples using the same type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversarial examples using the same type
+of gradient based learning algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gradient based learning algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gradient based learning algorithms
+that one uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one uses
+for for learning in the first place but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for learning in the first place but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for learning in the first place but
+what one can do is you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one can do is you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one can do is you can use a
+gradient descent method now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent method now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient descent method now
+and instead of gradient descent gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of gradient descent gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of gradient descent gradient
+ascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent
+so you take this optimization problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take this optimization problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take this optimization problem
+for a given input x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given input x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given input x
+you try to maximize that loss for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to maximize that loss for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to maximize that loss for that
+input x with respect to delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input x with respect to delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input x with respect to delta and
+now doing gradient ascent okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing gradient ascent okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now doing gradient ascent okay and so
+what types of deltas should you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what types of deltas should you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what types of deltas should you consider
+you can imagine small perturbations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine small perturbations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine small perturbations for
+example deltas that have very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example deltas that have very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example deltas that have very small
+maximum values that would be an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum values that would be an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum values that would be an example
+of an l infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an l infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an l infinity norm
+or you could say that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could say that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could say that the sum of the
+perturbations across let's say all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations across let's say all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations across let's say all of
+the dimensions has to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions has to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions has to be small
+that would be corresponding to like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be corresponding to like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be corresponding to like an
+l1 or l2 norm bound on what delta should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 or l2 norm bound on what delta should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 or l2 norm bound on what delta should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+so now we've got everything we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got everything we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got everything we need
+actually to think about defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to think about defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to think about defenses
+to this type of adversarial perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so instead of minimizing your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of minimizing your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of minimizing your typical
+empirical loss what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical loss what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical loss what we're going to do is
+we're going to attempt to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to attempt to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to attempt to add
+minimize an adversarial robust loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize an adversarial robust loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize an adversarial robust loss
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+what we'll do is we'll say okay we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is we'll say okay we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is we'll say okay we want
+to be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sure
+that no matter what the perturbation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what the perturbation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter what the perturbation is
+that one adds to the input the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one adds to the input the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one adds to the input the true
+label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label
+y still has low loss so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y still has low loss so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y still has low loss so you want to
+find parameters theta which minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find parameters theta which minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find parameters theta which minimize
+this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+quantity some sounds saying that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity some sounds saying that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity some sounds saying that we
+should still do well even for the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still do well even for the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should still do well even for the worst
+case adversarial perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now this would be the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this would be the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this would be the following
+new learning objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new learning objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new learning objective
+where we're going to minimize over theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to minimize over theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to minimize over theta
+with respect to the maximum over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the maximum over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the maximum over delta
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and you have to restrict the family that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to restrict the family that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to restrict the family that
+these perturbations could live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perturbations could live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perturbations could live in
+so if that delta that you're maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that delta that you're maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that delta that you're maximizing
+with respect to is the empty set you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to is the empty set you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to is the empty set you get
+back the original learning problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the original learning problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the original learning problem
+if you let it be let's say all l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let it be let's say all l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you let it be let's say all l
+infinity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity uh
+bounded perturbations of of uh l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded perturbations of of uh l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded perturbations of of uh l
+of maximum size point zero one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum size point zero one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum size point zero one then
+you're saying we're gonna allow for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying we're gonna allow for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying we're gonna allow for a
+very small amount of perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small amount of perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small amount of perturbations
+and the learning algorithm is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the learning algorithm is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the learning algorithm is going to
+find parameters data such that for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find parameters data such that for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find parameters data such that for every
+input even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input even with
+a small perturbation to it adversarially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small perturbation to it adversarially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small perturbation to it adversarially
+chosen you still get good predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen you still get good predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen you still get good predictive
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance
+and this is now a new optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is now a new optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is now a new optimization
+problem that one can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that one can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that one can solve
+and we've now reduced the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've now reduced the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've now reduced the problem
+finding adversarial robust model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding adversarial robust model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding adversarial robust model to
+a new optimization problem and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new optimization problem and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new optimization problem and what the
+field has been doing in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has been doing in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has been doing in the last
+couple of years is coming up with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years is coming up with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years is coming up with new
+optimization approaches to try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization approaches to try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization approaches to try to solve
+those problems fast so for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems fast so for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems fast so for example this
+paper published in icml in 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper published in icml in 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper published in icml in 2018
+by zika culture who and his student zika
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zika culture who and his student zika
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by zika culture who and his student zika
+just visited mit last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just visited mit last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just visited mit last
+last a few weeks ago what it did is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last a few weeks ago what it did is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last a few weeks ago what it did is it
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+we're going to use a convex relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use a convex relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use a convex relaxation
+to the rectified linear unit which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rectified linear unit which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rectified linear unit which is
+used in many deep neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in many deep neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in many deep neural network
+architectures and what it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and what it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and what it's going to do
+is then it's going to say okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then it's going to say okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then it's going to say okay we're
+going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about
+how a small perturbation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a small perturbation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a small perturbation to
+to the input would be propagated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input would be propagated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input would be propagated in
+terms of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of getting
+how much that could actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that could actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much that could actually change the
+output and if one could bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and if one could bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and if one could bound
+at every layer by layer how much a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every layer by layer how much a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every layer by layer how much a small
+perturbation affects the output of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation affects the output of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation affects the output of that
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+then one could propagate from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one could propagate from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one could propagate from the very
+bottom all the way to the loss function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom all the way to the loss function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom all the way to the loss function
+at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+to try to bound how much the loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to bound how much the loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to bound how much the loss
+function itself changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself changes
+and a picture of what you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a picture of what you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a picture of what you would expect
+out is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is as follows
+on the left hand side here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side here you have a
+data point red and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point red and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point red and blue
+and the decision boundary that's learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the decision boundary that's learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the decision boundary that's learned
+if you didn't do this adver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't do this adver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't do this adver
+this robust learning algorithm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this robust learning algorithm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this robust learning algorithm on the
+right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you
+you have now you'll notice a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now you'll notice a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now you'll notice a small
+square around each data point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square around each data point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square around each data point that
+corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a
+maximum perturbation of some limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum perturbation of some limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum perturbation of some limited
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+and now you notice how decision boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you notice how decision boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you notice how decision boundary
+doesn't cross any one of those squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cross any one of those squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't cross any one of those squares
+and that's what would be found by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what would be found by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what would be found by this
+learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm
+interestingly one could look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly one could look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly one could look at the
+filters that are learned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters that are learned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters that are learned by
+convolutional network using this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional network using this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional network using this new
+learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm
+and you find that they're much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that they're much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that they're much more
+sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse
+and so this is a very fast moving field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a very fast moving field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a very fast moving field
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+every time a new adversarial attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a new adversarial attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time a new adversarial attack
+um every time a new adversarial defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every time a new adversarial defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um every time a new adversarial defense
+mechanism comes up someone comes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism comes up someone comes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism comes up someone comes up with
+a different type of attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different type of attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different type of attack
+which breaks it and usually that's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which breaks it and usually that's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which breaks it and usually that's from
+one of two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two reasons
+one because the the defense mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the the defense mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the the defense mechanism
+isn't provable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't provable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't provable
+uh and so one could try to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so one could try to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so one could try to come up with
+a theorem which says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem which says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem which says okay
+no matter as long as you don't perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter as long as you don't perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter as long as you don't perturb
+it more than some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more than some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more than some amount
+these are the results you should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the results you should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the results you should expect
+the other slip of the coin is even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other slip of the coin is even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other slip of the coin is even if
+you come up with some provable guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with some provable guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with some provable guarantee
+there might be other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be other types of
+of attacks so for example you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attacks so for example you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attacks so for example you might
+imagine a rotation to the input instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a rotation to the input instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a rotation to the input instead
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh l infinity bounded norm that you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh l infinity bounded norm that you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh l infinity bounded norm that you add
+to it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and so
+for every new type of attack model you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every new type of attack model you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every new type of attack model you
+have to think through new defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think through new defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think through new defense
+mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms
+and so you should expect to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you should expect to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you should expect to see some
+iteration in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration in the space
+and there's a website called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a website called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a website called
+robusthyphenml.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robusthyphenml.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robusthyphenml.org
+where many of these attacks and defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many of these attacks and defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many of these attacks and defenses
+are being published to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being published to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being published to allow
+for the academic community to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the academic community to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the academic community to make
+progress here and with that i'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress here and with that i'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress here and with that i'll finish
+today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mhip1rljvRo.txt b/Mhip1rljvRo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1188a75ae7defdac11ad86d409c25dc08287b540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mhip1rljvRo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's define a few familiar and standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define a few familiar and standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's define a few familiar and standard
+operations on sets so here's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on sets so here's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on sets so here's a picture
+of two sets a and B where the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two sets a and B where the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two sets a and B where the idea is
+that the circle represents the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the circle represents the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the circle represents the points in
+a the other circle represents the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the other circle represents the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the other circle represents the points
+in B the overlapping area of this lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B the overlapping area of this lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B the overlapping area of this lens
+shaped region are the points that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped region are the points that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped region are the points that are in
+both a and B and the background are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a and B and the background are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a and B and the background are the
+points that are in either a and B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are in either a and B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are in either a and B so
+this is sort of a general picture allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a general picture allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a general picture allows
+you to classify points with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to classify points with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to classify points with respect to a
+and B and it's called a Venn diagram in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and it's called a Venn diagram in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B and it's called a Venn diagram in
+this case for two sets it's still useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case for two sets it's still useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case for two sets it's still useful
+for three sets it gets more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three sets it gets more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three sets it gets more complicated
+for four sets and after about that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four sets and after about that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four sets and after about that after
+that point they're not really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point they're not really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point they're not really very
+useful but a lot of the basic operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but a lot of the basic operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful but a lot of the basic operations
+can be illustrated nicely in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be illustrated nicely in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be illustrated nicely in terms of
+the Venn diagram for two sets and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Venn diagram for two sets and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Venn diagram for two sets and that's
+we're about to do so the first operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to do so the first operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to do so the first operation
+is Union it's the set of points shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Union it's the set of points shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Union it's the set of points shown
+here in magenta it's the set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in magenta it's the set of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in magenta it's the set of points
+that are in either A or B all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in either A or B all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in either A or B all of them
+and so if we were defining this as a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we were defining this as a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if we were defining this as a in
+terms of set theoretic notation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of set theoretic notation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of set theoretic notation or
+predicate notation the Union symbol the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate notation the Union symbol the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate notation the Union symbol the
+U is for the Union symbol so a union B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is for the Union symbol so a union B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is for the Union symbol so a union B
+is defined to be those points X that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be those points X that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be those points X that are
+in a or are in B and you can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a or are in B and you can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a or are in B and you can already
+begin to see an intimate relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see an intimate relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to see an intimate relationship
+between the Union operation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Union operation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Union operation and the
+propositional or connective but don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional or connective but don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional or connective but don't
+confuse them if you apply an or two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse them if you apply an or two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse them if you apply an or two sets
+you're compiler is going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're compiler is going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're compiler is going to give you a
+type error and if you apply Union to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type error and if you apply Union to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type error and if you apply Union to
+propositional variables your compiler is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional variables your compiler is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional variables your compiler is
+also going to give you a type error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to give you a type error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to give you a type error so
+let's keep the propositional operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep the propositional operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep the propositional operators
+and the set theoretic operators separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set theoretic operators separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set theoretic operators separate
+although and clearly distinct even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although and clearly distinct even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although and clearly distinct even
+though they resemble each other all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they resemble each other all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they resemble each other all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+next basic operation is intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next basic operation is intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next basic operation is intersection
+where again it's the points that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again it's the points that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again it's the points that are
+both in a and B the points in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in a and B the points in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in a and B the points in common
+which are now highlighted in blue so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now highlighted in blue so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are now highlighted in blue so the
+definition of a intersection B we use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a intersection B we use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a intersection B we use an
+upside-down Union symbol for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside-down Union symbol for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside-down Union symbol for an
+intersection it's the set of points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection it's the set of points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection it's the set of points that
+are in a and are in B so let's stop for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a and are in B so let's stop for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in a and are in B so let's stop for
+a minute and make use of the similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute and make use of the similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute and make use of the similarity
+between the set theoretic operations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the set theoretic operations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the set theoretic operations and
+the propositional operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propositional operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propositional operators
+let's look at a set theoretic identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a set theoretic identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a set theoretic identity
+which I claim holds no matter what sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I claim holds no matter what sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I claim holds no matter what sets
+a B and C you're talking about and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B and C you're talking about and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B and C you're talking about and we're
+going to prove it by making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it by making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove it by making the
+connection between set theoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between set theoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between set theoretic
+operations and propositional operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and propositional operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and propositional operations
+so let's read the thing it says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's read the thing it says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's read the thing it says that if
+you take a Union the set B intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a Union the set B intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a Union the set B intersection
+C that's equal to the set a union B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's equal to the set a union B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's equal to the set a union B
+intersected with a union C now let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with a union C now let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with a union C now let's not
+think through yet how to make this an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through yet how to make this an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through yet how to make this an
+intuitive argument it's gonna really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive argument it's gonna really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive argument it's gonna really
+crank out in an automatic way in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank out in an automatic way in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank out in an automatic way in a
+moment but we can remember it as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but we can remember it as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but we can remember it as saying
+that you can think of this as Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of this as Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of this as Union
+distributing over intersection so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing over intersection so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing over intersection so where
+if you think of Union as times here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of Union as times here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of Union as times here and
+intersection is plus then we're we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is plus then we're we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection is plus then we're we've
+got a rule that says that a times B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a rule that says that a times B plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a rule that says that a times B plus
+C is 8 times B plus a times C now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is 8 times B plus a times C now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is 8 times B plus a times C now it's
+also true that if you reverse the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true that if you reverse the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true that if you reverse the role
+of Union an intersection you get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Union an intersection you get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Union an intersection you get another
+distributive law that and distributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law that and distributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive law that and distributes
+over Union but never mind that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Union but never mind that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Union but never mind that let's
+just look at this one we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this one we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at this one we're trying to
+prove the distributive law for union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the distributive law for union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the distributive law for union
+over intersection how shall we prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over intersection how shall we prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over intersection how shall we prove it
+just from the definitions well the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the definitions well the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the definitions well the way
+we're gonna do it is by showing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do it is by showing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do it is by showing that the
+two sets on the left-hand side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets on the left-hand side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets on the left-hand side and the
+right-hand side have the same set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side have the same set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side have the same set of
+elements namely if I have an element X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements namely if I have an element X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements namely if I have an element X
+that appears in the set described on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in the set described on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears in the set described on the
+left-hand side then it's that point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side then it's that point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side then it's that point is
+on the right-hand side and it's an if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right-hand side and it's an if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right-hand side and it's an if
+and only if so that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if so that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if so that says that the
+left-hand side and the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side and the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side and the right-hand side
+expressions define sets with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions define sets with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions define sets with the same
+set of points this holds for all X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points this holds for all X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points this holds for all X and
+that turns out that the proof is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out that the proof is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out that the proof is gonna
+follow from by analogy to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from by analogy to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from by analogy to a
+propositional formula that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional formula that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional formula that we're going
+to make use of in the proof that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make use of in the proof that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make use of in the proof that was a
+propositional equivalence that we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional equivalence that we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional equivalence that we proved
+in an earlier talk namely that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an earlier talk namely that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an earlier talk namely that or
+distributes over and so P or Q and R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over and so P or Q and R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes over and so P or Q and R is
+equivalent to P or Q and P or R so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to P or Q and P or R so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to P or Q and P or R so you
+can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the
+this equivalence has the same structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equivalence has the same structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equivalence has the same structure
+as in this equivalence in purple has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this equivalence in purple has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in this equivalence in purple has the
+same structure as the set theoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure as the set theoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure as the set theoretic
+equality in blue except that unions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality in blue except that unions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality in blue except that unions
+replaced by Killoran intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by Killoran intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by Killoran intersections
+replaced by and and set variables ABC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by and and set variables ABC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by and and set variables ABC is
+replaced by propositional variables P Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by propositional variables P Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by propositional variables P Q
+R so let's just remember that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so let's just remember that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so let's just remember that we've
+already proved this propositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proved this propositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proved this propositional
+equivalence and we're gonna make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and we're gonna make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and we're gonna make use of
+it in the middle of this proof that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the middle of this proof that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the middle of this proof that
+these two sets are equal so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets are equal so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets are equal so again we
+said we were going to prove that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we were going to prove that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we were going to prove that two
+sets are equal by showing they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are equal by showing they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are equal by showing they have the
+same points so here's the proof it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same points so here's the proof it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same points so here's the proof it's
+gonna be a lovely if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a lovely if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a lovely if and only if
+argument the whole way so looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the whole way so looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument the whole way so looking at the
+left hand side and a point X is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side and a point X is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side and a point X is in a
+union B intersection C by definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union B intersection C by definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union B intersection C by definition of
+Union if and only if X is in a or X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union if and only if X is in a or X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union if and only if X is in a or X is
+in B intersection C I've just applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B intersection C I've just applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B intersection C I've just applied
+the definition of Union there okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of Union there okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of Union there okay now
+let's look at this expression X is in B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this expression X is in B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this expression X is in B
+intersection C that's the same as X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection C that's the same as X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection C that's the same as X is
+in B and X is in C again just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B and X is in C again just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B and X is in C again just using the
+definition of intersection and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of intersection and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of intersection and now I
+have a propositional formula involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a propositional formula involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a propositional formula involving
+or and and and the basic assertions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and and and the basic assertions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and and and the basic assertions
+about sets of X is a member of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sets of X is a member of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sets of X is a member of one of
+those ABCs now at this point I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ABCs now at this point I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ABCs now at this point I can
+immediately apply my propositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately apply my propositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately apply my propositional
+equivalence and say that the assertion X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and say that the assertion X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence and say that the assertion X
+is in a or X is in B and X is in C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or X is in B and X is in C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or X is in B and X is in C is
+holds if and only if this expression X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds if and only if this expression X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds if and only if this expression X
+is in a or X is in B and X is in a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or X is in B and X is in a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or X is in B and X is in a or
+X's and C why is that well I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and C why is that well I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and C why is that well I'm just
+invoking the propositional equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking the propositional equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking the propositional equivalence
+let's look at it that if I think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it that if I think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it that if I think of the
+X is in a as proposition P and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in a as proposition P and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is in a as proposition P and let's
+replace all the x over a is by P and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace all the x over a is by P and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace all the x over a is by P and I
+think of X is in B as a Q and X is and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of X is in B as a Q and X is and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of X is in B as a Q and X is and C
+is an R then I can see that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an R then I can see that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an R then I can see that the the
+first set theoretic assertion has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set theoretic assertion has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first set theoretic assertion has the
+form of p or q and r and i can transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of p or q and r and i can transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of p or q and r and i can transform
+it by the propositional equivalence into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the propositional equivalence into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by the propositional equivalence into
+P or Q and P or R and then remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or Q and P or R and then remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P or Q and P or R and then remember what
+p and r are to get back to the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and r are to get back to the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and r are to get back to the set
+theoretic membership basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic membership basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic membership basic
+Bishop assertions so now we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bishop assertions so now we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bishop assertions so now we've just
+proved that X is in a or X's and B and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that X is in a or X's and B and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that X is in a or X's and B and X
+is in a or X's and C and then that's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or X's and C and then that's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or X's and C and then that's if
+and only if it was in the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it was in the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it was in the left hand side
+set well now I'm gonna go back the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set well now I'm gonna go back the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set well now I'm gonna go back the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+namely this or that X is in a or X's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this or that X is in a or X's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely this or that X is in a or X's and
+B is the same as saying that X is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the same as saying that X is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the same as saying that X is in a
+union B likewise here it just might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union B likewise here it just might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union B likewise here it just might
+apply the definition of Union and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the definition of Union and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the definition of Union and this
+assertion that X is in this set and X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion that X is in this set and X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion that X is in this set and X is
+in this set is the same as saying that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set is the same as saying that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this set is the same as saying that X
+is in there intersection and I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there intersection and I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in there intersection and I've just
+proved I've completed my proof namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved I've completed my proof namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved I've completed my proof namely
+the point that was in the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that was in the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that was in the left hand side
+is if and only if it's in the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if and only if it's in the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if and only if it's in the right hand
+side you have to remember that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you have to remember that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you have to remember that that was
+the right hand side of the identity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the identity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the identity so
+this is a general method actually where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a general method actually where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a general method actually where
+you can take any set theoretic equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take any set theoretic equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take any set theoretic equality
+involving Union and intersection and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving Union and intersection and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving Union and intersection and the
+operations of difference and complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of difference and complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations of difference and complement
+that we'll talk about in a moment and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about in a moment and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about in a moment and we
+can convert any such set theoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert any such set theoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert any such set theoretic
+equality into a propositional equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality into a propositional equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality into a propositional equality
+or propositional equivalence or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or propositional equivalence or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or propositional equivalence or we can
+check that it that the propositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it that the propositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it that the propositional
+assertion is an equivalence and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion is an equivalence and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion is an equivalence and from
+that using this method of converting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using this method of converting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using this method of converting the
+membership statements in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership statements in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership statements in the set
+expression into a propositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression into a propositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression into a propositional
+combination we can check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we can check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we can check and
+automatically check any kind of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically check any kind of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically check any kind of set
+theoretic identity involving Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic identity involving Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic identity involving Union
+intersection well and - and that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection well and - and that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection well and - and that in fact
+is the way that automatic engines like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that automatic engines like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way that automatic engines like
+Mathematica can prove these set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica can prove these set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathematica can prove these set
+theoretic identities so let's just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic identities so let's just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic identities so let's just for
+the record put down that last operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record put down that last operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the record put down that last operation
+the difference operation is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference operation is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference operation is the set of
+elements that are in a and not in B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are in a and not in B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are in a and not in B so
+we'd write it as a minus B is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd write it as a minus B is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd write it as a minus B is the set of
+points that are in a and not in B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are in a and not in B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are in a and not in B and
+it's illustrated by this region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's illustrated by this region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's illustrated by this region that's
+highlighted in orange and a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in orange and a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in orange and a special case
+of the minus operation of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minus operation of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the minus operation of the difference
+operation is complement when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is complement when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation is complement when you know
+the overall domain that you expect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall domain that you expect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall domain that you expect all
+your sets to be part of then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sets to be part of then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sets to be part of then you can
+define a complement to be everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a complement to be everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a complement to be everything
+that's not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in a
+a set of X such that X is not in a where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of X such that X is not in a where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of X such that X is not in a where
+X is understood to be ranging over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is understood to be ranging over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is understood to be ranging over some
+domain of this course so if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of this course so if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of this course so if you're going
+to picture that we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to picture that we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to picture that we're looking at the
+whole orange region all of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole orange region all of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole orange region all of the stuff
+that's not in a if we think of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in a if we think of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not in a if we think of the whole
+slide as representing the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide as representing the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide as representing the domain of
+discourse D
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MosaZngFjZY.txt b/MosaZngFjZY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b7a0d193cfa797aada44bac8db82e06954a47a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MosaZngFjZY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+I would like us to to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like us to to do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like us to to do the following
+problem we're going to let zal x^2 + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to let zal x^2 + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to let zal x^2 + y
+and we want s to be the graph of Z above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want s to be the graph of Z above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want s to be the graph of Z above
+the unit Square in the XY plane and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Square in the XY plane and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit Square in the XY plane and what
+we'd like to do is for FAL to z i + x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is for FAL to z i + x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do is for FAL to z i + x k
+find the upward flux of f through S so s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the upward flux of f through S so s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the upward flux of f through S so s
+is our surface that's a graph over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our surface that's a graph over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our surface that's a graph over the
+XY plane in the unit square of zal x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane in the unit square of zal x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY plane in the unit square of zal x^2 +
+y and we want to compute the upward flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and we want to compute the upward flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and we want to compute the upward flux
+of f through that surface so why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f through that surface so why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f through that surface so why don't
+you work on this problem pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on this problem pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on this problem pause the video
+and then when you're ready to see my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you're ready to see my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you're ready to see my
+solution bring the video back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay welcome back so again what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay welcome back so again what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay welcome back so again what we
+want to do is we want to find the upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to find the upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to find the upward
+flux of f through this surface s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of f through this surface s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of f through this surface s and
+let's think about first how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about first how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about first how do we
+describe the surface s s is the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the surface s s is the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the surface s s is the graph of
+zal x^2 + y so we can think of it as Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zal x^2 + y so we can think of it as Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zal x^2 + y so we can think of it as Z
+is really we can think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really we can think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really we can think of it as a
+function of X and Y over the unit square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y over the unit square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y over the unit square
+right so we can say F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can say F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can say F of
+XY is equal to Z which is equal to x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY is equal to Z which is equal to x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY is equal to Z which is equal to x^2 +
+y and then we know how to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and then we know how to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and then we know how to compute the
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+well we know how to compute sorry n DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know how to compute sorry n DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know how to compute sorry n DS
+which also in class is sometimes written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also in class is sometimes written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also in class is sometimes written
+notationally as DS with the vector DS so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notationally as DS with the vector DS so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notationally as DS with the vector DS so
+we know how to compute this this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to compute this this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to compute this this form
+right here and it is you were you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and it is you were you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and it is you were you were
+shown in class that if f is a or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in class that if f is a or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in class that if f is a or sorry
+if you have a graph if your surface is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a graph if your surface is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a graph if your surface is a
+graph then this is exactly equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph then this is exactly equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph then this is exactly equal to the
+vector minus F subx comma minus F suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector minus F subx comma minus F suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector minus F subx comma minus F suby
+comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma
+1 DX Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 DX Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 DX Dy
+so that's exactly what this this n DS so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly what this this n DS so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's exactly what this this n DS so
+n is the vector and DS is the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the vector and DS is the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is the vector and DS is the surface
+form we have here so NDS is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have here so NDS is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have here so NDS is exactly
+equal to the vector minus F subx minus F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the vector minus F subx minus F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the vector minus F subx minus F
+sub y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub y1
+dxdy so what do we have here with f subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy so what do we have here with f subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dxdy so what do we have here with f subx
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+subx because f is equal to z f subx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx because f is equal to z f subx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx because f is equal to z f subx is
+2X and F sub y is 1 so in our case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and F sub y is 1 so in our case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and F sub y is 1 so in our case we
+get exactly -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly -
+2xa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xa
+-1 comma 1 DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy okay and now to compute the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay and now to compute the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay and now to compute the surface
+integral what we do if you or sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what we do if you or sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what we do if you or sorry to
+compute the flux along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the flux along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the flux along the
+surface what we do is we integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface what we do is we integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface what we do is we integrate over
+the surface which I guess we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface which I guess we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface which I guess we should
+remember that's a double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's a double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that's a double integral
+because it's just over a surface of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just over a surface of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just over a surface of f
+dotted with DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with DS
+right but that's the same as integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's the same as integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's the same as integrating
+over the region so we have this surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the region so we have this surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the region so we have this surface
+we know the region below that defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the region below that defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the region below that defines
+the surface in the XY coordinates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in the XY coordinates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface in the XY coordinates so
+it's integrating over the region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's integrating over the region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's integrating over the region of
+f dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dotted
+with this Vector here because n DS DS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Vector here because n DS DS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this Vector here because n DS DS is
+n DS and in the XY components it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n DS and in the XY components it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n DS and in the XY components it's
+exactly equal to this - 2x - 1 1 DX X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to this - 2x - 1 1 DX X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to this - 2x - 1 1 DX X
+Dy so now we're integrating we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so now we're integrating we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so now we're integrating we've gone
+from integr from looking at a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from integr from looking at a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from integr from looking at a surface
+integral now we're integrating we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now we're integrating we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now we're integrating we were
+integrating f. DS on the surface to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating f. DS on the surface to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating f. DS on the surface to now
+taking F dotted with this Vector on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking F dotted with this Vector on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking F dotted with this Vector on the
+region in the XY plane over which we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the XY plane over which we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the XY plane over which we we
+can Define s right so the region we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define s right so the region we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define s right so the region we're
+interested in remember is the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in remember is the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in remember is the unit
+Square so we had the unit Square which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so we had the unit Square which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so we had the unit Square which
+is X goes from 0 to 1 and y goes from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X goes from 0 to 1 and y goes from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X goes from 0 to 1 and y goes from 0
+to 1 all right and then what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 all right and then what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 all right and then what we're doing
+is we're looking at f as a as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're looking at f as a as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're looking at f as a as a function
+of X Y and Z right and we want to dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Y and Z right and we want to dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Y and Z right and we want to dot
+that with these with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with these with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with these with this
+vector and it's all being done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it's all being done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and it's all being done in the
+variables X and Y so we should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y so we should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y so we should be able
+to change everything to X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change everything to X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change everything to X and Y
+ultimately so let's look at what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately so let's look at what we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately so let's look at what we get
+when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do
+that so F I'm going to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so F I'm going to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so F I'm going to remind
+myself F was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself F was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself F was equal to
+Z Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Plus
+XK which if I write that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK which if I write that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK which if I write that in the
+component form it's Z comma 0 comma X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component form it's Z comma 0 comma X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component form it's Z comma 0 comma X
+right so F dotted with our minus f subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so F dotted with our minus f subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so F dotted with our minus f subx
+- F sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y1 so which was - 2x -1 1 we see we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 so which was - 2x -1 1 we see we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 so which was - 2x -1 1 we see we get
+- 2x doted with Z we get -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2x doted with Z we get -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2x doted with Z we get -
+2xz and then we get zero and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xz and then we get zero and then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2xz and then we get zero and then we get
+X so we get - 2 2 x Z Plus X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we get - 2 2 x Z Plus X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we get - 2 2 x Z Plus X that's
+exactly what F dotted with the vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what F dotted with the vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what F dotted with the vector we
+have is so now also we know that Z was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is so now also we know that Z was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is so now also we know that Z was
+equal to x^2 + y so we actually get -2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x^2 + y so we actually get -2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x^2 + y so we actually get -2X
+* x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x^2 +
+y + x again so I'm going to just expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + x again so I'm going to just expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y + x again so I'm going to just expand
+that so it's easier to to deal with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's easier to to deal with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's easier to to deal with so
+we get -2X cubed plus sorry - 2x y +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get -2X cubed plus sorry - 2x y +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get -2X cubed plus sorry - 2x y +
+x right and now we have exactly what o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right and now we have exactly what o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x right and now we have exactly what o
+if we look over here we have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look over here we have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look over here we have exactly
+this entire part here written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire part here written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire part here written as a
+function of X and Y which is good why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y which is good why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y which is good why is
+that good because everything we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good because everything we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good because everything we're
+integrating is in X and Y right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating is in X and Y right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating is in X and Y right we're
+doing DX and Dy so we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing DX and Dy so we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing DX and Dy so we just need to
+figure out the bounds and compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the bounds and compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the bounds and compute the
+integral okay so let's come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so let's come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so let's come over
+here so the flux then is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the flux then is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the flux then is going to be
+equal to well we know the region we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well we know the region we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to well we know the region we know
+the region is Y and X are both going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region is Y and X are both going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region is Y and X are both going
+from 0 to 1 so the order doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 so the order doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to 1 so the order doesn't matter
+because nothing depends on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing depends on another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nothing depends on another
+function and then we're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then we're integrating
+exactly this function -2X 3r - 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this function -2X 3r - 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this function -2X 3r - 2x
+y +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y +
+x Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x Dy
+DX okay so when we integrate in y we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so when we integrate in y we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so when we integrate in y we
+should be careful what do we get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be careful what do we get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be careful what do we get here
+we're going to have the integral from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the integral from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have the integral from 0
+to 1 and then we're going to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and then we're going to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and then we're going to have this
+we get a -2X Cub * Y and then evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a -2X Cub * Y and then evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a -2X Cub * Y and then evaluated
+0 and 1 so we just get a -2X cubed again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 so we just get a -2X cubed again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and 1 so we just get a -2X cubed again
+if we integrate this we have a -2X y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate this we have a -2X y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate this we have a -2X y^2
+over two so at zero we get nothing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two so at zero we get nothing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two so at zero we get nothing and
+at at one we get uh a 1/2 and so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at one we get uh a 1/2 and so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at one we get uh a 1/2 and so we get
+min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min -
+2x and then here when we integrate in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x and then here when we integrate in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x and then here when we integrate in y
+we get x * Y and we evaluate that at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get x * Y and we evaluate that at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get x * Y and we evaluate that at 1
+and zero and we get just plus X so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and we get just plus X so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and we get just plus X so let
+me just make sure I didn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure I didn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure I didn't make any
+mistakes there so this one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes there so this one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes there so this one I'm
+integrating at X and I'm integrating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating at X and I'm integrating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating at X and I'm integrating it
+in y and so I get a -2X Cub y evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y and so I get a -2X Cub y evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y and so I get a -2X Cub y evaluated
+at 0 and 1 so at one I just get a -2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 and 1 so at one I just get a -2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 and 1 so at one I just get a -2X
+Cub at zero I get zero in this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub at zero I get zero in this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cub at zero I get zero in this one I
+have a -2X y when I when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a -2X y when I when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a -2X y when I when I integrate
+that I get a y^2 over two right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get a y^2 over two right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get a y^2 over two right so the
+twos kill off so I'm left with an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos kill off so I'm left with an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos kill off so I'm left with an x
+negative of xy^2 evaluating that at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of xy^2 evaluating that at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of xy^2 evaluating that at zero
+and one at zero I get zero and at one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one at zero I get zero and at one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one at zero I get zero and at one I
+get Negative X oh there so that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Negative X oh there so that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Negative X oh there so that should
+not be there shouldn't be a two there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be there shouldn't be a two there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be there shouldn't be a two there
+right and then here when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then here when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then here when I integrate
+that that I get X Y evaluated at y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I get X Y evaluated at y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that I get X Y evaluated at y equal
+0 and y equal 1 and take that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and y equal 1 and take that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and y equal 1 and take that difference
+and at one I get just X and at zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at one I get just X and at zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at one I get just X and at zero I
+get nothing okay so hopefully that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nothing okay so hopefully that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nothing okay so hopefully that one
+is correct now because I forgot to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct now because I forgot to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct now because I forgot to kill
+off the two there first so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the two there first so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the two there first so those
+subtract off and I'm left with minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off and I'm left with minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off and I'm left with minus the
+integral from 0 to 1 of 2x cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 of 2x cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 of 2x cubed
+DX well that's going to be minus of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX well that's going to be minus of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX well that's going to be minus of X
+cubed it's going to be X to 4th over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed it's going to be X to 4th over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed it's going to be X to 4th over 4
+and then I have the two still here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have the two still here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have the two still here so
+that will divide out evaluate at 0 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will divide out evaluate at 0 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will divide out evaluate at 0 and 1
+at Z I obviously get nothing at 1 I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z I obviously get nothing at 1 I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z I obviously get nothing at 1 I get
+- 1/2 and so the flux of f across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1/2 and so the flux of f across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1/2 and so the flux of f across the
+surface is equal to- one2 and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is equal to- one2 and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface is equal to- one2 and that's the
+upward flux so obviously if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward flux so obviously if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward flux so obviously if I wanted to
+know the downward flux that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the downward flux that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the downward flux that would be
+positive 1/2 it doesn't have anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 1/2 it doesn't have anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 1/2 it doesn't have anything to
+do with what f is it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with what f is it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with what f is it has to do with the
+direction of the normal that I'm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the normal that I'm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the normal that I'm that
+I'm dotting f with so since I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dotting f with so since I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm dotting f with so since I was
+dotting f with the upward normal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotting f with the upward normal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotting f with the upward normal which
+is the the NDS that I showed you was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the NDS that I showed you was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the NDS that I showed you was the
+up upward normal then I know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up upward normal then I know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up upward normal then I know that this
+is the upward flux okay so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the upward flux okay so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the upward flux okay so let me just
+remind you what we did here let's come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what we did here let's come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what we did here let's come
+back to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the very
+beginning so the object was that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so the object was that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so the object was that we had
+Z as a function of X and Y so we knew we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as a function of X and Y so we knew we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z as a function of X and Y so we knew we
+had a surface uh sitting over some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a surface uh sitting over some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a surface uh sitting over some
+region in the XY plane and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the XY plane and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the XY plane and we wanted to
+compute the flux of a certain Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the flux of a certain Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the flux of a certain Vector
+field the upward flux of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the upward flux of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the upward flux of a certain
+Vector field across that surface and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field across that surface and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field across that surface and so
+all we had to do to to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we had to do to to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we had to do to to solve this
+problem was ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was ultimately
+understand what NDS was which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what NDS was which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what NDS was which you
+actually did in class you saw what NDS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did in class you saw what NDS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did in class you saw what NDS
+is this is the upward normal through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the upward normal through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is the upward normal through the
+surface and then recognize that the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then recognize that the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then recognize that the flux
+again we we saw this from class the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we we saw this from class the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we we saw this from class the flux
+is equal to the the double integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the the double integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the the double integral over
+the surface of f. DS which is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of f. DS which is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface of f. DS which is the same
+as the double integral over the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the double integral over the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the double integral over the region
+of f dotted with n DS where NDS now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f dotted with n DS where NDS now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f dotted with n DS where NDS now I'm
+referring to as n is the vector and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to as n is the vector and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to as n is the vector and and
+DS is this whole component is n DS right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is this whole component is n DS right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS is this whole component is n DS right
+that's what we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we found
+and so then we know F it's in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we know F it's in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then we know F it's in terms of
+ZX and Y but then we can find it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX and Y but then we can find it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX and Y but then we can find it in
+terms of X and Y when we take that dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and Y when we take that dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and Y when we take that dot
+product we end up with exactly just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we end up with exactly just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we end up with exactly just a
+function of X and Y when we replace Z by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y when we replace Z by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and Y when we replace Z by
+what it actually is equal to and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually is equal to and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it actually is equal to and then we
+just compute the integral and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute the integral and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just compute the integral and this is
+just a regular old double integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular old double integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a regular old double integral and
+we get the flux was equal to minus one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the flux was equal to minus one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the flux was equal to minus one2
+and again I want to point out that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I want to point out that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I want to point out that if we
+wanted instead of the upward flux the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted instead of the upward flux the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted instead of the upward flux the
+downward flux it would be the same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward flux it would be the same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward flux it would be the same with
+the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite
+sign okay that is where I think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay that is where I think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay that is where I think I'll
+stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Mvy5hjAWeZw.txt b/Mvy5hjAWeZw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..719c337d31eeb1aba68231dd67eb1aea5e398d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Mvy5hjAWeZw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay problem set zero uh which some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay problem set zero uh which some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay problem set zero uh which some
+of you have already handed in uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have already handed in uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have already handed in uh let's
+not do don't panic if you haven't handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do don't panic if you haven't handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do don't panic if you haven't handed
+it in yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in yet
+um it's partly uh getting to know you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's partly uh getting to know you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's partly uh getting to know you uh
+problem set we're asking you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set we're asking you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set we're asking you you know
+why you're here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're here and
+um what what you're hoping to get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what you're hoping to get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what you're hoping to get out of
+the class uh so we can try to tailor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class uh so we can try to tailor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class uh so we can try to tailor the
+class to your to your interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to your to your interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to your to your interests
+um but one of the other things we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the other things we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the other things we ask
+you to do is to get started on uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is to get started on uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is to get started on uh the
+process of finding somebody to do field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of finding somebody to do field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of finding somebody to do field
+work with so somebody who speaks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with so somebody who speaks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with so somebody who speaks a
+language that you don't speak and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you don't speak and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that you don't speak and have
+never studied that you're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never studied that you're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never studied that you're going to spend
+the semester uh harassing so you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester uh harassing so you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester uh harassing so you'll be
+meeting with this person every so often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with this person every so often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with this person every so often
+to ask them questions about how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them questions about how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask them questions about how to do
+things in their language and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in their language and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in their language and so you'll
+have uh assignments problem sets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh assignments problem sets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh assignments problem sets in
+which we'll ask you to find out this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll ask you to find out this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll ask you to find out this or
+that or the other thing about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or the other thing about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or the other thing about your
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language
+um so what I wanted to start with today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I wanted to start with today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what I wanted to start with today
+was to talk a little bit about how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to talk a little bit about how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to talk a little bit about how to do
+that uh because it's you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because it's you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh because it's you know not
+obvious and you'll get better at it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and you'll get better at it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and you'll get better at it as
+the semester goes along that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester goes along that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester goes along that's one of
+the reasons we're asking you to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons we're asking you to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons we're asking you to do it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in order to talk about how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to talk about how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to talk about how to do this
+I'm going to make up a language sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make up a language sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make up a language sort of
+a fictional language I thought about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fictional language I thought about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fictional language I thought about how
+to sort of demonstrate to you how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of demonstrate to you how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of demonstrate to you how to do
+this kind of work and I I thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work and I I thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work and I I thought about
+you know using an actual language but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using an actual language but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know using an actual language but of
+course at this point I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at this point I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at this point I don't know what
+languages you folks are going to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you folks are going to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you folks are going to work on
+and so there's a danger that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a danger that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a danger that I might
+accidentally use the language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally use the language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally use the language that
+somebody is using so instead I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is using so instead I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is using so instead I'm going
+to work on Martian so pretend that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on Martian so pretend that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on Martian so pretend that I
+have found a martian to interview and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found a martian to interview and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found a martian to interview and
+we're doing Martian field work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing Martian field work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing Martian field work
+um the first thing I like to do if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing I like to do if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first thing I like to do if I'm
+working with an unfamiliar language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with an unfamiliar language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with an unfamiliar language is
+to ask the person to uh or the alien if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the person to uh or the alien if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask the person to uh or the alien if
+it's an alien to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an alien to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an alien to
+um give me a name uh that's partly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give me a name uh that's partly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um give me a name uh that's partly to
+make uh it's simpler for you pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh it's simpler for you pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh it's simpler for you pretty soon
+you're going to move on to asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move on to asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move on to asking about
+sentences and if the sentences have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and if the sentences have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and if the sentences have a
+name in them then at least you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in them then at least you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in them then at least you know that
+word in the sentence that sort of wipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in the sentence that sort of wipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word in the sentence that sort of wipes
+out one piece of the puzzle for you so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one piece of the puzzle for you so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one piece of the puzzle for you so I
+asked my Martian for uh for a popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked my Martian for uh for a popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked my Martian for uh for a popular
+immersion name and he gave me the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersion name and he gave me the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersion name and he gave me the name
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+um now we haven't yet talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we haven't yet talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we haven't yet talked about how
+to transcribe strange sounds so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transcribe strange sounds so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transcribe strange sounds so when you
+are writing down things in your language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are writing down things in your language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are writing down things in your language
+uh we'll talk about this on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll talk about this on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll talk about this on the problem
+set but there are at least two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but there are at least two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but there are at least two things
+you can do if your language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do if your language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do if your language is
+standardly written in the Roman alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly written in the Roman alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardly written in the Roman alphabet
+then you should feel free to just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should feel free to just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should feel free to just write
+things in the the alphabet of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the the alphabet of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the the alphabet of the
+language so if you're you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so if you're you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language so if you're you're working
+with a language that uses the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a language that uses the Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a language that uses the Roman
+alphabet just go ahead and use it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet just go ahead and use it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet just go ahead and use it if
+you're working with a language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with a language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with a language that
+doesn't use the Roman alphabet then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use the Roman alphabet then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't use the Roman alphabet then you
+can make something up and you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make something up and you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make something up and you can ask
+the person you're working with if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you're working with if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you're working with if
+there's a standard way to write their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard way to write their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a standard way to write their
+language in the Roman alphabet that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in the Roman alphabet that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in the Roman alphabet that's
+sometimes something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes something that happens
+but if not you know so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if not you know so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if not you know so in this example
+the Martians don't use the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Martians don't use the Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Martians don't use the Roman
+alphabet I asked the guy for a name he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet I asked the guy for a name he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet I asked the guy for a name he
+said Cole I was like okay I'll use x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Cole I was like okay I'll use x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Cole I was like okay I'll use x
+exclamation point for that clicky noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclamation point for that clicky noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclamation point for that clicky noise
+at the beginning and uh and we'll go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and uh and we'll go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning and uh and we'll go on
+later as I said we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as I said we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as I said we'll be talking about
+how to think about how to write strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about how to write strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to think about how to write strange
+sounds unfamiliar sounds uh English uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds unfamiliar sounds uh English uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds unfamiliar sounds uh English uh
+sound that aren't contained in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that aren't contained in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound that aren't contained in the the
+languages that you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that you're familiar with
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+um so we'll be talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll be talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll be talking about the
+International Phonetic Alphabet which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Phonetic Alphabet which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Phonetic Alphabet which is
+the system for transcribing speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for transcribing speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for transcribing speech
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds
+but for now since we haven't done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now since we haven't done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now since we haven't done that
+yet we'll just make stuff up so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we'll just make stuff up so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we'll just make stuff up so there's
+a martian Namco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martian Namco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a martian Namco
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then you get started on uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get started on uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get started on uh uh
+sentences and you might want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and you might want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and you might want to start
+with simple sentences like goal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with simple sentences like goal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with simple sentences like goal is a
+linguist I got that one for Martian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you know that's a sentence you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that's a sentence you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that's a sentence you know
+I asked my version uh how many words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked my version uh how many words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked my version uh how many words are
+in that sentence and they told me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sentence and they told me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sentence and they told me you
+know there are three and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are three and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are three and you might
+wonder so you know uh well you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder so you know uh well you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder so you know uh well you know I
+started with a name partly to make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a name partly to make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with a name partly to make my
+life simpler I know what the first word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life simpler I know what the first word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life simpler I know what the first word
+means but what do the second and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but what do the second and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means but what do the second and third
+words mean and there are various ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words mean and there are various ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words mean and there are various ways to
+do that as you're working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as you're working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that as you're working with the
+person that you're working with uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that you're working with uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that you're working with uh you
+could just straight up ask them things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just straight up ask them things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just straight up ask them things
+like uh what which word in here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what which word in here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what which word in here is the
+word for linguist all right you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for linguist all right you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for linguist all right you could
+just say what's the word for linguist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say what's the word for linguist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say what's the word for linguist or
+you could ask for another sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask for another sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask for another sentence
+that's minimally different from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minimally different from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minimally different from this one
+just in say the word for linguist so ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in say the word for linguist so ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in say the word for linguist so ask
+what's the word how do you say go as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word how do you say go as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the word how do you say go as a
+physicist right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist right
+um so you get that you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you get that you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you get that you discover
+that this sentence consists of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sentence consists of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sentence consists of three
+words coal and then the word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words coal and then the word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words coal and then the word for
+linguist which is cool dude and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist which is cool dude and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist which is cool dude and uh the
+word for is which is B yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for is which is B yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for is which is B yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what I've done here is to present this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here is to present this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done here is to present this
+piece of data this sentence with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data this sentence with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data this sentence with the
+three words that have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three words that have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three words that have these three
+meanings uh in the way that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings uh in the way that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings uh in the way that we're going
+to ask you to present the data and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to present the data and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you to present the data and we'll
+again on the first problem set we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the first problem set we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again on the first problem set we'll
+reiterate this but this is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate this but this is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate this but this is the standard
+way you represent data in linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you represent data in linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you represent data in linguistics
+you'll have a sentence in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a sentence in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a sentence in the language
+of interest and under that sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and under that sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest and under that sentence
+under each word you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under each word you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under each word you'll have a
+translation for that word so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for that word so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for that word so that's
+called the gloss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gloss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gloss
+so the gloss for cool dude here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gloss for cool dude here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gloss for cool dude here is
+linguist yeah and then on the third line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist yeah and then on the third line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist yeah and then on the third line
+you have a translation of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a translation of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a translation of the entire
+sentence into English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence into English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence into English
+there's more to say but for now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to say but for now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more to say but for now that's
+what you need to know does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know does that make
+sense one of the things you do by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense one of the things you do by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense one of the things you do by doing
+it this way is it's an easy way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way is it's an easy way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way is it's an easy way to get
+across the fact that the word order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the fact that the word order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the fact that the word order of
+immersion is not the same as the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersion is not the same as the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersion is not the same as the word
+order of English so the Martian sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of English so the Martian sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of English so the Martian sentence
+ends with the Martian word for is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends with the Martian word for is yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends with the Martian word for is yeah
+we're learning something about Martian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning something about Martian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning something about Martian
+word order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word order
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+moving on you know you get some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on you know you get some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on you know you get some more
+some more Martian sentences called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more Martian sentences called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more Martian sentences called
+Amsterdam Dig Dug so Paul dug a canal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amsterdam Dig Dug so Paul dug a canal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amsterdam Dig Dug so Paul dug a canal uh
+Co is digging in Canal and so on yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co is digging in Canal and so on yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co is digging in Canal and so on yeah so
+just sort of depending on what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of depending on what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of depending on what we've
+asked you to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to find out
+um you that's going to guide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you that's going to guide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you that's going to guide what
+particular sentences you might ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sentences you might ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sentences you might ask for
+probably what we'll do is ask you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what we'll do is ask you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what we'll do is ask you to get
+some basic sentences in the language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic sentences in the language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic sentences in the language and
+you'll want to have some sentences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to have some sentences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll want to have some sentences that
+have subjects and objects like Bo dug a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subjects and objects like Bo dug a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have subjects and objects like Bo dug a
+canal uh uh one of the first things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal uh uh one of the first things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canal uh uh one of the first things
+we'll ask you to do is to find out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ask you to do is to find out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ask you to do is to find out how
+to uh how to negate sentences uh so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh how to negate sentences uh so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh how to negate sentences uh so how
+to say that something is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that something is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that something is not true
+um so uh in this particular case what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh in this particular case what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh in this particular case what I
+did was to get three Martian sentences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to get three Martian sentences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was to get three Martian sentences
+and then to to get minimally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to to get minimally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to to get minimally different
+sentences in which we negated things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences in which we negated things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences in which we negated things so
+you know we're not going to say oh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going to say oh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going to say oh is a
+linguist we'll say go isn't a linguist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist we'll say go isn't a linguist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist we'll say go isn't a linguist
+and that changes it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that changes it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that changes it from
+dude no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude no way
+um uh or you know the way you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or you know the way you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh or you know the way you do
+um didn't dig a canal it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um didn't dig a canal it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um didn't dig a canal it's called
+Amsterdam dig weird so we've changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amsterdam dig weird so we've changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amsterdam dig weird so we've changed the
+verb Dig Dug which means uh Doug to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb Dig Dug which means uh Doug to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb Dig Dug which means uh Doug to a
+big weird dog that makes it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big weird dog that makes it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big weird dog that makes it makes it
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+um so you know this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you know this is a way of
+gathering you know bit by bit uh bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering you know bit by bit uh bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathering you know bit by bit uh bit
+submersion data uh so in particular here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submersion data uh so in particular here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submersion data uh so in particular here
+we're interested in martial negation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in martial negation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in martial negation uh
+and we're finding things out about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're finding things out about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're finding things out about how
+how negation is expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know hypothesis I came up with on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know hypothesis I came up with on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know hypothesis I came up with on
+the basis of these facts looks as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of these facts looks as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of these facts looks as though
+uh the negative of is is just irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the negative of is is just irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the negative of is is just irregular
+so B is is but no way is is not those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B is is but no way is is not those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B is is but no way is is not those
+don't look related to each other at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look related to each other at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look related to each other at all
+so that just looks like a an irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just looks like a an irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that just looks like a an irregular
+correspondence but that for uh dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence but that for uh dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence but that for uh dig
+change to digway dug and uh a good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to digway dug and uh a good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to digway dug and uh a good good
+changed a good wigged and um that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a good wigged and um that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed a good wigged and um that makes
+me think okay there's a way that goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me think okay there's a way that goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me think okay there's a way that goes in
+the middle of those words somewhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of those words somewhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of those words somewhere so
+for Dig Dug we got digwe dug and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dig Dug we got digwe dug and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Dig Dug we got digwe dug and for a
+good kid we got good Wicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good kid we got good Wicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good kid we got good Wicked
+and at this point we might have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point we might have a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point we might have a number
+of hypotheses about uh where where goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypotheses about uh where where goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hypotheses about uh where where goes
+I've put a couple of them up here sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put a couple of them up here sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put a couple of them up here sorry
+I should have made you guys generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have made you guys generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have made you guys generate the
+hypotheses uh maybe we could think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses uh maybe we could think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses uh maybe we could think that
+where goes after the first syllable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where goes after the first syllable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where goes after the first syllable so
+you start with Dig Dug and you get digwe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with Dig Dug and you get digwe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with Dig Dug and you get digwe
+dug or maybe that it goes before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug or maybe that it goes before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug or maybe that it goes before the
+last syllable so you start with Dig Dug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable so you start with Dig Dug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last syllable so you start with Dig Dug
+and you get digway dog that covers those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get digway dog that covers those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get digway dog that covers those
+two bits of data anybody have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits of data anybody have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits of data anybody have another
+hypothesis they want to float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but where where it goes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah for to get from Dig Dug to good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for to get from Dig Dug to good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for to get from Dig Dug to good
+good yeah to get from the past into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah to get from the past into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah to get from the past into the
+present yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present yes
+but I'm asking you to give me hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm asking you to give me hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm asking you to give me hypotheses
+about negation right now but yes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negation right now but yes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negation right now but yes you're
+right that's a hypothesis about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a hypothesis about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a hypothesis about how
+tense works the tents involve saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense works the tents involve saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense works the tents involve saying
+words backwards yeah so and and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words backwards yeah so and and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words backwards yeah so and and we would
+want to find out whether that was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out whether that was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out whether that was true
+it would be exciting if that were true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be exciting if that were true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be exciting if that were true
+because there are not human languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are not human languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are not human languages
+that work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work that way
+um but of course this is martian so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course this is martian so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course this is martian so you
+know all bets are off I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all bets are off I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all bets are off I guess
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know count letters right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know count letters right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know count letters right and
+these are six letter words and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are six letter words and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are six letter words and so you
+put where between letters three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put where between letters three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put where between letters three and four
+yeah it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it could be that
+other theories people want to push yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in that case I would ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case I would ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case I would ask
+uh I would try to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah I see what you mean so so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I see what you mean so so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah I see what you mean so so I just
+said you're counting letters but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're counting letters but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you're counting letters but you're
+absolutely right we could be counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right we could be counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right we could be counting
+syllables these are two syllable words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables these are two syllable words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables these are two syllable words
+and you put it between the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it between the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put it between the first and the
+second syllable yeah that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second syllable yeah that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second syllable yeah that's absolutely
+right you guys have collaborated on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you guys have collaborated on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you guys have collaborated on an
+excellent hypothesis there yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent hypothesis there yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent hypothesis there yep
+another thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+could be could be yeah so I I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could be yeah so I I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be could be yeah so I I took the
+the flying leap of faith that yeah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flying leap of faith that yeah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flying leap of faith that yeah there
+was something special about me but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something special about me but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something special about me but you
+know maybe dig uh this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe dig uh this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe dig uh this is something
+that's going to illustrate a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to illustrate a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to illustrate a general
+pattern but you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern but you're absolutely right
+could be that this is also irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that this is also irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that this is also irregular
+clearly what we need is more verbs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly what we need is more verbs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly what we need is more verbs right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh that's a nice thought so yeah maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a nice thought so yeah maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a nice thought so yeah maybe
+where goes after the stress or before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where goes after the stress or before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where goes after the stress or before
+the stress yeah that's cool so uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress yeah that's cool so uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress yeah that's cool so uh my
+Martian accent is not so great so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian accent is not so great so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian accent is not so great so we
+haven't been able to work on that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to work on that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to work on that but
+yeah yeah nice These are nice nice ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah nice These are nice nice ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah nice These are nice nice ideas
+so what we need to do is find more words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to do is find more words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we need to do is find more words
+how for example are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for example are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for example are we going to
+distinguish the two hypotheses that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the two hypotheses that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish the two hypotheses that I
+have on the board here you know so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the board here you know so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have on the board here you know so after
+the first syllable or before the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first syllable or before the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first syllable or before the last
+syllable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable yeah
+yeah I want to get a longer word right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to get a longer word right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I want to get a longer word right
+so if we have a longer word we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a longer word we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a longer word we'll be
+able to find out what that is this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find out what that is this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find out what that is this was
+your point too yeah if we have a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point too yeah if we have a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point too yeah if we have a word
+where one syllable is really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one syllable is really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one syllable is really long
+another syllable is really short maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another syllable is really short maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another syllable is really short maybe
+we can learn something by doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can learn something by doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can learn something by doing that
+yeah so get some more words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so get some more words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so get some more words
+um here's uh go is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+destroy the spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here are two verbs that are longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here are two verbs that are longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here are two verbs that are longer
+yeah and so we'll be able to tell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so we'll be able to tell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so we'll be able to tell by
+negating these uh which of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating these uh which of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negating these uh which of the various
+hypotheses we've been floating uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses we've been floating uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses we've been floating uh are
+the are the most attractive ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are the most attractive ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are the most attractive ones
+um turns out uh we get yo where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out uh we get yo where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um turns out uh we get yo where
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um right you're right I'm not saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right you're right I'm not saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right you're right I'm not saying it
+right so so what's the uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so what's the uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so what's the uh what's the
+rule where does Wego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after the first consonant looks like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first consonant looks like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first consonant looks like or
+you know if stress is on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if stress is on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if stress is on the first
+syllable it could still be after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable it could still be after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable it could still be after the
+stress we have to study that yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress we have to study that yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress we have to study that yeah yeah
+that's absolutely right so now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right so now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right so now we have a
+working hypothesis we have to go get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis we have to go get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working hypothesis we have to go get
+more verbs and test the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more verbs and test the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more verbs and test the hypothesis
+against you know if we could find a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you know if we could find a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you know if we could find a verb
+that had you know maybe all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had you know maybe all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had you know maybe all of these
+have initial stress and if we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have initial stress and if we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have initial stress and if we work
+harder we'll find a verb that has final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder we'll find a verb that has final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder we'll find a verb that has final
+stress and we'll learn something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and we'll learn something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and we'll learn something about
+whether stress matters Yep this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether stress matters Yep this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether stress matters Yep this is
+basically I'm asking you to do science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm asking you to do science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm asking you to do science
+right so you're going to gather data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're going to gather data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you're going to gather data
+generate a hypothesis about the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a hypothesis about the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a hypothesis about the data
+realize that there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that there are multiple
+hypotheses that are compatible with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that are compatible with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses that are compatible with the
+data try to figure out what kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data try to figure out what kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data try to figure out what kind of data
+you'd like to have that allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have that allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like to have that allow you to
+test your hypothesis further go gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your hypothesis further go gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your hypothesis further go gather
+those data yeah that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data yeah that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those data yeah that's the that's the
+questions about that so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a couple of sort of General things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of sort of General things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a couple of sort of General things
+uh maybe I should start with the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should start with the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I should start with the last
+one you should be very nice to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you should be very nice to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you should be very nice to this
+person the person that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the person that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the person that you're working
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um the we're asking you to do some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the we're asking you to do some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the we're asking you to do some work
+for you uh but the Linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh but the Linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you uh but the Linguistics
+Department isn't offering to pay them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department isn't offering to pay them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department isn't offering to pay them
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+um we're just hoping that you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're just hoping that you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're just hoping that you will be
+nice to them so we encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to them so we encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to them so we encourage you to
+treat them the way you would treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them the way you would treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them the way you would treat
+anybody who is helping you a lot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is helping you a lot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who is helping you a lot uh
+which hopefully is you know nicely find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully is you know nicely find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully is you know nicely find
+out what their favorite food is bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what their favorite food is bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what their favorite food is bring it
+to them yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them yeah yeah
+offer offered to be nice to them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer offered to be nice to them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer offered to be nice to them in
+whatever way they need niceness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way they need niceness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way they need niceness
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's maybe important to emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe important to emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe important to emphasize that
+not just because these people aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because these people aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because these people aren't
+being paid but uh also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid but uh also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being paid but uh also because
+this is something I have say I teach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I have say I teach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I have say I teach a
+field methods class for graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field methods class for graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field methods class for graduate
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+and um this kind of work where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this kind of work where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this kind of work where you're
+working with a human being is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a human being is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a human being is pretty
+different from well a lot of the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from well a lot of the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from well a lot of the kinds
+of scientific work that you do and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientific work that you do and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientific work that you do and even
+a lot of the kinds of scientific work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the kinds of scientific work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the kinds of scientific work
+that linguists do often when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linguists do often when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linguists do often when we're
+Gathering data about a language we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering data about a language we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gathering data about a language we're
+doing it by reading a grammar right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it by reading a grammar right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it by reading a grammar right or
+or by talking to a linguist which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by talking to a linguist which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by talking to a linguist which is not
+quite the same as talking to a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same as talking to a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the same as talking to a human
+being it's linguists you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being it's linguists you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being it's linguists you know we can
+take shortcuts uh we know how to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take shortcuts uh we know how to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take shortcuts uh we know how to talk to
+each other in linguistic code and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in linguistic code and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in linguistic code and to get
+quickly to what it is that we want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to what it is that we want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to what it is that we want if
+you're talking to a normal human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to a normal human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking to a normal human being
+um it's especially important to be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's especially important to be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's especially important to be nice
+to remind yourself to be nice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind yourself to be nice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind yourself to be nice because
+it's easy to find yourself irritated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to find yourself irritated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to find yourself irritated
+with this person when they disprove your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this person when they disprove your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this person when they disprove your
+hypotheses so don't you know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses so don't you know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses so don't you know if the
+person if you've got a hypothesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if you've got a hypothesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if you've got a hypothesis and
+the person says give then gives you data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person says give then gives you data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person says give then gives you data
+that disprove your hypothesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disprove your hypothesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disprove your hypothesis so
+something I often see people do in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I often see people do in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I often see people do in class
+they they try to talk The person out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they try to talk The person out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they try to talk The person out of
+it you know they're like they're like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know they're like they're like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know they're like they're like no
+wait are you sure so so don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait are you sure so so don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait are you sure so so don't do that
+just gather the data don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gather the data don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gather the data don't get
+emotionally attached to your hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally attached to your hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally attached to your hypotheses
+be happy when you see your hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy when you see your hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy when you see your hypotheses
+die and get replaced by other hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and get replaced by other hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and get replaced by other hypotheses
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um you should try I guess I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should try I guess I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you should try I guess I'm going
+through this list backwards you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this list backwards you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this list backwards you should
+try to be organized and by that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be organized and by that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be organized and by that what I
+mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is
+this kind of work it involves being fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work it involves being fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of work it involves being fast
+on your feet to a certain extent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your feet to a certain extent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your feet to a certain extent right
+so when I was doing that first bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was doing that first bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was doing that first bit of
+Martian data it's like okay there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian data it's like okay there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martian data it's like okay there's a
+way that indicates negation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that indicates negation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that indicates negation and it's
+going in the middle of the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the middle of the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the middle of the verb
+somewhere but what exactly do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but what exactly do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere but what exactly do I mean by
+middle of the verb and then we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the verb and then we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the verb and then we were
+generating various hypotheses about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating various hypotheses about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating various hypotheses about what
+that meant and that makes it clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant and that makes it clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meant and that makes it clear what
+you need to do next which is to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do next which is to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do next which is to get more
+verbs yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs yeah
+um that's something that you discover in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's something that you discover in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's something that you discover in
+the middle of the session right you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the session right you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the session right you find
+out how negation works oh it goes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how negation works oh it goes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how negation works oh it goes in the
+middle of the verb okay then what I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the verb okay then what I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the verb okay then what I need
+is more verbs so that I can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more verbs so that I can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more verbs so that I can Define
+middle in in the appropriate way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle in in the appropriate way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle in in the appropriate way yeah
+um so you want to go into the session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you want to go into the session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you want to go into the session
+with a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plan
+um for what exactly you're going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for what exactly you're going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for what exactly you're going to try
+to find out and in what order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out and in what order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out and in what order
+um and uh then two things your plan my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh then two things your plan my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh then two things your plan my
+plans often look sort of like like flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans often look sort of like like flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans often look sort of like like flow
+charts or Choose Your Own Adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts or Choose Your Own Adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts or Choose Your Own Adventure
+novels or something like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels or something like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novels or something like that you know
+it's like I will ask this and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I will ask this and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I will ask this and if they
+say yes then I go over here and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes then I go over here and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes then I go over here and if they
+say no I go over here if they say no to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I go over here if they say no to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no I go over here if they say no to
+that well then we go over here yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well then we go over here yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well then we go over here yeah so
+you make yourself a a set of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make yourself a a set of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make yourself a a set of you know
+ways of dealing with various possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of dealing with various possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of dealing with various possible
+things that they might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they might say
+and then the other thing you do is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing you do is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other thing you do is not
+get too attached to that either right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too attached to that either right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too attached to that either right so
+they may say something you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may say something you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may say something you didn't
+imagine them saying uh and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine them saying uh and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine them saying uh and you have to
+be ready to sort of yeah think on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready to sort of yeah think on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ready to sort of yeah think on your
+feet be ready to to do whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet be ready to to do whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet be ready to to do whatever it is
+that they say yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when I say be organized what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say be organized what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say be organized what I mean
+is think ahead about what you will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think ahead about what you will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is think ahead about what you will do
+under various circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under various circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under various circumstances
+um but then also uh be quick thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then also uh be quick thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then also uh be quick thinking
+yeah and that's something you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that's something you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and that's something you'll get
+better at as you do more and more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at as you do more and more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better at as you do more and more of it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um don't assume that you're getting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't assume that you're getting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't assume that you're getting what
+you're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking for
+what do I mean by that I uh I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that I uh I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that I uh I've done
+some field work on a language called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some field work on a language called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some field work on a language called
+lairdel which is a an Aboriginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lairdel which is a an Aboriginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lairdel which is a an Aboriginal
+language spoken uh Ellen Mornington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language spoken uh Ellen Mornington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language spoken uh Ellen Mornington
+Island which is a beautiful island off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island which is a beautiful island off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island which is a beautiful island off
+the northern coast of Australia so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern coast of Australia so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northern coast of Australia so if
+you look at a map of Australia there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a map of Australia there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at a map of Australia there's a
+big dent uh in the northern coast that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dent uh in the northern coast that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dent uh in the northern coast that's
+the Gulf of Carpenteria and Mornington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gulf of Carpenteria and Mornington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gulf of Carpenteria and Mornington
+island is in the middle of that lerdo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island is in the middle of that lerdo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+island is in the middle of that lerdo
+spoken by Aborigines who have lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken by Aborigines who have lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken by Aborigines who have lived
+there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for
+thousands of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years
+um I was once walking with the lairdo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was once walking with the lairdo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was once walking with the lairdo
+speaker and uh talking with them and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and uh talking with them and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker and uh talking with them and we
+walked by a truck that was parked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked by a truck that was parked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked by a truck that was parked in
+front of a house and I asked him hey how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a house and I asked him hey how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of a house and I asked him hey how
+do you say the truck is in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you say the truck is in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you say the truck is in front of the
+house and he thought about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and he thought about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and he thought about that for a
+second and he said something to me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and he said something to me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and he said something to me in
+lardel which meant the truck is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lardel which meant the truck is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lardel which meant the truck is to the
+south of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of the house
+um because in Laredo that's what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because in Laredo that's what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because in Laredo that's what you do
+you talk about spatial relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about spatial relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about spatial relations
+entirely in terms of cardinal directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in terms of cardinal directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in terms of cardinal directions
+it's not that Laredo doesn't have a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that Laredo doesn't have a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that Laredo doesn't have a word
+for in front of but it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in front of but it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in front of but it would have been
+unnatural in lairdel to say the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural in lairdel to say the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnatural in lairdel to say the uh the
+truck is in front of the house so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck is in front of the house so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck is in front of the house so he
+didn't answer my question in a sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't answer my question in a sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't answer my question in a sense and
+in another sense he did uh he told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another sense he did uh he told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another sense he did uh he told me
+what an alertable person would say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an alertable person would say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an alertable person would say to
+describe what I wanted them to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what I wanted them to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what I wanted them to describe
+that may happen to you so you may ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may happen to you so you may ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may happen to you so you may ask
+somebody how to say something and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody how to say something and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody how to say something and they
+may tell you something which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may tell you something which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may tell you something which is not
+exactly what you meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you meant
+there sort of isn't any way to prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sort of isn't any way to prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there sort of isn't any way to prepare
+for that you just have to do the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you just have to do the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that you just have to do the best
+you can to find out everything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to find out everything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to find out everything about the
+parts of what they've asked so as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of what they've asked so as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of what they've asked so as we
+started off I said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off I said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off I said you know
+that means PO is a linguist and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means PO is a linguist and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means PO is a linguist and then you
+do some work to find out you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work to find out you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some work to find out you know what
+does each word mean and as you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does each word mean and as you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does each word mean and as you do that
+work you may be able to avoid some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you may be able to avoid some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you may be able to avoid some of
+these kinds of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of problems
+I um there's a a recording oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should probably try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably try to find
+something else then that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else then that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else then that's a very good
+point yeah so you should do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah so you should do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah so you should do things that
+are culturally appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are culturally appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are culturally appropriate
+um I like to start Often by asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like to start Often by asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I like to start Often by asking
+people what their favorite food is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what their favorite food is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what their favorite food is
+um and then you know so uh uh if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know so uh uh if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you know so uh uh if they
+tell tell you you know my favorite food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell tell you you know my favorite food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell tell you you know my favorite food
+is um apples then you know all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um apples then you know all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um apples then you know all your
+sentences can be about apples you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences can be about apples you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences can be about apples you know
+I'm eating apples right whatever uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eating apples right whatever uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm eating apples right whatever uh yeah
+that's a very good point yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+it absolutely does so let me just repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it absolutely does so let me just repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it absolutely does so let me just repeat
+your question does it make sense to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question does it make sense to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question does it make sense to ask
+the native speaker you know I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the native speaker you know I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the native speaker you know I've got
+this hypothesis now about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis now about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis now about what's going
+on it looks like way goes after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it looks like way goes after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it looks like way goes after the
+first syllable it absolutely does make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable it absolutely does make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first syllable it absolutely does make
+sense to ask and it's totally fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to ask and it's totally fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to ask and it's totally fine to
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+you shouldn't necessarily assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't necessarily assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't necessarily assume that
+they're right right when they tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right right when they tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're right right when they tell you
+because uh this sort of came up on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this sort of came up on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this sort of came up on in
+when we were talking last week you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking last week you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking last week you know
+many things about your native language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things about your native language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things about your native language
+that you don't have to think about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to think about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have to think about in
+order to speak it's right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to speak it's right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to speak it's right and the
+consequence of that is that if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that is that if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that is that if somebody
+suddenly asks you hey what's the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly asks you hey what's the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly asks you hey what's the rule
+for this uh you might not actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh you might not actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh you might not actually know
+right because it's effortless for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's effortless for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's effortless for you
+and so you may get a good response when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you may get a good response when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you may get a good response when
+you ask that question and you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask that question and you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask that question and you may not
+that means that there are two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there are two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there are two kinds of
+possible mistakes that you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible mistakes that you could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible mistakes that you could make
+when somebody tells you their theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody tells you their theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when somebody tells you their theory
+about what's going on one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on one is to
+uncritically believe it yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncritically believe it yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncritically believe it yeah because
+they're a native speaker and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a native speaker and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a native speaker and the other
+would be to discard it you see linguists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to discard it you see linguists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to discard it you see linguists
+do that too they're like I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that too they're like I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that too they're like I'm the
+linguist here I'm not going to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist here I'm not going to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist here I'm not going to listen to
+this person that's also a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person that's also a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person that's also a mistake
+because of course their input on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course their input on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course their input on this is
+valuable it's just one valuable source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it's just one valuable source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable it's just one valuable source
+of information which you need to weigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information which you need to weigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information which you need to weigh
+against any other sources of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against any other sources of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against any other sources of information
+that you have does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have does that make sense
+it's a really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good question
+sorry I have one other anecdote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I have one other anecdote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I have one other anecdote about
+lairdel uh I had I found a recording uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lairdel uh I had I found a recording uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lairdel uh I had I found a recording uh
+one of the first recordings of lairdo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first recordings of lairdo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first recordings of lairdo
+was by an aircraft pilot who who uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by an aircraft pilot who who uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by an aircraft pilot who who uh so
+he wasn't a linguist he flew uh regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't a linguist he flew uh regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't a linguist he flew uh regular
+roots to Mornington Island this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots to Mornington Island this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots to Mornington Island this really
+isolated place and he got interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated place and he got interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated place and he got interested in
+the language and he sat down a a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and he sat down a a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and he sat down a a large
+little speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little speaker
+and he was going to record a word list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was going to record a word list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was going to record a word list
+he'd gotten hold of a list of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd gotten hold of a list of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd gotten hold of a list of basic
+vocabulary and so he was going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary and so he was going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary and so he was going to try to
+get the person to record translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the person to record translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the person to record translations
+for all these basic English words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these basic English words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these basic English words
+and his list clearly started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his list clearly started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his list clearly started with
+pronouns so he was going to list a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns so he was going to list a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns so he was going to list a bunch
+of pronouns so he started with I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pronouns so he started with I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pronouns so he started with I said
+tell me the word for I the guy gave him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the word for I the guy gave him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me the word for I the guy gave him
+the word for you know what you see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for you know what you see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for you know what you see with
+this kind of eye you know and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of eye you know and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of eye you know and then he
+said the word for thou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the word for thou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the word for thou
+and there's this pause on the tape you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this pause on the tape you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this pause on the tape you
+can hear the Lord speaking now what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear the Lord speaking now what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear the Lord speaking now what the
+heck uh and then he gives him the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck uh and then he gives him the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck uh and then he gives him the third
+person singular the word for he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person singular the word for he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person singular the word for he or she
+um which is actually a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is actually a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is actually a pretty good
+answer because in lerdo you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because in lerdo you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because in lerdo you use the
+third person he or she uh under certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person he or she uh under certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third person he or she uh under certain
+cultural circumstances to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural circumstances to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural circumstances to indicate
+respect for the person that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the person that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the person that you're
+speaking to you speak to them as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to you speak to them as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to you speak to them as though
+they're as though they're in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're as though they're in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're as though they're in the third
+person instead of the second so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person instead of the second so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person instead of the second so you
+don't say you to them you say he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say you to them you say he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say you to them you say he or she
+uh so it's like he gave him a fancy word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's like he gave him a fancy word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's like he gave him a fancy word
+for you which is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you which is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you which is a pretty good
+translation for that election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for that election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for that election
+um but these are just examples of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but these are just examples of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but these are just examples of you
+know you you may not get what you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you may not get what you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you may not get what you ask
+for necessarily you should be prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for necessarily you should be prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for necessarily you should be prepared
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we're up to the second sentence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're up to the second sentence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're up to the second sentence on
+this slide start with uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide start with uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide start with uh simple
+culturally appropriate sentences this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally appropriate sentences this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culturally appropriate sentences this is
+kind of what you were asking about so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you were asking about so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of what you were asking about so uh
+by culturally appropriate I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by culturally appropriate I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by culturally appropriate I mean you
+know uh if you're talking to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're talking to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're talking to someone
+from a tropical climate don't make all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a tropical climate don't make all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a tropical climate don't make all
+of your sentences about snow and ice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your sentences about snow and ice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your sentences about snow and ice you
+know uh if you're talking to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're talking to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh if you're talking to someone
+from one religion don't make references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one religion don't make references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one religion don't make references
+to another religion and your questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another religion and your questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another religion and your questions
+in fact maybe try to avoid references to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact maybe try to avoid references to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact maybe try to avoid references to
+religion in your questions period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion in your questions period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion in your questions period
+um yeah no basic stuff like that like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah no basic stuff like that like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah no basic stuff like that like I
+say I like to start by asking them their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I like to start by asking them their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I like to start by asking them their
+favorite food and then we ask lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite food and then we ask lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite food and then we ask lots of
+questions about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about you know
+go eat this or Chloe is cooking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go eat this or Chloe is cooking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go eat this or Chloe is cooking that
+things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+sometimes you make discoveries about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you make discoveries about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you make discoveries about
+what counts as culturally appropriate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counts as culturally appropriate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what counts as culturally appropriate I
+once taught a field methods class on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once taught a field methods class on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once taught a field methods class on a
+Semitic language from Ethiopia called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semitic language from Ethiopia called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Semitic language from Ethiopia called
+chaha I started the class I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaha I started the class I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaha I started the class I was like
+okay I'm going to get a basic you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to get a basic you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to get a basic you know
+sentence with a subject and an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence with a subject and an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence with a subject and an object
+and a verb how do you say the man cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a verb how do you say the man cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a verb how do you say the man cooked
+the meat the guy said I cannot say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat the guy said I cannot say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat the guy said I cannot say that
+I'm like okay why he said men do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like okay why he said men do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like okay why he said men do not
+cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook
+and I was like okay and and also you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like okay and and also you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like okay and and also you do
+not cook meat he said you're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cook meat he said you're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cook meat he said you're supposed to
+eat meat raw unless there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat meat raw unless there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat meat raw unless there's something
+wrong with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with it
+um I said okay the woman cooked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said okay the woman cooked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said okay the woman cooked the
+Cabbage she's like yes we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabbage she's like yes we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabbage she's like yes we can say that
+we start when we started with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start when we started with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start when we started with that
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so oops I thought I told you not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oops I thought I told you not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oops I thought I told you not to do
+that computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that computer
+um okay and then going up to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and then going up to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and then going up to the first
+bullet point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet point
+um I should work on this slide a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should work on this slide a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should work on this slide a little
+more uh one of the things you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh one of the things you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh one of the things you want to do
+and this may be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this may be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this may be hard
+um is to try to convince the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to try to convince the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to try to convince the person
+you're working with that you are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with that you are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with that you are really
+really interested in how they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in how they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in how they actually
+talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+depending on the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the language
+people a lot of people are taught by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lot of people are taught by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lot of people are taught by the
+Educational Systems of the that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educational Systems of the that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educational Systems of the that they
+grew up with that there is a correct way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with that there is a correct way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with that there is a correct way
+to speak their language and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak their language and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak their language and sometimes
+they're taught that their way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taught that their way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're taught that their way of
+speaking it is not the correct one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it is not the correct one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it is not the correct one you
+know that they're bad at their native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're bad at their native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're bad at their native
+language that's distressingly common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's distressingly common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's distressingly common
+um I do a fair amount of work on Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do a fair amount of work on Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do a fair amount of work on Tagalog
+which is a language from the Philippines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a language from the Philippines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a language from the Philippines
+and Tagalog speakers often when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tagalog speakers often when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tagalog speakers often when I'm
+first starting to work with them they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first starting to work with them they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first starting to work with them they'll
+start by telling me that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by telling me that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by telling me that they're not
+very good at Tagalog right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at Tagalog right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at Tagalog right which is
+their native language you know they grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their native language you know they grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their native language you know they grew
+up speaking Tagalog but what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up speaking Tagalog but what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up speaking Tagalog but what they mean
+is they've been taught that Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they've been taught that Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they've been taught that Tagalog
+well the real Tagalog uh doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the real Tagalog uh doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the real Tagalog uh doesn't have
+any borrowings from Spanish or English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any borrowings from Spanish or English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any borrowings from Spanish or English
+right that real Tagalog is the Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that real Tagalog is the Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that real Tagalog is the Tagalog
+that's spoken in isolated Villages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spoken in isolated Villages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spoken in isolated Villages that
+they've never been to uh where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never been to uh where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've never been to uh where they
+speak you know the real proper kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak you know the real proper kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak you know the real proper kind of
+Tagalog which very few people speak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog which very few people speak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog which very few people speak and
+the people that I'm working with don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that I'm working with don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that I'm working with don't
+speak that and they feel bad about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that and they feel bad about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak that and they feel bad about that
+so you have to make some attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to make some attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to make some attempt to
+convince a person like that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince a person like that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince a person like that that uh
+their version of the language is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their version of the language is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their version of the language is what
+you're really interested in that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really interested in that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really interested in that and
+maybe you can tell them uh I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can tell them uh I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can tell them uh I'm doing
+science right I'm not here to judge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science right I'm not here to judge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science right I'm not here to judge you
+I'm not trying to find out whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to find out whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to find out whether you
+speak correctly or not I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak correctly or not I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak correctly or not I'm trying to
+find out how you speak right and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how you speak right and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out how you speak right and uh so
+I'm not I promise not to send a note to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I promise not to send a note to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I promise not to send a note to
+your your you know parents or to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your you know parents or to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your you know parents or to your
+teachers in high school you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in high school you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers in high school you know
+reporting on what you tell me that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting on what you tell me that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting on what you tell me that's not
+how this works right it says I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works right it says I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works right it says I'm trying
+to understand how people actually talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how people actually talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how people actually talk
+that's what Linguistics is about uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Linguistics is about uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what Linguistics is about uh it's
+not about the rules that you learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the rules that you learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about the rules that you learn in
+high school yeah which sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school yeah which sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school yeah which sometimes
+describe what you actually do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what you actually do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what you actually do and
+sometimes don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes don't
+okay does that make sense these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense these are all
+things you may want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you may want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you may want to do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+where are we today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we today
+um we're going to get started on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to get started on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to get started on
+morphology that's kind of our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology that's kind of our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology that's kind of our first
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+um and so things that we will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so things that we will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so things that we will get to
+depending on how far we get today oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how far we get today oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how far we get today oh yes
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I'm sorry can you can you say more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry can you can you say more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry can you can you say more about
+that if you're trying to create for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're trying to create for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you're trying to create for
+example like a chart of like pronouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like a chart of like pronouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like a chart of like pronouns
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I see so in the problems that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see so in the problems that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see so in the problems that we will
+ask you to find out something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to find out something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to find out something in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+um so we'll ask you you know we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll ask you you know we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we'll ask you you know we'll have
+something that we we want you to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we we want you to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we we want you to find
+out so that would be the thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that would be the thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that would be the thing to to
+concentrate on in general if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on in general if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on in general if you're
+working on a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on a language
+um there kind of aren't guidelines about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there kind of aren't guidelines about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there kind of aren't guidelines about
+what it's okay to work on and what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's okay to work on and what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's okay to work on and what it's
+not so I'd encourage you if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so I'd encourage you if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so I'd encourage you if you're
+working with this person and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this person and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with this person and you
+discover that you've answered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that you've answered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that you've answered the
+question we've asked you to answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we've asked you to answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we've asked you to answer you
+know quickly in the session then yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quickly in the session then yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know quickly in the session then yeah
+one of the things you can do part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can do part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you can do part of
+being prepared is to do some thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prepared is to do some thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prepared is to do some thinking
+about other things you'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things you'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other things you'd like to know
+and that could be one right is to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be one right is to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that could be one right is to sit
+down and get a get a paradigm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and get a get a paradigm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and get a get a paradigm of
+pronouns or Paradigm of verbs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns or Paradigm of verbs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouns or Paradigm of verbs in the
+present tense or whatever yeah and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present tense or whatever yeah and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present tense or whatever yeah and of
+course depending on the language you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course depending on the language you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course depending on the language you're
+working on uh something like getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on uh something like getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on uh something like getting a
+paradigm of verbs in the present tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm of verbs in the present tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm of verbs in the present tense
+could be trivial yeah or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be trivial yeah or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be trivial yeah or it could be
+impossible yeah so uh you'll just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible yeah so uh you'll just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible yeah so uh you'll just have
+to find out what kind of language you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what kind of language you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out what kind of language you're
+working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+two questions yeah one when you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions yeah one when you say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two questions yeah one when you say that
+like we want how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we want how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we want how people
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah if you're incorporating kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're incorporating kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you're incorporating kind of
+like swing something that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like swing something that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like swing something that you want to
+just pick you up or would you want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick you up or would you want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick you up or would you want to uh
+kind of tell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell them
+oh so you you want basically you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you you want basically you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so you you want basically you want to
+write down everything that they tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down everything that they tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down everything that they tell you
+right so if somebody says a sentence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if somebody says a sentence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if somebody says a sentence and
+then they say oh but that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they say oh but that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they say oh but that's actually
+slime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slime
+um here's the way you'd say it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's the way you'd say it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's the way you'd say it without
+slang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slang
+you want to write down both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to write down both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to write down both of those
+sentences because it's all data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences because it's all data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences because it's all data right
+they're going to try to find everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to try to find everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to try to find everything
+else out it could be worth it to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else out it could be worth it to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else out it could be worth it to try to
+find out uh when you say this is slang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out uh when you say this is slang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out uh when you say this is slang
+what do you mean exactly so because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean exactly so because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean exactly so because that
+could mean this is only used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean this is only used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean this is only used by
+um teenagers uh and everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um teenagers uh and everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um teenagers uh and everybody is
+expected to grow out of this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to grow out of this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to grow out of this and you
+know my mother would would wash my mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my mother would would wash my mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my mother would would wash my mouth
+out with soap if she heard me speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with soap if she heard me speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with soap if she heard me speaking
+this way it could be that right or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it could be that right or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it could be that right or it
+could be so in the Philippines I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be so in the Philippines I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be so in the Philippines I do I
+have people tell me uh oh this is slang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people tell me uh oh this is slang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people tell me uh oh this is slang
+and what they mean is uh it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they mean is uh it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they mean is uh it's not the
+Tagalog word for it it's the Spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog word for it it's the Spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog word for it it's the Spanish
+word for it and everyone uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it and everyone uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for it and everyone uses the
+Spanish word for it all the time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish word for it all the time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish word for it all the time it's
+just that we feel guilty about it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we feel guilty about it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we feel guilty about it all
+right and so you'll have to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you'll have to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you'll have to find out
+which of those situations you're in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those situations you're in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those situations you're in it
+would be surprising if you could find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be surprising if you could find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be surprising if you could find it
+out on day one so for day one probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on day one so for day one probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on day one so for day one probably
+what you want to do is write down both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is write down both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to do is write down both
+versions of the sentence and uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the sentence and uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the sentence and uh maybe
+try to ask about what they mean exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to ask about what they mean exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to ask about what they mean exactly
+when they say it's slang does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they say it's slang does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they say it's slang does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+so you may indeed get someone who tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may indeed get someone who tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may indeed get someone who tells
+you here's how you say this oh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's how you say this oh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's how you say this oh but it's
+a bad way right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad way right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad way right and uh
+you have to try to find out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to find out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to try to find out what they
+mean but if they just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but if they just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but if they just mean
+um my high school English teacher would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my high school English teacher would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my high school English teacher would
+be displeased my high school whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displeased my high school whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be displeased my high school whatever
+teacher would be displeased if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher would be displeased if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher would be displeased if they
+heard me say that then it's still data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard me say that then it's still data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard me say that then it's still data
+you know we're not we're not we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not we're not we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not we're not we're not
+passing judgment on things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing judgment on things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing judgment on things like this
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and then the other question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they
+can't say that yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that yeah yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so in that particular situation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that particular situation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that particular situation which
+was day one of the field methods class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was day one of the field methods class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was day one of the field methods class I
+decided not to have that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to have that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to have that particular
+fight right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight right so
+um you know we found out how to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we found out how to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we found out how to use the
+verb to cook right and we found out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to cook right and we found out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to cook right and we found out the
+word for man and by the end we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for man and by the end we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for man and by the end we probably
+could have figured out how to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have figured out how to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have figured out how to say the
+man cooked the meat but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man cooked the meat but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man cooked the meat but uh
+um yeah no I that's another place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah no I that's another place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah no I that's another place for
+not being judgmental about the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being judgmental about the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being judgmental about the person
+you're working with I guess uh if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with I guess uh if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with I guess uh if that's
+what they think then you know fine we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think then you know fine we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think then you know fine we're
+not going to try to talk them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to try to talk them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to try to talk them out of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can but not while we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can but not while we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can but not while we're doing
+linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistics
+other questions about that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about that those are
+good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh morphology then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right so questions like uh what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so questions like uh what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so questions like uh what do
+you know when you know a word what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you know a word what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you know a word what's
+Universal what's learned and why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal what's learned and why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal what's learned and why is the
+word unlockable ambiguous we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word unlockable ambiguous we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word unlockable ambiguous we'll talk
+about that too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too so
+um this is a cat yeah any questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a cat yeah any questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a cat yeah any questions yeah
+this is clear so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clear so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clear so far so
+um the word cat refers to certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the word cat refers to certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the word cat refers to certain kinds
+of things yeah including the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things yeah including the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things yeah including the thing that
+I've got a picture of here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a picture of here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a picture of here yeah
+um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now
+uh I said one of the things we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said one of the things we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I said one of the things we're going
+to talk about is uh what things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is uh what things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is uh what things about
+language do you have to learn when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language do you have to learn when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language do you have to learn when you
+learn your native language or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn your native language or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn your native language or any
+language and what other things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and what other things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and what other things are
+Universal so we talked a little bit last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal so we talked a little bit last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal so we talked a little bit last
+week about the last time about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week about the last time about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week about the last time about the
+hypothesis that our brains are set up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that our brains are set up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that our brains are set up in
+such a way that we can only create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that we can only create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that we can only create
+language in some ways but not others one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in some ways but not others one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in some ways but not others one
+of the ways we find out about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways we find out about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways we find out about those
+aspects of our brains is by finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of our brains is by finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of our brains is by finding
+things surprising things that are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things surprising things that are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things surprising things that are true
+of every language that we know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every language that we know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every language that we know anything
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+so universals we call those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so universals we call those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so universals we call those things
+things that are just always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are just always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are just always true
+is it always true in every language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it always true in every language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it always true in every language that
+this is called a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a cat
+no this is a lousy candidate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is a lousy candidate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is a lousy candidate for a
+universal yeah there are a resilient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal yeah there are a resilient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal yeah there are a resilient
+words for cat out there in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for cat out there in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words for cat out there in the world
+yeah uh here are some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh here are some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh here are some of them
+um it's a famous linguist uh sosura who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a famous linguist uh sosura who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a famous linguist uh sosura who
+referred had a French phrase which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred had a French phrase which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred had a French phrase which had
+been translated in English as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been translated in English as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been translated in English as the
+arbitrariness of the sign this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness of the sign this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness of the sign this is this
+name for this phenomenon but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this phenomenon but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this phenomenon but you know
+the fact that this is called a cat in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this is called a cat in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this is called a cat in
+English doesn't follow from anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't follow from anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English doesn't follow from anything
+else about English or about any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about English or about any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about English or about any other
+language and if you're going to learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and if you're going to learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and if you're going to learn a
+language you got to learn assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you got to learn assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you got to learn assuming that
+language has a word for cats you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has a word for cats you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has a word for cats you got to
+learn that language as word for cat yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that language as word for cat yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that language as word for cat yep
+any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh arbitrariness of the sign quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arbitrariness of the sign quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh arbitrariness of the sign quick
+sidebar about that of course there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidebar about that of course there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidebar about that of course there are
+places where the arbitrariness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the arbitrariness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the arbitrariness of the
+sign seems not to be all that arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign seems not to be all that arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign seems not to be all that arbitrary
+yeah so uh here are some possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh here are some possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh here are some possible
+quality words passing quality is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality words passing quality is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality words passing quality is a
+Native American language Algonquian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American language Algonquian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Native American language Algonquian
+language spoken up in Maine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language spoken up in Maine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language spoken up in Maine
+um there's a kind of bird in pastima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a kind of bird in pastima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a kind of bird in pastima
+quality which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what kind of bird do you think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it could be a cuckoo any other theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a cuckoo any other theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a cuckoo any other theories
+it's an owl yeah so it's a it's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an owl yeah so it's a it's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an owl yeah so it's a it's their
+name for a deep great horned owl uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for a deep great horned owl uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for a deep great horned owl uh they
+have another kind of bird called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that
+uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no
+it's a chickadee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chickadee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a chickadee
+chickadees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know sometimes there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know sometimes there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know sometimes there are things
+that are named after what they sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are named after what they sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are named after what they sound
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+or Japanese has a kind of an adverb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it refers to a kind of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it refers to a kind of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it refers to a kind of light
+a quality of light what quality of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quality of light what quality of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quality of light what quality of light
+do you think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think it is
+yeah yeah has to do with electricity yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah flickering flashing yeah so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah flickering flashing yeah so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah flickering flashing yeah so some of
+you may have heard of Pikachu right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard of Pikachu right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard of Pikachu right so
+chu chu is the noise that a mouse makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chu chu is the noise that a mouse makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chu chu is the noise that a mouse makes
+it's like squeak so Pikachu is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like squeak so Pikachu is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like squeak so Pikachu is like
+flash squeak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash squeak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash squeak
+that particular Pokemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Pokemon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Pokemon
+um so yeah you know pika pika means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah you know pika pika means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah you know pika pika means you
+know a sort of a flashing brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a sort of a flashing brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a sort of a flashing brilliant
+light if I had told you that meant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light if I had told you that meant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light if I had told you that meant you
+know a soft gentle glow you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a soft gentle glow you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a soft gentle glow you know that
+would have been kind of surprising you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been kind of surprising you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been kind of surprising you
+know so there's something non-arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so there's something non-arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so there's something non-arbitrary
+about certain places in the sign or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certain places in the sign or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certain places in the sign or
+experiments on this where people sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on this where people sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on this where people sort of
+show people shapes you know and you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show people shapes you know and you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show people shapes you know and you show
+people either a jagged shape or a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people either a jagged shape or a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people either a jagged shape or a you
+know a gentle shape with lots of rounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a gentle shape with lots of rounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a gentle shape with lots of rounded
+corners and you say you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and you say you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and you say you know one of
+these is a dub dub and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a dub dub and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is a dub dub and the other is
+addict and people are like yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addict and people are like yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addict and people are like yeah the
+thing with the jagged Corners that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the jagged Corners that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the jagged Corners that's the
+tick tick that's clear I have that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick that's clear I have that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick tick that's clear I have that idea
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay but putting aside those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but putting aside those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but putting aside those kinds of
+cases signs are arbitrary uh in English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases signs are arbitrary uh in English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases signs are arbitrary uh in English
+we call cats cats but you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call cats cats but you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call cats cats but you know in
+Japanese they're nickel and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese they're nickel and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese they're nickel and they have
+other names in other languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other names in other languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other names in other languages
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah and even in cases of onomatopoeia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and even in cases of onomatopoeia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and even in cases of onomatopoeia
+uh so you know these possible quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know these possible quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know these possible quality
+words are on the matapeake they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are on the matapeake they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are on the matapeake they are
+names for things that are named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for things that are named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names for things that are named after
+the sounds that they make uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds that they make uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds that they make uh but you
+know uh take something like a frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh take something like a frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh take something like a frog
+they they're onomatopoeic words for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're onomatopoeic words for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're onomatopoeic words for what
+frogs say in different languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs say in different languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs say in different languages and
+they're pretty strikingly different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty strikingly different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty strikingly different from
+language to language everybody seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to language everybody seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language to language everybody seems to
+be able to hear something different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to hear something different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to hear something different in
+the call of a frog yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call of a frog yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the call of a frog yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um if we're trying to make a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're trying to make a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're trying to make a list of
+everything that you know about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you know about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you know about your
+language about your native language if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language about your native language if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language about your native language if
+you're we're talking about English one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're we're talking about English one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're we're talking about English one
+of the things that we've got to list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we've got to list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we've got to list is
+that you know the word cat means cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the word cat means cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the word cat means cat
+right and that's one of the many bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's one of the many bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's one of the many bits of
+information that's in your head doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's in your head doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's in your head doesn't
+follow from anything we've just got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from anything we've just got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow from anything we've just got to
+learn that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that yeah
+um so now let's think what else is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's think what else is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's think what else is in
+your mental lexicon your your little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental lexicon your your little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mental lexicon your your little
+list of everything you know about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of everything you know about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of everything you know about your
+language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well this could be lexical entry number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this could be lexical entry number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this could be lexical entry number
+two cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could have a lexical entry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have a lexical entry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have a lexical entry for
+cat that says cat refers to these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that says cat refers to these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that says cat refers to these little
+furry things that chase mice and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furry things that chase mice and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furry things that chase mice and then
+you could have another entry cats that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have another entry cats that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have another entry cats that
+refers to more than one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to more than one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to more than one of those things
+that's one way we could do our lexical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way we could do our lexical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way we could do our lexical
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+that seems kind of I don't know wasteful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems kind of I don't know wasteful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems kind of I don't know wasteful
+and inelegant yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inelegant yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inelegant yeah because
+what we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're sort of
+failing to recognize if we decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to recognize if we decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to recognize if we decide to
+have one lexical entry for cat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one lexical entry for cat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one lexical entry for cat and
+another one for cats is that those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one for cats is that those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one for cats is that those two
+lexical entries seem to have a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical entries seem to have a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexical entries seem to have a lot in
+common they both start with cats right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common they both start with cats right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common they both start with cats right
+and they both refer to groups of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both refer to groups of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both refer to groups of things
+one of them just one of those things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them just one of those things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them just one of those things you
+know they're more than one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're more than one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're more than one of those
+things that are you know furry and chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are you know furry and chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are you know furry and chase
+mice and Chase laser pointers you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and Chase laser pointers you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and Chase laser pointers you know
+those things yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things yeah
+um and moreover for the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and moreover for the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and moreover for the difference
+between them has to do with this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them has to do with this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them has to do with this s
+that's at the end and we see pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at the end and we see pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's at the end and we see pairs of
+words that have that S at the end uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have that S at the end uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have that S at the end uh in
+lots of places you know it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places you know it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of places you know it's not just
+cat and cats it's dog and dogs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and cats it's dog and dogs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and cats it's dog and dogs and
+banana and bananas and computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana and bananas and computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana and bananas and computer and
+computers yeah there's lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers yeah there's lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers yeah there's lots of things
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+so you know two kinds of lexicons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know two kinds of lexicons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know two kinds of lexicons that
+we could imagine having been one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could imagine having been one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could imagine having been one where
+we have you know lexical entries for cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know lexical entries for cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you know lexical entries for cat
+and cats and dog and dogs and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cats and dog and dogs and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cats and dog and dogs and computer
+and computers and so on uh and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers and so on uh and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers and so on uh and another
+where we have lexical entries for cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have lexical entries for cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have lexical entries for cat
+and dog and banana and computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dog and banana and computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dog and banana and computer and
+yeah create a lexical entry for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah create a lexical entry for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah create a lexical entry for this
+other thing that you get to add to nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that you get to add to nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that you get to add to nouns
+to make them plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them plural
+and uh for one thing if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for one thing if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for one thing if there's any
+premium at all on storage space if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium at all on storage space if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium at all on storage space if it's
+at all useful to have a lexicon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all useful to have a lexicon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all useful to have a lexicon that's
+not all that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all that large
+well lexicon number one is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lexicon number one is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well lexicon number one is going to be
+larger than lexicon number two as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than lexicon number two as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than lexicon number two as long
+as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have
+any nouns in your Lexicon at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any nouns in your Lexicon at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any nouns in your Lexicon at all so
+because lexicon number one if you have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lexicon number one if you have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lexicon number one if you have n
+nouns you need two n forms singulars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns you need two n forms singulars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns you need two n forms singulars and
+plurals for each of them whereas lexicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurals for each of them whereas lexicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plurals for each of them whereas lexicon
+number two if you have nouns you need n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two if you have nouns you need n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two if you have nouns you need n
+plus one forms right forms for all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one forms right forms for all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one forms right forms for all your
+nouns Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns Plus
+yeah I'm oversimplifying obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm oversimplifying obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm oversimplifying obviously not
+every noun makes its plural with an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every noun makes its plural with an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every noun makes its plural with an S
+Talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talk
+but can do people see what I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can do people see what I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can do people see what I mean there
+so there's at least a prima facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's at least a prima facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's at least a prima facial
+reason to take seriously the idea that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to take seriously the idea that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to take seriously the idea that a
+word like cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like cats
+is complex it has two parts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex it has two parts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex it has two parts right
+there's the cat part and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cat part and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the cat part and there's this
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah somebody want to object to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry
+in some languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some languages
+it would be really wasteful to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really wasteful to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be really wasteful to try to
+have a lexical entry for every form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lexical entry for every form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lexical entry for every form of
+every word here's a language of Papua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word here's a language of Papua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word here's a language of Papua
+New Guinea it's called nimorin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Guinea it's called nimorin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Guinea it's called nimorin
+it has four different tenses future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has four different tenses future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has four different tenses future and
+past and recent past and distant past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and recent past and distant past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and recent past and distant past
+there are suffixes on the verb that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are suffixes on the verb that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are suffixes on the verb that tell
+you things about the subject and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things about the subject and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you things about the subject and the
+object where there are 14 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object where there are 14 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object where there are 14 different
+types of subjects and objects that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of subjects and objects that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of subjects and objects that it
+recognizes so the subject could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes so the subject could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes so the subject could be
+singular or dual or plural uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular or dual or plural uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular or dual or plural uh uh you
+know there are locative suffixes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are locative suffixes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are locative suffixes there
+are aspects the result is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects the result is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aspects the result is that if you
+have a transitive verb it has 23 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transitive verb it has 23 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a transitive verb it has 23 and a
+half thousand forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half thousand forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half thousand forms
+whereas if you have a transitive verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you have a transitive verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you have a transitive verb
+and you are just going to list all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are just going to list all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are just going to list all of
+these suffixes well you need 49 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these suffixes well you need 49 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these suffixes well you need 49 of the
+suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes
+so you know I said for English if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I said for English if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I said for English if you
+were trying to list every form cats dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to list every form cats dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to list every form cats dog
+dogs computer computers you would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs computer computers you would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs computer computers you would need
+two n you know forms if you have n nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n you know forms if you have n nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n you know forms if you have n nouns
+well in Morin if you have V verbs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Morin if you have V verbs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Morin if you have V verbs you
+need 23 520 V lexical entries if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 23 520 V lexical entries if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need 23 520 V lexical entries if you're
+going to list every lexical entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list every lexical entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list every lexical entry
+take pity on the nimborons yeah don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pity on the nimborons yeah don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take pity on the nimborons yeah don't
+make them lists 23 520 forms in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them lists 23 520 forms in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them lists 23 520 forms in their
+heads allow them instead to list their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads allow them instead to list their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads allow them instead to list their
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and the suffixes that go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and the suffixes that go on the
+verbs and rules for how those things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and rules for how those things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and rules for how those things go
+together that will be computationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that will be computationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that will be computationally
+much simpler they will not have to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler they will not have to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler they will not have to store
+as much stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much stuff
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+so that's a that's a hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's a hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a that's a hypothesis that
+we're going to take seriously that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take seriously that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take seriously that our
+mental lexicon yeah it contains words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental lexicon yeah it contains words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental lexicon yeah it contains words
+like cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cat
+but it also contains parts of words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also contains parts of words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it also contains parts of words like
+s yeah this suffix that you can add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s yeah this suffix that you can add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s yeah this suffix that you can add to
+cat to make it plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat to make it plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat to make it plural
+and uh so we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so we're going to try to
+understand uh how those kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh how those kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh how those kinds of things
+interact now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we actually have various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually have various kinds of
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+uh it's not just well it would save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not just well it would save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not just well it would save
+space in your Lexicon various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in your Lexicon various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in your Lexicon various kinds of
+evidence that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that it's
+um that human beings do divide words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that human beings do divide words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that human beings do divide words
+into these parts the word like cats is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these parts the word like cats is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these parts the word like cats is a
+word with two parts catons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with two parts catons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with two parts catons
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one sort of straightforward one is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of straightforward one is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of straightforward one is is
+the fact that these are productive so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these are productive so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that these are productive so uh
+if I make up a new word in English if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make up a new word in English if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I make up a new word in English if I
+tell you I have invented uh a cool new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I have invented uh a cool new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you I have invented uh a cool new
+machine which everyone is going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which everyone is going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which everyone is going to want
+to have in their house it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in their house it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in their house it's going to be
+extremely useful and it is called let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful and it is called let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful and it is called let's
+see I'll give it a name it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'll give it a name it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I'll give it a name it's called a
+blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur
+okay so that's my brand name I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my brand name I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my brand name I'm going
+to sell the blork I plan I will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell the blork I plan I will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell the blork I plan I will make
+millions don't worry I'll remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions don't worry I'll remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions don't worry I'll remember all
+of you uh when I'm on my yacht working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you uh when I'm on my yacht working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you uh when I'm on my yacht working
+on my tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my tan
+um and uh the blork uh what's the plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the blork uh what's the plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the blork uh what's the plural
+of blork going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if you want to buy more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you want to buy more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you want to buy more than one
+lork as I recommend that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lork as I recommend that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lork as I recommend that you do
+um those things are going to be blurks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those things are going to be blurks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those things are going to be blurks
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and there's no difficulty about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no difficulty about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no difficulty about that
+right you know that English has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know that English has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know that English has this
+suffix that makes plurals and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix that makes plurals and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix that makes plurals and you can
+add it to a word that you've never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to a word that you've never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to a word that you've never heard
+before because I just made it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because I just made it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because I just made it up
+that would be surprising if your mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be surprising if your mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be surprising if your mental
+lexicon contained you know cat cats dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon contained you know cat cats dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon contained you know cat cats dog
+dogs computer computers just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs computer computers just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogs computer computers just a bunch of
+words that accidentally kind of resemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that accidentally kind of resemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that accidentally kind of resemble
+each other yeah it looks as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other yeah it looks as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other yeah it looks as though
+that's not what your Lexicon contains it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what your Lexicon contains it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what your Lexicon contains it
+contains a bunch of nouns and a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a bunch of nouns and a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a bunch of nouns and a general
+principle for how you make things plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for how you make things plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for how you make things plural
+which you get to apply to blurk yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get to apply to blurk yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get to apply to blurk yeah
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's been shown was shown in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been shown was shown in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been shown was shown in this
+Classic series of experiments uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classic series of experiments uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classic series of experiments uh by
+burco in the uh in the 50s uh it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burco in the uh in the 50s uh it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burco in the uh in the 50s uh it's been
+shown that uh very young children can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that uh very young children can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that uh very young children can do
+this we will talk more about this later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we will talk more about this later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we will talk more about this later
+but she had these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she had these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she had these pictures
+um so she would show kids a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so she would show kids a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so she would show kids a picture of
+something she'd say this is a wug and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something she'd say this is a wug and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something she'd say this is a wug and
+then a picture of two of the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a picture of two of the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a picture of two of the thing that
+she had created now there are two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had created now there are two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had created now there are two of
+them there are two and the kids would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there are two and the kids would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there are two and the kids would
+all go lugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go lugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go lugs
+um later wugs uh you know people began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later wugs uh you know people began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later wugs uh you know people began
+selling things with bugs on them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling things with bugs on them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling things with bugs on them they're
+they're a big deal amongst okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a big deal amongst okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a big deal amongst okay so so
+you know one reason we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one reason we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one reason we have to think
+that you have a lexical entry first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a lexical entry first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a lexical entry first is
+that it's a procedure that you can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a procedure that you can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a procedure that you can apply
+to novel words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to novel words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to novel words
+similarly we seem to be hungry to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we seem to be hungry to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we seem to be hungry to create
+these things uh these suffixes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things uh these suffixes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things uh these suffixes uh
+classic cases gate uh right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic cases gate uh right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic cases gate uh right so the
+original gate was Watergate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original gate was Watergate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original gate was Watergate
+um which was before I was born okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was before I was born okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which was before I was born okay so
+you know a really long time ago uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a really long time ago uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a really long time ago uh so
+sometime in the previous Millennium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the previous Millennium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the previous Millennium
+there was this Scandal involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this Scandal involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was this Scandal involving
+President Nixon uh uh and something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Nixon uh uh and something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Nixon uh uh and something that
+happened at the Watergate Hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the Watergate Hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the Watergate Hotel
+the Watergate the Watergate scandal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Watergate the Watergate scandal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Watergate the Watergate scandal was
+not a scandal about water yeah it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a scandal about water yeah it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a scandal about water yeah it got
+its name because it happened at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name because it happened at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its name because it happened at the
+Watergate hotel but people sort of took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate hotel but people sort of took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watergate hotel but people sort of took
+the Gate of Watergate because Watergate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gate of Watergate because Watergate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gate of Watergate because Watergate
+is so easily divisible into these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so easily divisible into these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so easily divisible into these two
+parts because water is a word people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts because water is a word people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts because water is a word people
+took gait and it's become a suffix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took gait and it's become a suffix now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took gait and it's become a suffix now
+right so it's it's attached to words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's attached to words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's it's attached to words to
+give names for scandals yeah so uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give names for scandals yeah so uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give names for scandals yeah so uh when
+President Clinton had Watergate uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Clinton had Watergate uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Clinton had Watergate uh no
+sorry Nixon had Watergate Clinton had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Nixon had Watergate Clinton had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Nixon had Watergate Clinton had
+Monica Gates there was a rain gate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monica Gates there was a rain gate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monica Gates there was a rain gate there
+have been various Gates yeah uh so gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been various Gates yeah uh so gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been various Gates yeah uh so gate
+is now a suffix meaning Scandal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a suffix meaning Scandal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now a suffix meaning Scandal
+um uh people seem to be hungry to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh people seem to be hungry to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh people seem to be hungry to create
+suffixes even where they weren't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes even where they weren't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes even where they weren't there
+before yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right like mageddon or palooza or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right like mageddon or palooza or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right like mageddon or palooza or
+yeah there are there are many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are there are many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are there are many of these
+yeah that uh that people people created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that uh that people people created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that uh that people people created
+of whole cloth that's a very that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whole cloth that's a very that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whole cloth that's a very that's a
+very good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good example
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+other examples in the history of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples in the history of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other examples in the history of English
+uh there are words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are words
+like sculptor and beggar and swindler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sculptor and beggar and swindler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sculptor and beggar and swindler
+um which entered the languages uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which entered the languages uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which entered the languages uh as
+nouns uh so sculptor is from a Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns uh so sculptor is from a Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns uh so sculptor is from a Latin
+verb it involves a Latin suffix Tor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb it involves a Latin suffix Tor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb it involves a Latin suffix Tor
+which is used to create uh people who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used to create uh people who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used to create uh people who do
+things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh
+um and beggar and swindler similarly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and beggar and swindler similarly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and beggar and swindler similarly uh
+it's an accident that they end in ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an accident that they end in ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an accident that they end in ER
+but ER in English is a suffix that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ER in English is a suffix that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ER in English is a suffix that you
+add to verbs to create nouns meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to verbs to create nouns meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to verbs to create nouns meaning
+person who does that right so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who does that right so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who does that right so you get
+teach and teacher right or sing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and teacher right or sing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and teacher right or sing and
+singer and so there's through a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer and so there's through a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer and so there's through a process
+of what's called back formation people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called back formation people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's called back formation people
+heard these words that ended in her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard these words that ended in her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard these words that ended in her and
+they thought oh that's ER you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought oh that's ER you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought oh that's ER you know I
+know that from teach teacher and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from teach teacher and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from teach teacher and so they
+made up verbs that didn't exist before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up verbs that didn't exist before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up verbs that didn't exist before
+like sculpt and beg and swindle uh by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sculpt and beg and swindle uh by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sculpt and beg and swindle uh by by
+removing the ER basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the ER basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the ER basically you know
+hadn't originally been added similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't originally been added similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't originally been added similar
+thing with P so originally peas was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with P so originally peas was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with P so originally peas was a
+mass noun it referred to this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass noun it referred to this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass noun it referred to this sort of
+group of small little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of small little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of small little
+round green things that you could eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round green things that you could eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round green things that you could eat
+lots of yeah so peas was a mass now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of yeah so peas was a mass now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of yeah so peas was a mass now and
+it was like water or sand or ketchup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like water or sand or ketchup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like water or sand or ketchup
+yeah but it happened to end in z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it happened to end in z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it happened to end in z
+so it looks like a plural and it refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like a plural and it refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it looks like a plural and it refers
+to something that you can divide into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that you can divide into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that you can divide into
+lots of you know there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of you know there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of you know there are the
+individual little round green things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual little round green things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual little round green things and
+so people made up a singular P yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people made up a singular P yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people made up a singular P yeah and
+that's where that came from so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that came from so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that came from so but
+originally you know the word that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally you know the word that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally you know the word that we get
+from Old English is peas and it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Old English is peas and it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Old English is peas and it's uh
+it's it was originally not a plural you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it was originally not a plural you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it was originally not a plural you
+know it's people reinterpreted it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's people reinterpreted it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's people reinterpreted it as a
+plural yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh our mental uh dictionary seemed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our mental uh dictionary seemed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our mental uh dictionary seemed or
+lexicon seems to have these things these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon seems to have these things these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicon seems to have these things these
+parts of words and in fact uh so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of words and in fact uh so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of words and in fact uh so we can
+use them on unfamiliar words and we seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them on unfamiliar words and we seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them on unfamiliar words and we seem
+to be hungry to create them in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hungry to create them in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hungry to create them in places
+when there's any sort of suggestion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's any sort of suggestion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's any sort of suggestion that
+uh that a word could be divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that a word could be divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that a word could be divided into
+Parts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words and more things or are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and more things or are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and more things or are we talking
+about like the rules as well so it's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the rules as well so it's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the rules as well so it's day
+two it's not too clear yet what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's not too clear yet what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's not too clear yet what we're
+talking about is it but I think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is it but I think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is it but I think right
+now all we have to be talking about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all we have to be talking about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all we have to be talking about is a
+list of the words and the morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the words and the morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the words and the morphemes
+right and you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you're absolutely right
+another thing that we'll have to have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that we'll have to have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that we'll have to have is
+is a set of rules for how those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of rules for how those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of rules for how those things
+combine actually that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine actually that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine actually that's what we're going
+to move on to next yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to next yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to next yeah that's
+absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right
+that's absolutely right so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely right so for example
+on day one we talked about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day one we talked about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day one we talked about the fact that
+you know the S has different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the S has different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the S has different
+pronunciations depending on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciations depending on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciations depending on what you're
+attaching it to yes and we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching it to yes and we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaching it to yes and we want to have
+an account of that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account of that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an account of that kind of thing
+sometimes it sounds like an S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it sounds like an S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it sounds like an S and
+sometimes like a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes like a z
+sometimes there are nouns that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are nouns that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there are nouns that don't
+take an S at all you know so the plural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an S at all you know so the plural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an S at all you know so the plural
+of ox is oxen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ox is oxen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ox is oxen
+I have to talk about that too good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to talk about that too good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to talk about that too good
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+are there questions about this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there questions about this is this
+so I'm trying to these are all reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to these are all reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to these are all reasons
+to make you take seriously the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you take seriously the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you take seriously the idea that
+words can be divided into parts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words can be divided into parts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words can be divided into parts right
+that uh cats consists of cat plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh cats consists of cat plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh cats consists of cat plus a
+suffix both of which are maybe listed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix both of which are maybe listed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix both of which are maybe listed in
+the set of things that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of things that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of things that you know the
+Lexicon and this list of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexicon and this list of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexicon and this list of things that you
+know about your language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about your language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about your language
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now some terminology including a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now some terminology including a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now some terminology including a word
+that Raquel just said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Raquel just said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Raquel just said so
+get all of you caught up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of you caught up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all of you caught up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you know words like cats or dogs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know words like cats or dogs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know words like cats or dogs or
+atrocity or culpable or unworthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocity or culpable or unworthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atrocity or culpable or unworthy
+we're saying these are words that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying these are words that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying these are words that have
+multiple parts we can productively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parts we can productively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple parts we can productively
+divide them and it's useful to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide them and it's useful to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide them and it's useful to divide
+them into Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into Parts
+any part of a word these parts of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any part of a word these parts of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any part of a word these parts of words
+are what are called morphemes so cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called morphemes so cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are called morphemes so cat is
+a morpheme dog is a morpheme is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morpheme dog is a morpheme is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a morpheme dog is a morpheme is a
+morpheme yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morpheme yeah
+so is a Tross an IDI yeah in atrocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is a Tross an IDI yeah in atrocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is a Tross an IDI yeah in atrocity
+those are all morphemes so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all morphemes so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all morphemes so that's the
+name for these parts of words combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+people sometimes distinguish the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes distinguish the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes distinguish the root
+which is the thing to which prefixes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing to which prefixes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thing to which prefixes or
+suffixes are added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes are added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes are added
+things like cat and dog and Culp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like cat and dog and Culp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like cat and dog and Culp and
+worth and atross those are all Roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and atross those are all Roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth and atross those are all Roots
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so they are the things to which you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are the things to which you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are the things to which you are
+going to add suffixes or prefixes other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add suffixes or prefixes other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add suffixes or prefixes other
+kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things
+and then s an IDI and able and un those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then s an IDI and able and un those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then s an IDI and able and un those
+are all affixes these are all most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all affixes these are all most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all affixes these are all most of
+them are suffixes one of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are suffixes one of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are suffixes one of them is a
+prefix yeah but affix is a general term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix yeah but affix is a general term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix yeah but affix is a general term
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+yeah these things that you add to roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these things that you add to roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah these things that you add to roots
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there's one last distinction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one last distinction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's one last distinction to
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+which is between things that are free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is between things that are free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is between things that are free
+and things that are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that are bound
+so to say that a morpheme is free is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say that a morpheme is free is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to say that a morpheme is free is to
+say that you don't have to add anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you don't have to add anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you don't have to add anything
+to it it can be a word by itself so cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it can be a word by itself so cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it can be a word by itself so cat
+is a free morphine yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a free morphine yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a free morphine yeah
+is a bound morphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bound morphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bound morphine
+so is Culp and atross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is Culp and atross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is Culp and atross
+so Culp is in the word culpable is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Culp is in the word culpable is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Culp is in the word culpable is a
+word Culp is uh rude yeah so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Culp is uh rude yeah so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Culp is uh rude yeah so it's a
+bound root you need to add a suffix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound root you need to add a suffix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound root you need to add a suffix to
+it but it's something to which you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's something to which you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's something to which you add
+suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffixes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so clinics I wonder whether we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so clinics I wonder whether we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so clinics I wonder whether we will
+manage to talk about clinics seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to talk about clinics seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to talk about clinics seriously
+but yes you're right there's a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes you're right there's a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes you're right there's a another
+kind of thing clitic is this name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing clitic is this name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing clitic is this name for
+these things that needs to be attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that needs to be attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that needs to be attached
+to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes that's a very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions
+okay so this is just all terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just all terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just all terminology
+it's terminology you'll hear me use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terminology you'll hear me use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's terminology you'll hear me use
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+a word can consist of just one morpheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word can consist of just one morpheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a word can consist of just one morpheme
+like cat or dog and then there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cat or dog and then there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cat or dog and then there are other
+words like cats or industrialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like cats or industrialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words like cats or industrialization
+that consist of multiple morphemes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then one other distinction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other distinction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then one other distinction that
+people draw and I sort of hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people draw and I sort of hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people draw and I sort of hope that
+nobody will ask me to Define this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody will ask me to Define this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody will ask me to Define this one
+very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully
+because it's sort of a quick and dirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of a quick and dirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's sort of a quick and dirty
+distinction people draw I promise that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction people draw I promise that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction people draw I promise that I
+will never uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never uh
+I will never harm you in any way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will never harm you in any way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will never harm you in any way for
+misusing this uh so you will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misusing this uh so you will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misusing this uh so you will not get
+counted off on problem sets for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted off on problem sets for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted off on problem sets for this
+people sometimes draw a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes draw a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes draw a distinction
+between what are called open class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what are called open class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what are called open class
+morphemes and closed class morphemes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes and closed class morphemes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes and closed class morphemes the
+idea is open class morphemes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is open class morphemes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is open class morphemes are
+supposed to be morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be morphemes
+for which you could make up another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you could make up another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which you could make up another one
+you could make you could add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make you could add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make you could add to the
+class of open class morphemes that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of open class morphemes that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of open class morphemes that's why
+it's called open so you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called open so you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called open so you know there are
+nouns like Xerox and Laser that are new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns like Xerox and Laser that are new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns like Xerox and Laser that are new
+nouns they they came into the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns they they came into the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns they they came into the language
+comparatively recently when you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively recently when you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively recently when you discover
+a new thing you come up with a name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing you come up with a name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new thing you come up with a name for
+it and that's a new noun and you add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's a new noun and you add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's a new noun and you add it
+to the Open Class of nouns yeah or verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Open Class of nouns yeah or verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Open Class of nouns yeah or verbs
+there are verbs like Google and facts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are verbs like Google and facts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are verbs like Google and facts or
+adjectives like crumulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives like crumulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives like crumulant
+that have been added to the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been added to the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been added to the language
+comparatively recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively recently
+as opposed to morphemes like in or at or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to morphemes like in or at or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to morphemes like in or at or
+on prepositions where it's unclear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on prepositions where it's unclear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on prepositions where it's unclear that
+you can make up a new preposition yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make up a new preposition yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make up a new preposition yeah
+or a new determiner a word like V or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new determiner a word like V or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new determiner a word like V or an
+or a new auxiliary a word like will or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new auxiliary a word like will or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a new auxiliary a word like will or
+has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in
+um uh the professor has slipped on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the professor has slipped on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the professor has slipped on a
+banana peel and how that kind of has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't seem to be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't seem to be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't seem to be able to do that
+now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know
+we invented uh new nouns like Xerox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invented uh new nouns like Xerox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we invented uh new nouns like Xerox and
+Laser or new verbs like Google and facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser or new verbs like Google and facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laser or new verbs like Google and facts
+because technology created new things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because technology created new things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because technology created new things
+that we could do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could do yeah
+um I suppose you could imagine a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose you could imagine a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I suppose you could imagine a future
+world in which say time travel suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which say time travel suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which say time travel suddenly
+becomes available and then it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes available and then it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes available and then it would be
+useful to have an auxiliary that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to have an auxiliary that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to have an auxiliary that means
+something like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know
+happened in the past from our viewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past from our viewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past from our viewpoint
+but from the future from someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from the future from someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from the future from someone else's
+Viewpoint or something like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint or something like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viewpoint or something like that right
+um it's unclear whether when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's unclear whether when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's unclear whether when that
+happens we will just do that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we will just do that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we will just do that you know
+make up those auxiliaries or whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up those auxiliaries or whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up those auxiliaries or whether we
+will be neurologically unable to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be neurologically unable to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be neurologically unable to because
+well auxiliaries are closed class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well auxiliaries are closed class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well auxiliaries are closed class
+morphemes and you can't make more now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes and you can't make more now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes and you can't make more now
+there's an interesting open question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting open question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting open question
+that we'll try not to talk about anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll try not to talk about anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll try not to talk about anymore
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay all terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one piece of literary evidence for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of literary evidence for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of literary evidence for the
+open and close distinction this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and close distinction this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and close distinction this is a
+point that my colleague David bezetsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that my colleague David bezetsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that my colleague David bezetsky
+likes to make when he teaches this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to make when he teaches this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes to make when he teaches this class
+it's a nice Point uh the poem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice Point uh the poem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice Point uh the poem
+Jabberwocky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jabberwocky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jabberwocky
+from Alice Alice from Wonderland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Alice Alice from Wonderland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Alice Alice from Wonderland
+Alistair Looking Glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alistair Looking Glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alistair Looking Glass
+um is a poem which is uh tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a poem which is uh tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a poem which is uh tricky to
+understand right so uh many of the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so uh many of the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so uh many of the words
+in it have been replaced by nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it have been replaced by nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it have been replaced by nonsense
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+but crucially the words that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but crucially the words that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but crucially the words that have been
+replaced by nonsense words they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by nonsense words they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by nonsense words they're all
+open class words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open class words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open class words
+so twasbrilig and the slide the toes did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so twasbrilig and the slide the toes did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so twasbrilig and the slide the toes did
+Guyer and gimbal in the way gyre right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guyer and gimbal in the way gyre right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guyer and gimbal in the way gyre right
+and Gimbal and the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gimbal and the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Gimbal and the wave
+those blue things they're all open class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blue things they're all open class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those blue things they're all open class
+they're nouns and verbs and adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nouns and verbs and adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nouns and verbs and adjectives
+um so adjectives like brilliant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so adjectives like brilliant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so adjectives like brilliant and
+slivy nouns like toves and web and verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slivy nouns like toves and web and verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slivy nouns like toves and web and verbs
+like jar and gimbal yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+the poem only works because we're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem only works because we're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem only works because we're sort
+of open to the possibility that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open to the possibility that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open to the possibility that there
+are open class nouns and verbs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open class nouns and verbs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open class nouns and verbs and
+adjectives out there that we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives out there that we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives out there that we don't know
+you know so the the that's the sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the the that's the sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the the that's the sense in
+which this you can sort of make make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this you can sort of make make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this you can sort of make make
+sense of this poem and you can tell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this poem and you can tell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this poem and you can tell that
+these are nouns and verbs and adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nouns and verbs and adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nouns and verbs and adjectives
+like toves books plural it ends in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like toves books plural it ends in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like toves books plural it ends in that
+same s they'll be getting cats and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same s they'll be getting cats and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same s they'll be getting cats and so on
+if you tried to do Jabberwocky but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tried to do Jabberwocky but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tried to do Jabberwocky but
+replace the closed class morphemes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the closed class morphemes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the closed class morphemes with
+nonsense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense
+so I tried to do that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also difficult to understand but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also difficult to understand but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also difficult to understand but in
+a different way right so Jabberwocky you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way right so Jabberwocky you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way right so Jabberwocky you
+read it and you think oh my vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and you think oh my vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and you think oh my vocabulary
+must be too small I wish I knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be too small I wish I knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be too small I wish I knew what
+these nouns were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nouns were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nouns were
+as this thing you just think oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this thing you just think oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this thing you just think oh the
+professor has some type of neurological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor has some type of neurological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor has some type of neurological
+problem right something someone should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right something someone should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right something someone should
+call the police something terrible has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the police something terrible has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the police something terrible has
+just happened yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened yeah
+um I won't even try to read it aloud it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I won't even try to read it aloud it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I won't even try to read it aloud it
+would be too upsetting so all I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be too upsetting so all I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be too upsetting so all I've done
+here is to try to go through you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to try to go through you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to try to go through you know so
+all of the adjectives and nouns and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the adjectives and nouns and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the adjectives and nouns and and
+verbs there are real ones you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs there are real ones you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs there are real ones you know and
+I've just replaced the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just replaced the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just replaced the you know the
+auxiliaries and the word for and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliaries and the word for and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auxiliaries and the word for and and the
+prepositions and the determiners I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions and the determiners I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions and the determiners I've
+replaced those with nonsense and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced those with nonsense and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced those with nonsense and the
+result of that is like disturbing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that is like disturbing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that is like disturbing it's
+not the same as jabber Rocky yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as jabber Rocky yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as jabber Rocky yeah
+what's the reason to take seriously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason to take seriously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the reason to take seriously the
+idea that yeah open class and closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that yeah open class and closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that yeah open class and closed
+class morphemes they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class morphemes they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class morphemes they're they're
+different in a way that that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in a way that that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in a way that that something
+in our brain cares about deeply yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay cool so uh what's in our lexicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so uh what's in our lexicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool so uh what's in our lexicon
+um we have these entries that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have these entries that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have these entries that have
+information about sound so here's a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about sound so here's a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about sound so here's a word
+it's pronounced cat yeah we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pronounced cat yeah we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pronounced cat yeah we're going to
+talk later about how to talk you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later about how to talk you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later about how to talk you know
+carefully about how to pronounce words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how to pronounce words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully about how to pronounce words
+like what exactly you're saying when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what exactly you're saying when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what exactly you're saying when you
+say that it's pronounced cat but yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's pronounced cat but yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's pronounced cat but yeah so
+one of the things that's known about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's known about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's known about
+this word is that it's pronounced cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word is that it's pronounced cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word is that it's pronounced cat
+something about its meaning whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about its meaning whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about its meaning whatever I
+showed you a picture of a cat before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a picture of a cat before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a picture of a cat before
+maybe that was better than what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that was better than what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that was better than what I've
+done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then the kinds of information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the kinds of information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the kinds of information that
+I've been talking about you have to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about you have to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been talking about you have to list
+whether the morpheme is bound or free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the morpheme is bound or free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the morpheme is bound or free
+um because that's not the kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that's not the kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because that's not the kind of thing
+that is uniform across languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uniform across languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uniform across languages
+necessarily so uh English for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so uh English for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily so uh English for example
+we've now several times said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now several times said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now several times said that the
+plural morpheme is a suffix an affix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural morpheme is a suffix an affix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural morpheme is a suffix an affix
+it's a bound morpheme it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bound morpheme it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bound morpheme it needs to be
+attached to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to something
+um in Tagalog the plural morpheme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Tagalog the plural morpheme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Tagalog the plural morpheme is
+pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced
+it's the bold-faced morpheme there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the bold-faced morpheme there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the bold-faced morpheme there and
+it's not about morphine it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about morphine it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about morphine it's a
+freestanding word so it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding word so it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding word so it doesn't have to
+be attached to anything so the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attached to anything so the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attached to anything so the way you
+say big bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say big bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say big bananas
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is this freestanding word it's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this freestanding word it's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this freestanding word it's at the
+beginning of that phrase doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of that phrase doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of that phrase doesn't have to
+be anywhere near the word for banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere near the word for banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere near the word for banana
+so it's not attached to anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not attached to anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not attached to anything
+Tagalog orthography is mostly fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog orthography is mostly fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog orthography is mostly fairly
+straightforward this is one of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward this is one of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward this is one of the two
+words in Tagalog that's not spelled more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in Tagalog that's not spelled more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in Tagalog that's not spelled more
+or less the way it's pronounced yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the way it's pronounced yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less the way it's pronounced yeah so
+that's the plural morpheme it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plural morpheme it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plural morpheme it's
+pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced
+this thing that's spelled MGA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that's spelled MGA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that's spelled MGA
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+so you need to for a lexical entry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to for a lexical entry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to for a lexical entry a
+word that's in your Lexicon we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that's in your Lexicon we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that's in your Lexicon we're going
+to need to list how it's pronounced what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to list how it's pronounced what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need to list how it's pronounced what
+it means whether it's bound or free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means whether it's bound or free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means whether it's bound or free
+here's another example of languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another example of languages
+varying with respect to whether things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying with respect to whether things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying with respect to whether things
+are bound or free in English the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound or free in English the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bound or free in English the word
+friend is a free morpheme in password
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is a free morpheme in password
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend is a free morpheme in password
+the word for friend is a bound morpheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for friend is a bound morpheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word for friend is a bound morpheme
+it needs to be attached to something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be attached to something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be attached to something so
+in English you say my friend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English you say my friend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English you say my friend the
+possible quality word for my friend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible quality word for my friend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible quality word for my friend is
+there isn't a possible quality word ew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a possible quality word ew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a possible quality word ew
+so you have to add a prefix to the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to add a prefix to the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to add a prefix to the word
+for friend investment quality indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for friend investment quality indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for friend investment quality indicating
+whose friend it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose friend it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose friend it is
+uh so it can't just be a word by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it can't just be a word by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it can't just be a word by itself
+yeah so it's bound needs to be attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's bound needs to be attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's bound needs to be attached
+to something else it's not a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else it's not a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else it's not a complete
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+so yeah uh the Lexicon of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah uh the Lexicon of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah uh the Lexicon of a given
+language has to indicate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has to indicate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has to indicate whether
+particular morphemes are bound or free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular morphemes are bound or free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular morphemes are bound or free
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+uh it has to indicate whether morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to indicate whether morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has to indicate whether morphemes
+are prefixes or suffixes so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prefixes or suffixes so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prefixes or suffixes so for example
+English has suffixes indicating the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has suffixes indicating the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English has suffixes indicating the past
+tense so we have the verb dance and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense so we have the verb dance and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense so we have the verb dance and it
+has a past tense danced where we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a past tense danced where we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a past tense danced where we add
+this D to make it past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D to make it past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D to make it past
+has prefixes that indicate that verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has prefixes that indicate that verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has prefixes that indicate that verbs
+are in the past tense so the verb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the past tense so the verb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the past tense so the verb to
+dance is Luli and the past tense is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance is Luli and the past tense is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance is Luli and the past tense is so
+there's a prefix that you add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a prefix that you add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a prefix that you add to the
+verb to make it past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to make it past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb to make it past
+okay so you have to indicate whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to indicate whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to indicate whether
+morphemes are bound or free whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes are bound or free whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes are bound or free whether
+they're prefixes or suffixes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're prefixes or suffixes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're prefixes or suffixes or
+something else so languages can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so languages can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so languages can vary
+with respect to what kind of affixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what kind of affixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to what kind of affixes
+they have and where they go and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have and where they go and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have and where they go and what
+they mean and morphology is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean and morphology is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean and morphology is sort of the
+study of the rules governing this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the rules governing this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the rules governing this kind
+of variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variability
+and that's what we're going to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're going to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're going to start the
+semester with is spending some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester with is spending some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester with is spending some time
+studying morphology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying morphology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying morphology
+part of the work of morphology is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work of morphology is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the work of morphology is doing
+morphological analysis of languages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological analysis of languages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological analysis of languages that
+are not familiar so uh looking at data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not familiar so uh looking at data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not familiar so uh looking at data
+sets and trying to piece together what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and trying to piece together what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and trying to piece together what
+all the morphemes are trying to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the morphemes are trying to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the morphemes are trying to separate
+out the morphemes and figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the morphemes and figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the morphemes and figure out what
+they all mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all mean
+um you will surely be given uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will surely be given uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will surely be given uh problem
+sets in which you're asked to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in which you're asked to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in which you're asked to do this
+so I wanted I think this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted I think this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wanted I think this is what I'm
+doing next yeah I wanted to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing next yeah I wanted to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing next yeah I wanted to show you a
+data set of the kind that we might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set of the kind that we might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set of the kind that we might ask
+you to deal with uh and let's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to deal with uh and let's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to deal with uh and let's work
+through it together and try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it together and try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it together and try to figure
+out what the different morphemes are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the different morphemes are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the different morphemes are so
+here are a bunch of verbs in Swahili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bunch of verbs in Swahili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bunch of verbs in Swahili
+anybody speak Swahili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody speak Swahili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody speak Swahili
+kind of sort of okay try to suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sort of okay try to suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sort of okay try to suppress
+your knowledge of Swahili for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge of Swahili for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge of Swahili for a second
+nobody asked her what the answers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody asked her what the answers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody asked her what the answers are
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um here are a bunch of verbs in Swahili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are a bunch of verbs in Swahili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here are a bunch of verbs in Swahili
+the first thing you want to do is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you want to do is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you want to do is look
+through all of these and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of these and look for
+words that have something in common in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have something in common in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have something in common in
+their meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their meaning
+and also seem and then try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also seem and then try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also seem and then try to figure out
+which part of the word is the morpheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the word is the morpheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the word is the morpheme
+that has that meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has that meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has that meaning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is where I wish it was easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I wish it was easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where I wish it was easier to
+show you things on a Blackboard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you things on a Blackboard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you things on a Blackboard but
+does anybody see a morpheme in this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see a morpheme in this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see a morpheme in this list
+so can you oh many people see morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you oh many people see morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you oh many people see morphemes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+tends to indicate knee looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to indicate knee looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to indicate knee looks like it
+means I so we've got knee in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I so we've got knee in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I so we've got knee in the first
+one knee and the third one knee and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knee and the third one knee and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one knee and the third one knee and the
+fourth one knee and I will get it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one knee and I will get it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one knee and I will get it yeah
+whole bunch of knees yeah sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of knees yeah sounds good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of knees yeah sounds good
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh oh yes the verb got that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh yes the verb got that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh yes the verb got that's absolutely
+right looks like it's Pata yeah so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks like it's Pata yeah so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right looks like it's Pata yeah so all
+of the verbs that have got as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the verbs that have got as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the verbs that have got as part of
+their meaning if you look through this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their meaning if you look through this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their meaning if you look through this I
+think there are only two verbs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are only two verbs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are only two verbs here
+there's get there's got and there's hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's get there's got and there's hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's get there's got and there's hit
+yeah and got looks like it's Pata what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and got looks like it's Pata what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and got looks like it's Pata what's
+hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+bigger yep good yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a Lee so you're seeing a Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a Lee so you're seeing a Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a Lee so you're seeing a Lee
+where are you seeing a Lee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you seeing a Lee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you seeing a Lee
+uh-huh right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh we've got nitakipata for I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we've got nitakipata for I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we've got nitakipata for I will get
+it don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't we
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+let me move forward on the slide is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move forward on the slide is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move forward on the slide is this
+so this is great people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is great people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is great people are doing
+exactly what you want to do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you want to do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you want to do you want to
+look through all of this stuff look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through all of this stuff look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through all of this stuff look for
+patterns that you seem to see try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that you seem to see try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that you seem to see try to
+isolate those patterns and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate those patterns and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate those patterns and figure out
+what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so one way to do this would be to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to do this would be to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to do this would be to start
+by finding the verb stems I deliberately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding the verb stems I deliberately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finding the verb stems I deliberately
+jumbled the presentation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbled the presentation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbled the presentation at the
+beginning you sort of put them in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you sort of put them in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you sort of put them in a a
+random order but one thing to do and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random order but one thing to do and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random order but one thing to do and you
+guys didn't need me to do this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys didn't need me to do this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys didn't need me to do this for you
+you sort of did it in your heads would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of did it in your heads would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of did it in your heads would
+you make yourself a list of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make yourself a list of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make yourself a list of all the
+words that have get or got and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have get or got and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have get or got and all the
+words that have hit and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have hit and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that have hit and then you would
+discover that Pata is the one forget and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that Pata is the one forget and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that Pata is the one forget and
+kiga is the one for hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiga is the one for hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiga is the one for hit
+um and then maybe similarly keep sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then maybe similarly keep sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then maybe similarly keep sorting
+them by by their affixes uh if you kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by by their affixes uh if you kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by by their affixes uh if you kept
+doing that you would discover that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you would discover that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that you would discover that there
+was a subject prefix at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a subject prefix at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a subject prefix at the beginning
+that's either knee or ooh or wah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either knee or ooh or wah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either knee or ooh or wah right
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+that there is a Lee prefix for past and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a Lee prefix for past and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a Lee prefix for past and
+the top prefix for future right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top prefix for future right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top prefix for future right and
+there are also prefixes for the objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also prefixes for the objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also prefixes for the objects
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so if we kept doing what we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we kept doing what we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we kept doing what we were just
+doing this is where we'd eventually end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is where we'd eventually end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is where we'd eventually end
+up that's the analysis we would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's the analysis we would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that's the analysis we would end up
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+is that clear does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clear does that make sense
+that's what we would be asking you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would be asking you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would be asking you to do
+we will surely ask you to do this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will surely ask you to do this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will surely ask you to do this on the
+problem with that so we'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that so we'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that so we'll give you a
+bunch of data and say go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data and say go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of data and say go through this
+find all the morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find all the morphemes
+and that's the kind of thing we'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the kind of thing we'd want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the kind of thing we'd want
+you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there's anybody who is secretly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's anybody who is secretly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's anybody who is secretly
+thinking to themselves I have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to themselves I have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to themselves I have no idea
+what just happened you know that made no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just happened you know that made no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what just happened you know that made no
+sense to me at all uh Don't Panic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to me at all uh Don't Panic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to me at all uh Don't Panic uh
+send me email or talk to your ta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me email or talk to your ta uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send me email or talk to your ta uh
+during recitation this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recitation this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during recitation this is the kind of
+thing that we'll we'll try to practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we'll we'll try to practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we'll we'll try to practice
+some before you have to do it for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some before you have to do it for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some before you have to do it for real
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and then the thing to do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the thing to do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the thing to do yeah
+test yourself how do you say they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test yourself how do you say they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test yourself how do you say they will
+get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us
+okay so that was Swahili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was Swahili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was Swahili
+um the Swahili involved some verbs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Swahili involved some verbs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Swahili involved some verbs that
+had a bunch of prefixes on them and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of prefixes on them and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a bunch of prefixes on them and we
+have mostly been talking about prefixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mostly been talking about prefixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mostly been talking about prefixes
+and suffixes uh as the kinds of affixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suffixes uh as the kinds of affixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suffixes uh as the kinds of affixes
+that you add to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you add to things
+just as a warning there are other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a warning there are other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a warning there are other kinds
+of affixes out there in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affixes out there in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affixes out there in the world
+um so I want to show you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to show you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I want to show you some of the
+other kinds of things that exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things that exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things that exist
+uh Tagalog is kind of famous for having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tagalog is kind of famous for having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tagalog is kind of famous for having
+what are called infixes so it has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called infixes so it has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are called infixes so it has these
+morphemes that uh sometimes go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes that uh sometimes go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphemes that uh sometimes go in the
+middle of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of words
+or we've got a bunch of Tagalog words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we've got a bunch of Tagalog words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we've got a bunch of Tagalog words uh
+they're all in the past tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the past tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the past tense
+they all contain a past tense morphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all contain a past tense morphine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all contain a past tense morphine
+what's the past tense morpheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the past tense morpheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the past tense morpheme
+um yes it's um that's right so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes it's um that's right so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes it's um that's right so you see
+it I think I highlighted it on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think I highlighted it on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think I highlighted it on the next
+slide I hope I was smart enough to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I hope I was smart enough to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide I hope I was smart enough to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yes there we go uh so Tagalog has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there we go uh so Tagalog has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there we go uh so Tagalog has
+infixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infixes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+goes uh uh where does go what's the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh uh where does go what's the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh uh where does go what's the rule
+for where everyone goes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh yeah yeah
+before the first vowel is another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first vowel is another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first vowel is another way to
+say the same thing yeah so uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the same thing yeah so uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the same thing yeah so uh in the
+words that start with vowels it goes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that start with vowels it goes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that start with vowels it goes at
+the beginning because that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning because that's the first
+vowel in the words that start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in the words that start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel in the words that start with
+consonants well it goes before the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants well it goes before the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants well it goes before the first
+vowel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel
+that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works
+yes yeah so that works for it take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so that works for it take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so that works for it take a
+look now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look now um
+we have to be careful when we say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful when we say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful when we say what
+an infix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infix is
+so let me try to be careful about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to be careful about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to be careful about it
+because I think I was careless about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I was careless about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I was careless about it
+a second ago so let me be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second ago so let me be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second ago so let me be careful
+and infix is an affix for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infix is an affix for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infix is an affix for which the
+rules say something like for the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules say something like for the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules say something like for the rules
+for where it goes say something like put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where it goes say something like put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for where it goes say something like put
+it before the first vowel or put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before the first vowel or put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before the first vowel or put it
+after the first consonant or sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first consonant or sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the first consonant or sometimes
+put it after the first syllable yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it after the first syllable yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it after the first syllable yeah
+a prefix is an affix for which the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prefix is an affix for which the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prefix is an affix for which the rule
+says put it at the beginning yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says put it at the beginning yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says put it at the beginning yeah a
+suffix says put it at the end that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix says put it at the end that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix says put it at the end that's
+what infixes and prefixes and suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what infixes and prefixes and suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what infixes and prefixes and suffixes
+are yeah and then being careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah and then being careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yeah and then being careful about
+this because this is something people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this is something people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because this is something people
+sometimes get confused about a Swahili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get confused about a Swahili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes get confused about a Swahili
+verb like I will get you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb like I will get you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb like I will get you there
+doesn't have any infixes in it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any infixes in it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any infixes in it at all
+right it's got a verb Pata which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got a verb Pata which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's got a verb Pata which is
+preceded by three prefixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceded by three prefixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceded by three prefixes
+Each of which was put the rule for coup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which was put the rule for coup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Each of which was put the rule for coup
+says put me right before the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says put me right before the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says put me right before the verb
+and the rule for tah says put me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rule for tah says put me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rule for tah says put me right
+before cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before cool
+and the rule for me he says put me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rule for me he says put me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rule for me he says put me at
+the beginning those are all prefixes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning those are all prefixes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning those are all prefixes so
+they none of them say put me inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they none of them say put me inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they none of them say put me inside
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+none of those are infixes they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those are infixes they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of those are infixes they're all
+prefixes and I'm saying that slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes and I'm saying that slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes and I'm saying that slowly and
+carefully because by the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully because by the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully because by the time you're
+done with all these prefixes well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with all these prefixes well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with all these prefixes well they
+aren't all at the beginning of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't all at the beginning of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't all at the beginning of the word
+right there's a string of prefixes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a string of prefixes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a string of prefixes but
+they're all prefixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all prefixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all prefixes
+does that make sense the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense the distinction
+that I am drawing between prefixes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am drawing between prefixes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am drawing between prefixes that
+through no Vault of their own find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through no Vault of their own find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through no Vault of their own find
+themselves not at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves not at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves not at the beginning of the
+word and infixes which have rules like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and infixes which have rules like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and infixes which have rules like
+put me before the first vowel I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put me before the first vowel I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put me before the first vowel I don't
+care where the word begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care where the word begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care where the word begins
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+and that's how that's how we distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how that's how we distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how that's how we distinguish
+these things from each other and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things from each other and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things from each other and as I
+say I'm I'm going through it slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm I'm going through it slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm I'm going through it slowly
+because it's something it's confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's something it's confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's something it's confusing
+it's something people get confused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something people get confused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something people get confused by
+so if you're feeling confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're feeling confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're feeling confused
+speak up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh Tagalog as in fixes there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tagalog as in fixes there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Tagalog as in fixes there are
+languages like Egyptian Arabic not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Egyptian Arabic not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like Egyptian Arabic not every
+Arabic that have what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic that have what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic that have what are called
+templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates
+here are a bunch of verbs in Egyptian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bunch of verbs in Egyptian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a bunch of verbs in Egyptian
+Arabic involving live and enter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic involving live and enter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arabic involving live and enter yeah
+anybody here speak Arabic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here speak Arabic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here speak Arabic
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+okay again try to suppress your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again try to suppress your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again try to suppress your
+knowledge of Arabic for just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think the morpheme is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the morpheme is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the morpheme is that
+means live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do those verbs all have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do those verbs all have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do those verbs all have in
+common those forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common those forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common those forms
+yeah they all have s k n yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they all have s k n yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they all have s k n yeah
+or enter those all have d l now that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or enter those all have d l now that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or enter those all have d l now that X
+is a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sound
+okay uh this is something the Semitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is something the Semitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is something the Semitic
+languages are famous for they have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are famous for they have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are famous for they have what
+are called trilateral Roots uh verbs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called trilateral Roots uh verbs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called trilateral Roots uh verbs for
+which the morpheme is just a string of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the morpheme is just a string of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the morpheme is just a string of
+consonants and usually three there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants and usually three there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consonants and usually three there are
+verbs that have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that have two
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um and the other morphemes the morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the other morphemes the morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the other morphemes the morphemes
+that tell you things like tense and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you things like tense and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you things like tense and you
+know who the subject is and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who the subject is and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who the subject is and things like
+that are often vowels that you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are often vowels that you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are often vowels that you put in
+between the the uh the consonants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the uh the consonants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the the uh the consonants that
+make up the verb yeah it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the verb yeah it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up the verb yeah it's called
+templatic morphology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templatic morphology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templatic morphology
+so skn is to live in and D L is to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so skn is to live in and D L is to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so skn is to live in and D L is to enter
+and past tense where the third person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and past tense where the third person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and past tense where the third person
+subject is to as so you get verbs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is to as so you get verbs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is to as so you get verbs like
+yeah I'm probably saying them badly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm probably saying them badly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm probably saying them badly do
+you want to pronounce them for us I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pronounce them for us I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pronounce them for us I'm
+probably not pronouncing them right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not pronouncing them right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not pronouncing them right can
+you pronounce them say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah he entered cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah he entered cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah he entered cool
+yep so that's that's how this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so that's that's how this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so that's that's how this type of
+morphology works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tagalog again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog again
+Tagalog has another kind of morphology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog has another kind of morphology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tagalog has another kind of morphology
+which is cool it's called reduplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cool it's called reduplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cool it's called reduplication
+this is how you form the future tense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you form the future tense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you form the future tense of
+certain types of verbs in Tagalog so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of verbs in Tagalog so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of verbs in Tagalog so the
+future of swim is the future of eat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of swim is the future of eat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future of swim is the future of eat is
+the future of become tall is tatas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of become tall is tatas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of become tall is tatas
+what's the future morpheme in Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's like copy the first consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like copy the first consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's like copy the first consonant
+in vowel yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vowel yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vowel yeah
+that's how you do that's how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do that's how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you do that's how you do
+Futures in Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures in Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures in Tagalog
+um it's specifically the first consonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's specifically the first consonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's specifically the first consonant
+in develop Tagalog does have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in develop Tagalog does have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in develop Tagalog does have uh
+syllables that end with consonants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables that end with consonants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllables that end with consonants and
+you don't copy the content at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't copy the content at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't copy the content at the end of
+the syllable yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+I took a look at several different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took a look at several different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took a look at several different kinds
+of reduplication here's another one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduplication here's another one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reduplication here's another one if
+you want to say that something is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say that something is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say that something is rather
+adjective a bunch of adjectives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective a bunch of adjectives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective a bunch of adjectives that
+start with Ma they're not all adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Ma they're not all adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Ma they're not all adjectives
+do but they're a bunch of adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but they're a bunch of adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but they're a bunch of adjectives
+that start with the prefix Ma and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with the prefix Ma and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that start with the prefix Ma and then
+the way to say that something is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to say that something is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to say that something is rather
+adjective is to reduplicate the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective is to reduplicate the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective is to reduplicate the first
+two syllables of the adjective if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two syllables of the adjective if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two syllables of the adjective if this
+the adjective is only two syllables long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective is only two syllables long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective is only two syllables long
+then you reduplicate the whole thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you reduplicate the whole thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you reduplicate the whole thing so
+you get rather tall or malapit lapid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rather tall or malapit lapid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rather tall or malapit lapid is
+rather close if it's longer than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather close if it's longer than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather close if it's longer than that
+then you just copy the the first two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just copy the the first two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just copy the the first two so
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+for rather intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rather intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rather intelligent
+um so reduplicative morphemes Tagalog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so reduplicative morphemes Tagalog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so reduplicative morphemes Tagalog
+has their like three or four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their like three or four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has their like three or four different
+types of reduplication in Tagalog uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of reduplication in Tagalog uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of reduplication in Tagalog uh
+you've got a morpheme which is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a morpheme which is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a morpheme which is uh a
+prefix and it is sort of specified for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix and it is sort of specified for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix and it is sort of specified for
+phonological Content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological Content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonological Content
+um but just how many syllables right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but just how many syllables right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but just how many syllables right so
+uh most prefixes you know you you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most prefixes you know you you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most prefixes you know you you've got
+a prefix and it's got consonants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prefix and it's got consonants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prefix and it's got consonants and
+vowels in it and you put that before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in it and you put that before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowels in it and you put that before you
+know you get a English prefix like un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get a English prefix like un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get a English prefix like un
+for unhappy that's a prefix it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unhappy that's a prefix it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unhappy that's a prefix it means
+whatever it means and it consists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it means and it consists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it means and it consists of the
+vowel ah and the constant n and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel ah and the constant n and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vowel ah and the constant n and you put
+that before adjectives to make make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before adjectives to make make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before adjectives to make make
+other adjectives that mean not adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other adjectives that mean not adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other adjectives that mean not adjective
+um reduplicative morphemes are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduplicative morphemes are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reduplicative morphemes are also
+prefixes or suffixes but they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes or suffixes but they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefixes or suffixes but they don't have
+any specification as to what consonants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specification as to what consonants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any specification as to what consonants
+and vowels are in them you just copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vowels are in them you just copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vowels are in them you just copy
+whatever's already there that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's already there that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever's already there that's how
+reduplication seems to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduplication seems to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduplication seems to work
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I was first studying Tagalog we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was first studying Tagalog we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was first studying Tagalog we had
+uh contests to see who could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contests to see who could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh contests to see who could
+repeat the most syllables uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the most syllables uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the most syllables uh
+um I remember one that we tried to we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I remember one that we tried to we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I remember one that we tried to we we
+tried to pass off on our teacher was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to pass off on our teacher was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to pass off on our teacher was uh
+which means they are sort of regretting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means they are sort of regretting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means they are sort of regretting
+it a little bit all the time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit all the time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit all the time or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+there's a uh there's a Tagalog joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh there's a Tagalog joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh there's a Tagalog joke
+tagalogs like to tell about uh Filipinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagalogs like to tell about uh Filipinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagalogs like to tell about uh Filipinos
+who are in an elevator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in an elevator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in an elevator and
+um they're there's an American who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're there's an American who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're there's an American who's
+also in the elevator who is astonished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the elevator who is astonished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the elevator who is astonished
+when the elevator doors open and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the elevator doors open and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the elevator doors open and one of
+the Filipinos asks who's outside asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Filipinos asks who's outside asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Filipinos asks who's outside asks
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which which involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which involves
+the verba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verba
+which is to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to go down
+uh with reduplication and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with reduplication and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with reduplication and the question
+particle which is ba so so going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh tagalogs like the idea of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh tagalogs like the idea of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh tagalogs like the idea of an
+American having to react to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American having to react to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American having to react to that
+conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how are we doing a few other kinds of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing a few other kinds of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing a few other kinds of so
+this is all a little tour through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all a little tour through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all a little tour through
+non-intuitive kinds of morphemes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive kinds of morphemes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive kinds of morphemes you
+know so yes there are prefixes yes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so yes there are prefixes yes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so yes there are prefixes yes there
+are suffixes but there are other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suffixes but there are other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suffixes but there are other kinds
+of morphemes out there in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of morphemes out there in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of morphemes out there in the world
+I want to warn you about those partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to warn you about those partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to warn you about those partly
+because you guys are all going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys are all going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys are all going to
+scatter and work on whatever languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter and work on whatever languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter and work on whatever languages
+it is you've found to work on and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you've found to work on and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you've found to work on and I want
+you to be prepared if you encounter some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be prepared if you encounter some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be prepared if you encounter some
+of these types of morphology out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of morphology out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types of morphology out there
+here's another kind uh which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another kind uh which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another kind uh which is a
+language spoken by the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language spoken by the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language spoken by the traditional
+owners of the area around Tucson Arizona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of the area around Tucson Arizona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of the area around Tucson Arizona
+the desert people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desert people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desert people
+yes oh cool so yeah this is the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh cool so yeah this is the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh cool so yeah this is the language
+of your place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your place
+um the way so it has what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way so it has what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way so it has what are called
+imperfect and perfect forms of the verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect and perfect forms of the verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect and perfect forms of the verb
+which you can think of as being kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can think of as being kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can think of as being kind of
+like present tense and past tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like present tense and past tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like present tense and past tense
+um and if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you look at these
+well we're kind of cheating because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're kind of cheating because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're kind of cheating because I've
+got the name of this type of morpheme up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the name of this type of morpheme up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the name of this type of morpheme up
+there at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the top
+if you look at these uh it turns out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these uh it turns out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at these uh it turns out if
+you study a lot about all of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study a lot about all of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study a lot about all of them you
+can convince yourself so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself so if you look at
+them you can see the imperfect forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can see the imperfect forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can see the imperfect forms are
+a little bit longer than the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit longer than the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit longer than the perfect
+forms right so uh the perfect forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right so uh the perfect forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms right so uh the perfect forms are
+things like Neil and yay and Heen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Neil and yay and Heen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like Neil and yay and Heen and
+the imperfect forms are forms like milk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imperfect forms are forms like milk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imperfect forms are forms like milk
+and nade and hink yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nade and hink yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nade and hink yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so your first hope might be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your first hope might be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your first hope might be that the
+imperfect versions involve suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect versions involve suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect versions involve suffixes
+you know that you're starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you're starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you're starting with the
+perfect versions and adding suffixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect versions and adding suffixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect versions and adding suffixes
+but if you look at these verbs you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at these verbs you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at these verbs you can
+hopefully convince yourself that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully convince yourself that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully convince yourself that that's
+hopeless yeah the suffix is just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless yeah the suffix is just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless yeah the suffix is just kind of
+the the consonant that's at the end just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the consonant that's at the end just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the consonant that's at the end just
+varies a lot from verb to verb does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies a lot from verb to verb does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies a lot from verb to verb does that
+sound right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right
+so in fact the going hypothesis about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact the going hypothesis about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact the going hypothesis about
+what's going on in all of them is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in all of them is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in all of them is that
+this is a cross-linguistically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-linguistically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cross-linguistically very
+unusual kind of morpheme uh it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual kind of morpheme uh it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual kind of morpheme uh it's called
+truncation the way you form the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation the way you form the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation the way you form the perfect
+form of the verb is to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the verb is to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the verb is to take the
+imperfect form of the verb and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect form of the verb and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfect form of the verb and remove
+its last consonant whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its last consonant whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its last consonant whatever it is
+so it's called truncation you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called truncation you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's called truncation you're not
+adding something you're subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding something you're subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding something you're subtracting
+something yeah morphology usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah morphology usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah morphology usually
+doesn't subtract it usually adds yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't subtract it usually adds yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't subtract it usually adds yeah
+but this is uh this seems to be what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is uh this seems to be what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is uh this seems to be what's
+happening in all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there are other things tone Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other things tone Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other things tone Oh
+so uh there are languages there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are languages there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are languages there are
+tonal languages in the world uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal languages in the world uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal languages in the world uh if
+you've had any interaction with mandarin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had any interaction with mandarin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've had any interaction with mandarin
+for example you've heard of tonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you've heard of tonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you've heard of tonal
+languages languages in which the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages languages in which the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages languages in which the picture
+of your voice makes has an effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your voice makes has an effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your voice makes has an effect on the
+meaning of the words that you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the words that you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the words that you're saying
+um so there are languages out there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are languages out there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are languages out there in
+which there are morphemes that are tones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are morphemes that are tones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there are morphemes that are tones
+so uh Dinka which is a nylotic language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Dinka which is a nylotic language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Dinka which is a nylotic language
+spoken in Sudan and South Sudan there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in Sudan and South Sudan there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken in Sudan and South Sudan there's
+a popular Dinka name ball which is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular Dinka name ball which is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a popular Dinka name ball which is a low
+tone noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone noun
+it can be inflected for case so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be inflected for case so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be inflected for case so to
+indicate that it is the possessor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that it is the possessor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that it is the possessor of
+another noun for example if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another noun for example if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another noun for example if you want to
+say things like bold's brother but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like bold's brother but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like bold's brother but what
+you do is to change the tone of balls so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is to change the tone of balls so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is to change the tone of balls so
+instead of just being ball it's now ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just being ball it's now ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just being ball it's now ball
+early so it's a falling tone so bolo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so it's a falling tone so bolo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early so it's a falling tone so bolo's
+brother is Monday bowler yeah so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother is Monday bowler yeah so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother is Monday bowler yeah so uh
+brother of bull and bull changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother of bull and bull changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother of bull and bull changes its
+tone yeah there was an NBA basketball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone yeah there was an NBA basketball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone yeah there was an NBA basketball
+player for a while who was Dinka Manute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player for a while who was Dinka Manute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player for a while who was Dinka Manute
+bolo it's apparently a really common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolo it's apparently a really common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolo it's apparently a really common
+name yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we spend a semester trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend a semester trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend a semester trying to understand
+Dinka in the field methods graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dinka in the field methods graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dinka in the field methods graduate
+level field methods class most Dinka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level field methods class most Dinka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level field methods class most Dinka
+morphology is tones and vowel length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology is tones and vowel length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology is tones and vowel length and
+other kinds of things we were always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things we were always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things we were always
+definitely afraid that we were missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely afraid that we were missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely afraid that we were missing
+half of the morphemes because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the morphemes because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the morphemes because they're
+quite hard to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to hear
+and then the Last Thing Before I Let You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Last Thing Before I Let You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Last Thing Before I Let You
+Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go
+there are arguably cases of morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are arguably cases of morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are arguably cases of morphemes
+well that are not pronounced at all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that are not pronounced at all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that are not pronounced at all you
+know so there are words like cat and dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so there are words like cat and dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so there are words like cat and dog
+and sheep and there are plural morphemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sheep and there are plural morphemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sheep and there are plural morphemes
+like s and then maybe the plural of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like s and then maybe the plural of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like s and then maybe the plural of
+sheep also has a pleural morpheme it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep also has a pleural morpheme it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep also has a pleural morpheme it's
+just that that plural morpheme is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that that plural morpheme is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that that plural morpheme is
+pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced
+you can't tell but I'm opening my mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell but I'm opening my mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't tell but I'm opening my mouth
+yeah so uh maybe there are more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh maybe there are more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh maybe there are more things
+that have no pronunciation at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have no pronunciation at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have no pronunciation at all
+they're just morphemes you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just morphemes you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just morphemes you shouldn't
+necessarily believe that just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily believe that just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily believe that just looking at
+this but it's a possibility that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's a possibility that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's a possibility that we
+might want to take seriously yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to take seriously yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to take seriously yeah all
+right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right good
+um I think this is probably a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this is probably a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think this is probably a good
+stopping point so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping point so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping point so just to
+sort of summarize and then I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarize and then I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of summarize and then I'll let you
+go for every morpheme we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for every morpheme we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for every morpheme we're going to
+want to indicate what's it sound what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to indicate what's it sound what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to indicate what's it sound what's
+its meaning is the bound morpheme or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its meaning is the bound morpheme or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its meaning is the bound morpheme or
+free morpheme and if it's bound what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free morpheme and if it's bound what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free morpheme and if it's bound what
+kind of bowel morpheme is it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bowel morpheme is it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bowel morpheme is it is the
+prefix the suffix an infix any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix the suffix an infix any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix the suffix an infix any of these
+other kinds of things there are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things there are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things there are all
+kinds of things you'd want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things you'd want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things you'd want to understand
+if you want to understand everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to understand everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to understand everything
+about the morphology of a language okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the morphology of a language okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the morphology of a language okay
+I'm going to pick it up here next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N8S-wV3Ggyo.txt b/N8S-wV3Ggyo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3b11a2f428688f825b8f790b39273dd1500e0c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N8S-wV3Ggyo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we are still here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are still here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are still here in
+studying uh cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that
+emerge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge from
+the on Sager theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on Sager theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on Sager theory
+of know equilibrium near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium as a result of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as a result of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as a result of linear
+relations between forces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flaxes just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reminder in this slide we uh got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder in this slide we uh got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder in this slide we uh got these
+uh Expressions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Expressions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Expressions that
+summarize uh the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize uh the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize uh the relation between
+U energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U energy
+flux and entropy flux and constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and entropy flux and constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and entropy flux and constituents
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+including Uh current electrical charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Uh current electrical charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Uh current electrical charge
+flux uh and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux uh and these
+are diffusive flues so they are relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diffusive flues so they are relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diffusive flues so they are relative
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+the if you if we have a motion like in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you if we have a motion like in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you if we have a motion like in a
+fluid they relative to the body center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid they relative to the body center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid they relative to the body center
+of the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parcels and this other slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcels and this other slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcels and this other slide
+also which we have reviewed the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time allowed us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time allowed us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time allowed us to
+write the this term uh uh in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the this term uh uh in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the this term uh uh in the uh
+expression for the rate of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the rate of entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the rate of entropy
+production in terms of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in terms of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in terms of independent
+fluxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes
+or actually in terms of this ji JS these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually in terms of this ji JS these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually in terms of this ji JS these
+are differences between um fluxes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences between um fluxes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are differences between um fluxes of
+pairs of uh constituents that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of uh constituents that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of uh constituents that are
+present in our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in our system
+and they go together so the conjugated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go together so the conjugated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go together so the conjugated
+Force to this U diffusive relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to this U diffusive relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force to this U diffusive relative
+fluxes are uh we could call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes are uh we could call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes are uh we could call them
+diffusive relative forces and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive relative forces and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive relative forces and they are
+uh given by the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given by the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given by the difference in the
+gradients of the chemical potentials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients of the chemical potentials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients of the chemical potentials of
+the same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same two
+uh kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of
+particles notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles notice that
+these by definition are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these by definition are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these by definition are
+anti-symmetric so you change you swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric so you change you swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric so you change you swap
+the IND indexes you change the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IND indexes you change the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IND indexes you change the sign of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+because it's obvious from here and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's obvious from here and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's obvious from here and um
+therefore you see here we have one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you see here we have one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you see here we have one half
+of the summation over i j and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summation over i j and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the summation over i j and you're
+supposed to sum over all the I and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to sum over all the I and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to sum over all the I and all
+the JS and that will pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JS and that will pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the JS and that will pick
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh each of these elements uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these elements uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh each of these elements uh
+twice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice uh
+so the the one half will go away and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the one half will go away and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the one half will go away and so
+for example if you have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you have just one
+pair you will have uh J12 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you will have uh J12 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you will have uh J12 plus
+j21 and uh they will uh end up this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j21 and uh they will uh end up this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j21 and uh they will uh end up this sum
+will end up being just one term J12 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up being just one term J12 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up being just one term J12 *
+X12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you also should remember that uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also should remember that uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also should remember that uh we have
+to use the Gibs do relation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Gibs do relation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the Gibs do relation which
+relates the gradient in pressure to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the gradient in pressure to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the gradient in pressure to the
+gradi in chemical potentials for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradi in chemical potentials for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradi in chemical potentials for example
+for a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pure
+substance so there's only one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so there's only one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so there's only one uh
+constituent this also holds and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent this also holds and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent this also holds and it says
+that the gradient in pressure is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient in pressure is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gradient in pressure is equal
+to the concentration of the substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the concentration of the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the concentration of the substance
+times the gradient in the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the gradient in the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the gradient in the chemical
+potential uh at constant temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh at constant temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh at constant temperature of
+that substance we will use this today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substance we will use this today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that substance we will use this today in
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so here uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so here uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so here uh I've
+included up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included up
+there here there still the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here there still the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here there still the full
+expression but now I'm I want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but now I'm I want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression but now I'm I want to focus
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+on on the vectorial uh fluxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the vectorial uh fluxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the vectorial uh fluxes and
+forces so the fluxes of extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces so the fluxes of extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces so the fluxes of extensive
+properties that are U that are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are U that are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are U that are of
+vectorial of yeah vectorial character so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorial of yeah vectorial character so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectorial of yeah vectorial character so
+we exclude the scalars chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we exclude the scalars chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we exclude the scalars chemical
+reactions we exclude the tensorial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we exclude the tensorial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we exclude the tensorial uh
+flues so we exclude the citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flues so we exclude the citation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flues so we exclude the citation
+function you see here that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you see here that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you see here that we have
+many uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh different
+terms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and then
+the let's suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let's suppose we have
+only three kinds of particles in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system that summation over the i i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that summation over the i i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that summation over the i i and
+JS uh ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS uh ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JS uh ends up
+contributing only uh three of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing only uh three of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing only uh three of these uh
+products of forces and fluxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only three of them are non zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three of them are non zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three of them are non zero and
+independent so this will be the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so this will be the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so this will be the inter
+diffusion of particle one with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of particle one with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of particle one with respect
+to two of particle one with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two of particle one with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two of particle one with respect to
+three of particle two with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of particle two with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of particle two with respect to
+three and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then we
+have um the diffusion of of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um the diffusion of of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um the diffusion of of electrical
+charge related to a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge related to a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge related to a change in
+electrostatic POS potential gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic POS potential gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic POS potential gradient in
+electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic
+potential of course heat is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of course heat is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of course heat is in the
+gradient of one / T and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of one / T and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of one / T and then there is
+also this term with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure which gives you uh flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which gives you uh flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which gives you uh flux of
+particles um driven by a gradient in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure so we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so we have six
+terms six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms six
+different uh extensive properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh extensive properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh extensive properties that
+can be transported in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transported in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transported in our
+system and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and six
+different degrees of dise equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of dise equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different degrees of dise equilibrium
+which uh uh control and uh Drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh uh control and uh Drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh uh control and uh Drive the
+system back towards equilibrium this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system back towards equilibrium this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system back towards equilibrium this is
+also related to the chatelier brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also related to the chatelier brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also related to the chatelier brown
+principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+remember um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember um the
+more see each one of these uh degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more see each one of these uh degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more see each one of these uh degrees of
+this equilibrium is related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium is related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium is related to a
+a condition necessary condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition necessary condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition necessary condition for
+Mutual equilibrium so if you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium so if you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium so if you have no
+gradient in temperature you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in temperature you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in temperature you have a
+quality of temperature that so from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of temperature that so from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of temperature that so from that
+point of view uh uh you have uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view uh uh you have uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view uh uh you have uh you you
+are okay for equilibrium but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay for equilibrium but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay for equilibrium but that's not
+the only condition you also need no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only condition you also need no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only condition you also need no
+gradient in pressure that's pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in pressure that's pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in pressure that's pressure
+equality if the systems can exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality if the systems can exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality if the systems can exchange
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+um this is part of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is part of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is part of the chemical
+potential but it's the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but it's the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but it's the electrical
+electrostatic so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic so if
+you so you have a you're at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you have a you're at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you have a you're at equilibrium
+at least from that point of view from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from that point of view from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from that point of view from
+the electrostatics if you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrostatics if you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrostatics if you have no
+gradient in the electrostatic potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the electrostatic potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the electrostatic potential
+and here also you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here also you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here also you you have
+the equality of chemical potentials of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality of chemical potentials of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equality of chemical potentials of
+the various pairs if they are all equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various pairs if they are all equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various pairs if they are all equal
+to zero then we are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then we are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then we are at
+equilibrium uh the more you have of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh the more you have of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh the more you have of them
+that are different from zero the farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different from zero the farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are different from zero the farther
+you are from equilibrium the more degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are from equilibrium the more degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are from equilibrium the more degree
+they add up to the degrees of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add up to the degrees of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they add up to the degrees of of
+equilibrium and therefore like chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and therefore like chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and therefore like chat
+Brown says uh you uh your system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown says uh you uh your system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown says uh you uh your system will
+have a stronger tendency to uh uh return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stronger tendency to uh uh return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stronger tendency to uh uh return
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+equilibrium and the way they uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the way they uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the way they uh the
+system returns to equilibrium is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system returns to equilibrium is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system returns to equilibrium is is uh
+described by this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this big
+Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in
+fact I didn't put the the tensor signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I didn't put the the tensor signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I didn't put the the tensor signs
+but these are each each of them is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are each each of them is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are each each of them is a
+tensor because the most General relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor because the most General relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor because the most General relation
+between a vector and another Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a vector and another Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a vector and another Vector is
+through even if linear it's through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tensor so you see how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor so you see how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor so you see how uh
+Rich the variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich the variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich the variety of
+phenomena uh that we can uh encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena uh that we can uh encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena uh that we can uh encounter
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+we we can model uh is so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if you want to uh include all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want to uh include all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you want to uh include all of them
+you need the computer uh computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the computer uh computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the computer uh computer
+program to to do it this is done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to to do it this is done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to to do it this is done in
+simulations but um even though uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations but um even though uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations but um even though uh
+nowadays uh we have computers and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays uh we have computers and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays uh we have computers and we
+have uh softwares that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh softwares that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh softwares that are
+very they're able to com to to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very they're able to com to to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very they're able to com to to to to
+model very complex uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phenomena in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena in
+fluids and not only fluids because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids and not only fluids because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids and not only fluids because of
+course I'm talking fluids but also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm talking fluids but also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm talking fluids but also in
+solids we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids we have the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very
+seldom they are implemented to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom they are implemented to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seldom they are implemented to include
+all these off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these off diagonal
+terms most of the times you just uh keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms most of the times you just uh keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms most of the times you just uh keep
+the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones for example here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for example here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for example here I've
+already uh sort of shaded out these off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh sort of shaded out these off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already uh sort of shaded out these off
+diagonal ones because most of the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal ones because most of the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal ones because most of the times
+you assume that um uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that um uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume that um uh each
+pair so the relative Flux Of pair one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so the relative Flux Of pair one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so the relative Flux Of pair one
+two is driven by the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is driven by the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is driven by the relative
+um uh difference in gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh difference in gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh difference in gradient of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the chemical potentials of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potentials of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potentials of that
+pair and not the other ones but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and not the other ones but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair and not the other ones but these
+are possible cross effects and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible cross effects and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are possible cross effects and these
+possible cross effects may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cross effects may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cross effects may
+result in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concentration
+gradients uh you have two two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients uh you have two two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients uh you have two two different
+different so you you could have a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so you you could have a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so you you could have a flow
+uh upward the concentration gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh upward the concentration gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh upward the concentration gradient of
+one constituent driven by the the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constituent driven by the the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constituent driven by the the flow
+downward of of two other constituents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward of of two other constituents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward of of two other constituents
+and part of it could be captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of it could be captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of it could be captured by
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+but I think that if you want the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that if you want the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that if you want the most
+General description of that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General description of that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General description of that you you
+would need to include also these off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to include also these off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to include also these off
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+terms okay now we have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay now we have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay now we have have
+uh already done thermoelectric effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh already done thermoelectric effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh already done thermoelectric effects
+and from this point of view the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this point of view the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this point of view the
+thermoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+uh cover these degrees of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cover these degrees of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cover these degrees of the
+equilibrium so a material in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so a material in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so a material in which you
+have gradient in temperature and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gradient in temperature and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gradient in temperature and a
+gradient in electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in electrostatic
+field and so our system becomes just 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so our system becomes just 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so our system becomes just 2
+by two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two two
+quantities extensive quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities extensive quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities extensive quantities
+transported and two degrees of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported and two degrees of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported and two degrees of this
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+and since we are at it uh I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we are at it uh I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we are at it uh I think I
+should uh there was something wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh there was something wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh there was something wrong in
+the The View graphs that uh in the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The View graphs that uh in the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The View graphs that uh in the slide
+where I did this calculation last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I did this calculation last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I did this calculation last time
+so I corrected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I corrected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I corrected it
+now because I was using the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I was using the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because I was using the wrong
+expression for uh the work the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for uh the work the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for uh the work the work
+triple work so here uh I've have taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple work so here uh I've have taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple work so here uh I've have taken a
+slightly different approach to correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different approach to correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different approach to correct
+that uh first of all I write what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh first of all I write what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh first of all I write what the
+reversible work is and you remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible work is and you remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible work is and you remember in
+the situation like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done uh in when we did the heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh in when we did the heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh in when we did the heat transfer
+so we had here uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had here uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had here uh this is
+X here is T and here is T Plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here is T and here is T Plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X here is T and here is T Plus uh
+DT and then we put in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we put in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and then we put in an
+engine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine that
+receives a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux and like a Carno Engine with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and like a Carno Engine with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and like a Carno Engine with the
+Carno efficiency because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno efficiency because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno efficiency because it's a
+reversible engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible engine
+produces a W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a W
+uh let's call it U th for thermal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it U th for thermal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's call it U th for thermal uh
+reversible which is given by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus Q gradient in t over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T now here we also have a a a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now here we also have a a a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now here we also have a a a gradient
+in the electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electrostatic
+potential so you we can use that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extracting with an electric motor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting with an electric motor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting with an electric motor for
+example some uh work also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some uh work also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example some uh work also this
+way and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that will
+add a an electrical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible which is given by uh since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible which is given by uh since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible which is given by uh since uh
+the effect that the the gradient in U uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect that the the gradient in U uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect that the the gradient in U uh
+in the electrostatic potential is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electrostatic potential is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electrostatic potential is is
+driven by the the um CC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the the um CC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by the the um CC
+effect this is given by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is given by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is given by minus
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+times uh the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh the gradient in
+v and that's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon uh gradient in t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe sorry there is no minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe sorry there is no minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe sorry there is no minus
+here uh I drive a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I drive a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh I drive a current
+down from high potential to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from high potential to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from high potential to low
+potential and the power of the engine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the power of the engine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and the power of the engine is
+uh current per per voltage the power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh current per per voltage the power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh current per per voltage the power is
+a current per voltage and so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current per voltage and so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current per voltage and so there's no
+I here the minus sign comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here the minus sign comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I here the minus sign comes from the
+relation for the uh CC effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the uh CC effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for the uh CC effect
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that's what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and next I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and next I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and next I say
+well the actual if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the actual if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the actual if I put
+uh my uh thermoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my uh thermoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my uh thermoelectric
+generator and it does have uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and it does have uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and it does have uh some
+entropy produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irreversibility and that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversibility and that entropy
+produced by irreversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by irreversibility
+is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fier term and the Jewel effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier term and the Jewel effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fier term and the Jewel effect
+term of course the actual work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of course the actual work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of course the actual work of the
+generator will be uh less it will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator will be uh less it will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator will be uh less it will be the
+reversible minus t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma and since I was I was there I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and since I was I was there I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and since I was I was there I was
+just I just decided to keep also all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just decided to keep also all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I just decided to keep also all the
+tensors that I know complicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors that I know complicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors that I know complicates the
+story but uh since I I haven't seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but uh since I I haven't seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story but uh since I I haven't seen it
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+uh anywhere not that I looked everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anywhere not that I looked everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anywhere not that I looked everywhere
+but uh so I said well why not working it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so I said well why not working it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so I said well why not working it
+out and I hope I did the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I hope I did the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I hope I did the right thing
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you using that expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using that expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using that expression and
+substituting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting the
+thermoelectric electric relations these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric electric relations these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric electric relations these
+ones you find an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you find an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones you find an expression for
+the actual electrical work you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual electrical work you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual electrical work you can
+maximize it so you find at which current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize it so you find at which current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize it so you find at which current
+density it has the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power so maximum power doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so maximum power doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so maximum power doesn't mean that
+the engine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible uh it's a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible uh it's a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible uh it's a particular
+particular point of operation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point of operation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point of operation of the
+engine and uh or generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and uh or generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine and uh or generator
+and so if you if you compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you if you compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you if you compute this
+current if you substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current if you substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current if you substitute this
+maximum current density at maximum power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum current density at maximum power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum current density at maximum power
+into the expression for the work you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the expression for the work you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the expression for the work you get
+this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression
+here where there begins to appear now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where there begins to appear now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where there begins to appear now I
+highlight this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this parameter
+Z which forign an isotropic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which forign an isotropic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which forign an isotropic material
+takes this form and it's what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this form and it's what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this form and it's what is called
+the U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U the
+the yeah the parameter of Merit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah the parameter of Merit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah the parameter of Merit the
+figure of Merit for the electro for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of Merit for the electro for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of Merit for the electro for the
+thermoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric
+material and there are some materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and there are some materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and there are some materials
+that have have that parameter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have have that parameter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have have that parameter of the
+order of one but uh there are also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one but uh there are also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one but uh there are also some
+Nano structured materials that go well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano structured materials that go well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano structured materials that go well
+above one maybe I think even two or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one maybe I think even two or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one maybe I think even two or even
+three um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um
+and this is why the fact that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why the fact that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is why the fact that you can
+achieve and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve and that
+nowadays you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays you
+um you are actually uh engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are actually uh engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you are actually uh engineering
+materials by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials by
+layering exactly like we did uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering exactly like we did uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layering exactly like we did uh for for
+the non-isotropic heat transfer example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-isotropic heat transfer example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-isotropic heat transfer example
+here you can cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can cook
+up um layers layered materials that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um layers layered materials that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um layers layered materials that have
+uh properties alternate properties with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties alternate properties with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh properties alternate properties with
+high conductivity or or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high conductivity or or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high conductivity or or low
+um I mean um yeah High um uh CC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean um yeah High um uh CC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean um yeah High um uh CC
+coefficient and uh low conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and uh low conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and uh low conductivity
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal
+conductivity and uh depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and uh depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and uh depending on how you
+structure them you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure them you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure them you may
+obtain uh good aspects of this tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain uh good aspects of this tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain uh good aspects of this tensor
+which of course relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course relates to the
+properties uh of how how much it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of how how much it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh of how how much it I mean
+in the direct if the the directions come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direct if the the directions come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direct if the the directions come
+in see see the gradient in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in see see the gradient in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in see see the gradient in temperature
+dotted into the tensor means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted into the tensor means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted into the tensor means that the
+directions are important the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are important the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are important the relative
+direction of your material and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of your material and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of your material and uh the
+direction in which you put the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient okay then you once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient okay then you once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient okay then you once you have
+this you can also substitute all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can also substitute all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can also substitute all the
+rest in all the rest and compute also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest in all the rest and compute also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest in all the rest and compute also
+the second low efficiency second low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second low efficiency second low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second low efficiency second low
+efficiency is the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is the I
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the work at maximum power and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work at maximum power and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work at maximum power and the
+reversible work that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible work that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible work that you could
+get with that current that you have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with that current that you have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get with that current that you have at
+the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and this is
+the generalized expression for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized expression for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalized expression for that
+efficiency which for the isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which for the isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency which for the isotropic
+material becomes this one the figure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material becomes this one the figure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material becomes this one the figure of
+Merit divided by 1 plus 2 Z and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merit divided by 1 plus 2 Z and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merit divided by 1 plus 2 Z and if you
+if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this
+function uh um I mean z and what is it Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh um I mean z and what is it Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh um I mean z and what is it Z
+ided by 1 + 2 Z well it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided by 1 + 2 Z well it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided by 1 + 2 Z well it's a function
+that of course is zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course is zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course is zero at
+zero uh and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and
+eventually it could reach one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does it reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it reach
+one or does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reach2 uh it's a good question H yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach2 uh it's a good question H yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach2 uh it's a good question H yeah it
+looks one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay all right so this fixes that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this fixes that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so this fixes that um
+error that I made a while ago but it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that I made a while ago but it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that I made a while ago but it's I
+mean errors are instructive and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean errors are instructive and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean errors are instructive and uh
+stimulating so that you try to correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating so that you try to correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating so that you try to correct
+them so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that's
+good here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another example somewhat similar to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example somewhat similar to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example somewhat similar to that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh think of having instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think of having instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh think of having instead of the
+electrostatic potential having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic potential having the
+pressure so you have two reservoirs one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you have two reservoirs one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you have two reservoirs one
+at T and P and the other at t plus DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T and P and the other at t plus DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T and P and the other at t plus DT
+and P plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DP so here you could uh since you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP so here you could uh since you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP so here you could uh since you have
+suppose this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is a
+fluid uh well then you could use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid uh well then you could use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid uh well then you could use in
+addition to the termal work you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the termal work you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the termal work you you you
+in in um you could use the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in um you could use the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in um you could use the difference in
+pressure to drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure to drive a
+flow through a hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turbine and the work of the hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine and the work of the hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine and the work of the hydraulic
+turbine is given by the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine is given by the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine is given by the difference in
+pressure times the volumetric fluide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure times the volumetric fluide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure times the volumetric fluide
+like in a pump no uh so that uh is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a pump no uh so that uh is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in a pump no uh so that uh is sort
+of uh very analogous to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh very analogous to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh very analogous to the
+thermoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric effect
+and so with this pair of degrees of dise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this pair of degrees of dise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so with this pair of degrees of dise
+equilibrium o sorry here no yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you treat exact you you take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you treat exact you you take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you treat exact you you take those
+two elements that survive in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements that survive in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements that survive in the
+expression for the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the entropy
+production you assume linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relations and now the flows are Heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and now the flows are Heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations and now the flows are Heat and
+instead of charge here now you have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of charge here now you have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of charge here now you have just
+particles and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and if
+you divide the uh flow of particles by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide the uh flow of particles by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide the uh flow of particles by
+the concentration you get a volumetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration you get a volumetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration you get a volumetric
+fluide so this is cubic meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluide so this is cubic meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluide so this is cubic meters per
+second per square meter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per square meter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per square meter uh
+flowing so you can rewrite because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing so you can rewrite because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing so you can rewrite because
+usually what we do is rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these Expressions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Expressions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Expressions were
+uh we have been careful in using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have been careful in using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have been careful in using the
+entropic uh degrees of dise equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropic uh degrees of dise equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropic uh degrees of dise equilibrium
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that that we know that that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we know that that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we know that that's where the
+onager reciprocity applies and so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onager reciprocity applies and so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onager reciprocity applies and so I can
+uh safely say that these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh safely say that these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh safely say that these coefficients
+lqp is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqp is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lqp is equal to
+lpq here Q Q stands for heat and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lpq here Q Q stands for heat and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lpq here Q Q stands for heat and P
+stands for pressure of course and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for pressure of course and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for pressure of course and so now
+at this level I can apply on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this level I can apply on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this level I can apply on
+sagger but then we like to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagger but then we like to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sagger but then we like to work with
+more familiar variables which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar variables which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar variables which in this
+case are the volumetric flow rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case are the volumetric flow rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case are the volumetric flow rate and
+the gradient in pressure is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in pressure is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in pressure is already
+there and the gradient in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the gradient in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the gradient in temperature
+instead of the inverse temperature so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the inverse temperature so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the inverse temperature so we
+introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+like the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity uh or on the other uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity uh or on the other uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity uh or on the other uh the
+other diagonal element is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diagonal element is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other diagonal element is usually
+written as K Over new where new is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as K Over new where new is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as K Over new where new is the
+viscosity the sheer viscosity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity the sheer viscosity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity the sheer viscosity of your
+fluid and K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and K is
+the Dy uh permeability because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dy uh permeability because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dy uh permeability because if you
+had only these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only these um
+uh diagonal term here uh this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagonal term here uh this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagonal term here uh this is simply
+Theo of flow in like in a capillary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theo of flow in like in a capillary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theo of flow in like in a capillary or
+in a porous medium driven by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a porous medium driven by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a porous medium driven by the
+gradient in uh in pressure which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in uh in pressure which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in uh in pressure which is what
+you would use for example to describe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use for example to describe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would use for example to describe uh
+the flow in a porous material or a semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow in a porous material or a semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow in a porous material or a semi
+or a permeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a permeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a permeable
+membrane like here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane like here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane like here
+or in a in a capillary tube or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a in a capillary tube or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in a in a capillary tube or in a
+micro fluidic device or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro fluidic device or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro fluidic device or things like
+that but the off diagonal terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the off diagonal terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the off diagonal terms are
+also there and they give rise to U two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there and they give rise to U two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there and they give rise to U two
+cross phenomena that are related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross phenomena that are related to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross phenomena that are related to one
+another that sometimes are go under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that sometimes are go under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another that sometimes are go under the
+name of thermoosmotic effect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of thermoosmotic effect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of thermoosmotic effect or
+mechanocaloric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanocaloric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanocaloric
+effect so the thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so the thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so the thir
+osmotic is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh no I'm sorry Theros motic is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh no I'm sorry Theros motic is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh no I'm sorry Theros motic is this
+one you have a flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have a flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you have a flow of
+material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the
+absence of uh gradient in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of uh gradient in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of uh gradient in in in in
+pressure driven by a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure driven by a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure driven by a gradient in
+temperature we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we could
+actually have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have this
+flow uh go uh if the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh go uh if the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh go uh if the gradient in
+pressure is is small but opposite to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is is small but opposite to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is is small but opposite to
+what it would what the Dilo would drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would what the Dilo would drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it would what the Dilo would drive
+the flow you could uh go against that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow you could uh go against that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow you could uh go against that um
+pressure gradient by uh using a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure gradient by uh using a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure gradient by uh using a thermal
+gradient appropriate thermal gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient appropriate thermal gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient appropriate thermal gradient so
+that is one way in which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one way in which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one way in which you could
+U somehow uh drive your material in uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U somehow uh drive your material in uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U somehow uh drive your material in uh a
+capillary uh or mic microfluidic device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary uh or mic microfluidic device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillary uh or mic microfluidic device
+with a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a gradient in
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+against Grine pressure and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Grine pressure and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Grine pressure and the the
+opposite or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite or the
+um yeah cross the conjugated the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah cross the conjugated the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah cross the conjugated the cross
+effect is this one where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is this one where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is this one where you would
+without a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a gradient in
+temperature you could have a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you could have a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you could have a gradient in
+pressure that drives a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that drives a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that drives a heat
+flux but also here you could have uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux but also here you could have uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux but also here you could have uh if
+if depending on the relative diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if depending on the relative diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if depending on the relative diff
+differences you could have a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you could have a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you could have a gradient in
+pressure Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure Drive
+Heat against uh up a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat against uh up a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat against uh up a temperature
+gradient so in the opposite direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so in the opposite direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient so in the opposite direction of
+what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would
+expect if you just had for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now let's move into the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's move into the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's move into the realm of
+uh diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the
+simplest is when we have two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest is when we have two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest is when we have two uh
+constituents like a pair of particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents like a pair of particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents like a pair of particles so
+we have inter diffusion of one into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and uh so this is a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and uh so this is a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and uh so this is a sort of a
+direct uh low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct uh low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct uh low
+case which you which gives rise to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which you which gives rise to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which you which gives rise to fix
+law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or
+also since we're talking about a pair uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also since we're talking about a pair uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also since we're talking about a pair uh
+it it it is belongs to instead of fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it is belongs to instead of fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it is belongs to instead of fi
+it's called Stefan Maxwell Stefan um law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called Stefan Maxwell Stefan um law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called Stefan Maxwell Stefan um law
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+diffusion and here is uh the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and here is uh the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and here is uh the story
+actually uh see on the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh see on the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh see on the left hand side
+here uh it's just repeated all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's just repeated all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it's just repeated all the
+various steps that took us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various steps that took us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various steps that took us
+to uh the relation I just said so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the relation I just said so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the relation I just said so uh
+let's just look at uh what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at uh what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at uh what we have here
+on the right hand side which is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side which is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side which is the new
+aspect so we assume a linear Force flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so we assume a linear Force flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect so we assume a linear Force flux
+law and as we've seen in the previous is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and as we've seen in the previous is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and as we've seen in the previous is
+just a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a direct
+effect the of this equilibrium X12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the of this equilibrium X12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the of this equilibrium X12
+drives the flu the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the flu the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the flu the relative
+flux J12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux J12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux J12
+through a a coefficient that yeah on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a a coefficient that yeah on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a a coefficient that yeah on the
+previous slide we call it l1212 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide we call it l1212 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide we call it l1212 here
+just sort of drop the double one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of drop the double one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of drop the double one
+two okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay you
+usually there are a couple of ways of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there are a couple of ways of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually there are a couple of ways of in
+which this is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this is typically
+Rewritten so there is no single uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten so there is no single uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten so there is no single uh
+familiar way of writing of rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh we like to rewrite it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we like to rewrite it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh we like to rewrite it in terms
+of diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diffusion
+coefficients which are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which are the things that
+we measure in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we measure in the
+laboratory or we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also of nowadays with Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of nowadays with Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also of nowadays with Monte Carlo
+molecular dynamic simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and so we rewrite we call this l12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we rewrite we call this l12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so we rewrite we call this l12
+this way identify so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way identify so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way identify so these are the
+concentrations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the
+two constituents and of course they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constituents and of course they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two constituents and of course they are
+related to one another not because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to one another not because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to one another not because the
+mole fraction is of SEC of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction is of SEC of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction is of SEC of the second
+species is one minus the mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is one minus the mole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is one minus the mole fraction
+of the other one so uh also between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other one so uh also between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other one so uh also between the
+concentrations you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations you have a
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+relation because uh all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the other aspect is that you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somewhere yeah here you yeah here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah here you yeah here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere yeah here you yeah here you
+you you notice that you can prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you notice that you can prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you notice that you can prove that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+X12 can also be written by virtue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X12 can also be written by virtue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X12 can also be written by virtue of the
+um relation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relation of
+the Gibs DM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation uh can be written also in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh can be written also in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh can be written also in terms
+of either just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either just
+one uh gradient X1 is just the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh gradient X1 is just the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh gradient X1 is just the gradient
+in in chemical potential of uh substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in chemical potential of uh substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in chemical potential of uh substance
+one so it's just is this one like min-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's just is this one like min-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it's just is this one like min-1
+/ ttimes gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ ttimes gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ ttimes gradient of
+mu1 and that's uh X1 but you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and that's uh X1 but you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu1 and that's uh X1 but you could also
+Define an X2 and these are all related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an X2 and these are all related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define an X2 and these are all related
+to X12 so by substituting and expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these uh in terms of the flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh in terms of the flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh in terms of the flux of
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+one as proportional to the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as proportional to the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as proportional to the gradient in
+chemical potential of that particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can rewrite it this way and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite it this way and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rewrite it this way and then the
+gradient in chemical potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in chemical potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in chemical potential of
+particle one can be related if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one can be related if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one can be related if you do
+properly the various derivatives since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly the various derivatives since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly the various derivatives since
+the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical
+potential uh is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh is a function of the
+concentrations so you remember our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+usual expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual expression here
+for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh
+for example for an ideal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for an ideal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example for an ideal uh
+mixture uh for an ideal mixture you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture uh for an ideal mixture you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture uh for an ideal mixture you can
+U write this and therefore the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U write this and therefore the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U write this and therefore the gradient
+in in the chemical potential done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the chemical potential done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the chemical potential done
+because here we temperature fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we temperature fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here we temperature fixed
+temperature and pressure so this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure so this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure so this doesn't
+enter into the gradient and so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the gradient and so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into the gradient and so that so
+then you get that gradient in mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get that gradient in mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get that gradient in mu is
+RT times uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT times uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT times uh the
+gradient of the logarithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's the gradient over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the gradient over over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the gradient over over
+Y and of course since the the con the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and of course since the the con the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and of course since the the con the
+the mole fraction are related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mole fraction are related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mole fraction are related to the
+concentration you can also rewrite it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you can also rewrite it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration you can also rewrite it in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+concentration so uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so uh that
+is I mean this expression is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean this expression is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean this expression is for the
+ideal if you have a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal if you have a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal if you have a more General
+situation uh you would have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh you would have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh you would have to do the
+the partial derivative of U with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of U with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of U with respect
+to to to n which is written here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to n which is written here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to n which is written here and
+that's that's what appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so if you include all these then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you include all these then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you include all these then
+you have a relation between the flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a relation between the flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a relation between the flux of
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+one and the con the the con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the con the the con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the con the the con
+concentration of particle one times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of particle one times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of particle one times the
+gradient in the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the mole
+fraction and then you can call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and then you can call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction and then you can call this
+group The F diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group The F diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group The F diffusion
+coefficient which you see is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which you see is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which you see is related to
+the Maxwell St and diff Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient and so it all depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so it all depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so it all depends
+on giving names to these diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on giving names to these diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on giving names to these diffusion
+coefficients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the
+um typically people measure F diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically people measure F diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically people measure F diffusion
+coefficients notice also that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you can also Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can also Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can also Define
+a self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a self
+diffusion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh
+case this is done for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is done for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is done for example
+U suppose you have just water in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U suppose you have just water in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U suppose you have just water in your in
+your box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your box
+and but suppose that some of the oxygens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but suppose that some of the oxygens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but suppose that some of the oxygens
+some of the water molecules some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the water molecules some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the water molecules some
+percentage of of water molecules are U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of of water molecules are U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of of water molecules are U
+doped well actually they're made with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped well actually they're made with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped well actually they're made with
+isotopes of oxygen so instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of oxygen so instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes of oxygen so instead of using
+oxygen 16 you use oxygen 18 so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen 16 you use oxygen 18 so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen 16 you use oxygen 18 so you have
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+molecules that have a a an isotope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have a a an isotope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that have a a an isotope for
+the for the for the oxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the for the oxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the for the oxy
+oygen that doesn't the isotop doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oygen that doesn't the isotop doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oygen that doesn't the isotop doesn't
+change the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the chemical
+properties uh but that allows you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh but that allows you to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties uh but that allows you to uh
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+proper uh detection to follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper uh detection to follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper uh detection to follow the
+diffusion of the sort of a heavy uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the sort of a heavy uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the sort of a heavy uh it's
+not really heavy water because the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really heavy water because the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really heavy water because the heavy
+water is with the arterium not with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is with the arterium not with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is with the arterium not with the
+oxygen 18 but uh that in this case it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen 18 but uh that in this case it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen 18 but uh that in this case it's
+a heavier water than uh than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavier water than uh than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavier water than uh than the other
+one so you can see the inter diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you can see the inter diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you can see the inter diffusion
+and and of course this diffusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course this diffusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course this diffusion is
+related to the brunian motion the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the brunian motion the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the brunian motion the random
+motion uh generated by collisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion uh generated by collisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion uh generated by collisions and
+the kinetic energy that the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy that the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy that the particles
+always have at finite temperatures so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have at finite temperatures so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have at finite temperatures so in
+that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you
+measure the self diffusion of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the self diffusion of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the self diffusion of uh
+water uh which is which is a which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh which is which is a which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water uh which is which is a which is an
+interesting uh case and subase of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now if in addition to having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now if in addition to having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now if in addition to having
+gradients in concentrations you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients in concentrations you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients in concentrations you have
+also gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gradient in
+temperature this opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this opens
+up uh to diffusion or Thermo diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh to diffusion or Thermo diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh to diffusion or Thermo diffusion
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the transport THM of for Asis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the transport THM of for Asis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the transport THM of for Asis
+means remember foris means transport so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means remember foris means transport so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means remember foris means transport so
+uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's
+you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you
+generate Flux Of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Flux Of of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate Flux Of of um
+particles with a gradient in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with a gradient in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with a gradient in temperature
+even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you don't
+have the driving force of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the driving force of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the driving force of the gradient
+of the chemical potential so even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemical potential so even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chemical potential so even if you
+don't have gradients in concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have gradients in concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have gradients in concentrations
+just the GR in temperature drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles so that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is
+the written explicitly X12 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the written explicitly X12 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the written explicitly X12 which is
+minus one / T times the gradient mu1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one / T times the gradient mu1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one / T times the gradient mu1
+minus mu2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we can write it also in terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can write it also in terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can write it also in terms like
+I've said here with the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said here with the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said here with the partial
+derivative starting from the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative starting from the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative starting from the chemical
+potentials you can write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you can write it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you can write it this
+way in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in terms of the
+concentration uh yeah sorry this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh yeah sorry this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh yeah sorry this should
+be a C1 over C1 not I I'll correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so this is the setup up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so this is the setup up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so this is the setup up so
+that's the usual formula for the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the usual formula for the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the usual formula for the entropy
+production from which you infer what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production from which you infer what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production from which you infer what are
+the entropic degrees of thise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropic degrees of thise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropic degrees of thise
+equilibrium which are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which are the ones that
+enter in the linear Force flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+the force flux relations are are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force flux relations are are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force flux relations are are this
+you therefore put in Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you therefore put in Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you therefore put in Matrix of
+coefficients and the Matrix has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and the Matrix has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and the Matrix has to be
+symmetric so we will have that L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so we will have that L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so we will have that L
+q12 is equal to l12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q12 is equal to l12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q12 is equal to l12
+q and we rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and we rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and we rewrite it
+in so-called familiar variables or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so-called familiar variables or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so-called familiar variables or the
+traditional ways so as to single out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional ways so as to single out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional ways so as to single out the
+gradients in concentrations instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients in concentrations instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients in concentrations instead of
+the gradient in canical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in canical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in canical
+potentials however when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials however when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials however when you do
+that your system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your system of
+equation loses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation loses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation loses the
+apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent
+symmetry so you see this of diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so you see this of diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so you see this of diagonal
+terms are not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are not uh
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+H but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H but I have
+used in order to uh to put this DT here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in order to uh to put this DT here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in order to uh to put this DT here
+you see DT is called the thero thermod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see DT is called the thero thermod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see DT is called the thero thermod
+diffusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whereas
+D12 is the FI so this is the F diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D12 is the FI so this is the F diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D12 is the FI so this is the F diffusion
+coefficient is the direct effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is the direct effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is the direct effect
+between so it's it's you drive a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so it's it's you drive a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so it's it's you drive a flow
+flux of particles a diffusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of particles a diffusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of particles a diffusion of
+particles by the concentration grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles by the concentration grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles by the concentration grade
+of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of
+them and uh whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drives the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives the flow of
+particles the flux of particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the flux of particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the flux of particles the
+diffusive flux of particles with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive flux of particles with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive flux of particles with the
+gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and you can enter these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you can enter these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you can enter these
+equations in many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in many different
+ways for example if you you assume uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for example if you you assume uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for example if you you assume uh no
+uh gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration then you have the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration then you have the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration then you have the heat
+flux that is simply given by Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that is simply given by Fier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that is simply given by Fier
+F or if you choose to work at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or if you choose to work at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F or if you choose to work at zero
+gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in
+temperature the second equation gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the second equation gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the second equation gives
+you fix law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could
+also uh consider though that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh consider though that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh consider though that when you
+work at no gradient in in concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at no gradient in in concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at no gradient in in concentration
+you don't have only the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have only the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have only the first equation
+you also have the second equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have the second equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have the second equation and
+that uh gives you a a flux of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh gives you a a flux of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh gives you a a flux of particles
+driven by just the GR in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by just the GR in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by just the GR in temperature
+that is the S effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the S effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the S effect
+effect this is the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect this is the effect
+whereby for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby for
+example uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U dust particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U dust particles in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U dust particles in the
+air that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air that
+collect uh like I you may have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect uh like I you may have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect uh like I you may have noticed
+or you probably know uh that uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you probably know uh that uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you probably know uh that uh in your
+house you often find dust near the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you often find dust near the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you often find dust near the cold
+walls is S effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+me from the mechanistic point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from the mechanistic point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me from the mechanistic point of
+view suppose this is a a dust particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view suppose this is a a dust particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view suppose this is a a dust particle
+so it's a large particle with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a large particle with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a large particle with respect to
+the molecules of air and let's say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules of air and let's say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules of air and let's say these
+are molecules of oxygen nitrogen and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecules of oxygen nitrogen and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecules of oxygen nitrogen and so
+suppose you have um a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have um a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have um a gradient in
+temperature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so you get cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you get cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you get cold
+here and and hotter there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and hotter there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and hotter there
+okay so the idea is simply that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea is simply that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the idea is simply that the
+particles on this side have a a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on this side have a a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles on this side have a a higher
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+energy and when they bounce on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and when they bounce on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and when they bounce on the
+particle of course they uh exchange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of course they uh exchange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle of course they uh exchange that
+they exert the force on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exert the force on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exert the force on one
+side that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that is
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly
+less than the one exerted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the one exerted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the one exerted by the
+collisions with the particles that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions with the particles that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions with the particles that come
+from the cold side which are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cold side which are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cold side which are a bit
+slower so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so this
+pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushes
+Your Dust particle towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh notice also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh notice also
+yeah and the opposite effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the opposite effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and the opposite effect the
+the the conjugate effect is is the duur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conjugate effect is is the duur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the conjugate effect is is the duur
+effect so when I have a thi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law at no gradient in temperature so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law at no gradient in temperature so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law at no gradient in temperature so I
+have a flux of particles driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a flux of particles driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a flux of particles driven by
+concentration but I also have a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but I also have a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but I also have a heat
+flux driven by the by the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux driven by the by the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux driven by the by the the
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's it's like the the the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's it's like the the the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's it's like the the the flux
+of of of particles that carries with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of particles that carries with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of particles that carries with it
+also a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a heat
+flux and that's the duur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and that's the duur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and that's the duur
+effect these effects were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect these effects were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect these effects were were
+discovered separately then only later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered separately then only later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered separately then only later
+they were linked by the onager theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were linked by the onager theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were linked by the onager theory of
+reciprocity also it's interesting uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity also it's interesting uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity also it's interesting uh to
+note this that um for example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this that um for example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this that um for example suppose
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+a suppose you you you have no U flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suppose you you you have no U flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a suppose you you you have no U flux of
+particles so you set this equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so if you set that equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so if you set that equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so if you set that equal to
+zero you see that there comes a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see that there comes a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see that there comes a relation
+between a gradient in concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a gradient in concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a gradient in concentration and
+a gradient in temperature so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient in temperature so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient in temperature so if you
+suppose you impose a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you impose a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you impose a gradient in
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then and there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and there is no way
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the you don't allow this flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you don't allow this flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you don't allow this flux of
+particles then the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles then the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles then the gradient in
+temperature builds up a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature builds up a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature builds up a gradient
+gradient in concentration and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in concentration and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in concentration and that
+gradient concentration has a play in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient concentration has a play in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient concentration has a play in the
+first equation up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduces the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the effective
+conductivity so the the conductivity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so the the conductivity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so the the conductivity the
+the thermal conductivity at no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity at no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity at no
+concentration is higher than the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is higher than the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is higher than the thermal
+conductivity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity at
+no uh diffusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that simple picture that I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that simple picture that I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that simple picture that I have uh
+shown here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here on the
+Blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard
+is is one uh possibility and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one uh possibility and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one uh possibility and it's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh one mechanistic possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one mechanistic possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one mechanistic possibility that
+explains the sé effect or the term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the sé effect or the term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the sé effect or the term of
+orasis so the transport of dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orasis so the transport of dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orasis so the transport of dust
+particles of to towards the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side in part that is due to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in part that is due to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in part that is due to the size of
+the particles and so it belongs this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles and so it belongs this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles and so it belongs this
+this nice article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice article
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+summarizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes
+thermophoretic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermophoretic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermophoretic
+mechanisms shows that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms shows that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms shows that there are many
+other mechanisms that uh um Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mechanisms that uh um Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other mechanisms that uh um Drive
+The Sur effect that control the Sur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Sur effect that control the Sur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Sur effect that control the Sur
+effect so typically the the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so typically the the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so typically the the heavy
+particles like to get moved to the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like to get moved to the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles like to get moved to the cold
+side uh or the the skew uh particles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh or the the skew uh particles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh or the the skew uh particles for
+the large particles but then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large particles but then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large particles but then there are
+also more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more
+sophisticated um actions including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated um actions including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated um actions including
+some double layer effects on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some double layer effects on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some double layer effects on the surface
+of particles that have some charge on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles that have some charge on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles that have some charge on on
+their surface so there is a whole realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surface so there is a whole realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their surface so there is a whole realm
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+possibilities uh with which you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh with which you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh with which you can use
+S effect to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S effect to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S effect to drive
+things uh towards the hot or towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh towards the hot or towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh towards the hot or towards the
+cold depending on how you engineer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold depending on how you engineer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold depending on how you engineer your
+materials and or how you or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and or how you or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and or how you or the
+properties of your materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is um another paper that shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um another paper that shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um another paper that shows how
+you can use um gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use um gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use um gradient in
+temperature to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to move
+particles against uh friction force in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles against uh friction force in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles against uh friction force in a
+small pipe this is the carbon nanot tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pipe this is the carbon nanot tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pipe this is the carbon nanot tube
+in which you have water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you have water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you have water
+molecules and uh and so you manage with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and uh and so you manage with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and uh and so you manage with
+a gradient in temperature to win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient in temperature to win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gradient in temperature to win the
+friction forces because one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction forces because one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction forces because one of the
+problems in moving stuff in small pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in moving stuff in small pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in moving stuff in small pipes
+is that you have you would need huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have you would need huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have you would need huge
+pressure drops if you wanted to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure drops if you wanted to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure drops if you wanted to do it
+with a pump and and that will the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pump and and that will the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a pump and and that will the device
+will break because of the high pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break because of the high pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break because of the high pressures
+whereas thermophoresis or electroforesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas thermophoresis or electroforesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas thermophoresis or electroforesis
+are more effective and uh more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more effective and uh more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more effective and uh more more
+doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is also in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also in a
+thermofluidic device the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermofluidic device the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermofluidic device the
+idea that the gradient in temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the gradient in temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the gradient in temperature so
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+a like a hot flow which keeps a hot side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a hot flow which keeps a hot side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a hot flow which keeps a hot side
+and the cold Flo which keeps a cold fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cold Flo which keeps a cold fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cold Flo which keeps a cold fly
+side and then you have your uh actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then you have your uh actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then you have your uh actual
+device with with particles in it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device with with particles in it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device with with particles in it and you
+want to separate the particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to separate the particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to separate the particles and
+that's what what happens by S effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what what happens by S effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what what happens by S effect the
+let's say the big the particles go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the big the particles go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the big the particles go to
+the cold side and so you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold side and so you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold side and so you reach
+separation in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device now it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh important to realize that U what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important to realize that U what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh important to realize that U what we
+have covered here is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh
+minor aspect of the phenomenologic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor aspect of the phenomenologic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minor aspect of the phenomenologic
+phenomenology that goes with diffusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology that goes with diffusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenology that goes with diffusing
+particles and uh so what I'm doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh so what I'm doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and uh so what I'm doing with
+these slides is I don't pretend I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides is I don't pretend I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides is I don't pretend I want I
+can describe what happens but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe what happens but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe what happens but I want
+just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+suggest that the variety of phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that the variety of phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that the variety of phenomena
+that needs to be discussed uh if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be discussed uh if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to be discussed uh if we have
+um let's say another course but also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say another course but also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say another course but also by
+another teacher because I'm not prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another teacher because I'm not prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another teacher because I'm not prepared
+on this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topic
+uh but maybe the next teacher of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but maybe the next teacher of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but maybe the next teacher of this
+course will be uh and um and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will be uh and um and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will be uh and um and so there
+are for example we talked about the nsen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for example we talked about the nsen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are for example we talked about the nsen
+number uh the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh the relative
+uh size of the um mean mean free path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh size of the um mean mean free path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh size of the um mean mean free path
+relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to
+the dimension of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device so if the nuton number is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so if the nuton number is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so if the nuton number is very
+small then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small then your
+particles let's say that uh if they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles let's say that uh if they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles let's say that uh if they make
+um at least 100 collisions before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least 100 collisions before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least 100 collisions before uh
+traveling a distance of the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling a distance of the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling a distance of the order of
+magnitude of your device which the so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of your device which the so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of your device which the so it
+could be the diameter of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the diameter of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the diameter of your
+pipe then we are safe and we are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe then we are safe and we are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe then we are safe and we are in the
+in the you can make the Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you can make the Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you can make the Continuum
+assumption that we have made uh in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we have made uh in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we have made uh in what
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+done but if the nuton number becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but if the nuton number becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but if the nuton number becomes
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and you may uh you may reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you may uh you may reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you may uh you may reach the
+Other Extreme which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other Extreme which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other Extreme which is the
+ballistic extreme in which a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic extreme in which a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic extreme in which a particle
+May travel all the way from one side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May travel all the way from one side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May travel all the way from one side to
+the other of your device without even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of your device without even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of your device without even
+having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a
+collision so this is not uh dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so this is not uh dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision so this is not uh dominated by
+collisions between particles but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions between particles but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions between particles but it's
+dominated by collisions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by collisions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by collisions between
+particles and the walls of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device plus there are surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device plus there are surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device plus there are surface
+effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and
+so uh you see there is a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you see there is a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you see there is a variety of
+things that uh need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh need to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+considered now thermop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered now thermop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered now thermop
+foris can also be is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foris can also be is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foris can also be is
+also used as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also used as a way
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to uh move particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh move particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh move particles
+around this is called self propelling uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is called self propelling uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this is called self propelling uh
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a PhD thesis and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a PhD thesis and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a PhD thesis and an
+article that talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that talks
+about using a phenomenon that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using a phenomenon that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using a phenomenon that we have
+discussed which is spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+uh in order to move move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to move move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in order to move move around
+particles and there are two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and there are two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and there are two kinds of
+particles uh this one which has a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh this one which has a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh this one which has a double
+phas it's called Janos particles because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas it's called Janos particles because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas it's called Janos particles because
+Janos is the god with two faces Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janos is the god with two faces Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janos is the god with two faces Greek
+god with two faces so this is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god with two faces so this is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god with two faces so this is so this
+particle is goldplated on one side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is goldplated on one side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is goldplated on one side and
+not on the other side and the gold uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the other side and the gold uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the other side and the gold uh
+surface layer uh guarantees a since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer uh guarantees a since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface layer uh guarantees a since it
+has a high conduct AC ity guarantees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high conduct AC ity guarantees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high conduct AC ity guarantees a
+uniform temperature uh and so then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform temperature uh and so then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform temperature uh and so then what
+what what they do is to um shine some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they do is to um shine some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what they do is to um shine some
+laser light to heat up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light to heat up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light to heat up that
+particle and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and that
+therefore um a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore um a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore um a temperature
+profile uh builds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile uh builds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile uh builds
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+and and then they found they find a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then they found they find a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then they found they find a a
+solution so the particle is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the particle is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the particle is in a
+solution solution which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution solution which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution solution which is which
+is non non missible at high temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non non missible at high temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non non missible at high temperatures
+so we have we have studied spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we have studied spinodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we have studied spinodal
+decomposition in in substances that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition in in substances that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition in in substances that have
+an upper critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point remember and this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point remember and this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point remember and this is the uh
+spinodal curve this is the unstable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal curve this is the unstable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal curve this is the unstable and
+this is the metastable region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the metastable region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the metastable region
+okay so you could do that phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could do that phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you could do that phenomenon
+that that thing if you could cool down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that thing if you could cool down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that thing if you could cool down
+the particle but it's easier to heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle but it's easier to heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle but it's easier to heat up
+than cool so they found it easier to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than cool so they found it easier to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than cool so they found it easier to U
+develop a mixtures that work the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a mixtures that work the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a mixtures that work the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+around uh from what I remember also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh from what I remember also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh from what I remember also
+water and nicotine uh as a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and nicotine uh as a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and nicotine uh as a lower bound
+as a lower critical point like this uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a lower critical point like this uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a lower critical point like this uh I
+don't know exactly what substances they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what substances they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly what substances they
+use here water and 2.6 looted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use here water and 2.6 looted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use here water and 2.6 looted in
+okay whatever that is uh in any case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whatever that is uh in any case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whatever that is uh in any case uh
+the idea is that you start I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you start I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you start I mean the
+blue uh mixture which is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue uh mixture which is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue uh mixture which is on the
+surrounding the particle is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the particle is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the particle is at this
+point so it's fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it's fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so it's fully
+mixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed and
+then since you heat up the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since you heat up the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since you heat up the surface of
+the particle in this uh layer say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in this uh layer say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in this uh layer say
+boundary layer around it the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary layer around it the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary layer around it the temperature
+goes up and you enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and you enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and you enter into
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+unstable region and the unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable region and the unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable region and the unstable
+region uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh
+creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the let's say the freeze the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the let's say the freeze the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the let's say the freeze the free
+energy uh and that free energy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and that free energy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh and that free energy if
+properly directed can be used to propel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly directed can be used to propel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly directed can be used to propel
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles in two ways you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in two ways you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in two ways you need
+asymmetries so for the Ginos particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetries so for the Ginos particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetries so for the Ginos particles
+the asymmetry is on the fact that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asymmetry is on the fact that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the asymmetry is on the fact that uh you
+have more heating on one side on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more heating on one side on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more heating on one side on the
+other and therefore uh you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and therefore uh you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and therefore uh you get you
+generate a concentration gradient from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a concentration gradient from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a concentration gradient from
+this side to the other side and that Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side to the other side and that Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side to the other side and that Mo
+that movement of particle in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movement of particle in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movement of particle in One
+Direction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction uh
+uh propels the the the big particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh propels the the the big particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh propels the the the big particle in
+the other direction and so you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and so you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction and so you get the
+particle move or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle move or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle move or
+here they have a still a goldplated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they have a still a goldplated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they have a still a goldplated
+particle but all around so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but all around so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but all around so it's not
+Janos but but it's not uh completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janos but but it's not uh completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Janos but but it's not uh completely
+it's not completely spherical so non non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not completely spherical so non non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not completely spherical so non non
+sperical particle and the the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperical particle and the the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperical particle and the the non
+sperical aspect here makes it so so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperical aspect here makes it so so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sperical aspect here makes it so so that
+the gradient in the concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in the concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in the concentration and
+the gradient in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in temperature
+cross so that Crossing means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so that Crossing means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so that Crossing means that the
+these two gradients are not directed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two gradients are not directed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two gradients are not directed in
+the same so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so there is a
+component of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the gradient
+in uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in in
+concentration uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes orthogonal to the gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes orthogonal to the gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes orthogonal to the gradient in
+temperature and that will cause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that will cause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and that will cause the
+movement of particles that will push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of particles that will push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of particles that will push
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+U your big particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U your big particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U your big particle
+uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think
+downward okay so you can play also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward okay so you can play also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward okay so you can play also you
+can play people are playing because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play people are playing because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play people are playing because you
+see this recent uh this is recent work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this recent uh this is recent work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this recent uh this is recent work
+there's a lot that people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot that people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot that people are doing
+using these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+or another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way
+to exploit uh or Deploy on equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exploit uh or Deploy on equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exploit uh or Deploy on equilibrium
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um what they are called molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they are called molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they are called molecular
+Motors essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motors essentially
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+Nano particles that develop motion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano particles that develop motion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nano particles that develop motion at
+the expense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of
+um chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chemical
+reactions and here for example the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and here for example the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and here for example the the
+particle it simply has a Catal a Catal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it simply has a Catal a Catal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it simply has a Catal a Catal
+Catalyst or an enzy enzimatic site which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalyst or an enzy enzimatic site which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalyst or an enzy enzimatic site which
+catalyzes the chemical reaction so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the chemical reaction so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the chemical reaction so it
+lowers U the activat the venous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers U the activat the venous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers U the activat the venous
+activation energy only uh locally here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy only uh locally here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy only uh locally here
+so it promotes chemical reactions uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it promotes chemical reactions uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it promotes chemical reactions uh in
+this side of the particles of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the particles of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the particles of course the
+chemical reactions change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions change the
+composition the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition the change in
+composition creates a gradient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition creates a gradient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition creates a gradient in
+concentration and that and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that and that's how
+you get you get Flux Of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in
+fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we
+said that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that uh the
+um um KU symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um KU symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um KU symmetry
+principle uh prevents in an isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh prevents in an isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh prevents in an isotropic
+medium uh two couple chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium uh two couple chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium uh two couple chemical reactions
+which are scalar uh um transport with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are scalar uh um transport with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are scalar uh um transport with
+with with with with vectorial transports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with with vectorial transports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with with vectorial transports
+but on the other hand uh the fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand uh the fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand uh the fusion
+is sometimes the limiting aspect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes the limiting aspect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes the limiting aspect in
+chemically reacting system because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically reacting system because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically reacting system because it is
+by diffusion that particles go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by diffusion that particles go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by diffusion that particles go to the
+proper place and then where they used up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper place and then where they used up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper place and then where they used up
+for uh reacting with with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh reacting with with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh reacting with with the other
+reactants so indirectly uh the fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so indirectly uh the fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so indirectly uh the fusion
+processes are are very important in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are are very important in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes are are very important in in
+in controlling chemical uh reactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in controlling chemical uh reactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in controlling chemical uh reactions so
+they are effectively not coupled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are effectively not coupled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are effectively not coupled in the
+way of the onager kind but but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the onager kind but but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the onager kind but but they are
+coupled overall in order to feed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled overall in order to feed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled overall in order to feed the
+chemic the chemical reactions with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemic the chemical reactions with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemic the chemical reactions with the
+reactants where they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then if you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you have uh
+simultaneously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously a
+diffusion uh so many uh constituents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh so many uh constituents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh so many uh constituents and
+also the electro static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field the the charges play a role they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the charges play a role they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the the charges play a role they
+may play a role just locally like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may play a role just locally like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may play a role just locally like these
+kind of double layers around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double layers around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of double layers around
+particles um that have charges inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles um that have charges inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles um that have charges inside
+that can move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surface and these effects are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and these effects are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and these effects are things
+that happen for example at electrodes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen for example at electrodes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen for example at electrodes in
+in in in a fuel cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a fuel cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in a fuel cell
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+or or an electrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device or simply you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device or simply you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device or simply you have like a
+thermoelectric effect coupled to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+a what you so electrochemical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what you so electrochemical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what you so electrochemical systems
+belong to this kind of class and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to this kind of class and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to this kind of class and these
+are the kind of equations that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of equations that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of equations that you need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+consider if you model an electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider if you model an electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider if you model an electrochemical
+system with say three different part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with say three different part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with say three different part and
+three different particles is very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different particles is very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different particles is very common
+because you may have like the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may have like the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may have like the solvent
+and you have two solutes but often you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have two solutes but often you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have two solutes but often you
+have many more and these solutes could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many more and these solutes could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many more and these solutes could
+be the ions that travel in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the ions that travel in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the ions that travel in your
+electrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution uh the typical models are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh the typical models are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh the typical models are done
+this way with this inter diffusion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way with this inter diffusion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way with this inter diffusion uh
+taking up only the diagonal ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up only the diagonal ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up only the diagonal ones and
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+uh forgetting these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forgetting these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forgetting these other
+more complicated or second order maybe U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated or second order maybe U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated or second order maybe U
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+effects uh but if you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh but if you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh but if you are interested in
+doing Electro chem modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Electro chem modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Electro chem modeling
+electrochemical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical systems
+then these are the references that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are the references that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these are the references that you
+should not uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not uh um
+overlook this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlook this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlook this book
+non equilibrium thermodynamics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium thermodynamics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non equilibrium thermodynamics for
+heterogeneous systems by KR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous systems by KR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous systems by KR and
+bed um is an excellent starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed um is an excellent starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed um is an excellent starting
+point for doing properly things the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for doing properly things the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for doing properly things the way
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done and also for realizing that uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and also for realizing that uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and also for realizing that uh so
+you can compute distributions in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute distributions in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compute distributions in in the
+Heat this they call they call they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat this they call they call they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat this they call they call they use
+the the the gr and mazour notation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the gr and mazour notation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the gr and mazour notation so
+what we call called The Q double Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call called The Q double Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call called The Q double Prime
+they call measurable heat flux but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call measurable heat flux but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call measurable heat flux but other
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh they essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they essentially
+use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+same notation that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notation that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notation that we've
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+um also a very important aspect here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also a very important aspect here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also a very important aspect here is
+the the interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interfaces
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+electrodes and uh so where you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and uh so where you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes and uh so where you have you
+you have sort of um jumps from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sort of um jumps from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sort of um jumps from one
+substance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other and uh yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and uh yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and uh yes you
+could Define um continuous or diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Define um continuous or diffuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Define um continuous or diffuse
+interface theories which is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface theories which is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface theories which is another
+aspects that that need to be covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that that need to be covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects that that need to be covered
+uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+um they do it with sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they do it with sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they do it with sharp
+interfaces which is the Gibbs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces which is the Gibbs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces which is the Gibbs uh
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional
+method uh but the reason why I urge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh but the reason why I urge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method uh but the reason why I urge you
+to go to their work is that they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to their work is that they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to their work is that they do it
+correctly and carefully and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and carefully and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and carefully and in
+particular Also regarding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Also regarding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Also regarding this
+um role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um role of
+interfaces and then on equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and then on equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and then on equilibrium
+thermodynamics at surfaces there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics at surfaces there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics at surfaces there is this
+paper by GED by one of them dick bed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by GED by one of them dick bed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by GED by one of them dick bed in
+1986 which is really wonderful and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 which is really wonderful and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1986 which is really wonderful and uh
+you should uh uh study that paper if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should uh uh study that paper if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should uh uh study that paper if you
+are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business now of course um we are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business now of course um we are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business now of course um we are at the
+end of the course so not covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course so not covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course so not covering
+anything more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more of
+but I want to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to mention that
+um there are many other directions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many other directions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are many other directions in
+which you could go in the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics which
+is related to the general principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the general principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the general principles
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+developed but perhaps not the detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed but perhaps not the detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed but perhaps not the detailed
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+so of course the the Queen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the the Queen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the the Queen is
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+mechanics which is behind we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which is behind we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics which is behind we've used
+also some of it when we did the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of it when we did the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also some of it when we did the single
+particle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the
+Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box
+um but then you have also uh kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then you have also uh kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then you have also uh kinetic
+theory of to deal with rarified gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of to deal with rarified gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of to deal with rarified gas
+Dynamics if you if your notes and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics if you if your notes and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics if you if your notes and number
+is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very
+small and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and in fact
+uh to cover that the phenomenology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to cover that the phenomenology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to cover that the phenomenology of
+essentially the the entire fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the entire fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the the entire fluid
+mechanics redone at the uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics redone at the uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics redone at the uh at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non
+nen very small nsen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nen very small nsen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nen very small nsen
+number people have redeveloped uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number people have redeveloped uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number people have redeveloped uh
+there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been
+a couple of Decades of very active work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of Decades of very active work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of Decades of very active work
+on small scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on small scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on small scale
+hydrodynamics still still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamics still still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamics still still
+ongoing then on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um on the side of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the foundation so even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the foundation so even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the foundation so even for
+Continuum uh we have this uh issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum uh we have this uh issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum uh we have this uh issue
+remember that of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that of the local
+equilibrium where we assume that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where we assume that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where we assume that we are
+at this state but we're actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this state but we're actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this state but we're actually there
+and so there is this difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is this difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there is this difference in
+entropy uh that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy uh that we are
+neglecting if you do local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting if you do local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting if you do local
+equilibrium and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and uh
+which is not neglected in these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not neglected in these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not neglected in these other
+theories like rational extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thermodynamics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics or
+uh other non-e equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other non-e equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other non-e equilibrium
+thermodynamics theories and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics theories and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics theories and there are
+not only papers but books about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only papers but books about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only papers but books about these
+approaches and you've seen that we by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and you've seen that we by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and you've seen that we by
+using this we' we've seen one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this we' we've seen one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this we' we've seen one example
+the katano heat transfer equation well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the katano heat transfer equation well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the katano heat transfer equation well
+in that same uh idea you can develop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same uh idea you can develop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that same uh idea you can develop and
+you should develop also uh all all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should develop also uh all all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should develop also uh all all the
+things that we've done even include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've done even include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've done even include
+including what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including what we've done
+today so there is a lot to be done also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so there is a lot to be done also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so there is a lot to be done also
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction there is
+also okay then there is quantum aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay then there is quantum aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also okay then there is quantum aspects
+we talked already about that and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked already about that and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked already about that and uh
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+also this diffuse interface uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this diffuse interface uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this diffuse interface uh uh
+methods that again if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that again if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that again if you have two
+phases you could consider them as sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases you could consider them as sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases you could consider them as sharp
+like uh for example liquid and Vapor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh for example liquid and Vapor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh for example liquid and Vapor you
+could have uh uh this is the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh uh this is the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have uh uh this is the density of
+the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the
+vapor and this is the density of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid let say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid let say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid let say
+yeah you could consider it sharp but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could consider it sharp but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could consider it sharp but if
+you enlarge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enlarge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enlarge this
+region uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh it's
+actually something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and by assuming the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by assuming the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by assuming the fundamental
+relation for your States uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for your States uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for your States uh for example
+by assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that
+s is not just the function of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is not just the function of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is not just the function of U
+um v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um v
+n but it's also a function function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but it's also a function function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but it's also a function function
+of the gradients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gradients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gradients in
+concentration and actually since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and actually since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and actually since you
+need scolar it's you can take uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need scolar it's you can take uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need scolar it's you can take uh the
+square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the
+gradient and you put in it in in as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and you put in it in in as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and you put in it in in as a as
+an additional variable which determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional variable which determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional variable which determines
+equilibrium and now we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and now we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and now we're talking about
+equilibrium because that's a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because that's a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because that's a stable
+equilibrium state for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state for
+equilibrium that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which was uh present also in um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was uh present also in um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was uh present also in um in the
+paper by vand der
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by vand der
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by vand der
+vals and that which actually is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vals and that which actually is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vals and that which actually is a very
+nice paper has been trans translated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper has been trans translated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice paper has been trans translated by
+rimson later on and I suggest that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rimson later on and I suggest that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rimson later on and I suggest that you
+go and see that paper if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and see that paper if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and see that paper if you are
+studying this well this Theory here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this well this Theory here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying this well this Theory here has
+been developed by land it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed by land it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed by land it has
+this is now become known as can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now become known as can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now become known as can and
+helard models or diffuse interface uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helard models or diffuse interface uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helard models or diffuse interface uh
+methods with that thing uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods with that thing uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods with that thing uh you can
+predict the exact shape of this curve at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium uh and actually there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh and actually there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh and actually there is a
+paper very nice paper in the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper very nice paper in the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper very nice paper in the physical
+review by an antovski that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by an antovski that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review by an antovski that
+uh I suggest that you read if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I suggest that you read if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I suggest that you read if you are
+interested in in that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in that kind of
+development all right so plus of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development all right so plus of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development all right so plus of course
+you have a a list of an infinite list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other
+approaches from uh statistical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches from uh statistical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches from uh statistical to
+numerical simulations so the bolman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical simulations so the bolman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical simulations so the bolman
+equation um approximations of the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um approximations of the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um approximations of the M
+bolman equation this is the famous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolman equation this is the famous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolman equation this is the famous one
+which allows you to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allows you to compute the
+hydrodynamic quantities like heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamic quantities like heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrodynamic quantities like heat
+flux but Al so the fluxes of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux but Al so the fluxes of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux but Al so the fluxes of particles
+but also the like momentum and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the like momentum and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the like momentum and and
+diffusive uh as moments of the balsman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive uh as moments of the balsman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive uh as moments of the balsman
+distribution uh uh of equilibrium so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh uh of equilibrium so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh uh of equilibrium so we
+talking about models that can cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about models that can cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about models that can cover
+also non equilibrium and far non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium uh another approximation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh another approximation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh another approximation is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+derives the equivalent of the N talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives the equivalent of the N talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives the equivalent of the N talks
+equations but more complicated with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but more complicated with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but more complicated with more
+moments then fer plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments then fer plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments then fer plank
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+um equations these are equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equations these are equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equations these are equations that
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+random noise terms in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise terms in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise terms in in
+it and then you're certainly familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you're certainly familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then you're certainly familiar
+with molecular Dynamics Monte Carlo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with molecular Dynamics Monte Carlo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with molecular Dynamics Monte Carlo and
+various types of molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various types of molecular
+Dynamics various flavors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics various flavors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics various flavors of the
+molecular dynamics that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular dynamics that have been
+developed over the years to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over the years to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed over the years to overcome
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+limitations Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations Okay so
+yeah so with this I I think I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so with this I I think I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so with this I I think I like to
+end the course remembering that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the course remembering that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the course remembering that uh we
+have celebrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have celebrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have celebrated
+carnot's um 20 200 birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnot's um 20 200 birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carnot's um 20 200 birthday
+with and uh I also yes I want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh I also yes I want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and uh I also yes I want to remind
+you of the progin prize so if you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the progin prize so if you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the progin prize so if you ever
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+up uh with a PhD thesis in the field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh with a PhD thesis in the field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh with a PhD thesis in the field of
+Dynamics all aspects of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics all aspects of thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics all aspects of thermodynamics
+from applied to experimental to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from applied to experimental to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from applied to experimental to very
+theoretical don't forget to uh apply for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical don't forget to uh apply for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical don't forget to uh apply for
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+price it uh it is done every two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it uh it is done every two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price it uh it is done every two years
+the next deadline is February 1st next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next deadline is February 1st next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next deadline is February 1st next
+year and for this call it will Co it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and for this call it will Co it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and for this call it will Co it
+will cover uh PhD defended between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover uh PhD defended between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will cover uh PhD defended between
+January 1st of last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st of last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January 1st of last year
+2023 and December 31 of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year uh it's a pretty International uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh it's a pretty International uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year uh it's a pretty International uh
+uh price it in the last eight8 editions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh price it in the last eight8 editions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh price it in the last eight8 editions
+we had one 134 uh candidates from 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one 134 uh candidates from 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had one 134 uh candidates from 28
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+countries you can click here for um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can click here for um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can click here for um all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+details and it is sponsored by um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and it is sponsored by um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details and it is sponsored by um a
+series of conference it's called a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of conference it's called a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of conference it's called a joint
+European thermodynamics conference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European thermodynamics conference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European thermodynamics conference but
+this has become an international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has become an international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has become an international
+one uh and the next one will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and the next one will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh and the next one will be in
+Belgrade in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Belgrade in in
+Serbia next year in May or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbia next year in May or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serbia next year in May or
+June the day the date is not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June the day the date is not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June the day the date is not being
+decided yet as soon as it will be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided yet as soon as it will be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided yet as soon as it will be out
+I'll I'll provide I'll put in a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll provide I'll put in a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll provide I'll put in a link
+here uh so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so that you can
+you can see what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what it is
+about all right so I'd like to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all right so I'd like to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all right so I'd like to conclude
+and i' like to thank you for attending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i' like to thank you for attending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i' like to thank you for attending
+the lectures which I dedicate to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures which I dedicate to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures which I dedicate to my
+mentors and um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors and um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors and um but
+also I thank you very much for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I thank you very much for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I thank you very much for the
+quality of your video homeworks because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your video homeworks because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your video homeworks because
+they have been um stimulating me for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been um stimulating me for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been um stimulating me for um
+uh at least um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at least um there
+a giving me some feedback that uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giving me some feedback that uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a giving me some feedback that uh some
+of the messages I wanted to pass have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the messages I wanted to pass have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the messages I wanted to pass have
+been passed so thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NEsVZenlRSU.txt b/NEsVZenlRSU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3684cb30c95ff115e4c56b567625cbf5cfb2879e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NEsVZenlRSU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu think you're happy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu think you're happy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu think you're happy I'm
+happy I'm very happy very happy what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I'm very happy very happy what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy I'm very happy very happy what
+we'll do today is wrap up phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do today is wrap up phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do today is wrap up phase diagram
+make some comments about the final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some comments about the final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some comments about the final exam
+and uh then we're going to get the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we're going to get the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we're going to get the some
+people that aren't associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that aren't associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that aren't associated with the
+class are going to come in they'll pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are going to come in they'll pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class are going to come in they'll pass
+out uh paperwork we'll do the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh paperwork we'll do the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh paperwork we'll do the course
+evaluations um and we'll get you out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations um and we'll get you out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations um and we'll get you out of
+here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+11:55 uh before I go any further draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11:55 uh before I go any further draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11:55 uh before I go any further draw
+your attention to another IAP subject if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to another IAP subject if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to another IAP subject if
+you're looking for something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for something to do
+during January and this will be offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during January and this will be offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during January and this will be offered
+by myself and my postto Patrick trappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself and my postto Patrick trappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by myself and my postto Patrick trappa
+We're going to offer a lab subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to offer a lab subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to offer a lab subject
+without a lab it's part of an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a lab it's part of an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a lab it's part of an experiment
+that we're conducting for the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're conducting for the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're conducting for the National
+Science Foundation to see if large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Foundation to see if large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Foundation to see if large
+classes such as these that don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes such as these that don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes such as these that don't have a
+lab experience can get much of the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experience can get much of the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab experience can get much of the lab
+experience that is to say planning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that is to say planning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that is to say planning for
+Discovery preparation of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery preparation of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery preparation of the uh
+background information then mining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information then mining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background information then mining the
+data from data sets that are in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from data sets that are in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from data sets that are in the in
+the public domain and then analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public domain and then analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public domain and then analyzing the
+data and then presenting the data all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then presenting the data all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then presenting the data all of
+that you get without turning the knobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get without turning the knobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get without turning the knobs
+and that's about 3/4 of the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about 3/4 of the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about 3/4 of the lab
+experience so I think three4 is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so I think three4 is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so I think three4 is better
+than none that's what we want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than none that's what we want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than none that's what we want to try to
+do it's the limit enrollment of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's the limit enrollment of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's the limit enrollment of 20
+people and uh it's going to run for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and uh it's going to run for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and uh it's going to run for two
+weeks during IAP in the mornings uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks during IAP in the mornings uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks during IAP in the mornings uh and
+you can go to the IEP website it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to the IEP website it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to the IEP website it's worth
+six credits as well it's uh so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six credits as well it's uh so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six credits as well it's uh so okay
+enough said about that uh my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough said about that uh my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough said about that uh my office
+hours I'll I'll have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours I'll I'll have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours I'll I'll have a little bit of
+extended office hours Friday 4 to 6 next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended office hours Friday 4 to 6 next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended office hours Friday 4 to 6 next
+Tuesday 4 to 6 and uh there'll be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday 4 to 6 and uh there'll be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday 4 to 6 and uh there'll be a a
+question and answer session on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and answer session on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and answer session on the
+evening of uh the Tuesday the 14th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening of uh the Tuesday the 14th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening of uh the Tuesday the 14th of
+December Professor Ballinger is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December Professor Ballinger is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+December Professor Ballinger is going to
+uh run that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run that in
+54100 all of these uh and I know the Tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100 all of these uh and I know the Tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54100 all of these uh and I know the Tas
+some of them are going to run uh review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are going to run uh review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are going to run uh review
+sessions all of these are optional they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions all of these are optional they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions all of these are optional they
+they have strict instructions not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have strict instructions not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have strict instructions not to
+teach new material if if you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach new material if if you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach new material if if you don't want
+to go to those you don't have to if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to those you don't have to if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to those you don't have to if you
+want to bring your questions and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring your questions and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring your questions and uh I
+just want to make it totally value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make it totally value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to make it totally value
+neutral okay last day we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay last day we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral okay last day we talked about
+phase diagrams I want to continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams I want to continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams I want to continue the
+discussion today we looked at type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today we looked at type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today we looked at type one
+which involve uh very nearly similar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involve uh very nearly similar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involve uh very nearly similar uh
+materials so that gives us a lenticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so that gives us a lenticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials so that gives us a lenticular
+phase diagram shown here and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram shown here and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram shown here and then we
+looked at type two where we have a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at type two where we have a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at type two where we have a phase
+separation without change of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation without change of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation without change of phase
+giving us a Mis ability Gap uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a Mis ability Gap uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a Mis ability Gap uh remember
+whenever you're in a two-phase regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're in a two-phase regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're in a two-phase regime
+two-phase regime Queen of Diamonds Bingo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase regime Queen of Diamonds Bingo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase regime Queen of Diamonds Bingo
+that means tiine lever rule so phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means tiine lever rule so phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means tiine lever rule so phase
+separation will give us a single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation will give us a single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation will give us a single phase
+whether it's a homogeneous solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a homogeneous solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's a homogeneous solid
+solution breaking into two phases or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution breaking into two phases or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution breaking into two phases or a
+homogeneous liquid solution breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous liquid solution breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous liquid solution breaking
+into two phases those two phases have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two phases those two phases have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two phases those two phases have
+different compositions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compositions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compositions and the
+compositions of each of those two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions of each of those two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions of each of those two phases
+is given by the end members of the ti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the end members of the ti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by the end members of the ti
+line and the relative amounts of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the relative amounts of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the relative amounts of the two
+phases is given by the lever rule today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases is given by the lever rule today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases is given by the lever rule today
+I want to look at type three and type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at type three and type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at type three and type
+three is characterized by sort of a mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is characterized by sort of a mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is characterized by sort of a mix
+of the two and on the left we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two and on the left we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two and on the left we have
+change of state and on the right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of state and on the right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of state and on the right we have
+no change of state this one has change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change of state this one has change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change of state this one has change
+of state on the left we have perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state on the left we have perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of state on the left we have perfect
+solubility on the right we have partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility on the right we have partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility on the right we have partial
+solubility so we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility so we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility so we're going to take the
+solubility characteristics of type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility characteristics of type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility characteristics of type two
+and the change of state from type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the change of state from type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the change of state from type one
+and put them together and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them together and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them together and that's what we
+end up with as the overarching features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with as the overarching features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with as the overarching features
+here and this is what the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is what the phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is what the phase diagram
+looks like where we have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like where we have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like where we have something that
+looks similar to you see the bottom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks similar to you see the bottom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks similar to you see the bottom here
+the bottom here looks like that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom here looks like that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom here looks like that uh
+sincline and the top here looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincline and the top here looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sincline and the top here looks like the
+beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the
+lens so we have liquid and then beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so we have liquid and then beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so we have liquid and then beta
+here beta is a solid solution Alpha is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here beta is a solid solution Alpha is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here beta is a solid solution Alpha is a
+solid solution so let's designate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution so let's designate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution so let's designate those
+Alpha is a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha is a solid
+solution of A and B only it's a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of A and B only it's a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of A and B only it's a rich
+it's very near pure a but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very near pure a but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very near pure a but it's not
+exactly pure a so this is homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly pure a so this is homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly pure a so this is homogeneous
+solid solution just as you'd have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution just as you'd have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution just as you'd have in a
+lenticular diagram and beta is a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenticular diagram and beta is a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenticular diagram and beta is a solid
+solution of A and B only it's B rich and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of A and B only it's B rich and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of A and B only it's B rich and
+L that's a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that's a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L that's a liquid
+Solution that's a liquid solution of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution that's a liquid solution of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solution that's a liquid solution of A
+and B so these are all single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so these are all single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B so these are all single phase
+these are all single phase let's put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all single phase let's put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all single phase let's put the
+let's put that up here this is p equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put that up here this is p equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put that up here this is p equal 1
+single phase this is p equal 1 single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase this is p equal 1 single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase this is p equal 1 single
+phase and this is p equals 1 single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and this is p equals 1 single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and this is p equals 1 single
+phase now if I want to go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase now if I want to go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase now if I want to go from one
+single phase to another single phase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase to another single phase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase to another single phase I
+have to go through a two-phase regime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through a two-phase regime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through a two-phase regime so
+this is slush Liquid Plus solid Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slush Liquid Plus solid Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slush Liquid Plus solid Alpha
+this is slush Liquid Plus solid beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slush Liquid Plus solid beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is slush Liquid Plus solid beta and
+now I have a solid solution on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a solid solution on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a solid solution on the right
+I have a solid solution on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a solid solution on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a solid solution on the left and
+I can't go from one singlephase regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't go from one singlephase regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't go from one singlephase regime
+to another singlephase regime I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another singlephase regime I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another singlephase regime I have to
+go through a two-phase regime so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a two-phase regime so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through a two-phase regime so this is
+Alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus
+beta and now I've got two phases down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and now I've got two phases down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and now I've got two phases down
+here one phase here look at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one phase here look at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one phase here look at this point
+here that I've indicated in uh purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I've indicated in uh purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I've indicated in uh purple
+what is this this is a special this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this this is a special this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this this is a special this is
+Alpha Beta and liquid in equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and liquid in equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta and liquid in equilibrium and
+this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the
+TIC the UT IC it's the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIC the UT IC it's the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIC the UT IC it's the equilibrium
+between solid Alpha solid beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between solid Alpha solid beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between solid Alpha solid beta and
+liquid and the this is this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the this is this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the this is this type of
+diagram is called a tic diagram it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is called a tic diagram it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram is called a tic diagram it's a
+tic diagram and it has some remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic diagram and it has some remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic diagram and it has some remarkable
+property that makes it advantageous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes it advantageous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes it advantageous in
+processing look at here in the type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing look at here in the type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing look at here in the type 1
+diagram there's no point on the type 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there's no point on the type 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there's no point on the type 1
+diagram where we see all liquid below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where we see all liquid below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where we see all liquid below
+the melting point of the lower of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of the lower of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of the lower of the
+two components we essentially have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components we essentially have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two components we essentially have a a
+lens extending from the lower melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens extending from the lower melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens extending from the lower melting
+point to the higher melting point if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the higher melting point if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the higher melting point if you
+look here if I add a to B the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here if I add a to B the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here if I add a to B the melting
+point drops we go down this liquidous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point drops we go down this liquidous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point drops we go down this liquidous
+that's not surprising but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not surprising but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not surprising but what's
+surprising in the case of a UT tactic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising in the case of a UT tactic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising in the case of a UT tactic is
+when you add B to a the melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add B to a the melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add B to a the melting point
+drops so we get freezing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so we get freezing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so we get freezing point
+depression from both ends with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression from both ends with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression from both ends with the
+result that you see this whole liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that you see this whole liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that you see this whole liquid
+Zone in here this whole liquid Zone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone in here this whole liquid Zone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone in here this whole liquid Zone has
+liquid lying at temperatures below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid lying at temperatures below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid lying at temperatures below the
+lower melting point so this gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower melting point so this gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower melting point so this gives us a
+much much greater range in which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much greater range in which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much greater range in which to
+process so we have a depressed liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we have a depressed liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we have a depressed liquid
+region so let's call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so let's call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so let's call this the
+characteristic is freezing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is freezing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic is freezing point
+depression of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components of both A and B which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of both A and B which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of both A and B which is
+something we didn't see in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we didn't see in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we didn't see in the case of
+the lenticular and this this tectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenticular and this this tectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenticular and this this tectic
+point is the equilibrium of alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the equilibrium of alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the equilibrium of alpha beta
+and liquid and it's Unique it's Unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liquid and it's Unique it's Unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and liquid and it's Unique it's Unique
+it exists at only one value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists at only one value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it exists at only one value of
+temperature and composition so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and composition so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and composition so that's
+unique to every every particular system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique to every every particular system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique to every every particular system
+so let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so here's one that is appropo of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's one that is appropo of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's one that is appropo of the
+coming winter this is water and ethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming winter this is water and ethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming winter this is water and ethylene
+glycol and we talked about water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol and we talked about water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol and we talked about water
+ethylene glycol in the coolant system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene glycol in the coolant system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene glycol in the coolant system uh
+with reference to controlling uh boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reference to controlling uh boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reference to controlling uh boil
+over and as the winter is coming we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and as the winter is coming we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and as the winter is coming we want
+to avoid freezing of water in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid freezing of water in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid freezing of water in the
+channels of the engine block because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels of the engine block because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels of the engine block because the
+water is going to freeze from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is going to freeze from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is going to freeze from the
+outside in that means the last water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside in that means the last water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside in that means the last water to
+freeze will already be plugged by ice at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze will already be plugged by ice at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze will already be plugged by ice at
+the ends and as you know when water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends and as you know when water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ends and as you know when water
+freezes it expands how do you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezes it expands how do you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezes it expands how do you know you
+know from the negative slope on the p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the negative slope on the p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the negative slope on the p uh
+T diagram and that expansion is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T diagram and that expansion is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T diagram and that expansion is so
+energy Laden that it'll cck the iron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Laden that it'll cck the iron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Laden that it'll cck the iron or
+the engine block so you have to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine block so you have to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine block so you have to keep the
+water from freezing so what we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from freezing so what we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from freezing so what we can do is
+we can add a second component and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add a second component and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add a second component and give
+ourselves a tic type system so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a tic type system so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a tic type system so here's
+pure water on the left here's pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure water on the left here's pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure water on the left here's pure
+ethylene glycol on the right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene glycol on the right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene glycol on the right it's a
+double alcohol there's the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double alcohol there's the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double alcohol there's the chemical
+formula for it and so pure water we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it and so pure water we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for it and so pure water we we
+see the melting point of pure water is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the melting point of pure water is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the melting point of pure water is 0
+degrees C and what this is showing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees C and what this is showing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees C and what this is showing is
+that this Alpha region of ethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Alpha region of ethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Alpha region of ethylene
+glycol and water is so narrow that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol and water is so narrow that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol and water is so narrow that for
+all intents and purposes this appears as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes this appears as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes this appears as
+a straight line that's why you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line that's why you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line that's why you go
+automatically from seemingly pure water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically from seemingly pure water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically from seemingly pure water
+to this tic regime so if we add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this tic regime so if we add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this tic regime so if we add a
+typically about 50 volume per ethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically about 50 volume per ethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically about 50 volume per ethylene
+glycol that's the recommended mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol that's the recommended mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol that's the recommended mixture
+what do we see we see we get freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see we see we get freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we see we see we get freezing
+point depression down to about minus 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point depression down to about minus 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point depression down to about minus 35
+or so Celsius which ought to take care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so Celsius which ought to take care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so Celsius which ought to take care
+of most uh driving needs now if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most uh driving needs now if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most uh driving needs now if you want
+you can get maximum freezing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get maximum freezing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get maximum freezing point
+protection by adding about 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection by adding about 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection by adding about 2/3
+in other words 68 volume per glycol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words 68 volume per glycol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words 68 volume per glycol
+gives you a tic at - 69° c or - 92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a tic at - 69° c or - 92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a tic at - 69° c or - 92
+degrees Fahrenheit that ought to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Fahrenheit that ought to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Fahrenheit that ought to take
+care of everybody in this room I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of everybody in this room I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of everybody in this room I don't
+know anybody here that's driving when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anybody here that's driving when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anybody here that's driving when
+it's more than - 92 Fahrenheit so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than - 92 Fahrenheit so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more than - 92 Fahrenheit so that
+should be okay but if you want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay but if you want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be okay but if you want to be a
+an Enthusiast and decide I'm not a cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Enthusiast and decide I'm not a cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Enthusiast and decide I'm not a cheap
+skate I'm going to use pure ethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skate I'm going to use pure ethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skate I'm going to use pure ethylene
+glycol why dilute it with water well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol why dilute it with water well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol why dilute it with water well
+pure ethylene glycol freezes at about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure ethylene glycol freezes at about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure ethylene glycol freezes at about uh
+here it is this is the the Fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is this is the the Fahrenheit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is this is the the Fahrenheit
+scale here we are talking about cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here we are talking about cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale here we are talking about cars
+after all so it it freezes at uh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all so it it freezes at uh about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all so it it freezes at uh about
+uh what is it about 10° Fahrenheit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it about 10° Fahrenheit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it about 10° Fahrenheit all
+right and then adding water to glycol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then adding water to glycol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then adding water to glycol
+gives you the freezing point depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the freezing point depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the freezing point depression
+here so actually if you go beyond 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so actually if you go beyond 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so actually if you go beyond 2/3
+glycol oneir water the freezing point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol oneir water the freezing point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycol oneir water the freezing point is
+actually Rising so that's not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Rising so that's not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Rising so that's not such a
+smart idea the second thing is here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart idea the second thing is here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart idea the second thing is here are
+the uh chemical properties of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh chemical properties of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh chemical properties of some of
+these and uh you see here's glycol -3° C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and uh you see here's glycol -3° C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and uh you see here's glycol -3° C
+is is the freezing point but look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the freezing point but look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the freezing point but look down
+here the viscosity of water is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the viscosity of water is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the viscosity of water is roughly
+one in units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in units of
+centipoise and the uh viscosity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centipoise and the uh viscosity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centipoise and the uh viscosity of
+ethylene glycol at 20° C at 20° C is 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene glycol at 20° C at 20° C is 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylene glycol at 20° C at 20° C is 21
+it's 21 times the viscosity of water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 21 times the viscosity of water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 21 times the viscosity of water and
+you know viscosity is a transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know viscosity is a transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know viscosity is a transport
+property much like diffusion and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property much like diffusion and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property much like diffusion and so it
+has an arous temperature dependent so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an arous temperature dependent so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an arous temperature dependent so if
+we get the temperature down to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the temperature down to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the temperature down to say
+minus1 degrees cus this is so highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 degrees cus this is so highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 degrees cus this is so highly
+viscous that you run the risk of burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous that you run the risk of burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscous that you run the risk of burning
+out your water pump so bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your water pump so bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out your water pump so bottom line is
+don't do something stupid and run high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do something stupid and run high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do something stupid and run high
+intensity glycol um here I've plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity glycol um here I've plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity glycol um here I've plotted
+both the uh solid liquid equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the uh solid liquid equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the uh solid liquid equilibrium and
+the liquid Vapor equilibrium and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid Vapor equilibrium and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid Vapor equilibrium and this is
+one of the few times when Nature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few times when Nature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the few times when Nature has
+been kind to us when we add 50% glycol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind to us when we add 50% glycol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been kind to us when we add 50% glycol
+to water we get the freezing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water we get the freezing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to water we get the freezing point
+depression down to about minus 35 cels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression down to about minus 35 cels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression down to about minus 35 cels
+and we get boiling point elevation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get boiling point elevation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get boiling point elevation so
+what we've done is we've taken this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is we've taken this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done is we've taken this
+interval of liquid water which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of liquid water which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of liquid water which is at
+Purity is 100° C I haven't put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity is 100° C I haven't put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity is 100° C I haven't put the
+pressure cap on if I just use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure cap on if I just use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure cap on if I just use one
+atmosphere pressure water freezes at 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere pressure water freezes at 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere pressure water freezes at 0
+Celsius and boils at 100 celsius if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and boils at 100 celsius if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius and boils at 100 celsius if I
+add 50% glycol it freezes atus 35 Cel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 50% glycol it freezes atus 35 Cel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add 50% glycol it freezes atus 35 Cel
+and boils at about 106° Cel so now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boils at about 106° Cel so now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boils at about 106° Cel so now I've
+widened the liquid regime and then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widened the liquid regime and then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widened the liquid regime and then if I
+put the pressure cap on then this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the pressure cap on then this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the pressure cap on then this line
+is going to move these lines don't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to move these lines don't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to move these lines don't move
+at all for one atmosphere pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all for one atmosphere pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all for one atmosphere pressure
+that's why we can throw away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we can throw away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we can throw away the
+pressure variable so by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure variable so by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure variable so by changing
+pressure and composition we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and composition we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and composition we're able to
+widen the liquid range and thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen the liquid range and thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widen the liquid range and thereby
+protect against boil over and protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against boil over and protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against boil over and protect
+against freeze out remember boiling we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against freeze out remember boiling we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against freeze out remember boiling we
+want to make sure that we have good heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that we have good heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that we have good heat
+transfer uh here's one that's used in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer uh here's one that's used in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer uh here's one that's used in um
+in keeping things safe in the wintertime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping things safe in the wintertime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in keeping things safe in the wintertime
+this is ice and this is the water sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ice and this is the water sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ice and this is the water sodium
+chloride phase diagram again a tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride phase diagram again a tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride phase diagram again a tic
+diagram and if you add sodium chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and if you add sodium chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and if you add sodium chloride
+you will extend the liquid range and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will extend the liquid range and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will extend the liquid range and so
+we sprinkle salt on uh walkways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sprinkle salt on uh walkways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sprinkle salt on uh walkways and
+roadways in order to melt the ice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadways in order to melt the ice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roadways in order to melt the ice and
+make uh the roads and sidewalks safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh the roads and sidewalks safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh the roads and sidewalks safe
+giving us some traction what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us some traction what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us some traction what I've done
+is I've colorcoded all of these so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've colorcoded all of these so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I've colorcoded all of these so that
+you'll know liquidous solidus and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know liquidous solidus and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know liquidous solidus and oh
+we've got a new one here this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a new one here this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a new one here this is called
+the solvus this line here is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvus this line here is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvus this line here is called
+solvus you already know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvus you already know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvus you already know this is
+liquidus we we met liquidus last day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus we we met liquidus last day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus we we met liquidus last day and
+we met solidus last day they old friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we met solidus last day they old friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we met solidus last day they old friends
+but here's a new friend solva so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a new friend solva so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a new friend solva so I've
+got all of these diagrams I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all of these diagrams I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all of these diagrams I've
+colorcoded them the same way and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorcoded them the same way and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorcoded them the same way and I've
+written the equilibrium for you so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the equilibrium for you so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the equilibrium for you so if
+you add salt to water you can get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add salt to water you can get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add salt to water you can get down
+to about minus 21° C and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about minus 21° C and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about minus 21° C and notice that
+it's almost zero fahrenheit in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost zero fahrenheit in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost zero fahrenheit in fact
+Daniel Daniel Fahrenheit determined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel Daniel Fahrenheit determined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daniel Daniel Fahrenheit determined the
+the the Baseline of the Fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Baseline of the Fahrenheit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Baseline of the Fahrenheit
+temperature scale by putting salt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature scale by putting salt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature scale by putting salt in
+water he used ammonium chloride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water he used ammonium chloride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water he used ammonium chloride and
+ammonium chloride in water gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium chloride in water gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium chloride in water gave a
+minimum at what he calibrated as 0° um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum at what he calibrated as 0° um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum at what he calibrated as 0° um
+fah and then he took body temperature by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fah and then he took body temperature by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fah and then he took body temperature by
+putting a his thermometer he was a maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a his thermometer he was a maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a his thermometer he was a maker
+of thermometers in Amsterdam very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermometers in Amsterdam very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermometers in Amsterdam very good
+glass maker could put mercury in glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass maker could put mercury in glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass maker could put mercury in glass
+thermometers put the uh thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers put the uh thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometers put the uh thermometer
+under his wife's armpit and she came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under his wife's armpit and she came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under his wife's armpit and she came out
+at 96 degrees Fahrenheit she was running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 96 degrees Fahrenheit she was running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 96 degrees Fahrenheit she was running
+a little bit cool all right and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit cool all right and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit cool all right and so he
+said okay that'll be 96 units and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay that'll be 96 units and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay that'll be 96 units and then
+water is 32 and the boiling point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 32 and the boiling point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 32 and the boiling point of
+water is 212 and so on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 212 and so on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is 212 and so on and then
+subsequently we went to the Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently we went to the Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently we went to the Celsius
+scale uh we don't use sodium chloride on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh we don't use sodium chloride on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale uh we don't use sodium chloride on
+the walks we use calcium chloride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walks we use calcium chloride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walks we use calcium chloride and
+you can see why calcium chloride gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why calcium chloride gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why calcium chloride gives
+us a greater freezing point depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a greater freezing point depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a greater freezing point depression
+sodium chloride in many instances would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride in many instances would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium chloride in many instances would
+not be that effective so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be that effective so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be that effective so most of the
+stuff you see throwing on the roads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you see throwing on the roads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you see throwing on the roads is
+calcium chloride potassium chloride if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium chloride potassium chloride if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium chloride potassium chloride if
+you're hypertense you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hypertense you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hypertense you want to use
+potassium chloride Ando avoid sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chloride Ando avoid sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chloride Ando avoid sodium
+that's not going to help you much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to help you much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to help you much you
+won't get hypertension but you'll fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get hypertension but you'll fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't get hypertension but you'll fall
+down because the walks will be slippery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because the walks will be slippery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because the walks will be slippery
+so you'll have other problems to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have other problems to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have other problems to worry
+about that's the way you take your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's the way you take your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that's the way you take your mind
+off of the hypertension you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the hypertension you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the hypertension you've got a
+broken hip uh oh he's mean why is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken hip uh oh he's mean why is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken hip uh oh he's mean why is he
+saying that okay uh the holidays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that okay uh the holidays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that okay uh the holidays are
+coming uh here's zonia zonia remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh here's zonia zonia remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uh here's zonia zonia remember
+zonia at room temperature is uh monoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zonia at room temperature is uh monoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zonia at room temperature is uh monoc
+clinic and that's no good and cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and that's no good and cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic and that's no good and cubic
+zerconia is stable only at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zerconia is stable only at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zerconia is stable only at very high
+temperatures but look at this if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures but look at this if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures but look at this if we add
+calcium oxide to Zirconia we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide to Zirconia we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium oxide to Zirconia we have this
+huge range it's a tic system there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge range it's a tic system there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge range it's a tic system there's the
+TIC but on route we stabilize the cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIC but on route we stabilize the cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIC but on route we stabilize the cubic
+form all the way down to room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form all the way down to room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form all the way down to room
+temperature so you're buying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you're buying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so you're buying a
+stabilized zonia meaning that the cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized zonia meaning that the cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized zonia meaning that the cubic
+form has been stabilized and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form has been stabilized and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form has been stabilized and that's the
+one that's got the high refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's got the high refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's got the high refractive index
+and again liquidous solidus solvus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again liquidous solidus solvus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again liquidous solidus solvus and
+look it's a singlephase regime it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's a singlephase regime it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's a singlephase regime it must
+be bounded by two-phase regime so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bounded by two-phase regime so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bounded by two-phase regime so if I
+look to the right it's cubic zirconia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to the right it's cubic zirconia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to the right it's cubic zirconia
+solid solution plus uh uh um calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution plus uh uh um calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution plus uh uh um calcium
+zirconate if I go to the left it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconate if I go to the left it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconate if I go to the left it's a
+zirconia calcus solid solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconia calcus solid solution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconia calcus solid solution with
+another uh tetragonal form so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh tetragonal form so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh tetragonal form so again the
+model is if you're moving across a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is if you're moving across a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is if you're moving across a multi
+component a two component phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component a two component phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component a two component phase diagram
+single phase bounce dual phase bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase bounce dual phase bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase bounce dual phase bounce
+single phase bounce dual phase bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase bounce dual phase bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase bounce dual phase bounce
+single phase bounds dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase bounds dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase bounds dual
+phase this is really fantastic stuff oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is really fantastic stuff oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this is really fantastic stuff oh
+here's a good aluminum magnesium this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a good aluminum magnesium this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a good aluminum magnesium this is
+the beverage can this is beverage can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beverage can this is beverage can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beverage can this is beverage can
+okay so we're looking at it's a tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're looking at it's a tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're looking at it's a tic
+system so we're going to add a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we're going to add a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so we're going to add a few
+percent of magnesium into aluminum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of magnesium into aluminum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of magnesium into aluminum which
+is going to put us here Alpha solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to put us here Alpha solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to put us here Alpha solid
+solution if we add too much we end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if we add too much we end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if we add too much we end up in
+a two-phase regime and that's no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-phase regime and that's no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-phase regime and that's no good
+because when we go to deform the can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we go to deform the can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we go to deform the can
+it'll tear the metal will tear so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tear the metal will tear so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tear the metal will tear so we
+have to have single phase freezing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have single phase freezing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have single phase freezing point
+depression and then this is important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression and then this is important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression and then this is important in
+metal recycling we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal recycling we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal recycling we want to be able to
+process this stuff and energy is costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this stuff and energy is costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this stuff and energy is costly
+so if we can process at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we can process at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we can process at lower
+temperatures it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures it's
+advantageous this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous this is a very important
+one for microelectronics this is lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for microelectronics this is lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for microelectronics this is lead
+tin lead tin lead melts at 327 tin melts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin lead tin lead melts at 327 tin melts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin lead tin lead melts at 327 tin melts
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+222 Celsius and there's a tic down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+222 Celsius and there's a tic down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+222 Celsius and there's a tic down at
+183 I I learned this in high school we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+183 I I learned this in high school we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+183 I I learned this in high school we
+had this industrial arts class they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this industrial arts class they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this industrial arts class they
+beaten it it was 374 degrees fight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten it it was 374 degrees fight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten it it was 374 degrees fight is
+the TIC point of soft solder I'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TIC point of soft solder I'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TIC point of soft solder I'll know
+that on my deathbed so what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on my deathbed so what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on my deathbed so what does this
+tell us it tells us that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us it tells us that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us it tells us that if you're
+building a micro device whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a micro device whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a micro device whether it's a
+cell phone or computer you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone or computer you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone or computer you've got to
+solder in all the lead wires and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder in all the lead wires and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder in all the lead wires and when
+you when you solder you have you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you solder you have you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you solder you have you have to
+energize the system you have to melt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energize the system you have to melt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energize the system you have to melt the
+solder and then it has to bond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder and then it has to bond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder and then it has to bond to the
+metal and then freeze and every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and then freeze and every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and then freeze and every time you
+go in with that energy source you heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in with that energy source you heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in with that energy source you heat
+not only the solder but you heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the solder but you heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the solder but you heat
+everything else and you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and you know if you're
+making a PN Junction you want it sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a PN Junction you want it sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a PN Junction you want it sharp
+but what happens if you heat a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens if you heat a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what happens if you heat a sharp
+compositional gradient diffusion will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional gradient diffusion will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional gradient diffusion will
+occur and diffusion increases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and diffusion increases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and diffusion increases as
+temperature rises so you are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rises so you are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rises so you are looking for
+a solder that has the lowest melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solder that has the lowest melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solder that has the lowest melting
+point possible so that you can get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point possible so that you can get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point possible so that you can get in
+and out doing minimal thermal damage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out doing minimal thermal damage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out doing minimal thermal damage in
+fact when you design one of these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when you design one of these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when you design one of these large
+devices you have in your design scheme a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you have in your design scheme a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices you have in your design scheme a
+budget a thermal budget and you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget a thermal budget and you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget a thermal budget and you look at
+processing roots that consume less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing roots that consume less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing roots that consume less
+energy not only because you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy not only because you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy not only because you want to be
+energy efficient from a manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient from a manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient from a manufacturing
+standpoint but because every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but because every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint but because every time you
+put jewels of energy in you run the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put jewels of energy in you run the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put jewels of energy in you run the risk
+of having more and more diffusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having more and more diffusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having more and more diffusion and
+those sharp PN Junctions will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sharp PN Junctions will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sharp PN Junctions will become
+diffused PN Junctions and as our feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused PN Junctions and as our feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffused PN Junctions and as our feature
+size is getting smaller and smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is getting smaller and smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is getting smaller and smaller the
+diffusion distance are shorter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion distance are shorter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion distance are shorter and
+shorter and you've got less time before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and you've got less time before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and you've got less time before
+you've blurred those interfaces and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've blurred those interfaces and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've blurred those interfaces and then
+the device is useless so right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device is useless so right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device is useless so right now
+there's a huge effort to look at lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge effort to look at lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge effort to look at lead
+free solders lead mercifully has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free solders lead mercifully has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free solders lead mercifully has this
+low melting tic below 200 Dees Celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low melting tic below 200 Dees Celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low melting tic below 200 Dees Celsius
+that's the good news the bad news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good news the bad news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the good news the bad news is
+it's lead and so now we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lead and so now we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lead and so now we've got two
+Alternatives and that's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives and that's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alternatives and that's something that
+you're going to be faced with either we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be faced with either we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be faced with either we
+have something that is lead free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that is lead free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that is lead free and
+very costly more costly than the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very costly more costly than the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very costly more costly than the device
+itself or we have something that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or we have something that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or we have something that is not
+terribly effective it cold freezes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly effective it cold freezes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly effective it cold freezes in
+the joint and joints pop off and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint and joints pop off and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint and joints pop off and so on
+so this is a tic diagram indicating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a tic diagram indicating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a tic diagram indicating the
+the value of of freezing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of of freezing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of of freezing point
+depression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depression in
+processing last day I showed you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing last day I showed you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing last day I showed you how to
+use compositional variation let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use compositional variation let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use compositional variation let's look
+at how we make silicon this is the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how we make silicon this is the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how we make silicon this is the iron
+silicon phase diagram iron silicon phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon phase diagram iron silicon phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon phase diagram iron silicon phase
+diagram a little bit messy but I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram a little bit messy but I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram a little bit messy but I draw
+your attention to the top right corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to the top right corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention to the top right corner
+uh unfortunately this one is drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately this one is drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately this one is drawn the
+other way around it's got iron on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around it's got iron on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way around it's got iron on the
+left and silicon on the right and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and silicon on the right and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and silicon on the right and I want
+to draw your attention to dilute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw your attention to dilute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw your attention to dilute
+concentrations of iron in Silicon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of iron in Silicon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of iron in Silicon so
+we've normally been looking at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've normally been looking at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've normally been looking at things
+from the left but I'll I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left but I'll I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left but I'll I think you're
+capable of flipping that around in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of flipping that around in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of flipping that around in your
+mind and what do you notice you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and what do you notice you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and what do you notice you notice
+that the alpha region of iron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha region of iron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha region of iron and
+silicon isn't present there that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon isn't present there that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon isn't present there that is to
+say that there's only a tiny tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there's only a tiny tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there's only a tiny tiny
+solubility for iron and silicon so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility for iron and silicon so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility for iron and silicon so if we
+want to purify remember we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to purify remember we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to purify remember we're starting
+with something really cheap we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something really cheap we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something really cheap we're
+starting with beach sand and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with beach sand and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with beach sand and we need to
+go to 59 that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+99.999% Purity and iron is death to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999% Purity and iron is death to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999% Purity and iron is death to a
+silicon micro device we got to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon micro device we got to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon micro device we got to get the
+iron out one of the ways to get iron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron out one of the ways to get iron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron out one of the ways to get iron out
+is to start with something in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start with something in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start with something in the liquid
+so this is pure iron over here pardon me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pure iron over here pardon me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pure iron over here pardon me
+this is pure silicon over on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pure silicon over on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pure silicon over on the left
+side so I've turned that phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I've turned that phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I've turned that phase diagram
+around pure silicon and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around pure silicon and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around pure silicon and this
+is percent iron and I want to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is percent iron and I want to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is percent iron and I want to get the
+the iron out and I'm not going to boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron out and I'm not going to boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron out and I'm not going to boil
+this stuff off and use fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff off and use fractional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff off and use fractional
+distillation these things are too high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation these things are too high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distillation these things are too high
+melting they they melt at such high temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting they they melt at such high temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting they they melt at such high temp
+temperatures they boil at such high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures they boil at such high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures they boil at such high
+temperatures I don't know what I contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures I don't know what I contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures I don't know what I contain
+them in so what we can do so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in so what we can do so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in so what we can do so this is the
+melting point of silicon it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point of silicon it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point of silicon it's the
+melting point of pure silicon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point of pure silicon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point of pure silicon which is
+about 1430 degre what I could do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1430 degre what I could do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1430 degre what I could do is I
+could take something let's say this is c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take something let's say this is c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take something let's say this is c
+not the original impurity level of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the original impurity level of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the original impurity level of iron
+in silicum what I can do is I could cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silicum what I can do is I could cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in silicum what I can do is I could cool
+this melt down into the two-phase regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this melt down into the two-phase regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this melt down into the two-phase regime
+and hold and what happens if I hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold and what happens if I hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hold and what happens if I hold it
+in the two-phase regime this is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two-phase regime this is Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the two-phase regime this is Alpha
+this is liquid so this must be slush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is liquid so this must be slush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is liquid so this must be slush
+Alpha plus liquid it's going to phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus liquid it's going to phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus liquid it's going to phase
+separate and what do I see the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and what do I see the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and what do I see the solid
+phase here has a value of iron at CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase here has a value of iron at CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase here has a value of iron at CS
+Which is less than C KN so the solid has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than C KN so the solid has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than C KN so the solid has
+less iron in it it's a p higher Purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less iron in it it's a p higher Purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less iron in it it's a p higher Purity
+silicon and the liquid has C L and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and the liquid has C L and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and the liquid has C L and what
+do we find we see that CS is less than C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find we see that CS is less than C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we find we see that CS is less than C
+is less than c l and this is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than c l and this is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than c l and this is the lowest
+value of iron so now I can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of iron so now I can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of iron so now I can take this
+stuff out throw it in to another furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out throw it in to another furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out throw it in to another furnace
+melt it and cool it and what happens I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt it and cool it and what happens I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt it and cool it and what happens I
+keep as I did with the distillation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep as I did with the distillation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep as I did with the distillation I
+keep chasing it up now granted I lose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep chasing it up now granted I lose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep chasing it up now granted I lose a
+lot of material but I'm gaining material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of material but I'm gaining material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of material but I'm gaining material
+that has very very low levels so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has very very low levels so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has very very low levels so again
+what's happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that
+this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase
+separation phase separation leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation phase separation leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation phase separation leads to
+compositional differentiation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional differentiation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional differentiation and that's
+the that's the Paradigm compositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the Paradigm compositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the Paradigm compositional
+differentiation so we can do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so we can do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation so we can do it with
+differentiation we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation we can do this
+with we can do this with liquid vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we can do this with liquid vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with we can do this with liquid vapor
+and do a distillation or we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a distillation or we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a distillation or we can do it
+this way which is a a solidification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way which is a a solidification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way which is a a solidification so
+this this is called so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is called so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is called so this is the
+impurity the iron is a solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity the iron is a solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity the iron is a solute
+impurity and we say what is happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity and we say what is happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurity and we say what is happening in
+this process is the iron impurity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is the iron impurity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is the iron impurity is
+being rejected up into the liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rejected up into the liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being rejected up into the liquid phase
+so when we're holding here what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're holding here what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we're holding here what we have
+is remember iron the Silicon is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember iron the Silicon is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is remember iron the Silicon is less
+dense than its liquid so this is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense than its liquid so this is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense than its liquid so this is high
+Purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity
+silicon High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Purity and this is low purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity and this is low purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Purity and this is low purity
+silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon
+liquid now if I take this throw it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid now if I take this throw it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid now if I take this throw it into
+another furnace melt it I can do it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another furnace melt it I can do it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another furnace melt it I can do it over
+and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again
+so this is called Zone melting Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Zone melting Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called Zone melting Zone
+melting I'll show you how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting I'll show you how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting I'll show you how that works
+where people speed the whole thing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people speed the whole thing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people speed the whole thing up
+you take a giant salami of of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a giant salami of of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a giant salami of of silicon
+which now the standard is 12 in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now the standard is 12 in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now the standard is 12 in in
+diameter so this thing is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter so this thing is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter so this thing is a single
+Crystal of silicon 12 in in diameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal of silicon 12 in in diameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal of silicon 12 in in diameter and
+several meters long so we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several meters long so we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several meters long so we're not going
+to take that single Crystal and remount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that single Crystal and remount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that single Crystal and remount
+it what we can do inad instead is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we can do inad instead is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we can do inad instead is put
+some induction coils around it if we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some induction coils around it if we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some induction coils around it if we put
+induction coils around it and send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction coils around it and send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction coils around it and send a
+current through it what will happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through it what will happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through it what will happen is
+this will get so hot that it'll melt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will get so hot that it'll melt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will get so hot that it'll melt and
+by surface tension forces I can contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by surface tension forces I can contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by surface tension forces I can contain
+the the molten Zone here and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the molten Zone here and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the molten Zone here and what
+happens if I hold this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I hold this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I hold this long
+enough I eventually drop the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I eventually drop the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I eventually drop the temperature
+and I get phase separation so on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get phase separation so on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get phase separation so on the one
+side I'm going to get accumulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm going to get accumulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I'm going to get accumulation of
+the impurity and then I can drag this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impurity and then I can drag this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impurity and then I can drag this
+through and sweep all the impurities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and sweep all the impurities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and sweep all the impurities
+down to one end and chop that end off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to one end and chop that end off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to one end and chop that end off
+and then I could do it again why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I could do it again why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I could do it again why don't I
+do one again why don't I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one again why don't I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one again why don't I just have
+another set of coils like this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of coils like this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of coils like this and then
+another set of coils like this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of coils like this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of coils like this and so
+the stuff melts freezes melts freezes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff melts freezes melts freezes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff melts freezes melts freezes
+melts freezes all the garbage gets sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts freezes all the garbage gets sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts freezes all the garbage gets sent
+down to the end chop this off and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the end chop this off and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the end chop this off and now we
+have 59 silicon exploiting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 59 silicon exploiting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 59 silicon exploiting the
+compositional differentiation in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional differentiation in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional differentiation in that
+two-phase regime so that's that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase regime so that's that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase regime so that's that's really
+that's really good yeah so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good yeah so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good yeah so that's this
+this is used in scrap metal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used in scrap metal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used in scrap metal processing
+it's used in uh making high Purity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used in uh making high Purity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used in uh making high Purity uh
+silicon if you ever find yourself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon if you ever find yourself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon if you ever find yourself in the
+in the North Atlantic you could use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the North Atlantic you could use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the North Atlantic you could use this
+for desalination because you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for desalination because you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for desalination because you know that
+it's uh if you looked at that phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh if you looked at that phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh if you looked at that phase
+diagram what you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what you have is
+the composition of ice and salt water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition of ice and salt water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composition of ice and salt water is
+very nearly pure water there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nearly pure water there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nearly pure water there's very
+little salt content so this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little salt content so this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little salt content so this is called
+Zone melting Zone melting or Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone melting Zone melting or Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone melting Zone melting or Zone
+refining Zone melting is the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining Zone melting is the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining Zone melting is the technique
+Zone refining is the the is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone refining is the the is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone refining is the the is the result
+we get the Purity up okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the Purity up okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the Purity up okay so now let's
+look at another use of this let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another use of this let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at another use of this let's look
+at a use of this in context of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a use of this in context of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a use of this in context of uh of
+champagne and at the same time honor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne and at the same time honor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne and at the same time honor and
+inventor so this the person I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor so this the person I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor so this the person I want to
+talk about is Madame Nicole Barb Pon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is Madame Nicole Barb Pon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is Madame Nicole Barb Pon
+sardan and she was a young lady who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sardan and she was a young lady who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sardan and she was a young lady who
+married franois clo of the Cleo uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married franois clo of the Cleo uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married franois clo of the Cleo uh
+family that owns a large champagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that owns a large champagne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family that owns a large champagne
+Winery and she was widowed at the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winery and she was widowed at the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Winery and she was widowed at the age of
+27 and in an that was untypical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and in an that was untypical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and in an that was untypical of
+French women of her day instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French women of her day instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French women of her day instead of just
+receding and being a silent partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding and being a silent partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receding and being a silent partner
+letting the winery go about its business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the winery go about its business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the winery go about its business
+she took control of the winery and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she took control of the winery and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she took control of the winery and uh
+really became very aggressive about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really became very aggressive about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really became very aggressive about how
+this wine should be made so she did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wine should be made so she did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wine should be made so she did all
+of these things which was uh unheard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things which was uh unheard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things which was uh unheard of
+by anybody at the time marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anybody at the time marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anybody at the time marketing
+champagne to the courts of Europe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne to the courts of Europe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne to the courts of Europe and
+you know making the myth that champagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know making the myth that champagne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know making the myth that champagne
+is this magical beverage it was drunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this magical beverage it was drunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this magical beverage it was drunk
+only in pretty much only in France at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in pretty much only in France at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in pretty much only in France at
+the time bought land in the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time bought land in the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time bought land in the best
+Vineyards to control the chemistry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vineyards to control the chemistry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vineyards to control the chemistry this
+is all about chemical control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about chemical control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all about chemical control of the
+product fought fiercely against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product fought fiercely against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product fought fiercely against
+counterfeiting use the court system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeiting use the court system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeiting use the court system to
+uh prosecute people who sold wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prosecute people who sold wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prosecute people who sold wine
+masquerading as champagne strict quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masquerading as champagne strict quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masquerading as champagne strict quality
+control procedures all of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control procedures all of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control procedures all of this sort of
+thing making sure that the chemistry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing making sure that the chemistry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing making sure that the chemistry is
+under control produced the first Rosé
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control produced the first Rosé
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control produced the first Rosé
+champagne again good chemistry leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne again good chemistry leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne again good chemistry leaving
+the the um the skin on the on the juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the skin on the on the juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the um the skin on the on the juice
+and then oversaw this invention of a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then oversaw this invention of a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then oversaw this invention of a new
+technology which brings together f phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which brings together f phas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which brings together f phas
+diagrams that's why I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that's why I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams that's why I'm talking about
+you think I'm talking about it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think I'm talking about it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think I'm talking about it just
+because I want to talk about champagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to talk about champagne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to talk about champagne
+this is an application of phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an application of phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an application of phase diagrams
+so first of all the problem the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all the problem the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all the problem the problem
+is that back in the 18 uh late 1700s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that back in the 18 uh late 1700s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that back in the 18 uh late 1700s
+champagne was cloudy champagne was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne was cloudy champagne was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne was cloudy champagne was
+cloudy that's why the champagne glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy that's why the champagne glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloudy that's why the champagne glasses
+have all the cut facets on them so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the cut facets on them so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the cut facets on them so you
+obscure the mil the the cloudiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure the mil the the cloudiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure the mil the the cloudiness of
+the beverage it was actually ugly it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beverage it was actually ugly it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beverage it was actually ugly it was
+it bubbled but it was very cloudy why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bubbled but it was very cloudy why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bubbled but it was very cloudy why
+well we need some chemistry to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need some chemistry to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need some chemistry to make
+champag or to make any wine you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champag or to make any wine you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champag or to make any wine you start
+with sugar and you react it with yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sugar and you react it with yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sugar and you react it with yeast
+the yeast attacks the sugar liberating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast attacks the sugar liberating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeast attacks the sugar liberating
+CO2 and converting sugar to alcohol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and converting sugar to alcohol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and converting sugar to alcohol and
+it's it's it's a One-Stop shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a One-Stop shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's a One-Stop shopping
+everything's on the grape the sugar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's on the grape the sugar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's on the grape the sugar is
+in the grape juice and the yeast is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grape juice and the yeast is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grape juice and the yeast is in
+the grape skin so you just press it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grape skin so you just press it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grape skin so you just press it and
+stand back okay but there are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand back okay but there are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand back okay but there are some other
+byproducts of this reaction and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts of this reaction and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byproducts of this reaction and these
+are various insolubles so when the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various insolubles so when the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various insolubles so when the stuff
+is sitting in a big barrel and CO2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting in a big barrel and CO2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sitting in a big barrel and CO2 is
+bubbling out and alcohol is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbling out and alcohol is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbling out and alcohol is being
+created there's all this solid stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created there's all this solid stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created there's all this solid stuff
+that's coming out of the the grape pulp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out of the the grape pulp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming out of the the grape pulp
+and so some of it sits to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of it sits to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so some of it sits to the bottom
+automatically and some of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and some of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and some of it is
+suspended and so if we want to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended and so if we want to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended and so if we want to treat
+this stuff you've got to either use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff you've got to either use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff you've got to either use
+chemical coagulants to get these fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical coagulants to get these fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical coagulants to get these fine
+particles that are in suspension to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are in suspension to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are in suspension to grow
+to a large enough size that they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a large enough size that they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a large enough size that they'll
+gravity settle or you siphon and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity settle or you siphon and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity settle or you siphon and this is
+the typical way with wines well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical way with wines well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical way with wines well you
+can't siphon a champagne or you lose all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't siphon a champagne or you lose all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't siphon a champagne or you lose all
+the bubbles because you keep the lid on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubbles because you keep the lid on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubbles because you keep the lid on
+the the barrel and that's what traps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the barrel and that's what traps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the barrel and that's what traps the
+CO2 so if you open the barrel to siphon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so if you open the barrel to siphon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so if you open the barrel to siphon
+you lose all the gas and now you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose all the gas and now you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose all the gas and now you end up
+with a flat champagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flat champagne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a flat champagne
+so up until 1800 people just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up until 1800 people just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so up until 1800 people just put the
+stuff in the bottle put the cork on tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the bottle put the cork on tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the bottle put the cork on tra
+the CO2 and then when you went to pour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CO2 and then when you went to pour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CO2 and then when you went to pour
+the champagne all this sediment would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the champagne all this sediment would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the champagne all this sediment would
+come off the bottom which explains why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off the bottom which explains why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come off the bottom which explains why
+the bottle looks like this it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle looks like this it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle looks like this it's got
+these deep ruts so that you can keep as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deep ruts so that you can keep as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these deep ruts so that you can keep as
+much of the sludge on the bottom but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the sludge on the bottom but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the sludge on the bottom but you
+know it's gassing and this stuff gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's gassing and this stuff gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's gassing and this stuff gets
+churned up and so on by the way you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churned up and so on by the way you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churned up and so on by the way you know
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+while I'm talking about this I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm talking about this I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm talking about this I need
+to can't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to can't do this
+without teaching you how to chill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without teaching you how to chill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without teaching you how to chill
+champagne using heat transfer so how not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne using heat transfer so how not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne using heat transfer so how not
+to chill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to chill
+champagne how not to do it this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne how not to do it this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne how not to do it this is how
+most people do it but you're 3091 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people do it but you're 3091 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people do it but you're 3091 so you
+you know how not to do it you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how not to do it you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how not to do it you do not
+simply put ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this is lousy heat transfer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is lousy heat transfer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is lousy heat transfer because
+what do we have here here's the glass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here here's the glass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here here's the glass of
+the bottle and here's chunks of ice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle and here's chunks of ice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle and here's chunks of ice so
+this is probably I don't know minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably I don't know minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably I don't know minus 5
+degre C and there's all this air in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degre C and there's all this air in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degre C and there's all this air in here
+and the air is at room temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air is at room temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the air is at room temperature so
+this is sloppy so what should we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sloppy so what should we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sloppy so what should we do
+instead what we're going to do instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what we're going to do instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what we're going to do instead
+is we're going to use the ice water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to use the ice water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to use the ice water
+phase diagram we're going to flood this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram we're going to flood this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram we're going to flood this
+with water and now I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water and now I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water and now I'm going to have
+intimate liquid solid contact and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate liquid solid contact and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate liquid solid contact and this
+thing will be thermostated at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will be thermostated at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will be thermostated at zero
+Pardon Me 0 degre C because that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon Me 0 degre C because that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon Me 0 degre C because that you
+know from the PT diagram that's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that's how you chill anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's how you chill anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's how you chill anything you
+chill your soda your fruit juice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill your soda your fruit juice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill your soda your fruit juice
+whatever heat transfer okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever heat transfer okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever heat transfer okay so
+now so she had the idea how are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so she had the idea how are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so she had the idea how are we going
+to get rid of all this sludge she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of all this sludge she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of all this sludge she says
+turn the bottles upside down turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the bottles upside down turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the bottles upside down turn the
+bottles upside down and in fact she knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles upside down and in fact she knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottles upside down and in fact she knew
+the optimum angle was 45° and then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum angle was 45° and then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum angle was 45° and then have
+people turn the bottle so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people turn the bottle so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people turn the bottle so that the
+sludge spirals its way down into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sludge spirals its way down into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sludge spirals its way down into the
+underside of the plug of the bottle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underside of the plug of the bottle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underside of the plug of the bottle and
+this is called uh Ru to turn and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called uh Ru to turn and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called uh Ru to turn and there
+are people that spend their lives doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people that spend their lives doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people that spend their lives doing
+this quarter turn quarter turn quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quarter turn quarter turn quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quarter turn quarter turn quarter
+turn quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn quarter
+turn and then she said now you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and then she said now you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and then she said now you say well
+that's really dumb how's she going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really dumb how's she going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really dumb how's she going to
+get the sludge out from underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sludge out from underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sludge out from underneath the
+uh cap of the bottle well look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cap of the bottle well look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cap of the bottle well look at this
+phase diagram if you mix salt with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram if you mix salt with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram if you mix salt with water
+you get a brine that freezes at- 21° C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a brine that freezes at- 21° C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a brine that freezes at- 21° C
+and if you intersect that with the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you intersect that with the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you intersect that with the phase
+diagram of alcohol water there's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of alcohol water there's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of alcohol water there's about
+10% alcohol in champagne that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% alcohol in champagne that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% alcohol in champagne that will
+freeze at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze at a
+temperature a little bit higher so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a little bit higher so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature a little bit higher so what
+will happen is you will make an ice plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is you will make an ice plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is you will make an ice plug
+in the neck of the bottle by immersing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neck of the bottle by immersing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neck of the bottle by immersing
+the bottle upside down in brine so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle upside down in brine so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottle upside down in brine so it's
+the marriage of this and the knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marriage of this and the knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marriage of this and the knowledge
+of the face separation in the liquidous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the face separation in the liquidous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the face separation in the liquidous
+regime you form solid ice starting at 0°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime you form solid ice starting at 0°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime you form solid ice starting at 0°
+C so you form an ice plug here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so you form an ice plug here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so you form an ice plug here in the
+neck of the bottle and then all you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck of the bottle and then all you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck of the bottle and then all you do
+after the ice plug has formed what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the ice plug has formed what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the ice plug has formed what you
+can do is turn this upside right side up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is turn this upside right side up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is turn this upside right side up
+you undo the cork it uh Heats from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you undo the cork it uh Heats from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you undo the cork it uh Heats from the
+outside in as soon as you get a skim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside in as soon as you get a skim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside in as soon as you get a skim
+coat of water on the outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat of water on the outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat of water on the outside the
+pressure blows the cork out takes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure blows the cork out takes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure blows the cork out takes all
+the sludge you quickly recap it and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sludge you quickly recap it and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sludge you quickly recap it and now
+you have clarified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have clarified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have clarified
+champagne and that's how every bottle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne and that's how every bottle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne and that's how every bottle of
+champagne is made to this day thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne is made to this day thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne is made to this day thanks to
+her invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her invention
+positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively
+brilliant so just to uh here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant so just to uh here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant so just to uh here's the
+here's the summary of it you contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the summary of it you contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the summary of it you contain the
+leaves uh in the plug of ice just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves uh in the plug of ice just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves uh in the plug of ice just before
+disgorgement and let this go now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgorgement and let this go now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgorgement and let this go now the
+French are very traditional they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French are very traditional they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French are very traditional they they
+still have people turning quarter turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have people turning quarter turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have people turning quarter turn
+but there are a few wineries that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a few wineries that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are a few wineries that have
+given into mechanization and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given into mechanization and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given into mechanization and they have
+this large device that actually shakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large device that actually shakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large device that actually shakes
+all of the bottles that are set at 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the bottles that are set at 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the bottles that are set at 45°
+angles and they call this Jiro pet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and they call this Jiro pet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles and they call this Jiro pet uh
+there is a in the California champagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a in the California champagne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a in the California champagne
+wineries they also have such a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wineries they also have such a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wineries they also have such a thing
+it's called VM which stands and I kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called VM which stands and I kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called VM which stands and I kid
+you not this is California very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not this is California very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not this is California very large
+machine that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what dude very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dude very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dude very large
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+dude all right so if you understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude all right so if you understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude all right so if you understand this
+phase diagram you know what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram you know what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram you know what's going on
+in here so all right well now let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so all right well now let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here so all right well now let me say
+a few words about the final exam I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words about the final exam I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words about the final exam I'm
+going to let this thing chill and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let this thing chill and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let this thing chill and then
+then what I'm going to do I'll make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'm going to do I'll make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'm going to do I'll make a
+few personal observations once I open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few personal observations once I open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few personal observations once I open
+that bottle the class is over so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bottle the class is over so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bottle the class is over so that's
+the way it's going to work all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to work all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to work all right so
+the final exam is on the 15th in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final exam is on the 15th in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final exam is on the 15th in the
+morning Johnson Athletics Center be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning Johnson Athletics Center be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning Johnson Athletics Center be
+there at 9:00 don't show up late three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at 9:00 don't show up late three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at 9:00 don't show up late three
+hours but not three times the work of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but not three times the work of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but not three times the work of a
+monthly test intensive coverage since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly test intensive coverage since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monthly test intensive coverage since
+test three and extensive coverage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test three and extensive coverage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test three and extensive coverage of
+everything else you get one eight sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else you get one eight sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else you get one eight sheet
+not one and a half not two one 1 8 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one and a half not two one 1 8 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one and a half not two one 1 8 1/2
+by 11 bring your periodic table your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 11 bring your periodic table your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 11 bring your periodic table your
+table of constants a calculator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of constants a calculator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table of constants a calculator and
+something to write with so there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write with so there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to write with so there's the
+five items a sheet periodic table table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five items a sheet periodic table table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five items a sheet periodic table table
+of constant calculator and Pen always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant calculator and Pen always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constant calculator and Pen always
+the same five items I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same five items I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same five items I'm not going to do
+anything different from the monthly test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different from the monthly test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything different from the monthly test
+about comparable difficulty it's redempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about comparable difficulty it's redempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about comparable difficulty it's redempt
+I want you to I want you to pass you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to I want you to pass you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to I want you to pass you got
+to show me you've learned something read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show me you've learned something read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show me you've learned something read
+the entire exam show your work solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire exam show your work solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire exam show your work solve
+algebraically try not to waste time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically try not to waste time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically try not to waste time on
+intermediate calculations remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate calculations remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate calculations remain
+confident don't give up because you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident don't give up because you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident don't give up because you feel
+your first couple of questions aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first couple of questions aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first couple of questions aren't
+going your way just stay there you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going your way just stay there you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going your way just stay there you you
+paid your price of admission sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid your price of admission sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid your price of admission sit there
+for 3 hours it's warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3 hours it's warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 3 hours it's warm
+right academic honesty is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right academic honesty is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right academic honesty is going to be
+600 of us in the Johnson Athletics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 of us in the Johnson Athletics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 of us in the Johnson Athletics
+Center keep your eyes on your own work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center keep your eyes on your own work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center keep your eyes on your own work I
+do not want to have any episodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to have any episodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to have any episodes
+involving academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving academic
+dishonesty and believe me I several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishonesty and believe me I several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dishonesty and believe me I several
+years ago a couple of fellas decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago a couple of fellas decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago a couple of fellas decided
+that the strength of two is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the strength of two is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the strength of two is greater than
+one and I ended up having to bring him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I ended up having to bring him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I ended up having to bring him
+before the committee on discipline which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the committee on discipline which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the committee on discipline which
+took a huge amount of my time which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a huge amount of my time which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a huge amount of my time which I
+was not happy about and one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not happy about and one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not happy about and one of those
+people did not return for for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did not return for for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did not return for for his
+sophomore year it's a dumb price to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore year it's a dumb price to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophomore year it's a dumb price to pay
+for a class that's a pass no record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a class that's a pass no record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a class that's a pass no record
+class do do the best but do your own um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class do do the best but do your own um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class do do the best but do your own um
+overall grade scheme is based on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall grade scheme is based on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall grade scheme is based on many
+factors including Trends so those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors including Trends so those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors including Trends so those of you
+who had hard time at the beginning if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had hard time at the beginning if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had hard time at the beginning if I
+see if I see an emergence and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I see an emergence and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I see an emergence and I don't
+I'm saying you have to write a 95 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying you have to write a 95 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying you have to write a 95 on the
+final to compensate for a 30 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final to compensate for a 30 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final to compensate for a 30 on the
+first test but if I see that you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first test but if I see that you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first test but if I see that you've made
+the effort and learning is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort and learning is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effort and learning is happening
+your ta can V for you I'm inclined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta can V for you I'm inclined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ta can V for you I'm inclined to
+pass you look I if I take the if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass you look I if I take the if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass you look I if I take the if I take
+the batteries out of this watch it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batteries out of this watch it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the batteries out of this watch it's
+right twice a day all right give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right twice a day all right give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right twice a day all right give me
+something to point to give me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to point to give me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to point to give me something
+to point to but you can't tell me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point to but you can't tell me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point to but you can't tell me that
+you understood the material but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understood the material but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understood the material but you
+never passed one thing you know and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never passed one thing you know and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never passed one thing you know and if
+you're going to pass one thing I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pass one thing I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pass one thing I'd
+recommend it be the final and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it be the final and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it be the final and by the way
+I'm looking at the other Trend too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the other Trend too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at the other Trend too and
+if I see people who think that hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I see people who think that hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I see people who think that hey I
+only need two on the final and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need two on the final and I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need two on the final and I'll get
+a 50 and you somehow don't make the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 50 and you somehow don't make the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 50 and you somehow don't make the 50
+even though you had a passing grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you had a passing grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you had a passing grade
+going in the final you're gone you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the final you're gone you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the final you're gone you're
+gone because that's says to me you gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone because that's says to me you gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone because that's says to me you gave
+up you stopped learning it around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you stopped learning it around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you stopped learning it around uh
+Veterans Day so I think it's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veterans Day so I think it's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Veterans Day so I think it's I think
+it's brinksmanship to decide you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brinksmanship to decide you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's brinksmanship to decide you're
+going to go into the final and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into the final and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into the final and maybe
+just answer one or two questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just answer one or two questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just answer one or two questions and
+leave but I leave the choice up to you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave but I leave the choice up to you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave but I leave the choice up to you I
+don't tell people how to live their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell people how to live their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell people how to live their
+lives but I will make you aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but I will make you aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but I will make you aware of the
+consequences of a really bad final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of a really bad final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of a really bad final
+doesn't look good uh you can have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look good uh you can have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look good uh you can have your
+exam papers back we should have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam papers back we should have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam papers back we should have them
+graded um and uh you should have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded um and uh you should have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graded um and uh you should have them
+available to you by Friday afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you by Friday afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you by Friday afternoon
+don't come and see us before then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come and see us before then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come and see us before then we're
+we're busy grading we're busy tabulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're busy grading we're busy tabulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're busy grading we're busy tabulating
+grades there'll be a grades meeting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades there'll be a grades meeting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades there'll be a grades meeting on
+Friday morning we'll discuss all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday morning we'll discuss all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday morning we'll discuss all the
+cases I go through everything there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I go through everything there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases I go through everything there's no
+time limit for appeals but uh I assure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time limit for appeals but uh I assure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time limit for appeals but uh I assure
+you if if someone is going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if if someone is going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if if someone is going to get a
+grade that's not going to pass them I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade that's not going to pass them I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade that's not going to pass them I'm
+going to personally go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to personally go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to personally go through that
+paper make sure there's no clerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper make sure there's no clerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper make sure there's no clerical
+errors check the grading work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors check the grading work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors check the grading work with the
+Tas we're not going to fail somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas we're not going to fail somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tas we're not going to fail somebody
+because oh uh gee I thought that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh uh gee I thought that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because oh uh gee I thought that was a
+uh a three it looks like it's an eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a three it looks like it's an eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a three it looks like it's an eight
+oh too bad no we're going to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh too bad no we're going to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh too bad no we're going to make sure
+it's done right okay so we'll be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done right okay so we'll be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done right okay so we'll be very
+careful um and you can bring them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful um and you can bring them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful um and you can bring them back
+in for regrades if you want but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for regrades if you want but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for regrades if you want but I will
+put some security measures in place um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some security measures in place um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some security measures in place um
+the uh the practice of erasing answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the practice of erasing answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the practice of erasing answers
+and and rewriting them is not a smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and rewriting them is not a smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and rewriting them is not a smart
+thing to do because what happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do because what happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do because what happens you
+like them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drink you have terrible taste you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you have terrible taste you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink you have terrible taste you have
+terrible taste I'm drinking champagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now a case of champagne a case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now a case of champagne a case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now a case of champagne a case of
+champagne I would have said Kel finess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne I would have said Kel finess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne I would have said Kel finess
+but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sage okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sage okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sage okay
+um so to to deal with the to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to to deal with the to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so to to deal with the to deal with
+the possible eventuality that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible eventuality that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible eventuality that somebody
+in a moment of weakness might erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment of weakness might erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment of weakness might erase
+something we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to
+indiscriminately photocopy about 5% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminately photocopy about 5% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indiscriminately photocopy about 5% of
+the exams so if you decide you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exams so if you decide you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exams so if you decide you want to
+erase someone bring it in and get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase someone bring it in and get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase someone bring it in and get it
+regraded question you got to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regraded question you got to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regraded question you got to ask
+yourself is do you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lucky do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky do you
+all right so this is 3091 we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is 3091 we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is 3091 we've been
+we've gone a long way you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone a long way you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone a long way you know we
+started started a long time ago bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started started a long time ago bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started started a long time ago bonding
+structure went through the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure went through the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure went through the different
+types of bonding structured properties a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of bonding structured properties a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of bonding structured properties a
+lot of learning went on in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of learning went on in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of learning went on in this class
+stability instability chemical reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability instability chemical reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability instability chemical reactions
+diffusion phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion phase
+Transformations and now phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and now phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations and now phase diagrams
+so I want to make a few personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to make a few personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to make a few personal
+observations and say that uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and say that uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and say that uh you should
+be proud of what you've learned this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proud of what you've learned this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be proud of what you've learned this was
+an ambitious syllabus and uh uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambitious syllabus and uh uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambitious syllabus and uh uh I'm
+convinced that that people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that that people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that that people are going to
+have something that they can move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that they can move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that they can move on to
+their Majors with uh next year secondly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Majors with uh next year secondly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Majors with uh next year secondly
+I want to wish you much success on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to wish you much success on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to wish you much success on the
+final I'm not out to fail anybody I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final I'm not out to fail anybody I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final I'm not out to fail anybody I'd
+love to pass everybody but you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to pass everybody but you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to pass everybody but you got to
+give me something to point to and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me something to point to and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me something to point to and I've
+given you as much information as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you as much information as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you as much information as I can
+about how to succeed on the final but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to succeed on the final but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to succeed on the final but
+you know if worst comes to worst and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if worst comes to worst and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if worst comes to worst and you
+don't make it what's supposed the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it what's supposed the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it what's supposed the worst
+thing happens you're requireed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens you're requireed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens you're requireed a
+withdraw from The Institute so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw from The Institute so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdraw from The Institute so what
+remember one thing that no grade that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one thing that no grade that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one thing that no grade that
+anybody gives you here is a commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody gives you here is a commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody gives you here is a commentary
+on your value as a human being all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your value as a human being all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your value as a human being all right
+look I have no degrees from this place I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I have no degrees from this place I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I have no degrees from this place I
+feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great third thing I want to say is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great third thing I want to say is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great third thing I want to say is I've
+been teaching in MIT for 27 years this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching in MIT for 27 years this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching in MIT for 27 years this
+is my 27th year and I've uh never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my 27th year and I've uh never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my 27th year and I've uh never
+enjoyed teaching as much as I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed teaching as much as I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed teaching as much as I have this
+year you've really been a joy to teach I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you've really been a joy to teach I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you've really been a joy to teach I
+can't believe I said that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't believe I said that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't believe I said that with a
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+face I want to thank my staff my Tas my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face I want to thank my staff my Tas my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face I want to thank my staff my Tas my
+tutors administrators I had Hillary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors administrators I had Hillary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutors administrators I had Hillary and
+and Lori helping Professor Ballinger who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lori helping Professor Ballinger who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lori helping Professor Ballinger who
+subbed for me when I had a chance to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbed for me when I had a chance to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbed for me when I had a chance to go
+up to Halifax and give a lecture about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to Halifax and give a lecture about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to Halifax and give a lecture about
+3091 the audiovisual text and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 the audiovisual text and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 the audiovisual text and the the
+the fellas outside from the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fellas outside from the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fellas outside from the academic
+media production uh group that takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media production uh group that takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media production uh group that takes the
+videos and gets them up on the web so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and gets them up on the web so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and gets them up on the web so
+that you can uh avoid coming to class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can uh avoid coming to class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can uh avoid coming to class I
+mean to review what you what you failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to review what you what you failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to review what you what you failed
+to catch the first time round as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch the first time round as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch the first time round as you
+paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid
+attention um and I guess the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention um and I guess the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention um and I guess the the the
+last thing I wanted to do before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I wanted to do before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I wanted to do before we can
+uh get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get to the
+get to the uh to the champagne and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the uh to the champagne and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the uh to the champagne and uh
+and the course evaluations Dwayne dri is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the course evaluations Dwayne dri is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the course evaluations Dwayne dri is
+here from my uh Department's academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from my uh Department's academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from my uh Department's academic
+office actually Dwayne you're free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office actually Dwayne you're free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office actually Dwayne you're free to
+start Distributing those forms um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Distributing those forms um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start Distributing those forms um you
+know there's one more chemistry lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's one more chemistry lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's one more chemistry lesson
+that that we have to get to and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we have to get to and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we have to get to and that is
+uh you know we talked about four types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we talked about four types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we talked about four types
+of primary bonds ionic calent metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primary bonds ionic calent metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primary bonds ionic calent metallic
+and vandals well there's a fifth type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vandals well there's a fifth type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vandals well there's a fifth type of
+primary Bond and that's the kind of bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary Bond and that's the kind of bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary Bond and that's the kind of bond
+that's been forming in this room for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been forming in this room for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been forming in this room for the
+past 14 weeks it's a bond between people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 14 weeks it's a bond between people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 14 weeks it's a bond between people
+and it's a very special kind of bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very special kind of bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a very special kind of bond
+because it has the property of can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has the property of can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has the property of can never
+be broken can never be broken and um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken can never be broken and um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be broken can never be broken and um so
+you say well that sounds kind of sappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well that sounds kind of sappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well that sounds kind of sappy
+and so on yeah it does because a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on yeah it does because a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on yeah it does because a student
+came up with it I didn't come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with it I didn't come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with it I didn't come up with
+it I I I learned I learned this I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I I learned I learned this I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I I I learned I learned this I I've
+been teaching a core graduate class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching a core graduate class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been teaching a core graduate class in
+in Material Science for about 10 years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Material Science for about 10 years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Material Science for about 10 years I
+was at a conference and um I saw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at a conference and um I saw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was at a conference and um I saw these
+two people standing uh one of them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people standing uh one of them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people standing uh one of them was
+from industry and one of them I taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from industry and one of them I taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from industry and one of them I taught
+uh here at MIT it was in a lump so I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here at MIT it was in a lump so I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here at MIT it was in a lump so I go
+up you know say hello and a fell from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know say hello and a fell from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you know say hello and a fell from
+Ministry says hey do you know so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry says hey do you know so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry says hey do you know so and so
+and I said yeah of course he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said yeah of course he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said yeah of course he was a
+student of mine at MIT I was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student of mine at MIT I was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student of mine at MIT I was his
+kinetics professor and uh the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics professor and uh the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics professor and uh the student
+says excuse me Professor sway it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says excuse me Professor sway it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says excuse me Professor sway it's true
+um you taught me kinetics but please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you taught me kinetics but please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you taught me kinetics but please
+don't say you were my kinetics Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say you were my kinetics Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say you were my kinetics Professor
+you will always be my kinetics professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will always be my kinetics professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will always be my kinetics professor
+and I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoa I mean that's he came up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa I mean that's he came up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa I mean that's he came up with that
+so so now the tables are turned and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now the tables are turned and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now the tables are turned and now
+you know it's time for you to move on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's time for you to move on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's time for you to move on so
+with you you know I I know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you you know I I know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you you know I I know that you're
+going to do something remarkable in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something remarkable in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do something remarkable in in
+your professional lives I hope it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professional lives I hope it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professional lives I hope it's
+remarkably wonderful and not remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably wonderful and not remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably wonderful and not remarkably
+stupid but you know at some point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid but you know at some point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid but you know at some point uh
+people might ask you where did you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might ask you where did you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might ask you where did you learn
+your Chemistry you'll have to say sway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chemistry you'll have to say sway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chemistry you'll have to say sway
+at MIT so whether you like it or not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT so whether you like it or not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT so whether you like it or not I
+will always be your Chemistry Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be your Chemistry Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be your Chemistry Professor
+and now I want to find out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to find out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to find out what's going
+on inside here so first we have to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inside here so first we have to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on inside here so first we have to open
+this so take the wire off the mesh off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so take the wire off the mesh off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so take the wire off the mesh off
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ising tenure means never having to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ising tenure means never having to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ising tenure means never having to say
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry 27 years I've been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 27 years I've been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 27 years I've been doing
+this okay so we got this off now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so we got this off now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so we got this off now how
+many turns at a wire basket one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many turns at a wire basket one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many turns at a wire basket one two
+three four five six always six six turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six always six six turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five six always six six turns
+with a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a wire
+basket there's V cico Her Image is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket there's V cico Her Image is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basket there's V cico Her Image is on
+the top and honor now we put at a 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and honor now we put at a 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and honor now we put at a 45
+degree angle we turn it ever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slightly beautiful just soft not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly beautiful just soft not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly beautiful just soft not this
+you know vulgarity that's what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vulgarity that's what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know vulgarity that's what goes on
+in football locker rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in football locker rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in football locker rooms
+that's so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I've been waiting 14 weeks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so this is the CO2 uh out gassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the CO2 uh out gassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is the CO2 uh out gassing
+you know that phase diagram it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that phase diagram it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that phase diagram it's all
+about phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about phase
+diagrams put that back on ice so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams put that back on ice so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams put that back on ice so when
+Don Peron first drank champagne he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don Peron first drank champagne he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don Peron first drank champagne he said
+I feel as though I'm drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Stars he's right he's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars he's right he's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars he's right he's right
+okay the class is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the class is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the class is over
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NSaucwkypPI.txt b/NSaucwkypPI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08ac0fb5efe0f18588ee9232b2d32ba6397b0d8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NSaucwkypPI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+today is our last discussion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is our last discussion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is our last discussion and the
+topic today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic today
+is building with dna we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building with dna we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is building with dna we're going to
+cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover
+four topics today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think you will find them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you will find them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think you will find them both
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+and useful the first is genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful the first is genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful the first is genetic
+engineering i'll talk about what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i'll talk about what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i'll talk about what that is
+well then talk about something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then talk about something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then talk about something called
+restriction endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+we'll talk about vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about vectors
+and ligation and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ligation and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ligation and then we'll talk about
+something that has the abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has the abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has the abbreviation
+pcr let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcr let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcr let's start with
+the topic of genetic engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of genetic engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic of genetic engineering
+i bet you've heard of this another word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bet you've heard of this another word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bet you've heard of this another word
+for genetic engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for genetic engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for genetic engineering
+is recombinant dna technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recombinant dna technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recombinant dna technology
+recombinant dna technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant dna technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombinant dna technology
+and what it really means is making dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it really means is making dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it really means is making dna
+constructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions
+in the lab building with dna the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab building with dna the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab building with dna the title
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+discussion today dna construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today dna construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion today dna construction
+in the lab something that people do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab something that people do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab something that people do to
+build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build
+dna molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecules and
+one of the aspects of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the aspects of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the aspects of genetic
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+the subtopics that is really crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtopics that is really crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtopics that is really crucial
+is called molecular cloning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called molecular cloning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called molecular cloning
+and that refers to making lots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that refers to making lots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that refers to making lots of the
+same dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same dna
+making lots of the same dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making lots of the same dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making lots of the same dna
+and lots of the same dna or molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of the same dna or molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of the same dna or molecules of
+dna that are all very similar to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna that are all very similar to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna that are all very similar to one
+another or identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another or identical
+are called clones now why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called clones now why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called clones now why would you
+want to do that let's take a moment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that let's take a moment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that let's take a moment to
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at some of the power of genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the power of genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the power of genetic
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+and give you a sense of why we are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a sense of why we are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give you a sense of why we are even
+having this discussion today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this discussion today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this discussion today
+and why this is part of your getting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why this is part of your getting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why this is part of your getting up
+to speed in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genetic engineering is everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering is everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic engineering is everywhere
+there are genetically modified animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are genetically modified animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are genetically modified animals
+some of them are kind of fun like fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are kind of fun like fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are kind of fun like fish
+that glow in the dark different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glow in the dark different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that glow in the dark different colors
+some of them are for research like mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are for research like mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are for research like mice
+that have been genetically engineered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been genetically engineered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been genetically engineered to
+glow green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow green
+or to glow green in different tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to glow green in different tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to glow green in different tissues
+some of them are for food cattle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are for food cattle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are for food cattle that
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+engineered so that they produce much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered so that they produce much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered so that they produce much
+leaner meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaner meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaner meat
+or chickens that have been engineered so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chickens that have been engineered so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chickens that have been engineered so
+they don't have any feathers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have any feathers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have any feathers
+and are easier to process after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are easier to process after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are easier to process after they
+have been killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been killed
+plants are genetically engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants are genetically engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants are genetically engineered
+again some of them for food for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some of them for food for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some of them for food for example
+rice which is one of the staple crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice which is one of the staple crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice which is one of the staple crops
+of our planet lacks a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our planet lacks a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our planet lacks a specific
+substance called beta-carotene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance called beta-carotene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance called beta-carotene and
+beta-carotene is required for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-carotene is required for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-carotene is required for
+vitamin a production which is essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin a production which is essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin a production which is essential
+for life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life
+you can genetically engineer rice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can genetically engineer rice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can genetically engineer rice so
+that it produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it produces
+beta-carotene and this is not scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-carotene and this is not scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta-carotene and this is not scary
+it's just useful and then finally there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just useful and then finally there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just useful and then finally there
+is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot
+of health use of genetic engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health use of genetic engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of health use of genetic engineering
+one can manufacture particular human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can manufacture particular human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can manufacture particular human
+proteins by genetic engineering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins by genetic engineering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins by genetic engineering for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+insulin one can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin one can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin one can think about
+going and curing human diseases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and curing human diseases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and curing human diseases that are
+caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by
+variant genes that have bad effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant genes that have bad effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant genes that have bad effects
+deleterious effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleterious effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleterious effects
+maybe even by replacing the faulty gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even by replacing the faulty gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even by replacing the faulty gene
+with the normal gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the normal gene
+although that is right out there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that is right out there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that is right out there at the
+limits of what is ethically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of what is ethically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of what is ethically
+permissible and is presently not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible and is presently not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible and is presently not
+something that we're doing in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're doing in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're doing in humans
+but genetic engineering is everywhere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but genetic engineering is everywhere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but genetic engineering is everywhere it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+really interesting it is really cool and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it is really cool and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it is really cool and
+it is really fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really fundamental
+to biology today let us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biology today let us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to biology today let us think
+therefore how you do genetic engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how you do genetic engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore how you do genetic engineering
+that's what we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to talk about
+today how do you build with dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today how do you build with dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today how do you build with dna
+and let's consider the kind of global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's consider the kind of global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's consider the kind of global
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+of building a new dna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building a new dna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building a new dna molecule
+in with the use of genetic engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the use of genetic engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the use of genetic engineering
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+and then we'll go through step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go through step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll go through step by step
+how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do
+each of the sub steps involved here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the sub steps involved here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the sub steps involved here then
+are some basic steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some basic steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some basic steps of
+building a recombinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a recombinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a recombinant
+dna molecule where the term recombinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecule where the term recombinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna molecule where the term recombinant
+means that the dna comes from two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the dna comes from two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the dna comes from two or
+more sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sources
+the first thing that you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that you need to do
+is to think about what you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about what you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about what you're going to
+engineer obviously and you'll usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer obviously and you'll usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer obviously and you'll usually
+have some gene of interest which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some gene of interest which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some gene of interest which will
+abbreviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate
+goi you're going to isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goi you're going to isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goi you're going to isolate
+the dna that encodes the gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna that encodes the gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna that encodes the gene of
+interest or part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or part of it
+and to do that you usually cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that you usually cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that you usually cut out
+the gene of interest from some larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene of interest from some larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene of interest from some larger
+piece of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of dna
+remember we talked about chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about chromosomes
+being long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being long
+strings of genes and other dna all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of genes and other dna all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of genes and other dna all
+joined together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joined together
+if you're going to get your gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to get your gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to get your gene of
+interest or part of it you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or part of it you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest or part of it you have to be
+able to isolate it from the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to isolate it from the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to isolate it from the chromosome
+so that is one of the first steps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is one of the first steps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is one of the first steps this
+cutting out of the gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting out of the gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting out of the gene of interest
+and then you want to take your gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to take your gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to take your gene of
+interest and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest and put it
+in some environment so that you can grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some environment so that you can grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some environment so that you can grow
+lots of it and the way you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of it and the way you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of it and the way you do that
+is to paste it paste your gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to paste it paste your gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to paste it paste your gene of
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+into a vector where a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vector where a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vector where a vector
+is a carrier a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a carrier a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a carrier a vector
+is a carrier of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a carrier of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a carrier of dna
+of extra dna it itself is dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra dna it itself is dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra dna it itself is dna
+and it has the property that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the property that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has the property that it
+replicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+very avidly and so you can grow lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very avidly and so you can grow lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very avidly and so you can grow lots of
+your clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clone
+so a vector is a carrier of extra dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a vector is a carrier of extra dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a vector is a carrier of extra dna
+that replicates and because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that replicates and because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that replicates and because it
+replicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicates
+you can get lots of your clone dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get lots of your clone dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get lots of your clone dna
+lots of clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of clone
+dna that's the basic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna that's the basic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna that's the basic process
+and what we're going to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to talk about today
+are two parts of this really we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two parts of this really we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two parts of this really we're going
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+cutting out your gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting out your gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting out your gene of interest
+and we're going to talk about pasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about pasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to talk about pasting
+your gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gene of interest
+into a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a vector
+if you look at the schematic that i drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the schematic that i drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the schematic that i drew
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you
+the different steps are shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different steps are shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different steps are shown here
+starting off with cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off with cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting off with cells
+we open up the cells we break them open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we open up the cells we break them open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we open up the cells we break them open
+we extract the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we extract the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we extract the dna
+we cut and isolate the gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut and isolate the gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut and isolate the gene of interest
+and then we insert or paste the gene of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we insert or paste the gene of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we insert or paste the gene of
+interest into a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest into a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest into a vector
+that gives us a recombinant clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a recombinant clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a recombinant clone
+because the vector can replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the vector can replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the vector can replicate
+we can grow a lot of gene of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can grow a lot of gene of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can grow a lot of gene of interest
+dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+and then we can do things with that dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can do things with that dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can do things with that dna
+it can be used to make rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used to make rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used to make rna
+which can then be transcribed which then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then be transcribed which then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can then be transcribed which then
+can then be translated into a protein of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be translated into a protein of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be translated into a protein of
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+and that protein of interest may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that protein of interest may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that protein of interest may be
+insulin can then be purified in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin can then be purified in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin can then be purified in the lab
+and modified if necessary and used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modified if necessary and used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and modified if necessary and used as a
+human therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human therapeutic
+we're going to start by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start by talking about
+cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting
+the dna and that is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna and that is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna and that is done
+with reagents called restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reagents called restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with reagents called restriction
+endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonucleases
+restriction endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+these are enzymes they're proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are enzymes they're proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are enzymes they're proteins and
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+enzymes biological catalysts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes biological catalysts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes biological catalysts that
+precisely cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely cut
+dna sometimes they're called molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sometimes they're called molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna sometimes they're called molecular
+scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors
+and they do so because the proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do so because the proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they do so because the proteins that
+are the restriction endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the restriction endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the restriction endonucleases
+recognize particular dna sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize particular dna sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize particular dna sequences
+sequences of bases in the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of bases in the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of bases in the dna
+they bind to those sequences and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind to those sequences and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bind to those sequences and then
+they have activity so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have activity so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have activity so they can
+break the double-stranded dna in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the double-stranded dna in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the double-stranded dna in very
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ways let's write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways let's write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways let's write that down
+these are enzymes that precisely cut dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are enzymes that precisely cut dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are enzymes that precisely cut dna
+they recognize they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recognize they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recognize they
+bind and they cut specific dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind and they cut specific dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind and they cut specific dna
+sequences and once they've done their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and once they've done their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences and once they've done their
+cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting
+there are two types of ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two types of ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two types of ends of the
+cut dna these ends are either called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut dna these ends are either called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut dna these ends are either called
+blunt or they are called sticky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt or they are called sticky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt or they are called sticky
+and you're going to need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to need to know the
+difference and we'll follow through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we'll follow through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and we'll follow through this
+on the next couple of boards let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next couple of boards let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the next couple of boards let's start
+off by talking about blunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by talking about blunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by talking about blunt
+restriction endonucleases and blunt ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases and blunt ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases and blunt ends
+after restriction enzyme or endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after restriction enzyme or endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after restriction enzyme or endonuclease
+cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting
+and we'll use for example an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use for example an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use for example an enzyme
+that is called sma1 so blunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called sma1 so blunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called sma1 so blunt
+ended restriction endonucleases i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended restriction endonucleases i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended restriction endonucleases i'm
+going to abbreviate restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to abbreviate restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to abbreviate restriction
+endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease
+re and the example we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re and the example we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re and the example we'll use
+is s big s small ma1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s big s small ma1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s big s small ma1
+sma1 refers to a particular bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sma1 refers to a particular bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sma1 refers to a particular bacterium
+from which these restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which these restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which these restriction
+endonuclease this restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease this restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease this restriction
+endonuclease was isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease was isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endonuclease was isolated
+restriction enzymes are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction enzymes are part of the
+bacterial defense system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial defense system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial defense system
+so that if the bacterium is invaded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if the bacterium is invaded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if the bacterium is invaded by a
+virus that is a dna virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus that is a dna virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus that is a dna virus
+these enzymes will cut up the viral dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enzymes will cut up the viral dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these enzymes will cut up the viral dna
+and render it non-pathogenic okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and render it non-pathogenic okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and render it non-pathogenic okay and
+now we use these enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use these enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use these enzymes
+for genetic engineering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for genetic engineering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for genetic engineering the
+sma-1 recognition site looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sma-1 recognition site looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sma-1 recognition site looks like this
+ccc ggg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccc ggg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ccc ggg
+five prime to three prime on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime to three prime on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime to three prime on the top
+strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+and you know now what the complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know now what the complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know now what the complementary
+strand looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand looks like
+it is three prime g g g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is three prime g g g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is three prime g g g
+c c c five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c five prime
+when sma one recognizes this site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sma one recognizes this site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sma one recognizes this site
+it makes two cuts it cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes two cuts it cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes two cuts it cuts
+one strand here and one strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand here and one strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand here and one strand
+opposite okay we can also indicate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite okay we can also indicate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite okay we can also indicate these
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+arrows and a vertical line there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and a vertical line there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and a vertical line there are a
+number of different notations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different notations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different notations you can
+use to indicate where the restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to indicate where the restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to indicate where the restriction
+enzyme cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme cuts
+and out of this come two dna fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of this come two dna fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of this come two dna fragments
+one of them looks like five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them looks like five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them looks like five prime
+c c c three prime and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c three prime and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c three prime and on the other
+strand of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of course
+g g g three prime to five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g g g three prime to five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g g g three prime to five prime
+antiparallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparallel
+and the other fragment looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other fragment looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other fragment looks like
+five prime g g g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime g g g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime g g g
+three prime and three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime and three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime and three prime
+c c c five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c five prime
+you can see that the ends of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the ends of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the ends of the two
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+are flush there's no nucleotide sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flush there's no nucleotide sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are flush there's no nucleotide sticking
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+no base sticking out on either end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no base sticking out on either end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no base sticking out on either end
+that's why this is called a blunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is called a blunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is called a blunt
+cutter a blunt-ended restriction enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter a blunt-ended restriction enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter a blunt-ended restriction enzyme
+cutter okay so both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter okay so both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutter okay so both of these
+are made you can also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made you can also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made you can also see
+that the sma1 site is a palindrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sma1 site is a palindrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sma1 site is a palindrome
+this is the recognition site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the recognition site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the recognition site
+for sma-1 it is a palindrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sma-1 it is a palindrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sma-1 it is a palindrome
+and many restriction recognition sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many restriction recognition sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many restriction recognition sites
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good let's look at a sticky ended site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's look at a sticky ended site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good let's look at a sticky ended site
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+oh a sticky end restriction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a sticky end restriction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh a sticky end restriction
+enzyme and the example we'll use here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and the example we'll use here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and the example we'll use here
+is called eco r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called eco r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called eco r1
+and it has a recognition site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a recognition site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a recognition site
+that goes five prime g a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes five prime g a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes five prime g a
+a t t c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t t c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a t t c
+three prime and on its other strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime and on its other strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime and on its other strand
+c t t a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c t t a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c t t a a
+g five prime okay you can see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g five prime okay you can see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g five prime okay you can see now
+one of the many reasons you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the many reasons you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the many reasons you need to know
+about complementarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about complementarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about complementarity
+is so you can easily fill in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you can easily fill in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so you can easily fill in the other
+strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+eco r1 cuts in a different way than sma1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 cuts in a different way than sma1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eco r1 cuts in a different way than sma1
+it cuts after this g on that strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cuts after this g on that strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cuts after this g on that strand
+and the matching g on the other strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the matching g on the other strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the matching g on the other strand
+and we can put an arrow here if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can put an arrow here if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can put an arrow here if we want
+and i sometimes put a line right across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sometimes put a line right across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sometimes put a line right across
+where the cut is going to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cut is going to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cut is going to be made
+and now we have to figure out after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to figure out after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to figure out after the
+cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut
+what are the two pieces of dna that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two pieces of dna that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two pieces of dna that are
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
+look like and the easiest way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and the easiest way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and the easiest way to do this
+is start at the cut either at the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start at the cut either at the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is start at the cut either at the arrow
+or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your
+slash line and kind of peel away the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash line and kind of peel away the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash line and kind of peel away the dna
+until you get to the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the place
+where the other strand is cut okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the other strand is cut okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the other strand is cut okay
+so let's draw this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw this now
+we'll have five prime g on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have five prime g on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have five prime g on the one
+strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+and on the other strand we'll have c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other strand we'll have c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other strand we'll have c
+t t a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t a a
+five prime three prime never forget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime three prime never forget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime three prime never forget to
+put in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in those
+five primes and those three primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five primes and those three primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five primes and those three primes
+that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the
+top piece from the top looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top piece from the top looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top piece from the top looks like
+how about the piece from the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the piece from the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the piece from the bottom
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+we have five prime a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five prime a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have five prime a a
+t t c three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t c three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t t c three prime
+and we have on the other strand a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have on the other strand a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have on the other strand a g
+okay that's what we get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what we get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what we get these
+ends are sticky because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends are sticky because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends are sticky because
+there is single stranded dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is single stranded dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is single stranded dna
+that is left after the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is left after the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is left after the cut
+and the single stranded dna is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the single stranded dna is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the single stranded dna is able to
+base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair
+and it is therefore sticky with regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is therefore sticky with regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is therefore sticky with regard
+to its ability to base pair that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its ability to base pair that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its ability to base pair that's where
+the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term
+sticky end comes from so here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky end comes from so here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticky end comes from so here again
+is the recognition site for eco-r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the recognition site for eco-r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the recognition site for eco-r1
+and again it's a palindrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's a palindrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's a palindrome
+r1 leaves a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 leaves a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 leaves a five
+prime overhang that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime overhang that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime overhang that means
+that there is more dna towards the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is more dna towards the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is more dna towards the five
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+end than the three prime end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end than the three prime end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end than the three prime end
+in the sticky cut there are also enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sticky cut there are also enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sticky cut there are also enzymes
+and i'll show you on a slide in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you on a slide in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll show you on a slide in a moment
+that leave a three prime overhang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leave a three prime overhang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leave a three prime overhang
+so this region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this region here
+is a five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a five prime
+overhang and there are i'll make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang and there are i'll make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang and there are i'll make the
+note there are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note there are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note there are both
+five prime and three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime and three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime and three prime
+overhang sticky ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang sticky ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang sticky ended
+restriction endonucleases res
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases res
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases res
+okay let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take a look
+at a couple of slides here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of slides here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a couple of slides here there are
+thousands of restriction endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of restriction endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of restriction endonucleases
+as i mentioned they were all they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned they were all they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned they were all they were
+all named after the bacterium from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all named after the bacterium from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all named after the bacterium from which
+they were isolated so eco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were isolated so eco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were isolated so eco
+r1 from e coli pst1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 from e coli pst1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r1 from e coli pst1
+from providencia and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from providencia and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from providencia and so on
+you can see the double-stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the double-stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the double-stranded
+recognition site in the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition site in the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition site in the dna
+and on this diagram the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this diagram the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this diagram the structure of the
+cleaved products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved products
+you can look through books of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look through books of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look through books of
+restriction endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+and you can find something that cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find something that cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find something that cuts
+exactly where you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly where you want it to
+in the dna and you can get therefore a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dna and you can get therefore a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dna and you can get therefore a
+very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise
+cut in a piece of dna when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in a piece of dna when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut in a piece of dna when you want to
+do a cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a cut
+and paste to make a recombinant clone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste to make a recombinant clone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste to make a recombinant clone
+i've redrawn for you the smart one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've redrawn for you the smart one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've redrawn for you the smart one
+sma 1 or eco r1 sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sma 1 or eco r1 sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sma 1 or eco r1 sites
+and then on the bottom of this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the bottom of this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the bottom of this slide
+i've also put in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've also put in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've also put in another
+site which leaves sticky three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which leaves sticky three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which leaves sticky three prime
+overhang ends and this is pst1 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang ends and this is pst1 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhang ends and this is pst1 and you
+can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here
+that there is extra unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is extra unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is extra unpaired
+single-stranded dna sticking out towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded dna sticking out towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-stranded dna sticking out towards
+the three prime end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end
+of each of the ends of the cut dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of the ends of the cut dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of the ends of the cut dna
+one thing i want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i want to emphasize
+is that these restriction endonuclease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these restriction endonuclease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that these restriction endonuclease
+sites are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites are in
+a whole big piece of dna we draw them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole big piece of dna we draw them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole big piece of dna we draw them
+just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as
+the six base pair or the four base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six base pair or the four base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six base pair or the four base pair
+or the eight base pair cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the eight base pair cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the eight base pair cut
+site but of course they are joined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site but of course they are joined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site but of course they are joined to
+long pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long pieces
+of dna on either side good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna on either side good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna on either side good
+now you've had some information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've had some information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've had some information about
+restriction endonucleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction endonucleases
+i want you to go to the class assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to go to the class assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to go to the class assignment
+and practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practice
+doing some restriction enzyme work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OVZPEUzXbqM.txt b/OVZPEUzXbqM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7dc08f40ce321ce9a48e57ec1aa09b743b69ce0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OVZPEUzXbqM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started spring seems to be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started spring seems to be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started spring seems to be giving
+everybody energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody energy
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um I wanted to continue talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to continue talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to continue talking about
+emis and filter design and most of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emis and filter design and most of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emis and filter design and most of what
+I'm talking about is in uh principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about is in uh principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about is in uh principles of
+Power Electronics chapter 26 plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics chapter 26 plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Electronics chapter 26 plus some
+additional handouts uh that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional handouts uh that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional handouts uh that are going
+around and also posted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and also posted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and also posted on
+canvas just as a reminder last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas just as a reminder last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas just as a reminder last time we
+talked a little bit about how one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about how one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a little bit about how one goes
+about measuring Emi and we said okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring Emi and we said okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about measuring Emi and we said okay you
+know if I have some converter you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have some converter you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have some converter you know
+could be a buck converter is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a buck converter is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a buck converter is our
+canonical example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical example here
+um and it's drawing some really pulsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's drawing some really pulsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's drawing some really pulsy
+ating current from its input that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating current from its input that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating current from its input that's
+going to look like you know sort of iix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like you know sort of iix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like you know sort of iix
+is some big pulsation at the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some big pulsation at the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some big pulsation at the switching
+frequency right and then I could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right and then I could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right and then I could say
+well maybe I have some input filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I have some input filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I have some input filter that
+maybe here I'm just going to say is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe here I'm just going to say is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe here I'm just going to say is some
+capacitor right at minimum I always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor right at minimum I always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor right at minimum I always have
+a capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capacitor
+here okay and we said well if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and we said well if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and we said well if I just
+connected this up to some Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected this up to some Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected this up to some Source
+impedance Zu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance Zu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance Zu
+subs or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subs or some
+you know some voltage source V Subs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some voltage source V Subs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some voltage source V Subs with
+a source impeding Z Subs I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source impeding Z Subs I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a source impeding Z Subs I would
+probably run into trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run into trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run into trouble with
+repeatability because depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatability because depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatability because depending upon
+what zest looked like I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what zest looked like I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what zest looked like I would get
+different voltages VX and maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voltages VX and maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different voltages VX and maybe I'll
+call this current um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suby right on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby right on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby right on the other side of the
+filter and so it's kind of problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and so it's kind of problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and so it's kind of problematic
+from a a repeatability point of view so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a repeatability point of view so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a a repeatability point of view so
+if I want to test to some standards I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to test to some standards I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to test to some standards I
+need some better way of basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some better way of basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some better way of basically
+controlling the impedence we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the impedence we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the impedence we're looking
+back into and so to do that when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into and so to do that when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into and so to do that when we're
+doing Emi testing alone we come in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Emi testing alone we come in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Emi testing alone we come in an
+ins certain additional stage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins certain additional stage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins certain additional stage in
+here okay which I'll draw an orange and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay which I'll draw an orange and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay which I'll draw an orange and
+this would look like something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would look like something like
+this right I'll have some box that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right I'll have some box that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right I'll have some box that is
+part of my test setup called a lizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my test setup called a lizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of my test setup called a lizen
+line impedance stabilization Network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line impedance stabilization Network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line impedance stabilization Network and
+it will at minimum have some L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will at minimum have some L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will at minimum have some L
+lizen and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lizen and then I will connect this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizen and then I will connect this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizen and then I will connect this up
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to some impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some impedance
+analyzer that is usually 50 ohms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer that is usually 50 ohms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer that is usually 50 ohms right
+so if I looked at the impedance looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I looked at the impedance looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I looked at the impedance looking
+back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this
+way okay I would High Emi frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay I would High Emi frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay I would High Emi frequencies
+when this becomes an open circuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this becomes an open circuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this becomes an open circuit and
+this becomes a short circuit I'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a short circuit I'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes a short circuit I'll look
+back into the Spectrum analyzer and pons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the Spectrum analyzer and pons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the Spectrum analyzer and pons
+which is usually 50 ohms and I'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually 50 ohms and I'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is usually 50 ohms and I'll make
+my tests that way okay so we kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tests that way okay so we kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tests that way okay so we kind of get
+rid of the variability in the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the variability in the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the variability in the source
+impedance for testing purposes only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance for testing purposes only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance for testing purposes only by
+doing that okay and I should say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that okay and I should say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that okay and I should say this is
+actually a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a slight
+simplification in most in most systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification in most in most systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification in most in most systems
+you actually put a separate lizen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put a separate lizen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put a separate lizen on the
+hot lead the power lead and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot lead the power lead and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot lead the power lead and on the
+ground lead and you measure the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground lead and you measure the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground lead and you measure the response
+of the lizen on both and and the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lizen on both and and the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lizen on both and and the usual
+method you do is you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you do is you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you do is you're looking at the
+frequency content of what goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content of what goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency content of what goes into the
+Spectrum analyzer here typically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum analyzer here typically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum analyzer here typically for
+conducted Ami between 150 khz to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted Ami between 150 khz to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducted Ami between 150 khz to 30
+megahertz but that again depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz but that again depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz but that again depends upon
+the standard you're comparing it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard you're comparing it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard you're comparing it to some
+military standards go down to much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military standards go down to much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military standards go down to much lower
+frequencies and all the details what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and all the details what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and all the details what are
+the lizen values what is the test setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lizen values what is the test setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lizen values what is the test setup
+look like Etc that's all part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like Etc that's all part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like Etc that's all part of a
+standard that you adhere to to test your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that you adhere to to test your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that you adhere to to test your
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um but what we the the basic idea is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what we the the basic idea is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what we the the basic idea is as
+follows if I think about I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows if I think about I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows if I think about I have some
+Ripple frequency I'll call it iix Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency I'll call it iix Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency I'll call it iix Tilda
+here you know which might be some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know which might be some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know which might be some large
+signal I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal I put it
+back into my filter capacitor or my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into my filter capacitor or my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into my filter capacitor or my my
+filter more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter more broadly
+here it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's just
+CF and then that goes back into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF and then that goes back into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF and then that goes back into some
+impedance which in the test stand only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance which in the test stand only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance which in the test stand only
+ends up looking like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up looking like our
+lizen okay and I can measure either uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizen okay and I can measure either uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizen okay and I can measure either uh
+this current I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current I'll call it
+iy um or the more accurately in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy um or the more accurately in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy um or the more accurately in terms of
+the actual test specifications the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual test specifications the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual test specifications the
+voltage across the lizen impedance um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the lizen impedance um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across the lizen impedance um in
+order to make my measurements and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make my measurements and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make my measurements and any
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we said
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um we need to design a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need to design a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need to design a filter
+here okay a capacitor is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay a capacitor is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay a capacitor is not going to
+cut it because you know for typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it because you know for typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it because you know for typical
+specifications you know who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications you know who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications you know who knows what
+this is maybe this is tens of amps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe this is tens of amps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is maybe this is tens of amps
+typically the current I'm allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the current I'm allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the current I'm allowed to
+squirt back into here is on the orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirt back into here is on the orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirt back into here is on the orders
+of tens of microamps it's really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tens of microamps it's really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tens of microamps it's really small
+okay um so we usually need to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so we usually need to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so we usually need to design a
+higher order filter than that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order filter than that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order filter than that and so
+what we've thought about is building uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've thought about is building uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've thought about is building uh
+with a basic filter stage so if here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a basic filter stage so if here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a basic filter stage so if here's
+my converter that's driving noise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my converter that's driving noise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my converter that's driving noise and
+I'm going to call this I ex til and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this I ex til and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this I ex til and
+again you know whatever this determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know whatever this determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know whatever this determined
+by the converter I will put this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the converter I will put this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the converter I will put this into
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and
+um you know here maybe I would think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know here maybe I would think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know here maybe I would think of
+having some filter capacitor CF and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some filter capacitor CF and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some filter capacitor CF and some
+filter inductance LF as a basic building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter inductance LF as a basic building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter inductance LF as a basic building
+block for a filter right and the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block for a filter right and the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block for a filter right and the notion
+is I can look back and on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can look back and on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can look back and on the other side
+of this filter you know depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this filter you know depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this filter you know depending upon
+whether I'm in my test stand I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm in my test stand I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm in my test stand I'm going
+to have I'm going to look back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have I'm going to look back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have I'm going to look back into
+something that looks like Z lizen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like Z lizen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like Z lizen which
+at high frequencies might be 50 ohms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high frequencies might be 50 ohms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high frequencies might be 50 ohms and
+at lower frequencies is something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lower frequencies is something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lower frequencies is something else
+but let me just say this goes back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just say this goes back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just say this goes back into
+some Source impedance which for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Source impedance which for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Source impedance which for the
+moment for our present discussion let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for our present discussion let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment for our present discussion let me
+just pretend it goes back into into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend it goes back into into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend it goes back into into a
+short okay and I'm interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short okay and I'm interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short okay and I'm interested in this
+current um I'm interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current um I'm interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current um I'm interested in this
+current iy Tilda the amount that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current iy Tilda the amount that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current iy Tilda the amount that's going
+back into the source in terms of IX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the source in terms of IX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the source in terms of IX
+Tilda okay and we said all right um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda okay and we said all right um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda okay and we said all right um if I
+wanted to think about the attenuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think about the attenuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think about the attenuation of
+this filter and maybe I could you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter and maybe I could you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter and maybe I could you know I
+could think of this as being going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this as being going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of this as being going back
+into Z lizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Z lizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Z lizen
+uh under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under some
+other um conditions if I'm in the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um conditions if I'm in the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um conditions if I'm in the test
+stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand
+okay maybe this filter block would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe this filter block would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe this filter block would give
+me an attenuation that would go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an attenuation that would go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an attenuation that would go the
+magnitude of i y over IX Tilda might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of i y over IX Tilda might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of i y over IX Tilda might
+look something like this you know at DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this you know at DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this you know at DC
+everything gets passed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets passed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets passed back
+okay and then well above one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then well above one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then well above one over the
+root of LF CF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of LF CF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of LF CF
+it will roll off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as 40 DB per decade or minus 40 DB per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 40 DB per decade or minus 40 DB per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 40 DB per decade or minus 40 DB per
+decade why because the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade why because the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade why because the capacitor
+impedance is falling by factor of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance is falling by factor of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance is falling by factor of 10
+every factor of 10 in frequency and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every factor of 10 in frequency and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every factor of 10 in frequency and the
+inductance impedance is Rising by factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance impedance is Rising by factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance impedance is Rising by factor
+of every factor of 10 impedance factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every factor of 10 impedance factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every factor of 10 impedance factor
+of 10 for every factor of 10 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 for every factor of 10 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 for every factor of 10 in
+frequency and hence so I get a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and hence so I get a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and hence so I get a factor of
+100 attenuation for every factor of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 attenuation for every factor of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 attenuation for every factor of 10
+in frequency okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in frequency okay and that's
+great and and I'm intentionally sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and and I'm intentionally sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and and I'm intentionally sort of
+ignoring what happens in the vicinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring what happens in the vicinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring what happens in the vicinity of
+cut off because keep in mind the cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off because keep in mind the cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off because keep in mind the cut off
+some low frequency we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low frequency we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low frequency we're going to put
+our pwm frequency and ripple frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pwm frequency and ripple frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pwm frequency and ripple frequency
+way out here somewhere so we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out here somewhere so we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out here somewhere so we're getting
+lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+attenuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation
+okay but we have to be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we have to be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we have to be a little bit
+careful because we said when we lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because we said when we lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because we said when we lay
+these filters out first of all there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these filters out first of all there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these filters out first of all there are
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+parasitics right so if I go by a filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitics right so if I go by a filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitics right so if I go by a filter
+capacitor he's not perfect so maybe he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor he's not perfect so maybe he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor he's not perfect so maybe he
+has some internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some internal
+ESR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ESR
+RR and what that would do is that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RR and what that would do is that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RR and what that would do is that would
+reduce instead of falling off like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce instead of falling off like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce instead of falling off like this
+it it start to fall off at minus 20 DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it start to fall off at minus 20 DB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it start to fall off at minus 20 DB
+per decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per decade
+because below above some frequency this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because below above some frequency this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because below above some frequency this
+shunt pass just looks like a resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt pass just looks like a resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shunt pass just looks like a resistance
+then if I keep going up and I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I keep going up and I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I keep going up and I have some
+parasitic inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic inductor
+here L parasitic then I just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here L parasitic then I just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here L parasitic then I just have a
+current divider between LF and LP and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current divider between LF and LP and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current divider between LF and LP and in
+fact this might even flatten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this might even flatten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this might even flatten
+out right so I might be thinking I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so I might be thinking I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right so I might be thinking I'm
+going to be way down here but really my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be way down here but really my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be way down here but really my
+attenuation is up here um and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation is up here um and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation is up here um and I don't
+get nearly as good a performance as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nearly as good a performance as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get nearly as good a performance as I
+hoped so this could be due to internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped so this could be due to internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped so this could be due to internal
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+parasitics okay or it could be due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitics okay or it could be due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitics okay or it could be due to
+layout parasitics you know I how I place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout parasitics you know I how I place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layout parasitics you know I how I place
+everything on the circuit Bo parasitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the circuit Bo parasitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the circuit Bo parasitic
+inductance and resistance is one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and resistance is one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance and resistance is one thing I
+worry about parasitic capacitance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about parasitic capacitance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about parasitic capacitance is
+another thing I worry about okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing I worry about okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing I worry about okay so
+that's just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a quick
+review of um last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of um last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of um last
+class but I'd like to now move forward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but I'd like to now move forward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but I'd like to now move forward a
+little bit and let's start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and let's start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and let's start thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um let's start thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start thinking about what
+happens in the vicinity of cut off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the vicinity of cut off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the vicinity of cut off all
+right so if my converter is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if my converter is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if my converter is in the
+hundreds of kilohertz you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of kilohertz you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of kilohertz you know maybe
+this is in this cut off is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in this cut off is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in this cut off is in the
+kilohertz range right it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz range right it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilohertz range right it depends on the
+system but but at any rate my cut off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but but at any rate my cut off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but but at any rate my cut off of
+my filter is going to be well below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter is going to be well below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter is going to be well below the
+switching frequency okay so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency okay so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency okay so let's think
+about what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on
+there if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if
+I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some
+converter and it's drawing some Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and it's drawing some Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and it's drawing some Ripple
+current and then I put in my filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to call this I of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this I of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call this I of Y
+Tilda okay let me just forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda okay let me just forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda okay let me just forget about the
+um lizen impedance for a moment what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lizen impedance for a moment what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lizen impedance for a moment what am
+I going to be looking back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to be looking back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going to be looking back into that
+depends what I'm going to put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what I'm going to put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what I'm going to put my
+converter into right the lizen is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter into right the lizen is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter into right the lizen is only
+there for testing this converter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for testing this converter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for testing this converter and
+this filter has to live in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter has to live in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter has to live in the real
+world where this Source impedance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where this Source impedance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where this Source impedance you
+know might even be zero for all I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might even be zero for all I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might even be zero for all I for
+all I know right so what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I know right so what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I know right so what's going to be
+happen in the vicinity of cut off well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the vicinity of cut off well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the vicinity of cut off well
+let's think about this if I plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this if I plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about this if I plotted
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+iy over IX versus frequency and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy over IX versus frequency and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iy over IX versus frequency and this is
+all on a log scale I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on a log scale I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on a log scale I should
+say right what what do we say was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right what what do we say was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right what what do we say was going
+to happen at low frequency I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen at low frequency I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen at low frequency I'm going to
+get a transfer function of one and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a transfer function of one and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a transfer function of one and high
+frequency I'm GNA go minus 40D per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decade okay the question is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade okay the question is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade okay the question is what happens
+here at cut off where is cut off one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at cut off where is cut off one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at cut off where is cut off one
+over the square Ro of LF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CF and what do I look back into at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF and what do I look back into at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF and what do I look back into at
+exactly the cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency I have an inductor in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I have an inductor in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I have an inductor in parallel
+with the capacitor at its resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capacitor at its resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the capacitor at its resonant
+frequency okay so while you know I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so while you know I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so while you know I get
+this roll off at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this roll off at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this roll off at high
+frequency and I get all the current pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I get all the current pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I get all the current pass
+pass back at DC basically at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass back at DC basically at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass back at DC basically at the
+resonance frequency LF and CF basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequency LF and CF basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance frequency LF and CF basically
+look like an open circuit right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like an open circuit right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like an open circuit right or
+what's going to happen is if I start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is if I start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is if I start to
+draw any Ripple current near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw any Ripple current near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw any Ripple current near the
+resonant frequency I'm going to get huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency I'm going to get huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency I'm going to get huge
+circulating currents in the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating currents in the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating currents in the input and
+I'm going to drive a big current y i y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drive a big current y i y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to drive a big current y i y
+back into my input right so the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into my input right so the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into my input right so the current
+gain here actually does something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain here actually does something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain here actually does something like
+this it goes off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it goes off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it goes off to
+Infinity in this simplified case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in this simplified case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity in this simplified case
+right it would do something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would do something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would do something like this
+right which is pretty bad right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is pretty bad right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is pretty bad right if you
+imagine that the converter somehow had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the converter somehow had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the converter somehow had
+some small amount that was drawing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small amount that was drawing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small amount that was drawing at
+some low frequency near this cut off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low frequency near this cut off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some low frequency near this cut off it
+would drive this input filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive this input filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive this input filter
+nuts okay another thing I could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts okay another thing I could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts okay another thing I could look at
+is I could say well what is the um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could say well what is the um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could say well what is the um what
+does the output impedance of the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the output impedance of the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the output impedance of the filter
+look like in other words the filter seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in other words the filter seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in other words the filter seen
+by the converter if I look back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the converter if I look back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the converter if I look back into
+this filter and I say what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter and I say what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter and I say what is this
+impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance
+ZX which is equal to uh VX Tilda over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX which is equal to uh VX Tilda over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX which is equal to uh VX Tilda over
+iix Tilda where this is VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix Tilda where this is VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix Tilda where this is VX
+Tilda all right what does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda all right what does that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda all right what does that look
+like well I would argue in this CA in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I would argue in this CA in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well I would argue in this CA in in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case that um at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequencies this is close to a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies this is close to a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies this is close to a short
+circuit so it looks like Omega LF and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so it looks like Omega LF and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so it looks like Omega LF and at
+high frequencies this starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies this starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies this starts to look
+like a short circuit so it becomes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a short circuit so it becomes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a short circuit so it becomes one
+over Omega CF and you get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega CF and you get the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega CF and you get the following
+Behavior I get sort of Omega LF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+get one over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one over Omega
+CF right and right at this cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF right and right at this cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF right and right at this cut off
+frequency these two are in parallel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency these two are in parallel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency these two are in parallel and
+these are resonating against each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are resonating against each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are resonating against each other
+right one has a positive admittance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one has a positive admittance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one has a positive admittance the
+other has a negative imp admittance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other has a negative imp admittance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other has a negative imp admittance and
+they cancel and this impedance would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel and this impedance would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cancel and this impedance would go
+off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to
+Infinity okay so you're looking sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so you're looking sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so you're looking sort of
+back into an open circuit that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into an open circuit that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into an open circuit that makes
+sense why this draws kind of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense why this draws kind of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense why this draws kind of high
+current you're trying to draw current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you're trying to draw current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current you're trying to draw current
+from an open circuit so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an open circuit so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an open circuit so you're going to
+get a lot of voltage Ripple here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of voltage Ripple here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of voltage Ripple here and a
+lot of resulting current Ripple back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of resulting current Ripple back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of resulting current Ripple back
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+input okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so what would I do about that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what would I do about that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what would I do about that what
+would be the kind of natural thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do better put a damping leg on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better put a damping leg on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better put a damping leg on your
+filter right so while we're sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter right so while we're sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter right so while we're sort of you
+know using this filter way out here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know using this filter way out here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know using this filter way out here to
+cut off ripple from the converter I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off ripple from the converter I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off ripple from the converter I also
+have to think about what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what it's going to
+do here now the most natural thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here now the most natural thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here now the most natural thing to
+think about doing a you know putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing a you know putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about doing a you know putting in
+a filter is maybe just putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter is maybe just putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a filter is maybe just putting a
+resistor um maybe I could put a resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor um maybe I could put a resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor um maybe I could put a resistor
+I'll call it a damping resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it a damping resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it a damping resistor
+Rd right here what would Rd do well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd right here what would Rd do well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd right here what would Rd do well if
+LF and CF or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF and CF or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF and CF or at
+resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance
+Rd is the only thing left right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd is the only thing left right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd is the only thing left right because
+these kind of cancel each other and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of cancel each other and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of cancel each other and my
+output impedance would just go to Rd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output impedance would just go to Rd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output impedance would just go to Rd so
+instead of peeking off to Infinity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of peeking off to Infinity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of peeking off to Infinity I
+would Peak off to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Peak off to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Peak off to some
+value Rd would be the maximum my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Rd would be the maximum my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Rd would be the maximum my output
+impedance if I did this and likewise if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance if I did this and likewise if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance if I did this and likewise if
+I looked at the peaking in my transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at the peaking in my transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looked at the peaking in my transfer
+function it would be limited by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it would be limited by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it would be limited by the fact
+that I was damping this and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was damping this and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was damping this and you know
+maybe it does something like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it does something like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it does something like this and
+I'm not I'm no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not I'm no longer
+unhappy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy okay
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+that anybody see a problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme yeah you're going to burn a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme yeah you're going to burn a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme yeah you're going to burn a lot
+of energy in this right I mean if I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy in this right I mean if I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy in this right I mean if I come
+back to my original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my original
+converter right I need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right I need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right I need to make
+Rd typically if I want this to be nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd typically if I want this to be nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd typically if I want this to be nicely
+damped on the order of square root of LF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped on the order of square root of LF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped on the order of square root of LF
+over CF or lower right for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CF or lower right for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CF or lower right for good
+damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+and you know I'm basically putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I'm basically putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I'm basically putting a
+resistor across the input in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor across the input in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor across the input in my
+converter that's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that's not very
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what would I do in the real world I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would I do in the real world I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would I do in the real world I'd
+say well I can't accept that being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I can't accept that being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I can't accept that being a
+very good idea but maybe what I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good idea but maybe what I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good idea but maybe what I could
+do is take this damping resistor and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take this damping resistor and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is take this damping resistor and put
+it in series with a damping capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CD okay so I'll put Rd in series with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay so I'll put Rd in series with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay so I'll put Rd in series with
+CD okay what is does that do well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay what is does that do well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay what is does that do well if
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+CD is bigger than C subf near the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD is bigger than C subf near the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD is bigger than C subf near the cut
+off one over the square of LF CF CD sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off one over the square of LF CF CD sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off one over the square of LF CF CD sort
+of looks like a short circuit and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like a short circuit and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like a short circuit and it
+looks just like Rd is in you know is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like Rd is in you know is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like Rd is in you know is in
+shun and so I'll get this nice kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shun and so I'll get this nice kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shun and so I'll get this nice kind of
+damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+if but a DC CD is an open circuit so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if but a DC CD is an open circuit so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if but a DC CD is an open circuit so I
+don't get any DC current through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any DC current through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get any DC current through here
+and so that helps me okay so this Rd CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that helps me okay so this Rd CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that helps me okay so this Rd CD
+branch is sometimes called the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is sometimes called the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch is sometimes called the damping
+leg okay and it can really do a nice job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg okay and it can really do a nice job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg okay and it can really do a nice job
+of of improving your filter design now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of improving your filter design now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of improving your filter design now
+typically CD you know depends and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically CD you know depends and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically CD you know depends and we're
+going to talk about the details of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the details of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the details of this
+typical number for CD is usually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical number for CD is usually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical number for CD is usually on the
+order of 2 to 10 times CF or two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 2 to 10 times CF or two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 2 to 10 times CF or two or
+greater times CF in order to get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater times CF in order to get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater times CF in order to get good
+enough damping but we'll we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough damping but we'll we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough damping but we'll we'll get into
+the details of that but before I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that but before I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that but before I do that
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think
+about what would happen if I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen if I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen if I put this
+damping branch in here okay how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping branch in here okay how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping branch in here okay how do I
+pick Rd or or or another question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Rd or or or another question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick Rd or or or another question I
+could ask is what does the Resonance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask is what does the Resonance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask is what does the Resonance of
+this filter look like as I vary Rd in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter look like as I vary Rd in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this filter look like as I vary Rd in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+system okay so let's take a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so let's take a look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so let's take a look at that
+um I'm going to replot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to replot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to replot it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay and I'm going to look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ZX the filter output impedance and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX the filter output impedance and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX the filter output impedance and we're
+going to come back to why I'm obsessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to why I'm obsessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to why I'm obsessed
+with what the filter output impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the filter output impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what the filter output impedance
+looks like and that's the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and that's the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and that's the sort of the
+impedance scene looking back you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance scene looking back you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance scene looking back you know
+what the converter looks back and sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the converter looks back and sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the converter looks back and sees
+and I'm doing my analysis here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm doing my analysis here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm doing my analysis here I'm just
+assuming that the source impedance out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the source impedance out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the source impedance out
+here looks like a short circuit making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looks like a short circuit making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here looks like a short circuit making
+that simplifying assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifying assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplifying assumption
+but let's think about this um I said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think about this um I said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's think about this um I said in
+the undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undamped
+case right um what would I have seen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right um what would I have seen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right um what would I have seen I
+would have seen something like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have seen something like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have seen something like this one
+over theare root of LF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theare root of LF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over theare root of LF
+CF okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF okay I
+have this is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this is Omega
+CF oops I'm sorry this is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF oops I'm sorry this is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF oops I'm sorry this is Omega
+LF and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one over Omega CF okay and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Omega CF okay and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Omega CF okay and this is
+versus frequency on a log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot and this is the magnitude of ZX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and this is the magnitude of ZX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and this is the magnitude of ZX
+okay looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay looking back
+there okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay if I
+let Rd go to Infinity it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Rd go to Infinity it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Rd go to Infinity it's basically
+like CD is not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like CD is not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like CD is not in the
+circuit right so as Rd goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right so as Rd goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit right so as Rd goes to Infinity
+what I'm going to see is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to see is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to see is something that
+looks like this this is the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this this is the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this this is the case where
+Rd goes to Infinity this is just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd goes to Infinity this is just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd goes to Infinity this is just going
+to do what the undamped system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what the undamped system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what the undamped system
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this is the case where Rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is the case where Rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is the case where Rd
+goes to Infinity so clearly I can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity so clearly I can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity so clearly I can't make
+Rd too big or the D you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd too big or the D you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd too big or the D you know even
+putting in the damping doesn't do me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the damping doesn't do me any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the damping doesn't do me any
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+right well what happens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what happens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what happens if I
+make so clearly I need to make Rd small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so clearly I need to make Rd small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so clearly I need to make Rd small
+what happens if I make Rd super small if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I make Rd super small if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I make Rd super small if
+I make Rd go to zero what happens if Rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make Rd go to zero what happens if Rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make Rd go to zero what happens if Rd
+was Zero I would just have CD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero I would just have CD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero I would just have CD in
+parallel with CF right so if I made Rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with CF right so if I made Rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with CF right so if I made Rd
+go to zero what I would see is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero what I would see is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero what I would see is something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this instead of having a cut off one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of having a cut off one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of having a cut off one
+over Omega LF CF I'm just putting CD in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega LF CF I'm just putting CD in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega LF CF I'm just putting CD in
+parallel with CF so I'd have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with CF so I'd have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with CF so I'd have some other
+place you know here it is one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you know here it is one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you know here it is one over the
+the square root of LF * CF plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of LF * CF plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of LF * CF plus
+CD okay and I'd have another cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay and I'd have another cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay and I'd have another cut
+off right um actually let me let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right um actually let me let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right um actually let me let me put
+that a little bit over to the right let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit over to the right let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit over to the right let
+me put it here just so you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it here just so you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put it here just so you can see it
+more easily so I'm going to put that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily so I'm going to put that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily so I'm going to put that cut
+off right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off right here
+okay and what I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I would get
+is um the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the same
+I would get a different high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get a different high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get a different high frequency
+ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toote actually let me put it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote actually let me put it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toote actually let me put it right
+here be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here be
+accurate okay so this would be 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay so this would be 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate okay so this would be 1 over
+Omega CF plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega CF plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega CF plus
+CD okay and I would peek up and I'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay and I would peek up and I'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD okay and I would peek up and I'd get
+something that went off to Infinity like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that went off to Infinity like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that went off to Infinity like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the case where Rd goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the case where Rd goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the case where Rd goes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero for some value of CD that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for some value of CD that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for some value of CD that I
+picked does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked does that make sense to
+everybody so this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so this is sort of a
+Goldilocks thing if you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldilocks thing if you make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldilocks thing if you make your
+damping resistor too big you get bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping resistor too big you get bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping resistor too big you get bad
+damping if you make your damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping if you make your damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping if you make your damping
+resistor too small you get terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor too small you get terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor too small you get terrible
+damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+okay and you got to for a given value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you got to for a given value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you got to for a given value of
+CD you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD you've got to
+pick the right damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the right damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the right damping
+resistance what would my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance what would my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance what would my output
+impedance look like if I picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance look like if I picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance look like if I picked the
+right one where you can show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one where you can show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one where you can show that the
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+case um through a nice bit of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um through a nice bit of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um through a nice bit of analysis
+actually goes through these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes through these two points
+so if you picked Rd Optimum right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you picked Rd Optimum right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you picked Rd Optimum right what
+you would get is something that did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it would eventually fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would eventually fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it would eventually fall off
+like this okay so that's a pretty kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so that's a pretty kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so that's a pretty kind
+of crummy drawing but this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crummy drawing but this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crummy drawing but this is sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+Rd the best Rd in terms of limiting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd the best Rd in terms of limiting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd the best Rd in terms of limiting how
+big the output impedance gets which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the output impedance gets which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the output impedance gets which we
+could take as a some kind of measure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take as a some kind of measure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take as a some kind of measure for
+how badly damped the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how badly damped the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how badly damped the filter
+is questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is questions about
+that so what do I do if I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what do I do if I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what do I do if I don't like
+that value of output resistance that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of output resistance that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value of output resistance that I
+get well if I make CD bigger I can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well if I make CD bigger I can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well if I make CD bigger I can kind
+of slide this down and then I'll pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slide this down and then I'll pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slide this down and then I'll pick a
+different value which will then bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value which will then bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value which will then bring
+this intersection Point down and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intersection Point down and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intersection Point down and we'll
+get better damping okay so I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better damping okay so I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better damping okay so I'm not going
+to derive this this is actually nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive this this is actually nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive this this is actually nicely
+derived in one of the handouts that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived in one of the handouts that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived in one of the handouts that I
+provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided
+but here's the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the final
+result um if I Define r out as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um if I Define r out as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um if I Define r out as being
+equal to the square root of LF over CF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of LF over CF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of LF over CF
+that's the out that's the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the out that's the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the out that's the characteristic
+impedance of my original LF CF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of my original LF CF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of my original LF CF
+branch and I Define n as being equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and I Define n as being equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and I Define n as being equal to
+CD over CF right so that's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD over CF right so that's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD over CF right so that's how much
+bigger is the damping capacitor compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger is the damping capacitor compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger is the damping capacitor compared
+to the filter capacitor what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the filter capacitor what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the filter capacitor what you can see
+is that Rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opt is equal to um R time sare < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt is equal to um R time sare < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opt is equal to um R time sare < TK of
+uh 2 + n * 4 + 3 n / 2 n^ 2 * 4 + n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 + n * 4 + 3 n / 2 n^ 2 * 4 + n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 + n * 4 + 3 n / 2 n^ 2 * 4 + n okay
+and this gives a z this gives a ZX Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives a z this gives a ZX Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives a z this gives a ZX Max
+if I called this ZX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Max a value that's equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max a value that's equal to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max a value that's equal to R
+* < TK 2 + n/ n okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* < TK 2 + n/ n okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* < TK 2 + n/ n okay so that
+means okay the bigger I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay the bigger I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay the bigger I choose
+n this goes down and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this goes down and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this goes down and my
+Peak output impedance of the filter goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak output impedance of the filter goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak output impedance of the filter goes
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+all right and I get essentially better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I get essentially better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and I get essentially better
+Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing uh whatever my notes say are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh whatever my notes say are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh whatever my notes say are
+correct 2 * 2 plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 2 * 2 plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct 2 * 2 plus n
+yes um now by the way you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um now by the way you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um now by the way you know these are
+nice equations a very clever analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice equations a very clever analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice equations a very clever analysis
+that shows all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the the uh and certainly this is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the uh and certainly this is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the uh and certainly this is well
+known and it's in one of the handouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the nice thing about this is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the nice thing about this is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the nice thing about this is that you
+can sort of say well how small do I or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of say well how small do I or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of say well how small do I or
+how well do damp do I want this thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well do damp do I want this thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well do damp do I want this thing I
+will pick n big enough to give me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pick n big enough to give me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pick n big enough to give me that
+and then that gives me my value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that gives me my value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that gives me my value of
+damping capacitor and away I go and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping capacitor and away I go and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping capacitor and away I go and I
+get enough kind of make my my output in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough kind of make my my output in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get enough kind of make my my output in
+P smaller my system well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P smaller my system well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P smaller my system well
+damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped
+okay now the thing we don't like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the thing we don't like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the thing we don't like about
+doing this is you say well why don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is you say well why don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this is you say well why don't I
+just make n really big and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make n really big and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make n really big and then this
+will be really well damped well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really well damped well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really well damped well the
+reason is I've got to pay for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is I've got to pay for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is I've got to pay for that
+capacitor right if he's if I'm choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor right if he's if I'm choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor right if he's if I'm choosing
+CD is 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD is 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD is 10 times
+CF well you know that's that's expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF well you know that's that's expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF well you know that's that's expensive
+right in terms of cost but also in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of cost but also in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of cost but also in terms
+of volume right because it has to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume right because it has to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume right because it has to store
+10 times the energy of CF right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times the energy of CF right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times the energy of CF right on the
+other hand CD and CF if I come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand CD and CF if I come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand CD and CF if I come back to
+this original design right CF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original design right CF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original design right CF is
+important at the the Ripple frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at the the Ripple frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important at the the Ripple frequency
+right we were talking about up here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we were talking about up here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we were talking about up here we
+were talking about well I really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about well I really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about well I really care
+about the parasitics of this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the parasitics of this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the parasitics of this filter
+capacitor in order to get good high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor in order to get good high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor in order to get good high
+frequency attenuation so cf's job the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency attenuation so cf's job the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency attenuation so cf's job the
+filter capacitor job is really to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter capacitor job is really to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter capacitor job is really to help
+me attenuate the high Ripple frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me attenuate the high Ripple frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me attenuate the high Ripple frequencies
+he wants to be a really good capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to be a really good capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to be a really good capacitor
+okay for high frequency on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for high frequency on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for high frequency on the other
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+CD is really operative near the cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD is really operative near the cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD is really operative near the cut off
+which is orders of magnitude lower so CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is orders of magnitude lower so CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is orders of magnitude lower so CD
+doesn't have to be a great capacitor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a great capacitor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be a great capacitor in
+fact if CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if CD
+had parasitic inductance I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had parasitic inductance I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had parasitic inductance I probably
+don't care that much in fact if he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that much in fact if he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care that much in fact if he has
+parasitic resistance I still may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic resistance I still may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic resistance I still may not
+care that much because I can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that much because I can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that much because I can use that
+parasitic resistance as part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic resistance as part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic resistance as part of my
+filter damping leg right so this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter damping leg right so this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter damping leg right so this might
+be for example an electrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example an electrolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for example an electrolytic
+capacitor whereas this might be filmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor whereas this might be filmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor whereas this might be filmer
+ceramic capacitor so the jobs of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic capacitor so the jobs of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic capacitor so the jobs of these
+two capacitors are different and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two capacitors are different and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two capacitors are different and the
+construction of them and you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of them and you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of them and you can get a
+lot of energy storage in electrolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy storage in electrolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy storage in electrolytic
+for example as compared to a a ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example as compared to a a ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example as compared to a a ceramic
+or a film capacitor typically okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a film capacitor typically okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a film capacitor typically okay any
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so you know what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so you know what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so you know what we're
+going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to
+say geez how how how much how much how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say geez how how how much how much how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say geez how how how much how much how
+well damped do I want this to be first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well damped do I want this to be first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well damped do I want this to be first
+I'll design my filter LF and CF to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll design my filter LF and CF to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll design my filter LF and CF to
+attenuate the Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate the Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate the Ripple
+frequency then I'll say you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then I'll say you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then I'll say you know how
+well damped do I need this to be down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well damped do I need this to be down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well damped do I need this to be down at
+the cut off and I will say okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut off and I will say okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut off and I will say okay I will
+pick n to be big enough the the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick n to be big enough the the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick n to be big enough the the ratio of
+CD over CF to be big enough and then out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD over CF to be big enough and then out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD over CF to be big enough and then out
+of that we out of this we'll drop what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we out of this we'll drop what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that we out of this we'll drop what
+filter damping resistor I need and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter damping resistor I need and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter damping resistor I need and then
+we kind of have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter um by the way if you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter um by the way if you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter um by the way if you don't like
+remembering these equations it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering these equations it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering these equations it's not too
+hard to simulate or just calculate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to simulate or just calculate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to simulate or just calculate you
+know for a few values and you're zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a few values and you're zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a few values and you're zero in
+it right it's just the Goldilocks thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's just the Goldilocks thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's just the Goldilocks thing
+you know it's too hot it's too cold you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's too hot it's too cold you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's too hot it's too cold you
+find the one that's just right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the one that's just right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the one that's just right and then
+you're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um I should say this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should say this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I should say this isn't the
+only way to damp a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to damp a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to damp a
+filter right if I thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter right if I thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter right if I thought of
+a uh if I thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh if I thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh if I thought of
+a different damping mechanism right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different damping mechanism right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different damping mechanism right I
+could come back to the same basic filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come back to the same basic filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come back to the same basic filter
+structure here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CF okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF okay here's
+LF okay and he's going to be coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF okay and he's going to be coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF okay and he's going to be coming back
+into the source impedance which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the source impedance which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the source impedance which will
+just prent as a short circuit and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prent as a short circuit and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just prent as a short circuit and he's
+going to be driven by some converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be driven by some converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be driven by some converter
+Ripple I ex zilda and I want to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple I ex zilda and I want to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple I ex zilda and I want to worry
+about what iy Tilda here is this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what iy Tilda here is this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what iy Tilda here is this current
+gain of the filter I could come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the filter I could come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the filter I could come back to
+this and say you know what instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say you know what instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and say you know what instead of
+using a shunt damping leg like that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a shunt damping leg like that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a shunt damping leg like that in
+parallel with CF Maybe maybe I could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with CF Maybe maybe I could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel with CF Maybe maybe I could go
+get a damping leg like this I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a damping leg like this I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a damping leg like this I could have
+LD and RD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD and RD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD and RD
+here right to the extent that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right to the extent that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right to the extent that this is a
+short circuit this this now also gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit this this now also gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short circuit this this now also gives
+me parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me parallel
+damping okay in this case I would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay in this case I would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping okay in this case I would make
+if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is
+LF in this case I would make LD less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF in this case I would make LD less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF in this case I would make LD less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+LF right so that near the cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF right so that near the cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF right so that near the cut off
+frequency one over theare of LF CF LD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one over theare of LF CF LD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency one over theare of LF CF LD
+now looks like a short circuit and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks like a short circuit and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now looks like a short circuit and it's
+Rd that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd that's
+damping LF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping LF and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping LF and
+CF when I get to high enough frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF when I get to high enough frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF when I get to high enough frequencies
+LD starts to look inductive it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD starts to look inductive it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD starts to look inductive it looks
+like a higher impedance than RD and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a higher impedance than RD and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a higher impedance than RD and I
+get my roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off now this is also a very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off now this is also a very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off now this is also a very popular
+damping scheme and you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping scheme and you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping scheme and you can do the same
+thing for this analysis there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for this analysis there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for this analysis there's always
+going to be for a given value of LD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be for a given value of LD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be for a given value of LD
+relative to LF there's an Optimum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to LF there's an Optimum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to LF there's an Optimum value
+of Rd to give you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rd to give you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Rd to give you good
+damping the the downside to this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the the downside to this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the the downside to this filter
+damping strategy is that um whereas sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping strategy is that um whereas sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping strategy is that um whereas sort
+of this additional shunt path only kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this additional shunt path only kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this additional shunt path only kind
+of improved your filtering well above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of improved your filtering well above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of improved your filtering well above
+cut off here because LD small you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off here because LD small you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off here because LD small you're
+kind of hurting your filter impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hurting your filter impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of hurting your filter impedance
+right this this path impedance gone down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this path impedance gone down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this path impedance gone down
+compared to this path impedance so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this path impedance so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to this path impedance so this
+doesn't do as good a job slightly above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do as good a job slightly above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do as good a job slightly above
+cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut
+off okay um because LD is small so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay um because LD is small so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay um because LD is small so what
+will happen is you know instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is you know instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is you know instead of
+getting um if I looked at iy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting um if I looked at iy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting um if I looked at iy over
+iix i y over iix instead of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix i y over iix instead of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iix i y over iix instead of sort of
+cutting off minus 40 DB per decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting off minus 40 DB per decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting off minus 40 DB per decade
+what's going to happen is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is I'm going to
+cut off at minus 20 DB per decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off at minus 20 DB per decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off at minus 20 DB per decade
+because all I have is this damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I have is this damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I have is this damping
+resistor being important and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor being important and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor being important and then once
+LD comes in then I'll start falling off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD comes in then I'll start falling off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LD comes in then I'll start falling off
+and I will eventually roll off at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will eventually roll off at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will eventually roll off at minus
+40 DB per decade but my roll off is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 DB per decade but my roll off is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 DB per decade but my roll off is not
+going to be as good so what do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as good so what do I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be as good so what do I have to
+do I have to pick a correspondingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to pick a correspondingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to pick a correspondingly
+lower cut off frequency to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cut off frequency to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower cut off frequency to account for
+what LD is doing to my filtering okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what LD is doing to my filtering okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what LD is doing to my filtering okay so
+that's the downside of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the downside of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the downside of this this
+inductive damping scheme the upside to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive damping scheme the upside to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive damping scheme the upside to
+the inductive damping scheme is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductive damping scheme is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductive damping scheme is that
+whereas CD costs me a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas CD costs me a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas CD costs me a lot of energy
+storage right because he's got to block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage right because he's got to block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage right because he's got to block
+the full input voltage LD is small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full input voltage LD is small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full input voltage LD is small and
+Carries no DC current so he can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carries no DC current so he can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carries no DC current so he can be a
+pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small
+inductor okay so they both have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay so they both have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay so they both have their
+upsize and downsides they're both widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsize and downsides they're both widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upsize and downsides they're both widely
+used just depends on the situation try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used just depends on the situation try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used just depends on the situation try
+them both out in one of the handouts I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both out in one of the handouts I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both out in one of the handouts I
+provided I've actually shown all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided I've actually shown all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided I've actually shown all kinds
+of different filters some higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different filters some higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different filters some higher order
+versions uh than this um but typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions uh than this um but typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions uh than this um but typically
+an LC filter is a building block is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LC filter is a building block is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LC filter is a building block is a
+pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure any questions about
+that lry do we have to consider any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lry do we have to consider any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lry do we have to consider any of
+this at the power stage you also havec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the power stage you also havec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the power stage you also havec
+oh yes well yes so let me actually let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes well yes so let me actually let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes well yes so let me actually let
+me answer that exact question the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me answer that exact question the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me answer that exact question the answer
+is yes you do okay why was I talking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes you do okay why was I talking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes you do okay why was I talking you
+know I I kind of focused in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I kind of focused in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I kind of focused in this picture
+I focused on what the output impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I focused on what the output impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I focused on what the output impedance
+of the filter looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the filter looks
+like let's think about this um for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's think about this um for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's think about this um for a
+second suppose I have some power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second suppose I have some power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second suppose I have some power
+stage okay here's my power stage this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay here's my power stage this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage okay here's my power stage this is
+my power converter and he's got some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my power converter and he's got some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my power converter and he's got some you
+know R out here that he's controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know R out here that he's controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know R out here that he's controlling
+some V out on and he's being powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some V out on and he's being powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some V out on and he's being powered
+from an input voltage that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an input voltage that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an input voltage that I'm going to
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+VN right and then I'm going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right and then I'm going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN right and then I'm going to have some
+filter and let me consider a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and let me consider a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and let me consider a simple
+filter um here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CF here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LF okay let me put I'm just going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF okay let me put I'm just going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LF okay let me put I'm just going to use
+a simple resistive damping leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple resistive damping leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple resistive damping leg
+Rd just for Simplicity sake okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd just for Simplicity sake okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd just for Simplicity sake okay okay
+and now this is going to get connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is going to get connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is going to get connected
+to my power source right so here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my power source right so here is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my power source right so here is uh
+VN or I'm going to call this vs and Zs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN or I'm going to call this vs and Zs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN or I'm going to call this vs and Zs
+but again let me just consider the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again let me just consider the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again let me just consider the case
+where Zs is zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Zs is zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Zs is zero for
+Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity
+okay all right what does this power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what does this power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what does this power
+converter do let's assume he's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter do let's assume he's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter do let's assume he's a perfect
+power converter he's going to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter he's going to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter he's going to go and
+keep the output voltage at the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the output voltage at the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the output voltage at the reference
+no matter what the input voltage does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the input voltage does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what the input voltage does
+right that's his job input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's his job input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's his job input voltage
+varies I don't care I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies I don't care I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies I don't care I'm going to keep
+you know 12 volts at the output no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 12 volts at the output no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 12 volts at the output no
+matter what okay so what would I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what okay so what would I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what okay so what would I say
+that he does well he's a constant power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he does well he's a constant power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he does well he's a constant power
+load in that case right no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load in that case right no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load in that case right no matter what
+the input voltage is doing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage is doing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage is doing I want to
+draw you know V reference squared over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you know V reference squared over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you know V reference squared over R
+KN if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN if this is
+some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fixed
+load at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load at the
+output okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay
+so um if I thought of this current as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if I thought of this current as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if I thought of this current as
+being some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being some I
+in right what I get is uh I in * VN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right what I get is uh I in * VN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right what I get is uh I in * VN is
+equal to whatever my power output power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to whatever my power output power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to whatever my power output power
+is going to be right which is V out 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be right which is V out 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be right which is V out 2
+over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R
+out okay or I could write this as uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay or I could write this as uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay or I could write this as uh in
+terms of the if I reference right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the if I reference right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the if I reference right in
+terms of voltage I could write this as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of voltage I could write this as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of voltage I could write this as V
+out I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'm sorry
+VN is equal to P out over I in and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN is equal to P out over I in and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN is equal to P out over I in and I
+might EV I might consider that at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might EV I might consider that at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might EV I might consider that at some
+operating point at which I'm sitting VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point at which I'm sitting VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point at which I'm sitting VN
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I
+in okay so if I were to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so if I were to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so if I were to plot
+that okay um let's plot that what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um let's plot that what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay um let's plot that what we're
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is here's VN here's I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's VN here's I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here's VN here's I in
+this converter his job at his input Port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converter his job at his input Port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converter his job at his input Port
+is basically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically to
+maintain the system on this curve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the system on this curve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the system on this curve right
+where where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where uh
+VN is equal to P out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay and if he's going to sit at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and if he's going to sit at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and if he's going to sit at some
+operating point maybe that's here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point maybe that's here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point maybe that's here maybe
+I have some DC operating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some DC operating Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some DC operating Point
+VN and capital I in that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN and capital I in that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN and capital I in that we're going to
+sit at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at
+right so how does this behave for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does this behave for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does this behave for
+variations suppose my input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations suppose my input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations suppose my input voltage
+Wiggles a little bit what does my input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles a little bit what does my input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiggles a little bit what does my input
+current do well it's exactly the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current do well it's exactly the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current do well it's exactly the kind of
+linearization we caught before right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization we caught before right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization we caught before right I
+can look at what this tangent line looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at what this tangent line looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at what this tangent line looks
+like and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and I can
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+dvn D in evaluated at VN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvn D in evaluated at VN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dvn D in evaluated at VN
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+in is equal to minus p over I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is equal to minus p over I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is equal to minus p over I in
+2 right all I did was differentiate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right all I did was differentiate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right all I did was differentiate this
+and evaluate it at the operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate it at the operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate it at the operating point
+and this is equal to what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to what I'm going to
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+rubel okay this is rubel this slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rubel okay that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody notice anything about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice anything about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody notice anything about this
+resistance here rvel this slope it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance here rvel this slope it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance here rvel this slope it's
+negative right so this negative sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right so this negative sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right so this negative sign is
+the source of a lot of pain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of a lot of pain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of a lot of pain and
+embarrassment right because essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassment right because essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassment right because essentially
+from a small signal perspective the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a small signal perspective the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a small signal perspective the
+power converter looks like a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter looks like a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter looks like a negative
+resistance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to the
+source and negative resistances tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and negative resistances tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and negative resistances tend to
+make you unhappy because why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you unhappy because why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you unhappy because why because
+they can make things oscillate all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make things oscillate all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can make things oscillate all right
+so if I then thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I then thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I then thought of
+um what this converter looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this converter looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what this converter looks
+like okay I might have looking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay I might have looking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay I might have looking this
+way what I see is RL is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what I see is RL is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what I see is RL is less than
+zero okay looking this way I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay looking this way I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay looking this way I see a
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+resistor what do I see looking this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor what do I see looking this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor what do I see looking this way
+I see LF CF and RD right so if I were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see LF CF and RD right so if I were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see LF CF and RD right so if I were to
+redraw this right what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw this right what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw this right what I have is
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CF
+LF and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RD in parallel and so this we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RD in parallel and so this we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RD in parallel and so this we've been
+calling this output impedance we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this output impedance we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling this output impedance we've been
+calling ZX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling ZX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling ZX
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right and he's looking in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's looking in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he's looking in the other
+direction he's looking into RL less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction he's looking into RL less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction he's looking into RL less than
+zero okay and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and this is my
+converter and his load in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and his load in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and his load in the case where
+the converter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converter is
+perfect all right so what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect all right so what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect all right so what's going to be
+true well basically Rd and RL in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well basically Rd and RL in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well basically Rd and RL in this
+example are in parallel right so the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example are in parallel right so the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example are in parallel right so the net
+resistance R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance R
+net the effect of resistance damping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net the effect of resistance damping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net the effect of resistance damping the
+LC tank is equal to Rd RL over Rd plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC tank is equal to Rd RL over Rd plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC tank is equal to Rd RL over Rd plus
+RL right R Net's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL right R Net's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL right R Net's greater than
+zero rnet is greater than zero for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero rnet is greater than zero for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero rnet is greater than zero for the
+magnitude of ZX or I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of ZX or I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of ZX or I should say
+for uh Rd is less than the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh Rd is less than the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh Rd is less than the magnitude of
+RL okay so if I'm looking in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL okay so if I'm looking in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RL okay so if I'm looking in here and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope this slope is sort of minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope this slope is sort of minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope this slope is sort of minus one
+ohms I'd better make sure Rd is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms I'd better make sure Rd is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms I'd better make sure Rd is less
+than 1 ohm otherwise basically this LCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 ohm otherwise basically this LCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 ohm otherwise basically this LCR
+stage is going to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is going to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is going to start to
+oscillate right and that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate right and that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate right and that's not going to
+be happy and this is true in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy and this is true in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy and this is true in this
+instance but it's true in a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but it's true in a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but it's true in a lot of other
+instances where you have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances where you have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances where you have to deal with
+these kind of self-regulating loads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of self-regulating loads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of self-regulating loads is
+they just tend to destabilize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just tend to destabilize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just tend to destabilize your
+system and in this case the system we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and in this case the system we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and in this case the system we're
+destabilizing is the input filter but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilizing is the input filter but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilizing is the input filter but in
+other systems you can destabilize other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems you can destabilize other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems you can destabilize other
+things so in a sort of a DC power system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so in a sort of a DC power system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so in a sort of a DC power system
+you might worry about what it's doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might worry about what it's doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might worry about what it's doing to
+Long inductive runs of cable or capacit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long inductive runs of cable or capacit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long inductive runs of cable or capacit
+capacitive filters on things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive filters on things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitive filters on things you can
+start to make oscillations in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to make oscillations in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to make oscillations in constant
+power loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power loads
+okay so generally the reason we obsess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so generally the reason we obsess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so generally the reason we obsess
+over what's our output impedance of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what's our output impedance of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what's our output impedance of our
+filter is because I need to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is because I need to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is because I need to keep it
+small enough that when it looks into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough that when it looks into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough that when it looks into a
+negative input impedance effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative input impedance effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative input impedance effectively
+power converter the whole system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter the whole system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converter the whole system is
+going to be stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be stable
+okay and here I've shown you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here I've shown you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here I've shown you in the
+simplest case for Rd but generally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case for Rd but generally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case for Rd but generally what
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+need the more general statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the more general statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the more general statement of this
+is that we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximum the maximum output impedance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the maximum output impedance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum the maximum output impedance of
+my filter across all frequencies ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter across all frequencies ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter across all frequencies ought
+to be well below the magnitude of uh P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well below the magnitude of uh P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well below the magnitude of uh P
+out minus P out over I in^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus P out over I in^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out minus P out over I in^ 2
+okay so I've got to pick my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've got to pick my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I've got to pick my
+damping and that's going to that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and that's going to that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping and that's going to that's going
+to drive me to go pick some minimum if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive me to go pick some minimum if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive me to go pick some minimum if I
+were use this capacitive damping scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were use this capacitive damping scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were use this capacitive damping scheme
+that's going to drive me to pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to drive me to pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to drive me to pick some
+minimum value of the damping capacit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value of the damping capacit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum value of the damping capacit so
+that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can
+minimize the maximum value of my output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the maximum value of my output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the maximum value of my output
+my filter output impedance across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter output impedance across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my filter output impedance across
+frequency does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now just to drive home in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to drive home in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to drive home in your
+head um that this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um that this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um that this isn't
+some just some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some just some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some just some kind of
+mathematical funniness Mony has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical funniness Mony has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical funniness Mony has been
+very kind to set up an actual power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind to set up an actual power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very kind to set up an actual power
+converter with an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+okay and this is actually a buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is actually a buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is actually a buck
+converter with an LC input filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter with an LC input filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter with an LC input filter and
+then what what she's done is made sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what what she's done is made sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what what she's done is made sure
+that we can basically put a switch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can basically put a switch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can basically put a switch on
+this damping leg we can put the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this damping leg we can put the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this damping leg we can put the damping
+leg in or we can take the damping leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg in or we can take the damping leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg in or we can take the damping leg
+out okay and uh if we power this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay that's the input voltage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay that's the input voltage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay that's the input voltage to the
+converter so it's it's actually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter so it's it's actually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter so it's it's actually on the
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+exactly the volt volage VN here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the volt volage VN here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the volt volage VN here that
+we're seeing right this is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing right this is the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing right this is the input
+voltage that we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we're looking at
+VN okay if we have the filter in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay if we have the filter in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN okay if we have the filter in place
+VN basically sits at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN basically sits at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VN basically sits at
+vs okay but if I take out that damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leg that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg that's what
+happens the input voltage is still fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the input voltage is still fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the input voltage is still fixed
+but this voltage is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this voltage is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this voltage is going
+crazy right you say well I can live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy right you say well I can live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy right you say well I can live with
+that I don't care well it depends right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't care well it depends right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't care well it depends right
+sometimes you hear a lot of noise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you hear a lot of noise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you hear a lot of noise you
+know this is just with the converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is just with the converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is just with the converter
+some value right some value of load but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value right some value of load but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value right some value of load but
+imagine this thing we're trying to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this thing we're trying to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this thing we're trying to drive
+draw a current varying near that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a current varying near that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a current varying near that
+frequency it would go CRA it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it would go CRA it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it would go CRA it would go
+really crazy right so you really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy right so you really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crazy right so you really can't
+tolerate this kind of thing and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate this kind of thing and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate this kind of thing and you
+would see this in the out converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see this in the out converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see this in the out converter
+response at the output and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at the output and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at the output and so forth
+right so you really do have to seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you really do have to seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you really do have to seriously
+account not only for the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account not only for the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account not only for the fact that you
+need a damp L andc but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a damp L andc but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a damp L andc but you need to
+account for the negative input impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the negative input impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the negative input impedance
+of the the uh converter in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh converter in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh converter in order to get
+acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+response any question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now what I've told you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what I've told you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now what I've told you so
+far is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is sort
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+necessary you'd better design your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary you'd better design your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary you'd better design your
+filter for that but it it comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter for that but it it comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter for that but it it comes out to
+be a little bit trickier too because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit trickier too because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit trickier too because
+we've talked about modeling and control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about modeling and control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about modeling and control
+of your converter right we've said Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your converter right we've said Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your converter right we've said Okay
+I I want some certain transfer functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want some certain transfer functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want some certain transfer functions
+we we use averaging to derive kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we use averaging to derive kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we use averaging to derive kind of
+local average models and you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average models and you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average models and you get your
+transfer functions and all that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions and all that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer functions and all that right
+when we did all that we assumed that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did all that we assumed that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did all that we assumed that you
+were working from a perfect Source right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working from a perfect Source right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working from a perfect Source right
+the picture we drew for our boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture we drew for our boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture we drew for our boost
+converter is just U is a voltage source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter is just U is a voltage source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter is just U is a voltage source
+right it's just zero impedance Source we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just zero impedance Source we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just zero impedance Source we
+pretended there was no filter there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretended there was no filter there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretended there was no filter there in
+the real world there is a filter there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world there is a filter there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world there is a filter there
+and and that filter can indeed impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that filter can indeed impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that filter can indeed impact
+your converter right if I come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your converter right if I come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your converter right if I come back to
+the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to
+the Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Baseline
+here okay all right maybe I um don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay all right maybe I um don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay all right maybe I um don't
+have my lizen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my lizen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have my lizen here
+okay that's fine you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's fine you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's fine you know there's no
+lizen when I'm running in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizen when I'm running in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lizen when I'm running in the real world
+and maybe my source impedance is low but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe my source impedance is low but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe my source impedance is low but
+I still have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still have some
+converter and filter and who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and filter and who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and filter and who knows what
+this looks like this looks like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like this looks like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like this looks like whatever
+you know whatever thing you drew here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever thing you drew here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever thing you drew here
+right but I could replace this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I could replace this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I could replace this whole
+thing okay with the source voltage vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay with the source voltage vs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay with the source voltage vs
+and an output impedance ZX the output in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an output impedance ZX the output in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an output impedance ZX the output in
+SE seen for my filter so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE seen for my filter so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SE seen for my filter so this is really
+the model of my source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of my source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of my source and
+filter it's the source voltage in series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it's the source voltage in series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter it's the source voltage in series
+with the output impedance of my filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the output impedance of my filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the output impedance of my filter
+that's a febin model for my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a febin model for my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a febin model for my system
+okay and my assumption in designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and my assumption in designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and my assumption in designing the
+converter in controller was that Zs was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter in controller was that Zs was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter in controller was that Zs was
+zero or ZX was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or ZX was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or ZX was
+Zero but ZX isn't zero once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero but ZX isn't zero once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero but ZX isn't zero once I've
+designed my filter right how close do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed my filter right how close do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed my filter right how close do I
+need to make it towards zero okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make it towards zero okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make it towards zero okay well
+um what I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I would like to
+do is have the case where all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is have the case where all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is have the case where all of my
+models that I use to derive my converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that I use to derive my converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that I use to derive my converter
+control transfer function all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control transfer function all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control transfer function all that stuff
+is valid it's not affected by the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid it's not affected by the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is valid it's not affected by the filter
+I designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I designed
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+okay and a sufficient not necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and a sufficient not necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and a sufficient not necessary but
+a sufficient condition to doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sufficient condition to doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sufficient condition to doing that is
+two things and and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things and and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things and and I'm not going to
+prove this to you um it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this to you um it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this to you um it's it's
+um but there some very clever analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there some very clever analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there some very clever analysis
+people have shown this in in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have shown this in in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have shown this in in particular
+uh Erikson and maximovich at at uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Erikson and maximovich at at uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Erikson and maximovich at at uh uh
+University of Colorado Boulder did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Colorado Boulder did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Colorado Boulder did some
+very nice analysis of this and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice analysis of this and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice analysis of this and a
+sufficient conversion a sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conversion a sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient conversion a sufficient
+condition is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition is the following
+first um if I assume my converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um if I assume my converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um if I assume my converter
+operates perfectly like this we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates perfectly like this we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates perfectly like this we would
+like the output impedance in my filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the output impedance in my filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the output impedance in my filter
+ZX the maximum value to be much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX the maximum value to be much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZX the maximum value to be much less
+than the magnitude of the negative input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magnitude of the negative input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the magnitude of the negative input
+resistance if I have perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance if I have perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance if I have perfect
+control okay and that would be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay and that would be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay and that would be perfectly
+the case if I had a perfect converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case if I had a perfect converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case if I had a perfect converter
+that had infinite bandwidth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had infinite bandwidth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had infinite bandwidth in
+controlling the output anyway so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the output anyway so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the output anyway so I I
+kind of need to meet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of need to meet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of need to meet that
+requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement
+okay but what they showed is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what they showed is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what they showed is in
+additionally a sufficient condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally a sufficient condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally a sufficient condition
+although not necessary to getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not necessary to getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not necessary to getting a
+stable system but sufficient to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable system but sufficient to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable system but sufficient to be that
+you can kind of ignore the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of ignore the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of ignore the design of the
+filter or decouple the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter or decouple the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter or decouple the design of the
+filter from the design of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter from the design of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter from the design of your
+controller for your converter is to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for your converter is to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller for your converter is to also
+say if I imagined instead of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I imagined instead of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if I imagined instead of having a
+perfect controller over the output I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect controller over the output I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect controller over the output I
+just regulated my converter at fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regulated my converter at fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regulated my converter at fixed
+Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty
+ratio and I looked at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and I looked at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and I looked at the input
+impedance of the converter at fixed Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of the converter at fixed Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impedance of the converter at fixed Duty
+ratio across frequency and that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio across frequency and that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio across frequency and that that's
+going to be variable across frequency at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be variable across frequency at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be variable across frequency at
+every frequency the that input impedance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every frequency the that input impedance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every frequency the that input impedance
+under fixed Duty ratio ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under fixed Duty ratio ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under fixed Duty ratio ought to be
+smaller than the output impedance at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the output impedance at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the output impedance at the
+same frequency looking back into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency looking back into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency looking back into my
+output filter if you put those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output filter if you put those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output filter if you put those two
+conditions together you sort of get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions together you sort of get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions together you sort of get a
+complete uh sort of sufficient condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh sort of sufficient condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh sort of sufficient condition
+that you can ignore the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can ignore the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can ignore the effect of the
+input filter on the rest of your control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input filter on the rest of your control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input filter on the rest of your control
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but um a good starting place for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um a good starting place for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um a good starting place for all
+that is just to make sure that under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just to make sure that under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just to make sure that under
+perfect control that your filter is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect control that your filter is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect control that your filter is well
+enough damped to deal with the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough damped to deal with the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough damped to deal with the negative
+resistance of a perfect controller so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of a perfect controller so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of a perfect controller so
+that's that's the place I would start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the place I would start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the place I would start in
+thinking about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about any
+design so that's a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so that's a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so that's a little bit about
+filter design and filter damping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design and filter damping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design and filter damping the
+last thing I should have mention was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I should have mention was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing I should have mention was
+well what if this LC filter isn't enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if this LC filter isn't enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if this LC filter isn't enough
+you can Cascade LC filter stages and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Cascade LC filter stages and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Cascade LC filter stages and get
+more and more attenuation and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more attenuation and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more attenuation and again
+there's there's rules uh for how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's rules uh for how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's rules uh for how you
+want to Cascade those filter impedances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Cascade those filter impedances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to Cascade those filter impedances
+and again those are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again those are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again those are in the
+handouts any last questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts any last questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts any last questions before we
+wrap up for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day okay next class we'll talk about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day okay next class we'll talk about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day okay next class we'll talk about one
+other additional item that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other additional item that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other additional item that's very
+important in filters time have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in filters time have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in filters time have a great
+day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OXvG3rq5DHw.txt b/OXvG3rq5DHw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59ba8cca4517246e8a28f7d380c71e18e272ff79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OXvG3rq5DHw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all right so let's go ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right so let's go ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all right so let's go ideal gas
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to motivate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to motivate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to motivate this
+it's not just that we like ideal gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that we like ideal gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that we like ideal gases
+because they have a simple equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a simple equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a simple equation of
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+but we're going to see in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to see in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to see in a couple
+lectures is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is that
+the process of mixing ideal gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of mixing ideal gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of mixing ideal gases
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a model for the process of mixing real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model for the process of mixing real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a model for the process of mixing real
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+so in case you're wondering why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case you're wondering why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case you're wondering why are we
+spending all this time on gases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all this time on gases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending all this time on gases and
+ideal gases for that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gases for that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gases for that matter
+um there is a material science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a material science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a material science
+motivation for it okay let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for it okay let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for it okay let's start with
+reversible adiabatic expansion you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible adiabatic expansion you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible adiabatic expansion you look
+at this a little bit at the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this a little bit at the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this a little bit at the last lecture
+I want to look at it some more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at it some more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to look at it some more because
+it is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible adiabatic expansion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible adiabatic expansion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible adiabatic expansion so
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the Sonic decides again you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Sonic decides again you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Sonic decides again you have a
+problem you want to calculate something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you want to calculate something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you want to calculate something
+about that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that process
+what are you going to choose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to choose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to choose for
+independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables
+well adiabatic means no heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well adiabatic means no heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well adiabatic means no heat
+so uh and we said it's reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does that mean is anything fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean is anything fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean is anything fixed
+and what does that imply we should use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that imply we should use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that imply we should use
+for an independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a rule of thumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's call this stubborn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if something is fixed or constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is fixed or constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something is fixed or constant you
+can also say it's stubborn all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also say it's stubborn all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also say it's stubborn all right
+something that's stubborn is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's stubborn is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's stubborn is independent
+so what is a state variable which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a state variable which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a state variable which is
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+for a adiabatic reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a adiabatic reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a adiabatic reversible process
+what are the entropy entropy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the entropy entropy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the entropy entropy right
+this is a process for DS equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a process for DS equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a process for DS equals zero
+which means we need to use S as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we need to use S as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we need to use S as an
+independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable
+if something's stubborn it's independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's stubborn it's independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if something's stubborn it's independent
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and I said expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know you could say P or V change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you could say P or V change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you could say P or V change
+let's use p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these are going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are going to be our
+independent variables here s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables here s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables here s
+and a p so we want to find the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a p so we want to find the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a p so we want to find the equation
+of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State
+that describes let's say temperature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes let's say temperature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describes let's say temperature as
+a function of entropy and pressure just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of entropy and pressure just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of entropy and pressure just
+for example let's say the problem asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's say the problem asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example let's say the problem asked
+calculate the temperature change for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the temperature change for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the temperature change for a
+reversible adiabatic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible adiabatic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible adiabatic process
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh moving from pressure one to pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving from pressure one to pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving from pressure one to pressure
+two something like that so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two something like that so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two something like that so so that's
+that would be a useful equation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a useful equation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a useful equation it's
+safe to find all right so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to find all right so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to find all right so now this is
+going to be in more practice on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in more practice on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in more practice on the
+general strategy that's really one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy that's really one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy that's really one of
+the reasons I'm doing this year use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons I'm doing this year use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons I'm doing this year use
+so you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this
+use General strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+DT equals let's say m d s plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals let's say m d s plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals let's say m d s plus n
+DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+where M and N are the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then we substitute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we substitute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we substitute in
+your change of variables we change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your change of variables we change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your change of variables we change from
+S and P to T and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we did the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon me minus V Alpha v p plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me minus V Alpha v p plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me minus V Alpha v p plus n
+TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a change of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a change of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a change of variables
+and then we gather terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just Gathering terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can say by inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+c p over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals one why is that DTS equal DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so this got to be equal one this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this got to be equal one this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this got to be equal one this has to
+be equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to one
+and and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so um
+it's equal m equals t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal m equals t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal m equals t
+over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CP
+all right and likewise if we have t as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and likewise if we have t as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and likewise if we have t as
+an independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable
+dependent sorry and the two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent sorry and the two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent sorry and the two independent
+variables here are T and P is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here are T and P is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here are T and P is kind of
+silly this thing has to be zero DT has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly this thing has to be zero DT has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly this thing has to be zero DT has
+to be equal to DT end of story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to DT end of story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to DT end of story
+so n minus m v Alpha equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so n equals t v Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so n equals t v Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so n equals t v Alpha
+over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CP
+all right so these are the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so these are the coefficients
+that we were looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were looking for
+I did this more quickly than I did it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this more quickly than I did it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this more quickly than I did it on
+Monday again there's lots more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday again there's lots more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday again there's lots more examples
+in the book but you know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but you know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book but you know this is the
+general strategy so we found our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy so we found our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy so we found our
+coefficients there that's what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients there that's what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients there that's what we were
+looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we can plug in we can use properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can plug in we can use properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can plug in we can use properties
+with ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are some properties of the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some properties of the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some properties of the ideal
+gases V equals RT over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just keep the number of moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of moles equals one first because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles equals one first because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles equals one first because
+it's easier that way and also because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier that way and also because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier that way and also because um
+I did this thing where I used n and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this thing where I used n and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did this thing where I used n and M
+because the textbook does it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the textbook does it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the textbook does it that way
+I don't like to do it that way because n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like to do it that way because n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like to do it that way because n
+is also the number of moles so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the number of moles so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the number of moles so we're
+gonna just pretend I didn't do that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just pretend I didn't do that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just pretend I didn't do that all
+right and Alpha equals one over T we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Alpha equals one over T we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Alpha equals one over T we
+calculated that on that first or second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated that on that first or second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated that on that first or second
+day and another result which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and another result which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and another result which you're
+probably familiar with from the book we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with from the book we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably familiar with from the book we
+haven't explicitly mentioned in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explicitly mentioned in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explicitly mentioned in class
+which is that CP equals five halves R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that CP equals five halves R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that CP equals five halves R
+for monatomic gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for monatomic gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for monatomic gas
+monatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so now we can calculate the thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can calculate the thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can calculate the thing which
+we're looking for DT at sixth entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for DT at sixth entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for DT at sixth entropy
+equals DT DP at fixed entropy DP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DT DP at fixed entropy DP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals DT DP at fixed entropy DP and
+this we have from the previous board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have from the previous board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have from the previous board
+that's what our general strategy gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what our general strategy gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what our general strategy gave us
+t v Alpha over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v Alpha over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v Alpha over CP
+VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can plug in stuff from the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plug in stuff from the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plug in stuff from the ideal
+gas equals t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas equals t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas equals t
+r t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r t
+CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP
+t p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right we're using ideal gas properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're using ideal gas properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're using ideal gas properties
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+I'm going to simplify R over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to simplify R over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to simplify R over CP
+T over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over p
+d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d p
+equals you can also say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals you can also say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals you can also say two
+fifths t p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths t p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifths t p
+DP I'm running off the edge there sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP I'm running off the edge there sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP I'm running off the edge there sorry
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can separate variable this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can separate variable this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can separate variable this is a
+separable differential equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable differential equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable differential equation right
+this is a separable differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a separable differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a separable differential
+equation this DT there's DP there's T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this DT there's DP there's T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this DT there's DP there's T
+there's P it's separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's P it's separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's P it's separable
+separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate
+and integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT over t
+equals r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r
+over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CP
+d p over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d p over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d p over p
+integrate that and I get T final over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that and I get T final over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that and I get T final over T
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+equals P final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals P final
+over P initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over P initial
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+over CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've we've I gave you this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've we've I gave you this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've we've I gave you this uh
+in the PSAT and in a lecture a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the PSAT and in a lecture a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the PSAT and in a lecture a couple
+lectures ago and then on Monday we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago and then on Monday we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago and then on Monday we we
+did something like this we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something like this we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something like this we use the
+general strategy we and we reduced it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy we and we reduced it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general strategy we and we reduced it to
+the case of Ideal gases and then today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Ideal gases and then today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of Ideal gases and then today
+we we just did a little we went a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just did a little we went a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just did a little we went a little
+farther because we went a little faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther because we went a little faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther because we went a little faster
+and we actually derived an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually derived an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we actually derived an expression
+for the adiabatic reversible expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the adiabatic reversible expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the adiabatic reversible expansion
+of an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ideal gas
+so we've kind of seen the same thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've kind of seen the same thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've kind of seen the same thing now
+in at three different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at three different levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at three different levels
+um and this is just one expression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is just one expression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is just one expression which
+you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find
+um if you look up in Wikipedia ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look up in Wikipedia ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look up in Wikipedia ideal gas
+adiabatic process you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic process you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic process you'll find
+you'll find several Expressions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find several Expressions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find several Expressions they're
+all equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are Alternative forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their Alternative forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the original IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original IG
+p v the gamma equals constant that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p v the gamma equals constant that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p v the gamma equals constant that's an
+alternative form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative form
+t v to the gamma minus one equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v to the gamma minus one equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v to the gamma minus one equals
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+these are simply related by pervner it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are simply related by pervner it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are simply related by pervner it
+does use the ideal gas equation of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does use the ideal gas equation of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does use the ideal gas equation of State
+you can get from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from one to the other
+here again gamma equals the ratio CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again gamma equals the ratio CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again gamma equals the ratio CP
+over CV which we know is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CV which we know is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CV which we know is greater than
+one for reasons physical reasons we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for reasons physical reasons we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for reasons physical reasons we've
+discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before
+or if you want P final over P initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want P final over P initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you want P final over P initial
+equals V initial over V final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think we've we've seen that already so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we've we've seen that already so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we've we've seen that already so
+these are all the equivalent these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the equivalent these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the equivalent these are
+all the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same thing
+and we know that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a v p plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we have isotherms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if these are isotherms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've seen this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was an interesting alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an interesting alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an interesting alternative
+derivation of this is did not does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this is did not does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this is did not does not
+use the general strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the general strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the general strategy
+I think it's interesting you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's interesting you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's interesting you can check
+it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out
+it's a half section it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a half section it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a half section it's
+I wrote this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote this down
+4.2.4 it uses the fact that for an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2.4 it uses the fact that for an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2.4 it uses the fact that for an ideal
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the internal energy depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal energy depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal energy depends only on
+temperature and you can also start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you can also start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and you can also start from
+this expression and derive these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression and derive these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression and derive these
+so if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're interested
+uh let's see that let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d q equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d q equals zero
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alternatively DQ equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively DQ equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively DQ equals zero
+that means that d u equals work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that d u equals work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that d u equals work because
+there's no Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Q
+equals minus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus p
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we will use both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will use both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will use both of these
+combined substituting CV DT equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined substituting CV DT equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined substituting CV DT equals minus
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+equals minus RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals minus RT
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV
+again separate and integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we got well this is separable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got well this is separable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got well this is separable right
+c v DT over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c v DT over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c v DT over t
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus r d v over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r d v over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r d v over V
+and we can integrate that and we get T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can integrate that and we get T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can integrate that and we get T
+final over T initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final over T initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final over T initial
+equals V initial over V final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R over CV which again is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over CV which again is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R over CV which again is the same thing
+so we're dancing around the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're dancing around the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're dancing around the same thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but now you've probably had more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but now you've probably had more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but now you've probably had more than
+enough of reversible adiabatic expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of reversible adiabatic expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of reversible adiabatic expansion
+of an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an ideal gas
+let's see isothermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right isothermal expansion this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right isothermal expansion this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right isothermal expansion this is
+our second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second one
+here same question I asked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same question I asked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here same question I asked at the
+beginning what to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what should be used for independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be used for independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be used for independent
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and temperature and then either pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature and then either pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature and then either pressure
+or volume again good thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or volume again good thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or volume again good thank you
+isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal
+DT equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals zero
+that means you use T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you use T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you use T
+temperature is stubborn it's independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is stubborn it's independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is stubborn it's independent
+and expansion you're going to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expansion you're going to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expansion you're going to control
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that's controlled sounds like it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's controlled sounds like it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's controlled sounds like it should
+be um an independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um an independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um an independent variable
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+so we're going to in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to in this case
+we'll use pressure could use volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability expression all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability expression all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability expression all right
+and what I want to do now is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do now is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to do now is find
+the equation of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibbs free energy
+T and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and P
+so this is an example where let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example where let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an example where let's say
+someone said or your problem statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said or your problem statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone said or your problem statement
+boiled down to we have an isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled down to we have an isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled down to we have an isothermal
+expansion and we want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and we want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and we want to calculate the
+change of Gibbs free energy for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Gibbs free energy for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of Gibbs free energy for some
+process going from pressure one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process going from pressure one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process going from pressure one to
+pressure two that's a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure two that's a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure two that's a very common
+scenario that you'll find to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that you'll find to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that you'll find to do this
+calculation is very very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is very very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is very very common
+so let's see how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how to do it
+we want to find a change so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find a change so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find a change so we want to
+use calculus so let's use the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use calculus so let's use the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use calculus so let's use the proper
+differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG
+equals well DG equals minus s DT plus p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals well DG equals minus s DT plus p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals well DG equals minus s DT plus p
+DV right that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV right that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV right that we know
+but we also said this was a isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is really pretty simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really pretty simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is really pretty simple right
+it's a single variable calculus problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I point this out over and over again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point this out over and over again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I point this out over and over again so
+forgive me for pointing it out again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me for pointing it out again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgive me for pointing it out again
+this is why if something is stubborn if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why if something is stubborn if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why if something is stubborn if
+something is fixed it's independent not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is fixed it's independent not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is fixed it's independent not
+only does that make sense it also makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does that make sense it also makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only does that make sense it also makes
+your life easier when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life easier when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life easier when you have
+multi-variable calculus and you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-variable calculus and you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-variable calculus and you have an
+opportunity to reduce it to single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to reduce it to single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to reduce it to single
+variable calculus you should take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable calculus you should take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable calculus you should take that
+opportunity so here's an example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity so here's an example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity so here's an example if you
+have two terms on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two terms on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two terms on the right hand side
+and you can set one of them to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can set one of them to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can set one of them to zero the
+math gets easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math gets easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math gets easier
+that's why a correct choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why a correct choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why a correct choice of
+independent variables is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables is so important
+this boils way down here pdv for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boils way down here pdv for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boils way down here pdv for an
+ideal gas is RTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DP wait I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP wait I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP wait I'm sorry
+no one called me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right gives free energy independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right gives free energy independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right gives free energy independent
+variables are T and P and I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are T and P and I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are T and P and I get to
+ignore half of the right hand side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore half of the right hand side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore half of the right hand side so
+things simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simplified
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+this is a pretty easy integral right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty easy integral right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pretty easy integral right so
+DG equals g final minus G initial we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG equals g final minus G initial we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DG equals g final minus G initial we'll
+call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that
+Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G
+equals r t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals r t
+log P final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log P final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log P final
+over P initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the math is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math is easy
+when we set the problem up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we set the problem up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we set the problem up right
+I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put
+um two boxes around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the math oh it's like a the Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math oh it's like a the Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math oh it's like a the Christmas
+equation the math you just saw uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the math you just saw uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the math you just saw uh is
+very easy but this is something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy but this is something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy but this is something which
+will stick in your mind because you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stick in your mind because you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will stick in your mind because you will
+see expressions like this in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see expressions like this in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see expressions like this in other
+classes over and over and over again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes over and over and over again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes over and over and over again so
+for example if you do electrochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you do electrochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you do electrochemistry
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+sets the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the voltage
+of your device be it a reactor or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your device be it a reactor or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your device be it a reactor or a
+battery this is called the nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery this is called the nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery this is called the nurse
+equation in another context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in another context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in another context
+if you do chemical engineering and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do chemical engineering and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do chemical engineering and you
+calculate a change in chemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a change in chemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a change in chemical potential
+with fugacity right that we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fugacity right that we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fugacity right that we're not going
+to use that word in this class because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that word in this class because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that word in this class because
+this is course three but if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is course three but if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is course three but if you're in
+course 10 it's like fugacity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 10 it's like fugacity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course 10 it's like fugacity this
+fugacity that you're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugacity that you're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugacity that you're going to have the
+log of fugacities and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of fugacities and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of fugacities and it's going to be
+the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation
+and so forth and so on this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so on this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so on this is really
+foundational so that's why I put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational so that's why I put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational so that's why I put it in
+two colors sorry I have a quick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two colors sorry I have a quick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two colors sorry I have a quick question
+are we assuming that we're using molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we assuming that we're using molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we assuming that we're using molar
+volume here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume here
+uh I've normal I've kept n equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've normal I've kept n equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I've normal I've kept n equals one
+moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles
+n equals one for Simplicity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so thanks for clarifying um it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thanks for clarifying um it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thanks for clarifying um it's it's
+yeah sure it's molar volume because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure it's molar volume because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure it's molar volume because it's
+one most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one most
+um I just didn't want to carry an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just didn't want to carry an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just didn't want to carry an extra
+term if you wanted to you could put an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term if you wanted to you could put an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term if you wanted to you could put an N
+there and then you'd have an N there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you'd have an N there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you'd have an N there and
+that would be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be fine
+so let me let me put a ghost in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me put a ghost in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me put a ghost in here
+'s an n and you can put an N there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s an n and you can put an N there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'s an n and you can put an N there and
+everything else is the same so thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now again I don't expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now again I don't expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now again I don't expect you
+to see or have this you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see or have this you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see or have this you know the the
+sky's part of the Angel singing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky's part of the Angel singing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky's part of the Angel singing now
+right because we haven't gotten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we haven't gotten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we haven't gotten to the
+usefulness of this expression but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefulness of this expression but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usefulness of this expression but I want
+the lodge in your mind because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lodge in your mind because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lodge in your mind because we're
+going to come back to this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to this over and over
+all right let's talk about another ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about another ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's talk about another ideal
+gas process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is kind of a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of a little bit of a
+kooky example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kooky example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kooky example
+um when you first see it if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you first see it if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you first see it if you haven't
+seen it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen it before
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so just bear with me so here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just bear with me so here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just bear with me so here's here's
+what we have here's the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're gonna have a piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have a piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have a piston
+so we're gonna have a piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+is a cylinder and it's thermally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cylinder and it's thermally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cylinder and it's thermally
+insulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm drawing insulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of me that's not very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of me that's not very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of me that's not very clear
+insulated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulated and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's make the gas Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+simple picture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple picture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple picture right
+so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is
+we're going to with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to with
+draw the piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instantaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instantaneously so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously so
+um much faster than the gas molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much faster than the gas molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much faster than the gas molecules
+can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+definitely much faster than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely much faster than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely much faster than their
+sound velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound velocity
+I made it bigger by accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made it bigger by accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made it bigger by accident
+didn't mean to do that here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to do that here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mean to do that here's the
+original position of the piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original position of the piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original position of the piston
+and I'm going to pull it back very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to pull it back very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to pull it back very
+quickly so it's not going to sit here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that
+at T equals zero let's call it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals zero let's call it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals zero let's call it at
+you know instantaneously now the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instantaneously now the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instantaneously now the gas
+molecules have had time to move anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the gas molecules are still occupying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gas molecules are still occupying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gas molecules are still occupying
+this space here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space here
+and in the space evacuated by the piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the space evacuated by the piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the space evacuated by the piston
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the setup like I said it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the setup like I said it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the setup like I said it's a
+little kooky there are actual useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kooky there are actual useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kooky there are actual useful
+real world scenarios that approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world scenarios that approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world scenarios that approximate
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+but for now it's a divide experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's going to happen
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas will spontaneously do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffuse into the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freely expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+their free volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of spontaneously expand into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of spontaneously expand into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of spontaneously expand into
+the free volume and this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free volume and this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free volume and this word
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+in thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermodynamics
+also means irreversibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so when you see one I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you see one I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you see one I want you to
+think the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other
+if you remember we we did this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we we did this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember we we did this with a
+baby book right this was the baby book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby book right this was the baby book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby book right this was the baby book
+problem as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this gets Beyond o2o but somebody said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets Beyond o2o but somebody said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets Beyond o2o but somebody said
+diffuse the process here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse the process here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse the process here would be
+initially something that's super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially something that's super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially something that's super
+diffusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusive
+because initially the the molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because initially the the molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because initially the the molecules that
+are moving to the right encounter no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving to the right encounter no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving to the right encounter no
+collisions with any molecules coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions with any molecules coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions with any molecules coming
+from the left or coming from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left or coming from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left or coming from the right
+moving to the left so you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the left so you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the left so you can imagine
+almost like a shock wave of expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a shock wave of expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a shock wave of expansion
+followed by a diffusive mixing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a diffusive mixing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a diffusive mixing process
+so anyway that again just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that again just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that again just because
+somebody mentioned the fusion so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody mentioned the fusion so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody mentioned the fusion so this is
+the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right you got that pictured so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you got that pictured so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you got that pictured so this
+calculates something about that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates something about that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates something about that process
+let's calculate the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Heat
+during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during
+free expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start with the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work equals minus
+t v times p and here's uh the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v times p and here's uh the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v times p and here's uh the sort of
+kooky thing which we tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's true
+the pressure of the expansion is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure of the expansion is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure of the expansion is zero
+because the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the gas
+is expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into or here better say against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the gas is doing no work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gas is doing no work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gas is doing no work
+in order to expand there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to expand there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to expand there's nothing
+pushing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so work equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I have a quick question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a quick question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have a quick question about the
+work yeah so since it's like an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah so since it's like an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah so since it's like an integral
+DV and the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and the volume
+is isn't the volume changing so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is isn't the volume changing so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is isn't the volume changing so like
+mathematically how would it work out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically how would it work out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically how would it work out to
+zero the pressure's here is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the pressure's here is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the pressure's here is it the
+pressure oh I see sorry if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure oh I see sorry if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure oh I see sorry if you think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+work comes back to energy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work comes back to energy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work comes back to energy which is
+forced by distance go way back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by distance go way back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced by distance go way back to the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+so if you're pushing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're pushing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're pushing something
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+somebody's pushing back right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's pushing back right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's pushing back right that's
+Newton's third law or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's third law or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's third law or something like
+that if nothing's pushing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if nothing's pushing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if nothing's pushing back
+there's no work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no work
+so that's one reason it's free I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one reason it's free I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one reason it's free I mean
+this term free expansion is as old as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term free expansion is as old as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term free expansion is as old as
+the hill so I'm not going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill so I'm not going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill so I'm not going to change the
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+um even though sometimes I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even though sometimes I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even though sometimes I think it's
+confusing but that's one way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing but that's one way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing but that's one way to think of
+the meaning of free the expansion comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of free the expansion comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of free the expansion comes
+for free you don't have to do any work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you don't have to do any work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you don't have to do any work
+to move into that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move into that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move into that space
+right so DV here is finite but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so DV here is finite but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so DV here is finite but the
+pressure's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure's zero
+the pressure during the expansion and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure during the expansion and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pressure during the expansion and um
+heat Q equals zero they said it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat Q equals zero they said it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat Q equals zero they said it was
+adiabatic right so the change of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic right so the change of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic right so the change of energy
+during adiabatic free expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT equals zero
+for ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+right for an ideal gas remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for an ideal gas remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for an ideal gas remember
+temperature and and energy are one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and and energy are one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and and energy are one to
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so if there's no change of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's no change of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's no change of energy
+there's no change of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's keep talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's keep talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's keep talking about this
+adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 out of Creek expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spontaneous
+so Delta entropy has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+that goes back a couple lectures it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back a couple lectures it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes back a couple lectures it's
+spontaneous that means that it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous that means that it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous that means that it has to
+change the entropy has to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the entropy has to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the entropy has to change the
+entropy it has to change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy it has to change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy it has to change it
+with a positive sign how do we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how to calculate Delta s how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate Delta s how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate Delta s how do we
+calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find
+a differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DS equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS equals
+all right Delta s equals DS equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right Delta s equals DS equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right Delta s equals DS equals
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+all right so here's one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's one of the first
+cases where we're going to in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where we're going to in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where we're going to in this class
+see how we can calculate the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can calculate the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can calculate the results of
+processes using thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes using thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes using thermal
+even if we can't calculate the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we can't calculate the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we can't calculate the specific
+processes themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes themselves
+so we have this spontaneous process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this spontaneous process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this spontaneous process
+which involves this nutty expansion into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves this nutty expansion into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which involves this nutty expansion into
+a vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacuum
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+takes place very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that doesn't sound like something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that doesn't sound like something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that doesn't sound like something we
+know how to calculate why we can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to calculate why we can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to calculate why we can't use
+PV equals nrt because during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV equals nrt because during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV equals nrt because during that
+process the system is not at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the system is not at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the system is not at equilibrium
+so the challenge is can we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge is can we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the challenge is can we think of
+an equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent
+reversible process that brings us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process that brings us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible process that brings us to the
+same endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+and final States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final States
+so we're going to have start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have start
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and we have this free expansion process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this free expansion process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this free expansion process
+which I'll draw as being kind of nutty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want to come up with a reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to come up with a reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to come up with a reversible
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the same starting and ending points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same starting and ending points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same starting and ending points
+because if we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we can do that
+we can calculate Delta s and we'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate Delta s and we'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate Delta s and we'll know
+it's the same regardless of whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same regardless of whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same regardless of whether I
+take this path or that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this path or that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this path or that path
+so let's imagine a reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's imagine a reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's imagine a reversible process
+what do we know about this process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about this process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about this process we
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta T equals zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T equals zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T equals zero right
+we know that delta T equals zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that delta T equals zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that delta T equals zero so
+let's consider isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as before isothermal process your change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before isothermal process your change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before isothermal process your change
+in temperature we're going to use T as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature we're going to use T as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature we're going to use T as
+an independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable
+we'll do expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's huge volume this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isothermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this isn't saying that the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't saying that the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this isn't saying that the adiabatic
+free expansion is the same as isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free expansion is the same as isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free expansion is the same as isothermal
+expansion but if I want to calculate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion but if I want to calculate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion but if I want to calculate a
+change in state variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can use this path instead of this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so does anybody want to uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does anybody want to uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does anybody want to uh let's
+see I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some let's see I want to pause here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some let's see I want to pause here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some let's see I want to pause here
+before we do that calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that calculation
+and a positive refer to the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that was sort of a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was sort of a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was sort of a lot of stuff
+I'll take questions before moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you go back and explain again why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you go back and explain again why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you go back and explain again why he
+equals how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals how
+for this process yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this process yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this process yes
+yeah and part of this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and part of this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and part of this okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+part of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see that was about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just the way the problem was set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way the problem was set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way the problem was set up
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um you know I told you the setup is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I told you the setup is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I told you the setup is a
+little bit kooky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit kooky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit kooky
+I'm imagining a thermally insulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm imagining a thermally insulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm imagining a thermally insulated
+piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a thermally insulated piston uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a thermally insulated piston uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a thermally insulated piston uh you
+know I just you know it's in the title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just you know it's in the title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just you know it's in the title
+adiabatic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic so
+thermal insulation heat equals zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal insulation heat equals zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal insulation heat equals zero so
+for that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that process work equals zero and heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process work equals zero and heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process work equals zero and heat
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember those are process variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those are process variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those are process variables
+right so that means that a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that a different
+process might have different process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process might have different process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process might have different process
+variables and still go between the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and still go between the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and still go between the same
+start and end state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to calculate I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to calculate I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to calculate I'm going to
+calculate Delta s next but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate Delta s next but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate Delta s next but I want to
+sort of gather more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gather more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gather more questions
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for isothermal expansion previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for isothermal expansion previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for isothermal expansion previously
+you had used um p as your independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had used um p as your independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had used um p as your independent
+variable is there is there a reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is there is there a reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is there is there a reasoning
+why you're changing it to V now or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're changing it to V now or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're changing it to V now or is
+there like a way that we should it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like a way that we should it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like a way that we should it's
+about the same you know for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same you know for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same you know for for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for ideal gas of course PV equals RT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ideal gas of course PV equals RT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ideal gas of course PV equals RT for
+ideal gas with n equals one PV equals RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas with n equals one PV equals RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas with n equals one PV equals RT
+and uh for isothermal processes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for isothermal processes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for isothermal processes this is
+just a constant so you can always swap p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant so you can always swap p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a constant so you can always swap p
+and v they just end up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v they just end up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v they just end up being the
+universe of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of each other
+I see okay that's that's always easy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see okay that's that's always easy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see okay that's that's always easy I
+just did this because before I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did this because before I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did this because before I did the
+other way I just you know see it both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way I just you know see it both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way I just you know see it both
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I had a question um sorry going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a question um sorry going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had a question um sorry going back to
+the reversible adiabatic expansion uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reversible adiabatic expansion uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reversible adiabatic expansion uh
+and you mentioned the step with uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you mentioned the step with uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you mentioned the step with uh by
+inspection and that was when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection and that was when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection and that was when we
+identified the variables M and N would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the variables M and N would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the variables M and N would
+you mind clarifying how you got to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind clarifying how you got to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mind clarifying how you got to there
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+so that was back here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was back here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was back here right
+yes yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+um I'll ask you tell me what is DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll ask you tell me what is DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll ask you tell me what is DT
+DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT
+at fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+obviously that's one but forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's one but forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously that's one but forget about
+the fact that you know that's one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you know that's one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you know that's one just
+pick it off of this line what is DT DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it off of this line what is DT DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it off of this line what is DT DT
+at fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm glad you asked because this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you asked because this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm glad you asked because this this
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+is a very common mental exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very common mental exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very common mental exercise in
+thermal and maybe you're less familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal and maybe you're less familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal and maybe you're less familiar
+with it coming into this class right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it coming into this class right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it coming into this class right
+differential form dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form dependent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form dependent variable
+independent variable coefficients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable coefficients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable coefficients the
+coefficients are the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are the partial
+differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials
+so DT DT and fixed pressure is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DT DT and fixed pressure is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DT DT and fixed pressure is this
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likewise the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise the T
+d p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+equals n minus m v Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is sort of a silly in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is sort of a silly in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is sort of a silly in some
+sense a silly example I mean it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a silly example I mean it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a silly example I mean it's useful
+the result is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is useful
+um it's a little bit of a silly example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little bit of a silly example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little bit of a silly example
+because dtdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has to be one you don't need to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be one you don't need to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be one you don't need to go to
+table 4.5 and to hop for that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 4.5 and to hop for that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 4.5 and to hop for that you you
+can you can just go ahead and say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can just go ahead and say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can just go ahead and say that's
+one and dtdp at fixed temperature what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and dtdp at fixed temperature what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and dtdp at fixed temperature what's
+DT when temperature is not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh and that would be zero has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and that would be zero has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and that would be zero has to be zero
+yeah so this is so what we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is so what we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is so what we have here is
+we have a system of equations right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a system of equations right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a system of equations right we
+have two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two equations
+and two unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two unknowns
+and that's what I'm doing here is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I'm doing here is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what I'm doing here is I'm
+solving for those two unknowns giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for those two unknowns giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for those two unknowns giving
+those two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two equations
+the example that you're doing in the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that you're doing in the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that you're doing in the P
+set is is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is is a little bit
+less uh I don't want to call this chili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh I don't want to call this chili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh I don't want to call this chili
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um it's I it does require that you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's I it does require that you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's I it does require that you look
+up the code the coefficients in in table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the code the coefficients in in table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the code the coefficients in in table
+4.5 it's not as immediately apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 it's not as immediately apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 it's not as immediately apparent
+what these should be in the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these should be in the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these should be in the in in the
+problem you're working on a p set but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're working on a p set but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're working on a p set but
+that's what I meant by by inspection it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I meant by by inspection it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I meant by by inspection it
+means you look at the differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you look at the differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you look at the differential form
+you pick off the partial differentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick off the partial differentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick off the partial differentials
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you equate them to what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you equate them to what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you equate them to what you know
+them to be in this case it's one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be in this case it's one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be in this case it's one and
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that makes sense thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that makes sense thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that makes sense thank you so much
+yeah thanks just sort of finish here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thanks just sort of finish here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thanks just sort of finish here
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right those are those are coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me calculate the change in entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me calculate the change in entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me calculate the change in entropy
+here because I think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I think that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because I think that um
+it's another example of using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another example of using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another example of using these
+differential forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential forms
+and so maybe it will help right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe it will help right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe it will help right now so
+let me give you let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you let me give you
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+T and V and I want to calculate Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and V and I want to calculate Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and V and I want to calculate Delta s
+so I need need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I need need
+to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s
+sorry I need to integrate DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I need to integrate DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I need to integrate DS
+which is going to be DS d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no change in temperature so DB DStv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change in temperature so DB DStv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no change in temperature so DB DStv
+at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at fixed temperature
+TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV
+this is the thing I need to integrate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing I need to integrate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the thing I need to integrate to
+get my answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my answer
+which means I need to be able to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I need to be able to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means I need to be able to write
+this down I need to know what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down I need to know what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down I need to know what is this
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what I need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I need to know
+so the implied differential form here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the implied differential form here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the implied differential form here is
+the S equals DS DV at fixed temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S equals DS DV at fixed temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S equals DS DV at fixed temperature
+E V plus d s DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E V plus d s DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E V plus d s DT
+at fixed volume DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to skip a couple steps here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip a couple steps here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to skip a couple steps here
+because we have eight minutes remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have eight minutes remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have eight minutes remaining
+so I'm going to use the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to use the general
+strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+or I think this particular case is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I think this particular case is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I think this particular case is also
+just worked in the book so I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worked in the book so I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just worked in the book so I can also
+just look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look it up
+and I get DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get DS
+equals I have to copy this CP over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I have to copy this CP over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals I have to copy this CP over t
+minus V Alpha squared over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of times again these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times again these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times again these these
+coefficients are non-obvious you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are non-obvious you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are non-obvious you just
+have to trust that you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust that you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to trust that you're doing the
+process correctly and use the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process correctly and use the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process correctly and use the result
+okay so this happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this happens to be
+what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for DT equals zero again good choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DT equals zero again good choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DT equals zero again good choice of
+an independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent variable
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+I get to ignore half the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to ignore half the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get to ignore half the right hand side
+of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation
+for DT equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DT equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DT equals zero
+DS equals Alpha over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS equals Alpha over beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS equals Alpha over beta
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for an ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have Alpha equals one over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Alpha equals one over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Alpha equals one over t
+beta equals one over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d s equals p over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s equals p over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d s equals p over t
+DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again using ideal gas equation of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using ideal gas equation of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again using ideal gas equation of State
+so this is um pretty simple in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um pretty simple in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um pretty simple in the end
+I can integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can integrate
+vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to be the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be the integral
+by DV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DV
+of our over V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our over V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our over V
+equals simply r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals simply r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals simply r
+log V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log V2
+over V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V1
+DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS
+this is my answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my answer
+this is the answer I was looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the answer I was looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the answer I was looking for the
+change of entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a reversible process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reversible process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a reversible process
+isothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an important thing
+it's greater than zero right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than zero right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than zero right so what
+does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with my gas molecules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneous process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous process
+is going to bring me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas molecules everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V
+2 over V1 greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over V1 greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over V1 greater than one
+Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s
+greater than zero spontaneous entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero spontaneous entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero spontaneous entropy
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if I try to run this movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I try to run this movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I try to run this movie
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I run this movie backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything would be the same in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would be the same in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would be the same in terms of
+the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation
+except V2 and V1 will be switched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except V2 and V1 will be switched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except V2 and V1 will be switched the
+final volume would be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final volume would be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final volume would be smaller
+than the initial volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the change of entropy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the change of entropy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the change of entropy would be
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's our experience that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's our experience that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's our experience that um
+you won't spontaneously have the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't spontaneously have the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't spontaneously have the gas
+molecules uniformly distributed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uniformly distributed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules uniformly distributed in the
+Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Box
+and then going through a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going through a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going through a situation where
+they leave vacuum on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they leave vacuum on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they leave vacuum on the right hand side
+right that's not our experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's
+uniform gas molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to and that red pen is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and that red pen is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and that red pen is causing
+trouble here going through a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where they segregated themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they segregated themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they segregated themselves
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one side
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know this would never happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this would never happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this would never happen
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+again this sort of goes back to the baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this sort of goes back to the baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this sort of goes back to the baby
+book we discussed you know this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book we discussed you know this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book we discussed you know this happens
+spontaneously this doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously this doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously this doesn't happen
+spontaneously now we have some math to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously now we have some math to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously now we have some math to
+support that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support that
+we have something called the second law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something called the second law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have something called the second law
+we know that spontaneously entropy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that spontaneously entropy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that spontaneously entropy has
+to always increase or say the same it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always increase or say the same it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to always increase or say the same it
+can never decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never decrease
+and now the math of this backs us up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the math of this backs us up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the math of this backs us up
+in this case over here we have V2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case over here we have V2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case over here we have V2 over
+V1 would be less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 would be less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 would be less than one
+and Delta s would be less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s would be less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta s would be less than zero
+so that doesn't happen
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PuUPnAkcNog.txt b/PuUPnAkcNog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..000cadd5a9155c5928ed42b1fd111dcc6e8503a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PuUPnAkcNog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3912 @@
+PROFESSOR: All
+right before we get
+
+started, I just
+wanted to say goodbye
+
+to Eric Joisel, who
+died on Sunday, sadly.
+
+He's a master origami creator,
+and I encourage you all
+
+to come see "Between
+the Folds" on Tuesday,
+
+showing Tuesday
+evening, because there's
+
+a great interview with him, and
+it really captures his spirit.
+
+And sadly, I never
+met him in person.
+
+The last I corresponded with
+him was to get permission
+
+to show these photos in class.
+
+So that sucks.
+
+Today is about rigidity again.
+
+And in particular, something
+called infinitesimal rigidity.
+
+So last class was mostly
+about generic rigidity.
+
+Today we're going to
+talk about a variation,
+
+although related to
+generic rigidity.
+
+And this is going to
+be a very useful tool.
+
+It's a lot easier to work
+with algorithmically.
+
+It still captures
+essentially generic rigidity,
+
+but in a different
+way-- in a linear way.
+
+And it's going to
+be super useful.
+
+So the idea is we think about
+rigidity-- does a linkage
+
+move or not-- to
+the first order.
+
+First order means
+first derivative.
+
+OK, so I'm going to do some
+analysis stuff-- calculus,
+
+which you should all know,
+because is the General
+
+Institute Requirement.
+
+Don't worry, you don't
+need to know much.
+
+So in particular
+rigidity, is really
+
+about the lack of motion.
+
+So let's define the idea
+of infinitesimal motion,
+
+or first-order motion.
+
+This is, again, suppose
+we start somewhere.
+
+And somewhere would be
+a linkage configuration.
+
+There's a linkage.
+
+There's a graph,
+with edge lengths
+
+plus configuration maps
+every vertex to a point.
+
+I'm going to assume we're
+working in the plane for now.
+
+But really this works in--
+I'll say d dimensions.
+
+So this is what
+I want to define.
+
+I'm going to say that
+it is a valid-- this
+
+is sort of an informal notion--
+a valid first derivative
+
+of a motion.
+
+We've already defined motions.
+
+I want to take such a
+motion, essentially,
+
+take its derivative
+with respect to time,
+
+And evaluate that
+derivative at time 0.
+
+This is a fancy way of saying
+the following picture-- I'd
+
+like a motion, which is some
+path in the configuration
+
+space-- remember,
+configuration space
+
+is some hugely
+dimensional object,
+
+d n dimensions-- and
+a point in that space
+
+corresponds to a configuration.
+
+We have a motion is
+some path in that space.
+
+And motions are
+hard to think about.
+
+They can be really complicated.
+
+So I just want to say, well,
+how do you get started moving?
+
+What direction do you
+go in in a linear sense,
+
+to the first order?
+
+What's the derivative?
+
+What's the tangent
+right at the beginning?
+
+And then this
+notion will, stated
+
+in terms of motions--
+you can think
+
+about this in the
+absence of a motion.
+
+Say, well, yeah, I don't really
+know whether this curve exists,
+
+but let's just see, does this
+initial starting direction
+
+exist?
+
+And that's actually a little
+weaker than the whole motion
+
+existing.
+
+If the motion exists, surely
+you can take this derivative
+
+and evaluate it.
+
+It's not totally
+obvious, but it's true.
+
+You need some smoothness.
+
+But if there's a way
+to get started moving,
+
+that doesn't actually mean
+you could actually move.
+
+Why don't I give a more formal
+definition, and a more useful
+
+one-- but that's the intuition.
+
+So another way to think
+of an infinitesimal motion
+
+is, instead of saying how each
+vertex moves in d dimensions,
+
+you just give a velocity
+vector for each vertex.
+
+For every vertex v, we're going
+to get some velocity vector
+
+d of v-- that's direction
+or derivative of v.
+
+And with motions,
+we were supposed
+
+to preserve edge lengths.
+
+So here we'd like to
+preserve edge lengths,
+
+but that's actually
+kind of hard to do.
+
+If you take an edge--
+so I have two vertices,
+
+and I assign some velocity
+vectors, something like this--
+
+as soon as you move a little
+bit in that direction,
+
+the edge length won't
+be quite the same.
+
+But it'll be the same
+to the first order,
+
+so this is going to
+be a little subtle.
+
+And in the book, we
+take the derivatives.
+
+We work out all the details.
+
+But I'll just tell you
+what the condition is,
+
+because ultimately all we
+need is this condition.
+
+I'm just defining an
+infinitesimal motion
+
+to be a velocity vector
+for every vertex,
+
+such that this property holds.
+
+This is a dot product
+between two vectors.
+
+If you have two vectors, a and
+b, you take their dot product,
+
+this is just
+something like this.
+
+You take the x-coordinates.
+
+You multiply them together.
+
+You take the y-coordinates.
+
+You multiply them
+together, and so on.
+
+Add them up.
+
+And we're going to need
+some linear algebra.
+
+That's one useful
+linearity thing.
+
+So these are where
+the configuration
+
+places vertex v and vertex w.
+
+So this should be true for
+each edge v w on the graph.
+
+This is a vector C
+of v minus C of w.
+
+Let me give some labels.
+
+Let's say this is
+w, and this is v.
+
+Let's say these are the points
+that the configuration places
+
+w and v at.
+
+Then C of v minus C
+of w is this vector.
+
+It's a vector.
+
+It doesn't really
+have any space.
+
+It's just been
+translated around.
+
+It's a vector that
+would point from w
+
+to v in the configuration.
+
+That's the left part.
+
+The right part has no
+real intuitive meaning,
+
+but it involves this thing--
+some velocity vector for w--
+
+and the velocity
+vector for v. So this
+
+is some relation on this
+vector and these two vectors.
+
+It's actually a very
+intuitive relation.
+
+Let me tell you what it means.
+
+Basically, we want
+to understand how
+
+this length changes
+to the first order.
+
+So this guy's moving to first
+order in this direction.
+
+In fact, it's moving
+on some curve,
+
+and the initial tangent
+is that direction.
+
+And to understand how that
+motion changes this edge
+
+length, turns out
+the right thing
+
+to do is to project this
+vector onto this one.
+
+Makes sense.
+
+So as this guy moves
+in that direction,
+
+This is the first-order change.
+
+This distance here is
+the first-order change
+
+of this length as caused
+by this vertex moving.
+
+OK, that projected length
+is actually very simple.
+
+This is again, some
+linear algebra stuff
+
+interpreted geometrically.
+
+This is a dot
+product in d of w--
+
+that vector-- dot product
+with C of v minus C of w.
+
+It turns out dot product
+corresponds to projection.
+
+So I'm taking this vector.
+
+I'm projecting onto this one.
+
+That's how you'd write
+it algebraically.
+
+And same deal over here.
+
+If I project this
+vector onto this one,
+
+that's going to be the
+first-order change to this edge
+
+length caused by this vertex
+moving in that direction.
+
+So this is d of v dot
+C of v, minus C of w.
+
+So if I want this
+edge length not
+
+to change at all
+to the first order,
+
+then this projected length
+should equal this projected
+
+length.
+
+And that's why I
+drew it this way.
+
+So it turns out this is a valid
+motion, because that projected
+
+length equals that one.
+
+And in general, we want this
+thing to equal that thing.
+
+And if you rearrange
+terms, that's
+
+the same thing as this property.
+
+I just take this one minus this
+one, and set it equal to zero,
+
+and you get that.
+
+OK, so this is some intuition.
+
+Maybe it makes sense, maybe not.
+
+In the end, this is
+all I care about.
+
+And it's useful to
+realize that it's
+
+a first derivative of a motion,
+because what that implies
+
+is that if there's
+a motion-- a real,
+
+honest to goodness
+motion-- then there's
+
+an infinitesimal motion.
+
+I'm going to abbreviate
+that "inf motion."
+
+Infinitesimal is pretty long.
+
+Infinitesimal means
+smaller-- very tiny-- smaller
+
+than anything, I think
+is the literal meaning.
+
+So this is useful to us,
+because the contrapositive
+
+says if a linkage is
+infinitesimally rigid-- which
+
+just means if there is no
+infinitesimal motion-- then
+
+it's rigid.
+
+So these are the
+same statements.
+
+This you prove just
+by taking a motion
+
+and taking its derivative.
+
+This is identical to that.
+
+So this is useful
+because if we can ever
+
+find something and show that
+it's infinitesimally rigid,
+
+then we've determined
+that it's rigid.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+dot product [INAUDIBLE]
+
+at a left right turn is
+0, or that the terms are
+
+at 90 degrees to each other?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, this
+dot product basically
+
+means these two vectors are
+at 90 degrees to each other.
+
+That's another
+geometric meaning.
+
+I don't have a
+geometric picture.
+
+Maybe there is one,
+but I have trouble
+
+thinking about d
+of v minus d of w.
+
+That's not an intuitive thing
+to me, but it's something.
+
+And we're saying that
+that vector should
+
+be perpendicular to
+C of v minus C of w.
+
+However you want
+to think about, I
+
+like to think about it this
+way, but they're equivalent.
+
+All right, so how do we
+tell whether something's
+
+infinitesimally rigid?
+
+Because somehow
+that's useful to us.
+
+Well, there's a
+saying that everything
+
+is linear to the first
+order-- sort of a tautology.
+
+And all you need to observe
+is that this constraint
+
+is linear in what we don't know.
+
+So I want to know is there
+some set of velocity vectors
+
+d of v, and d of w,
+for all the vertices,
+
+so that these constraints hold.
+
+But I already know C of
+v, and I know C of w.
+
+This is just where are
+these vertices currently.
+
+And I want to know can
+I get started moving?
+
+So these are my
+known quantities,
+
+and these are my
+unknown quantities.
+
+This is just some linear thing.
+
+And the dot product-- I mean,
+this is all just constant.
+
+I know what they are.
+
+So this is a linear equation.
+
+The fancy way to write this
+is as a matrix equation,
+
+if you want.
+
+So this is the idea
+of a rigidity matrix.
+
+So we have a whole bunch
+of these constraints,
+
+one for every edge.
+
+And whenever you have a
+bunch of linear constraints,
+
+you can write them as
+R-- some big matrix--
+
+times the velocity, or
+call them d's equals 0.
+
+So I can absorb
+this into a matrix.
+
+If you're used to that, great.
+
+Otherwise, this is
+what it looks like.
+
+My matrix R is going
+to have a row that
+
+has a whole bunch of zeroes.
+
+And then at some point, it
+has basically various versions
+
+of this vector.
+
+But because this
+is one equation,
+
+but in two dimensions, there's
+two parts to all these vectors.
+
+Two dimensions that'll
+look something like this--
+
+why did I change the order?
+
+I think it's right.
+
+OK, this is not very amazing.
+
+It's just there are going
+to be four terms in two
+
+dimensions in this
+equation, because we've
+
+got d of v times this vector.
+
+So there's a
+x-coordinate vector,
+
+and the y-coordinate
+vector, and in d dimensions,
+
+there will be d of them.
+
+Here in two dimensions, I've got
+the x-coordinate of the vector,
+
+and the y-coordinate
+of the vector.
+
+So this will end up getting
+multiplied on the right hand
+
+side by d of v.
+So the two v rows,
+
+and this part will end up
+getting multiplied by d of w.
+
+yes, so these guys
+switched around.
+
+It's now w minus v in order
+to implement that minus sign.
+
+So whatever-- the point
+is you get a matrix.
+
+And what we care about, what
+we're trying to solve for,
+
+is d.
+
+We know this entire
+matrix, because we know c.
+
+We know the configuration.
+
+We just want to know is there
+some set of velocity vectors
+
+such that the rigidity matrix
+times this is equal to zero?
+
+This is called the set
+of d's i for which this
+
+is possible is called
+the-- anyone know?
+
+Good old linear
+algebra-- it's called
+
+the null space of
+this rigidity--
+
+null referring to
+that 0, or the kernel.
+
+So the set of all
+infinitesimal motions
+
+is the null space of
+that matrix, also known
+
+as the kernel of the matrix.
+
+And so what?
+
+Well this lets us use a bunch
+of theorems in linear algebra.
+
+So one fun fact is
+that the dimension
+
+of this space-- the space of
+all infinitesimal motions--
+
+seems like a useful
+thing to know.
+
+We want to know how
+many-- this is basically
+
+the number of degrees of freedom
+in infinitesimal land, which
+
+is not quite reality,
+but it's close.
+
+This is called the
+nullity of the matrix.
+
+That's just the
+definition, but there's
+
+a fun theorem called
+the rank nullity
+
+theorem from linear algebra.
+
+Which says if you
+have a matrix, you
+
+take its rank-- which is
+another quantity-- you take
+
+its nullity, and you
+add them together,
+
+it will be the number of
+columns in your matrix.
+
+Now in our case, the number
+of columns is d times n.
+
+We have n vertices down
+here, and each of them
+
+has d coordinates.
+
+So for us, this is d times n.
+
+So this is like a
+conserved quantity.
+
+What we care about
+is the nullity.
+
+This is the space of motions--
+infinitesimal motions.
+
+And so consequently, we
+care about this thing
+
+called the rank.
+
+And if you've ever seen
+linear algebra, especially
+
+linear algebra algorithms,
+the bread and butter business
+
+is computing the
+rank of a matrix.
+
+This can be done
+in polynomial time.
+
+So this is good news.
+
+And intuitively what
+it corresponds to
+
+is the number of useful edges.
+
+And this thing is the number
+of degrees of freedom.
+
+So it turns out these will
+always be equal to d times n
+
+in summation.
+
+And what we care about,
+infinitesimal rigidity,
+
+means that-- or let's say
+it's infinitesimally rigid if
+
+and only if the
+nullity of the matrix
+
+is the space of rigid motions,
+which I have to look up.
+
+In general, in d dimensions,
+it's this-- d plus 1 choose 2.
+
+In two dimensions, there's
+three rigid motions.
+
+You've got the two
+translations and the rotation.
+
+Those we're not getting rid of.
+
+They still exist in
+infinitesimal land.
+
+So in two dimensions,
+ideally your nullity
+
+is-- if you want rigidity,
+your nullity should be 3.
+
+And what this is telling us
+is then the rank of the matrix
+
+should be d n minus that.
+
+In two dimensions,
+that is 2n minus 3.
+
+So this is telling us
+something we already
+
+knew, but essentially for
+free, which is kind of fun,
+
+if you know all
+this linear algebra.
+
+Which admittedly, even if you've
+learned linear algebra, that
+
+may not be the first thing you
+care about in that context,
+
+but for rigidity, this
+is a really useful way
+
+of thinking about things.
+
+You've got all these
+columns-- d times n of them.
+
+You want to obliterate all the
+degrees of freedom you can,
+
+and leave just three of
+them in two dimensions--
+
+d times d plus 1 over
+2 in d dimensions,
+
+and you do that by
+adding useful edges.
+
+And useful edges here means
+that the rank is high,
+
+which essentially means none
+of the rows in this matrix
+
+cancel out with each other.
+
+So it's another way of
+thinking about essentially
+
+everything we've seen.
+
+And if you know linear
+algebra, it's useful.
+
+Otherwise, I'll tell
+you how we can use it.
+
+OK, one mathematical
+thing we can do
+
+is give another definition
+of a generic point set.
+
+Last class we talked
+about one definition
+
+of generic, which
+was that you forbid
+
+all non-trivial polynomial or
+algebraic rational equations
+
+on your points, which is very
+messy and infinite and hard
+
+to think about.
+
+This definition will
+be easy to think about
+
+if you're used to
+linear algebra.
+
+So for some, it's
+an improvement.
+
+For others, it might be
+the reverse-- whatever.
+
+But at least this definition
+is finite, which I like.
+
+OK, for this definition we
+need the notion of a minor.
+
+So we have some matrix.
+
+Actually, our matrices
+are pretty rectangular.
+
+And I just choose, let's say
+k columns from the matrix--
+
+let's say 3, and
+I choose k rows--
+
+the same number of
+rows and columns.
+
+I look at those elements
+in the intersection.
+
+That's a square matrix.
+
+That's a minor-- that
+3 by 3 square submatrix
+
+is called a minor.
+
+So there's a whole
+bunch of minors,
+
+but it's only finitely many.
+
+It's exponential.
+
+It's not easy to check.
+
+You take all the minors
+of your rigidity matrix.
+
+And here I'm imagining
+the complete graph,
+
+so there's tons of edges.
+
+There's n choose two edges.
+
+So this'll be
+independent linkage.
+
+You could do it
+specific to the linkage,
+
+but it's better to do it
+for the complete graph.
+
+Then we take the
+determinant of that matrix,
+
+which I won't define.
+
+It's a number associated
+with that matrix.
+
+And if it's non-zero--
+now remember,
+
+rigidity matrix is
+defined as a function
+
+of C. It depends where
+you put the vertices.
+
+So what I'm saying is if it's
+non-zero for some choice of C,
+
+then it should be non-zero
+for this choice of C.
+
+And if you find
+such a configuration
+
+C-- or I guess we call
+this a realization C--
+
+then that C is generic.
+
+So if I gave you a
+specific configuration,
+
+you could, in principle,
+in finite time-- it
+
+won't be efficient-- you could
+check all of these things.
+
+And say, oh, I compute
+out, I work out
+
+what the determinant of that
+submatrix is, that minor.
+
+It's some algebraic function.
+
+If it doesn't
+cancel out entirely,
+
+if it's not zero trivially,
+it's not zero always,
+
+then I just evaluate it
+at this configuration.
+
+And if it's non-zero
+there, good.
+
+That's generic.
+
+So it's not useful
+in a computable way,
+
+but it's a definition.
+
+It's a little bit nicer.
+
+And now there's a
+bunch of fun facts
+
+about infinitesimal
+motions and rigidity,
+
+and the relation to
+the generic case.
+
+So there as we have
+before, this definition
+
+is not quite the same,
+but it's effectively
+
+the same as the last one.
+
+Almost every
+configuration is generic.
+
+So maybe I should say
+realization-- whatever.
+
+I take some point set--
+I take some vertex set.
+
+I assign random
+points to each vertex.
+
+Then with probability
+1, it will be generic
+
+according to this definition.
+
+That's really obvious if
+you know linear algebra.
+
+That's a good thing.
+
+But here's what's
+really cool-- if we
+
+take any of these
+generic configurations--
+
+so just fix one--
+rigidity is the same thing
+
+as infinitesimal rigidity,
+is the same thing
+
+as generic rigidity
+from last class.
+
+Wow, this is cool,
+because if I care
+
+about any one of
+these three things,
+
+I just have to pick my
+favorite generic point, which
+
+I can do randomly.
+
+I can just take a
+random point, and if I
+
+can evaluate any one
+of these three things,
+
+I learn about all the others.
+
+So if you want to tell whether
+a 3D graph is generically rigid,
+
+you take a random
+realization in 3D.
+
+You compute the rank of
+this matrix generalized
+
+to the 3D case.
+
+You see is it 3 n minus
+6, and that will tell you
+
+whether that generic realization
+is infinitesimally rigid.
+
+And if you chose it right, which
+you will do at probability 1,
+
+then that will tell you whether
+the graph is generically rigid.
+
+So when I said last class
+generic rigidity in 3D is hard,
+
+it's hard in the sense we don't
+have a deterministic algorithm,
+
+but randomized-- super easy.
+
+Choose a random
+configuration, check
+
+the rank of the
+rigidity matrix-- done.
+
+So that's kind of cool.
+
+And that's why this
+infinitesimal rigidity stuff
+
+is so important, because
+it's so easy algorithmically.
+
+Things become a lot easier.
+
+Let me draw you one
+example just to show
+
+what happens at
+non-generic points.
+
+I've actually drawn
+this example before.
+
+So here's a non-generic point.
+
+These three points
+are collinear.
+
+And you can work out
+there is some minor
+
+that is 0, but shouldn't be.
+
+And this thing is rigid, because
+we have rigid triangle here.
+
+We have a rigid triangle here.
+
+So these two points are
+pinned relative to each other.
+
+And then this thing is
+taut, so it can't move.
+
+But to the first
+order, it can move.
+
+And it's allowed to move
+straight up or down--
+
+anything perpendicular
+to this segment.
+
+That's always true.
+
+If you take a segment, and
+you move one vertex but not
+
+the other perpendicular
+to the segment,
+
+that's a valid
+infinitesimal motion.
+
+Why?
+
+Because if I project this
+onto the segment, I get 0.
+
+So this length is not
+changing to the first order.
+
+And this is really necessary.
+
+To the first order, you can't
+really distinguish this guy
+
+actually moving up,
+and therefore getting
+
+slightly longer versus this guy
+moving along a circle centered
+
+at that point, which
+is a valid motion.
+
+To the first order,
+they look the same,
+
+because you're going straight
+up or down in first derivative.
+
+OK, here, to the
+first order, you
+
+can't realize the
+fact that if you're
+
+going to go on this
+circle and you're
+
+going to go on this circle,
+you get a contradiction.
+
+But it's pretty accurate.
+
+And if you perturb this
+example, infinitesimal rigidity
+
+will give you the right answer.
+
+This is an example where
+infinitesimal rigidity is
+
+a little bit weaker than--
+no, infinitesimal flexibility
+
+having infinitesimal motion
+is a little weaker than having
+
+a motion, but the reverse holds.
+
+If there's a motion, there's
+always an infinitesimal motion.
+
+If you're infinitesimally
+rigid, you're always rigid.
+
+That example is rigid, but
+not infinitesimally rigid,
+
+so it's sort of strict.
+
+OK so far?
+
+That's the more technical
+part of the lecture.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: Will [INAUDIBLE]
+be square matricies?
+
+PROFESSOR: The rigidity matrices
+are almost never square.
+
+Good question.
+
+The minors are
+going to be square,
+
+because we told them to be.
+
+But I think typically,
+in the ideal setting,
+
+we're going to
+have d n columns--
+
+so let's say 2 times n
+columns in two dimensions.
+
+And we're supposed to
+have 2n minus 3 rows.
+
+So it's close, but
+in general, they
+
+should differ by
+about this much.
+
+So they're almost
+square, actually.
+
+Glad you asked.
+
+STUDENT: You can
+add [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You could
+always add extra edges
+
+and make it square, yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, no.
+
+So that's another good question.
+
+What happens if I add
+more edges than this many?
+
+The rank just won't go up.
+
+Any edges you add will
+add redundant constraints,
+
+and so the rank can never
+go above this value.
+
+You need at least this
+many edges to get there,
+
+and we know we can get
+there with that many edges,
+
+but only in the
+minimal rigid case.
+
+You could add more edges.
+
+You could make it a
+super-tall matrix if you want,
+
+but you're not going
+to increase the rank.
+
+All right, let's use this
+for something more fun.
+
+So maybe go over here.
+
+I don't need the
+rigidity matrix any more.
+
+Tensegrity-- so this
+is in some sense
+
+an extension of rigidity
+theory to a whole other theory
+
+called tensegrity theory.
+
+The word tensegrity comes from
+tensional integrity, which
+
+is a very Buckminster Fuller
+term, and he invented it.
+
+I don't think he
+invented tensegrities,
+
+but he invented the word.
+
+And they are things
+like this-- here's
+
+a tensegrity built and
+given to me by Bob Connolly.
+
+And it has well,
+I guess, there are
+
+three kinds of edges physically.
+
+There are the springs.
+
+There are these struts, and
+there are these wire cables.
+
+And its rigid.
+
+It's a little flexible,
+just because the springs
+
+aren't perfectly stiff,
+like all springs.
+
+But there are three
+kinds of edges here,
+
+and we're going to model
+the three kinds of edges.
+
+The edges that
+we've modeled so far
+
+are most closely related
+to these springs,
+
+so that's not quite the
+right physical analogy.
+
+What I would call the
+edges and linkages is bars.
+
+Bars are, like,
+solid attachments,
+
+like steel rods
+that are permanently
+
+attached to the two endpoints.
+
+The lengths of these
+edges should never change.
+
+That's been the world
+we live in, at least
+
+to the first order, whatever.
+
+Edge lengths of bars
+should never change.
+
+Now we have these cables.
+
+Now cables really
+can get shorter.
+
+This cable is perfectly
+happy to get shorter.
+
+I can pull those two
+vertices together.
+
+But what it prevents
+is getting longer.
+
+If I pull-- you
+can't tell, but I'm
+
+pulling really hard on
+these vertices apart.
+
+Nothing happens, because this
+cable can't get any longer.
+
+So cables prevent
+extension, but they do not
+
+prevent compression.
+
+Struts, on the other hand--
+they prevent compression.
+
+If I push on these two vertices,
+they don't get any closer.
+
+If I pull, it comes right out.
+
+And you have to realize
+that these are eye hooks,
+
+and so really, those
+could come apart.
+
+All these struts are
+preventing is compression.
+
+They don't prevent expansion.
+
+So that's the thing
+we want to model.
+
+This is a tensegrity.
+
+It's a generalization
+of a linkage
+
+and where we allow
+three kinds of edges.
+
+It can be a bar-- and
+this is the old case,
+
+which is that the
+length is fixed.
+
+We can have cables, which
+is the length can decrease,
+
+but it can't increase.
+
+And there are struts,
+which are the reverse--
+
+you can increase
+but not decrease.
+
+Seems like a useful
+generalization,
+
+especially because
+people build things
+
+they actually use
+struts and cables.
+
+Like you look at most bridges--
+tons of cables around.
+
+I think I have an example here.
+
+There's this guy,
+Ken Snelson, who
+
+makes a whole bunch of
+cool tensegrity sculptures.
+
+This is a particularly
+tall one in Washington, DC
+
+that I saw a couple years ago.
+
+That's to give you
+an idea of height.
+
+And there's this
+really cool view
+
+if you stand-- here's a person.
+
+You stand in the
+center, and you look up.
+
+It has this really
+cool, sixfold rotational
+
+reflectional symmetry.
+
+I could stare at this for hours.
+
+I think that's just
+the [? zoom ?].
+
+So we want to understand
+those structures.
+
+This one's also
+rigid, hopefully.
+
+It's been standing for 40 years.
+
+So what can we define in
+this generalized setting
+
+of tensegrity?
+
+We want motions.
+
+We want rigidity.
+
+We want generic rigidity.
+
+We want infinitesimal rigidity.
+
+All the good things
+we've defined,
+
+hopefully, carry over to this.
+
+Well, all but one of
+them carry over to this.
+
+OK, we can define a
+configuration space.
+
+It's going to be a little
+smaller, or a little different
+
+from our old
+configuration space.
+
+It's a space of all possible
+configurations where
+
+these three things
+hold-- give you
+
+desired lengths for
+each of these things.
+
+As long as these
+constraints hold,
+
+that the lengths stay the
+same here, get smaller
+
+here or the same, or stay
+the same or get larger here--
+
+that's a valid configuration.
+
+So it's actually a slightly
+larger configuration space
+
+than what we had.
+
+A path through
+that space is going
+
+to be a motion,
+just like before.
+
+Configuration is just
+a bunch of points
+
+where this holds--
+blah, blah, blah.
+
+The problem is, there's no
+notion of generic rigidity.
+
+For example, this is a
+generically flexible linkage.
+
+We all know it.
+
+Now I take my yellow
+chalk and add struts.
+
+Maybe I'll put some arrows on
+it to make it more obvious.
+
+These are things they can
+expand, but cannot contract.
+
+Then this configuration
+is rigid or flexible?
+
+Flexible, yeah-- this is a
+one degree of freedom linkage.
+
+The white part is a one
+degree of freedom linkage,
+
+and if you move this thing
+in a particular direction,
+
+indeed, this increases
+and that increases.
+
+Check it.
+
+This one is rigid.
+
+The only way to move
+the square-- or in fact,
+
+any generic convex
+configuration--
+
+is one of these pairs
+has to get shorter.
+
+The other one will get
+longer, but one of them
+
+will get shorter.
+
+So this is the same graph,
+and the same labeling
+
+of which edges are bars
+and which are struts,
+
+but in one configuration
+it's flexible.
+
+The other it's rigid.
+
+So we lose generic rigidity.
+
+But infinitesimal
+rigidity still works,
+
+and generic configurations
+are still meaningful.
+
+It's just that they're
+not all the same.
+
+There's not, in this
+case, for four vertices,
+
+there's two kinds of
+generic configurations.
+
+So it makes life
+a little harder.
+
+But let's say this
+part will work well.
+
+So why don't I be
+clever, erase this part.
+
+So this is the idea of
+an infinitesimal motion.
+
+of a tensegrity.
+
+Well, I want to take
+the same dot product,
+
+and I claim this is really
+measuring-- it's a number,
+
+and it's measuring the sign's
+change in length of that edge.
+
+So if C of v minus
+C of w dot product
+
+with d of v minus d of w is
+greater than or equal to 0,
+
+that's the property
+I want for struts.
+
+That says it gets
+longer or stays
+
+the same to the first order.
+
+Now of course, in reality it
+might get slightly shorter,
+
+but not in the first derivative.
+
+And it should be less than
+or equal to 0 for cables,
+
+and should be equal
+to 0 for bars.
+
+So that's the new notion
+of infinitesimal motion.
+
+Now, this is no longer a linear
+system of linear equations.
+
+I can no longer write this as a
+matrix times a vector equals 0.
+
+But this is this
+more general thing
+
+called a linear program,
+where I have linear equations.
+
+I also have linear inequalities.
+
+So in fact, I can write it
+as some other matrix R prime.
+
+Actually, it's the same matrix.
+
+R prime times d is greater
+than or equal to 0.
+
+This is the general form
+of a linear program.
+
+And you can write an equality
+constraint in this world
+
+just by taking it
+and its negation,
+
+setting both of them
+greater or equal to 0.
+
+That forces them to
+be equal to zero.
+
+All you need to know
+is it there are fast
+
+algorithms to solve this, also.
+
+So if I give you a tensegrity
+in polynomial time,
+
+you can tell whether there is a
+valid infinitesimal motion that
+
+does all things you want on
+the struts, cables, and bars.
+
+Cool, questions?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: This R--
+this is some matrix,
+
+and this is your
+vector of all the d's.
+
+STUDENT: Right.
+
+And saying that it's greater
+than or equal to 0 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, that means
+element lines, sorry.
+
+You take a matrix
+times a vector.
+
+You get a big vector.
+
+This is a vector of zeroes.
+
+I should have said that.
+
+And it's just saying every
+element in the vector
+
+is greater than
+or equal to zero.
+
+So it's just a fancy way of
+rewriting this stuff again.
+
+But this is what we
+call linear programs,
+
+and that's what's solvable.
+
+STUDENT: And that's
+just for struts, then?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, for
+cables you could just
+
+negate the left-hand side.
+
+And then that's greater
+than or equal to zero.
+
+For bars you have to include
+the same left-hand side
+
+and its negation.
+
+Yeah, I'm skipping some steps.
+
+That's why I had
+to write R prime--
+
+it changes a little bit.
+
+How many people know
+about linear programming?
+
+OK, about 2/3, so for
+you guys, you also
+
+know that there's this thing
+called linear programming
+
+duality.
+
+If you have a linear program,
+the first thing everyone
+
+should do when they have a
+linear program is take the dual
+
+and see what you get.
+
+I'm just going to
+tell you what you get.
+
+But that's the next
+trick I want to pull.
+
+So dual notion-- essentially
+what prevents you
+
+from solving that system--
+in other words, what
+
+makes something
+rigid-- is something
+
+called equilibrium stress.
+
+So stress, for me,
+is just a real number
+
+assigned to every edge.
+
+And here I'm going
+to use the word
+
+edge to mean bar,
+strut, or cable.
+
+So a real number s
+of e for each edge e,
+
+and have to have
+three properties.
+
+If I have a cable, then that
+number should be non-negative.
+
+If I have a strut, it
+should be non-positive.
+
+If I have a bar, I don't care--
+could be positive, or negative,
+
+or zero.
+
+And then there's the
+equilibrium condition,
+
+which is that if I take the
+sum over all vertices w, where
+
+v w is an edge,
+the weighted vector
+
+C of v minus C of
+w-- so I forgot
+
+to mention we're
+assuming we have
+
+some configuration
+of our tensegrity.
+
+This is the zero
+vector for all vertices
+
+v. Let me draw a picture.
+
+I'll draw a real
+example, how's that?
+
+Here's a rigid linkage.
+
+I'm not going to say yet which
+edges are struts and cables.
+
+In some sense, I
+can do that later.
+
+And I'm going to put numbers
+1 along all the outside edges
+
+and the numbers 3 along all
+the inside edges-- sorry,
+
+negative 1 and positive 3.
+
+And then if you work
+out what this is saying,
+
+I'm taking the
+vectors-- so I'm looking
+
+at each vertex like this
+one, and saying OK, well, I
+
+take all of the
+incoming, whatever.
+
+Let's think of all the edges
+incident to that vertex.
+
+I weight them by this number.
+
+In this case, they're
+all multiplied by 3.
+
+So I take this vector.
+
+I multiply it by 3.
+
+It gets three times as long.
+
+Take this vector, multiply by
+3, this vector multiplied by 3.
+
+I add them up.
+
+I should get the zero vector.
+
+And if this is really
+an equilateral triangle,
+
+I will get the zero
+vector, so that's good.
+
+And I'm going to
+draw arrows here
+
+to signify what this
+means intuitively
+
+is that this edge is pushing
+with a really big arrow.
+
+This is an arrowhead of size 3.
+
+Try to draw it to scale.
+
+Then, of course,
+this vertex will not
+
+move subject to those forces.
+
+These forces balance out.
+
+On the other hand,
+this guy, I have
+
+these edges of
+weight negative 1.
+
+That means it's going
+to pull, and it's
+
+going to pull with the
+arrowhead of size 1.
+
+OK, and I claim also that
+these vertices do not
+
+move subject to
+those three forces.
+
+How do you check that?
+
+The proper way to
+check it is to draw
+
+what's called a force polygon.
+
+Those who have done structural
+engineering know this.
+
+So I take, let's see, there's
+this vector, which is length
+
+3 times that, so it would
+be something like that long.
+
+And let's say I'm pushing in
+that direction, so I go there.
+
+Then I follow this thing
+with the weight of 1,
+
+but in sort of the
+opposite direction,
+
+so it will be like this.
+
+This is my attempt at
+copying that edge length
+
+and getting what I want.
+
+And then the other
+force is this one.
+
+It doesn't actually matter
+which order I do these in.
+
+And if I end up back
+where I started,
+
+that means the total
+force is 0 as a vector,
+
+and so this vertex
+is stationary.
+
+That's the force polygon.
+
+So you can just check this.
+
+It's a geometric
+condition, if you will,
+
+that each vertex is stationary.
+
+That is the notion of
+being in equilibrium.
+
+And this is just the
+algebra to write that down.
+
+Now what the heck does this
+thing mean intuitively?
+
+If your tensegrity
+is going to be rigid,
+
+somehow the edges
+can prevent a motion.
+
+And intuitively,
+what that means--
+
+I'm going to say this right--
+so this is like an edge pushing
+
+really hard away from
+itself, against the vertices.
+
+That's like a strut.
+
+A strut prevents compression.
+
+So that the force that it
+can actuate effectively
+
+is an outward force.
+
+Whereas cables
+prevent extension,
+
+so they can sort of
+pull back, say, no,
+
+you can't get any longer.
+
+I'm going to pull towards me.
+
+So this is like a cable.
+
+This is like a strut.
+
+Now bars can do both.
+
+That's why there's no
+constraint on bars.
+
+But assuming I've got
+this right-- and I didn't.
+
+I got it backwards.
+
+Minus 3 plus 1-- it's
+symmetric so it doesn't matter
+
+in some sense, but the intuition
+matches when cables can pull,
+
+and struts can push,
+and bars can do both,
+
+because they prevent
+motion in both directions.
+
+All right, now, it would be
+nice to say you're rigid if
+
+and only if you have
+an equilibrium stress.
+
+But that's not true.
+
+Let me tell you what is true.
+
+So this is duality.
+
+This goes back to Roth and
+Whiteley, 1981-- good year.
+
+So let's see,
+here's what's true--
+
+if I look at all the
+equilibrium stresses,
+
+and I find some stress
+that is non-zero
+
+on a particular structure
+or cable-- I should mention
+
+there's always a
+trivial stress, which
+
+is you set all of
+these S's to zero.
+
+Then everything will hold.
+
+So what we're interested
+in are nontrivial stresses,
+
+where you're nonzero somewhere,
+and the interesting case
+
+is when you're nonzero on some
+strut or cable, let's say.
+
+So if there is such
+an equilibrium stress,
+
+then it's not quite the
+case that you're rigid,
+
+but you're rigid on that edge.
+
+Every infinitesimal motion holds
+the length of that edge fixed.
+
+So this is a strut or a cable.
+
+It could get longer or
+it could get smaller,
+
+depending which case we're in.
+
+But if there's a stress that's
+nonzero on that edge, then
+
+in fact, it can't
+change length at all.
+
+It effectively acts like a
+bar in this configuration.
+
+That's what this theorem says.
+
+And these are equivalent.
+
+If you want to
+know can I possibly
+
+make the strut any longer?
+
+You just see can I find
+an equilibrium stress
+
+for that thing that's non-zero?
+
+Another thing you can say--
+almost equivalent to this
+
+or a consequence of that--
+if I have some tensegrity,
+
+and I want to know is it
+infinitesimally rigid,
+
+that is the case if and
+only if two conditions hold.
+
+One is that every strut
+or cable is nonzero
+
+in some stress-- in some
+equilibrium stress--
+
+and I'll say the corresponding
+linkage is rigid.
+
+So all this is saying is if
+you can find a stress that
+
+is nonzero on every
+particular strut or cable,
+
+then all of those things
+are effectively bars.
+
+So you can convert your
+tensegrity into a linkage
+
+where all the edges are bars.
+
+And then it's just
+a matter of testing
+
+rigidity or infinitesimal
+rigidity of that linkage, which
+
+is something we
+already know how to do.
+
+So in some sense, we already
+know how to do all of this,
+
+because this is just
+a linear program.
+
+We can solve it.
+
+But this is a more intuitive
+way of proving this.
+
+If you want to prove to
+someone that tensegrity
+
+is infinitesimally rigid, you
+give them a bunch of stresses,
+
+one for each strut
+or cable, or maybe
+
+you just need one stress
+to hit all of them.
+
+And then you show that the
+linkage is infinitesimally
+
+rigid, which you
+could do by computing
+
+the rank of the rigidity matrix.
+
+Strut can have zero
+stress-- the weight is zero.
+
+OK, let's keep going.
+
+Lots of a cool things to
+talk about, maybe over here.
+
+I want to do a little
+diversion for fun,
+
+something called
+spider webs, like this.
+
+You might have seen them before.
+
+A spiderweb is something
+where every edge is basically
+
+a cable.
+
+You can see under
+wind and tension,
+
+they get a little bit shorter
+than they're supposed to be.
+
+But they can't
+really get longer.
+
+They are pretty strong
+at preventing expansion.
+
+So a spiderweb is
+something that can
+
+be stressed with all
+positive weights.
+
+And the reason it holds
+in tension-- positive,
+
+yeah, cables-- all of the edges
+can have a positive stress,
+
+and it will be in equilibrium.
+
+And in spiderwebs, in
+fact, this is the same--
+
+these two-- rigidity
+and positive stresses
+
+are the same thing.
+
+This is sort of a special
+case, and Connolly
+
+studied these in 1982.
+
+There's some special
+points in a spiderweb.
+
+Here they're kind
+of off the page.
+
+There's a point down here
+where it attaches to something,
+
+and up there, and up there.
+
+Those guys do not
+satisfy equilibrium,
+
+or you can say those edges
+have some negative stresses.
+
+Or another way to
+think of it is there's
+
+a point off to infinity,
+which is how this is drawn,
+
+and you can have
+a positive stress.
+
+And at infinity, you don't
+have to satisfy equilibrium.
+
+So there's a little something
+special at the boundary,
+
+but everywhere else-- interior
+and all these vertices
+
+in here-- you have equilibrium,
+and all the stresses
+
+are positive.
+
+And it turns out in
+this case, you're
+
+automatically
+infinitesimally rigid.
+
+That tensegrity is
+infinitesimally rigid.
+
+Normally, we need to
+also check the underlying
+
+linkage is rigid, but for
+spiderwebs, you don't have to.
+
+Why do I care about spiderwebs?
+
+Because they give us something
+called origami tesselations.
+
+This is a brand-new
+result from this summer
+
+at [? OSMI ?] by Robert
+Lang and Alex Bateman.
+
+Here's a little example of an
+origami tessellation, this fold
+
+by Jenny [? Ramsier ?],
+just the one
+
+I had hanging
+around in my office.
+
+It looks a little
+cooler that way.
+
+Let me hold it up to the light.
+
+I can see it great.
+
+You don't see the light.
+
+It looks pretty cool.
+
+It's folded from
+one square, and it's
+
+folded in some sense
+with a regular pattern.
+
+You can see regular
+hexagons, hexagonal pattern.
+
+And these guys have been around
+for a long time, probably
+
+at least the '60s,
+maybe earlier--
+
+a lot of Japanese artists,
+lot of American artists.
+
+And there's been a
+lot of excitement
+
+about origami tesselations
+since the mid '90s.
+
+I think Chris Palmer revitalized
+them, and then tons of people
+
+are looking at them.
+
+And there's this cool
+algorithm for building them.
+
+So you take some tessellation
+like these squares,
+
+and triangles, and hexagons--
+some collection of polygons.
+
+You shrink all of
+them a little bit,
+
+but all by the same amount.
+
+And then you twist them a
+little bit, all the same amount.
+
+So here they are twisted.
+
+And then you just
+connect the dots.
+
+So these two edges used to
+be joined to each other.
+
+So I'm going to connect these
+guys, and connect these guys.
+
+That's the green edges.
+
+And that's your crease pattern.
+
+You erase the red stuff, and
+you get your crease pattern,
+
+and you fold it, and you get
+this cool tessellation-- magic.
+
+Now the question is,
+when does this work?
+
+This algorithm has been around
+forever, as far as I know.
+
+I don't know exactly how old
+it is, or who invented it,
+
+but it's pretty natural.
+
+It's how most
+tesselations are folded.
+
+But when does it work?
+
+And there is a brand-new
+result from the summer
+
+that it works for some
+choice of those angles.
+
+So I had some flexibility--
+how much do I shrink
+
+and how much do I turn?
+
+But this will work for
+some choice of turn
+
+and shrink amount, if
+and only if your graph
+
+or your initial
+tessellation is a spiderweb.
+
+Pretty cool-- spiderwebs
+have this neat property
+
+that you can do the shrink and
+twist tessellation algorithm,
+
+and it works.
+
+And here is an example of
+that-- a spiderweb, so to speak,
+
+but drawn visually.
+
+And this is actually a proof
+that-- these are basically
+
+all the force polygons
+showing that you
+
+can get a positive
+equilibrium stress.
+
+And you turn it into a
+crease pattern, fold it flat,
+
+and it works.
+
+This is, of course,
+in simulation,
+
+but you can really fold
+these things, and they work.
+
+So that's kind of fun--
+a little bit origami out
+
+of linkages and tensegrities.
+
+Questions?
+
+All right, then we move on.
+
+I want to tell you one more
+cool thing about stresses
+
+and tensegrities-- yet another
+characterization of stresses,
+
+which is polyhedral liftings.
+
+A polyhedral lifting
+is going to work
+
+if I have a non-crossing
+configuration.
+
+So I don't want
+to have this-- two
+
+edges that cross each other.
+
+I only want to have
+pictures like this,
+
+where edges don't
+cross each other.
+
+They only share endpoints.
+
+Then I can define what's
+called a polyhedral lifting.
+
+So this is a
+planograph, if you will.
+
+Polyhedral lifting
+is going to be
+
+an assignment of
+z-coordinates to the vertices.
+
+So it's going to be
+a z-coordinate z of v
+
+for each vertex v such that
+each face remains planar.
+
+Because I forbid
+crossings, I end up
+
+decomposing space-- the
+plane here-- this only works
+
+in two dimensions.
+
+This is one thing that
+does not generalize
+
+to arbitrary dimension.
+
+So I get a bunch
+of triangles here.
+
+And so I want to lift.
+
+I want to assign
+some z-coordinate
+
+to each of these vertices, such
+that each of these triangles
+
+remains planar.
+
+Well, actually,
+that always holds.
+
+Triangles are always planar.
+
+But there's another face, which
+is the outside face out here.
+
+That's a quadrilateral.
+
+That one also has
+to remain planar.
+
+So these four vertices have
+to be lifted onto some plane.
+
+This guy can be
+lifted however it
+
+wants in this
+particular picture.
+
+In general, you're going to
+have a lot of non-triangles.
+
+Those should all remain planar.
+
+That's a lifting.
+
+One thing you can do--
+there's some freedom here.
+
+If you have any lifting
+or, for example,
+
+you could not lift them at all.
+
+Set all the
+z-coordinates to zero.
+
+That's fine.
+
+You could also just
+lift everything
+
+onto some other
+plane, and generally
+
+have a rigid motion of freedom.
+
+You can't translate
+around, but you
+
+have one two-degree
+two-rotational freedoms,
+
+I think.
+
+And so we would just
+like to get rid of those.
+
+So say remove rigid motions
+by forcing the outside face
+
+to lie in z equals 0.
+
+So let's say these
+guys all stay at 0.
+
+So in this particular
+example, this guy
+
+can go to any value, positive
+or negative, but that's it.
+
+Now, this is a lot like
+stresses-- in fact,
+
+it's identical to stresses.
+
+It's probably not
+obvious, but just
+
+like stresses where you
+could set everything to 0,
+
+here you can also
+set everything to 0.
+
+It's not a big connection,
+but it turns out
+
+they really are
+the same thing for
+
+non-crossing configurations.
+
+This is called
+Maxwell-Cremona Theorem.
+
+This is probably one
+of the oldest theorems
+
+we will cover here--
+I guess anywhere.
+
+Well, it's not that old-- 1864.
+
+That might be the oldest.
+
+Maxwell proved this,
+or claimed it in 1864.
+
+Theorem is there's a
+one-to-one correspondence
+
+between the equilibrium stresses
+and polyhedral liftings.
+
+And fun fact-- negative
+stresses correspond to valleys.
+
+So valley is
+something like this.
+
+You know what valleys are, but
+it's maybe a little bit subtle.
+
+We're not folding
+all the way here,
+
+so this would also be
+considered a valley,
+
+because it has sort of
+negative dihedral triangle.
+
+It's really hard to see.
+
+What I meant was
+something like this.
+
+That's a valley edge here.
+
+This is another valley
+edge here-- whatever.
+
+A positive stress
+corresponds to a mountain,
+
+which is the same
+picture upside down.
+
+A zero stress corresponds
+to a flat angle--
+
+doesn't have to be horizontal,
+but it has to be flat.
+
+So it could be like this.
+
+I'm going to need this in a
+moment proving the next thing.
+
+I'm not going to
+prove this theorem,
+
+but it would be fun to
+actually see it in action.
+
+I've never seen it implemented,
+so another fun project.
+
+I give you tensegrity.
+
+You compute an
+equilibrium stress, which
+
+is easy to do by linear
+programming, and draw-- you
+
+can directly construct
+from that the 3D lifting,
+
+which would be kind of cool.
+
+I'm going to use
+basically everything I
+
+proved today to
+prove a big theorem--
+
+the Carpenter's Rule Theorem.
+
+It's why I'm wearing
+this t-shirt that
+
+has nothing to do with the
+Carpenter's Rule Theorem.
+
+And it's about
+non-crossing linkages.
+
+So this is the beginning.
+
+So far we've been
+allowing crossings,
+
+except for this
+very last theorem.
+
+Now we begin this section
+where I forbid crossings
+
+between the edges, just
+like what that picture was.
+
+Prevent this, and this is a
+constraint on the configuration
+
+space now.
+
+I'm going to look at
+all the configurations
+
+where no two edges cross.
+
+This is a smaller version of
+our old configuration space.
+
+I'm not going to
+define it formally.
+
+It's a bit messy.
+
+It's not too nasty.
+
+It's still defined by
+polynomial inequalities.
+
+Question?
+
+STUDENT: What if you have
+one of those diagonals
+
+and switch it to be in relation
+to each other [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: You want
+this picture and--
+
+STUDENT: Either one.
+
+PROFESSOR: And you
+want to add this?
+
+Or-- that's crossing--
+not allowed.
+
+Whatever you're
+saying is not allowed.
+
+That's the easy answer.
+
+I don't quite know what
+it is, but what we allow--
+
+and in this case
+I'm just thinking
+
+about linkages for the moment.
+
+It's just you can hinge
+at common vertices.
+
+Two edges either
+share a vertex or not.
+
+And that's it.
+
+But they're not allowed
+to touch anywhere else.
+
+And now what we care
+about is something
+
+called a locked linkage.
+
+And a linkage is locked
+if its configuration
+
+space is disconnected.
+
+So the configuration space
+would look something like this.
+
+Maybe it has three components.
+
+If I have some
+configuration here,
+
+I can move to any other
+configuration here,
+
+and same over here,
+but there's no way
+
+to get from this configuration
+to that configuration.
+
+They're disconnected
+from each other.
+
+So this would be
+kind of sad news
+
+if you're looking for motions.
+
+It means you cannot get from
+everywhere to everywhere.
+
+There are some locked
+configurations that cannot get
+
+back to start.
+
+However you define start
+and locked doesn't matter,
+
+but the linkage is locked when
+there's two things that cannot
+
+reach each other.
+
+And the Carpenter's Rule Theorem
+is about one case of that.
+
+So this was essentially
+my Ph.D. thesis,
+
+so paper in 2000 by Bob Connolly
+who made that tensegrity,
+
+[? Gunta ?] [? Rota ?] and me.
+
+And it says that if
+we have a linkage,
+
+and say we take a configuration
+of that linkage, and let's
+
+say it's of maximum degree
+2, so every vertex has
+
+at most two edges
+coming out of it.
+
+Then there's a motion of that
+linkage that straightens out--
+
+so if you have maximum
+degree 2, you have paths,
+
+and you might have some cycles.
+
+You might have many of them.
+
+And it's going to
+straighten all the paths
+
+and convexify all the cycles.
+
+And it's also expansive.
+
+But before I get to
+that, this is essentially
+
+showing that these
+configuration's bases
+
+are connected.
+
+It doesn't quite imply it
+the way I've worded it.
+
+But for example, for
+paths, I take some path.
+
+I want to know, can I get
+from this configuration
+
+to some other configuration?
+
+Well, I could take
+this one, find
+
+a motion that
+straightens the chain.
+
+I could take this
+one, find a motion
+
+that straightens the chain.
+
+So here I've drawn it straight.
+
+I take this motion.
+
+I apply it forwards.
+
+I take this motion.
+
+I apply it backwards, and
+I get from here to here.
+
+So if I can straighten
+all the paths,
+
+I can definitely get from
+anywhere to anywhere.
+
+For convex cycles, it's
+a little less obvious,
+
+but it's also true.
+
+There's one catch which
+I didn't say here.
+
+I need to add outermost.
+
+When you have nesting like
+this, you're in trouble.
+
+This guy is not going
+to get straightened out.
+
+It could be super long.
+
+It may not have room
+to straighten out
+
+inside that convex chamber.
+
+So these guys will come
+along for the ride,
+
+but they won't actually
+get straightened.
+
+The outermost guys will get
+straightened and convexified.
+
+The other fun
+property-- and this
+
+is how we actually
+proved the theorem--
+
+so this was open
+for a long time.
+
+People thought this was true.
+
+And the key to proving it is
+by making the theorem stronger,
+
+which is that all pairwise
+distances between vertices
+
+increase or stay the same.
+
+Some of them have to stay the
+same, because they're edges.
+
+They are bars in there.
+
+They can't change in length.
+
+But everything
+else will increase.
+
+Now there's a couple
+reasons why this is useful.
+
+One is that it says you don't
+have to worry about crossings.
+
+If I have some edges that
+initially don't cross,
+
+and I'm worried
+about them crossing,
+
+that can't happen
+if you're expansive.
+
+If I say, well, this
+distance has to increase,
+
+and this distance
+has to increase,
+
+there's no way
+that this vertex is
+
+going to cross over that edge.
+
+One of them would
+have to get shorter.
+
+So this essentially
+says, everything's
+
+flying away from each other.
+
+So if initially
+you're non-crossing,
+
+you will be
+non-crossing forever.
+
+That really makes life
+easier, because crossings
+
+are hard to think about.
+
+This lets you not
+worry about crossings.
+
+You just have to
+worry about distances.
+
+How do I worry about
+distances increasing?
+
+Tensegrities--
+struts-- struts will
+
+force things to be expansive.
+
+If I want to model this
+picture, all I need to do
+
+is add a whole of struts.
+
+Let's go over here.
+
+So we're going to prove
+this theorem in, like,
+
+five minutes-- easy.
+
+Once you build all this
+technology, which was existing,
+
+you can prove this
+theorem, once you
+
+realize this is the
+theorem you want
+
+to prove-- this expansiveness.
+
+So what we're going to
+do is build a tensegrity.
+
+And it's going to have a bar
+for every edge of the given
+
+linkage.
+
+So that's just the same
+thing as we had given.
+
+It's also going to have a
+strut between every other pair
+
+of vertices-- heck,
+every pair of vertices.
+
+It's kind of redundant
+for the bars,
+
+but every pair of vertices.
+
+That says that all pairwise
+distances must increase or stay
+
+the same.
+
+So this is a tensegrity.
+
+What I want to prove is that
+this tensegrity is flexible.
+
+If I can prove that
+it's always flexible--
+
+well, until the end, which
+is when everybody's straight
+
+or convex-- all the
+outermost guys are straight
+
+or convex-- then I'll
+have proved this theorem.
+
+So while this theorem is
+about actual connectivity
+
+of configuration spaces,
+it says paths and cycles
+
+have connected
+configuration spaces.
+
+You get from everywhere
+to everywhere.
+
+It even gives you an
+algorithm for doing
+
+that, which we'll
+talk about next class.
+
+We use just, is this thing
+rigid or flexible at all?
+
+And that's the power of all this
+rigidity stuff, just telling
+
+whether something can
+move a little bit,
+
+and then just doing that
+over and over again,
+
+you will be able to find
+that you can actually
+
+go all the way, and get
+to straight or convex.
+
+But how do we actually
+prove this thing?
+
+So the point is, claim this
+tensegrity is infinitesimally
+
+flexible, meaning it is
+not infinitesimally rigid.
+
+And that will imply
+that there's at least
+
+an infinitesimal
+expansive motion.
+
+And then you have to use some
+fancy tricks-- not fancy,
+
+some tricks I don't
+want to talk about.
+
+You basically integrate
+that vector field,
+
+and that will give you an
+actual expansive motion.
+
+Let's not worry about that.
+
+The interesting part is show
+that at least infinitesimally,
+
+this tensegrity
+moves a little bit.
+
+So what do know?
+
+Duality-- if I want to
+show not that it's rigid--
+
+I want to show
+that it's flexible.
+
+But it's rigid if and only if
+this is true and this is true.
+
+This will actually
+always be true--
+
+the corresponding
+linkage is rigid--
+
+because I put in every
+edge is in there.
+
+If I turn them all into bars,
+this thing's not moving at all.
+
+So fact, this second condition
+doesn't really matter.
+
+What matters is the stresses.
+
+If I want to show that
+it's flexible, not rigid.
+
+I want to show these
+stresses don't exist.
+
+Now stresses always exist.
+
+I could set all the
+stresses to be 0.
+
+But I claim actually
+pretty much all the
+
+stresses have to be 0, at least
+on the cables and the struts,
+
+which is what I care about here.
+
+They have to be 0.
+
+So this will be implied
+by every equilibrium
+
+stress is 0 on all
+struts and cables.
+
+So you can never get
+this thing to hold
+
+for any of the struts
+and the cables.
+
+And therefore, in some sense,
+none of them are fixed,
+
+and therefore, you're
+actually flexible.
+
+That's implied by this
+duality statement.
+
+OK, stresses are a little
+hard to think about.
+
+I prefer to think about
+polyhedral liftings, let's say.
+
+OK, the key here is to plug
+together all the right results.
+
+This will be true if and only
+if every polyhedron lifting
+
+is flat.
+
+So I guess in our
+case, it will be 0,
+
+because the outside face sets
+all the z-coordinates to 0,
+
+so everything else will
+have to be in that plane.
+
+So all the
+z-coordinates will be 0.
+
+So these are
+equivalent statements.
+
+All I need to prove is that
+every polyhedral lifting
+
+is flat.
+
+So we're going to prove this
+theorem by contradiction.
+
+Suppose there was a
+non-flat polyhedron lifting.
+
+What could it look like?
+
+Did I just erase what I wanted?
+
+Probably.
+
+Greater than or equal to
+0 for cables, less than
+
+or equal to 0 for struts.
+
+That's the one I care about.
+
+Who cares about cables?
+
+All right, so this
+is the stress.
+
+And equilibrium stress
+has to be less than
+
+or equal to 0 for every strut.
+
+Less than or equal
+to 0 corresponds
+
+to a valley edge or flat edge.
+
+Now in this linkage, almost
+all the edges are struts.
+
+There's a few that
+are bars, this,
+
+like, little path is a bar.
+
+Those could be
+valleys or mountains.
+
+We don't know.
+
+But everything else has
+to be a valley or flat.
+
+For flat, we're good.
+
+We're happy.
+
+We want all the
+edges to be flat.
+
+So how could it be that almost
+every edge in this picture
+
+is a valley?
+
+That seems a little tricky.
+
+And we're going to
+show it can't happen.
+
+If everything's a
+valley, something's
+
+going to go wrong
+at the top picture,
+
+because you've got to have
+mountains, like, turn around.
+
+So let's look at the top.
+
+Look at the maximum
+z-coordinate.
+
+Now this could actually look
+like many different things,
+
+but I'm going to consider one
+case-- the easy case-- where
+
+you have, in the
+maximum z-coordinate,
+
+you have one point.
+
+And then around that,
+everything descends.
+
+OK, these are all the edges
+incident to that point.
+
+You form some kind of--
+OK, so this is maximum z.
+
+This is another plane.
+
+I'm going to slice that, which
+is maximum z minus epsilon--
+
+slightly below the
+maximum z-coordinate.
+
+And in a sort of typical case,
+we're going to get a polygon.
+
+Now note that this polygon
+has this nice property,
+
+that wherever it has a convex
+angle, you get a mountain here.
+
+Wherever you have a reflex
+angle, like this one,
+
+you get a valley edge here.
+
+You can see that
+3-dimensional picture.
+
+Every polygon has at least
+three convex vertices.
+
+That means there are at least
+three mountains incident
+
+to this maximum
+z-coordinate But mountains
+
+have to correspond
+to positive stresses.
+
+Positive stresses have
+to correspond to bars,
+
+because struts can't
+carry positive stresses.
+
+So that means you have
+at least three bars
+
+incident to that edge.
+
+But I assumed I was maximum
+degree 2-- contradiction.
+
+Isn't that cool?
+
+It's very easy when
+you set it up right.
+
+This works almost always, but
+there is another situation
+
+which can happen, which
+is, like, you have--
+
+in the maximum
+z-coordinate you might
+
+have a couple of
+bars at the top.
+
+That's a worry.
+
+This is all in maximum z.
+
+And so when you slice
+below, you don't actually
+
+get a whole polygon.
+
+You might actually only
+get something around here.
+
+But again, you
+can't get from here
+
+to around there
+without some mountain.
+
+It's hard to even imagine,
+because it can't happen.
+
+But this is a mountain,
+and this is a mountain,
+
+and you want to somehow slope
+a surface below this plane,
+
+and get around to over here with
+only valleys-- ain't happening.
+
+You've got to have
+another mountain in here.
+
+And so that's the
+general picture.
+
+And the only thing
+that can happen
+
+is you actually prove that all
+of this stuff has to be flat.
+
+So that's the one
+way it can happen.
+
+You can't have strict valleys,
+but you could have them all 0.
+
+So in fact, the one case
+where you can have stress
+
+is when you have all of
+this outside stuff flat.
+
+And then inside you don't know.
+
+I can prove, using
+this generalized lemma,
+
+that all of these
+regions are locally flat.
+
+And therefore, this whole
+outside face has to be flat.
+
+Therefore, I'm particular.
+
+I can't have a reflex vertex,
+because then this side
+
+would have to all be flattened.
+
+So then the whole
+thing is flattened.
+
+The only way the whole
+thing can't be flat
+
+is if your polygon is already
+convex, and then we're done.
+
+Also straight this can happen.
+
+I think with straight,
+you don't get any stress.
+
+Here you can actually
+have a lifting.
+
+Actually, all these guys
+would be below the plane,
+
+because everything's a valley.
+
+This would be like
+an actual valley,
+
+where you have a
+village or whatever.
+
+That can happen, but only when
+the boundary of your valley
+
+is convex.
+
+And so that proves the theorem.
+
+And that is the
+Carpenter's Rule Theorem.
+
+Next time, we're going to talk
+about the other situations.
+
+This was two dimensions,
+and maximum degree 2.
+
+We can think about what
+happens with degree 3.
+
+Then you can get locked things.
+
+What happens in
+three dimensions?
+
+Then you can get locked things.
+
+What happens in four dimensions?
+
+Then you can't get locked
+things, and other fun things
+
+like that.
+
+Oh, and why is it called the
+Carpenter's Rule Theorem?
+
+Because this is a
+carpenter's rule.
+
+And in a carpenter's rule,
+actually, all the edge lengths
+
+are the same.
+
+But as far as we
+know that doesn't
+
+make this theorem
+any easier to prove.
+
+And also in the carpenter's
+rule, you can have crossings,
+
+but other than that, it's
+just like a carpenter's rule.
+
+So there you go.
+
+So if you've never
+played with one,
+
+this is what people used
+before flexible measuring tape.
+
+They still use them a
+lot in Europe, but not
+
+so much in the US,
+but you can still
+
+buy them at the hardware store.
+
+That's it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Pv-fEkhscqo.txt b/Pv-fEkhscqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82ae45f307f91e49b16b610ce4e4461260d9943f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Pv-fEkhscqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6880 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today we're going to continue working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to continue working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to continue working
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+thermodynamics of binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of binary phase
+diagrams and just as a reminder um sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and just as a reminder um sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and just as a reminder um sort
+of where we're going pet 7 is due Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we're going pet 7 is due Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we're going pet 7 is due Friday
+today and that's a very um lightweight P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and that's a very um lightweight P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and that's a very um lightweight P
+Set uh reflecting the the holidays P set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh reflecting the the holidays P set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh reflecting the the holidays P set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a much bigger problem set and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a much bigger problem set and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is a much bigger problem set and is
+going to involve using several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to involve using several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to involve using several different
+pieces of software that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of software that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of software that we're going to
+spend the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the next
+week learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week learning and
+exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so I'll just get into it but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'll just get into it but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I'll just get into it but if you
+have any questions about uh the timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about uh the timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about uh the timeline
+of the class for the next week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class for the next week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class for the next week or so
+please speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are we have settled into dehoff chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we have settled into dehoff chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we have settled into dehoff chapter
+10 which is really the the the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 which is really the the the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 which is really the the the most
+substantial chapter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial chapter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial chapter in the
+textbook and there's a reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and there's a reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook and there's a reason for that
+it combines everything that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combines everything that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combines everything that we've
+learned and it's the most substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and it's the most substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and it's the most substantial
+unit of of this class so we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of of this class so we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of of this class so we are in a
+holding pattern inof chapter 10 for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding pattern inof chapter 10 for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding pattern inof chapter 10 for at
+least several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least several
+lectures right okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures right okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures right okay so we're going to
+learn about the tot rope construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the tot rope construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the tot rope construction
+and we're going to do that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do that with the
+example of a lens diagram that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a lens diagram that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a lens diagram that we've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that
+is the Silicon system so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Silicon system so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Silicon system so I'm going to
+start by drawing the phase diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by drawing the phase diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by drawing the phase diagram of
+the Silicon geranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system who has a higher melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who has a higher melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system who has a higher melting point
+silicon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+geranium silicon silicon higher melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium silicon silicon higher melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium silicon silicon higher melting
+point right it's more strongly coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right it's more strongly coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right it's more strongly coal
+bonded because it's a smaller atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded because it's a smaller atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded because it's a smaller atom and
+it's higher up on the periodic table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's higher up on the periodic table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's higher up on the periodic table in
+that column so it has a higher melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column so it has a higher melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column so it has a higher melting
+point so let's let's uh draw the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let's let's uh draw the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let's let's uh draw the lens
+diagram here and um there we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here and um there we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here and um there we have it
+there is the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the melting
+point of silicon and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of silicon and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of silicon and here is
+the melting point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the melting point of
+germanium and I'm going to Mark some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium and I'm going to Mark some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germanium and I'm going to Mark some
+temperatures I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 I'm going to have T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes right through a nice tie line there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right through a nice tie line there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes right through a nice tie line there
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T3 nice TI line there and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T4 so this of course is the lens has tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4 so this of course is the lens has tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T4 so this of course is the lens has tie
+lines everywhere I'm going draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines everywhere I'm going draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines everywhere I'm going draw a
+couple and low temperature we have solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and low temperature we have solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple and low temperature we have solid
+phase which we know is a diamond cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which we know is a diamond cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which we know is a diamond cubic
+crystal structure and high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure and high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure and high temperature
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have liquid phase all right and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid phase all right and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid phase all right and what
+we're going to do is I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is I'm going to draw
+the free energy composition diagrams at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy composition diagrams at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy composition diagrams at
+four different temperatures one two 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different temperatures one two 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different temperatures one two 3
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+four so let's start with T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T1 this is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 this is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 this is Delta
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+mix at T1 would somebody like to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix at T1 would somebody like to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix at T1 would somebody like to tell me
+what my solution model for the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my solution model for the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my solution model for the alpha
+phase should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase should look
+like I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm going
+to what should my solution model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what should my solution model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what should my solution model for
+that the alpha phase look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha phase look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha phase look
+like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for
+T1 this low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature uh should it be negative at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh should it be negative at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh should it be negative at
+all points negative at all points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points negative at all points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all points negative at all points and
+curved upwards because this is a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved upwards because this is a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved upwards because this is a fully
+missable system right this is a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missable system right this is a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missable system right this is a solid
+solution that's stable at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's stable at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that's stable at all
+compositions that's what the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions that's what the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions that's what the phase
+diagram tells us so there is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram tells us so there is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram tells us so there is a solution
+model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for
+T1 all right now the slightly harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 all right now the slightly harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 all right now the slightly harder
+question here what should my solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here what should my solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here what should my solution
+model for the liquid phase look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the liquid phase look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the liquid phase look
+like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at
+T1 this is new this you know but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 this is new this you know but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 this is new this you know but this
+next question I asked this is new okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question I asked this is new okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next question I asked this is new okay
+I'll tell you because it's new it's G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you because it's new it's G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you because it's new it's G to
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+that why is that this is a model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is that this is a model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why is that this is a model for the
+free energy of a phase which is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of a phase which is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of a phase which is never
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+we can still model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still model it
+though you see I'm not drawing it across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you see I'm not drawing it across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you see I'm not drawing it across
+the full composition range this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full composition range this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full composition range this model
+shoots up to some high value at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoots up to some high value at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoots up to some high value at the two
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+axis why because it takes free energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis why because it takes free energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis why because it takes free energy to
+turn geranium or silicon from alpha into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn geranium or silicon from alpha into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn geranium or silicon from alpha into
+liquid at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at this
+temperature so we have to imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so we have to imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so we have to imagine this
+shooting up to some high value but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting up to some high value but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting up to some high value but we
+can draw it and we can think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw it and we can think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw it and we can think about it
+okay that's do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's do one
+all right what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what about
+T2 T2 is we've seen this T2 we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 T2 is we've seen this T2 we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 T2 is we've seen this T2 we've seen
+so what is this going to look like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+okay for Pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for Pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for Pure
+geranium uh what is the reference State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium uh what is the reference State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geranium uh what is the reference State
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T2 that is here liquid liquid so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 that is here liquid liquid so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 that is here liquid liquid so my
+liquid solution model has zero free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid solution model has zero free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid solution model has zero free
+energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+panium what is my reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panium what is my reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panium what is my reference
+date for silicon at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date for silicon at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date for silicon at
+T2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here the alpha phase the alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the alpha phase the alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the alpha phase the alpha phase
+next time uh yeah so there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time uh yeah so there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time uh yeah so there we
+go and that's going to sort of go up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and that's going to sort of go up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and that's going to sort of go up so
+I have Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have Alpha
+phase I have liquid phase and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase I have liquid phase and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase I have liquid phase and I have
+now a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent I have a common tangent which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent I have a common tangent which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent I have a common tangent which is
+what we expect because we have here a TI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect because we have here a TI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect because we have here a TI
+line connecting two compositions now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line connecting two compositions now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line connecting two compositions now I'm
+going to draw here for T3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T3 is qualitatively similar but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 is qualitatively similar but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T3 is qualitatively similar but the
+liquid phase has become more stable over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase has become more stable over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase has become more stable over
+more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the
+range the alpha phase has become less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable so let's see again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+liquid common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lastly somebody who has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly somebody who has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly somebody who has not
+spoken yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken yet
+today what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what is
+my free energy composition diagram at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my free energy composition diagram at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my free energy composition diagram at
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+T4 that is up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the only stable phase at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature liquid the liquid liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature liquid the liquid liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature liquid the liquid liquid and
+so what would the liquid solution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would the liquid solution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would the liquid solution model
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+like would it look like the um the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would it look like the um the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would it look like the um the plot
+for T1 except the curves are reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for T1 except the curves are reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for T1 except the curves are reversed
+now exactly right this is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exactly right this is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exactly right this is a case where
+the alpha phase is fully missible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha phase is fully missible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha phase is fully missible and
+stable everywhere and here's a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable everywhere and here's a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable everywhere and here's a solution
+that's never stable now we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's never stable now we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's never stable now we've just
+flip-flopped the liquid phase is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flopped the liquid phase is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip-flopped the liquid phase is fully
+missible stable everywhere and the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missible stable everywhere and the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missible stable everywhere and the alpha
+flase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is unstable everywhere Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unstable everywhere Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unstable everywhere Alpha
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+okay now we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we're going to talk about the
+tot rope construction so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tot rope construction so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tot rope construction so what I'm going
+to do is I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is I'm going to use
+green and I'm going to imagine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and I'm going to imagine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and I'm going to imagine you're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+imagine putting a rope and anchoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine putting a rope and anchoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine putting a rope and anchoring the
+Rope rope here and here and imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope rope here and here and imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope rope here and here and imagine the
+Rope is ini initially floppy you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope is ini initially floppy you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope is ini initially floppy you have a
+floppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floppy
+string and it comes out this side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and it comes out this side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and it comes out this side and
+I'm going to grab hold of the two ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to grab hold of the two ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to grab hold of the two ends
+of the string and I'm going to pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top what we'll see is the tot rope will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top what we'll see is the tot rope will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top what we'll see is the tot rope will
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+trace the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will trace the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution all right that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution all right that was kind of
+silly what happens in this case if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly what happens in this case if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly what happens in this case if I do
+that in this case the top rope traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case the top rope traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case the top rope traces
+the liquid solution until the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid solution until the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid solution until the point of
+common tangency and then it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangency and then it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangency and then it becomes a
+straight line until it traces the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line until it traces the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line until it traces the alpha
+solution you can see that geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can see that geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can see that geometrically
+right if these were objects and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if these were objects and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if these were objects and you had
+a string and you pulled it taught it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string and you pulled it taught it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a string and you pulled it taught it
+would trace the solution where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would trace the solution where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would trace the solution where the
+solution is stable then it would trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is stable then it would trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is stable then it would trace
+the common tangent and then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common tangent and then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common tangent and then it would
+trace the solution where the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the solution where the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the solution where the solution is
+stable what if you did it here Pull the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what if you did it here Pull the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what if you did it here Pull the
+Rope taut it's going to trace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope taut it's going to trace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rope taut it's going to trace the
+solution while it's stable and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution while it's stable and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution while it's stable and then it
+will do the comma tangent and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the comma tangent and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do the comma tangent and then it
+will come up and Trace that solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up and Trace that solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up and Trace that solution and
+similarly here it's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here it's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here it's going to tell
+you that the liquid phase is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the liquid phase is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the liquid phase is stable
+everywhere so this tot rope construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so this tot rope construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so this tot rope construction
+which you can have this very visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can have this very visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can have this very visual
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+of gives you the face diagram at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gives you the face diagram at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gives you the face diagram at any
+given temperature you do the tot rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given temperature you do the tot rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given temperature you do the tot rope
+You Pull the Rope taut and wherever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Pull the Rope taut and wherever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Pull the Rope taut and wherever the
+tot rope goes that's your phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram so that's neat right that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so that's neat right that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so that's neat right that comes
+from two things it comes from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two things it comes from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two things it comes from the fact
+that positive curvature implies a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive curvature implies a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive curvature implies a stable
+solution we know that from previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we know that from previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we know that from previously
+and it comes from the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes from the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes from the fact that the
+common tangent condition defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangent condition defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common tangent condition defines the
+two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase
+region so those two pieces are geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so those two pieces are geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so those two pieces are geometry
+put together give you the top rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construction any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction any questions on that
+before we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on do you always place the Rope at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on do you always place the Rope at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on do you always place the Rope at the
+bottom part like below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom part like below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom part like below
+everything yeah loose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rope hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope hot
+rope um yes you always put it imagine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope um yes you always put it imagine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope um yes you always put it imagine it
+hanging well below and then pulling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging well below and then pulling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging well below and then pulling up
+and it's always anchored at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero imagine having little eyebolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero imagine having little eyebolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero imagine having little eyebolts
+right imagine this thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right imagine this thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right imagine this thing is a
+geometrical object I wish I had a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical object I wish I had a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical object I wish I had a model
+of this I've never seen a model um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this I've never seen a model um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this I've never seen a model um but
+something with Ballwood would be fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with Ballwood would be fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with Ballwood would be fun to
+play with and imagine you have eyebolts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with and imagine you have eyebolts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with and imagine you have eyebolts
+here and you have a string and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have a string and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you have a string and you put
+the string through the eyebolts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string through the eyebolts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string through the eyebolts and then
+you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+yeah any other questions on this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any other questions on this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any other questions on this this is
+is meant to help right it's not meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to help right it's not meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meant to help right it's not meant to
+hurt the top ROW construction is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt the top ROW construction is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt the top ROW construction is meant
+to illustrate how to find the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate how to find the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to illustrate how to find the free
+energy uh the minimum free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh the minimum free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh the minimum free
+energy uh configuration that is how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh configuration that is how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh configuration that is how to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium all right let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right let's move on
+we're going to do more and more tot rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do more and more tot rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do more and more tot rope
+it's not the last see of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the last see of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the last see of
+it we're going to talk about tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to talk about tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to talk about tic
+reactions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tic reaction so here's a tic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic reaction so here's a tic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic reaction so here's a tic reaction
+it's a liquid that transforms into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solids a liquid transforming into solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids a liquid transforming into solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids a liquid transforming into solid
+one and solid two we'll visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and solid two we'll visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and solid two we'll visualize
+this um let me just Define tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and we'll look at some phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we'll look at some phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and we'll look at some phase
+diagrams the etic point is a low local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquidus at temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus at temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus at temperature
+T DET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T DET
+tectic do folks know what the liquidus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectic do folks know what the liquidus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectic do folks know what the liquidus
+is I haven't defined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I haven't defined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I haven't defined that
+yet let me pull up the slides um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet let me pull up the slides um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet let me pull up the slides um and
+while I do while it loads I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I do while it loads I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I do while it loads I'm going to
+Define it okay the liquidus is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the locus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+binary on a binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary on a binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary on a binary phase
+diagram above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable that's the look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that's the look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that's the look at
+us all right let's look at some let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all right let's look at some let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all right let's look at some let's
+look at some phas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some phas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some phas
+diagrams okay so here is aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams okay so here is aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams okay so here is aluminum
+silicon this is tic phase diagram this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is tic phase diagram this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon this is tic phase diagram this
+is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very
+typical uh sort of geometry your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh sort of geometry your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh sort of geometry your eye
+will pick out tics right away because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pick out tics right away because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pick out tics right away because
+tics have this gowing shape this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tics have this gowing shape this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tics have this gowing shape this is the
+liquidous this purple line here that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidous this purple line here that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidous this purple line here that I'm
+laser pointing out is the liquidus it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointing out is the liquidus it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointing out is the liquidus it is
+the locus of points above which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus of points above which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locus of points above which only
+liquid phase is stable and in a tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase is stable and in a tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase is stable and in a tic
+system you have a local minimum to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you have a local minimum to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you have a local minimum to that
+it's also known as melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also known as melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also known as melting point
+suppression so right there um is the TIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression so right there um is the TIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression so right there um is the TIC
+point this phase diagram has a narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this phase diagram has a narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this phase diagram has a narrow
+region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of
+FCC almost no solubility here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC almost no solubility here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FCC almost no solubility here of
+aluminum and silicon so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and silicon so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum and silicon so you know the
+solid solution of aluminum and silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution of aluminum and silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution of aluminum and silicon
+here in the diamond structure is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the diamond structure is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the diamond structure is too
+narrow to view on this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow to view on this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow to view on this phase
+diagram and um huge regions here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and um huge regions here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and um huge regions here of
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+solid solid liquid and solid liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coexistence and that point there is tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence and that point there is tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence and that point there is tic
+reaction because when you cool through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction because when you cool through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction because when you cool through
+that point you transform from one liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you transform from one liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you transform from one liquid
+phase into two solid phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this up here is a single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this up here is a single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this up here is a single phase
+region it's a liquid and this down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's a liquid and this down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's a liquid and this down here
+is a two-phase region right you see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two-phase region right you see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two-phase region right you see all
+the tie lines which Thermo draws in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green so that minimum there that minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so that minimum there that minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so that minimum there that minimum
+of the liquidus is the liquidous TIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquidus is the liquidous TIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the liquidus is the liquidous TIC
+temperature it's also known as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's also known as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's also known as an
+invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+point it's called an invariant point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um here's a nice example this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um here's a nice example this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um here's a nice example this is an
+example of a system with multiple tics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a system with multiple tics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a system with multiple tics
+don't have to just have one so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to just have one so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to just have one so here is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Magnesium nickel system nice clean phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnesium nickel system nice clean phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnesium nickel system nice clean phase
+diagram but it has multiple tics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but it has multiple tics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but it has multiple tics so
+here's a tic between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a tic between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a tic between
+magnesium and this magnesium 2 nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and this magnesium 2 nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium and this magnesium 2 nickel
+solid phase and here is a tic between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase and here is a tic between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid phase and here is a tic between
+well there this will come to inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there this will come to inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there this will come to inter
+mediate phases we'll get there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate phases we'll get there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate phases we'll get there but
+there's a solid phase here that melts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solid phase here that melts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solid phase here that melts
+congruently and thetic between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruently and thetic between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congruently and thetic between that
+phase and pure nickel so anywhere you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and pure nickel so anywhere you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and pure nickel so anywhere you
+see a local minimum of the liquidus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a local minimum of the liquidus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a local minimum of the liquidus you
+have a tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tic
+reaction at this reaction you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at this reaction you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at this reaction you have a
+transformation from liquid to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from liquid to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from liquid to these two
+phases and at this reaction you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and at this reaction you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and at this reaction you have a
+transformation of liquid to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of liquid to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of liquid to these two
+phases so you see each of those tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so you see each of those tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so you see each of those tic
+points had this general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points had this general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points had this general form
+transformation from a liquid at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from a liquid at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation from a liquid at high
+temperature into two solids at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature right what what does Gibbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right what what does Gibbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right what what does Gibbs
+phase rule tell us Gibbs phase rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase rule tell us Gibbs phase rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase rule tell us Gibbs phase rule
+tells us that degrees of freedom at such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that degrees of freedom at such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that degrees of freedom at such
+a thing is C minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing is C minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing is C minus
+phase + 2 and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+What minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so that's one so I have one degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's one so I have one degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's one so I have one degree
+of Freedom at a tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Freedom at a tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Freedom at a tic
+point and that's weird because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's weird because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that's weird because it's a
+point right it's a point like a triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right it's a point like a triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right it's a point like a triple
+point was a point a point should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was a point a point should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point was a point a point should have
+zero degrees of freedom what's with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degrees of freedom what's with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero degrees of freedom what's with one
+degree of Freedom does anyone have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom does anyone have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom does anyone have a
+guess as to where that degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to where that degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess as to where that degree of freedom
+is in the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's a geometrical object with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a geometrical object with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a geometrical object with one
+degree of Freedom what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom what do we call
+that a line a line it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a line a line it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a line a line it becomes a
+line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in
+TP in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP in
+composition higher dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this fa in this uh in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this fa in this uh in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this fa in this uh in this class
+we don't worry about pressure dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't worry about pressure dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't worry about pressure dependence
+of binary phase diagrams that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binary phase diagrams that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of binary phase diagrams that's sort of
+an advanced topic but since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced topic but since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced topic but since we're
+learning fundamentals I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning fundamentals I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning fundamentals I want you to be
+confident that Gibbs phase rule holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that Gibbs phase rule holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that Gibbs phase rule holds
+and I'll show you uh a turn a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you uh a turn a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show you uh a turn a binary
+phase diagram projected drawn in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram projected drawn in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram projected drawn in three
+dimensions just uh just for fun so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions just uh just for fun so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions just uh just for fun so here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um here is see this is why we don't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is see this is why we don't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is see this is why we don't draw
+these very often because they're horrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very often because they're horrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very often because they're horrid
+to look at but this is a binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at but this is a binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at but this is a binary phase
+diagram now where where pressure is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now where where pressure is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now where where pressure is is
+this vertical axis and temper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical axis and temper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical axis and temper
+temperature is like into the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is like into the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is like into the board
+temperature is like into the board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is like into the board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is like into the board here
+and um and composition is here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and composition is here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and composition is here and this
+is taken from a textbook from gasal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken from a textbook from gasal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken from a textbook from gasal and
+and they they conveniently step through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they conveniently step through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they conveniently step through
+they're giving you these isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you these isobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you these isobaric
+sections here so here's an isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections here so here's an isobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections here so here's an isobaric
+section at at one pressure and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at at one pressure and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section at at one pressure and you see
+there's a tic point a Ting point between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tic point a Ting point between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tic point a Ting point between
+a liquid and Alpha and beta phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid and Alpha and beta phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid and Alpha and beta phase and
+they draw this to very high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they draw this to very high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they draw this to very high temperature
+they also show the lens here between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also show the lens here between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also show the lens here between the
+liquid and the vapor this must be a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the vapor this must be a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and the vapor this must be a low
+a low pressure and then as we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low pressure and then as we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a low pressure and then as we as we
+uh reduce the pressure we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduce the pressure we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reduce the pressure we're going to
+pump the system down you see the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump the system down you see the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump the system down you see the liquid
+phase is shrinking and the vapor phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is shrinking and the vapor phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is shrinking and the vapor phase
+is taking over but you still see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking over but you still see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking over but you still see that
+tic point right it's still the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic point right it's still the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic point right it's still the same
+reaction Alpha and beta transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Alpha and beta transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Alpha and beta transforming
+into liquid so I'm going to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into liquid so I'm going to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into liquid so I'm going to flip
+backwards see Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards see Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards see Alpha and beta
+transforming into liquid there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming into liquid there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming into liquid there's that
+same point right it's it's a point on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point right it's it's a point on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point right it's it's a point on a
+line Alpha and beta transforming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Alpha and beta transforming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line Alpha and beta transforming into
+liquid but if I go to sufficiently low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid but if I go to sufficiently low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid but if I go to sufficiently low
+pressure I lose it now now it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure I lose it now now it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure I lose it now now it's gone
+right I no longer have Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I no longer have Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I no longer have Alpha and beta
+transforming into liquid um so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming into liquid um so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming into liquid um so it was a
+line it was a line that had one degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it was a line that had one degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line it was a line that had one degree
+of Freedom as as promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I also need to tell you what a utct toid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is utct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is utct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is utct
+toid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toid
+reaction a utct toid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction a utct toid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction a utct toid
+reaction is a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is a third
+solid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transforms into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solids so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids so this
+is the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temp and this is the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp and this is the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp and this is the high
+temp so I'm going to show you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp so I'm going to show you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp so I'm going to show you an example
+of ECT toid before I do that I'll ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ECT toid before I do that I'll ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ECT toid before I do that I'll ask
+why what how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what how would you
+know that this is the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature equilibrium State and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equilibrium State and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature equilibrium State and this
+is the low temperature equilibrium State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the low temperature equilibrium State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the low temperature equilibrium State
+how would you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you know
+that or how would you guess that all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or how would you guess that all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or how would you guess that all you
+know you you know very little here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you know very little here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you you know very little here you
+just know that high temperature it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that high temperature it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that high temperature it's one
+phase one solution phase and at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase one solution phase and at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase one solution phase and at low
+temperature it's two different phases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's two different phases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's two different phases in
+general two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general two different
+solutions how might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess this is more what we're doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this is more what we're doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this is more what we're doing in
+3023 but it reminds me of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3023 but it reminds me of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3023 but it reminds me of like an
+oxidation and reduction reaction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and reduction reaction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and reduction reaction where
+at lower temperature it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lower temperature it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at lower temperature it would
+reduce that makes sense um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that makes sense um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce that makes sense um it's not
+quite that though and and we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that though and and we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite that though and and we'll get
+there in this class as well the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this class as well the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in this class as well the reason
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um this is more mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is more mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is more mixed
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right if you have two solid Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have two solid Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you have two solid Solutions
+and you take all those components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take all those components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take all those components and
+you mix them into one solid solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix them into one solid solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mix them into one solid solution you
+necessarily have a higher entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have a higher entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have a higher entropy of
+mixing in this case in this case and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in this case in this case and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in this case in this case and you
+can convince yourself of that by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself of that by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convince yourself of that by drawing
+your own free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own free energy composition
+diagrams so in general um High entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so in general um High entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so in general um High entropy
+things are favored at higher temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are favored at higher temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are favored at higher temperature
+right this is something that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is something that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is something that you know
+right that's a little more apparent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a little more apparent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a little more apparent here
+I have a liquid solution and two solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a liquid solution and two solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a liquid solution and two solid
+Solutions so here you might say oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so here you might say oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so here you might say oh yeah
+the liquid is higher entropy that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid is higher entropy that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid is higher entropy that makes
+sense um that it's the high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um that it's the high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense um that it's the high temperature
+phase but it holds even here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but it holds even here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase but it holds even here so let's
+look at some Ecto reactions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here is brass copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is brass copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is brass copper
+zinc and who sees a utct toid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and who sees a utct toid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and who sees a utct toid
+reaction you're looking for that typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you're looking for that typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you're looking for that typical
+Gullwing shape but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gullwing shape but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gullwing shape but in this
+case uh in this case the liquid um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh in this case the liquid um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh in this case the liquid um well
+come I don't have this the laser pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here in this case the liquid has no tics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case the liquid has no tics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case the liquid has no tics
+it doesn't have anywhere that go shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have anywhere that go shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have anywhere that go shape
+but there is a ECT toid somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a ECT toid somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a ECT toid somewhere in the
+reaction in the system who sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is it the Delta phase yeah Delta see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it the Delta phase yeah Delta see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it the Delta phase yeah Delta see
+this Delta phase this is a little solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta phase this is a little solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta phase this is a little solid
+solution little Delta phase and it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution little Delta phase and it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution little Delta phase and it has a
+little minimum here right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little minimum here right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little minimum here right there's a
+little go Wing shape your eyes should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little go Wing shape your eyes should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little go Wing shape your eyes should
+should start being able to pick these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start being able to pick these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should start being able to pick these
+out these little ging shapes and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these little ging shapes and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out these little ging shapes and so this
+is a reaction you cool down the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reaction you cool down the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reaction you cool down the high
+temperature phase of a Delta solid Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase of a Delta solid Sol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase of a Delta solid Sol
+ition and when you cool through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition and when you cool through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition and when you cool through that
+point you go into a two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you go into a two-phase region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you go into a two-phase region
+what two phases coexist in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what two phases coexist in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what two phases coexist in this region
+now below 555
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now below 555
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now below 555
+degrees Samuel are you willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Samuel are you willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Samuel are you willing
+to G and Epsilon gamma and Epsilon right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G and Epsilon gamma and Epsilon right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to G and Epsilon gamma and Epsilon right
+so see how we're reading this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see how we're reading this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so see how we're reading this phase
+diagram the single solution the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the single solution the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the single solution the single
+phase regions are labeled Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase regions are labeled Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase regions are labeled Alpha Beta
+Gamma Delta beta Epsilon Ada and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma Delta beta Epsilon Ada and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma Delta beta Epsilon Ada and the
+unlabeled regions you infer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled regions you infer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlabeled regions you infer are
+two-phase region so when I cool down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region so when I cool down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region so when I cool down
+from the one-phase Delta I go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one-phase Delta I go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the one-phase Delta I go into a
+two-phase region gamma and Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region gamma and Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region gamma and Epsilon
+fantastic thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um just for fun what happens when I heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just for fun what happens when I heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just for fun what happens when I heat
+up Delta and I go through this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Delta and I go through this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up Delta and I go through this point
+what is this region what two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this region what two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this region what two phases
+coexist in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region would that be gamma and liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region would that be gamma and liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region would that be gamma and liquid
+gamma and liquid so this is a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and liquid so this is a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and liquid so this is a funny
+system I have gamma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I have gamma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I have gamma and
+Epsilon heat up heat up heat up gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon heat up heat up heat up gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon heat up heat up heat up gamma
+and Epsilon heat up heat up sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Epsilon heat up heat up sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Epsilon heat up heat up sudden
+transformation everything mixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation everything mixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation everything mixes
+spontaneously into a new crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously into a new crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously into a new crystal
+structure Delta heat up heat up heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Delta heat up heat up heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure Delta heat up heat up heat up
+heat up heat up heat up heat up heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up heat up heat up heat up heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat up heat up heat up heat up heat up
+oh suddenly I have spontaneous unmixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh suddenly I have spontaneous unmixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh suddenly I have spontaneous unmixing
+again but in this case it's into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but in this case it's into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but in this case it's into two
+phases back to the gamma solid crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases back to the gamma solid crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases back to the gamma solid crystal
+structure and some liquid and as I heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and some liquid and as I heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and some liquid and as I heat
+up further the liquid phase fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up further the liquid phase fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up further the liquid phase fraction
+increases increases increases hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases increases increases hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases increases increases hit the
+liquidus and now I have one liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus and now I have one liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus and now I have one liquid
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay there you have it one solid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there you have it one solid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there you have it one solid phase
+to two solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two solid
+phases all right so let's draw free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases all right so let's draw free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases all right so let's draw free
+energy composition diagrams for ectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams for ectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams for ectric
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for those who uh are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those who uh are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those who uh are interested in
+this and I hope you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are on the supplemental uh videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the supplemental uh videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the supplemental uh videos
+section of the course there is a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course there is a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course there is a video
+to um a video a demo a demo that we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um a video a demo a demo that we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um a video a demo a demo that we made
+we made it for this course and also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made it for this course and also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made it for this course and also for
+the edx course of the Indian gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edx course of the Indian gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edx course of the Indian gallium
+system so that's a that's tic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's a that's tic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that's a that's tic system
+Indian gallium you have melting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian gallium you have melting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian gallium you have melting point
+suppression it's very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression it's very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression it's very important in
+microelectronics and I could tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microelectronics and I could tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microelectronics and I could tell you
+why liquid indium gallium is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why liquid indium gallium is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why liquid indium gallium is very
+important for microelectronics another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for microelectronics another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for microelectronics another
+time but we have a nice little demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we have a nice little demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but we have a nice little demo
+where you see uh two systems which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see uh two systems which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see uh two systems which are
+solid at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid at room
+temperature liquefy when you mix them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature liquefy when you mix them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature liquefy when you mix them so
+there's melting points depression so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's melting points depression so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's melting points depression so go
+check out the demo if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out the demo if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out the demo if you
+like so let's draw a free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so let's draw a free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so let's draw a free energy
+composition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition here
+for let so we're going to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let so we're going to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let so we're going to start with the
+temperature below the TIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature below the TIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature below the TIC
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+two I'm afraid I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm afraid I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm afraid I'm going to
+uh fail my spelling test here is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fail my spelling test here is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fail my spelling test here is that is
+that spelled correctly anybody two emiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spelled correctly anybody two emiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spelled correctly anybody two emiss
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+unstable okay below the TIC point I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay below the TIC point I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay below the TIC point I'm
+below the liquidus the liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the liquidus the liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the liquidus the liquid is
+unstable I have two imiss solid phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable I have two imiss solid phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable I have two imiss solid phases
+so I'm going to draw a FR de composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram this is now General this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is now General this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram this is now General this is not
+particular any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular any one
+system right so first let's have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so first let's have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so first let's have an
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a beta phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's have a liquid phase now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's have a liquid phase now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's have a liquid phase now we
+know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from
+um from the start of this lecture when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the start of this lecture when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the start of this lecture when
+we were looking at the lens diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at the lens diagram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at the lens diagram the
+liquid phase here is just something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase here is just something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase here is just something that
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+that it's everywhere unstable so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's everywhere unstable so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's everywhere unstable so it's
+never going to factor into the tot rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to factor into the tot rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to factor into the tot rope
+construction this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction this is
+zero this is Delta g mix and let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is Delta g mix and let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is Delta g mix and let me draw
+my tot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tot
+rope right my tot rope is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope right my tot rope is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope right my tot rope is going to be
+pulled like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled like
+this and then it's going to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then it's going to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then it's going to become a
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+line sorry it didn't quite hit my common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sorry it didn't quite hit my common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sorry it didn't quite hit my common
+tangent point there but I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent point there but I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent point there but I think you can
+get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point there so there is my free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there so there is my free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there so there is my free energy
+composition diagram for this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram for this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagram for this system
+below the ectic point here are my points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the ectic point here are my points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the ectic point here are my points
+of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common
+tangency so in this region I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency so in this region I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency so in this region I have an
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in this
+region I have Alpha and beta two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase and in this region I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and in this region I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and in this region I have
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution beautiful let's let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution beautiful let's let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution beautiful let's let's move on
+at the TIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the TIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the TIC
+Point liquid becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable so what does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like here's my zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what colors that I used Alpha was green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what colors that I used Alpha was green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what colors that I used Alpha was green
+so let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha Beta was blue so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta was blue so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta was blue so let's
+draw draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta got cheat a little bit here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta got cheat a little bit here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta got cheat a little bit here here's
+my tot rope in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here's my top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's my top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's my top
+rope but now the liquid phase is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope but now the liquid phase is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope but now the liquid phase is just
+barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable so now I have a unique point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so now I have a unique point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so now I have a unique point of a
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+tangent that's common to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent that's common to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent that's common to three
+phases right at that contic point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right at that contic point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases right at that contic point
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+liquid Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta here are my points of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangency again on the left hand side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency again on the left hand side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency again on the left hand side I
+have an alpha solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution this here is Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this here is Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution this here is Alpha and
+liquid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid this
+here is liquid and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a beta solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution let me finish this um sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let me finish this um sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let me finish this um sequence
+here with a free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above detector
+qu this is a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu this is a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu this is a liquid
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+stable over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable over a
+finite composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to again have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to again have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to again have a little
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+Alpha going to have a little beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta but now the liquid has become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but now the liquid has become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta but now the liquid has become very
+stable so my liquid is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so my liquid is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so my liquid is going to come
+down like that sorry I should have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like that sorry I should have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like that sorry I should have had
+some more curvature here didn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more curvature here didn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more curvature here didn't but
+anyway here's liquid let me draw this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here's liquid let me draw this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here's liquid let me draw this a
+little more little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curved there's my liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phas and where are my common tangents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas and where are my common tangents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phas and where are my common tangents
+now I'm going to have a couple of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to have a couple of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to have a couple of them
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool so now I have a more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so now I have a more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so now I have a more interesting
+system over here on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system over here on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system over here on the left hand
+side I have an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in that little
+region then in between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two I have Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I have Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I have Alpha and
+liquid so here's my tot rope coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so here's my tot rope coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so here's my tot rope coming down
+here and then you see my tot rope gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you see my tot rope gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you see my tot rope gets
+pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed
+around right it's like a plunger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right it's like a plunger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right it's like a plunger the
+plunger liquid phase came down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger liquid phase came down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger liquid phase came down and
+pushed the Rope liquid phase came down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed the Rope liquid phase came down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed the Rope liquid phase came down
+and pushed the Rope down so in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushed the Rope down so in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pushed the Rope down so in between
+these two points of common tangency I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points of common tangency I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two points of common tangency I
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution then my top rope comes up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this region I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this region I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this region I
+have liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid and
+beta and finally over here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and finally over here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and finally over here on the right
+hand side I have a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so let me flip back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so let me flip back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so let me flip back a little
+bit and step through those one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and step through those one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and step through those one more
+time and remind us what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and remind us what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and remind us what our
+phase diagram would look like so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram would look like so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram would look like so here
+is a little itty bitty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little itty bitty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little itty bitty
+schematic ectic phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at temperatures below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at temperatures below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at temperatures below the
+TIC I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIC I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TIC I am going to
+be where I'm going to be somewhere like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where I'm going to be somewhere like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where I'm going to be somewhere like
+here right you see I have an alpha solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you see I have an alpha solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right you see I have an alpha solid
+solution and a two two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and a two two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and a two two phase
+region and then a beta phase solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then a beta phase solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then a beta phase solid
+solution Alpha two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution Alpha two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution Alpha two-phase
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta all right let's flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta all right let's flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta all right let's flip
+up now I'm at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now I'm at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now I'm at the
+TIC draw this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not going to be able to reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to reproduce the
+same drawing every time but that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same drawing every time but that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same drawing every time but that's fine
+so here I'm at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TIC right so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have again an alpha phase solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again an alpha phase solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have again an alpha phase solution in
+equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with
+liquid with which then is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid with which then is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid with which then is in
+equilibrium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta ictic point and I see the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ictic point and I see the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta ictic point and I see the two
+conditions of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangency and then at the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency and then at the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency and then at the highest
+temperature that I've drawn move down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that I've drawn move down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that I've drawn move down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there let's say I'm there at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's say I'm there at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there let's say I'm there at this
+temperature so I have an alpha phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I have an alpha phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I have an alpha phase
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution then I have a two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then I have a two-phase region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then I have a two-phase region
+an alpha and liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha and liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha and liquid
+and then a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a liquid
+solution and then a two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then a two-phase region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and then a two-phase region
+between liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between liquid and
+beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and
+then a beta solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so just as we did in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so just as we did in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so just as we did in the last
+lecture before the break we are seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture before the break we are seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture before the break we are seeing
+the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram
+emerge sort of flip book style as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge sort of flip book style as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge sort of flip book style as we
+draw these free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw these free energy composition
+diagrams at individual temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams at individual temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams at individual temperatures
+we're seeing the phase diagram be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing the phase diagram be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing the phase diagram be
+painted through a series of tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines okay have one more thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay have one more thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay have one more thing I want to
+share with you today but I'll pause now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you today but I'll pause now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you today but I'll pause now
+and take questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take questions on
+this finish drawing my top rope here top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finish drawing my top rope here top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finish drawing my top rope here top
+rope comes down curls around top rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope comes down curls around top rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope comes down curls around top rope
+goes up and then top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and then top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and then top
+rope finishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you see how how this this liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see how how this this liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see how how this this liquid
+phase can be seen as having pushed sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase can be seen as having pushed sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase can be seen as having pushed sort
+of plunged the top rope construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plunged the top rope construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plunged the top rope construction
+down let's do this flipbook Style again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's do this flipbook Style again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's do this flipbook Style again
+right the liquid was unstable then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the liquid was unstable then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the liquid was unstable then it
+came down it's touching the rope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came down it's touching the rope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came down it's touching the rope and
+then it pushes the Rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it pushes the Rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it pushes the Rope
+down imagine the Rope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elastic that's a case of an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic that's a case of an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic that's a case of an intermediate
+phase and we'll cover that in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and we'll cover that in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and we'll cover that in more
+detail uh shortly but you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh shortly but you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail uh shortly but you see what's
+happened here is an intermediate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here is an intermediate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened here is an intermediate phase
+meaning I have one phase that's stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I have one phase that's stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning I have one phase that's stable
+on the left hand side of the diagram a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of the diagram a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side of the diagram a
+different phase which is stable on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase which is stable on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase which is stable on the
+right hand side of the diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the diagram and
+intermediate to those I've got a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate to those I've got a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate to those I've got a third
+phase which is a solution phase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is a solution phase which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is a solution phase which is
+stable and intermediate phases have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and intermediate phases have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and intermediate phases have this
+feature on free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature on free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature on free energy composition
+diagram we've got a phase which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we've got a phase which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we've got a phase which is very
+unstable on one one side of the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable on one one side of the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable on one one side of the diagram
+very unstable on the other side but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unstable on the other side but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unstable on the other side but
+stable in the middle and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable in the middle and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable in the middle and you know the
+textbook has other more drawings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook has other more drawings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook has other more drawings that
+are like this s of illustrating this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like this s of illustrating this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like this s of illustrating this uh
+these fre enery composition diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fre enery composition diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fre enery composition diagrams
+almost flip book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost flip book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost flip book
+style and how they generate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and how they generate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style and how they generate phase
+diagrams and we're certainly going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and we're certainly going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and we're certainly going to be
+doing a lot of that on the next p set on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of that on the next p set on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of that on the next p set on
+problem set eight all right there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set eight all right there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set eight all right there's one
+more thing I want to share with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing I want to share with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing I want to share with you
+which gets to often a point of confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets to often a point of confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gets to often a point of confusion
+around using calad software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around using calad software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around using calad software
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+following do we like to plot Delta G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following do we like to plot Delta G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following do we like to plot Delta G of
+mixing or the total Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing or the total Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing or the total Gibs free
+energy as you've found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as you've found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as you've found
+already we analyze Delta G of mixing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we analyze Delta G of mixing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we analyze Delta G of mixing and
+lexer because we start by learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexer because we start by learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexer because we start by learning
+solution models and you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution models and you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution models and you know there's a
+good reason for that however most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason for that however most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason for that however most
+thermodynamic software including Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic software including Thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic software including Thermo
+prefers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefers to
+plot total Gibs fre energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot total Gibs fre energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot total Gibs fre energy
+and so you need to go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you need to go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you need to go back and forth
+fortunately it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resulting phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram and let me just draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schematically here's a system for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically here's a system for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically here's a system for which
+I'm going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spot and I'll draw this for a two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and I'll draw this for a two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and I'll draw this for a two-phase
+region here's a free energy of mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here's a free energy of mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here's a free energy of mixing
+for here's an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here's an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here's an alpha
+phase and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and here's
+a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta
+phase and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a common tangent construction and my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common tangent construction and my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common tangent construction and my my
+phase system is what Alpha solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase system is what Alpha solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase system is what Alpha solid
+solution two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region beta solid solution there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region beta solid solution there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region beta solid solution there's
+Alpha here's beta and now for the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha here's beta and now for the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha here's beta and now for the exact
+same system at the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same system at the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same system at the exact same
+temperature this is what the Gibs fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is what the Gibs fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is what the Gibs fre
+energy looks like the total Gibs fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy looks like the total Gibs fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy looks like the total Gibs fre
+energy now not the Gibs fre energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now not the Gibs fre energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy now not the Gibs fre energy of
+mixing the total Gibs three energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the total Gibs three energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing the total Gibs three energy for
+this exact same system at this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same system at this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same system at this exact
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+temperature often looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature often looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature often looks like
+this now we're going to plot total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we're going to plot total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now we're going to plot total
+Gibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gibs
+well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this
+is the Gibs free energy for component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Gibs free energy for component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Gibs free energy for component
+one in its pure State and that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in its pure State and that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in its pure State and that's some
+other number this is the Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number this is the Gibs free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number this is the Gibs free
+energy of component two it's pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state I'm going to drop this down so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm going to drop this down so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm going to drop this down so I
+can cheat a little bit in my drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat a little bit in my drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat a little bit in my drawing
+I'm going to draw a dash line connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a dash line connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a dash line connecting
+those two and my total gies fre energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and my total gies fre energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and my total gies fre energy
+versus competition diagram will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus competition diagram will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus competition diagram will look
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the important point and of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point and of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point and of course I
+cheated a little bit because I I did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated a little bit because I I did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheated a little bit because I I did the
+drawing so that it would work out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so that it would work out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing so that it would work out is
+that whether you plot Delta G of mix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether you plot Delta G of mix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether you plot Delta G of mix or
+the total gift free energy does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total gift free energy does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total gift free energy does not
+change the resulting common tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the resulting common tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the resulting common tangent
+construction specifically it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction specifically it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction specifically it doesn't
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+compositions that are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions that are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions that are at
+equilibrium at this temperature it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at this temperature it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at this temperature it's the
+same to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compositions what is this line this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions what is this line this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions what is this line this
+straight line connecting the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line connecting the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line connecting the two
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+States line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connecting G1 knot and G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting G1 knot and G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting G1 knot and G2
+knot that's just well we know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot that's just well we know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot that's just well we know what that
+is we've written that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've written that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've written that down
+before when we were solution modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we were solution modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we were solution modeling
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+X1 G1 1 KN plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 G1 1 KN plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 G1 1 KN plus
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+G2 and sometimes we prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 and sometimes we prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 and sometimes we prefer
+X1 mu1 KN plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 mu1 KN plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 mu1 KN plus
+X2 mu 2 KN right this straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+offset because you offset here by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset because you offset here by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset because you offset here by the
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+line doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability and you can work this out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and you can work this out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and you can work this out for
+yourself you could you could prove to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you could you could prove to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you could you could prove to
+yourself that if these two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that if these two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that if these two points
+satisfy the common tangent condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the common tangent condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the common tangent condition
+then these two points do as well um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these two points do as well um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these two points do as well um or
+you could just you know believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just you know believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just you know believe
+me right okay so this hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right okay so this hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right okay so this hopefully
+addresses a point which often does trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses a point which often does trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses a point which often does trip
+people up when they're starting to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people up when they're starting to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people up when they're starting to use
+the calad software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calad software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calad software
+and that's where I'd like to leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I'd like to leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I'd like to leave it
+for the day so on Friday we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the day so on Friday we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the day so on Friday we're going to
+continue in this vein we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this vein we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue in this vein we're going to
+look at more free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more free energy composition
+diagrams we're going to move on from tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we're going to move on from tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we're going to move on from tic
+reactions we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we're going to look at
+peritectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectic
+reactions and on the problem set that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and on the problem set that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and on the problem set that's
+going to go out on Friday we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go out on Friday we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go out on Friday we're going to
+be using a new piece of software which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using a new piece of software which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be using a new piece of software which
+is an aid for visualizing these free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an aid for visualizing these free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an aid for visualizing these free
+energy composition diagrams and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams and for
+visualizing how how the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing how how the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing how how the free energy
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition
+diagrams give rise to the overall phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams give rise to the overall phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams give rise to the overall phase
+diagrams and so we will start on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and so we will start on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and so we will start on all
+that and be doing that for at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and be doing that for at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and be doing that for at least
+another week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another week or so
+um and that's all I have to say
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q-6Cw8tYVeY.txt b/Q-6Cw8tYVeY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a525f152406c48b2161371f571c4489d98d8048b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q-6Cw8tYVeY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's work out an example that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's work out an example that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's work out an example that shows
+how to use the pairwise independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the pairwise independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use the pairwise independent
+sampling theorem to actually do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling theorem to actually do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling theorem to actually do some
+sampling and estimation so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and estimation so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling and estimation so let's
+remember that our basic theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that our basic theorem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that our basic theorem says
+that if we have n independent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have n independent random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we have n independent random
+variables pairwise independent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables pairwise independent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables pairwise independent with the
+same mean and variance and we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean and variance and we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean and variance and we look at
+their average the probability that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average the probability that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their average the probability that their
+average difference from the mean by more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average difference from the mean by more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average difference from the mean by more
+than a given tolerance Delta is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a given tolerance Delta is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a given tolerance Delta is less
+than or equal to this formula here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this formula here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this formula here which
+is the standard deviation over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the standard deviation over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the standard deviation over Delta
+squared times 1 over n now we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times 1 over n now we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times 1 over n now we're just
+going to be plugging into this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be plugging into this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be plugging into this formula
+but I want to state it here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to state it here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to state it here for the
+record to remember that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record to remember that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record to remember that this is the
+pairwise independent sampling theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise independent sampling theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise independent sampling theorem
+that we're given which is what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're given which is what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're given which is what we've
+seen in general allows us to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in general allows us to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in general allows us to calculate
+the degree of confidence we can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of confidence we can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of confidence we can have the
+probability that we have given N or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we have given N or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we have given N or the
+N that we need given how confident we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N that we need given how confident we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N that we need given how confident we
+want to be so let's go ahead and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be so let's go ahead and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be so let's go ahead and do the
+example and what I want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and what I want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and what I want to think about
+is the possibility of swimming in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the possibility of swimming in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the possibility of swimming in the
+Charles now that Charles has a coliform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles now that Charles has a coliform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles now that Charles has a coliform
+count coliform err some rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count coliform err some rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count coliform err some rather
+undesirable bacteria that are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable bacteria that are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undesirable bacteria that are associated
+with fecal matter and we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fecal matter and we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fecal matter and we want to know
+whether it's safe to swim in the Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's safe to swim in the Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's safe to swim in the Charles
+that's a petri dish showing a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a petri dish showing a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a petri dish showing a kind of
+sample of bacteria that you might grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of bacteria that you might grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample of bacteria that you might grow
+culture to see what's going on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture to see what's going on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture to see what's going on the
+Environmental Protection Agency requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Protection Agency requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Protection Agency requires
+that the average CMD the coliform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average CMD the coliform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the average CMD the coliform
+microbial density on the dish is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial density on the dish is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial density on the dish is less
+than 200 and what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 and what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 and what we want to do is
+figure out whether when we do a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether when we do a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether when we do a sample
+of CMDs around the river and we get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CMDs around the river and we get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of CMDs around the river and we get some
+numbers out whether in fact we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out whether in fact we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out whether in fact we will
+conclude that the coliform that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the coliform that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the coliform that the
+average CMD is less than 200 and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average CMD is less than 200 and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average CMD is less than 200 and we need
+to convince the EPA of that now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince the EPA of that now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince the EPA of that now we're
+never going to be certain but what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be certain but what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be certain but what we're
+going to do is take 32 measurements at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is take 32 measurements at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is take 32 measurements at
+random times the locations around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random times the locations around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random times the locations around the
+river and we're going to collect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and we're going to collect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and we're going to collect these
+32 measurements of CMD and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 measurements of CMD and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 measurements of CMD and it's going to
+turn out that although of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out that although of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out that although of
+you of them are over 200 the average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of them are over 200 the average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of them are over 200 the average is
+well under 200 the average of the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under 200 the average of the 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well under 200 the average of the 32
+samples that we've taken is 180 and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that we've taken is 180 and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that we've taken is 180 and our
+task now is to convinced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task now is to convinced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task now is to convinced the
+Environmental Protection Agency that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Protection Agency that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Protection Agency that on
+the basis of our data on that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of our data on that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of our data on that the
+average in the whole River is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the whole River is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the whole River is really
+less than 200 even though we're a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 200 even though we're a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 200 even though we're a couple
+of places it was over a hundred but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places it was over a hundred but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places it was over a hundred but on
+average it was 180 can we convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it was 180 can we convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it was 180 can we convince the
+EPA that the actual average is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA that the actual average is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA that the actual average is less than
+200 and so we're trying to convince them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 and so we're trying to convince them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 and so we're trying to convince them
+that our estimate based on the sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our estimate based on the sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our estimate based on the sample is
+within 20 of the actual average we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 20 of the actual average we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 20 of the actual average we got
+180 so if our estimate is when 20 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 so if our estimate is when 20 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 so if our estimate is when 20 of the
+truth then in fact the average is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth then in fact the average is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth then in fact the average is less
+than 200 well how are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 well how are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 well how are we going to do
+that well let's look at the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's look at the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well let's look at the parameters
+in the in the st. pairwise independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the st. pairwise independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the st. pairwise independent
+sampling theorem and see what we have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling theorem and see what we have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling theorem and see what we have so
+C is the actual average CMD in the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the actual average CMD in the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is the actual average CMD in the river
+that's what we don't know we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we don't know we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we don't know we're trying
+to estimate it Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate it Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate it Oh
+so our samples correspond to a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our samples correspond to a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our samples correspond to a random
+variable we're taking a measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we're taking a measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we're taking a measurement of
+the CMD in a random time in place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CMD in a random time in place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CMD in a random time in place and
+that defines a random variable whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines a random variable whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines a random variable whose
+expectation is the unknown C so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is the unknown C so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is the unknown C so we've
+defined by our sampling process a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by our sampling process a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by our sampling process a random
+variable with mean mu in fact we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with mean mu in fact we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with mean mu in fact we've done
+it with 32 variables so n samples mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with 32 variables so n samples mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with 32 variables so n samples mean
+and independently in the mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and independently in the mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and independently in the mutually
+independent random variables wall with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables wall with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables wall with
+mean equal to the number that I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean equal to the number that I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean equal to the number that I'm trying
+to estimate and a n is the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate and a n is the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate and a n is the average of
+the n CMD samples so we have an a 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n CMD samples so we have an a 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n CMD samples so we have an a 32
+that we're trying to understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're trying to understand so
+here's the independent sampling theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the independent sampling theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the independent sampling theorem
+formula and let's see what I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and let's see what I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and let's see what I know
+already I'm gonna plug in knowns what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I'm gonna plug in knowns what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I'm gonna plug in knowns what I
+know is that n is 32 mu is the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that n is 32 mu is the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that n is 32 mu is the unknown
+see that we're trying to estimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we're trying to estimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we're trying to estimate and
+the Delta that it matters to us is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta that it matters to us is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta that it matters to us is 20
+because we want to argue that if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to argue that if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to argue that if our
+average of 180 our measurement of 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 180 our measurement of 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of 180 our measurement of 180
+was within 20 of the truth then in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was within 20 of the truth then in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was within 20 of the truth then in fact
+we're under the 200 that the epa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're under the 200 that the epa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're under the 200 that the epa
+specifies so let's plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies so let's plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies so let's plug in
+our known parameters 32 for n and 20 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our known parameters 32 for n and 20 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our known parameters 32 for n and 20 for
+the tolerance and they plug in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tolerance and they plug in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tolerance and they plug in here and
+that leaves me with the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves me with the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leaves me with the standard
+deviation which the formula requires and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation which the formula requires and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation which the formula requires and
+I have to plug in and that is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to plug in and that is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to plug in and that is a problem
+because we don't know what the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't know what the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't know what the standard
+deviation is now sometimes you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is now sometimes you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is now sometimes you couldn't
+kind of argue that you can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argue that you can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of argue that you can figure out
+what the standard deviation is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the standard deviation is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the standard deviation is because
+you have a theory of what the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a theory of what the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a theory of what the random
+distribution is of these measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is of these measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is of these measurements
+and therefore you can calculate what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can calculate what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can calculate what its
+standard deviation should be other times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation should be other times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation should be other times
+you can actually take a sample of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually take a sample of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually take a sample of the
+deviation of your sample and use that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of your sample and use that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of your sample and use that as
+an estimate of the sample of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of the sample of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of the sample of the actual
+standard deviation but that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation but that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation but that's kind of
+circular and we're not going to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular and we're not going to go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular and we're not going to go there
+but another way to do it is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another way to do it is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another way to do it is to say that
+if you had some bounds on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had some bounds on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had some bounds on the the
+maximum possible discrepancy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum possible discrepancy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum possible discrepancy of your
+measurements if you had done these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements if you had done these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements if you had done these kinds
+of sampling testings of CMDs for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampling testings of CMDs for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sampling testings of CMDs for a long
+time and you had never observed two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you had never observed two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you had never observed two that
+were more than 50 apart then what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more than 50 apart then what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more than 50 apart then what you
+could argue is that the the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue is that the the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue is that the the range of
+measurements is going to be only 15 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is going to be only 15 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements is going to be only 15 so
+what we can do is if we say that L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is if we say that L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is if we say that L is
+the maximum possible difference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum possible difference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum possible difference that
+we'll ever measure among samples then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ever measure among samples then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ever measure among samples then in
+fact what you can say is that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what you can say is that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what you can say is that the the
+worst possible standard deviation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible standard deviation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible standard deviation when
+your random variable is ranging over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random variable is ranging over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your random variable is ranging over an
+interval L is L over 2 and you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval L is L over 2 and you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval L is L over 2 and you can check
+that algebraically but for now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algebraically but for now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that algebraically but for now let's
+just take that as a fact if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take that as a fact if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take that as a fact if you know
+that the that when your measurements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that when your measurements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the that when your measurements are
+going to differ by at most L between Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differ by at most L between Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to differ by at most L between Max
+and min the standard deviation can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and min the standard deviation can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and min the standard deviation can't be
+more than L over 2 and if we know that L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than L over 2 and if we know that L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than L over 2 and if we know that L
+is 50 then I got a number finally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 50 then I got a number finally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 50 then I got a number finally to
+plug in because now I can plug in 25 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in because now I can plug in 25 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in because now I can plug in 25 for
+Sigma so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so let's do that
+and when I do that I come out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I do that I come out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I do that I come out with this
+calculation that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation that says that the
+probability that my average minus C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my average minus C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my average minus C was
+greater than 20 that my 1 a 32 which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 20 that my 1 a 32 which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 20 that my 1 a 32 which we
+said was 180 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was 180 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was 180 was
+more than 20 away from the truth is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 away from the truth is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 20 away from the truth is less
+than 0.05 or flipping it around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0.05 or flipping it around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 0.05 or flipping it around the
+probability that my average is within 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my average is within 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that my average is within 20
+of the truth is greater than 0.095 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truth is greater than 0.095 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truth is greater than 0.095 and
+so we would like to be able to say now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would like to be able to say now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would like to be able to say now
+that the probability that the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that the unknown
+see is the 180 that we measured for a 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the 180 that we measured for a 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the 180 that we measured for a 32
+plus or minus 20 is at least 95% that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 20 is at least 95% that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 20 is at least 95% that
+seems to be what the theorem told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be what the theorem told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be what the theorem told us
+let's go back to the theorem says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the theorem says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to the theorem says that
+the probability that a 32 which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a 32 which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a 32 which we
+measured to be 180 minus C is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured to be 180 minus C is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured to be 180 minus C is less than
+or equal to 20 is greater than 0.95 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 20 is greater than 0.95 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 20 is greater than 0.95 so
+we should go back and tell the EPA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go back and tell the EPA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should go back and tell the EPA that
+the probability is that C is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is that C is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is that C is less than
+200 with probability of 0.9 5 and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 with probability of 0.9 5 and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 with probability of 0.9 5 and we'd
+be pretty tempted to say that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty tempted to say that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty tempted to say that but it's
+not right it's technically the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right it's technically the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right it's technically the wrong
+thing to say and why is that well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say and why is that well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to say and why is that well it's
+an important idea which is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important idea which is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important idea which is that we're
+talking about something other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about something other than
+probability here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here we're talking about
+confidence not probability and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence not probability and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence not probability and let's
+explain that a little bit more here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that a little bit more here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that a little bit more here's
+the issue the number C is a number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue the number C is a number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue the number C is a number in
+the real world it's an actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world it's an actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world it's an actual physical
+quantity which is the average CMD in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is the average CMD in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is the average CMD in the
+river we don't know what it is but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river we don't know what it is but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river we don't know what it is but that
+does not make it a random variable it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not make it a random variable it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not make it a random variable it is
+or it isn't within less than 200 or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it isn't within less than 200 or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it isn't within less than 200 or more
+than 200 and so on what's going on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 and so on what's going on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 and so on what's going on is
+that we have created a probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created a probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have created a probabilistic
+model of sampling that is designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of sampling that is designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of sampling that is designed to
+have in our probabilistic model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our probabilistic model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in our probabilistic model this
+unknown constant there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown constant there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown constant there's nothing
+probabilistic about the constant we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic about the constant we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic about the constant we've
+introduced the probability by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the probability by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the probability by thinking
+of our random sampling as random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our random sampling as random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our random sampling as random
+variables we control the randomness we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we control the randomness we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we control the randomness we
+can't say that C is random our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that C is random our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say that C is random our
+measurements are random so the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are random so the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are random so the right
+thing we can say is that the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can say is that the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can say is that the possible
+outcomes of our sampling process can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of our sampling process can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of our sampling process can
+persuasively be modeled as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasively be modeled as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuasively be modeled as a random
+variable so what we can say is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so what we can say is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so what we can say is that the
+probability that our sampling process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our sampling process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our sampling process
+will yield an average that's within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yield an average that's within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will yield an average that's within
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+t of the true average is at least 0.95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of the true average is at least 0.95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of the true average is at least 0.95
+so that's a funny thing to say what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a funny thing to say what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a funny thing to say what you
+going what you do is you go to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what you do is you go to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what you do is you go to tell the
+EPA that says look we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA that says look we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EPA that says look we don't know what
+the real average is but we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real average is but we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real average is but we have a
+process that gets the right answer 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that gets the right answer 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that gets the right answer 95%
+of the time to within plus or minus 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time to within plus or minus 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time to within plus or minus 20
+and we measured it and our process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we measured it and our process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we measured it and our process that
+we booked is right 95% of the time came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we booked is right 95% of the time came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we booked is right 95% of the time came
+in with an answer that said it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with an answer that said it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with an answer that said it's less
+than 200 okay now that's the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 okay now that's the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 200 okay now that's the right thing
+to say that's the truth we're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that's the truth we're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that's the truth we're making a
+probabilistic statement about our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic statement about our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic statement about our the
+general properties of our sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general properties of our sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general properties of our sampling
+process and saying okay our sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and saying okay our sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and saying okay our sampling
+process is usually right the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is usually right the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is usually right the sampling
+process said less than 200 so we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process said less than 200 so we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process said less than 200 so we think
+that that's probably right but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's probably right but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's probably right but we can't
+say it is right and we can't even say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it is right and we can't even say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it is right and we can't even say
+it's right with any probability it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right with any probability it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right with any probability it's
+just the way that are mostly reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way that are mostly reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way that are mostly reliable
+process yielded an answer and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yielded an answer and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process yielded an answer and that's an
+important idea distinction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea distinction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important idea distinction to
+distinguish so it's our estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish so it's our estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish so it's our estimate that
+that's correct with probability 0.95 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct with probability 0.95 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct with probability 0.95 now
+this is a long thing to say to the EPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a long thing to say to the EPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a long thing to say to the EPA
+and what we'd like to go back is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'd like to go back is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'd like to go back is
+language that says that that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that says that that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that says that that we think
+that the real average see is within 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the real average see is within 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the real average see is within 20
+of 180 is probably within 20 of 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 180 is probably within 20 of 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 180 is probably within 20 of 180
+because that's the what our test seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the what our test seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the what our test seemed
+to say but we're not allowed to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but we're not allowed to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but we're not allowed to talk
+about the probability that C has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability that C has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability that C has some
+value or other so instead we summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or other so instead we summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or other so instead we summarized
+the story about how we measured C using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about how we measured C using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about how we measured C using
+a probabilistic process that's right 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic process that's right 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probabilistic process that's right 95%
+of the time by saying that C is 180 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time by saying that C is 180 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time by saying that C is 180 plus
+or minus 20 at the 95% confidence level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 20 at the 95% confidence level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 20 at the 95% confidence level
+and that is the that's a shorthand way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the that's a shorthand way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the that's a shorthand way
+of saying we've got this process that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying we've got this process that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying we've got this process that we
+believe in that measured this unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in that measured this unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in that measured this unknown
+quantity and told us what it was so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and told us what it was so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and told us what it was so the
+morrow here that will wrap up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morrow here that will wrap up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morrow here that will wrap up this
+little video with is that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video with is that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little video with is that when you're
+told that some fact holds at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that some fact holds at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told that some fact holds at a high
+confidence level because of some tester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence level because of some tester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence level because of some tester
+or some random experiment or some polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some random experiment or some polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some random experiment or some polar
+pollster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollster
+you have to remember that is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember that is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to remember that is that what
+that implies is that somebody designed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies is that somebody designed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies is that somebody designed a
+random experiment to try to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random experiment to try to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random experiment to try to get an
+estimate of reality and you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of reality and you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of reality and you can always
+question whether you believe in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether you believe in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether you believe in that
+random experiment it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random experiment it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random experiment it's important to
+understand that there is some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there is some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that there is some random
+experiment back there and you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment back there and you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment back there and you should be
+wondering about what is it and do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about what is it and do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about what is it and do I
+believe in it an even more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in it an even more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in it an even more important
+question to ask is why are you hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask is why are you hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask is why are you hearing
+about this particular experiment how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular experiment how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this particular experiment how
+many other experiments were tried and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other experiments were tried and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other experiments were tried and
+not reported the point is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reported the point is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reported the point is that people
+can perform various kinds of tests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perform various kinds of tests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perform various kinds of tests and
+at the ninety-five percent or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ninety-five percent or higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ninety-five percent or higher
+confidence level but when the tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence level but when the tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence level but when the tests
+don't come up with an interesting result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come up with an interesting result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come up with an interesting result
+they don't bother to publish them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't bother to publish them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't bother to publish them or
+announce them and of course when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce them and of course when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce them and of course when they
+come up with a surprising result which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a surprising result which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a surprising result which
+is gonna be wrong one out of twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be wrong one out of twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna be wrong one out of twenty
+times those are the results that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those are the results that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times those are the results that they
+publish and submit and advertise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish and submit and advertise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish and submit and advertise because
+they sound good in fact the major drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sound good in fact the major drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sound good in fact the major drug
+company GlaxoSmithKline after paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company GlaxoSmithKline after paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company GlaxoSmithKline after paying
+three billion dollars for as a judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion dollars for as a judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billion dollars for as a judgment
+against them in 2012 for suppressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them in 2012 for suppressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against them in 2012 for suppressing the
+results negative results of clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results negative results of clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results negative results of clinical
+trials just agreed to now make public in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials just agreed to now make public in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials just agreed to now make public in
+February 2013 all of the clinical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February 2013 all of the clinical trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+February 2013 all of the clinical trials
+that they perform so that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they perform so that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they perform so that you're not
+just learning about the cherry-picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learning about the cherry-picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just learning about the cherry-picked
+positive results but about the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive results but about the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive results but about the negative
+ones as well and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get this point home you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this point home you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this point home you might want to
+look at the cartoon at xkcd which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cartoon at xkcd which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cartoon at xkcd which
+explains how it is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how it is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how it is that there's a
+problem with green jelly beans at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with green jelly beans at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with green jelly beans at the
+95% confidence level
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Q95lUJagN0A.txt b/Q95lUJagN0A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f04251ea4f7f4ee98a9689e9d8951b0751d21e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Q95lUJagN0A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this is my second lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is my second lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this is my second lecture on
+the uh example the model of graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh example the model of graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh example the model of graphs and
+networks really a perfect beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks really a perfect beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks really a perfect beautiful
+model model for the whole framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model for the whole framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model model for the whole framework and
+important in itself um so uh I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in itself um so uh I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in itself um so uh I guess
+my one thing I did a major thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my one thing I did a major thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my one thing I did a major thing that I
+still have to do is discuss a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to do is discuss a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to do is discuss a transpose
+see how a transpose just naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a transpose just naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a transpose just naturally
+appears in the balance law so this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the balance law so this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the balance law so this I
+Kirk off's current law KCl is the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current law KCl is the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current law KCl is the it's
+just like a model for balance equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a model for balance equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a model for balance equations
+by by balance I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by balance I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by balance I mean
+in equals out essentially flow in equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equals out essentially flow in equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equals out essentially flow in equals
+flow out because we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow out because we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow out because we're talking about
+steady state so at each node at node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so at each node at node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state so at each node at node
+three for example well let's see I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for example well let's see I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for example well let's see I have
+three edges so the law kiro's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges so the law kiro's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges so the law kiro's current
+law at that point is going to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law at that point is going to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law at that point is going to tell me
+that the flow y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flow y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the flow y
+W2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 plus
+W3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 minus
+W5 would be zero if there's no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W5 would be zero if there's no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W5 would be zero if there's no current
+Source or if I'm feeding current into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source or if I'm feeding current into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source or if I'm feeding current into
+there some current F3 then it it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some current F3 then it it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some current F3 then it it would
+match F3 so maybe having just said those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match F3 so maybe having just said those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match F3 so maybe having just said those
+words let me just say W2 I'll say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words let me just say W2 I'll say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words let me just say W2 I'll say it
+again W2 + W3 minus W5 and I'm hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again W2 + W3 minus W5 and I'm hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again W2 + W3 minus W5 and I'm hoping
+I'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll find that
+in the third column here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third column here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third column here and I
+do because I'm thinking and we'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because I'm thinking and we'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because I'm thinking and we'll write
+it down I'm thinking to take a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down I'm thinking to take a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down I'm thinking to take a transpose
+so it'll be the third row and here I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be the third row and here I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be the third row and here I see
+the W2 W3 and minus W5 that will show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W2 W3 and minus W5 that will show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W2 W3 and minus W5 that will show up
+in the in the third equation there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the third equation there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the third equation there the
+the in equals out at node three well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in equals out at node three well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in equals out at node three well
+I'll write that down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write that down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write that down because
+it's so I so two or three jobs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so I so two or three jobs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so I so two or three jobs for
+today and then Monday I plan to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then Monday I plan to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and then Monday I plan to spend a
+part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of
+of this of the lecture and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of the lecture and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this of the lecture and all of the
+review session in review kind of uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review session in review kind of uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review session in review kind of uh it's
+a great chance to to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great chance to to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great chance to to go back to the
+things we've done and uh collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done and uh collect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done and uh collect them
+assemble them organize them and see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble them organize them and see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble them organize them and see them
+again so that's my goal for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's my goal for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so that's my goal for both
+sessions on Monday uh and questions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions on Monday uh and questions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions on Monday uh and questions then
+about every aspect so uh uh before I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every aspect so uh uh before I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about every aspect so uh uh before I get
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+transpose this part I had written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this part I had written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this part I had written down
+last time but but and there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but but and there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but but and there's a little
+more to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to say
+and the what I was saying and and want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what I was saying and and want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what I was saying and and want
+to continue with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue with is
+the The Source terms I I put in this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Source terms I I put in this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Source terms I I put in this B
+but I didn't draw anything on the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't draw anything on the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I didn't draw anything on the the uh
+on the network so let me draw what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the network so let me draw what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the network so let me draw what those
+what that what what these B's represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what what these B's represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that what what these B's represent
+so these are this second lower row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are this second lower row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are this second lower row is
+about Edge equations Edge variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Edge equations Edge variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Edge equations Edge variables so
+those batteries B are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges and there will be B has length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and there will be B has length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges and there will be B has length
+five there are five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five there are five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five there are five
+edges that this is a vector of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that this is a vector of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that this is a vector of length
+five this Matrix a you remember was 5 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this Matrix a you remember was 5 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this Matrix a you remember was 5 by
+four It produced from four inputs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four It produced from four inputs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four It produced from four inputs from
+four potentials at the four nodes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four potentials at the four nodes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four potentials at the four nodes a
+produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces
+Au five potential differences so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au five potential differences so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au five potential differences so those
+are the differences in potentials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the differences in potentials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the differences in potentials but
+then also there can be Source terms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also there can be Source terms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also there can be Source terms from
+batteries in the edges and the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in the edges and the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batteries in the edges and the minus
+sign is there because I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is there because I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is there because I'm talking about
+voltage drops so when I say differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drops so when I say differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drops so when I say differences
+I'm really speaking about voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really speaking about voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really speaking about voltage
+drops because that's the way current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops because that's the way current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops because that's the way current
+flows okay shall I TR oh okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows okay shall I TR oh okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows okay shall I TR oh okay this is a
+moment that I hate putting the batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that I hate putting the batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that I hate putting the batteries
+in I think you draw a battery with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think you draw a battery with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I think you draw a battery with a
+long and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and a
+short is that right and then you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short is that right and then you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short is that right and then you put a
+plus and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+well can I just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can I just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well can I just say
+uh life is too short to get those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh life is too short to get those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh life is too short to get those to
+get this sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this sign
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh you may say when my car battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may say when my car battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you may say when my car battery
+stalls how do I because it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls how do I because it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls how do I because it's important
+at that moment right when you start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that moment right when you start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that moment right when you start it
+up you're supposed to put the the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you're supposed to put the the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you're supposed to put the the right
+battery the right lead on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery the right lead on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery the right lead on the on the
+positive and the right on the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the right on the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the right on the negative
+or you blow yourself up okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you blow yourself up okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you blow yourself up okay so what's
+my solution because I literally refuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution because I literally refuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solution because I literally refuse
+to deal with these signs so my solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these signs so my solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these signs so my solution
+is call AAA okay they're paid to blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is call AAA okay they're paid to blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is call AAA okay they're paid to blow
+themselves up they can do it uh but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves up they can do it uh but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves up they can do it uh but uh
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is serious now I don't want to be asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is serious now I don't want to be asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is serious now I don't want to be asked
+about these signs uh I and I forgive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these signs uh I and I forgive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these signs uh I and I forgive you
+for for messing up the sign so possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for messing up the sign so possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for messing up the sign so possibly
+that's plus possibly minus I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plus possibly minus I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's plus possibly minus I don't know
+but it's a there's a battery in there of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a there's a battery in there of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a there's a battery in there of
+length B1 of of voltage 9vt battery B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length B1 of of voltage 9vt battery B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length B1 of of voltage 9vt battery B1
+would be nine and depending how it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nine and depending how it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nine and depending how it was
+placed in there the B here would be A+ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in there the B here would be A+ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in there the B here would be A+ n
+or a minus 9 in the first component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minus 9 in the first component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a minus 9 in the first component and
+then if I had another battery here A B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I had another battery here A B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I had another battery here A B
+that's on edge4 there would be a battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on edge4 there would be a battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on edge4 there would be a battery
+B4 and that would show up there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 and that would show up there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B4 and that would show up there in the
+in ohms law because ohms law will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ohms law because ohms law will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ohms law because ohms law will look
+at the difference in these potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the difference in these potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the difference in these potentials
+but then it'll also account for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it'll also account for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it'll also account for the the
+battery right the voltage that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery right the voltage that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery right the voltage that comes
+from the battery and somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the battery and somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the battery and somehow
+the take combining the Au which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take combining the Au which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take combining the Au which is the
+difference in these guys with the B4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in these guys with the B4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in these guys with the B4
+I'll know what is the voltage drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll know what is the voltage drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll know what is the voltage drop
+across the resistor and that's what Ohms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the resistor and that's what Ohms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the resistor and that's what Ohms
+law applies to Ohm's law says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law applies to Ohm's law says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law applies to Ohm's law says the
+voltage drop across the resistor times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across the resistor times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage drop across the resistor times
+the conductance so this is ohms law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductance so this is ohms law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductance so this is ohms law that
+on that edge the the voltage drop across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge the the voltage drop across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that edge the the voltage drop across
+the resistor times the conductance gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor times the conductance gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor times the conductance gives
+the current so that's the physical law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current so that's the physical law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current so that's the physical law
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+okay for Batteries Now a comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for Batteries Now a comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for Batteries Now a comment on
+current sources so what's with current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sources so what's with current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sources so what's with current
+sources how would I draw those well very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources how would I draw those well very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources how would I draw those well very
+often uh maybe uh I might draw a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh maybe uh I might draw a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh maybe uh I might draw a current
+going into node one so that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into node one so that would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into node one so that would be an
+F1 that goes into node one and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 that goes into node one and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 that goes into node one and maybe
+comes out without it ground so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out without it ground so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out without it ground so that
+would be a typical F that would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a typical F that would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a typical F that would that
+that if I impose a current Source if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I impose a current Source if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I impose a current Source if I
+send a current Source through there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a current Source through there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a current Source through there it
+would go down and come out at ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go down and come out at ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go down and come out at ground and
+our question is what are the currents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question is what are the currents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our question is what are the currents in
+the five edges what are the potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five edges what are the potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five edges what are the potentials
+at the four nodes well I'm making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the four nodes well I'm making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the four nodes well I'm making this
+one ground so I'm I'm grounding this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ground so I'm I'm grounding this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one ground so I'm I'm grounding this one
+to be u4 equal 0 and you remember of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be u4 equal 0 and you remember of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be u4 equal 0 and you remember of
+course course why I had to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course course why I had to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course course why I had to do that
+because this Matrix a transpose a as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Matrix a transpose a as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this Matrix a transpose a as it
+stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands
+is what's the matter with a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the matter with a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the matter with a transpose a
+as it stands it's singular right and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it stands it's singular right and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it stands it's singular right and as
+I looking ahead you uh uh just a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looking ahead you uh uh just a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I looking ahead you uh uh just a small
+comment that this we'll have the exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that this we'll have the exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that this we'll have the exactly
+the same thing in so many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing in so many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing in so many other
+applications in big finite element codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in big finite element codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in big finite element codes
+you produce a stiffness Matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce a stiffness Matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce a stiffness Matrix that's
+initially singular and then you impose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially singular and then you impose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially singular and then you impose a
+bound boundary conditions that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound boundary conditions that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound boundary conditions that's the
+efficient way to do it is create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to do it is create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way to do it is create the
+Matrix first that's the big job then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix first that's the big job then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix first that's the big job then
+impose the boundary conditions that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose the boundary conditions that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose the boundary conditions that's
+the small but occasionally tricky part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small but occasionally tricky part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small but occasionally tricky part
+now I I indicated what happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I I indicated what happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I I indicated what happened here
+when u4 was Zero that means that a * U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when u4 was Zero that means that a * U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when u4 was Zero that means that a * U
+the u4 there the zero is multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u4 there the zero is multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u4 there the zero is multiplying
+this is not unknown anymore it's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not unknown anymore it's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not unknown anymore it's known
+and so that column is not really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that column is not really any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that column is not really any
+more leaded in a transpose in a cuz u4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leaded in a transpose in a cuz u4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leaded in a transpose in a cuz u4
+is gone from my list of unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone from my list of unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gone from my list of unknown
+potentials okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials okay
+now uh at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh at the same
+time when I went over to a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I went over to a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when I went over to a transpose
+a I'm making this comment because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm making this comment because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm making this comment because there
+were several good questions about it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were several good questions about it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were several good questions about it I
+claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also that road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that road
+coming which of course comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming which of course comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming which of course comes from the
+fourth row of a transpose this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth row of a transpose this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth row of a transpose this the
+fourth column of a is gone so the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth column of a is gone so the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth column of a is gone so the fourth
+row of a transpose should be gone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a transpose should be gone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of a transpose should be gone and
+and we might just think why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might just think why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might just think why is that
+what's going on of course it's produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on of course it's produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on of course it's produces
+exactly what we want it leaves us with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we want it leaves us with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we want it leaves us with a
+3X3 Matrix that's not singular anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 Matrix that's not singular anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3X3 Matrix that's not singular anymore
+I've removed that 11 one1 from the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've removed that 11 one1 from the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've removed that 11 one1 from the null
+Space by fixing a potential grounding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by fixing a potential grounding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by fixing a potential grounding a
+node and uh the problem becomes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and uh the problem becomes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and uh the problem becomes just
+what we what we want and I'll write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we want and I'll write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we want and I'll write down
+the equations uh when I get the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations uh when I get the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations uh when I get the the the
+kirkov current law to complete the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kirkov current law to complete the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kirkov current law to complete the loop
+uh now what's what's going on let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now what's what's going on let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now what's what's going on let let me
+remove this uh current Source just so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this uh current Source just so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this uh current Source just so we
+focus on the uh on on what I'm speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the uh on on what I'm speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the uh on on what I'm speaking
+about now on on this type of boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now on on this type of boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now on on this type of boundary
+condition like this is like fixing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition like this is like fixing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition like this is like fixing a
+support right it's like fixing a support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right it's like fixing a support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support right it's like fixing a support
+in our spring Mass problem let me can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our spring Mass problem let me can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our spring Mass problem let me can I
+squeeze in a little spring Mass problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in a little spring Mass problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in a little spring Mass problem
+so here's here's a I'm I'm I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's here's a I'm I'm I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's here's a I'm I'm I have a
+spring and then I'm fixing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and then I'm fixing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and then I'm fixing this
+displacement u4 to be zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I want to try to think through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to try to think through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to try to think through what
+what happens in the balance equation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the balance equation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the balance equation a
+transpose W let me let me make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W let me let me make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W let me let me make it a
+transpose W equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equal
+F because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F because that's
+the case with right hand side allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case with right hand side allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case with right hand side allowed
+and now what happens when I fix this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what happens when I fix this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what happens when I fix this uh
+I'm asking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking to
+think back about the force balance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back about the force balance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think back about the force balance which
+we certainly saw was an A A transpose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we certainly saw was an A A transpose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we certainly saw was an A A transpose W
+equal F business and then parallel will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F business and then parallel will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F business and then parallel will
+be the current balance at at that node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the current balance at at that node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the current balance at at that node
+okay so what was the deal on force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what was the deal on force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what was the deal on force
+balance did force does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance did force does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance did force does
+force a transpose for this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a transpose for this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a transpose for this with this
+fixed end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed end here
+uh what what was the thing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what what was the thing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what what was the thing with a
+transposed at that fixed end it we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed at that fixed end it we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed at that fixed end it we did
+not write the equation a transposed W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write the equation a transposed W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not write the equation a transposed W
+equal F at this point we did not write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F at this point we did not write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal F at this point we did not write
+the force balance equation at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force balance equation at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force balance equation at that point
+that that that that when I fixed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that when I fixed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that when I fixed you
+for the in in this case it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in in this case it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in in this case it was the
+displacement so I'm fixing it at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so I'm fixing it at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so I'm fixing it at zero
+displacement I I didn't write I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement I I didn't write I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement I I didn't write I didn't
+have a force balance in the a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force balance in the a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force balance in the a transpose
+part at this node now you could say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at this node now you could say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at this node now you could say why
+because of course forces have to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course forces have to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course forces have to balance
+but what's going on what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's going on what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's going on what's really
+happening here is I don't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is I don't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is I don't have to write
+out I don't have to this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't have to this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I don't have to this is the the
+displacement Here is known it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement Here is known it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement Here is known it's not
+unknown and and in and well let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and and in and well let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and and in and well let me say
+it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a
+sentence force balance does hold because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence force balance does hold because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence force balance does hold because
+the support supplies whatever force it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the support supplies whatever force it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the support supplies whatever force it
+takes to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to balance
+the internal forces so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal forces so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internal forces so in other words
+let me say that again the the the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that again the the the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that again the the the force
+balance will hold and it will tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance will hold and it will tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance will hold and it will tell me
+after I've solved the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've solved the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I've solved the rest of the
+problem it'll tell me what the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it'll tell me what the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it'll tell me what the support
+has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to
+supply how much force the support is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply how much force the support is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply how much force the support is
+actually supplying it's a reaction force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supplying it's a reaction force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually supplying it's a reaction force
+it would be called so a reaction force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be called so a reaction force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be called so a reaction force
+is whatever the whatever the support has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever the whatever the support has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever the whatever the support has
+to do to keep to fix that displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to keep to fix that displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to keep to fix that displacement
+and uh so I solved the or the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I solved the or the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so I solved the or the fixed
+fixed problems for the all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed problems for the all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed problems for the all the other
+displacements and all the spring forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and all the spring forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements and all the spring forces
+and then I could come back at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I could come back at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I could come back at the end
+and say okay what was the force in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay what was the force in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay what was the force in that
+spring and therefore how much uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and therefore how much uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring and therefore how much uh is that
+support what's the force being supplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support what's the force being supplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support what's the force being supplied
+by that support see what I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that support see what I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that support see what I'm saying that
+that the the force balance at this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the force balance at this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the force balance at this node
+is comes afterwards it's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comes afterwards it's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comes afterwards it's that that
+equation is like knocking that one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is like knocking that one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is like knocking that one out
+of of uh this problem the that the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh this problem the that the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh this problem the that the and
+it would be the same here I fixed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be the same here I fixed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be the same here I fixed the
+potential at zero I fixed ground at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at zero I fixed ground at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at zero I fixed ground at zero
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+flows current maybe some maybe I I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows current maybe some maybe I I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows current maybe some maybe I I might
+fix that potential at at one I fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that potential at at one I fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that potential at at one I fix that
+potential at zero current flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at zero current flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at zero current flows
+okay so ta I find out I compute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so ta I find out I compute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so ta I find out I compute what
+they are and and uh this row and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and and uh this row and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and and uh this row and column
+will be gone uh find out what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be gone uh find out what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be gone uh find out what they are
+at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+node what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node what's
+happening the what's happening to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the what's happening to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening the what's happening to the
+balance of currents does this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of currents does this current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of currents does this current
+have to B balance that current at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to B balance that current at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to B balance that current at the
+ground no the the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground no the the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground no the the ground
+whatever current comes here plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever current comes here plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever current comes here plus
+whatever current here comes here goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever current here comes here goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever current here comes here goes
+into ground do you do you see the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ground do you do you see the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into ground do you do you see the point
+that that that the a trans the kof's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that the a trans the kof's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that the a trans the kof's
+current law the the balance of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current law the the balance of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current law the the balance of of
+currents the in equals out is true but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the in equals out is true but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the in equals out is true but I
+don't it's not an equation I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's not an equation I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's not an equation I have to
+solve in finding the currents it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in finding the currents it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve in finding the currents it's a
+it's something I can Discover at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something I can Discover at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something I can Discover at the end
+I can say okay how much current flowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say okay how much current flowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can say okay how much current flowed
+from ground and similarly up here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ground and similarly up here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ground and similarly up here if I
+fix you one to be zero then you or no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix you one to be zero then you or no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix you one to be zero then you or no I
+don't want to fix it to be zero too that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to fix it to be zero too that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to fix it to be zero too that
+would be a way to make very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a way to make very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a way to make very little
+happen let me let me fix U1 to be one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let me let me fix U1 to be one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen let me let me fix U1 to be one so
+I'm that this is a standard important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm that this is a standard important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm that this is a standard important
+problem it's it's like what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's it's like what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's it's like what's the
+resistance in the net what's the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance in the net what's the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance in the net what's the net
+sort of system resistance if I fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system resistance if I fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of system resistance if I fix this
+at one fix this at zero some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one fix this at zero some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one fix this at zero some current
+will flow it'll come out here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow it'll come out here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flow it'll come out here it
+and that and that'll be the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that'll be the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that and that'll be the current
+going into here somehow there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into here somehow there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into here somehow there'll be a
+there'll be balance there and a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be balance there and a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be balance there and a balance
+there but it's not it's found later just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it's not it's found later just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it's not it's found later just
+the way the force and the support is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the force and the support is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the force and the support is
+found later okay that takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found later okay that takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found later okay that takes a little
+thinking I I just wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I I just wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking I I just wanted to sort of
+because I had blly knocked this row out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had blly knocked this row out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had blly knocked this row out
+and you could you could do it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could you could do it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could you could do it on the
+basis well if you knock out this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis well if you knock out this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis well if you knock out this column
+of a then you're knocking out the row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a then you're knocking out the row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a then you're knocking out the row of
+a transpose and therefore a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose and therefore a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose and therefore a transpose a
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+3x3 and it'll go down to 2x two if I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 and it'll go down to 2x two if I fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 and it'll go down to 2x two if I fix
+that potential and if I don't fix it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential and if I don't fix it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that potential and if I don't fix it at
+zero if I fix it at one then something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if I fix it at one then something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if I fix it at one then something
+will move to the right hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move to the right hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move to the right hand side of the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay that's that that point I hope at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that that point I hope at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that that point I hope at
+least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh
+discussed now uh so now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed now uh so now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed now uh so now we have the
+whole pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pattern
+here except that I haven't I really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except that I haven't I really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here except that I haven't I really have
+still to justify the fact that it truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to justify the fact that it truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to justify the fact that it truly
+is a transpose the transpose of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose the transpose of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose the transpose of that
+Matrix that comes into Kirk's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that comes into Kirk's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that comes into Kirk's current
+law I I guess in the first minute of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law I I guess in the first minute of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law I I guess in the first minute of the
+lecture I looked at that particular node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I looked at that particular node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I looked at that particular node
+let's look at all the noes let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at all the noes let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at all the noes let let me
+look at a transpose W equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a transpose W equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a transpose W equals
+z okay so I'll copy a transpose because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so I'll copy a transpose because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so I'll copy a transpose because
+I truly believe that kirkoff would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I truly believe that kirkoff would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I truly believe that kirkoff would would
+want me to do it okay so there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to do it okay so there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want me to do it okay so there's that
+becomes a row that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a row that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a row that
+becomes uh the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh the next
+row of course I see three guys going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of course I see three guys going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of course I see three guys going
+into uh node two then the one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh node two then the one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh node two then the one that I
+looked at before that's the three edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before that's the three edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at before that's the three edges
+that meet node three and then the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meet node three and then the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meet node three and then the last
+last one let's keep the last one in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one let's keep the last one in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one let's keep the last one in for
+now and uh it because if I didn't fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh it because if I didn't fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and uh it because if I didn't fix
+that i' I'd have that last one there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i' I'd have that last one there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i' I'd have that last one there we
+go so that multiplies what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so that multiplies what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so that multiplies what does that
+multiply now in Kirk's current law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply now in Kirk's current law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply now in Kirk's current law
+multiplies W so currents so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies W so currents so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies W so currents so here are the
+currents one 2 3 four and five all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents one 2 3 four and five all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents one 2 3 four and five all I'm
+doing now is just like convincing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now is just like convincing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now is just like convincing you
+that it really is a transpose that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really is a transpose that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really is a transpose that if I
+look let me pick that node now if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let me pick that node now if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look let me pick that node now if I look
+at that node I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that node I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that node I
+see uh Edge one coming in I see Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh Edge one coming in I see Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh Edge one coming in I see Edge
+three going out I see Edge four going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three going out I see Edge four going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three going out I see Edge four going
+out and when I look at that second node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and when I look at that second node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and when I look at that second node
+I look here at the second row I see Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look here at the second row I see Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look here at the second row I see Edge
+one coming in Edge three and Edge four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming in Edge three and Edge four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one coming in Edge three and Edge four
+going out multiplying those currents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out multiplying those currents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out multiplying those currents and
+that will give that that current balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give that that current balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give that that current balance
+there gives that zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there gives that zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there gives that zero
+right current that current balance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right current that current balance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right current that current balance at
+node two gives that zero in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two gives that zero in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two gives that zero in the right
+hand side and then of course other zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and then of course other zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and then of course other zeros
+are here too this is minus W1 minus W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here too this is minus W1 minus W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here too this is minus W1 minus W2
+so I have a zero it this is if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a zero it this is if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a zero it this is if this is
+with no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no current
+sources okay and this one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources okay and this one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources okay and this one of
+course I I I I guess I'm hoping that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I I I I guess I'm hoping that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I I I I guess I'm hoping that you
+say yeah the a transpose really was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah the a transpose really was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah the a transpose really was the
+right Matrix to express uh in equals out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Matrix to express uh in equals out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Matrix to express uh in equals out
+kir Kirk off's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kir Kirk off's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kir Kirk off's current
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+okay of course by now you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course by now you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course by now you're probably
+getting Blas you expected to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Blas you expected to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting Blas you expected to be a
+transposed you don't need any convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed you don't need any convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed you don't need any convincing
+but it's kind of good to see each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of good to see each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of good to see each time
+because it's like well it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like well it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like well it's not a
+miracle but it's like a miracle it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle but it's like a miracle it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miracle but it's like a miracle it's as
+good as a miracle because uh to to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as a miracle because uh to to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as a miracle because uh to to get a
+transpose is is just what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is is just what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose is is just what makes
+everything right now here's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right now here's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right now here's a question
+here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question this is yeah this is a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is yeah this is a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is yeah this is a this is
+a question worth thinking about what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question worth thinking about what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question worth thinking about what are
+the solutions if I only look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions if I only look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions if I only look at this
+piece of the framework if I just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the framework if I just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the framework if I just look at
+Kirk off's current law it's telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current law it's telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirk off's current law it's telling me
+and I have zero current sources so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have zero current sources so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have zero current sources so let
+just take that let me take just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take that let me take just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take that let me take just this
+piece of the whole framework and ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the whole framework and ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the whole framework and ask you
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+many vectors W how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vectors W how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vectors W how
+many solutions are there any solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solutions are there any solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solutions are there any solutions
+well of course there's always the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course there's always the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course there's always the zero
+solution but but I always ask you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but but I always ask you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but but I always ask you what
+are the solutions when zero is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the solutions when zero is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the solutions when zero is on the
+right hand side so so what are the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so so what are the W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side so so what are the W's
+that solve Kirk off's current law now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solve Kirk off's current law now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solve Kirk off's current law now
+that's a new question we have we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new question we have we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new question we have we haven't
+asked that before what we asked before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that before what we asked before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that before what we asked before
+was the question a u Au U equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the question a u Au U equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the question a u Au U equals z
+remember it was then a this 5x4 Matrix U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was then a this 5x4 Matrix U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was then a this 5x4 Matrix U
+had four components were just remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had four components were just remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had four components were just remind me
+and I'm putting that column back in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm putting that column back in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm putting that column back in so
+this is still here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still here in the in the
+unreduced ungrounded case uh what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreduced ungrounded case uh what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreduced ungrounded case uh what just
+so just so we get started remind me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just so we get started remind me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just so we get started remind me what
+the solutions U Were for Au equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions U Were for Au equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions U Were for Au equals
+z one one one one or any multiple of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z one one one one or any multiple of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z one one one one or any multiple of it
+a whole whole line of vectors c c c c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole whole line of vectors c c c c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole whole line of vectors c c c c
+any e constant C okay so this had there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any e constant C okay so this had there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any e constant C okay so this had there
+were four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were four
+columns but only three were independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns but only three were independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns but only three were independent
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now now I've made them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I've made them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now I've made them into
+rows so now I have F and I made the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so now I have F and I made the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows so now I have F and I made the rows
+into columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into columns
+so now I have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I have five
+columns what I'm leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what I'm leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what I'm leading to
+is I want to like count in advance what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to like count in advance what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to like count in advance what
+how many W's I should be looking for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many W's I should be looking for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many W's I should be looking for and
+then look for them okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for them okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for them okay so the first
+question is how many how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how many how many different
+solutions W first of all are there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions W first of all are there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions W first of all are there some
+solutions is there is there a solution W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions is there is there a solution W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions is there is there a solution W
+other than zero of course to this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than zero of course to this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than zero of course to this to
+this system well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system well
+as we said last time we've only got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said last time we've only got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said last time we've only got four
+equations here we've got five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here we've got five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here we've got five
+unknowns of course there's at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns of course there's at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns of course there's at least one
+solution if I have four equations five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I have four equations five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I have four equations five
+unknowns I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I can do
+elimination whatever systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination whatever systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination whatever systematic
+procedure you want me to do in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you want me to do in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you want me to do in the end
+I'm going to find a solution now I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find a solution now I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find a solution now I might
+find more solutions so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more solutions so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more solutions so that's the
+question uh so what's the now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so what's the now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so what's the now this is
+that key fact of linear algebra which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that key fact of linear algebra which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that key fact of linear algebra which
+is uh it just tells us the numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it just tells us the numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it just tells us the numbers of
+everything so this told us that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so this told us that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so this told us that there
+were three independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were three independent
+Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columns of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+now now for that key theorem which tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now for that key theorem which tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now for that key theorem which tells
+me that how many independent rows of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that how many independent rows of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that how many independent rows of a
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+there three that that that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there three that that that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there three that that that number is
+equal that that's a I just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that that's a I just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal that that's a I just want to say
+that's a pretty remarkable fact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty remarkable fact you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty remarkable fact you know
+if I have a 50 by 80 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a 50 by 80 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a 50 by 80 m
+matx and that 50x 80 Matrix has 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matx and that 50x 80 Matrix has 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matx and that 50x 80 Matrix has 17
+independent columns then this great fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns then this great fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns then this great fact
+tells me that there are 17 independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that there are 17 independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that there are 17 independent
+rows and I you know if those 50 * 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and I you know if those 50 * 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows and I you know if those 50 * 80
+4,000 numbers are random Boy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000 numbers are random Boy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000 numbers are random Boy you know
+you can't look at it and see what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't look at it and see what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't look at it and see what are
+the independent rows but if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent rows but if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent rows but if you know
+there are 17 independent columns then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 17 independent columns then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 17 independent columns then
+there are 17 independent rows so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 17 independent rows so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 17 independent rows so what
+does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean
+here that means that out of these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that means that out of these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that means that out of these five
+columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns of a
+transpose which were rows of a three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which were rows of a three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which were rows of a three are
+independent so just tell me how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so just tell me how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so just tell me how many
+solutions I'm looking for before I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions I'm looking for before I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions I'm looking for before I look
+for them how many should so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them how many should so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them how many should so the number
+of the number of independent W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of independent W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of independent W's
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+Solutions will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions will be
+what what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's your
+guess two two is a right guess two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess two two is a right guess two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess two two is a right guess two
+because I have allog together five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have allog together five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have allog together five
+unknowns I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns I subtract
+three equations that are really there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations that are really there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations that are really there I
+I have three real equations here even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have three real equations here even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have three real equations here even
+though it looks like four and I get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it looks like four and I get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it looks like four and I get two
+so that that General picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that General picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that General picture is
+n oh I'm sorry it's actually M because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n oh I'm sorry it's actually M because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n oh I'm sorry it's actually M because
+I'm doing the transpose here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing the transpose here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing the transpose here so it's
+m uh W's minus r the rank so that's m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh W's minus r the rank so that's m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m uh W's minus r the rank so that's m is
+five the rank is three and th this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five the rank is three and th this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five the rank is three and th this
+counts the number of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the number of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the number of independent
+Solutions so that's the that's the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so that's the that's the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so that's the that's the it's
+a nice you know right that's couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice you know right that's couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice you know right that's couldn't be
+better it's a fundamental count of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's a fundamental count of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it's a fundamental count of how
+many solutions are there you you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solutions are there you you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solutions are there you you you're
+really taking the number of unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taking the number of unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taking the number of unknowns
+five and you're subtracting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and you're subtracting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and you're subtracting the number
+of equations that are really there three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations that are really there three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations that are really there three
+and that leaves you with two solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leaves you with two solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leaves you with two solutions
+which we will have to find in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will have to find in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will have to find in a minute
+can you see why there are really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see why there are really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you see why there are really only
+three equations there why why do I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations there why why do I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations there why why do I say
+that that fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that fourth
+equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is
+not is not contributing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not contributing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is not contributing anything
+new can you I believe that that fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new can you I believe that that fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new can you I believe that that fourth
+equation is a consequence of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a consequence of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a consequence of the first
+three and therefore if it's there or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and therefore if it's there or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and therefore if it's there or if
+it's not there it it's not telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there it it's not telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not there it it's not telling me
+anything new about in equals out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new about in equals out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new about in equals out in
+other words if I have a closed system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I have a closed system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I have a closed system
+closed because it's zero on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed because it's zero on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed because it's zero on the right
+side if I have a closed system and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side if I have a closed system and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side if I have a closed system and I
+have in equal out at at those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in equal out at at those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in equal out at at those three
+nodes then I'll automatically have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes then I'll automatically have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes then I'll automatically have in
+equal out at the fourth node because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal out at the fourth node because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal out at the fourth node because the
+total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total
+in is zero and the total out is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is zero and the total out is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is zero and the total out is zero so
+if I'm right at three I'll be right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm right at three I'll be right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm right at three I'll be right at
+the fourth one and now just tell me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one and now just tell me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth one and now just tell me with
+the numbers how would I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers how would I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers how would I get this
+equation W4 + W5 equals 0 from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three well it's probably the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well it's probably the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well it's probably the same way
+that I got that column that that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got that column that that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got that column that that column
+was connected to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connected to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connected to those
+columns what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns what do I
+do add them add them if you add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do add them add them if you add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do add them add them if you add that
+equation to that equation to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to that equation to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to that equation to that
+equation add those three equations what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation add those three equations what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation add those three equations what
+happens the w1s cancel the W2s cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the w1s cancel the W2s cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the w1s cancel the W2s cancel
+the w 3es cancel this says there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w 3es cancel this says there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w 3es cancel this says there's a
+minus W4 and a minus W5 that adds to 0 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W4 and a minus W5 that adds to 0 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus W4 and a minus W5 that adds to 0 +
+0 + 0 - W4 - W5 equaling 0 is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 + 0 - W4 - W5 equaling 0 is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 + 0 - W4 - W5 equaling 0 is the same
+as plus W4 + W5 equals 0 by the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as plus W4 + W5 equals 0 by the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as plus W4 + W5 equals 0 by the four
+equations add to0 equals z that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations add to0 equals z that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations add to0 equals z that that's
+that's what the central thing is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the central thing is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the central thing is the
+four equations add to 0 equals 0 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations add to 0 equals 0 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equations add to 0 equals 0 just
+the way the four columns up here added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the four columns up here added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way the four columns up here added
+to the zero column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero column
+okay so we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got the
+count now this is the interesting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count now this is the interesting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count now this is the interesting part
+always what are the solutions what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what are the solutions what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what are the solutions what are
+the actual W's okay any I don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual W's okay any I don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual W's okay any I don't you know
+that's you could say wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you could say wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you could say wait a minute
+you're asking me to solve four equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking me to solve four equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking me to solve four equations
+in five unknowns and and just say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five unknowns and and just say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five unknowns and and just say what
+the answer is well you know normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is well you know normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is well you know normally
+that's not reasonable but here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not reasonable but here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not reasonable but here we can
+get help from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get help from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get help from the
+graph let me give you an idea here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let me give you an idea here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph let me give you an idea here so
+what are we looking for on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we looking for on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we looking for on the
+graph to solve that solves it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to solve that solves it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to solve that solves it we're
+looking for a bunch of currents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a bunch of currents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a bunch of currents that
+balance themselves right we've got zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance themselves right we've got zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance themselves right we've got zero
+on the right hand side so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so we're not
+getting any help from outside how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any help from outside how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting any help from outside how could
+how could you send current in this Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you send current in this Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could you send current in this Loop
+in a way that would satisfy kirkoff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that would satisfy kirkoff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that would satisfy kirkoff you
+know he'd be happy the the the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he'd be happy the the the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he'd be happy the the the balance
+law would would be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law would would be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law would would be true
+okay the B I'm not paying I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the B I'm not paying I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the B I'm not paying I'm just
+looking at currents current W1 W2 W3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at currents current W1 W2 W3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at currents current W1 W2 W3
+well is there any combination of W1 W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is there any combination of W1 W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is there any combination of W1 W2
+W3 that would that would balance itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 that would that would balance itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W3 that would that would balance itself
+that would make KK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well here's the here's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well here's the here's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well here's the here's the idea
+send that current around a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send that current around a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send that current around a loop
+Loop currents are solutions to Kirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop currents are solutions to Kirk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop currents are solutions to Kirk
+off's balance law if I send a an amp on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off's balance law if I send a an amp on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off's balance law if I send a an amp on
+that edge on that edge and backward on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge on that edge and backward on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that edge on that edge and backward on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+edge right it's around a loop at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge right it's around a loop at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge right it's around a loop at every
+node it's totally okay so I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node it's totally okay so I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node it's totally okay so I believe that
+a particular solution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular solution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular solution will
+be uh for these things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh for these things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh for these things to
+be let's see what did I say W1 I'll send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's see what did I say W1 I'll send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be let's see what did I say W1 I'll send
+one around W3 will be a one W2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one around W3 will be a one W2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one around W3 will be a one W2 was
+backwards it wasn't traveling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards it wasn't traveling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards it wasn't traveling on
+W4 I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4 I think that's a
+solution that that Loop current gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that that Loop current gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that that Loop current gives me
+a solution so let me call this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution so let me call this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution so let me call this solution
+uh well I don't know that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I don't know that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I don't know that's a that's a
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+solution and if we do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and if we do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and if we do these
+multiplications of course it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications of course it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications of course it's going to
+come out right okay so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right okay so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out right okay so that's that's
+solution number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a w that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a w that
+works okay with that hint tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay with that hint tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay with that hint tell me a
+second W that works in fact since there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second W that works in fact since there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second W that works in fact since there
+only two this will will you'll be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two this will will you'll be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two this will will you'll be giving
+me the the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the the rest of the
+answer what so that was a loop current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what so that was a loop current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what so that was a loop current
+that went around that Loop tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went around that Loop tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went around that Loop tell me
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+one well we're a big class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well we're a big class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well we're a big class but
+everybody's seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's seeing
+it send how about around that Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it send how about around that Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it send how about around that Loop
+okay so that would be another thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be another thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that would be another thing it's
+pretty clearly not the same as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly not the same as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clearly not the same as this one
+so I'm really truly finding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm really truly finding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm really truly finding two
+independent Solutions and what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Solutions and what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Solutions and what is that
+second solution Let Me Maybe make a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second solution Let Me Maybe make a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second solution Let Me Maybe make a just
+put it in here and and I'll they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in here and and I'll they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in here and and I'll they're both
+giving me z00 0 0 and now what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me z00 0 0 and now what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me z00 0 0 and now what is this
+number two solution Loop Number two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two solution Loop Number two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two solution Loop Number two one
+one and two are not involved now number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two are not involved now number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two are not involved now number
+three what AM see I'm usually sending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what AM see I'm usually sending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what AM see I'm usually sending it
+uh counterclockwise that's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh counterclockwise that's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh counterclockwise that's a sort of
+convention but you know the of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention but you know the of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention but you know the of course
+you just have to follow some convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to follow some convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to follow some convention
+to in connection with the arrows so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in connection with the arrows so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in connection with the arrows so that
+would go backwards on three I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go backwards on three I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go backwards on three I think
+forwards on four and backwards on five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards on four and backwards on five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forwards on four and backwards on five
+so that would be solution number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be solution number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be solution number two
+okay now tell me what all the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now tell me what all the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now tell me what all the solutions
+are I found two particular Solutions two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I found two particular Solutions two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I found two particular Solutions two
+particular Loop currents particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Loop currents particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Loop currents particularly
+easy uh what would be all the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh what would be all the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy uh what would be all the solutions
+to Kirk off's current law a transpose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kirk off's current law a transpose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Kirk off's current law a transpose W
+equals z the every W now since I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the every W now since I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z the every W now since I found
+the right number every W will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number every W will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number every W will
+be a combination of those two every oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination of those two every oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination of those two every oh
+well wait a minute have I got them all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a minute have I got them all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a minute have I got them all I
+should have thought what about current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have thought what about current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have thought what about current
+around the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the big
+loop that would certainly satisfy kirkov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that would certainly satisfy kirkov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop that would certainly satisfy kirkov
+right plus one one so I another so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus one one so I another so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right plus one one so I another so why
+is why is this not why is this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is this not why is this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why is this not why is this not
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+three around the big loop I have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three around the big loop I have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three around the big loop I have a one
+and then a one on the fourth position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a one on the fourth position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a one on the fourth position
+backwards on five backwards on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards on five backwards on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards on five backwards on two
+and so there's number so I'll put number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's number so I'll put number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's number so I'll put number
+three with a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mark what's what's up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark what's what's up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark what's what's up with that
+guy it's you know if if unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it's you know if if unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy it's you know if if unless
+mathematics has got to closeup shop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics has got to closeup shop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics has got to closeup shop this
+better be a combination of those and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be a combination of those and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be a combination of those and of
+course it is I if I send something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is I if I send something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it is I if I send something
+around the top Loop and something around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the top Loop and something around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the top Loop and something around
+the second Loop and add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Loop and add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Loop and add them together
+they'll cancel on the middle Edge there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cancel on the middle Edge there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll cancel on the middle Edge there
+and produce number three so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce number three so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce number three so this is
+probably just the the sum if I add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just the the sum if I add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just the the sum if I add that
+one to that one I think I get number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to that one I think I get number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to that one I think I get number
+three so number three is true it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so number three is true it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so number three is true it's a
+solution but it's not a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but it's not a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but it's not a new
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay uh what that was simple right once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what that was simple right once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what that was simple right once
+we saw that Loops gave the answer but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that Loops gave the answer but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that Loops gave the answer but uh
+it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh
+actually it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's quite
+U important and and and appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U important and and and appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U important and and and appears
+everywhere it in fact the the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it in fact the the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere it in fact the the theory of
+of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical
+networks current laws and so on I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks current laws and so on I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks current laws and so on I mean
+that used to be a like basic course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used to be a like basic course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used to be a like basic course in
+electrical engineering there was a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering there was a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineering there was a text
+by uh Professor Ernst Gillman I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh Professor Ernst Gillman I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh Professor Ernst Gillman I remember
+uh it's sort of not uh so Central to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of not uh so Central to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of not uh so Central to the
+world anymore and now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world anymore and now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world anymore and now but
+the the the structure is just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the structure is just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the structure is just right
+somehow and what I wanted to say is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and what I wanted to say is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow and what I wanted to say is you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+take in those days you maybe took Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in those days you maybe took Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in those days you maybe took Loop
+currents as the unknowns you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents as the unknowns you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents as the unknowns you could think
+of currents in the loops as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currents in the loops as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of currents in the loops as your
+principal unknowns we don't do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal unknowns we don't do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal unknowns we don't do that now
+but oh there's yeah it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh there's yeah it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oh there's yeah it comes up
+again knowing all the solutions to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again knowing all the solutions to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again knowing all the solutions to a
+transpose W equals z well you you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equals z well you you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose W equals z well you you'll
+see you know what's ahead it will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know what's ahead it will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know what's ahead it will be the
+continuous analog of this where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analog of this where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analog of this where I have
+flows not just around a graph but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows not just around a graph but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows not just around a graph but in a
+region and lass's equation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and lass's equation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and lass's equation is going to
+come up and the equations of Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and the equations of Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and the equations of Divergence
+and gradient all that great stuff is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradient all that great stuff is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gradient all that great stuff is is
+coming in chapter 3 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in chapter 3 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in chapter 3 and this is
+the this is somehow the discreet case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is somehow the discreet case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is somehow the discreet case if
+by this these Loop currents that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this these Loop currents that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this these Loop currents that has
+something to do with the curl and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the curl and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with the curl and these
+differences here these differences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here these differences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here these differences that
+a takes has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a takes has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a takes has something to do with
+gradients and this Kirk off's current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and this Kirk off's current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients and this Kirk off's current
+law has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law has something to do with
+Divergence can I just say ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence can I just say ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence can I just say ahead of time
+we're not what we're doing is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not what we're doing is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not what we're doing is really
+good to see and and and get it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see and and and get it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see and and and get it because
+then you have a perfect you have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a perfect you have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a perfect you have a way
+to understand Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus by disc this is discret Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus by disc this is discret Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus by disc this is discret Vector
+calculus we're doing here okay now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus we're doing here okay now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus we're doing here okay now it's
+just it's just right forgive me for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just right forgive me for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just right forgive me for my
+uh sermon there all right now may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sermon there all right now may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sermon there all right now may I
+bring the pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the pieces together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the pieces together
+finally may I bring the the the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally may I bring the the the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally may I bring the the the three
+steps together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps together
+into well first I would you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into well first I would you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into well first I would you would say
+bring them down bring them into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them down bring them into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them down bring them into one
+equation put the three steps combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation put the three steps combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation put the three steps combine the
+three steps into one okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps into one okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps into one okay so what
+happens if I do that okay I I take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I do that okay I I take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I do that okay I I take that
+last step a transpose f is a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step a transpose f is a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last step a transpose f is a transpose
+W so so now I'm I'm going to get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation which is the equation that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is the equation that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is the equation that is
+going to have the stiffness Matrix in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the stiffness Matrix in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the stiffness Matrix in it
+a transpose CA it's the equation I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose CA it's the equation I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose CA it's the equation I maybe
+I should say conductance Matrix today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say conductance Matrix today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say conductance Matrix today
+and it's the equation that a big finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the equation that a big finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the equation that a big finite
+element code a big uh uh circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element code a big uh uh circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element code a big uh uh circuit
+simulation code it's the Matrix they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation code it's the Matrix they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation code it's the Matrix they
+have to find and work with you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find and work with you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find and work with you know and
+those codes are enormous and spice by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those codes are enormous and spice by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those codes are enormous and spice by
+the way is the sort of Grandfather of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is the sort of Grandfather of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is the sort of Grandfather of
+circuit simulation code somebody at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit simulation code somebody at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit simulation code somebody at
+Berkeley had the sense to see hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley had the sense to see hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley had the sense to see hey
+we've got giant circuits now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got giant circuits now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got giant circuits now you know
+modern circuits have thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern circuits have thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern circuits have thousands of
+elements and uh you you can't do it by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh you you can't do it by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and uh you you can't do it by I
+the way we can do this one by I you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we can do this one by I you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we can do this one by I you you
+got to you got to organize it and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to you got to organize it and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to you got to organize it and write
+a code and spice is the start so so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a code and spice is the start so so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a code and spice is the start so so one
+way to do it is to end up with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to end up with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to end up with one
+equation so that was FAL a transpose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that was FAL a transpose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that was FAL a transpose W
+I'm now going I'm just assembling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going I'm just assembling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going I'm just assembling the
+whole Loop but W is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Loop but W is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Loop but W is C
+so that's a transpose c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a transpose c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a transpose c
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+but e is B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Au right nothing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au right nothing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au right nothing new
+there nothing new maybe except that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nothing new maybe except that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there nothing new maybe except that it
+involves both the F and the B where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves both the F and the B where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves both the F and the B where our
+earlier examples involved either an F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier examples involved either an F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier examples involved either an F in
+masses and springs or a B in least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and springs or a B in least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and springs or a B in least
+squares now they're both here so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares now they're both here so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares now they're both here so now
+that's my equation f equals this and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my equation f equals this and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my equation f equals this and now
+let me just move that to the let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just move that to the let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just move that to the let me just
+recollect it that's a transpose CA the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollect it that's a transpose CA the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recollect it that's a transpose CA the
+big thing that I wanted to see I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing that I wanted to see I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing that I wanted to see I'll put
+it on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the left
+side and what will I have on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what will I have on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and what will I have on the right
+side I'll have a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CB and I'll have f is now coming over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB and I'll have f is now coming over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB and I'll have f is now coming over to
+the other side with a minus minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side with a minus minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side with a minus minus f
+that's the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big
+equation you could say that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you could say that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you could say that's the
+fundamental equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental equation of
+equilibrium and you you see how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and you you see how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and you you see how it's
+right it involves the the a transpose CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it involves the the a transpose CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it involves the the a transpose CA
+which we expect over here was the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we expect over here was the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we expect over here was the a
+transpose CB now which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CB now which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CB now which
+problem before networks produced an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before networks produced an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before networks produced an a
+transpose b or an A transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose b or an A transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose b or an A transpose
+CB that was LE squar and now so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB that was LE squar and now so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CB that was LE squar and now so that's
+the least squares the the B term the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares the the B term the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least squares the the B term the B
+is there with a couple of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there with a couple of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there with a couple of matrices
+because B entered the problem uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because B entered the problem uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because B entered the problem uh just
+one step around it had two more steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step around it had two more steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step around it had two more steps to
+go it had a c step and then an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it had a c step and then an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go it had a c step and then an a
+transpose step whereas F appears at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose step whereas F appears at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose step whereas F appears at the
+very end and now it appears with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end and now it appears with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end and now it appears with a minus
+sign that that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that that's different
+from Springs and masses Simply Be that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Springs and masses Simply Be that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Springs and masses Simply Be that's
+the sign conventions you could say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign conventions you could say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign conventions you could say okay
+so there's the equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's the equation okay
+fine so that's what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so that's what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so that's what you have to
+solve and actually I think of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and actually I think of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and actually I think of that is
+the fundamental problem of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental problem of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental problem of numerical
+analysis how to solve that equation more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis how to solve that equation more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis how to solve that equation more
+effort more thinking goes into that than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort more thinking goes into that than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort more thinking goes into that than
+probably any other single problem uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably any other single problem uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably any other single problem uh in
+some form okay and here's some part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form okay and here's some part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form okay and here's some part of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+thinking part of that thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking part of that thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking part of that thinking and
+another important possibility is to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important possibility is to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important possibility is to keep
+this was the like the one equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the like the one equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the like the one equation the
+one field problem this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one field problem this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one field problem this corresponds to
+the displacement method the dis can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement method the dis can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement method the dis can I
+use words that you know I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use words that you know I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use words that you know I'm not going to
+use seriously for for another uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use seriously for for another uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use seriously for for another uh this
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+another uh few weeks this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh few weeks this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh few weeks this would
+correspond to the displacement method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the displacement method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the displacement method in
+finite elements in FM FM for a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements in FM FM for a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite elements in FM FM for a finite
+element method that's the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method that's the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element method that's the displacement
+method it's it's the method that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it's it's the method that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method it's it's the method that that
+most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people
+use it's the standard method okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's the standard method okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it's the standard method okay but
+there's not the it's not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not the it's not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not the it's not the only
+possibility and let me show you a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and let me show you a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and let me show you a second
+one that involves two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that involves two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that involves two
+equations because that's also very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because that's also very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because that's also very very
+important very important with with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very important with with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important very important with with many
+other applications that we we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications that we we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications that we we will see
+but haven't seen yet so my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't seen yet so my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but haven't seen yet so my two
+equations I really should say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I really should say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I really should say two
+systems because when I one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because when I one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because when I one equation
+that's a vector equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector equation
+right so I mean I have a system of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I mean I have a system of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I mean I have a system of two
+Vector equations that would go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector equations that would go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector equations that would go into a
+block Matrix and you'll see it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block Matrix and you'll see it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block Matrix and you'll see it okay so
+what's the I'm going to keep what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the I'm going to keep what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the I'm going to keep what what
+two unknowns am I going to keep you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns am I going to keep you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns am I going to keep you I'm
+keeping displacement I'm keeping but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping displacement I'm keeping but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping displacement I'm keeping but I'm
+also going to keep the what I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to keep the what I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to keep the what I think of
+as the other important unknown W so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other important unknown W so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the other important unknown W so the
+other important unknown is W so so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important unknown is W so so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important unknown is W so so now I
+have two equations and one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two equations and one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two equations and one of them is
+just that is just the current is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that is just the current is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that is just the current is just
+the current law the balance law a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current law the balance law a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current law the balance law a
+transpose W equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F what the only guy I'm eliminating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F what the only guy I'm eliminating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F what the only guy I'm eliminating is
+e you know initially I you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e you know initially I you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e you know initially I you could say
+I've had three three field system u e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had three three field system u e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had three three field system u e
+and w now e and w are so s easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w now e and w are so s easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w now e and w are so s easily
+connected that I'm going to eliminate e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected that I'm going to eliminate e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected that I'm going to eliminate e
+e is C inverse w i I did it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is C inverse w i I did it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is C inverse w i I did it actually
+here this w is C B minus Au that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this w is C B minus Au that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this w is C B minus Au that's we
+know if I multiply by the C inverse then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I multiply by the C inverse then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I multiply by the C inverse then
+I have C inverse W is and I bring the Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have C inverse W is and I bring the Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have C inverse W is and I bring the Au
+over to the far left and I have only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the far left and I have only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the far left and I have only the
+B left everybody saw that I I I multi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B left everybody saw that I I I multi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B left everybody saw that I I I multi I
+I did a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did a c
+inverse there to get e like off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse there to get e like off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse there to get e like off by
+itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and
+then I substituted for E I put in the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I substituted for E I put in the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I substituted for E I put in the U
+part so e is now gone and the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so e is now gone and the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so e is now gone and the equation
+is C inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C inverse
+W plus Au =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B that's my two field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's my two field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's my two field
+system those are yeah now this there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those are yeah now this there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system those are yeah now this there's a
+there's a matrix here yeah this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matrix here yeah this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a matrix here yeah this is this
+is really nice there's a m I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really nice there's a m I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really nice there's a m I just want
+to write that I've got to what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that I've got to what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that I've got to what I want
+but now I want to look at it so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I want to look at it so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I want to look at it so I think
+of a 2X two block Matrix multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 2X two block Matrix multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 2X two block Matrix multiplying
+Wu and giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wu and giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wu and giving me
+BF and I want to ask you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF and I want to ask you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BF and I want to ask you about that
+Matrix so this is the Matrix for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this is the Matrix for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this is the Matrix for the
+when when I've only eliminated e and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when I've only eliminated e and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when I've only eliminated e and uh
+I've still got W as well as U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've still got W as well as U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've still got W as well as U
+okay well you can read off what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you can read off what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well you can read off what's in
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Matrix what goes up here C inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what goes up here C inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix what goes up here C inverse of
+course positive diagonal usually easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course positive diagonal usually easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course positive diagonal usually easy
+what goes here is a rectangular that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes here is a rectangular that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes here is a rectangular that guy
+is rectangular a transpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rectangular a transpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rectangular a transpose is
+multiplying W so it goes down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying W so it goes down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying W so it goes down here and
+there's no this equation has no u in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no this equation has no u in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no this equation has no u in
+it I that Matrix is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noticing and uh and and and and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing and uh and and and and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing and uh and and and and let's
+spend the rest of this the the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of this the the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the rest of this the the remaining
+minutes just to think about that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just to think about that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes just to think about that Matrix
+I I just want to say what if I keep W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just want to say what if I keep W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just want to say what if I keep W
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+U this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is an important
+possibility and it's important in finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and it's important in finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and it's important in finite
+Elements which as you know is just a ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements which as you know is just a ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements which as you know is just a ter
+terrific way to solve a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific way to solve a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific way to solve a whole lot of
+Continuum problems and what's it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum problems and what's it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum problems and what's it called
+when I have W and U together both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have W and U together both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have W and U together both
+unknowns not eliminating W now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns not eliminating W now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns not eliminating W now it's
+called the mixed method so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mixed method so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mixed method so this
+corresponds to the mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the mixed
+method in finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+El it corresponds to the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of keeping W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of keeping W and
+U well and you might say what isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well and you might say what isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well and you might say what isn't
+there a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a third
+possibility and what would that be keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and what would that be keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and what would that be keep
+only W here we kept cep only you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only W here we kept cep only you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only W here we kept cep only you here
+we've got them both this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got them both this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got them both this is kind of
+the mother of all uh uh equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother of all uh uh equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mother of all uh uh equilibrium
+equations and another possibility would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and another possibility would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and another possibility would
+be to keep only the W's to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to keep only the W's to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to keep only the W's to make the
+currents the primary unknowns and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the primary unknowns and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents the primary unknowns and that
+and in the finite element structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the finite element structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the finite element structural
+context that would be saying make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that would be saying make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context that would be saying make the
+stresses so of course it' be called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses so of course it' be called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses so of course it' be called the
+stress method be called the stress meth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress method be called the stress meth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress method be called the stress meth
+method and Professor peon in course 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and Professor peon in course 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and Professor peon in course 16
+was one of the now retired is was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the now retired is was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the now retired is was one of
+the major developers of the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major developers of the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major developers of the stress
+method the difficulty with this stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the difficulty with this stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the difficulty with this stress
+method the reason it like didn't win big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the reason it like didn't win big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the reason it like didn't win big
+time is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that the
+W's if you make them the unknowns you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's if you make them the unknowns you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's if you make them the unknowns you've
+got a constraint on them kirkov not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a constraint on them kirkov not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a constraint on them kirkov not all
+W's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's are
+allowed somehow over here all 's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed somehow over here all 's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed somehow over here all 's are
+allowed and that that made it like much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and that that made it like much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed and that that made it like much
+easier to to set up the problem so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to to set up the problem so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to to set up the problem so the
+displacement method is the 95% winner uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement method is the 95% winner uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement method is the 95% winner uh
+but there are problems where maybe C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are problems where maybe C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are problems where maybe C
+inverse is too complicated or C is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is too complicated or C is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is too complicated or C is too
+complicated and and you're better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and and you're better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and and you're better to
+yeah maybe yeah we we'll see we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe yeah we we'll see we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe yeah we we'll see we can see
+that that that's like later in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's like later in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's like later in the book
+but we want to see now about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to see now about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to see now about that
+Matrix well if I wrote that Matrix down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well if I wrote that Matrix down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well if I wrote that Matrix down
+and let me write just so you I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me write just so you I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me write just so you I I want to
+ask you about that block Matrix what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about that block Matrix what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about that block Matrix what's
+its size all right now just focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its size all right now just focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its size all right now just focus
+entirely on that block Matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on that block Matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely on that block Matrix because
+that's that's what I care about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what I care about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what I care about what's
+the what's the size of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the size of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the size of that
+Matrix let's see what's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's see what's the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's see what's the size of
+c m by m what's the size of a m byn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c m by m what's the size of a m byn so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c m by m what's the size of a m byn so
+what do I have here I've got M rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have here I've got M rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have here I've got M rows and
+M M plus n columns and there's N More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M M plus n columns and there's N More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M M plus n columns and there's N More
+rows it's of size m+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n it's got the Nu and the mws of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's got the Nu and the mws of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n it's got the Nu and the mws of course
+M plus n the natural size right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus n the natural size right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus n the natural size right so it's
+got more unknowns but we'll see oh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more unknowns but we'll see oh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more unknowns but we'll see oh in
+optimization you bring in lron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you bring in lron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization you bring in lron
+multipliers that's just exactly parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that's just exactly parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers that's just exactly parallel
+to what we're doing here you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing here you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we're doing here you have more
+you have extra bunch of unknowns that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have extra bunch of unknowns that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have extra bunch of unknowns that's
+what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have
+now what else about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix I was going to write down a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I was going to write down a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I was going to write down a very
+very tiny model for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny model for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny model for that
+Matrix I'll just make it 2 by two here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'll just make it 2 by two here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I'll just make it 2 by two here's
+a here's a model for that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here's a model for that for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here's a model for that for that
+Matrix where C is just a one and a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix where C is just a one and a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix where C is just a one and a is
+just a one it doesn't like I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one it doesn't like I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one it doesn't like I mean it's
+kind of laughable right that that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of laughable right that that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of laughable right that that model
+this is the real thing but but it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real thing but but it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real thing but but it gives
+you an example example to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example example to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example example to check
+against okay what's the property of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against okay what's the property of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against okay what's the property of that
+matrix it's again symmetric good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's again symmetric good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's again symmetric good that's
+a symmetric Matrix because what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric Matrix because what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric Matrix because what happens
+if I transpose that block Matrix that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I transpose that block Matrix that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I transpose that block Matrix that a
+block will flip over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block will flip over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block will flip over here
+as a transpose the a transpose block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a transpose the a transpose block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a transpose the a transpose block
+will flip up here as a what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flip up here as a what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flip up here as a what happens to
+this C inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C inverse
+Block C is a symmetric guy in fact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Block C is a symmetric guy in fact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Block C is a symmetric guy in fact it
+was just diagonal in all in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just diagonal in all in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just diagonal in all in our
+imagination the key point is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination the key point is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination the key point is it's
+symmetric its inverse is symmetric when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric its inverse is symmetric when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric its inverse is symmetric when
+its transpose is the same so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose is the same so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose is the same so that that's
+a symmetric Matrix that's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric Matrix that's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetric Matrix that's a good thing
+right now we've got a a matrix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we've got a a matrix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we've got a a matrix that's
+symmetric Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Square
+symmetric okay what what's my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay what what's my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay what what's my other
+question about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about that
+Matrix is it or is it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is it or is it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is it or is it not
+positive definite right you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite right you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite right you want you
+want we got to answer that question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we got to answer that question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we got to answer that question we
+have we got a positive definite Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we got a positive definite Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we got a positive definite Matrix
+would all the pivots be positive would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all the pivots be positive would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all the pivots be positive would
+the would the igen values be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the would the igen values be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the would the igen values be positive
+what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your
+guess no no that that Matrix is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess no no that that Matrix is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess no no that that Matrix is not
+positive definite no way that a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite no way that a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite no way that a matrix
+with a zero there a zero block or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a zero there a zero block or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a zero there a zero block or that
+Matrix with a zero number could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with a zero number could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with a zero number could be
+positive definite no no way the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite no no way the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite no no way the the the
+the uh yeah the the the energy in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh yeah the the the energy in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh yeah the the the energy in this
+guy this U transpose Au U you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this U transpose Au U you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy this U transpose Au U you remember
+would be U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be U1
+squared and U1 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and U1 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and U1 U2
+twice and no U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and no U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and no U2
+squares and and that thing is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and and that thing is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares and and that thing is definitely
+indefinite right that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite right that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indefinite right that's that
+uh you know in the U1 Direction it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in the U1 Direction it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know in the U1 Direction it looks
+good that's things positive there but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's things positive there but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's things positive there but if
+I took U1 and U2 to have opposite signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took U1 and U2 to have opposite signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took U1 and U2 to have opposite signs
+uh and and made U2 big enough then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and made U2 big enough then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and made U2 big enough then of
+course this just brings it down so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this just brings it down so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this just brings it down so that
+that the graph of that would be a saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph of that would be a saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph of that would be a saddle
+point the graph of that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the graph of that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the graph of that would be a
+saddle point okay and now here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point okay and now here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point okay and now here I
+have the same thing on a like a m plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing on a like a m plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing on a like a m plus n
+size so what do I have actually what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so what do I have actually what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so what do I have actually what you
+you could see here the last exercise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see here the last exercise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see here the last exercise is
+mentally do elimination on that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally do elimination on that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally do elimination on that Matrix
+mentally do elimination on that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally do elimination on that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally do elimination on that Matrix
+so start with the first M rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so start with the first M rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so start with the first M rows
+elimination you know we'll work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you know we'll work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination you know we'll work with
+those first what will elimination do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first what will elimination do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those first what will elimination do
+what will the pivots be like what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the pivots be like what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the pivots be like what will
+happen at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at the beginning of
+elimination when when I start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination when when I start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination when when I start with this
+Matrix well it meets C inverse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well it meets C inverse right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well it meets C inverse right
+away that diagonal matrix and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that diagonal matrix and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that diagonal matrix and it's
+extremely happy those will be the pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely happy those will be the pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely happy those will be the pivots
+right they're sitting on the diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're sitting on the diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're sitting on the diagonals
+zero off the diagonals there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero off the diagonals there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero off the diagonals there'll be
+positive pivots I'll have M positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots I'll have M positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive pivots I'll have M positive
+pivots here M positive pivots and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots here M positive pivots and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pivots here M positive pivots and then I
+get down to where a comes in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to where a comes in the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to where a comes in the picture
+so on the last board here let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the last board here let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the last board here let me just
+copy this Matrix C inverse a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy this Matrix C inverse a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy this Matrix C inverse a transpose
+a0 and elimination is is going to it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and elimination is is going to it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and elimination is is going to it'll
+be very happy with that but it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very happy with that but it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very happy with that but it's going
+to put it's going to so it's happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it's going to so it's happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it's going to so it's happy with
+that row block row it's going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row block row it's going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that row block row it's going to do an
+elimination to get a bunch of zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination to get a bunch of zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination to get a bunch of zeros
+there and what's what did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's what did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what's what did it
+do what did the what this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what did the what this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what did the what this was
+elimination this was subtracting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination this was subtracting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination this was subtracting yeah
+what did it subtract here it multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it subtract here it multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it subtract here it multiplied
+these pivot rows by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pivot rows by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pivot rows by
+something and subtracted from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and subtracted from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and subtracted from these
+lower rows and got the zero block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rows and got the zero block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower rows and got the zero block and
+what did it multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it multiply
+by what did what do I multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what did what do I multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what did what do I multiply that
+block row and I'm just this is a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block row and I'm just this is a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block row and I'm just this is a perfect
+perfect exercise to see how blocks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect exercise to see how blocks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect exercise to see how blocks are
+just like numbers you can deal with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like numbers you can deal with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like numbers you can deal with them
+what do I multiply that block row by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I multiply that block row by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I multiply that block row by and
+subtract from the row below to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from the row below to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from the row below to get a
+zero you said CA transposed but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you said CA transposed but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you said CA transposed but I don't
+think that's it aose a transpose C you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's it aose a transpose C you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's it aose a transpose C you
+got to multiply by a transpose C first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to multiply by a transpose C first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to multiply by a transpose C first
+of all c a transpose wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all c a transpose wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all c a transpose wouldn't be a
+possibility wrong shapes a transpose C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility wrong shapes a transpose C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility wrong shapes a transpose C
+is the 4X five 5 by five guy so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 4X five 5 by five guy so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 4X five 5 by five guy so you
+multiply a transpose C that cancels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a transpose C that cancels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a transpose C that cancels that
+leaves the a transpose When You Subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the a transpose When You Subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the a transpose When You Subtract
+it gives you a zero and what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a zero and what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a zero and what does it
+give you there what shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you there what shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you there what shows up
+there a transpose C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a transpose C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a transpose C
+multiplies that a subtracts so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies that a subtracts so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies that a subtracts so it's
+actually what shows up there is minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what shows up there is minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what shows up there is minus a
+transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose
+CA let me write it in there minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA let me write it in there minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA let me write it in there minus a
+transpose CA so that Matrix is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA so that Matrix is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose CA so that Matrix is exactly
+what comes from this one it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes from this one it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes from this one it's exactly
+what we do when we eliminate W that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do when we eliminate W that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do when we eliminate W that's
+what elimination is I just eliminated W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what elimination is I just eliminated W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what elimination is I just eliminated W
+by getting a zero there and I got only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting a zero there and I got only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by getting a zero there and I got only
+an equation but notice the minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation but notice the minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation but notice the minus so
+final question what are the signs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final question what are the signs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final question what are the signs of the
+last n pivots the first M were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last n pivots the first M were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last n pivots the first M were all
+positive and they were sitting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and they were sitting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and they were sitting on the
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+already the last and are not so easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the last and are not so easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already the last and are not so easy to
+see but we can see what sign they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but we can see what sign they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but we can see what sign they have
+and what what sign do the last n pivots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what sign do the last n pivots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what sign do the last n pivots
+have minus because they come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus because they come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus because they come from a
+negative definite minus a transpose CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite minus a transpose CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite minus a transpose CA
+is shown up there so that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown up there so that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown up there so that that's that's
+the saddle point saddle points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saddle point saddle points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saddle point saddle points
+are when you have two field problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you have two field problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when you have two field problems
+you're talking about saddle points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about saddle points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about saddle points and
+the mix method in finite elements is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix method in finite elements is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix method in finite elements is
+exactly that and the tricky part is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that and the tricky part is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that and the tricky part is then
+with the mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mixed
+method you you you're you're sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you you you're you're sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method you you you're you're sort of not
+so perfectly guaranteed that the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfectly guaranteed that the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so perfectly guaranteed that the Matrix
+is invertible because we have PL plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible because we have PL plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invertible because we have PL plus
+stuff and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and minus
+stuff okay thank you that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay thank you that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay thank you that that's that's
+great and I'll see you Monday all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and I'll see you Monday all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and I'll see you Monday all about
+the exam and and review it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and and review it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam and and review it's a great
+chance to think back thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QAg3GPMUO84.txt b/QAg3GPMUO84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..888401c859e6605282bf83f19ede09d523defc33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QAg3GPMUO84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so those are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so those are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so those are all
+really great presentations thanks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great presentations thanks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great presentations thanks you
+guys um I'm excited about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys um I'm excited about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys um I'm excited about all the
+projects you learned about and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you learned about and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you learned about and things
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+accomplished uh so now uh as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished uh so now uh as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished uh so now uh as I mentioned
+at the beginning what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning what we're going to do
+is very quickly go through the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very quickly go through the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very quickly go through the design
+process and then talk about the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then talk about the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and then talk about the entire
+remainder of the class and part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of the class and part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of the class and part of that
+will be you guys down selecting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be you guys down selecting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be you guys down selecting from the
+projects you've just discussed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you've just discussed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you've just discussed to the
+top few that you think are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top few that you think are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top few that you think are good
+candidates and then tonight everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and then tonight everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates and then tonight everyone in
+the class will let me know through in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will let me know through in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class will let me know through in a
+survey what you want to work on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey what you want to work on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey what you want to work on and then
+you'll be assigned into your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be assigned into your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be assigned into your final
+project groups on Friday so um last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project groups on Friday so um last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project groups on Friday so um last year
+some teams wanted to work with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some teams wanted to work with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some teams wanted to work with the same
+Community partner or all wanted to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community partner or all wanted to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community partner or all wanted to work
+together and other teams wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and other teams wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and other teams wanted to do
+something different so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so there's
+opportunity for um change or not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for um change or not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for um change or not change
+depending on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what you
+want um so basically uh doing design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um so basically uh doing design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want um so basically uh doing design and
+the design process is challenging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design process is challenging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design process is challenging for
+some pretty standard reasons of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty standard reasons of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty standard reasons of you have
+these really severe tradeoffs between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really severe tradeoffs between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these really severe tradeoffs between
+you know you want a Mater something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want a Mater something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want a Mater something
+that's really light but really strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really light but really strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really light but really strong
+Etc um it can be a very Dynamic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um it can be a very Dynamic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc um it can be a very Dynamic process
+there's a lot of things happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things happening at
+once um there's a lot of details to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um there's a lot of details to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um there's a lot of details to
+worry about there's always time pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about there's always time pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about there's always time pressure
+and there's always economic pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always economic pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's always economic pressure and
+that's um even more true when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um even more true when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um even more true when you're
+doing design for um developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing design for um developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing design for um developing countries
+so you need to know your user um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to know your user um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to know your user um and
+understand the need which hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the need which hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the need which hopefully
+you've just addressed in your trip but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just addressed in your trip but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just addressed in your trip but
+is of course in a week you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course in a week you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course in a week you're not going
+to truly fully understand everything um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to truly fully understand everything um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to truly fully understand everything um
+there can be ethical concerns that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be ethical concerns that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be ethical concerns that come
+up that are more severe than they are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that are more severe than they are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that are more severe than they are um
+at a typical corporate design issue um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a typical corporate design issue um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a typical corporate design issue um
+and there's some pretty extreme design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some pretty extreme design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some pretty extreme design
+constraints in terms of the costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in terms of the costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in terms of the costs and
+the robustness and um is it usable can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robustness and um is it usable can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robustness and um is it usable can
+you manufacture and distribute it um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manufacture and distribute it um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manufacture and distribute it um and
+then also transparency is it easy to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also transparency is it easy to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also transparency is it easy to fix
+do people really understand how it Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people really understand how it Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people really understand how it Works
+can be even more important um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be even more important um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be even more important um but it's
+all super rewarding too so it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all super rewarding too so it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all super rewarding too so it's worth
+doing uh and so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh and so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh and so there's a lot of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ways that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people
+uh consider the design process so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the design process so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider the design process so this
+is one way of looking at it so first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way of looking at it so first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one way of looking at it so first you
+gather information which you just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather information which you just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather information which you just did
+hypothetically and Define the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically and Define the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically and Define the problem
+which you are doing or just did um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are doing or just did um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you are doing or just did um and
+then you create design specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you create design specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you create design specifications
+which you're doing uh this week um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're doing uh this week um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're doing uh this week um
+generating ideas evaluating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ideas evaluating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating ideas evaluating your
+Concepts um doing some sort of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts um doing some sort of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts um doing some sort of analysis
+and experimentation to really learn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experimentation to really learn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experimentation to really learn what
+you're doing uh doing detail design to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing uh doing detail design to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing uh doing detail design to
+get it work out all the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it work out all the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it work out all the details
+fabricating testing and evaluation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricating testing and evaluation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabricating testing and evaluation so
+that's one way to think about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way to think about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way to think about it uh
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+way is uh to think about it from more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is uh to think about it from more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is uh to think about it from more of
+a stage standpoint so you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage standpoint so you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stage standpoint so you start with
+your planning and then you get Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your planning and then you get Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your planning and then you get Mission
+approval so thinking about it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval so thinking about it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval so thinking about it that way
+to Friday is Mission approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Friday is Mission approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Friday is Mission approval
+um and then you do your concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you do your concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you do your concept
+development and you have a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and you have a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and you have a concept
+review system level design with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review system level design with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review system level design with another
+review detail design another review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review detail design another review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review detail design another review
+testing and refinement and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and refinement and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and refinement and then you're
+approved for production and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved for production and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved for production and can
+hypothetically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically do
+production there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production there are some
+crazy controls here that I did not put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy controls here that I did not put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy controls here that I did not put
+in but clearly came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but clearly came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but clearly came
+up so I tried to just map how these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I tried to just map how these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I tried to just map how these two
+approaches work um and how they connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches work um and how they connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches work um and how they connect
+and of course there's actually um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's actually um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's actually um other
+ways of describing the design process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of describing the design process um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of describing the design process um
+and these all enter link and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these all enter link and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these all enter link and I'm not
+going into these in a lot of detail but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into these in a lot of detail but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into these in a lot of detail but
+we're sort of going to just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of going to just go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of going to just go through
+this in the class if you haven't seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the class if you haven't seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the class if you haven't seen it
+already but another one to look about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but another one to look about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but another one to look about
+look at is your functional requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is your functional requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is your functional requirements
+so what does design have to do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does design have to do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does design have to do and then
+how is the design going to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the design going to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is the design going to meet the
+requirement analyzing any decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement analyzing any decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement analyzing any decisions and
+figuring out what you're doing um doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what you're doing um doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what you're doing um doing
+the research to make sure you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research to make sure you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research to make sure you're not
+building a better mouse trap when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a better mouse trap when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a better mouse trap when
+there's plenty of good ones out there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of good ones out there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of good ones out there um
+the risk what's going to happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk what's going to happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk what's going to happen if
+things don't work out and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't work out and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things don't work out and then your
+countermeasures what if things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countermeasures what if things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countermeasures what if things don't
+work what do you do um and this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what do you do um and this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what do you do um and this is from
+Alex slokum and he likes to use language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex slokum and he likes to use language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex slokum and he likes to use language
+that I don't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't always
+use um this is from David Wallace who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um this is from David Wallace who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um this is from David Wallace who's
+another design professor in mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design professor in mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another design professor in mechanical
+engineering so all of these meth methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so all of these meth methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so all of these meth methods
+I've talked about all seem relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about all seem relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about all seem relatively
+linear which is a lie um so one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear which is a lie um so one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear which is a lie um so one way that
+David likes to show is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David likes to show is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David likes to show is that you're
+always considering your economic your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always considering your economic your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always considering your economic your
+physics and your analysis but you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and your analysis but you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and your analysis but you start
+out with very a lot of breadth and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with very a lot of breadth and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with very a lot of breadth and very
+little depth and then as you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little depth and then as you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little depth and then as you go from
+idea to concept to detail you get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to concept to detail you get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to concept to detail you get much
+more depth and much less breath but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth and much less breath but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth and much less breath but
+you're always sort of cycling through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always sort of cycling through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always sort of cycling through
+all of the steps so similarly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the steps so similarly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the steps so similarly this is
+another way of looking at it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of looking at it so you
+right now we're going to be doing Pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're going to be doing Pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're going to be doing Pew
+charts to figure out your projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts to figure out your projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts to figure out your projects and
+then once you figure out your projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you figure out your projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you figure out your projects
+you're going to do more project Pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do more project Pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do more project Pew
+charts to figure out what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts to figure out what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts to figure out what your
+implementation is and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is and then when you
+figure that out you're going to get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out you're going to get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out you're going to get all
+the way down to like figuring out am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to like figuring out am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to like figuring out am I
+going to use a screw or a nut or I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a screw or a nut or I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a screw or a nut or I mean
+a screw or a bolt with a nut to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a screw or a bolt with a nut to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a screw or a bolt with a nut to connect
+these things like a wood screw or a nut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things like a wood screw or a nut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things like a wood screw or a nut
+and bolt um and so each time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bolt um and so each time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bolt um and so each time you're
+winnowing down and so you're repeating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnowing down and so you're repeating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnowing down and so you're repeating a
+lot of the same things you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the same things you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the same things you're going to
+have to go back and do research it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and do research it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and do research it's not
+like you get to do research once at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you get to do research once at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you get to do research once at the
+beginning of the class and you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class and you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the class and you never
+have to investigate anything again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to investigate anything again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to investigate anything again it's
+just the level of depth versus breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the level of depth versus breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the level of depth versus breath
+that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're
+considering um I talked about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering um I talked about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering um I talked about this a
+little bit previously in the charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit previously in the charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit previously in the charcoal
+project and how the Press evolved but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and how the Press evolved but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and how the Press evolved but I
+just wanted to emphasize that our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to emphasize that our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to emphasize that our class
+is getting to like hopefully getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting to like hopefully getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting to like hopefully getting to
+a really good prototype and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good prototype and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good prototype and sometimes
+students have in mind like that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have in mind like that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have in mind like that's the
+ends process and that's not the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends process and that's not the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends process and that's not the best way
+to think about things if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about things if you think about
+say an iPod it started out 10 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an iPod it started out 10 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an iPod it started out 10 years ago
+um with one iteration and that was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with one iteration and that was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with one iteration and that was you
+know a production product that had have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a production product that had have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a production product that had have
+many prototypes ahead of itself um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many prototypes ahead of itself um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many prototypes ahead of itself um and
+now if you think 10 years later not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think 10 years later not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you think 10 years later not only
+does the iPod itself look really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the iPod itself look really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the iPod itself look really
+different but there's also all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but there's also all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but there's also all these
+other implementations of the iPod that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other implementations of the iPod that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other implementations of the iPod that
+are out there and um many many devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and um many many devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are out there and um many many devices
+along the way to get there um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way to get there um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way to get there um so that's
+just a true and E iPod is an obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a true and E iPod is an obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a true and E iPod is an obviously
+complex example but something even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex example but something even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex example but something even as
+simple as a Netflix envelope in seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as a Netflix envelope in seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as a Netflix envelope in seven
+years has gone through ridiculous number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years has gone through ridiculous number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years has gone through ridiculous number
+of design changes and improvements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design changes and improvements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design changes and improvements so
+it's just a reality of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a reality of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a reality of the design
+process that you're always getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you're always getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you're always getting to
+the next to a good stage hopefully but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to a good stage hopefully but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to a good stage hopefully but
+you're not ever getting to you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not ever getting to you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not ever getting to you know you
+you can't think that your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't think that your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't think that your first
+prototype that the orange juice bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype that the orange juice bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype that the orange juice bag
+stealer is a great example you delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealer is a great example you delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealer is a great example you delivered
+it it made sense a year ago for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it made sense a year ago for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it made sense a year ago for being
+checked to 12 Vol battery and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked to 12 Vol battery and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked to 12 Vol battery and now you
+can't find any and it has a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find any and it has a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find any and it has a different
+need and there's other needs coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and there's other needs coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and there's other needs coming up
+so there's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always going to be
+optimizations okay so I want to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations okay so I want to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations okay so I want to go over
+a Pew chart today because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Pew chart today because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Pew chart today because that's what
+you're going to be using um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be using um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be using um if you
+haven't seen it Pew was a guy who came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it Pew was a guy who came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it Pew was a guy who came
+up with this method um and so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this method um and so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this method um and so it's just
+a way of comparing different ideas it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of comparing different ideas it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of comparing different ideas it
+seems in some ways that you do it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems in some ways that you do it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems in some ways that you do it it
+seems like it can be kind of Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it can be kind of Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it can be kind of Quant
+quantitative and it's absolutely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative and it's absolutely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative and it's absolutely not
+it's an entirely qualitative method and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an entirely qualitative method and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an entirely qualitative method and
+using it quantitatively is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it quantitatively is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it quantitatively is sort of
+defeating the purpose of it so what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating the purpose of it so what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defeating the purpose of it so what he
+um the way you use it is you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way you use it is you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way you use it is you have a
+bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of
+criteria on your left vertical axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria on your left vertical axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria on your left vertical axis and
+then a bunch of options that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of options that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a bunch of options that you
+compare I always pick the bad marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare I always pick the bad marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare I always pick the bad marker
+a little better um and so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better um and so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better um and so today we're
+just going to compare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to compare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to compare a
+nail to a um a ring shank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nail to um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail to um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail to um a
+staple and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple and a
+screw so when you're doing a Pew chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw so when you're doing a Pew chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw so when you're doing a Pew chart
+usually doing it in a group and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually doing it in a group and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually doing it in a group and so it's
+a good idea to make sure that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea to make sure that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea to make sure that everyone
+knows which each of these options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows which each of these options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows which each of these options are
+so it can be helpful to draw like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can be helpful to draw like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can be helpful to draw like a
+really fast simple diagram just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast simple diagram just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast simple diagram just so that
+everyone you're sure has in mind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you're sure has in mind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone you're sure has in mind what
+the differences are so if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences are so if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences are so if you don't know
+a ring shank nail is somewhere between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring shank nail is somewhere between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring shank nail is somewhere between a
+screw and a nail and that it has little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw and a nail and that it has little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw and a nail and that it has little
+rings on the edge so that it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings on the edge so that it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings on the edge so that it helps
+prevent the nail from popping back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the nail from popping back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the nail from popping back out
+once you drive it in but you still drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you drive it in but you still drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you drive it in but you still drive
+it in like a nail as opposed to screwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in like a nail as opposed to screwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in like a nail as opposed to screwing
+it in like a screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and then staple obviously so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then staple obviously so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then staple obviously so it's
+nice to have a drawing as well and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a drawing as well and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have a drawing as well and then
+you need some criteria uh for how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some criteria uh for how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some criteria uh for how you're
+going to compare all of these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare all of these options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare all of these options
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you just go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what you think are the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you think are the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you think are the most important
+ones um there are more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um there are more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um there are more complicated
+charts that sort of are uh versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts that sort of are uh versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts that sort of are uh versions of
+Pew charts where you can put different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew charts where you can put different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew charts where you can put different
+baiting on your different criteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baiting on your different criteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baiting on your different criteria that
+gets really hard to do especially as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really hard to do especially as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really hard to do especially as you
+have more criteria like how much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more criteria like how much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more criteria like how much more
+important is holding then effort like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is holding then effort like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is holding then effort like it
+gets a little complicated to figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little complicated to figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little complicated to figure that
+out so sometimes because this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so sometimes because this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so sometimes because this is so
+qualitative just having these out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative just having these out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative just having these out there
+and then keeping in mind your mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keeping in mind your mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then keeping in mind your mental
+weightings is sufficient um and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightings is sufficient um and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightings is sufficient um and so then
+you want one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want one of
+your uh items to be your standard um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh items to be your standard um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh items to be your standard um so
+this is really important uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really important uh that you
+just pick one that you think might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick one that you think might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick one that you think might be
+the most standard and just give it an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most standard and just give it an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most standard and just give it an S
+for standard or zero or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standard or zero or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standard or zero or whatever
+whatever you want to use um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to use um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to use um it's
+tempting not to give a standard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting not to give a standard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting not to give a standard right
+because it's kind of annoying like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of annoying like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's kind of annoying like it
+might mean that on some like the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean that on some like the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean that on some like the if the
+nail is the cheapest option then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail is the cheapest option then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail is the cheapest option then your
+standard everything else is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard everything else is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard everything else is going to be
+more expensive everything else is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive everything else is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive everything else is going
+to be off the chart so it's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be off the chart so it's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be off the chart so it's not actually
+in the middle which is what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle which is what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle which is what you want
+however you always need to compare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you always need to compare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however you always need to compare to
+something if you're just there's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you're just there's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if you're just there's because
+there's no like neutral so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like neutral so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like neutral so you have to
+Define your neutral so this is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define your neutral so this is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define your neutral so this is the way
+they do that so you while it's tempting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that so you while it's tempting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that so you while it's tempting
+to not Define a neutral it makes the Pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not Define a neutral it makes the Pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not Define a neutral it makes the Pew
+chart a whole lot more useful if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart a whole lot more useful if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart a whole lot more useful if you do
+um and then you can just go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can just go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can just go through and
+grade them so a ring shank compar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade them so a ring shank compar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade them so a ring shank compar in
+terms of rate and some people like to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of rate and some people like to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of rate and some people like to go
+down some people like to go across it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some people like to go across it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some people like to go across it's
+sort of whatever you prefer but so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of whatever you prefer but so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of whatever you prefer but so a
+ring shank is about the same speed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring shank is about the same speed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring shank is about the same speed a
+staple is faster a screw is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple is faster a screw is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staple is faster a screw is probably
+slower so that's just how you do it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so that's just how you do it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower so that's just how you do it um
+for cost a ring shank is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cost a ring shank is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cost a ring shank is going to be
+more expensive and that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive and that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expensive and that's another
+confusing thing like more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thing like more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing thing like more expensive
+seems like it should be a plus but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it should be a plus but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like it should be a plus but it's
+actually a minus right because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a minus right because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a minus right because that's
+worse a staple will be cheaper and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse a staple will be cheaper and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse a staple will be cheaper and a
+screw is going to be more expensive um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw is going to be more expensive um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw is going to be more expensive um
+for holding uh ring shank is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for holding uh ring shank is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for holding uh ring shank is a little
+better staple is a little worse a screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better staple is a little worse a screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better staple is a little worse a screw
+is a whole lot better so you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole lot better so you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a whole lot better so you can do
+minuses and pluses you can do ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses and pluses you can do ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses and pluses you can do ones and
+twos if you do ones and twos again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos if you do ones and twos again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos if you do ones and twos again this
+is qualitative um so no adding those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is qualitative um so no adding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is qualitative um so no adding those
+numbers at the end um and for effort uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers at the end um and for effort uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers at the end um and for effort uh
+shank is similar uh staple is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shank is similar uh staple is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shank is similar uh staple is probably
+easier and a screw harder so yeah so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and a screw harder so yeah so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier and a screw harder so yeah so as
+I said a lot of people are then tempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said a lot of people are then tempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said a lot of people are then tempted
+to put a line at the bottom and be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a line at the bottom and be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a line at the bottom and be like
+all right this is a zero this is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a zero this is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a zero this is a zero
+this is uh three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this um which is not the way to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um which is not the way to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um which is not the way to use a
+Pew chart so don't ever do this um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew chart so don't ever do this um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pew chart so don't ever do this um and
+the reason is that again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that again there's
+different qualities um um for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different qualities um um for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different qualities um um for different
+waiting for all of these things so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for all of these things so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for all of these things so that
+adding these up isn't that meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these up isn't that meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these up isn't that meaningful
+and isn't a good way to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't a good way to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and isn't a good way to make a decision
+but it does very quickly help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does very quickly help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does very quickly help you
+determine um you know just looking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine um you know just looking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine um you know just looking what
+are the pros and cons of each one in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pros and cons of each one in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pros and cons of each one in a
+visual way that's pretty fast to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual way that's pretty fast to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual way that's pretty fast to really
+think about the pros and cons and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the pros and cons and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the pros and cons and make
+sure you're actually considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're actually considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're actually considering the
+pros and cons that are important to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and cons that are important to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros and cons that are important to you
+and then finally um if we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally um if we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally um if we didn't have
+the ring shank here and you saw the nail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring shank here and you saw the nail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring shank here and you saw the nail
+and the screw the Pew chart is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the screw the Pew chart is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the screw the Pew chart is something
+that might lead you to develop the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might lead you to develop the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might lead you to develop the ring
+shank um where you're like okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shank um where you're like okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shank um where you're like okay the
+screw is slower and cost is worse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw is slower and cost is worse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw is slower and cost is worse and
+effort is worse but it holding is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort is worse but it holding is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort is worse but it holding is really
+good what could I do that would combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what could I do that would combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what could I do that would combine
+my screw with my nail to get me a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my screw with my nail to get me a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my screw with my nail to get me a better
+product um and that would might lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um and that would might lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um and that would might lead you
+to develop the ring shank nail um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop the ring shank nail um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop the ring shank nail um so
+that's one nice way to use the PE chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one nice way to use the PE chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one nice way to use the PE chart
+is to sort of combine projects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sort of combine projects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to sort of combine projects or
+concepts uh and help you do that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts uh and help you do that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts uh and help you do that in a
+way that works well are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that works well are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that works well are there any
+questions about the F chart cuz you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the F chart cuz you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the F chart cuz you're
+going to use it in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use it in 10
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+okay and this is just there it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is just there it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is just there it is um
+another tool that's common that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool that's common that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool that's common that you'll
+might want to use is when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use is when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use is when you're
+developing a schedule people often use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a schedule people often use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a schedule people often use
+something called a Gant chart and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a Gant chart and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a Gant chart and I know
+you can't read most of what's on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read most of what's on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read most of what's on here
+but basically you have your list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you have your list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you have your list of
+tasks how long they're going to take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks how long they're going to take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks how long they're going to take and
+then you sort of spread them out and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of spread them out and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sort of spread them out and the
+thing that's important or helpful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's important or helpful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's important or helpful about
+a Gant chart is listing the tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gant chart is listing the tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Gant chart is listing the tasks that
+rely on each other so so if one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on each other so so if one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on each other so so if one of your
+tasks is say you're doing that rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks is say you're doing that rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks is say you're doing that rice
+husking and you need a Mill and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husking and you need a Mill and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husking and you need a Mill and you
+hadn't bought that meil you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't bought that meil you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't bought that meil you'd have to
+order a meil and it have to be here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a meil and it have to be here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order a meil and it have to be here and
+you can't do any testing with your mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do any testing with your mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do any testing with your mail
+until it gets here and so that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets here and so that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets here and so that's on the
+critical path because you need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical path because you need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical path because you need to do the
+testing and therefore um that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and therefore um that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing and therefore um that means you
+need to order it yesterday and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to order it yesterday and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to order it yesterday and it's a
+good thing you bought it so um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing you bought it so um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing you bought it so um so that's
+really help this is a helpful way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help this is a helpful way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really help this is a helpful way to
+think about your schedule um it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your schedule um it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about your schedule um it's not a
+requirement in this class that use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in this class that use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in this class that use a
+Gant chart so I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gant chart so I'm not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gant chart so I'm not going to talk
+about it anymore but you can Google it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it anymore but you can Google it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it anymore but you can Google it
+and find lots of different tools but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find lots of different tools but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find lots of different tools but
+it's just one way of building your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one way of building your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one way of building your
+schedule that works pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that works pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule that works pretty
+well so some of the best practices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so some of the best practices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so some of the best practices for
+doing the design process are one to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the design process are one to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the design process are one to have
+people assigned to different roles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people assigned to different roles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people assigned to different roles so
+some roles that work really well are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some roles that work really well are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some roles that work really well are
+someone who's in charge of your timeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's in charge of your timeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's in charge of your timeline
+so are you hitting those dates that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you hitting those dates that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you hitting those dates that you
+outlined on your schedule and regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined on your schedule and regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined on your schedule and regardless
+what can we do right now so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we do right now so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we do right now so if you're
+waiting for that maal to arrive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for that maal to arrive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for that maal to arrive or
+whatever you've ordered to arrive it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've ordered to arrive it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've ordered to arrive it can
+be really tempting to be like oh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really tempting to be like oh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really tempting to be like oh there's
+nothing to do today it'll be here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do today it'll be here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do today it'll be here on
+Friday and I won't do anything until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and I won't do anything until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and I won't do anything until
+then and then it's really dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then it's really dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then it's really dangerous
+because time is so tight and so figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is so tight and so figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because time is so tight and so figuring
+out what can we do right now even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what can we do right now even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what can we do right now even if
+it's not on the critical path just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not on the critical path just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not on the critical path just to
+make sure we're moving forward um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're moving forward um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we're moving forward um and
+then having someone else who's making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having someone else who's making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having someone else who's making
+sure that what you're doing is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that what you're doing is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that what you're doing is actually
+related to your goal because it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to your goal because it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to your goal because it can be
+easy to get really involved and figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get really involved and figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get really involved and figuring
+out the perfect adhesive and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the perfect adhesive and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the perfect adhesive and doing
+adhesive analysis when your goal is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesive analysis when your goal is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adhesive analysis when your goal is just
+to have a good enough adhesive and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good enough adhesive and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a good enough adhesive and you
+should have used the first one you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have used the first one you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have used the first one you found
+um and go with it or whatever um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and go with it or whatever um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and go with it or whatever um and
+then having someone who's the key person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having someone who's the key person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having someone who's the key person
+on your team who's in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your team who's in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your team who's in charge of
+communicating with your community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with your community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with your community
+partner for this class I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner for this class I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner for this class I'm going to ask
+that you try to communicate partner once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you try to communicate partner once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you try to communicate partner once
+a week some of you may have a hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week some of you may have a hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week some of you may have a hard time
+doing that but you should at least be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but you should at least be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that but you should at least be
+trying to communicate once a week um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate once a week um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate once a week um so
+that you're getting regular feedback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting regular feedback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're getting regular feedback and
+then finally documentation making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally documentation making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally documentation making sure
+that um you're documenting what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you're documenting what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you're documenting what you do
+well which you'll you'll really thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which you'll you'll really thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which you'll you'll really thank
+yourselves for at the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves for at the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves for at the end of the class
+when you have to write a final report as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to write a final report as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have to write a final report as
+a team the more documentation you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team the more documentation you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team the more documentation you do
+ahead of time the easier that'll be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time the easier that'll be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time the easier that'll be and
+then General recommendations are failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then General recommendations are failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then General recommendations are failing
+fast is one and so it's much better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast is one and so it's much better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast is one and so it's much better to
+figure out that your idea doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that your idea doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that your idea doesn't work
+today than it is the day before your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than it is the day before your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than it is the day before your
+presentation right and so the sooner you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation right and so the sooner you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation right and so the sooner you
+can be developing stuff so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be developing stuff so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be developing stuff so that you can
+figure out those failures and fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out those failures and fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out those failures and fixing
+them the better um and so along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the better um and so along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the better um and so along those
+lines prototyping early and often um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines prototyping early and often um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines prototyping early and often um and
+then finally identifying any of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally identifying any of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally identifying any of your
+deal breakers immediately so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal breakers immediately so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal breakers immediately so any
+physical impossibilities or things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical impossibilities or things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical impossibilities or things that
+are just not going to work figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just not going to work figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just not going to work figuring
+those out as soon as possible so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those out as soon as possible so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those out as soon as possible so that
+you don't get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get into
+um failing spectacularly but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um failing spectacularly but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um failing spectacularly but only
+failing in small areas that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing in small areas that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing in small areas that you can
+recover from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover from
+oh I don't know why these slides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know why these slides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't know why these slides are
+like this I'm sorry guys I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'm sorry guys I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'm sorry guys I should have
+run through it um ahead of time I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through it um ahead of time I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through it um ahead of time I didn't
+think it would be in there um anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be in there um anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be in there um anyway so
+I picked one of those design processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked one of those design processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked one of those design processes
+to sort of run us through what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of run us through what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of run us through what we're
+doing and we're basically doing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and we're basically doing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and we're basically doing each
+stage of the design process in a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the design process in a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the design process in a week
+which is ridiculously fast um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ridiculously fast um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is ridiculously fast um but it's
+why the pressure is on automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pressure is on automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the pressure is on automatically
+right like from today um because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like from today um because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like from today um because this is
+all the time we have your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time we have your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time we have your final
+presentation is on May 7th which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is on May 7th which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is on May 7th which is a
+Saturday it's in your syllabus so if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday it's in your syllabus so if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturday it's in your syllabus so if um
+you aren't free on that day you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't free on that day you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you aren't free on that day you should
+talk to me real soon um but we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me real soon um but we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to me real soon um but we're doing
+them as as a group with the other daab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as as a group with the other daab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as as a group with the other daab
+classes um and so that's six weeks total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um and so that's six weeks total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes um and so that's six weeks total
+is what we have and so everything we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have and so everything we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have and so everything we're
+doing is uh you know is basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is uh you know is basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is uh you know is basically we
+have a week for each stage which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a week for each stage which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a week for each stage which is very
+rapid and that really drives what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid and that really drives what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid and that really drives what your
+project should be so as you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project should be so as you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project should be so as you as you
+probably noticed when I showed last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably noticed when I showed last last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably noticed when I showed last last
+year's projects none of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's projects none of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's projects none of them were
+inventing a brand new washing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing a brand new washing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing a brand new washing machine
+say it was making a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was making a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was making a very small
+incremental Improvement on something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental Improvement on something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental Improvement on something and
+that's what you want to do because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do because it's
+much better to have a really awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better to have a really awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better to have a really awesome
+small incremental Improvement that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small incremental Improvement that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small incremental Improvement that'll
+actually help your organization and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help your organization and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help your organization and be
+of benefit than to make very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benefit than to make very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benefit than to make very small
+progress on a really big project that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on a really big project that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on a really big project that's
+not going to help anyone because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to help anyone because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to help anyone because you
+haven't completed it by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completed it by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't completed it by the end of the
+semester so um I've rev I've created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so um I've rev I've created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester so um I've rev I've created
+like a part two syllabus which I'll hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a part two syllabus which I'll hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a part two syllabus which I'll hand
+out as soon as I pick them up from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as soon as I pick them up from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as soon as I pick them up from The
+copier um but basically uh it has what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copier um but basically uh it has what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copier um but basically uh it has what
+we're doing um each day and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing um each day and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing um each day and then the
+assignments due and then below this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments due and then below this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments due and then below this the
+schedule is a bunch of details about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule is a bunch of details about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule is a bunch of details about
+each assignment so hopefully everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each assignment so hopefully everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each assignment so hopefully everything
+will be super clear but things to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be super clear but things to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be super clear but things to know
+is that there's a lot of time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a lot of time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a lot of time that's
+unscheduled where I'm not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unscheduled where I'm not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unscheduled where I'm not going to be
+lecturing at all am me's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing at all am me's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing at all am me's not going to be
+lecturing at all it's just time for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing at all it's just time for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing at all it's just time for your
+team to work that doesn't mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to work that doesn't mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to work that doesn't mean you
+should blow off class um we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should blow off class um we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should blow off class um we're still
+checking attendance we still expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking attendance we still expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking attendance we still expect you
+to be here um the work time is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here um the work time is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be here um the work time is pretty
+valuable a meet and I will be stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable a meet and I will be stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable a meet and I will be stopping
+by each team every session at least once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each team every session at least once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each team every session at least once
+to check in on how you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check in on how you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check in on how you're doing your
+mentors will be stopping by almost every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors will be stopping by almost every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors will be stopping by almost every
+session to check in and help you so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session to check in and help you so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session to check in and help you so it's
+a a good time to work um where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good time to work um where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a good time to work um where you know
+your team members are available whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team members are available whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team members are available whereas
+out of class time it's harder to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of class time it's harder to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of class time it's harder to get
+everyone together in a group um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone together in a group um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone together in a group um and so
+along those lines if you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those lines if you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along those lines if you're not going to
+be working in this classroom your team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in this classroom your team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in this classroom your team
+should leave a note where you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should leave a note where you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should leave a note where you are so
+that as a meet and I are doing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a meet and I are doing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a meet and I are doing our
+rounds we can find you um so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds we can find you um so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds we can find you um so again we
+actually do expect you to be here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do expect you to be here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do expect you to be here um and
+then second is you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then second is you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then second is you're going to be
+creating a Wiki page the there's a Wiki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a Wiki page the there's a Wiki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a Wiki page the there's a Wiki
+link off of the Stellar website um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link off of the Stellar website um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link off of the Stellar website um and
+so each team should have a Wiki page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each team should have a Wiki page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each team should have a Wiki page
+where you can um document your design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can um document your design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can um document your design
+process so rather than having physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so rather than having physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so rather than having physical
+design notebooks which get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design notebooks which get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design notebooks which get really
+challenging in terms of you want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging in terms of you want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging in terms of you want them
+with you at all times I need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you at all times I need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you at all times I need to take
+them to grade you grade them daab has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to grade you grade them daab has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to grade you grade them daab has
+started doing wikis so that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing wikis so that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing wikis so that we can do
+grading without stealing your design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading without stealing your design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading without stealing your design
+notebooks and stuff like that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebooks and stuff like that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notebooks and stuff like that so that's
+where you should document everything um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you should document everything um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you should document everything um
+and it's also useful for cl future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also useful for cl future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also useful for cl future
+classes they get to see everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes they get to see everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes they get to see everything that
+you're worked on so um that's can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worked on so um that's can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worked on so um that's can be
+helpful um and then there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um and then there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um and then there will be a
+design review on April 22nd where you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design review on April 22nd where you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design review on April 22nd where you'll
+have 10 minutes to present your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 minutes to present your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 minutes to present your project
+um and we'll have people from outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll have people from outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll have people from outside
+the class coming to give feedback um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class coming to give feedback um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class coming to give feedback um and
+there you'll want to have a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you'll want to have a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you'll want to have a prototype
+and I'll talk more about that as it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll talk more about that as it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll talk more about that as it gets
+closer and then the final presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and then the final presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and then the final presentations
+where you'll it's sort of this combo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll it's sort of this combo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll it's sort of this combo
+where you're both doing a Public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're both doing a Public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're both doing a Public
+Presentation that'll be one minute along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presentation that'll be one minute along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Presentation that'll be one minute along
+with like a poster session that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a poster session that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a poster session that's what
+you're used to if you've done previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to if you've done previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're used to if you've done previous
+daab classes in the spring and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab classes in the spring and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daab classes in the spring and then also
+doing a more formal design review where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a more formal design review where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a more formal design review where
+you'll leave the poster session and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll leave the poster session and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll leave the poster session and have
+a formal design review in a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formal design review in a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formal design review in a separate
+room um as well we used to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um as well we used to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um as well we used to do this
+separately and we're trying to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and we're trying to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and we're trying to combine
+them just for um efficiency sake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just for um efficiency sake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just for um efficiency sake and
+then finally you'll have a final report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally you'll have a final report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally you'll have a final report
+um which is written up well here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is written up well here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is written up well here and
+then I'll go through more as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll go through more as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll go through more as we get
+closer um so what are we doing now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer um so what are we doing now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer um so what are we doing now uh
+you guys need to finalize what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys need to finalize what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys need to finalize what your
+actual projects are going to be um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual projects are going to be um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual projects are going to be um and
+so what I'd like you to do is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like you to do is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like you to do is sort of
+come up with your top end projects um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with your top end projects um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with your top end projects um
+hopefully at least three um and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully at least three um and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully at least three um and less
+than no more than six I would say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than no more than six I would say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than no more than six I would say it
+would be a good range um and do a Pew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good range um and do a Pew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a good range um and do a Pew
+chart with them uh so that you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart with them uh so that you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart with them uh so that you can come
+up with the best um figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the best um figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the best um figure out what
+projects are worth working on um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are worth working on um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects are worth working on um and you
+should come up with like one or two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come up with like one or two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come up with like one or two of
+the ones that you recommend going ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that you recommend going ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that you recommend going ahead
+with um and then at 2:30 which wow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um and then at 2:30 which wow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um and then at 2:30 which wow I
+don't know able to do micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know able to do micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know able to do micro
+presentations cuz things went long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations cuz things went long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations cuz things went long
+um so probably we'll just have you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so probably we'll just have you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so probably we'll just have you do
+the um just by the end of class you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um just by the end of class you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um just by the end of class you need
+to hand in to me what are your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand in to me what are your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand in to me what are your top
+couple projects with a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple projects with a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple projects with a little
+description that you can email me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that you can email me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that you can email me so
+that every everyone can know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every everyone can know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every everyone can know what
+they're working on um but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working on um but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're working on um but hopefully
+you're not too far a field from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not too far a field from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not too far a field from what you
+just presented so people have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just presented so people have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just presented so people have a general
+idea of what you're working on so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you're working on so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what you're working on so before
+you I let you go I just want to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I let you go I just want to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I let you go I just want to do one
+last thing which is um what Pew criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing which is um what Pew criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing which is um what Pew criteria
+we should be using because you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be using because you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be using because you can have
+some variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use yeah so
+your budget is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget is about
+$500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500
+um so um you definitely don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um you definitely don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um you definitely don't want to be
+do inventing anything that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do inventing anything that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do inventing anything that's going to
+require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require
+$50,000 uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50,000 uh what
+else question so what if we like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else question so what if we like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else question so what if we like get
+funding what if our project that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding what if our project that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding what if our project that is an
+awesome can we look for funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome can we look for funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome can we look for funding
+somewhere else and yes but um you have 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and yes but um you have 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and yes but um you have 6
+weeks so um you're unlikely to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so um you're unlikely to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks so um you're unlikely to get
+funding for in these six weeks there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for in these six weeks there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for in these six weeks there
+like if if it's $700 you know let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if if it's $700 you know let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if if it's $700 you know let's talk
+about what you actually need um but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you actually need um but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you actually need um but most
+teams had budget left over last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams had budget left over last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams had budget left over last year
+when they had $500 so um I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they had $500 so um I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they had $500 so um I don't think
+this is a super high constraint it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a super high constraint it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a super high constraint it just
+gives you an order of magnitude um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an order of magnitude um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an order of magnitude um yeah
+so what else materials availability yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else materials availability yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what else materials availability yeah
+so I think a bigger like General one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think a bigger like General one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think a bigger like General one is
+like do you mean like locally yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you mean like locally yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like do you mean like locally yeah like
+so then like um so that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then like um so that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then like um so that that would
+probably be something more specific for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be something more specific for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be something more specific for
+different examples or different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples or different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples or different um
+projects like if you have like 12 ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects like if you have like 12 ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects like if you have like 12 ideas
+for your um rice Kuser um but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your um rice Kuser um but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your um rice Kuser um but I think
+for here like one that's along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here like one that's along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for here like one that's along those
+lines is just does it help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+community and embedded in that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and embedded in that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and embedded in that is if
+they can't build it it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't build it it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't build it it's not going to
+help them right so but we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them right so but we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them right so but we're looking at
+very broad Strokes at this level any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad Strokes at this level any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broad Strokes at this level any
+others can we finish it in six weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others can we finish it in six weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others can we finish it in six weeks
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so um CE pu right we want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um CE pu right we want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so um CE pu right we want to be able
+to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that
+so uh that's prettyy important to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's prettyy important to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's prettyy important to be
+able to say yes we can um if my son is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say yes we can um if my son is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say yes we can um if my son is
+really into Bob the Builder and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into Bob the Builder and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really into Bob the Builder and that's
+all I hear is can we build it yes we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I hear is can we build it yes we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I hear is can we build it yes we can
+so um and then one other that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and then one other that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and then one other that's
+important to me is that is relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to me is that is relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to me is that is relevant to
+the energy class um which I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy class um which I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy class um which I think they
+all are um but like a a water project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are um but like a a water project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are um but like a a water project
+might be really compelling it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really compelling it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really compelling it's not
+relevant to energy um so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to energy um so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to energy um so you want to
+make sure that it does actually fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it does actually fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it does actually fit
+within the boundaries of the class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the boundaries of the class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the boundaries of the class but
+they're pretty broadly defined um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty broadly defined um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty broadly defined um so
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+the four that I really want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four that I really want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four that I really want to make sure
+you include that you might want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include that you might want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you include that you might want to add
+others as well but every team should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well but every team should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others as well but every team should
+include these um are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include these um are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include these um are there any
+questions so I'm going to grab um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so I'm going to grab um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so I'm going to grab um the
+syllabus the revised syllabi um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus the revised syllabi um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus the revised syllabi um and the
+project description uh and the um big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project description uh and the um big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project description uh and the um big
+paper that you can use to make few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you can use to make few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you can use to make few
+charts on and that's what you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts on and that's what you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts on and that's what you what you
+should be doing um and by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing um and by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing um and by the end of
+class you need to have um top projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you need to have um top projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you need to have um top projects
+so great
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QE-9hHvOles.txt b/QE-9hHvOles.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..26ce41b46fc8f3eff46e9a8ce373c9679912f3a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QE-9hHvOles.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3104 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good afternoon.
+
+We continue our discussion
+of quantum states of light.
+
+We talked at length
+about coherent state,
+
+and when you talk about
+quantum states of light,
+
+each mode of the
+electromagnetic field
+
+is an harmonic oscillator.
+
+We also encountered,
+naturally, the number states.
+
+And we realized--
+yesterday, actually,
+
+in the last class-- that
+those number states have
+
+non-classical properties.
+
+For instance, they have a g2
+function, the second order
+
+correlation function,
+which is smaller
+
+than 1, which is impossible
+for classic light,
+
+as you're proving in one of
+your homework assignment.
+
+So at that point, we have
+encountered coherent states,
+
+which are as close as
+possible to classical states.
+
+And we have found the number
+states as non-classical states.
+
+Well, are there other
+interesting states?
+
+I wouldn't ask you this question
+if the answer would not be yes,
+
+and this is what we
+want to discuss today.
+
+We want to talk about
+non-classical states of light,
+
+which we can engineer,
+actually, in the laboratory,
+
+by sending laser light
+through nonlinear crystals.
+
+Those go by the name,
+squeezed states.
+
+Just to give you
+the cartoon picture,
+
+in our two-dimensional diagram,
+with the quasi-probabilities,
+
+we have coherent
+states, where the area
+
+of this disk, delta x
+delta p, is h-bar over two.
+
+It's uncertainty limited.
+
+What we can do we now, is--
+we cannot go beyond this.
+
+This is the fundamental
+limit of quantum physics.
+
+However, we can take this
+circle and we can squeeze it.
+
+We can squeeze it
+horizontally, we can squeeze it
+
+into an elongated
+vertical shape,
+
+or we can squeeze
+it at any angle.
+
+That's what we call,
+squeezed states.
+
+And those states have
+non-classical properties.
+
+They are important
+for metrology they
+
+are important for teleportation.
+
+There are lots and
+lots of reasons
+
+why you want to know about them.
+
+But again, as so often, I
+feel I cannot convey to you
+
+the excitement of doing
+squeezing in the quantum
+
+domain.
+
+And many, many
+physicists now, they
+
+hear about squeezing just
+in the quantum domain.
+
+But I want to start with
+classical squeezing.
+
+I will actually show you
+video of an experiment
+
+on classical squeezing.
+
+You can see squeezing
+with your own eyes.
+
+But this is just sort
+of to set the stage,
+
+to also get a feel
+of what squeezing is.
+
+And then we'll do quantum
+mechanical squeezing.
+
+But maybe-- tongue
+in cheek-- I would
+
+say, since classical harmonic
+oscillators and quantum
+
+harmonic oscillators
+have a lot in common,
+
+the step from classical
+squeezing to quantum
+
+of mechanical squeezing
+is actually rather small.
+
+It's nice to squeeze light.
+
+It's nice to have those
+non-classical states.
+
+But the question is,
+how can you detect it?
+
+If you can't detect it, you
+can't take advantage of it.
+
+And the detection has
+to be face-coherent.
+
+I will tell you what that is.
+
+And it goes by the name,
+homodyne detection.
+
+And finally, we
+can take everything
+
+we have learned together, and
+discuss how, in the laboratory,
+
+teleportation of a
+quantum state is done.
+
+There is a nice
+teleportation scheme,
+
+and I want to use
+that as an example
+
+that the language and the
+concepts I've introduced
+
+are useful.
+
+Concepts like,
+squeezing operator,
+
+displacement operator--
+those methods
+
+allowing us to, in
+a very clear way,
+
+discuss schemes which
+lead to teleportation.
+
+That's the menu for today.
+
+Let's start with
+classical squeezing.
+
+For squeezing, we need
+an harmonic oscillator,
+
+means for parabolic potential,
+we have potential v of x.
+
+And then we study
+the motion of-- that
+
+should be x squared-- the
+motion of a particle in there.
+
+Before I even get
+started any equation,
+
+let me explain what the effect
+of squeezing will be about.
+
+If you have an
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+you have, actually, the
+motion of a pendulum.
+
+It has two quadrature
+components, the cosine motion
+
+and the sine motion.
+
+And they are 90
+degrees out of phase.
+
+What happens now is,
+if you parametrically
+
+drive the harmonic
+oscillator-- you modulate
+
+the harmonic oscillator
+potential-- it's to omega.
+
+I will show you mathematically,
+it's very, very easy to show,
+
+that depending on the
+phase of the drive,
+
+you will actually exponentially
+amplify the sine motion,
+
+and exponentially damp
+the cosine motion.
+
+Or if you change, vice versa.
+
+So by driving the system, you
+can amplify one quadrature
+
+component, and exponentially
+die out the other quadrature
+
+component.
+
+And that is called,
+classical squeezing.
+
+Let's do the math.
+
+It's very simple.
+
+Our equation of motion
+has the two solutions
+
+I've just mentioned.
+
+It has a solution
+with cosine omega 0,
+
+and one with sine omega 0 t.
+
+And we have two coefficients.
+
+The cosine is called, c.
+
+The sine coefficient
+is called, s.
+
+I have to call it c 0, because
+I want to call that c and s.
+
+So what we have here is, we have
+the two quadrature components
+
+of the motion in an
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+And graphically, we need that
+for the electromagnetic field,
+
+as well.
+
+When we have our two
+axes, like, you know,
+
+the complex plane for the
+cosine of probabilities,
+
+I call one the s-axis.
+
+One is the c-axis.
+
+That's just something
+which confuses me.
+
+If you have only one--
+just give me one second.
+
+Cosine-- Yeah.
+
+If you have only cosine
+motion, the s component is 0,
+
+and the harmonic oscillator
+would just oscillate here.
+
+If you have only
+a sine component,
+
+you stay on the x-axis.
+
+And now, if you have an equal
+amount of cosine and sine,
+
+then you can describe the
+trajectory to go in a circle.
+
+OK.
+
+This is just the undriven
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+I don't want to dwell
+on it any longer.
+
+But what we are
+doing now is, we are
+
+adding a small parametric drive.
+
+Parametric drive means we
+modulate the spring constant,
+
+or we replace the original
+harmonic potential,
+
+which was this, by an
+extra modulation term.
+
+So we have a small
+parameter, epsilon.
+
+And as I pointed
+out, the modulation
+
+is at twice the
+resonance frequency.
+
+Now we want to solve
+the equation of motion
+
+for the harmonic oscillator,
+using this added potential.
+
+The way how we want to solve
+it is, we assume epsilon
+
+is very small.
+
+So if the pendulum is
+swinging with cosine omega t,
+
+it will take a while
+for the epsilon
+
+term-- for the small term--
+to change the motion.
+
+So therefore, we assume
+that we can actually
+
+go back and use our
+original solution.
+
+And assume that
+over a short term,
+
+the epsilon term is
+not doing anything.
+
+So for a short time, it looks
+like an harmonic oscillator
+
+with a sine omega 0, and
+cosine omega 0 t oscillation.
+
+But over any longer
+period of time,
+
+the small term will
+have an effect.
+
+And therefore, the
+coefficients c of t, c, and s
+
+are no longer constant, but
+change as a function of time.
+
+We want to solve, now,
+the equation of motion.
+
+That means we use this,
+here, as our ansatz.
+
+And we calculate the
+second derivative.
+
+We assume that the coefficients
+c and s are changing slowly.
+
+Therefore, the second derivative
+of c and s can be neglected.
+
+By taking the derivative
+of the second derivative
+
+of the cosine term
+and the sine term,
+
+of course we simply get,
+minus omega 0 squared, x of t.
+
+And now we have the
+second-order derivatives.
+
+Since we neglect the
+second-order derivative of c
+
+and s, the other
+terms we get when
+
+we take the second derivative
+is, first derivative
+
+of c times first
+derivative of cosine.
+
+First derivative of s times
+first derivative of sine.
+
+So we get two more terms,
+which are, minus omega 0 c dot,
+
+times sine omega 0 t.
+
+Plus omega 0 s dot,
+times cosine omega 0 t.
+
+This is the second derivative
+of our ansatz for x.
+
+This has to be equal
+to the force provided
+
+by the potential.
+
+So taking the potential--
+
+We need, now, the
+derivative of the potential,
+
+for the potential of
+use across this line.
+
+The first part is the
+unperturbed harmonic
+
+oscillator, which
+gives us simply,
+
+omega 0 squared times x.
+
+And the second term, due to
+the parametric drive, is 2
+
+sine omega 0 t.
+
+And now, for x,
+we use our ansatz
+
+for x, which is the
+slowly-changing amplitude c
+
+times cosine omega 0 t,
+plus s times sine omega 0 t.
+
+Those two terms cancel out.
+
+So now we have products
+of trig function.
+
+Sine 2 omega times cosine omega.
+
+Well, you know if you take the
+product of two trig functions,
+
+it becomes a trig function
+of the sum or the difference
+
+of the argument.
+
+So if you take sine 2 omega
+0 times cosine omega 0,
+
+and we use trigonometric
+identities,
+
+we get an oscillation at 3
+omega 0, which is 2 plus 1.
+
+And one at the difference,
+which is omega 0.
+
+Let me write down the terms
+which are of interest to us.
+
+Namely, the ones at omega 0.
+
+So let me factor out epsilon
+omega 0 squared over 2.
+
+Then we have the term c times
+sine omega 0 t, plus s times
+
+cosine.
+
+And then we have
+terms at 3 omega
+
+0, which we are
+going to neglect.
+
+Now we compare the two
+sides of the equations.
+
+We have sine omega 0 term.
+
+We have cosine omega 0 term.
+
+And the two sides
+of the equations
+
+are only consistent if the two
+coefficients of the sine term,
+
+and the sine term, are the same.
+
+So therefore, we
+obtain two equations.
+
+One for c dot, one for s dot.
+
+And these are first-order
+differential equations.
+
+The solution is
+clearly an exponential.
+
+But one has a plus sign,
+one has a minus sign.
+
+So the c component, the
+c quadrature component,
+
+is exponentially amplified
+with this time constant.
+
+Whereas the sine component is
+exponentially de-amplified.
+
+This finishes the
+mathematical discussion
+
+of classical squeezing.
+
+We find that s of t, and c of
+t, are exponential functions.
+
+In one case, it's
+exponentially increasing.
+
+In the other case, it is
+exponentially decreasing.
+
+And that means that, well,
+if we go to our diagram,
+
+here-- and let's assume
+we had an arbitrary
+
+superposition of cosine
+and sine amplitude.
+
+This is cosine.
+
+This is sine.
+
+We had sort of a
+cosine oscillation,
+
+and a sine oscillation.
+
+Which means that, as
+a phasor, the system
+
+was moving on an ellipse.
+
+If the sine component is
+exponentially de-amplified,
+
+and the cosine component
+is exponentially amplified,
+
+that means whatever we start
+with is squashed horizontally,
+
+is squashed vertically.
+
+And is amplified horizontally.
+
+In the end, it will
+become a narrow strip.
+
+So this is classical squeezing.
+
+You may want to ask, why did
+I neglect the 3 omega 0 term.
+
+Well, I have to, otherwise
+I don't have a solution.
+
+Because I have to be consistent
+with my approximations.
+
+So what I did here
+is, I had an equation
+
+where I have the clear
+vision that the solution has
+
+a slowly varying c
+and s coefficient.
+
+And then I simply use that.
+
+I take the second-order
+derivative,
+
+and I have only
+Fourier components
+
+with omega 0, the
+sine, and cosine.
+
+Now I've made an
+approximation, here.
+
+For the derivative
+of the potential,
+
+the first line is exact.
+
+But in order to match
+the approximation
+
+I've done on the
+other side, I can only
+
+focus on two Fourier components
+resonant with omega 0,
+
+which I have here.
+
+So in other words,
+the 3 omega 0 term
+
+would lead to additional
+accelerations.
+
+Which I have not included
+in the treatment.
+
+So it's consistent
+with the ansatz.
+
+It's consistent
+with the assumption
+
+that we have
+resonant oscillations
+
+with a slowly
+changing amplitude.
+
+There will be a small
+[INAUDIBLE] for your omega 0,
+
+but it will be small.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Let me then show you
+an animation of that.
+
+Classroom files.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-We have Dave Pritchard,
+professor of physics at MIT,
+
+demonstrating what squeezing is.
+
+Right now, we see a wave that's
+going around in a circle.
+
+What's next?
+
+What's going to happen
+now, Professor Pritchard?
+
+-Well, if we drive it in
+twice the basic period,
+
+then we will parametrically
+amplify one quadrature
+
+component, and we will
+un-amplify the other one.
+
+So now I'm going to
+start doing that.
+
+And then you notice that its
+motion turns into an ellipse.
+
+We've amplified this
+quadrature component,
+
+but we've un-amplifed that one.
+
+And that's squeezing.
+
+[END VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+PROFESSOR: Feel free
+to try it at home.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: Actually,
+you may start
+
+to think about
+this demonstration.
+
+What he has shown was, when you
+have a circular pendulum which
+
+goes in a circle or
+an ellipse, and you
+
+start pulling on the rope
+with a certain phase,
+
+that one quadrature component
+will be de-amplified.
+
+The other one will be amplified.
+
+And as a result, no
+matter what the circular
+
+or the elliptical motion was,
+after driving it for a while,
+
+it will only swing
+in one direction.
+
+And this is the collection
+you have amplified.
+
+There is one thing which
+should give you pause.
+
+I have discussed, actually,
+a single harmonic oscillator.
+
+What Dave Pritchard
+demonstrated was actually
+
+two harmonic oscillators.
+
+The harmonic oscillator has
+an x motion and a y motion.
+
+However, you can
+say, this was just
+
+sort of a trick for
+the demonstration,
+
+because when you have
+a circular motion,
+
+initially, you
+have the sine omega
+
+and the cosine omega 0 component
+present simultaneously.
+
+And you can see what
+happens to the sine
+
+and the cosine component
+in one experiment.
+
+So in that sense, he did
+two experiments at once.
+
+He showed what happens
+when you have, initially,
+
+a sine component, and what
+happens when you initially
+
+have a cosine component.
+
+OK.
+
+So we know what
+classical squeezing is.
+
+And what we have learned, also--
+and this helps me now a lot
+
+to motivate how we squeeze
+in quantum mechanics--
+
+you have realized that what
+is really essential here is,
+
+to drive it to omega 0.
+
+What we need now to do
+squeezing in the quantum domain,
+
+if we want to squeeze light,
+we need something at 2 omega 0.
+
+So let's now squeeze
+quantum mechanically.
+
+Go back here.
+
+The second sub-section is
+now, squeezed quantum states.
+
+What we want to
+discuss is, we want
+
+to discuss a quantum
+harmonic oscillator.
+
+We want to have some form of
+parametric drive at 2 omega 0.
+
+And this will result
+in squeezed states.
+
+Now, what does it require, if
+you want to bring in 2 omega 0?
+
+Well, let's not forget
+our harmonic oscillators
+
+are modes of the
+electromagnetic field.
+
+If you now want to couple a mode
+of the electromagnetic field,
+
+at 2 omega 0, with our
+harmonic oscillator at omega 0,
+
+we need a coupling between
+two electromagnetic fields.
+
+So therefore, we need nonlinear
+interactions between photons.
+
+So this was a tautology.
+
+We need nonlinear
+physics, which leads
+
+to interactions between photons.
+
+Linear physics means,
+each harmonic oscillator
+
+is independent.
+
+So we need some
+nonlinear process
+
+six which will be equivalent
+to have interactions
+
+between photons.
+
+The device which we
+will provide that
+
+is an optical
+parametric oscillator.
+
+I could spend a long
+time explaining to you
+
+how those nonlinear
+crystals work.
+
+What is the polarization,
+what is the polarizability,
+
+how do you drive it,
+what is the nonlinearity.
+
+But for the discussion
+in this class,
+
+which focuses on
+fundamental concepts,
+
+I can actually bypass
+it by just saying,
+
+assume you have a system--
+and this is actually
+
+what the optical
+parametric oscillator does,
+
+is you pump it with
+photons at 2 omega 0.
+
+And then the crystal generates
+two photons at omega 0.
+
+Which of course, is consistent
+with energy conservation.
+
+And if you fulfill some
+phase-matching condition,
+
+it's also consistent with
+momentum conservation.
+
+But I don't want to go into
+phase-matching at this point.
+
+Technically, this is
+done as simple as that.
+
+You have to pick
+the right crystal.
+
+Actually, a crystal which does
+mixing between three photon
+
+fields cannot have
+inversion symmetry,
+
+otherwise this
+nonlinear term is 0.
+
+What you need is
+a special crystal.
+
+KDP is a common choice.
+
+And this crystal will now
+do for us the following.
+
+You shine in laser light.
+
+Let's say, at 532
+nanometer, a green light.
+
+And then this photon breaks up
+into two photons of omega 0.
+
+This is how it's done
+in the laboratory.
+
+The piece of art is, you have
+to pick the right crystal.
+
+It has to be cut
+at the right angle.
+
+You may have to heat
+it, and make sure
+
+that you select the
+temperature for which
+
+some form of resonant condition
+is fulfilled, to do that.
+
+But in essence,
+that's what you do.
+
+One laser beam, put in a
+crystal, and then the photon
+
+is broken into two equal parts.
+
+And these are our two
+photons at omega 0.
+
+OK.
+
+I hope you enjoy the
+elegance-- we can completely
+
+bypass all the material physics
+by putting operators on it.
+
+We call this mode, b.
+
+And we call this mode, a.
+
+So the whole parametric process,
+the down conversion process
+
+of one photon into
+two, is now described
+
+by the following Hamiltonian.
+
+We destroy a photon in
+mode b, a 2 omega 0.
+
+And now we create
+two photons at omega.
+
+We destroy a photon
+at 2 omega 0,
+
+create two photons at omega 0.
+
+And since the Hamiltonian
+has to be Hamiltonian,
+
+the opposite, the
+time-reverse process,
+
+has to be possible, too.
+
+And that means we destroy
+two photons at omega 0,
+
+and create one
+photon at 2 omega 0.
+
+So now we forget about
+nonlinear crystals,
+
+about non-inversion
+symmetry in materials.
+
+We just take this
+Hamiltonian and play with it.
+
+By simply looking
+at the Hamiltonian,
+
+what is the time
+evolution of a photon
+
+field under this Hamiltonian.
+
+We figure out what happens
+when you send light
+
+through a crystal, and
+what is the output.
+
+And I want to show you now
+that the output of that
+
+is squeezed light, which is
+exactly what I promised you
+
+with these quasi-probabilities.
+
+We have a coherent state,
+which is a nice circle.
+
+We time-evolve the coherent
+state, our nice round circle,
+
+with this Hamiltonian.
+
+And what we get is an ellipse.
+
+And if you want intuition,
+look at the classical example
+
+we did before, which
+really tells you
+
+in a more intuitive
+way what is happening.
+
+OK.
+
+We want to make one
+simplifying assumption, here.
+
+And this is that
+we pump the crystal
+
+at 2 omega 0 with a
+strong laser beam.
+
+So we assume that the mode,
+b, is a powerful laser beam.
+
+Or in other words, a
+strong coherent state.
+
+We assume that the mode,
+b, is in a coherent state.
+
+Coherent states
+are always labeled
+
+with a complex parameter,
+which I call beta, now.
+
+Well, it's mode b,
+therefore I call it, beta.
+
+For mode a, I've
+called it, alpha.
+
+The coherent state has an
+amplitude, which I call,
+
+r over 2.
+
+And it has a phase.
+
+We know, of course, that the
+operator, b, acting on beta,
+
+gives us beta times beta,
+because a coherent state is
+
+an eigenstate of the
+annihilation operator.
+
+But when we look at the
+action of the operator b
+
+plus, the photon
+creation operator,
+
+the coherent state
+is not an eigenstate
+
+of the creation operator.
+
+It's only an eigenstate of
+the annihilation operator.
+
+But what sort of happens
+is, the coherent state
+
+is the sum over many,
+many number states with n.
+
+And the creation operator
+goes from n, to n plus 1,
+
+and has matrix elements which
+are square root n plus 1.
+
+So in other words,
+if n is large,
+
+and if we don't care about the
+subtle difference between n,
+
+and n plus 1, in this
+limit the coherent state
+
+is also an eigenstate of
+the creation operator,
+
+with an eigenvalue,
+which is beta star.
+
+This means that we have a
+coherent state which is strong.
+
+Strong means, it has
+a large amplitude
+
+of the electric field.
+
+The photon states which
+are involved, n, are large.
+
+And we don't have whether
+it be n, or n plus 1.
+
+This is actually, also,
+I should mention it here,
+
+explicitly-- this is
+sort of the step when
+
+we have a quantum
+description of light.
+
+And we replace the operators,
+p and p dega, by a c number,
+
+then we really go back
+to classical physics.
+
+Then we pretend that we have a
+classical electric field, which
+
+is described by the
+imaginary part of beta.
+
+So when you have an Hamiltonian,
+where you write down
+
+an electric field, and
+the electric field is not
+
+changing-- you have an
+external electric field.
+
+This is really the limit
+of a quantum field,
+
+where you've eliminated
+the operator by a c number.
+
+This is essentially
+your electric field.
+
+And we do this
+approximation, here.
+
+Because we are interested in
+the quantum features of mode
+
+a-- a is our quantum
+mode, with single photons,
+
+or with a vacuum state,
+and we want to squeeze it.
+
+b is just, they have
+parametric drive.
+
+With this approximation, we
+have only the a operators.
+
+This is our operator.
+
+Any question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] would
+give us a [INAUDIBLE], right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, thank you.
+
+That means, here should
+be a minus sign, yes.
+
+OK.
+
+I've motivated our discussion
+with this nonlinear crystal,
+
+which generates pair of photons.
+
+This is the Hamiltonian
+which describes it.
+
+And if you want to have a time
+evolution by this Hamiltonian,
+
+you put this Hamiltonian into
+a time evolution operator.
+
+In other words, you--
+e to the minus iHt
+
+is the time evolution.
+
+If you now evolve a quantum
+state of light for a fixed
+
+time, t, we apply the
+operator, e to the minus iHt,
+
+to the quantum state of light.
+
+What I've just said
+is now the motivation
+
+for the definition of
+the squeezing operator.
+
+The squeezing
+operator, S of r, is
+
+defined to be the exponent
+of minus r over 2,
+
+a squared minus a dega squared.
+
+This is related to
+the discussion above.
+
+You would say, hey, you want
+to do that time evolution,
+
+where is the i?
+
+Well, I've just made
+a choice of phi.
+
+If phi is chosen
+to be pi over 2,
+
+then the time evolution
+with the Hamiltonian,
+
+above, gives me the
+squeezing operator, below.
+
+So with that motivation
+we are now studying,
+
+what is the squeezing
+operator doing
+
+to quantum states of light?
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+I know I spent a
+lot of time on it.
+
+I could have taught this
+class by just saying, here
+
+is an operator, the
+squeezing operator.
+
+Trust me, it does
+wonderful things.
+
+And then we can
+work out everything.
+
+But I find his
+unsatisfying, so I
+
+wanted to show you what is
+really behind this operator.
+
+And I want you to
+have a feeling,
+
+where does this operator come
+from, and what is it doing?
+
+In essence, what I've
+introduced into our description
+
+is now an operator, which
+is creating and destroying
+
+pairs of photons.
+
+And this will actually
+do wonderful things
+
+to our quantum states.
+
+What are the properties
+of the squeezing operator?
+
+What is important
+is, it is unitary.
+
+It does a unitary
+time evolution.
+
+You may not see
+that immediately, so
+
+let me explain that.
+
+You know from your basic
+quantum mechanics course,
+
+that e to the i operator A is
+unitary, when A is Hermitian.
+
+So the squeezing operator--
+with the definition
+
+above-- can be written
+as, I factor out
+
+2 i's over 2 a squared
+minus a dega squared.
+
+And you can immediately
+verify that this part, here,
+
+is Hermitian.
+
+If you do the
+Hermitian conjugate,
+
+a squared turns
+into a dega squared.
+
+a dega squared turns
+into a squared.
+
+So we have a problem
+with a minus sign.
+
+But if you do the
+complex conjugate of i,
+
+this takes care
+of the minus sign.
+
+So this part is Hermitian.
+
+We multiply it with i,
+therefore this whole operator.
+
+Thus a unitary transformation
+in [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So after being familiar with
+this operator, we want to know,
+
+what is this operator doing?
+
+I can describe, now, what this
+operator does, in a Schrodinger
+
+picture, or in a
+Heisenberg picture.
+
+I pick whatever is
+more convenient.
+
+And for now, this is
+the Heisenberg picture.
+
+In the Heisenberg picture, what
+is changing are the operators.
+
+Therefore, in the
+Heisenberg picture,
+
+this unitary transformation
+transforms the operators.
+
+And we can study what happens
+when we transform the operator,
+
+x.
+
+The unitary transformation
+is done by-- the operator, x,
+
+is transformed by multiplying
+from the left side
+
+with S, from the righthand
+side with S dega.
+
+You are familiar with
+expressions like, this,
+
+and how to disentangle them.
+
+If you have an e to
+the i alpha, e to
+
+the minus alpha, if you
+could move the alpha past x.
+
+So if A and x commute,
+i A, minus i A
+
+would just give unity.
+
+So therefore, this
+expression is just
+
+x, unless you have non-Hermitian
+commutators between A and x.
+
+I think you have solved, in
+your basic mechanics course,
+
+many such problems which
+involve identities of that form.
+
+Then there are higher
+order commutator,
+
+the commutator of A with
+the commutator of a x.
+
+Unless one of those
+commutator vanishes,
+
+you can get an infinite series.
+
+Our operator, A, is nothing else
+than the annihilation operator,
+
+a squared minus the creation
+operator, a dega squared.
+
+So we can express everything
+in terms of a, and a dega.
+
+The position operator in
+our harmonic oscillator
+
+can also be expressed
+by a, and a dega.
+
+By doing elementary
+manipulations
+
+on the righthand side,
+and recouping terms,
+
+you find immediately that
+the unitary transformation
+
+of the Heisenberg operator, x,
+gives you an x operator back.
+
+But multiplied with an
+exponential, e to the r.
+
+And if we would do the same to
+the momentum operator, which
+
+is a minus a dega
+over square root 2,
+
+we will find that the unitary
+transformation of the momentum
+
+operator is de-amplifying
+the momentum
+
+operator by an
+exponential factor.
+
+If we would assume
+that we have a vacuum
+
+state in the
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+and while classically, it
+would be at x equals 0,
+
+p equals 0, quantum
+mechanically,
+
+we have single-point noise in
+x, and single-point noise in p.
+
+Then you would find that
+the squeezing operator is
+
+amplifying the
+quantum noise in x.
+
+But it squeezes, or
+reduces, the noise in p.
+
+If we apply this squeezing
+operator to the vacuum state,
+
+we obtain what is usually
+called, squeezed vacuum.
+
+And it means that, in this
+quasi-probability diagram,
+
+the action of the
+squeezing operator
+
+is turning the vacuum
+state into an ellipse.
+
+What happens to energy, here?
+
+The vacuum state is the
+lowest-energy state.
+
+If you now act with a
+squeezing operator to it,
+
+we obtain a state which
+has-- the same energy?
+
+Is it energy-conserving,
+or very high energy?
+
+AUDIENCE: Higher [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's no
+longer the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure, yeah.
+
+It's a vacuum state.
+
+We act on the
+vacuum state, but we
+
+get a state which is no
+longer the vacuum state.
+
+The reason why we
+have extra energy--
+
+the squeezed vacuum is
+very, very energetic.
+
+Because the squeezing operator
+had a dega squared, a squared.
+
+Well a squared, the annihilation
+operator acting on the vacuum,
+
+gives 0.
+
+But what we are creating now,
+we are acting on the vacuum,
+
+and we are creating
+pairs of photons.
+
+So we are adding, literally,
+energy to the system.
+
+And the energy, of course,
+comes from the drive laser,
+
+from the laser 2 omega 0, which
+delivers the energy in forms
+
+of photons which
+are split into half,
+
+and they go into
+our quantum field.
+
+In the limit of
+infinite squeezing--
+
+I will show it to
+you, mathematically,
+
+but it's nice to
+discuss it already here.
+
+In the limit of
+infinite squeezing,
+
+what is the state
+we are getting?
+
+AUDIENCE: Eigenstate
+of momentum.
+
+PROFESSOR: Eigenstate momentum.
+
+We get the p equals
+0 eigenstate.
+
+What is the energy of the
+p equals 0 eigenstate?
+
+AUDIENCE: Infinite.
+
+It has to contain
+all number states.
+
+PROFESSOR: It contains
+all number states?
+
+OK, you think immediately into
+number states, which is great.
+
+But in a more
+pedestrian way, the p
+
+equals 0 state has
+no kinetic energy.
+
+But if a state is localized
+in momentum, p equals 0,
+
+it has to be infinitely
+smeared out on the x-axis.
+
+And don't forget, we have an
+harmonic oscillator potential.
+
+If you have a particle which
+is completely delocalized in x,
+
+it has infinite potential
+energy at the wings.
+
+So therefore in the limit
+of extreme squeezing,
+
+we involve an extreme
+number of number states.
+
+Actually, I want to be more
+specific-- of photon pairs.
+
+We have states with 2n, and
+n can be infinitely large.
+
+But we'll see in the classical
+picture, what we get here
+
+when we squeeze it is,
+we get the p equals
+
+0 eigenstate, which has infinite
+energy, due to the harmonic
+
+oscillator potential.
+
+If we would allow
+with the system
+
+now, after we have squeezed
+it, to evolve for a quarter
+
+period in the
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+then the ellipse would turn
+into an vertical ellipse.
+
+So this is now an
+eigenstate of x.
+
+It's the x equals 0 eigenstate.
+
+But the x equals 0 eigenstate
+has also infinite energy,
+
+because due to Heisenberg's
+uncertainty relation,
+
+it involves momentum states
+of infinite momentum.
+
+Questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] a is
+the photon field, right?
+
+So p is roughly the
+electrical field, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's kind of that
+the electric field counts 0,
+
+and x is kind of the a,
+the-- and it-- because of
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+The electrical
+field is squeezed?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It means we
+have no electrical field?
+
+PROFESSOR: We'll come
+to that in a moment.
+
+I want to do a little bit
+more math, to show you.
+
+I wanted to derive for you
+an expression of the squeeze
+
+state, in number
+basis, and such.
+
+Your question
+mentioned something
+
+which is absolutely correct.
+
+By squeezing that, we
+have now the p-axis
+
+is the electric field axis.
+
+So now we have, actually, in
+the limit of infinite squeezing,
+
+we have an electric field which
+has no uncertainty anymore.
+
+By squeezing the coherent state
+into a momentum eigenstate,
+
+we have created a sharp
+value for the electric field.
+
+We have created an
+electric field eigenstate.
+
+Well you would say,
+it's pretty boring,
+
+because the only electric
+field state we have created
+
+is electric field e equals 0.
+
+But in the next
+half-hour, we want
+
+to discuss the
+displacement operator,
+
+and I will tell you what it is.
+
+That we can now
+move the ellipses,
+
+and move the circles,
+anywhere where we want.
+
+So once we have
+an electric field
+
+state which has a sharp value
+of the electric field at e
+
+equals 0, we can
+just translate it.
+
+But before you get too
+excited about having
+
+an eigenstate of
+the electric field,
+
+I want you to think
+about what happened
+
+after one quarter-period it
+of the harmonic oscillator
+
+frequency.
+
+It turns upside down,
+and your electric field
+
+has an infinite variance.
+
+That's what quantum
+mechanics tells us.
+
+We can create
+electric fields which
+
+are very precise, but
+only for a short moment.
+
+So in other words, this
+electric field state
+
+which we have created
+would have a sharp value.
+
+A moment later, it would
+be very smeared out,
+
+then it has a sharp
+value again, and then
+
+it's smeared out again.
+
+I mean, that's what
+squeezed states are.
+
+Other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+why [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's why we
+need homodyne detection.
+
+Yes, exactly.
+
+If we have squeezed something,
+which is sort of narrow,
+
+that's great for measurement.
+
+Now we can do a
+measurement of, maybe,
+
+a LIGO measurement for
+gravitational waves with higher
+
+precision, because
+we have a more
+
+precise value in
+our quantum state.
+
+But we have to look at
+it at the right time.
+
+We have to look
+at it synchronized
+
+with the harmonic motion.
+
+Homodyne detection means we
+look only at the sine component,
+
+or at the cosine component.
+
+Or if I want to simplify
+it, what you want to do
+
+is, if you have a
+state like this,
+
+you want to measure the
+electric field, so to speak,
+
+stroboscopically.
+
+You want to look at
+your system always when
+
+the ellipse is like this.
+
+The stroboscopic measurement
+is, as I will show you,
+
+in essence, a
+lock-in measurement,
+
+which is phase-sensitive.
+
+And this will be
+homodyne detection.
+
+So we can only take
+advantage of the squeezing,
+
+of having less uncertainty
+in one quadrature component,
+
+if you do phase-sensitive
+detection, which
+
+is homodyne detection.
+
+But now I'm already an
+hour ahead of the course.
+
+OK.
+
+Back to basics.
+
+We want to explicitly
+calculate, now,
+
+how does a squeezed
+vacuum look like.
+
+We actually want to do it
+twice, because it's useful.
+
+We have to see it in
+two different basis.
+
+One is, I want to write down
+the squeezed vacuum for you
+
+in a number representation.
+
+And then in a coherent
+state representation.
+
+The squeezing operator is an
+exponential function involving
+
+a squared, and a dega squared.
+
+And of course, we're now using
+the Taylor expansion of that.
+
+We are acting on
+the vacuum state.
+
+I will not do the calculation.
+
+It's again, elementary.
+
+You have n factorial, you have
+terms with a dega acts on c,
+
+well, you pay 2 photons.
+
+If it acts again, it
+adds 2 more photons,
+
+and the matrix element
+of a dega acting on n
+
+is square root n plus 1.
+
+You just sort of
+rearrange the terms.
+
+And what you find is,
+what I will write you down
+
+in the next line.
+
+The important thing you
+should immediately realize
+
+is, the squeeze state is
+something very special.
+
+It is the superposition
+of number states,
+
+but all number states are even
+because our squeezing operator
+
+creates pairs of photons.
+
+This is what the parametric
+down-conversion does.
+
+We inject photons
+into the vacuum,
+
+but always exactly in pairs.
+
+And therefore, it's
+not a random state.
+
+It's a highly correlated state
+with very special properties.
+
+OK.
+
+If you do the calculation
+and recoup the terms,
+
+you get factorials,
+you get 2 to the n,
+
+you get another factorial.
+
+You get hyperbolic tangent--
+sorry, to the power n.
+
+And the normalization is done
+by the square root of the cos
+
+function.
+
+And the more we
+squeeze, the larger
+
+are the amplitudes at
+higher and higher n.
+
+But this is also obvious from
+the graphic representation
+
+I've shown you.
+
+Let me add the coherent
+state representation.
+
+The coherence states are
+related to the number
+
+states in that way.
+
+If we transform now from number
+states to coherent states,
+
+the straightforward
+calculation gives, now,
+
+superposition over
+coherent states.
+
+Coherent states
+require an integral.
+
+e to the minus e to the
+r over 2, divided by--
+
+Anyway, all this
+expressions, they
+
+may not be in its general
+form, too illuminating.
+
+But those things can
+be done analytically.
+
+I just want to mention the
+interesting limiting case
+
+of infinite squeezing.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you do
+the integral over alpha,
+
+is this over like, a
+magnitude of alpha,
+
+or a real part, or [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I
+remember, but I'm not
+
+100% sure that
+alpha is real, here.
+
+I mean, it sort of
+makes sense, because we
+
+start with the vacuum state.
+
+And if we squeeze
+it, we are not really
+
+going into the
+imaginary direction.
+
+So I think what is involved
+here are only real alpha.
+
+AUDIENCE: For negative r,
+we should get [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: For negative r,
+we need imaginary state.
+
+AUDIENCE: So we
+should [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me double-check.
+
+I don't remember that.
+
+You know that,
+sometimes, I admit
+
+it, the issue-- if
+you research material,
+
+prepare a course some years
+ago, you forget certain things.
+
+If I prepared the lecture,
+and everything worked out
+
+yesterday, I would know that.
+
+But certain things
+you don't remember.
+
+As far as I know,
+it's the real axis.
+
+But I have to double-check.
+
+The limiting case
+is interesting.
+
+If r goes to infinity, you
+can show that this is simply
+
+the integral, d alpha
+over coherent states.
+
+We have discussed,
+graphically, the situation
+
+where we had-- so these
+are quasi-probabilities.
+
+In that case of
+infinite squeezing,
+
+we have the momentum
+eigenstate, p equals 0.
+
+This is the limit of the
+infinitely squeezed vacuum,
+
+and in a coherent
+state representation,
+
+it is the integral over
+coherent state alpha.
+
+I'm pretty sure alpha is
+real here, seeing that now.
+
+There is a second limit, which
+happens simply-- you can say,
+
+by rotation, or by time
+evolution-- which is the x
+
+equals 0 eigenstate.
+
+And this is proportional
+to the integral over alpha
+
+when we take the
+coherent state i alpha,
+
+and we integrate from
+minus to plus infinity.
+
+OK.
+
+So we have connected
+our squeezed states,
+
+the squeezed vacuum, with number
+states, with coherent states.
+
+Now we need one more thing.
+
+So far we've only
+squeezed the vacuum,
+
+and we have defined
+the squeezing operator
+
+that it takes a vacuum
+state and elongates it.
+
+In order to generate
+more general states,
+
+we want to get away
+from the origin.
+
+And this is done by the
+displacement operator.
+
+The definition of the
+displacement operator
+
+is given here.
+
+The displacement by
+a complex number,
+
+alpha, is done by putting
+alpha, and alpha star,
+
+into an exponential function.
+
+In many quantum
+mechanic courses,
+
+you show very easily the
+elementary properties.
+
+If the displacement
+operator is used
+
+to transform the annihilation
+operator, it just does that.
+
+If you take the complex
+conjugate of it--
+
+so in other words,
+what that means is,
+
+it's called the
+displacement operator,
+
+I just take that
+as the definition.
+
+But you immediately
+see why it's called
+
+the displacement
+operator when we
+
+do the unitary transformation
+of the annihilation operator,
+
+we get the annihilation operator
+displaced by a complex number.
+
+So the action,
+the transformation
+
+of the annihilation operator
+is the annihilator operator
+
+itself, minus a c number.
+
+So therefore, we say, the
+annihilation operator data
+
+has been displaced.
+
+So this is the action of
+the displacement operator
+
+on an operator-- on the
+annihilation operator.
+
+The question is now, how does
+the displacement operator
+
+act on quantum states?
+
+And the simplest quantum
+state we want to test out
+
+is the vacuum state.
+
+And well, not surprisingly,
+the displacement operator,
+
+displacing the vector
+state by alpha,
+
+is creating the
+coherent state, alpha.
+
+This can be proven in one line.
+
+We take our displaced
+vacuum, and we act on it
+
+with the annihilation operator.
+
+If we act with the annihilation
+operator on something,
+
+and we get the same thing
+back times an eigenvalue,
+
+we know it's a coherent state.
+
+Because this was the
+definition of coherent states.
+
+So therefore, in order to show
+that this is a coherent state,
+
+we want to show that it's an
+eigenstate of the annihilation
+
+operator.
+
+So this is what we want to do.
+
+The proof is very easy.
+
+By multiplying this expression
+with unity, which is DD dega,
+
+we have this.
+
+And now we can use the
+result for the transformation
+
+of operators.
+
+Namely, that this is simply
+the annihilation operator,
+
+plus alpha.
+
+If the annihilation operator
+acts on the vacuum state,
+
+we get 0.
+
+If alpha acts on the vacuum
+state, we get alpha times 0.
+
+So therefore, what
+we obtain is that.
+
+When the annihilation
+operator acts on this state,
+
+we get alpha times the state,
+and therefore the state
+
+is a coherent state
+with eigenvalue alpha.
+
+In a graphical way, if
+you have a vacuum state
+
+the displacement operator, D
+alpha, takes a vacuum state
+
+and creates a
+coherent state alpha.
+
+If you want to have squeezed
+states with a finite value,
+
+well, we just discussed
+the electric field.
+
+Related to the
+harmonic oscillator,
+
+we want squeeze
+states, which are not
+
+centered at the origin, which
+have a finite value of x or p.
+
+We can now create them by
+first squeezing the vacuum,
+
+and then displacing the state.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+physical realization
+
+of the displacement operator?
+
+PROFESSOR: What is the
+physical realization
+
+of the displacement operator?
+
+Just one second.
+
+The physical representation
+of the displacement operator--
+
+we'll do that on Monday--
+is the following.
+
+If you pass an arbitrary state
+through a beam splitter--
+
+but it's a beam splitter
+which has very, very
+
+high transmission-- and then,
+from the-- I'll just show that.
+
+If you have a state-- this
+is a beam splitter-- which
+
+has a very high transmission,
+T is approximately 1,
+
+then the state passes through.
+
+But then from the other
+side of the beam splitter,
+
+you come with a very
+strong coherent state.
+
+You have a coherent state
+which is characterized
+
+by a large complex number, beta.
+
+And then there is a
+reflection coefficient,
+
+r, which is very small.
+
+It sort of reflects the coherent
+state with an amplitude r beta.
+
+If you mix together the
+transmitted state and r
+
+beta-- I will show
+that to you explicitly,
+
+by doing a quantum treatment
+of the beam splitter--
+
+what you get is,
+the initial state
+
+is pretty much transmitted
+without attenuation.
+
+But the reflected part of
+the strong coherent state--
+
+you compensate for the
+small r by a large beta--
+
+does actually an exact
+displacement of r beta.
+
+It's actually great.
+
+The beam splitter is
+a wonderful device.
+
+You think you have a
+displacement operator
+
+formulated with a's
+and a dega's, it
+
+looks like something extract.
+
+But you can go to the lab,
+simply get one beam splitter,
+
+take a strong laser
+beam, and whatever
+
+you send through
+the beam splitter
+
+gets displaced, gets acted
+upon by the beam splitter.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You showed the
+displacement operator, when
+
+you acted on the vacuum state,
+will displace the vacuum
+
+state to a state alpha.
+
+Does it still hold
+if you acted on,
+
+like another coherent state.
+
+Or in this case, a
+squeeze state like that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+I haven't shown it,
+but it's really--
+
+it displaces-- When we
+use this representation
+
+with quasi-probabilities,
+it simply
+
+does a displacement
+in the plane.
+
+But no.
+
+To be honest, when I say it does
+a displacement on the plane,
+
+it reminds me that we
+have three different ways
+
+of defining quasi-probabilities.
+
+The w, the p, and
+the q representation.
+
+I know we use it all the
+time, that we displace things
+
+in the plane.
+
+But I'm wondering if the
+displacement operator does
+
+an exact displacement of
+all representations, or only
+
+of the q representation.
+
+That's something I
+don't know for sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was thinking it
+could also, like-- I mean,
+
+are you going to be able to
+displace all types of light,
+
+like thermal light, or any
+representation of light
+
+that you could put in, is the
+same displacement operator
+
+going to work?
+
+Or is its domain just the
+vacuum and coherent states?
+
+PROFESSOR: The fact is,
+the coherent states--
+
+I've shown you that
+it's a vacuum state.
+
+I know that's the next thing to
+show, the displacement operator
+
+if you have a displacement
+by alpha followed
+
+by displacement by beta,
+it is equal to displacement
+
+by alpha plus beta.
+
+So displacement
+operator forms a group,
+
+and if you do two
+displacements, they
+
+equal into one area
+of displacement,
+
+which is the sum of
+two complex numbers.
+
+What I'm just saying, if you
+do the first displacement
+
+you can get an arbitrarily
+coherent state.
+
+So therefore, the
+displacement operator
+
+is exactly displacing
+a coherent state
+
+by the argument of the
+displacement operator.
+
+And now if you take an
+arbitrary quantum state
+
+and expand it into coherent
+states-- coherent states are
+
+not only complete,
+they are over-complete.
+
+All you have done is,
+you've done a displacement.
+
+Now the over-completeness,
+of course,
+
+means you have to
+think about it,
+
+because you can represent
+states in more than one way
+
+by coherent states.
+
+But if you have
+your representation,
+
+you just displace
+it, and this is
+
+the result of the
+displacement operator.
+
+So since the q
+representation is simply,
+
+you take the
+statistical operator
+
+and look for the
+elements in alpha,
+
+and if you displace alpha,
+the q representation
+
+has been moved around.
+
+So I'm sure that for
+the q representation,
+
+for the q quasi-probabilities,
+the displacement operator
+
+shifted around in this place.
+
+For the w and p
+representation, I'm not sure.
+
+Maybe there's an
+expert in the audience
+
+who knows more
+about it than I do.
+
+OK.
+
+We have just five minutes left.
+
+I want to discuss now
+the electric field
+
+of squeezed states.
+
+And for that, let
+me load a picture.
+
+Insert picture.
+
+Classroom files.
+
+Let us discuss, now, the
+electric field of squeezed
+
+states.
+
+Just as a reminder, we can
+discuss the electric field
+
+by using the quasi-probability
+representation.
+
+And the electric field
+is the projection
+
+of the quasi-probabilities
+on the vertical axis.
+
+And then the time evolution
+is, that everything rotates
+
+with omega in this
+complex plane.
+
+We discussed it already.
+
+For coherent state, we have
+a circle which rotates.
+
+Therefore, the projected
+fuzziness of the electric field
+
+is always the same.
+
+And as time goes by, we have
+a sinusoidal-bearing electric
+
+field.
+
+Let me just make one comment.
+
+If you look into the literature,
+some people actually say,
+
+the electric field
+is the projection
+
+on the horizontal axis.
+
+So there are people who say,
+the electric field is given
+
+by the x-coordinate of
+the harmonic oscillator,
+
+whereas I'm telling you,
+it's the p-coordinate.
+
+Well, if you think
+one person is wrong,
+
+I would suggest you just
+wait a quarter-period
+
+of the harmonic oscillator, and
+then the other person is right.
+
+It's really just a
+phase convention.
+
+What do you assume
+to be t equals
+
+0-- it's really arbitrary.
+
+But here in this course,
+I will use the projections
+
+on the vertical axis.
+
+OK.
+
+If you project the number
+state, we get always,
+
+0 electric field, with
+a large uncertainty.
+
+So that's just a reminder.
+
+But now we have
+a squeezed state.
+
+It's a displaced squeezed state.
+
+If you project it
+onto the y-axis,
+
+we have first some
+large uncertainty.
+
+I think this plot assumes that
+we rotate with negative time,
+
+so I apologize for that.
+
+You can just invert
+time, if you want.
+
+So after a quarter-period,
+the ellipse is now horizontal,
+
+and that means the electric
+field is very sharp.
+
+As time goes by, you
+see that the uncertainty
+
+of the electric field
+is large, small, large,
+
+small-- it modulates.
+
+It can become very extreme,
+when you do extreme squeezing,
+
+so you have an extremely precise
+value of the electric field,
+
+here, but you've a large
+uncertainty, there.
+
+Sometimes you want
+to accurately measure
+
+the 0 crossing of
+the electric field.
+
+This may be something
+which interests you,
+
+for an experiment.
+
+In that case, you
+actually want to have
+
+an ellipse which is
+horizontally squeezed.
+
+Now, whenever the
+electric field is 0,
+
+there is very little noise.
+
+But after a quarter-period,
+when the electric field
+
+reaches its maximum,
+you have a lot of noise.
+
+So it's sort of your choice
+which way you squeeze.
+
+Whether you want the
+electric field to be precise,
+
+have little fluctuations
+when it goes through 0,
+
+or when it goes
+through the maximum.
+
+So what we have done
+here is, we have first
+
+created the squeezed
+vacuum, and then we
+
+have acted on it with a
+displacement operator.
+
+OK.
+
+I think that's a
+good moment to stop.
+
+Let me just say what I wanted
+to take from this picture.
+
+The fact that the electric
+field is precise only
+
+at certain moments means that
+we can only take advantage of it
+
+when we do a
+phase-sensitive detection.
+
+We only want to
+sort of, measure,
+
+the electric field
+when it's sharp.
+
+Or-- this is equivalent-- we
+should regard light is always
+
+composed of two
+quadrature components.
+
+You can say, the cosine,
+the sine oscillation, the x,
+
+and the p.
+
+And the squeezing is
+squeezed in one quadrature,
+
+by it is elongated in
+the other quadrature.
+
+Therefore, we want to
+be phase-sensitive.
+
+We want to pick out
+either the cosine omega
+
+T, or the sine
+omega T oscillation.
+
+This is sort of,
+homodyne detection.
+
+We'll discuss it on Monday.
+
+Any question?
+
+OK.
+
+Good.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QdE66s-3BNw.txt b/QdE66s-3BNw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a6b39928a762c6bc8659c1522dd899a188aaf97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QdE66s-3BNw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+richard enough phil here again pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard enough phil here again pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard enough phil here again pleasure
+to talk with you and for this session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk with you and for this session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk with you and for this session
+i'm going to talk about porcupine graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about porcupine graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to talk about porcupine graphs
+it's all part of this topic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all part of this topic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all part of this topic of the
+forecast being always wrong not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast being always wrong not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast being always wrong not every
+single time but in general we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time but in general we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time but in general we can't
+count on it being right and let's expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on it being right and let's expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on it being right and let's expect
+it the reality that we face during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the reality that we face during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the reality that we face during the
+our project lifetime is not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project lifetime is not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our project lifetime is not what we
+anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what's a porcupine graph well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a porcupine graph well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a porcupine graph well let me
+first to describe what a porcupine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to describe what a porcupine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to describe what a porcupine
+animal is in case you don't know it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is in case you don't know it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is in case you don't know it or
+haven't seen it the porcupine is a north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it the porcupine is a north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen it the porcupine is a north
+american animal maybe exists elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american animal maybe exists elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american animal maybe exists elsewhere
+also i think it does but i'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i think it does but i'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i think it does but i'm not an
+expert in the area but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in the area but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in the area but the important
+thing about a porcupine is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about a porcupine is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about a porcupine is that it is
+animal four-footed small about the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal four-footed small about the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal four-footed small about the size
+of a small dog and it has a large spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small dog and it has a large spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a small dog and it has a large spikes
+on it that go up from its back and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it that go up from its back and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it that go up from its back and as
+you can see in this example here they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in this example here they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in this example here they go
+all back in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all back in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all back in a variety of ways
+in many different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different directions
+and what i'm going to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to show you is
+some forecast which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forecast which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forecast which
+contrasts with the as with the porcupine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts with the as with the porcupine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts with the as with the porcupine
+that contrast with the actual back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contrast with the actual back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contrast with the actual back of
+the porcupine which in this case goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the porcupine which in this case goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the porcupine which in this case goes
+down from its head down towards his tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from its head down towards his tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from its head down towards his tail
+but the forecasts go up like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the forecasts go up like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the forecasts go up like this like
+my fingers on my hand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fingers on my hand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my fingers on my hand but
+are like the spines on a porcupine let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the spines on a porcupine let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like the spines on a porcupine let's
+take a look at what those might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at what those might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at what those might be
+here's the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the first one
+this is an old one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an old one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an old one
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+has a lot of history around mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of history around mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of history around mit
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's called the nerf fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the nerf fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the nerf fan
+the new england regional forecast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new england regional forecast for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new england regional forecast for
+the use of electricity over a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of electricity over a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of electricity over a long
+period from about 1960 to about 1990 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from about 1960 to about 1990 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period from about 1960 to about 1990 and
+what you see is that the actual growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that the actual growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that the actual growth
+was sort of exponential at a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of exponential at a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of exponential at a reasonable
+rate and then later on it sort of fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then later on it sort of fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and then later on it sort of fell
+off and leveled off meanwhile during all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and leveled off meanwhile during all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and leveled off meanwhile during all
+this period the forecast kept going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period the forecast kept going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period the forecast kept going up
+uh as you can see this is the porcupine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you can see this is the porcupine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as you can see this is the porcupine
+the spines going up but the actual use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spines going up but the actual use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spines going up but the actual use
+was done now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done now
+the first one that grow up is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that grow up is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that grow up is an
+extension of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the original
+use so you can just imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so you can just imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so you can just imagine the
+exponential going on but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential going on but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential going on but what's
+interesting is that while over the 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that while over the 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that while over the 10
+years or so while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so while the
+graph flattened out as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph flattened out as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph flattened out as you can see the
+big dark line flattened out people kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dark line flattened out people kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big dark line flattened out people kept
+projecting as if it went up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting as if it went up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting as if it went up again
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+they knew somehow that it was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew somehow that it was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew somehow that it was going to
+go to where it had been even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to where it had been even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to where it had been even though the
+world has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has changed
+this is remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is remarkable
+but this is not the unique case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not the unique case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not the unique case this is
+an old one but here is another one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old one but here is another one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old one but here is another one a
+very recent one for the last few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recent one for the last few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very recent one for the last few years
+of the in the teens of the uh 2010 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the in the teens of the uh 2010 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the in the teens of the uh 2010 to
+about 2017
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2017
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2017
+the u.s consumption of ab fuel aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s consumption of ab fuel aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s consumption of ab fuel aviation
+fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel
+so the actual consumption was this black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual consumption was this black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the actual consumption was this black
+line which goes bounces up and down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which goes bounces up and down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which goes bounces up and down at
+the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom
+and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those
+uh things going up they're the forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things going up they're the forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things going up they're the forecast
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you'd say well my goodness how could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say well my goodness how could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say well my goodness how could
+this be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+it's possible to know that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to know that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to know that the number of
+people flying in the united states has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people flying in the united states has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people flying in the united states has
+in fact increased remarkably over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact increased remarkably over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact increased remarkably over this
+period how is it possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period how is it possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period how is it possible that
+consumption of our fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of our fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of our fuel
+didn't grow along with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't grow along with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't grow along with it
+well the answer is that there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is that there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is that there have been
+developments of newer aircraft that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments of newer aircraft that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments of newer aircraft that are
+more fuel efficient people go in larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fuel efficient people go in larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fuel efficient people go in larger
+planes rather smaller planes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes rather smaller planes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes rather smaller planes which are
+less sufficient in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less sufficient in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less sufficient in terms of
+consumption of fuel per seat mile and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of fuel per seat mile and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of fuel per seat mile and so
+that there's been a technological change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been a technological change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's been a technological change
+so you can explain that in terms of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can explain that in terms of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can explain that in terms of well
+yeah now we can see that would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now we can see that would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah now we can see that would happen
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+but what's remarkable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's remarkable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's remarkable is
+the that the experts in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the experts in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that the experts in the area
+making these forecasts got it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these forecasts got it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these forecasts got it wrong
+they got it wrong the first time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got it wrong the first time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got it wrong the first time okay
+but why did they not correct it later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why did they not correct it later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why did they not correct it later on
+it went down but we'll go up again we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went down but we'll go up again we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went down but we'll go up again we'll
+go up again but it doesn't happen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up again but it doesn't happen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up again but it doesn't happen that
+way in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in fact
+and it wasn't as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't as if
+that the switch from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the switch from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the switch from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+less efficient aircraft to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less efficient aircraft to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less efficient aircraft to more
+efficient aircraft wasn't obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient aircraft wasn't obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient aircraft wasn't obvious
+because you know it takes a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it takes a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know it takes a long time to
+manufacture aircraft and people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture aircraft and people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture aircraft and people who are
+experts in the area could see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the area could see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the area could see the
+aircraft coming down the production line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft coming down the production line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft coming down the production line
+knowing down to the fleets so they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing down to the fleets so they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing down to the fleets so they know
+what will be happening this has not come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be happening this has not come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will be happening this has not come
+as a surprise oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a surprise oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a surprise oops
+united airlines has gotten us a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united airlines has gotten us a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united airlines has gotten us a lot of
+new aircraft for example this is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new aircraft for example this is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new aircraft for example this is well
+known in advance but nonetheless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in advance but nonetheless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in advance but nonetheless the
+experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts
+create what amounts to a porcupine graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create what amounts to a porcupine graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create what amounts to a porcupine graph
+i say they created they don't do it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say they created they don't do it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i say they created they don't do it on
+purpose it's just that when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose it's just that when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose it's just that when we look
+backwards at it and say what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards at it and say what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards at it and say what was the
+forecast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and
+what actually happened that we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happened that we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what actually happened that we observe
+here as in so many cases a porcupine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as in so many cases a porcupine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as in so many cases a porcupine
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is another one this is also coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is another one this is also coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is another one this is also coming
+back to my experience at airports this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my experience at airports this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my experience at airports this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+now a notorious one in the field this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a notorious one in the field this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a notorious one in the field this is
+the forecast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forecast for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forecast for
+terminal areas that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal areas that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal areas that means
+this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of
+operations operations being flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations operations being flights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations operations being flights
+meaning landings and takeoff that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning landings and takeoff that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning landings and takeoff that's an
+operation the number of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the number of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation the number of operations
+within metropolitan areas new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within metropolitan areas new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within metropolitan areas new york
+washington san francisco chicago texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington san francisco chicago texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington san francisco chicago texas
+houston and so forth so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houston and so forth so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houston and so forth so these are the
+forecasts so they the line consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts so they the line consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts so they the line consistently
+going down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+is what actually happened and all during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what actually happened and all during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what actually happened and all during
+this period the agency responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period the agency responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period the agency responsible for
+these forecasts which i will spare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forecasts which i will spare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forecasts which i will spare them
+the uh notice of which they were but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh notice of which they were but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh notice of which they were but
+the agency while this was happening they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency while this was happening they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agency while this was happening they
+projected this this is a now a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected this this is a now a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected this this is a now a classic
+version of the porcupine graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the porcupine graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the porcupine graph
+that happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens now
+how is this possible i mean if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this possible i mean if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this possible i mean if you're
+observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+drop of what's happening and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of what's happening and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop of what's happening and you know
+why it's happening because you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's happening because you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's happening because you know how
+the airlines are scheduling their fleets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airlines are scheduling their fleets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airlines are scheduling their fleets
+and everything why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything why is it
+that the forecasts are whoops in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the forecasts are whoops in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the forecasts are whoops in the
+wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction
+what is it that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that's happening
+because this is not just this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not just this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is not just this case this
+is a case that happens again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case that happens again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case that happens again and again
+why is this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well
+the fact is that very often experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is that very often experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is that very often experts
+don't learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't learn
+uh they know better or they think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they know better or they think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they know better or they think they
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+whatever it is that somehow it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that somehow it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is that somehow it happens
+again and again as i've shown through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again as i've shown through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again as i've shown through
+three examples but there are plenty more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples but there are plenty more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples but there are plenty more
+and people send me more examples all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people send me more examples all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people send me more examples all the
+time because it's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because it's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because it's such a
+sort of strange phenomenon but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of strange phenomenon but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of strange phenomenon but the
+experts in the field don't acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the field don't acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in the field don't acknowledge
+don't digest don't take on board the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't digest don't take on board the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't digest don't take on board the
+fact that the world has changed and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the world has changed and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the world has changed and they
+don't predict uh accurately there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't predict uh accurately there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't predict uh accurately there
+there's mental biases going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mental biases going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's mental biases going on in the
+profession which lead to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession which lead to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profession which lead to this thing
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+uh porcupine graphs which is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh porcupine graphs which is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh porcupine graphs which is another
+example of why the forecasts are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of why the forecasts are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of why the forecasts are always
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R-5hjmV-bdY.txt b/R-5hjmV-bdY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f52e4ba9cc95902d788fbf73e987c7197d7bb81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R-5hjmV-bdY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+pration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pration the
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+uh so you should look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you should look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you should look at what the
+inventor said so what did shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor said so what did shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor said so what did shinger
+say sheringer thought that s represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sheringer thought that s represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sheringer thought that s represents
+particles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that
+disintegrate you have a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrate you have a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrate you have a wave function
+and the wave function is spread all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave function is spread all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave function is spread all over
+space so the particle has disintegrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the particle has disintegrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the particle has disintegrated
+completely and wherever you find more P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and wherever you find more P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely and wherever you find more P
+more of the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the particle is
+there that was his interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that was his interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that was his interpretation
+um then came Max Bourne and he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then came Max Bourne and he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then came Max Bourne and he said that
+doesn't look right to me uh if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right to me uh if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right to me uh if I have a
+particle I solve the shinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I solve the shinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle I solve the shinger equation
+everybody started solve in the shular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody started solve in the shular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody started solve in the shular
+equation so they solved it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so they solved it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so they solved it for a
+particle that hits a Kum potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that hits a Kum potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that hits a Kum potential and
+they find that the wave function falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that the wave function falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find that the wave function falls
+off like one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like one /
+R okay the wave function falls off like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay the wave function falls off like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay the wave function falls off like
+one / R so it's the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one / R so it's the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one / R so it's the particle
+disintegrating and uh if you measure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrating and uh if you measure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrating and uh if you measure you
+get a little bit of the particle here no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit of the particle here no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little bit of the particle here no
+maxb said we've done this experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxb said we've done this experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxb said we've done this experiment the
+particles chooses some way to go and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles chooses some way to go and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles chooses some way to go and it
+goes one way and when you measure sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes one way and when you measure sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes one way and when you measure sure
+you get the full particle particle never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disintegrates okay so shinger hated what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrates okay so shinger hated what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrates okay so shinger hated what
+mabor said Einstein hated it uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mabor said Einstein hated it uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mabor said Einstein hated it uh but
+never mind uh Max borne was right uh Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind uh Max borne was right uh Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind uh Max borne was right uh Max
+Bourne said it represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne said it represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bourne said it represents
+probabilities and of why did they hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and of why did they hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and of why did they hate
+it because suddenly you lose determinism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because suddenly you lose determinism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because suddenly you lose determinism
+you can just talk about probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just talk about probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just talk about probability so
+that that was sort of funny and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was sort of funny and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was sort of funny and in fact
+neither Einstein nor shringer ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither Einstein nor shringer ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither Einstein nor shringer ever
+reconcil themselves with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcil themselves with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcil themselves with the
+probabilistic interpretation they never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic interpretation they never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic interpretation they never
+quite liked it uh it's probably said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite liked it uh it's probably said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite liked it uh it's probably said
+that the whole shering or cut experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole shering or cut experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole shering or cut experiment
+was a way of shinger to try to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way of shinger to try to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way of shinger to try to say how
+ridiculous the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous the probability
+interpretation was uh of course it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation was uh of course it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation was uh of course it's not
+ridiculous is right and uh the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous is right and uh the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous is right and uh the important
+thing um is summarized I think with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um is summarized I think with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing um is summarized I think with one
+sentence here I'll write it s of x and t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here I'll write it s of x and t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here I'll write it s of x and t
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+tell how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how
+much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is at
+X at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ability to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it at X at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at X at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at X at time
+T so it's in in one sentence the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so it's in in one sentence the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so it's in in one sentence the first
+Clause is what tranger say and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause is what tranger say and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause is what tranger say and it's not
+that it's not what fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not what fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not what fraction of the
+particle you get how much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you get how much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you get how much of the
+particle you get it's uh the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you get it's uh the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you get it's uh the probability
+of getting it but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting it but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting it but that
+requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires
+um a little more Precision because if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little more Precision because if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little more Precision because if a
+particle can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle can be
+anywhere uh the probability of being at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh the probability of being at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere uh the probability of being at
+one point typically will be zero it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point typically will be zero it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point typically will be zero it's a
+continuous probability distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous probability distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous probability distribution so
+the way we think of this is with say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think of this is with say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we think of this is with say we
+have a point x around that point x we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point x around that point x we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a point x around that point x we
+construct a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a little
+Cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dqx and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dqx and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dqx and the
+probability probability DP the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability DP the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability probability DP the little
+probability to find the particle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to find the particle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to find the particle at
+x t in the cube within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t in the cube within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x t in the cube within the
+cube the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube the
+cube is is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube is is equal
+to the value of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the value of the wave
+function at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at that
+point Norm squar times the volume D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cux so that's the probability to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cux so that's the probability to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cux so that's the probability to find
+the particle at that little Cube you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle at that little Cube you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle at that little Cube you
+must find the square of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must find the square of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must find the square of the wave
+function and uh multiply by the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh multiply by the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh multiply by the little
+element of volume so that gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of volume so that gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of volume so that gives you the
+probab ility distribution and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probab ility distribution and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probab ility distribution and that's
+really what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what the
+interpretation means so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation means so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation means so
+uh it better be if you have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it better be if you have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it better be if you have a single
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+particle it better be that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it better be that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it better be that the integral
+all over space all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over space all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over space all over
+space of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of s
+squar of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar of x and
+t squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t squar
+must be equal to one because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to one because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to one because the
+particle must be found somewhere and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle must be found somewhere and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle must be found somewhere and the
+sum of the probabilities to be found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the probabilities to be found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the probabilities to be found
+everywhere must add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere must add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere must add up to
+one so it better be that this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it better be that this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it better be that this is true
+and uh this poses a a set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this poses a a set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this poses a a set of uh
+difficulties um that we have to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties um that we have to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties um that we have to explore
+because you wrote a shinger equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you wrote a shinger equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you wrote a shinger equation and
+this shinger equation tells you how P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shinger equation tells you how P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shinger equation tells you how P
+evolve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve in
+time now a point I want to emphasize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now a point I want to emphasize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now a point I want to emphasize is
+that the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the shinger
+equation says suppose you know the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says suppose you know the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says suppose you know the wave
+function all over space you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all over space you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all over space you know it
+here at some time T not the Shing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at some time T not the Shing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at some time T not the Shing
+equation implies that that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation implies that that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation implies that that determines
+the wave function for any time why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function for any time why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function for any time why
+because if you know the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know the wave function
+throughout X you can calculate the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout X you can calculate the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout X you can calculate the right
+hand side of this equation for any X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this equation for any X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of this equation for any X and
+then you know how side changes in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know how side changes in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know how side changes in time
+and therefore you can integrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can integrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can integrate with
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+computer the differential equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer the differential equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer the differential equation and
+find the wave function at a later time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the wave function at a later time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the wave function at a later time
+all over space and then at a later time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over space and then at a later time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over space and then at a later time
+so knowing the wave function at one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knowing the wave function at one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knowing the wave function at one time
+determin is the wave function at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin is the wave function at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determin is the wave function at all
+times so we could run into a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we could run into a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so we could run into a big problem
+which is suppose your wave function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is suppose your wave function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is suppose your wave function at
+some time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time T
+not satisfies this at the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not satisfies this at the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not satisfies this at the initial
+time well you cannot force the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well you cannot force the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well you cannot force the wave
+function to satisfy it at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to satisfy it at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to satisfy it at any time
+because the wave function now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the wave function now is
+determined by the Shing or equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the Shing or equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the Shing or equation so
+you have the possibility that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the possibility that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the possibility that you
+normalize the wave function well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize the wave function well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize the wave function well it
+makes sense at some time but the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense at some time but the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense at some time but the shinger
+equation later by time Evolution gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation later by time Evolution gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation later by time Evolution gives
+you another thing that doesn't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another thing that doesn't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another thing that doesn't satisfy
+this for all times so what we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all times so what we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for all times so what we will have
+to understand next time is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand next time is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand next time is how the
+shinger equation does the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation does the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation does the right thing
+and manages to make this consistent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manages to make this consistent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manages to make this consistent if
+it's a probability at some time at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a probability at some time at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a probability at some time at a
+later time it will still be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time it will still be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later time it will still be a
+probability distribution
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R8WOnNX8v9E.txt b/R8WOnNX8v9E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00cf12a880aaf155b5b098ff1c661f9c80437fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R8WOnNX8v9E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alrights litigious stuff out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrights litigious stuff out of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alrights litigious stuff out of the way
+the next thing I'm going to do is talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing I'm going to do is talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing I'm going to do is talk a
+little bit about what the class is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what the class is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what the class is how
+it's going to be structured what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be structured what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be structured what you can
+expect because many of you showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect because many of you showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect because many of you showed up
+here to learn unity I imagine and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to learn unity I imagine and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to learn unity I imagine and there
+will be some learning of unity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some learning of unity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some learning of unity but
+they're also the great service of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also the great service of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also the great service of coming
+together is to get to know other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is to get to know other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is to get to know other people
+and to work with other people so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to work with other people so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to work with other people so the
+next two weeks is about learning some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two weeks is about learning some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two weeks is about learning some
+new people's names learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people's names learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people's names learning how to
+communicate with them about the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with them about the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with them about the thing
+that you want to build working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to build working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to build working with
+other people to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people to come up with a
+collaborative vision so it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative vision so it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative vision so it's not just
+about sitting and like watching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sitting and like watching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sitting and like watching a
+tutorial and learning how to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial and learning how to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial and learning how to do the
+technical aspects of things like we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical aspects of things like we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical aspects of things like we are
+gathered here and I feel like we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered here and I feel like we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered here and I feel like we should
+take advantage of that again the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of that again the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of that again the point
+of doing this is like and it's okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this is like and it's okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this is like and it's okay I'm
+sorry if you lose three hours today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you lose three hours today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you lose three hours today and
+you decide that you don't want to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide that you don't want to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide that you don't want to be a
+part of this class because I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class because I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class because I want you
+guys to talk too much and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to talk too much and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to talk too much and stuff like
+that no hurt feelings like it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no hurt feelings like it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no hurt feelings like it's no
+problem there's video tutorials I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's video tutorials I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there's video tutorials I'll
+point you to great resources if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you to great resources if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you to great resources if you want
+to come work with other humans this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come work with other humans this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come work with other humans this is
+the place to be so the next thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place to be so the next thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place to be so the next thing I'm
+going to talk about well mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about well mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about well mark
+emotionally prepares to start teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally prepares to start teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally prepares to start teaching
+is what to expect over the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what to expect over the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what to expect over the next two
+weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and so today and it's so today we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today and it's so today we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today and it's so today we are
+going to have a brief intro and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a brief intro and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a brief intro and thinking
+you have some interest stuff you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some interest stuff you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some interest stuff you want to
+go over it sure alright so brief intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then groups you're gonna get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then groups you're gonna get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then groups you're gonna get into
+small groups now that you have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small groups now that you have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small groups now that you have heard
+some things about other people I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about other people I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about other people I'm gonna
+encourage you to like try to make eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to like try to make eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to like try to make eye
+contact with others at points and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with others at points and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with others at points and like
+go sit down next to smiley people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go sit down next to smiley people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go sit down next to smiley people and
+work with them so we're gonna get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them so we're gonna get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with them so we're gonna get into
+small groups and we're gonna go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small groups and we're gonna go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small groups and we're gonna go through
+the rollerball tutorial which is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rollerball tutorial which is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rollerball tutorial which is on the
+unity website but it makes it so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity website but it makes it so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity website but it makes it so much
+more fun when you have friends to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun when you have friends to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun when you have friends to do it
+with so I'll tell you a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I'll tell you a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I'll tell you a little bit more
+about what you will do you'll like sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you will do you'll like sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you will do you'll like sit
+down in a group of like three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in a group of like three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in a group of like three or four
+one of you will volunteer your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you will volunteer your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you will volunteer your computer
+to be the one where you watch the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the one where you watch the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the one where you watch the video
+the rest of you will open up unity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you will open up unity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of you will open up unity on
+your computer and then you will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer and then you will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer and then you will go
+through the tutorial together and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the tutorial together and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the tutorial together and make
+sure everyone has a chance to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everyone has a chance to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everyone has a chance to actually
+like move the mouse and click on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move the mouse and click on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like move the mouse and click on the
+thing and do that and you're gonna pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and do that and you're gonna pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and do that and you're gonna pause
+it when it feels natural and right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it feels natural and right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when it feels natural and right and
+you're gonna challenge each other to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna challenge each other to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna challenge each other to do
+small modifications like they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small modifications like they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small modifications like they're gonna
+have you put a ball on the screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you put a ball on the screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you put a ball on the screen and
+you're gonna say to your friend hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna say to your friend hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna say to your friend hey
+tryin to make it blue hey try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryin to make it blue hey try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryin to make it blue hey try to make
+four balls hey try to do this and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four balls hey try to do this and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four balls hey try to do this and you're
+gonna try to like kind of make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to like kind of make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to like kind of make it a
+little more interactive and fun with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interactive and fun with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more interactive and fun with us
+within a small group and you're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a small group and you're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a small group and you're gonna do
+that for about two hours and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for about two hours and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for about two hours and hopefully
+it'll be fun and you'll bond I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be fun and you'll bond I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be fun and you'll bond I'm gonna
+be cute if you end up in a group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cute if you end up in a group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cute if you end up in a group that
+you don't like no worries tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like no worries tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like no worries tomorrow
+you'll fly a new group so tomorrow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll fly a new group so tomorrow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll fly a new group so tomorrow you
+will have been exposed to like and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have been exposed to like and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have been exposed to like and this
+is like the tutorial it's like so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the tutorial it's like so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the tutorial it's like so well
+made and it's like crafted to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and it's like crafted to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and it's like crafted to teach
+people unity for the first time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people unity for the first time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people unity for the first time and then
+tomorrow we're gonna come in we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we're gonna come in we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we're gonna come in we're gonna
+do something to make ourselves feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something to make ourselves feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something to make ourselves feel a
+little less shy and we're gonna say our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less shy and we're gonna say our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less shy and we're gonna say our
+names again so maybe people will feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names again so maybe people will feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names again so maybe people will feel
+more comfortable looking us in the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable looking us in the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comfortable looking us in the eye
+and connecting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connecting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connecting and
+and we're gonna talk about something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna talk about something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna talk about something I
+forget there's like a 30 minute thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget there's like a 30 minute thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget there's like a 30 minute thing
+where I'm gonna talk to you I try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm gonna talk to you I try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm gonna talk to you I try not to
+talk a lot because I believe in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot because I believe in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot because I believe in learning
+by doing rather than learning by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing rather than learning by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing rather than learning by
+listening so I will talk minimally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening so I will talk minimally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening so I will talk minimally and
+then you will get into groups and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get into groups and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get into groups and start
+to extend the rollerball so I believe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend the rollerball so I believe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend the rollerball so I believe a
+very effective way to learn a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective way to learn a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very effective way to learn a new thing
+this class is made structured for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is made structured for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is made structured for people
+who don't have any experience doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have any experience doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have any experience doing
+anything so if that feels like you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so if that feels like you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so if that feels like you you
+are in the right spot if you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the right spot if you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the right spot if you feel like
+you're way too advanced for this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way too advanced for this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're way too advanced for this then
+have fun interacting with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun interacting with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fun interacting with other people
+in teaching because when you teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teaching because when you teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in teaching because when you teach you
+learn a lot and you get to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot and you get to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot and you get to talk to
+people which is fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is fun
+so tomorrow you'll extend rollerball in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tomorrow you'll extend rollerball in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tomorrow you'll extend rollerball in
+whatever way seems appropriate for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way seems appropriate for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever way seems appropriate for you
+and your group and then Wednesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your group and then Wednesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your group and then Wednesday and
+Thursday we'll do some mini projects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we'll do some mini projects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday we'll do some mini projects so
+we'll get into a third configuration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into a third configuration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into a third configuration of
+humans into groups of like three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans into groups of like three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans into groups of like three or four
+probably three and you'll think of hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably three and you'll think of hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably three and you'll think of hey
+I'm gonna do I want to do a small type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do I want to do a small type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do I want to do a small type
+of game and you're probably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of game and you're probably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of game and you're probably going to be
+crazy ambitious and you're gonna be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy ambitious and you're gonna be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy ambitious and you're gonna be like
+in the next two days I'm gonna make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next two days I'm gonna make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next two days I'm gonna make this
+thing for the hololens which allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the hololens which allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the hololens which allows you
+to notice when there's flies flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice when there's flies flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice when there's flies flying
+across the room because I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room because I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the room because I have this
+back-end that does AI and you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-end that does AI and you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-end that does AI and you're gonna
+go nuts I hope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go nuts I hope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go nuts I hope so
+and then you're gonna spend two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're gonna spend two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're gonna spend two days
+trying to build it and you're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build it and you're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build it and you're gonna be
+able to like get a screen to like have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to like get a screen to like have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to like get a screen to like have a
+picture on it and then you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on it and then you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on it and then you'll be able to
+prepare be prepared to make a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare be prepared to make a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare be prepared to make a bigger
+project and have it scoped properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and have it scoped properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and have it scoped properly
+that's my hypothesis it works very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my hypothesis it works very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my hypothesis it works very well
+in Arduino and I think it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arduino and I think it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Arduino and I think it's going to
+work very well here too so Thursday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well here too so Thursday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well here too so Thursday and
+Friday you'll have like five in-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you'll have like five in-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you'll have like five in-class
+hours to work on a small project and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to work on a small project and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours to work on a small project and to
+try to build with a team and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build with a team and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build with a team and see if you
+have a good team dynamic and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good team dynamic and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good team dynamic and if you
+don't no hurt feelings we're gonna break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't no hurt feelings we're gonna break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't no hurt feelings we're gonna break
+back up form into final groups on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from Friday and next week you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from Friday and next week you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from Friday and next week you will
+be left alone with guidance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be left alone with guidance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be left alone with guidance and
+consultations if you have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultations if you have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consultations if you have questions
+where like here to help but you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like here to help but you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like here to help but you'll be
+pretty much left alone in your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much left alone in your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much left alone in your final
+group to design and build a game so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to design and build a game so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to design and build a game so on
+Friday we'll do some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we'll do some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday we'll do some type of
+brainstorming activity where people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming activity where people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming activity where people who
+want to build a certain type of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build a certain type of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build a certain type of game
+will come up and be like hey hololens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up and be like hey hololens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up and be like hey hololens
+holla lens i'm sorry so yeah and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holla lens i'm sorry so yeah and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holla lens i'm sorry so yeah and they
+say you'll pitch your idea and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you'll pitch your idea and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you'll pitch your idea and then
+you'll break up into groups and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll break up into groups and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll break up into groups and you'll
+have a week to build a game together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a week to build a game together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a week to build a game together and
+then on Friday of this next week we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Friday of this next week we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on Friday of this next week we will
+have a big public demo day so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big public demo day so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big public demo day so we're
+gonna have some system set up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some system set up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some system set up with
+computers that have unity on them with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that have unity on them with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that have unity on them with a
+monitor and have a Kinect sensor bar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and have a Kinect sensor bar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and have a Kinect sensor bar so
+oh yeah that's that's also what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that's that's also what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that's that's also what we're
+gonna talk about here we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about here we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about here we're going to do
+we're gonna tell you how to connect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna tell you how to connect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna tell you how to connect your
+game to the connects so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to the connects so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to the connects so if you want to
+have people be able to like jump around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people be able to like jump around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people be able to like jump around
+in front of your game you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of your game you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of your game you'll be able to
+do that and yeah so we'll have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and yeah so we'll have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and yeah so we'll have four
+system set up with connects and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system set up with connects and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system set up with connects and we will
+invite people to come play the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite people to come play the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite people to come play the games
+from outside of the world and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of the world and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of the world and you will
+get to play each other's games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play each other's games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play each other's games and
+you'll do little presentations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do little presentations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do little presentations and
+hopefully it'll be kind of a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll be kind of a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll be kind of a fun
+experience any questions about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience any questions about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience any questions about that so
+today is like you are having to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is like you are having to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is like you are having to sit
+there and I'm sorry I go crazy when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm sorry I go crazy when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm sorry I go crazy when I
+have to sit for more than like 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit for more than like 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit for more than like 30
+minutes I know you're sitting there very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I know you're sitting there very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes I know you're sitting there very
+patiently but it won't be like this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patiently but it won't be like this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patiently but it won't be like this for
+the rest of the week this is just a like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the week this is just a like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the week this is just a like
+get to know each other day yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know each other day yeah any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know each other day yeah any
+questions about this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R_8beV_gXHc.txt b/R_8beV_gXHc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44cda0e5c48c9406770eb2ac3375527ddbf020b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R_8beV_gXHc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the applet amplitude in Phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the applet amplitude in Phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the applet amplitude in Phase
+second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order
+2 this applet is a sibling of the applet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this applet is a sibling of the applet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 this applet is a sibling of the applet
+amplitude in Phase first order which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in Phase first order which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude in Phase first order which I
+used to introduce the MIT mathet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to introduce the MIT mathet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to introduce the MIT mathet
+collection its color coding placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection its color coding placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection its color coding placement
+conventions and its functionalities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions and its functionalities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions and its functionalities are
+identical to that one this applet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to that one this applet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to that one this applet
+represents a mechanical system driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a mechanical system driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a mechanical system driven by
+the motion of the far end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the far end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion of the far end of the
+dashbot let's begin by animating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot let's begin by animating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashbot let's begin by animating the
+system to see how this works you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to see how this works you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to see how this works you can see
+the dashbot is moving up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dashbot is moving up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dashbot is moving up and down
+sinusoidally driving a mass in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidally driving a mass in yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidally driving a mass in yellow
+and the mass is also constrained by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass is also constrained by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass is also constrained by a
+spring at the top attached to a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring at the top attached to a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring at the top attached to a fixed
+wall at the top perhaps we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall at the top perhaps we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall at the top perhaps we should
+animate this again so you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate this again so you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate this again so you can see the
+whole thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work this applet and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this applet and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this applet and its
+siblings show only the steady state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings show only the steady state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siblings show only the steady state or
+periodic solutions to these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic solutions to these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic solutions to these equations
+they don't allow you to pick initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't allow you to pick initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't allow you to pick initial
+conditions they don't represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they don't represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions they don't represent the
+effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of
+transients in the applet X represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients in the applet X represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients in the applet X represents
+the position of the mass and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the mass and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the mass and you can see
+it read off on this scale it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it read off on this scale it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it read off on this scale it's
+represented in yellow on the graphing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in yellow on the graphing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in yellow on the graphing
+window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+here and we declare X to be zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we declare X to be zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we declare X to be zero when
+the spring is ex exerting no force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring is ex exerting no force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring is ex exerting no force on
+the Mass it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mass it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mass it's at
+rest we declare X to be the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest we declare X to be the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest we declare X to be the output
+signal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of the
+system on the mathet Y denotes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the mathet Y denotes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the mathet Y denotes the
+position of the plunger and it's read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the plunger and it's read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the plunger and it's read
+off by this scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by this scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by this scale
+here we declare y to be the input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we declare y to be the input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we declare y to be the input signal
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+system now the force exerted by a dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now the force exerted by a dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now the force exerted by a dash
+poot is proportional to the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poot is proportional to the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poot is proportional to the relative
+velocity of the cylinder and the Piston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the cylinder and the Piston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the cylinder and the Piston
+sliding inside of it the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding inside of it the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding inside of it the proportionality
+constant is called B as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is called B as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is called B as a
+consequence the right hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence the right hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence the right hand side of the
+equation controlling the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation controlling the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation controlling the position of the
+mass is b y dot b times the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is b y dot b times the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is b y dot b times the time
+derivative of y this is a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of y this is a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of y this is a good example
+in which the right hand side of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the right hand side of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the right hand side of a linear
+equation in standard form is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in standard form is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in standard form is not just
+the input signal in this case it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input signal in this case it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input signal in this case it's not
+even a multiple of the input signal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a multiple of the input signal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a multiple of the input signal it's
+a multiple of the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple of the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiple of the derivative of the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+signal the most important case to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal the most important case to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal the most important case to study
+is that in which the input signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in which the input signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in which the input signal is
+sinusoidal and that's what is repres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and that's what is repres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and that's what is repres
+presented here in the applet we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented here in the applet we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented here in the applet we take the
+amplitude of the input signal to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the input signal to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the input signal to be one
+if the amplitude of the input signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the amplitude of the input signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the amplitude of the input signal is
+doubled so is the its derivative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled so is the its derivative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled so is the its derivative and so
+by superposition the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by superposition the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by superposition the amplitude of the
+output signal would also be doubled so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal would also be doubled so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output signal would also be doubled so
+setting the input amplitude equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the input amplitude equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the input amplitude equal to one
+isn't really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really a
+restriction in this situation when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction in this situation when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction in this situation when the
+input amplitude is one the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input amplitude is one the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input amplitude is one the output
+amplitude is the same as the gain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is the same as the gain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude is the same as the gain of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+we can see how this output amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see how this output amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see how this output amplitude
+depends upon the input frequency by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon the input frequency by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon the input frequency by
+opening the bod plot window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the bod plot window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the bod plot window
+here this opens two windows the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this opens two windows the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this opens two windows the top one
+represents the amplitude of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the amplitude of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the amplitude of the system
+response the gain as a function of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the gain as a function of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the gain as a function of Omega
+and we can start with Omega small when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can start with Omega small when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can start with Omega small when
+Omega equals zero the plunger isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals zero the plunger isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals zero the plunger isn't
+moving at all and the mass has no reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at all and the mass has no reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at all and the mass has no reason
+to move either so it's at the x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move either so it's at the x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move either so it's at the x equals
+zero the spring is relaxed there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the spring is relaxed there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the spring is relaxed there's no
+motion when Omega increases the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion when Omega increases the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion when Omega increases the system
+response is becomes greater but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is becomes greater but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is becomes greater but you'll
+notice something interesting in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice something interesting in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice something interesting in this
+system when Omega is small the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when Omega is small the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when Omega is small the system
+response leads the input signal that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response leads the input signal that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response leads the input signal that is
+to say the phase lag is negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the phase lag is negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the phase lag is negative and
+that's represented here this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's represented here this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's represented here this is a little
+confusing the this is a graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the this is a graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing the this is a graph of the
+negative of the phase lag or the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the phase lag or the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of the phase lag or the phase
+gain and that's a positive angle in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain and that's a positive angle in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain and that's a positive angle in this
+in this uh system for Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh system for Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh system for Omega
+small you can see the effect the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you can see the effect the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you can see the effect the mass
+seems to be pulling the plunger although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be pulling the plunger although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be pulling the plunger although
+that's not actually what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually what's happening
+when Omega increases there the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Omega increases there the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Omega increases there the uh uh
+amplitude of the system response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the system response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the system response
+increases until a critical moment when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases until a critical moment when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases until a critical moment when
+Omega takes on some critical value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega takes on some critical value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega takes on some critical value this
+is the resonant frequency of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the resonant frequency of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the resonant frequency of the system
+and at this point the system response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point the system response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this point the system response is
+identical to the input signal shall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the input signal shall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the input signal shall we
+see what this looks like by animating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this looks like by animating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this looks like by animating
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system in now the plunger seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in now the plunger seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in now the plunger seems to be
+locked to the Piston that's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked to the Piston that's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked to the Piston that's not actually
+the case but the system is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case but the system is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case but the system is simply
+operating in harmony here uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in harmony here uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in harmony here uh it's the
+resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant
+frequency when Omega increases still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency when Omega increases still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency when Omega increases still
+further then the system response falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further then the system response falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further then the system response falls
+off the phase lag becomes positive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phase lag becomes positive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phase lag becomes positive the
+response falls behind the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response falls behind the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response falls behind the input
+signal and that's quite that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that's quite that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and that's quite that's all
+visible from the bod plot pictures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible from the bod plot pictures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible from the bod plot pictures you
+know as I look at this I noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I look at this I noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I look at this I noticed
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+the when the amplitude when the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the amplitude when the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the amplitude when the system
+response reaches a maximum or a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response reaches a maximum or a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response reaches a maximum or a minimum
+that's exactly the same moment as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the same moment as when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the same moment as when
+the system response curve crosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system response curve crosses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system response curve crosses the
+input signal curve so the the in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal curve so the the in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal curve so the the in other
+words the amplitude of the output signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the amplitude of the output signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the amplitude of the output signal
+equals the value of the input signal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the value of the input signal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the value of the input signal at
+the moment when they cross let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment when they cross let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment when they cross let's see if
+that is always the case when I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always the case when I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is always the case when I change
+the frequency here that always seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency here that always seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency here that always seems to
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+case very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case very
+interesting and in fact perhaps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and in fact perhaps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and in fact perhaps we
+should change the values of B and K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change the values of B and K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change the values of B and K
+to see whether that continues to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether that continues to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether that continues to be the
+case yes it just seems to drag up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yes it just seems to drag up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case yes it just seems to drag up and
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+there and similarly if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and similarly if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and similarly if I change the
+value of the spring constant K again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the spring constant K again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the spring constant K again
+that Peak seems to move up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Peak seems to move up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Peak seems to move up and down
+along the blue curve very odd we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the blue curve very odd we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the blue curve very odd we'll come
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to
+that here are some further ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here are some further ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here are some further ex
+observations that you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you can see from
+experimenting with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with this
+applet first of all let's watch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applet first of all let's watch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applet first of all let's watch what
+happens if I change the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I change the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I change the value of the
+damping constant B I'm going to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping constant B I'm going to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping constant B I'm going to watch
+the bod plot over here the amplitude bod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bod plot over here the amplitude bod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bod plot over here the amplitude bod
+plot well it changes but one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot well it changes but one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot well it changes but one thing that
+doesn't change is the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change is the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change is the position of the
+resonant Peak there in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Peak there in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant Peak there in other words the
+resonant frequency seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant frequency seems to be
+independent of the value of B of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the value of B of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the value of B of the
+damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping
+constant second thing you can observe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant second thing you can observe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant second thing you can observe as
+I vary B is well when B is large the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I vary B is well when B is large the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I vary B is well when B is large the
+resonant hump is quite broad but when B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant hump is quite broad but when B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant hump is quite broad but when B
+becomes small as B becomes smaller that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes small as B becomes smaller that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes small as B becomes smaller that
+Spike becomes narrower and narrower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike becomes narrower and narrower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike becomes narrower and narrower and
+narrower and a third thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower and a third thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower and a third thing you can
+notice from looking at this is as b gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice from looking at this is as b gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice from looking at this is as b gets
+to be small the flip between uh a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small the flip between uh a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small the flip between uh a phase
+lag of close to minus Pi / 2 to a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag of close to minus Pi / 2 to a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag of close to minus Pi / 2 to a phase
+lag of close to plus pi over 2 happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag of close to plus pi over 2 happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag of close to plus pi over 2 happens
+more and more abruptly as I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more abruptly as I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more abruptly as I change the
+frequency from something small and cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency from something small and cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency from something small and cross
+through that resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that resonant
+Peak now the system response is ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak now the system response is ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak now the system response is ahead of
+the input signal but it very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input signal but it very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input signal but it very quickly
+flips to being behind it uh as you cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips to being behind it uh as you cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips to being behind it uh as you cross
+the resonant frequency and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resonant frequency and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resonant frequency and that
+transition happens more and more rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition happens more and more rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition happens more and more rapidly
+as b gets to be small each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as b gets to be small each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as b gets to be small each one of these
+three observations can be verified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three observations can be verified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three observations can be verified by
+calculation the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation the relationship between the
+gain and the phase lag can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain and the phase lag can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain and the phase lag can be
+Illustrated very well using the Nyquist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated very well using the Nyquist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated very well using the Nyquist
+plot which I'll open using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which I'll open using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which I'll open using this
+key this is a plot of the complex plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this is a plot of the complex plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key this is a plot of the complex plane
+and on it is drawn a complex number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on it is drawn a complex number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on it is drawn a complex number in
+yellow and that complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and that complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow and that complex
+number uh has an has a a magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh has an has a a magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh has an has a a magnitude and
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+angle the magnitude is the fa is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the magnitude is the fa is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle the magnitude is the fa is the
+gain this yellow strut is the same dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this yellow strut is the same dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain this yellow strut is the same dis
+length as this radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length as this radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length as this radius
+vector and the angle is the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the angle is the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and the angle is the negative of
+the phase lag it's the phase gain so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase lag it's the phase gain so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase lag it's the phase gain so the
+angle is positive here it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is positive here it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is positive here it goes through
+zero here and becomes negative down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and becomes negative down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here and becomes negative down here
+when the phase lag becomes positive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the phase lag becomes positive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the phase lag becomes positive so
+you can see the relationship between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the relationship between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the relationship between you
+can see why it is that the um resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see why it is that the um resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see why it is that the um resonant
+Peak occurs at exactly the same instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak occurs at exactly the same instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak occurs at exactly the same instant
+as when the phase lag is zero that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as when the phase lag is zero that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as when the phase lag is zero that says
+that this trajectory this Nyquist plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this trajectory this Nyquist plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this trajectory this Nyquist plot
+goes through this point which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this point which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this point which is the
+point one in the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one in the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one in the complex
+plane where the angle is zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane where the angle is zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane where the angle is zero and the
+magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is
+one this trajectory is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this trajectory is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this trajectory is in fact
+independent of each either both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each either both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each either both of the
+system parameters if I change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system parameters if I change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system parameters if I change
+them many things change but the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them many things change but the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them many things change but the shape of
+this trajectory the Nyquist plot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trajectory the Nyquist plot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trajectory the Nyquist plot is
+independent of those two system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of those two system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of those two system
+parameters and in fact it's a circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and in fact it's a circle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and in fact it's a circle of
+radius 1/2 and Center 1/2 you can verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius 1/2 and Center 1/2 you can verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius 1/2 and Center 1/2 you can verify
+that by calculation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by calculation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by calculation as
+well that fact explains the observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that fact explains the observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that fact explains the observation
+we made earlier that the Mac amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made earlier that the Mac amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made earlier that the Mac amplitude
+of the system response the gain seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system response the gain seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system response the gain seems to
+equal the value of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the value of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the value of the input
+signal uh when that maximum is achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh when that maximum is achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal uh when that maximum is achieved
+in other words the claim is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the claim is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the claim is that the
+gain equals the cosine of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain equals the cosine of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain equals the cosine of the phase
+lag the gain is the cosine of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag the gain is the cosine of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag the gain is the cosine of the phase
+lag this curve is given by the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag this curve is given by the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lag this curve is given by the equation
+the radius equals the the cosine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius equals the the cosine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius equals the the cosine of the
+angle Ral cosine Theta is a polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Ral cosine Theta is a polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Ral cosine Theta is a polar
+equation for this particular Circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this particular Circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this particular Circle and
+so the fact that this is a circle is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that this is a circle is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that this is a circle is the
+same as the fact that we observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the fact that we observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the fact that we observed
+earlier that the solution curve crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that the solution curve crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that the solution curve crosses
+the input curve just when it reaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input curve just when it reaches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input curve just when it reaches a
+maximum or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum or a
+minimum well in addition to the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum well in addition to the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum well in addition to the spring
+system shown in this applet this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system shown in this applet this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system shown in this applet this very
+same equation models the response of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation models the response of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation models the response of an
+AM radio receiver the input signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM radio receiver the input signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM radio receiver the input signal is
+the incoming radio signal which contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming radio signal which contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming radio signal which contains
+electromatic magnetic waves of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromatic magnetic waves of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromatic magnetic waves of many
+different frequencies the output signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies the output signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies the output signal
+feeds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeds to the
+amplifier you tune the radio to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier you tune the radio to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier you tune the radio to a
+particular angular frequency by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angular frequency by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular angular frequency by
+adjusting K the spring constant which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting K the spring constant which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting K the spring constant which in
+the circle model is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle model is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle model is the
+capacitance so that the resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance so that the resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance so that the resonant
+frequency is the desired frequency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is the desired frequency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is the desired frequency that
+you want attune to then the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want attune to then the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want attune to then the output
+generated by the other frequency is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the other frequency is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the other frequency is much
+less than the output generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the output generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the output generated by
+frequency Omega R how much less depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega R how much less depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega R how much less depends
+on how sharp the resonance spike is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how sharp the resonance spike is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how sharp the resonance spike is the
+sharper the spike the better the tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper the spike the better the tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper the spike the better the tuning
+you can make the spike sharper by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make the spike sharper by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make the spike sharper by by
+decreasing the value of B which in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the value of B which in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the value of B which in the
+AM radio model is the resistance
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Rc1vFAUnRUM.txt b/Rc1vFAUnRUM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9683285f2650c325896691b04b038e1061210531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Rc1vFAUnRUM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4551 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Before
+we get started,
+
+let me ask you guys if
+you have any questions,
+
+pragmatic or otherwise,
+about the course so far.
+
+Seriously?
+
+To those of you
+reading newspapers,
+
+I encourage you to find
+a slightly different time
+
+to do so.
+
+I really encourage you find
+a slightly different time
+
+to do so, thanks.
+
+So far we've done basic
+rules of quantum mechanics.
+
+We've done solids.
+
+We understand a lot
+about electrons in atoms,
+
+the periodic table, and
+why diamond is transparent.
+
+One thing we did along the
+way is we talked about spin.
+
+We found that when we looked
+at the angular momentum
+
+commutation
+relations, these guys.
+
+We found that the
+commutators are the same.
+
+For these commutators, we can
+get total angular momentum, l l
+
+plus 1 times h bar
+squared for l squared.
+
+And h bar m for a constant and
+integer m for angular momentum
+
+in a particular direction, which
+we conventionally called z.
+
+But we also found that there
+were half integer values
+
+of the total spin
+and of the spin
+
+in a particular direction
+which, for example, with Spin
+
+s as 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, et cetera.
+
+And we discovered that riding a
+wave function on a sphere that
+
+interpreted these
+states as states
+
+with definite probability to
+be at a particular position
+
+on a sphere, a function of
+theta and phi, was inconsistent.
+
+In order for the wave function
+to satisfy those properties
+
+that have those eigenvalues
+and, in particular, half integer
+
+eigenvalues, we discovered
+that the wave function
+
+had to be doubly valued.
+
+And thus it would equal to
+minus itself, it equaled 0.
+
+So the rest of
+today and tomorrow
+
+is going to be an exploration
+of spin, or tomorrow--
+
+next lecture, is going to
+be an exploration of spin
+
+and the consequences of
+these spin 1/2 states.
+
+Exactly what they
+are, we already
+
+saw that they're important
+for understanding
+
+the structure of
+the periodic table.
+
+So we know they're there.
+
+And they're present
+from the experiment,
+
+the Stern-Gerlach
+experiment that we've
+
+discussed many times.
+
+But before I get
+onto that, I want
+
+to improve on the last
+experiment we did.
+
+So in particular, in
+this last experiment
+
+we talked about the effective
+mass of an object interacting
+
+with a fluid or an
+object interacting
+
+with its environment.
+
+And why the mass of the
+object that's moving
+
+is not the same as
+the mass of the object
+
+when you put it on a balance.
+
+And that's this basic
+idea of renormalization.
+
+And we demonstrated that.
+
+I demonstrated that
+with a beaker of water.
+
+So I had a beaker of water
+and pulled a ping pong ball
+
+under water.
+
+We calculated that it
+should accelerate upward
+
+when released at 20 times
+the acceleration of gravity,
+
+depending on the numbers
+you use, very, very rapidly.
+
+And in fact it went
+glug, glug, glug,
+
+but it wasn't a terribly
+satisfying experiment
+
+because it's very hard
+to get the timing right.
+
+And the basic issue there is
+that the time scales involved
+
+were very short.
+
+How long did it
+take for a ping pong
+
+ball to drop from
+here to the surface?
+
+Not much time.
+
+And to rise through the water,
+not a whole lot of time.
+
+So I did that experiment,
+it was sort of comical.
+
+But I wanted to improve on it.
+
+So over the weekend, I
+went down to my basement
+
+and tweaked the
+experiment a little bit.
+
+And I called up a
+couple of my friends,
+
+and we did an improved
+version of this experiment.
+
+So this is a diver, I
+think this one is Kathy.
+
+Oh, shoot, we need to
+turn off the lights.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I totally forgot.
+
+good You'll never
+see this if we don't.
+
+You can do it.
+
+There we go.
+
+All right.
+
+So here you see my friend, I
+think this one's, actually,
+
+is it Kathy?
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+It's hard to tell when
+they have their marks on.
+
+And we're in the tank at
+the New England Aquarium,
+
+and she's going to perform
+this experiment for us.
+
+And we're going to film
+it, as you can see,
+
+the bubbles moving
+rather slowly,
+
+with a high speed camera filming
+at 1,200 frames per second
+
+with which we'll be able to
+analyze the data that results.
+
+The camera cost as
+much as a nice house.
+
+And it's not mine, but
+it's important to have
+
+friends who trust you.
+
+OK, so here we are.
+
+You might notice something
+in the background.
+
+Before we get
+started, I just want
+
+to emphasize that one
+should never take casually
+
+the dangers of
+doing an experiment.
+
+When you plan an experiment
+you must, ahead of time,
+
+design the experiment, design
+the experimental parameters.
+
+We designed the lighting.
+
+We designed everything.
+
+We set it up, but
+there are always
+
+variables you haven't
+accounted for.
+
+And a truly great
+experimentalist
+
+is one who has taken account
+of all the variables.
+
+And I just want to
+emphasize that I'm not
+
+a great experimentalist.
+
+So here, for
+example, is a moment.
+
+I probably should have
+thanked the sharks,
+
+it just occurred to me.
+
+Anyone who wants to take this
+experimental data, which,
+
+as you can probably guess,
+filmed for different purposes,
+
+I just manage to get the
+ping pong ball into the tank.
+
+Anyone who wants to get this
+and actually take the data,
+
+come to me, I'll give
+you the raw footage.
+
+And you can read
+off the positions,
+
+and hopefully for
+next lecture we'll
+
+have the actual plot
+of the acceleration
+
+as a function of time.
+
+So with that said and done,
+the moral of the story
+
+is you have to account
+for all variables.
+
+The other moral of the story is
+that you saw this very vividly.
+
+In the motion of the ping pong
+ball up, when it was released,
+
+there is that very rapid
+moment of acceleration
+
+when it bursts up
+very, very rapidly.
+
+But it quickly slows
+in its acceleration.
+
+Its acceleration slows down.
+
+In fact, a slightly
+funny thing happens.
+
+If you look
+carefully, and again,
+
+anyone who wants
+this can get access
+
+to the video, what you'll
+see is that the ping pong
+
+ball accelerates and then
+it sort of slows down.
+
+It literally
+decreases in velocity,
+
+accelerates and slows down.
+
+Can anyone think what's
+going on in that situation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Boundary
+layer formation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: Boundary
+layer formation.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+Say that in slightly more words.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's
+starting to pick up
+
+more and more water [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Exactly. so what's going on
+is as this guy starts slowly
+
+moving along, it's pulling
+along more and more water,
+
+each bit of water
+around it is starting
+
+to drag along the
+layers of water nearby,
+
+and it builds up
+a sheath of water.
+
+Now that water starts
+accelerating, and the ping pong
+
+ball and the bubble of water
+that it's dragging along
+
+need to come to equilibrium
+with each other.
+
+They need to settle down
+smoothly to a nice uniform
+
+velocity.
+
+But it takes a while for
+that equilibrium to happen.
+
+And what actually happens
+is that the ping pong
+
+ball drives up.
+
+It pulls up the water.
+
+Which then drags with
+the ping pong ball.
+
+So you can see that in
+the acceleration, which
+
+is oscillatory with a
+slight little oscillation.
+
+So it's a damped but
+not overdamped harmonic
+
+oscillator motion.
+
+Any other questions
+about the effective mass
+
+of an electron and solid
+before moving-- Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why does
+it speed up after?
+
+That explains why it
+slows down because it's
+
+forming that sheath--
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Why it speeds back up is it's
+sort of like a slingshot.
+
+As this guy gets going a little
+ahead of the pack of water,
+
+the pack of water has
+an extra driving force
+
+on top of the buoyancy.
+
+It has the fact that it's
+a little bit displaced.
+
+So it catches up, but it's
+going slightly greater velocity
+
+than it would be if there
+were uniform velocity.
+
+So this guy catches up
+with the ping pong ball.
+
+OK so this is an of course
+of course in fluid mechanics,
+
+but I guess we don't
+actually need this anymore.
+
+Picking up on spin.
+
+So the commutation relations
+for spin are these.
+
+And as we saw last time,
+we have spin states.
+
+We have we can construct towers
+of states because from the sx
+
+and s1 we can build s plus-minus
+is equal to sx plus-minus sy.
+
+Sorry.
+
+i, thank you.
+
+So we can build towers of
+states using the raising
+
+and lowering operators
+as plus-minus.
+
+And those states need to
+end, they need to terminate.
+
+So we find that the spin can
+have totalling momentum of s
+
+squared h bar
+squared l l plus 1.
+
+And S in some
+particular direction,
+
+which we conventionally
+called z, is h bar m.
+
+I don't want to call this l.
+
+I want to call this s.
+
+For orbital angular
+momentum this would be l
+
+and this would be an integer.
+
+But for spinning
+angular momentum
+
+these are all the
+states we could build,
+
+all the towers we could build,
+which were 2n plus 1 over 2,
+
+which were not expressible
+in terms of wave functions,
+
+functions of a
+position on a sphere.
+
+These are all the
+1/2 integer states.
+
+So s could be 1/2,
+3/2, 5/2, and so on.
+
+And then m sub s is going
+to go from minus s to s
+
+in integer steps, just like
+m for the orbital angular
+
+momentum, l.
+
+So I want to talk
+about these states
+
+in some detail over the rest of
+this lecture and the next one.
+
+So the first thing to talk
+about is how we describe spin.
+
+In principle, this is easy.
+
+What we want, is
+we want to describe
+
+the state of a particle that
+carries this intrinsic angular
+
+momentum spin.
+
+So that's easy.
+
+The particle sits at some
+point, but the problem
+
+is it could be sitting at some
+point with angular momentum
+
+with spin in the z direction,
+say, plus h bar over 2.
+
+And let's focus on the
+case s is equal to 1/2.
+
+So I'll be focusing,
+for the lecture,
+
+for simplicity on
+the case, total spin
+
+is 1/2, which is the
+two-state ladder,
+
+but all of this
+generalizes naturally.
+
+In fact, that's a very good
+test of your understanding.
+
+So for s as 1/2,
+we have two states,
+
+which I will conventionally
+call the up in the z direction
+
+and the down in the z direction.
+
+And I will often
+omit the subscript.
+
+If I omit the subscript
+it's usually z
+
+unless from context you see
+that it's something else.
+
+So the wave function tells
+us the state of the system.
+
+But we need to know now
+for a spinning particle
+
+whether it's in the spin 1/2
+up or spin 1/2 down state.
+
+And so we could write that
+as there's some amplitude
+
+that it's in the plus 1/2
+state of x and at position x.
+
+And there's some amplitude
+that it's at position x
+
+and it's in the minus 1/2
+state or the down state.
+
+And we again need that the
+total probability is one.
+
+Another way to say this
+is that the probability
+
+that we find the particle to be
+at x with plus or minus h bar
+
+upon 2 being the spin
+in the z direction.
+
+So at x, spin in the z direction
+is h bar upon 2 plus or minus
+
+is equal to norm squared of
+psi plus or minus of x squared.
+
+So this is one way you
+could talk about spin,
+
+and you could develop the
+theory of spin nicely here.
+
+But it's a somewhat
+cumbersome formalism.
+
+The formulation I
+want to introduce
+
+is one which involves
+matrices and which
+
+presages the study
+of matrix mechanics
+
+which you'll be using in 805.
+
+So instead, I want to
+take these two components,
+
+and what we see already is
+that we can't use a single wave
+
+function to describe a
+particle at spin 1/2.
+
+We need to use two functions.
+
+And I want to organize
+them in a nice way.
+
+I'm going to write
+them as psi is
+
+equal to-- and I'll call
+this capital psi of x--
+
+is a two component vector,
+or so-called spinner,
+
+psi up of x and psi down of x.
+
+So it's a two component object.
+
+It's got a top and
+a bottom component.
+
+And notice that its conjugate,
+or its adjoint, psi dagger,
+
+is going to be equal
+to psi up, complex
+
+conjugate psi down, a row
+vector, or a row spinner.
+
+And for normalization we'll
+need that the total probability
+
+is 1 which says that
+psi capital dagger
+
+psi, psi capital with
+psi is equal to 1.
+
+But this is going to be
+equal to the integral dx.
+
+And now we have to take the
+inner product of the two
+
+vectors.
+
+So integral dx of psi up
+squared plus psi down squared.
+
+Cool?
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the
+coordinate x representing here?
+
+PROFESSOR: The coordinate x is
+just representing the position.
+
+So what I'm saying
+here is I have,
+
+again, we're in one dimension
+just for simplicity,
+
+it's saying, look if I have a
+particle that carries spin 1/2,
+
+it could be anywhere.
+
+Let's say it's at position x.
+
+So what's the amplitude at
+position x and spinning up,
+
+and I'm not going to
+indicate spinning down.
+
+OK?
+
+I like my coffee.
+
+So that's what the of x
+indicates, and I've just
+
+been dropping the of x.
+
+So there's some probability
+that it's at any given point
+
+and either spin up or spin down.
+
+Now, again, it's important,
+although I'm going to do this,
+
+and we conventionally do
+this spin up and down,
+
+this spin is
+pointing in a vector
+
+space that's two dimensional.
+
+It's either plus 1/2 or
+minus 1/2 h bar upon 2 h bar.
+
+So it's not like
+the spin is an arrow
+
+in three dimensional
+space that points.
+
+Rather, what it is, it's
+saying, if I measure
+
+the spin along some axis, it
+can take one of two values.
+
+And that was shown in the
+Stern-Gerlach experiment, where
+
+if we have a gradient of
+the magnetic field, dbz,
+
+in the z direction, and this
+is our Stern-Gerlach box,
+
+and we send an electron
+in, the electron always
+
+comes out in one
+of two positions.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, this is not saying there is
+a vector associated with this,
+
+that the electron has a
+angular momentum vector that
+
+points in some
+particular direction.
+
+Rather, it's saying that
+there are two possible values,
+
+and we're measuring
+along the z direction.
+
+Cool?
+
+So it's important not
+to make that mistake
+
+to think of this as some
+three dimensional vector.
+
+It's very explicitly a vector in
+a two dimensional vector space.
+
+It's not related to
+regular rotations.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Where you write
+psi of x equals psi plus 1
+
+plus psi [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we need a
+1 over square root of 2
+
+in front of that thing?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, I haven't
+assumed their normalization,
+
+but each one could be
+independently normalized
+
+appropriately.
+
+AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+The whole thing has to
+be properly normalized,
+
+and writing it this way,
+this is just the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Good.
+
+So there's another
+nice bit of notation
+
+for this which is
+often used, which
+
+is probably the most
+common notation.
+
+Which is to write psi
+of x is equal to psi up
+
+at x times the vector 1, 0 plus
+psi down of x times the vector
+
+0, 1.
+
+So this is what I'm going
+to refer to as the up
+
+vector in the z direction.
+
+And this is what
+I'm going to refer
+
+to as the down in the
+z direction vector.
+
+And that's going to allow me to
+write all the operations we're
+
+going to need to study
+spin in terms of simple two
+
+by two matrices.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Will those two
+psi's not be the same?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, in
+general, they're not.
+
+So for example, here's a
+situation, a configuration,
+
+a quantum system could be in.
+
+The quantum system could
+be in the configuration,
+
+the particle is here
+and it's spinning up.
+
+And it could be in
+the configuration
+
+the particles over here,
+and it's spinning down.
+
+And given that it could be
+in those two configurations
+
+it could also be in
+the superposition
+
+over here and up and
+over here and down.
+
+Right?
+
+So that would be different
+spatial wave functions
+
+multiplying the
+different spin wave
+
+functions, spin part
+of the wave function.
+
+Make sense?
+
+OK.
+
+So these are not
+the same function.
+
+They could be the same function.
+
+It could be that you could be
+either spin up or spin down
+
+at any given point with
+some funny distribution,
+
+but they don't need
+to be the same.
+
+That's the crucial thing.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I know
+that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is a way to call them.
+
+So like [INAUDIBLE]
+something, are they
+
+anti-parallel, perpendicular,
+or are they something?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So here's what we can say.
+
+We know that an electron
+which carries sz
+
+is plus h bar upon 2,
+and a state corresponding
+
+to minus h bar upon 2 are
+orthogonal because those
+
+are two different eigenvectors
+of the same operator, sz.
+
+So these guys are orthogonal.
+
+Up in the z direction
+and down to the z
+
+directions are orthogonal.
+
+And thank you for
+this question, it's
+
+a good way to think
+about how wrong it
+
+is to think of up and down being
+up and down in the z direction.
+
+Are these guys orthogonal?
+
+These vectors in space?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, they happen
+to be parallel with a minus 1
+
+in the overlap, right?
+
+So sz as up sc as down
+are orthogonal vectors,
+
+but this is clearly
+not sz as down, right?
+
+So the direction that they're
+pointing, the up and down,
+
+should not be thought
+of as a direction
+
+in three-dimensional space.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's just [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It's just
+a different thing.
+
+What it does tell you, is if
+you rotate the system by a given
+
+amount, how does the phase
+of the wave function change.
+
+But what it does tell you is how
+the spin operations act on it.
+
+In particular, sz acts with
+a plus 1/2 or minus 1/2.
+
+They're just different states.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this
+similar to what
+
+happens when
+polarizations [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's similar to
+the story of polarizations
+
+except polarizations are
+vectors not spinners.
+
+It's similar in the sense
+that they look and smell
+
+like vectors in
+three-dimensional space,
+
+but they mean slightly--
+technically-- slightly
+
+different things.
+
+In the case of
+polarizations of light,
+
+those really are honest
+vectors, and there's
+
+a sharp relationship
+between rotations in space.
+
+But that's a sort of quirk.
+
+They're both spin and vectors.
+
+These are not.
+
+OK so here's a notation
+I'm going to use.
+
+Just to alert you,
+a common notation
+
+that people use
+in Dirac notation
+
+is to say that the wave function
+is equal to psi up at x times
+
+the state up plus psi down
+at x times the state down.
+
+So for those of you who speak
+Dirac notation at this point,
+
+then this means the
+same thing as this.
+
+For those of you who don't,
+then this means this.
+
+What I want to do is I want to
+develop a theory of the spin
+
+operators, and I
+want to understand
+
+what it means to be
+a spin 1/2 state.
+
+Now, in particular, what I mean
+by develop a theory of the spin
+
+operators, if I was talking
+about four orbital angular
+
+momentum, say the
+orbital angular momentum
+
+in the z direction, I know
+what operator this is.
+
+If you hand me a wave function,
+I can act on it with lz
+
+and tell you what the result is.
+
+And that means that I can
+construct the eigenfunctions.
+
+And that means I can construct
+the allowed eigenvalues,
+
+and I can talk
+about probabilities.
+
+Right?
+
+But in order to
+do all that I need
+
+to know how the operator acts.
+
+And we know how
+this operator acts.
+
+It acts as h bar upon i dd
+phi where phi is the angular
+
+coordinate around the equator.
+
+And so given any wave function,
+a function of x, y, and z
+
+or r, theta, and phi, I
+can act with this operator,
+
+know how the operator acts.
+
+And it's true, that again, lx
+with lx is equal to i h bar lz.
+
+It satisfies the same
+time computation relation
+
+as the spin.
+
+But we know the spin operators
+cannot be expressed in terms
+
+of derivatives along a sphere.
+
+I've harped on that many times.
+
+So what I want to know
+is what's the analog
+
+of this equation for spin?
+
+What is a representation
+of the spin operators
+
+acting on the spinners,
+acting on states
+
+that carry half integer spin?
+
+We know it's not going
+to be derivatives.
+
+What is it going to be?
+
+Everyone cool with the goal?
+
+In order to do that,
+we need to first decide
+
+just some basic definition
+of spin in the z direction.
+
+So what do the angular
+momentum operators do?
+
+Well whatever else is true of
+the spin in the z direction
+
+operator, sz acting on a state
+up is equal to h bar upon 2 up.
+
+And sz actually
+on a state down is
+
+equal to h bar
+minus upon 2 down.
+
+And similarly s
+squared on up or down--
+
+Oh, by the way, I'm going
+to relatively casually
+
+oscillate between the notations
+up and plus, up or down,
+
+and plus or minus.
+
+So sometimes I will write plus
+for up and minus for down.
+
+So I apologize for
+the sin of this.
+
+s squared on plus, this
+is the plus 1/2 state,
+
+is equal to h bar squared
+ss plus 1, but s is 1/2,
+
+so 1/2 times 1/2 plus 1 is 3/4
+h bar squared times 3 over 4.
+
+And we get the same
+thing up, ditto down.
+
+Because s squared acts the same
+way on all states in a tower.
+
+Going up and down through
+a tower of angular momentum
+
+states, raising and
+lowering, does not
+
+change the total
+angular momentum
+
+because s plus and s
+minus commute with s
+
+squared because they have
+exactly the same commutation
+
+relations as the
+angular momentum.
+
+That's an awesome sound.
+
+So I want to know
+what these look like
+
+in terms of this vector
+space notation, up and down.
+
+And for the moment I'm
+going to dispense entirely
+
+with the spatial dependence.
+
+I'm going to treat
+the spatial dependence
+
+as an overall constant.
+
+So we're equally likely
+to be in all positions.
+
+So we can focus just on
+the spin part of the state.
+
+So again I want to replace
+up by 1, 0 and down by 0, 1.
+
+And I want to think
+about how this looks.
+
+So what this looks like is
+sz acting on [INAUDIBLE] 1,
+
+0 is equal to h
+bar upon 2, 1, 0.
+
+And sz on 0, 1 is
+h bar upon 2, 0, 1.
+
+And s squared on 1, 0 is equal
+to 3 h bar squared on 4, 1, 0.
+
+And ditto for 0, 1.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: That [INAUDIBLE]
+should have a line over it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, thank you.
+
+Yes, it really should.
+
+AUDIENCE: So how do
+you get 3/4 there?
+
+PROFESSOR: 3/4, good.
+
+Where that came from
+is that remember
+
+that when we constructed the
+eigenfunctions of l squared,
+
+l squared acting
+on a state lm was
+
+equal to h bar
+squared l l plus 1.
+
+l plus 1 on [? file m. ?] Now
+if we do exactly the same logic,
+
+which we actually
+did at the time.
+
+We did in full generality
+whether the total angular
+
+momentum was an integer
+or a half integer.
+
+We found that if
+we took, I'm just
+
+going to use for the half
+integer states the symbol s,
+
+but it's exactly the
+same calculation.
+
+s squared on phi and again
+sm sub s is equal to h bar
+
+squared s s plus
+1 phi s m sub s.
+
+OK and so for s
+equals 1/2 then s,
+
+s plus 1, is equal to 1/2
+times 3/2, which is 3/4.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+s equals [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Isn't that [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah, but remember,
+does l go negative?
+
+Great.
+
+Does s go negative?
+
+No. s is just
+labeling the tower.
+
+So s is 0, it's 1, it's 2.
+
+And so for example, here, these
+are states where the s is 1/2
+
+and the s in the z direction
+can be plus 1/2 or minus 1/2.
+
+s is 3/2 and then s in
+the z direction can be m
+
+is 3/2, 1/2, minus
+1/2, minus 3/2.
+
+OK.
+
+Other questions?
+
+OK, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: What about the
+lowering and raising of those?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good, we're going
+to have to construct them,
+
+because, what are they?
+
+Well, they lower
+and raise, so we're
+
+going to have to build the
+states that lower and raise.
+
+AUDIENCE: And would lowering
+on the up will give you down,
+
+but raising on up--?
+
+PROFESSOR: Awesome.
+
+So what did it mean
+that we had towers?
+
+Let me do that back here.
+
+So the question is,
+look, we're going
+
+to have to use the raising
+and lowering operators
+
+at the end of the
+day, but what happens
+
+if I raise the bottom
+state-- what if I raise down?
+
+I'll get up.
+
+And what happens if I raise up?
+
+You get 0.
+
+That's the statement
+that the tower ends.
+
+On the other hand, if s is 3/2,
+what happens if I raise 1/2?
+
+I get 3/2.
+
+And if I raise 3/2, I get
+nothing, I get 0, identically.
+
+And that's the statement
+that the tower ends.
+
+So for every tower
+labeled by s, we
+
+have a set of states labeled by
+m which goes from minus s to s
+
+in integer steps.
+
+The raising operator
+raises us by 1,
+
+the lowering
+operator lowers by 1.
+
+The lowering operator
+annihilates the bottom state,
+
+the raising operator
+kills the top state.
+
+Cool?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do states
+like 3/2 and 5/2
+
+have anything akin
+to up and down?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah,
+so-- do they have
+
+anything akin to up and down.
+
+Up and down is just a name.
+
+It doesn't really
+communicate anything other
+
+than it's shorthand for
+spin in the z direction 1/2.
+
+So the question could
+be translated as,
+
+are there convenient
+and illuminating names
+
+for the spin 3/2 states?
+
+And I don't really know.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I mean, the states exist.
+
+So we can build
+nuclear particles that
+
+have angular momentum 3/2,
+or 5/2, all sorts of things.
+
+But I don't know
+of a useful name.
+
+For the most part,
+we simplify our life
+
+by focusing on the 1/2 state.
+
+And as you'll discover in
+8.05, the spin 1/2 states,
+
+if you know them
+very, very well,
+
+you can use everything you
+know about them to construct
+
+all of the spin 5/2 8/2--
+well, 8/2 is stupid, but-- 9/2,
+
+all those from the spin 1/2.
+
+So it turns out spin
+1/2 is sort of Ur--
+
+in a way that can be
+made very precise,
+
+and that's the theory
+of Lie algebras.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+just elaborate on what
+
+you meant by, you can't really
+think of spin as an angular
+
+momentum vector?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So OK, good.
+
+So the question is, elaborate a
+little bit on what you mean by,
+
+spin can't be thought of as
+an angular momentum vector.
+
+Spin certainly can be thought
+of as an angular momentum,
+
+because the whole point here
+was that if you have a charged
+
+particle and it carries spin,
+then it has a magnetic moment.
+
+And a magnetic
+moment is the charge
+
+times the angular momentum.
+
+So if it carries spin,
+and it carries charge,
+
+and thus it carries
+magnetic moment--
+
+that's pretty much what we
+mean by angular momentum.
+
+That's as good a
+diagnostic as any.
+
+Meanwhile, on top of satisfying
+that experimental property,
+
+this, just as a set of
+commutation relations,
+
+these commutation relations
+are the commutation relations
+
+of angular momentum.
+
+It just turns out that we can
+have states with total angular
+
+momentum little s, which is 1/2
+integral-- 1/2, 3/2, et cetera.
+
+Now, the things that I want
+to emphasize are twofold.
+
+First off, something I've
+harped on over and over again,
+
+so I'll attempt to limit
+my uses of this phrase.
+
+But you cannot think of these
+states with s is 1/2 as wave
+
+functions determining
+position on a sphere.
+
+So that's the first
+sense in which
+
+you can't think of it as
+equivalent to orbital angular
+
+momentum.
+
+But there's a
+second sense, which
+
+is that up and down should
+not be thought of as spin
+
+in the z direction being up and
+spin in the z direction being
+
+down meaning a vector in
+three dimensions pointing up
+
+and a vector in three
+dimensions pointing down,
+
+because those states
+are orthogonal.
+
+Whereas these two
+three-dimensional vectors
+
+are not orthogonal--
+they're parallel.
+
+They have a non-zero
+inner product.
+
+So up and down, the names we
+give these spin 1/2 states,
+
+should not be confused with
+pointing up in the z direction
+
+and down in the z direction.
+
+It's just a formal name we give
+to the plus 1/2 and minus 1/2
+
+angular momentum in
+z direction states.
+
+Does that answer your question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah,
+so, when you make
+
+a measurement of
+the value of spin--
+
+so perhaps you do a
+Stern-Gerlach experiment--
+
+and you get what
+the spin is, can you
+
+not then say, all right, this
+is spin plus 1/2, spin minus?
+
+It's as z is positive
+1/2 as z is minus 1/2?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, absolutely.
+
+So if you do a
+Stern-Gerlach experiment,
+
+you can identify those
+electrons that had spin plus 1/2
+
+and those that had
+spin minus 1/2,
+
+and they come out
+in different places.
+
+That's absolutely true.
+
+I just want to emphasize
+that the up vector does not
+
+mean that they're
+somehow attached
+
+to the electronic vector that's
+pointing in the z direction.
+
+Good.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Go ahead, whichever.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do we verify that
+uncharged particles have spin?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's
+an interesting question.
+
+So the question
+is, how do we know
+
+if an uncharged
+particle has spin?
+
+And there are many
+ways to answer
+
+this question,
+one of which we're
+
+going to come to later
+which has to do with Bell's
+
+inequality, which is a
+sort of slick way to do it.
+
+But a very coarse
+way is this way.
+
+We believe, in a deep
+and fundamental way,
+
+that the total angular
+momentum of the universe
+
+is conserved, in
+the following sense.
+
+There's no preferred
+axis in the universe.
+
+If you're a cosmologist,
+just stay out
+
+of the room for the
+next few minutes.
+
+So there's no preferred
+axis in the universe
+
+and the law of physics should
+be invariant under rotation.
+
+Now, if you take a system
+that has a bunch of particles
+
+with known angular momentum--
+let me give you an example.
+
+Take a neutron.
+
+A neutron has spin 1/2.
+
+Wait, how did I know that?
+
+We can do that experiment by
+doing the following thing.
+
+We can take a neutron
+and bind it to a proton
+
+and see that the resulting
+object has spin 1.
+
+So let me try to think of a way
+that doesn't involve a neutron.
+
+Grant me for the moment that
+you know that a neutron has
+
+spin 1/2.
+
+So let's just imagine that we
+knew that, by hook or by crook.
+
+We then do the
+following experiment.
+
+We wait.
+
+Take a neutron, let
+it sit in empty space.
+
+When that neutron decays,
+it does a very cool thing.
+
+It decays relatively
+quickly into your proton
+
+and an electron that you see.
+
+You see them go flying away
+the proton has positive charge,
+
+and the electron has negative
+charge and it goes flying away.
+
+But you've got a problem.
+
+Because you knew that
+the neutron had spin 1/2,
+
+which is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And then you decay one into
+a proton and an electron.
+
+And the total angular
+momentum there
+
+is 1/2 plus 1/2
+or 1/2 minus 1/2.
+
+It's either 1 or 0.
+
+And you've got a problem.
+
+Angular momentum
+hasn't been conserved.
+
+So what do you
+immediately deduce?
+
+That another particle must
+have also been emitted
+
+that had 1/2 integer
+angular momentum
+
+to conserve angular momentum.
+
+And it couldn't carry any
+charge because the electron
+
+and the proton were neutral,
+and the neutron is neutral.
+
+So things like
+this you can always
+
+deduce from conservation
+of angular momentum
+
+one way or the other.
+
+But the best way
+to do it is going
+
+to be some version of
+addition of angular momentum
+
+where you have some object
+like an electron and a proton
+
+and you allow them
+to stick together
+
+and you discover it
+has total spin 1.
+
+Yeah.
+
+We can talk about that in
+more detail afterwards.
+
+That's a particularly nice
+way to do the experiment.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Angular momentum
+[INAUDIBLE] weird vector
+
+since if you reflect your
+system through [INAUDIBLE].
+
+How does that work?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK, good.
+
+I don't want to get into
+this in too much detail,
+
+but it's a really good question,
+so come to my office hours
+
+and ask or go to
+recitations and ask.
+
+It's a really good question.
+
+The question is this--
+angular momentum
+
+has a funny property under
+parity, under reflection.
+
+So if you look in a mirror this
+way, here's angular momentum
+
+and it's got--
+right-hand rule, it's
+
+got angular momentum up--
+if I look in the mirror,
+
+it's going this way.
+
+So it would appear to have
+right angular momentum down.
+
+That's what it looks like
+if you reflect in a mirror.
+
+Other direction.
+
+So that's a funny property
+of angular momentum.
+
+It's also a true property
+of angular momentum.
+
+It's fine.
+
+And what about spin,
+is the question.
+
+Does spin also have this
+funny property under parity,
+
+is that basically the question?
+
+Yeah, and it does.
+
+And working out exactly
+how to show that
+
+is a sort of
+entertaining exercise.
+
+So again, it's beyond
+the scope of the lecture,
+
+so come ask me in office hours
+and we can talk about that.
+
+Yeah, one more.
+
+AUDIENCE: For orbital angular
+momentum, say for l equals 1,
+
+we had states like m
+equals plus 1 and minus 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And we did think
+of those as angular momentum
+
+vectors.
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolutely.
+
+AUDIENCE: But those states are
+also orthogonal, are they not?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, those
+states are also orthogonal.
+
+AUDIENCE: So even though
+the angular momentum vectors
+
+aren't orthogonal,
+they're still--
+
+it's just a different sense.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's exactly right.
+
+So again, even in the case
+of integer angular momentum,
+
+you've got to be
+careful about talking
+
+about the top state
+and the bottom state
+
+corresponding to pointing
+in some direction,
+
+because they're
+orthogonal states.
+
+However, they do correspond to
+a particular angular momentum
+
+vector in three
+dimensional space.
+
+They correspond to a
+distribution on the sphere.
+
+So there's a sense in
+which they do correspond
+
+to real rotations, real
+eigenfunctions on a sphere,
+
+and there's also a sense
+in which they don't,
+
+because they're
+still orthogonal.
+
+That's exactly right.
+
+So let me move on.
+
+I'm going to stop
+questions at this point.
+
+So good.
+
+So these are the
+properties that need
+
+to be satisfied
+by our operators.
+
+And it's pretty easy to
+see in this basis what
+
+these operators must be.
+
+Sz has eigenvectors
+1, 0 and 0, 1.
+
+So Sz should be equal to h
+bar upon 2 1, 0, 0, minus 1.
+
+So let's just check
+this on 1, 0 gives me 1,
+
+0, so it gives me the same
+thing back times h bar upon 2.
+
+Cool.
+
+And acting on 0, 1,
+or the down state,
+
+we get h bar upon
+2 times 0 minus 1.
+
+That could be minus 1.
+
+Oh, sorry, 1, 0 gives me 0 and
+0 minus 1 on 1 gives me minus 1,
+
+which is 1 with a minus sign.
+
+That's a minus sign.
+
+So this works out like a champ.
+
+And S squared, meanwhile,
+is equal to-- well,
+
+it's got to give me h
+bar squared times 3/4
+
+for both of these vectors.
+
+So h bar squared--
+and meanwhile, these
+
+are eigenstates-- h bar squared
+times 3/4 times 1, 0, 0, 1.
+
+So we know one other
+fact, which was brought up
+
+just a minute ago, which
+was that if we take S plus
+
+and you act on the state
+0, 1, what should you get?
+
+If you raise your 1-- 1, 0.
+
+Great.
+
+So we also worked out the
+normalization coefficient
+
+on the problem set.
+
+And that normalization
+coefficient turns out to be 1.
+
+And let's be careful--
+we've got an h
+
+bar, for dimensional
+analysis reasons.
+
+So meanwhile, S minus,
+similarly, on 0,
+
+1, is equal to 0.
+
+And S plus on 0, 1,
+is equal to-- oh,
+
+sorry, we already did that.
+
+We want S minus on 1, 0.
+
+Let's see-- S minus on--
+we want S plus on 1,
+
+0 is equal to-- right, 0.
+
+And S minus on 1, 0 is
+equal to h bar 0, 1.
+
+OK, so putting
+all this together,
+
+you can pretty quickly
+get that S plus
+
+is equal to-- we
+need an h bar and we
+
+need it to raise the lower
+one and kill the top state.
+
+So on 1, 0, what does S plus do?
+
+That gives us 0 that gives us 0.
+
+Good.
+
+And on the lowered
+state, 0, 1, that
+
+gives me a 1 up top
+and that gives me
+
+a 0 downstairs, so it
+works out like this.
+
+So we've got h bar.
+
+Similarly, S minus is equal
+to h bar times 0, 0, 1, 0.
+
+So we've got these
+guys-- so much
+
+from just the definitions
+of raising and lowering.
+
+And by taking
+inner products, you
+
+can just derive those
+two lines from these.
+
+But notice that Sx is equal
+to S plus plus S minus upon 2,
+
+and Sy is equal to S plus
+minus S minus upon 2i.
+
+So this tells us that Sx is
+equal to h bar upon 2 times
+
+S plus-- we're going to
+get a 1 here-- plus S
+
+minus-- we're going to
+get a 1 here-- 0, 1, 1, 0.
+
+And Sy is equal to, again,
+upon 2i times h bar, h
+
+bar upon 2i, times S plus, which
+is going to give me 1 and minus
+
+S minus which is going
+to give me minus 1, 0, 0.
+
+But we can pull this i in,
+so 1/i is like minus i.
+
+So minus i times minus
+1 is going to give me i
+
+and minus i times 1
+is going to give me i.
+
+So--
+
+AUDIENCE: Shouldn't
+it be minus i?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+Yeah, did I write i?
+
+That should've been minus i.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So now we have a nice
+representation of these spin
+
+operations, of the
+spin operators.
+
+And explicitly we have that
+Sx is equal to h bar upon 2 0,
+
+1, 1, 0, Sy is equal to h
+bar upon 2 0, minus i, i, 0.
+
+And Sz is equal to h bar
+upon 2 1, 0, 0, minus 1.
+
+So why is Sz the only
+one that's diagonal?
+
+Is it something
+special about Sz?
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean, we've chosen
+z as the axis along which
+
+to project S squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So the thing that's
+special about Sz
+
+is that at the very
+beginning of this,
+
+we decided to work in a
+basis of eigenstates of Sz,
+
+with definite values of Sz.
+
+So if they have definite
+values, then acting with Sz
+
+is just going to
+give you a number.
+
+That's what it is to
+be a diagonal matrix.
+
+You act on a basis vector,
+you just get a number out.
+
+So we started out by working
+in the eigenbasis of Sz.
+
+And as a consequence, we
+find that Sz is diagonal.
+
+And this is a general
+truth that you'll
+
+discover in matrix
+mechanics when
+
+you work in the
+eigenbasis of an operator,
+
+that operator is represented
+by a diagonal matrix.
+
+And so we often say, rather
+than to work in an eigenbasis,
+
+we often say, to diagonalize.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are the
+signs right for Sy?
+
+Because if we had h bar over
+2i, and as we initially had a 1
+
+in the top right and minus
+1 in the bottom left,
+
+shouldn't we just multiply by i?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm pretty
+sure-- so originally, we
+
+had a downstairs i, right?
+
+So let's think about
+what this looked like.
+
+This was 1 and minus 1, right?
+
+Agreed?
+
+So this is minus 1 over i.
+
+So we pull in the i.
+
+So that we go from minus
+1 to minus 1 over i.
+
+And we go from 1 to 1 over i.
+
+And I claim that one
+over i is minus i.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK?
+
+And minus 1 over i is i.
+
+That cool?
+
+Good.
+
+OK, so this is i and minus i.
+
+I always get that
+screwy, but it's
+
+useful to memorize
+these matrices.
+
+You might think it's a little
+silly to memorize matrices.
+
+But these turn out to
+be ridiculously useful
+
+and they come up all the time.
+
+This is called sigma x.
+
+This is called sigma y.
+
+And this is called sigma z.
+
+And different people decide
+whether to put the 1/2 in there
+
+or not, the h bar
+does not go in there.
+
+Some people put in the 2, some
+people don't put in the 1/2,
+
+it's a matter of taste.
+
+Just be careful and be
+consistent, as usual.
+
+And these are called the
+Pauli matrices because A,
+
+we really like Pauli and
+B, Pauli introduced them.
+
+Although he didn't actually
+introduce them in some sense--
+
+this mathematical
+structure was introduced
+
+ages and ages and ages ago.
+
+But physicists cite
+the physicist, not
+
+the mathematician.
+
+OK I'm not saying that's good.
+
+I'm just saying it happens.
+
+So notice a
+consequence of these.
+
+An important consequence
+of these-- the whole point
+
+here was to build a
+representation of the spin
+
+operators.
+
+Now whatever else the
+spin operators do,
+
+they had better satisfy
+that computation relation,
+
+otherwise they're not
+really spin operators.
+
+That's what we mean by
+being spin operators.
+
+So let's check.
+
+Is it true that Sx commutator
+with Sy is equal to i h bar Sz?
+
+So this is a question mark.
+
+And let's check.
+
+Let's do the commutator.
+
+From the Sx, we're going
+to get an h bar upon 2.
+
+From the Sy, from each Sy, we're
+going to get a factor of h bar
+
+upon 2, so I'll just write that
+as h bar upon 2 squared-- times
+
+the commutator of two
+matrices-- 0, 1, 1,
+
+0 commutator with
+0, minus i, i, 0.
+
+This is equal to h bar
+squared upon 4 times--
+
+let's write this out.
+
+The first term is going to be
+this matrix times this matrix.
+
+That's going to be, again,
+a matrix-- 0, 1, 0, 1.
+
+So that first one is a 1.
+
+0, 1, minus i-- oh,
+sorry, that's an i.
+
+0, 1, that's an i,
+that's a minus i.
+
+So 0, 1, 0, i gives me an i.
+
+0, 1, minus i, 0 gives me a 0.
+
+Second row-- 1, 0,
+0, i gives me 0.
+
+And 1, 0, minus i,
+0 gives me minus i.
+
+And then the second term is
+the flipped order, right?
+
+The commutator term.
+
+So we get minus the commutator
+term, which is going to be 0,
+
+minus i, 0, 1.
+
+That gives me minus i.
+
+0, minus i, 1, 0,
+that gives me 0.
+
+Bottom row-- i, 0, 0, 1-- 0.
+
+And i, 0, 1, 0 give me i.
+
+OK, so notice what
+we get this is
+
+equal to h bar squared upon 4.
+
+And both of those matrices
+are the same thing.
+
+Those matrices are both i, 0,
+0, minus i with minus i, 0, 0,
+
+i, giving us i, 0, 0, minus
+i times 2 from the two terms.
+
+The 2's cancel,
+and this gives me
+
+h bar squared upon 2
+times i, 0, 0, minus i.
+
+But this is also known as--
+pulling out an i and an h bar--
+
+times h bar upon 2
+1, 0, 0, minus 1.
+
+This is equal to i h bar Sz.
+
+So these matrices represent
+the angular momentum
+
+commutators quite nicely.
+
+And in fact, if you
+check, all the commutators
+
+work out beautifully.
+
+So quickly, just
+as a reminder, what
+
+are the possible
+measurable values
+
+of Sz for the spin 1/2 system?
+
+What possible
+values could you get
+
+if you measured Sz,
+spin in the z direction?
+
+Yeah, plus or
+minus h bar upon 2.
+
+Now what about the eigenvectors?
+
+What are they-- of Sz?
+
+In this notation,
+there are these states.
+
+There's one eigenvector,
+there's the other.
+
+But let's ask the same
+question about Sx.
+
+So for Sx, what are the
+allowed eigenvalues?
+
+Well, we can answer
+this in two ways.
+
+The first way we can answer
+this is by saying look,
+
+there's nothing deep about z.
+
+It was just the stupid
+direction we started with.
+
+We could have started by working
+with the eigenbasis of Sx
+
+and we would've found
+exactly the same story.
+
+So it must be plus or
+minus h bar upon 2.
+
+But the reason you make
+that argument is A,
+
+it's slick and B,
+it's the only one
+
+you can make without knowing
+something else about how
+
+Sx acts.
+
+But now we know what Sx is.
+
+Sx is that operator.
+
+So now we can ask, what are the
+eigenvalues of that operator?
+
+And if you compute the
+eigenvalues of that operator,
+
+you find that there
+are two eigenvalues
+
+Sx is equal to h
+bar upon 2 and Sx
+
+is equal to minus h bar upon 2.
+
+And now I can ask, well,
+what are the eigenvectors?
+
+Now, we know what
+the eigenvectors
+
+are because we
+can just construct
+
+the eigenvectors of Sx plus.
+
+And if you construct the
+eigenvectors of Sx plus--
+
+should I take the time?
+
+How many people want me to
+do the eigenvectors of Sx
+
+explicitly?
+
+Yeah, that's kind
+of what I figured.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So the eigenvectors of Sx
+are, for example, on 1,
+
+1 is equal to-- well, Sx
+on 1, 1, the first term,
+
+that 0, 1, is going
+to give me a 1, the 1,
+
+0 is going to give me a 1.
+
+So this is h bar upon 2
+coefficient of Sx on 1, 1.
+
+And Sx on 1, minus 1 is going
+to give me h bar upon 2 minus 1,
+
+minus 1, because
+all Sx does is swap
+
+the first and second components.
+
+So it gives me minus
+1, takes it to the top,
+
+but that's just an
+overall minus sign.
+
+So again, we have the correct
+eigenvalues, plus and minus
+
+h bar upon 2, and now
+we know the eigenvector.
+
+So what does this tell us?
+
+What does it tell us that
+up in the x direction
+
+is equal to 1 over root 2 if
+I normalize things properly.
+
+Up in the z direction plus
+down in the z direction.
+
+That's what this is telling me.
+
+This vector is equal to up
+in the z direction-- that's
+
+this guy-- plus down
+in the z direction.
+
+But this isn't
+properly normalized,
+
+and properly normalizing it
+gives us this expression.
+
+So what does this tell us?
+
+This tells us that if we happen
+to know that the system is
+
+in the state with angular
+momentum, or spin,
+
+angular momentum in the x
+direction being plus 1/2, then
+
+the probability to measure
+up in the z direction
+
+in a subsequent
+measurement is 1/2.
+
+And the probability to
+measure down is 1/2.
+
+If you know it's up
+in the x direction,
+
+the probability of measuring
+up in the z or down in the z
+
+are equal.
+
+You're at chance.
+
+You're at even odds.
+
+Everyone agree with that?
+
+That's the meaning
+of this expression.
+
+And similarly, down in the
+x direction is equal to 1
+
+over root 2, up
+in the z direction
+
+minus down in the z direction.
+
+And we get that from here.
+
+This state is explicitly, by
+construction, the eigenstate
+
+of Sx as we've constructed Sx.
+
+And we have a natural
+expression in terms
+
+of the z eigenvectors
+up and down.
+
+That's what this
+expression is giving us.
+
+It gives us an expression
+of the Sx eigenvector
+
+in the basis of Sz eigenvectors.
+
+So for example, this tells
+you that the probability
+
+to measure up in the
+z direction, given
+
+that we measured down
+in the x direction
+
+first-- so this is the
+conditional probability.
+
+Suppose I first measured
+down in the x direction,
+
+what's the probability
+that I subsequently
+
+measure up in the z direction?
+
+This is equal to--
+well, it's the norm
+
+squared of the
+expansion coefficient.
+
+So first down in the x
+direction and the probability
+
+that we're up in the z direction
+is 1 upon root 2 squared.
+
+Usual rules of
+quantum mechanics--
+
+take the expansion coefficient,
+take its norm squared,
+
+that's the probability-- 1/2.
+
+And we can do exactly
+the same thing for Sy.
+
+So let's do the
+same thing for Sy
+
+without actually working
+out all the details.
+
+So doing the same thing for
+Sy, up in the y direction
+
+is equal to 1 upon root 2 times
+up in the z direction plus i
+
+down in the z direction.
+
+And down in the y direction
+is equal to 1 upon root 2
+
+up in the z direction minus
+i down in the z direction.
+
+And I encourage you to
+check your knowledge
+
+by deriving these
+eigenvectors, which
+
+you can do given our
+representations of Sy.
+
+Now here's a nice thing that
+we're going to use later.
+
+Consider the following.
+
+Consider the operator
+S theta, which
+
+I'm going to define as cosine
+theta Sz plus-- oh, sorry.
+
+I'm not even going
+to write it that way.
+
+So what I mean by S
+theta is equal to-- take
+
+our spherical directions and
+consider an angle in the-- this
+
+is x, let's say, y, x, z--
+consider an angle theta down
+
+in the zx plane, and we
+can ask, what is the spin
+
+operator along the
+direction theta?
+
+What's the angular momentum
+in the direction theta?
+
+If theta, for example, is
+equal to pi/2, this is Sx.
+
+So I'm just defining
+a spin operator,
+
+which is the angular momentum
+along a particular direction
+
+theta in the xz plane.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+This is going to turn out
+to be very useful for us,
+
+and I encourage you to
+derive the following.
+
+And if you don't derive
+the following, then
+
+hopefully it will be
+done in your recitations.
+
+Well, I will chat with your
+recitation instructors.
+
+And if you do
+this, then what are
+
+we going to get for the
+eigenvalues of S theta?
+
+What possible eigenvalues
+could S theta have?
+
+[? AUDIENCE: None. ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it can't
+have any other redirection
+
+[INAUDIBLE] no matter
+where you start.
+
+PROFESSOR: Fabulous.
+
+OK.
+
+So the answer that
+was given is that it's
+
+the same, plus or
+minus h bar upon 2
+
+as Sz, or indeed as Sx or
+Sy, because it can't possibly
+
+matter what direction you
+chose at the beginning.
+
+I could have called
+this direction theta z.
+
+How do you stop me?
+
+We could have done that.
+
+We didn't.
+
+That was our first
+wave answering.
+
+Second wave answering is what?
+
+Well, construct the
+operator S theta
+
+and find its eigenvectors
+and eigenvalues.
+
+So I encourage you to do that.
+
+And what you find
+is that, of course,
+
+the eigenvalues are plus
+or minus h bar upon 2
+
+and up at the angle theta is
+equal to cosine of theta upon 2
+
+up in the z direction
+plus sine of theta
+
+upon 2 down in the z direction.
+
+And down theta is
+equal to cosine theta
+
+upon 2 up in the z direction
+minus sine of theta
+
+over 2 down in the z direction.
+
+Oops, no.
+
+I got that wrong.
+
+This is sine, and
+this is minus cosine.
+
+Good.
+
+That makes more sense.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's just sanity check.
+
+These guys should be
+properly normalized.
+
+So if we take the norm
+squared of this guy,
+
+the cross terms vanish
+because up z and down z
+
+are orthogonal states.
+
+So we're going to get a co
+squared plus the sine squared.
+
+That's 1.
+
+So that's properly normalized.
+
+Same thing for this guy.
+
+The minus doesn't
+change anything
+
+because we norm squared.
+
+Now, I'll check that
+they're orthogonal.
+
+If we take this guy dotted into
+this guy, everything's real.
+
+So we get a cosine
+from up up, we're
+
+going to get a cosine sine.
+
+And from down down, we're going
+to get a minus cosine sine.
+
+So that gives us 0.
+
+So these guys are
+orthogonal, and they
+
+satisfy all the nice
+properties we want.
+
+So this is a good check--
+do this-- of your knowledge.
+
+And if we had problem
+sets allowed this week,
+
+I would give you this in your
+problem set, but we don't.
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+Suppose that I measure.
+
+So I want to use these
+states for something.
+
+Suppose that I
+measure Sz and find
+
+Sz is equal to 1/2 h
+bar plus h bar upon 2,
+
+OK, at some moment in time.
+
+First question is easy.
+
+What's the state of the system
+subsequent to that measurement?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Man, you
+all are so quiet today.
+
+What's the state of the system
+subsequent to measurement
+
+that Sz is plus h bar upon 2?
+
+AUDIENCE: Up z.
+
+PROFESSOR: Up z.
+
+Good.
+
+So our state psi is
+up z upon measurement,
+
+OK, after measurement.
+
+And I need new chalk.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, if I measure Sx, so 1, 2,
+measure Sx, what will I get?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+What values will I observe
+with what probabilities?
+
+Well, first off, what
+are the possible values
+
+that you can measure?
+
+AUDIENCE: Plus or
+minus h bar over 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, the
+possible eigenvalues,
+
+so which is plus or minus
+h bar upon 2, but with what
+
+probability?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So we know this from
+the eigenstate of Sx.
+
+If we know that we're
+in the state up z,
+
+we can take linear
+combinations of this guy
+
+to show that up z is
+equal to 1 over root 2.
+
+So let's just check.
+
+If we add these two
+together, up x and down x,
+
+if we add them
+together, we'll get 1/2,
+
+1/2, 2/2, a root 2 times up
+z, is up x plus down x, up x
+
+plus down x, dividing
+through by the 1/2.
+
+So here we've expressed
+up in the z direction
+
+in a basis of x and y, which
+is what we're supposed to do.
+
+So the probability that
+I measure a plus 1/2
+
+as x is equal to
+plus 1/2 h bar upon 2
+
+is equal to 1 over
+root 2 squared, so 1/2.
+
+And ditto, Sx is equal
+to minus h bar upon 2.
+
+Same probability.
+
+OK?
+
+What about Sy?
+
+Again, we get one of two values.
+
+Oops, plus or
+minus h bar upon 2.
+
+But the probability of
+measuring plus is equal to 1/2,
+
+and the probability that we
+measure minus 1/2 is 1/2.
+
+That's h bar upon 2.
+
+OK?
+
+So this should look familiar.
+
+Going back to the
+very first lecture,
+
+hardness was spin
+in the z direction,
+
+and color was spin in
+the x direction, I guess.
+
+And we added, at one
+point, a third one,
+
+which I think I
+called whimsy, which
+
+is equal to spin
+in the y direction.
+
+OK?
+
+And now all of the
+box operation that we
+
+used in that very first
+lecture, you can understand
+
+is nothing other than
+stringing together
+
+chains of Stern-Gerlach
+experiments
+
+doing Sx, Sy, and Sz.
+
+So let's be explicit about that.
+
+Let's make that concrete.
+
+Actually, let's do that here.
+
+So for example, suppose
+we put a random electron
+
+into an Sz color box.
+
+OK.
+
+Some are going to
+come out up, and some
+
+are going to come out
+down in the z direction.
+
+And if we send this into
+now an Sx color box,
+
+this is going to give us
+either up in the x direction
+
+or down in the x direction.
+
+And what we'll get
+out is 50-50, right?
+
+OK.
+
+So let's take the ones
+that came out down.
+
+And if we send those back
+into an Sz, what do we get?
+
+AUDIENCE: 50-50.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, 50-50,
+because down x is 1 over 2 up z
+
+plus 1 over 2 down z.
+
+What was going on in that
+very first experiment, where
+
+we did hardness,
+color, hardness?
+
+Superposition.
+
+And what superposition
+was a hard electron?
+
+It was 1 over a 2,
+white plus black.
+
+We know precisely which
+superposition, and here it is.
+
+OK?
+
+And now, let's do that
+last experiment, where
+
+we take these guys, Sx down, and
+I'm turning this upside down,
+
+beam joiners.
+
+We take the up in the x
+direction and the down
+
+in the x direction, and
+we combine them together,
+
+and we put them back
+into Sz, what do we get?
+
+Well, what's the state?
+
+1 over root 2 down x
+plus 1 over root 2 up x?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's up z.
+
+Up z into an Sz
+box, what do we get?
+
+Up z with 100%.
+
+That's white with 100%, or
+I'm sorry, hard with 100%.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+down z with a down z.
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: You put in down.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I put in down.
+
+Shoot, I'm sorry.
+
+Well, yeah, indeed,
+I meant to put in up.
+
+Yes, down z with
+100% confidence.
+
+If we remove the mirror, 50-50.
+
+If we add in the mirror, 100%.
+
+And the difference
+is whether we're
+
+taking one component
+of the wave function,
+
+or whether we're superposing
+them back together.
+
+All right?
+
+Imagine we know we have
+a system in this state,
+
+and I say, look, this component
+is also coincidentally very far
+
+away, and I'm going
+to not look at them.
+
+So of the ones that I look
+at, I have 1 over root 2 up x.
+
+But if I look at
+the full system,
+
+the superimposed system,
+that adds together
+
+to be an eigenstate of Sz.
+
+These are our color boxes.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: But how
+do you know, when
+
+you put the two beams
+to the beam joiner,
+
+it serves to add their
+two states together?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, excellent.
+
+This is a very subtle point.
+
+So here we have to decide what
+we mean by the beam splitter.
+
+And what I'm going to
+mean by the beam splitter,
+
+by the mirrors
+and beam joiners--
+
+so the question is, how do
+we know that it does this
+
+without changing
+the superposition?
+
+And what I want to do
+is define this thing
+
+as the object that takes the
+two incident wave functions,
+
+and it just adds them together.
+
+It should give me the
+direct superposition
+
+with the appropriate
+phases and coefficients.
+
+So if this was plus up x,
+then it stays plus up x.
+
+If it's minus up x, it's
+going to be minus up x.
+
+Whatever the phase is of
+this state, when it gets here
+
+it just adds together
+the two components.
+
+That's my definition
+of that adding box.
+
+AUDIENCE: So realistically,
+what does that look like?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, what?
+
+You think I'm an
+experimentalist?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Look, every time I
+try an experiment,
+
+I get hit by a shark.
+
+OK?
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Yeah, no.
+
+How you actually implement
+that in real systems
+
+is a more complicated story.
+
+So you should
+direct that question
+
+to Matt, who's a very
+good experimentalist.
+
+OK.
+
+So finally, let's go back to
+the Stern-Gerlach experiment,
+
+and let's actually run the
+Stern-Gerlach experiment.
+
+I guess I'll do that here.
+
+So let's think about what the
+Stern-Gerlach experiment looks
+
+like in this notation, and
+not just in this notation,
+
+in the honest language of spin.
+
+And I'm going to do a slightly
+abbreviated version of this
+
+because you guys can
+fill in the details
+
+with your knowledge
+of 802 and 803.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's the
+Stern-Gerlach experiment.
+
+We have a gradient in
+the magnetic field.
+
+This is the z direction.
+
+And we have a gradient
+where B in the z direction
+
+has some B0, a
+constant plus beta z.
+
+OK?
+
+So it's got a constant
+piece and a small gradient.
+
+Everyone cool with that?
+
+It's just the magnetic field
+gets stronger and stronger
+
+in the z direction,
+there's a constant,
+
+and then there's a rate of
+increase in the z direction.
+
+And I'm going to send
+my electron through.
+
+Now remember, my electron has
+a wave function, psi electron,
+
+is equal to-- well, it's
+got some amplitude to be up,
+
+a up z, plus some amplitude
+to be down, b down z.
+
+And if this is a
+random electron,
+
+then its state is
+going to be random,
+
+and a and b are going to
+be random numbers whose
+
+norm squared add up to
+1, proper normalization.
+
+Cool?
+
+So here's our random
+initial state,
+
+and we send it into
+this region where
+
+we've got a magnetic
+field gradient.
+
+And what happens?
+
+Well, we know that the
+energy of an electron that
+
+carries some angular momentum
+is a constant, mu naught,
+
+times its angular
+momentum dotted
+
+into any ambient magnetic field.
+
+Whoops, sorry,
+with a minus sign.
+
+This is saying that
+magnets want to anti-align.
+
+Now, in particular,
+here we've got
+
+a magnetic field
+in the z direction.
+
+So this is minus mu 0 Sz Bz.
+
+And Bz was a constant, beta
+0-- sorry, B0 plus beta z.
+
+So the energy has two terms.
+
+It has a constant term,
+which just depends on Sz,
+
+and then there's a
+term that depends
+
+on z as well as depending
+on Sz [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So we can write this as a--
+so Sz, remember what Sz is.
+
+Sz is equal to h bar
+upon 2, 1, 0, 0, minus 1.
+
+So this is a matrix with
+some coefficient up a--
+
+do I want to write this out?
+
+Yeah, I guess I don't really
+need to write this out.
+
+But this is a matrix, and
+this is our energy operator.
+
+And it acts on any given state
+to give us another state back.
+
+It's an operator.
+
+OK.
+
+And importantly,
+I want this to be
+
+only-- this is in some
+region where we're
+
+doing the experiment, where we
+have a magnetic field gradient.
+
+Then outside of this region,
+we have no magnetic field
+
+and no magnetic field gradient.
+
+So it's 0 to the left
+and 0 to the right.
+
+So as we've talked about
+before, the electron
+
+feels a force due to this
+gradient to the magnetic field.
+
+The energy depends on
+z, so the derivative
+
+of the energy with
+respect to z, which
+
+is the force in the z
+direction, is non-zero.
+
+But for the moment that's
+a bit of a red herring.
+
+Instead of worrying about
+the center of mass motion,
+
+let's just focus on
+the overall phase.
+
+So let's take our initial
+electron with this initial wave
+
+function a up z plus
+b down z, and let's
+
+note that in this time-- so
+what does this matrix look like?
+
+OK.
+
+So fine, let's actually
+look at this matrix.
+
+So Sz is the matrix 1, 0, 0,
+minus 1 times h bar upon 2.
+
+So we have h bar
+upon 2 minus mu 0.
+
+And then B0 plus beta
+z, which I'll just
+
+write as B, which is equal
+to some constant C, 0, 0,
+
+some constant minus C.
+Everyone agree with that?
+
+Where a constant, I
+just mean it's a number,
+
+but it does depend on z,
+because the z is in here.
+
+Now, here's the nice thing.
+
+When we expand the energy on
+up z, this is equal to C of z
+
+up z, because there's
+our energy operator.
+
+And energy on down z is equal
+to minus Cz of z down to z.
+
+So up and down in
+the z direction
+
+are still eigenfunctions
+of the energy operator.
+
+We've chosen an
+interaction, we've
+
+chosen a potential which
+is already diagonal,
+
+so the energy is diagonal.
+
+It's already in its eigenbasis.
+
+So as a consequence, this is the
+energy, energy of the up state
+
+is equal to, in the z
+direction, is equal to plus C.
+
+And energy in the down state,
+energy of the down state,
+
+is equal to minus C of z.
+
+Everyone agree with that?
+
+So what this magnetic
+field does it
+
+splits the degeneracy of
+the up and down states.
+
+The up and down
+states originally
+
+had no energy splitting.
+
+They were both zero energy.
+
+We turn on this magnetic
+field, and one state
+
+has positive energy,
+and the other state
+
+has negative energy.
+
+So that degeneracy
+has been split.
+
+Where did that original
+degeneracy come from?
+
+Why did we have a degeneracy
+in the first place?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Spherical symmetry.
+
+And we turn on the magnetic
+field, which picks out
+
+a direction, and we
+break that degeneracy,
+
+and we lift the splitting.
+
+OK?
+
+So here we see that the
+splitting is lifted.
+
+And now we want to ask, how
+does the wave function evolve
+
+in time?
+
+So this was our
+initial wave function.
+
+But we know from the Schrodinger
+equation that psi of t
+
+is going to be equal to--
+well, those are already
+
+eigenvectors-- so a e to the
+minus i e up t upon h bar up z
+
+plus b e to the minus i e
+down t upon h bar down z.
+
+All right?
+
+But we can write this as equals
+a e to the i mu 0 b0 t over 2
+
+plus i mu 0 beta t z upon 2 up
+z plus b same e to the minus
+
+i--oops, that should be,
+oh, no, that's plus--
+
+that's e to the i
+mu 0 b0 t over 2.
+
+And if we write this
+as two exponentials,
+
+e to the minus i mu 0
+beta t z upon 2-- oh no,
+
+that's a minus,
+good, OK-- down z.
+
+OK.
+
+So what is this telling us?
+
+So what this tells us
+is that we start off
+
+in a state, which has
+some amplitude to be up
+
+and some amplitude
+to be down, a and b.
+
+And at a later
+time t, sine of t,
+
+what we find after we run
+it through this apparatus
+
+is that this is the amplitude.
+
+What do you notice?
+
+Well, we notice two things.
+
+The first is that
+the system evolves
+
+with some overall energy.
+
+So the phase rotates as usual.
+
+These are energy
+eigenstates, but the amount
+
+of phase rotation depends on z.
+
+So in particular, this is e
+to the i some number times z.
+
+And what is e to the
+i some number times z?
+
+If you know you have a state
+that's of the form e to the i
+
+some number, which I will, I
+don't know, call kz times z,
+
+what is this telling
+you about the system?
+
+This is an eigenstate
+of what operator?
+
+AUDIENCE: Momentum.
+
+PROFESSOR: Momentum
+in the z direction.
+
+It carries what momentum?
+
+AUDIENCE: h bar kz.
+
+PROFESSOR: h bar kz, exactly.
+
+So what about this?
+
+If I have a system
+in this state,
+
+what can you say about its
+momentum in the z direction?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's non-zero.
+
+Right here's a z.
+
+These are a bunch of constants.
+
+It's beta, t, mu 0, 2, i.
+
+So it's non-zero.
+
+In fact, it's got minus
+some constant times z.
+
+Right?
+
+So this is a state
+with negative momentum.
+
+Everyone agree?
+
+It's got momentum z
+down in the z direction.
+
+What about this guy?
+
+Momentum up.
+
+So the states that are up in
+the z direction get a kick up.
+
+And the states that are
+down in the z direction
+
+get a kick down.
+
+They pick up some momentum
+down in the z direction.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Where did
+that big T come from?
+
+PROFESSOR: Big T should
+be little t, sorry.
+
+Sorry, just bad
+handwriting there.
+
+That's just t.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So in this
+case, the eigenvalues--
+
+it's a function of z?
+
+PROFESSOR: Mhm.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that allowable?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So that seems bad, but remember
+what I started out doing.
+
+Oop, did I erase it?
+
+Shoot, we erased it.
+
+So we started out saying,
+look, the wave function is up
+
+in the z direction, or
+really rather here, up
+
+in the z direction
+times some constant.
+
+Now, in general, this
+shouldn't be a constant.
+
+It should be some function.
+
+So this should be a function
+of position times up
+
+in the z direction.
+
+This is a function position
+times down in the z direction.
+
+So what we've done here is we
+said, under time evolution,
+
+that function changes
+in time, but it
+
+stays some linear
+combination up and down.
+
+So you can reorganize this as--
+the time evolution equation
+
+here is an equation for
+the coefficients of up z
+
+and the coefficient of down z.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Other questions?
+
+OK.
+
+So the upshot of all this is
+that we run this experiment,
+
+and what we discover is that
+this component of the state
+
+that was up z gets a kick
+in the plus z direction.
+
+And any electron that
+came from this term
+
+in the superposition
+will be kicked up up z.
+
+And any electron that came
+from the superposition down z
+
+will have down.
+
+Now, what we really mean is
+not that an electron does this
+
+or does that, but rather
+that the initial stage
+
+of an electron that's here,
+with the superposition of z
+
+up and down, ends up in the
+state as a superposition of up
+
+z being up here and
+down z being down here.
+
+OK?
+
+An electron didn't do one,
+it didn't do the other.
+
+It ends up in a superposition,
+so the state at the end.
+
+So what the Stern-Gerlach
+experiment has done,
+
+apparatus has done,
+is it's correlated
+
+the position of the
+electron with its spin.
+
+So if you find the amplitude,
+to find it up here and down
+
+is very small.
+
+The amplitude to find it up
+here and up is very large.
+
+Similarly, the amplitude, to
+find it down here and up is 0.
+
+And the amplitude, to find it
+down here and down is large.
+
+Cool?
+
+So this is exactly what
+we wanted from the boxes.
+
+We wanted not to do
+something funny to the spins,
+
+we just wanted to correlate
+the position with the spin.
+
+And so the final state is a
+superposition of these guys.
+
+And which superposition?
+
+It's exactly this superposition.
+
+So these calculations are
+gone through in the notes
+
+that are going to be posted.
+
+OK.
+
+So questions at this point?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: And so when
+you put the electron
+
+through the
+Stern-Gerlach device,
+
+does that count as a measurement
+of the particle's angular
+
+momentum?
+
+PROFESSOR: Excellent.
+
+When I put the electrons through
+the Stern-Gerlach device,
+
+do they come out with
+a definite position?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+At the end of the
+experiment, they're
+
+in a superposition of either
+being here or being here.
+
+And they're in a
+superposition of either
+
+being up spin or down spin.
+
+Have we determined the
+spin through putting it
+
+through this apparatus?
+
+No.
+
+We haven't done any measurement.
+
+The measurement comes when
+we now do the following.
+
+We put a detector here
+that absorbs an electron.
+
+We say, ah, yeah, it got hit.
+
+And then you've measured
+the angular momentum
+
+by measuring where it came out.
+
+If it comes out down here,
+it will be in the positive.
+
+So this is a nice example of
+something called entanglement.
+
+And this is where we're
+going to pick up next time.
+
+Entanglement says the following.
+
+Suppose I know one
+property of a particle,
+
+for example, that it's up here,
+or suppose I'm in the state psi
+
+is equal to up, so up here
+and up in the z direction plus
+
+down there and down
+in the z direction.
+
+OK?
+
+This means that, at the moment,
+initially, if I said, look,
+
+is it going to be up or down
+with equal probabilities, 1
+
+over root 2 with
+equal amplitudes,
+
+if I measure spin in
+the z direction, what
+
+value will I get?
+
+What values could
+I get if I measure
+
+spin in the z direction?
+
+Plus or minus 1/2.
+
+And what are the
+probabilities that I
+
+measure plus 1/2 or minus 1/2?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Even odds, right?
+
+We've done that experiment.
+
+On the other hand, if
+I tell you that I've
+
+measured it to be up
+here, what will you then
+
+deduce about what its spin is?
+
+AUDIENCE: Plus.
+
+PROFESSOR: Always plus 1/2.
+
+Did I have to do the
+measurement to determine
+
+that it's plus 1/2.
+
+No, because I already
+know the state,
+
+so I know exactly what I will
+get if I do the experiment.
+
+I measure up here, and
+then the wave function
+
+is this without the 1 over
+root 2, upon measurement.
+
+But as a consequence, if I
+subsequently measure up z,
+
+the only possible value
+is up in the z direction.
+
+Yeah?
+
+And this is called entanglement.
+
+And here it's entanglement of
+the position with the spin.
+
+And next time, what
+we'll do is we'll
+
+study the EPR experiment,
+which says the following thing.
+
+Suppose I take two electrons,
+OK, take two electrons,
+
+and I put them in the state one
+is up and the other is down,
+
+or the first is up and
+the second is down.
+
+All right?
+
+So up, down plus down, up.
+
+OK?
+
+I now take my two electrons, and
+I send them to distant places.
+
+Suppose I measure one of them
+to be up in the x direction.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Then I know that the other
+one is down in that direction.
+
+Sorry.
+
+If I measure up in
+the z direction,
+
+I determine the other one
+is down in the z direction.
+
+But suppose someone over here
+who's causally disconnected
+
+measures not spin
+in the z direction,
+
+but spin in the x direction.
+
+They'll measure one of two
+things, either plus or minus.
+
+Now, knowing what we know,
+that it's in the z eigenstate,
+
+it will be either plus 1/2 in
+the x direction or minus 1/2
+
+in the x direction.
+
+Suppose I get both measurements.
+
+The distant person over here
+does the measurement of z
+
+and says, aha, mine is up, so
+the other one must be down.
+
+But the person over here doesn't
+measure Sz, they measure Sx,
+
+and they get that it's plus Sx.
+
+And what they've done
+as a result of these two
+
+experiments, Einstein,
+Podolsky, and Rosen say,
+
+is this electron has been
+measured by the distant guy
+
+to be spin z down, but by this
+guy to be measured spin x up.
+
+So I know Sx and Sz definitely.
+
+But that flies in the face of
+the uncertainty relation, which
+
+tells us we can't have spin
+z and spin x definitely.
+
+Einstein and Podolsky
+and Rosen say
+
+there's something missing
+in quantum mechanics,
+
+because I can do
+these experiments
+
+and determine that this
+particle is Sz down and Sx up.
+
+But what quantum
+mechanics says is
+
+that I may have done
+the measurement of Sz,
+
+but that hasn't
+determined anything
+
+about the state over here.
+
+There is no predetermined value.
+
+What we need to do is
+we need to tease out,
+
+we need an experimental
+version of this tension.
+
+The experimental
+version of this tension,
+
+fleshed out in the
+EPR experiment,
+
+is called Bell's inequality.
+
+We studied it in the
+very first lecture,
+
+and we're going to show it's a
+violation in the next lecture.
+
+See you guys next time.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SRp9W3T_sHQ.txt b/SRp9W3T_sHQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f46b23fd601bf007d8d97e6f2e68de61b6bdb04c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SRp9W3T_sHQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one good thing about this course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one good thing about this course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one good thing about this course that
+the students would take it this seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students would take it this seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students would take it this seemed
+to already be aware that they something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to already be aware that they something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to already be aware that they something
+that they need to I would say and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they need to I would say and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they need to I would say and learn
+about clear language exam so because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about clear language exam so because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about clear language exam so because you
+can see that in in in the answers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in in in the answers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that in in in the answers to the
+first kiss any idea because I start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kiss any idea because I start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first kiss any idea because I start the
+course by asking them some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by asking them some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course by asking them some basic
+questions to know where they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to know where they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to know where they are in
+terms of what they know about color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they know about color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what they know about color
+languages and and I think most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and and I think most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and and I think most of them
+the answers reflect what they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers reflect what they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answers reflect what they would have
+learned in your typical linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in your typical linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned in your typical linguistic
+textbooks which have been myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks which have been myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks which have been myself
+critiquing so the idea that languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing so the idea that languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiquing so the idea that languages
+are mixed languages and that make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixed languages and that make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixed languages and that make them
+that make them special languages except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make them special languages except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make them special languages except
+on languages or the idea that Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on languages or the idea that Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on languages or the idea that Creole
+languages are somehow oversimplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are somehow oversimplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are somehow oversimplified
+they are reduced languages that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are reduced languages that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are reduced languages that are
+lesser than others so so that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser than others so so that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser than others so so that came up
+with some of the answers very same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the answers very same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the answers very same time
+many of them Kim Kim from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them Kim Kim from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them Kim Kim from the very
+beginning they would share very I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they would share very I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they would share very I would
+say finances in terms of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say finances in terms of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say finances in terms of understanding
+that 20 which is emerged in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 20 which is emerged in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 20 which is emerged in the context
+of very drastic power imbalance and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very drastic power imbalance and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very drastic power imbalance and as
+such attitudes towards them reflect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such attitudes towards them reflect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such attitudes towards them reflect this
+our imbalance and so they came ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imbalance and so they came ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imbalance and so they came ready to
+critique what they had learned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique what they had learned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique what they had learned in the
+linguistic textbooks so which to me was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic textbooks so which to me was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic textbooks so which to me was
+was very was very heartening to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very was very heartening to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very was very heartening to start
+the course with so one way that we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course with so one way that we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course with so one way that we start
+by unpacking these misconceptions is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by unpacking these misconceptions is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by unpacking these misconceptions is by
+comparing attitudes towards languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing attitudes towards languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing attitudes towards languages
+with attitudes towards race and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with attitudes towards race and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with attitudes towards race and
+ethnicity and as they get what they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and as they get what they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethnicity and as they get what they get
+to see very quickly is that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see very quickly is that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see very quickly is that in fact
+there is perhaps as much misconceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is perhaps as much misconceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is perhaps as much misconceptions
+about language as it is about about race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about language as it is about about race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about language as it is about about race
+so they get to see very early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get to see very early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get to see very early in the
+course that language can be used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that language can be used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that language can be used as a
+proxy for race though now it's impolite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for race though now it's impolite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for race though now it's impolite
+to say certain things about say black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say certain things about say black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say certain things about say black
+people or Asian people yet it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or Asian people yet it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or Asian people yet it's still
+polite to say negative things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite to say negative things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite to say negative things about
+language and then and then at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and then and then at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and then and then at that point
+what we do want reduce some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do want reduce some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do want reduce some basic
+linguistic analysis tools for them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic analysis tools for them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic analysis tools for them to be
+able to see that in terms of new musics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see that in terms of new musics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see that in terms of new musics
+structure there is nothing at all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there is nothing at all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there is nothing at all that's
+inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior
+three languages in fact what we what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three languages in fact what we what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three languages in fact what we what we
+do from the very beginning is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do from the very beginning is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do from the very beginning is to show
+that structurally they are patterns both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structurally they are patterns both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structurally they are patterns both
+in the syntax or mythology of calamities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syntax or mythology of calamities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syntax or mythology of calamities
+that are quite similar to patterns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are quite similar to patterns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are quite similar to patterns in
+the syntax and history of of English or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax and history of of English or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syntax and history of of English or
+French of Mandarin Chinese so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French of Mandarin Chinese so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French of Mandarin Chinese so they
+quickly carry stems that empirically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly carry stems that empirically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly carry stems that empirically and
+theoretically one cannot argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically one cannot argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically one cannot argue that
+clear languages are any way less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear languages are any way less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear languages are any way less than
+non calamities the same way that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non calamities the same way that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non calamities the same way that there
+are no biological measures that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no biological measures that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no biological measures that would
+deem black people to be inferior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deem black people to be inferior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deem black people to be inferior to
+white people so they get very tender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white people so they get very tender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white people so they get very tender
+Stan the power of this means that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stan the power of this means that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stan the power of this means that often
+they themselves have got along in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves have got along in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they themselves have got along in terms
+of how the few different languages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the few different languages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the few different languages in
+some cases in other kids just even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases in other kids just even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases in other kids just even
+dialects of English say southern English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects of English say southern English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialects of English say southern English
+or black English their attitudes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or black English their attitudes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or black English their attitudes are
+very demeaning towards those varieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very demeaning towards those varieties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very demeaning towards those varieties
+that have no basis in science that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have no basis in science that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have no basis in science that are
+rooted in hierarchies of power and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in hierarchies of power and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted in hierarchies of power and they
+get to see that very quickly
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/STjW3eH0Cik.txt b/STjW3eH0Cik.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98f7d1dd6cbd927c43d74af826d65bf902726c24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/STjW3eH0Cik.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2312 @@
+SPEAKER 1: It was about 1963
+when a noted philosopher here
+
+at MIT, named Hubert Dreyfus--
+
+Hubert Dreyfus wrote a paper in
+about 1963 in which he had
+
+a heading titled, "Computers
+Can't Play Chess." Of course,
+
+he was subsequently invited
+over to the artificial
+
+intelligence laboratory
+to play the
+
+Greenblatt chess machine.
+
+And, of course, he lost.
+
+Whereupon Seymour Pavitt wrote
+a rebuttal to Dreyfus' famous
+
+paper, which had a subject
+heading, "Dreyfus Can't Play
+
+Chess Either."
+
+But in a strange sense, Dreyfus
+might have been right
+
+and would have been right if he
+were to have said computers
+
+can't play chess the way
+humans play chess yet.
+
+In any case, around about 1968
+a chess master named David
+
+Levy bet noted founder of
+artificial intelligence John
+
+McCarthy that no computer would
+beat the world champion
+
+within 10 years.
+
+And five years later, McCarthy
+gave up, because it had
+
+already become clear that no
+computer would win in a way
+
+that McCarthy wanted it to win,
+that is to say by playing
+
+chess the way humans
+play chess.
+
+But then 20 years after that
+in 1997, Deep Blue beat the
+
+world champion, and chess
+suddenly became uninteresting.
+
+But we're going to talk about
+games today, because there are
+
+elements of game-play that do
+model some of the things that
+
+go on in our head.
+
+And if they don't model things
+that go on in our head, they
+
+do model some kind
+of intelligence.
+
+And if we're to have a general
+understanding of what
+
+intelligence is all about, we
+have to understand that kind
+
+of intelligence, too.
+
+So, we'll start out by talking
+about various ways that we
+
+might design a computer
+program to
+
+play a game like chess.
+
+And we'll conclude by talking
+a little bit about what Deep
+
+Blue adds to the mix other
+than tremendous speed.
+
+So, that's our agenda.
+
+By the end of the hour, you'll
+understand and be able to
+
+write your own Deep Blue
+if you feel like it.
+
+First, we want to talk about how
+it might be possible for a
+
+computer to play chess.
+
+Let's talk about several
+approaches
+
+that might be possible.
+
+Approach number one is that
+the machine might make a
+
+description of the board the
+same way a human would; talk
+
+about pawn structure, King
+safety, whether it's a good
+
+time to castle, that
+sort of thing.
+
+So, it would be analysis and
+perhaps some strategy mixed up
+
+with some tactics.
+
+And all that would get mixed
+up and, finally, result in
+
+some kind of move.
+
+If this is the game board, the
+next thing to do would be
+
+determined by some process
+like that.
+
+And the trouble is no one
+knows how to do it.
+
+And so in that sense,
+Dreyfus is right.
+
+None the game playing programs
+today incorporate any of that
+
+kind of stuff.
+
+And since nobody knows
+how to do that, we
+
+can't talk about it.
+
+So we can talk about
+other ways, though,
+
+that we might try.
+
+For example, we can have
+if-then rules.
+
+How would that work?
+
+That would work this way.
+
+You look at the board,
+represented by this node here,
+
+and you say, well, if it's
+possible to move the Queen
+
+pawn forward by one,
+then do that.
+
+So, it doesn't do any of
+evaluation of the board.
+
+It doesn't try anything.
+
+It just says let me look at the
+board and select a move on
+
+that basis.
+
+So, that would be a way
+of approaching a game
+
+situation like this.
+
+Here's the situation.
+
+Here are the possible moves.
+
+And one is selected
+on the basis of an
+
+if-then rule like so.
+
+And nobody can make a very
+strong chess player
+
+that works like that.
+
+Curiously enough, someone has
+made a pretty good checkers
+
+playing program that
+works like that.
+
+It checks to see what moves are
+available on the board,
+
+ranks them, and picks the
+highest one available.
+
+But, in general, that's not
+a very good approach.
+
+It's not very powerful.
+
+You couldn't make it--
+
+well, when I say, couldn't, it
+means I can't think of any way
+
+that you could make a
+strong chess playing
+
+program that way.
+
+So, the third way to do this is
+to look ahead and evaluate.
+
+What that means is you
+look ahead like so.
+
+You see all the possible
+consequences of moves, and you
+
+say, which of these board
+situations is best for me?
+
+So, that would be an approach
+that comes in here like so and
+
+says, which one of those three
+situations is best?
+
+And to do that, we have to have
+some way of evaluating
+
+the situation deciding which
+of those is best.
+
+Now, I want to do a little,
+brief aside, because I want to
+
+talk about the mechanisms that
+are popularly used to do that
+
+kind of evaluation.
+
+In the end, there are lots of
+features of the chessboard.
+
+Let's call them f1,
+f2, and so on.
+
+And we might form some function
+of those features.
+
+And that, overall, is called
+the static value.
+
+So, it's static because you're
+not exploring any consequences
+
+of what might happen.
+
+You're just looking at the board
+as it is, checking the
+
+King's safety, checking
+the pawn structure.
+
+Each of those produces a number
+fed into this function,
+
+out comes a value.
+
+And that is a value of the
+board seen from your
+
+perspective.
+
+Now, normally, this function,
+g, is reduced to a linear
+
+polynomial.
+
+So, in the end, the most popular
+kind of way of forming
+
+a static value is to take f1,
+multiply it times some
+
+constant, c1, add c2, multiply
+it times f2.
+
+And that is a linear
+scoring polynomial.
+
+So, we could use that function
+to produce numbers from each
+
+of these things and then pick
+the highest number.
+
+And that would be a way
+of playing the game.
+
+Actually, a scoring polynomial
+is a little bit
+
+more than we need.
+
+Because all we really need is
+a method that looks at those
+
+three boards and says,
+I like this one best.
+
+It doesn't have to rank them.
+
+It doesn't have to give
+them numbers.
+
+All it has to do is say which
+one it likes best.
+
+So, one way of doing that is
+to use a linear scoring
+
+polynomial.
+
+But it's not the only
+way of doing that.
+
+So, that's number two
+and number three.
+
+But now what else might we do?
+
+Well, if we reflect back on some
+of the searches we talked
+
+about, what's the base case
+against which everything else
+
+is compared much the way of
+doing search that doesn't
+
+require any intelligence,
+just brute force?
+
+We could use the British Museum
+algorithm and simply
+
+evaluate the entire tree of
+possibilities; I move, you
+
+move, I move, you move,
+all the way down to--
+
+what?--
+
+maybe 100, 50 moves.
+
+You do 50 things.
+
+I do 50 things.
+
+So, before we can decide if
+that's a good idea or not, we
+
+probably ought to develop
+some vocabulary.
+
+So, consider this
+tree of moves.
+
+There will be some
+number of choices
+
+considered at each level.
+
+And there will be some
+number of levels.
+
+So, the standard language for
+this as we call this the
+
+branching factor.
+
+And in this particular case,
+b is equal to 3.
+
+This is the depth of the tree.
+
+And, in this case, d is two.
+
+So, now that produces a certain
+number of terminal or
+
+leaf nodes.
+
+How many of those are there?
+
+Well, that's pretty simple
+computation.
+
+It's just b to the d.
+
+Right, Christopher,
+b to the d?
+
+So, if you have b to the d at
+this level, you have one.
+
+b to the d at this level,
+you have b.
+
+b to the d at this level, you
+have [? d ?] squared.
+
+So, b to the d, in this
+particular case, is 9.
+
+So, now we can use this
+vocabulary that we've
+
+developed to talk about whether
+it's reasonable to
+
+just do the British Museum
+algorithm, be done with it,
+
+forget about chess,
+and go home.
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+It's pretty deep down there.
+
+If we think about chess, and we
+think about a standard game
+
+which each person does
+50 things, that
+
+gives a d about 100.
+
+And if you think about the
+branching factor in chess,
+
+it's generally presumed to be,
+depending on the stage of the
+
+game and so on and so forth,
+it varies, but it might
+
+average around 14 or 15.
+
+If it were just 10, that would
+be 10 to the 100th.
+
+But it's a little more than
+that, because the branching
+
+factor is more than 10.
+
+So, in the end, it looks like,
+according to Claude Shannon,
+
+there are about 10 to the 120th
+leaf nodes down there.
+
+And if you're going to go to a
+British Museum treatment of
+
+this tree, you'd have to do
+10 to the 120th static
+
+evaluations down there at the
+bottom if you're going to see
+
+which one of the moves
+is best at the top.
+
+Is that a reasonable number?
+
+It didn't used to seem
+practicable.
+
+It used to seem impossible.
+
+But now we've got cloud
+computing and everything.
+
+And maybe we could actually
+do that, right?
+
+What do you think, Vanessa, can
+you do that, get enough
+
+computers going in the cloud?
+
+No?
+
+You're not sure?
+
+Should we work it out?
+
+Let's work it out.
+
+I'll need some help, especially
+from any of you who
+
+are studying cosmology.
+
+So, we'll start with
+how many atoms are
+
+there in the universe?
+
+Volunteers?
+
+10 to the--
+
+SPEAKER 2: 10 to the 38th?
+
+SPEAKER 1: No, no, 10 to the
+38th has been offered.
+
+That's why it's way too low.
+
+The last time I looked, it was
+about 10 to the 80th atoms in
+
+the universe.
+
+The next thing I'd like to know
+is how many seconds are
+
+there in a year?
+
+It's a good number
+have memorized.
+
+That number is approximately
+pi times 10 to the seventh.
+
+So, how many nanoseconds
+in a second?
+
+That gives us 10 to the ninth.
+
+At last, how many years
+are there in the
+
+history of the universe?
+
+SPEAKER 3: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+14.7 billion.
+
+SPEAKER 1: She offers something
+on the order of 10
+
+billion, maybe 14 billion.
+
+But we'll say 10 billion to make
+our calculation simple.
+
+That's 10 to the 10th years.
+
+If we will add that up, 80, 90,
+plus 16, that's 10 to the
+
+106th nanoseconds in the history
+of the universe.
+
+Multiply it times the number
+of atoms in the universe.
+
+So, if all of the atoms in the
+universe were doing static
+
+evaluations at nanosecond speeds
+since the beginning of
+
+the Big Bang, we'd still be 14
+orders of magnitudes short.
+
+So, it'd be a pretty
+good cloud.
+
+It would have to harness
+together lots of universes.
+
+So, the British Museum
+algorithm is
+
+not going to work.
+
+No good.
+
+So, what we're going to have to
+do is we're going to have
+
+to put some things together
+and hope for the best.
+
+So, the fifth way is the way
+we're actually going to do it.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+we're going to look ahead, not
+
+just one level, but as
+far as possible.
+
+We consider, not only the
+situation that we've developed
+
+here, but we'll try to push that
+out as far as we can and
+
+look at these static values of
+the leaf nodes down here and
+
+somehow use that as a way
+of playing the game.
+
+So, that is number five.
+
+And number four is going
+all the way down there.
+
+And this, in the end, is
+all that we can do.
+
+This idea is multiply invented
+most notably by Claude Shannon
+
+and also by Alan Turing, who,
+I found out from a friend of
+
+mine, spent a lot a lunch time
+conversations talking with
+
+each other about how a computer
+might play chess
+
+against the future when there
+would be computers.
+
+So, Donald, Mickey and Alan
+Turing also invented this over
+
+lunch while they were taking
+some time off from cracking
+
+the German codes.
+
+Well, what is the method?
+
+I want to illustrate the method
+with the simplest
+
+possible tree.
+
+So, we're going to have a
+branching factor of 2 not 14.
+
+And we're going to have a
+depth of 2 not something
+
+highly serious.
+
+Here's the game tree.
+
+And there are going
+to be some numbers
+
+down here at the bottom.
+
+And these are going to be the
+value of the board from the
+
+perspective of the player
+at the top.
+
+Let us say that the player at
+the top would like to drive
+
+the play as much as possible
+toward the big numbers.
+
+So, we're going to call that
+player the maximizing player.
+
+He would like to get over here
+to the 8, because that's the
+
+biggest number.
+
+There's another player, his
+opponent, which we'll call the
+
+minimizing player.
+
+And he's hoping that the play
+will go down to the board
+
+situation that's as
+small as possible.
+
+Because his view is the opposite
+of the maximizing
+
+player, hence the
+name minimax.
+
+But how does it work?
+
+Do you see which way the
+play is going to go?
+
+How do you decide which way
+the play is going to go?
+
+Well, it's not obvious
+at a glance.
+
+Do you see which way
+it's going to go?
+
+It's not obvious
+to the glance.
+
+But if we do more than a glance,
+if we look at the
+
+situation from the perspective
+of the minimizing player here
+
+at the middle level, it's
+pretty clear that if the
+
+minimizing player finds himself
+in that situation,
+
+he's going to choose
+to go that way.
+
+And so the value of this
+situation, from the
+
+perspective of the minimizing
+player, is 2.
+
+He'd never go over
+there to the 7.
+
+Similarly, if the minimizing
+player is over here with a
+
+choice between going toward
+a 1 or toward an 8, he'll
+
+obviously go toward a 1.
+
+And so the value of that board
+situation, from the
+
+perspective of the minimizing
+player, is 1.
+
+Now, we've taken the scores down
+here at the bottom of the
+
+tree, and we back them
+up one level.
+
+And you see how we can
+just keep doing this?
+
+Now the maximizing player can
+see that if he goes to the
+
+left, he gets a score of 2.
+
+If he goes to the right, he
+only gets a score of 1.
+
+So, he's going to
+go to the left.
+
+So, overall, then, the
+maximizing player is going to
+
+have a 2 as the perceived value
+of that situation there
+
+at the top.
+
+That's the minimax algorithm.
+
+It's very simple.
+
+You go down to the bottom of the
+tree, you compute static
+
+values, you back them up level
+by level, and then you decide
+
+where to go.
+
+And in this particular
+situation, the maximizer goes
+
+to the left.
+
+And the minimizer goes to the
+left, too, so the play ends up
+
+here, far short of the 8 that
+the maximizer wanted and less
+
+than the 1 that the
+minimizer wanted.
+
+But this is an adversarial
+game.
+
+You're competing with
+each other.
+
+So, you don't expect to get
+what you want, right?
+
+So, maybe we ought to see if
+we can make that work.
+
+There's a game tree.
+
+Do you see how it goes?
+
+Let's see if the system
+can figure it out.
+
+There it goes, crawling its
+way through the tree.
+
+This is a branching factor of
+2, just like our sample, but
+
+now four levels.
+
+You can see that it's got quite
+a lot of work to do.
+
+That's 2 to the fourth, one,
+two, three, four, 2 to the
+
+fourth, 16 static evaluations
+to do.
+
+So, it found the answer.
+
+But it's a lot of work.
+
+We could get a new tree and
+restart it, maybe speed it up.
+
+There is goes down that
+way, get a new tree.
+
+Those are just random numbers.
+
+So, each time it's going to find
+a different path through
+
+the tree according to the
+numbers that it's generated.
+
+Now, 16 isn't bad.
+
+But if you get down there around
+10 levels deep and your
+
+branching factor is 14, well,
+we know those numbers get
+
+pretty awful pretty bad, because
+the number of static
+
+evaluations to do down
+there at the bottom
+
+goes as b to the d.
+
+It's exponential.
+
+And time has shown, if you get
+down about seven or eight
+
+levels, you're a jerk.
+
+And if you get down about 15
+or 16 levels, you beat the
+
+world champion.
+
+So, you'd like to get as far
+down in the tree as possible.
+
+Because when you get as far
+down into the tree as
+
+possible, what happens is as
+these that these crude
+
+measures of bored quality
+begin to clarify.
+
+And, in fact, when you get far
+enough, the only thing that
+
+really counts is piece count,
+one of those features.
+
+If you get far enough, piece
+count and a few other things
+
+will give you a pretty good idea
+of what to do if you get
+
+far enough.
+
+But getting far enough
+can be a problem.
+
+So, we want to do everything
+we can to
+
+get as far as possible.
+
+We want to pull out every trick
+we can find to get as
+
+far as possible.
+
+Now, you remember when we talked
+about branching down,
+
+we knew that there were some
+things that we could do that
+
+would cut off whole portions
+of the search tree.
+
+So, what we'd like to do is find
+something analogous to
+
+this world of games, so we cut
+off whole portions of this
+
+search tree, so we don't
+have to look at
+
+those static values.
+
+What I want to do is I want to
+come back and redo this thing.
+
+But this time, I'm going
+to compute the static
+
+values one at a time.
+
+I've got the same structure
+in the tree.
+
+And just as before, I'm going to
+assume that the top player
+
+wants to go toward the maximum
+values, and the next player
+
+wants to go toward the
+minimum values.
+
+But none of the static values
+have been computed yet.
+
+So, I better start
+computing them.
+
+That's the first
+one I find, 2.
+
+Now, as soon as I see that 2, as
+soon as the minimizer sees
+
+that 2, the minimizer knows that
+the value of this node
+
+can't be any greater than 2.
+
+Because he'll always choose to
+go down this way if this
+
+branch produces a
+bigger number.
+
+So, we can say that the
+minimizer is assured already
+
+that the score there will be
+equal to or less than 2.
+
+Now, we go over and compute
+the next number.
+
+There's a 7.
+
+Now, I know this is exactly
+equal to 2, because he'll
+
+never go down toward a 7.
+
+As soon as the minimizer says
+equal to 2, the maximizer
+
+says, OK, I can do equal
+to or greater than 2.
+
+One, minimizer says equal
+to or less than 1.
+
+Now what?
+
+Did you prepare those
+2 numbers?
+
+The maximizer knows that if he
+goes down here, he can't do
+
+better than 1.
+
+He already knows if he goes
+over here, he an get a 2.
+
+It's as if this branch
+doesn't even exist.
+
+Because the maximizer would
+never choose to go down there.
+
+So, you have to see that.
+
+This is the important essence
+of the notion the alpha-beta
+
+algorithm, which is a layering
+on top of minimax that cuts
+
+off large sections of
+the search tree.
+
+So, one more time.
+
+We've developed a situation so
+we know that the maximizer
+
+gets a 2 going down to the left,
+and he sees that if he
+
+goes down to the right, he
+can't do better than 1.
+
+So, he says to himself, it's
+as if that branch doesn't
+
+exist and the overall
+score is 2.
+
+And it doesn't matter what
+that static value is.
+
+It can be 8, as it was,
+it can be plus 1,000.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+It can be minus 1,000.
+
+Or it could be plus infinity
+or minus infinity.
+
+It doesn't matter, because
+the maximizer will always
+
+go the other way.
+
+So, that's the alpha-beta
+algorithm.
+
+Can you guess why it's called
+the alpha-beta algorithm?
+
+Well, because in the algorithm
+there are two parameters,
+
+alpha and beta.
+
+So, it's important to understand
+that alpha-beta is
+
+not an alternative to minimax.
+
+It's minimax with a flourish.
+
+It's something layered on top
+like we layered things on top
+
+of branch and bound to make
+it more efficient.
+
+We layer stuff on top
+of minimax to
+
+make it more efficient.
+
+As you say to me, well, that's
+a pretty easy example.
+
+And it is.
+
+So, let's try a little
+bit more complex one.
+
+This is just to see if I can
+do it without screwing up.
+
+The reason I do one that's
+complex is not just to show
+
+how tough I am in front
+of a large audience.
+
+But, rather, there's certain
+points of interest that only
+
+occur in a tree of depth
+four or greater.
+
+That's the reason for
+this example.
+
+But work with me and let's
+see if we can work
+
+our way through it.
+
+What I'm going to do is I'll
+circle the numbers that we
+
+actually have to compute.
+
+So, we actually have
+to compute 8.
+
+As soon as we do that, the
+minimizer knows that that node
+
+is going to have a score of
+equal to or less than 8
+
+without looking at
+anything else.
+
+Then, he looks at 7.
+
+So, that's equal to 7.
+
+Because the minimizer will
+clearly go to the right.
+
+As soon as that is determined,
+then the maximizer knows that
+
+the score here is equal
+to or greater than 8.
+
+Now, we evaluate the 3.
+
+The minimizer knows equal
+to or less than 3.
+
+SPEAKER 4: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+SPEAKER 1: Oh, sorry, the
+minimizer at 7, yeah.
+
+OK, now what happens?
+
+Well, let's see, the maximizer
+gets a 7 going that way.
+
+He can't do better than 3 going
+that way, so we got
+
+another one of these
+cut off situations.
+
+It's as if this branch
+doesn't even exist.
+
+So, this static evaluation
+need not be made.
+
+And now we know that that's not
+merely equal to or greater
+
+than 7, but exactly
+equal to 7.
+
+And we can push that
+number back up.
+
+That becomes equal to
+or less than 7.
+
+OK, are you with me so far?
+
+Let's get over to the other
+side of the tree
+
+as quickly as possible.
+
+So, there's a 9, equal to or
+less than 9, 8 equal to 8,
+
+push the 8 up equal
+or greater than 8.
+
+The minimizer can go down
+this way and get a 7.
+
+He'll certainly never go
+that way where the
+
+maximizer can get an 8.
+
+Once again, we've
+got a cut off.
+
+And if this branch didn't exist,
+then that means that
+
+these static evaluations
+don't have to be made.
+
+And this value is
+now exactly 7.
+
+But there's one more
+thing to note here.
+
+And that is that not only do
+we not have to make these
+
+static evaluations down here,
+but we don't even have to
+
+generate these moves.
+
+So, we save two ways, both on
+static evaluation and on move
+
+generation.
+
+This is a real winner, this
+alpha-beta thing, because it
+
+saves as enormous amount
+of computation.
+
+Well, we're on the way now.
+
+The maximizer up here is
+guaranteed equal to or
+
+greater than 7.
+
+Has anyone found the winning
+media move yet?
+
+Is it to the left?
+
+I know that we better keep
+going, because we want to
+
+trust any oracles.
+
+So, let's see.
+
+There's a 1.
+
+We've calculated that.
+
+The minimizer can be guaranteed
+equal to or less
+
+than 1 at that particular
+point.
+
+Think about that for a while.
+
+At the top, the maximizer
+knows he can go
+
+left and get a 7.
+
+the minimizer, if the play ever
+gets here, can ensure
+
+that he's going to drive the
+situation to a board
+
+number that's 1.
+
+So, the question is will
+the maximizer ever
+
+permit that to happen?
+
+And the answer is surely not.
+
+So, over here in the development
+of this side of
+
+the tree, we're always comparing
+numbers at adjacent
+
+levels in the tree.
+
+But here's a situation where
+we're comparing numbers that
+
+are separated from each
+other in the tree.
+
+And we still concluded that no
+further examination of this
+
+node makes any sense at all.
+
+This is called deep cut off.
+
+And that means that this whole
+branch here might as well not
+
+exist, and we won't have to
+compute that static value.
+
+All right?
+
+So, it looks--
+
+you have this stare of
+disbelief, which
+
+is perfectly normal.
+
+I have to reconvince myself
+every time that
+
+this actually works.
+
+But when you think your way
+through it, it is clear that
+
+these computations that
+I've x-ed out
+
+don't have to be made.
+
+So, let's carry on and see if we
+can complete this equal to
+
+or less than 8, equal
+to 8, equal to 8--
+
+because the other branch
+doesn't even exist--
+
+equal to or less than 8.
+
+And we compare these two
+numbers, do we keep going?
+
+Yes, we keep going.
+
+Because maybe the maximizer
+can go to the right and
+
+actually get to that 8.
+
+So, we have to go over here
+and keep working away.
+
+There's a nine, equal
+to or less than 9,
+
+another 9 equal to 9.
+
+Push that number up equal
+to or greater than 9.
+
+The minimizer gets an
+8 going this way.
+
+The maximizer is insured of
+getting a 9 going that way.
+
+So, once again, we've got
+a cut off situation.
+
+It's as if this doesn't exist.
+
+Those static evaluations
+are not made.
+
+This move generation is not made
+and computation is saved.
+
+So, let's see if we can do
+better on this very example
+
+using this alpha-beta idea.
+
+I'll slow it down a little bit
+and change the search type to
+
+minimax with alpha-beta.
+
+We see two numbers on each of
+those nodes now, guess what
+
+they're called.
+
+We already know.
+
+They're alpha and beta.
+
+So, what's going to happen is
+the algorithm proceeds through
+
+trees that those numbers are
+going to shrink wrap
+
+themselves around
+the situation.
+
+So, we'll start that up.
+
+Two static evaluations
+were not made.
+
+Let's try a new tree.
+
+Two different ones
+were not made.
+
+A new tree, still again, two
+different ones not made.
+
+Let's see what happens when we
+use the classroom example, the
+
+one I did up there.
+
+Let's make sure that I
+didn't screw it up.
+
+I'll slow that down to 1.
+
+2, same answer.
+
+So, you probably didn't realize
+it at the start.
+
+Who could?
+
+In fact, the play goes down that
+way, over this way, down
+
+that way, and ultimately to
+the 8, which is not the
+
+biggest number.
+
+And it's not the smallest
+number.
+
+It's the compromised number
+that's arrived at virtue of
+
+the fact that this is an
+adversarial situation.
+
+So, you say to me, how much
+energy, how much work do you
+
+actually saved by doing this?
+
+Well, it is the case that in
+the optimal situation, if
+
+everything is ordered right,
+if God has come down and
+
+arranged your tree in just
+the right way, then the
+
+approximate amount of work you
+need to do, the approximate
+
+number of static evaluations
+performed, is approximately
+
+equal to 2 times b
+to the d over 2.
+
+We don't care about this 2.
+
+We care a whole lot
+about that 2.
+
+That's the amount of
+work that's done.
+
+It's b to the d over 2,
+instead of b to d.
+
+What's that mean?
+
+Suppose that without
+this idea, I can
+
+go down seven levels.
+
+How far can I go down
+with this idea?
+
+14 levels.
+
+So, it's the difference
+between a
+
+jerk and a world champion.
+
+So, that, however, is only in
+the optimal case when God has
+
+arranged things just right.
+
+But in practical situations,
+practical game situations, it
+
+appears to be the case,
+experimentally, that the
+
+actual number is close to this
+approximation for optimal
+
+arrangements.
+
+So, you'd never not want
+to use alpha-beta.
+
+It saves an amazing
+amount of time.
+
+You could look at
+it another way.
+
+Suppose you go down the same
+number of levels, how much
+
+less work do you have to do?
+
+Well, quite a bit.
+
+The square root [INAUDIBLE],
+right?
+
+That's another way of looking
+at how it works.
+
+So, we could go home at this
+point except for one problem,
+
+and that is that we pretended
+that the branching factor is
+
+always the same.
+
+But, in fact, the branching
+factor will vary with the game
+
+state and will vary
+with the game.
+
+So, you can calculate how much
+computing you can do in two
+
+minutes, or however much time
+you have for an average move.
+
+And then you could say,
+how deep can I go?
+
+And you won't know for
+sure, because it
+
+depends on the game.
+
+So, in the earlier days of
+game-playing programs, the
+
+game-playing program left a
+lot of computation on the
+
+table, because it would make a
+decision in three seconds.
+
+And it might have made a much
+different move if it used all
+
+the competition it
+had available.
+
+Alternatively, it might be
+grinding away, and after two
+
+minutes was consumed.
+
+It had no move and just
+did something random.
+
+That's not very good.
+
+But that's what the early
+game-playing program's did,
+
+because no one knew how
+deep they could go.
+
+So, let's have a look at the
+situation here and say, well,
+
+here's a game tree.
+
+It's a binary game tree.
+
+That's level 0.
+
+That's level 1.
+
+This is level d minus 1.
+
+And this is level d.
+
+So, down here you
+have a situation
+
+that looks like this.
+
+And I left all the game
+tree out in between .
+
+So, how many leaf nodes
+are there down here?
+
+b to the d, right?
+
+Oh, I'm going to forget about
+alpha alpha-beta for a moment.
+
+As we did when we looked at
+some of those optimal
+
+searches, we're going to add
+these things one at a time.
+
+So, forget about alpha-beta,
+assume we're just doing
+
+straight minimax.
+
+In that case, we would have to
+calculate all the static
+
+values down here
+at the bottom.
+
+And there are b to d of those.
+
+How many are there at
+this next level up?
+
+Well, that must be b
+to the d minus 1.
+
+How many fewer nodes are there
+at the second to the last, the
+
+penultimate level, relative
+to the final level?
+
+Well, 1 over b, right?
+
+So, if I'm concerned about not
+getting all the way through
+
+these calculations at the d
+level, I can give myself an
+
+insurance policy by calculating
+out what the
+
+answer would be if I only went
+down to the d minus 1th level.
+
+Do you get that insurance
+policy?
+
+Let's say the branching factor
+is 10, how much does that
+
+insurance policy cost me?
+
+10% of my competition.
+
+Because I can do this
+calculation and have a move in
+
+hand here at level d minus 1 for
+only 1/10 of the amount of
+
+the computation that's required
+to figure out what I
+
+would do if I go all the way
+down to the base level.
+
+OK, is that clear?
+
+So this idea is extremely
+important in its general form.
+
+But we haven't quite got there
+yet, because what if the
+
+branching factor turns out to be
+really big and we can't get
+
+through this level either?
+
+What should we do to
+make sure that we
+
+still have a good move?
+
+SPEAKER 5: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+SPEAKER 1: Right, we can do
+it at the b minus 2 level.
+
+So, that would be up here.
+
+And at that level, the amount
+of computation would be b to
+
+the d minus 2.
+
+So, now we've added 10%
+plus 10% of that.
+
+And our knee jerk is begin
+to form, right?
+
+What are we going to do in the
+end to make sure that no
+
+matter what we've got a move?
+
+CHRISTOPHER: Start from
+the very first--
+
+SPEAKER 1: Correct, what's
+that, Christopher?
+
+CHRISTOPHER: Start from
+the very first level?
+
+SPEAKER 1: Start from the very
+first level and give our self
+
+an insurance policy for every
+level we try to calculate.
+
+But that might be real costly.
+
+So, we better figure out if this
+is going to be too big of
+
+an expense to bear.
+
+So, let's see, if we do what
+Christopher suggests, then the
+
+amount of computation we need
+in our insurance policy is
+
+going to be equal 1--
+
+we're going to do it up here at
+this level, 2, even though
+
+we don't need it, just to make
+everything work out easy.
+
+1 plus b, that's getting or
+insurance policy down here at
+
+this first level.
+
+And we're going to add b squared
+all the way down to b
+
+to d minus 1.
+
+That's how much we're going to
+spend getting an insurance
+
+policy at every level.
+
+I wished that some of that high
+school algebra, right?
+
+Let's just do it for fun.
+
+Oh, unfortunate choice
+of variable names.
+
+bs is equal to--
+
+oh, we're going to multiply
+all those by b.
+
+Now, we'll subtract the first
+one from the second one, which
+
+tells us that the amount of
+calculation needed for our
+
+insurance policy is equal
+to b to the d minus 1
+
+over b minus 1.
+
+Is that a big number?
+
+We could do a little algebra on
+that and say that b to the
+
+d is a huge number.
+
+So, that minus one
+doesn't count.
+
+And B is probably 10 to 15.
+
+So, b minus 1 is, essentially,
+equal to b.
+
+So, that's approximately equal
+b to the d minus 1.
+
+So, with an approximation
+factored in, the amount of
+
+computation needed to do
+insurance policies at every
+
+level is not much different from
+the amount of computation
+
+needed to get an insurance
+policy at just one level, the
+
+penultimate one.
+
+So, this idea is called
+progressive deepening.
+
+And now we can visit our gold
+star idea list and see how
+
+these things match
+up with that.
+
+First of all, the dead horse
+principle comes to the fore
+
+when we talk about alpha-beta.
+
+Because we know with alpha-beta
+that we can get rid
+
+of a whole lot of the tree and
+not do static evaluation, not
+
+even do move generation.
+
+That's the dead horse we
+don't want to beat.
+
+There's no point in doing that
+calculation, because it can't
+
+figure into the answer.
+
+The development of the
+progressive deepening idea, I
+
+like to think of in terms of
+the martial arts principle,
+
+we're using the enemy's
+characteristics against them.
+
+Because of this exponential
+blow-up, we have exactly the
+
+right characteristics to have
+a move available at every
+
+level as an insurance policy
+against not getting through to
+
+the next level.
+
+And, finally, this whole idea
+of progressive deepening can
+
+be viewed as a prime example
+of what we like to call
+
+anytime algorithms that always
+have an answer ready to go as
+
+soon as an answer is demanded.
+
+So, as soon as that clock runs
+out at two minutes, some
+
+answer is available.
+
+It'll be the best one that the
+system can compute in the time
+
+available given the
+characteristics of the game
+
+tree as it's developed so far.
+
+So, there are other kinds
+of anytime algorithms.
+
+This is an example of one.
+
+That's how all game playing
+programs work, minimax, plus
+
+alpha-beta, plus progressive
+deepening.
+
+Christopher, is alpha-beta
+a alternative to minimax?
+
+CHRISTOPHER: No.
+
+SPEAKER 1: No, it's not.
+
+It's something you layer
+on top of minimax.
+
+Does alpha-beta give you a
+different answer from minimax?
+
+CHRISTOPHER: No.
+
+No, it doesn't.
+
+SPEAKER 1: Let's see everybody
+shake their head
+
+one way or the other.
+
+It does not give you an answer
+different from minimax.
+
+That's right.
+
+It gives you exactly
+the same answer,
+
+not a different answer.
+
+It's a speed-up.
+
+It's not an approximation.
+
+It's a speed-up.
+
+It cuts off lots of the tree.
+
+It's a dead horse principle
+at work.
+
+You got a question,
+Christopher?
+
+CHRISTOPHER: Yeah, since all
+of the lines progressively
+
+[INAUDIBLE], is it possible to
+keep a temporary value if the
+
+value [INAUDIBLE] each node of
+the tree and then [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+SPEAKER 1: Oh, excellent
+suggestion.
+
+In fact, Christopher
+has just--
+
+I think, if I can jump ahead
+a couple steps--
+
+Christopher has reinvented
+a very important idea.
+
+Progressive deepening not only
+ensures you have an answer at
+
+any time, it actually improves
+the performance of alpha-beta
+
+when you layer alpha-beta
+on top of it.
+
+Because these values that are
+calculated at intermediate
+
+parts of the tree are used to
+reorder the nodes under the
+
+tree so as to give you maximum
+alpha-beta cut-off.
+
+I think that's what you
+said, Christopher.
+
+But if it isn't, we'll talk
+about your idea after class.
+
+So, this is what every game
+playing program does.
+
+How is Deep Blue different?
+
+Not much.
+
+So, Deep Blue, as of 1997, did
+about 200 million static
+
+evaluations per second.
+
+And it went down, using
+alpha-beta,
+
+about 14, 15, 16 levels.
+
+So, Deep Blue was minimax,
+plus alpha-beta, plus
+
+progressive deepening, plus
+a whole lot of parallel
+
+computing, plus an opening book,
+plus special purpose
+
+stuff for the end game, plus--
+
+perhaps the most important
+thing--
+
+uneven tree development.
+
+So far, we've pretended that the
+tree always goes up in an
+
+even way to a fixed level.
+
+But there's no particular reason
+why that has to be so.
+
+Some situation down at the
+bottom of the tree may be
+
+particularly dynamic.
+
+In the very next move, you might
+be able to capture the
+
+opponent's Queen.
+
+So, in circumstances like that,
+you want to blow out a
+
+little extra search.
+
+So, eventually, you get to
+the idea that there's no
+
+particular reason to
+have the search go
+
+down to a fixed level.
+
+But, instead, you can develop
+the tree in a way that gives
+
+you the most confidence
+that your
+
+backed-up numbers are correct.
+
+That's the most important of
+these extra flourishes added
+
+by Deep Blue when it beat
+Kasparov in 1997.
+
+And now we can come back
+and say, well, you
+
+understand Deep Blue.
+
+But is this a model of
+anything that goes
+
+on in our own heads?
+
+Is this a model of any kind
+of human intelligence?
+
+Or is it a different kind
+of intelligence?
+
+And the answer is
+mixed, right?
+
+Because we are often in
+situations where we are
+
+playing a game.
+
+We're competing with another
+manufacturer.
+
+We have to think what the other
+manufacturer will do in
+
+response to what we do
+down several levels.
+
+On the other hand, is going
+down 14 levels what human
+
+chess players do when they win
+the world championship?
+
+It doesn't seem, even to them,
+like that's even a remote
+
+possibility.
+
+They have to do something
+different, because they don't
+
+have that kind of computational
+horsepower.
+
+This is doing computation in the
+same way that a bulldozer
+
+processes gravel.
+
+It's substituting raw power
+for sophistication.
+
+So, when a human chess master
+plays the game, they have a
+
+great deal of chess knowledge
+in their head and they
+
+recognize patterns.
+
+There are famous experiments,
+by the way, that demonstrate
+
+this in the following way.
+
+Show a chessboard to a chess
+master and ask them to
+
+memorize it.
+
+They're very good at that, as
+long as it's a legitimate
+
+chessboard.
+
+If the pieces are placed
+randomly, they're no
+
+good at it at all.
+
+So, it's very clear that they've
+developed a repertoire
+
+of chess knowledge that makes
+it possible for them to
+
+recognize situations and play
+the game much more like number
+
+1 up there.
+
+So, Deep Blue is manifesting
+some kind of intelligence.
+
+But it's not our intelligence.
+
+It's bulldozer intelligence.
+
+So, it's important to understand
+that kind of
+
+intelligence, too.
+
+But it's not necessarily the
+same kind of intelligence that
+
+we have in our own head.
+
+So, that concludes what we're
+going to do today.
+
+And, as you know, on Wednesday
+we have a celebration of
+
+learning, which is familiar to
+you if you take a 309.1.
+
+And, therefore, I will
+see you on Wednesday,
+
+all of you, I imagine.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Sl4JvEXA-lw.txt b/Sl4JvEXA-lw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5b06d00a67e3da46db2360aaf254c63f2744efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sl4JvEXA-lw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to remind you guys where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you guys where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you guys where we were
+last time so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time so we're talking about
+um we're sort of in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're sort of in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're sort of in the middle of the
+stuff on sort of how do we figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on sort of how do we figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on sort of how do we figure out
+who's poor uh for sort of redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's poor uh for sort of redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's poor uh for sort of redistribution
+uh programs okay and what I was telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programs okay and what I was telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh programs okay and what I was telling
+you about was this first sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about was this first sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about was this first sort of
+experiment that we did in Indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we did in Indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we did in Indonesia
+looking at kind of community-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at kind of community-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at kind of community-based
+approaches to sort of identifying who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to sort of identifying who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to sort of identifying who
+was poor right so this idea is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was poor right so this idea is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was poor right so this idea is going to
+kind of rank people or whatever right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rank people or whatever right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of rank people or whatever right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what I want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to talk about is
+um a little bit on this and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit on this and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit on this and I want to
+talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the
+self-targeting paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting paper
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one thing you can do is you can just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you can do is you can just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you can do is you can just we
+can just so how do we evaluate this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just so how do we evaluate this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just so how do we evaluate this what
+are the outcomes right so just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outcomes right so just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the outcomes right so just to be
+just to remind you guys except you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you guys except you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to remind you guys except you know
+where we were like a week you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were like a week you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were like a week you know
+Wednesday we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we talked about this
+um Wednesday yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Wednesday yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Wednesday yeah
+was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had a baseline survey to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a baseline survey to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a baseline survey to kind of
+measure like the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure like the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure like the truth
+we then randomize Villages into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then randomize Villages into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then randomize Villages into
+different ways of identifying poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of identifying poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of identifying poor
+households and then we want to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and then we want to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households and then we want to evaluate
+kind of which did better okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of which did better okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of which did better okay so one
+simple thing you can do is you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing you can do is you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple thing you can do is you can say
+we can Define uh mistargeting just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define uh mistargeting just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can Define uh mistargeting just to be
+a dummy variable if we like got it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dummy variable if we like got it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dummy variable if we like got it wrong
+right so if you're poor and we gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're poor and we gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you're poor and we gave you
+the program that's an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program that's an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program that's an error
+um if we're rich and you do sorry poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're rich and you do sorry poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're rich and you do sorry poor
+and you do not get the program that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do not get the program that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do not get the program that's an
+error recently you got that program as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error recently you got that program as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error recently you got that program as
+an error that's kind of discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error that's kind of discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error that's kind of discreet
+um but we might want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we might want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we might want to do something
+different and in particular one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and in particular one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and in particular one of the
+things we were interested in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were interested in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were interested in this paper
+was whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was whether or not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether
+trying to evaluate these things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate these things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evaluate these things on
+different welfare metrics okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare metrics okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare metrics okay so in
+particular we wanted to identify whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we wanted to identify whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we wanted to identify whether
+not only do they do better on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do they do better on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do they do better on
+consumption but did they do better on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but did they do better on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption but did they do better on
+other alternative measures of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternative measures of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternative measures of kind of
+well-being so we started off by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being so we started off by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being so we started off by sort of
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+um consumption just again that the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consumption just again that the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um consumption just again that the per
+capita consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita consumption
+we then wanted to say well are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then wanted to say well are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then wanted to say well are the
+communities when they're ranking people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities when they're ranking people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities when they're ranking people
+doing a better job kind of in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a better job kind of in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a better job kind of in that
+Village of matching how people kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village of matching how people kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village of matching how people kind of
+privately rank each other kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately rank each other kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately rank each other kind of in the
+in the privacy of their own home like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the privacy of their own home like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the privacy of their own home like is
+there some generally accepted notion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some generally accepted notion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some generally accepted notion in
+this Village of who's poor and who's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Village of who's poor and who's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Village of who's poor and who's not
+and maybe that's what they're matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's what they're matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's what they're matching
+maybe they're matching how kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're matching how kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're matching how kind of the
+Elites in this Village are matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elites in this Village are matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elites in this Village are matching
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and the other thing that they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing that they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing that they're doing
+is they're matching maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're matching maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're matching maybe they're
+matching people's self-assessment their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching people's self-assessment their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching people's self-assessment their
+own kind of internal conceptions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of internal conceptions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own kind of internal conceptions of
+poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+and so we measured all four of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we measured all four of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we measured all four of those
+things at base all four of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at base all four of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things at base all four of these things
+actually at Baseline and so we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at Baseline and so we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at Baseline and so we wanted to
+compare you know which of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare you know which of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare you know which of these things
+does better at sort of matching these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does better at sort of matching these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does better at sort of matching these
+four different welfare metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different welfare metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different welfare metrics
+and um the thing I wanted to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the thing I wanted to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the thing I wanted to point out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is one one problem is these are all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one one problem is these are all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one one problem is these are all in
+very different scales so we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different scales so we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different scales so we wanted to
+find kind of a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find kind of a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find kind of a way of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+evaluating so we need to put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating so we need to put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating so we need to put all these
+things on kind of a comparable metric to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on kind of a comparable metric to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on kind of a comparable metric to
+sort of make sure we were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make sure we were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make sure we were kind of
+comparing you know thing comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing you know thing comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing you know thing comparable
+things and so what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so what we did
+um is we we came up with a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is we we came up with a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is we we came up with a rank
+correlation okay so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation okay so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation okay so in particular
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+took each of those four metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took each of those four metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took each of those four metrics
+and those produce an ordering of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those produce an ordering of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those produce an ordering of people
+in the village maybe with ties okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the village maybe with ties okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the village maybe with ties okay
+so you know like uh Ben is the richest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know like uh Ben is the richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know like uh Ben is the richest
+based on consumption or Ben is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on consumption or Ben is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on consumption or Ben is the
+richest based on or the the happiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest based on or the the happiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest based on or the the happiest
+based on self-assessed kind of utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on self-assessed kind of utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on self-assessed kind of utility
+or whatever so all those things generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever so all those things generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever so all those things generate
+rankings and then we can compute and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rankings and then we can compute and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rankings and then we can compute and the
+tar each targeting method also generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar each targeting method also generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tar each targeting method also generates
+a complete ranking right that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete ranking right that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete ranking right that was the
+ranking from the you know in in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking from the you know in in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking from the you know in in this one
+it's the ranking on on the wall in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ranking on on the wall in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ranking on on the wall in the
+um around the lot closed line in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around the lot closed line in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around the lot closed line in the um
+proxy means test it's your predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy means test it's your predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy means test it's your predicted
+income score it's also a ranking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income score it's also a ranking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income score it's also a ranking and
+then for each of the sort of 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of the sort of 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each of the sort of 600
+villages in our experiment we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages in our experiment we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages in our experiment we can
+compute we can compute a rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute we can compute a rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute we can compute a rank
+correlation which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation which is just the
+correlation of ranks between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of ranks between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of ranks between the
+targeting outcome and each of those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting outcome and each of those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting outcome and each of those four
+different kind of welfare metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of welfare metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of welfare metrics
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+I just sort of thought that kind of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just sort of thought that kind of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just sort of thought that kind of it's
+kind of a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a little bit on
+nuke about how do you take these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuke about how do you take these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuke about how do you take these things
+and put them on a common on a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on a common on a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on a common on a common
+um scale so we're going to end up doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scale so we're going to end up doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um scale so we're going to end up doing
+is creating essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating essentially
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+600 times four different rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 times four different rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 times four different rank
+correlations right because there's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations right because there's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations right because there's four
+different welfare metrics and 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare metrics and 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare metrics and 600
+Villages so there'll be 600 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages so there'll be 600 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages so there'll be 600 you know
+2400 different rank correlations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2400 different rank correlations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2400 different rank correlations and
+then we're going to regress for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to regress for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to regress for each
+different welfare metric this rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare metric this rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare metric this rank
+correlation itself on the targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation itself on the targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation itself on the targeting
+method used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method used
+okay so the the we're trying to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the we're trying to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the we're trying to predict
+which you know did this method generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know did this method generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know did this method generate
+a higher rank correlation so it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher rank correlation so it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher rank correlation so it's sort
+of a little unusual which is what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little unusual which is what I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little unusual which is what I just
+wanted to sort of describe that in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sort of describe that in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sort of describe that in a bit
+of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail
+okay and so you know what do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you know what do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so you know what do you find
+well on the one hand you do find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the one hand you do find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the one hand you do find that
+the community method made more errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community method made more errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community method made more errors
+okay so this is this is regressing kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is regressing kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is regressing kind
+of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+um this dummy of mistargeting on on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this dummy of mistargeting on on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this dummy of mistargeting on on uh
+by basic assumption on the community in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basic assumption on the community in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basic assumption on the community in
+the hybrid I'm not really going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid I'm not really going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hybrid I'm not really going to talk
+much about the hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the hybrid
+um and predominantly kind of by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and predominantly kind of by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and predominantly kind of by people
+kind of near the the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of near the the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of near the the middle of the
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+um but on the other hand if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but on the other hand if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but on the other hand if you look at
+the four different rank calls this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four different rank calls this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four different rank calls this is if
+you switch to this table where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you switch to this table where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you switch to this table where I'm
+regressing the four rank correlations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressing the four rank correlations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressing the four rank correlations on
+the different treatments what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different treatments what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different treatments what you can
+find is that actually that that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that actually that that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that actually that that indeed
+consistently I just showed you the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently I just showed you the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently I just showed you the rank
+correlation between what the what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between what the what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation between what the what is
+produced by targeting and Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by targeting and Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by targeting and Baseline
+welfare is lower if we use consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare is lower if we use consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare is lower if we use consumption
+as Baseline welfare but it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Baseline welfare but it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Baseline welfare but it's in the
+community treatment but it's higher on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community treatment but it's higher on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community treatment but it's higher on
+basically everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically everything else
+okay so it's not just that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not just that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not just that these
+communities are like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities are like you know
+systematically making mistakes or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically making mistakes or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically making mistakes or like
+being totally captured by Elites or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being totally captured by Elites or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being totally captured by Elites or
+whatever no what actually is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever no what actually is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever no what actually is happening
+is I think to my mind that the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think to my mind that the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think to my mind that the best
+assessment best thing that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment best thing that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment best thing that's happening
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+there's some local notion of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some local notion of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some local notion of kind of
+what poverty is in this Village which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what poverty is in this Village which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what poverty is in this Village which is
+highly correlated with but not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly correlated with but not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly correlated with but not perfectly
+correlated with income and when you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with income and when you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with income and when you tell
+communities to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities to kind of
+tell you who's poor that's what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you who's poor that's what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you who's poor that's what you get
+right and and in particular you strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and in particular you strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and in particular you strongly
+get that you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that you know if
+it's it's very correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very correlated with
+communities very correlated with kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities very correlated with kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities very correlated with kind of
+you know what you would get if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you would get if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you would get if you ask
+people about who's poor and who's rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about who's poor and who's rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people about who's poor and who's rich
+in the privacy of your own home and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the privacy of your own home and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the privacy of your own home and it's
+also correlated with it so well same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also correlated with it so well same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also correlated with it so well same
+thing if you ask the sub Village had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you ask the sub Village had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if you ask the sub Village had the
+neighborhood had to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood had to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood had to do the same thing
+it's very core with that it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very core with that it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very core with that it's also
+pretty strongly correlated with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strongly correlated with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty strongly correlated with just
+your own self-assess properties this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own self-assess properties this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own self-assess properties this is
+just a ladder scale of like on a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ladder scale of like on a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ladder scale of like on a scale
+of one to six where six are the richest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one to six where six are the richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one to six where six are the richest
+people in society and one of the poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in society and one of the poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in society and one of the poorest
+where you put yourself that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put yourself that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you put yourself that thing
+generates ranks and what you get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates ranks and what you get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates ranks and what you get out of
+the community treatment is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community treatment is like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community treatment is like you know
+10 percentage points more correlated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 percentage points more correlated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 percentage points more correlated uh
+with that thing uh in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that thing uh in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that thing uh in the community
+achievement so it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement so it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement so it seems like
+um uh your um your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your um
+you're picking up kind of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking up kind of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking up kind of a different
+welfare metric so I think that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare metric so I think that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare metric so I think that's kind of
+interesting there may be these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there may be these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there may be these different
+local metrics and that's sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local metrics and that's sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local metrics and that's sort of what
+you're we're picking up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're we're picking up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're we're picking up here
+uh and the other thing I'll just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the other thing I'll just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the other thing I'll just mention
+is that um the community is all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um the community is all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um the community is all like
+this community-based approach much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community-based approach much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community-based approach much
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+um so another question is like is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another question is like is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so another question is like is this
+you know and we measure this in two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we measure this in two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we measure this in two ways
+um one is just some general satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is just some general satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one is just some general satisfaction
+like you know in an inline survey are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know in an inline survey are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know in an inline survey are
+you satisfied with the way targeting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you satisfied with the way targeting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you satisfied with the way targeting was
+done in this Village Way more satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this Village Way more satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this Village Way more satisfied
+in the community treatment you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community treatment you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community treatment you know
+um the other thing is we show them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing is we show them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing is we show them the
+list and say Here's the list any we miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and say Here's the list any we miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and say Here's the list any we miss
+anybody anybody should be at and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody should be at and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody anybody should be at and they're
+making many few fewer edits to the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making many few fewer edits to the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making many few fewer edits to the list
+so it seems like it's really picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like it's really picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like it's really picking up
+kind of that that local welfare metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of that that local welfare metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of that that local welfare metric
+and they're much happier with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're much happier with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're much happier with it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in general kind of the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general kind of the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general kind of the point of the
+paper I think is that the community has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I think is that the community has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper I think is that the community has
+a somewhat you know we started off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat you know we started off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat you know we started off by
+actually designing this whole project as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designing this whole project as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designing this whole project as
+like a trip we thought it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a trip we thought it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a trip we thought it was a
+trade-off between Elite capture and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between Elite capture and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between Elite capture and and
+uh and and better information right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and better information right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and better information right that
+was in the decision but actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the decision but actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the decision but actually this
+third thing kind of emerged we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing kind of emerged we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing kind of emerged we weren't
+really sort of expecting which it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of expecting which it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of expecting which it was it
+was really about this different welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really about this different welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really about this different welfare
+metric and I think that's actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and I think that's actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric and I think that's actually what
+I think is the most important thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the most important thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the most important thing so
+we find kind of basically no no Elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find kind of basically no no Elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find kind of basically no no Elite
+capture we went through all this effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture we went through all this effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture we went through all this effort
+to kind of measure Elites by sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of measure Elites by sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of measure Elites by sort of
+like who's connected to the Village head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who's connected to the Village head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who's connected to the Village head
+and whose family members of who and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whose family members of who and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whose family members of who and so
+none of that seems to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of that seems to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of that seems to matter
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we um we do actually show that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um we do actually show that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um we do actually show that there is
+local information about consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local information about consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local information about consumption
+right they do have additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they do have additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they do have additional
+information that that the the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that the the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that the the government
+doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have
+um but they're tending to do something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're tending to do something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but they're tending to do something a
+little bit a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit a little bit different
+okay so any questions on this before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions on this before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so any questions on this before I
+move on to the next paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so I think the conclusion is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think the conclusion is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think the conclusion is if you
+wanted to use poverty headcount Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use poverty headcount Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to use poverty headcount Max
+minimize poverty head count maybe you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize poverty head count maybe you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize poverty head count maybe you'd
+want to use a database approach but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use a database approach but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use a database approach but if
+your goal is to maximize utility and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is to maximize utility and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is to maximize utility and you
+kind of believe that the social utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of believe that the social utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of believe that the social utility
+is a function the individual utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function the individual utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function the individual utilities
+and you think that's what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think that's what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think that's what this is
+capturing then this approach might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing then this approach might work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing then this approach might work
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+okay so the paper that you guys actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the paper that you guys actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the paper that you guys actually
+read for last time that I want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for last time that I want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for last time that I want to spend
+a fair amount of time it's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of time it's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair amount of time it's also going to
+be sort of talked about the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of talked about the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of talked about the problems
+that is this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this paper
+um on on self-targeting okay so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on self-targeting okay so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on self-targeting okay so what is
+the idea so the idea it goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so the idea it goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so the idea it goes back to
+this paper by Nichols and Zach Hauser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by Nichols and Zach Hauser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by Nichols and Zach Hauser
+which is that what they say they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that what they say they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that what they say they say
+ordeals can be used to Target the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordeals can be used to Target the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordeals can be used to Target the poor
+and what do they mean by that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do they mean by that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do they mean by that well
+here's an example suppose you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example suppose you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example suppose you need to
+wait in a really long line to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait in a really long line to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait in a really long line to get
+unemployment benefits and maybe suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment benefits and maybe suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment benefits and maybe suppose
+the unemployment office is only open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment office is only open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unemployment office is only open
+from you know nine to three in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know nine to three in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know nine to three in the
+middle of the work day right who is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the work day right who is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the work day right who is what
+is that going to do that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to do that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that going to do that's going to be
+not very costly for I mean it's costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very costly for I mean it's costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very costly for I mean it's costly
+for everyone because no one wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone because no one wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone because no one wants to
+stand in line with the unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in line with the unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand in line with the unemployment
+benefits but it's differentially costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's differentially costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's differentially costly
+for unemployed versus employed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unemployed versus employed people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unemployed versus employed people
+right because unemployed people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because unemployed people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because unemployed people don't
+really have that much to do between nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have that much to do between nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have that much to do between nine
+and three on a work day I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three on a work day I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three on a work day I mean you know
+they have other things they'd rather do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have other things they'd rather do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have other things they'd rather do
+but they don't have to go to a job right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have to go to a job right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't have to go to a job right
+because they're unemployed whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're unemployed whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're unemployed whereas
+employed people would have to miss a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed people would have to miss a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed people would have to miss a day
+of work to do that so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to do that so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to do that so it's going to be
+differential so the idea is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential so the idea is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential so the idea is this this
+idea of having you have to re show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of having you have to re show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of having you have to re show up
+every once a week to sort of screen your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once a week to sort of screen your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once a week to sort of screen your
+unemployment benefits to recertify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment benefits to recertify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment benefits to recertify your
+employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment
+um you know is going to differentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know is going to differentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know is going to differentially
+screen between people who are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen between people who are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen between people who are really
+unemployed and people who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed and people who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed and people who are not
+and the the one second and the downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the one second and the downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the one second and the downside
+of that approach okay is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that approach okay is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that approach okay is that it's
+imposing a cost on the unemployed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a cost on the unemployed people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing a cost on the unemployed people
+right which is you know in principle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is you know in principle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is you know in principle you
+can think that cost is just totally kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that cost is just totally kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that cost is just totally kind
+of deadweight loss that weight loss like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deadweight loss that weight loss like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deadweight loss that weight loss like
+we don't want the half done and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the half done and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want the half done and have
+that unemployed people have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unemployed people have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unemployed people have to do this
+it's only the only benefit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the only benefit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the only benefit is the
+screening cost so the way to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening cost so the way to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening cost so the way to sort of
+think about this is you know on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is you know on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is you know on the
+other hand if we can screen out enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if we can screen out enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if we can screen out enough
+non-needy people enough non-needy people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-needy people enough non-needy people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-needy people enough non-needy people
+we could kind of take all that savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could kind of take all that savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could kind of take all that savings
+and give the truly unemployed kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give the truly unemployed kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give the truly unemployed kind of
+more so it could be actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so it could be actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so it could be actually a
+beneficial on net if you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial on net if you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial on net if you can think about
+it sort of through through the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of through through the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of through through the fact that
+you can kind of increase the direct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of increase the direct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of increase the direct the
+transfers you're giving to kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers you're giving to kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers you're giving to kind of the
+really needy but you know it does impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needy but you know it does impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needy but you know it does impose
+costs yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs yeah
+this isn't quite targeting poor rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quite targeting poor rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't quite targeting poor rates
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the same as somebody else's income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same as somebody else's income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same as somebody else's income
+level but you didn't have like as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but you didn't have like as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but you didn't have like as much
+wealth as they did you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth as they did you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth as they did you could be
+correct yes yes yes yes yes so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yes yes yes yes yes so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct yes yes yes yes yes so right
+um hold that thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hold that thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hold that thought
+well yes so this one is sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes so this one is sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes so this one is sorry
+unemployment benefits so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment benefits so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment benefits so this is
+explicitly trying to Target people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly trying to Target people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly trying to Target people who
+are not this one this example is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not this one this example is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not this one this example is trying
+to Target people who are unemployed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Target people who are unemployed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Target people who are unemployed
+so I think that that example he works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that that example he works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that that example he works
+pretty well but I think you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but I think you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well but I think you are
+absolutely right that the the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that the the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that the the general
+question whenever you have these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whenever you have these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whenever you have these kinds
+of mechanisms is is it targeting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanisms is is it targeting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanisms is is it targeting the
+thing you want or not and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want or not and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want or not and I'm going to
+talk about like a bunch of reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like a bunch of reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about like a bunch of reasons why
+that may or may not work out kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not work out kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not work out kind of in
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so here's like a basic version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's like a basic version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's like a basic version of the
+model okay so imagine that sort of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so imagine that sort of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay so imagine that sort of now
+in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example
+um this is now from our paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is now from our paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is now from our paper
+um but this is this is sort of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is this is sort of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but this is this is sort of the basic
+case where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where you have
+um sort of where you have to walk some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of where you have to walk some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of where you have to walk some
+you know go some just travel some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go some just travel some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know go some just travel some
+distance to apply for benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to apply for benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to apply for benefits
+um and the thing we're trying to screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the thing we're trying to screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the thing we're trying to screen
+on is your opportunity cost of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is your opportunity cost of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is your opportunity cost of time
+right so imagine that the cost is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine that the cost is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine that the cost is going
+to be kind of um uh report so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of um uh report so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of um uh report so the
+basically people who are richer imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people who are richer imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people who are richer imagine
+they have a higher opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a higher opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a higher opportunity cost of
+time because their wages higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because their wages higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because their wages higher so
+imagine this is a single Dimension right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a single Dimension right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this is a single Dimension right
+where it's your wage right so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's your wage right so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's your wage right so in that
+case if you had a a close you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you had a a close you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if you had a a close you you don't
+have to walk very far the costs will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk very far the costs will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to walk very far the costs will be
+downward sloping in consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping in consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping in consumption
+right but they will be more downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they will be more downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but they will be more downward
+sloping and consumption if I increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and consumption if I increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping and consumption if I increase
+the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance
+right because the or the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the or the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the or the amount of time
+you have to spend walking walking there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to spend walking walking there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to spend walking walking there
+or whatever because that's going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever because that's going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever because that's going to sort
+of be proportional to to your wage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be proportional to to your wage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be proportional to to your wage and
+so that's imposing a cost on everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's imposing a cost on everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's imposing a cost on everyone so
+she's closing down but it ships it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's closing down but it ships it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's closing down but it ships it
+differentially for sort of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially for sort of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially for sort of the the the
+the poor relative the rich and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor relative the rich and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor relative the rich and therefore
+who's going to show up is going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to show up is going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to show up is going to sort
+of shift to the left right in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shift to the left right in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shift to the left right in this
+example everyone will people will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example everyone will people will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example everyone will people will show
+up if they're kind of above this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if they're kind of above this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if they're kind of above this line
+so increasing the cost in this way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so increasing the cost in this way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so increasing the cost in this way is
+going to get you better targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you better targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you better targeting
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in fact it's it's more complicated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's it's more complicated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's it's more complicated that
+for than that for a bunch of reasons I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for than that for a bunch of reasons I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for than that for a bunch of reasons I
+think you sort of mentioned kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you sort of mentioned kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you sort of mentioned kind of one
+of them right which is it may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right which is it may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right which is it may be the
+thing you're targeting is you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're targeting is you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're targeting is you know what
+you want to Target say is you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to Target say is you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to Target say is you know maybe
+wealth and what you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and what you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and what you're actually
+targeting is kind of wage and those may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting is kind of wage and those may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting is kind of wage and those may
+not be performed correlated so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be performed correlated so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be performed correlated so that's
+one example and remember some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example and remember some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example and remember some other
+examples we talk about of other reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we talk about of other reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we talk about of other reasons
+these things may or not be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things may or not be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things may or not be the same
+yeah Aaron um different costs of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron um different costs of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron um different costs of getting
+there like having a card right so it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like having a card right so it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like having a card right so it may
+be that like this ordeal was set up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that like this ordeal was set up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that like this ordeal was set up for
+sort of imagining everyone's walking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of imagining everyone's walking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of imagining everyone's walking but
+actually we have different ways of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have different ways of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have different ways of sort
+of dealing with the ordeal so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the ordeal so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with the ordeal so maybe we
+can drive maybe if you're really rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive maybe if you're really rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive maybe if you're really rich
+you can hire someone to wait in line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hire someone to wait in line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hire someone to wait in line for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+um you know you can pay an agent to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you can pay an agent to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you can pay an agent to sort
+of do this thing for you and so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do this thing for you and so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do this thing for you and so like
+actually this maybe the rich have ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this maybe the rich have ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this maybe the rich have ways
+of sort of undoing this ordeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of undoing this ordeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of undoing this ordeal
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um
+so the one we were really worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one we were really worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one we were really worried about
+was was this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was this one
+actually which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually which is
+um what happens if you have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens if you have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens if you have really
+concave utility kind of in sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility kind of in sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility kind of in sort of the
+like a day's wage for example right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a day's wage for example right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a day's wage for example right and
+this actually this is the like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually this is the like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually this is the like when we
+when we sort of pilot testing this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we sort of pilot testing this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we sort of pilot testing this it
+was not 100 it was not ex-anti obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not 100 it was not ex-anti obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not 100 it was not ex-anti obvious
+this was going to work it was certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to work it was certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was going to work it was certainly
+we thought it might work so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it might work so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it might work so that's why
+we did it but there were sort of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it but there were sort of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it but there were sort of there
+was reasons to think it might not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reasons to think it might not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was reasons to think it might not and
+the one thing we heard from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing we heard from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing we heard from some
+qualitative reports is some people said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative reports is some people said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative reports is some people said
+look I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I can't
+do this because I can't show up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because I can't show up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this because I can't show up for a
+day even though like there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day even though like there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day even though like there's like a
+thousand dollars of benefits on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars of benefits on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars of benefits on the line
+here from you know in npv terms from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from you know in npv terms from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from you know in npv terms from my
+showing up and applying for this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up and applying for this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up and applying for this program
+I'm gonna like miss a day's work if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna like miss a day's work if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna like miss a day's work if I do
+this and like that's gonna be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and like that's gonna be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and like that's gonna be really
+like you know I'm I'm basically what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know I'm I'm basically what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know I'm I'm basically what I
+earn that day is what I eat that day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn that day is what I eat that day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn that day is what I eat that day so
+like I'm gonna basically have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm gonna basically have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm gonna basically have to go
+without food for a day so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without food for a day so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without food for a day so it's like
+super costly for me to apply for this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super costly for me to apply for this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super costly for me to apply for this I
+mean I could do it but it's super costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I could do it but it's super costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I could do it but it's super costly
+whereas say for you know richer people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas say for you know richer people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas say for you know richer people
+right they they didn't have that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they they didn't have that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they they didn't have that they
+could maybe smooth that for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe smooth that for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could maybe smooth that for example so
+it may be that sort of even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be that sort of even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be that sort of even though the
+the this was in this previous one was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this was in this previous one was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this was in this previous one was in
+terms of income kind of net income but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of income kind of net income but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of income kind of net income but
+if I sort of start putting concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sort of start putting concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sort of start putting concave
+utility right you know if the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility right you know if the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility right you know if the thing is
+super duper concave you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper concave you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper concave you know then
+actually the fact that this is shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact that this is shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact that this is shifted
+down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right
+um is actually first or could be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is actually first or could be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is actually first or could be really
+important because actually these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because actually these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because actually these people
+could actually be losing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be losing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be losing a lot of
+utility over here and so if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility over here and so if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility over here and so if I put
+concave utility maybe the thing looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility maybe the thing looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave utility maybe the thing looks
+like this for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this for example right
+right because here here we have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because here here we have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because here here we have kind of
+this this side we have the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this side we have the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this side we have the standard
+effect we haven't had before over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we haven't had before over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we haven't had before over here
+we have the effect that like utility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the effect that like utility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the effect that like utility is
+super duper concave over here and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper concave over here and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper concave over here and these
+people are just experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just experiencing
+um even though maybe it's a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even though maybe it's a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even though maybe it's a smaller
+income utility lost to larger utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income utility lost to larger utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income utility lost to larger utility
+income loss and so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income loss and so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income loss and so in this example
+actually maybe what happens is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe what happens is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually maybe what happens is you have
+sort of the you know the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the you know the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the you know the people that
+apply kind of shift in or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then it's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it's not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it's not obvious
+um and then and then also uh as you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then and then also uh as you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then and then also uh as you guys
+talked about this example of maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this example of maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this example of maybe you
+actually switched kind of switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually switched kind of switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually switched kind of switch
+technology so maybe for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so maybe for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so maybe for example you know
+uh the the rich have sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the rich have sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the rich have sort of different
+Technologies and as the cost goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and as the cost goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and as the cost goes up
+they sort of switch there the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of switch there the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of switch there the way the
+way they sort of get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they sort of get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they sort of get there
+so so the point of that was to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the point of that was to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the point of that was to say that
+actually the first point of I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first point of I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first point of I think that
+we want to say is that look there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to say is that look there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to say is that look there's
+nickel zech has our idea is a nice idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel zech has our idea is a nice idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel zech has our idea is a nice idea
+in theory but it's not exante totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory but it's not exante totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theory but it's not exante totally
+obvious right and those were things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right and those were things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right and those were things that
+we wanted to sort of test empirically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to sort of test empirically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to sort of test empirically in
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+um the the second thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the second thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the second thing was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and again this is also part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um learning process in writing writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learning process in writing writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um learning process in writing writing
+in doing this project when we when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this project when we when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing this project when we when we
+set out to do this paper sort of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out to do this paper sort of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out to do this paper sort of what we
+were worried about was this stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were worried about was this stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were worried about was this stuff like
+these this is what we had in mind it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is what we had in mind it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is what we had in mind it's
+sort of the reasons this might not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the reasons this might not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the reasons this might not work
+or the things that might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the things that might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the things that might be really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+what we realized exposed after writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we realized exposed after writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we realized exposed after writing
+the papers there was another factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers there was another factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers there was another factor
+which was really important which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was really important which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was really important which is
+where the paper ends up being about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the paper ends up being about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the paper ends up being about
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in in the context we're going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the context we're going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the context we're going to the
+context we're going to study which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we're going to study which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we're going to study which you
+guys read about was it's not just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys read about was it's not just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys read about was it's not just that
+you you do this thing and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you do this thing and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you do this thing and you get the
+benefit for sure what happens is you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for sure what happens is you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit for sure what happens is you do
+this thing and then you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and then you get some
+stochastic sort of like you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic sort of like you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic sort of like you get the
+benefit with some probability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit with some probability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit with some probability right
+and the probability is the proxy means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability is the proxy means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability is the proxy means
+test that we talked about talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that we talked about talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that we talked about talked about
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you know in the example here after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the example here after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the example here after
+showing up and sort of applying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up and sort of applying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up and sort of applying for
+benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+they still sort of proxy means test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still sort of proxy means test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still sort of proxy means test you
+and you may or may not get it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may or may not get it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may or may not get it and so
+in addition to sort of the costs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to sort of the costs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to sort of the costs and
+benefits of applying you also have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of applying you also have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of applying you also have to
+forecast like am I like you to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast like am I like you to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast like am I like you to get this
+thing or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or not
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um and you're going to sort of take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're going to sort of take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you're going to sort of take that
+into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+and that's going to add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to add another
+complication wrinkle to the model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication wrinkle to the model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication wrinkle to the model which
+is that sophisticated households are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sophisticated households are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sophisticated households are
+gonna and there's two different ways we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna and there's two different ways we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna and there's two different ways we
+have to model this number one is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to model this number one is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to model this number one is you
+know it may be that I fully understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be that I fully understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be that I fully understand
+what the government's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the government's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the government's going to do
+in which case actually there's not a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case actually there's not a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case actually there's not a lot
+of uncertainty there may be still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty there may be still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty there may be still a
+little bit of uncertainty but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of uncertainty but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of uncertainty but you know
+not a lot and then the other case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot and then the other case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot and then the other case is
+well maybe I don't understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I don't understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe I don't understand what the
+government's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's going to do
+and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case
+it's kind of interesting to say look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting to say look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting to say look you
+know if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm
+and I think it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's actually pretty
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+which is to say look I know my income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say look I know my income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say look I know my income
+I have some rough sense of what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some rough sense of what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some rough sense of what other
+people with my income level is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with my income level is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with my income level is likely to
+happen to them but I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to them but I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to them but I don't really
+understand the details of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the details of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the details of what the
+government is doing with that proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is doing with that proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is doing with that proxy
+means test I think it's pretty plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means test I think it's pretty plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means test I think it's pretty plausible
+right there's like at least one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's like at least one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's like at least one of you
+in your in your comments was like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your comments was like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your comments was like well
+maybe they should know but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they should know but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they should know but I think it's
+at least pretty plausible that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least pretty plausible that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least pretty plausible that they
+don't necessarily know exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily know exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily know exactly what's
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+and and that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that means that the
+so if this one's going on if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this one's going on if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this one's going on if the
+sophisticated one's going on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated one's going on that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated one's going on that's
+still helpful for the government because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still helpful for the government because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still helpful for the government because
+they don't have to bother to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to bother to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to bother to sort of
+screen people who aren't going to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen people who aren't going to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen people who aren't going to get it
+anyway but this one is now really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but this one is now really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but this one is now really
+valuable because I'm making my decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable because I'm making my decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable because I'm making my decision
+as to whether or not to apply based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to whether or not to apply based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to whether or not to apply based on
+my actual why my actual income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my actual why my actual income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my actual why my actual income
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the government and that includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government and that includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government and that includes the
+part of the government my income the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the government my income the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the government my income the
+government observes and the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government observes and the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government observes and the part of the
+income the government doesn't observe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the government doesn't observe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the government doesn't observe so
+I'm making that decision including my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making that decision including my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making that decision including my
+sort of unobservable information and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unobservable information and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of unobservable information and in
+so doing I'm kind of revealing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doing I'm kind of revealing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so doing I'm kind of revealing that
+information of it to the government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of it to the government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of it to the government and
+so the government is getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the government is getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the government is getting more
+information in some sense through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in some sense through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in some sense through that
+decision and that's kind of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and that's kind of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision and that's kind of what we
+think is helpful here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is helpful here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is helpful here
+and so just to just to show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to just to show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just to just to show you what
+this looks like so this is if we plot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like so this is if we plot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like so this is if we plot in
+the data so in in the in the paper we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so in in the in the paper we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so in in the in the paper we
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+your Baseline consumption score and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Baseline consumption score and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Baseline consumption score and our
+Baseline survey we also collected all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline survey we also collected all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline survey we also collected all
+the variables that are used by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that are used by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables that are used by the
+government for the sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government for the sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government for the sort of the the
+proximus test screening and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximus test screening and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximus test screening and so we can
+replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate
+you know the proxy means test screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the proxy means test screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the proxy means test screening
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+we can compute your proxy means test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute your proxy means test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute your proxy means test
+score as you would have observed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score as you would have observed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score as you would have observed it
+suppose you knew the government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you knew the government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you knew the government's
+formula and knew the truth about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and knew the truth about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and knew the truth about you
+like you know we can say what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we can say what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know we can say what's your
+proximity test score and then we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity test score and then we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proximity test score and then we can say
+for those who actually did show up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who actually did show up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who actually did show up like
+do they actually get the benefit or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they actually get the benefit or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they actually get the benefit or not
+this should be a step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a step function
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+you would think actually the thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think actually the thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would think actually the thresholds
+were a little different in each province
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little different in each province
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little different in each province
+that's why they're like different lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're like different lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why they're like different lines
+so it should be like six step functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be like six step functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be like six step functions
+there's six or sorry each district six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six or sorry each district six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's six or sorry each district six
+six districts there should be six step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six districts there should be six step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six districts there should be six step
+functions in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in this graph
+why are there not six step functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are there not six step functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are there not six step functions
+because you know when the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know when the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know when the government
+goes and measures your your four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and measures your your four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and measures your your four
+different variables or maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables or maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables or maybe a little
+bit of measurement error compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of measurement error compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of measurement error compared to
+when we measure the Fourier from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure the Fourier from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure the Fourier from
+variables so even this thing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so even this thing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so even this thing is not
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+okay but it's but it's pretty steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's but it's pretty steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's but it's pretty steep
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+one sec the on the other hand if we plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sec the on the other hand if we plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sec the on the other hand if we plot
+this same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same thing
+against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against
+your total income or your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total income or your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total income or your total
+consumption it's still downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption it's still downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption it's still downward sloping
+but it's a lot flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot flatter
+okay and that just captures the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that just captures the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that just captures the fact
+that like you know I don't fully know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like you know I don't fully know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like you know I don't fully know I
+still like you know if I know so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like you know if I know so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still like you know if I know so this is
+just sort of saying what do I infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of saying what do I infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of saying what do I infer
+about my probability of getting benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my probability of getting benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my probability of getting benefits
+if I'm say you know down here versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm say you know down here versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm say you know down here versus
+kind of over here or whatever and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over here or whatever and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of over here or whatever and it's
+still downward sloping but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still downward sloping but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still downward sloping but it's not
+quite as as flat because the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as as flat because the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as as flat because the government
+you know it's based on sort of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's based on sort of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's based on sort of this is
+unobservable component and observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable component and observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unobservable component and observable
+component I don't fully forecast that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component I don't fully forecast that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component I don't fully forecast that
+I'm sorry someone had their hand up yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry someone had their hand up yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry someone had their hand up yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much are you thinking about Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are you thinking about Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much are you thinking about Theory
+paper that you referenced at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you referenced at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you referenced at the
+beginning yeah how much teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning yeah how much teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning yeah how much teachers
+thinking about the local context we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the local context we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the local context we were
+totally thinking about the necklace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally thinking about the necklace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally thinking about the necklace
+so but in a local context I mean both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but in a local context I mean both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but in a local context I mean both
+like so you know I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you know I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you know I think that
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+we were thinking about the Nichols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking about the Nichols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking about the Nichols and
+zechauser paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zechauser paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zechauser paper
+and that's why we intentionally not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we intentionally not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we intentionally not only
+design like design like so okay stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design like design like so okay stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design like design like so okay stepping
+way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what were we doing so stepping Way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what were we doing so stepping Way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what were we doing so stepping Way
+Way Back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way Back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way Back
+um we did the first paper okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we did the first paper okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we did the first paper okay we
+presented the results of the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented the results of the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented the results of the government
+and they said that's pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said that's pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said that's pretty interesting
+looks like this improving targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this improving targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this improving targeting
+thing you know has some potential but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know has some potential but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you know has some potential but
+you did that one over four before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that one over four before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did that one over four before in
+kind of a low stakes environment we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a low stakes environment we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a low stakes environment we'd
+like you to try some stuff in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to try some stuff in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to try some stuff in a real
+environment now and see what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment now and see what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment now and see what actually
+works so it sort of that whole so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so it sort of that whole so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so it sort of that whole so first
+we did little Pilots then we did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did little Pilots then we did it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did little Pilots then we did it in
+kind of a low stakes environment then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a low stakes environment then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a low stakes environment then
+they that they were sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they were sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that they were sufficiently
+intrigued they said let's do this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued they said let's do this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrigued they said let's do this in a
+high stakes environment in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high stakes environment in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high stakes environment in particular
+they said we're expanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we're expanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we're expanding the
+conditional cash transfer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional cash transfer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional cash transfer program
+Nationwide or not Nationwide to a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationwide or not Nationwide to a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nationwide or not Nationwide to a bunch
+of new areas they said there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new areas they said there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new areas they said there's you know
+600 Villages which haven't gotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 Villages which haven't gotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 Villages which haven't gotten the
+program before and we'd like you to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program before and we'd like you to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program before and we'd like you to test
+in those 600 Villages three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those 600 Villages three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those 600 Villages three different
+approaches to doing the targeting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to doing the targeting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to doing the targeting to see
+which one's going to work best to inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's going to work best to inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's going to work best to inform
+kind of our future decision making so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our future decision making so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our future decision making so
+that's why we were able to do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we were able to do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we were able to do this for
+sort of a high stakes like a for real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a high stakes like a for real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a high stakes like a for real
+programs because the government wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs because the government wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs because the government wanted
+to understand you know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand you know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand you know what's going to
+happen so actually there's a third piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so actually there's a third piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so actually there's a third piece
+of this which I don't think we analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this which I don't think we analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this which I don't think we analyzed
+here but we wrote up in a report which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we wrote up in a report which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we wrote up in a report which
+we actually replicate the community a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually replicate the community a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually replicate the community a
+version of the community treatment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the community treatment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the community treatment in
+200 other Villages and show that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 other Villages and show that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 other Villages and show that it
+looks pretty similar not exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar not exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty similar not exactly the
+same but pretty similar that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but pretty similar that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but pretty similar that's not in
+this paper because we didn't that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper because we didn't that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper because we didn't that wasn't
+how we wrote this paper but like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we wrote this paper but like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we wrote this paper but like we did
+so actually that's why there were 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that's why there were 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually that's why there were 600
+Villages 200 of them go to replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages 200 of them go to replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages 200 of them go to replicating
+the community thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community thing
+the other thing we sort of said to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we sort of said to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing we sort of said to the
+government was look there's this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was look there's this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government was look there's this idea
+that sort of maybe on demand application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of maybe on demand application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of maybe on demand application
+that's kind of what they call this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what they call this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of what they call this in
+the policy sphere can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy sphere can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy sphere can help
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can help you uh both reduce inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help you uh both reduce inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help you uh both reduce inclusion
+error and exclusion error why can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and exclusion error why can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and exclusion error why can it
+include reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include reduce
+um inclusion error falsely including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inclusion error falsely including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um inclusion error falsely including the
+rich it's exactly for sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich it's exactly for sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich it's exactly for sort of the
+self-screening and self-selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-screening and self-selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-screening and self-selection
+argument so we that we had in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so we that we had in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument so we that we had in mind
+um why could it potentially reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why could it potentially reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why could it potentially reduce
+exclusion error that's because for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion error that's because for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion error that's because for a
+totally kind of that's a local context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally kind of that's a local context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally kind of that's a local context
+reason which is that basically but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which is that basically but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason which is that basically but I
+think it's actually generically actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually generically actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually generically actually
+quite true which is you try to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true which is you try to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true which is you try to kind of
+go door to door and find everybody but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go door to door and find everybody but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go door to door and find everybody but
+you miss some people and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss some people and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you miss some people and in particular
+poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people
+because they kind of live at the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they kind of live at the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they kind of live at the market
+often live kind of at the margins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often live kind of at the margins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often live kind of at the margins of
+society in the fringes of the village or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in the fringes of the village or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in the fringes of the village or
+maybe they're not on our radar screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're not on our radar screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're not on our radar screen
+you may miss them and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may miss them and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may miss them and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and opening up an on-demand application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opening up an on-demand application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opening up an on-demand application
+process allows people to kind of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process allows people to kind of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process allows people to kind of make
+themselves known so that piece was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves known so that piece was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves known so that piece was kind
+of a real world uh piece so we had both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real world uh piece so we had both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real world uh piece so we had both
+a theory in mind and the kind of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory in mind and the kind of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory in mind and the kind of real
+world peace in mind but we also said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world peace in mind but we also said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world peace in mind but we also said
+look with you know there are reasons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look with you know there are reasons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look with you know there are reasons to
+test this before you sort of scale it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this before you sort of scale it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this before you sort of scale it up
+nationally because for the reasons I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally because for the reasons I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally because for the reasons I was
+talking about maybe the poor aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about maybe the poor aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about maybe the poor aren't
+going to be able to do this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do this maybe
+they're going to be too busy so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be too busy so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be too busy so that's
+why we want to test it and see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we want to test it and see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we want to test it and see if it's
+going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work
+um in terms of the theory I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the theory I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the theory I think that
+the that we had this close verse far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that we had this close verse far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that we had this close verse far
+treatment where we explicitly varied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment where we explicitly varied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment where we explicitly varied the
+extent the distance you had to travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent the distance you had to travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent the distance you had to travel
+and that was explicitly based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was explicitly based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was explicitly based on this
+theoretical idea that that longer more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical idea that that longer more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical idea that that longer more
+that making the ordeal marginally more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that making the ordeal marginally more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that making the ordeal marginally more
+difficult should improve the screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult should improve the screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult should improve the screening
+and that's what we wanted to test so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we wanted to test so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we wanted to test so
+that close version so like on demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that close version so like on demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that close version so like on demand
+application was kind of a thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application was kind of a thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application was kind of a thing in
+general that uh that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that uh that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that uh that they were
+interested in but like this close first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in but like this close first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in but like this close first
+floor stream it was explicitly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor stream it was explicitly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor stream it was explicitly sort of
+designed from the theory now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed from the theory now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed from the theory now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we did not have the full model written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not have the full model written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did not have the full model written
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+and that came after so I mean part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came after so I mean part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that came after so I mean part of it
+came in parallel but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in parallel but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came in parallel but but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it was and let me actually defer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was and let me actually defer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was and let me actually defer a
+little bit the model part to to when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the model part to to when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the model part to to when I
+get to the model Park so I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the model Park so I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the model Park so I want to talk
+about that in a sec but does that give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a sec but does that give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a sec but does that give a
+little bit of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of background
+and so but I do think to the extent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but I do think to the extent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but I do think to the extent you
+can have a theory in mind as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a theory in mind as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a theory in mind as you're
+designing your experiments like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your experiments like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your experiments like all the
+better because there are things you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because there are things you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because there are things you will
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that are going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look more precise
+um like you just you do stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you just you do stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like you just you do stuff that's
+sort of more precise like in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more precise like in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more precise like in particular
+like actually one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually one of the
+empirical challenges it's actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical challenges it's actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical challenges it's actually kind
+of been related to one of your comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been related to one of your comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of been related to one of your comments
+I forget which one but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things that actually we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that actually we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that actually we found
+or we we had sort of a theoretical idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we we had sort of a theoretical idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we we had sort of a theoretical idea
+in mind which is look we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind which is look we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind which is look we want to
+actually have these tests where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have these tests where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have these tests where these
+ordeals are improving screening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordeals are improving screening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordeals are improving screening
+it turns out that actually like imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that actually like imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that actually like imposing
+more deals on people for for no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deals on people for for no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more deals on people for for no good
+reason other than screening is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason other than screening is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason other than screening is something
+that I think just is contrary to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think just is contrary to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think just is contrary to human
+nature and so we had this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and so we had this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and so we had this problem
+problem we had this situation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we had this situation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we had this situation which
+happened in the real world of like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the real world of like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the real world of like all
+kinds of spontaneous organizing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of spontaneous organizing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of spontaneous organizing in the
+in the field to make people's work deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field to make people's work deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field to make people's work deal
+easier so for example people would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so for example people would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so for example people would like
+be like oh you're in line you're number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like oh you're in line you're number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like oh you're in line you're number
+74 in line here's a little chip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 in line here's a little chip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 in line here's a little chip that
+says 74 you can just come back later uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 74 you can just come back later uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says 74 you can just come back later uh
+you know when uh when you're when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when uh when you're when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when uh when you're when you're
+turning is in line or oh there's like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning is in line or oh there's like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning is in line or oh there's like so
+many people in line the line so long why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in line the line so long why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people in line the line so long why
+don't we like to buy this Village into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we like to buy this Village into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we like to buy this Village into
+four sub Villages and have neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sub Villages and have neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sub Villages and have neighborhood
+one come on this day neighborhood two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one come on this day neighborhood two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one come on this day neighborhood two
+come on this day number three come this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on this day number three come this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on this day number three come this
+day and in April 4 come this day to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and in April 4 come this day to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and in April 4 come this day to make
+this sort of the to make it like less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of the to make it like less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of the to make it like less
+costly for people so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly for people so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly for people so I think that's
+actually it's good in the sense of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's good in the sense of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's good in the sense of like
+it's what it's a great impulse that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what it's a great impulse that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what it's a great impulse that that
+people are trying to sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to sort of make
+everyone's lives easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's lives easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's lives easier
+um it does make it harder to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does make it harder to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it does make it harder to sort of
+test some of these theoretical ideas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test some of these theoretical ideas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test some of these theoretical ideas so
+exactly so the reason is the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the reason is the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so the reason is the reason I
+mention that is because this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that is because this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that is because this was the
+thing we were trying to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we were trying to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we were trying to understand it
+was important to sort of monitor these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important to sort of monitor these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was important to sort of monitor these
+issues and keep track of them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and keep track of them yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and keep track of them yeah
+and and as I said like the the point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as I said like the the point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as I said like the the point I
+want to sort of um underscore here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of um underscore here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of um underscore here is
+that the the goal here is that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the goal here is that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the goal here is that even
+though you're imposing costs on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're imposing costs on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you're imposing costs on people
+the goal is if you can differentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is if you can differentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is if you can differentially
+sort of screen out enough of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of screen out enough of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of screen out enough of the sort of
+the the non-poor you can gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non-poor you can gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the non-poor you can gain
+sufficiently large amounts in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large amounts in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large amounts in in
+transfers that you can actually deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers that you can actually deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers that you can actually deliver
+much more benefits exposed to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more benefits exposed to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more benefits exposed to the to the
+poor so even though you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor so even though you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor so even though you're sort of
+imposing these these costs at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing these these costs at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing these these costs at the
+screening side it can be you know wildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening side it can be you know wildly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening side it can be you know wildly
+beneficial for the poor potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for the poor potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for the poor potentially
+because you're sort of you know the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're sort of you know the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're sort of you know the pro
+the costs relative to the program are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs relative to the program are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs relative to the program are
+and the costs are say I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the costs are say I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the costs are say I don't know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know half a day's wage to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half a day's wage to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half a day's wage to sort of
+stand there and you can get a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand there and you can get a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand there and you can get a thousand
+dollars in the program so if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the program so if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in the program so if we can
+screen over 150 a year for for six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen over 150 a year for for six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen over 150 a year for for six years
+so if you can screen out a bunch of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can screen out a bunch of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can screen out a bunch of kind
+of rich people and save all that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rich people and save all that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rich people and save all that money
+you can there's a huge you could easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can there's a huge you could easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can there's a huge you could easily
+imagine this could be way you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this could be way you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this could be way you know and
+use that money to sort of increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that money to sort of increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that money to sort of increase
+benefit size you you could make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit size you you could make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit size you you could make this
+like a substantially better program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a substantially better program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a substantially better program for
+the poor uh even with these costs so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor uh even with these costs so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor uh even with these costs so I
+just it's important to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's important to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's important to keep in mind
+that's the the rationale here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the rationale here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the rationale here is is
+imposing these costs to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing these costs to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing these costs to improve the
+screening which can actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening which can actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening which can actually make
+programs kind of better for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs kind of better for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs kind of better for for
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+okay other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so
+um so how does the model work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um oh sorry let me say what yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry let me say what yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh sorry let me say what yeah so
+let me say one other thing actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say one other thing actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say one other thing actually
+before I get into the details of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into the details of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into the details of the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+this is an example where I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example where I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example where I think we
+learned a lot from the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from the model
+and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+kind of could be a fun a fun exercise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of could be a fun a fun exercise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of could be a fun a fun exercise I
+don't know if I still have it if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I still have it if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if I still have it if the
+very first draft that we wrote of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first draft that we wrote of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first draft that we wrote of it
+wrote of this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote of this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote of this paper
+was not like this okay did not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not like this okay did not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not like this okay did not sort of
+highlight this whole like forecasting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this whole like forecasting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this whole like forecasting my
+Lambda thing we thought this paper was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda thing we thought this paper was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda thing we thought this paper was
+much more about kind of the Nichols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more about kind of the Nichols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more about kind of the Nichols and
+zechauser basic kind of screening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zechauser basic kind of screening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zechauser basic kind of screening and
+opportunity costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity costs
+and you know we use we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we use we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we use we looked at the
+fact and said oh look you know poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and said oh look you know poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and said oh look you know poor
+versus you know the close versus the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus you know the close versus the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus you know the close versus the far
+it seems like he's doing a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like he's doing a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like he's doing a little bit of
+screening seems like everything's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening seems like everything's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening seems like everything's going
+on and we actually thought this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we actually thought this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we actually thought this paper
+was about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was about that
+and it wasn't until we actually wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't until we actually wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't until we actually wrote
+down and tried to calibrate a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and tried to calibrate a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and tried to calibrate a model of
+this though we realized that those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this though we realized that those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this though we realized that those those
+forces were just quantitatively too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces were just quantitatively too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces were just quantitatively too
+small to be explaining the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small to be explaining the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small to be explaining the kind of
+magnitudes of things that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of things that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes of things that we were
+getting and this other Force seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting and this other Force seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting and this other Force seemed to
+be sort of really kind of driving things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of really kind of driving things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of really kind of driving things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you compare kind of our very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare kind of our very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you compare kind of our very first
+draft of slides on this paper even once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of slides on this paper even once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft of slides on this paper even once
+we saw the results itself targeting kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the results itself targeting kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the results itself targeting kind
+of improved targeting by a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of improved targeting by a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of improved targeting by a lot
+you know we had sort of a We Had A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had sort of a We Had A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had sort of a We Had A
+Simple Theory we sort of explained why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple Theory we sort of explained why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple Theory we sort of explained why
+it could be right and uh it was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be right and uh it was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be right and uh it was kind of
+based on this nickels that caused our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this nickels that caused our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this nickels that caused our
+idea and we had results saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we had results saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and we had results saying look
+self-targeting works and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting works and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting works and you know it's
+doing this sort of thing but until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this sort of thing but until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this sort of thing but until we
+actually wrote down and estimated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote down and estimated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wrote down and estimated the
+model we didn't realize that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we didn't realize that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we didn't realize that those
+effects that we were talking about while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we were talking about while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we were talking about while
+they were qualitatively in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were qualitatively in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were qualitatively in the right
+direction weren't quantitatively large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction weren't quantitatively large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction weren't quantitatively large
+enough so it was an example where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so it was an example where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so it was an example where I
+think we actually learned a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we actually learned a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we actually learned a lot and
+changed kind of our our views and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed kind of our our views and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed kind of our our views and what
+the paper really meant uh by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper really meant uh by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper really meant uh by going
+through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+exercise and trying to quantify some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and trying to quantify some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise and trying to quantify some of
+this stuff so I just wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff so I just wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff so I just wanted to mention
+that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well
+okay so so what's the model so in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what's the model so in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what's the model so in each
+period households get a utility from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period households get a utility from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period households get a utility from
+consumption X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption X
+preferences are out of these separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are out of these separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are out of these separable
+in their present future utility take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their present future utility take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their present future utility take
+some discount Factor Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discount Factor Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some discount Factor Delta
+um their flow income is y in each period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their flow income is y in each period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um their flow income is y in each period
+there's no savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no savings
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+y o is the share observed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y o is the share observed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y o is the share observed by the
+government so we're going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so we're going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so we're going to calculate
+so so why we can calculate that as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so why we can calculate that as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so why we can calculate that as I
+said before because we know the proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before because we know the proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before because we know the proxy
+means test so you know why is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means test so you know why is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means test so you know why is your
+consumption y o is a proxy means test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption y o is a proxy means test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption y o is a proxy means test
+prediction consumption and and why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction consumption and and why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction consumption and and why you
+the underperformable part is y minus y o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underperformable part is y minus y o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underperformable part is y minus y o
+so households decide whether to sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so households decide whether to sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so households decide whether to sign up
+or Not by balancing costs versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Not by balancing costs versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Not by balancing costs versus
+expected this kind of benefits so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected this kind of benefits so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected this kind of benefits so the
+cost of signing up is um is C of L Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of signing up is um is C of L Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of signing up is um is C of L Y
+where L is the distance to the place you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where L is the distance to the place you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where L is the distance to the place you
+have to sign up and why is your income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sign up and why is your income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sign up and why is your income
+so but we're going to modelize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we're going to modelize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but we're going to modelize
+proportional to your wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to your wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to your wage
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and maybe how you get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe how you get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe how you get there
+for sophisticated households you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sophisticated households you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sophisticated households you're
+going to say I get prob benefit B with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I get prob benefit B with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I get prob benefit B with
+probability mu of Y zero okay where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mu of Y zero okay where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability mu of Y zero okay where this
+is Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Mu
+okay so we're going to give them correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to give them correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to give them correct
+beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs
+and um and runs with security household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and runs with security household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and runs with security household
+do they sign up they get it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they sign up they get it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they sign up they get it with
+probability Lambda of Y which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Lambda of Y which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Lambda of Y which is this
+thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here
+okay so the the the MU people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the the MU people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the the MU people the
+sophisticated people know the Steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated people know the Steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated people know the Steep
+curve and then and the MU ones only know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and then and the MU ones only know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and then and the MU ones only know
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one
+and there's some utility shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some utility shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some utility shock
+uh measure which is f of Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure which is f of Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure which is f of Epsilon
+okay so then what's my expected benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what's my expected benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then what's my expected benefit
+from showing up well for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from showing up well for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from showing up well for the
+sophisticated ones right it's just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated ones right it's just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated ones right it's just you
+know the cost of showing up plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cost of showing up plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the cost of showing up plus the
+expected benefits of of getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected benefits of of getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected benefits of of getting the
+program using kind of the the MU one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program using kind of the the MU one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program using kind of the the MU one the
+sort of the the true one and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the true one and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the true one and for the
+naive ones it's the same thing but using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive ones it's the same thing but using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive ones it's the same thing but using
+the the Lambda thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Lambda thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Lambda thing there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we'll imagine that share Alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll imagine that share Alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll imagine that share Alpha of
+the of households are sophisticated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of households are sophisticated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of households are sophisticated to
+one minus half order unsophisticated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus half order unsophisticated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus half order unsophisticated and
+the final thing which is just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing which is just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final thing which is just a little
+technical detail that's in the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical detail that's in the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical detail that's in the paper is
+this lambd this new thing is a um just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambd this new thing is a um just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambd this new thing is a um just a
+raw function of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw function of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw function of the underlying
+government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's
+um technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um technology
+Lambda is actually an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is actually an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda is actually an equilibrium
+phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon
+because it depends on who's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it depends on who's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it depends on who's actually
+showing up kind of in person so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up kind of in person so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing up kind of in person so there's
+a condition there's like a some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition there's like a some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition there's like a some kind of
+you know I don't know integral I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know integral I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I don't know integral I think
+it's equation eight there's some there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equation eight there's some there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equation eight there's some there's
+some integral in the paper uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integral in the paper uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some integral in the paper uh which
+basically sort of states that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of states that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort of states that this
+thousands of rational beliefs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of rational beliefs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of rational beliefs in
+equilibrium just to close the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium just to close the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium just to close the model
+uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay
+so what was the experiment okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was the experiment okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what was the experiment okay so
+that's the model so what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model so what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model so what was the
+experiment so we had 400 villagers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so we had 400 villagers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so we had 400 villagers who
+did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this
+this program was just this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program was just this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this program was just this is a
+constraint that we're working with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that we're working with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that we're working with this
+is a program targeted to really the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a program targeted to really the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a program targeted to really the very
+very poor so this is the the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor so this is the the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor so this is the the government
+is aiming for the bottom 10 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aiming for the bottom 10 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is aiming for the bottom 10 of the
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+in terms of and so in The Villages we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of and so in The Villages we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of and so in The Villages we're
+randomizing to proxy means test or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing to proxy means test or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing to proxy means test or
+self-targeting and the self-targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting and the self-targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting and the self-targeting
+issue to go to the self-target the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue to go to the self-target the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue to go to the self-target the way
+self-targeting work to do we went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting work to do we went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-targeting work to do we went to the
+central meeting place and you applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central meeting place and you applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central meeting place and you applied
+did I want to apply you had to wait in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I want to apply you had to wait in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I want to apply you had to wait in
+some line and then they they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line and then they they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line and then they they um
+the government of numerators kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government of numerators kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government of numerators kind of
+took all your information put it into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all your information put it into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all your information put it into a
+computer and then if and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then if and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then if and then and then
+the way it worked was if you're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it worked was if you're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it worked was if you're um
+if your answers say you're out then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your answers say you're out then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your answers say you're out then
+you're out if your answers say you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out if your answers say you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out if your answers say you're in
+uh and the government has Data before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the government has Data before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the government has Data before
+which also says you're from like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also says you're from like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also says you're from like a
+preview from its previous Target survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview from its previous Target survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview from its previous Target survey
+It also says you're in not even close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also says you're in not even close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also says you're in not even close to
+the threshold uh then they're in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold uh then they're in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold uh then they're in if
+you're kind of at all close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of at all close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of at all close
+um or the government doesn't data on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or the government doesn't data on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or the government doesn't data on you
+they actually do a field visit to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do a field visit to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually do a field visit to verify
+that you're just not making stuff up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're just not making stuff up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're just not making stuff up
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and I mentioned we vary the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I mentioned we vary the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I mentioned we vary the distance
+to the application site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application site
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there was also a treatment where we vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also a treatment where we vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also a treatment where we vary
+the opportunity cost of applying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity cost of applying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity cost of applying by
+actually requiring that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually requiring that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually requiring that both
+um spouses uh both spouses um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spouses uh both spouses um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spouses uh both spouses um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+show up at the same time as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at the same time as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up at the same time as a way of
+varying the opportunity cost that one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the opportunity cost that one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the opportunity cost that one if
+I remember correctly the the there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember correctly the the there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember correctly the the there was a
+we had to put in exceptions uh in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to put in exceptions uh in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to put in exceptions uh in case
+you know what would happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what would happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what would happen because
+reasonably like what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably like what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably like what would happen if
+your spouse was kind of outside this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spouse was kind of outside this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spouse was kind of outside this is
+actually we learned in the pilot process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we learned in the pilot process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we learned in the pilot process
+you know people said what happens if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people said what happens if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people said what happens if my
+spouse is out of the city like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse is out of the city like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse is out of the city like you know
+I shouldn't be denied benefits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't be denied benefits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shouldn't be denied benefits of the
+program and of course that's fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and of course that's fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and of course that's fair
+um so there had to be an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there had to be an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there had to be an exception
+process by sort of saying that like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by sort of saying that like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process by sort of saying that like uh
+you know the village head or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the village head or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the village head or whatever
+the neighborhood egg could sign a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood egg could sign a letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood egg could sign a letter
+saying your spouse is you know out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying your spouse is you know out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying your spouse is you know out
+working somewhere else and can't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working somewhere else and can't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working somewhere else and can't come
+and and I think that one actually didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that one actually didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that one actually didn't
+didn't do much very much in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do much very much in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do much very much in practice
+because basically anyone who whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically anyone who whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because basically anyone who whose
+spouse couldn't come could just get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse couldn't come could just get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse couldn't come could just get this
+letter so I don't think it actually made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter so I don't think it actually made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter so I don't think it actually made
+that much of a difference in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of a difference in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much of a difference in terms of
+the actual opportunity cost so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual opportunity cost so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual opportunity cost so that's
+why we don't analyze that one as much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we don't analyze that one as much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we don't analyze that one as much in
+the in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the paper
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so we're going to investigate who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to investigate who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to investigate who
+signs up compare them to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs up compare them to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs up compare them to the
+experimentality of the PMT and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentality of the PMT and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentality of the PMT and estimate
+the model structurally to sort of tease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model structurally to sort of tease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model structurally to sort of tease
+about these mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these mechanisms
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um this is the probability of showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the probability of showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the probability of showing up
+as a function of your uh per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of your uh per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of your uh per capita
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+okay so as an aside in the paper we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as an aside in the paper we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as an aside in the paper we talk
+about fan regressions or non-parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fan regressions or non-parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fan regressions or non-parametric
+regressions have anyone seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions have anyone seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions have anyone seen these
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+anyone have any idea okay the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any idea okay the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any idea okay the first
+point is to clear up a confusion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to clear up a confusion from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is to clear up a confusion from
+when I was a student these are not fans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student these are not fans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student these are not fans
+like this way like a fan like you wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this way like a fan like you wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this way like a fan like you wave
+this is like Mr fan okay so just clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like Mr fan okay so just clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like Mr fan okay so just clear
+that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up
+um clear up years of confusion on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clear up years of confusion on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clear up years of confusion on my
+part okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay
+um second of all what is this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second of all what is this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second of all what is this so
+um these are uh local these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are uh local these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are uh local these are
+basically local regressions and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically local regressions and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically local regressions and so what
+you basically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically do
+is you have some suppose you have some X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have some suppose you have some X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have some suppose you have some X
+variable over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable over here
+and you have some like dot cloud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have some like dot cloud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have some like dot cloud of
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and if you fit a line through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you fit a line through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you fit a line through this
+thing it's going to look like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's going to look like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's going to look like that and
+that's not really what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really what you want to
+capture so if you want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture so if you want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture so if you want to sort of
+summarize this thing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this thing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this thing in some
+non-parametric way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametric way
+so what these regressions do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what these regressions do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what these regressions do
+is they say for every Point Let's divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they say for every Point Let's divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they say for every Point Let's divide
+our x-axis into say 100 equal bins let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our x-axis into say 100 equal bins let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our x-axis into say 100 equal bins let's
+just say whatever some number of bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and for each bin we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for each bin we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for each bin we're going to
+start over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over here
+and we're going to run a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to run a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to run a regression
+where each point is weighted based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each point is weighted based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each point is weighted based on
+the distance from this bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from this bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from this bin
+and there are different weights function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are different weights function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are different weights function
+the weight the weights you use are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight the weights you use are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight the weights you use are
+called kernels uh so they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kernels uh so they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called kernels uh so they're different
+kernels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernels so
+um one a simple one is a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one a simple one is a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one a simple one is a triangular
+kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel
+which for example looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for example looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for example looks like that
+okay so in this room so what we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this room so what we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this room so what we'll do
+over here is we'll go over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is we'll go over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here is we'll go over here and
+we'll run a local regression where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll run a local regression where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll run a local regression where this
+point gets weighted a lot and this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point gets weighted a lot and this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point gets weighted a lot and this gets
+weighed a little less than it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed a little less than it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed a little less than it's going to
+the less and so on and we'll get a slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less and so on and we'll get a slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less and so on and we'll get a slip
+that looks like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this right
+and then we're going to do that for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to do that for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to do that for each
+of these hundred points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like that
+and then we'll connect the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what that is
+so in stata El poly does this I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in stata El poly does this I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in stata El poly does this I'm sure
+there's an R version uh that does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an R version uh that does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an R version uh that does that
+as well but I'm dating myself because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but I'm dating myself because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but I'm dating myself because I
+know this data command not the r command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this data command not the r command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this data command not the r command
+um and uh and they're I just I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and they're I just I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh and they're I just I wanted to
+mention this because I think these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this because I think these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this because I think these are
+really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice
+um and then you can bootstrap by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can bootstrap by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you can bootstrap by the way
+to to get confidence intervals sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get confidence intervals sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get confidence intervals sorry
+okay if we talked about bootstraps yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we talked about bootstraps yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we talked about bootstraps yes
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+all right so so that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so that's um
+I find these very nice because they sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find these very nice because they sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find these very nice because they sort
+of summarize the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summarize the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summarize the data
+in ways that are a little hard to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that are a little hard to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that are a little hard to see
+with DOT clouds especially because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with DOT clouds especially because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with DOT clouds especially because you
+know if this is a binary variable if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is a binary variable if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is a binary variable if you
+try to just plot this thing as a scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to just plot this thing as a scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to just plot this thing as a scatter
+it doesn't look like this right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look like this right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look like this right this is
+plot this as a scatter what it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this as a scatter what it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this as a scatter what it looks
+like is like a bunch of like X's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is like a bunch of like X's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is like a bunch of like X's you
+know and some y's and sort of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and some y's and sort of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and some y's and sort of like you
+know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more
+you know it's very not very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very not very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's very not very easily
+visualizable as a scatter it's a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizable as a scatter it's a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizable as a scatter it's a binary
+variable so um these kind I find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so um these kind I find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so um these kind I find these
+kinds of non-parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of non-parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of non-parametric
+um uh locally weighted regressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh locally weighted regressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh locally weighted regressions
+really helped was a way of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped was a way of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped was a way of sort of
+summarizing the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing the data
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh end of a side questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end of a side questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh end of a side questions
+and then you can by the way the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can by the way the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can by the way the other
+thing about this is you can play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is you can play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is you can play with
+the bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bandwidth
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+The Wider you make this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wider you make this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Wider you make this thing
+the the more you're going to be imposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more you're going to be imposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the more you're going to be imposing
+smoothing on it if you make it super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing on it if you make it super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing on it if you make it super
+narrow then you just get the dot cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow then you just get the dot cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow then you just get the dot cloud
+back you know eventually it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know eventually it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you know eventually it ends up
+looking like a bin scatter so you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like a bin scatter so you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like a bin scatter so you kind
+of have to play with the the band there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to play with the the band there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to play with the the band there
+may be I don't know if there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be I don't know if there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be I don't know if there's an
+optimal bandwidth for these I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal bandwidth for these I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal bandwidth for these I don't I
+don't think there is that I know of but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there is that I know of but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there is that I know of but
+there may be but you can certainly play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be but you can certainly play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be but you can certainly play
+with the bandwidth and sort of get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bandwidth and sort of get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bandwidth and sort of get a
+reasonable degree of smoothing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable degree of smoothing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable degree of smoothing when you
+make these graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these graphs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the standard errors tend to blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard errors tend to blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard errors tend to blow up
+with the Tails because you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Tails because you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Tails because you don't have a
+bit much data over here last minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit much data over here last minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit much data over here last minute
+okay so what does that say so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that say so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that say so this is
+like downward sloping income great but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like downward sloping income great but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like downward sloping income great but I
+think the more interesting point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the more interesting point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the more interesting point is that
+we can then decompose this based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then decompose this based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then decompose this based on your
+observables and unobservable consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and unobservable consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables and unobservable consumption
+right and you get it downloads opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you get it downloads opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you get it downloads opening
+in observable consumption and then kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in observable consumption and then kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in observable consumption and then kind
+of this sort of says look maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of says look maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of says look maybe these
+households kind of forecast they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households kind of forecast they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households kind of forecast they're not
+going to get it and they don't apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it and they don't apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get it and they don't apply the
+kind of I think really exciting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I think really exciting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of I think really exciting part
+from a sort of uh targeting perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sort of uh targeting perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a sort of uh targeting perspective
+is that it's actually downward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's actually downward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's actually downward sloping
+in the unobservable component component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unobservable component component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unobservable component component
+of consumption which is what this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption which is what this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consumption which is what this is so
+this is this is this is y minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is y minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is y minus the
+observable y minus y hat on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable y minus y hat on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable y minus y hat on the x-axis
+and whether you show up and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether you show up and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether you show up and and you know
+ask any screen on kind of the the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask any screen on kind of the the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask any screen on kind of the the y-axis
+and this is also downward sloping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also downward sloping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also downward sloping and
+that sort of says the government is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of says the government is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of says the government is kind
+of potentially getting some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and so and this just sort of shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so and this just sort of shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so and this just sort of shows
+you this um in regression form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this um in regression form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this um in regression form which is
+that sort of you know your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of you know your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of you know your probability
+of showing up depends both on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing up depends both on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing up depends both on the
+observable piece and the unobservable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable piece and the unobservable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable piece and the unobservable
+piece of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of your
+of your consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we can sort of look at the results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sort of look at the results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sort of look at the results so
+um this is a CDF of the of the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a CDF of the of the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a CDF of the of the results
+so another point is I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another point is I really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another point is I really like
+showing cdfs of results for two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing cdfs of results for two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing cdfs of results for two reasons
+I know you guys have talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you guys have talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know you guys have talked about this
+okay so there's two advantages first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two advantages first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two advantages first of
+all someone want to interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we take away from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hannah go ahead Wesley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah go ahead Wesley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hannah go ahead Wesley
+so underself targeting the like the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so underself targeting the like the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so underself targeting the like the log
+cabinet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabinet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabinet
+so like you'll get to 100 of the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you'll get to 100 of the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you'll get to 100 of the or
+you'll get to like the full range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like individuals applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like individuals applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like individuals applying
+earlier in the long part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that's further to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's further to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's further to the left
+header in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+header in terms of
+yeah identifying poor households right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah identifying poor households right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah identifying poor households right
+okay so and just to be clear this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and just to be clear this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and just to be clear this this
+line first order this line first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line first order this line first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line first order this line first order
+successfully dominates this line so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully dominates this line so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully dominates this line so it's
+like it's uh to the left kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's uh to the left kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's uh to the left kind of
+everywhere in the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the distribution
+okay so why do I like plotting cdfs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why do I like plotting cdfs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why do I like plotting cdfs as
+opposed to PDFs uh there's two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to PDFs uh there's two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to PDFs uh there's two reasons
+number one if you want to show your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one if you want to show your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one if you want to show your data
+non-parametrically this there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically this there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-parametrically this there's no
+statistics in in creating this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in in creating this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in in creating this graph
+there's no this is literally just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no this is literally just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no this is literally just the
+data because why how do you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because why how do you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data because why how do you make a
+what's a CDF well a CDF right it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a CDF well a CDF right it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a CDF well a CDF right it's for
+every point you just calculate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point you just calculate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point you just calculate you know
+what is like you know for each for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is like you know for each for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is like you know for each for each
+X we're just calculating what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we're just calculating what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we're just calculating what is the
+probability that you know uh that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you know uh that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you know uh that um
+uh that that say income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that say income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that say income
+right is less than some X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is less than some X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is less than some X
+write conditional on treatment equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write conditional on treatment equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write conditional on treatment equals
+you know one or zero so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one or zero so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one or zero so we're going to
+do this for each of those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for each of those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for each of those things and
+just go over the whole range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go over the whole range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go over the whole range of
+different values that's what a CDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values that's what a CDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values that's what a CDF is
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no
+this is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like
+tab in your data right there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab in your data right there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tab in your data right there's nothing
+to estimate here when you want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate here when you want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate here when you want to start
+estimating like PDFs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating like PDFs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating like PDFs
+right you have to sort of that's a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to sort of that's a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have to sort of that's a PDF
+is right as you I'm sure know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right as you I'm sure know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right as you I'm sure know the
+derivative of CDF but you you also need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of CDF but you you also need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of CDF but you you also need
+to sort of like Smooth those things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like Smooth those things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like Smooth those things in
+practice and again those that can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and again those that can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and again those that can sort
+of depend on your smoothing parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depend on your smoothing parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of depend on your smoothing parameters
+this is literally just the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is literally just the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is literally just the data
+okay so that's nice because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's nice because you're not
+it's just kind of a way of showing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of a way of showing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just kind of a way of showing your
+raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw data
+other thing is this shows you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is this shows you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is this shows you a lot of
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+because this also shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this also shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this also shows you the
+difference in your treatments at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in your treatments at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in your treatments at every
+quantile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantile
+and so to read that you just read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to read that you just read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so to read that you just read this
+off like so what is the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like so what is the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like so what is the difference in
+the between Community Control evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the between Community Control evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the between Community Control evaluated
+at the 50th percentile of the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 50th percentile of the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 50th percentile of the outcome
+distribution well I just go to what is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well I just go to what is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution well I just go to what is I
+go right here and I can read it across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right here and I can read it across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right here and I can read it across
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+okay and this Gap here is the is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this Gap here is the is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this Gap here is the is like
+the 50th quantile right and so I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50th quantile right and so I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50th quantile right and so I can say
+for example like uses having effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example like uses having effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example like uses having effects
+kind of lower higher on the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lower higher on the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of lower higher on the income
+distribution or or whatever so it can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or or whatever so it can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or or whatever so it can it
+that's not necessarily the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not necessarily the most
+important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in
+um in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this context
+um but in a lot of other contexts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in a lot of other contexts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in a lot of other contexts that
+kind of of that additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of that additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of of that additional information
+can be sort of really valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sort of really valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sort of really valuable
+so anyway so that's the CDF so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so that's the CDF so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so that's the CDF so that
+tells you that the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that the difference between
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you can see the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see the the the the the
+people who are selected are are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are selected are are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are selected are are kind of
+uniformly for the left so they're poorer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly for the left so they're poorer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly for the left so they're poorer
+um this is showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is showing you
+um the probability of obtaining benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the probability of obtaining benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the probability of obtaining benefits
+okay so this is graphing this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is graphing this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is graphing this is now
+estimating non-parametrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating non-parametrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating non-parametrically
+um what is the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the probability that you
+obtain benefits uh at each kind of level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain benefits uh at each kind of level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain benefits uh at each kind of level
+and the what you see is you see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what you see is you see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the what you see is you see two
+things so the the desired targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the the desired targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so the the desired targeting
+range is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is over here
+you see two things going on number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see two things going on number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see two things going on number one
+this black line is basically much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black line is basically much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black line is basically much much
+below the the Orange Line why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the the Orange Line why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the the Orange Line why is that
+that's because the rich people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the rich people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the rich people are not
+bothering to be there is people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to be there is people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to be there is people who
+would be who might get through the proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be who might get through the proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be who might get through the proxy
+means test like by mistake are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means test like by mistake are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means test like by mistake are not
+bothering to show up and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to show up and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothering to show up and that's kind of
+the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key
+I think the key thing that's going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the key thing that's going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the key thing that's going on in
+in a lot of the paper is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of the paper is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of the paper is that these
+people are just not bothering to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just not bothering to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are just not bothering to show up
+and therefore even though they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore even though they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore even though they might
+have made it you know the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it you know the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made it you know the probability
+you know exactly that they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly that they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly that they would have
+made would especially small that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made would especially small that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made would especially small that they
+kind of decided not to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of decided not to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of decided not to do it
+the other thing which is interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing which is interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing which is interesting is
+this other point the thing which we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other point the thing which we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other point the thing which we did
+not expect actually is that the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expect actually is that the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expect actually is that the black
+line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is
+uh greater than the orange line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than the orange line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than the orange line and
+that's for this other reason for the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for this other reason for the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for this other reason for the at
+the very far left that's this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very far left that's this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very far left that's this other
+reason I mentioned which is that you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mentioned which is that you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mentioned which is that you try
+to sort of like figure out who should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like figure out who should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of like figure out who should be
+screened in a door-to-door approach but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screened in a door-to-door approach but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screened in a door-to-door approach but
+you know maybe you don't sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you don't sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe you don't sort of get
+everyone necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone necessarily
+whereas an on-demand approach people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas an on-demand approach people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas an on-demand approach people can
+let them make themselves be known and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them make themselves be known and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them make themselves be known and
+say look you know I you know I'm poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you know I you know I'm poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you know I you know I'm poor
+like please include me in this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like please include me in this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like please include me in this program
+and so it turns out that actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turns out that actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it turns out that actually this
+approach sort of has both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach sort of has both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach sort of has both of these
+benefits of excluding the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of excluding the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of excluding the the the the
+rich who you didn't mean to be who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich who you didn't mean to be who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich who you didn't mean to be who you
+didn't intend to Target and uh getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't intend to Target and uh getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't intend to Target and uh getting
+getting the the allowing the port to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the the allowing the port to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the the allowing the port to
+include themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include themselves
+and the other thing I'll sort of say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing I'll sort of say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing I'll sort of say is
+that relative to other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative to other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relative to other kinds of
+approaches were that use kind of costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches were that use kind of costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches were that use kind of costly
+ordeals it's targeting like a lot some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordeals it's targeting like a lot some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordeals it's targeting like a lot some
+approaches are like workfare programs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are like workfare programs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are like workfare programs so
+for example probably the largest program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example probably the largest program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example probably the largest program
+in the developing World for for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developing World for for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developing World for for you know
+any property program is the the enriga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any property program is the the enriga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any property program is the the enriga
+program in India right now if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in India right now if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in India right now if it's the
+largest it's one of the largest programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest it's one of the largest programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest it's one of the largest programs
+very large program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large program
+140 million people I think last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+140 million people I think last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+140 million people I think last night
+certainly in the orders of 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the orders of 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the orders of 100 million
+people or more in this program and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or more in this program and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or more in this program and what
+do they have to do in Enrique they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to do in Enrique they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to do in Enrique they have
+to go basically work if you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go basically work if you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go basically work if you want to get
+get get paid you have to go you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get paid you have to go you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get paid you have to go you know
+work through manual labor sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through manual labor sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through manual labor sort of you
+know uh for a project you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh for a project you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh for a project you know for
+however many hours or whatever and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many hours or whatever and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many hours or whatever and you
+get paid minimum wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid minimum wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get paid minimum wage
+That's a classic ordeal because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a classic ordeal because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a classic ordeal because like
+they could have other things they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have other things they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have other things they could
+be doing with their time right or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing with their time right or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing with their time right or they
+might not like manual labor right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not like manual labor right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not like manual labor right they
+might be other things it's a very costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be other things it's a very costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be other things it's a very costly
+thing to do it takes all of your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do it takes all of your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do it takes all of your time
+for 100 days this by com by comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 100 days this by com by comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 100 days this by com by comparison
+is a super small ordeal it's like half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a super small ordeal it's like half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a super small ordeal it's like half a
+day of your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of your time
+right and so I think what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I think what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so I think what's really
+attractive here is to say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive here is to say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive here is to say look
+the nickel zechauser idea sort of says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nickel zechauser idea sort of says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nickel zechauser idea sort of says
+that you know we have these really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we have these really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we have these really large
+ideals are going to do it but here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals are going to do it but here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals are going to do it but here by
+sort of going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of going back
+to the pre-period and sort of leveraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pre-period and sort of leveraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pre-period and sort of leveraging
+this uncertainty that people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uncertainty that people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uncertainty that people are going
+to have about sort of the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have about sort of the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have about sort of the application
+process maybe we can actually get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process maybe we can actually get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process maybe we can actually get a lot
+of the screening benefits of pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screening benefits of pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screening benefits of pretty
+small ordeals and that's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ordeals and that's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small ordeals and that's kind of what
+this what this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what this shows
+yeah Aaron one thing that I could major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron one thing that I could major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Aaron one thing that I could major
+I guess with this paper is you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess with this paper is you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess with this paper is you know even
+at the peak of the black distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the peak of the black distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the peak of the black distribution we
+have less than 20 yes a couple of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than 20 yes a couple of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than 20 yes a couple of you
+guys mentioned this yes so any quality I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys mentioned this yes so any quality I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys mentioned this yes so any quality I
+believe you have a sense of whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you have a sense of whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you have a sense of whether that
+is due to this issue or if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to this issue or if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to this issue or if you were
+talking about before we're still there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before we're still there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before we're still there's
+people who aren't announcing themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who aren't announcing themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who aren't announcing themselves
+even with this self-target treatment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with this self-target treatment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with this self-target treatment or
+if they're potential stigma or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're potential stigma or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're potential stigma or whatever
+so I think there's two things so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think there's two things so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think there's two things so I think
+you're totally right why is this only 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're totally right why is this only 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're totally right why is this only 20
+that's not great okay so I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great okay so I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not great okay so I think there's
+a couple things going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things going on here
+the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the show up rate at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the show up rate at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the show up rate at the bottom
+is only is about 60 okay so part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only is about 60 okay so part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only is about 60 okay so part of it
+is forty percent of the people here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forty percent of the people here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forty percent of the people here are
+not applying that's that's not all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not applying that's that's not all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not applying that's that's not all right
+that's part of it even and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of it even and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of it even and I don't know
+if this is necessarily a stigma it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is necessarily a stigma it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is necessarily a stigma it could
+be some of the people actually do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some of the people actually do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some of the people actually do have
+sort of challenges you know uh showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of challenges you know uh showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of challenges you know uh showing
+up for you know I think that's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you know I think that's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for you know I think that's real
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um I'm not sure stigma was a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure stigma was a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm not sure stigma was a huge
+problem here in this context actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here in this context actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here in this context actually
+um but you know that could be but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know that could be but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know that could be but I
+don't think it's a real problem I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's a real problem I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's a real problem I think
+it's more just people have other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more just people have other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more just people have other people
+are busy they have everything to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy they have everything to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are busy they have everything to do
+there was a lot of effort to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of effort to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of effort to get the
+information out maybe not everyone got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out maybe not everyone got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out maybe not everyone got
+it so I think that's right and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I think that's right and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I think that's right and I think
+that maybe you know doing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you know doing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you know doing this kind of
+multiple times maybe might be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times maybe might be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times maybe might be really
+important to sort of get this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to sort of get this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to sort of get this number
+higher but the second point is the proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher but the second point is the proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher but the second point is the proxy
+means tests are imperfect and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means tests are imperfect and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means tests are imperfect and you know I
+think that's a that's kind of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a that's kind of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a that's kind of yeah
+that's the other piece of it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other piece of it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other piece of it is uh
+you know what's the probability you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the probability you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's the probability you get
+benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits
+I didn't bring it as a function of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't bring it as a function of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't bring it as a function of total
+oh yeah here right what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah here right what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah here right what's the
+probability you get benefits as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you get benefits as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you get benefits as a
+function of your total y well it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your total y well it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of your total y well it's only
+like 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.3
+and that's because and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because and that's because
+it's imperfect and it's also imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imperfect and it's also imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imperfect and it's also imperfect
+precisely because they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because they're trying to
+Target a really low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target a really low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target a really low
+fraction of people right they're setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of people right they're setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of people right they're setting
+this really tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really tight
+um and that's kind of a policy decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's kind of a policy decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's kind of a policy decision
+if there's a broader question of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a broader question of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a broader question of you
+over this policy trade-off of like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this policy trade-off of like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this policy trade-off of like do
+you want to Target really tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to Target really tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to Target really tight
+and you're going to make fewer inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to make fewer inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to make fewer inclusion
+errors but also a lot more exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors but also a lot more exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors but also a lot more exclusion
+errors or do you want to Target more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors or do you want to Target more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors or do you want to Target more
+broadly and you're going to make fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly and you're going to make fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly and you're going to make fewer
+exclusion errors and more inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion errors and more inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion errors and more inclusion
+errors this particular program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors this particular program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors this particular program is
+targeted really tight so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted really tight so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted really tight so I think it's
+the combination of this fact and uh end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of this fact and uh end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of this fact and uh end
+of this fact so I think it's more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fact so I think it's more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this fact so I think it's more about
+the the imperfections in the proxy means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the imperfections in the proxy means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the imperfections in the proxy means
+test fundamentally at targeting people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test fundamentally at targeting people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test fundamentally at targeting people
+who are this poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are this poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are this poor
+is I think kind of more and I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think kind of more and I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think kind of more and I I think
+understanding how to fix that problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to fix that problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to fix that problem is
+a in reduced exclusion there is a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in reduced exclusion there is a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in reduced exclusion there is a first
+order issue that I don't think we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order issue that I don't think we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order issue that I don't think we have a
+good handle on actually to me to my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good handle on actually to me to my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good handle on actually to me to my mind
+actually one of the biggest issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the biggest issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the biggest issues that
+I don't think we really understand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we really understand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we really understand is
+how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you
+I think on how do you reduce exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think on how do you reduce exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think on how do you reduce exclusion
+error in these contexts and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in these contexts and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in these contexts and I think that
+this this approach says actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this approach says actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this approach says actually you
+know despite the fact that only 60 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know despite the fact that only 60 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know despite the fact that only 60 of
+people or 60 or 70 of people applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or 60 or 70 of people applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or 60 or 70 of people applying
+here on net this approach actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on net this approach actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on net this approach actually
+reduces inclusion exclusion error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces inclusion exclusion error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces inclusion exclusion error
+because it has this other benefit of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this other benefit of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this other benefit of at
+least we get well how everyone who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we get well how everyone who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least we get well how everyone who who
+the option to apply so on net this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to apply so on net this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the option to apply so on net this is
+better than status quo but I completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than status quo but I completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than status quo but I completely
+agree with you there's a lot of a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you there's a lot of a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you there's a lot of a ton of
+a solution error here and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution error here and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution error here and I think that
+sort of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how do you
+how do you reduce that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reduce that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you reduce that is really
+important so I completely agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so I completely agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so I completely agree with
+that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so the final point so then so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the final point so then so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the final point so then so then
+so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we
+want to understand the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand the different
+theoretical mechanisms so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical mechanisms so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical mechanisms so we're going to
+estimate the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the model
+so how do we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do that
+so um so what do we have to do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so what do we have to do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so what do we have to do well
+first thing is we have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is we have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is we have to sort of
+parameterize some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize some stuff
+okay we have to we have to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to we have to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to we have to take that
+sort of vague those vague things like C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of vague those vague things like C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of vague those vague things like C
+of l and y and turn them into actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l and y and turn them into actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l and y and turn them into actual
+numbers that we can estimate right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that we can estimate right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that we can estimate right you
+know plug into a model in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know plug into a model in the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know plug into a model in the computer
+okay so it's parameterizing things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's parameterizing things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's parameterizing things so
+um we're going to parameterize the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to parameterize the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to parameterize the cost
+as follows we're going to say your wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we're going to say your wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we're going to say your wage
+the cost is equal to your wage times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost is equal to your wage times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost is equal to your wage times the
+travel time plus the average amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time plus the average amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel time plus the average amount of
+time that you have to wait there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you have to wait there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you have to wait there
+okay and it's it's this is your expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's it's this is your expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's it's this is your expected
+cost it's not your realization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's not your realization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's not your realization of the
+cost it's the expected cost so it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's the expected cost so it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's the expected cost so it should
+be it's how much you forecast it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's how much you forecast it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's how much you forecast it's going
+to cost you to sort of apply for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost you to sort of apply for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost you to sort of apply for this
+thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+um plus any sort of monetary cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus any sort of monetary cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plus any sort of monetary cost
+of traveling there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traveling there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traveling there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and by the way we were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way we were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way we were thinking about
+this in advance so we collected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in advance so we collected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in advance so we collected the
+variables we needed to sort of get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we needed to sort of get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we needed to sort of get this
+estimate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate this
+which is sort of we knew sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of we knew sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of we knew sort of the
+distance and we knew how people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and we knew how people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and we knew how people would
+typically get to these places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically get to these places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically get to these places and
+whatever we collected that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we collected that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we collected that in the
+Baseline survey so that we because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline survey so that we because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline survey so that we because we
+had an idea we were going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an idea we were going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an idea we were going to be
+interested in this question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this question that's
+another going back to the theory point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another going back to the theory point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another going back to the theory point
+so we sort of thought this was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sort of thought this was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sort of thought this was going to
+this class thing was different the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class thing was different the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class thing was different the class
+was gonna be important so we tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna be important so we tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was gonna be important so we tried to
+collect some data that was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some data that was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some data that was going to be
+useful to investigate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to investigate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to investigate it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one thing which by the way is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing which by the way is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing which by the way is first
+order here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here
+is um you know consumption is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know consumption is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know consumption is probably
+measured with error and it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured with error and it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured with error and it's a way to
+deal with that so we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that so we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that so we were going to
+parameterize the measurement error here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the measurement error here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the measurement error here
+that's fine we just we're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine we just we're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine we just we're going to ask
+we have a different data set with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different data set with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a different data set with a
+short panel uh and so we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short panel uh and so we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short panel uh and so we're going to use
+that we measure measure consumption sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measure measure consumption sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we measure measure consumption sort
+of twice in a row for the same people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twice in a row for the same people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twice in a row for the same people
+and use that to parameters measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to parameters measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that to parameters measurement
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+um and the reason for that is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason for that is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the reason for that is that we
+observe consumption measures with error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe consumption measures with error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe consumption measures with error
+but we're assuming people make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're assuming people make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're assuming people make their
+decisions based on true consumption so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions based on true consumption so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions based on true consumption so
+we want to sort of prioritize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to sort of prioritize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to sort of prioritize that
+um otherwise you're going to load too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um otherwise you're going to load too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um otherwise you're going to load too
+much stuff on the error term basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff on the error term basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff on the error term basically
+if you don't sort of incorporate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't sort of incorporate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't sort of incorporate that
+uh we need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we need this
+Lambda term we'll just make that a we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda term we'll just make that a we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda term we'll just make that a we'll
+assume that's a prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's a prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that's a prove it
+seems sort of sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems sort of sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems sort of sensible
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameters
+you know we have to estimate our Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to estimate our Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to estimate our Alpha
+which is the share who are sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the share who are sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the share who are sophisticated
+we have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no idea
+uh the mean of the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the mean of the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the mean of the variance of the
+utility shocks Epsilon and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility shocks Epsilon and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility shocks Epsilon and the the
+parameters of the probe of the of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the probe of the of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of the probe of the of the of
+the Lambda distribution right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda distribution right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lambda distribution right
+so uh which is people's four what which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh which is people's four what which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh which is people's four what which
+is what are the unsophisticated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the unsophisticated people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the unsophisticated people
+gonna think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna think
+and so we're going to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to estimate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what we get out of the model is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get out of the model is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we get out of the model is that
+you're probably for any given individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably for any given individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably for any given individual
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+your probability of applying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probability of applying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your probability of applying for
+benefits is well if you're sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits is well if you're sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits is well if you're sophisticated
+it's given by this you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by this you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's given by this you know what's the
+probability that you're gained from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're gained from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you're gained from
+applying as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying as a function of the
+observables is greater than the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables is greater than the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables is greater than the less
+than the whatever greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the whatever greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the whatever greater than the
+Epsilon greater than the Epsilon cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon greater than the Epsilon cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon greater than the Epsilon cost
+and uh or maybe I'm mine off by a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh or maybe I'm mine off by a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh or maybe I'm mine off by a minus
+error and the same thing for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and the same thing for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and the same thing for the for the
+for the unobservables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unobservables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the unobservables
+okay so that's what the model gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what the model gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what the model gives us
+as a function of the unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the unknown parameters
+and so that's what we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what we're going to try to
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you went over GMM last week okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went over GMM last week okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went over GMM last week okay so this
+should all be familiar uh for you but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be familiar uh for you but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be familiar uh for you but I
+just want to say a word about GMM okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say a word about GMM okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say a word about GMM okay
+which is you hear a lot a lot a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you hear a lot a lot a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you hear a lot a lot a lot
+about structural models in like many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about structural models in like many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about structural models in like many
+classes and many papers and I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and many papers and I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and many papers and I think they
+are over like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are over like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are over like
+they have this whole hype around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this whole hype around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this whole hype around them
+and they're not actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not actually that
+complicated and so I just want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and so I just want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and so I just want to sort
+of spend one slide doing my best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spend one slide doing my best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spend one slide doing my best to
+demystify them okay because it took me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demystify them okay because it took me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demystify them okay because it took me a
+long time to figure this out so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to figure this out so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to figure this out so I want
+to sort of save you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of save you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of save you guys
+that that that that time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that that time okay
+so what are we doing okay when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we doing okay when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we doing okay when we
+estimate structural model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate structural model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate structural model
+so we write down a model which is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we write down a model which is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we write down a model which is like a
+theoretical model which has some unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical model which has some unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical model which has some unknown
+parameters in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in our case I just wrote down a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case I just wrote down a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our case I just wrote down a model
+which has unknown parameters which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has unknown parameters which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has unknown parameters which
+generates a probability that I show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a probability that I show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a probability that I show up
+as a function of individualized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of individualized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of individualized
+characteristics and some unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and some unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and some unknown
+parameters in our case it was like Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in our case it was like Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in our case it was like Alpha
+and the utility shock distribution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the utility shock distribution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the utility shock distribution in
+the data distribution or lamb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data distribution or lamb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data distribution or lamb
+distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the structural estimation says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structural estimation says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structural estimation says is
+I would like to know these unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to know these unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to know these unknown
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+so what values of those unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what values of those unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what values of those unknown
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+get the model's predicted short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the model's predicted short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the model's predicted short
+probabilities to match the actual short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to match the actual short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to match the actual short
+probabilities in the data for similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in the data for similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in the data for similar
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model
+is like probability of showing up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like probability of showing up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like probability of showing up for
+individual I is a function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual I is a function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual I is a function of these
+various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things
+and I just want to choose the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to choose the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to choose the values of
+those unknown parameters so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unknown parameters so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unknown parameters so that the
+models predicted to show up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models predicted to show up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models predicted to show up in the
+actual show up in some data are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual show up in some data are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual show up in some data are the same
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so to do this you define moments okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do this you define moments okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do this you define moments okay
+moments are statistics of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are statistics of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments are statistics of the data
+that you can also calculate in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you need to have at least as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to have at least as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to have at least as many
+moments as unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments as unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments as unknown parameters
+or you can have more more is fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have more more is fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can have more more is fine but
+you can't have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have fewer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to say
+you then search for the particular thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then search for the particular thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then search for the particular thing
+you do is you just do kind of a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you just do kind of a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you just do kind of a search
+over these unknown parameter vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these unknown parameter vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these unknown parameter vector
+in this case five with five dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case five with five dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case five with five dimensional
+parameter vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter vector
+so at the moments from the model match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the moments from the model match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the moments from the model match
+as close as possible the moments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as possible the moments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as close as possible the moments in the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's why it's called the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it's called the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it's called the you know
+method of movements right so one sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of movements right so one sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of movements right so one sec
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it
+okay that's the basic idea set up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basic idea set up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the basic idea set up the
+date set up set up a model as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date set up set up a model as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date set up set up a model as a
+functional known parameters calculates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional known parameters calculates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional known parameters calculates
+the moments in that unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments in that unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments in that unknown parameters
+and search and keep mucking around with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and search and keep mucking around with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and search and keep mucking around with
+the values of the parameters until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the parameters until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the parameters until the
+values of your five moments hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of your five moments hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of your five moments hit the
+values of the five of the similar five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the five of the similar five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the five of the similar five
+moments the target five at once from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments the target five at once from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments the target five at once from the
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+okay so that's the main idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the main idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the main idea
+so you know you know I said that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you know I said that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you know I said that's it
+all the rest is commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest is commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest is commentary
+um so one important piece of commentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one important piece of commentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one important piece of commentary
+is well what happens if you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what happens if you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what happens if you have more
+parameters in moments sorry more if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in moments sorry more if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in moments sorry more if you
+have more parameters than moments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more parameters than moments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more parameters than moments you
+can't do anything if you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything if you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything if you have more
+moments than parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments than parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments than parameters
+now I won't be able to generically hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I won't be able to generically hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I won't be able to generically hit
+all the print all the moments because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the print all the moments because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the print all the moments because I
+don't have enough degrees of freedom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough degrees of freedom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough degrees of freedom so
+GM one one of the many handy things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM one one of the many handy things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM one one of the many handy things that
+GM GMM does is how should I optimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM GMM does is how should I optimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM GMM does is how should I optimally
+kind of wait the different moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wait the different moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wait the different moments
+um to try to sort of match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to try to sort of match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to try to sort of match the
+parameters as best I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as best I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as best I can
+okay sorry oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry oh yeah
+um I was wondering how because I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was wondering how because I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was wondering how because I guess
+the thing we're matching here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're matching here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're matching here is
+probabilities we all just learned like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we all just learned like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities we all just learned like
+closure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closure
+a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trip
+we're doing a very similar thing so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a very similar thing so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a very similar thing so I'm
+wondering like conceptually it's moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like conceptually it's moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering like conceptually it's moving
+ideas like college assistant character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas like college assistant character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas like college assistant character
+when I run a probate model and stata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I run a probate model and stata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I run a probate model and stata
+where it's like so those are maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like so those are maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like so those are maximum
+likelihood models so there's two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood models so there's two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood models so there's two ways
+you can sort of estimate a model sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of estimate a model sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of estimate a model sorry
+okay this is the GMM version the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the GMM version the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the GMM version the other
+version is maximum likelihood where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is maximum likelihood where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is maximum likelihood where I
+specify the full kind of likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the full kind of likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify the full kind of likelihood
+function from the data and and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the data and and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the data and and say what
+was what was my full data generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was my full data generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was my full data generating
+process and uh and uh search over the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh and uh search over the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh and uh search over the to
+sort of and you're basically sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and you're basically sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and you're basically sort of
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in maximum likelihood you're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maximum likelihood you're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in maximum likelihood you're essentially
+sort of saying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the underlying set of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the underlying set of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the underlying set of parameters
+such that to to maximize the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that to to maximize the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that to to maximize the sort of
+likelihood that the observed data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that the observed data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood that the observed data that
+the data I observe actually sort of came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data I observe actually sort of came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data I observe actually sort of came
+from that but I feel so like fit my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that but I feel so like fit my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that but I feel so like fit my
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+you can you can fit a binary variable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can fit a binary variable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can fit a binary variable of
+binary variable model with GMM yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variable model with GMM yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variable model with GMM yes but
+the basic model you're learning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic model you're learning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic model you're learning in
+metrics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh that makes sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that makes sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that makes sense but
+um like so and Ed by the way correct me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like so and Ed by the way correct me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like so and Ed by the way correct me
+if I'm saying anything wrong like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm saying anything wrong like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm saying anything wrong like that
+what you just described as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just described as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just described as something
+that's a one-liner right which like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-liner right which like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-liner right which like like
+running the maximum like yes y on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the maximum like yes y on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the maximum like yes y on X
+right obviously this is not a one-liner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right obviously this is not a one-liner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right obviously this is not a one-liner
+no although it's not that many lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no although it's not that many lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no although it's not that many lines
+maybe that depending on the t-set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's get more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get more information
+oh correct okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh correct okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh correct okay
+so so you wouldn't necessarily want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you wouldn't necessarily want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you wouldn't necessarily want to
+fit a program model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a program model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a program model
+you're already assuming like I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already assuming like I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're already assuming like I know
+everything about the data generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the data generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the data generating
+process that you can use all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you can use all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you can use all the
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+or here we don't know how the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here we don't know how the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here we don't know how the parameters
+right we don't know we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't know we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we don't know we don't know the
+full data generating process ah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full data generating process ah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full data generating process ah okay
+okay but you do know a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you do know a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you do know a couple of
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+correct that's like you're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that's like you're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that's like you're assuming that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah I agree with that you're right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I agree with that you're right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I agree with that you're right it's
+a less restrictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less restrictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less restrictive
+um you know less yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but often writing down the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but often writing down the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but often writing down the whole
+livelihood function is very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livelihood function is very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livelihood function is very difficult
+whereas this thing you can kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this thing you can kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this thing you can kind of like
+usually like generically do not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like generically do not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually like generically do not always
+you have to sort of there are conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sort of there are conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to sort of there are conditions
+for sort of making sure that your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of making sure that your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of making sure that your model
+is identified which is sort of this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified which is sort of this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified which is sort of this idea
+that you have that you you that you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have that you you that you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have that you you that you in
+fact can recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact can recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact can recover
+um that you know it's not the case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know it's not the case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know it's not the case it
+sort of you know multiple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know multiple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know multiple different
+combinations of parameters would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of parameters would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of parameters would give
+you the same moments that's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same moments that's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the same moments that's sort of an
+identification problem but other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification problem but other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification problem but other than
+that like there's lots of cases in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like there's lots of cases in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like there's lots of cases in which
+you can actually do this sorry go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do this sorry go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do this sorry go ahead
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is a great question so where do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a great question so where do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a great question so where do the
+moments come from right and sort of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments come from right and sort of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments come from right and sort of are
+the moments kind so I think that that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments kind so I think that that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments kind so I think that that it
+so the way to think about that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to think about that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to think about that I think
+is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that your
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me see something graphically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see something graphically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see something graphically the
+answer for this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general
+if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me see if I can come up with a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can come up with a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if I can come up with a good
+answer sorry hold one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I'm changing things in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm changing things in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm changing things in the in the
+moment distribution so as I'm imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment distribution so as I'm imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment distribution so as I'm imagine
+I'm Computing two different moments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Computing two different moments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Computing two different moments you
+know for tall people and short people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for tall people and short people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for tall people and short people
+for example right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example right you know
+in the model I'm going to sort of assert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model I'm going to sort of assert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model I'm going to sort of assert
+that that the only difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the only difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the only difference between
+those people are sort of short versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are sort of short versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people are sort of short versus
+tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in the data I'm going to just observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data I'm going to just observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data I'm going to just observe
+short people on top people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short people on top people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short people on top people
+short and tall talk about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if uh if that variation between short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if that variation between short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if that variation between short
+and tall is like essentially like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tall is like essentially like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tall is like essentially like you
+know randomly identify like essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know randomly identify like essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know randomly identify like essentially
+Imagine That Was randomized Then in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine That Was randomized Then in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine That Was randomized Then in fact
+those differences I'm going to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences I'm going to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences I'm going to observe
+the kind of those real moments are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of those real moments are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of those real moments are in
+fact going to be the true like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact going to be the true like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact going to be the true like things
+actually plugging into the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plugging into the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plugging into the model
+right because it's going to be the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's going to be the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's going to be the true
+diff the causal sort of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff the causal sort of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diff the causal sort of difference
+between moving from kind of like short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between moving from kind of like short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between moving from kind of like short
+to tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tall
+whereas in the real world you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the real world you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in the real world you might
+imagine the shortest correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the shortest correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the shortest correlated with
+other things and shortest and tall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and shortest and tall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and shortest and tall is
+called other things and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called other things and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called other things and so you know
+those differences between the short and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences between the short and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences between the short and
+the tall may not just reflect kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tall may not just reflect kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tall may not just reflect kind of
+the short difference in the tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short difference in the tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short difference in the tall
+differences in the model any respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the model any respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the model any respect
+kind of like other unobserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like other unobserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like other unobserved
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+so in the same way that sort of in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the same way that sort of in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the same way that sort of in you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+analyzing kind of a reduced form thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing kind of a reduced form thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing kind of a reduced form thing
+you might be worried about kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be worried about kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be worried about kind of a
+minute variable bias you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute variable bias you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute variable bias you could be
+worried about the same things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the same things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about the same things in a
+structural estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural estimation
+in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice
+uh not ever you know you don't people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not ever you know you don't people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not ever you know you don't people
+don't always worry about that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always worry about that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always worry about that in the
+same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+um but I think in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think in general
+it's the same kind of concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kind of concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kind of concerns
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so as you can as you actually as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you can as you actually as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as you can as you actually as you
+see in this in this paper a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this in this paper a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this in this paper a lot of what
+we're trying to do are things are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do are things are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do are things are are
+identify the model on things that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the model on things that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the model on things that look
+like kind of experimental movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of experimental movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of experimental movements
+it's a time when you're writing I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a time when you're writing I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a time when you're writing I know
+you're solving theoretical others should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving theoretical others should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving theoretical others should
+be thinking about like what assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about like what assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about like what assumptions
+uh no sorry I don't understand like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no sorry I don't understand like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no sorry I don't understand like like
+the time in which you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time in which you're thinking about
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+where you experimental variation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you experimental variation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you experimental variation that's
+kind of when you're solving through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of when you're solving through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of when you're solving through what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you're making
+in that kind of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that kind of functions
+yeah or another thing is like you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or another thing is like you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or another thing is like you want
+to say like what are another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say like what are another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say like what are another way of
+thinking about it is like from a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it is like from a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it is like from a design
+perspective see here's a model here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective see here's a model here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective see here's a model here are
+the key unknown parameters I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key unknown parameters I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key unknown parameters I'd like to
+have I'd like to identify what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'd like to identify what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I'd like to identify what you want
+are you would like to have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you would like to have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you would like to have kind of
+experimental variation in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental variation in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental variation in the real world
+that if I ran the same experiment in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I ran the same experiment in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I ran the same experiment in my
+model would give me really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would give me really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would give me really different
+answers depending on kind of what the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers depending on kind of what the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers depending on kind of what the on
+the parameter vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter vector
+so if I really want to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I really want to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I really want to identify
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that's kind of that's that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that's kind of that's that's I
+think the best way to think about it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way to think about it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the best way to think about it so
+if I really want to identify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really want to identify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I really want to identify some
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+I I would take my model and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would take my model and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I would take my model and I would say
+well what what if I if I change this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what if I if I change this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what if I if I change this in
+the world would I get really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world would I get really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world would I get really different
+answers depending on different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers depending on different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers depending on different levels of
+that parameter vector and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter vector and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter vector and that's going
+to say that this sort of experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this sort of experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that this sort of experiment is
+going to you know intuitively like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know intuitively like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know intuitively like
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify
+um that parameter and so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that parameter and so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that parameter and so I think
+technically what this is is if you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically what this is is if you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically what this is is if you it's
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can never remember it I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never remember it I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never remember it I think it's the
+what you want is like d Theta hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is like d Theta hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is like d Theta hat
+the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment
+right moment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right moment I
+so you want to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to choose
+experimental moments things are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental moments things are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental moments things are going to
+actually vary in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vary in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually vary in the real world
+that are going to give you that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to give you that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to give you that are that
+are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+um uh identify kind of the the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh identify kind of the the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh identify kind of the the parameter
+Vector Theta that you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way Ed if you want to add any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way Ed if you want to add any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way Ed if you want to add any
+commentary into this time since you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary into this time since you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary into this time since you did
+a whole restitution on this I'm open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole restitution on this I'm open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole restitution on this I'm open to
+suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and there there were exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there there were exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there there were exactly two
+specific objects that you needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects that you needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects that you needed to
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+experiment and design experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and design experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and design experiment to
+estimate them yeah another paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate them yeah another paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate them yeah another paper uh
+which also kind of around the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also kind of around the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also kind of around the same time
+is Gabriel creamler's um job market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Gabriel creamler's um job market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Gabriel creamler's um job market
+paper from here's a student here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from here's a student here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper from here's a student here which
+is a similar sort of feature of he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar sort of feature of he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar sort of feature of he wrote
+down a this is a transportation paper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a this is a transportation paper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a this is a transportation paper so
+we're not teaching in this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not teaching in this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not teaching in this class but
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+had a couple of the paper had a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a couple of the paper had a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a couple of the paper had a couple
+he had a remodel and a couple unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a remodel and a couple unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a remodel and a couple unknown
+parameters and he said look I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and he said look I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and he said look I I really
+want to go design an experiment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go design an experiment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go design an experiment that's
+going to like really give me variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like really give me variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to like really give me variation
+and I need to estimate these unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need to estimate these unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I need to estimate these unknown
+parameters and so it was kind of a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and so it was kind of a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and so it was kind of a case
+where sort of you wrote on the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of you wrote on the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of you wrote on the model
+figured out what kind of the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what kind of the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what kind of the unknown
+parameters were and then design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters were and then design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters were and then design an
+experiment that was explicitly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that was explicitly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that was explicitly going to
+get those that kind of variation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those that kind of variation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those that kind of variation so
+that's another nice one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another nice one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another nice one
+um that that is sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that is sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that that is sort of uh
+taking this relationship between sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this relationship between sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking this relationship between sort of
+model structural estimation to the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model structural estimation to the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model structural estimation to the X
+anti-phase and designing experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-phase and designing experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-phase and designing experiments
+that's going to sort of estimate that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to sort of estimate that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to sort of estimate that's
+that's going to generate the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to generate the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to generate the variation
+you need to estimate the model clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+mechanism size wasn't a big deal and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism size wasn't a big deal and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism size wasn't a big deal and it
+was actually the probability like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the probability like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually the probability like
+where's that come from this side yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that come from this side yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's that come from this side yeah
+yeah it's not on this slide it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not on this slide it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not on this slide it's going
+to come next okay all right okay could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come next okay all right okay could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come next okay all right okay could
+you have written down the model in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have written down the model in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have written down the model in a way
+that didn't allow you to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't allow you to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't allow you to distinguish
+those two and like how did you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and like how did you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and like how did you know to
+write down the model of the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so what what do you let me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what what do you let me okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so what what do you let me okay
+so what do you do once you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do once you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you do once you have the
+model I mean I haven't forgotten your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I mean I haven't forgotten your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I mean I haven't forgotten your
+question okay what do you do once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay what do you do once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay what do you do once you
+have the this is more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the this is more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the this is more about the
+calibration of the model I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration of the model I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration of the model I'm going to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+this is all sort of how do we cap how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all sort of how do we cap how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all sort of how do we cap how do
+we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh no sorry this is actually relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no sorry this is actually relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no sorry this is actually relevant
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+so what do we do so now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do so now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do so now we have the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+okay now we can do different counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can do different counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we can do different counter
+factuals okay so what does that mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factuals okay so what does that mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factuals okay so what does that mean is
+we can take the model with the on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the model with the on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the model with the on with
+the parameters and start changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters and start changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters and start changing
+different things about the model and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things about the model and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things about the model and see
+how would the world like behave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the world like behave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the world like behave in
+different counterfactual worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different counterfactual worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different counterfactual worlds
+so the first thing we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we did
+is we were like okay like we think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we were like okay like we think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we were like okay like we think it's
+this whole different technology like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole different technology like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole different technology like so
+the first okay backing up we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first okay backing up we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first okay backing up we found
+selection we didn't find very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection we didn't find very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection we didn't find very much
+between the close and the far treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the close and the far treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the close and the far treatment
+that was weird we were like expecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was weird we were like expecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was weird we were like expecting to
+find that we didn't find that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that we didn't find that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that we didn't find that okay so
+then we were like what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were like what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were like what's going on here
+so our first hypothesis was this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first hypothesis was this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our first hypothesis was this whole
+like you know different Technologies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know different Technologies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know different Technologies for
+dealing with the ordeal the rich take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the ordeal the rich take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the ordeal the rich take
+the bus you know sorry the rich the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus you know sorry the rich the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus you know sorry the rich the rich
+you know take the bus or take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take the bus or take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take the bus or take the
+motorcycle and the poor walk that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle and the poor walk that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle and the poor walk that was
+kind of our idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our idea
+so we're like okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like okay let's
+play with that in the model we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with that in the model we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with that in the model we didn't
+actually have random variation in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have random variation in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have random variation in like
+forcing the them to take the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing the them to take the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing the them to take the same
+technology we probably couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we probably couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology we probably couldn't have
+done that we said well can this be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that we said well can this be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that we said well can this be quite
+clearly and this was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and this was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly and this was kind of
+qualitatively in there in terms of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively in there in terms of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively in there in terms of like
+you know how did you actually get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did you actually get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how did you actually get to the
+place or how would you get to this place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or how would you get to this place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place or how would you get to this place
+and they were doing different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were doing different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were doing different things
+but is this large enough to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is this large enough to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is this large enough to actually
+make a difference so what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference so what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference so what do we do
+we said okay let's let's parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay let's let's parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay let's let's parameterize
+this travel cost thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this travel cost thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this travel cost thing
+and let's re-run the model taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's re-run the model taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's re-run the model taking this
+thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out
+okay so we're going to rerun the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to rerun the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to rerun the model
+but we're going to give everyone the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to give everyone the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to give everyone the
+exact same transportation technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same transportation technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same transportation technology
+okay and the answer was it made no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the answer was it made no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the answer was it made no
+difference essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference essentially
+so that's how we concluded that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we concluded that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how we concluded that this
+thing even though it was qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing even though it was qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing even though it was qualitatively
+in the direction we were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction we were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction we were thinking about
+was not quantitatively large enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quantitatively large enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quantitatively large enough to
+explain anything at least in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything at least in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain anything at least in the context
+of our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um on the other hand we took the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand we took the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand we took the exact
+same model and we took out Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model and we took out Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model and we took out Lambda and
+put in Lambda bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in Lambda bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in Lambda bar
+okay so we said let's assume everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we said let's assume everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we said let's assume everyone
+has the same beliefs about passing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same beliefs about passing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same beliefs about passing the
+thing and that like basically explains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that like basically explains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that like basically explains
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+okay so so this was quantitatively so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this was quantitatively so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this was quantitatively so
+both of these were like qualitatively in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these were like qualitatively in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these were like qualitatively in
+the right direction but we needed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction but we needed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction but we needed some
+way of quantifying kind of which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of quantifying kind of which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of quantifying kind of which of
+these different things were large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different things were large or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different things were large or
+small and so by taking the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and so by taking the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and so by taking the estimated
+model and re-running it under different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and re-running it under different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and re-running it under different
+kind of counter factuals we could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of counter factuals we could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of counter factuals we could sort
+of say which of these different factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say which of these different factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say which of these different factors
+are really important because they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important because they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important because they're all
+kind of in there and you take them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in there and you take them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in there and you take them out
+kind of one by one in the model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one by one in the model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one by one in the model and
+that's how we figured it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we figured it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we figured it out
+and this is what I was saying of like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I was saying of like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I was saying of like we
+didn't know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know this
+like like really we didn't know like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like really we didn't know like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like really we didn't know like we
+really like wrote a paper like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like wrote a paper like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like wrote a paper like a
+PowerPoint presentation or a beamer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint presentation or a beamer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint presentation or a beamer
+presentation somewhere on my computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation somewhere on my computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation somewhere on my computer
+which is all about this one because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all about this one because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all about this one because it
+was like qualitatively there we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like qualitatively there we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like qualitatively there we actually
+had evidence showing they were taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had evidence showing they were taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had evidence showing they were taking
+different Technologies it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Technologies it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Technologies it was like
+really great it just turned out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great it just turned out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great it just turned out that
+once we wrote down the model we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we wrote down the model we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we wrote down the model we're like
+oh this is like you know two words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is like you know two words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is like you know two words about
+it's too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too small
+so that was the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the the
+that was that was the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was the point
+okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay other
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um and so that's this sort of shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's this sort of shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's this sort of shows you
+kind of a different counter factuals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a different counter factuals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a different counter factuals or
+whatever so for example this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so for example this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so for example this is like the
+coefficient unlock consumption this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient unlock consumption this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient unlock consumption this is
+this is the true kind of experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the true kind of experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the true kind of experimental
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+right whatever you know consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever you know consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whatever you know consumption
+negatively predicts whether you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively predicts whether you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively predicts whether you sort of
+apply this is the this is the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this is the this is the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this is the this is the estimated
+model it's also kind of similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's also kind of similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's also kind of similarly
+negative not so surprising because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative not so surprising because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative not so surprising because we
+fit the model for the data right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the model for the data right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the model for the data right it's
+not so surprising there but then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so surprising there but then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so surprising there but then we can
+sort of see what happens we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see what happens we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see what happens we turn
+different things off and like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things off and like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things off and like for
+example if you turn off the like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you turn off the like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you turn off the like the the
+if you give everyone the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give everyone the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you give everyone the same kind of
+beliefs about the probability of passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about the probability of passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs about the probability of passing
+this thing just cold totally goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing just cold totally goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing just cold totally goes away
+but you give everyone the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you give everyone the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you give everyone the same kind of
+Technology of traveling whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology of traveling whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology of traveling whatever you
+know that makes much difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that makes much difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that makes much difference
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+any other I'm going a bit slower than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other I'm going a bit slower than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other I'm going a bit slower than I
+had hoped but any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had hoped but any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had hoped but any other
+any other you guys have lots of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other you guys have lots of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other you guys have lots of great
+comments oh so let me let me hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments oh so let me let me hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments oh so let me let me hit a
+couple of the questions that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the questions that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of the questions that you guys
+raised from your response on this so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised from your response on this so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised from your response on this so one
+was I think we talked about how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think we talked about how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I think we talked about how do you
+pick the moments right you want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the moments right you want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the moments right you want to pick
+moments where this is going to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments where this is going to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments where this is going to be true
+and the and the moments you think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the moments you think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the moments you think are
+kind of well identified whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of well identified whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of well identified whether the
+difference in the moment is not query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the moment is not query
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the moment is not query
+with kind of unobservables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of unobservables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of unobservables
+ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there any other questions are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions are there
+any other questions that you guys we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions that you guys we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions that you guys we
+talked about the exclusion at our Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the exclusion at our Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the exclusion at our Point
+are there any other questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other questions that you
+guys wanted to raise from your reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys wanted to raise from your reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys wanted to raise from your reading
+about this I know it was like Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I know it was like Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I know it was like Wednesday
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or any other comments in this paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other comments in this paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any other comments in this paper or
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay so now you're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you're going to actually
+practice doing this on the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice doing this on the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice doing this on the problem set
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so um so what else do I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so what else do I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so what else do I want to say
+about retribution a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about retribution a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about retribution a few things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is
+now that we know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know something about
+targeting like should we how do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting like should we how do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting like should we how do we think
+about welfare under this like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about welfare under this like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about welfare under this like you know
+how do we how do we actually make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do we actually make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we how do we actually make some
+welfare judgments on this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare judgments on this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare judgments on this so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in order to do that you have to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that you have to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do that you have to take a
+stand on how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on how do you think about
+exclusion error and inclusion error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion error and inclusion error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion error and inclusion error
+and you have to sort of be specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to sort of be specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to sort of be specific
+about sort of writing on a model of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of writing on a model of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of writing on a model of how
+you think about those two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about those two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about those two different
+kinds of mistakes so here's one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of mistakes so here's one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of mistakes so here's one example
+of how we did it but like you may choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we did it but like you may choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how we did it but like you may choose
+different welfare functions but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare functions but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different welfare functions but the
+basic point is you have to sort of write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic point is you have to sort of write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic point is you have to sort of write
+down a welfare function and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a welfare function and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a welfare function and you also
+have to specify kind of uh how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to specify kind of uh how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to specify kind of uh how your
+programs change so we made the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs change so we made the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs change so we made the following
+assumptions we said let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we said let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions we said let's suppose
+everyone has CRA utility okay where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has CRA utility okay where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has CRA utility okay where this
+is your Baseline income and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your Baseline income and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your Baseline income and this is the
+benefits you get and we'll assume some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits you get and we'll assume some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits you get and we'll assume some
+parameter value I think we do three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value I think we do three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value I think we do three I
+think in the paper maybe we do two I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the paper maybe we do two I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the paper maybe we do two I
+actually remember two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember two or three
+um and we're also going to assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're also going to assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're also going to assume a
+fixed budget b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed budget b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed budget b
+so there's a fixed amount of money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a fixed amount of money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a fixed amount of money the
+government wants to spend on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government wants to spend on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government wants to spend on this
+program and we're going to say as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and we're going to say as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and we're going to say as we
+make the program more narrowly targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the program more narrowly targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the program more narrowly targeted
+fewer people are going to get it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer people are going to get it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer people are going to get it but the
+amount they're going to get is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount they're going to get is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount they're going to get is going to
+go up proportionally right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up proportionally right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up proportionally right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're also going to use the actual kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to use the actual kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to use the actual kind
+of proxy means tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proxy means tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proxy means tests
+to sort of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of think about
+um exclusion exclusion inclusion error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exclusion exclusion inclusion error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exclusion exclusion inclusion error
+so what I mean by that is we go way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I mean by that is we go way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I mean by that is we go way back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back
+way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I basically we're going to say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I basically we're going to say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I basically we're going to say look
+this is the this is a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is a fundamental
+technology that we're dealing with here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we're dealing with here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we're dealing with here
+which says you know here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says you know here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says you know here's your
+predicted consumption as a function your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted consumption as a function your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted consumption as a function your
+actual consumption and what different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual consumption and what different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual consumption and what different
+programs look like is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs look like is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs look like is we're going to
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+the line in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line in different places
+okay so we have a really narrowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a really narrowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a really narrowly
+targeted program to online over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted program to online over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted program to online over here
+like a universal program draws the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a universal program draws the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a universal program draws the line
+over here we can sort of what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we can sort of what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we can sort of what the the
+government can't necessarily we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government can't necessarily we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government can't necessarily we're going
+to hold kind of this cloud is fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold kind of this cloud is fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold kind of this cloud is fixed and
+we're going to see what happens as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see what happens as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see what happens as we
+kind of move the the line to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move the the line to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move the the line to make it
+more or less narrowly targeted okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less narrowly targeted okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less narrowly targeted okay
+holding this technology is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I have to zoom forward again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so that's what we're gonna run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's what we're gonna run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's what we're gonna run a
+counter factual and the kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual and the kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter factual and the kind of the the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what we then do is sort of say well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we then do is sort of say well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we then do is sort of say well what
+is the total kind of so you know under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total kind of so you know under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total kind of so you know under
+this welfare function which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this welfare function which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this welfare function which is you know
+you could as I said you made a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could as I said you made a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could as I said you made a different
+welfare function you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function you know what is the
+this what does it sort of look what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what does it sort of look what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what does it sort of look what is
+the total sort of social utility sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sort of social utility sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sort of social utility sort of
+taking these into a consideration and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these into a consideration and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these into a consideration and in
+this case so and I'm sorry we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so and I'm sorry we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so and I'm sorry we're going
+to plot this as like as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot this as like as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot this as like as a function of
+inclusion error so how much this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion error so how much this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusion error so how much this is the
+most inclusive program this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most inclusive program this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most inclusive program this is the the
+least inclusive program this is maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least inclusive program this is maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least inclusive program this is maybe we
+should have chosen a different we chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have chosen a different we chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have chosen a different we chose
+this to make it look like an Roc curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make it look like an Roc curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make it look like an Roc curve
+in in systics but maybe we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in systics but maybe we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in systics but maybe we could have
+chosen different axes the point I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen different axes the point I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen different axes the point I want
+to make is in this example it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is in this example it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is in this example it turns out
+kind of relatively narrowly to targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relatively narrowly to targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relatively narrowly to targeted
+programs look kind of well for optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs look kind of well for optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs look kind of well for optimal
+because you're targeted even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're targeted even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're targeted even though you
+have more exclusion error you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more exclusion error you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more exclusion error you're
+targeting so much more to kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting so much more to kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting so much more to kind of the
+poor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor okay
+um in in this simulation but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in this simulation but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in this simulation but you could
+do it in a different way the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a different way the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in a different way the more
+General point I want to make is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General point I want to make is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General point I want to make is that you
+you do have to sort of if you're if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have to sort of if you're if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have to sort of if you're if
+you're making some trade-offs you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making some trade-offs you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making some trade-offs you kind
+of have to take a stand on kind of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to take a stand on kind of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to take a stand on kind of how
+you value those different trade-offs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you value those different trade-offs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you value those different trade-offs and
+then you can evaluate your your decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can evaluate your your decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can evaluate your your decision
+based on that welfare assumption and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that welfare assumption and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that welfare assumption and you
+can choose as I said like if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose as I said like if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose as I said like if you if
+you're gonna choose you know as as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna choose you know as as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna choose you know as as we
+increase row here and put more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase row here and put more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase row here and put more and more
+and more weight on the very poorest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more weight on the very poorest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more weight on the very poorest that
+trade-off may end up looking different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off may end up looking different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off may end up looking different
+okay so you can do different you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can do different you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can do different you have to
+take a stand on the welfare function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stand on the welfare function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a stand on the welfare function and
+then you can and then you can say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can and then you can say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can and then you can say some
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um the other thing I'll note though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I'll note though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I'll note though is
+that you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have um
+the other problem here which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other problem here which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other problem here which is not
+captured in this utility function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in this utility function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in this utility function is
+horizontal inequity okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal inequity okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal inequity okay so this is the
+fact that different like people inequity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that different like people inequity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that different like people inequity
+is the probability that people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that people who are
+alike are being treated differently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike are being treated differently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alike are being treated differently so
+we compute that you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that you know what is the
+probability that sort of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that sort of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that sort of people who are
+um treated kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um treated kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um treated kind of uh
+um who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who are
+you know about the same in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the same in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the same in terms of
+sorry about the same in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about the same in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about the same in terms of their
+consumption get different outcomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption get different outcomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption get different outcomes and
+actually these these not only targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these these not only targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these these not only targeted
+programs they have a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs they have a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs they have a lot of it
+horizontal inequity precisely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal inequity precisely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal inequity precisely because
+you're targeting in the thick part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're targeting in the thick part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're targeting in the thick part of
+that cloud of the of the PMT and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cloud of the of the PMT and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cloud of the of the PMT and so
+you're making a lot of errors and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a lot of errors and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a lot of errors and so I
+think in general you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in general you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in general you want to think about
+you know from what you just maximizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from what you just maximizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from what you just maximizing
+kind of utilitarian social metric these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of utilitarian social metric these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of utilitarian social metric these
+narrowly targeted programs are great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly targeted programs are great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly targeted programs are great but
+they have this real problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this real problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have this real problem of
+horizontal inequity and I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal inequity and I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal inequity and I think one of
+the advantages of the community-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages of the community-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages of the community-based
+approaches that can help reduce some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that can help reduce some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that can help reduce some of
+the challenges with horizontal inequity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges with horizontal inequity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges with horizontal inequity
+because at least people have some Buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at least people have some Buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at least people have some Buy
+Local buy-in as to kind of who's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Local buy-in as to kind of who's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Local buy-in as to kind of who's getting
+the programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's what I wanted to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I wanted to say about
+targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting
+um any last questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any last questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any last questions on that
+okay so I wanted to say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I wanted to say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I wanted to say a little bit
+about the form of transfers and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form of transfers and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the form of transfers and then I
+guess I will talk about tax story next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I will talk about tax story next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I will talk about tax story next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+so there's now like a whole big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's now like a whole big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's now like a whole big
+literature about sort of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature about sort of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature about sort of how do you
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+designing transfer programs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing transfer programs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing transfer programs in
+developing country contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing country contexts
+and and what do you how do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what do you how do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what do you how do you think
+about those issues and so I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those issues and so I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those issues and so I actually
+wanted to sort of highlight I think two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sort of highlight I think two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sort of highlight I think two
+two issues and then a third one is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two issues and then a third one is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two issues and then a third one is kind
+of this whole question of poverty traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole question of poverty traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this whole question of poverty traps
+which Esther talked about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Esther talked about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Esther talked about kind of
+earlier in the semester so I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the semester so I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the semester so I'm not going
+to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that
+um but there's a bunch of questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's a bunch of questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's a bunch of questions like
+you know should you give cash should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know should you give cash should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know should you give cash should you
+give any kind stuff should you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give any kind stuff should you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give any kind stuff should you give
+productive assets should you give should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive assets should you give should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive assets should you give should
+you make transfers conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make transfers conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make transfers conditional on
+activities or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities or not
+um should you give a large one-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should you give a large one-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um should you give a large one-time
+transfer lots of small transfers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer lots of small transfers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer lots of small transfers should
+you give people work Fair programs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give people work Fair programs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give people work Fair programs like
+the like the Enrique program I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the Enrique program I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the Enrique program I was
+talking about or should give them cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about or should give them cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about or should give them cash
+how should you run the program should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should you run the program should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how should you run the program should
+you give cash for electronic payments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give cash for electronic payments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give cash for electronic payments
+you know how do you shoot how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you shoot how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do you shoot how do you
+identify people for these programs use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify people for these programs use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify people for these programs use
+Smart cards to use biometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smart cards to use biometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smart cards to use biometric
+Authentication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authentication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authentication
+and so on and so forth I think all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth I think all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth I think all of
+this is actually a pretty active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a pretty active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a pretty active
+research area I think this was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research area I think this was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research area I think this was kind of
+has been a an active research area for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been a an active research area for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been a an active research area for
+the past 10 years or so I think this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past 10 years or so I think this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past 10 years or so I think this has
+become a really active research area in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a really active research area in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a really active research area in
+the past couple of years but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past couple of years but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past couple of years but I think
+that both of these areas are people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both of these areas are people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both of these areas are people are
+areas where people are thinking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where people are thinking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where people are thinking a lot
+about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we
+effectively design and deliver these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively design and deliver these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively design and deliver these
+programs in a developing country context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in a developing country context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs in a developing country context
+where we have a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a lot of information
+challenges of the sort we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of the sort we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of the sort we saw in
+targeting where we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting where we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting where we have a lot of
+governance challenges of the type we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance challenges of the type we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance challenges of the type we
+talk about in the political economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in the political economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in the political economy
+classes and so on and so forth like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and so on and so forth like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and so on and so forth like how
+do you actually do this effectively so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually do this effectively so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually do this effectively so I
+just want to highlight I think two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to highlight I think two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to highlight I think two
+examples or three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples or three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples or three here
+so one is about cash versus in-kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is about cash versus in-kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is about cash versus in-kind
+okay so what does this mean cash is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does this mean cash is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does this mean cash is I
+literally like just give you cash and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like just give you cash and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like just give you cash and it
+kind of like give you stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like give you stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like give you stuff
+okay so how do you like before I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you like before I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do you like before I get
+into how would you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how would you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how would you think about the
+difference between cash and kind like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between cash and kind like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between cash and kind like
+put on your your Economist hats which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on your your Economist hats which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on your your Economist hats which I
+should always be on in this class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be on in this class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be on in this class like
+how do you think about the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about the difference
+between cash and any kind what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cash and any kind what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cash and any kind what are some
+of the kinds of things you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if people are rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so economists love cash for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so economists love cash for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so economists love cash for the
+reason Reika just just sort of said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Reika just just sort of said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Reika just just sort of said
+which is that we should be like trusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we should be like trusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that we should be like trusting
+people to sort of make their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sort of make their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to sort of make their own
+decisions and I don't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and I don't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and I don't know what they
+want but like you know they they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but like you know they they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but like you know they they should
+know what they want and with cash they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they want and with cash they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they want and with cash they
+can just buy ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just buy ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just buy ads
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um public support for a program that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um public support for a program that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um public support for a program that is
+in kind might be higher and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind might be higher and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind might be higher and so if you
+need to like political why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to like political why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to like political why
+um if people find out if people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if people find out if people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if people find out if people don't
+agree with the types of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with the types of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with the types of things that
+people are choosing to buy even if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are choosing to buy even if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are choosing to buy even if it is
+not um Society might feel that like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um Society might feel that like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um Society might feel that like they
+should cover the program so to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cover the program so to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cover the program so to the
+extent that the special in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that the special in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that the special in the United
+States that's why we would like restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's why we would like restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's why we would like restrict
+people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's
+and stamps because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stamps because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stamps because you
+fine alcohol might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine alcohol might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine alcohol might
+make things better or enjoy more yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better or enjoy more yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things better or enjoy more yeah so
+exactly people may have paternalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly people may have paternalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly people may have paternalistic
+pressure political the political reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure political the political reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure political the political reason
+why people people want to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people people want to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people people want to only
+uh I want them to use the money certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want them to use the money certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want them to use the money certain
+things Patrick uh you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Patrick uh you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Patrick uh you might be able to
+address some of the targeting issues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some of the targeting issues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some of the targeting issues but
+they find products what's that right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find products what's that right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find products what's that right it
+might be able to address some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to address some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to address some of the
+targeting houses uh if you target about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting houses uh if you target about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting houses uh if you target about
+inferior products yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior products yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior products yep
+yeah exactly right so if I give out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly right so if I give out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly right so if I give out
+inferior Goods then basically people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior Goods then basically people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior Goods then basically people the
+rich people may not want them right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people may not want them right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people may not want them right and
+that actually may have good targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually may have good targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually may have good targeting
+properties absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties absolutely
+other things you might want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you might want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things you might want to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+yeah uh if we do an in-pine transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh if we do an in-pine transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh if we do an in-pine transfer
+sorry it could also help the suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it could also help the suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it could also help the suppliers
+um like if we really like to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if we really like to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like if we really like to want to
+help some rice company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help some rice company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help some rice company
+give a lot of poor people rice and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a lot of poor people rice and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a lot of poor people rice and then
+the government would be helping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government would be helping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government would be helping the
+right so what what are the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what what are the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what what are the conditions
+for us that would have to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us that would have to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us that would have to be true
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that wouldn't otherwise happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't otherwise happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't otherwise happen
+yes directly right okay so yes so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes directly right okay so yes so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes directly right okay so yes so it
+would have to have a supply shock so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have a supply shock so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to have a supply shock so
+when is it gonna have a supply shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are the backup yeah are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the backup yeah are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the backup yeah are there
+some conditions where an in-kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conditions where an in-kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conditions where an in-kind
+transfer would not have not generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer would not have not generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer would not have not generally
+supply shop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cash anyway is that what you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash anyway is that what you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash anyway is that what you're gonna
+say yeah right so like imagine that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah right so like imagine that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah right so like imagine that like
+I'm gonna buy like in in Indonesia for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna buy like in in Indonesia for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna buy like in in Indonesia for
+example everyone eats a lot of rice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example everyone eats a lot of rice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example everyone eats a lot of rice if
+ever suppose everyone needs 30 kilos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever suppose everyone needs 30 kilos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever suppose everyone needs 30 kilos of
+rice and I hand out everyone five kilos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice and I hand out everyone five kilos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice and I hand out everyone five kilos
+of rice that should be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rice that should be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rice that should be totally
+Irrelevant in terms of Supply because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrelevant in terms of Supply because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrelevant in terms of Supply because
+like we're gonna buy that Rice anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're gonna buy that Rice anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're gonna buy that Rice anyway
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's true as long as the market as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true as long as the market as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true as long as the market as
+local markets are uh have a have elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local markets are uh have a have elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local markets are uh have a have elastic
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+um you know if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know if there's
+if the markets are themselves have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the markets are themselves have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the markets are themselves have uh
+not inelastic supply even if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inelastic supply even if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not inelastic supply even if people are
+going to be consuming all that Rice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consuming all that Rice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be consuming all that Rice you
+might be sort of like moving physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sort of like moving physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sort of like moving physical
+rice in that actually sort of may change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice in that actually sort of may change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice in that actually sort of may change
+through direct Supply in an area so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through direct Supply in an area so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through direct Supply in an area so you
+actually it's actually a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's actually a little bit
+complicated number one is on the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated number one is on the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated number one is on the demand
+side it's not on the demand side if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's not on the demand side if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's not on the demand side if
+people were going to consume all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were going to consume all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were going to consume all that
+anyway it's not automatic it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's not automatic it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it's not automatic it'll be a
+supply shock but where there is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply shock but where there is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply shock but where there is kind of
+depends on sort of what the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on sort of what the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on sort of what the underlying
+Market structure looks like so it may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market structure looks like so it may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market structure looks like so it may or
+may not be a supply shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be a supply shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be a supply shock
+um any other issues do you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any other issues do you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um any other issues do you want to think
+about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah
+um insurance issues so like I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um insurance issues so like I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um insurance issues so like I'll be
+saying like uh safer food like together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like uh safer food like together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like uh safer food like together
+in time than ordinatory but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time than ordinatory but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time than ordinatory but it's really
+fluctuating food prices overseas so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating food prices overseas so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating food prices overseas so it's
+just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+performance Insurance exactly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Insurance exactly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Insurance exactly and
+there's a there's a brand new paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a brand new paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a brand new paper on
+exactly this point called like in-kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this point called like in-kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this point called like in-kind
+transfers as a form of insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers as a form of insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers as a form of insurance
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which which came out like in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which came out like in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which came out like in the last
+year or so uh was actually presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so uh was actually presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so uh was actually presented
+this at the NBR meetings like just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the NBR meetings like just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at the NBR meetings like just a few
+weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago
+um and which makes exactly this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and which makes exactly this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and which makes exactly this point
+that typically when we fix transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically when we fix transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically when we fix transfer
+amounts in kind we say we're giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts in kind we say we're giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts in kind we say we're giving you
+a certain quantity of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain quantity of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain quantity of stuff
+10 kilos of rice an apartment whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilos of rice an apartment whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilos of rice an apartment whatever
+whereas when we trans fix things in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when we trans fix things in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when we trans fix things in cash
+we typically say we're going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically say we're going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically say we're going to give you
+a certain amount of cash now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of cash now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of cash now in
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+you could adjust it either way I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could adjust it either way I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could adjust it either way I could
+say I'm going to give you you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to give you you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm going to give you you know the
+equivalent of 10 kgs worth of rice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of 10 kgs worth of rice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of 10 kgs worth of rice you
+know at some you know or whatever or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at some you know or whatever or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at some you know or whatever or I'm
+going to give you the equivalent amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the equivalent amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the equivalent amount
+of rice that I can buy with a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rice that I can buy with a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rice that I can buy with a hundred
+thousand rupiah and I'm gonna at market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand rupiah and I'm gonna at market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand rupiah and I'm gonna at market
+prices and I can move the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and I can move the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and I can move the quantities
+around or vice versa I can index the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or vice versa I can index the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or vice versa I can index the the
+um the transfers to inflation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the transfers to inflation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the transfers to inflation for
+example or some particular types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or some particular types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or some particular types of
+goods but in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods but in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods but in practice
+those those that's imperfect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those that's imperfect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those that's imperfect and
+therefore I think they do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I think they do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I think they do actually
+provide that in kind of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide that in kind of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide that in kind of that kind of
+insurance I think I'm out of time let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I think I'm out of time let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance I think I'm out of time let me
+stop here uh I'm going to talk about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here uh I'm going to talk about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop here uh I'm going to talk about one
+issue next time which is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue next time which is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue next time which is sort of the
+supply shock issue but all these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply shock issue but all these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply shock issue but all these are
+kind of relevant and then I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relevant and then I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of relevant and then I'll talk
+about the last two papers I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last two papers I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the last two papers I'm going to
+talk about in this section before I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in this section before I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in this section before I talk
+about tax I'm going to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tax I'm going to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tax I'm going to talk about this
+one uh the Kun hot all paper on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the Kun hot all paper on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the Kun hot all paper on
+Supply shocks and in-kind transfers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply shocks and in-kind transfers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply shocks and in-kind transfers and
+I'm going to talk about the cash versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about the cash versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about the cash versus
+condition paper by uh bear it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition paper by uh bear it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition paper by uh bear it all
+unconditional cash transfers and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional cash transfers and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional cash transfers and then I
+promise then we'll switch attacks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise then we'll switch attacks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise then we'll switch attacks uh
+next time and and so you shouldn't be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and and so you shouldn't be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and and so you shouldn't be I
+think the reading for today was the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reading for today was the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the reading for today was the tax
+reading so we'll talk about that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so we'll talk about that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so we'll talk about that one
+next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time
+okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TDnfhpAZBqs.txt b/TDnfhpAZBqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..189fc360961bce38fa4f04a45928dba5ac6992a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TDnfhpAZBqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3310 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So last time, having
+dealt with the ideal gas
+
+as much as possible, we started
+with interacting systems.
+
+Let's say interacting gas.
+
+And the first topic
+that we did was
+
+what I called an approach
+towards interaction
+
+through the Cumulant expansion.
+
+The idea is that we certainly
+solved the problem where
+
+we had particles in a box and
+it was just a trivial system.
+
+Basically, the particles were
+independent of each other
+
+in the canonical ensemble.
+
+And things become interesting
+if you put interactions
+
+among all of the particles.
+
+Very soon, we will
+have a specific form
+
+of this interaction.
+
+But for the beginning,
+let's maintain
+
+it as general as possible.
+
+And the idea was
+that we are trying
+
+to calculate the partition
+function for a system that
+
+has a given temperature.
+
+The box has some volume V and
+there are N particles in it.
+
+And to do so, we have
+to integrate over
+
+the entirety of the phase
+space of N particles.
+
+So we have to integrate over all
+of the momenta and coordinates
+
+of e to the minus beta h.
+
+But we said that we are
+going to first of all,
+
+note that for
+identical particles,
+
+we can't tell apart
+the phase space
+
+if you were to make these in
+[? factorial ?] permutations.
+
+And we also made
+it dimensionless
+
+by dividing by h to the 3n.
+
+And then we have e
+to the minus beta
+
+h, which has a part that is
+e to the minus sum over i pi
+
+squared over 2m, that
+depends on the momenta.
+
+And a part that depends
+on the interaction U.
+
+The integrals over the
+momenta, we can easily perform.
+
+They give us the
+result of Gaussians
+
+that we can express as
+lambda to the power of 3n
+
+where we introduced this lambda
+to be h over root 2 pi m k t.
+
+And actually, sort
+of keeping in mind
+
+the result that we had for
+the case of the ideal gas,
+
+let's rewrite this as V over
+lambda cubed to the power of N.
+
+So I essentially divided
+and multiplied by V to the N
+
+so that this part
+becomes the partition
+
+function than I would
+have had if U was absent.
+
+And so then the remainder is the
+integral over all of the q's,
+
+but I divided by
+V. So basically,
+
+with each integration,
+I'm uniformly
+
+sampling all of the points
+inside the box with probability
+
+density 1/V e to
+the minus beta U.
+
+And we said that
+this quantity we
+
+can regard as sampling
+e to the minus beta U
+
+through 0 to all
+other probability
+
+distribution in which the
+particles ideal-like are
+
+uniformly distributed.
+
+And we call this e
+to the minus beta U.
+
+And the index 0
+again to indicate
+
+that we are dealing
+with a uniform 0
+
+to order distribution
+with respect
+
+to which this average is taken.
+
+And then, this quantity
+we can write as Z0.
+
+And this exponential
+we can formally
+
+express as a sum
+over all, let's say,
+
+l running from 0 to
+infinity minus beta
+
+to the l divided by l factorial.
+
+Then, expanding this, a quantity
+that depends on the coordinates
+
+is U. So I could have U raised
+to the l power, this kind
+
+of average taken
+with respect to that.
+
+And immediately, my
+writing something like this
+
+suggests that what
+I'm after eventually
+
+is some kind of a
+perturbation theory.
+
+Because I know how to solve
+the problem where U is absent.
+
+That's the ideal gas problem.
+
+Maybe we can start to move
+away from the ideal gas
+
+and calculate things
+perturbatively
+
+in some quantity.
+
+And exactly what
+that quantity is
+
+will become apparent shortly.
+
+At this time, it looks like
+it's an expansion in beta U
+
+having to be a small quantity.
+
+Now, of course, for calculating
+thermodynamic functions
+
+and behaviors, we don't
+really rely usually on Z,
+
+but log Z, which can be
+related to the free energy,
+
+for example.
+
+So taking the log
+of that expression,
+
+I have a term that is log of Z0.
+
+And a term that is
+the log of that sum.
+
+But we recognize that
+that sum, in some sense,
+
+is a generator of moments
+of this quantity U.
+
+And we have
+experienced that when
+
+we take the logarithm of a
+generator of moments, what
+
+we will get is a
+generator of Cumulants,
+
+now starting with l
+equals to 1 minus beta
+
+to the power of l
+divided by l factorial U
+
+to the l0 with a subscript c.
+
+Of course, this subscript c sort
+of captures all of the various
+
+subtractions that you
+have to make in order
+
+to go from a moment
+to a Cumulant.
+
+But that's quite
+general and something
+
+that we know essentially is
+relating log of the expansion
+
+to the expansion itself.
+
+But that's well-known.
+
+So presumably, I can
+perturbatively calculate these.
+
+And I will have,
+therefore, progressively
+
+better approximations
+to log Z in the presence
+
+of this interaction.
+
+Now at this point,
+we have to start
+
+thinking about a particular
+expression for U.
+
+So let's imagine that our U is a
+sum over pairwise interactions.
+
+So if I think about
+the particles,
+
+there are molecules that
+are in the gas in this room.
+
+Basically, the most important
+thing is when the two of them
+
+approach each other and I have
+to put a pairwise interaction
+
+between them of this form.
+
+In principle, I could add
+three-point and higher-order
+
+interactions.
+
+But for all intents
+and purposes,
+
+this should be enough.
+
+And then again, what I
+have here to evaluate,
+
+the first term
+would be minus beta,
+
+the average of the first
+power, and the next one
+
+will be beta squared over 2.
+
+For the first Cumulant,
+it is the same thing
+
+as the first moment.
+
+The second Cumulant is the
+thing that is the variance.
+
+So this would have been
+U squared 0 minus average
+
+of U squared, and then
+there will be higher orders.
+
+So let's calculate these
+first two moments explicitly
+
+for this potential.
+
+So the first term U in this 0
+to order average, what is it?
+
+Well, that's my U. So I
+have to do a sum over i
+
+and j of V of qi minus qj.
+
+What does the averaging mean?
+
+It means I have to integrate
+this over all qi divided
+
+by V. Let's call this qk divided
+V and this is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+OK, so let's say we look at the
+first term in this series which
+
+involves V of q1 minus q2.
+
+Let's say we pick
+that pair, q1 and q2.
+
+And explicitly, what I have
+here is integrals over q1, q2,
+
+qn, each one of them
+coming with a factor of V.
+
+Now, of course, it doesn't
+matter which pair I pick.
+
+Everything is symmetric.
+
+The weight that I start
+with uniformly is symmetric.
+
+So clearly, my
+choice of this pair
+
+was arbitrary and
+the answer when
+
+I do the sum is the answer for
+1 times the number of pairs,
+
+which is N N minus 1 over 2.
+
+Now, over here I have
+integrals over q3 or qn,
+
+et cetera, that don't
+appear in the function
+
+that I'm integrating.
+
+So all of those integrals
+will give me factors of 1.
+
+And really, the only thing
+that I am going to be left with
+
+is these two integrals
+over q1 and q2.
+
+But even then, the function
+that I'm integrating
+
+is only a function of
+the relative coordinate
+
+that I can call q.
+
+And then I can, if I want,
+integrate over q1 and q.
+
+The integral over q1
+would also give me
+
+1 when I divide by the volume.
+
+So the answer is going
+to be N N minus 1 over 2,
+
+which is the number of pairs.
+
+The integral over the
+relative coordinate times
+
+the potential-- there
+is a factor of 1 over V
+
+that I can put out here.
+
+So you tell me what the
+first pair potential is
+
+and I tell you that this is the
+first correction that you will
+
+get once you multiply
+by minus beta
+
+to log Z from which you
+can calculate the partition
+
+functions.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: How did you turn the
+product of two differentials
+
+d q1 times d q2 into
+just one differential?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, I have
+the integral dq q1 dq q2,
+
+some function of q1 minus q2.
+
+I change variables keeping
+q1 as one of my variables
+
+and q [INAUDIBLE] replace
+q2 with q minus q2.
+
+So then I have the
+integration over q1.
+
+I have the integration over q2.
+
+Not q2, but q f of q.
+
+And then everything's fine.
+
+All right, so that's
+the first term.
+
+Let's calculate the next term.
+
+Next term becomes
+somewhat interesting.
+
+I have to calculate this
+quantity as a Cumulant.
+
+It's the variance.
+
+V itself is a sum over pairs.
+
+So to get V squared
+to U squared,
+
+I have to essentially
+square this expression.
+
+So rather than having
+sum over one pair ij,
+
+I have the sum over
+two pairs ij and kl.
+
+And then what I
+need to calculate
+
+is an average that if
+I were to square this,
+
+I will get v of qi minus
+qj, v of qk minus ql 0.
+
+This will be the
+average of U squared.
+
+But when I calculate
+the variance,
+
+I have to subtract from it
+the average of U squared.
+
+So I have to subtract V of
+qi minus qj V of qk minus ql.
+
+Fine.
+
+So this is just rewriting
+of that expression
+
+in terms of the sum.
+
+Now, each one of these is
+N N minus 1 over two terms.
+
+And so this, when I sum
+over all possibility,
+
+is the square of N N minus 1
+over two possible terms that
+
+will occur here in the
+series that I've written.
+
+Now, let's group those terms
+that can occur in this as
+
+follows.
+
+One class of terms
+will be when the pair
+
+ij that I pick for the first sum
+is distinct from the pair kl.
+
+So huge number of terms
+as I go through the pairs
+
+will have this possibility.
+
+OK, then what happens?
+
+Then when I calculate the
+average of qi minus qj qk minus
+
+ql, which is this part, what
+I need to do is to do all
+
+of these integral of
+this form over all q's.
+
+And then I have this V of qi
+minus qj V of qk minus ql.
+
+Now, my statement is that
+I have, let's say here,
+
+q1 and q2 and somewhere
+else q7 and q8.
+
+Or, q7 and q974.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+The point is that
+this integral that
+
+involves this pair
+of variables has
+
+nothing to do with
+the integral that
+
+involves the other
+pair of variables.
+
+So this answer is the same
+thing as the average of qi
+
+minus qj average of qk minus ql.
+
+Essentially, in the 0 order
+probability that we are using,
+
+the particles are
+completely independently
+
+exploring this space and these
+averages will independently
+
+rely on one pair
+and independently
+
+rely on another pair.
+
+And once this kind of
+factorization occurs,
+
+it's clear that this
+subtraction that I
+
+need to do for the variance
+will get rid of this term.
+
+So these pairs do
+not contribute.
+
+No contribution.
+
+If you like, this is this thing.
+
+All right, so let's do the
+next possible term, ij and ik,
+
+with k not equal to this k.
+
+So basically, I make the pairs
+have one point in common.
+
+So previously, I had a
+pair here, a pair here.
+
+Now I joined one
+of their points.
+
+So what do I get here?
+
+I will get for this average
+qi minus qj qi minus ql.
+
+You can see that essentially,
+the three integrals that I need
+
+to worry about are
+the integrals that
+
+involve these three indices.
+
+All the others will give me 0.
+
+So this is going to be the
+integral qi qj ql divided by V.
+
+I have V of qi minus
+qj V of qi minus ql.
+
+AUDIENCE: You
+switched [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I think that's fine.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, I can do the same
+thing that I did over here.
+
+I have three variables.
+
+I will pick qi to stay
+as one of my variables.
+
+I replace qj with this
+difference, q j i.
+
+I replace ql with
+its distance to i.
+
+And again, I can
+independently integrate
+
+over these three variables.
+
+So this again,
+becomes the same thing
+
+as V of qi minus qj average
+V of qi minus ql average.
+
+And again, there
+is no contribution.
+
+Now, the first class it was
+obvious because this pair
+
+and this pair were
+completely distinct.
+
+This class is a
+little bit more subtle
+
+because I joined one
+of the points together,
+
+and then I used this and
+this as well as this point
+
+as independent variables.
+
+And I saw that the sum
+breaks into pieces.
+
+And you won't be
+surprised if no matter
+
+how complicated I make various
+more interactions over here,
+
+I can measure all of the
+coordinates with respect
+
+to the single point and
+same thing would happen.
+
+This class of diagrams are
+called 1-particle reducible.
+
+And the first part had to
+do with distinct graphs.
+
+You didn't have to
+worry about them.
+
+But if I were to sort of
+convert this expression--
+
+and we will do so
+shortly-- into graphs,
+
+it corresponds to
+graphs where there
+
+is a point from which
+everything else is hanging.
+
+And measuring
+coordinates with respect
+
+to that point will allow the
+average to break into pieces,
+
+and then to be removed
+through this subtraction.
+
+So this is simple example of
+something that is more general.
+
+So at the level of this
+second-order theorem,
+
+the only type of thing
+that will survive
+
+is if the pairs are
+identical, ij and other term
+
+is also the same pair ij.
+
+What do I get then?
+
+I get V of qi minus
+qj squared minus V
+
+of qi minus qj 0 order squared.
+
+So it's the variance of a
+single one of these bond
+
+contributions.
+
+If I write that in
+terms of integrals,
+
+this becomes the
+integral d cubed q1,
+
+d cubed q2-- well, qi qj.
+
+I will have factors
+of V. Then, I
+
+would have V squared qi
+minus qj for the first term
+
+and then the square of something
+like this for the second term.
+
+So putting everything
+together up to this order,
+
+what do I get?
+
+I will get log Z,
+which is log of Z0.
+
+Let me remind you,
+log of Z0 was N log
+
+of V over lambda cubed N.
+That's on form such as this.
+
+And then I have
+these corrections.
+
+Note that both of the
+terms that have survived
+
+correspond to
+looking at one pair.
+
+So the corrections will be
+of the order of N N minus 1
+
+over 2.
+
+Because in both cases, I
+really look at one pair.
+
+The first contribution was minus
+beta integral d cubed q v of q.
+
+There was a factor of
+1 over V. Actually,
+
+I can take-- well, let's
+put the factor of 1 over V
+
+here for the time being.
+
+The next term will be
+beta squared over 2
+
+because I am looking at
+the second-order term.
+
+And what do I have?
+
+I have the difference
+of integral d cubed q
+
+over V V squared.
+
+And the square of the integral
+of d cubed q over V V.
+
+And presumably, there
+will be higher-order terms
+
+as we will discuss.
+
+Now, I'm interested in the
+limit of thermodynamics
+
+where N and V are large.
+
+And in that limit,
+what do I get?
+
+I will get log Z is log of Z0.
+
+And then I can see that these
+terms I can write as beta.
+
+N N minus 1 I will
+replace will N squared.
+
+The factors-- here I
+have a 1 over V. Here,
+
+I have 1 over V squared.
+
+So this factor is
+smaller by an amount that
+
+is order of V in
+the large V-limit.
+
+I will bring the
+factor of V outside,
+
+so I have something like this.
+
+And then, what do I have here?
+
+Actually, let's keep
+this in this form,
+
+minus beta integral
+d cubed q V plus beta
+
+squared over 2 integral d
+cubed q V squared [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So the kinds of things
+that we are interested
+
+and we can measure are
+the energy of the system,
+
+but let's say we
+focus on pressure.
+
+And if you look through various
+things that we derived before,
+
+beta times the
+pressure you can get
+
+from taking a derivative
+of log Z with respect to V.
+
+We can express the log Z in
+terms of the free energy,
+
+and then the derivative of free
+energy with respect to volume
+
+will give you the pressure of
+the various factors of beta
+
+[? and signs, ?] we
+will come up with this.
+
+So from the first term, N long
+V, we get our ideal gas result.
+
+Beta p is the same
+thing as density.
+
+And we see that we get a
+correction from here when
+
+I divide by-- when I take
+a derivative with respect
+
+to V of 1 over V, I will
+get minus 1 over V squared.
+
+So the next term would be
+the square of the density.
+
+And then, there is
+a series that we
+
+will encounter which depends
+on the interaction potential.
+
+Now, it turns out that
+so far I have calculated
+
+terms that relied on
+only two points, ij.
+
+And hence, they
+become at the end
+
+proportional to density squared.
+
+If I go further
+in my expansion, I
+
+will encounter things that I
+will need triangular points.
+
+For example, i j k
+forming a triangle.
+
+And then, that would
+give me something
+
+that would be of the order
+of the density cubed.
+
+So somehow, I can also see
+that ultimately this series
+
+in perturbation theory,
+as we shall see,
+
+also more precisely can be
+organized in powers of density.
+
+Why is that important?
+
+Because typically,
+as we discussed right
+
+at the beginning, when you
+look at the pressure of a gas
+
+when it is dilute and
+over V is very small,
+
+it is always ideal gas-like.
+
+As you make it more
+dense, you start
+
+to get corrections that you can
+express in powers of density.
+
+And the coefficients of that
+are called Virial coefficients.
+
+So in some sense,
+we have already
+
+started in calculating the
+second Virial coefficient,
+
+and there are higher-order
+Virial coefficients,
+
+which together give you the
+equation of states relating
+
+pressure to density
+by a power series.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The
+Virial coefficients,
+
+if they have integral
+over the whole volume,
+
+then they will be
+functions of volume, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+But imagine that I'm thinking
+about the gas in this room
+
+and the interaction of
+two oxygen molecules.
+
+So what I am saying is you
+pick an oxygen molecule.
+
+There is interaction and
+I have to integrate over
+
+where the other
+oxygen molecule is.
+
+And by the time it
+is tiny, tiny bit
+
+[? away, ?] the
+interaction is 0.
+
+It doesn't really matter.
+
+AUDIENCE: If the characteristic
+volume of interaction
+
+is much smaller than volume--
+
+PROFESSOR: Of the space.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE], then
+the integrals just converge
+
+to [? constant. ?]
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So if you want to be
+even more precise,
+
+you will get corrections
+when your particles are
+
+close to the wall and
+uniformity, et cetera,
+
+is violated.
+
+So there will, actually,
+be corrections to, say, log
+
+Z that are not only proportional
+ultimately to number volume,
+
+but the area of the enclosure
+and other [? subleading ?]
+
+factors.
+
+But in the thermodynamic
+limit, we ignore all of that.
+
+So a lot of that is resolved
+by this statement here.
+
+Again, you won't be surprised
+that if I were to go ahead,
+
+then there will be a
+term in this series that
+
+would be beta cubed over 3
+factorial integral over q
+
+of vq, et cetera.
+
+And that's actually very good
+because as I have written
+
+for you currently, this
+expression is totally useless.
+
+Why is it useless?
+
+Because let's think back
+about these two oxygen
+
+molecules in the
+gas in this room
+
+and what the potential of
+interaction between them
+
+would look like.
+
+Presumably, it is a function
+of the relative separation.
+
+We can call it r or
+q, it doesn't matter.
+
+And if you bring them
+closer than the typical size
+
+of these molecules, their
+potential will go to infinity.
+
+So basically, they don't want
+to come close to each other.
+
+If you go very far
+away, typically you
+
+have the van der
+Waals attraction
+
+between the particles.
+
+So out here, it is attractive.
+
+The potential is
+negative and falls off,
+
+typically, as 1 over
+r to the 6 related
+
+to the polarizabilities
+of the particles.
+
+And these, when you come
+very short distances,
+
+the electronic
+clouds will overlap
+
+and the potential
+goes to infinity.
+
+And if you want to sort of think
+about numbers, typical scales
+
+that we have here--
+let's say here,
+
+are presumably of the
+order of angstroms.
+
+And the typical depths
+of these potentials
+
+in units that make sense
+to statistical physics
+
+are of the order of
+100 degrees Kelvin.
+
+So it's why typical
+gases liquidy
+
+at range of temperatures
+that is of the order of 100
+
+degrees Kelvin.
+
+Now, if I want to take this
+potential and calculate this,
+
+I have trouble.
+
+Because the integral over
+here will give me infinity.
+
+So this expression
+is, in general, fine.
+
+But whenever you have
+perturbation theory,
+
+you start to evaluate
+things and you
+
+have to see whether
+the correction indeed
+
+is sufficiently small.
+
+And it seems we can't make
+it sufficiently small.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you're modeling
+interatomic or intermolecular
+
+potential as a
+Lennard-Jones potential,
+
+isn't the [INAUDIBLE]
+term at the--
+
+or near the origin, a
+phenomenological choice?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you are
+using as a formula
+
+for this the
+Lennard-Jones potential,
+
+people phenomenologically
+write something
+
+like 1 over r to the
+12th power, et cetera.
+
+But I don't have to assume that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+Because I've seen forms of
+the Lennard-Jones potential
+
+which is exponentially
+decaying at the origin.
+
+So it reaches a finite,
+albeit probably high value
+
+at the origin.
+
+Wouldn't that take
+care of the issue?
+
+PROFESSOR: If you believe in
+that kind of potential, yes.
+
+So what you are
+saying is that if I
+
+make this come to
+a finite value,
+
+I will be able to find
+the temperature that
+
+is sufficiently high
+compared to this,
+
+and then things would be fine.
+
+If we had that, then we would
+have fusion right here going
+
+on, right?
+
+So clearly, there
+is some better truth
+
+to a potential that is really
+very, very high compared
+
+to temperatures that
+we are looking at.
+
+So we don't have to
+worry about that.
+
+Well, we have to worry
+about this issue.
+
+OK?
+
+All right.
+
+So you say, well, how about
+the following-- let's say
+
+that I am something like
+the gas in this room
+
+and I am sufficiently dilute.
+
+I'm going to forget
+about these terms.
+
+But since this potential
+becomes essentially large,
+
+I can never ignore a
+particular term in this series.
+
+And I keep going adding more
+and more terms in the series.
+
+If I sort of think
+back about the picture
+
+that I was generating before
+diagrammatically-- which again,
+
+we will clarify
+later on-- this term
+
+corresponds to taking a
+pair of points and a V
+
+that connects them.
+
+And this term
+corresponds to two V's
+
+going between the
+same pair of points.
+
+And you say, well,
+there will be terms
+
+that will involve three
+V's, four V's, and they
+
+will contribute in the series in
+a manner that I can recognize.
+
+So why don't I add all
+of those terms together?
+
+And if you like, we can call
+the resulting object something
+
+else.
+
+What is that something else?
+
+Well, what I have done
+is I have minus beta V.
+
+Well, all of them--
+so what is this?
+
+It is the integral d cubed q.
+
+I have minus beta V
+plus 1/2 beta V squared.
+
+The next term is
+going to be minus 1
+
+over 3 factorial beta V
+cubed because it will come
+
+from the third-order
+term in the expansion.
+
+And I can go on.
+
+And you say, well,
+obviously this whole thing
+
+came from the expansion
+of e to the minus beta V
+
+except that I don't have
+the 0 order term, 1.
+
+So this quantity that I will
+call f of q rather than V of q
+
+is obtained as e to the
+minus beta V of q minus 1.
+
+So if I were to, in fact,
+add up an infinite number
+
+of terms in the series
+rather than having
+
+to integrate V V squared
+V cubed, each one of them
+
+is divergence.
+
+I have to integrate this f of q.
+
+So let's see what this f of
+q-- or correspondingly, f of r
+
+looks like as a function of r.
+
+So in the range that
+I have my hard core
+
+and V is large and positive,
+this is going to give me 0.
+
+So the function is
+minus 1 down here.
+
+At exactly whatever point it
+is that the potential is 0,
+
+then f is also 0.
+
+So basically, I will
+come to the same 0.
+
+When the potential is negative,
+this will be larger than 1.
+
+My f will be positive.
+
+So presumably, it
+will have some kind
+
+of a peak around
+where this peak is.
+
+And then at large distances,
+it goes back towards 0.
+
+So this is going to go back
+towards 1 minus 1, which is 0.
+
+So actually, this
+end of the potential
+
+is the same thing as minus beta.
+
+And whereas I couldn't integrate
+any one term in this series,
+
+I can certainly integrate
+the sum over all positions
+
+and it will give
+me a number, which
+
+will depend on
+temperature, the properties
+
+of the potential, et cetera.
+
+And it is that number
+that will tell me
+
+what the density squared term in
+the expression for the pressure
+
+is and what the second
+Virial coefficient is.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this basically
+an excluded volume of sorts?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So this part if I
+sent it to infinity,
+
+corresponds to an
+excluded volume.
+
+So if you want really excluded
+volume, this would be minus 1
+
+up to some point.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But I'm talking
+about very general,
+
+so I would say that
+excluded volume can
+
+be very easily captured
+within this [INAUDIBLE].
+
+All right.
+
+So we want to sort of
+follow-up from here.
+
+But since you will
+have a problem set,
+
+I will mention one other thing.
+
+That this reorganization of
+the series that I made here
+
+is appropriate to the limit
+of low densities, where
+
+I would have a nice expansion
+in powers of density.
+
+The problem that
+you will deal with
+
+has to do with plasmas,
+where the interaction
+
+range is very large.
+
+And you already saw
+something along those lines
+
+when we had the Vlasov
+equation as opposed
+
+to Boltzmann equation.
+
+There was a regime where
+you had to reorganize
+
+the series different ways.
+
+In that case, it was
+the BBGKY hierarchy
+
+whether you were looking at the
+dense limit or a dilute limit.
+
+So this is the analog of where
+the Boltzmann equation would
+
+have been inappropriate.
+
+The analog of the
+regime where you
+
+are dense and something
+like the Vlasov equation
+
+would be appropriate.
+
+So there is some kind
+of interaction range,
+
+n d cubed if it is
+much larger than 1.
+
+Then it turns out that rather
+than looking at diagrams that
+
+have the fewest number of
+points-- in this case, 2--
+
+you have to look
+at diagrams that
+
+have the largest
+number of points.
+
+Because each additional
+point will give you
+
+an additional
+factor of N over V.
+
+You can see that these
+factors of N N minus 1 over 2
+
+came from the number of
+points that I had selected.
+
+So if I had to
+select three points,
+
+I would have N cubed and the
+corresponding V. So the more
+
+points that I have
+in my series, I
+
+will have more powers
+of the density.
+
+So in that case, it
+turns out that rather
+
+than looking at two points
+and all lines between them,
+
+you organize things
+in terms of what
+
+are called ring
+diagrams, which are
+
+things such as this, this, this.
+
+So basically, for a
+given number of lines,
+
+the most number of points is
+obtained by creating your ring.
+
+And so one of the
+problems that you have
+
+is to sort of sum these ring
+diagrams and see what happens.
+
+But it seems like what
+I'm telling you here
+
+is while we calculated
+order of density squared,
+
+but maybe I want to calculate
+order of density cubed.
+
+And it makes much more
+sense rather than when
+
+faced with potentials
+of this form arranging
+
+the series in powers of
+the potential to arrange it
+
+in powers of this quantity e
+to the minus beta V minus 1.
+
+So let's go through a
+route in which I directly
+
+expand everything in
+terms of this quantity.
+
+And that's the second
+type of expansion
+
+that I will call the
+cluster expansion.
+
+So once more, what
+we want to calculate
+
+is the partition function.
+
+It depends on temperature,
+volume, number
+
+of particles obtained
+by integrating over
+
+all degrees of freedom.
+
+The integration over momenta
+we saw is very simple.
+
+Ultimately, will give us this
+N factorial lambda to the 3N.
+
+This time, I won't pull
+out the factor of V
+
+to the N at this point.
+
+And then I have the integration
+over all of these q's.
+
+I did not divide by
+V because I did not
+
+multiply by V to the N. OK.
+
+And then I have e
+to the minus beta U,
+
+but this is my U. U is
+the sum of various terms.
+
+So e to the minus beta U
+will be a product over all,
+
+let's say-- let's
+call this k pairs ij.
+
+e to the minus beta
+V of qi minus qj.
+
+So basically, the
+only thing that I did
+
+was e to the minus
+beta-- this quantity
+
+I wrote as a product
+of contributions
+
+from the different pairs.
+
+Now, this quantity I have
+it in the line above.
+
+This is also a
+relative position.
+
+Clearly, I can
+think of this as 1
+
+plus the f that would correspond
+to the distance between qi
+
+and qj.
+
+And again, I can either write
+it as Vf of qi minus qj,
+
+or simplify of i-- my notation--
+and write it as f i j.
+
+So f i j means-- so let
+me maybe write it here.
+
+f i j I have defined to
+be e to the minus beta
+
+V of qi minus qj minus 1.
+
+So what do I expect?
+
+I saw that the first
+correction to something
+
+that was interesting to me
+had one power of f in it
+
+that I had to
+ultimately integrate.
+
+So maybe what I should do is I
+should start organizing things
+
+in terms of how many f's I have.
+
+So an expansion in powers of f.
+
+So what's going to happen here?
+
+I would have 1 over N
+factorial lambda to the 3N.
+
+I have a product of all
+of the integrations.
+
+And I have all of these
+factors of 1 plus f1 2 times 1.
+
+So basically, this is maybe--
+it's really a product of 1
+
+plus f1 2, 1 plus f1 3, 1 plus
+all of one of these things.
+
+So the thing that has
+least number of f's is
+
+when I pick the 1 from
+all of these brackets
+
+that are multiplying each other.
+
+The next term is to
+pick 1f from one pair
+
+and all the others would be 1.
+
+The next term would be sum
+over ij kl f i j f k l,
+
+and then there will be diagrams
+that would progressively
+
+have more and more factors of f.
+
+Now, what I will do is to
+represent the various terms
+
+that I generate in this
+series diagrammatically.
+
+So first of all, I have to
+integrate over N points.
+
+So I put points 1 through
+N. So I have 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+It doesn't matter
+how I put them-- N.
+
+And then, this 1
+would correspond
+
+to just this diagram.
+
+The next thing is I
+put a line for f i j.
+
+So let's say that I
+picked in this series
+
+the term that was f 2 3.
+
+I will represent that by a
+line that goes between 2 and 3.
+
+Later on in the
+picture, maybe I will
+
+pick a term that is f 2 3 f 4 5.
+
+So some second-order term
+could be something like this.
+
+Maybe later on in
+the series, I will
+
+pick a term that is
+connecting f3 and f4.
+
+So this would be a third-order
+term in the series.
+
+Maybe later on the series, I
+have some other pair over here.
+
+So any one of the
+huge number of terms
+
+that I have generated
+here has one diagram
+
+that is appearing over here.
+
+Now, the next step is, of course
+I have to integrate over all
+
+of the q's.
+
+I mean, these diagrams, what
+they represent is essentially
+
+some f of q1 minus q3,
+some f of whatever.
+
+And I have to integrate
+over all of these q's.
+
+So the contribution to
+the partition function
+
+that I will get would
+be some value associated
+
+with one of these
+graphs obtained by doing
+
+the integrations over q.
+
+Now, the thing that
+I want you to notice
+
+is that contribution of one
+of these graphs or diagrams
+
+is the product of contributions
+of its linked clusters.
+
+So here I have one
+particular diagram
+
+that is represented here.
+
+Well, let's say 2, 3,
+4, 5 are linked together
+
+and separate from
+whatever this is.
+
+Let's say this is 7, 9.
+
+So when I do the integrations
+over q2, q3, q4, q5,
+
+I don't really rely on
+any of the other things.
+
+So my integration
+here, we break off
+
+into the integration
+that involves
+
+this, the integration that
+involves this, as well
+
+as integrations over
+all of these points
+
+that are not
+connected to anybody.
+
+All of those will simply
+give me a factor of v.
+
+So is everybody happy
+with this simple statement
+
+that the contribution-- if I
+think of these linked clusters
+
+as some collection of points
+that are linked together,
+
+the value that I would
+get for this diagram
+
+would be the contribution--
+product of the contributions
+
+that I would have for this.
+
+So yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+explain [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So let's pick a
+particular thing.
+
+Let's say we do
+something like this,
+
+where this is number
+7, 245, 6, 5, 4.
+
+This is a particular thing.
+
+So what do I have to do?
+
+There's also a whole
+bunch of points-- 1, 2, 3.
+
+What I am instructed to
+do is to integrate over
+
+q1, q2, q3, et cetera.
+
+Now, the integral over q1
+is just the integral of q1.
+
+So this integral by
+itself will give me
+
+V. Any number of points
+that are by themselves
+
+will also give me
+V. So the first term
+
+that becomes
+nontrivial is when I
+
+have to do the integration over
+q4, q5, q6 of f 4 5, f 5 6,
+
+f 6 4.
+
+I don't know what
+this is, but there
+
+is something that
+will come from here.
+
+Then, later on I have
+to integrate over 7
+
+and something else.
+
+So then I have the integral
+over q7, q-- let's call this 8.
+
+f of 7 8.
+
+So this is something else.
+
+So the overall value of this
+term in the perturbation theory
+
+is the product of contributions
+from a huge number of one
+
+clusters.
+
+Here, I have a two cluster.
+
+Here, I have a three cluster.
+
+Maybe I will have more things.
+
+Also, notice that if I have
+more of these two clusters,
+
+the result for them would
+be exactly the same.
+
+So if I have lots of these
+pairs, the same way that I
+
+had lots of single
+points-- and it became V
+
+to the number of
+single points-- it
+
+will become whatever that
+y is to the number of pair
+
+points, x, whatever that is,
+to the number of triplets
+
+that I have in triangles.
+
+So this is how this
+object is built up.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: How are we
+deciding how many triplets
+
+and how many pairs
+we actually have?
+
+PROFESSOR: At this point,
+I haven't told you.
+
+So there is a multiplicity
+that we have to calculate.
+
+Yes.
+
+So at this point, all
+I'm saying is given
+
+this, the answer is the
+product of contribution.
+
+There is a multiplicity
+factor-- you're right.
+
+We have to calculate that.
+
+OK?
+
+Anything else?
+
+All right.
+
+So I mean, think of
+this as taking a number
+
+and writing it as the
+product of its prime factors,
+
+factorizing into primes.
+
+So you sort of immediately know
+that somehow prime factors,
+
+the prime numbers,
+are more important.
+
+Because everything else you
+can write as prime numbers.
+
+So clearly, what is
+also buried in heart
+
+of calculating this partition
+function is these clusters.
+
+So let me define the analog
+of prime numbers as follows.
+
+I define bl to be the
+sum over contributions
+
+of all linked
+clusters of l-points.
+
+So let's go term by term.
+
+b1 corresponds essentially
+to the one point
+
+by itself in the diagram
+that I was drawing down here.
+
+And corresponds to
+integrating over
+
+the coordinate that
+goes all over the space.
+
+And hence, the volume is the
+same thing as the volume V.
+
+b2 is a cluster of two points.
+
+So it is this.
+
+And so it is the
+integral over q1 and q2,
+
+which are two endpoints of
+this, of f of q1 minus q2.
+
+And this we have seen
+already many times.
+
+It's the same thing as volume,
+the integral over q f of q.
+
+It is the thing that was
+related to our second Virial
+
+coefficient.
+
+Now, this is very
+important for b3.
+
+I note that I
+underlined here "all."
+
+And this is for
+later convenience.
+
+It seems that I'm essentially
+pushing complexity
+
+from one place to another.
+
+So there are a
+number of diagrams
+
+that have three things
+linked together.
+
+This is one of them.
+
+Let's say, think of 1, 2,
+3 connected to each other.
+
+But then, I have diagrams.
+
+At this stage, I
+don't really care
+
+that this is one
+particle irreducible.
+
+Here, I have no constraints on
+one particle irreducibility.
+
+And in fact, this comes
+in three varieties
+
+because the bond that is
+missing can be one of three.
+
+So once I pick the triplets
+of three points, sum
+
+over all clusters that involve
+these three points is this,
+
+in particular with this
+one, appearing three times.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do we still
+count all the diagrams
+
+when particles are identical?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Because here, at
+this stage, there
+
+is an N factorial out here.
+
+All I'm really doing
+is transcribing
+
+a mathematical formula.
+
+The mathematical
+formula says you
+
+have to do a bunch
+of integrations.
+
+And I am just
+following translating
+
+that mathematical
+formula to diagrams.
+
+At this stage, we forget.
+
+This has nothing to do with
+this N factorial or identity.
+
+It's just a transcription
+of the mathematics
+
+So at this stage, don't try
+to correct my conceptual parts
+
+but try to make sure that my
+mathematical steps are correct.
+
+OK?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I didn't
+understand what
+
+that missing links represents.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So at the end of this story,
+what I want to write down
+
+is that the value of some
+particular term in this series
+
+is related to product
+of contributions.
+
+I described to you how
+productive contributions
+
+comes along.
+
+And each contribution
+is a bunch of points
+
+that are connected together.
+
+So what I want to do, in order
+to make my algebra easier
+
+later on, is to say
+that-- let's say
+
+these three points
+are part of a cluster.
+
+They are connected
+together somehow.
+
+So they will be
+giving me some factor.
+
+Now, they are connected, if
+they are connected like this,
+
+like this, like this, like that.
+
+So basically, any
+one of these is
+
+a way of connecting these
+three points so that they
+
+will make a
+contribution together.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the one
+with all three bonds
+
+comes with a
+different [INAUDIBLE]
+
+in the series than the ones
+with only two bonds, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Now, there is
+reason, ultimately,
+
+why I want to group
+all of them together.
+
+Because there was a
+question before about
+
+multiplicity factors.
+
+I can write down a closed
+form, nice expression
+
+for the multiplicity factor
+if I group them together.
+
+Otherwise, I have to also worry
+that there are three of these
+
+and there is one
+of them, et cetera.
+
+There is an additional
+layer of multiplicity.
+
+And I want to separate those
+two layers of multiplicity.
+
+So here, the thing that I have
+is I have these endpoints.
+
+I want to say that the
+eventual result for endpoints
+
+comes from clusters that
+involves 1's, clusters that
+
+involve pairs, and cluster
+that involve triplets.
+
+Now, I realize suddenly that if
+I made the multiplicity count
+
+here, then for this triplet,
+I could have put all of them
+
+together like this or like that.
+
+And the next order
+of business when
+
+I am thinking
+about four objects,
+
+I can connect them together
+into a cluster in multiple ways.
+
+And there is a separate
+way of calculating
+
+the relative
+multiplicity of what
+
+comes outside and the
+multiplicity of this quartic
+
+with respect to entirety.
+
+So you have to think
+about this a little bit.
+
+So I'll proceed with this.
+
+So this mathematically would
+be the integral q1, q2, q3, f
+
+1 2, f 2 3, f 3 1 plus, say,
+f 1 2, f 2 3, plus f 1 3 f 3 2
+
+plus f 2 3, f 3 1,
+something like this.
+
+Well, 1, 2.
+
+2 is repeated.
+
+3 is repeated.
+
+I should repeat 1.
+
+OK.
+
+Of course, the last
+three are the same thing,
+
+but this is the
+expression for this.
+
+Now, before would be a
+huge complex of things.
+
+It would have a diagram
+that is of this form.
+
+It would have a number of
+diagrams that are of this form.
+
+It would have diagrams that
+are of this form, diagrams
+
+that are like
+this, and so forth.
+
+Basically, even
+within the choice
+
+of things that
+have four clusters,
+
+there is a huge
+number when you go
+
+to further and
+further [? down. ?]
+
+OK, so maybe this statement
+will now clarify things.
+
+So what I have is that
+the partition function
+
+is 1 over N factorial
+lambda to the 3N.
+
+And then it is all
+of the terms that
+
+are obtained by
+summing this series.
+
+And so I have to look
+at all possible ways
+
+that I can break N-points
+into these clusters.
+
+Suppose I created a situation
+where I have clusters of size l
+
+and then I have nl of them.
+
+So I saw that the contribution
+that I would get from the 1
+
+clusters was
+essentially the product
+
+of the number of 1 clusters.
+
+It was V to the
+number of points that
+
+are not connected together.
+
+So I have to take b1, raise
+it to the power of N1,
+
+which is the number
+of 1 cluster.
+
+Then, I have to do the same
+thing for b2, b3, et cetera.
+
+And then I have to
+make sure that I
+
+have looked at all
+ways of partitioning
+
+N the numbers into
+these clusters.
+
+So I have a sum over nl
+l has to add up to n.
+
+And I have to sum
+over all nl's that are
+
+consistent with this constraint.
+
+But then there is this
+issue of the multiplicity.
+
+Given that I chose some
+articular set of these,
+
+if I were to
+reorganize the numbers,
+
+I would get the
+same contribution.
+
+So let's say we pick
+this diagram that
+
+has precisely a
+contribution that
+
+is V, which is b1 to the
+number of these one points.
+
+This to the number
+of b2 to the power
+
+of the number of
+these, this, et cetera.
+
+But then I can take these
+labels-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+
+6-- that I assigned to these
+things and permute them.
+
+If I permute them, I will get
+exactly the same contribution.
+
+So there is a large
+number of diagrams
+
+that have exactly this
+same contribution because
+
+of this permutation.
+
+There was a question back there.
+
+AUDIENCE: You've
+already answered it.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Actually, this is an
+interesting thing--
+
+I don't know how many
+of you recognize this.
+
+So essentially, I have
+to take a huge number, N,
+
+and break it into a number
+of 1 clusters, 2 clusters, et
+
+cetera.
+
+The number of ways
+of doing that is
+
+called a partition
+of an integer.
+
+And last century,
+the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+calculated what that number is.
+
+So there is a [INAUDIBLE]
+theorem associated with that.
+
+And actually,
+later in the course
+
+I will give you a
+problem to calculate
+
+the asymptotic version
+of the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But this is different story.
+
+So given that you had made
+one of these partitions
+
+of this integer, what is
+this degeneracy factor?
+
+So let me tell you what
+this degeneracy factor is.
+
+So given this
+choice of nl's, you
+
+say-- well, the first
+thing is what I told you.
+
+For a particular
+graph, the value
+
+is independent of how these
+numbers were assigned.
+
+So I will permute those
+numbers in all possible ways
+
+and I will get the same thing.
+
+So that will give
+me N factorial.
+
+It's the number of permutations.
+
+But then, I have over-counted
+things because within,
+
+let's say, a 2 cluster--
+if I count 7, 8, 8,
+
+7 they are the same thing.
+
+And by multiplying
+by this N factorial,
+
+I have over-counted that.
+
+So I have to divide by 2 for
+every one of my 2 clusters.
+
+So I have to divide by
+2 to the power of N2.
+
+For the 3 clusters, I have
+the permutation of everything
+
+that is inside.
+
+So it is 3 factor here.
+
+So what I have here
+is I have to divide
+
+by the over-counting, which
+is l factorial-- labels
+
+within a cluster-- to
+the number of clusters
+
+that I have that
+are subject to this.
+
+There is another thing that this
+pair is 100, 101 and this pair
+
+is 7, 8.
+
+Exchanging that pair of numbers
+with that pair of numbers
+
+is also part of the symmetries
+that I have now over-counted.
+
+So that has to be
+taken into account
+
+because the number of
+these 2 clusters here is 2.
+
+Here is actually 3.
+
+I have to divide by 3 factorial.
+
+In general, I have to
+divide by nl factorial.
+
+OK.
+
+Again, this is one
+of those things
+
+that the best advice that I
+can give you is to draw five
+
+or six points so
+your n is small.
+
+And draw some diagrams.
+
+And convince yourself
+that what I told you
+
+here rapidly is correct.
+
+And it is correct.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you just clarify
+which is in the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the N factorial is outside.
+
+And then-- so maybe
+write it better.
+
+For each l, I have to
+multiply nl factorial and l
+
+factorial to the power of nl.
+
+So this is my partition function
+in terms of these clusters.
+
+Even with all of
+these definitions
+
+that I have up there, maybe
+not so obvious an answer.
+
+And one of the reason it is
+kind of an obscure answer
+
+is because here I have
+to do a constrained sum.
+
+That is, I have all
+of these variables.
+
+Let's call them n1,
+n2, n3, et cetera.
+
+Each one of them can
+go from 0, 1, 2, 3.
+
+But they are all
+linked to each other
+
+because their sum is kind of
+restricted by some total value
+
+l, by this constraint.
+
+And constrained
+sums are hard to do.
+
+But in statistical
+physics, we know
+
+how to gets rid of
+constrained sums.
+
+The way that we do
+that is we essentially
+
+allow this N to go all the way.
+
+So if I say, let's make--
+it's very hard for me
+
+to do this n1 from
+0 to something,
+
+n2 from 0 to something with
+all of this constrained.
+
+My life would be very easier
+if I could independently
+
+have n1 go take any
+value, n2 take any value,
+
+n3 take any value.
+
+But if I do that essentially
+for each choice of n1, n2, n3,
+
+I have shifted the
+value of big N.
+
+But there is an
+ensemble that I know
+
+which has possibly
+any value of N,
+
+and that's the grand canonical.
+
+So rather than looking at
+the partition function,
+
+I say I will look at the
+grand partition function
+
+Q that is obtained
+by summing over
+
+all N. Can take any
+value from 0 to infinity.
+
+I have e to the beta mu N times
+the partition function that
+
+is for N particles.
+
+So that's the definition of how
+you would go from the canonical
+
+where you have fixed
+N to grand canonical
+
+where you have fixed the
+chemical potential mu.
+
+So let's apply this
+sum over there.
+
+I have a sum over N, but
+I said that if I allowed
+
+the nl's to vary
+independently, it
+
+is equivalent to varying
+that N, recognizing
+
+that this n is sum over l l nl.
+
+That's the constraint.
+
+So that's just the first term.
+
+I have rewritten this sum that
+was constrained and this sum
+
+over the total number as
+independent sums over the nl's.
+
+Got rid of the constraint.
+
+Now, I write W. Oh, OK.
+
+The partition function.
+
+Now, write the
+partition function.
+
+I have 1 over N factorial.
+
+I have lambda cubed
+raised to this power.
+
+So actually, let me put
+this in this fashion.
+
+So both e to the
+beta mu over lambda
+
+cubed that is raised
+to that power.
+
+OK, so that's that part.
+
+The sum I have gotten rid of.
+
+I notice that my W
+has an N factorial.
+
+So this is the N factorial
+that came from here.
+
+But then there is an N factorial
+that is up here from the W.
+
+So the two of them will cancel
+each other, N factorial.
+
+And then I have a product
+over all clusters.
+
+Part of it is this bl
+to the power of nl,
+
+and then I have the contribution
+that is nl factorial l
+
+factorial to the power of nl.
+
+So this part cancels.
+
+For each l, I can
+now independently
+
+sum over the values of nl can
+be anything, 0 to infinity.
+
+And what do I have?
+
+I have bl to the power of nl.
+
+I have division by nl factorial.
+
+I have l factorial
+to the power of nl.
+
+And then I have e to the beta
+mu over lambda cubed raised
+
+to the power of l nl.
+
+I recognize that each one
+of these terms in the sum
+
+is 1 over nl factorial something
+raised to the power of nl,
+
+which is the definition
+of the exponential.
+
+So my q is a product
+over all l's.
+
+Once I exponentiate, I
+have e to the beta mu
+
+over lambda cubed raised
+to the power of l.
+
+And then I have bl
+divided by l factorial.
+
+Or, log of Q, which is the
+quantity that I'm interested,
+
+is obtained by summing
+over all clusters 1
+
+to infinity e to the beta
+mu over lambda cubed raised
+
+to the power of l bl
+divided by l factorial.
+
+So what does this
+tell us, which is
+
+kind of nice and
+fundamentally important?
+
+You see, we started at
+the beginning over here
+
+with a huge number of graphs.
+
+These graphs could be organizing
+all kinds of clusters.
+
+And they would give us
+either the partition function
+
+or summing over N, the
+grand partition function.
+
+But when we take the log, I get
+only single connect objects.
+
+And this is something
+that you had already
+
+seen as the connection
+that we have
+
+between moments and Cumulants.
+
+So the way that we
+got Cumulants was
+
+to look at the
+expansion of the log.
+
+So the function itself was
+the generator of all moments
+
+and we took the log.
+
+And graphically,
+we presented that
+
+as getting the moments
+by putting together
+
+all kinds of clusters of points
+that corresponded to Cumulants.
+
+And this is again,
+a representation
+
+of the same thing.
+
+That is, in the log
+you have essentially
+
+individual contributions.
+
+Once you exponentiated, you
+get multiple contributions.
+
+Now, the other thing is, that
+if I am thinking about the gas,
+
+then log of Q is e
+to the minus beta g.
+
+And g is E minus TS minus
+mu N. Bur for a gas that
+
+has extensive properties,
+E is TS mu N minus PV.
+
+So this is the same
+thing as beta PV.
+
+So this quantity that
+we have calculated here
+
+is, in fact, related
+to the pressure
+
+directly through this formula.
+
+And the important part or
+the important observation
+
+is that it says that it should
+be proportional to volume.
+
+You can see that
+each one of my b's
+
+that I calculated here will
+have one free integral.
+
+If you like, its center of mass.
+
+You can go over
+the entire volume.
+
+So all of my b's are indeed
+proportionality to volume.
+
+And you can see what
+disaster it would
+
+have been if there was a term
+here that was not just a linked
+
+cluster but product of
+two linked clusters.
+
+Then I would have something
+that would go like V squared.
+
+It's not allowed.
+
+So essentially, this linked
+cluster nature is also
+
+related to extensivity
+in this sense.
+
+So in some sense, what I have
+established here-- again,
+
+related to that-- is that
+clearly all of my bl's
+
+are proportional to volume.
+
+And I can define
+something that I
+
+will call bl bar, which is
+divide the thing by the volume.
+
+And then what we
+have established
+
+is that the pressure of this
+interacting gas as an expansion
+
+beta p, which takes this
+nice, simple form, sum over l
+
+e to the beta mu divided
+by lambda cubed bl
+
+bar-- the intensive part of the
+contribution of these cluster--
+
+divided by l factorial.
+
+This, of course, runs
+from 1 to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+is raised to the l?
+
+PROFESSOR: Who's
+asking the question?
+
+AUDIENCE: The term in the
+parentheses is raised to the l?
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+But they don't, actually.
+
+Could that be true, for
+example [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So the triangle, I have it here.
+
+Integral d q1, d q2, d
+Q3, f 1 2, f 2 3, f 3.
+
+Let's write it explicitly.
+
+It is f of q1 minus q2, f of
+q2 minus q3, f of q3 minus q1.
+
+I call this vector x.
+
+I call that vector y.
+
+This vector is x plus y.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Does the
+contribution from [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you say that I have here
+an expansion for the pressure.
+
+I had given you previously
+an expansion for pressure
+
+that I said is sensible, which
+is this Virial expansion, which
+
+is powers of density.
+
+This is not an expansion
+in powers of density.
+
+So whether or not the
+terms in this expansion
+
+becomes smaller or
+larger will depend
+
+on density in some indirect way.
+
+So my next task, which
+I will do next lecture,
+
+is within this ensemble
+I have told you
+
+what the chemical potential is.
+
+Once I know what the
+chemical potential is,
+
+I can calculate the
+number of particles
+
+as d log Q by d beta mu.
+
+And hence, I can calculate
+what the density is.
+
+And so the answer for this will
+also be a series in powers of e
+
+to the beta mu.
+
+And what then I will do is
+I will combine these two
+
+series to get an expansion for
+pressure in powers of density,
+
+and then identify the
+convergence of this series
+
+and all of that
+via that procedure.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TuTmC8aOQJE.txt b/TuTmC8aOQJE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13b63c646c215d7a2b792c8c9d384d8f97bff1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TuTmC8aOQJE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10626 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to study
+stochastic processes and among them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes and among them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes and among them uh
+one type of it so discrete timer we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of it so discrete timer we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of it so discrete timer we'll
+focus on discrete time and I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on discrete time and I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on discrete time and I'll talk
+about what it is right now so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is right now so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is right now so a
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+process is a collection of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables indexed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time a very simple definition so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a very simple definition so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a very simple definition so we
+have either oh start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either oh start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have either oh start from
+zero random variables like this or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero random variables like this or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero random variables like this or we
+have random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have random
+variables given like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so time variable can be discrete or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so time variable can be discrete or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so time variable can be discrete or
+it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be
+continuous these ones will we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous these ones will we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous these ones will we'll call
+discrete time stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time stochastic
+processes and these ones continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example discrete time M variable can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example discrete time M variable can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example discrete time M variable can be
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like and so on so these are the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and so on so these are the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and so on so these are the values
+x0 X1 X2 X3 and so on and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 X1 X2 X3 and so on and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 X1 X2 X3 and so on and they are
+random variables this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables this is just one
+initial oh so one realization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial oh so one realization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial oh so one realization of the
+stochastic process but all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process but all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process but all these
+variables are supposed to be random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are supposed to be random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are supposed to be random and
+then a continuous time random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a continuous time random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a continuous time random variable
+uh continuous time stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continuous time stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continuous time stochastic process
+can be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be something like
+that and it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it doesn't have to be
+continuous so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous so it can
+jump and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and it can
+jump and so on and all these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and so on and all these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and so on and all these values are
+random values in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random values in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random values in some sense
+okay so that's just a very informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just a very informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just a very informal
+description and a slightly a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and a slightly a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description and a slightly a different
+point of view which is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view which is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view which is slightly
+preferred when you want to do some MTH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred when you want to do some MTH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred when you want to do some MTH
+with it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it is
+that different alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition it's a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+passes over a space of passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have all bunch of possible passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have all bunch of possible passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have all bunch of possible passes
+that you can take and you're given some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take and you're given some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take and you're given some
+probability distribution over it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution over it and
+then that will be one realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will be one realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that will be one realization
+another realization will look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another realization will look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another realization will look something
+different and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so
+on so this one it's more intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this one it's more intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this one it's more intuitive
+definition the first one that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the first one that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the first one that it's a
+collection of random varable index by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of random varable index by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of random varable index by
+time but that one if you want do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but that one if you want do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but that one if you want do some
+math with it from the formal point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math with it from the formal point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math with it from the formal point of
+view that will be more helpful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that will be more helpful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that will be more helpful and
+you'll see why that the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why that the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why that the case
+later so let me show you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so let me show you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so let me show you some more
+examples so for example to describe one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so for example to describe one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so for example to describe one
+stochastic proc this is one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic proc this is one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic proc this is one way to
+describe stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe stochastic
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+with let me show you three stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let me show you three stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let me show you three stochastic
+processes so number one FAL T and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so number one FAL T and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes so number one FAL T and this
+with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one number two ft is equal to T for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number two ft is equal to T for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one number two ft is equal to T for all
+t with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t with
+probability half R ft is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability half R ft is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability half R ft is equal to minus
+t for all t with probability half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for all t with probability half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t for all t with probability half and
+the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third
+one is for each t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ft is equal to T or minus t with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft is equal to T or minus t with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft is equal to T or minus t with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half okay the first one it's quite easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay the first one it's quite easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay the first one it's quite easy
+to picture it's really just not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to picture it's really just not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to picture it's really just not even a
+random there's nothing random in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random there's nothing random in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random there's nothing random in here
+this happens with probability one your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens with probability one your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens with probability one your
+path just say ft equal T and we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path just say ft equal T and we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path just say ft equal T and we're only
+looking at T greater than equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at T greater than equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at T greater than equal to Z
+here okay so that's number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that's number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so that's number one
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+two it's either this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's either this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's either this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+or this one okay so it is a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one okay so it is a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one okay so it is a stochastic
+process if you think about it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you think about it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you think about it this way
+it doesn't really look like a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really look like a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really look like a stochastic
+process but under the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but under the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but under the alternative
+definition you have two possible passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you have two possible passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you have two possible passes
+you can take you either take this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take you either take this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take you either take this path
+with one/ two or this path with one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one/ two or this path with one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one/ two or this path with one/
+two now at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now at each point
+T your value X T is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T your value X T is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T your value X T is a random
+variable it's either t or minus t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's either t or minus t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's either t or minus t and
+it's the same for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same for all
+T but they are dependent on each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but they are dependent on each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but they are dependent on each other
+so if you know one value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know one value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know one value you
+automatically know all the other values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically know all the other values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically know all the other values
+okay and third one is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and third one is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and third one is even more
+interesting now for each T we get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now for each T we get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting now for each T we get rid of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+dependency so what you'll have is you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so what you'll have is you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency so what you'll have is you'll
+have these two lines going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two lines going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two lines going on
+I mean at every single point you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean at every single point you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean at every single point you'll have
+you'll be either top one or bottom one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be either top one or bottom one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be either top one or bottom one
+but if you really want to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you really want to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you really want to draw the
+picture it will bounce back and forth up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it will bounce back and forth up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it will bounce back and forth up
+and down infinitely often it will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down infinitely often it will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down infinitely often it will just
+look like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like two
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+okay so I hope this gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I hope this gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I hope this gives you some
+feeling about stochastic processes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about stochastic processes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling about stochastic processes I
+mean why we want to describe it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why we want to describe it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean why we want to describe it in terms
+of this language just a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this language just a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this language just a tiny
+bit any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit any questions
+okay so when you look at a process when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you look at a process when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you look at a process when
+you use stochastic process to model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use stochastic process to model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use stochastic process to model a
+real real life something going on like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real real life something going on like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real real life something going on like a
+stock price usually what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price usually what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price usually what happens is
+you're stand at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stand at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're stand at time
+T and you know all the values on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and you know all the values on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and you know all the values on the
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+no and in the future you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and in the future you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and in the future you don't
+know but you want to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but you want to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but you want to know something
+about it you want to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you want to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you want to have some
+intelligent conclusion intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent conclusion intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent conclusion intelligent
+information about the future based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the future based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the future based on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+past okay for this stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past okay for this stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past okay for this stochastic process
+it's easy no matter where you stand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy no matter where you stand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy no matter where you stand that
+you exactly know what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly know what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly know what's going to happen
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+future for this one it's also the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future for this one it's also the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future for this one it's also the same
+even though it's random once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's random once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's random once you know
+what what happened at some point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happened at some point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happened at some point you
+know it has to be this distribution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has to be this distribution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has to be this distribution or
+this line if it's here and this line if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line if it's here and this line if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line if it's here and this line if
+it's there but that one is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there but that one is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there but that one is slightly
+different no matter what the Cur what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different no matter what the Cur what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different no matter what the Cur what
+you know about the past even if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the past even if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about the past even if you know
+all the values in the past what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the values in the past what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the values in the past what happened
+it doesn't give any information at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't give any information at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't give any information at all
+about the future well it's not true if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future well it's not true if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future well it's not true if I
+say any any information at all we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any any information at all we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say any any information at all we know
+that each value has to be t or minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each value has to be t or minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each value has to be t or minus t
+we just don't know what it is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know what it is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know what it is okay so
+when you're given a stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're given a stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're given a stochastic process
+and you're standing at some time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing at some time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing at some time your
+future you don't know what the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you don't know what the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you don't know what the future is
+but most of the times you have some at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the times you have some at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the times you have some at
+least some level of control given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some level of control given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least some level of control given by the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution here it was you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here it was you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution here it was you can really
+determine the line here because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the line here because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the line here because of
+probability distribution at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution at each point
+only gives t or minus t you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives t or minus t you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gives t or minus t you know that
+each of them will be at least one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them will be at least one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them will be at least one of the
+points but you don't know more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but you don't know more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but you don't know more than
+that okay so the study of stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the study of stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so the study of stochastic
+processes is basically you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is basically you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes is basically you look at the
+given probability distribution and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given probability distribution and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given probability distribution and you
+want to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say something
+intelligent about the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent about the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent about the future
+as T goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T goes
+on so there are three types of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there are three types of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there are three types of questions
+that we mainly study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we mainly study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we mainly study
+here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so
+a first type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first type
+is what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependencies in the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values for example if you know the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for example if you know the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for example if you know the price
+of a stock on all past stes up to today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stock on all past stes up to today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stock on all past stes up to today
+can you say anything intelligent about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say anything intelligent about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say anything intelligent about
+the future stock prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future stock prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future stock prices
+okay those type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those type of
+questions and B is what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the
+sequence so think about law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so think about law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so think about law of large
+numbers that we talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time our Central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem the third type this one is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the third type this one is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the third type this one is less
+relevant for our course but still I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for our course but still I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for our course but still I'll
+just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it
+down what are the boundary events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how often will something extreme happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often will something extreme happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often will something extreme happen
+like how often will a stock stock price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how often will a stock stock price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how often will a stock stock price
+d drop by more than 10% for consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d drop by more than 10% for consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d drop by more than 10% for consecutive
+like five days if these kind of depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five days if these kind of depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five days if these kind of depends
+how often will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how often will that
+happen and yeah and for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and yeah and for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and yeah and for a different
+example like if you model a call center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like if you model a call center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like if you model a call center
+and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to
+know over a period of times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over a period of times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over a period of times the
+probability that at least 90% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that at least 90% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that at least 90% of the
+phones are idle or those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things okay so that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so that was an
+introduction any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay then there are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay then there are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay then there are really
+lots of stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes and one really one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and one really one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and one really one of the most
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones is a simple random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today I will focus on discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today I will focus on discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today I will focus on discrete
+time stochastic processes later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stochastic processes later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stochastic processes later in the
+course we'll go on to continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll go on to continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll go on to continuous time
+stochastic processes and then you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes and then you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes and then you'll see
+like browni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like browni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like browni
+motions and what else EOS LMA and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions and what else EOS LMA and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions and what else EOS LMA and all
+those things will appear later right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things will appear later right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things will appear later right
+now we'll study discrete time and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll study discrete time and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll study discrete time and later
+you'll see that it's really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it's really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that it's really just
+an what is it they're really parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an what is it they're really parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an what is it they're really parallel so
+this simple random walk you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple random walk you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple random walk you'll see the
+corresponding thing in continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding thing in continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding thing in continuous time
+stochastic processes later so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes later so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes later so I think
+it's easier to understand discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to understand discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to understand discrete time
+processes that's why we start with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that's why we start with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes that's why we start with it
+but later you it's really it will really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later you it's really it will really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later you it's really it will really
+help if you understand it well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help if you understand it well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help if you understand it well because
+for continuous time it will just carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous time it will just carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous time it will just carry
+over all the knowledges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is a simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marck let a Yi b i ID identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marck let a Yi b i ID identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marck let a Yi b i ID identical
+independently in independent identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in independent identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in independent identically
+distributed random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables taking values one or minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables taking values one or minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables taking values one or minus one
+each with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/2 okay then Define for each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 okay then Define for each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 okay then Define for each time
+t x sub t as a sum of Y I from I = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T then the sequence of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then the sequence of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then the sequence of random
+variables and x0 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and x0 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and x0 is equal to
+Z x0 X1 X2 and so on is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z x0 X1 X2 and so on is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z x0 X1 X2 and so on is called a
+one-dimensional simple random walk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional simple random walk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional simple random walk but
+I'll just refer to it as simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just refer to it as simple random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just refer to it as simple random
+walk or random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk or random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk or random walk
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+block okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's try to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it at Time Zero you start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at Time Zero you start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at Time Zero you start at
+zero and then depending on the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then depending on the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then depending on the value of
+value of y1 you will either go up or go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y1 you will either go up or go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y1 you will either go up or go
+down let's say we went up that's at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's say we went up that's at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let's say we went up that's at time
+one then at time two depending on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then at time two depending on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then at time two depending on your
+value of y 2 you will either go up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y 2 you will either go up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y 2 you will either go up one
+step from here or go down one step from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step from here or go down one step from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step from here or go down one step from
+there so let's say we went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's say we went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's say we went up
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+down or up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or up
+up something like that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continues another way to look at it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues another way to look at it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues another way to look at it the
+reason we call it a random walk is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we call it a random walk is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we call it a random walk is if
+you just plot your values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plot your values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just plot your values of
+XT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT over
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+online then you start a zero you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online then you start a zero you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online then you start a zero you go to
+right so you go to right right left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go to right right left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go to right right left
+right right left left left left so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right left left left left so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right left left left left so the
+trajectory is like a walk you take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is like a walk you take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory is like a walk you take on
+this line but it's random at each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line but it's random at each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line but it's random at each time
+you go to the right or left right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the right or left right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the right or left right or
+left right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right or
+left so that was two representations one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so that was two representations one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so that was two representations one
+is this picture looks a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this picture looks a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this picture looks a little bit more
+clear here I just lost everything I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear here I just lost everything I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear here I just lost everything I draw
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+that it's a trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a trajectory
+okay so from what we learned last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from what we learned last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from what we learned last time
+we can already say something intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can already say something intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can already say something intelligent
+about the symol random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the symol random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the symol random
+R for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example if you apply Central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you apply Central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you apply Central limit
+theorem to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem to the
+sequence what is what is the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence what is what is the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence what is what is the information
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get so over a long time let's say T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so over a long time let's say T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so over a long time let's say T is
+like way far away like a huge number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like way far away like a huge number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like way far away like a huge number
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number what can you say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what can you say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number what can you say about the
+distribution of this at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T close to zero but by close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T close to zero but by close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T close to zero but by close to zero
+what do you mean the scale there should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean the scale there should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you mean the scale there should
+be a scale I mean some people say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scale I mean some people say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a scale I mean some people say that
+would say that one is close to zero some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that one is close to zero some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that one is close to zero some
+people say that 100 is close to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say that 100 is close to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say that 100 is close to zero so
+do you have some degree of how close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have some degree of how close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have some degree of how close it
+will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody sorry variance will be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody sorry variance will be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody sorry variance will be small
+about how much will the variance be 1 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much will the variance be 1 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much will the variance be 1 n
+One n one n one/ t anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One n one n one/ t anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One n one n one/ t anybody else
+different one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one over
+probably oh very you're right sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oh very you're right sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably oh very you're right sorry
+sorry variance will be 1 over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and standard deviation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be what I'm saying is by Central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem I'm looking at the XT Ah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I'm looking at the XT Ah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I'm looking at the XT Ah that's
+a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good
+point T N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point T N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point T N
+T thank you very different yeah very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T thank you very different yeah very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T thank you very different yeah very
+very different yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different yeah
+oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah
+confused sorry about that the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused sorry about that the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused sorry about that the reason is
+because XT 1 / T * XT we saw last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because XT 1 / T * XT we saw last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because XT 1 / T * XT we saw last time
+that this if T is really really large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this if T is really really large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this if T is really really large
+this is close to normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is close to normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is close to normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you just look at it XT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you just look at it XT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you just look at it XT over
+sare T it will be will look like normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare T it will be will look like normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare T it will be will look like normal
+distribution that means the value at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that means the value at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that means the value at T
+T will be distributed like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will be distributed like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T will be distributed like a normal
+distribution with mean z and variance T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with mean z and variance T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution with mean z and variance T
+so what you said was right it's close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you said was right it's close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you said was right it's close to
+zero and the scale you're looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the scale you're looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the scale you're looking at is
+about squ OT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about squ OT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about squ OT
+T so it won't go too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that
+means if you draw these two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you draw these two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you draw these two curves
+curves < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves < TK
+T and minus < TK T your simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and minus < TK T your simple random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and minus < TK T your simple random
+walk on a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale won't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale won't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale won't like
+go too far away from these two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too far away from these two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too far away from these two curves
+even though the extreme values you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the extreme values you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the extreme values you can
+take I didn't dra correctly is T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I didn't dra correctly is T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I didn't dra correctly is T and
+minus t because all values can be one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t because all values can be one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t because all values can be one or
+all values can be minus one even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all values can be minus one even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all values can be minus one even
+though theoretically you can be that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though theoretically you can be that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though theoretically you can be that far
+away from your x-axis in reality what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from your x-axis in reality what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from your x-axis in reality what's
+going to happen is you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is you're going to be
+really close to this curve skirt you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to this curve skirt you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to this curve skirt you're
+going to play Within this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mostly with so yeah that was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly with so yeah that was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly with so yeah that was a very
+vague statement it will be you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague statement it will be you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague statement it will be you won't
+deviate too much so if you take 100 s t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate too much so if you take 100 s t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate too much so if you take 100 s t
+you'll be inside this interval like 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be inside this interval like 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be inside this interval like 90%
+of the time yeah if you take this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time yeah if you take this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time yeah if you take this to be
+like 10,000 Times Square t almost 99.9%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10,000 Times Square t almost 99.9%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10,000 Times Square t almost 99.9%
+or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay and there's even a theum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and there's even a theum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and there's even a theum
+saying you will hit these two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you will hit these two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you will hit these two lines
+infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely
+often okay so if you go over time a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often okay so if you go over time a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often okay so if you go over time a very
+long period for a very very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period for a very very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period for a very very long time
+you live long enough then even if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live long enough then even if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live long enough then even if you go
+down here I mean even in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here I mean even in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here I mean even in this picture
+you might think okay in some cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think okay in some cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think okay in some cases it
+might be the case that you always play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case that you always play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case that you always play
+in the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the negative
+region but there a theorem saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but there a theorem saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region but there a theorem saying that
+that's not the case with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case with probability one
+if you go to Infinity you will cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Infinity you will cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to Infinity you will cross
+this line infinitely often and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line infinitely often and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line infinitely often and in fact
+you'll meet these two lines infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often okay so those are some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often okay so those are some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often okay so those are some interesting
+things about simple random Mo really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about simple random Mo really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about simple random Mo really
+there are a lot more interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot more interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot more interesting things
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+I have I'm just giving an overview in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I'm just giving an overview in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have I'm just giving an overview in
+this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like unfortunately I can't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like unfortunately I can't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like unfortunately I can't talk about
+all these fun stuff but let me still try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to show you some properties and one nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you some properties and one nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you some properties and one nice
+nice like computation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice like computation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice like computation on
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+prop position so some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop position so some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop position so some properties of
+random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk
+first expectation of XK is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first expectation of XK is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first expectation of XK is equal to zero
+that's really easy to prove second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really easy to prove second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really easy to prove second
+important property is called independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment so
+if you set look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you set look at these
+times t0 T1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times t0 T1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times t0 T1 up to
+TK then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK then
+random variables x sub t i + 1 minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables x sub t i + 1 minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables x sub t i + 1 minus x
+subti i are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent so what this says is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what this says is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so what this says is if you
+look at what happens from Time 1 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens from Time 1 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happens from Time 1 to 10
+that is irrelevant to what happens from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is irrelevant to what happens from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is irrelevant to what happens from
+20 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to
+30 and that can easily be shown by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 and that can easily be shown by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 and that can easily be shown by the
+definition I won't do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I won't do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition I won't do that but
+try to do it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do it as an
+exercise third one is called stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise third one is called stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise third one is called stationary
+so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property that means for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that means for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that means for all
+H greater than equal to t z and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H greater than equal to t z and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H greater than equal to t z and T
+greater equal to Z it's actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal to Z it's actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal to Z it's actually equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution of XT + h-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT is the same
+as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution and again this easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and again this easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and again this easily
+follows from the definition what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the definition what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the definition what it says
+is if you look at the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you look at the same amount of
+time then what happens inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then what happens inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then what happens inside this
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+is irrelevant of your starting point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrelevant of your starting point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrelevant of your starting point the
+distribution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is the
+same and moreover from first part if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and moreover from first part if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and moreover from first part if
+these intervals do not overlap they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals do not overlap they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals do not overlap they're
+independent so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so those are the two
+properties that we're talking here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we're talking here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we're talking here and
+you'll see these properties appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these properties appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these properties appearing
+again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and
+again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because
+these uh stochastic processes having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh stochastic processes having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh stochastic processes having
+these properties are really good in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties are really good in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties are really good in some
+sense they are fundamental stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they are fundamental stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense they are fundamental stochastic
+processes and simple random walk is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and simple random walk is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and simple random walk is like
+the fundamental stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process so let let's try to see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so let let's try to see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so let let's try to see one
+interesting problem about simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example you play a game it's like a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you play a game it's like a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you play a game it's like a coin
+TOS game I play with they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOS game I play with they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOS game I play with they say
+Peter so we I bet $1 at each turn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter so we I bet $1 at each turn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter so we I bet $1 at each turn and
+then Peter tosses a coin a Fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Peter tosses a coin a Fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Peter tosses a coin a Fair coin
+it's either head or tail if his head he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either head or tail if his head he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either head or tail if his head he
+wins he wins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins he wins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins he wins the
+$1 if it's tail I win I win $1 so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 if it's tail I win I win $1 so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 if it's tail I win I win $1 so from
+my point of view in this coin toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game at each turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at each turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at each turn
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance goes
+up by one are down by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dollar and now let's say I started from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and now let's say I started from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar and now let's say I started from
+$0 balance even though that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$0 balance even though that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$0 balance even though that's not
+possible then my balance will exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible then my balance will exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible then my balance will exactly
+follow the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the simple
+romor assuming that the coin is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romor assuming that the coin is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romor assuming that the coin is fairly
+so is fair it's a fair coin 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is fair it's a fair coin 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is fair it's a fair coin 50
+5010 then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+balance is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random and then I say the following you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and then I say the following you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random and then I say the following you
+know what I'm going to play I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm going to play I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm going to play I want to
+make money so I'm going to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money so I'm going to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money so I'm going to play
+until I win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I win
+$100 or I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 or I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 or I lose
+$100 so let's say I play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until I win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I win
+$100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 or
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+$100 what is the probability that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 what is the probability that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 what is the probability that I will
+stop after winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$100 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 1 half
+because yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because yes so
+happens with 1 12 half and this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry because every chain of coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry because every chain of coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry because every chain of coin
+toss which gives a winning sequence when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss which gives a winning sequence when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss which gives a winning sequence when
+you flip it it will give a losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip it it will give a losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip it it will give a losing
+sequence so you have one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so you have one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so you have one to one
+correspondence between those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence between those two things
+okay that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was
+good now if I change it what if I say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now if I change it what if I say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now if I change it what if I say I
+win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+$100 I or I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$50 what if I play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until
+win 100 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lose in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose in other
+words I look at the random walk I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I look at the random walk I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I look at the random walk I look
+at the first time that it hits either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first time that it hits either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first time that it hits either
+this line or it hits this line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line or it hits this line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line or it hits this line and then
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+stop what is the probability that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop what is the probability that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop what is the probability that I will
+stop after winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$100 1/3 let me see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're
+saying if this prob hitting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if this prob hitting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying if this prob hitting this
+probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+p the probability that you hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the probability that you hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the probability that you hit this
+versus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus P
+right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's
+122 but you're saying from here it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+122 but you're saying from here it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+122 but you're saying from here it's the
+same so it should be 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so it should be 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so it should be 1/4
+here 1 2 * 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 2 * 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 2 * 1 over
+two you had a good intuition it is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you had a good intuition it is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you had a good intuition it is one
+over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 and then once you hit it it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and then once you hit it it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 and then once you hit it it's like
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+afterwards I'm not sure if there's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I'm not sure if there's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I'm not sure if there's a way
+to make an argument out of it I I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an argument out of it I I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make an argument out of it I I really
+don't know there might be or they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there might be or they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there might be or they might
+not be I'm not sure I was thinking of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be I'm not sure I was thinking of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be I'm not sure I was thinking of a
+different way but yeah there might there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way but yeah there might there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way but yeah there might there
+might be a way to make an argument out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way to make an argument out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a way to make an argument out
+of it I just don't see it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I just don't see it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it I just don't see it right
+now so in general if you put a line b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so in general if you put a line b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so in general if you put a line b
+and a line a then probability of hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a line a then probability of hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a line a then probability of hitting
+B first is a over a + b and probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B first is a over a + b and probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B first is a over a + b and probability
+of hitting B this line minus a yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting B this line minus a yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting B this line minus a yeah it's
+B over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A+ because so in this case if it's 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ because so in this case if it's 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ because so in this case if it's 150
+it's 100 over 150 that's 2/3 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100 over 150 that's 2/3 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100 over 150 that's 2/3 and that's
+1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+proved it's actually not that difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved it's actually not that difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved it's actually not that difficult
+to prove it I mean it's hard to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it I mean it's hard to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove it I mean it's hard to find the
+right way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right way to look at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so fix your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fix your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fix your
+a of b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K or
+each K between a minus A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each K between a minus A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each K between a minus A and B
+Define f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define f of
+K as the probability that you will hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as the probability that you will hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as the probability that you will hit
+what is it this line first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it this line first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it this line first and the
+probability that you hit the line B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you hit the line B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you hit the line B
+first when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at
+K so it kind of coincides what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so it kind of coincides what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so it kind of coincides what what
+you're saying now instead of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying now instead of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying now instead of looking at
+one fixed starting point we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fixed starting point we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fixed starting point we're going to
+change our starting points and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our starting points and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our starting points and look at
+all possible ways so when you start at K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible ways so when you start at K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible ways so when you start at K
+I will Define f of K a as a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will Define f of K a as a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will Define f of K a as a probability
+that you hit this line first before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hit this line first before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hit this line first before
+hitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting that
+line what we're interested in is want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what we're interested in is want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line what we're interested in is want to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F0 what we know is f of B is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 what we know is f of B is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F0 what we know is f of B is equal to 1
+F of - A is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of - A is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of - A is equal to
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no and then well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and then well
+formula actually there's one recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula actually there's one recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula actually there's one recursive
+formula that matters to us is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that matters to us is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that matters to us is if you
+start at FK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you either go up or go down you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either go up or go down you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you either go up or go down you go up
+with probability 1/2 you go down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/2 you go down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability 1/2 you go down with
+probably to 1/2 and now it starts again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to 1/2 and now it starts again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to 1/2 and now it starts again
+because of this which one is it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this which one is it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this which one is it uh
+stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary
+property so starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so starting from
+here the probability that you hit B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability that you hit B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the probability that you hit B
+first is exactly F of k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is exactly F of k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is exactly F of k +
+1 so if you go up the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so if you go up the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so if you go up the probability that
+you hit B first IS F F of k + 1 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit B first IS F F of k + 1 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit B first IS F F of k + 1 if you
+go down it's F of K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and then that gives you recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that gives you recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then that gives you recursive
+formula with two boundary values if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula with two boundary values if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula with two boundary values if you
+look at it you can just I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it you can just I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it you can just I mean you can
+solve it when you solve it you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it when you solve it you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it when you solve it you'll get
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+answer I won't go into details but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I won't go into details but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I won't go into details but what
+I wanted to show is that simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show is that simple random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to show is that simple random
+walk is really this property these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk is really this property these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk is really this property these two
+properties have these properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties have these properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties have these properties and
+even more powerful properties so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more powerful properties so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more powerful properties so it's
+really easy to control and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to control and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to control and at the same
+time it's quite Universal it can model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's quite Universal it can model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's quite Universal it can model
+some like it's not a very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like it's not a very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like it's not a very weak
+model it's rather a little bit restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's rather a little bit restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's rather a little bit restrict
+rather restricted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather restricted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather restricted
+but it's a really good model for like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a really good model for like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a really good model for like a
+mathematician okay from the Practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician okay from the Practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician okay from the Practical
+point of practical point of view you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of practical point of view you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of practical point of view you'll
+have to twist some things slightly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to twist some things slightly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to twist some things slightly and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+on but I mean many cases you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I mean many cases you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I mean many cases you can
+approximate it by simple random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as you can see sometime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see sometime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see sometime the
+computations I mean you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations I mean you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations I mean you can do
+computations with simple random walk by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand okay that was it I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay that was it I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand okay that was it I talked about the
+most important example of stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's talk about more stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about more stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about more stochastic
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second one is called the Markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is called the Markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is called the Markoff
+team let me raise that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team let me raise that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team let me raise that part
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually so markof chain unlike the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so markof chain unlike the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so markof chain unlike the
+simple random mock is not a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random mock is not a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random mock is not a single
+stochastic process it's a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process it's a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process it's a collection
+it's a stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a stochastic process
+is called a Markov chain if it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a Markov chain if it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a Markov chain if it has some
+property and what we want to capture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and what we want to capture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and what we want to capture in
+Markov chain is the following statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is the following statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is the following statement
+you these are collection of stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes having the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes having the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes having the property that
+whose effect of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summarized only by the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state that's quite a vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's quite a vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's quite a vague
+statement what we're trying to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement what we're trying to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement what we're trying to capture
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look at some generic stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at some generic stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at some generic stochastic
+process and I time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I time
+T you know all the history up to time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you know all the history up to time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you know all the history up to time T
+you want to say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say something about the
+future then if it's a mark of chain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future then if it's a mark of chain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future then if it's a mark of chain what
+it's saying is you don't have to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is you don't have to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is you don't have to even
+you don't even have to know all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even have to know all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even have to know all about
+this it like this part is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it like this part is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it like this part is really
+irrelevant okay what matters is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant okay what matters is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant okay what matters is the
+value at this last point last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at this last point last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at this last point last time
+if it's a mark of chain you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a mark of chain you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a mark of chain you don't have
+to know all this history all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know all this history all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know all this history all you have to
+know is this single value and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this single value and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is this single value and all the
+effect of the past and the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the past and the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the past and the future is
+contained in this value no nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this value no nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this value no nothing else
+matters of course this is a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters of course this is a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters of course this is a very special
+type of stochastic process most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stochastic process most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of stochastic process most of the
+stochastic processes the future will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes the future will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes the future will
+depend on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the whole
+history and in that case it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and in that case it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and in that case it's more
+difficult to analyze but these ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to analyze but these ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to analyze but these ones are
+more manageable and still lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manageable and still lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more manageable and still lots of
+interesting things things turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things things turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things things turn out to be
+Markoff chains so if you look at simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markoff chains so if you look at simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markoff chains so if you look at simple
+random walk it is a Markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk it is a Markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk it is a Markoff
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random
+walk let's say you went like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk let's say you went like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk let's say you went like
+that then what happens after time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T really just depends on how high this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T really just depends on how high this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T really just depends on how high this
+point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+at what happened before doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happened before doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happened before doesn't matter
+at all because we're just having new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all because we're just having new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all because we're just having new
+coin tosses every time time but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses every time time but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses every time time but this
+value can affect the future because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value can affect the future because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value can affect the future because
+that's where you're going to start your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're going to start your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where you're going to start your
+process from like that's where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from like that's where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from like that's where you're
+starting your process so that is a mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting your process so that is a mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting your process so that is a mark
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+two this part is irrelevant only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this part is irrelevant only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this part is irrelevant only the
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+matters so let me Define it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so let me Define it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so let me Define it a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formally so more formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defin uh discret time stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process is a mark of chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+probability that X at some time t + 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X at some time t + 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that X at some time t + 1 is
+equal to something some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ah
+yeah given the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah given the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah given the whole
+history up to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history up to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history up to time
+n is equal to the probability that XT +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to the probability that XT +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to the probability that XT +
+1 is equal to that value given the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to that value given the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is equal to that value given the value
+of x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of
+for all n greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T greater than equal to zero and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T greater than equal to zero and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T greater than equal to zero and all
+s this is a mathematical way of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is a mathematical way of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s this is a mathematical way of writing
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+this the value at XT + 1 given all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the value at XT + 1 given all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the value at XT + 1 given all the
+values of the time T is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the time T is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the time T is the same as the
+value at time t + 1 the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at time t + 1 the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at time t + 1 the probability of
+it given only the last value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the reason simple random walk is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason simple random walk is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason simple random walk is a
+mark of chain is because both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of chain is because both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of chain is because both of them
+are just one half I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just one half I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just one half I mean if
+it's four let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walk probability that XT + 1 = s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk probability that XT + 1 = s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk probability that XT + 1 = s
+given T is equal to 12 if S is = to XT +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given T is equal to 12 if S is = to XT +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given T is equal to 12 if S is = to XT +
+1 R XT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 R XT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 R XT
+minus1 and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise so it really depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so it really depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so it really depends only on
+the last value that this t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all
+right so if consider the case when all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if consider the case when all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if consider the case when all
+XI you're looking at a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI you're looking at a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XI you're looking at a stochastic
+process a markof chain and all XI if XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a markof chain and all XI if XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process a markof chain and all XI if XI
+have values in some set s which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values in some set s which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have values in some set s which is
+finite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finite and in that case it's really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and in that case it's really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite and in that case it's really easy
+to describe Mark of chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe Mark of chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe Mark of chains
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now denote the probability i j as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now denote the probability i j as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now denote the probability i j as the
+probability that if at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that if at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that if at time
+T you are at I the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you are at I the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you are at I the probability that you
+jump to J at time t + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just make notation for all pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make notation for all pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make notation for all pair of
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I mean it's a finite set so I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I mean it's a finite set so I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I mean it's a finite set so I might
+just as well well call it the integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well well call it the integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as well well call it the integer
+set from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set from 1 to
+M just to make the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier then to first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier then to first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier then to first of
+all if you sum over all J and S P J that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you sum over all J and S P J that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you sum over all J and S P J that
+is equal to one because if you start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one because if you start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one because if you start at
+I you'll have to jump to somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you'll have to jump to somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you'll have to jump to somewhere in
+your next step so if you sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next step so if you sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your next step so if you sum over all
+possible States you can have you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible States you can have you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible States you can have you have to
+sum up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up to
+one and really a very interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and really a very interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and really a very interesting thing
+is this Matrix called the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Matrix called the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Matrix called the transition
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix defined as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you put p i j at I row and J's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put p i j at I row and J's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put p i j at I row and J's
+column and really this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and really this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and really this tells you
+everything about the mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the mark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about the mark of
+chain everything about the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain everything about the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain everything about the stochastic
+process is contained in this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's because the future state only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the future state only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because the future state only
+depends on the current state so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the current state so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the current state so if you
+know what happens at time T where it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happens at time T where it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what happens at time T where it at
+time T you look at the Matrix you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T you look at the Matrix you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T you look at the Matrix you can
+decode all the information you want what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode all the information you want what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode all the information you want what
+is the probability that it will be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that it will be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that it will be at
+let's say it's at zero right now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's at zero right now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's at zero right now it's
+the probability that it will jump to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it will jump to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it will jump to one
+and the next time just look at 0 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next time just look at 0 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next time just look at 0 comma
+one here there's no 0o one here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here there's no 0o one here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here there's no 0o one here so it's
+one and two just look at one and two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two just look at one and two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two just look at one and two one
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+I and J oh I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake that should be the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one not only that that's the one step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not only that that's the one step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not only that that's the one step so
+what happens in one it describes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in one it describes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in one it describes what
+happens in the single step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the single step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the single step the
+probability that you jump from I to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you jump from I to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you jump from I to J
+but using that you can also model what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using that you can also model what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using that you can also model what
+the probability that you jump from I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you jump from I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you jump from I to
+J in two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J in two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J in two steps
+so let's define q sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define q sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define q sub
+I as probability that X time t + 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as probability that X time t + 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I as probability that X time t + 2 is
+equal to J given that x * T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I then the Matrix defined in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way can you describe it in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way can you describe it in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way can you describe it in terms of a
+matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody multiplication very good with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square why is it so let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square why is it so let me write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square why is it so let me write this
+down in a different way Qi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in a different way Qi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in a different way Qi
+J is the you sum over all intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is the you sum over all intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J is the you sum over all intermediate
+values the probability that you jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the probability that you jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the probability that you jump
+from I to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first and then the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then the probability that you
+jump from K to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and if you look at what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if you look at what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if you look at what this means is
+exactly each entry here is described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly each entry here is described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly each entry here is described by
+a linear what is it a DOT product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear what is it a DOT product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear what is it a DOT product of two
+a column and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column and a
+row and that's exactly what equ and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and that's exactly what equ and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and that's exactly what equ and if
+if you want to look at the three step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look at the three step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look at the three step
+four step all you have to do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four step all you have to do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four step all you have to do is just
+multiply it again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it again and again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it again and again and
+again really this Matrix contain all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again really this Matrix contain all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again really this Matrix contain all the
+information you want if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you want if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you want if you have a
+markof chain and it's finite that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markof chain and it's finite that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markof chain and it's finite that's very
+important for random walk simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for random walk simple random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for random walk simple random
+walk I told you that it is a Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk I told you that it is a Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk I told you that it is a Markov
+chain but it does not have a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but it does not have a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but it does not have a transition
+probability Matrix because the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Matrix because the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Matrix because the state
+space is not finite so be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however finite Mark of chains really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however finite Mark of chains really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however finite Mark of chains really
+there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that describes
+everything I mean I said it like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I mean I said it like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I mean I said it like it's
+something very interesting but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting but if you
+think about it you just wrote down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you just wrote down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it you just wrote down all
+the probabilities so it should describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities so it should describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities so it should describe
+everything right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now okay so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and it's
+broken or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working at a given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a silly example so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a silly example so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a silly example so if it's
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomorrow broken with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow broken with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow broken with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+0.01 working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 working with
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.99 if it's broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.99 if it's broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.99 if it's broken
+the probability that it's repaired on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's repaired on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it's repaired on
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is
+0.8 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 and it's
+broken here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken here
+0.2 suppose you have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this is an example of a markof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is an example of a markof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is an example of a markof
+chain used in like engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain used in like engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain used in like engineering
+application so many cases when it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so many cases when it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so many cases when it the
+reason I call S is also called in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I call S is also called in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I call S is also called in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+s is also called a sample State space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is also called a sample State space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is also called a sample State space
+actually the reason is because many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the reason is because many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the reason is because many
+cases what you're modeling is these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what you're modeling is these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what you're modeling is these kind
+of states of some system like broken or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states of some system like broken or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states of some system like broken or
+working raining rainy sunny cloudy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working raining rainy sunny cloudy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working raining rainy sunny cloudy this
+weather and all these things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and all these things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather and all these things that you
+model represent States a lot of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model represent States a lot of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model represent States a lot of time so
+you call it State set as well that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it State set as well that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call it State set as well that's an
+example and let's see what happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and let's see what happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and let's see what happens for
+this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix
+so we have two states working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broken so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken so it's
+working working to working is 0.99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working working to working is 0.99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working working to working is 0.99
+working to Broken is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to Broken is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working to Broken is
+0.01 broken to working is 0.8 broken to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 broken to working is 0.8 broken to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 broken to working is 0.8 broken to
+Broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is.2 okay so that's what we learned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.2 okay so that's what we learned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.2 okay so that's what we learned so
+far and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and the question
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+happens if you start from some State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you start from some State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you start from some State
+let's say it was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it was working
+today and you go very very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you go very very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you go very very long time
+like a year or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years then the distribution after 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then the distribution after 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then the distribution after 10
+years on that day is 8 to the 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on that day is 8 to the 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on that day is 8 to the 300
+3,650 that will be that times 1 Z will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,650 that will be that times 1 Z will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,650 that will be that times 1 Z will
+be the probability PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability PQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the probability PQ
+P will be the probability that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P will be the probability that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P will be the probability that it's
+working at that time Q will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at that time Q will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at that time Q will be the
+probability that it's broken at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time what will p and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be what will p and Q be that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what will p and Q be that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what will p and Q be that's the
+question that we're trying to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we didn't learn so far how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we didn't learn so far how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we didn't learn so far how to do
+this but let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but let's think about
+it just I'm going to cheat a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just I'm going to cheat a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just I'm going to cheat a little
+bit and just say you know what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and just say you know what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and just say you know what I think
+if over a long period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if over a long period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if over a long period of
+time the probability distribution on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the probability distribution on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the probability distribution on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,650 and that on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,650 and that on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,650 and that on day
+3,651 shouldn't be that different they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,651 shouldn't be that different they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,651 shouldn't be that different they
+should be about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be about the
+same let's make that assumption I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same let's make that assumption I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same let's make that assumption I don't
+know if it's true or not well I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's true or not well I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's true or not well I know is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+but that's why I'm telling you under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why I'm telling you under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's why I'm telling you under
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+assumption now you can solve what p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption now you can solve what p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption now you can solve what p and
+Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q
+are so then approximately I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope
+PQ so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ so a
+36501 0 is approximately the same as h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36501 0 is approximately the same as h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36501 0 is approximately the same as h
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that means if this is PQ PQ is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that means if this is PQ PQ is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z that means if this is PQ PQ is about
+the same as a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PQ anybody remember what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ anybody remember what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ anybody remember what this
+is yes so PQ will be the igen vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes so PQ will be the igen vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes so PQ will be the igen vector of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Matrix over a long period of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix over a long period of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix over a long period of time the
+probability distribution that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that you will
+observe will be the I value I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector and what's the IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and what's the IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and what's the IG
+value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one
+at least in this case it looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this case it looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this case it looks like it's
+one okay now I'll make one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay now I'll make one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay now I'll make one more
+connection do you remember paren fenia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection do you remember paren fenia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection do you remember paren fenia
+theorem this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem this is a
+matrix all entries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all entries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix all entries are
+positive so there is a largest Dion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so there is a largest Dion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so there is a largest Dion
+value which is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is positive and
+real and there is an all positive IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and there is an all positive IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and there is an all positive IG
+Vector corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what I'm trying to say is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what I'm trying to say is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what I'm trying to say is that's
+going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PQ but let me not jump to the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet and then what we know is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one more thing we know is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one more thing we know is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one more thing we know is from
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+parin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+robinius there exists an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinius there exists an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robinius there exists an igen
+value largest one Lambda greater than Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value largest one Lambda greater than Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value largest one Lambda greater than Z
+and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector V1
+V2 where V1 V2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive moreover Lambda was had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive moreover Lambda was had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive moreover Lambda was had
+Multiplicity 1 I'll go back I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplicity 1 I'll go back I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiplicity 1 I'll go back I'll get
+back to it later so let's write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it later so let's write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it later so let's write this
+down a * V1 V2 is equal to Lambda * V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a * V1 V2 is equal to Lambda * V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a * V1 V2 is equal to Lambda * V1
+V2 a * V2 we can write it down it's 0.99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 a * V2 we can write it down it's 0.99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 a * V2 we can write it down it's 0.99
+V1 + 0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 + 0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 + 0.01
+V2 ends at 0.8 V1 + 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 ends at 0.8 V1 + 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 ends at 0.8 V1 + 0.2
+V2 which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to2 okay you can solve your be two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 okay you can solve your be two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 okay you can solve your be two but
+before doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P sorry about that ah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P sorry about that ah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P sorry about that ah this is
+flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a yeah sorry about it should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah sorry about it should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah sorry about it should have been
+flipped in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped in the
+beginning that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so sum these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sum these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sum these two
+values and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda on the left what you get is V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda on the left what you get is V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda on the left what you get is V1
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+V2 so sum two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates on the left you get B1 + B2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on the left you get B1 + B2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on the left you get B1 + B2
+on the right you get Lambda *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you get Lambda *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right you get Lambda *
+V2 that means your Lambda is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point okay so that igen value guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so that igen value guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so that igen value guaranteed
+by parrus theorem is one IG value is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parrus theorem is one IG value is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by parrus theorem is one IG value is one
+so this what you'll find here will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this what you'll find here will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this what you'll find here will be
+the igen vector corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vector corresponding to the
+largest IG value value Vector will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest IG value value Vector will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest IG value value Vector will be
+the one corresponding to the largest ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one corresponding to the largest ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one corresponding to the largest ion
+value which is equal to one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is equal to one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is equal to one and that's
+something very general it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very general it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very general it's not just
+about this Matrix and this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Matrix and this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this Matrix and this special
+example in general if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in general if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in general if you have a
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+Matrix if you given a mark of chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if you given a mark of chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if you given a mark of chain and
+given a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a transition
+Matrix parrus theorem guarantees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix parrus theorem guarantees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix parrus theorem guarantees that
+there exists a vector as long as all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a vector as long as all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a vector as long as all the
+entries are positive so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general if transition Matrix of a Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chain has positive entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector Pi 1 up to Pi M such that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Pi 1 up to Pi M such that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Pi 1 up to Pi M such that I'll
+just call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it uh
+V A V is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V A V is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V A V is equal to
+V and that will be the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and that will be the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and that will be the long-term
+Behavior as explained over a long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior as explained over a long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior as explained over a long term
+if there is if it converges to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is if it converges to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is if it converges to some
+state it has to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has to satisfy
+that and by paring forbus theorem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and by paring forbus theorem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and by paring forbus theorem we
+know that there is a vector satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there is a vector satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there is a vector satisfying
+it so if it converges it will converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if it converges it will converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if it converges it will converge
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that and what it's saying is if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what it's saying is if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what it's saying is if all the
+entries are positive then it converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are positive then it converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are positive then it converges
+and there is such a state we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is such a state we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is such a state we know the
+long-term behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system okay so this is called a St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so this is called a St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so this is called a St
+stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution uh such Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh such Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh such Vector
+B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called okay it's not really right to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called okay it's not really right to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called okay it's not really right to say
+that a vector station or distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a vector station or distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a vector station or distribution
+but if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I give
+distribution this distribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this distribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this distribution to the
+state space what I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space what I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space what I mean is
+consider probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution over s such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over s such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over s such
+that probability is uh so it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is uh so it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is uh so it's a random
+variable x x is equal to I is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x x is equal to I is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x x is equal to I is equal to
+Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi
+I if you start from from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you start from from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you start from from this
+distribution in The Next Step you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in The Next Step you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in The Next Step you'll
+have the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the exact same
+distribution that's what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that's what I'm trying to
+say here that's called a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here that's called a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here that's called a stationary
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yes very good question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes very good question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes very good question but
+yeah yeah but parus theorem says there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but parus theorem says there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but parus theorem says there
+is exactly one igen vector corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly one igen vector corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly one igen vector corresponding
+to the largest igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the largest igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the largest igen vector
+I value and that turns out to be one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I value and that turns out to be one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I value and that turns out to be one the
+largest IG value turns out to be one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest IG value turns out to be one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest IG value turns out to be one so
+there will be a unique stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a unique stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a unique stationary
+distribution if if all the entries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive this one that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+maybe that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay can anybody help me I this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay can anybody help me I this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay can anybody help me I this part
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questionable are smaller than so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable are smaller than so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questionable are smaller than so when
+you take products of the transition prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take products of the transition prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take products of the transition prob
+Matrix those igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix those igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix those igen
+values uh that are smaller than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh that are smaller than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values uh that are smaller than one
+scale after repeated multiplication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale after repeated multiplication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale after repeated multiplication to
+zero so you know in the limit there're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you know in the limit there're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you know in the limit there're
+zero but until you get the limit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but until you get the limit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but until you get the limit you
+know you still have them but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you still have them but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you still have them but essentially
+that kind of behavior is transitionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of behavior is transitionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of behavior is transitionary
+behavior that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that
+dissipates but the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates but the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissipates but the behavior
+corresponding to stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to stationary
+distribution persists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but as you mentioned this argument seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you mentioned this argument seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you mentioned this argument seems
+to be giving that all Lambda has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be giving that all Lambda has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be giving that all Lambda has to be
+one right is that is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right is that is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right is that is that your
+point you're right I don't see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're right I don't see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you're right I don't see what the
+problem is right now I'll think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is right now I'll think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is right now I'll think about it
+later I don't want to waste my time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I don't want to waste my time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I don't want to waste my time on
+trying to find what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find what's
+wrong but the conclusion is right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but the conclusion is right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but the conclusion is right there
+will be a unique one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on let me make a note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me move on to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me move on to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me move on to the final
+topic it's called marting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gale okay and this is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gale okay and this is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gale okay and this is it's
+like there's another collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's another collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's another collection of
+stochastic processes and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes and what we're
+trying to model here is we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to model here is we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to model here is we're trying to
+model a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a fair
+game stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes which are fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and formally what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Martingale if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that let me iterate it so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that let me iterate it so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that let me iterate it so what we
+have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is
+at time T if you look at what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T if you look at what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T if you look at what's going to
+happen at time t + one take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at time t + one take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen at time t + one take the
+expectation that it has to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that it has to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that it has to be exactly
+equal to the value of XT so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value of XT so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value of XT so you have
+this stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stochastic
+process and at time T you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and at time T you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and at time T you are
+XT at time t +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT at time t +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT at time t +
+1 lots of things can happen you might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 lots of things can happen you might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 lots of things can happen you might go
+to this point that point that point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point that point that point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point that point that point or
+so on but the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on but the probability distribution
+is designed so that the expect expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed so that the expect expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed so that the expect expected
+value over all these points are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over all these points are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value over all these points are exactly
+equal to the value at XT okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value at XT okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the value at XT okay so it's
+kind of centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of centered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of centered at
+XT centered mean in the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT centered mean in the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT centered mean in the probabilistic
+sense not just the expectation is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense not just the expectation is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense not just the expectation is equal
+to that so if your value at time T was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so if your value at time T was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that so if your value at time T was
+something else your values at XT + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else your values at XT + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else your values at XT + one
+at time t + one will be centered at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t + one will be centered at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t + one will be centered at this
+value instead of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value and the reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the reason it
+I'm saying it models a fair game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying it models a fair game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying it models a fair game is
+because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in
+expectation you don't if this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you don't if this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you don't if this is like
+your balance in expectation if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your balance in expectation if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your balance in expectation if this is
+like a balance over some game in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a balance over some game in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a balance over some game in
+expectation you're not supposed to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you're not supposed to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation you're not supposed to win
+any money at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all and I will later tell you more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+example a random walk here am Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else okay second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay second one
+now let's say you're at a casino and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say you're at a casino and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say you're at a casino and
+you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing
+roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette
+balance of a roulet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+player it's not a Mart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+de because it's designed so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de because it's designed so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de because it's designed so that the
+expected value is less than zero you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is less than zero you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value is less than zero you're
+supposed to lose money of course at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to lose money of course at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to lose money of course at one
+instance you might win money but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you might win money but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you might win money but in
+expected value you're designed to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value you're designed to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value you're designed to go
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+right so it's not a marketing de it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not a marketing de it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not a marketing de it's
+not a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fair
+game the game is designed for the casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the game is designed for the casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game the game is designed for the casino
+not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you third one is some funny example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you third one is some funny example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you third one is some funny example I
+just made it up to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it up to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made it up to show
+that there are many possible ways that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many possible ways that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are many possible ways that I
+still fastic process can be a marting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fastic process can be a marting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still fastic process can be a marting
+deal so if Yi are IID random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables such that y i is equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables such that y i is equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables such that y i is equal to 2
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+probability 1 over 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 over 3 and
+half this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half this
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let x0 = 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let x0 = 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let x0 = 1 and
+XK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+= then that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mar so at each step you either multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar so at each step you either multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mar so at each step you either multiply
+by two or half by two uh just divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two or half by two uh just divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two or half by two uh just divide by
+two and the probability distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the probability distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the probability distribution is
+given as 1/3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as 1/3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as 1/3 and
+2/3 then XK is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 then XK is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 then XK is
+a marketing G the reason is just you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marketing G the reason is just you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marketing G the reason is just you can
+compute the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the expected value
+so expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so expected
+value of XK oh sorry expect the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of XK oh sorry expect the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of XK oh sorry expect the value of
+XK + 1 given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK + 1 given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK + 1 given
+XK up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK up to
+Z is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is equal
+to what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is expected value of y k + 1 time y k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 that part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X but the this is designed so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but the this is designed so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but the this is designed so that
+expect value is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so it's the margin View
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean it will fluctuate a lot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it will fluctuate a lot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it will fluctuate a lot your
+balance double double double half half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance double double double half half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance double double double half half
+half and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and so on but
+still an expectation you will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an expectation you will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still an expectation you will always
+maintain I mean the expectation at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain I mean the expectation at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain I mean the expectation at all
+time is equal to one if you look at from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is equal to one if you look at from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is equal to one if you look at from
+the beginning look at time one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning look at time one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning look at time one then
+expected value is X1 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on any questions on definition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so simple the random walk is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so simple the random walk is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so simple the random walk is an
+example which is both marov chain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is both marov chain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is both marov chain and
+Martingale but these two concepts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale but these two concepts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martingale but these two concepts are
+really two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really two different
+concepts try not to be confused between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts try not to be confused between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts try not to be confused between
+the two they're just two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things there are markof chains which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there are markof chains which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there are markof chains which are
+not Martingale there are martingales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Martingale there are martingales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Martingale there are martingales
+which are not Markoff chain and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not Markoff chain and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not Markoff chain and they
+there are something which are both like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are something which are both like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are something which are both like
+simple random walk there are some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random walk there are some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random walk there are some stuff
+which are not either of them there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not either of them there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not either of them there
+really are just two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think let me conclude with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think let me conclude with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think let me conclude with one
+interesting theorem about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting theorem about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting theorem about
+martingales and it really enforces your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales and it really enforces your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+martingales and it really enforces your
+intuition that at least the intuition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that at least the intuition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that at least the intuition of
+definition that marting gill is a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that marting gill is a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that marting gill is a fair
+game it's called optional stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem and I will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll write it down more formally later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it down more formally later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write it down more formally later
+but what it says is the message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it says is the message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what it says is the message is
+this if you play a Martin Gill game if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you play a Martin Gill game if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you play a Martin Gill game if
+it's a game you play and it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game you play and it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a game you play and it's your
+balance no matter what strategy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance no matter what strategy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance no matter what strategy you
+use your designed so your expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your designed so your expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your designed so your expected value
+cannot be positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be positive or
+negative even if you try to lose money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative even if you try to lose money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative even if you try to lose money
+so hard you won't be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard you won't be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hard you won't be able to do that
+even if you try to win money so hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you try to win money so hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you try to win money so hard
+like try to invent something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like try to invent something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like try to invent something really
+really cool and genius you should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and genius you should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and genius you should not be
+able to win money your expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to win money your expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to win money your expected value is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+fixed that's the content of the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that's the content of the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed that's the content of the theorem
+of course there are some technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are some technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there are some technical
+conditions that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so if you're playing a Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you're playing a Martin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if you're playing a Martin
+Martin Gale game then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Gale game then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Martin Gale game then you're not
+supposed to win our lose at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to win our lose at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to win our lose at least in
+expectation okay so before stating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay so before stating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay so before stating the
+theorem I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I have to
+Define what a stopping time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so
+given a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so
+on a non- negative integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valued random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is
+called a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time if for all integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if for all integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if for all integer
+K greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K greater than equal to
+zero to less than or equal to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to less than or equal to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to less than or equal to K
+depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+XK okay that is something very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strange I want to define something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange I want to define something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange I want to define something
+called a stopping time it will be a non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a stopping time it will be a non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a stopping time it will be a non-
+negative integer valued random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integer valued random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integer valued random variable
+so it will either be 0 1 two or so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will either be 0 1 two or so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it will either be 0 1 two or so on
+that means it will be some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it will be some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it will be some time
+index and if you look at the event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and if you look at the event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and if you look at the event that
+to is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is less than or equal to
+K so if you want to look at the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so if you want to look at the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so if you want to look at the events
+when you stop at time less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stop at time less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you stop at time less than or equal
+to K it will only depend your decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K it will only depend your decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K it will only depend your decision
+only depends on the events up to K on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends on the events up to K on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends on the events up to K on
+the stochastic processes the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic processes the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stochastic processes the value of
+stochastic process up to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process up to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process up to time
+K in other words if this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K in other words if this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K in other words if this is some
+strategy you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you want to
+use by strategy I mean some strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by strategy I mean some strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use by strategy I mean some strategy
+that you stop playing at some point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stop playing at some point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you stop playing at some point you
+have a strategy that is find as you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strategy that is find as you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strategy that is find as you stop
+playing you play some K rounds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you play some K rounds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you play some K rounds and then
+you look at the outcome you say okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the outcome you say okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the outcome you say okay now
+I think it's in favor of me I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's in favor of me I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's in favor of me I'm going to
+stop you have a predefined set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy and so if that strategy only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and so if that strategy only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and so if that strategy only
+depends on the values of the stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the values of the stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the values of the stochastic
+process up to right now then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process up to right now then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process up to right now then it's a
+stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping
+time if it's some strategy that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if it's some strategy that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if it's some strategy that depends
+on future values it's not a stoping Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on future values it's not a stoping Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on future values it's not a stoping Time
+Let Me Show You by example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that coin toss game which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that coin toss game which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that coin toss game which had
+random walk value so you either one win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk value so you either one win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk value so you either one win
+$1 or lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 or lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 or lose
+$1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1
+so in coin TOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game let C be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at
+which balance becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$100 then Tower is a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time or you stop at either $100 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or you stop at either $100 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or you stop at either $100 or
+negative $50 that's still a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative $50 that's still a stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative $50 that's still a stopping
+time remember that we discussed about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time remember that we discussed about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time remember that we discussed about
+it that we look at our balance we stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we look at our balance we stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that we look at our balance we stop
+at either at the time when we win 100 $
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at either at the time when we win 100 $
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at either at the time when we win 100 $
+lose $50 that is a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose $50 that is a stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose $50 that is a stopping
+time but I think it's better to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I think it's better to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but I think it's better to tell you
+what is not a stopping time for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not a stopping time for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not a stopping time for example
+that will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let how in the same game let to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let how in the same game let to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let how in the same game let to be the
+time of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of first
+Peak by Peak I mean the time when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak by Peak I mean the time when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak by Peak I mean the time when you go
+down so that will be your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first time when you start to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first time when you start to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first time when you start to go
+down you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're going to
+stop that's not a stopping time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not to make to see formally why it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make to see formally why it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make to see formally why it's the
+case and first of all if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and first of all if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and first of all if you want to
+decide if it's a peak or not at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if it's a peak or not at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if it's a peak or not at time T
+you have to refer to the value at time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to refer to the value at time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to refer to the value at time t
++ 1 if we just looking at values up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 if we just looking at values up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 if we just looking at values up to
+time T you don't know if it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T you don't know if it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T you don't know if it's going to
+be Peak it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Peak it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Peak it's going to
+continue so the event that you stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so the event that you stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so the event that you stop at
+time T depends on t+ one as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T depends on t+ one as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T depends on t+ one as
+well which is which doesn't fall into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which is which doesn't fall into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well which is which doesn't fall into
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+definition that's what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's what we're trying to
+distinguish by defining a stopping time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish by defining a stopping time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish by defining a stopping time
+in these cases it was clear at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these cases it was clear at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these cases it was clear at some time
+you know if you have to stop or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have to stop or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you have to stop or not but
+if you define your stopping time in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define your stopping time in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you define your stopping time in this
+way and not stopping time if you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and not stopping time if you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and not stopping time if you define
+to in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this way
+your decision depends on future values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision depends on future values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your decision depends on future values
+of the outcome so it's not a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outcome so it's not a stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outcome so it's not a stopping
+time under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time under this
+definition any questions does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition any questions does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition any questions does it make
+sense yes do you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oh
+so it was the time after Peak the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was the time after Peak the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was the time after Peak the first
+time after Peak yes that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after Peak yes that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after Peak yes that will be a
+stopping time okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping time okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping time okay yeah so
+three to is to 0 + 1 where to Z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to is to 0 + 1 where to Z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to is to 0 + 1 where to Z is the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Peak then it is a stocking time is stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the optional stoping theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the optional stoping theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the optional stoping theorem
+that I promised that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I promised that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I promised that's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have a marting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a marting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a marting
+gale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gale
+marale and to is a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine and further suppose that further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more there exists a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there exists a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there exists a constant
+t such that poweress t all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always so you have some strategy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so you have some strategy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so you have some strategy which
+is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite
+strategy you can't go on forever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you can't go on forever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy you can't go on forever you
+have some bound on the time and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some bound on the time and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some bound on the time and you're
+sto stopping time always end before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sto stopping time always end before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sto stopping time always end before that
+time in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in that
+case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation
+of your value at time at the stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your value at time at the stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your value at time at the stopping
+time when you stopped your balance if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you stopped your balance if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you stopped your balance if it
+that's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it's
+modeling is always equal to the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is always equal to the balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is always equal to the balance
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+beginning so no matter what strategy use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so no matter what strategy use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so no matter what strategy use
+if you are a mortal being then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a mortal being then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a mortal being then you
+cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot
+win that the content of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that the content of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win that the content of this
+the so I wanted to prove it but I'll not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so I wanted to prove it but I'll not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so I wanted to prove it but I'll not
+because I think I'm running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I'm running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think I'm running out of
+time but let me show you one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but let me show you one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but let me show you one very
+interesting corollary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting corollary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting corollary of
+this appli to that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so number one is a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so number one is a stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so number one is a stopping
+time it's not clear that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's not clear that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's not clear that there is a
+bounded time where you always stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded time where you always stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded time where you always stop
+before that time but this theorem does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that time but this theorem does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that time but this theorem does
+apply to that case so I'll just forget c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to that case so I'll just forget c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to that case so I'll just forget c
+a technical issue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical issue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical issue so
+Coral it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applies not immediately but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies not immediately but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies not immediately but it does
+apply to the first case case one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the first case case one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the first case case one given
+above and then what it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and then what it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and then what it says is
+expectation of x to is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x to is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x to is equal to
+zero but expectation of x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but expectation of x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but expectation of x to
+is X at to is either 100 or50 50 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X at to is either 100 or50 50 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X at to is either 100 or50 50 because
+you're always going to stop at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to stop at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're always going to stop at the first
+time where you either hit $100 orus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where you either hit $100 orus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where you either hit $100 orus
+$50 so this is 100 * some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 so this is 100 * some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 so this is 100 * some
+probability plus 1 - P *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability plus 1 - P *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability plus 1 - P *
+-50 there's some probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-50 there's some probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-50 there's some probability that you
+stop at 100 there with all the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at 100 there with all the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at 100 there with all the rest
+you're going to stop at-50 you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stop at-50 you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stop at-50 you know it
+said it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it's equal to
+zero what it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what it gives
+is I hope it gives me the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I hope it gives me the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I hope it gives me the right thing
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+about P 100 yes it's 150 P - 50 = 0 p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about P 100 yes it's 150 P - 50 = 0 p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about P 100 yes it's 150 P - 50 = 0 p is
+1/3 and that if you remember that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and that if you remember that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 and that if you remember that was
+exactly the competition we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yeah that's just a need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah that's just a need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah that's just a need
+application but the content of this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but the content of this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application but the content of this it's
+really interesting it so try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it so try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it so try to
+contemplate about it something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate about it something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemplate about it something very
+philosophically if something can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically if something can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophically if something can be
+modeled using Martin Gale perfectly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled using Martin Gale perfectly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled using Martin Gale perfectly if
+really F fits into the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really F fits into the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really F fits into the mathematical
+formulation of a Martingale then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of a Martingale then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation of a Martingale then you're
+not supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+win so that's it for today and next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so that's it for today and next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win so that's it for today and next week
+Peter will give wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter will give wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter will give wonderful
+lectures see you next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UFu_shvdwlE.txt b/UFu_shvdwlE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c12bd0008932c06088e6d0f21e4422d78110dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UFu_shvdwlE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm just gonna do Venter very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna do Venter very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna do Venter very quickly
+since we went through this so thoroughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we went through this so thoroughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we went through this so thoroughly
+previously but just a few wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously but just a few wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously but just a few wonderful
+snapshots these are the nature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots these are the nature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshots these are the nature and the
+science covers so Venter did science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science covers so Venter did science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science covers so Venter did science and
+Collins in the NIH genome project did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins in the NIH genome project did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collins in the NIH genome project did
+nature both published on the same day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature both published on the same day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature both published on the same day
+right it's kind of the truce that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's kind of the truce that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's kind of the truce that got
+arranged between the two sides and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged between the two sides and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged between the two sides and there
+they are competing with each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are competing with each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are competing with each other and
+then there's Collins on his Harley and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's Collins on his Harley and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's Collins on his Harley and
+Venter on one of his wild racing yachts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter on one of his wild racing yachts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter on one of his wild racing yachts
+that venture is only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that venture is only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that venture is only interested in
+sailing if it's dangerous as best I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailing if it's dangerous as best I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailing if it's dangerous as best I can
+figures so and then there's this classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures so and then there's this classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures so and then there's this classic
+picture of Venter in the business suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Venter in the business suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Venter in the business suit
+and wearing a lab coat you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wearing a lab coat you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wearing a lab coat you know this is
+all about the counter addictions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the counter addictions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the counter addictions and the
+Model A's trying to pursue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model A's trying to pursue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model A's trying to pursue that
+fundamental Solara contradictions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Solara contradictions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Solara contradictions so
+these are just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just a few
+that's Francis Collins who's currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Francis Collins who's currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Francis Collins who's currently
+head of NIH who's also a blues singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of NIH who's also a blues singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of NIH who's also a blues singer
+too by the way so put these folks here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too by the way so put these folks here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too by the way so put these folks here a
+little idea they're both terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little idea they're both terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little idea they're both terrific
+talents they're remarkable talents we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents they're remarkable talents we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents they're remarkable talents we've
+talked at length about Ventura I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked at length about Ventura I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked at length about Ventura I think
+for the purposes here what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes here what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes here what I want to say
+is that I put Venter in here as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I put Venter in here as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I put Venter in here as an
+example of someone who ran into all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of someone who ran into all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of someone who ran into all the
+counter addictions in the life science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter addictions in the life science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter addictions in the life science
+innovation model right the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation model right the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation model right the fact that it
+was very hard for NIH to look outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard for NIH to look outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard for NIH to look outside of
+biology it was all biologists all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it was all biologists all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it was all biologists all the
+time Venter of course was trained as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Venter of course was trained as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Venter of course was trained as a
+as a biologist but began moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a biologist but began moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a biologist but began moving into
+this computer territory based upon some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computer territory based upon some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computer territory based upon some
+advances that Leroy who had made before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances that Leroy who had made before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances that Leroy who had made before
+him and building on HUDs work and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and building on HUDs work and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and building on HUDs work and doing
+a lot of innovations like the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of innovations like the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of innovations like the genome
+shotgun approach that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shotgun approach that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shotgun approach that we talked about
+two weeks ago he ran into all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks ago he ran into all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks ago he ran into all of the
+series of these institutional problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of these institutional problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of these institutional problems
+at NIH as an innovation organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at NIH as an innovation organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at NIH as an innovation organization
+that it became very hard for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it became very hard for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it became very hard for him to
+stand up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up a
+completely different pathway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different pathway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different pathway to
+technology advanced and science advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advanced and science advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advanced and science advanced
+that the system was locked into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system was locked into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system was locked into a
+different route and they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different route and they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different route and they were very
+unaccepting in fact ostracized him as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccepting in fact ostracized him as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaccepting in fact ostracized him as he
+moved in a different kind of direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in a different kind of direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in a different kind of direction
+so he ultimately leaves and then we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he ultimately leaves and then we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he ultimately leaves and then we run
+into this change agent kind of idea he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this change agent kind of idea he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this change agent kind of idea he
+becomes a competitor and forces change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a competitor and forces change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a competitor and forces change
+in the institution in which he left as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the institution in which he left as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the institution in which he left as
+it tries to keep pace with him so as not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tries to keep pace with him so as not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tries to keep pace with him so as not
+to be embarrassed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be embarrassed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be embarrassed right
+hence the NIH genome initiative and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the NIH genome initiative and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the NIH genome initiative and you
+know it's just an illustration in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just an illustration in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just an illustration in a very
+personal kind of way which is why I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal kind of way which is why I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal kind of way which is why I put
+it in here of some of the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in here of some of the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in here of some of the larger
+institutional challenges that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional challenges that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional challenges that we've been
+talking about before so let me leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before so let me leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about before so let me leave the
+Venter model here and go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter model here and go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter model here and go into the
+chapter chapter 7 in our textbook so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter chapter 7 in our textbook so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter chapter 7 in our textbook so
+it's not simply NIH but it's the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simply NIH but it's the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simply NIH but it's the health
+care delivery system itself that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care delivery system itself that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care delivery system itself that has
+these legacy sector features and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sector features and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sector features and as we
+talked about earlier on in class the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier on in class the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about earlier on in class the
+u.s. is pretty good at standing up new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is pretty good at standing up new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. is pretty good at standing up new
+technologies in open fields it runs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in open fields it runs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in open fields it runs into
+real trouble trying to stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real trouble trying to stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real trouble trying to stand up
+technologies in these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in these kind of
+established sectors so in the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established sectors so in the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established sectors so in the life
+science territory we did pretty well by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science territory we did pretty well by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science territory we did pretty well by
+creating this completely new biotech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this completely new biotech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this completely new biotech
+model which was a we were able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which was a we were able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which was a we were able to get a
+lot of advance out of but when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of advance out of but when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of advance out of but when it comes
+back to fixing the whole healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to fixing the whole healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to fixing the whole healthcare
+delivery system that's proven far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery system that's proven far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery system that's proven far more
+problematic and you know that's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic and you know that's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic and you know that's been a
+major thorny political issue for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major thorny political issue for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major thorny political issue for three
+administrations in a row now and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrations in a row now and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrations in a row now and they
+each had rocky results trying to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each had rocky results trying to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each had rocky results trying to pursue
+that question of how we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question of how we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question of how we're gonna
+organize healthcare delivery systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize healthcare delivery systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize healthcare delivery systems so
+there's lots of legacy sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of legacy sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of legacy sector
+characteristics in healthcare delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in healthcare delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics in healthcare delivery
+perverse prices and price structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perverse prices and price structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perverse prices and price structures
+established infrastructure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established infrastructure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established infrastructure and
+institutional structures like NIH very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional structures like NIH very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional structures like NIH very
+powerful vested interests we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful vested interests we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful vested interests we can see
+some of those in NIH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those in NIH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those in NIH
+but we can certainly see them in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can certainly see them in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can certainly see them in other
+parts of the healthcare delivery system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the healthcare delivery system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the healthcare delivery system
+they're sustained by public habits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sustained by public habits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sustained by public habits right
+so it's very hard to tell Medicare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very hard to tell Medicare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very hard to tell Medicare
+patients that their full cost repayment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that their full cost repayment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that their full cost repayment
+system with no patient stake doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with no patient stake doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with no patient stake doesn't
+make a lot of economic sense they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of economic sense they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of economic sense they're not
+going to be enthusiastic about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be enthusiastic about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be enthusiastic about the
+alternatives so these are structured and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives so these are structured and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatives so these are structured and
+sustained by public habits stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained by public habits stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained by public habits stuff you
+know Medicare is a full cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Medicare is a full cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Medicare is a full cost
+reimbursement system and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement system and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement system and it was
+organized for medicine as we as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized for medicine as we as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized for medicine as we as you know
+we knew it 30 or 40 years ago right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew it 30 or 40 years ago right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew it 30 or 40 years ago right
+it was a professional delivery system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a professional delivery system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a professional delivery system
+and you would pay for the cost of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would pay for the cost of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would pay for the cost of the
+service whatever that was right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service whatever that was right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service whatever that was right you
+would not pay for results because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not pay for results because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not pay for results because the
+results in the medical system were too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the medical system were too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in the medical system were too
+uncertain it was very hard to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain it was very hard to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain it was very hard to figure out
+how to estimate a pay for results kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to estimate a pay for results kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to estimate a pay for results kind
+of outcomes oriented repayment system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes oriented repayment system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of outcomes oriented repayment system
+for these medical systems so as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these medical systems so as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these medical systems so as a result
+it became a fee-for-service full payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a fee-for-service full payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became a fee-for-service full payment
+system for the medical profession and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for the medical profession and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for the medical profession and
+then he created a huge incentive to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he created a huge incentive to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he created a huge incentive to run
+up costs for which the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up costs for which the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up costs for which the federal
+government would provide you full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would provide you full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would provide you full
+reimbursement regardless of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement regardless of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement regardless of what the
+outcomes were right so trying to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes were right so trying to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes were right so trying to shift
+those economic signals has proven you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those economic signals has proven you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those economic signals has proven you
+know very problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very problematic
+you know Obamacare attempted to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Obamacare attempted to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Obamacare attempted to change
+some of those not without controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those not without controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those not without controversy
+within the medical professions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the medical professions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the medical professions it's
+averse to change in innovation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse to change in innovation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse to change in innovation the
+established knowledge base tends to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established knowledge base tends to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established knowledge base tends to get
+locked in for the professions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked in for the professions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked in for the professions that are
+participants here there's a real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants here there's a real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants here there's a real problem
+with collective actions in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collective actions in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with collective actions in other words
+it's scattered amongst thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scattered amongst thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's scattered amongst thousands of
+institutions and getting them to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and getting them to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and getting them to act
+collectively and a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively and a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively and a different kind of
+organizational model is not simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model is not simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model is not simple and
+there are serious governmental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are serious governmental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are serious governmental and
+institutional problems here so I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional problems here so I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional problems here so I won't
+go through the whole litany but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the whole litany but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the whole litany but you
+begin to get a sense of how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to get a sense of how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to get a sense of how you can
+take the legacy sector analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the legacy sector analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the legacy sector analytical
+framework and apply it to a big economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and apply it to a big economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and apply it to a big economic
+sector that service based right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector that service based right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector that service based right like
+health care it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care it's not just
+technology-based like say energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology-based like say energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology-based like say energy is
+service based but that analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service based but that analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service based but that analytical
+framework will work to a surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework will work to a surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework will work to a surprising
+extent for both kinds of sectors there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent for both kinds of sectors there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent for both kinds of sectors there's
+and let me go into the let me go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me go into the let me go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me go into the let me go ahead
+and get this one on the table as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this one on the table as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get this one on the table as well
+the PCAST propelling innovation and drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCAST propelling innovation and drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PCAST propelling innovation and drug
+discovery it was a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery it was a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery it was a very important
+critique of the system that came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of the system that came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of the system that came out in
+2012 PCAST is the President's Council of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 PCAST is the President's Council of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 PCAST is the President's Council of
+Advisors on science and technology they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisors on science and technology they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisors on science and technology they
+advise the President on science and tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advise the President on science and tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advise the President on science and tech
+policy we had a very strong PCAST under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy we had a very strong PCAST under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy we had a very strong PCAST under
+Eric Lander and during the Obama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Lander and during the Obama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric Lander and during the Obama
+administration a lot did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration a lot did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration a lot did a lot of
+breakthrough reports I think frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough reports I think frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough reports I think frankly
+this is one of the most significant they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most significant they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the most significant they
+really took a hard look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really took a hard look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really took a hard look at the
+healthcare innovation system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare innovation system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare innovation system and
+identified a lot of trouble some lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a lot of trouble some lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a lot of trouble some lot of
+which we've been talking about today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been talking about today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been talking about today but
+this really spelled a fair amount of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really spelled a fair amount of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really spelled a fair amount of it
+out so the NIH budget doubled between 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the NIH budget doubled between 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the NIH budget doubled between 98
+and 2003 and hasn't kept up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2003 and hasn't kept up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2003 and hasn't kept up with the
+inflation cost since then but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation cost since then but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation cost since then but in
+parallel we've had rising costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel we've had rising costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel we've had rising costs of
+clinical trials which we've now actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials which we've now actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials which we've now actually
+reached according this report 1.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached according this report 1.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached according this report 1.8
+billion per drug there's a new patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion per drug there's a new patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion per drug there's a new patent
+cliff that's looming for pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff that's looming for pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff that's looming for pharmaceutical
+companies so you may have noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so you may have noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so you may have noticed that
+farmers are busy merging and divesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers are busy merging and divesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers are busy merging and divesting
+themselves of their R&D operations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves of their R&D operations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves of their R&D operations it
+looks like a problematic trend so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a problematic trend so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a problematic trend so why is
+this it's largely because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's largely because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's largely because of this
+upcoming patent cliff drugs with annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming patent cliff drugs with annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming patent cliff drugs with annual
+sales of 200 billion dollars will go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of 200 billion dollars will go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of 200 billion dollars will go off
+patent between 2010 and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent between 2010 and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent between 2010 and I think it's
+2015 actually so this has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 actually so this has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 actually so this has already been
+happening and this is forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and this is forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and this is forced to
+restructuring and them in the amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructuring and them in the amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructuring and them in the amongst
+the historic pharmaceuticals replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historic pharmaceuticals replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historic pharmaceuticals replacement
+revenues are not readily available so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues are not readily available so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues are not readily available so
+hence this whole set of merger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence this whole set of merger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence this whole set of merger
+activities and they've been card the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and they've been card the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and they've been card the
+pharmaceuticals have been cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals have been cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals have been cooked
+curtailing their R&D as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtailing their R&D as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curtailing their R&D as a result
+venture capital at the time this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital at the time this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital at the time this was
+written was in general decline for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written was in general decline for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written was in general decline for all
+sectors including biopharma now frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors including biopharma now frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors including biopharma now frankly
+that's insignificant part recovered now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's insignificant part recovered now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's insignificant part recovered now
+that's now better than it was this tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now better than it was this tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now better than it was this tends
+to be a cyclical kind of pattern for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cyclical kind of pattern for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a cyclical kind of pattern for
+biotechs in in the in the health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechs in in the in the health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechs in in the in the health care
+area but at this particular time first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but at this particular time first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area but at this particular time first
+time VC deals for biotechs were down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time VC deals for biotechs were down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time VC deals for biotechs were down
+really quite significantly and the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite significantly and the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite significantly and the so
+that's always an issue that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always an issue that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always an issue that we're gonna
+have to front and confront though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to front and confront though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to front and confront though it's
+biotechs only work at the venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechs only work at the venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biotechs only work at the venture
+capital system is willing to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital system is willing to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital system is willing to be quite
+supportive so ups and downs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive so ups and downs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive so ups and downs in the
+venture capital sector can have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital sector can have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital sector can have a pretty
+strong effect as to whether we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong effect as to whether we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong effect as to whether we get the
+drugs emerging into the marketplace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs emerging into the marketplace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs emerging into the marketplace that
+we need despite R&D growth and past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need despite R&D growth and past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need despite R&D growth and past
+decades drug output was flat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades drug output was flat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades drug output was flat and
+productivity was declining and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity was declining and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity was declining and this
+report invented and invented a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report invented and invented a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report invented and invented a concept
+called Ohm's law which is the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Ohm's law which is the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Ohm's law which is the opposite
+of Moore's law the cost of drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Moore's law the cost of drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Moore's law the cost of drug
+development doubles every nine years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development doubles every nine years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development doubles every nine years and
+the results decline right so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results decline right so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results decline right so it's the
+opposite of Moore's law martín present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of Moore's law martín present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of Moore's law martín present
+as four so VC is function on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as four so VC is function on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as four so VC is function on the
+seven-year time cycle for an exit so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-year time cycle for an exit so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-year time cycle for an exit so no
+no but what they will do is they will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but what they will do is they will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but what they will do is they will go
+with different levels of funding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different levels of funding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different levels of funding you
+know a round be round C round which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a round be round C round which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a round be round C round which
+they'll tie though benchmark often to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tie though benchmark often to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tie though benchmark often to
+the clinical trial process so they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical trial process so they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clinical trial process so they'll be
+able to manage their risk in moving from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to manage their risk in moving from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to manage their risk in moving from
+one stage to another and again no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stage to another and again no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stage to another and again no other
+sector is thought of this right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is thought of this right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is thought of this right they
+haven't figured out an alternative model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't figured out an alternative model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't figured out an alternative model
+the failure rate for new drugs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure rate for new drugs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the failure rate for new drugs and
+clinical trials is increasing so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials is increasing so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials is increasing so as a
+2003 that was 91% fail imagine trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 that was 91% fail imagine trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 that was 91% fail imagine trying to
+construct a profit model around a 91%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a profit model around a 91%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a profit model around a 91%
+failure it's not simple it can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure it's not simple it can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure it's not simple it can still be
+done because the rewards can be so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because the rewards can be so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done because the rewards can be so big
+through the blockbuster model and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the blockbuster model and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the blockbuster model and the
+guarantee of monopoly rents through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of monopoly rents through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee of monopoly rents through the
+patents that you get for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more stringent or the disease is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stringent or the disease is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stringent or the disease is getting
+harder I think it's you know what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder I think it's you know what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder I think it's you know what am I
+to say right and I don't think these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say right and I don't think these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say right and I don't think these are
+their easy answers here on this max I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their easy answers here on this max I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their easy answers here on this max I
+think that we've done the low-hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we've done the low-hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that we've done the low-hanging
+fruit and the problem is getting much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit and the problem is getting much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit and the problem is getting much
+more complicated Chris you're nodding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated Chris you're nodding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated Chris you're nodding
+your head does that seem like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head does that seem like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head does that seem like a good
+answer to you yeah I think definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to you yeah I think definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to you yeah I think definitely
+because like the next frontier seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like the next frontier seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like the next frontier seems to
+be like personalized medicine which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like personalized medicine which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like personalized medicine which is a
+huge kind of new moving problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge kind of new moving problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge kind of new moving problem because
+a lot of the difficulties of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the difficulties of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the difficulties of kind of
+commercializing that and kind of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializing that and kind of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercializing that and kind of making
+that viable although there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that viable although there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that viable although there's a lot of
+hype around it which is great right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype around it which is great right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype around it which is great right
+don't get too much data I mean it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get too much data I mean it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get too much data I mean it could
+be that you know maybe start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you know maybe start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you know maybe start doing
+something yeah well maybe now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah well maybe now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something yeah well maybe now we're
+doing like way more right or like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like way more right or like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like way more right or like it's
+very easy that's true you know they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy that's true you know they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy that's true you know they say
+the worst lies of statistics yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst lies of statistics yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst lies of statistics yes that's
+true and all these could be lies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and all these could be lies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and all these could be lies but
+it's just a wonder one way looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a wonder one way looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a wonder one way looking at
+the problem right and this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem right and this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem right and this is a way of
+showcasing it but I would want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcasing it but I would want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showcasing it but I would want to see
+the whole data to see wire behind yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole data to see wire behind yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole data to see wire behind yeah I
+mean generally speaking this report was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean generally speaking this report was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean generally speaking this report was
+well received in other words the experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well received in other words the experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well received in other words the experts
+in the community thought that this PCAST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community thought that this PCAST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community thought that this PCAST
+report was onto something that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report was onto something that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report was onto something that they had
+identified some pretty critical problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified some pretty critical problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified some pretty critical problems
+so tying to market for drugs has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tying to market for drugs has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tying to market for drugs has also
+been growing so eight years to market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been growing so eight years to market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been growing so eight years to market
+was 50 years ago it's 14 years to market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 50 years ago it's 14 years to market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 50 years ago it's 14 years to market
+now and the longer it takes the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the longer it takes the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the longer it takes the more you
+eat up your monopoly rent period which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat up your monopoly rent period which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat up your monopoly rent period which
+means you've got to make higher profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you've got to make higher profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you've got to make higher profits
+sooner which means the short term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner which means the short term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner which means the short term
+charges for the drugs get higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges for the drugs get higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges for the drugs get higher and
+them and you driven more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you driven more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you driven more and more
+towards the blockbuster of recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the blockbuster of recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the blockbuster of recovery
+models so this is this is problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so this is this is problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so this is this is problematic
+and you know it particularly affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it particularly affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it particularly affects
+small companies and biotechs that can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small companies and biotechs that can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small companies and biotechs that can't
+really manage that long-term risk period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really manage that long-term risk period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really manage that long-term risk period
+and there's a gap between research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gap between research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gap between research and
+product development as well and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product development as well and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product development as well and the
+whole advances in science are requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole advances in science are requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole advances in science are requiring
+different kind of models here so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of models here so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of models here so now
+there's much more focus on we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much more focus on we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much more focus on we'll talk
+about convergence in a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about convergence in a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about convergence in a little bit but
+much more focus on multidisciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more focus on multidisciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more focus on multidisciplinary
+teams rather than solo individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams rather than solo individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams rather than solo individual
+investigator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigator
+ROI type results you tend to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROI type results you tend to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROI type results you tend to have to
+cross over a series of fields now to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over a series of fields now to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over a series of fields now to get
+your medical advance out and that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medical advance out and that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medical advance out and that's more
+problematic so ideas they propose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so ideas they propose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic so ideas they propose and
+cats they cited the translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats they cited the translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats they cited the translational
+medicine entity at NIH that frankly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine entity at NIH that frankly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine entity at NIH that frankly has
+had trouble getting enough funding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble getting enough funding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble getting enough funding to
+really scale up to do what it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scale up to do what it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really scale up to do what it needs to
+do a DARPA type model FDA exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a DARPA type model FDA exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a DARPA type model FDA exploring
+something called predictive toxicology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called predictive toxicology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called predictive toxicology
+and predictive toxin toxicity with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predictive toxin toxicity with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predictive toxin toxicity with a
+lab-on-a-chip kind of approach in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab-on-a-chip kind of approach in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab-on-a-chip kind of approach in other
+words there's new technologies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there's new technologies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there's new technologies that
+could be breakthroughs here and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be breakthroughs here and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be breakthroughs here and trying
+to solve kinds of problems so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve kinds of problems so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve kinds of problems so let me
+let's get through these I think we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get through these I think we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get through these I think we can
+just touch very briefly on craig Venter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just touch very briefly on craig Venter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just touch very briefly on craig Venter
+and then kind of dig into the legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of dig into the legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then kind of dig into the legacy
+sector reading the end of the PCAST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector reading the end of the PCAST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector reading the end of the PCAST
+report just a quick question on Venter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume you got him yeah I think my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you got him yeah I think my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you got him yeah I think my name
+is justice curry is one of the closes -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is justice curry is one of the closes -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is justice curry is one of the closes -
+mal ethical problems and just now we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mal ethical problems and just now we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mal ethical problems and just now we had
+a decision about how we wanna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision about how we wanna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decision about how we wanna see
+speed-up of all the research or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of all the research or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed-up of all the research or any
+pallets so we asked like how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets so we asked like how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets so we asked like how do we
+balance this raising concern by rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this raising concern by rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance this raising concern by rising
+concerns of the public all this felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns of the public all this felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns of the public all this felt
+related research and the need to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related research and the need to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related research and the need to set the
+need for better drugs and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for better drugs and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for better drugs and better
+discoveries in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries in the sense that
+yes like when I mentioned the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like when I mentioned the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes like when I mentioned the role of
+media in in her sister that it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in in her sister that it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in in her sister that it said
+without the media pushing his results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the media pushing his results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the media pushing his results
+pushing his discoveries he's his team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing his discoveries he's his team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing his discoveries he's his team
+and his his work wouldn't be approved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his his work wouldn't be approved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his his work wouldn't be approved by
+this tyrant organization and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tyrant organization and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tyrant organization and the kind of
+discussion raised in public kind of gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion raised in public kind of gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion raised in public kind of gave
+him enough support to continue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him enough support to continue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him enough support to continue this
+attack process so I would say like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack process so I would say like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack process so I would say like what
+are the other ways to kind of balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other ways to kind of balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other ways to kind of balance
+this raising concerns and this need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this raising concerns and this need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this raising concerns and this need for
+better growth it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better growth it's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better growth it's a very interesting
+point you know the fact that Venter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know the fact that Venter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know the fact that Venter was
+able to mobilize media support get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to mobilize media support get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to mobilize media support get them
+to understand the potential importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the potential importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the potential importance
+of these projects and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these projects and what the
+possibilities were in effect help drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities were in effect help drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities were in effect help drive
+support for this whole genome initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for this whole genome initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support for this whole genome initiative
+whether it was Venters or whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was Venters or whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it was Venters or whether it was
+NIH --is it was a very powerful input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH --is it was a very powerful input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH --is it was a very powerful input
+and we saw there saw him and Collins on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw there saw him and Collins on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw there saw him and Collins on
+the cover of Time magazine that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover of Time magazine that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover of Time magazine that was just
+one example of the kind of media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of the kind of media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of the kind of media
+attention on this great scientific race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information everyone was concerned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information everyone was concerned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information everyone was concerned and
+how how can this I mean the future will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can this I mean the future will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can this I mean the future will
+probably be more conscious if there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be more conscious if there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be more conscious if there any
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+place of addresses sorry sending like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of addresses sorry sending like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of addresses sorry sending like
+change the structure so that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the structure so that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the structure so that somebody
+who is a good idea doesn't have to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a good idea doesn't have to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is a good idea doesn't have to like
+completely go and fight is the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely go and fight is the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely go and fight is the current
+structure for it alongside a holiday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for it alongside a holiday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for it alongside a holiday we
+inform the public of this the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the public of this the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the public of this the potential
+benefits that it brings but also they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that it brings but also they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that it brings but also they're
+sure that these things are all good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that these things are all good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that these things are all good or
+actually work yeah I mean I think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work yeah I mean I think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work yeah I mean I think a lot
+about like the cold fusion scandal or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the cold fusion scandal or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the cold fusion scandal or is
+like they said they had it to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they said they had it to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they said they had it to the public
+so that they would get attention for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they would get attention for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they would get attention for it
+but like the science wasn't super like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the science wasn't super like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the science wasn't super like
+sure and so like there is a huge danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and so like there is a huge danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and so like there is a huge danger
+especially in the scientific community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the scientific community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the scientific community
+where you need to make sure something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to make sure something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to make sure something
+actually works has been tested by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works has been tested by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually works has been tested by your
+peers before you go public especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers before you go public especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peers before you go public especially if
+it's a dramatic discovery which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dramatic discovery which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a dramatic discovery which I think
+the genomics project was and so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomics project was and so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomics project was and so that is
+a very hard position to be in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very hard position to be in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very hard position to be in at the
+same time though I think he leveraged a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time though I think he leveraged a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time though I think he leveraged a
+good amount of that like he he was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good amount of that like he he was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good amount of that like he he was I
+think it's more about being political or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more about being political or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more about being political or
+slightly Machiavelli and understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly Machiavelli and understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly Machiavelli and understanding
+the structure and like who can kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and like who can kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and like who can kill you
+in terms of like credibility or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like credibility or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like credibility or other
+stuff so he did a good job of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so he did a good job of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so he did a good job of actually
+making sure the science was good kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure the science was good kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure the science was good kind of
+having some stakeholders just approve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some stakeholders just approve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some stakeholders just approve
+his stuff but going to the meat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his stuff but going to the meat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his stuff but going to the meat and
+saying yo this is why they're gonna mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yo this is why they're gonna mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying yo this is why they're gonna mess
+up and it's why we're doing pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it's why we're doing pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and it's why we're doing pretty well
+and we're kind of David versus Goliath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're kind of David versus Goliath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're kind of David versus Goliath
+check it out was pretty interesting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out was pretty interesting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it out was pretty interesting we
+don't usually talk about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually talk about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually talk about the role of
+media in innovation and science policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in innovation and science policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media in innovation and science policy
+but we are you're right to point us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are you're right to point us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are you're right to point us in
+this direction because this was a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction because this was a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction because this was a highly
+public competition I mean as I say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public competition I mean as I say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public competition I mean as I say here
+it creates that competition could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates that competition could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it creates that competition could be
+viewed as just duplicate 'iv right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as just duplicate 'iv right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed as just duplicate 'iv right why
+are private and public resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are private and public resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are private and public resources in
+effect duplicating each other in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect duplicating each other in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect duplicating each other in this
+race but on the other hand it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race but on the other hand it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race but on the other hand it was
+incredibly creative and it spurred both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly creative and it spurred both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly creative and it spurred both
+sides to greatly accelerate and focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides to greatly accelerate and focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides to greatly accelerate and focus on
+the problems so I think did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems so I think did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems so I think did the
+duplicate of research thesis really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate of research thesis really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicate of research thesis really
+doesn't work here but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work here but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work here but the other
+dimension you add here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you add here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you add here is
+is you know how can innovators use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know how can innovators use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know how can innovators use
+public attention in helping to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public attention in helping to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public attention in helping to drive
+towards their goal and we watched in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards their goal and we watched in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards their goal and we watched in the
+Boyar in Swanson case how Swanson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boyar in Swanson case how Swanson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boyar in Swanson case how Swanson was
+able to mobilize media coverage and hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to mobilize media coverage and hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to mobilize media coverage and hold
+you know major press conferences when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know major press conferences when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know major press conferences when he
+had major announcements to make he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had major announcements to make he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had major announcements to make he and
+he and Boyer had major announcements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and Boyer had major announcements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and Boyer had major announcements
+make and their team so it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and their team so it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and their team so it's it's a
+dimension that I don't think anybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that I don't think anybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension that I don't think anybody has
+really spent a lot of time looking at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spent a lot of time looking at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really spent a lot of time looking at in
+an organized kind of way but it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organized kind of way but it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organized kind of way but it's a very
+interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one
+how does public support affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does public support affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does public support affect your
+ability to drive an innovation project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biology medicine are important they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology medicine are important they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology medicine are important they're
+like no Apollo 13 disaster was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no Apollo 13 disaster was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no Apollo 13 disaster was when
+suddenly everyone caring about space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everyone caring about space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly everyone caring about space but
+only to get people who are about to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to get people who are about to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to get people who are about to die
+it was exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was exciting
+so maybe some sort of response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe some sort of response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe some sort of response to the
+science communication problem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science communication problem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science communication problem would be
+getting information out there about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting information out there about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting information out there about the
+value of preventing the grabbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of preventing the grabbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of preventing the grabbing
+it doesn't look as cool yeah science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look as cool yeah science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look as cool yeah science
+fiction yeah that's kind of the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction yeah that's kind of the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction yeah that's kind of the role of
+science fiction yeah there's a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction yeah there's a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction yeah there's a like a
+utility principle on that I see I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility principle on that I see I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility principle on that I see I took
+of course on bioethics that semester I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course on bioethics that semester I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course on bioethics that semester I'm
+it was a part of something called which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a part of something called which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a part of something called which
+centers for public writing at Wellesley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers for public writing at Wellesley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers for public writing at Wellesley
+and this woman I guess who is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this woman I guess who is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this woman I guess who is coming in
+to speak with us about the role of media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak with us about the role of media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak with us about the role of media
+and establishing bioethics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and establishing bioethics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and establishing bioethics and
+specifically in genetic engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in genetic engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in genetic engineering and
+one of the points that she made on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the points that she made on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the points that she made on
+television that I can ask was precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that I can ask was precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that I can ask was precisely
+that science fiction plays an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that science fiction plays an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that science fiction plays an enormous
+role in helping the public become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in helping the public become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in helping the public become
+comfortable with scientific advances far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with scientific advances far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with scientific advances far
+before the time that those scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the time that those scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the time that those scientific
+advances are even technically feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances are even technically feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances are even technically feasible
+and so maybe as the scientific community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe as the scientific community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so maybe as the scientific community
+or rather the scientific community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather the scientific community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather the scientific community
+should do a better job of involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do a better job of involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do a better job of involving
+themselves in the narrative storytelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the narrative storytelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in the narrative storytelling
+process about what science is and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about what science is and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process about what science is and has
+the potential to be in order to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential to be in order to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential to be in order to sort of
+set the stage for those scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the stage for those scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the stage for those scientific
+advancements when time comes and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements when time comes and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements when time comes and there's
+I think a huge market you know thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a huge market you know thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a huge market you know thinking
+about Marteen sort of business for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Marteen sort of business for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Marteen sort of business for
+comedy in say children's books about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy in say children's books about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy in say children's books about
+science fiction and the ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction and the ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction and the ways in which
+you know we as maybe someday parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we as maybe someday parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we as maybe someday parents
+right could be right reading these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could be right reading these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right could be right reading these
+stories to our children at night having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories to our children at night having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories to our children at night having
+them think about the future and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them think about the future and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them think about the future and that
+aspect of science communication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of science communication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of science communication and
+especially science communication to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially science communication to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially science communication to the
+younger generations which will inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger generations which will inherit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger generations which will inherit
+you know the kinds of innovation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the kinds of innovation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the kinds of innovation that we
+create today are immensely important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create today are immensely important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create today are immensely important but
+there's not a lot of storytellers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of storytellers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a lot of storytellers who
+are equipped with the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equipped with the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equipped with the technical
+knowledge in order to communicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in order to communicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge in order to communicate that
+adequately in a way that's palatable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequately in a way that's palatable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequately in a way that's palatable to
+children and it's also palatable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and it's also palatable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and it's also palatable to
+their parents and to a you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents and to a you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their parents and to a you know the
+broader American market so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader American market so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader American market so I think it's
+really important to think about the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to think about the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to think about the sort
+of storytelling dimensions of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storytelling dimensions of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storytelling dimensions of science
+communication not just in the sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication not just in the sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication not just in the sense of
+you know what's in the news or what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's in the news or what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's in the news or what's
+going to be in the newspapers right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the newspapers right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the newspapers right but
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+how we're orienting ourselves to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're orienting ourselves to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're orienting ourselves to make
+this an issue I care about socially yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an issue I care about socially yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an issue I care about socially yeah
+yeah I like the idea of it preparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I like the idea of it preparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I like the idea of it preparing the
+stage so that people are receptive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so that people are receptive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage so that people are receptive to
+advancements when they happen and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements when they happen and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancements when they happen and not
+just the scientist makes a discovery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the scientist makes a discovery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the scientist makes a discovery and
+then suddenly is trying to drum up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly is trying to drum up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suddenly is trying to drum up some
+work for something that they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for something that they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for something that they have to
+explain a why it's important first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a why it's important first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain a why it's important first of
+all and then be what they discover it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a pretty good example because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a pretty good example because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a pretty good example because
+one Braun was having a lot of difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Braun was having a lot of difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Braun was having a lot of difficulty
+getting funding for the Rockets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting funding for the Rockets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting funding for the Rockets
+originally so he didn't he stand up he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally so he didn't he stand up he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally so he didn't he stand up he
+wrote a letter to Disney because he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter to Disney because he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter to Disney because he was
+a foreigner I think he was from German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foreigner I think he was from German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a foreigner I think he was from German
+so like no one wanted him to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like no one wanted him to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like no one wanted him to like
+actually do it and they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it and they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it and they're kind of
+stifling him and they put him in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stifling him and they put him in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stifling him and they put him in a
+reason to so anyway it wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to so anyway it wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to so anyway it wasn't really
+doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anything
+they wrote Disney Disney does a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote Disney Disney does a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote Disney Disney does a whole
+thing on the space but I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the space but I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on the space but I think it's an
+important aspect in terms of really who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect in terms of really who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect in terms of really who
+are your stakeholders of the scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your stakeholders of the scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your stakeholders of the scientists
+you don't have unless you're like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have unless you're like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have unless you're like a
+billionaire and even if you aren't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire and even if you aren't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire and even if you aren't a
+billionaire you don't have the power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire you don't have the power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billionaire you don't have the power to
+manipulate you're not like the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate you're not like the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate you're not like the president
+so you have to be able to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be able to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be able to figure out how
+you're going to persuade people and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to persuade people and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to persuade people and how
+are you going to use those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to use those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to use those different
+stakeholders in a very interesting war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in a very interesting war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in a very interesting war
+in a very sort of pseudo Machiavellian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very sort of pseudo Machiavellian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very sort of pseudo Machiavellian
+but smart way right so maybe there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but smart way right so maybe there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but smart way right so maybe there's an
+amendment to the legacy sector book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment to the legacy sector book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amendment to the legacy sector book that
+we've been using as our textbook right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using as our textbook right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using as our textbook right
+which is part of the role of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part of the role of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part of the role of change
+agents is to use the media right and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents is to use the media right and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents is to use the media right and to
+do storytelling because this was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do storytelling because this was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do storytelling because this was a great
+story this was an amazing story which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story this was an amazing story which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story this was an amazing story which
+people in the United States and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the United States and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the United States and the
+world followed for a significant period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world followed for a significant period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world followed for a significant period
+of time this great rivalry and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time this great rivalry and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time this great rivalry and you know
+Venter is almost made for me tea is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter is almost made for me tea is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter is almost made for me tea is a
+wonderful maverick you know fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful maverick you know fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful maverick you know fascinating
+character and Collins's as well so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and Collins's as well so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and Collins's as well so there
+was a powerful story to be told here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a powerful story to be told here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a powerful story to be told here and
+a great competition and a great race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great competition and a great race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great competition and a great race
+that made it a very powerful kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it a very powerful kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it a very powerful kind of
+media story for an extended period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media story for an extended period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media story for an extended period of
+time so Louie I had not anticipated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so Louie I had not anticipated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so Louie I had not anticipated this
+ask this tangent of the course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this tangent of the course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this tangent of the course but
+thanks for pulling us into it so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for pulling us into it so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for pulling us into it so let me
+go on to the next couple of readings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the next couple of readings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to the next couple of readings so
+our textbook who's got that Chloe all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our textbook who's got that Chloe all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our textbook who's got that Chloe all
+yours but I think he gave an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours but I think he gave an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours but I think he gave an interesting
+lesson as it relates could really tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson as it relates could really tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson as it relates could really tell
+care he was talking about the problem he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care he was talking about the problem he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care he was talking about the problem he
+was dealing with which was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dealing with which was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was dealing with which was using
+robotics as an organizational tool in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics as an organizational tool in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics as an organizational tool in
+warehouses and Superman interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and Superman interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouses and Superman interesting to
+me at first that he made the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at first that he made the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me at first that he made the problem
+pretty interesting after a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting after a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty interesting after a while but
+wait he framed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait he framed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait he framed
+dealing with his promises that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with his promises that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with his promises that he
+practiced having the mindset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced having the mindset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practiced having the mindset of
+evaluating the problem at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the problem at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the problem at zero and
+infinity as I said which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity as I said which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity as I said which basically
+translated to removing all constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated to removing all constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated to removing all constraints
+were pre-existing on the system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pre-existing on the system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pre-existing on the system and then
+seeing you know if he had infinite space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you know if he had infinite space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing you know if he had infinite space
+or infinite money or infinite labour but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or infinite money or infinite labour but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or infinite money or infinite labour but
+he could accomplish the never what with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could accomplish the never what with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could accomplish the never what with
+his engineering solutions of C and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his engineering solutions of C and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his engineering solutions of C and it
+was a really good way to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good way to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good way to sort of
+brainstorm an optimal solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorm an optimal solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorm an optimal solution to the
+problems so I think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so I think it would be
+interesting to take the same approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to take the same approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to take the same approach to
+the inherent problems in healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inherent problems in healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inherent problems in healthcare
+delivery is a legacy sector if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery is a legacy sector if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery is a legacy sector if we could
+like you made an appointment when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you made an appointment when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you made an appointment when you
+were recapping this chapter that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recapping this chapter that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recapping this chapter that our
+system is currently designed to suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is currently designed to suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is currently designed to suit
+medicine as it existed I guess 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as it existed I guess 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine as it existed I guess 30 or 40
+years ago but not as it is moving into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but not as it is moving into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago but not as it is moving into
+this exciting breaking ball today so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exciting breaking ball today so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exciting breaking ball today so if
+we could wipe the slate clean and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could wipe the slate clean and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could wipe the slate clean and not
+have any of the residual costs or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the residual costs or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any of the residual costs or like
+everyone started out healthily today no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone started out healthily today no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone started out healthily today no
+one had any illness and we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had any illness and we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one had any illness and we didn't have
+any reason to a cost anything going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reason to a cost anything going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reason to a cost anything going
+perfect ideal world what and we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect ideal world what and we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect ideal world what and we had to
+redesign healthcare system from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign healthcare system from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesign healthcare system from the
+ground up and this is a massive question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up and this is a massive question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up and this is a massive question
+but I'm just interested what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just interested what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just interested what you guys
+think that might look like like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might look like like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might look like like what
+would our innovation in that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would our innovation in that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would our innovation in that area
+we had no she I mean obviously you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no she I mean obviously you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had no she I mean obviously you'd
+have tons of you'd have a bunch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tons of you'd have a bunch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tons of you'd have a bunch of the
+pharmaceutical companies would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical companies would be
+producing it like infant drugs is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing it like infant drugs is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing it like infant drugs is the
+day of tons of light but from there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of tons of light but from there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day of tons of light but from there I
+think you'd have a seem to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'd have a seem to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'd have a seem to be a
+bottleneck in terms of the FDA so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck in terms of the FDA so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck in terms of the FDA so you'd
+have to expend that significantly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to expend that significantly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to expend that significantly I
+don't necessarily mean like like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily mean like like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily mean like like they
+have the infinite resource it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the infinite resource it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the infinite resource it's just
+like if we started a completely perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we started a completely perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we started a completely perfect
+system for this time in like it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for this time in like it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for this time in like it I mean
+you want me to get an answer about of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to get an answer about of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to get an answer about of
+structured like how to say what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured like how to say what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured like how to say what the
+process just I guess elements of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process just I guess elements of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process just I guess elements of what
+what it might look like only think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might look like only think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might look like only think of
+more like the ones in what Chris was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the ones in what Chris was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the ones in what Chris was
+talking about with in der vielen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about with in der vielen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about with in der vielen
+striking about the personalized medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking about the personalized medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking about the personalized medicine
+component that's kind of how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's kind of how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that's kind of how they're
+touting right it's the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touting right it's the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touting right it's the fundamental
+reorganization of health care delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization of health care delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganization of health care delivery
+and one of the ways in which their I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the ways in which their I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the ways in which their I
+guess my English in isn't the sector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess my English in isn't the sector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess my English in isn't the sector is
+corporation that happen is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation that happen is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation that happen is through
+additive manufacturing so the 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive manufacturing so the 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive manufacturing so the 3d
+printing on Paris I was justice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's 3d printing useful in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 3d printing useful in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 3d printing useful in a lot of
+health areas so there's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health areas so there's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health areas so there's a new
+manufacturing Institute that's organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute that's organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute that's organized
+around regenerative medicine and tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around regenerative medicine and tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around regenerative medicine and tissue
+engineering for example using 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering for example using 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering for example using 3d
+printing as one of the technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing as one of the technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing as one of the technologies
+they're looking at combining that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at combining that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking at combining that with
+synthetic biology and that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biology and that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic biology and that's a very
+interesting potentially very promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting potentially very promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting potentially very promising
+territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory
+as we'll get into in the next reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll get into in the next reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll get into in the next reading
+that's not biology right that's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not biology right that's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not biology right that's a whole
+series of new engineering strands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of new engineering strands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of new engineering strands that
+are starting to enter an IT strands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to enter an IT strands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to enter an IT strands that
+are starting to enter this territory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to enter this territory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting to enter this territory and
+how does a system how does a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a system how does a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does a system how does a system
+that's not organized around that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not organized around that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not organized around that change
+to accommodate those strands so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate those strands so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate those strands so they
+they sort of are they're starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of are they're starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of are they're starting to
+develop is to gauge what pill needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop is to gauge what pill needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop is to gauge what pill needs to
+look like for an individual to adjust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for an individual to adjust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like for an individual to adjust it
+and also for it and they can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for it and they can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for it and they can't do that
+in my sort of commercialization process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sort of commercialization process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my sort of commercialization process
+and the scaling potential right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scaling potential right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scaling potential right so the
+traditional production system for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional production system for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional production system for you
+know medicines is a batch processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know medicines is a batch processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know medicines is a batch processing
+system you know huge you build a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know huge you build a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know huge you build a huge
+batch and you refine it so it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch and you refine it so it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batch and you refine it so it has the
+perfect composition spread evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect composition spread evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect composition spread evenly
+throughout and then you produce that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and then you produce that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout and then you produce that but
+that's frankly not a man at modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's frankly not a man at modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's frankly not a man at modern
+manufacturing technology so a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing technology so a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing technology so a continuous
+manufacturing process is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing process is much more
+flexible potentially much more modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible potentially much more modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible potentially much more modular
+and adaptive to different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adaptive to different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adaptive to different you know
+components in that system ie different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in that system ie different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in that system ie different
+elements and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and different
+molecular structures and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structures and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structures and different
+components within a particular drug or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components within a particular drug or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components within a particular drug or a
+pill so and 3d printing is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill so and 3d printing is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pill so and 3d printing is a very
+interesting adaptive approach so DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting adaptive approach so DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting adaptive approach so DARPA
+has been funding desktop pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been funding desktop pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been funding desktop pharmaceutical
+manufacturing with exactly that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing with exactly that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing with exactly that in mind
+right that we're gonna have to move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we're gonna have to move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we're gonna have to move to
+personalized medicine the military is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized medicine the military is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized medicine the military is
+gonna have to have it right for its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have it right for its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to have it right for its own
+huge healthcare system which is funded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge healthcare system which is funded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge healthcare system which is funded
+to the tune of about 50 billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tune of about 50 billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the tune of about 50 billion dollars
+a year a major medical system well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year a major medical system well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year a major medical system well it's
+a very large medical system and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large medical system and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large medical system and they're
+having to deal with changes and reforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to deal with changes and reforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to deal with changes and reforms
+in their own systems so they're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own systems so they're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own systems so they're moving
+on developing all new set of production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on developing all new set of production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on developing all new set of production
+technologies and on that one they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and on that one they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and on that one they've
+been working with an MIT team that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with an MIT team that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with an MIT team that's
+really quite interesting so but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite interesting so but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite interesting so but that
+again NIH doesn't do this right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again NIH doesn't do this right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again NIH doesn't do this right that's
+not an NIH is territory it happened that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an NIH is territory it happened that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an NIH is territory it happened that
+the military was interested in this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military was interested in this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military was interested in this this
+new DARPA biological technologies office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new DARPA biological technologies office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new DARPA biological technologies office
+happens to be intrigued with those set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be intrigued with those set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be intrigued with those set
+of possibilities but that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities but that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities but that's kind of
+outside the box of the existing system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good phrasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know I think I think we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I think I think we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I think I think we're going
+to focus on like the new section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on like the new section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on like the new section
+technologies focus more on the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies focus more on the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies focus more on the structure
+say I have to use the technology that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have to use the technology that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have to use the technology that we
+have now I would think about how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now I would think about how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now I would think about how I
+restructure the organization what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructure the organization what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructure the organization what are
+the like the problems and hardly caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the problems and hardly caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the problems and hardly caused
+by the incentives so I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the incentives so I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the incentives so I think this
+healthcare crisis isn't a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare crisis isn't a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare crisis isn't a problem of
+technology or even people or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or even people or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology or even people or even
+doctors I think it's a it's an issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors I think it's a it's an issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors I think it's a it's an issue of
+acceptance when I say I'm Tiffany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance when I say I'm Tiffany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance when I say I'm Tiffany
+whatever you do so I'm like oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do so I'm like oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do so I'm like oh well
+let's tack it on and more toppings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's tack it on and more toppings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's tack it on and more toppings and
+like I end up having a huge bill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I end up having a huge bill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I end up having a huge bill and
+then also where as a generation now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also where as a generation now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also where as a generation now we
+have a huge kind of I don't yeah we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge kind of I don't yeah we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge kind of I don't yeah we have
+a lot more elders and young people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more elders and young people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more elders and young people and
+so we have to pay for these baby boomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to pay for these baby boomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to pay for these baby boomers
+so it ignores that context so we'd also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it ignores that context so we'd also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it ignores that context so we'd also
+might want to focus on probably like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to focus on probably like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to focus on probably like
+most of our costs we're gonna go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our costs we're gonna go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our costs we're gonna go to the
+two elders not young people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elders not young people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elders not young people because
+young people are fine now we have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people are fine now we have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young people are fine now we have a huge
+portion of elders so what are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of elders so what are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of elders so what are their
+diseases how do they work order than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases how do they work order than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases how do they work order than
+being positive those diseases and how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being positive those diseases and how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being positive those diseases and how do
+I create my organization around that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create my organization around that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create my organization around that or
+maybe I just let me create a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just let me create a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just let me create a whole new
+medical system focus on this segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical system focus on this segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical system focus on this segment
+because I know that they're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that they're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know that they're gonna be
+huge you know cost and I can get a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge you know cost and I can get a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge you know cost and I can get a you
+know laws of economics by having such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know laws of economics by having such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know laws of economics by having such a
+large segment that's probably the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large segment that's probably the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large segment that's probably the whole
+system's personalized for them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's personalized for them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system's personalized for them and they
+have different needs than somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different needs than somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different needs than somebody who's
+yeah yeah one for then you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah one for then you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah one for then you probably have
+to have somebody go directly to them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have somebody go directly to them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have somebody go directly to them to
+how they're doing check constant levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're doing check constant levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're doing check constant levels
+so it's um it's very different and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's um it's very different and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's um it's very different and I
+think that could cut costs down or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that could cut costs down or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that could cut costs down or you
+can send somebody out to go or use an IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send somebody out to go or use an IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send somebody out to go or use an IT
+system reuse for robotics right those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system reuse for robotics right those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system reuse for robotics right those
+are all part of the menu that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all part of the menu that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all part of the menu that we're
+starting to think about Chloe a closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to think about Chloe a closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to think about Chloe a closing
+thought about this reading on legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this reading on legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about this reading on legacy
+sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think I think for me it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I think for me it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I think for me it was
+really eye-opening to see the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really eye-opening to see the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really eye-opening to see the part of
+the reading where you just listed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading where you just listed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading where you just listed you
+know five or six specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five or six specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five or six specific
+characteristics of how health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of how health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of how health care
+deliveries its draws parallels to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries its draws parallels to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries its draws parallels to like
+some sectors and I think those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sectors and I think those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sectors and I think those are
+probably the areas where any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the areas where any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the areas where any sort of
+reformers or animators would really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformers or animators would really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reformers or animators would really have
+Coenen on and focus on building those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coenen on and focus on building those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coenen on and focus on building those
+restrictions - okay let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions - okay let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions - okay let's go to the
+PCAST report we're going to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCAST report we're going to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCAST report we're going to some
+research the drug development we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the drug development we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the drug development we were
+just talking about how do we incentivize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from to take on more responsibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+developing some drug that targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some drug that targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some drug that targets
+minority groups or that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority groups or that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority groups or that doesn't have
+such a big market and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a big market and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a big market and I want to
+introduce this model that Singapore has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this model that Singapore has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this model that Singapore has
+in insulin device they're small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in insulin device they're small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in insulin device they're small and
+medium-sized firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium-sized firms
+- to university 90 and trainings what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- to university 90 and trainings what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- to university 90 and trainings what
+they do is you can get a tax return or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is you can get a tax return or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is you can get a tax return or
+you can get a certain amount of fund as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a certain amount of fund as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a certain amount of fund as
+long as you are investing in your employ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you are investing in your employ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you are investing in your employ
+you know employees are in any forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know employees are in any forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know employees are in any forms of
+training that can improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training that can improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training that can improve your
+productivity and improves your research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and improves your research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity and improves your research
+in any form and I think Singapore was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any form and I think Singapore was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any form and I think Singapore was
+able to do that because they are of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that because they are of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do that because they are of a
+really like small small scale and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like small small scale and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like small small scale and they
+also count on their small medium-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also count on their small medium-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also count on their small medium-sized
+businesses to thrive as the economy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to thrive as the economy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses to thrive as the economy but
+I want to know that if this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know that if this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know that if this kind of
+model can be a good reference to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can be a good reference to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model can be a good reference to develop
+the health care risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health care risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the health care risk
+sector in the US so yes so the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in the US so yes so the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in the US so yes so the models
+that we use is using them is to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use is using them is to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use is using them is to give an
+incentive to companies that are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to companies that are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to companies that are making
+significant investments in the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant investments in the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant investments in the training
+of their employees and their research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their employees and their research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their employees and their research
+teams to kind of significantly upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams to kind of significantly upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams to kind of significantly upgrade
+their skill sets as long as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their skill sets as long as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their skill sets as long as you can
+justify this amount of spending were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify this amount of spending were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify this amount of spending were
+able to that's what you have to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to that's what you have to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to that's what you have to show you
+have to chew to show some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to chew to show some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to chew to show some kind of
+increased performance yeah coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased performance yeah coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased performance yeah coming out of
+that what I thought about this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I thought about this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I thought about this kind of
+approach that can kind of encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's interesting so that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting so that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting so that's like a
+roamer technology talent approach into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roamer technology talent approach into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roamer technology talent approach into a
+discussion we've been having on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we've been having on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we've been having on
+institutional innovation organization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional innovation organization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional innovation organization so
+it's an again you bring us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an again you bring us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an again you bring us an
+interesting piece of the puzzle I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece of the puzzle I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece of the puzzle I like
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go back to basics is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to basics is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to basics is there a
+talent need in the sector is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent need in the sector is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent need in the sector is there a
+talent shortage as there in talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent shortage as there in talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent shortage as there in talent
+enthusiasm issue here that we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm issue here that we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm issue here that we ought to
+be addressing as well it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be addressing as well it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be addressing as well it seems like
+there's a shortage it seems like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a shortage it seems like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a shortage it seems like there's
+a lot of enthusiasm around the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of enthusiasm around the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of enthusiasm around the field and
+like he's like as it's been a continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's like as it's been a continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's like as it's been a continuing
+theme to this class our good old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme to this class our good old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme to this class our good old
+American spirit and our entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American spirit and our entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American spirit and our entrepreneurial
+drive toward packing up and moving out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive toward packing up and moving out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive toward packing up and moving out
+of West or in this case West is genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of West or in this case West is genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of West or in this case West is genetic
+engineering all that good stuff so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering all that good stuff so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering all that good stuff so I
+don't know if Drive is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if Drive is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if Drive is really the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess I think about I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I think about I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I think about I like to think
+about analogies and often in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about analogies and often in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about analogies and often in urban
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+you know people compare you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people compare you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people compare you know the
+Scandinavian countries to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavian countries to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scandinavian countries to the rest of
+the world and say well why can't we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and say well why can't we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and say well why can't we be
+like that right and there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that right and there's various
+factors that we don't take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that we don't take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that we don't take into
+consideration the homogeneity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration the homogeneity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration the homogeneity of
+relation to their productive capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to their productive capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to their productive capacity
+the resources they have accessible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources they have accessible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources they have accessible to
+them the scale which they're operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the scale which they're operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the scale which they're operating
+but maybe their colonial history and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe their colonial history and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe their colonial history and the
+ways in which they were able to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which they were able to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which they were able to start to
+take advantage of some opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of some opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of some opportunities
+that we might not be able to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might not be able to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might not be able to as a
+country etc and so in this instance I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country etc and so in this instance I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country etc and so in this instance I'd
+like to sort of invoke that and cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sort of invoke that and cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to sort of invoke that and cross
+apply that argument to sort of Leo's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that argument to sort of Leo's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that argument to sort of Leo's
+point about Singapore and then to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about Singapore and then to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about Singapore and then to really
+utilize that to chalked what max just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize that to chalked what max just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilize that to chalked what max just
+said because I feel like we are situated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because I feel like we are situated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because I feel like we are situated
+in a very unique and you know incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very unique and you know incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very unique and you know incredible
+location for this kind of conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location for this kind of conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location for this kind of conversation
+but where I'm from in Texas right kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where I'm from in Texas right kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but where I'm from in Texas right kinds
+of university systems and research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of university systems and research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of university systems and research
+system that exists that these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that exists that these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that exists that these kinds of
+conversations probably don't happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations probably don't happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations probably don't happen to
+that extent and the enthusiasm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extent and the enthusiasm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extent and the enthusiasm for
+commercialization is probably not to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization is probably not to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization is probably not to the
+same level and so I think I would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level and so I think I would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level and so I think I would come
+back with Maxie saying specifically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with Maxie saying specifically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with Maxie saying specifically by
+saying that perhaps we to then bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that perhaps we to then bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that perhaps we to then bring
+something you know a usual socialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know a usual socialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know a usual socialist
+ways to say that perhaps it is the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to say that perhaps it is the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to say that perhaps it is the kinds
+of talent that is missing or rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talent that is missing or rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talent that is missing or rather
+people for marginalized groups we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for marginalized groups we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for marginalized groups we have a
+decidedly public good approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decidedly public good approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decidedly public good approach to
+research and so they might not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and so they might not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and so they might not want to
+commercialize in the same ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize in the same ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialize in the same ways that
+people who are being trained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are being trained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are being trained in
+institutions like MIT and Stanford are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions like MIT and Stanford are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions like MIT and Stanford are
+and it is perhaps that it is precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is perhaps that it is precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is perhaps that it is precisely
+those people who the government should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who the government should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people who the government should
+be funding not major research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be funding not major research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be funding not major research
+universities that exist within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that exist within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities that exist within a
+commercialization framework because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization framework because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization framework because
+those individuals aren't less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individuals aren't less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individuals aren't less likely to
+want to take the bigger piece of the pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the bigger piece of the pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take the bigger piece of the pie
+and may potentially want to benefit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may potentially want to benefit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may potentially want to benefit and
+serve their communities much more which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve their communities much more which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve their communities much more which
+could prove to be much more disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove to be much more disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove to be much more disruptive
+ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate
+who wants to take on Steph's economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to take on Steph's economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to take on Steph's economic
+model one you directly challenge me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one you directly challenge me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one you directly challenge me you
+mean well I mean it's nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well I mean it's nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean well I mean it's nice and
+idealistic I love thinking that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic I love thinking that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic I love thinking that okay
+everyone's just gonna work for free oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's just gonna work for free oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's just gonna work for free oh
+we don't think they're gonna work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think they're gonna work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't think they're gonna work for
+free nights and not the insinuation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free nights and not the insinuation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free nights and not the insinuation the
+insinuations that the profit sharing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insinuations that the profit sharing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insinuations that the profit sharing is
+going to the profit sharing model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the profit sharing model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the profit sharing model is
+going to be much different they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much different they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much different they don't
+care about making big fish blockbuster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about making big fish blockbuster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about making big fish blockbuster
+drugs so they'll make like the drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so they'll make like the drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs so they'll make like the drugs
+that are like so they can't make the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like so they can't make the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like so they can't make the big
+fish blockbuster drugs they just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish blockbuster drugs they just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish blockbuster drugs they just don't
+want to profit to that extent which ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to profit to that extent which ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to profit to that extent which ends
+up being good for everyone okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being good for everyone okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being good for everyone okay so
+they're not profiting a good for whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not profiting a good for whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not profiting a good for whoa
+but the thing is you could take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is you could take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is you could take the
+other the other side the company's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other side the company's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other side the company's
+profiting means they can put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiting means they can put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiting means they can put that
+research know of that money toward new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research know of that money toward new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research know of that money toward new
+drugs as opposed to just develop one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs as opposed to just develop one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs as opposed to just develop one
+drug and you like basically go get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and you like basically go get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug and you like basically go get
+breakeven and then they're just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakeven and then they're just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakeven and then they're just like
+what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do
+I think they focus on drugs maybe also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they focus on drugs maybe also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they focus on drugs maybe also
+kind of limited like that gets we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited like that gets we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited like that gets we still
+want more drugs like that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more drugs like that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more drugs like that's fine
+but I think they have drugs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think they have drugs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think they have drugs that are
+targeted towards like maybe if I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted towards like maybe if I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted towards like maybe if I guess
+we talked about like a disease portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about like a disease portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about like a disease portfolio
+that they look at and it's very narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they look at and it's very narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they look at and it's very narrow
+and so there's two things here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's two things here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's two things here so I
+wonder if except suppose it might help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if except suppose it might help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if except suppose it might help
+like expand that disease portfolio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expand that disease portfolio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expand that disease portfolio so
+you have people who care about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people who care about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people who care about more
+diseases and are able to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and are able to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and are able to do more
+research in sort of different areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in sort of different areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in sort of different areas and
+then to I wonder if those who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to I wonder if those who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to I wonder if those who actually
+subscribe to this sort of let's say Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to this sort of let's say Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribe to this sort of let's say Big
+Pharma but kind of look like we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharma but kind of look like we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pharma but kind of look like we're in
+this HIV a drug an incremental advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this HIV a drug an incremental advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this HIV a drug an incremental advanced
+type system do they actually care to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type system do they actually care to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type system do they actually care to the
+extent that I was trying to get at but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that I was trying to get at but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that I was trying to get at but
+do are they actually interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are they actually interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are they actually interested
+kind of solving this incremental advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solving this incremental advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solving this incremental advance
+problem or like are they in this or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or like are they in this or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or like are they in this or are
+they due to have a vested interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they due to have a vested interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they due to have a vested interest in
+what they're doing because they care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing because they care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing because they care
+about these sort of bigger fish like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these sort of bigger fish like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these sort of bigger fish like
+kind of cure-all dreads but they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cure-all dreads but they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cure-all dreads but they don't
+have the funding opportunities and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the funding opportunities and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the funding opportunities and kind
+of the means to kind of get out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the means to kind of get out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the means to kind of get out that we
+do institutions that were specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do institutions that were specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do institutions that were specifically
+excited by they convergence reading I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited by they convergence reading I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited by they convergence reading I
+think kind of keep him or really prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think kind of keep him or really prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think kind of keep him or really prove
+sort of ground coming from they cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ground coming from they cited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ground coming from they cited
+Harvard University of Texas at Austin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard University of Texas at Austin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard University of Texas at Austin
+Carnegie Mellon Georgia Tech u Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie Mellon Georgia Tech u Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie Mellon Georgia Tech u Chicago
+and Tufts obviously you know without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tufts obviously you know without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tufts obviously you know without
+saying MIT because most of the people on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying MIT because most of the people on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying MIT because most of the people on
+that Commission or had some relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Commission or had some relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Commission or had some relationship
+to MIT researchers and graduated from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT researchers and graduated from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT researchers and graduated from
+MIT a four professors at MIT or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT a four professors at MIT or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT a four professors at MIT or a
+prominent you know political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent you know political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent you know political
+stakeholders in MIT so you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in MIT so you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders in MIT so you know it
+occurs to me that there if it is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs to me that there if it is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs to me that there if it is that we
+you know really Revere people like craig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really Revere people like craig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really Revere people like craig
+Venter then and if it is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter then and if it is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venter then and if it is that the
+convergence reading which we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence reading which we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence reading which we'll be
+talking about student Ozma's is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about student Ozma's is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about student Ozma's is putting
+a lot of weight on the potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of weight on the potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of weight on the potential of
+community colleges and of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges and of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community colleges and of local
+institutions to train the workforce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions to train the workforce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions to train the workforce and
+the life sciences why is it that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life sciences why is it that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life sciences why is it that we
+don't give them the same access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give them the same access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give them the same access to
+funding opportunities that we're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding opportunities that we're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding opportunities that we're giving
+you know the sort of blockbuster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sort of blockbuster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sort of blockbuster
+research universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see that me I think the big thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that me I think the big thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that me I think the big thing is
+like so it seems like a lot this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it seems like a lot this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so it seems like a lot this is like
+a easy mental model for most people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a easy mental model for most people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a easy mental model for most people or
+what they do is they think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they think about it
+being linearly so the thing is like MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linearly so the thing is like MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linearly so the thing is like MIT
+Harvard and like cert institutions just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and like cert institutions just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and like cert institutions just
+have a huge collaboration of people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge collaboration of people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a huge collaboration of people so
+they're exponentially much better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exponentially much better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exponentially much better at
+solving certain problems and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving certain problems and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving certain problems and getting
+that and they have the credibility to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they have the credibility to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and they have the credibility to go
+and get funding from outside sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get funding from outside sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get funding from outside sources
+whether it be government whether it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be government whether it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it be government whether it be
+VC so it is this huge you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC so it is this huge you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC so it is this huge you know very
+unproportional nature of the Institute's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unproportional nature of the Institute's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unproportional nature of the Institute's
+and the way the system works but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way the system works but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way the system works but there
+are some good things to that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some good things to that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some good things to that what I
+worry more is like how do you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry more is like how do you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry more is like how do you create a
+new system to make all these smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new system to make all these smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new system to make all these smaller
+drugs and working on them more viable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and working on them more viable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs and working on them more viable so
+I think that's an interesting place for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's an interesting place for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's an interesting place for
+a startup if you can figure out you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup if you can figure out you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup if you can figure out you know
+3d printing of drugs or if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d printing of drugs or if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d printing of drugs or if you can
+figure out what it is like what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it is like what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what it is like what is your
+kind of your competitive advantage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your competitive advantage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your competitive advantage in
+this problem and what is the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and what is the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and what is the current
+structure for the company to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the company to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for the company to focus on
+the big pharma and how do you optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big pharma and how do you optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big pharma and how do you optimize
+for that so order so it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so order so it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that so order so it's pretty much
+like art of war it's like okay they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like art of war it's like okay they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like art of war it's like okay they they
+already have a strategy they're big they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a strategy they're big they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have a strategy they're big they
+have to focus on doing this in this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to focus on doing this in this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to focus on doing this in this and
+there's also called the innovators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also called the innovators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also called the innovators
+dilemma which is like they have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma which is like they have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma which is like they have to make
+you know five million in revenue off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know five million in revenue off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know five million in revenue off of
+this time I don't need to mix up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I don't need to mix up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I don't need to mix up in the
+revenue I'm big I'm smaller fish so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue I'm big I'm smaller fish so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue I'm big I'm smaller fish so like
+how do I create my system so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I create my system so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I create my system so that I can
+make these kind of drugs and make it big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these kind of drugs and make it big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these kind of drugs and make it big
+company based on focusing on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company based on focusing on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company based on focusing on those
+smaller drugs that are important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller drugs that are important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller drugs that are important to
+society that'd be like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that'd be like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society that'd be like the the
+enterprise version you can probably come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise version you can probably come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise version you can probably come
+up with some parallel using government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some parallel using government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with some parallel using government
+funding and government support and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and government support and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and government support and maybe
+it might be that FDA approval being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that FDA approval being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be that FDA approval being more
+relaxed Ritu ping in the drug I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed Ritu ping in the drug I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed Ritu ping in the drug I'd have
+to figure out which ones are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which ones are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out which ones are the best
+ones to go after in the beginning when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to go after in the beginning when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to go after in the beginning when I
+do I don't think Sen making the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I don't think Sen making the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I don't think Sen making the argument
+that oh how do we you know I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh how do we you know I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh how do we you know I don't see
+democratize but why can't everybody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize but why can't everybody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratize but why can't everybody you
+like be in the pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be in the pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like be in the pool
+it's especially when it's like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially when it's like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's especially when it's like there's
+two little impacts Wimmers and like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two little impacts Wimmers and like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two little impacts Wimmers and like in
+suits that I mean they're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits that I mean they're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits that I mean they're probably
+really good high school swimmers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good high school swimmers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good high school swimmers but
+like it just won't you won't get as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it just won't you won't get as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it just won't you won't get as much
+run through of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so much lip service to the great groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much lip service to the great groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much lip service to the great groups
+model and the great group model itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the great group model itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the great group model itself
+says that the drive for profit is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the drive for profit is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the drive for profit is not
+the greatest motivator to innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest motivator to innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest motivator to innovation and
+if we are to consider that as true or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are to consider that as true or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are to consider that as true or to
+take that at face value in the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that at face value in the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that at face value in the ways in
+which the author's have presented their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the author's have presented their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the author's have presented their
+argument in the previous week's I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in the previous week's I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument in the previous week's I don't
+know that the commercialization model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the commercialization model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the commercialization model
+for the life sciences isn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the life sciences isn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the life sciences isn't necessarily
+conducive to innovations in the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducive to innovations in the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducive to innovations in the ways in
+which we would hope that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would hope that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would hope that they would
+exist so step you're driving us towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so step you're driving us towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so step you're driving us towards
+you know so obviously some truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so obviously some truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so obviously some truly
+big-picture issues look we have de Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big-picture issues look we have de Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big-picture issues look we have de Sun
+we have taken a pretty radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have taken a pretty radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have taken a pretty radical
+capitalist model to solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist model to solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist model to solving this problem
+of innovation in the life science right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation in the life science right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation in the life science right
+it's pretty amazing that we have focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty amazing that we have focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty amazing that we have focused
+on you know a high risk high reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know a high risk high reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you know a high risk high reward
+system that's completely dependent upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's completely dependent upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's completely dependent upon
+you know monopoly rents and major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know monopoly rents and major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know monopoly rents and major
+returns as the way in which we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns as the way in which we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns as the way in which we're gonna
+do innovation in the life science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do innovation in the life science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do innovation in the life science
+territory it's absolutely fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory it's absolutely fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territory it's absolutely fascinating
+how did we stumble into this right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we stumble into this right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we stumble into this right that
+wasn't what remember and when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what remember and when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't what remember and when we talked
+about Boyer and the conflicts he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Boyer and the conflicts he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Boyer and the conflicts he had
+with other UCSF faculty when he went off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other UCSF faculty when he went off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other UCSF faculty when he went off
+to create invent the biotech model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create invent the biotech model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create invent the biotech model with
+Swanson he got a lot of flack for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swanson he got a lot of flack for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Swanson he got a lot of flack for this
+that was a radical departure he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a radical departure he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a radical departure he was
+leaving a university based research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a university based research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a university based research
+system but let's think back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but let's think back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but let's think back to the
+reasons why he was doing that because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why he was doing that because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why he was doing that because he
+wanted his technologies to scale up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted his technologies to scale up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted his technologies to scale up and
+be available and that was the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be available and that was the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be available and that was the option
+that he saw for being able to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he saw for being able to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he saw for being able to do that so
+he teams up with Swanson I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he teams up with Swanson I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he teams up with Swanson I don't think
+we're gonna resolve these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna resolve these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna resolve these questions
+today but it is a radical capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it is a radical capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but it is a radical capitalist
+model and as we've discussed at length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and as we've discussed at length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and as we've discussed at length
+today their gaps in that model right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today their gaps in that model right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today their gaps in that model right
+there's only some things that that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only some things that that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only some things that that model
+is going to be able to address given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be able to address given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be able to address given the
+structural limits that are coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural limits that are coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural limits that are coming into
+it particularly the long term approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it particularly the long term approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it particularly the long term approval
+process that the FDA has to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that the FDA has to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that the FDA has to provide
+so you know drug companies hate the FDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know drug companies hate the FDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know drug companies hate the FDA
+because they have to spend 7 years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to spend 7 years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to spend 7 years and
+1.8 billion getting through their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 billion getting through their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 billion getting through their
+hurdles but they also love FDA because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdles but they also love FDA because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdles but they also love FDA because
+they certified it certifies their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they certified it certifies their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they certified it certifies their
+products and guarantees a market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and guarantees a market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and guarantees a market for
+them so it's this odd love-hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's this odd love-hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's this odd love-hate
+relationship in some ways that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in some ways that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in some ways that's
+symptomatic of what we've got over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptomatic of what we've got over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptomatic of what we've got over this
+whole system and it's it is a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system and it's it is a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system and it's it is a system
+under stress at this point Lou yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress at this point Lou yeah why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under stress at this point Lou yeah why
+don't you give us a closing point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you give us a closing point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you give us a closing point on
+this and then we'll go right into what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we'll go right into what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we'll go right into what I
+think the next part of the story is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the next part of the story is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the next part of the story is on
+convergence because I think it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence because I think it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence because I think it fits
+nicely with this I really do focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely with this I really do focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely with this I really do focus on a
+lot of how to incentivize innovation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of how to incentivize innovation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of how to incentivize innovation in
+drug development but I I do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug development but I I do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug development but I I do think that
+you know we still have this got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we still have this got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we still have this got a
+problem with rising demand and limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with rising demand and limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with rising demand and limited
+supply why don't we also divert a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply why don't we also divert a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply why don't we also divert a little
+bit for focus on developing a healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for focus on developing a healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for focus on developing a healthy
+population can any form of drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population can any form of drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population can any form of drug
+development and kind of research that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and kind of research that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and kind of research that
+advanced this process so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced this process so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced this process so that we can
+reduce the unnecessary demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the unnecessary demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the unnecessary demand for
+certain type of health care so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of health care so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of health care so that we
+can free a bit of our funding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can free a bit of our funding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can free a bit of our funding and
+resources so that we can focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so that we can focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so that we can focus on the
+render research process and look your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render research process and look your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+render research process and look your
+point earlier you know which we debated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point earlier you know which we debated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point earlier you know which we debated
+about is there a talent problem here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is there a talent problem here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is there a talent problem here you
+know roamers prospector theory would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roamers prospector theory would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roamers prospector theory would
+tell us you're gonna get a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us you're gonna get a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us you're gonna get a lot more
+innovation if you put more well-trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation if you put more well-trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation if you put more well-trained
+prospectors on the problem right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectors on the problem right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectors on the problem right so I
+don't want us to kind of leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want us to kind of leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want us to kind of leave that
+point I think there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think there's an interesting
+underlying point you made in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying point you made in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying point you made in in that
+area as well alright let's go on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as well alright let's go on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area as well alright let's go on to the
+convergence study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the report is called the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the report is called the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the report is called the third
+revolution the convergence of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution the convergence of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution the convergence of life
+physical and engineering sciences and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and engineering sciences and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical and engineering sciences and it
+came out of MIT in 2011 you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of MIT in 2011 you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of MIT in 2011 you know my
+office the MIT Washington office helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office the MIT Washington office helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office the MIT Washington office helped
+work on this the project was led by Phil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this the project was led by Phil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this the project was led by Phil
+sharp and Bob Langer somebody from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and Bob Langer somebody from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp and Bob Langer somebody from
+engineering somebody from biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering somebody from biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering somebody from biology
+obviously two of MIT all-time greats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously two of MIT all-time greats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously two of MIT all-time greats and
+you know the report tries to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the report tries to tell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the report tries to tell a
+story that the picture of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that the picture of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that the picture of the next
+advanced wave we're lacking a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced wave we're lacking a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced wave we're lacking a picture of
+the next wave advance the great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wave advance the great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wave advance the great thing
+the the genomes piece gave us and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the genomes piece gave us and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the genomes piece gave us and we
+talked about Venter in the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Venter in the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Venter in the competition
+with Collins and the NIH it gave us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Collins and the NIH it gave us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Collins and the NIH it gave us a
+story it give us a picture of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it give us a picture of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story it give us a picture of what we're
+gonna get for this massive investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get for this massive investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get for this massive investment in
+NIH right it enabled the public to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH right it enabled the public to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH right it enabled the public to see a
+story and be told a story and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and be told a story and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and be told a story and understand
+what the results were gonna yield right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the results were gonna yield right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the results were gonna yield right
+we don't have a story for the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a story for the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a story for the life
+sciences that's out there now that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences that's out there now that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences that's out there now that has
+nearly the kind of power as that genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the kind of power as that genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the kind of power as that genomic
+story we haven't figured out how to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we haven't figured out how to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we haven't figured out how to tell
+the next story and that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next story and that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next story and that's part of the
+reason well we've got funding stagnation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason well we've got funding stagnation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason well we've got funding stagnation
+for NIH and the life sciences in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for NIH and the life sciences in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for NIH and the life sciences in general
+so the doubling was led by the genomics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the doubling was led by the genomics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the doubling was led by the genomics
+revolution NIH needs a new picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution NIH needs a new picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution NIH needs a new picture so
+what are these different revolutions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these different revolutions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are these different revolutions so
+what what this report argued was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this report argued was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this report argued was that
+really the kind of first revolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of first revolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the kind of first revolution in
+recent recent time was the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent recent time was the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent recent time was the molecular
+biology revolution and that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology revolution and that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology revolution and that was really
+the merger of physics and biology so Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merger of physics and biology so Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merger of physics and biology so Max
+Tobruk comes out of the amazing pre-war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tobruk comes out of the amazing pre-war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tobruk comes out of the amazing pre-war
+German physics community he he works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German physics community he he works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German physics community he he works
+with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen as part of
+that amazing community that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amazing community that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amazing community that you know
+we're living in in Bohr's house being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living in in Bohr's house being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're living in in Bohr's house being
+trained by him he more produces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained by him he more produces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained by him he more produces this
+amazing talent team and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing talent team and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing talent team and this is the
+second generation this is you know Bohr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second generation this is you know Bohr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second generation this is you know Bohr
+and Einstein er an earlier generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Einstein er an earlier generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Einstein er an earlier generation
+and recur II and so forth this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recur II and so forth this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recur II and so forth this is the
+next generation out how are they going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation out how are they going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next generation out how are they going
+to find their project what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find their project what's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find their project what's their
+project going to be and Bohr kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project going to be and Bohr kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project going to be and Bohr kind of
+urges Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urges Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urges Dell
+Brooke I just look at biology we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooke I just look at biology we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooke I just look at biology we're
+coming a lot up with a lot of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a lot up with a lot of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a lot up with a lot of physics
+here is there a way of applying that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is there a way of applying that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is there a way of applying that to
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+
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+States he has to flee Germany on the eve
+ 
+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Rome he's a medical doctor
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he's trained in medicine and he is
+ 
+
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+
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+fascinated with physics so he goes to
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+they're doing this crossover thing that
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+
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+
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+we've talked about before right
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+
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+we've talked about before right
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+
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+they're taking physics and moving it
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+whole new raft of ideas that help mature
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially that's another one of
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+in Cold Spring Harbor and but that's you
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Leroy hood inventor who you're
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+another crossover approach and then
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+
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+we've got this whole new community I've
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+
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+schools but this is just the community
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+
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+that we're used to so Phil sharp and a
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+
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+
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+
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+on this particular report Tyler Jack's
+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+things are doing similar things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are doing similar things we can
+understand us in a larger kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand us in a larger kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand us in a larger kind of way
+and take more creative advantage of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take more creative advantage of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take more creative advantage of it
+so will convergence play a role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will convergence play a role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will convergence play a role in the
+medical cost problems that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical cost problems that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical cost problems that we've been
+talking about we talked about the lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about we talked about the lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about we talked about the lack
+of incentives for cost control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incentives for cost control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incentives for cost control
+in the system so far we've been thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system so far we've been thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system so far we've been thinking
+about health care as a fan like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about health care as a fan like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about health care as a fan like
+rearranging the kind of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the kind of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the kind of financial
+plumbing right could we create different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing right could we create different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbing right could we create different
+kinds of cost structures and cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cost structures and cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of cost structures and cost
+incentives and so forth there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and so forth there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives and so forth there is another
+potential answer here and it's back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential answer here and it's back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential answer here and it's back to
+the prospector theory in a way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prospector theory in a way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prospector theory in a way that you
+were suggesting maybe their innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suggesting maybe their innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were suggesting maybe their innovation
+answers here too right in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers here too right in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers here too right in other words if
+you get a whole series of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a whole series of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a whole series of innovation
+based advances that can tackle a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based advances that can tackle a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based advances that can tackle a lot of
+these problems so for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems so for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems so for example you know
+NIH working away in supporting life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH working away in supporting life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIH working away in supporting life
+science research really enabled huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science research really enabled huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science research really enabled huge
+progress against heart disease which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress against heart disease which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress against heart disease which you
+know it's breathtaking and really moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's breathtaking and really moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's breathtaking and really moved
+heart disease down a notch from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease down a notch from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart disease down a notch from you know
+a nightmare killer to a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nightmare killer to a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nightmare killer to a much more
+manageable health problem and that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable health problem and that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manageable health problem and that's you
+know that's occurred in the last 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's occurred in the last 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's occurred in the last 25
+years you do that in a number of areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you do that in a number of areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you do that in a number of areas
+you can really start to affect the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really start to affect the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really start to affect the whole
+kind of cost structure and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cost structure and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cost structure and particularly
+could you have healthier aging so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you have healthier aging so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you have healthier aging so one
+one part of the dilemma for the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the dilemma for the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the dilemma for the current
+demographics challenge that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics challenge that's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics challenge that's gonna be
+upon you is keeping my generation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you is keeping my generation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon you is keeping my generation in the
+workforce longer with returns that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce longer with returns that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce longer with returns that are
+going into society right can you make me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into society right can you make me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into society right can you make me
+and my generation work longer generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my generation work longer generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my generation work longer generating
+returns that get distributed to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns that get distributed to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns that get distributed to all
+right that would solve a lot of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would solve a lot of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would solve a lot of problems
+that helps us rather than walking off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us rather than walking off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us rather than walking off a
+cliff that helps it manage you a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff that helps it manage you a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliff that helps it manage you a much
+more of a curve so if we could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a curve so if we could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a curve so if we could do that
+that would be powerful and maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be powerful and maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be powerful and maybe that
+some of these convergence based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these convergence based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these convergence based
+technologies can really be significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies can really be significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies can really be significant
+enablers in ways that we kind of never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enablers in ways that we kind of never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enablers in ways that we kind of never
+saw before so that's an innovation based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before so that's an innovation based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before so that's an innovation based
+policy approach to a profound kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy approach to a profound kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy approach to a profound kind of
+societal challenge so there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal challenge so there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal challenge so there's a whole
+series of policy steps that the report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of policy steps that the report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of policy steps that the report
+argues need to be taken we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues need to be taken we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues need to be taken we need to have
+get across NIH stovepipes NIH which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get across NIH stovepipes NIH which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get across NIH stovepipes NIH which is
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+biology all the time on most days needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology all the time on most days needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology all the time on most days needs
+to be encouraged to be able to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encouraged to be able to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encouraged to be able to look at
+in fund other fields it's hard for NIH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fund other fields it's hard for NIH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fund other fields it's hard for NIH
+to do it because it's composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it because it's composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it because it's composed of
+biologists if it analyzes proposals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists if it analyzes proposals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists if it analyzes proposals that
+involve complex engineering how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve complex engineering how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve complex engineering how does it
+do the analysis right how does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analysis right how does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analysis right how does it have
+multidisciplinary peer review systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisciplinary peer review systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisciplinary peer review systems is
+it able to encourage ARRA once that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it able to encourage ARRA once that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it able to encourage ARRA once that have
+multiple pis not soul single pis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple pis not soul single pis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple pis not soul single pis that
+represent a series of different fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a series of different fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a series of different fields
+and disciplines it's how do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disciplines it's how do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disciplines it's how do we do
+education and convergence right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and convergence right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and convergence right so we
+still have stove-piped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have stove-piped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have stove-piped
+disciplinary fields but and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary fields but and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary fields but and they're
+producing a lot of talent but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a lot of talent but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a lot of talent but how do
+they get educated in these other fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get educated in these other fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get educated in these other fields
+so they can take advantage of it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can take advantage of it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can take advantage of it right
+do we need a new kind of approach in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need a new kind of approach in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need a new kind of approach in
+life science education and what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life science education and what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life science education and what is going
+to be no question about it this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no question about it this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no question about it this is a
+dilemma and look this has been a dilemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma and look this has been a dilemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma and look this has been a dilemma
+for a while for bio engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while for bio engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while for bio engineering
+departments I think we're getting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments I think we're getting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments I think we're getting out of
+that phase I think those are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase I think those are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase I think those are starting to
+really kind of take off in part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of take off in part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of take off in part because
+this model is taking off but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is taking off but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is taking off but we don't
+have clear pathways so I mean the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clear pathways so I mean the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have clear pathways so I mean the model
+is going to continue to be that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to continue to be that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to continue to be that you're
+gonna you know be a biologist could can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you know be a biologist could can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you know be a biologist could can
+you get access to a series of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get access to a series of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get access to a series of other
+fields right maybe you're an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields right maybe you're an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields right maybe you're an engineer
+but you get significant access to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get significant access to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get significant access to a
+series of medical related fields as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of medical related fields as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of medical related fields as well
+can we adjust our training system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we adjust our training system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we adjust our training system and
+modify it so that there was a talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it so that there was a talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it so that there was a talented
+staffer in my office who said look we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffer in my office who said look we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffer in my office who said look we're
+gonna need a new language here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need a new language here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need a new language here in the
+life science innovation we're gonna need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life science innovation we're gonna need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life science innovation we're gonna need
+kind of our convergence creole a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our convergence creole a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of our convergence creole a mix of
+different languages from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages from different
+fields so that people are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so that people are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so that people are going to be
+able to speak across these disciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to speak across these disciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to speak across these disciplinary
+lines and understand things across these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and understand things across these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and understand things across these
+disciplinary lines you know that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary lines you know that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary lines you know that could
+be that could be pretty important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that could be pretty important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that could be pretty important you
+know that's the heart of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the heart of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the heart of this
+port MIT subsequently went on in a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port MIT subsequently went on in a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port MIT subsequently went on in a much
+broader based report that went across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader based report that went across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader based report that went across
+many institutions and this past year did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many institutions and this past year did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many institutions and this past year did
+it a report looking at what could we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a report looking at what could we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a report looking at what could we get
+from convergence in other words what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from convergence in other words what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from convergence in other words what are
+the promising convergence areas and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promising convergence areas and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the promising convergence areas and what
+might be obtained from them in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be obtained from them in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be obtained from them in an
+attempt to get a much more strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to get a much more strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to get a much more strategic
+approach to convergence not just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to convergence not just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to convergence not just say
+convergence is neat which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is neat which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence is neat which is kind of
+what this report did but really get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this report did but really get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this report did but really get a
+strategy together I'm partly guilty but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy together I'm partly guilty but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy together I'm partly guilty but
+actually get a strategy together around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a strategy together around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get a strategy together around
+what territories and convergence might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what territories and convergence might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what territories and convergence might
+be particularly promising so I urge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly promising so I urge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly promising so I urge you
+to look take a look at that more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look take a look at that more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look take a look at that more recent
+report and that was much more widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and that was much more widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and that was much more widely
+shared across institutions Lu Yao some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared across institutions Lu Yao some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared across institutions Lu Yao some
+questions for us I think one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for us I think one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for us I think one of the most
+relevant discussion of the house would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant discussion of the house would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant discussion of the house would
+be what are the possible features that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what are the possible features that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what are the possible features that
+we can expect University level that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can expect University level that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can expect University level that will
+be probably encouraging this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probably encouraging this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probably encouraging this kind of
+governance I mean we have we go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance I mean we have we go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance I mean we have we go to a
+liberal arts college it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal arts college it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal arts college it's essentially
+the liberal arts for science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liberal arts for science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liberal arts for science and
+engineering model but what was why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currently not like since they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently not like since they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently not like since they're
+proposing this covenants of researches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing this covenants of researches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing this covenants of researches
+so why is it not happening like with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it not happening like with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it not happening like with all
+this students with multi disciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this students with multi disciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this students with multi disciplinary
+backgrounds why are they not kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds why are they not kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds why are they not kind of
+currently working together across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working together across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working together across
+disciplines I would say and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines I would say and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines I would say and you know
+particular reference to our institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reference to our institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reference to our institution
+at Wellesley I work a lot with multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Wellesley I work a lot with multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Wellesley I work a lot with multi
+disciplinary stakeholders for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary stakeholders for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary stakeholders for
+facilitating currently and a big concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating currently and a big concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating currently and a big concern
+that faculty members have is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that faculty members have is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that faculty members have is that they
+won by the administration or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won by the administration or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won by the administration or not
+facilitated to do collaborations and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated to do collaborations and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitated to do collaborations and to
+that they that a lot of people feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that a lot of people feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they that a lot of people feel like
+having a an entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a an entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a an entrepreneurship
+a sort of innovation for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of innovation for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of innovation for the purpose of
+commercialization model goes against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization model goes against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization model goes against the
+spirit of the liberal arts education so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of the liberal arts education so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of the liberal arts education so
+I feel like in that sense you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like in that sense you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like in that sense you know
+research universities are very much well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research universities are very much well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research universities are very much well
+designed to sort of adopt more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to sort of adopt more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to sort of adopt more the
+liberal arts model than I think liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal arts model than I think liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal arts model than I think liberal
+arts colleges are designed to a dr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts colleges are designed to a dr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts colleges are designed to a dr.
+merliss stem model but you know perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merliss stem model but you know perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merliss stem model but you know perhaps
+somewhere in there is a model that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in there is a model that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in there is a model that can
+arise about multi disciplinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise about multi disciplinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise about multi disciplinary
+coordination but it would require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination but it would require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination but it would require
+facilitation by the administration to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation by the administration to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitation by the administration to
+the extent to which I think I my team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent to which I think I my team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent to which I think I my team
+does a really great job of facilitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a really great job of facilitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a really great job of facilitating
+that at the institutional level the rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the institutional level the rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the institutional level the rise
+of kind of these collaborative projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of these collaborative projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of these collaborative projects
+particularly culminating in your senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly culminating in your senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly culminating in your senior
+year so I think capstone privates are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so I think capstone privates are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so I think capstone privates are a
+great opportunity to start encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great opportunity to start encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great opportunity to start encouraging
+these collaborative efforts I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these collaborative efforts I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these collaborative efforts I think
+course to does is pretty well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to does is pretty well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to does is pretty well the
+therapy alone I'm kind of product design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy alone I'm kind of product design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy alone I'm kind of product design
+course but the piece that I would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but the piece that I would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but the piece that I would take
+from that is at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that is at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that is at the beginning of the
+semester that have you that lists all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that have you that lists all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester that have you that lists all of
+your skills and except break you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skills and except break you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skills and except break you about
+based on kind of backgrounds and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on kind of backgrounds and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on kind of backgrounds and then
+form teams that are like inherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form teams that are like inherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form teams that are like inherently
+collaborative so you don't have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative so you don't have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative so you don't have sort of
+lumpiness and all the students that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpiness and all the students that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumpiness and all the students that are
+interested or have particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or have particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested or have particular
+backgrounds in you know product design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds in you know product design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds in you know product design
+they're not all the same team you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all the same team you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all the same team you kind
+of spread it out and then I think if but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spread it out and then I think if but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spread it out and then I think if but
+be an interesting exercise at MIT do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting exercise at MIT do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an interesting exercise at MIT do
+sort of a school engineering capstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a school engineering capstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a school engineering capstone
+project so they like to do a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so they like to do a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project so they like to do a course
+where you have people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have people that are
+interested into engineering but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested into engineering but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested into engineering but they
+come from the biology department the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the biology department the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the biology department the
+chemical engineering department the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering department the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineering department the ion
+engineering department and then work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department and then work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering department and then work
+together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to
+for Alexis in my impression there's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alexis in my impression there's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Alexis in my impression there's kind
+of two models either we train more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two models either we train more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two models either we train more
+multitudes for incidents like for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitudes for incidents like for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitudes for incidents like for me
+like I take three minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I take three minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I take three minds
+my major is like philosophy politics any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my major is like philosophy politics any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my major is like philosophy politics any
+comics but I'm not actually either so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comics but I'm not actually either so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comics but I'm not actually either so
+then the other option is is to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other option is is to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other option is is to have like
+a lot of very focused UDON's and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of very focused UDON's and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of very focused UDON's and bring
+them together to work as a team which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to work as a team which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together to work as a team which
+model do you think would be more exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model do you think would be more exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model do you think would be more exactly
+being addressing our health no give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being addressing our health no give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being addressing our health no give you
+one person who kind of gets it for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person who kind of gets it for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person who kind of gets it for every
+single one of the issues but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of the issues but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of the issues but then you
+need somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need somebody
+Jack you need some you know I read every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack you need some you know I read every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack you need some you know I read every
+single book I read two three books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single book I read two three books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single book I read two three books
+outside this course you know I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this course you know I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this course you know I know this
+in this just like like know so much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this just like like know so much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this just like like know so much that
+like it just like you hit them with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it just like you hit them with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it just like you hit them with like
+any any word into their like inspired so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any word into their like inspired so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any word into their like inspired so
+like you want like yeah but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you want like yeah but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you want like yeah but you
+definitely need something who knows it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need something who knows it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need something who knows it
+understands have a weed really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands have a weed really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands have a weed really well
+because really great engineers tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really great engineers tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really great engineers tend to
+not be able to communicate greatly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to communicate greatly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to communicate greatly so
+you have to be able to figure out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to figure out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be able to figure out and
+ask for what questions to ask that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for what questions to ask that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for what questions to ask that they
+won't tell you or figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't tell you or figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't tell you or figure out what
+they're not telling you especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not telling you especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not telling you especially when
+hitting deadlines and then another big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting deadlines and then another big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting deadlines and then another big
+part with the groups with these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part with the groups with these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part with the groups with these kind of
+groups is to like figure out where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups is to like figure out where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups is to like figure out where each
+person stands so there's like oh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person stands so there's like oh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person stands so there's like oh I don't
+think you're doing a great job or I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're doing a great job or I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're doing a great job or I know
+you have this deadline you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this deadline you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this deadline you might not
+make it I know you're stressed don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it I know you're stressed don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it I know you're stressed don't be
+stressed I'll check in at the 70 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed I'll check in at the 70 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed I'll check in at the 70 percent
+mark how are you I know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark how are you I know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark how are you I know I think
+someone's missing from the research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's missing from the research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's missing from the research in
+the Media Lab kind of does that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Media Lab kind of does that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Media Lab kind of does that but I
+nothing's been done for a very very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's been done for a very very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's been done for a very very hard
+research what I would consider like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research what I would consider like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research what I would consider like
+super luxe like it's all these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super luxe like it's all these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super luxe like it's all these problems
+are now at hand right as we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now at hand right as we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now at hand right as we start to
+seriously pursue this convergence model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously pursue this convergence model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously pursue this convergence model
+exactly how we're gonna cope with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're gonna cope with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how we're gonna cope with this
+Susan Hockfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan Hockfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan Hockfield
+used to talk about and other people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to talk about and other people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to talk about and other people have
+talked about it too t-shaped people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it too t-shaped people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it too t-shaped people in
+other words people with a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words people with a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words people with a deep
+disciplinary dive but capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary dive but capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary dive but capable of
+operating across fields as well and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating across fields as well and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating across fields as well and that
+may well be a pretty key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may well be a pretty key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may well be a pretty key
+feature here and then combining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here and then combining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here and then combining that
+community so it's able to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so it's able to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so it's able to communicate
+with each other but you draw on a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other but you draw on a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other but you draw on a series
+of different fields so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different fields so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different fields so what the
+organizational model is going to be is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model is going to be is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model is going to be is
+really critical here because again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical here because again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really critical here because again as
+we've talked about two classes ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about two classes ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about two classes ago
+innovation you know happens with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation you know happens with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation you know happens with people
+it's not these institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not these institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not these institutional
+organizational models and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational models and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational models and how do you
+optimize the opportunities for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the opportunities for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the opportunities for people to
+be creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative
+so that's upon this model right Koch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's upon this model right Koch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's upon this model right Koch
+Institute is spending a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute is spending a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute is spending a lot of time
+thinking about this but actually Koch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this but actually Koch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this but actually Koch
+Institute is only one part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute is only one part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute is only one part of the
+convergence going on at MIT some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence going on at MIT some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence going on at MIT some like
+130 engineers are now working a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+130 engineers are now working a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+130 engineers are now working a
+significant amount of their time at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of their time at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of their time at MIT
+in a life science side so and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a life science side so and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a life science side so and that's not
+unique that's going on at a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique that's going on at a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique that's going on at a lot of
+institutions now and NIH is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions now and NIH is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions now and NIH is a problem
+here because it hasn't caught up to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it hasn't caught up to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it hasn't caught up to be
+able to manage that kind of transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to manage that kind of transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to manage that kind of transition
+and embrace these different fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and embrace these different fields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and embrace these different fields so
+that's the big funder and how do we how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big funder and how do we how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the big funder and how do we how
+do we bring that institution along I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we bring that institution along I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we bring that institution along I
+think like having oh academics like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like having oh academics like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like having oh academics like yeah
+we're getting T people but let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting T people but let's define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting T people but let's define
+T is like somebody who is like a grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is like somebody who is like a grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is like somebody who is like a grad
+student or undergrad at MIT like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student or undergrad at MIT like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student or undergrad at MIT like I don't
+know if the best answer is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the best answer is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the best answer is to have a
+great group of T's question marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group of T's question marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great group of T's question marks
+because also like this the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because also like this the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because also like this the like the
+background right it's like is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background right it's like is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background right it's like is the
+difference between oh I'm giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between oh I'm giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between oh I'm giving a
+really good like Bistro sandwich versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good like Bistro sandwich versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good like Bistro sandwich versus
+I need make a hundred a thousand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need make a hundred a thousand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need make a hundred a thousand a
+hundred thousand and I need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand and I need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand and I need to have
+just all the stuff we love McDonald's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all the stuff we love McDonald's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all the stuff we love McDonald's
+right so ideally I wouldn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so ideally I wouldn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so ideally I wouldn't want
+somebody who's already been in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's already been in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's already been in the field
+like somebody who has practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody who has practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody who has practical
+experience cuz I might start to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience cuz I might start to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience cuz I might start to build
+out a certain way but they have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a certain way but they have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a certain way but they have just
+seen phenomena right I'm like a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen phenomena right I'm like a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen phenomena right I'm like a great
+example is originally G when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is originally G when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is originally G when they were
+putting out the electrical lines but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting out the electrical lines but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting out the electrical lines but
+it's guy named Steinman this punchbag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's guy named Steinman this punchbag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's guy named Steinman this punchbag
+immigrant that couldn't even speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant that couldn't even speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrant that couldn't even speak
+English when we got to the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English when we got to the country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English when we got to the country and
+didn't really have a great game sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really have a great game sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really have a great game sentence
+on there I know any cookie did but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there I know any cookie did but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there I know any cookie did but yeah
+but he was just like this very very kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was just like this very very kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was just like this very very kind
+of somebody who'd never even be at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody who'd never even be at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somebody who'd never even be at MIT
+or like the Wright brothers right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the Wright brothers right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the Wright brothers right that
+it was just they had the practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just they had the practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just they had the practical
+experience that oh I think I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that oh I think I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that oh I think I can do this
+and trying it out also like just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying it out also like just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying it out also like just because
+of as an academics there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as an academics there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as an academics there's always a
+flawed ending organization and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed ending organization and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flawed ending organization and you have
+to figure out that's what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that's what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out that's what you mean
+business you look at oh how can I expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you look at oh how can I expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business you look at oh how can I expose
+their flaw and they're never gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their flaw and they're never gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their flaw and they're never gonna be
+able to go here because of the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go here because of the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go here because of the way this
+is their blind spot and so like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their blind spot and so like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their blind spot and so like you can
+definitely have a link what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a link what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a link what happened
+with the Wright brothers where it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Wright brothers where it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Wright brothers where it's like
+I can't work on this problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't work on this problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't work on this problem because
+there's no perfect theory and it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no perfect theory and it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no perfect theory and it's too
+much of a risk and I'm already you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a risk and I'm already you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a risk and I'm already you know
+50 years old and I'm not trying to risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years old and I'm not trying to risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years old and I'm not trying to risk
+you know my reputation and make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my reputation and make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my reputation and make my
+friends make fun of me because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends make fun of me because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends make fun of me because that's
+too uncomfortable and I've already kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uncomfortable and I've already kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too uncomfortable and I've already kind
+of all I've done my way and there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I've done my way and there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I've done my way and there might
+be some use like yo this is pretty crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some use like yo this is pretty crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some use like yo this is pretty crazy
+but I'm gonna try it and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna try it and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm gonna try it and see what
+happens and I think in the paper there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and I think in the paper there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and I think in the paper there
+is a quote where it's like what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quote where it's like what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quote where it's like what's the
+point of research if you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of research if you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of research if you already know
+it's gonna happen but the way the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna happen but the way the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna happen but the way the system
+is sometimes it did incentivize you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes it did incentivize you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes it did incentivize you to
+just do like oh I know this is kinda bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do like oh I know this is kinda bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do like oh I know this is kinda bad
+I don't know who's gonna be perfect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know who's gonna be perfect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know who's gonna be perfect but
+I know it's pretty much gonna work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's pretty much gonna work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's pretty much gonna work out
+and I think that's a very that's okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's a very that's okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's a very that's okay as
+like so do you like likes capitalism I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so do you like likes capitalism I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so do you like likes capitalism I
+think that's a huge opportunity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a huge opportunity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a huge opportunity because
+like you know just make your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know just make your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know just make your company
+look at all the blind spots but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the blind spots but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the blind spots but I think
+that's gonna be one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be one of the reasons why
+these models don't succeed and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models don't succeed and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models don't succeed and it'll be
+big failures doing if they fail right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big failures doing if they fail right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big failures doing if they fail right
+because of you like you said you spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of you like you said you spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of you like you said you spend
+all this money you got all these smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this money you got all these smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this money you got all these smart
+people and that can be a huge philia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that can be a huge philia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that can be a huge philia
+there so let's close i tempted to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's close i tempted to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's close i tempted to put
+the convergence reading last because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence reading last because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence reading last because
+it's basically a positive right in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a positive right in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a positive right in other
+words there are huge innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there are huge innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there are huge innovation
+opportunities that are at and that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that are at and that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that are at and that we're
+starting to move on so despite all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move on so despite all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move on so despite all the
+problems in the innovation system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the innovation system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the innovation system in
+this sector and all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sector and all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sector and all of its
+organizational gaps something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational gaps something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational gaps something really
+interesting is starting to happen so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is starting to happen so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is starting to happen so let
+me close with a comment from Elias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me close with a comment from Elias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me close with a comment from Elias
+Zerhouni was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zerhouni was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zerhouni was the
+director of NIH before Francis Collins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of NIH before Francis Collins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director of NIH before Francis Collins
+he writes as science grows more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes as science grows more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes as science grows more complex
+it is also converging on a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also converging on a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also converging on a set of
+unifying principles that link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifying principles that link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unifying principles that link
+apparently disparate diseases through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently disparate diseases through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently disparate diseases through
+common biological pathways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common biological pathways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common biological pathways and
+therapeutic approaches today NIH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic approaches today NIH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic approaches today NIH
+research needs to reflect this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research needs to reflect this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research needs to reflect this new
+reality so I think that's our innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so I think that's our innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality so I think that's our innovation
+organization task here I think some lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization task here I think some lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization task here I think some lies
+nicely in a couple of sentences from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in a couple of sentences from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely in a couple of sentences from
+Zerhouni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zerhouni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zerhouni
+a closing thought who yell but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closing thought who yell but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closing thought who yell but I don't
+think this meeting send a very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this meeting send a very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this meeting send a very positive
+message that this will need to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that this will need to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that this will need to search
+for and like holistic organization then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and like holistic organization then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and like holistic organization then
+kind of get our resources and so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get our resources and so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get our resources and so I I
+also feel like we are not addressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feel like we are not addressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also feel like we are not addressing the
+problem of kind of instead of tackling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of kind of instead of tackling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of kind of instead of tackling
+all these diseases why don't we prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these diseases why don't we prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these diseases why don't we prepare
+like kind of educate this population to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of educate this population to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of educate this population to
+be more healthy like the way of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more healthy like the way of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more healthy like the way of to
+encourage them to have a healthier life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to have a healthier life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to have a healthier life
+right without preventive the stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right without preventive the stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right without preventive the stock and
+rather than just repair jobs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just repair jobs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than just repair jobs and the
+Orang incentives in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orang incentives in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orang incentives in the system
+particularly to do that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to do that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to do that either
+which is problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UW9k06c63ts.txt b/UW9k06c63ts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af9569719f7e31b71d204f5cff577d103333efee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UW9k06c63ts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+Let's create a new abstraction called a "process"
+to capture the notion of a running program.
+
+A process encompasses all the resources that
+would be used when running a program including
+
+those of the CPU, the MMU, input and output
+devices, etc.
+
+Each process has a "state" that captures everything
+we know about its execution.
+
+The process state includes
+* the hardware state of the CPU, i.e., the
+
+values in the registers and program counter.
+
+* the contents of the process' virtual address
+space, including code, data values, the stack,
+
+and data objects dynamically allocated from
+the heap.
+
+Under the management of the MMU, this portion
+of the state can be resident in main memory
+
+or can reside in secondary storage.
+
+* the hardware state of the MMU, which, as
+we saw earlier, depends on the context-number
+
+and page-directory registers.
+
+Also included are the pages allocated for
+the hierarchical page map.
+
+* additional information about the process'
+input and output activities, such as where
+
+it has reached in reading or writing files
+in the file system,
+
+the status and buffers associated with open
+network connections,
+
+pending events from the user interface (e.g.,
+keyboard characters and mouse clicks), and
+
+so on.
+
+As we'll see, there is a special, privileged
+process, called the operating system (OS),
+
+running in its own kernel-mode context.
+
+The OS manages all the bookkeeping for each
+process, arranging for the process run periodically.
+
+The OS will provide various services to the
+processes, such as accessing data in files,
+
+establishing network connections, managing
+the window system and user interface, and
+
+so on.
+
+To switch from running one user-mode process
+to another, the OS will need to capture and
+
+save the *entire* state of the current user-mode
+process.
+
+Some of it already lives in main memory, so
+we're all set there.
+
+Some of it will be found in various kernel
+data structures.
+
+And some of it we'll need to be able to save
+and restore from the various hardware resources
+
+in the CPU and MMU.
+
+In order to successfully implement processes,
+the OS must be able to make it seem as if
+
+each process was running on its own "virtual
+machine" that works independently of other
+
+virtual machines for other processes.
+
+Our goal is to efficiently share one physical
+machine between all the virtual machines.
+
+Here's a sketch of the organization we're
+proposing.
+
+The resources provided by a physical machine
+are shown at the bottom of the slide.
+
+The CPU and main memory form the computation
+engine at heart of the system.
+
+Connected to the CPU are various peripherals,
+a collective noun coined from the English
+
+word "periphery" that indicates the resources
+surrounding the CPU.
+
+A timer generates periodic CPU interrupts
+that can be used to trigger periodic actions.
+
+Secondary storage provides high-capacity non-volatile
+memories for the system.
+
+Connections to the outside world are important
+too.
+
+Many computers include USB connections for
+removable devices.
+
+And most provide wired or wireless network
+connections.
+
+And finally there are usually video monitors,
+keyboards and mice that serve as the user
+
+interface.
+
+Cameras and microphones are becoming increasing
+important as the next generation of user interface.
+
+The physical machine is managed by the OS
+running in the privileged kernel context.
+
+The OS handles the low-level interfaces to
+the peripherals, initializes and manages the
+
+MMU contexts, and so on.
+
+It's the OS that creates the virtual machine
+seen by each process.
+
+User-mode programs run directly on the physical
+processor, but their execution can be interrupted
+
+by the timer,
+giving the OS the opportunity to save away
+
+the current process state and move to running
+the next process.
+
+Via the MMU, the OS provides each process
+with an independent virtual address space
+
+that's isolated from the actions of other
+processes.
+
+The virtual peripherals provided by the OS
+isolate the process from all the details of
+
+sharing resources with other processes.
+
+The notion of a window allows the process
+to access a rectangular array of pixels without
+
+having to worry if some pixels in the window
+are hidden by other windows.
+
+Or worrying about how to ensure the mouse
+cursor always appears on top of whatever is
+
+being displayed, and so on.
+
+Instead of accessing I/O devices directly,
+each process has access to a stream of I/O
+
+events that are generated when a character
+is typed, the mouse is clicked, etc.
+
+For example, the OS deals with how to determine
+which typed characters belong to which process.
+
+In most window systems, the user clicks on
+a window to indicate that the process that
+
+owns the window now has the keyboard focus
+and should receive any subsequent typed characters.
+
+And the position of the mouse when clicked
+might determine which process receives the
+
+click.
+
+All of which is to say that the details of
+sharing have been abstracted out of the simple
+
+interface provided by the virtual peripherals.
+
+The same is true of accessing files on disk.
+
+The OS provides the useful abstraction of
+having each file appear as a contiguous, growable
+
+array of bytes that supports read and write
+operations.
+
+The OS knows how the file is mapped to a pool
+of sectors on the disk and deals with bad
+
+sectors, reducing fragmentation, and improving
+throughput by doing read look-aheads and write
+
+behinds.
+
+For networks, the OS provides access to an
+in-order stream of bytes to some remote socket.
+
+It implements the appropriate network protocols
+for packetizing the stream, addressing the
+
+packets, and dealing with dropped, damaged,
+or out-of-order packets.
+
+To configure and control these virtual services,
+the process communicates with the OS using
+
+supervisor calls (SVCs), a type of controlled-access
+procedure call that invokes code in the OS
+
+kernel.
+
+The details of the design and implementation
+of each virtual service are beyond the scope
+
+of this course.
+
+If you're interested, a course on operating
+systems will explore each of these topics
+
+in detail.
+
+The OS provides an independent virtual machine
+for each process, periodically switching from
+
+running one process to running the next process.
+
+Let's follow along as we switch from running
+process #0 to running process #1.
+
+Initially, the CPU is executing user-mode
+code in process #0.
+
+That execution is interrupted, either by an
+explicit yield by the program, or, more likely,
+
+by a timer interrupt.
+
+Either ends up transferring control to OS
+code running in kernel mode, while saving
+
+the current PC+4 value in the XP register.
+
+We'll talk about the interrupt mechanism in
+more detail in just a moment.
+
+The OS saves the state of process #0 in the
+appropriate table in kernel storage.
+
+Then it reloads the state from the kernel
+table for process #1.
+
+Note that the process #1 state was saved when
+process #1 was interrupted at some earlier
+
+point.
+
+The OS then uses a JMP() to resume user-mode
+execution using the newly restored process
+
+#1 state.
+
+Execution resumes in process #1 just where
+it was when interrupted earlier.
+
+And now we're running the user-mode program
+in process #1.
+
+We've interrupted one process and resumed
+execution of another.
+
+We'll keep doing this in a round-robin fashion,
+giving each process a chance to run, before
+
+starting another round of execution.
+
+The black arrows give a sense for how time
+proceeds.
+
+For each process, virtual time unfolds as
+a sequence of executed instructions.
+
+Unless it looks at a real-time clock, a process
+is unaware that occasionally its execution
+
+is suspended for a while.
+
+The suspension and resumption are completely
+transparent to a running process.
+
+Of course, from the outside we can see that
+in real time, the execution path moves from
+
+process to process, visiting the OS during
+switches, producing the dove-tailed execution
+
+path we see here.
+
+Time-multiplexing of the CPU is called "timesharing"
+and we'll examine the implementation in more
+
+detail in the following segment.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Uq0zx1Hy9Jw.txt b/Uq0zx1Hy9Jw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79ebee30776202acd9decf56195ce043529dd940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Uq0zx1Hy9Jw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at home
+you have three disasters that come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three disasters that come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three disasters that come from
+the titratable pocket-pouch bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titratable pocket-pouch bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titratable pocket-pouch bodies
+Brigitte about a year now but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigitte about a year now but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigitte about a year now but we
+probably had some blue strangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably had some blue strangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably had some blue strangers
+similarly you know I need to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you know I need to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you know I need to say about
+that long ago see yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long ago see yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long ago see yeah
+so we perceive it's from the time that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decided before 1900 rockello comes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided before 1900 rockello comes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided before 1900 rockello comes much
+much later right the Saudis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later right the Saudis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later right the Saudis
+what a fellow is how can you use the CMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a fellow is how can you use the CMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a fellow is how can you use the CMS
+this might be quite amusing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be quite amusing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be quite amusing okay so
+that's kind of like a trademarked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like a trademarked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of like a trademarked
+version of the rule set which basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the rule set which basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the rule set which basically
+specifies what the initial start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what the initial start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what the initial start
+position of the games that's believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the games that's believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the games that's believe it
+while the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the Japanese
+besides the rules set up for the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the rules set up for the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the rules set up for the rules
+or a comment and publicize behave myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a comment and publicize behave myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a comment and publicize behave myself
+but a version of this reversi maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a version of this reversi maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a version of this reversi maybe not
+black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white
+beautiful colors on each open basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors on each open basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors on each open basis that
+waiting for that window comes much later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for that window comes much later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting for that window comes much later
+but engineers reading new red arrows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but engineers reading new red arrows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but engineers reading new red arrows in
+apology I think I think it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology I think I think it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology I think I think it was in
+today's convocation was that part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's convocation was that part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's convocation was that part about
+us trying to publish that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us trying to publish that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us trying to publish that was kind of
+like we don't want to be ahead by color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't want to be ahead by color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we don't want to be ahead by color
+to settle for that's reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to settle for that's reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to settle for that's reason why I
+included today it's not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included today it's not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included today it's not necessarily
+because it it's also a piece of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's also a piece of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it it's also a piece of local
+history say though this really not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history say though this really not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history say though this really not that
+far away and I'm not sure the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away and I'm not sure the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away and I'm not sure the building
+still exists in Salem visiting really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exists in Salem visiting really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exists in Salem visiting really
+happy talked about this earlier this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy talked about this earlier this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy talked about this earlier this is
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think it might be like repurposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we talked about before in glitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about before in glitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about before in glitch
+and of the Croatian means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the Croatian means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the Croatian means
+and I wanna remember why I could wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanna remember why I could wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanna remember why I could wear
+this going to college cause it only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to college cause it only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to college cause it only one
+in four kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+additional cards we cut it in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cards we cut it in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional cards we cut it in two
+identical slices if I can you tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical slices if I can you tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical slices if I can you tiny
+little box it's a lot of these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box it's a lot of these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little box it's a lot of these on
+soldier or a truck or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think that take away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that take away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that take away from
+everything that we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we're going to discuss
+today it's really all about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's really all about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today it's really all about how
+marketing and sales concerns are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales concerns are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales concerns are going
+to affect you if you read you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect you if you read you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect you if you read you know the
+saris is a Phil Phil Harvey it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saris is a Phil Phil Harvey it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saris is a Phil Phil Harvey it's
+workable what it wants by its president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workable what it wants by its president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workable what it wants by its president
+of R&D and Punk brothers also apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R&D and Punk brothers also apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R&D and Punk brothers also apparently
+the best and so you know he's what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and so you know he's what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best and so you know he's what is
+the percent material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percent material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percent material
+he also writing from everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also writing from everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also writing from everybody's
+pointing beauties you know he's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing beauties you know he's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing beauties you know he's right
+totally as a pocket buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know if they think everything a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they think everything a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if they think everything a
+decision between us all I'm sure not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision between us all I'm sure not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision between us all I'm sure not
+everybody process actually showed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody process actually showed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody process actually showed the
+pass was not quite as presented as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass was not quite as presented as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass was not quite as presented as well
+it's enough to be but when faxes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to be but when faxes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough to be but when faxes and I
+teach again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he talks it's a pretty good designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he talks it's a pretty good designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he talks it's a pretty good designer
+sort of design diary of how various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of design diary of how various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of design diary of how various
+games became the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games became the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games became the way that
+they were one thing that he didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were one thing that he didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were one thing that he didn't go
+into a lot of detail was normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of detail was normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a lot of detail was normally
+because that kind of comes out for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that kind of comes out for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that kind of comes out for this
+chapter there's a little bit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter there's a little bit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter there's a little bit of that
+that I want to talk about and we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about and we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about and we brought
+we mentioned it the fact that he used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned it the fact that he used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned it the fact that he used it
+because the technology this is patented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the technology this is patented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the technology this is patented
+product and the name of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the name of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and the name of the original
+designer was Elizabeth monkey somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer was Elizabeth monkey somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer was Elizabeth monkey somewhere
+right in the beginning of the nineteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the beginning of the nineteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the beginning of the nineteen
+hundred's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred's
+although took about three years between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although took about three years between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although took about three years between
+the patent and ankle publishing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent and ankle publishing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patent and ankle publishing to
+actually figure out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out all the
+manufacturing processes under breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes under breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing processes under breath
+brothers only came into ownership of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers only came into ownership of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers only came into ownership of
+this product from 1934 to other years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product from 1934 to other years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product from 1934 to other years
+and you know and the original feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and the original feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know and the original feedback
+from from George Parker himself or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from George Parker himself or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from George Parker himself or so
+the game is rejected because it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is rejected because it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is rejected because it's too
+complicated too technical and takes too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated too technical and takes too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated too technical and takes too
+long to play so they didn't actually buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to play so they didn't actually buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long to play so they didn't actually buy
+a new monopoly from the dead Bisons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new monopoly from the dead Bisons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new monopoly from the dead Bisons
+father Charles Darrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father Charles Darrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father Charles Darrow
+when it was operating today divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was operating today divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was operating today divided
+always you're after Christmas when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you're after Christmas when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always you're after Christmas when he
+saw how well child everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how well child everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw how well child everything
+and in fact dark property damage James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact dark property damage James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact dark property damage James
+quick rules and believe actually imposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick rules and believe actually imposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick rules and believe actually imposes
+a time limit room which may not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time limit room which may not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time limit room which may not exist
+anymore but everything that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but everything that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but everything that we've talked
+about the problems with monopoly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problems with monopoly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problems with monopoly you
+know was something that go much farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was something that go much farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know was something that go much farther
+and in the proper ended very very minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the proper ended very very minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the proper ended very very minor
+where they knew that there was a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they knew that there was a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they knew that there was a problem
+with the same but it also realized I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same but it also realized I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same but it also realized I
+would tap into the zeitgeist and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tap into the zeitgeist and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tap into the zeitgeist and there
+was an opportunity that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an opportunity that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an opportunity that could be
+capitalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalized
+there was one that fit very well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one that fit very well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one that fit very well with
+their strengths as a as a walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strengths as a as a walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their strengths as a as a walking
+manufacturer and publisher so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and publisher so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer and publisher so how
+quickly they open around the company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly they open around the company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly they open around the company and
+what you have to do to hire people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do to hire people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do to hire people who
+visit the operated sewing machines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the operated sewing machines the
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+hey it's up kids edition
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand kind of it's one of
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+
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+
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+
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+came over to the US but I think we
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+writing we had a couple of examples of
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+
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+writing we had a couple of examples of
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+how the pop rock star tracker initially
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually hired people based in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually hired people based in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+London to try to acquire work that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London to try to acquire work that had
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+ align:start position:0%
+been already patented funded by the
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+
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+been already patented funded by the
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+American publishing fight so that that's
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+kind of we give you an idea of what the
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+
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+kind of we give you an idea of what the
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+more game industry looks like round
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more game industry looks like round
+about internal century write today it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about internal century write today it's
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+
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+about internal century write today it's
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+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit hard to think of many
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit hard to think of many
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+
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+examples of product iced teas there's a
+ 
+
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+examples of product iced teas there's a
+lot of focus on chest forwards and plain
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+lot of focus on chest forwards and plain
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+
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+lot of focus on chest forwards and plain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon obviously exist you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon obviously exist you might have a
+design on the back of a playing card or
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+design on the back of a playing card or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+design on the back of a playing card or
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+
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+special thing all the way home team
+ 
+
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+please this illustrated that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please this illustrated that could be
+ 
+
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+please this illustrated that could be
+copyrighted but the games that you can
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+copyrighted but the games that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted but the games that you can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play up and what pretty much
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play up and what pretty much
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+
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+probably the main right for things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the main right for things is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that man admits the holidays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that man admits the holidays are
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribed to that but this is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribed to that but this is around
+about 1900s where mass production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1900s where mass production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1900s where mass production and
+mass distribution all come into its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass distribution all come into its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass distribution all come into its own
+like this no it's not surprising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this no it's not surprising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this no it's not surprising that
+this that Pakistan is was based in Salem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that Pakistan is was based in Salem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that Pakistan is was based in Salem
+because it's a seaport even though it
+
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+because it's a seaport even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a seaport even though it
+wasn't like the best seaport because by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like the best seaport because by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't like the best seaport because by
+then the wall was moving the seed ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the wall was moving the seed ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the wall was moving the seed ship
+and you needed a deeper hardware but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you needed a deeper hardware but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you needed a deeper hardware but
+mostly you still had the means of moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly you still had the means of moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly you still had the means of moving
+large amounts of merchandise that needs
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+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of merchandise that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of merchandise that needs
+to muster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so present I just want to give it and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so present I just want to give it and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so present I just want to give it and an
+idea of how recent this whole idea of
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+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how recent this whole idea of
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+
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+idea of how recent this whole idea of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a game off the shelf is and I'm
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a game off the shelf is and I'm
+only talking about the nineteen hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about the nineteen hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talking about the nineteen hundreds
+and pry it today with my wife I buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pry it today with my wife I buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pry it today with my wife I buy a
+toy you might buy something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy you might buy something that you
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+
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+toy you might buy something that you
+played a game with something like that
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+ align:start position:0%
+played a game with something like that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a game with something like that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but you wouldn't necessarily just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but you wouldn't necessarily just
+buy a whole game with a bright that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a whole game with a bright that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a whole game with a bright that
+title on it just off the shop you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title on it just off the shop you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title on it just off the shop you know
+the jigsaw you know kind of like already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jigsaw you know kind of like already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jigsaw you know kind of like already
+a pretty extreme case where this is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty extreme case where this is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty extreme case where this is its
+own game and it's not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own game and it's not mean
+ 
+
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+own game and it's not mean
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable with another game at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable with another game at the
+same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and until the nineteen hundreds we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until the nineteen hundreds we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until the nineteen hundreds we
+didn't necessarily have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't necessarily have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't necessarily have a situation
+where people assumed that games could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people assumed that games could be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people assumed that games could be
+copyrighted on or off of a segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted on or off of a segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted on or off of a segment
+you've got you know influence things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know influence things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know influence things
+that people play and if you like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people play and if you like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people play and if you like that
+you've got you you've got the parts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you you've got the parts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you you've got the parts that
+you needed to play it with but that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed to play it with but that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you needed to play it with but that you
+wouldn't necessarily own it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily own it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't necessarily own it
+anyone else will go ahead and and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else will go ahead and and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else will go ahead and and get
+the same number of particles in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of particles in other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of particles in other
+parts and basically think of the game
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+ align:start position:0%
+parts and basically think of the game
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and basically think of the game
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this is something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this is something that's
+not in the reading but yes I guess this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the reading but yes I guess this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the reading but yes I guess this
+will be over in hundred - so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over in hundred - so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over in hundred - so how many
+varieties she was worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know that he made a warning we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that he made a warning we are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that he made a warning we are
+working for Bill miniature alleys tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for Bill miniature alleys tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for Bill miniature alleys tips
+odors it's called middle floor else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odors it's called middle floor else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odors it's called middle floor else you
+can find it on a project gutenberg is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it on a project gutenberg is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it on a project gutenberg is
+about 24 pages and the rules are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 24 pages and the rules are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 24 pages and the rules are only
+about six pages long but so it's a quick
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+ align:start position:0%
+about six pages long but so it's a quick
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six pages long but so it's a quick
+read but the previous 18 pages is his
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+ align:start position:0%
+read but the previous 18 pages is his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+read but the previous 18 pages is his
+development diary of how the rules for
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+ align:start position:0%
+development diary of how the rules for
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+
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+me essentially we tested agreed because
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+me essentially we tested agreed because
+cheap I was writing it about how he came
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+ align:start position:0%
+cheap I was writing it about how he came
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap I was writing it about how he came
+up how how he was such a pessimist ended
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+up how how he was such a pessimist ended
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+
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+up how how he was such a pessimist ended
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+up developing a set of or game rules on
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+up developing a set of or game rules on
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+ align:start position:0%
+how you set up troops how far they move
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you set up troops how far they move
+how you launch cannon shots at each
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+how you launch cannon shots at each
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+
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+how you launch cannon shots at each
+other and I was all all based on this
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+ align:start position:0%
+other and I was all all based on this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and I was all all based on this
+one the one Dale toy that we can buy
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+one the one Dale toy that we can buy
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the one Dale toy that we can buy
+from any place on so it wasn't like you
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+ align:start position:0%
+from any place on so it wasn't like you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any place on so it wasn't like you
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+ align:start position:0%
+know here's a box that you will buy with
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+
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+know here's a box that you will buy with
+his she was little but he/she Wells
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+ align:start position:0%
+his she was little but he/she Wells
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+his she was little but he/she Wells
+little wars you know on the title like
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+little wars you know on the title like
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+
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+little wars you know on the title like
+he just printed it as a basic
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+he just printed it as a basic
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+
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+he just printed it as a basic
+acquaintances on fish and if you come
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+acquaintances on fish and if you come
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances on fish and if you come
+back you will read a little story HTML
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+ align:start position:0%
+back you will read a little story HTML
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+
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+back you will read a little story HTML
+so how does the kid to me and then right
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+so how does the kid to me and then right
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+so how does the kid to me and then right
+in the back up off of it'll be 16
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+in the back up off of it'll be 16
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+yourself if you just buy these parts you
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+yourself if you just buy these parts you
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+yourself if you just buy these parts you
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+can pay the same for this out so again
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+can pay the same for this out so again
+only kind of owns the book but he
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+only kind of owns the book but he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kind of owns the book but he
+doesn't read the only game you are
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+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't read the only game you are
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+
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+expected to buy the fancy yourself a
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+expected to buy the fancy yourself a
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+expected to buy the fancy yourself a
+particular there was no breach though
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+particular there was no breach though
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+particular there was no breach though
+that happened I think it actually went
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+that happened I think it actually went
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+
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+that happened I think it actually went
+quite a little bit of explosives and
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+quite a little bit of explosives and
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+quite a little bit of explosives and
+like like little hat and if you said
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+like like little hat and if you said
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+like like little hat and if you said
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+ align:start position:0%
+invite a little wooden projectiles that
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+
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+simply doesn't knocking down
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+simply doesn't knocking down
+that's how damage was so even do things
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+ align:start position:0%
+that's how damage was so even do things
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how damage was so even do things
+like terrain and our instruction through
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+like terrain and our instruction through
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+
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+there are by how you make what over
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are by how you make what over
+terrain you have to invade a building it
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+ align:start position:0%
+terrain you have to invade a building it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain you have to invade a building it
+has to be completely solid fill it up
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+ align:start position:0%
+has to be completely solid fill it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be completely solid fill it up
+with non-slip twenty bucks because you
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+ align:start position:0%
+with non-slip twenty bucks because you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non-slip twenty bucks because you
+don't money monthly troops inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+but that's but that's only 1914 1915
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+ align:start position:0%
+but that's but that's only 1914 1915
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's but that's only 1914 1915
+that's already you know has fascinated
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+where these products are you clear on
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+where these products are you clear on
+the shaman occasion an indication of
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+what was right before that is that
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+what was right before that is that
+people printed out robots you can still
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+people printed out robots you can still
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+people printed out robots you can still
+find both of our countries for instance
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+ align:start position:0%
+find both of our countries for instance
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+
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+find both of our countries for instance
+you know on your shelf I 101 days in
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+ align:start position:0%
+you know on your shelf I 101 days in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on your shelf I 101 days in
+favor that concurrences when you're not
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+ align:start position:0%
+favor that concurrences when you're not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor that concurrences when you're not
+but that's how mean is for sure you know
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+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how mean is for sure you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how mean is for sure you know
+they want to put in a box in you know
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+ align:start position:0%
+they want to put in a box in you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to put in a box in you know
+point excited together would point in
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+point excited together would point in
+something at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so today we've got these games just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so today we've got these games just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so today we've got these games just
+uh just a quick look through some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a quick look through some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a quick look through some more
+details by the way I want you to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details by the way I want you to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details by the way I want you to take a
+look at these boxes that I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these boxes that I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these boxes that I'm going to be
+handing around and look at the sizes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing around and look at the sizes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handing around and look at the sizes of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think about how how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about how how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about how how do you
+will put this on a store shelf these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put this on a store shelf these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put this on a store shelf these are
+boxes obviously these are not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes obviously these are not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes obviously these are not you know
+these don't date back to the knock-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't date back to the knock-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't date back to the knock-on
+century because I want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century because I want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century because I want to talk about the
+history the old also kind of the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the old also kind of the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history the old also kind of the reality
+of what it's like to be able to sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it's like to be able to sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what it's like to be able to sell a
+product like this in stores today right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product like this in stores today right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product like this in stores today right
+actually I should but this jigsaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should but this jigsaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should but this jigsaw
+puzzles about the size of all percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles about the size of all percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles about the size of all percent
+their own box plus things orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own box plus things orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own box plus things orientation
+right this is meant to be some a seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is meant to be some a seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is meant to be some a seed
+this way or this way possibly fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or this way possibly fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way or this way possibly fact this
+way how many do you have gone you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how many do you have gone you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how many do you have gone you know
+shopping in a target or a Walmart CVS or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping in a target or a Walmart CVS or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping in a target or a Walmart CVS or
+something for gears in Christmas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for gears in Christmas okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for gears in Christmas okay
+yeah you're buying a family my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're buying a family my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're buying a family my personal
+friends so anyone buy yourself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so anyone buy yourself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so anyone buy yourself a
+Christmas this is supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas this is supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas this is supported
+you know you I don't think it's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you I don't think it's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you I don't think it's any
+great surprise but if I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great surprise but if I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great surprise but if I told you that
+the majority of the problem is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the problem is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the problem is a very
+huge chunk of the profit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chunk of the profit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chunk of the profit that
+I talked about this or a squirrel would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about this or a squirrel would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talked about this or a squirrel would
+make will be their interpreter season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make will be their interpreter season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make will be their interpreter season
+right but not usually bought by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not usually bought by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but not usually bought by the
+people who are going to planner then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are going to planner then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are going to planner then
+usually gonna be boys gifts so all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually gonna be boys gifts so all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually gonna be boys gifts so all this
+stuff is positioned not to attract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is positioned not to attract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is positioned not to attract you
+to think that oh this is something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that oh this is something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that oh this is something I
+want to play but rather this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play but rather this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play but rather this is
+something that I want someone else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I want someone else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I want someone else I
+think something else is going to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think something else is going to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think something else is going to like
+this how many you bought monopoly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how many you bought monopoly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how many you bought monopoly for
+friend or sister yeah did you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or sister yeah did you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend or sister yeah did you think it
+was a good game so why is it so wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good game so why is it so wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good game so why is it so wide
+anyway because other people like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because other people like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because other people like that
+because it's a gift because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a gift because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a gift because you know
+because it's fighting for my mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fighting for my mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's fighting for my mine
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+do we do that maybe do remember that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do that maybe do remember that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do that maybe do remember that you
+know yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yeah yeah
+anyone else oh wow okay so it sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else oh wow okay so it sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone else oh wow okay so it sounded
+like like maybe this is a opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like maybe this is a opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like maybe this is a opportunity to
+play this this old favorite but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this this old favorite but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this this old favorite but I'll
+play it before I'm sure hazel who else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I do the same thing you do with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do the same thing you do with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do the same thing you do with your
+peasants quite a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a hard hard-core ruthless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard hard-core ruthless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard hard-core ruthless
+capitalists game or second-greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists game or second-greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalists game or second-greatest
+right but casually but you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but casually but you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but casually but you know you
+people have fond memories not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have fond memories not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have fond memories not
+necessarily of the game itself but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily of the game itself but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily of the game itself but of
+sessions between monopoly with families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions between monopoly with families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions between monopoly with families
+and friends and you think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friends and you think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friends and you think you know
+whether or not the games that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the games that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the games that he could
+be kind of hope that other people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of hope that other people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of hope that other people will
+have those fond memories of playing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those fond memories of playing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those fond memories of playing it
+with friends and family maybe even so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends and family maybe even so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with friends and family maybe even so
+you might animation playing a box that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might animation playing a box that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might animation playing a box that
+you then you bought but that's what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you bought but that's what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then you bought but that's what all
+these games are designed to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games are designed to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these games are designed to do this
+insert the power package to be gifts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert the power package to be gifts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert the power package to be gifts and
+so when you look at something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look at something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you look at something like
+battleship and risk and monopoly include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battleship and risk and monopoly include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battleship and risk and monopoly include
+these huge things that you know I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these huge things that you know I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these huge things that you know I would
+look good if you were to wrap it up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good if you were to wrap it up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good if you were to wrap it up with
+a paper pit in three weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tip-tippy weeks it's hard to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip-tippy weeks it's hard to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip-tippy weeks it's hard to make an
+argument for much bigger box because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for much bigger box because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for much bigger box because we
+really don't need much of a lot of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't need much of a lot of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't need much of a lot of space
+or material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or material
+it's a penalty here in fact there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a penalty here in fact there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a penalty here in fact there's a
+surgery yeah it's probably the box but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery yeah it's probably the box but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgery yeah it's probably the box but
+see how much of that box attention be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much of that box attention be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much of that box attention be
+occupied my stuff there is a bell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied my stuff there is a bell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied my stuff there is a bell and
+that requires a certain depth on top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires a certain depth on top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires a certain depth on top the
+rest is phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is phones
+so there's another part Senate belt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another part Senate belt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another part Senate belt and
+a bevel you know I'm sure the Bailiwick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bevel you know I'm sure the Bailiwick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bevel you know I'm sure the Bailiwick
+sweet minute in the original version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet minute in the original version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet minute in the original version
+okay that was described to me the techno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was described to me the techno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was described to me the techno
+parts of it was a sort of copies down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it was a sort of copies down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of it was a sort of copies down
+yeah okay that actually is a cup of egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that actually is a cup of egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay that actually is a cup of egg
+yeah it's not just a card one full so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not just a card one full so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not just a card one full so
+again these things up these boxes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these things up these boxes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again these things up these boxes all
+designed to catch your eye and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to catch your eye and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to catch your eye and while
+sitting up on a small shelf like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting up on a small shelf like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting up on a small shelf like that
+I believe the standard shelf is EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe the standard shelf is EP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe the standard shelf is EP
+inches that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's like a standard industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's like a standard industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's like a standard industry
+with much working retailing and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much working retailing and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much working retailing and those
+numbers are different Keystone and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are different Keystone and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are different Keystone and and
+if you buy if you sell boxes basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy if you sell boxes basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy if you sell boxes basically
+this wide you can sort of stack them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wide you can sort of stack them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wide you can sort of stack them
+either you know on top of each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know on top of each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you know on top of each other and
+vertically about in front of you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically about in front of you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically about in front of you this is
+risk and if you take that box off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and if you take that box off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and if you take that box off that
+you can see a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a whole bunch of other
+responses at the back you can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses at the back you can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses at the back you can take that
+um I believe that there is like with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I believe that there is like with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I believe that there is like with the
+candy mans and the shoes and matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy mans and the shoes and matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy mans and the shoes and matters
+that's kind of an interesting situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an interesting situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an interesting situation
+where they're a little bit off so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're a little bit off so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're a little bit off so then
+you book both on there no shorter both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you book both on there no shorter both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you book both on there no shorter both a
+horizontal the end for the piece so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal the end for the piece so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal the end for the piece so that
+you can actually fit through so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually fit through so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually fit through so you can
+see Candy Man shoots another this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Candy Man shoots another this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Candy Man shoots another this is
+probably some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all fitting room and then you just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fitting room and then you just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fitting room and then you just see
+this like giant wall of password that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like giant wall of password that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like giant wall of password that's
+that that's what they want me to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what they want me to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what they want me to do with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+where are you where are the boxes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you where are the boxes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are you where are the boxes are
+placed in the store whether it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in the store whether it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed in the store whether it's part of
+the Walmart some especially other key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walmart some especially other key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Walmart some especially other key
+game stores it's all paid for and sold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game stores it's all paid for and sold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game stores it's all paid for and sold
+and has a price you know how much Hasbro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a price you know how much Hasbro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has a price you know how much Hasbro
+who pays the retailer for placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who pays the retailer for placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who pays the retailer for placement
+determines whether is the first thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines whether is the first thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines whether is the first thing to
+see when you come into the store or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you come into the store or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you come into the store or
+whether the stock they are keeping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the stock they are keeping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the stock they are keeping in
+the back room but you can ask for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back room but you can ask for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back room but you can ask for you
+know that's that's that's when it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's that's when it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's that's when it's one
+part that's publishes town so maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's publishes town so maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that's publishes town so maybe a
+lot that's one display case somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that's one display case somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that's one display case somewhere
+that way there's all games but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way there's all games but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way there's all games but for the
+most part they're not going to gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part they're not going to gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part they're not going to gonna be
+able to pick up game off-the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick up game off-the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick up game off-the-shelf
+unless the port game manufacturer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the port game manufacturer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the port game manufacturer
+themselves as I should keep foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as I should keep foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as I should keep foreign
+countries they are gonna make it back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they are gonna make it back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries they are gonna make it back or
+hopefully they're gonna make it back by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they're gonna make it back by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully they're gonna make it back by
+the end of season because that many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of season because that many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of season because that many more
+Jesus I'm gonna do so and it's okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus I'm gonna do so and it's okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jesus I'm gonna do so and it's okay then
+there are selling the boxes to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are selling the boxes to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are selling the boxes to people
+ready honorably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready honorably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready honorably
+by it for somebody else already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different kind yeah they all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind yeah they all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind yeah they all the
+different skins like there's I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different skins like there's I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different skins like there's I thought
+one of the Star Wars this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Star Wars this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the Star Wars this is a different
+kind yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind yeah
+and Star Wars Nintendo Nintendo that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Star Wars Nintendo Nintendo that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Star Wars Nintendo Nintendo that's a
+rookie lon yeah and then the original so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rookie lon yeah and then the original so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rookie lon yeah and then the original so
+we have jr. that was like three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have jr. that was like three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have jr. that was like three years
+old but that's a big player what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old but that's a big player what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old but that's a big player what's the
+difference is the age to everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the age to everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the age to everything is
+just simpler and I also do like that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simpler and I also do like that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simpler and I also do like that the
+dollar amounts with one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar amounts with one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar amounts with one two three four
+five almost all these hundreds and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five almost all these hundreds and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five almost all these hundreds and stuff
+wasn't oh really matter right you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't oh really matter right you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't oh really matter right you don't
+have to get a simplified related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get a simplified related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get a simplified related
+basically the same you know Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same you know Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same you know Community
+Chest same size I mean these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chest same size I mean these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chest same size I mean these numbers
+pieces yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I also like electronic devices your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also like electronic devices your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also like electronic devices your
+berries or something you don't into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries or something you don't into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berries or something you don't into
+about you Oh heavy discs and I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you Oh heavy discs and I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you Oh heavy discs and I have the
+like monopoly thing it's kind of gay boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monopoly thing it's kind of gay boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like monopoly thing it's kind of gay boy
+okay those of us quotes the disc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those of us quotes the disc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those of us quotes the disc you
+playing it's computer whirring it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it's computer whirring it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it's computer whirring it's a
+person and the little game a rip off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and the little game a rip off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and the little game a rip off of
+not believe that's my town and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not believe that's my town and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not believe that's my town and so a
+different like businesses and town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like businesses and town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like businesses and town
+silently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silently
+like paid for their business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the same set of rules just a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same set of rules just a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same set of rules just a famous
+us yeah okay so is it best because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah okay so is it best because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us yeah okay so is it best because it's
+also because it actually is passageway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because it actually is passageway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because it actually is passageway
+well it is I think a corporation I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is I think a corporation I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is I think a corporation I think
+is very similar to like local town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to like local town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to like local town
+vision which is properties of the bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision which is properties of the bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision which is properties of the bank's
+business does anybody know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business does anybody know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business does anybody know where the
+original road names came from many city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the version that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the version that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the version that we've got
+the version that we got now is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version that we got now is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version that we got now is being
+published by winning dual schemes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by winning dual schemes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by winning dual schemes which
+it's kind of like a boutique Hasbro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like a boutique Hasbro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like a boutique Hasbro
+subsidiary that sells classic versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary that sells classic versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary that sells classic versions
+of all of these games and so this salad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these games and so this salad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these games and so this salad
+is finally find a price point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finally find a price point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finally find a price point that
+matter the price tags and so on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the price tags and so on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the price tags and so on these
+days particularly whenever expense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days particularly whenever expense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days particularly whenever expense a
+television that you buy a target you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that you buy a target you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that you buy a target you
+know they're metal pieces they're for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're metal pieces they're for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're metal pieces they're for
+people who are explicitly buying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are explicitly buying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are explicitly buying these
+games for not event rather than you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for not event rather than you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for not event rather than you know
+that she was most economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try to remember other things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to remember other things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to remember other things that were
+all mentioned every little thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all mentioned every little thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all mentioned every little thing that
+you'll find inside any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find inside any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find inside any one of these
+boxes costs money definitely think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes costs money definitely think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes costs money definitely think about
+that describe all of us you have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe all of us you have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe all of us you have all of
+the titles here the forests themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titles here the forests themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the titles here the forests themselves
+if you're lucky there is a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky there is a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky there is a nice little
+piece of floss tape holding the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of floss tape holding the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of floss tape holding the board
+together which means that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which means that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together which means that it's going to
+last much open again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last much open again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last much open again
+for the flat Johanna Lucky's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the flat Johanna Lucky's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the flat Johanna Lucky's just
+wandering piece of cardboards people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering piece of cardboards people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering piece of cardboards people
+didn't have a father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as greens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+risk of course has had many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of course has had many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of course has had many different
+versions with some of that was soldiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions with some of that was soldiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions with some of that was soldiers
+and forces some of them with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forces some of them with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forces some of them with just
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+I had to version and hope that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to version and hope that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to version and hope that was
+asleep basically just take the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep basically just take the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep basically just take the classic
+members that was a desire to achieve who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members that was a desire to achieve who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members that was a desire to achieve who
+spoke about risk she used to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about risk she used to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about risk she used to work for
+husband and he had the position where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and he had the position where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and he had the position where
+instead of soldiers and forces it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of soldiers and forces it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of soldiers and forces it was
+average and so you remove all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and so you remove all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and so you remove all these
+arrows and as if it was like added more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and as if it was like added more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows and as if it was like added more
+map and say all these forces with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and say all these forces with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and say all these forces with only
+one the problem that the arrows were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the problem that the arrows were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the problem that the arrows were
+flat and you could pick up precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and you could pick up precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat and you could pick up precisely
+what kind of star 1020 and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of star 1020 and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of star 1020 and different
+kind of pepper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pepper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pepper
+that version concept one is the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version concept one is the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version concept one is the story
+about why that but so for today when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that but so for today when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that but so for today when you
+actually play these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play these games
+I'd like you to actually like take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to actually like take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like you to actually like take a
+look at all these pieces and fun going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all these pieces and fun going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all these pieces and fun going
+exercise you might want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you might want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you might want to try to
+estimate how much each piece actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how much each piece actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate how much each piece actually
+cost I just have a what a manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I just have a what a manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost I just have a what a manufacturing
+cost of response might be I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of response might be I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of response might be I don't know
+if anybody hears from engineering any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody hears from engineering any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anybody hears from engineering any
+kind of manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah not objectionable link but so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not objectionable link but so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not objectionable link but so so so
+you might know it might just be a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it might just be a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know it might just be a fun
+exercise versus you know like a deck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise versus you know like a deck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise versus you know like a deck of
+cards and it also recommend reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and it also recommend reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards and it also recommend reading the
+rules I'm just trying to play and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I'm just trying to play and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules I'm just trying to play and say
+maybe the home the home rules you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the home the home rules you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the home the home rules you might
+remember just to see how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just to see how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just to see how they're
+presenting this game how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting this game how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting this game how are they
+presenting the rules somebody just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the rules somebody just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the rules somebody just got
+this as a gift they're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a gift they're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a gift they're trying to figure
+out how to play this thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to play this thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to play this thing yeah
+see anything to prove the rule that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything to prove the rule that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see anything to prove the rule that was
+enterprise you know I might be curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you know I might be curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprise you know I might be curious
+about a classic version of Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a classic version of Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a classic version of Monopoly
+whether it is the all original set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is the all original set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it is the all original set of
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+updated printout see how they describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated printout see how they describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated printout see how they describe
+the Scrabble game does this one have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scrabble game does this one have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Scrabble game does this one have a
+bang let's go back and think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang let's go back and think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang let's go back and think about all
+of that mix things randomized yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that mix things randomized yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that mix things randomized yeah and
+if you played these games before and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you played these games before and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you played these games before and I
+think many of you have definitely go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of you have definitely go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think many of you have definitely go
+into it by reading the rules first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it by reading the rules first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it by reading the rules first so
+that you're not just playing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not just playing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not just playing the same
+way and also try out some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and also try out some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and also try out some of the other
+games okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk a little bit about the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so I think I don't one got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so I think I don't one got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so I think I don't one got a
+chance to play sorry that the jigsaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play sorry that the jigsaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play sorry that the jigsaw
+puzzle game is still going on so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle game is still going on so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle game is still going on so let's
+talk about the pieces let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the pieces let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the pieces let's talk about
+things that your they are moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that your they are moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that your they are moving around
+I mean how many if you feel that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how many if you feel that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean how many if you feel that the
+pieces that you're playing with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that you're playing with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that you're playing with like
+significantly different from pieces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly different from pieces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly different from pieces that
+you remember playing with know oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember playing with know oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember playing with know oh yeah
+okay so the board design was like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the board design was like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the board design was like it's
+kind of insane it's like a sheer wall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of insane it's like a sheer wall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of insane it's like a sheer wall is
+like wet water you know but the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wet water you know but the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wet water you know but the actual
+cards weren't all that different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but colors or or candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but colors or or candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but colors or or candy
+okay colors hands up alright different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay colors hands up alright different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay colors hands up alright different
+piece of candy okay well I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of candy okay well I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of candy okay well I think the
+thing is that if every piece was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if every piece was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that if every piece was a
+different kind of candy it'd probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of candy it'd probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of candy it'd probably be
+more colorblind friendly right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more colorblind friendly right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more colorblind friendly right because
+you'll be able to actually just see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to actually just see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to actually just see the
+kind of candy even if you couldn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of candy even if you couldn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of candy even if you couldn't tell
+the colors this is this is not friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors this is this is not friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colors this is this is not friendly
+with anyone to his eyes I guess but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anyone to his eyes I guess but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anyone to his eyes I guess but you
+know that's that's just a visual design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's just a visual design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's that's just a visual design
+of the board the actual spacing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the board the actual spacing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the board the actual spacing on the
+board is not all that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is not all that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is not all that different
+yeah so so you know you've had a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you know you've had a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you know you've had a hand
+the the chance to pick up the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chance to pick up the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chance to pick up the pieces
+ma'am on the on the bell and pigment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma'am on the on the bell and pigment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma'am on the on the bell and pigment of
+it that you know what like some some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you know what like some some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you know what like some some of
+these pieces like inclu have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces like inclu have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces like inclu have a lot of
+money put into some parts that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money put into some parts that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money put into some parts that aren't
+actually all that useful right like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all that useful right like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all that useful right like the
+might of the the the knife and the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might of the the the knife and the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might of the the the knife and the lead
+pipe and things like that it is a what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and things like that it is a what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe and things like that it is a what's
+that solid metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid metal
+those were like solid movies and he shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were like solid movies and he shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were like solid movies and he shot
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I sorry so because in in assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sorry so because in in assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sorry so because in in assignment
+two you are thinking about aesthetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you are thinking about aesthetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you are thinking about aesthetics
+you know what do you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what do you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what do you think about the
+choices of the materials that they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of the materials that they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices of the materials that they use
+for the various parts of the games of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the various parts of the games of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the various parts of the games of
+off the game that you played today a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very astute mother I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very astute mother I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very astute mother I don't know
+so yeah that there's there the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah that there's there the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah that there's there the problem
+III played a version of clue where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III played a version of clue where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III played a version of clue where the
+bodies down and dark staircase so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies down and dark staircase so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies down and dark staircase so you
+can't actually see what's at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually see what's at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually see what's at the bottom
+you know it's kind of you only see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of you only see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of you only see the
+outline so I think that was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline so I think that was kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline so I think that was kind of the
+visual explanation for that but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual explanation for that but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual explanation for that but you're
+right you know it's kind it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know it's kind it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know it's kind it's it's it's
+not a very good justification although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very good justification although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very good justification although
+if people remember the movie right he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people remember the movie right he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if people remember the movie right he's
+kind of like stand by everything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like stand by everything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like stand by everything right
+he's hit by lead pipe and stabbed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's hit by lead pipe and stabbed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's hit by lead pipe and stabbed by a
+dagger so the question is which is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so the question is which is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so the question is which is first
+yeah which one act part was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which one act part was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah which one act part was the first
+blow that doesn't matter what what hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow that doesn't matter what what hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow that doesn't matter what what hit
+him after he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about for risk you could if what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about for risk you could if what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about for risk you could if what you
+call horses people have cannon is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call horses people have cannon is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call horses people have cannon is it
+right yeah I always found it difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I always found it difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah I always found it difficult
+to remember which was which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember which was which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember which was which
+like which part was what value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which part was what value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like which part was what value the
+business could just have been shrunk due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business could just have been shrunk due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business could just have been shrunk due
+to cost it's possible I remember bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost it's possible I remember bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cost it's possible I remember bigger
+pieces too but we had that conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces too but we had that conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces too but we had that conversation
+and maybe we were we were smaller so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe we were we were smaller so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe we were we were smaller so the
+pieces look bigger uh yeah but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces look bigger uh yeah but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces look bigger uh yeah but I
+remember seeing people who had that type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember seeing people who had that type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember seeing people who had that type
+of pieces and being them because all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces and being them because all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces and being them because all I
+had was a freaking Roman numerals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was a freaking Roman numerals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had was a freaking Roman numerals but
+they what you see the counted yeah all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what you see the counted yeah all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they what you see the counted yeah all
+right so for the rest of today you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for the rest of today you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for the rest of today you've
+pretty much got time to work on your you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much got time to work on your you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much got time to work on your you
+know teams you've got a few few visa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know teams you've got a few few visa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know teams you've got a few few visa
+continue playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue playing
+finishing up their games the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up their games the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing up their games the the
+prototyping materials all up here feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping materials all up here feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping materials all up here feel
+free to come up and grab what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to come up and grab what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to come up and grab what what you
+need Rick or I will be in a room at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Rick or I will be in a room at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Rick or I will be in a room at any
+given time so you can come up and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time so you can come up and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time so you can come up and ask
+those questions but use this time to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions but use this time to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions but use this time to be
+able to meet up with a team in this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to meet up with a team in this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to meet up with a team in this I
+have to schedule here one thing let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to schedule here one thing let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to schedule here one thing let's
+see March well yes we do in fact have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see March well yes we do in fact have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see March well yes we do in fact have a
+play test this this Wednesday so make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test this this Wednesday so make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play test this this Wednesday so make
+sure your games already make make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure your games already make make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure your games already make make sure
+you have a draft of your rules so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a draft of your rules so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a draft of your rules so that
+you can test whether people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can test whether people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can test whether people actually
+understand your rules okay on my thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UuxR0NCkg0k.txt b/UuxR0NCkg0k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe79eab0c1016db9a05f1c3c0ce3b1bc9e2484e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UuxR0NCkg0k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so uh today is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh today is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh today is going to be our
+first I believe of two problem sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I believe of two problem sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I believe of two problem sessions
+covering dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering dynamic programming
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I find dynamic programming is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find dynamic programming is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find dynamic programming is one of
+these interesting parts of an algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interesting parts of an algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interesting parts of an algorithms
+class where like somehow the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where like somehow the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where like somehow the people that
+are really good at it are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at it are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really good at it are completely
+disjoint with the people that are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint with the people that are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint with the people that are good
+at all the other parts of the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the other parts of the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the other parts of the algorithms
+class so for some of you guys that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so for some of you guys that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so for some of you guys that might
+be promising uh and for others maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be promising uh and for others maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be promising uh and for others maybe a
+little bit less so uh so maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less so uh so maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less so uh so maybe we'll
+spend just a minute or two kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend just a minute or two kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend just a minute or two kind of
+reviewing the basic ideas we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing the basic ideas we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing the basic ideas we're going to
+apply uh in these problems because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply uh in these problems because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply uh in these problems because
+they'll follow more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll follow more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll follow more or less the same
+template although of course as usual in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template although of course as usual in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template although of course as usual in
+6006 if you like to put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 if you like to put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 if you like to put some
+interesting window dressing around it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting window dressing around it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting window dressing around it so
+that it's not totally obvious what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not totally obvious what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not totally obvious what
+you're doing uh uh and then we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing uh uh and then we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing uh uh and then we'll do a
+bunch of sample problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sample problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sample problems
+um right so let's let's talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so let's let's talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so let's let's talk a little
+bit about dynamic programming and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about dynamic programming and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about dynamic programming and the
+basic uh idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh idea here
+so dynamic programming is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dynamic programming is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dynamic programming is kind of a
+funny outlier in 6006 in that like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny outlier in 6006 in that like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny outlier in 6006 in that like for
+example in the data structure is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the data structure is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the data structure is part of
+the course we learned like what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course we learned like what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course we learned like what you know
+struggling to think of a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to think of a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to think of a data structure
+like like a useful you know like trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a useful you know like trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a useful you know like trees
+and arrays and whatever these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrays and whatever these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrays and whatever these are
+actually things that you can code like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually things that you can code like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually things that you can code like
+if you look in C plus plus like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in C plus plus like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look in C plus plus like there's
+a there are well plausibly it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there are well plausibly it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there are well plausibly it could be
+an implementation of a tree in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implementation of a tree in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implementation of a tree in there
+some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way
+um and so these are like useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so these are like useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so these are like useful
+algorithms that you could maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that you could maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that you could maybe even
+read the pseudo code and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the pseudo code and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the pseudo code and there's a
+universe where you really do translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where you really do translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where you really do translate
+that pseudocode into something inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pseudocode into something inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pseudocode into something inside of
+your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop
+dynamic programming is a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming is a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming is a little bit less
+so this is more like a meta I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is more like a meta I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is more like a meta I don't know
+if you call it a meta algorithm or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you call it a meta algorithm or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you call it a meta algorithm or a
+problem-solving approach or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-solving approach or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-solving approach or what
+um but it's not like you somehow say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not like you somehow say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's not like you somehow say I'm
+going to apply the dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply the dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply the dynamic programming
+algorithm to this problem but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to this problem but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to this problem but rather
+it's sort of this big class of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of this big class of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of this big class of things
+that all follow a similar template or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all follow a similar template or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all follow a similar template or or
+sort of approach to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approach to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of approach to thinking about
+problem solving which I think sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving which I think sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving which I think sort of
+explains why actually in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why actually in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains why actually in some sense the
+last couple lectures that you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple lectures that you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last couple lectures that you've seen
+and I guess if I'm getting the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess if I'm getting the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess if I'm getting the the time
+sequence of our course right the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of our course right the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of our course right the next
+couple ones that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple ones that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple ones that you will see
+um and the problem sessions actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the problem sessions actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the problem sessions actually
+start to coincide in the sense that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to coincide in the sense that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to coincide in the sense that like
+when Eric was teaching your diet's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Eric was teaching your diet's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Eric was teaching your diet's
+dynamic programming how did he do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming how did he do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming how did he do it
+well he didn't like write down well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he didn't like write down well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he didn't like write down well he
+sort of wrote down some template for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote down some template for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote down some template for
+dynamic programming but then we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming but then we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming but then we just did
+a bunch of sample problems and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of sample problems and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of sample problems and that's
+exactly what we're going to do today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're going to do today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're going to do today uh
+so somehow all of these things are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow all of these things are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow all of these things are just
+going to converge uh in in this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to converge uh in in this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to converge uh in in this part of
+our course uh because dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course uh because dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our course uh because dynamic
+programming it's really more of a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming it's really more of a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming it's really more of a way of
+life uh than any particular algorithm uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh than any particular algorithm uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh than any particular algorithm uh
+and this is a pattern that I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a pattern that I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a pattern that I think you
+see a lot in advanced algorithms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot in advanced algorithms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot in advanced algorithms like
+for example in my universe numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in my universe numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in my universe numerical
+analysis like when you talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis like when you talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis like when you talk about the
+ADM algorithm it's actually totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADM algorithm it's actually totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADM algorithm it's actually totally
+useless algorithm what matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless algorithm what matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless algorithm what matters is
+applying it to a particular problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it to a particular problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying it to a particular problem uh
+and and this is a sort of I think a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is a sort of I think a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is a sort of I think a more
+mature or grown-up way to think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature or grown-up way to think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature or grown-up way to think about a
+lot of things in algorithms right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things in algorithms right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things in algorithms right that
+pretty soon this sort of general purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon this sort of general purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon this sort of general purpose
+stuff that's useful all the time I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's useful all the time I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's useful all the time I think
+I think it starts to disperse a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it starts to disperse a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it starts to disperse a little
+bit in favor of different patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in favor of different patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in favor of different patterns and
+mechanisms that you're used to thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that you're used to thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that you're used to thinking
+about so there's my 10 seconds sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there's my 10 seconds sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so there's my 10 seconds sort of
+philosophical introduction know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical introduction know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical introduction know what
+we're doing during which I've managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing during which I've managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing during which I've managed to
+chase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chase this
+table across the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table across the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table across the room
+you know I played I did College on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I played I did College on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I played I did College on the
+west coast and I thought I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west coast and I thought I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west coast and I thought I was going to
+be a music Major and there's a Piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a music Major and there's a Piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a music Major and there's a Piano
+Master Class where we forgot to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master Class where we forgot to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Master Class where we forgot to put the
+little Clips on the wheels and our there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Clips on the wheels and our there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Clips on the wheels and our there
+was an earthquake and I just thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an earthquake and I just thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an earthquake and I just thought I
+was really nervous because the piano was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really nervous because the piano was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really nervous because the piano was
+literally slipping away from me uh and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally slipping away from me uh and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally slipping away from me uh and I
+can never think of that that Chopin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never think of that that Chopin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never think of that that Chopin
+Nocturne quite the same way um but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nocturne quite the same way um but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nocturne quite the same way um but in
+any event uh in dynamic programming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event uh in dynamic programming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event uh in dynamic programming uh
+Eric laid out for you guys a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric laid out for you guys a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric laid out for you guys a particular
+sort of set of steps uh that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set of steps uh that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of set of steps uh that are sort of
+a useful problem-solving approach in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful problem-solving approach in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful problem-solving approach in the
+dynamic programming Universe in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming Universe in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming Universe in today's
+film session I'm going to try and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film session I'm going to try and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film session I'm going to try and help
+you guys translate a little bit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys translate a little bit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys translate a little bit from
+this template to what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this template to what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this template to what it means to
+actually write code to implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write code to implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write code to implement a
+dynamic programming algorithm because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming algorithm because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming algorithm because I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+it's a little easy to forget that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little easy to forget that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little easy to forget that here
+but uh on the other hand on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh on the other hand on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh on the other hand on your
+homework when you're writing out answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework when you're writing out answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework when you're writing out answers
+to algorithms problems is perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to algorithms problems is perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to algorithms problems is perfectly fine
+to follow this template even letter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow this template even letter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow this template even letter I
+guess literally letter for letter uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess literally letter for letter uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess literally letter for letter uh and
+answer each of these questions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer each of these questions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer each of these questions and then
+sort of the remaining glue that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the remaining glue that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the remaining glue that you need
+to actually write the code is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually write the code is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually write the code is not
+terribly uh exciting from an algorithm's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly uh exciting from an algorithm's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly uh exciting from an algorithm's
+Theory perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory perspective
+um so the basic idea here is the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the basic idea here is the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the basic idea here is the there's
+a lot of different problems that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different problems that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different problems that can be
+written recursively in some sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written recursively in some sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written recursively in some sense uh
+certainly we we've encountered many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we we've encountered many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we we've encountered many of
+those in this course in fact I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in this course in fact I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in this course in fact I think the
+bias in the way that we've presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in the way that we've presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in the way that we've presented
+algorithms that don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that don't have to be
+recursive is to write them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive is to write them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive is to write them in a
+recursive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive way
+um and and the point here is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the point here is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and the point here is that when
+you have a recursive call and you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a recursive call and you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a recursive call and you repeat
+something you know you you give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know you you give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know you you give the
+function the same input more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the same input more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the same input more than one
+time you might as well remember what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you might as well remember what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you might as well remember what you
+got the last time you saw that input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the last time you saw that input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the last time you saw that input and
+then you don't have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have to do that
+computation again really in one sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation again really in one sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation again really in one sentence
+I think that's roughly the logic behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's roughly the logic behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's roughly the logic behind
+all these dynamic programming things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these dynamic programming things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these dynamic programming things
+yeah so there's no reason to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's no reason to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's no reason to be too
+redundant with lecture uh for just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant with lecture uh for just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant with lecture uh for just sort
+of the 10 second overview I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 10 second overview I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 10 second overview I think that
+there's an example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example which is
+simultaneously good and misleading which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously good and misleading which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously good and misleading which
+is this Fibonacci Sequence uh it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Fibonacci Sequence uh it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Fibonacci Sequence uh it's good
+in the sense that the logic of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that the logic of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that the logic of dynamic
+programming is really easy it's bad in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is really easy it's bad in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is really easy it's bad in
+that the run time is kind of weird to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the run time is kind of weird to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the run time is kind of weird to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+um but remember those your Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but remember those your Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but remember those your Fibonacci
+Sequence looks something like f of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sequence looks something like f of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sequence looks something like f of k
+equals F of K minus 1 plus F of K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F of K minus 1 plus F of K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F of K minus 1 plus F of K minus
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and if you look uh your sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look uh your sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look uh your sort of
+recursive call tree here right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call tree here right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call tree here right like
+let's say that I do k equals four right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I do k equals four right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I do k equals four right
+then it's going to call you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to call you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to call you know my
+function f is going to have to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f is going to have to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f is going to have to evaluate
+it at 3 and 2 and then the 3 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at 3 and 2 and then the 3 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at 3 and 2 and then the 3 is going to
+evaluate at 2 and 1 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at 2 and 1 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate at 2 and 1 and so on
+and the thing to notice is that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to notice is that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing to notice is that when I
+call F of 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call F of 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call F of 4
+or rather F of 3 here if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather F of 3 here if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather F of 3 here if there were
+three somewhere else in my tree I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three somewhere else in my tree I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three somewhere else in my tree I get
+the same number right so in particular F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number right so in particular F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number right so in particular F
+of 2 and F of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 and F of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 and F of 2
+both of these are going to take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are going to take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are going to take some
+amount of algorithmic work but if just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of algorithmic work but if just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of algorithmic work but if just
+the first time I see a 2 I have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I see a 2 I have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I see a 2 I have a little
+piece of scratch paper and I say ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of scratch paper and I say ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of scratch paper and I say ah
+anytime I see uh k equals 2 just return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime I see uh k equals 2 just return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime I see uh k equals 2 just return
+this number rather than doing recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number rather than doing recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number rather than doing recursive
+calls then in fact if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls then in fact if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls then in fact if there's any
+subtree underneath this thing uh I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree underneath this thing uh I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree underneath this thing uh I I've
+just pruned it from my tree right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pruned it from my tree right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pruned it from my tree right and
+and and so that's the basic logic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's the basic logic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's the basic logic here
+uh and that's basically this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's basically this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's basically this the the
+Paradigm that's going on in this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that's going on in this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm that's going on in this this
+sort bot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort bot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort bot uh
+acronym uh which is is uh you you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym uh which is is uh you you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym uh which is is uh you you first
+take your problem and divide it into sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your problem and divide it into sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your problem and divide it into sub
+problems that is mysterious why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that is mysterious why is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that is mysterious why is this
+board moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board moving
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh there's a phone in my pocket I bumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a phone in my pocket I bumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a phone in my pocket I bumped
+against the wall uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh
+yeah so the first thing I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first thing I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first thing I want to do is
+to write my my problem as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write my my problem as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write my my problem as sort of
+this sort of form notice that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of form notice that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of form notice that we've done
+this a lot in this class we've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot in this class we've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a lot in this class we've written
+things recursively the difference here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things recursively the difference here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things recursively the difference here
+is the the sort of argument that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the sort of argument that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the sort of argument that goes
+into recursion is typically maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into recursion is typically maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into recursion is typically maybe a
+little simpler than you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler than you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler than you know like
+putting some giant data structure inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some giant data structure inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some giant data structure inside
+of there or something like that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there or something like that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there or something like that right so
+for instance merged sort you could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance merged sort you could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance merged sort you could write
+in this Paradigm I guess we covered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Paradigm I guess we covered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Paradigm I guess we covered that
+but it's probably not the most natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's probably not the most natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's probably not the most natural
+way to think about merge sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about merge sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about merge sort
+then we need to relate our sub problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to relate our sub problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to relate our sub problems
+to each other so for instance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so for instance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so for instance in the
+Fibonacci sequence problem I just gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence problem I just gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence problem I just gave
+you the relation that sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the relation that sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the relation that sort of what
+defines the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the problem
+incidentally this is what a model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally this is what a model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally this is what a model for
+the reproduction of rabbits I think if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reproduction of rabbits I think if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reproduction of rabbits I think if I
+remember reading the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember reading the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember reading the history of the
+Fibonacci sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then I think to me the most not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think to me the most not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I think to me the most not
+necessarily unnatural but I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily unnatural but I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily unnatural but I think the
+thing that maybe is hardest to translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that maybe is hardest to translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that maybe is hardest to translate
+to an algorithm if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an algorithm if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an algorithm if you're thinking about
+writing code is this like oh man this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code is this like oh man this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing code is this like oh man this is
+going to be a problem uh this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem uh this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem uh this idea of
+topological uh order the basic idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological uh order the basic idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological uh order the basic idea here
+is that like if F of one depended on F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like if F of one depended on F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like if F of one depended on F
+of 2 and F of 2 dependent on F of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 and F of 2 dependent on F of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 and F of 2 dependent on F of 1
+I'd be in a lot of trouble right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be in a lot of trouble right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be in a lot of trouble right because
+somehow my tree would never converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow my tree would never converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow my tree would never converge
+from one thing if I made these recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one thing if I made these recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one thing if I made these recursive
+calls and I'd never be able to memoize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and I'd never be able to memoize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls and I'd never be able to memoize
+or kind of remember a value uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of remember a value uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or kind of remember a value uh when I
+move on right and so the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on right and so the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on right and so the idea here is
+that there's some ordering of my sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some ordering of my sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some ordering of my sub
+problem so that I can build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that I can build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that I can build up a
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+and there's sort of two dual ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sort of two dual ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's sort of two dual ways to
+think about why that's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why that's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why that's useful
+so in the memoization universe right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the memoization universe right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the memoization universe right
+what do I do I just add an if statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I just add an if statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do I just add an if statement
+saying you know if I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know if I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know if I've already
+evaluated F okay return it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated F okay return it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated F okay return it that's
+perfectly fine the other thing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine the other thing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine the other thing I can do
+is if I write my sub problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I write my sub problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I write my sub problems in
+topological order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order
+then I can sort of go in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can sort of go in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can sort of go in the reverse
+Direction and build up my memoization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and build up my memoization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and build up my memoization
+table so for instance uh for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so for instance uh for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so for instance uh for uh the
+Fibonacci sequence problem I could do F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence problem I could do F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci sequence problem I could do F
+of one and then F of two and then F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and then F of two and then F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and then F of two and then F of
+three and F of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and F of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and F of four
+all the way until I get to the K value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way until I get to the K value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way until I get to the K value
+that I actually wanted and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I actually wanted and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I actually wanted and those are
+just Duels of the the same coin they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Duels of the the same coin they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Duels of the the same coin they're
+exactly the same approach of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same approach of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same approach of the
+memoization version sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoization version sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoization version sometimes you can
+prune out some problems that you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune out some problems that you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune out some problems that you didn't
+actually need to solve so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to solve so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need to solve so for instance
+maybe this was F of K minus seven and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this was F of K minus seven and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this was F of K minus seven and so
+I can like skip a few indices in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can like skip a few indices in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can like skip a few indices in my
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+I don't think typically that has a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think typically that has a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think typically that has a big
+effect on runtime for the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on runtime for the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on runtime for the problems that
+we've seen but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen but it could
+um plausibly uh in some Universal I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plausibly uh in some Universal I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plausibly uh in some Universal I'd
+have to think about a problem where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about a problem where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about a problem where that
+that makes a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes a difference
+um right and then I think the bot part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and then I think the bot part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and then I think the bot part
+of swordpod is a little easier to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swordpod is a little easier to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of swordpod is a little easier to think
+about uh you have to make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you have to make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you have to make sure that this
+recursion has you know a base case like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion has you know a base case like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion has you know a base case like
+when is this thing going to stop that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is this thing going to stop that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is this thing going to stop that's
+exactly the same it's just any recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same it's just any recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same it's just any recursive
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+um the O for original I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the O for original I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the O for original I think is a
+little bit retro retrofit to to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit retro retrofit to to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit retro retrofit to to make
+short but sound nice but I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short but sound nice but I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short but sound nice but I think the
+idea here is that you need to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that you need to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that you need to go back to
+original problem and make sure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem and make sure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem and make sure that it
+corresponds to one of the function calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to one of the function calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to one of the function calls
+that you've written and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've written and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've written and all those
+complicated stuff hopefully that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff hopefully that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated stuff hopefully that's a
+reasonable characterization and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable characterization and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable characterization and then
+finally the t is more you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the t is more you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the t is more you know these are
+for describing your algorithm the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for describing your algorithm the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for describing your algorithm the last
+ones for analyzing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for analyzing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones for analyzing it
+um and again the the bot part of sortbot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again the the bot part of sortbot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again the the bot part of sortbot
+almost applies to anything we've done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost applies to anything we've done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost applies to anything we've done in
+6006 like you should always analyze your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 like you should always analyze your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6006 like you should always analyze your
+runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime
+um okay so in any event that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so in any event that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so in any event that's my
+10 minute version of uh the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minute version of uh the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minute version of uh the last couple
+lectures uh and I think more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh and I think more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures uh and I think more or less
+enough to get us started with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get us started with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get us started with some
+sample problems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample problems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample problems here
+sorry I couldn't help it I like to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I couldn't help it I like to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I couldn't help it I like to teach
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+okay so uh right so in our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so in our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh right so in our problem
+session we have a few of the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session we have a few of the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session we have a few of the homework
+problems from last year uh to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems from last year uh to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems from last year uh to go over
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if it makes you guys feel any better I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it makes you guys feel any better I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it makes you guys feel any better I
+got myself all balled up on one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got myself all balled up on one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got myself all balled up on one of them
+last night while I Was preparing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night while I Was preparing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night while I Was preparing for
+today and I I look forward to doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I I look forward to doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and I I look forward to doing that
+in front of all of you guys now uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of all of you guys now uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of all of you guys now uh right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I'm afraid of this so I'm going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid of this so I'm going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid of this so I'm going to go to
+the next port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next port
+um okay so in our first problem uh Sunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so in our first problem uh Sunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so in our first problem uh Sunny
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+this was somehow you know the like cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was somehow you know the like cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was somehow you know the like cute
+naming conventions we have in 6006 got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming conventions we have in 6006 got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming conventions we have in 6006 got
+really meta in this problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meta in this problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meta in this problem because
+there's a problem about Tim the beaver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem about Tim the beaver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem about Tim the beaver
+uh but as we all know uh Tim is MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but as we all know uh Tim is MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but as we all know uh Tim is MIT
+backwards so like he happens to fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so like he happens to fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so like he happens to fit into
+this goofy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goofy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goofy
+game that Jason likes to play in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that Jason likes to play in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that Jason likes to play in in
+writing homework problems anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing homework problems anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing homework problems anyway
+um but it's also the MIT mascot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's also the MIT mascot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's also the MIT mascot
+anyways I got very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways I got very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways I got very excited
+um right so so what's going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so so what's going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so so what's going on in this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so Tim the beaver has kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tim the beaver has kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Tim the beaver has kind of an
+interesting uh you know mathematics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh you know mathematics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh you know mathematics I
+think you would call this a Martingale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would call this a Martingale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would call this a Martingale
+as you flip the coin a little bit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you flip the coin a little bit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you flip the coin a little bit when
+he saw this problem but uh luckily Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw this problem but uh luckily Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he saw this problem but uh luckily Tim
+the beaver is a deterministic uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaver is a deterministic uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaver is a deterministic uh kind of
+a guy uh and he looks at the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy uh and he looks at the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guy uh and he looks at the weather
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+and if it's a temperature tee apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a temperature tee apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's a temperature tee apparently
+Tim the beaver is okay with with boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim the beaver is okay with with boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim the beaver is okay with with boiling
+um the higher the temperature uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the higher the temperature uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the higher the temperature uh the
+happier Tim gets so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier Tim gets so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier Tim gets so this is the first
+derivative kind of a phenomenon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative kind of a phenomenon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative kind of a phenomenon in
+particular uh on a on a given day if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh on a on a given day if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh on a on a given day if I
+have a temperature t uh Tim the beaver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a temperature t uh Tim the beaver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a temperature t uh Tim the beaver
+has two things that he can do to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two things that he can do to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two things that he can do to change
+his mood apparently Tim the beaver's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mood apparently Tim the beaver's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mood apparently Tim the beaver's
+mood never stays fixed it always goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood never stays fixed it always goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mood never stays fixed it always goes up
+and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in particular you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular you can either
+uh go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which case the happiness increases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the happiness increases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case the happiness increases by
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or he can stay inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in which case his happiness decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by T okay so every day Tim the beaver uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T okay so every day Tim the beaver uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T okay so every day Tim the beaver uh
+he wakes up he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wakes up he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wakes up he he
+I really want to say that he checks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to say that he checks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really want to say that he checks for
+his shadow but that's that's a gopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his shadow but that's that's a gopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his shadow but that's that's a gopher
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um in any event he wakes up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any event he wakes up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in any event he wakes up in the
+morning he checks the weather uh and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning he checks the weather uh and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning he checks the weather uh and he
+makes a determination does he want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a determination does he want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a determination does he want to go
+outside or not and if he goes outside he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside or not and if he goes outside he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside or not and if he goes outside he
+gets happier by an amount that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets happier by an amount that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets happier by an amount that's equal
+to the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature
+if he stays inside he gets less Happy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he stays inside he gets less Happy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he stays inside he gets less Happy by
+an amount that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount that's equal to the
+temperature by the way I think our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by the way I think our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature by the way I think our
+solution is perfectly fine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is perfectly fine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is perfectly fine if
+temperatures are negative here in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are negative here in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures are negative here in which
+case I guess everything would kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I guess everything would kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I guess everything would kind of
+flip uh intuitively but there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh intuitively but there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh intuitively but there's no
+reason to get too hung up on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to get too hung up on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to get too hung up on that
+but of course there's a Twist here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there's a Twist here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course there's a Twist here
+um so Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Tim
+as with many of you has end days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until his final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he's worried about studying yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's worried about studying yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's worried about studying yeah so
+uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+he never wants to go he's you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never wants to go he's you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he never wants to go he's you know he's
+come up with a personal resolve to never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a personal resolve to never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a personal resolve to never
+go outside more than two days in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside more than two days in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside more than two days in a row
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the question is right because that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is right because that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is right because that way
+you know he has to stay inside and study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he has to stay inside and study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he has to stay inside and study
+at least one out of every three-ish days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one out of every three-ish days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one out of every three-ish days
+okay so the question is how can Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is how can Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is how can Tim
+maximize his uh his happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize his uh his happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize his uh his happiness
+incidentally that's you know machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that's you know machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that's you know machine
+learning sometimes they call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning sometimes they call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning sometimes they call that
+minimizing regret which I always found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing regret which I always found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing regret which I always found
+to be like a very sad way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a very sad way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a very sad way to think about
+algorithms when there's a totally dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms when there's a totally dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms when there's a totally dual
+version but but Tim's an optimistic guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but but Tim's an optimistic guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but but Tim's an optimistic guy
+he wants to maximize his happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to maximize his happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to maximize his happiness
+subject to this constraint the he cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to this constraint the he cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to this constraint the he cannot
+go outside more than two days in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside more than two days in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside more than two days in a row
+right so like if I go out on Monday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if I go out on Monday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like if I go out on Monday and
+Tuesday I have to stay inside on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday I have to stay inside on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday I have to stay inside on
+Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+yes I think there's no effect to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think there's no effect to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think there's no effect to his
+happiness when he stays in there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness when he stays in there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness when he stays in there's no
+effect to his happiness when he stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh no it says with a decrease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no it says with a decrease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no it says with a decrease in
+happiness when T oh when T is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not actually going to affect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually going to affect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually going to affect our
+problem at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at all
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+sure yeah I can fix this life uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah I can fix this life uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah I can fix this life uh and
+this is what happens when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens when I do the
+problem myself before looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem myself before looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem myself before looking at the
+answer and then don't check it closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then don't check it closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then don't check it closely
+um fine so uh let's let's change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fine so uh let's let's change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fine so uh let's let's change that
+I like this problem better uh somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like this problem better uh somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like this problem better uh somehow
+psychologically but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologically but that's okay
+um right so uh Jason correctly points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so uh Jason correctly points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so uh Jason correctly points
+out that if you actually read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you actually read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you actually read the
+problem uh what's what's uh asked there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh what's what's uh asked there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh what's what's uh asked there
+is is slightly different that when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is slightly different that when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is slightly different that when he
+goes outside his happiness increases by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes outside his happiness increases by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes outside his happiness increases by
+T if he stays inside his happiness does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if he stays inside his happiness does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if he stays inside his happiness does
+nothing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing right so
+um it stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it stays
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+my apologies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apologies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apologies so
+um Tim the beaver is a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Tim the beaver is a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Tim the beaver is a particularly
+optimistic fever his happiness can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic fever his happiness can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic fever his happiness can only
+increase in time assuming he lives in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in time assuming he lives in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in time assuming he lives in a
+climate with positive temperatures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate with positive temperatures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate with positive temperatures okay
+now I think I've got it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think I've got it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think I've got it right now
+cool let's see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool let's see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool let's see if I
+can still do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do this
+yeah I think basically nothing changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think basically nothing changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think basically nothing changes
+okay that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're gonna do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're gonna do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're gonna do it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so right so the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so right so the question is how do
+we uh solve this problem uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh solve this problem uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh solve this problem uh and and
+thankfully I think we put the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully I think we put the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thankfully I think we put the easiest
+problem first uh and in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem first uh and in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem first uh and in particular if
+we're we're following our ballot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're following our ballot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're following our ballot
+Paradigm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm here
+um somehow there's there's a set of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow there's there's a set of sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow there's there's a set of sub
+problems that are staring Us in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are staring Us in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are staring Us in the in
+the in the face that's the word I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the face that's the word I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the face that's the word I'm
+looking for uh in particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh in particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh in particular uh
+well there's sort of only one index in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's sort of only one index in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's sort of only one index in
+our problem which is what day it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem which is what day it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem which is what day it is so
+the obvious thing to do would be to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing to do would be to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the obvious thing to do would be to say
+can we figure out the maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we figure out the maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we figure out the maximum amount of
+happiness for days say I to the last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness for days say I to the last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness for days say I to the last day
+by the way if I do that I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if I do that I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way if I do that I'm using the
+prefix version of my problem uh ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix version of my problem uh ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix version of my problem uh ah
+suffix version of my problem I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix version of my problem I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffix version of my problem I could
+also do it the opposite way and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do it the opposite way and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do it the opposite way and work
+from the end back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end back in
+um maybe if we have time all the way at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe if we have time all the way at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe if we have time all the way at
+the end we'll do the second one but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we'll do the second one but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we'll do the second one but it
+doesn't doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't really matter
+okay so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular
+um just to add a little bit of notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to add a little bit of notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just to add a little bit of notation
+let's say that uh T of I is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that uh T of I is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that uh T of I is equal to the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day
+I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay
+and now we're going to make a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to make a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're going to make a new thing
+which is going to be the actual variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the actual variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be the actual variable
+we want to compute this is going to be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to compute this is going to be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to compute this is going to be X
+of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I
+which we'll write is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll write is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll write is the
+maximum happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you can achieve if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can achieve if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can achieve if you only
+consider the calendar from day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the calendar from day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the calendar from day I
+to day n I guess inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day n I guess inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to day n I guess inclusive
+okay uh incidentally just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh incidentally just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh incidentally just for
+convenience we'll assume that x i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience we'll assume that x i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience we'll assume that x i is
+equal to zero if I go past the end of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if I go past the end of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if I go past the end of my
+array which I think is kind of a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which I think is kind of a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which I think is kind of a typical
+thing to do in these DP algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do in these DP algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do in these DP algorithms
+okay so the question is can we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is can we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the question is can we actually
+come up with a recursive algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a recursive algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a recursive algorithm that
+computes X I uh using this nice uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes X I uh using this nice uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes X I uh using this nice uh sort
+of topologically acyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topologically acyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of topologically acyclic
+uh way of of thinking about our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way of of thinking about our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way of of thinking about our problem
+the answer is obviously yes or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is obviously yes or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is obviously yes or I
+wouldn't be here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be here today
+um and and so you know in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so you know in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so you know in the absence of
+a smarter idea let's let's just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smarter idea let's let's just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smarter idea let's let's just do the
+the Toucan Sam approach here and follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Toucan Sam approach here and follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Toucan Sam approach here and follow
+our nose and see if we can just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nose and see if we can just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nose and see if we can just write
+our problem in terms of other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem in terms of other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem in terms of other ones
+so in general let's say the the Tim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general let's say the the Tim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general let's say the the Tim the
+beaver wakes up on day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaver wakes up on day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaver wakes up on day I
+he has basically two decisions that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has basically two decisions that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has basically two decisions that he
+can make right he can either stay inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make right he can either stay inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make right he can either stay inside
+or he can not stay inside he can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he can not stay inside he can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or he can not stay inside he can go
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+uh right so so let's let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so so let's let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so so let's let's just
+basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh
+handle these three cases so in case one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle these three cases so in case one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle these three cases so in case one
+um he stays inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well now what happens to his happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now what happens to his happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now what happens to his happiness
+well according to my revised version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well according to my revised version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well according to my revised version of
+this problem nothing right so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem nothing right so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem nothing right so uh in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do we know well if he stays inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know well if he stays inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know well if he stays inside
+then he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he has
+any decision he can make tomorrow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any decision he can make tomorrow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any decision he can make tomorrow it
+doesn't matter he can go inside and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter he can go inside and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter he can go inside and go
+outside whatever because by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside whatever because by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside whatever because by having
+stayed inside he's earned himself two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed inside he's earned himself two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed inside he's earned himself two
+free days of going outside if he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free days of going outside if he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free days of going outside if he wants
+right so in particular in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular in this case we
+can convince ourselves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is true in our uh I think yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true in our uh I think yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true in our uh I think yes
+um right so in other words uh well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in other words uh well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in other words uh well he
+gets no utility for today he wakes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets no utility for today he wakes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets no utility for today he wakes up
+tomorrow and he can make whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and he can make whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and he can make whatever
+decision he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision he wants
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the second thing he can do is go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is where things get a little tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where things get a little tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where things get a little tricky
+right can I just do like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can I just do like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can I just do like you know
+take TI and add it to x i plus one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take TI and add it to x i plus one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take TI and add it to x i plus one what
+goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe you go three days in a row right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you go three days in a row right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you go three days in a row right
+you you somehow have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you somehow have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you somehow have to remember that
+right uh and and so that's where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and so that's where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and and so that's where things
+are a little bit of a headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit of a headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit of a headache
+um the in particular if I go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the in particular if I go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the in particular if I go out
+today and tomorrow I can't go out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and tomorrow I can't go out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and tomorrow I can't go out the
+day after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after that
+um and somehow if we just uh dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and somehow if we just uh dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and somehow if we just uh dealt with
+this one case as t i plus x i plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one case as t i plus x i plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one case as t i plus x i plus one
+we wouldn't remember that right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't remember that right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't remember that right and
+that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem
+so instead what we can do is think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what we can do is think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what we can do is think of
+there being two sub cases right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being two sub cases right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being two sub cases right so what
+we're going to assume is that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume is that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume is that not only
+does he go out today but he's free to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he go out today but he's free to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he go out today but he's free to go
+out tomorrow and we're going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out tomorrow and we're going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out tomorrow and we're going to kind of
+make that recursive assumption as we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that recursive assumption as we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that recursive assumption as we we
+move down on our way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down on our way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down on our way
+uh so if we do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if we do that uh
+well now we have case a and case b so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we have case a and case b so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we have case a and case b so in
+case a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case a
+he goes out today and he stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes out today and he stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes out today and he stays in
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so what happens in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so what happens in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so what happens in this case
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way I'm using this kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I'm using this kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way I'm using this kind of weird
+arrow notation I don't know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow notation I don't know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow notation I don't know if this is
+good or not but essentially the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or not but essentially the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or not but essentially the point is
+that I'm keeping track of cases and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm keeping track of cases and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm keeping track of cases and then
+eventually going to want to have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going to want to have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually going to want to have to take
+the max over all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max over all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max over all of these things
+so I don't like the equal sign because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't like the equal sign because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't like the equal sign because
+somehow that's a little misleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that's a little misleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow that's a little misleading
+um right so in that case well he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in that case well he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in that case well he gets
+the utility of having gone out today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of having gone out today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of having gone out today
+tomorrow he stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow he stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow he stays in
+which means that the day after tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the day after tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the day after tomorrow
+he can do whatever the heck he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do whatever the heck he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do whatever the heck he wants
+right he has he has free ring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he has he has free ring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he has he has free ring so
+I can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write that
+using this recursive call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this recursive call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this recursive call
+okay uh similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm getting the hang of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting the hang of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting the hang of this
+sorry this is way too entertaining for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is way too entertaining for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is way too entertaining for
+me I can play with this board all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I can play with this board all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I can play with this board all day
+um okay so in in case 2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so in in case 2B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so in in case 2B
+he goes out today and he goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes out today and he goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes out today and he goes out
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+he's a party animal he is an animal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a party animal he is an animal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a party animal he is an animal and
+he's going out a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going out a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going out a lot
+um right so in that case what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in that case what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so in that case what happens
+well he gets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he gets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he gets that
+he gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets uh
+today's utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's utility
+he gets tomorrow's utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the day after he has to stay in so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the day after he has to stay in so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the day after he has to stay in so we
+might as well skip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well skip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well skip it
+and then he can do whatever he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the day after that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day after that okay
+so if we go back I guess technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go back I guess technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we go back I guess technically
+we should revise our definition of x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should revise our definition of x a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should revise our definition of x a
+tiny bit that it's not the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit that it's not the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit that it's not the maximum
+happiness well we can convince ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness well we can convince ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness well we can convince ourselves
+that it's the same thing but really it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same thing but really it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same thing but really it's
+not the maximum in the happiness for day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the maximum in the happiness for day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the maximum in the happiness for day
+I through n it's the maximum happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I through n it's the maximum happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I through n it's the maximum happiness
+for day I through n under the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for day I through n under the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for day I through n under the assumption
+that he has permission to go out on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has permission to go out on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he has permission to go out on day
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+right and that's really what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's really what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's really what's going on
+in our our recursive set of calls here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our our recursive set of calls here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our our recursive set of calls here
+okay so does our recursion uh make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does our recursion uh make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so does our recursion uh make sense
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+cool all right so uh let's see here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right so uh let's see here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right so uh let's see here so
+if we're following our sort but I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're following our sort but I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're following our sort but I keep
+reviewing papers that use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing papers that use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing papers that use the word
+Paradigm a lot so I feel I feel like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm a lot so I feel I feel like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm a lot so I feel I feel like I
+should do that so what is T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that so what is T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that so what is T is the
+topological order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order
+notice uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice uh that
+um right x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right x i
+only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends
+on larger eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in terms of our topological order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of our topological order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of our topological order the
+dependence graph is really simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence graph is really simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence graph is really simple right
+it's just a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a line
+um so remember that you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so remember that you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so remember that you can think about
+topological order or you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order or you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological order or you can think about
+being a cyclic graph those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a cyclic graph those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a cyclic graph those are
+equivalent we covered that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent we covered that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent we covered that in this
+course I kind of like thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I kind of like thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I kind of like thinking about
+acyclic graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acyclic graphs
+um right so X1 depends on x2 depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so X1 depends on x2 depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so X1 depends on x2 depends on
+X3 it depends on X4 that graph has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 it depends on X4 that graph has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 it depends on X4 that graph has no
+Cycles so we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so we're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles so we're good
+um wait what's our so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait what's our so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wait what's our so
+next we have to come up with our base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we have to come up with our base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we have to come up with our base
+case for our recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for our recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for our recursion
+notice the the way I have chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the the way I have chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the the way I have chosen to
+solve this problem is uh by calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem is uh by calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem is uh by calling
+future indices which means that my base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future indices which means that my base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future indices which means that my base
+case says at the end of my array right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case says at the end of my array right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case says at the end of my array right
+because that's sort of like the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of like the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of like the lowest
+down in the recursion train uh recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the recursion train uh recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in the recursion train uh recursion
+chain is what it's going for but I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is what it's going for but I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain is what it's going for but I kind
+of like the recursion train better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the recursion train better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the recursion train better
+um in particular on day n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular on day n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular on day n
+well if he has permission to go out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if he has permission to go out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if he has permission to go out on
+day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+he can do one of two things he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do one of two things he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can do one of two things he can
+either go out or not it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go out or not it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go out or not it doesn't matter
+right so in particular we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular we can say that
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the max of 0 or t of n remember I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of 0 or t of n remember I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max of 0 or t of n remember I didn't
+tell you that temperatures have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that temperatures have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that temperatures have to be
+positive yeah maybe he's uh he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive yeah maybe he's uh he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive yeah maybe he's uh he's a
+Celsius kind of a beaver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius kind of a beaver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius kind of a beaver
+okay uh uh right and and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh right and and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh right and and then in
+addition to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for convenience notice that like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience notice that like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience notice that like there's
+a universe where I look beyond the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a universe where I look beyond the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a universe where I look beyond the end
+of my array in my recursive call here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my array in my recursive call here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my array in my recursive call here
+um so I should probably think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I should probably think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I should probably think about a
+few extra X's uh obviously the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extra X's uh obviously the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few extra X's uh obviously the utility
+of going out on a day that doesn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going out on a day that doesn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going out on a day that doesn't exist
+is zero uh so we can say that x n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero uh so we can say that x n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero uh so we can say that x n plus
+one equals x n plus two equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals x n plus two equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals x n plus two equals zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+I've managed to use way too much space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've managed to use way too much space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've managed to use way too much space
+for one simple algorithm problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good credit for that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good credit for that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good credit for that okay
+um right so now uh we need to do the O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so now uh we need to do the O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so now uh we need to do the O
+and the t uh so what's our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t uh so what's our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t uh so what's our original
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well remember that he wants to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember that he wants to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well remember that he wants to maximize
+his happiness starting on day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his happiness starting on day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his happiness starting on day one
+um so our original problem is just X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our original problem is just X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so our original problem is just X of
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or is it so remember that Tim the beaver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it so remember that Tim the beaver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it so remember that Tim the beaver
+this is you know your instructor is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know your instructor is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know your instructor is very
+sloppy when it comes to actually reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy when it comes to actually reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloppy when it comes to actually reading
+the problems as you saw at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems as you saw at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems as you saw at the beginning
+um a second mistake for which I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a second mistake for which I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a second mistake for which I would
+have personally lost points where I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have personally lost points where I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have personally lost points where I to
+solve this problem on my homework is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem on my homework is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem on my homework is
+that it didn't ask for just the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't ask for just the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it didn't ask for just the maximum
+amount of happiness that Tim could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of happiness that Tim could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of happiness that Tim could
+achieve that's not very practical for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that's not very practical for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve that's not very practical for
+your everyday Beaver uh but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your everyday Beaver uh but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your everyday Beaver uh but rather
+um he wants to know the actual plan he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he wants to know the actual plan he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he wants to know the actual plan he
+wants to know what days he can go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what days he can go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what days he can go out
+and what days he can't yeah and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what days he can't yeah and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what days he can't yeah and I
+haven't actually told you how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually told you how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually told you how to do that
+right I've only told you how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've only told you how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I've only told you how to compute
+X which is just the maximum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is just the maximum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is just the maximum amount of
+happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness
+if I were you guys I I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were you guys I I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were you guys I I think this is a
+perfectly reasonable simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable simplification
+that's like a warm-up problem to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a warm-up problem to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a warm-up problem to solve
+in fact I would argue it's less of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I would argue it's less of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I would argue it's less of a
+warm up and more the Crux of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up and more the Crux of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up and more the Crux of the problem
+uh and then going back and making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then going back and making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then going back and making sure
+you can convince yourself that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that you could
+actually reconstruct the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reconstruct the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reconstruct the solution
+um my way of solving this was ever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my way of solving this was ever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my way of solving this was ever so
+slightly different from the one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the one in the
+problem but they're equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but they're equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but they're equivalent
+um which is to say I can make a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is to say I can make a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is to say I can make a second
+array I won't write it down because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array I won't write it down because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array I won't write it down because I'm
+slow ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow ready
+that just says on every day whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just says on every day whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just says on every day whether I
+took option one option 2A or option 2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took option one option 2A or option 2B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took option one option 2A or option 2B
+right and now I can reconstruct my plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I can reconstruct my plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now I can reconstruct my plan
+very easily right so I look at X1 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily right so I look at X1 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily right so I look at X1 if I
+took option one uh then I stay in and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took option one uh then I stay in and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took option one uh then I stay in and I
+look at you know day two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know day two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know day two
+if I took option 2A then I can label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took option 2A then I can label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took option 2A then I can label
+today tomorrow and the day after oh wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow and the day after oh wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today tomorrow and the day after oh wait
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah that's right I can label today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right I can label today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right I can label today's
+Choice tomorrow's Choice the day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice tomorrow's Choice the day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice tomorrow's Choice the day is
+after Choice and then look three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Choice and then look three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Choice and then look three days
+later uh and we're Chris that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh and we're Chris that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh and we're Chris that way
+um or option b is is kind of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or option b is is kind of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or option b is is kind of similar
+right so a reasonable way to reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a reasonable way to reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a reasonable way to reconstruct
+the actual set of what days you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual set of what days you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual set of what days you go out
+and what days you go and is this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what days you go and is this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what days you go and is this to
+remember as you do your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember as you do your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember as you do your your
+memorization or or whatever uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization or or whatever uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization or or whatever uh whether
+you did option one two a or 2B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did option one two a or 2B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did option one two a or 2B and then
+it's pretty easy to reconstruct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to reconstruct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to reconstruct from
+there maybe I'll let you guys convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe I'll let you guys convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there maybe I'll let you guys convince
+yourselves of that at home or in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves of that at home or in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves of that at home or in the
+last eight seconds if you happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last eight seconds if you happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last eight seconds if you happen to be
+the two audience members that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two audience members that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two audience members that I have
+uh and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then finally
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right we need to do our time thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to do our time thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to do our time thing and
+most of the time arguments here follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time arguments here follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time arguments here follow
+more or less the same pattern which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same pattern which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same pattern which is
+you count the number of sub problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count the number of sub problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count the number of sub problems and
+the time per sub problem you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time per sub problem you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time per sub problem you multiply
+those two things together uh and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things together uh and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things together uh and you get
+your run time we're going to see in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your run time we're going to see in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your run time we're going to see in one
+problem on this problem set that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on this problem set that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on this problem set that's not
+quite right because we have to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right because we have to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right because we have to account
+for some pre-computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some pre-computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some pre-computation
+but uh in this case it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in this case it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in this case it is
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+right so let's see what are our sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see what are our sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see what are our sub
+problems here well essentially I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here well essentially I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems here well essentially I guess I
+didn't actually say it but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually say it but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually say it but you have to
+take the max of these three values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max of these three values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the max of these three values
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is the max of three Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max of three Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max of three Expressions
+which have a constant number of plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a constant number of plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have a constant number of plus
+signs and lookups in memory and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and lookups in memory and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and lookups in memory and all that
+good stuff so each subproblem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+order one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one time
+how many sub problems are there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sub problems are there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sub problems are there well
+there's I guess n plus two uh max if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I guess n plus two uh max if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I guess n plus two uh max if you
+want to be conservative about it uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be conservative about it uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be conservative about it uh so
+in particular there's order N Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular there's order N Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular there's order N Sub
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+right so all I have to do is multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all I have to do is multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so all I have to do is multiply
+these two things together and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things together and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things together and my
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+takes order and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's our solution to problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our solution to problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our solution to problem
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far
+yes uh-oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh-oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh-oh
+when I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was thinking
+of problems before him I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems before him I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems before him I was wondering
+could you use base cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you use base cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you use base cases
+right now we have two different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have two different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we have two different kinds of
+base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case
+a base case for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base case for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a base case for x
+for things after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 plus 3 equals zero as well what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plus 3 equals zero as well what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plus 3 equals zero as well what would
+that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do
+could I remove the first one and add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I remove the first one and add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I remove the first one and add an
+X of n plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n plus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of n plus three
+yeah I guess that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry that's not a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry that's not a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry that's not a particularly
+helpful answer for the people watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful answer for the people watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful answer for the people watching
+on video my answer to this question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on video my answer to this question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on video my answer to this question you
+can't hear is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't hear is yes
+um right so uh the question to uh repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so uh the question to uh repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so uh the question to uh repeat
+uh was you know this base case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was you know this base case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was you know this base case is
+somehow kind of complicated looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow kind of complicated looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow kind of complicated looking
+to be fair it's the one that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair it's the one that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be fair it's the one that I was
+giving him assignment but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving him assignment but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving him assignment but that's okay
+um but the the question is is this truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the question is is this truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the the question is is this truly
+necessary in particular can I get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in particular can I get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary in particular can I get rid of
+the xn case and instead add a third day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xn case and instead add a third day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xn case and instead add a third day
+past the end of time uh which also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the end of time uh which also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the end of time uh which also has
+value zero and if you kind of look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero and if you kind of look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero and if you kind of look at
+that plus case b I think you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus case b I think you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus case b I think you uh
+or rather case a I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather case a I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rather case a I think you're
+convinced well case A and B for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced well case A and B for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced well case A and B for that
+matter you can convince yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you can convince yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you can convince yourself that
+these are equivalent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are equivalent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are equivalent right
+um that's absolutely right so so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's absolutely right so so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's absolutely right so so I could
+add a third day after the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a third day after the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a third day after the end of this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+which also has value zero or by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also has value zero or by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also has value zero or by the way
+I could just say in my code if n is Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just say in my code if n is Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just say in my code if n is Big
+you know if I is bigger than n returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I is bigger than n returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I is bigger than n returns
+zero that's the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the same thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah and then I guess I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then I guess I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and then I guess I don't have to
+worry about that xn case yeah these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that xn case yeah these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about that xn case yeah these are
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+you know he eats their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he eats their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he eats their own
+fabulous question any any others uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous question any any others uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabulous question any any others uh that
+I can answer while we're at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can answer while we're at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can answer while we're at it
+cool all right so that's problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+I don't like this big Chuck you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like this big Chuck you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like this big Chuck you know
+okay so problem two is the one that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so problem two is the one that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so problem two is the one that got
+me all hot and bothered yesterday so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all hot and bothered yesterday so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all hot and bothered yesterday so
+let's see if we do any better uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we do any better uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we do any better uh in
+front of people because that's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of people because that's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of people because that's usually
+the best way to improve uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to improve uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way to improve uh problem
+solving skill uh right uh so in problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving skill uh right uh so in problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving skill uh right uh so in problem
+two which annoyingly is also probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which annoyingly is also probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which annoyingly is also probably
+the most practical uh problem on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most practical uh problem on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most practical uh problem on on this
+problem so essentially you have a uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so essentially you have a uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so essentially you have a uh I
+suppose I should write some stuff down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so in problem Oh I used the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in problem Oh I used the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in problem Oh I used the wrong
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+two uh you have an operating system men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh you have an operating system men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh you have an operating system men
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+whatever uh which is a uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh which is a uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh which is a uh you know
+apparently it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it's a very simple
+oh I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I get it
+doesn't mean I have to like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean I have to like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean I have to like it
+um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so
+in me mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in me mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in me mix
+um no yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no yeah
+uh apparently the only thing that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparently the only thing that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh apparently the only thing that my
+operating system can do is uh compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system can do is uh compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system can do is uh compute
+edit distance between files and it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit distance between files and it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit distance between files and it wants
+to do so efficiently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so efficiently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so efficiently so
+we have that a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that a file
+is a sequence of strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I believe we say their length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe we say their length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I believe we say their length
+is less than or equal to K that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to K that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to K that's going
+to come into play a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come into play a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come into play a little bit later
+and the strings are basically just lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strings are basically just lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strings are basically just lines
+of the uh the different files so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the different files so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the different files so
+there's three different ways that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different ways that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different ways that we can
+change a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a file
+um so here are the changes we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change number one is to add a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change number two is to remove a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and change number three is to swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change number three is to swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change number three is to swap
+but a caveat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a caveat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a caveat for
+this this interesting model of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this interesting model of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this interesting model of of of
+what's cheap and what's not is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cheap and what's not is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's cheap and what's not is that
+apparently swapping two lines is cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently swapping two lines is cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently swapping two lines is cheap
+because they exist in memory like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they exist in memory like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they exist in memory like maybe
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm
+I don't know using like a linked list or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know using like a linked list or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know using like a linked list or
+something to store files and so swapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to store files and so swapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to store files and so swapping
+two pointers isn't so bad uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pointers isn't so bad uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pointers isn't so bad uh but
+inserting and removing a line is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting and removing a line is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting and removing a line is hard
+because I don't know memory allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know memory allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know memory allocation
+is expensive like you know Minix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expensive like you know Minix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expensive like you know Minix is
+actually operating on clay tablets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually operating on clay tablets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually operating on clay tablets and
+you know I can top my clay tablets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can top my clay tablets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can top my clay tablets into
+different slices and just pick them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slices and just pick them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slices and just pick them up
+and swap them and that's fine but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swap them and that's fine but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and swap them and that's fine but you
+know if I want to add a line to my file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I want to add a line to my file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I want to add a line to my file
+I have to go to the Tigris and Euphrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go to the Tigris and Euphrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to go to the Tigris and Euphrates
+and pull out the or whatever it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull out the or whatever it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull out the or whatever it was the
+eugris and the typhraties and and pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eugris and the typhraties and and pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eugris and the typhraties and and pull
+out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a
+you know Stone it's a lot of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Stone it's a lot of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Stone it's a lot of work to
+make a new line or to dispose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new line or to dispose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new line or to dispose
+um right so these are expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is cheap
+right and so the question uh that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the question uh that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the question uh that I'm
+trying to say uh that I'm trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say uh that I'm trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say uh that I'm trying to say
+and that the problem is trying to ask uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the problem is trying to ask uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the problem is trying to ask uh
+is that you are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files
+A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B
+um with n lines each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you want to know what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to know what the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you want to know what the uh
+the minimum number of non-swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of non-swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum number of non-swap
+operations it'll take and so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it'll take and so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it'll take and so in other
+words the minimum number of times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the minimum number of times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the minimum number of times you
+need to add and remove lines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add and remove lines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to add and remove lines to
+transform a into B right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform a into B right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform a into B right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+essentially with low cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact
+just to be nice I think that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be nice I think that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be nice I think that's actually
+kind of a critical hint in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a critical hint in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a critical hint in this problem
+we give you the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we give you the runtime
+um and I'm going to kind of ignore it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to kind of ignore it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I'm going to kind of ignore it in
+my answer notice that I did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer notice that I did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer notice that I did something
+wrong and then go back and fix it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then go back and fix it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then go back and fix it this
+is different from the way the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from the way the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from the way the answer is
+written where you know God came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written where you know God came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written where you know God came in and
+said like oh we observe that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said like oh we observe that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said like oh we observe that we're
+probably going to need this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to need this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to need this thing so
+we're going to go ahead and do it here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go ahead and do it here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go ahead and do it here I
+think that's that's maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's maybe not
+representative of the logic here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the logic here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of the logic here so
+um right so the the runtime here is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so the the runtime here is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so the the runtime here is K
+and plus N squared the first thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus N squared the first thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus N squared the first thing to
+notice there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there's a
+K here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here
+yeah and and so someday we're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and so someday we're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and so someday we're gonna have
+to compare our strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare our strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare our strings
+right like because that's what K is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like because that's what K is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like because that's what K is and
+I think that's sort of sort of the hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's sort of sort of the hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's sort of sort of the hint
+that's implicit in this problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's implicit in this problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's implicit in this problem it's
+easy to miss uh and and and so indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to miss uh and and and so indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to miss uh and and and so indeed
+what we're going to notice is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to notice is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to notice is we're
+going to look at our solution and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at our solution and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at our solution and say
+well wait a second if we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a second if we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a second if we didn't
+incur a factor of K we must have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur a factor of K we must have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur a factor of K we must have done
+something wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong
+um and and indeed that's that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and indeed that's that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and indeed that's that's going to
+be the case but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case but uh
+it's only a minor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a minor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a minor uh
+fixed to change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I'm sorry yeah and and um right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry yeah and and um right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry yeah and and um right when
+I swap things uh they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I swap things uh they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I swap things uh they have to be
+adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can't write at the bottom of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't write at the bottom of the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't write at the bottom of the board
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's supposed to be adj for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be adj for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to be adj for those
+watching at home uh but they have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching at home uh but they have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching at home uh but they have to you
+can only swap lines that are adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only swap lines that are adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only swap lines that are adjacent
+um as they appear in their original file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as they appear in their original file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as they appear in their original file
+I'll say it out loud rather than try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it out loud rather than try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it out loud rather than try and
+write it because it's going to take like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it because it's going to take like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it because it's going to take like
+the rest of the lecture to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the lecture to do that
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other
+things I've threatened this High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've threatened this High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I've threatened this High
+likelihood I'm bad at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood I'm bad at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood I'm bad at this
+okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh
+this one was annoying and and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was annoying and and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was annoying and and and it's
+not actually annoying it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually annoying it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually annoying it's actually a
+relatively easy instance of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy instance of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy instance of a very
+well-known Dynamic program plus a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known Dynamic program plus a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known Dynamic program plus a tiny
+bit of additional stuff which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of additional stuff which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of additional stuff which is called
+edit distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit distance
+um in fact I think if you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact I think if you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact I think if you guys are
+looking for intuition on this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for intuition on this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for intuition on this problem
+you might Google that one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might Google that one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might Google that one first
+um as sort of a Rosa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as sort of a Rosa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as sort of a Rosa
+oh in fact you're doing a recitation oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh in fact you're doing a recitation oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh in fact you're doing a recitation oh
+that's why it's it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's it's not totally
+unreasonable to come up with the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable to come up with the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreasonable to come up with the answer
+here even better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here even better
+um but even if you hadn't you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but even if you hadn't you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but even if you hadn't you know this
+is just another dynamic programming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another dynamic programming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another dynamic programming uh
+problem that's just like a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's just like a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's just like a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+annoying than your than your average uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying than your than your average uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying than your than your average uh
+dynamic programming problem uh now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming problem uh now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming problem uh now the
+solution written out in the course nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution written out in the course nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution written out in the course nodes
+works from sort of the last line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works from sort of the last line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works from sort of the last line of the
+file downward in some sense a up upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file downward in some sense a up upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file downward in some sense a up upward
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I like literally lost two hours of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like literally lost two hours of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like literally lost two hours of my
+life trying to think about editing files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life trying to think about editing files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life trying to think about editing files
+from the end up and just getting myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end up and just getting myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the end up and just getting myself
+all upset and confused so so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all upset and confused so so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all upset and confused so so here I'm
+going to attempt to do it in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attempt to do it in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attempt to do it in the other
+direction and probably introduce a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and probably introduce a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and probably introduce a bunch
+of mistakes in the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mistakes in the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mistakes in the process so
+what do we do in dynamic programming if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do in dynamic programming if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do in dynamic programming if
+we don't know what else to do we we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what else to do we we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what else to do we we do
+sort sort stuff sort bot uh and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort sort stuff sort bot uh and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort sort stuff sort bot uh and so let's
+do that here uh so in particular what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that here uh so in particular what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that here uh so in particular what
+are our sub problems this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our sub problems this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our sub problems this is a little
+bit funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit funky
+it's actually even before we do the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually even before we do the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually even before we do the S of
+sort pack let's think about our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort pack let's think about our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort pack let's think about our problem
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's think about like what it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about like what it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about like what it actually
+means to edit a file because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to edit a file because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to edit a file because this is
+what helped me sort of think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what helped me sort of think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what helped me sort of think about the
+right right answer here which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right answer here which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right answer here which is to say
+you know so so what's going on I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so what's going on I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so what's going on I have
+like two documents you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two documents you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two documents you know this is
+document a this is document B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document a this is document B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document a this is document B
+right each one of them is composed of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each one of them is composed of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right each one of them is composed of a
+bunch of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines
+and I'm basically trying to turn a into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm basically trying to turn a into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm basically trying to turn a into
+B and the only thing I can do is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the only thing I can do is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and the only thing I can do is like
+Scribble out a line insert you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scribble out a line insert you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scribble out a line insert you know just
+hit the enter key or do a third thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the enter key or do a third thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the enter key or do a third thing
+where I kind of like swap to uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I kind of like swap to uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I kind of like swap to uh things
+that are adjacent to one another this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are adjacent to one another this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are adjacent to one another this is
+the only thing I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing I can do
+and the way that I like to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that I like to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that I like to think about
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+there's kind of an annoyance here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of an annoyance here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of an annoyance here which
+I think is a typical annoyance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is a typical annoyance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is a typical annoyance in
+dynamic programming problems which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming problems which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming problems which is
+that the order of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the order of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the order of operations
+suggests that this problem is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that this problem is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that this problem is a lot
+combinatorially more difficult than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorially more difficult than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorially more difficult than it
+is right because like okay let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right because like okay let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right because like okay let's think
+about how I actually edit documents like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I actually edit documents like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I actually edit documents like
+I spend two-thirds of my day editing bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend two-thirds of my day editing bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spend two-thirds of my day editing bad
+grad student writing is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student writing is like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student writing is like you know
+I'm like jumping all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like jumping all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like jumping all over the place
+between different lines like first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different lines like first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different lines like first I
+delete this line and then maybe I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete this line and then maybe I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete this line and then maybe I go to
+the bottom of my document delete some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of my document delete some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of my document delete some
+other one that would be a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one that would be a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one that would be a big problem
+from a dynamic programming perspective I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dynamic programming perspective I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a dynamic programming perspective I
+can't jump all over my document because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't jump all over my document because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't jump all over my document because
+keeping track of that whole edit history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of that whole edit history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of that whole edit history
+is going to be somehow combinatorially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be somehow combinatorially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be somehow combinatorially
+ginormous right I'm not you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormous right I'm not you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginormous right I'm not you know the
+track changes button in Microsoft Word I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track changes button in Microsoft Word I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track changes button in Microsoft Word I
+want the minimum number of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the minimum number of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the minimum number of changes
+and if I have to recurse over like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have to recurse over like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I have to recurse over like all
+possible edits to every single line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edits to every single line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edits to every single line in
+any order that's an awful lot of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order that's an awful lot of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any order that's an awful lot of like
+factorials and Two To The Ends floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials and Two To The Ends floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorials and Two To The Ends floating
+around that that I don't want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that that I don't want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that that I don't want to have
+right and and so that's the sort of Crux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so that's the sort of Crux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so that's the sort of Crux
+of of the challenge here uh is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the challenge here uh is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the challenge here uh is to
+organize my approach to editing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize my approach to editing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize my approach to editing these
+files in a way that doesn't require me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files in a way that doesn't require me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files in a way that doesn't require me
+to have to to do this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to to do this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to to do this sort of
+combinatorial jumping all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial jumping all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorial jumping all over the place
+and I think it's also the one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's also the one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's also the one where the
+sort of like I know Jerry Kane at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like I know Jerry Kane at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like I know Jerry Kane at
+Stanford talks a lot about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford talks a lot about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford talks a lot about the the
+recursive leap of faith you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive leap of faith you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive leap of faith you know like
+somehow dividing your problem into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dividing your problem into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow dividing your problem into
+organized sub problems that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized sub problems that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized sub problems that's that's
+really where the the challenge uh lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the the challenge uh lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really where the the challenge uh lives
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so if I were a more organized PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I were a more organized PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I were a more organized PhD
+advisor the way that I would edit a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor the way that I would edit a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor the way that I would edit a file
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or a clay tablet uh I guess in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a clay tablet uh I guess in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a clay tablet uh I guess in this case
+um would be linearly right that like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be linearly right that like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would be linearly right that like I
+might as well do whatever the heck I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do whatever the heck I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do whatever the heck I'm
+going to do to line one before I move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to line one before I move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do to line one before I move on
+to line two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line two
+right and like at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and like at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and like at the end of the day
+like even if I did stuff in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if I did stuff in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even if I did stuff in a different
+order you could convince yourself that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you could convince yourself that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you could convince yourself that I
+could always order it in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always order it in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always order it in such a way that
+like all the edits that I do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the edits that I do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all the edits that I do to the
+first line kind of happen before lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line kind of happen before lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line kind of happen before lines
+later in the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the document
+uh with the possible exception of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the possible exception of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the possible exception of this
+swap thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap thing
+um but we'll see that that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll see that that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we'll see that that somehow
+doesn't matter and and moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and and moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter and and moreover
+if I do an edit I might as well do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do an edit I might as well do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do an edit I might as well do the
+edit to make things better right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit to make things better right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit to make things better right like
+there's no reason to just start like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to just start like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to just start like
+willy-nilly inserting and removing lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly inserting and removing lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willy-nilly inserting and removing lines
+um I might as well always do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I might as well always do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I might as well always do an
+operation that improves stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that improves stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that improves stuff
+and so thinking about that sort of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so thinking about that sort of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so thinking about that sort of logic
+leads me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads me
+to the to a particular way that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to a particular way that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to a particular way that I might
+write down my S my sub problems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down my S my sub problems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down my S my sub problems here
+which is to say that I'm going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that I'm going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say that I'm going to think
+about editing my document line by line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about editing my document line by line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about editing my document line by line
+so in other words like once I've dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words like once I've dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words like once I've dealt
+with line one meaning that I've found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with line one meaning that I've found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with line one meaning that I've found
+some way to mess with it and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to mess with it and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to mess with it and make it
+match line one of the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match line one of the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match line one of the other guy
+I'm just gonna kind of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna kind of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna kind of think about
+removing it and then thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it and then thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing it and then thinking about the
+rest of the document instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the document instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the document instead of saying
+aha that's then it sounds like recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha that's then it sounds like recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha that's then it sounds like recursion
+and that's right that's how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's right that's how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's right that's how we're going
+to solve this problem okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem okay so in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+here's going to be our our thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's going to be our our thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's going to be our our thing I'm
+going to do a slightly different one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a slightly different one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a slightly different one in
+the solution so you guys should all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so you guys should all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution so you guys should all be
+vigilant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilant
+which is I'm going to write x i j to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to write x i j to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to write x i j to uh
+B the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B the min
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not a python programmer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a python programmer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a python programmer but
+hopefully I got this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I got this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I got this right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I colon is going to be everything from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I colon is going to be everything from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I colon is going to be everything from I
+to the end of the file right so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the file right so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end of the file right so in other
+words this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this is the
+suffix version of our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and uh the uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh the uh into
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+J colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J colon
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so in other words like I have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in other words like I have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in other words like I have like a
+little it's kind of like a video you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it's kind of like a video you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it's kind of like a video you
+know like I think about Tetris you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like I think about Tetris you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like I think about Tetris you know
+once once you get that full line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once you get that full line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once once you get that full line of
+blocks you can just throw that line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you can just throw that line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks you can just throw that line of
+blocks away and the whole video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks away and the whole video game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks away and the whole video game
+moves down there's somehow something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down there's somehow something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves down there's somehow something
+very similar going on here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar going on here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar going on here which is the
+second I've managed to get a match for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I've managed to get a match for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I've managed to get a match for
+line one of document into line one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line one of document into line one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line one of document into line one of
+the next document I'm just gonna like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next document I'm just gonna like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next document I'm just gonna like
+throw it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it away
+and pretend like I have two documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend like I have two documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretend like I have two documents
+with one less line in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one less line in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one less line in them
+now the thing that got me all hung up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing that got me all hung up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing that got me all hung up
+last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night
+my original problem assumes that both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original problem assumes that both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original problem assumes that both of
+my documents have the same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my documents have the same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my documents have the same length
+but here I'm not making that assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I'm not making that assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here I'm not making that assumption
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and essentially what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially what we're going to
+figure out is if that actually doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is if that actually doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out is if that actually doesn't
+matter a whole lot that if I end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a whole lot that if I end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter a whole lot that if I end up with
+one document of length K and well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one document of length K and well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one document of length K and well I
+shouldn't use K one document of length L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use K one document of length L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't use K one document of length L
+and another document of like zero what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another document of like zero what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another document of like zero what's
+the amount of work that I should do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of work that I should do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of work that I should do to
+convert well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert well
+L right because my only choice is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L right because my only choice is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L right because my only choice is to
+insert a bunch of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a bunch of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert a bunch of lines
+in one document by the way or delete a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one document by the way or delete a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one document by the way or delete a
+bunch of lines from the other those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines from the other those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines from the other those are
+dual to one another exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to one another exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to one another exactly the same
+I'm philosophizing a lot because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm philosophizing a lot because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm philosophizing a lot because I'm
+also convincing myself that my answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also convincing myself that my answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also convincing myself that my answer is
+okay in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in the process
+okay uh right so this is going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh right so this is going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh right so this is going to be our
+set of sub problems and now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sub problems and now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sub problems and now we have to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um the uh the r right we have to relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the r right we have to relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the r right we have to relate
+something we struggle with in the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we struggle with in the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we struggle with in the math
+department sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department sometimes
+um uh and essentially uh the way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and essentially uh the way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and essentially uh the way that I
+went about this uh is to just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went about this uh is to just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went about this uh is to just do a
+billion different cases of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion different cases of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion different cases of all the
+possible edits that I could do to line I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edits that I could do to line I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edits that I could do to line I
+and line J and that's perfectly fine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and line J and that's perfectly fine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and line J and that's perfectly fine in
+this problem I think the problem is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I think the problem is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I think the problem is a
+little slick and the way that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slick and the way that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slick and the way that they've
+written the solution they've convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the solution they've convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the solution they've convinced
+themselves that like some things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that like some things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that like some things are
+equivalent to others and removed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to others and removed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to others and removed them
+but you didn't have to as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't have to as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't have to as long as
+there's a constant number of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number of cases
+you're you're golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're golden
+Ponyboy uh so in particular uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ponyboy uh so in particular uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ponyboy uh so in particular uh let's
+think about some cases so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some cases so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some cases so first of all
+if line I matches line J of my document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if line I matches line J of my document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if line I matches line J of my document
+remember that it's not really line J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's not really line J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's not really line J
+it's like making a document that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like making a document that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like making a document that just
+happens to kind of start at line J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to kind of start at line J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to kind of start at line J
+right it's like taking scissors well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like taking scissors well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like taking scissors well
+then I can match them with zero cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can match them with zero cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can match them with zero cost
+right because the beginnings are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the beginnings are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the beginnings are in the
+same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place
+and I can move my Tetris game down one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can move my Tetris game down one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can move my Tetris game down one
+and that's perfectly fine so uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly fine so uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's perfectly fine so uh right so
+case one I think is the easiest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one I think is the easiest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one I think is the easiest one
+which is if a i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if a i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if a i
+equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals B
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+right then I can just remove that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can just remove that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can just remove that line
+from both documents and move forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both documents and move forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from both documents and move forward in
+which case I'll use my same goofy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I'll use my same goofy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I'll use my same goofy
+notation I'm going to get that x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to get that x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation I'm going to get that x i j
+well I'm going to just increment I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to just increment I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to just increment I and J
+and keep going right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+what's something else I could do I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something else I could do I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something else I could do I could
+delete a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete a line
+yeah so what happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+case two is delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a I right that's a different thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I right that's a different thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I right that's a different thing I
+could do to line I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to line I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to line I
+well now what do I have to do I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now what do I have to do I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now what do I have to do I have a
+document on the left hand side which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document on the left hand side which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document on the left hand side which is
+one line shorter and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line shorter and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line shorter and the right hand side
+nothing changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changed
+but deleting a line cost me a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deleting a line cost me a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deleting a line cost me a dollar
+right so in particular I have that x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular I have that x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular I have that x i j
+well what happens well I got rid of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens well I got rid of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens well I got rid of one
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um but I had to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I had to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I had to pay
+okay let's think about some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think about some other things
+um you could delete BJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this case actually isn't in the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually isn't in the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case actually isn't in the solution
+because it turns out to be unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out to be unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out to be unnecessary
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh I'm only allowed to edit a oh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm only allowed to edit a oh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm only allowed to edit a oh in that
+case I don't have to delete BJ I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't have to delete BJ I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't have to delete BJ I really
+didn't read these problems very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read these problems very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read these problems very closely
+that's my bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my bad
+this would have made it much easier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have made it much easier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would have made it much easier I
+really should read these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should read these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should read these things
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+cool so that like eliminates half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that like eliminates half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that like eliminates half of the
+cases of my notes fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of my notes fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases of my notes fabulous
+incidentally you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally you could
+do these things on the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things on the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things on the other direction
+and it really wouldn't change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really wouldn't change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really wouldn't change this
+problem a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a whole lot
+uh sorry you know I have this bad habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry you know I have this bad habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry you know I have this bad habit
+like when I'm reading research papers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when I'm reading research papers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when I'm reading research papers of
+like reading the research paper I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reading the research paper I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like reading the research paper I wanted
+to be there instead of the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there instead of the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there instead of the one that's
+actually on the paper and somehow it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the paper and somehow it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the paper and somehow it's a
+very similar phenomenon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar phenomenon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar phenomenon here
+okay right so uh great so I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh great so I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so uh great so I can only
+edit document a which means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit document a which means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit document a which means it's
+probably way easier than what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably way easier than what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably way easier than what I was
+worried about uh fabulous in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about uh fabulous in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about uh fabulous in that case
+ah bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah bananas
+um what's our third case here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's our third case here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's our third case here well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's see I could also insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I could also insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see I could also insert
+a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's see so what ends up happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so what ends up happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so what ends up happening
+there so I can only edit document a H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I can only edit document a H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I can only edit document a H so
+that makes my cases different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes my cases different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes my cases different than the
+ones I wrote down on my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I wrote down on my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I wrote down on my notes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so if I insert let's do this live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I insert let's do this live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I insert let's do this live
+yeah okay so if I insert a line at line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if I insert a line at line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so if I insert a line at line
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+I might as well make it match BJ there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might as well make it match BJ there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might as well make it match BJ there's
+no reason not to right like I might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason not to right like I might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason not to right like I might as
+well kill off one element of B while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well kill off one element of B while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well kill off one element of B while I'm
+at it yeah so if I do that what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it yeah so if I do that what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it yeah so if I do that what ends up
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+well I still have to match line I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I still have to match line I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I still have to match line I I've
+just kind of moved it lower in my file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of moved it lower in my file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of moved it lower in my file
+but I've in essence killed one line in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've in essence killed one line in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've in essence killed one line in
+file B by making it match this new line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file B by making it match this new line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file B by making it match this new line
+that I inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I inserted
+in my notes because I thought I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my notes because I thought I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my notes because I thought I could
+edit B I said okay I can just delete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit B I said okay I can just delete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit B I said okay I can just delete the
+line and b instead and somehow logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and b instead and somehow logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and b instead and somehow logically
+that's all easier to think about but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all easier to think about but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all easier to think about but but
+these are these are exactly dual to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are exactly dual to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are exactly dual to one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+um so in that case I have x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in that case I have x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in that case I have x i j
+well I still have to deal with AI I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I still have to deal with AI I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I still have to deal with AI I
+haven't gotten rid of it but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gotten rid of it but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't gotten rid of it but I've
+matched line J so I paid one dollar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched line J so I paid one dollar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched line J so I paid one dollar for
+uh inserting a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inserting a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inserting a line
+and now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have
+that because I've gotten rid of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I've gotten rid of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I've gotten rid of a line
+in in the other file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the other file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the other file
+if I stopped here by the way I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I stopped here by the way I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I stopped here by the way I would
+have edit distance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edit distance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have edit distance but
+um unfortunately for me I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately for me I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately for me I have one
+additional case which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional case which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional case which is
+mild irritant as they say which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild irritant as they say which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild irritant as they say which is that
+I can swap right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all can I always swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all can I always swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all can I always swap
+I mean I can but if I swap two lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I can but if I swap two lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I can but if I swap two lines and
+they still don't match the lines on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still don't match the lines on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still don't match the lines on the
+right hand side I'm kind of hosed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I'm kind of hosed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I'm kind of hosed right
+because I'm you can convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm you can convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm you can convince yourself
+that in the next step I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the next step I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the next step I'm gonna have to
+delete something anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete something anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete something anyway
+swapping was free if I swap and delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping was free if I swap and delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping was free if I swap and delete
+that's the same thing as just deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as just deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as just deleting
+so it doesn't really matter so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really matter so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't really matter so in
+particular what that means is I might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what that means is I might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what that means is I might as
+well only check the swap if it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well only check the swap if it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well only check the swap if it actually
+helps me yeah so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me yeah so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps me yeah so in other words
+if I have a and I have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a and I have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a and I have to be a little
+bit careful because I'm swapping so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful because I'm swapping so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful because I'm swapping so if
+the next guy in a equals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next guy in a equals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next guy in a equals B
+the current guy in B and the current guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current guy in B and the current guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current guy in B and the current guy
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+equals the next guy in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well now I can swap this guy and kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I can swap this guy and kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I can swap this guy and kill
+off two lines of my files while I'm at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off two lines of my files while I'm at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off two lines of my files while I'm at
+it right so in this case uh I get that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so in this case uh I get that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so in this case uh I get that x
+i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j
+well swapping doesn't cost me anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well swapping doesn't cost me anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well swapping doesn't cost me anything
+and I killed off two things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the the the the recursive so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the the the recursive so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the the the recursive so if I
+were to write this out on my homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to write this out on my homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to write this out on my homework
+what should I do well I shouldn't I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I do well I shouldn't I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I do well I shouldn't I mean
+probably if you use this arrow notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if you use this arrow notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if you use this arrow notation
+I don't think it would be a big deal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it would be a big deal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it would be a big deal but
+but really you should should add a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really you should should add a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really you should should add a line
+at the bottom saying that you know I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom saying that you know I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom saying that you know I can
+choose to do any of these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to do any of these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to do any of these things so
+really my recursive call is x i j gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my recursive call is x i j gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my recursive call is x i j gets
+the Min of all of these uh one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min of all of these uh one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Min of all of these uh one two three
+four Expressions that I've written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Expressions that I've written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Expressions that I've written here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what if I have the first condition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I have the first condition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I have the first condition but
+not the second one ah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the second one ah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the second one ah so
+that's a great question yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question yeah so the
+question was like okay well what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was like okay well what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was like okay well what if I
+you know I can match the next line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can match the next line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can match the next line but
+not the current one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the current one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the current one
+well there's two different things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two different things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's two different things you
+could do you could either make another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you could either make another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you could either make another
+case for that that's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for that that's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for that that's perfectly fine
+right in fact you could do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact you could do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact you could do that you
+could do you know that I matched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you know that I matched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you know that I matched the
+second condition not the first one like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition not the first one like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition not the first one like
+whatever you can just enumerate as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can just enumerate as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you can just enumerate as many
+things you want it all through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want it all through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you want it all through and
+there's a constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant number
+um alternatively you convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alternatively you convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um alternatively you convince yourself
+that that actually is unnecessary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually is unnecessary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually is unnecessary here
+because a different so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a different so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a different so that's like
+swapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping
+but then one of those two lines is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then one of those two lines is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then one of those two lines is still
+a mismatch so you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mismatch so you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mismatch so you're going to have to
+delete something in the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete something in the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete something in the next step
+so you might as well just delete first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might as well just delete first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might as well just delete first
+rather than than Swap and then delete uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than than Swap and then delete uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than than Swap and then delete uh
+and and so that's why that case isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's why that case isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so that's why that case isn't
+isn't necessary yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't necessary yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't necessary yeah exactly
+exactly so if you swapped and you killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you swapped and you killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you swapped and you killed
+a line then in effect I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line then in effect I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line then in effect I think it's a
+combination of case one and case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of case one and case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of case one and case two
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+if you kind of expand your recursion now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you kind of expand your recursion now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you kind of expand your recursion now
+but if you're having trouble convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're having trouble convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're having trouble convincing
+yourself of that that's fine just add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself of that that's fine just add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself of that that's fine just add a
+case here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here yeah
+any other questions I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions I'm going to ask
+quickly because I this problem makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I this problem makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I this problem makes me
+nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure yeah okay in the worst case if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah okay in the worst case if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah okay in the worst case if if
+we've done something wrong you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done something wrong you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done something wrong you can
+certainly add another case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly add another case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly add another case here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I'll think about it at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about it at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll think about it at home
+okay so uh since I've managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh since I've managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh since I've managed to
+pontificate too long let's let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontificate too long let's let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pontificate too long let's let's keep
+moving here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah the problem is it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah the problem is it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah the problem is it might have
+been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+not okay yeah because at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay yeah because at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay yeah because at the end of the
+day the the files have to agree like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the the files have to agree like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the the files have to agree like you
+have to match B to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to match B to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to match B to a
+wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow
+to the leads into inserts no no but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the leads into inserts no no but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the leads into inserts no no but the
+the Swap and delete is illegal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Swap and delete is illegal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Swap and delete is illegal because
+you have to use both lines that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use both lines that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use both lines that's a
+condition in the pocket oh I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in the pocket oh I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in the pocket oh I'm sorry
+that's a better answer um so Jason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a better answer um so Jason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a better answer um so Jason
+points out that if I swap thing I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out that if I swap thing I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out that if I swap thing I can't
+delete it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete it
+um because the way the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the way the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the way the problem is
+written so that effectively removes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so that effectively removes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written so that effectively removes this
+case otherwise I think I guess Eric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case otherwise I think I guess Eric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case otherwise I think I guess Eric is
+oh sorry I've managed to totally botch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I've managed to totally botch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry I've managed to totally botch
+this which is totally unsurprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is totally unsurprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which is totally unsurprising
+um yeah so so I think the problem also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so I think the problem also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so I think the problem also
+states that like if you swap the swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that like if you swap the swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that like if you swap the swap
+has to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be useful
+um and that's why this this additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's why this this additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's why this this additional
+case that Eric is asking about where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that Eric is asking about where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that Eric is asking about where you
+swap and then you match one line but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap and then you match one line but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap and then you match one line but not
+the other is unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is unnecessary
+you might be able to relax that by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to relax that by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to relax that by just
+adding a case here but since the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a case here but since the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a case here but since the problem
+doesn't ask it I'm not gonna think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ask it I'm not gonna think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't ask it I'm not gonna think about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right
+so under all the assumptions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under all the assumptions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so under all the assumptions this
+problem that I didn't read but are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I didn't read but are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that I didn't read but are very
+important to solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to solving this problem
+correctly uh uh I believe we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly uh uh I believe we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly uh uh I believe we really have
+uh uh written down all of our cases here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh written down all of our cases here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh written down all of our cases here
+um okay so let's let's continue with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's let's continue with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's let's continue with our
+sort bot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort bot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort bot uh
+Paradigm so now we have all of our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm so now we have all of our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradigm so now we have all of our our
+recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion
+the topological order here is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topological order here is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topological order here is a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+trickier than normal right because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier than normal right because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier than normal right because now
+you've got a two-dimensional array but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a two-dimensional array but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a two-dimensional array but
+it follows a pattern uh that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows a pattern uh that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows a pattern uh that's pretty
+typical here which is that x i j only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical here which is that x i j only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical here which is that x i j only
+uh depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depends
+um on on other xijs with higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I plus J right so I think about my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus J right so I think about my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus J right so I think about my graph
+of sub problems it always you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sub problems it always you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sub problems it always you know if I
+wrote this in 2D Matrix it always kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this in 2D Matrix it always kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this in 2D Matrix it always kind
+of points down into the right maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points down into the right maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points down into the right maybe
+um which is what's making it uh acyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is what's making it uh acyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is what's making it uh acyclic
+it's a very typical pattern in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very typical pattern in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very typical pattern in these
+sort of two-dimensional dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two-dimensional dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two-dimensional dynamic
+programming problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming problem
+all right so let's see here sort bot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see here sort bot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's see here sort bot so
+we need our base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need our base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need our base case
+uh this isn't too bad because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this isn't too bad because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this isn't too bad because
+essentially when you have boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you have boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when you have boring
+documents they're very easy to match to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents they're very easy to match to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents they're very easy to match to
+one another right so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another right so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another right so in particular
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for any I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any I
+if I'm at line n plus one in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm at line n plus one in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm at line n plus one in other words
+I have a blank document that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a blank document that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a blank document that I'm
+matching to document I well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching to document I well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching to document I well
+how much work do I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much work do I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much work do I have to do
+it'd be a little bit careful this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be a little bit careful this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be a little bit careful this is
+where the the suffix version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the suffix version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the suffix version of this
+problem is a little bit more annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is a little bit more annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is a little bit more annoying
+than the prefix one or if I managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the prefix one or if I managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the prefix one or if I managed to
+swap those backward again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap those backward again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap those backward again
+um that in particular the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that in particular the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that in particular the remaining
+number of lines looks like n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines looks like n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines looks like n plus 1
+minus I right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I right
+um which is different than like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is different than like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is different than like in the
+problem is just I because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is just I because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is just I because they're
+working in the other direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the other direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the other direction in the
+solution rather and similarly you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution rather and similarly you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution rather and similarly you need a
+second case for those two here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case for those two here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case for those two here right so
+you have X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have X
+n plus 1 J is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 J is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 J is going to be
+n plus one minus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we're going to continue with sort bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to continue with sort bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to continue with sort bot
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um right so what is our original case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so what is our original case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so what is our original case
+kind of by definition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by definition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of by definition uh
+is is X one one or zero zero depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is X one one or zero zero depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is X one one or zero zero depending
+on how you index and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you index and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you index and then finally
+what's our run time well uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our run time well uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our run time well uh let's see
+there's n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n plus one
+squared sub problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sub problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared sub problems
+and of course that's equal to order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's equal to order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's equal to order n
+squared the sub problems are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the sub problems are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the sub problems are just a
+constant amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amount of work
+so they're each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're each
+with constant work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our entire runtime is order N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our entire runtime is order N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our entire runtime is order N squared
+and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully
+by watching me be confused in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching me be confused in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching me be confused in front of
+you and think through this problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and think through this problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and think through this problem you
+too will see how the problem solving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too will see how the problem solving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too will see how the problem solving you
+know procedure can happen in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know procedure can happen in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know procedure can happen in your own
+disorganized brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorganized brains
+okay so that concludes our our sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that concludes our our sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that concludes our our sort of
+treatment of this this problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I think is the hardest one so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is the hardest one so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think is the hardest one so so
+the other two thankfully are are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two thankfully are are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two thankfully are are much
+easier to to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to to think about
+I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought
+um but I never liked at a distance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I never liked at a distance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I never liked at a distance I
+remember seeing that in undergrad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember seeing that in undergrad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember seeing that in undergrad
+algorithms getting confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms getting confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms getting confused
+okay so uh the next problem uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the next problem uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the next problem uh problem
+three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three here
+uh deals with saggy mimson uh and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deals with saggy mimson uh and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deals with saggy mimson uh and she
+has a bunch of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of blocks
+and she wants to stack them on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she wants to stack them on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she wants to stack them on top of
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+that's what it does and as a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does and as a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does and as a young
+structural engineer she has a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural engineer she has a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural engineer she has a few
+criteria on her problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me go to the right page in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to the right page in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to the right page in my notes
+Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so uh so this is problem three uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is problem three uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this is problem three uh so we
+have the Block B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Block B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Block B
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I uh has size that looks like with w i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh has size that looks like with w i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh has size that looks like with w i
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+height h i by length l i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height h i by length l i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height h i by length l i
+I remember getting confused in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember getting confused in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember getting confused in
+elementary school about the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school about the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school about the difference
+between width and length all the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between width and length all the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between width and length all the time to
+me those always sounded the same but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me those always sounded the same but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me those always sounded the same but it
+doesn't really matter because she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter because she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter because she's
+happy to rotate her cubes anyway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to rotate her cubes anyway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to rotate her cubes anyway that
+that she pleases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she pleases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she pleases
+uh there's a key detail which I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a key detail which I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a key detail which I did
+remember uh to actually read in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh to actually read in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh to actually read in this
+problem uh which is that she has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh which is that she has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh which is that she has at
+least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least
+three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of
+each type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um where type here means that I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where type here means that I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where type here means that I can I
+can permute these three numbers any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can permute these three numbers any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can permute these three numbers any way
+that I want because that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want because that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want because that's the same as
+this rotating a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotating a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotating a block
+but anytime she has one block that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anytime she has one block that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anytime she has one block that's
+like one by two by three she has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one by two by three she has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one by two by three she has at
+least two two more in her bag somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two two more in her bag somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two two more in her bag somewhere
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh one times two times three is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one times two times three is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh one times two times three is equal to
+six thank you Apple watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six thank you Apple watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six thank you Apple watch
+okay so uh that's odd so she can Orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's odd so she can Orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh that's odd so she can Orient
+her block any way that she wants meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her block any way that she wants meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her block any way that she wants meaning
+she can rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can rotate it
+um uh and any any in any fashion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and any any in any fashion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and any any in any fashion that
+you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like
+and so what we're trying to do what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're trying to do what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're trying to do what we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the max height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um where she's stacking uh her end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where she's stacking uh her end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where she's stacking uh her end
+blocks I suppose I should say there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I suppose I should say there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I suppose I should say there and
+blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks
+uh so she wants the max height that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so she wants the max height that she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so she wants the max height that she
+can achieve but just to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve but just to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can achieve but just to be kind of
+annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying
+um or because again she's very concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or because again she's very concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or because again she's very concerned
+with structural stability she lives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with structural stability she lives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with structural stability she lives in
+an earthquake zone she would like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earthquake zone she would like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an earthquake zone she would like uh
+with the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the condition
+um that each block is strictly supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that each block is strictly supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that each block is strictly supported
+uh on the Block beneath that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the Block beneath that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the Block beneath that right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in other words like if this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words like if this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words like if this is the
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+of one block then the next block that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one block then the next block that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one block then the next block that's
+stacked on top of it has to be strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked on top of it has to be strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked on top of it has to be strictly
+contained within the block below it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the block below it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained within the block below it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the problem makes sense have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem makes sense have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem makes sense have I
+omitted any critical details I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted any critical details I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted any critical details I don't
+think I have this time this one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have this time this one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have this time this one's a
+little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah so and she can't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so and she can't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so and she can't do anything
+crazy she can't like do like a weird you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy she can't like do like a weird you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy she can't like do like a weird you
+know like balance it on its Edge kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like balance it on its Edge kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like balance it on its Edge kind of
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um which is Eric is absolutely right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is Eric is absolutely right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is Eric is absolutely right it
+could actually give her a taller uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually give her a taller uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually give her a taller uh
+Tower than you could get if you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower than you could get if you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tower than you could get if you're only
+allowed to rotate blocks 90 degrees I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to rotate blocks 90 degrees I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to rotate blocks 90 degrees I
+don't think the problem states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the problem states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the problem states that
+explicitly but this isn't a trigonometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but this isn't a trigonometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but this isn't a trigonometry
+class so I think we're in good shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I think we're in good shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so I think we're in good shape
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um right so so that's our our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so so that's our our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so so that's our our basic
+problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+this is one of these problems that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these problems that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these problems that like
+it's going to be a dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a dynamic programming
+problem but again similar to many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but again similar to many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but again similar to many of the
+things that we saw in lecture it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we saw in lecture it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we saw in lecture it's not
+totally obvious how right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious how right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious how right because
+somehow she has this big disorganized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow she has this big disorganized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow she has this big disorganized
+bag of blocks you could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of blocks you could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of blocks you could imagine a
+universe where there's two to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where there's two to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe where there's two to the n
+different things she could do right she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things she could do right she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things she could do right she
+could for every single block she could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for every single block she could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could for every single block she could
+decide whether or not to put it in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not to put it in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not to put it in her
+stack and then she has to do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and then she has to do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack and then she has to do a bunch of
+other work to verify whether she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other work to verify whether she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other work to verify whether she can
+stack them while supporting the strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack them while supporting the strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack them while supporting the strict
+support condition or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support condition or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support condition or not
+so initially that seems kind of annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially that seems kind of annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so initially that seems kind of annoying
+so what we have to do which again is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have to do which again is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have to do which again is is
+pretty common to a lot of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common to a lot of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common to a lot of these problems
+is is Place some order on it I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Place some order on it I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Place some order on it I mean that
+both in the entropy sense and also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the entropy sense and also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the entropy sense and also like
+literally we're going to order stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally we're going to order stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally we're going to order stuff
+um and and in particular uh we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in particular uh we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and in particular uh we'll see
+that this problem has a lot in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this problem has a lot in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this problem has a lot in common
+with that longest common subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that longest common subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that longest common subsequence
+problem that we saw in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we saw in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we saw in lecture
+increasing subsequent sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing subsequent sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing subsequent sorry
+um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right
+so here's some some observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's some some observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's some some observations
+about our problem which are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our problem which are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our problem which are going to
+help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help
+um first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first of all
+when we stack our blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we stack our blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we stack our blocks
+we might as well always align the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well always align the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might as well always align the
+shorter side of the block on top to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter side of the block on top to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter side of the block on top to the
+shorter side of the block underneath it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter side of the block underneath it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter side of the block underneath it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me draw a picture of what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say I have a really block whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I have a really block whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say I have a really block whose
+base kind of looks like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base kind of looks like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base kind of looks like that and then
+another block which is also rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block which is also rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another block which is also rectangular
+that I sit on top of it like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sit on top of it like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I sit on top of it like that
+then notice I could so in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then notice I could so in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then notice I could so in this case the
+shorter edge of one block is aligned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter edge of one block is aligned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter edge of one block is aligned to
+the longer edge of the other notice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer edge of the other notice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer edge of the other notice I
+can rotate it 90 degrees and it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate it 90 degrees and it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rotate it 90 degrees and it still
+supports on on one another so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports on on one another so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports on on one another so there's
+never a case you convince yourself with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a case you convince yourself with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never a case you convince yourself with
+just a few inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few inequalities
+um where I don't kind of always put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where I don't kind of always put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where I don't kind of always put the
+long side parallel to the long side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long side parallel to the long side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long side parallel to the long side of
+the guy underneath it and the short side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy underneath it and the short side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy underneath it and the short side
+parallel to the short guy underneath it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the short guy underneath it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to the short guy underneath it
+that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense
+cool so that's observation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation two
+can I ever like let's say that Maggie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I ever like let's say that Maggie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I ever like let's say that Maggie
+actually sorry sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry sat
+saggy actually had not just three blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saggy actually had not just three blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saggy actually had not just three blocks
+of a type but like 25.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a type but like 25.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a type but like 25.
+so she just like has hella blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she just like has hella blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she just like has hella blocks
+right she's uh my question doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she's uh my question doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right she's uh my question doesn't
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+the answer is no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is no because
+um this word here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this word here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this word here
+is really critical which is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really critical which is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really critical which is that there's
+strict support right so your block only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict support right so your block only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict support right so your block only
+has so many faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so many faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so many faces
+right and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact
+um by by observation one really all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by observation one really all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by by observation one really all that
+matters is which of the three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is which of the three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is which of the three types of
+faces is sitting on top right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces is sitting on top right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces is sitting on top right because we
+can just always rotate right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just always rotate right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just always rotate right so there's
+three configurations of every block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at most
+can any one configuration appear more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can any one configuration appear more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can any one configuration appear more
+than one time no because of the strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one time no because of the strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one time no because of the strict
+support condition right otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support condition right otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support condition right otherwise the
+rectangles would match up and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles would match up and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles would match up and that's
+against the rules yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the rules yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the rules yeah
+um so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+oops the number after two is never after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops the number after two is never after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops the number after two is never after
+one is is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is two
+which looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like that
+um okay uh right so so in particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh right so so in particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh right so so in particular um
+there are only three orientations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait this is just which of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait this is just which of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait this is just which of the three
+edges of the block is the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the block is the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the block is the one that's
+that's going away from the floor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going away from the floor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going away from the floor the
+normal to the ground uh and moreover uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the ground uh and moreover uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the ground uh and moreover uh
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+can appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can appear
+less than or equal to one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to one time
+that's good because it limits the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because it limits the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good because it limits the size
+of our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our problem
+uh and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and finally
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops well I collapsed the the two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops well I collapsed the the two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops well I collapsed the the two of the
+cases in my notes into one case here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in my notes into one case here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in my notes into one case here um
+but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's okay
+uh and in fact notice that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact notice that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact notice that the problem
+tells us that she has at least three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that she has at least three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that she has at least three of
+each type so in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type so in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each type so in a sense
+if the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the problem
+um if You observe a one of a block you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if You observe a one of a block you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if You observe a one of a block you
+might as well just throw away the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just throw away the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just throw away the rest
+because you know that you can use it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that you can use it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know that you can use it at
+most three times and she has three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most three times and she has three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most three times and she has three of
+that block we can't use it more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block we can't use it more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block we can't use it more than
+three times so and since that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times so and since that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times so and since that's just
+Superfluous information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superfluous information
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this allows us to to put a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to to put a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows us to to put a little bit of
+order here because notice that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here because notice that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here because notice that when I
+look at the stack of blocks here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the stack of blocks here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the stack of blocks here
+what do we know if I look at the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know if I look at the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know if I look at the length
+of the long side and the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the long side and the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the long side and the length of the
+short side in the plane of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short side in the plane of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short side in the plane of the ground
+those numbers have to decrease on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers have to decrease on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those numbers have to decrease on every
+level of my block right they can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of my block right they can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of my block right they can never
+increase that's what the strict support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that's what the strict support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase that's what the strict support
+condition says combined with observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says combined with observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition says combined with observation
+one actually even without observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually even without observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually even without observation
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um which is which is good news right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is which is good news right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is which is good news right
+um so this is what's going to allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is what's going to allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is what's going to allow us
+to impose order on our problem namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose order on our problem namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impose order on our problem namely
+that we can sort by The Edge lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort by The Edge lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort by The Edge lengths
+because we know that we we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that we we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that we we have this
+support condition okay so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support condition okay so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support condition okay so let's let's
+fill in some details of our algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+right so originally already we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so originally already we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so originally already we can see
+that our list of blocks is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our list of blocks is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our list of blocks is kind of
+useless because the width length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless because the width length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless because the width length and
+height values are sorted in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height values are sorted in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height values are sorted in ways that
+don't matter uh moreover if we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter uh moreover if we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter uh moreover if we have more
+than three of a given block that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three of a given block that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three of a given block that's
+somehow not super useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow not super useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow not super useful
+um so instead of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so instead of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so instead of that
+um Let's uh without loss of generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Let's uh without loss of generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Let's uh without loss of generality
+let's assume so w l o g here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume so w l o g here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume so w l o g here
+um we can always take our block and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can always take our block and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can always take our block and
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+I'm going to do this slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this slightly different
+from my notes the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my notes the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my notes the width
+is less than or equal to the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is less than or equal to the length Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the length Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the length Okay
+so so every block if this isn't the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so every block if this isn't the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so every block if this isn't the case
+I could go down my array of blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go down my array of blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could go down my array of blocks and
+sort and sorting a list of three numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and sorting a list of three numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and sorting a list of three numbers
+is constant time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant time okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right so what does this allow me to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this allow me to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does this allow me to do
+well I'm going to say that a block type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to say that a block type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm going to say that a block type
+actually is an ordered set where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is an ordered set where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is an ordered set where the
+third number is going to be the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third number is going to be the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third number is going to be the axis
+that points up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that points up
+and the reason to do that is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason to do that is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason to do that is that we
+know that we can never use that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can never use that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we can never use that more
+than once for any type of a block yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once for any type of a block yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once for any type of a block yeah
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+I'm going to make a new list of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital B because I like blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital B because I like blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital B because I like blocks
+um and it's going to look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's going to look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's going to look like the
+following so if with so if W is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so if with so if W is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so if with so if W is less
+than H is less than L then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than H is less than L then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than H is less than L then I'm going to
+take every block and duplicate it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take every block and duplicate it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take every block and duplicate it three
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+notice that I might end up with a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I might end up with a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I might end up with a list
+with like nine times of every block but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like nine times of every block but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like nine times of every block but
+we will fix that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will fix that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will fix that later
+um uh right and it's going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh right and it's going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh right and it's going to look like
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+which is the okay I'm going to have w i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the okay I'm going to have w i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the okay I'm going to have w i
+h i l i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h i l i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h i l i
+this is like describing a way to stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like describing a way to stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like describing a way to stack
+my block right because it's saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my block right because it's saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my block right because it's saying this
+is the short side this is the long side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the short side this is the long side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the short side this is the long side
+this is the vertical side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the vertical side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the vertical side
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+and there are three cases right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three cases right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three cases right where
+any one of these guys can be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these guys can be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of these guys can be the
+vertical side right so there's one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical side right so there's one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical side right so there's one let's
+say that the H is the vertical side then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the H is the vertical side then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the H is the vertical side then
+W has to go before l so it would be w i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W has to go before l so it would be w i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W has to go before l so it would be w i
+l i h i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i h i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i h i
+and a third one where the third guy is w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a third one where the third guy is w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a third one where the third guy is w
+h is less than l so it would be h i l i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is less than l so it would be h i l i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h is less than l so it would be h i l i
+w i and those are all the different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w i and those are all the different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w i and those are all the different ways
+that I can sort of Orient uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can sort of Orient uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can sort of Orient uh these
+blocks in my stacking assuming that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in my stacking assuming that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks in my stacking assuming that I
+um impose condition one for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impose condition one for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um impose condition one for convenience
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay we're going to make a new list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to make a new list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to make a new list of
+blocks where I take every block in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks where I take every block in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks where I take every block in my
+original set and I just duplicate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original set and I just duplicate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original set and I just duplicate it
+three times this way after I sort its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times this way after I sort its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times this way after I sort its
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now
+um well what do I need to do well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what do I need to do well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what do I need to do well for
+one thing this thing may have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing this thing may have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing this thing may have too many
+blocks I might have a block that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I might have a block that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks I might have a block that's
+that's repeated more than one time and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's repeated more than one time and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's repeated more than one time and I
+know I can't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can't do that
+um and moreover it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and moreover it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and moreover it's going to be
+convenient to have this sorted because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to have this sorted because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to have this sorted because I
+gotta stack these guys eventually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta stack these guys eventually yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta stack these guys eventually yeah
+so I'm going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to sort
+uh that list uh and I want to do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that list uh and I want to do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that list uh and I want to do it I
+can never say this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never say this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never say this word
+lexicographically meaning the I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicographically meaning the I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicographically meaning the I'm going
+to sort of the first coordinate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the first coordinate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the first coordinate and the
+second and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lexicographically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicographically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lexicographically
+um notice this length is 3n if I had n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice this length is 3n if I had n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um notice this length is 3n if I had n
+blocks to start with so this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks to start with so this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks to start with so this entire
+thing takes order n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing takes order n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing takes order n log
+n time which is important to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time which is important to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n time which is important to account for
+um and then I can remove duplicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll let you guys convince yourself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you guys convince yourself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you guys convince yourself you
+can do this in order end time an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this in order end time an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this in order end time an easy
+way would be to make a second array uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way would be to make a second array uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way would be to make a second array uh
+and just kind of move and only add stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just kind of move and only add stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just kind of move and only add stuff
+when when you you didn't see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you you didn't see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you you didn't see the same
+thing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before
+okay and finally now these are ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally now these are ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and finally now these are ordered
+in a really nice way right because I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a really nice way right because I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a really nice way right because I can
+stack my blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack my blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack my blocks
+but only ever looking to the right in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only ever looking to the right in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only ever looking to the right in my
+sorted list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted list
+right assuming that I'm stacking from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right assuming that I'm stacking from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right assuming that I'm stacking from
+the top of my tower down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my tower down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of my tower down
+which is I think sort of uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I think sort of uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I think sort of uh what's
+what's going on in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in this thing
+okay so now finally we can do our sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now finally we can do our sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now finally we can do our sort
+bot um and I might do S and R and T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot um and I might do S and R and T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot um and I might do S and R and T and
+then allow you guys to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allow you guys to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then allow you guys to think about the
+rest because as usual I'm talking too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest because as usual I'm talking too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest because as usual I'm talking too
+much uh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh okay so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um this is starting to look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is starting to look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is starting to look like a
+subsequence problem right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence problem right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence problem right because
+essentially when I stack my blocks if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when I stack my blocks if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially when I stack my blocks if I
+use this block here again if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this block here again if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this block here again if I'm
+stacking from my tower from the top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking from my tower from the top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacking from my tower from the top down
+all the blocks that can sit underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blocks that can sit underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the blocks that can sit underneath
+this one have to be farther to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one have to be farther to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one have to be farther to the right
+in my array because of the way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my array because of the way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my array because of the way that I
+sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted
+now that doesn't mean that I can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't mean that I can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that doesn't mean that I can put
+anything on the right underneath this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the right underneath this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything on the right underneath this
+guy but it does mean that I know nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but it does mean that I know nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but it does mean that I know nothing
+to the left can go underneath this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left can go underneath this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left can go underneath this guy
+that's that's the way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the way to think about it
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+here's gonna be sore bus so s what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's gonna be sore bus so s what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's gonna be sore bus so s what I'm
+going to say is that x i here is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say is that x i here is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say is that x i here is equal
+to the maximum height of my tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum height of my tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum height of my tower
+and I'm going to taking a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to taking a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to taking a little bit of
+inspiration from our subsequence problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration from our subsequence problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration from our subsequence problem
+that we've already seen I'm gonna I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already seen I'm gonna I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already seen I'm gonna I'm
+gonna force myself to use block I we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna force myself to use block I we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna force myself to use block I we'll
+see that's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just for fun maybe we'll do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun maybe we'll do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun maybe we'll do the the
+prefix version of this problem this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix version of this problem this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix version of this problem this time
+um so now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now uh
+I can use any of the previous blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use any of the previous blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use any of the previous blocks
+right so I can use the first eye blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can use the first eye blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I can use the first eye blocks
+to make a tower but I'm forced to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a tower but I'm forced to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a tower but I'm forced to use
+block eye by the way I'm from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block eye by the way I'm from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block eye by the way I'm from now on
+when I use indices into this sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use indices into this sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I use indices into this sorted
+array okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this is a problem obviously uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a problem obviously uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is a problem obviously uh if
+I could solve for x I would be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could solve for x I would be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could solve for x I would be done
+right because I could get the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I could get the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I could get the maximum
+height by just iterating over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height by just iterating over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height by just iterating over all the
+x's and choosing the biggest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and choosing the biggest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and choosing the biggest possible
+value here and the question is how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here and the question is how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here and the question is how do I
+do this uh recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh here's our uh recursive step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here's our uh recursive step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh here's our uh recursive step
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's say that I use block I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I use block I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I use block I
+well because we we know we have to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because we we know we have to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because we we know we have to right
+um so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+right we have uh now I'm seeing why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have uh now I'm seeing why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have uh now I'm seeing why they
+didn't use this notation uh in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use this notation uh in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use this notation uh in their
+answer but that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but that's okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's use another letter to refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use another letter to refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use another letter to refer to the
+third coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third coordinate
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+yeah let's say VI is always the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's say VI is always the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's say VI is always the third
+coordinate so I've already used wh and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so I've already used wh and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate so I've already used wh and L
+and I'm afraid if I reuse them after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm afraid if I reuse them after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm afraid if I reuse them after
+sorting it's going to confuse people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting it's going to confuse people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting it's going to confuse people
+um so v i is the third coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so v i is the third coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so v i is the third coordinate
+of the is element of my my sorted array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is element of my my sorted array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the is element of my my sorted array
+that's fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine okay
+um right so what is my height uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so what is my height uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so what is my height uh if I
+use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a
+x i here well I get some height from VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i here well I get some height from VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i here well I get some height from VI
+and in addition to that I get whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to that I get whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to that I get whatever I
+I stack uh underneath that guy yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stack uh underneath that guy yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stack uh underneath that guy yeah
+um so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I get that x i well I get the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that x i well I get the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that x i well I get the height of
+the block that I just decided to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block that I just decided to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the block that I just decided to use
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+what are all my cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all my cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all my cases
+well I could decide to do nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could decide to do nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I could decide to do nothing else
+like just not use any other blocks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just not use any other blocks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like just not use any other blocks that
+gives me a height of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a height of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a height of zero
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+well let's see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see here
+I could use the X's but I have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could use the X's but I have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could use the X's but I have to be
+careful that I can actually stack them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that I can actually stack them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful that I can actually stack them
+yeah so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I I can take an XJ value but I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I can take an XJ value but I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I can take an XJ value but I got
+to be careful that I can stack it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful that I can stack it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful that I can stack it
+underneath so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath so in particular
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what do we know well I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know well I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know well I can do
+anything from one to I minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from one to I minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from one to I minus one
+right because that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's sort of the
+definition of x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of x i
+but in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can stack it on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one easy way to do this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one easy way to do this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one easy way to do this is like
+it just array I I iterate through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just array I I iterate through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just array I I iterate through the
+first I minus one elements of my array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I minus one elements of my array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I minus one elements of my array
+and I just check my stacking condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just check my stacking condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just check my stacking condition
+for every single one of them relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single one of them relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single one of them relative to
+block J right so in other words that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block J right so in other words that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block J right so in other words that the
+the width and the height or rather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width and the height or rather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width and the height or rather the
+first and the second coordinate satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the second coordinate satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and the second coordinate satisfy
+the strict inequalities that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strict inequalities that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strict inequalities that I need
+I'm phrasing this sentence neutrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm phrasing this sentence neutrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm phrasing this sentence neutrally
+because I forget whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I forget whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I forget whether this is
+increasing or decreasing but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing or decreasing but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing or decreasing but in any
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+um so what do I do I check all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do I do I check all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what do I do I check all of the
+blocks that I could possibly stack from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that I could possibly stack from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that I could possibly stack from
+the index of the array perspective I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of the array perspective I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the index of the array perspective I
+make sure that I could actually stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that I could actually stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that I could actually stack
+them thanks to the the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them thanks to the the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them thanks to the the size of the
+current block that I just decided to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current block that I just decided to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current block that I just decided to add
+to my stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my stack
+um and I I move recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I I move recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I I move recursively
+okay right so this is great because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so this is great because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so this is great because now
+I'm learning exactly the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm learning exactly the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm learning exactly the recursive
+scenario we wanted to be in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario we wanted to be in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario we wanted to be in right
+because X I only depends on XJ where J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X I only depends on XJ where J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X I only depends on XJ where J
+is smaller than I and that is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than I and that is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than I and that is exactly
+our topological uh ordering that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our topological uh ordering that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our topological uh ordering that we need
+if you do that on your homework you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that on your homework you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that on your homework you get
+minus n for large m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n for large m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n for large m
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh similarly uh what's our base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly uh what's our base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly uh what's our base case
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+um if I only have one block I might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I only have one block I might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I only have one block I might as
+well use it yeah so in that case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well use it yeah so in that case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well use it yeah so in that case we have
+x one is equal to I guess in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one is equal to I guess in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one is equal to I guess in our
+notation here like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here like that
+uh our original one we have to look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our original one we have to look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our original one we have to look a
+little bit careful because of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful because of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful because of the way
+that I've defined X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've defined X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've defined X
+because X assumes that I've used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X assumes that I've used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X assumes that I've used a
+particular block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular block
+right so I have to say well I might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have to say well I might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have to say well I might not
+have actually chosen you know the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually chosen you know the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually chosen you know the very
+last block as the one I want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block as the one I want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last block as the one I want to keep
+um so I have to iterate I could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I have to iterate I could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I have to iterate I could say
+that really my original is the max over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really my original is the max over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really my original is the max over
+I of x i right so one of these blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of x i right so one of these blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I of x i right so one of these blocks
+has to be the block on top I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the block on top I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be the block on top I'm just
+going to iterate over all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to iterate over all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to iterate over all the possible
+ones and find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and find it
+and then our final thing to do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our final thing to do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our final thing to do is the
+runtime t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime t
+um this one is the mildly trickier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one is the mildly trickier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this one is the mildly trickier than
+the previous runtimes that we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous runtimes that we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous runtimes that we've done so
+far in our example problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in our example problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in our example problem
+in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular
+uh how many sub problems are there well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many sub problems are there well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many sub problems are there well
+there's N Sub problems or I'll say order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's N Sub problems or I'll say order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's N Sub problems or I'll say order
+n because I'm always off by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because I'm always off by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n because I'm always off by one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right corresponding to each uh Block in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right corresponding to each uh Block in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right corresponding to each uh Block in
+my my stack here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but how much time does each sub problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how much time does each sub problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how much time does each sub problem
+take at least the way that I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take at least the way that I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take at least the way that I've written
+it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here
+um well what do I have to do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what do I have to do I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well what do I have to do I have to
+Loop over all of the possible blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop over all of the possible blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop over all of the possible blocks and
+find the one that I can stack on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the one that I can stack on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the one that I can stack on top of
+and then take the max so there's a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the max so there's a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the max so there's a loop
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+from 1 to I I is upper bounded by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to I I is upper bounded by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to I I is upper bounded by n
+so this is order N Sub problems Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is order N Sub problems Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is order N Sub problems Times
+order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+per sub problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sub problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per sub problem
+so at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end of the day
+my algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my algorithm
+is going to be order N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be order N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be order N squared
+and of course again I guess I had I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course again I guess I had I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course again I guess I had I
+promised it and then I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised it and then I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised it and then I didn't actually
+do it to actually implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it to actually implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it to actually implement this
+algorithm there's sort of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm there's sort of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm there's sort of two different
+ways to do it right I could write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it right I could write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it right I could write a
+recursive call plus a table right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call plus a table right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive call plus a table right the
+table is maybe initialized to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is maybe initialized to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is maybe initialized to a bunch of
+nands and then I implement this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nands and then I implement this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nands and then I implement this function
+recursively but before I do that I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively but before I do that I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively but before I do that I say
+if the table does not equal Nan just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the table does not equal Nan just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the table does not equal Nan just
+return the value in the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the value in the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the value in the table and
+otherwise you know call this recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know call this recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you know call this recursion
+or I could just have a for loop from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could just have a for loop from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I could just have a for loop from 1
+to n and build up the table uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and build up the table uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n and build up the table uh one
+element at a time and both of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at a time and both of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element at a time and both of those are
+exactly the same from a runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same from a runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same from a runtime
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+okay so I think I've managed to botch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I've managed to botch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I've managed to botch
+that much more than my notes or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much more than my notes or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much more than my notes or the
+written solution uh but uh the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written solution uh but uh the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written solution uh but uh the problem
+itself is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is actually pretty
+straightforward so if you guys read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so if you guys read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward so if you guys read
+through the answer plus some of the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the answer plus some of the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the answer plus some of the I
+think actually the hard parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually the hard parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think actually the hard parts of this
+problem were not the dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem were not the dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem were not the dynamic programming
+it was all the observations you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all the observations you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all the observations you need to
+get there so that's why I I spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there so that's why I I spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there so that's why I I spent a
+little more time there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more time there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more time there
+okay so as usual I haven't left myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as usual I haven't left myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as usual I haven't left myself
+enough time for the last uh problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for the last uh problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for the last uh problem but
+we have a few minutes and and that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few minutes and and that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a few minutes and and that'll be
+that'll be sufficient to set up the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be sufficient to set up the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be sufficient to set up the the
+I actually found the last problem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually found the last problem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually found the last problem to be
+easier even though it technically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier even though it technically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier even though it technically is
+sort of two Dynamic programs in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two Dynamic programs in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of two Dynamic programs in one
+um somehow I think the logic is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow I think the logic is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somehow I think the logic is a little
+easier okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think this is the backboard yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the backboard yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is the backboard yeah
+that's that's I was just realizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's I was just realizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's I was just realizing that
+this room doesn't work the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room doesn't work the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room doesn't work the same way as
+the other one uh yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one uh yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one uh yeah this is
+embarrassing you know I spent all day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing you know I spent all day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing you know I spent all day
+thinking about topology and this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about topology and this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about topology and this is like
+a classic kind of you know problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic kind of you know problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classic kind of you know problem in
+that Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Universe
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so we'll just erase one board at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we'll just erase one board at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we'll just erase one board at a
+time and I'll try not to write three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'll try not to write three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I'll try not to write three
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+um live this time oh this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um live this time oh this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um live this time oh this is probably
+the one board I shouldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+right and our final problem we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and our final problem we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and our final problem we're given
+an N by n grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N by n grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N by n grid
+and on our n by n grid uh Princess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on our n by n grid uh Princess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on our n by n grid uh Princess uh
+Apple uh banana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple uh banana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple uh banana
+Plum Princess Plum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so here's our basic setup there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our basic setup there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our basic setup there's
+a big grid of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe a small grade because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe a small grade because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe a small grade because I don't
+feel like drawing and and every grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like drawing and and every grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like drawing and and every grid
+Square can have one of three things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square can have one of three things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square can have one of three things you
+can have a mushroom you can have a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a mushroom you can have a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a mushroom you can have a tree
+or it can have nothing at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can have nothing at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can have nothing at all
+and uh our princess starts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh our princess starts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh our princess starts here
+and she goes she wants to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she goes she wants to go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she goes she wants to go there
+uh and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and and
+moreover uh there's a couple things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh there's a couple things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh there's a couple things that
+are worth noting here so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth noting here so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worth noting here so first of all
+um her path is quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning that she can only Traverse two n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that she can only Traverse two n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that she can only Traverse two n
+minus one grid squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get from one corner to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from one corner to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from one corner to the other
+and apparently she's very into mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently she's very into mushrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently she's very into mushrooms
+and she'd like to accumulate as as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she'd like to accumulate as as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she'd like to accumulate as as many
+as possible along her path right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible along her path right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible along her path right that's
+the basic setup here so she wants to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic setup here so she wants to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic setup here so she wants to get
+from the upper left to lower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper left to lower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper left to lower right
+and uh in order to do so uh she wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in order to do so uh she wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in order to do so uh she wants to
+take a quick path so she her main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick path so she her main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a quick path so she her main
+priority is to be efficient but among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority is to be efficient but among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority is to be efficient but among
+the different quick paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different quick paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different quick paths
+she wants to pick up a lot of mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to pick up a lot of mushrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to pick up a lot of mushrooms
+it's understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's understandable
+and not walk through trees thank you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not walk through trees thank you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not walk through trees thank you all
+right so like maybe there's some grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like maybe there's some grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like maybe there's some grid
+squares that are marked with like a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that are marked with like a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that are marked with like a tree
+meaning that you just can't go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you just can't go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that you just can't go there
+that's a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tree
+um okay uh uh right so that's our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh uh right so that's our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay uh uh right so that's our our
+basic setup here but the problem does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic setup here but the problem does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic setup here but the problem does it
+takes a bit of a Twist right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a bit of a Twist right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a bit of a Twist right it's not
+saying just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying just
+could be the shortest path which should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the shortest path which should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the shortest path which should
+be very much like the last kind of unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very much like the last kind of unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very much like the last kind of unit
+in six double o six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six double o six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six double o six
+um but rather uh the question is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but rather uh the question is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but rather uh the question is sort of
+what is the number of paths that she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the number of paths that she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the number of paths that she can
+take from one side to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from one side to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from one side to the other
+um and what is the maximum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what is the maximum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what is the maximum number of
+mushrooms is roughly the question asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms is roughly the question asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms is roughly the question asking
+at least what I remember from reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what I remember from reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least what I remember from reading it
+last night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right so so so she has to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so so so she has to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so so so she has to take
+the most number of mushrooms she can but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most number of mushrooms she can but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most number of mushrooms she can but
+there may be more than one path uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be more than one path uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be more than one path uh that
+gets you there that is quick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you there that is quick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you there that is quick that
+satisfies this condition in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this condition in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this condition in which case
+she wants the count of the total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants the count of the total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants the count of the total number
+of ways you could get from one coin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways you could get from one coin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways you could get from one coin to
+the other why you might ask why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other why you might ask why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other why you might ask why not
+um okay so right so uh you know so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so right so uh you know so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so right so uh you know so for
+instance maybe there's a mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um now there's a quick path that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's a quick path that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now there's a quick path that gets
+her there uh and collects one mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her there uh and collects one mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her there uh and collects one mushroom
+so there's exactly one but maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's exactly one but maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's exactly one but maybe if
+there's a mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mushroom
+there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh
+well initially it feels like maybe she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well initially it feels like maybe she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well initially it feels like maybe she
+could get two mushrooms right she could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get two mushrooms right she could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get two mushrooms right she could
+go there go up pick up the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there go up pick up the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go there go up pick up the second
+mushroom and get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom and get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom and get back
+but we're going to see that this quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to see that this quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to see that this quick
+condition actually uh allows it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition actually uh allows it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition actually uh allows it doesn't
+allow you to do that okay so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to do that okay so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you to do that okay so in fact
+it'll turn out that quick paths can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out that quick paths can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll turn out that quick paths can only
+collect one Mushroom in this two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect one Mushroom in this two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect one Mushroom in this two three
+by three case so there's the at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three case so there's the at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three case so there's the at least
+two different paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different paths
+well there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three uh different ways that she could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh different ways that she could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh different ways that she could
+collect one mushroom and have a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect one mushroom and have a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect one mushroom and have a quick
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the first thing to notice uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing to notice uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing to notice uh your
+search is a little bit sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is a little bit sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is a little bit sneaky
+by defining quick paths uh basically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by defining quick paths uh basically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by defining quick paths uh basically by
+giving her no slack at all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving her no slack at all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving her no slack at all right
+um and here's the basic observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here's the basic observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here's the basic observation
+notice the in order to get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the in order to get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the in order to get from the
+upper left to the bottom right she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left to the bottom right she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left to the bottom right she's
+going to have to go down into the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go down into the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go down into the right
+possibly she could also go up like she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly she could also go up like she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly she could also go up like she
+could try and go around a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try and go around a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try and go around a tree
+but only plausibly uh and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only plausibly uh and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only plausibly uh and in particular
+the question is how many times does she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how many times does she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how many times does she
+have to go down and how many times does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go down and how many times does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go down and how many times does
+she have to go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she have to go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she have to go to the right
+well she has to get to the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she has to get to the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she has to get to the bottom of the
+grid right so she's on grid square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid right so she's on grid square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid right so she's on grid square
+number one just go down in this case at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one just go down in this case at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one just go down in this case at
+least two more times so in general n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two more times so in general n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least two more times so in general n
+minus one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one times
+she has to go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has to go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has to go to the right
+n minus one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one times
+so what does that mean she has to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean she has to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean she has to make
+two n minus two moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n minus two moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two n minus two moves
+and that's a lower bound right so if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lower bound right so if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lower bound right so if she
+goes up she's going to have to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up she's going to have to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up she's going to have to go down
+again so it's only going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it's only going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so it's only going to make it
+bigger right so at the very least she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right so at the very least she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right so at the very least she
+has to do two n minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do two n minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do two n minus two
+moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves
+you know down and right to get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know down and right to get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know down and right to get from the
+upper left to the lower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left to the lower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left to the lower right
+how many squares does she touch when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many squares does she touch when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many squares does she touch when
+she's doing that was the fence post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing that was the fence post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing that was the fence post
+problem right so she made two n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so she made two n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right so she made two n minus
+two moves and she had a place where she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two moves and she had a place where she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two moves and she had a place where she
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+um that implies that just by moving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that implies that just by moving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that implies that just by moving down
+into the right she makes two n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right she makes two n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right she makes two n minus one
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+she touches rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she touches rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she touches rather
+so can she ever move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can she ever move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can she ever move up
+no could she ever move to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no could she ever move to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no could she ever move to the left
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+and that basically is all you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that basically is all you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that basically is all you need to
+solve this problem the rest of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem the rest of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem the rest of it's
+actually pretty easy right so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy right so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy right so so the
+basic observation here is you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic observation here is you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic observation here is you can only
+move down and to the right because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down and to the right because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move down and to the right because she
+moved up or to the left her path would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved up or to the left her path would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved up or to the left her path would
+no longer be called quick uh and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer be called quick uh and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer be called quick uh and that
+would be a problem moreover every path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a problem moreover every path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a problem moreover every path
+that moves down into the right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moves down into the right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moves down into the right is a
+quick path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick path
+assuming she was just their target and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming she was just their target and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming she was just their target and
+doesn't hit a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hit a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hit a tree
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so that's the basic observation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the basic observation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the basic observation and
+notice that that already basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that already basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that that already basically
+suggests it's like screaming out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests it's like screaming out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests it's like screaming out to you
+how to do dynamic programming because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do dynamic programming because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do dynamic programming because
+literally you have a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you have a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you have a table
+looking at you on the Blackboard right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you on the Blackboard right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at you on the Blackboard right
+now and you have an ordering like down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you have an ordering like down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you have an ordering like down
+into the right the the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right the the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right the the the the the the
+is acyclic yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acyclic yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is acyclic yeah
+okay have I flammed on the board enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have I flammed on the board enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have I flammed on the board enough
+times the first time I taught at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the first time I taught at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the first time I taught at
+Stanford they I got negative course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford they I got negative course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford they I got negative course
+feedback that I had too much coffee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that I had too much coffee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback that I had too much coffee and
+was slamming on the board a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slamming on the board a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slamming on the board a lot
+apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently
+um I watched the video later and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I watched the video later and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I watched the video later and indeed
+that was not wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not wrong
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh right so uh we're going to call K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so uh we're going to call K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right so uh we're going to call K
+this is going to be the sort of the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the sort of the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the sort of the max
+mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she can get going on on the entire path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can get going on on the entire path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can get going on on the entire path
+in the upper left to the lower right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper left to the lower right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper left to the lower right so
+we want to know the number of Quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know the number of Quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know the number of Quick
+paths that can achieve this number kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that can achieve this number kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths that can achieve this number kit
+okay so let's do sort by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do sort by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do sort by
+really fast because I got four minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast because I got four minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast because I got four minutes
+actually a tiny bit more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a tiny bit more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a tiny bit more than that
+because we started late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we started late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we started late
+okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the kind of annoyance here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the kind of annoyance here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the kind of annoyance here is that
+there's two different numbers that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two different numbers that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two different numbers that we
+don't know right one of them is K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know right one of them is K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know right one of them is K and
+the other is the number of paths right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the number of paths right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the number of paths right
+like the problem didn't tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problem didn't tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the problem didn't tell you how
+many mushrooms she can pick up it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mushrooms she can pick up it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mushrooms she can pick up it does
+tell you that there's some path to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that there's some path to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that there's some path to get
+from the upper left to the bottom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper left to the bottom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the upper left to the bottom right
+there's not just like a row of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not just like a row of trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not just like a row of trees
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which I feel on my commute sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I feel on my commute sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I feel on my commute sometimes
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+it doesn't tell you you know the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell you you know the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't tell you you know the number
+that she has to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she has to accomplish
+um and and initially that's that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and initially that's that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and initially that's that's kind
+of annoying so maybe the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying so maybe the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying so maybe the first thing
+that we do is just compute K like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do is just compute K like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do is just compute K like the
+maximum number of mushrooms that she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of mushrooms that she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of mushrooms that she can
+collect on any quick path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect on any quick path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect on any quick path
+and then we go back and compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go back and compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go back and compute that
+other account yeah because that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other account yeah because that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other account yeah because that would be
+one problem-solving approach so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem-solving approach so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem-solving approach so that we
+could think about a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about a little bit
+um so in particular uh let's define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular uh let's define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular uh let's define
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i j
+to be equal to well we can generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to well we can generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to well we can generalize
+our problem slightly and say what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem slightly and say what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our problem slightly and say what is the
+number of mushrooms that I can get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms that I can get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms that I can get on
+any kind of rectangle embedded inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of rectangle embedded inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of rectangle embedded inside of
+my full problem right so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my full problem right so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my full problem right so in other words
+this is the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the max
+number of mushrooms or M's for short on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms or M's for short on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms or M's for short on
+a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+to i j so in other words she always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i j so in other words she always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i j so in other words she always
+starts in the upper left but now she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in the upper left but now she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in the upper left but now she
+stops at any other grid cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops at any other grid cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops at any other grid cell
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+because I'm running low on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm running low on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm running low on time
+no I'm going to do this the way I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm going to do this the way I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm going to do this the way I want
+to do this no so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this no so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this no so we're just going to
+think about okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about okay yeah
+so the question is could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is could we
+compute Justice value K which certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Justice value K which certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute Justice value K which certainly
+seems convenient like like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems convenient like like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems convenient like like you know
+Princess uh Plum really she might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princess uh Plum really she might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princess uh Plum really she might as
+well know her anime she might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well know her anime she might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well know her anime she might as well
+know the number of mushrooms she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the number of mushrooms she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the number of mushrooms she's
+targeting if she can if she can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting if she can if she can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting if she can if she can get it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so how could we do this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could we do this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could we do this uh
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+well she has to get to position i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she has to get to position i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well she has to get to position i j
+and from our argument up there she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from our argument up there she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from our argument up there she has
+to get there by either coming from up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there by either coming from up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there by either coming from up or
+to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left
+right the way we've chosen to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way we've chosen to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way we've chosen to write down
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what are our different cases well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our different cases well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our different cases well first
+of all if there's a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all if there's a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all if there's a tree
+you can't do a damn thing right she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do a damn thing right she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do a damn thing right she
+shouldn't even be able to get there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't even be able to get there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't even be able to get there yeah
+and for convenience uh we're gonna find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for convenience uh we're gonna find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for convenience uh we're gonna find
+You could argue that it's zero um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could argue that it's zero um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could argue that it's zero um we're
+going to mark this as with a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mark this as with a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mark this as with a special
+number and we'll see that that makes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we'll see that that makes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and we'll see that that makes our
+notation a little convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a little convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation a little convenient
+um so one is if there exists a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one is if there exists a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one is if there exists a tree
+then we're going to say k i j is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to say k i j is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to say k i j is minus
+infinity again there's a philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity again there's a philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity again there's a philosophical
+question there does she get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there does she get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there does she get minus
+infinity mushrooms if she is standing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity mushrooms if she is standing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity mushrooms if she is standing on
+top of a tree I don't know because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a tree I don't know because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of a tree I don't know because she
+shouldn't stand on top of a tree but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't stand on top of a tree but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't stand on top of a tree but at
+least it's it's going to let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's it's going to let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's it's going to let us know
+that something went wrong in this grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something went wrong in this grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something went wrong in this grid
+Square in the other parts of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in the other parts of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square in the other parts of our
+recursion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion okay
+um and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what are our different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are our different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are our different uh
+cases here well she always picks up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here well she always picks up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here well she always picks up a
+mushroom if it's there she might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom if it's there she might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom if it's there she might as well
+she's maximizing yeah in fact I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's maximizing yeah in fact I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's maximizing yeah in fact I think
+the problem even says that she's she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem even says that she's she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem even says that she's she's
+like really new mushroom she like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really new mushroom she like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really new mushroom she like
+collects them automatically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects them automatically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collects them automatically right
+um so uh what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll use unnecessarily fancy notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use unnecessarily fancy notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use unnecessarily fancy notation
+this is an indicator of uh whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an indicator of uh whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an indicator of uh whether there
+exists a mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a mushroom
+at position i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um meaning this is a one if there is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meaning this is a one if there is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um meaning this is a one if there is and
+there's a zero if there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zero if there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zero if there's not
+uh sometimes this is a indicated with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes this is a indicated with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes this is a indicated with a
+one with a little subscript but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a little subscript but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a little subscript but whatever
+um and in addition to that she might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in addition to that she might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in addition to that she might
+have picked up mushrooms along paths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked up mushrooms along paths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked up mushrooms along paths and
+we know that her path to position i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that her path to position i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that her path to position i j
+either came from up or to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either came from up or to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either came from up or to the left
+right so uh in other words we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that she could have gotten the Max from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could have gotten the Max from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she could have gotten the Max from
+any path ending a buffer or any path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any path ending a buffer or any path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any path ending a buffer or any path to
+the left of her so that's k i minus 1 J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of her so that's k i minus 1 J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of her so that's k i minus 1 J
+which I guess is to the left and k i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I guess is to the left and k i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I guess is to the left and k i
+J minus one like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus one like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J minus one like that
+and this can be used to fill in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be used to fill in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be used to fill in our
+whole table of K values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table of K values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole table of K values
+in fact since I'm low on time I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact since I'm low on time I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact since I'm low on time I'll let
+you do the t-bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the t-bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the t-bot
+for the remainder of this problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the remainder of this problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the remainder of this problem right
+essentially I think the key observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I think the key observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially I think the key observation
+is this one right obviously when she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one right obviously when she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one right obviously when she
+starts in the upper left we get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in the upper left we get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in the upper left we get zero
+mushrooms because she's not standing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms because she's not standing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms because she's not standing on
+top of one the problem says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of one the problem says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of one the problem says that
+and this allows us to fill in our whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this allows us to fill in our whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this allows us to fill in our whole
+table k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table k
+so in particular this gives us our enemy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this gives us our enemy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this gives us our enemy
+now we now know how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we now know how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we now know how many uh
+mushrooms she should have at every step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms she should have at every step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms she should have at every step
+of her journey in fact it tells us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her journey in fact it tells us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her journey in fact it tells us a
+tiny bit more than that right because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit more than that right because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit more than that right because it
+says if I'm at this grid scale at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if I'm at this grid scale at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if I'm at this grid scale at this
+particular grid Square during my path I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular grid Square during my path I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular grid Square during my path I
+should have this many mushrooms if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this many mushrooms if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this many mushrooms if I
+didn't then something else something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't then something else something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't then something else something
+went wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went wrong
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um so the way that the solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way that the solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way that the solution is
+written they do two pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written they do two pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written they do two pieces of the
+recursion and once you actually could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and once you actually could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion and once you actually could
+have just solved for this K Matrix first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just solved for this K Matrix first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just solved for this K Matrix first
+and then gone back and done the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then gone back and done the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then gone back and done the second
+half with this problem and those are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half with this problem and those are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half with this problem and those are are
+exactly the same yeah and and when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same yeah and and when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same yeah and and when I was
+writing my solution this is the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my solution this is the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing my solution this is the way I
+thought about it because somehow I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it because somehow I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it because somehow I kind
+of thought like she might as well know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought like she might as well know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thought like she might as well know
+how many mushrooms she wants to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many mushrooms she wants to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many mushrooms she wants to collect
+before she starts counting paths that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she starts counting paths that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before she starts counting paths that's
+like a secondary question you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a secondary question you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a secondary question you know
+um and and so this is one way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so this is one way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so this is one way to do it
+so in our remaining negative two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our remaining negative two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our remaining negative two minutes
+um let's think about the recursion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about the recursion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about the recursion for
+computing remember that we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing remember that we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing remember that we want to know
+the number of paths needed to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of paths needed to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of paths needed to collect
+that many mushrooms uh the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many mushrooms uh the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many mushrooms uh the maximum
+number of mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please let there not be a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please let there not be a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please let there not be a whole lot of
+stuff on this board ah there's not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on this board ah there's not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on this board ah there's not any
+stuff on this board it's great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on this board it's great okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff on this board it's great okay
+um so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in particular
+now I'm going to define a second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to define a second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to define a second thing
+that I also am going to do dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I also am going to do dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I also am going to do dynamic
+programming on yeah I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming on yeah I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming on yeah I'm going to say
+that x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x i j
+is equal to and I'm going to make a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to and I'm going to make a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to and I'm going to make a kind
+of a sneaky definition uh here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sneaky definition uh here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sneaky definition uh here which is
+the number of Quick Pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that end at IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+now let's anticipate our problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's anticipate our problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's anticipate our problem a
+little bit so at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so at the end of the day
+we're going to do like X of n comma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do like X of n comma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do like X of n comma n
+because she wants to end up all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she wants to end up all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she wants to end up all the way
+down to the right and how many mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the right and how many mushrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the right and how many mushrooms
+does she want to have now that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she want to have now that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does she want to have now that we know
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+she wants to have K of n comma n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to have K of n comma n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to have K of n comma n
+mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms
+along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way
+it would be kind of ambitious if she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of ambitious if she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be kind of ambitious if she
+wanted to have K of n comma n mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have K of n comma n mushrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have K of n comma n mushrooms
+the entire path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire path
+um but it would be slightly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it would be slightly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it would be slightly less
+ambitious to have K of i j mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious to have K of i j mushrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious to have K of i j mushrooms
+because somehow that's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow that's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow that's exactly what we
+we just uh constructed in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just uh constructed in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just uh constructed in in the
+previous thing was path right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous thing was path right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous thing was path right
+so well the last guy looks like a Max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well the last guy looks like a Max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well the last guy looks like a Max
+now we're going to expect to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to expect to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to expect to see some
+plus signs here because we're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus signs here because we're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus signs here because we're like
+adding up how many paths we have okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up how many paths we have okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up how many paths we have okay
+and now let's come up with our recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's come up with our recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's come up with our recursive
+rule for for this uh array X and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for for this uh array X and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for for this uh array X and then
+we'll we'll call it a day so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll call it a day so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll call it a day so in
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+gun one if there's a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many paths are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many paths are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many paths are there
+there are no paths because I can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no paths because I can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no paths because I can't get
+there yeah so then I J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so then I J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah so then I J
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+okay otherwise there ain't a treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise there ain't a treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise there ain't a treat
+and now I have to be a little careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have to be a little careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have to be a little careful
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so I'm going to write this like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write this like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to write this like a little
+piece of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of code
+um you could have written this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could have written this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you could have written this as a
+giant Max instead and there are a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant Max instead and there are a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant Max instead and there are a bunch
+of cases uh and and whatever so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases uh and and whatever so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cases uh and and whatever so let's
+think about it like a piece of code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it like a piece of code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it like a piece of code so
+initially I think there are no paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I think there are no paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I think there are no paths
+that get me kij mushrooms that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get me kij mushrooms that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get me kij mushrooms that's
+perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine
+and remember we're going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we're going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember we're going to keep
+applying the same piece of logic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the same piece of logic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the same piece of logic which
+is that a path can only come from to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a path can only come from to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a path can only come from to the
+left and up and let's uh think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and up and let's uh think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and up and let's uh think about
+those two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two cases
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and by the way we're going to use Chi to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way we're going to use Chi to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way we're going to use Chi to
+equal this Chi of stuff that that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal this Chi of stuff that that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal this Chi of stuff that that we had
+in the previous expression right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous expression right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous expression right
+um so Chi is one if there's a mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Chi is one if there's a mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Chi is one if there's a mushroom
+at this place and zero if there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this place and zero if there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this place and zero if there is not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my path can come from the left or up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my path can come from the left or up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my path can come from the left or up
+I know that it can't come from Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that it can't come from Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that it can't come from Up
+if the number of mushrooms that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of mushrooms that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of mushrooms that I got
+from Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Up
+plus potentially the one that I got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus potentially the one that I got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus potentially the one that I got here
+doesn't align with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't align with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't align with the number of
+mushrooms that I should have by the kij
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms that I should have by the kij
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushrooms that I should have by the kij
+standard that I have set for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that I have set for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard that I have set for myself
+yeah so if I if I want to write that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if I if I want to write that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if I if I want to write that out
+in code uh the way I do that is I say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in code uh the way I do that is I say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in code uh the way I do that is I say if
+um K of so let's say I look to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um K of so let's say I look to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um K of so let's say I look to the left
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+you know this is like you know look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is like you know look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is like you know look to
+your left look to your right one of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your left look to your right one of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your left look to your right one of you
+will pass this exam kind of scenario and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pass this exam kind of scenario and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pass this exam kind of scenario and
+I potentially add a mushroom at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I potentially add a mushroom at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I potentially add a mushroom at my
+current position if there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current position if there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current position if there is one
+if that is equal to k i j well what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is equal to k i j well what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that is equal to k i j well what does
+that mean that means that path that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that means that path that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that means that path that went
+to the left were able to collect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left were able to collect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left were able to collect the
+number of mushrooms I need to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms I need to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms I need to get to the
+position I am now so now I can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what well all of the different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well all of the different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well all of the different ways
+maybe I'll do a plus equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll do a plus equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll do a plus equals
+X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of
+I minus 1 J right because any path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus 1 J right because any path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus 1 J right because any path that
+got to the previous guy and clicked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the previous guy and clicked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the previous guy and clicked the
+right number of mushrooms can now reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of mushrooms can now reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right number of mushrooms can now reach
+me and get the right number of mushrooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and get the right number of mushrooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and get the right number of mushrooms
+and similarly I can look up and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly I can look up and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly I can look up and do
+exactly the same logic so if K of i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same logic so if K of i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same logic so if K of i j
+minus 1 plus this number is equal to k i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus this number is equal to k i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 plus this number is equal to k i
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+then x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x i j
+gets an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets an additional
+number of paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and now I do think it's worth spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I do think it's worth spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I do think it's worth spending
+eight seconds thinking about our base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight seconds thinking about our base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight seconds thinking about our base
+cases uh here because initially when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh here because initially when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases uh here because initially when I
+first saw this I panicked a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw this I panicked a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw this I panicked a little bit
+because it kind of looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it kind of looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it kind of looks like this
+should just end up giving you a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just end up giving you a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just end up giving you a bunch of
+zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros
+right because like I'm just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because like I'm just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because like I'm just adding
+values of x's to themselves I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x's to themselves I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of x's to themselves I don't have
+like a one plus anything anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one plus anything anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one plus anything anywhere
+which is kind of weird if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of weird if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of weird if you think
+about it so all of the reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so all of the reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it so all of the reason why the
+positive numbers appear in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers appear in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers appear in this problem
+is from the base case which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the base case which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the base case which is kind of
+cool I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool I think
+um it's like I think one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like I think one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's like I think one of these things
+where if you anticipated a problem then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you anticipated a problem then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you anticipated a problem then
+it's cool and if you didn't anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool and if you didn't anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cool and if you didn't anticipate
+the problem to begin with you just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem to begin with you just wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem to begin with you just wrote
+down this formulas you probably wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this formulas you probably wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this formulas you probably wouldn't
+even think that it's interesting um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think that it's interesting um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think that it's interesting um uh
+but but in any event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in any event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but in any event
+uh what is our base case so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is our base case so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is our base case so we'll we'll
+do the b in sort bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the b in sort bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the b in sort bot
+um so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first of all
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what is K of one one remember that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is K of one one remember that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is K of one one remember that's the
+number of mushrooms you can collect by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms you can collect by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of mushrooms you can collect by
+starting at the left square and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the left square and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at the left square and going
+nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere
+and that's zero because the problem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's zero because the problem says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's zero because the problem says
+there's no mushrooms in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no mushrooms in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no mushrooms in the upper left
+what's X of one one well this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's X of one one well this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's X of one one well this is the
+number of paths from one one to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths from one one to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths from one one to itself
+that collects zero mushrooms so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collects zero mushrooms so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collects zero mushrooms so that's
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+OK and I think that the rest of the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OK and I think that the rest of the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OK and I think that the rest of the sort
+bot table here isn't terribly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot table here isn't terribly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bot table here isn't terribly uh
+difficult to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to fill in
+um so notice that in in a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so notice that in in a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so notice that in in a kind of a
+funny way all of these were Christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way all of these were Christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny way all of these were Christmas
+steps we're just adding one to itself a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we're just adding one to itself a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we're just adding one to itself a
+bunch of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times
+um but of course the way you do that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course the way you do that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but of course the way you do that the
+reason why you get a number that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you get a number that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you get a number that's
+interesting is because of all these if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because of all these if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because of all these if
+statements and the fact that you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and the fact that you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements and the fact that you can add
+two different pluses coming from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different pluses coming from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different pluses coming from two
+different sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources
+okay so I actually do encourage you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I actually do encourage you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I actually do encourage you guys
+to look at the code in the the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the code in the the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the code in the the problem
+solution because I think it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because I think it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because I think it's a nice
+example of taking this recursive formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of taking this recursive formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of taking this recursive formula
+and then unrolling it into like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then unrolling it into like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then unrolling it into like
+iterating over a table and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over a table and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating over a table and that's a
+useful skill that I intended to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful skill that I intended to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful skill that I intended to do today
+and then didn't actually do uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then didn't actually do uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then didn't actually do uh very
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+um but with that as usual we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but with that as usual we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but with that as usual we've gone
+over time here so we'll call it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time here so we'll call it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time here so we'll call it for the
+day uh and I will see you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh and I will see you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh and I will see you guys
+when I see you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I see you guys
+all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UwZU-Lk26X4.txt b/UwZU-Lk26X4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a461e254fe1ed14ebaff15f1bbe39891b93703c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UwZU-Lk26X4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,764 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT Open
+Courseware continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT Open Courseware at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Hi I'm Sal.
+
+Today we're going to solve
+problem number 6 of
+
+exam 1 of fall 2009.
+
+Now before you attempt a
+problem, there are a lot of
+
+things that you should know,
+that is background material
+
+that's going to help you
+solve the problem.
+
+Especially during an exam,
+given that this was the
+
+hardest on this exam.
+
+So you should be able to
+finish this within
+
+15 minutes or so.
+
+So before you start the problem
+you should know what
+
+the energy is of a charged
+particle in an electric field,
+
+which is given by
+this equation.
+
+The conversion from an electron
+volt to a joule,
+
+which is just a conversion of
+energy and this should be
+
+given to you on your
+table of constants.
+
+Also the energy associated with
+an emission spectrum,
+
+which is given by this equation
+where k is actually
+
+the ionization energy of
+hydrogen, which is 13.6
+
+electron volts and the z squared
+is the atomic number
+
+of your atom of interest. And
+then the n f and the n sub i
+
+are your transition states.
+
+The DeBroglie wavelength, which
+is given by lambda, is
+
+equal to a Planck's Constant
+divided by the momentum.
+
+And always remember that you
+need to conserve energy.
+
+This is what's going
+to get you the full
+
+points on the problem.
+
+So the problem, it's best to
+solve if you draw a little
+
+image as you read the problem.
+
+So the problem reads, atoms of
+ionized helium gas, He plus,
+
+are struck by electrons in a gas
+discharge tube operating
+
+with the potential difference
+between the
+
+electrodes set at 8.8 volts.
+
+So I'm going to go ahead and
+start drawing an image.
+
+So let's say I have two plates
+where the voltage between
+
+these two is set
+at 8.88 volts.
+
+And what's happening here is
+that you're accelerating
+
+electrons through here.
+
+So you can imagine that--
+
+say this is positively
+charges and this
+
+is negatively charged--
+
+that an electron starts from
+your negative plate and then
+
+it accelerates toward your
+positive plate and you can
+
+imagine your plate having hole
+or something small where your
+
+electron can then exit and then
+be in free space under
+
+the influence of no potential.
+
+So then these electrons are
+actually being aimed towards
+
+your helium plus ions.
+
+So that's your target.
+
+Now if I continue reading the
+problem, it says that the
+
+emmision spectrum includes the
+line associated with the
+
+transition from n equals
+3 to n equals 2.
+
+Calculate the minimum value of
+the DeBroglie wavelength of
+
+scattered electrons that have
+collided with helium plus and
+
+generated this line in the
+emission spectrum.
+
+So it's an energy conservation
+problem.
+
+And all this tells you is that,
+you have an electron
+
+that is being accelerated
+through your potential.
+
+The electron is going to strike
+a helium plus atom and
+
+upon that you detect an
+emission spectrum.
+
+Well what does that tell you?
+
+That tells you that that
+electron actually excited an
+
+electron in the atom.
+
+The electron had to transition
+to a higher state to absorb
+
+energy and then decay and in
+the process of decaying it
+
+emits a photon, which
+is what you detect.
+
+So this information
+is given to you.
+
+But the problem asks to find
+the value of the DeBroglie
+
+wavelength.
+
+So since this an energy
+conservation problem, and this
+
+is the very first step that
+happens and I know that my
+
+energy equation for a
+charged particle is
+
+simply q times the voltage.
+
+So I know that q, which is a
+certain value of charge, the
+
+product of these two when I'm
+multiplying by 8.8 volts, this
+
+yields 8.88 electron volts.
+
+So it's a new unit of energy
+where we just saw the
+
+conversion.
+
+And the reason why this takes
+this shape is because one
+
+electron has the charge of 1.6
+times 10 to the negative 19
+
+coulombs and that's where the
+conversion from electrical
+
+volts to joules come from.
+
+So I'm going to go ahead and
+call this e sub i initial.
+
+Because this is our initial
+energy that we're given.
+
+So we just start with this
+energy, nothing else.
+
+Nothing else was given
+from the problem.
+
+So we want to go ahead
+and conserve this.
+
+So our final state, the
+combination of whatever we are
+
+solving, should not have a
+higher energy than what
+
+initially we started with.
+
+So because the problem says
+that we have an emission
+
+spectrum, I'm going to go ahead
+and draw another image.
+
+I'll label this one,
+initial and I'll
+
+label this one, final.
+
+So my final image, you can
+imagine a helium plus atom.
+
+And the electron strikes the
+helium plus atom and we detect
+
+a photon and you're getting
+a scattered electron.
+
+That's what the problem says.
+
+Scattered electron.
+
+So what this tells me is that
+this energy now is going into
+
+creating a photon and
+scattering an
+
+electron from your atom.
+
+So if I was to equate those two
+or what not I can already
+
+say that, well in my final state
+I detect an emission or
+
+an emission spectrum.
+
+And I know what the
+transition says.
+
+It goes from n equals
+3 to n equals 2.
+
+That's what the problem
+tells us.
+
+So if I take my equation, my
+delta e of my emission
+
+spectrum, is simply going to be
+negative k, which is 13.6
+
+electron volts.
+
+And I'm going to multiply
+by the atomic
+
+number, squared now.
+
+This is where people also make
+mistakes during the exam.
+
+The atomic number is not 1.
+
+It's actually 2 because we're
+talking about helium.
+
+And the atomic number is not
+the number of electrons or
+
+values in terms of an ion, but
+it's actually the number of
+
+protons that you have. So
+helium has 2 protons.
+
+So I can multiply this by 2.
+
+And I'm going to square it.
+
+And I know that I'm going from
+n and equals 3 to n equals 2.
+
+So if I plug this into my
+equation I have 1 over 3
+
+squared minus 1 over 2 squared,
+which is 9 and 4.
+
+And if you plug this in, and
+assuming that your calculator
+
+works and is correct, you get a
+value of 7.56 electron volts
+
+because that was the unit
+that I was using.
+
+Everything else is unitless,
+so my energy is now 7.56
+
+electron volts for
+my transition.
+
+Which covers this part
+for my photon.
+
+So now we're left with what
+the energy of this is.
+
+So what is the energy of
+the scattered electron?
+
+Well if I equate the initial to
+the final I know that the
+
+final is a composition
+of the transition
+
+in my scatter state.
+
+So I know that e initial, which
+is 8.88 electron volts,
+
+this equals to the energy for
+the emission spectrum, which
+
+is 7.56 electron volts.
+
+So I'll put the units in square
+brackets so you don't
+
+get confused.
+
+And then plus the energy of
+the scattered electron.
+
+So if I subtract the two,
+I get the energy of
+
+my scattered electron.
+
+And that pretty much gives
+me a value of--
+
+after I subtract that--
+
+e of scattered electron
+is equal to--
+
+well the distance between these
+two is actually 1.32
+
+electron volts.
+
+But don't stop here because the
+problem didn't ask you to
+
+figure out the energy of
+the scattered electron.
+
+It actually told us to figure
+out what the DeBroglie
+
+wavelength is of this
+scattered electron.
+
+Now the fact that the electron
+is scattered, to me that means
+
+that the only energy
+that this particle
+
+has is kinetic energy.
+
+So it's a classical
+form of energy.
+
+So I can go ahead and I can
+equate this to just 1/2 mass
+
+of the electrons times my
+velocity squared-- whatever
+
+velocity it has.
+
+Now I'd don't need to figure
+out what the velocity is.
+
+This is just important to figure
+out what the DeBroglie
+
+wavelength is.
+
+So this is good.
+
+Now if we look at what our
+DeBroglie wavelength is, we
+
+know that lambda is
+equal to Planck's
+
+Constant divided by p.
+
+And Planck's Constant has a
+value of 6.6 times 10 to the
+
+minus 34 with units
+of joules seconds.
+
+So this is important too.
+
+Always keep track of your units
+because dimensional
+
+analysis will help you a lot
+when solving these problems. A
+
+lot of the times you're given
+energy values in electron
+
+volts but your solution will
+have a constant that doesn't
+
+have an electron volt, that will
+have a joule, so you're
+
+forced to make that conversion
+or else your problem is going
+
+to be wrong.
+
+OK so with that in mind,
+we know what h is.
+
+But what about p?
+
+Well p is momentum.
+
+And classical momentum is just
+mass times your velocity.
+
+So this is just mass times
+velocity, but this is the mass
+
+times our velocity.
+
+We know what the mass
+of the election is.
+
+That's given on our table
+of constants.
+
+But the velocity, we don't know
+what it is but we can
+
+grab it from our classical
+energy.
+
+So if I look at my energy--
+
+from the side so I'm going
+to look at my energy--
+
+I know that my energy--
+
+I'm going to call this
+scat, for scattered--
+
+the energy of my scattered
+electron is simply 1/2 the
+
+mass of the electron times
+our velocity squared.
+
+Now if I multiply both sides by
+2m, I'm going to go ahead
+
+and get us to the point where I
+can get an equation that is
+
+just my mass times v.
+
+So I'm going to multiply both
+sides by 2m, So I get 2 mass
+
+of the electron, e scat of
+the electron, equals--
+
+if I multiply this by
+2m, the two cancel,
+
+so I get an m squared.
+
+m squared times v squared
+is essentially
+
+just m times v squared.
+
+And this becomes just mass of
+your electron v squared.
+
+Now if I take the square root
+of both sides, I end up
+
+getting a nice relation
+for just m times v.
+
+So I know that m times v now is
+just simply equal to this--
+
+canceled, the square root
+cancels the square.
+
+The square root of 2 mass of the
+electron times the energy
+
+of the scattered electron.
+
+So if I go back to my DeBroglie
+
+wavelength, I have m v.
+
+So I can take that value as a
+function of energy and just
+
+substitute it into
+my equation.
+
+And that'll help us get the
+answer because we know what
+
+the energy of the scattered
+electron is.
+
+We calculated that on
+the first part.
+
+So with that in mind we'll
+come over here.
+
+Again this is 6.6 times
+10 to the minus 34.
+
+And the units are
+joules seconds.
+
+And down here I have the square
+root of 2 times my mass
+
+of the electron, which is on
+your table of constants.
+
+And it's just 9.11 times
+10 to the minus 31.
+
+And this has units of kilograms.
+And the energy of
+
+my scattered electron, which
+is 1.3 times 1.32 and this
+
+units of electron volts.
+
+Now this has units of
+electron volts.
+
+This has units of joules.
+
+This problem's a little bit--
+
+now you're not going to get a
+good answer with that unless
+
+you make the conversion.
+
+I pointed it out, the bullet
+point in the beginning was
+
+that 1 electron volt is equal
+to 1.6 times 10 to minus 19
+
+joules, so if I simply
+multiply this by that
+
+conversion, just 1.6 times 10
+to the minus 19, this has
+
+units now of joules
+per electron volt.
+
+So this has units of joules
+per electron volt.
+
+The equation turned out
+to be pretty long.
+
+But this cancels the electron
+volt and now
+
+has units of joules.
+
+Which if you go through the
+math, you're going to go ahead
+
+and at the end get a unit
+of just meters.
+
+Because joule is just kilogram,
+meters squared per
+
+second squared.
+
+So all that factors out and
+you end up getting that.
+
+If you go through the math and
+you get your math right, then
+
+this should yield a value
+of 1.06 times 10
+
+to the minus 9 meters.
+
+So this is the value that
+will get you the right
+
+answer on the exam.
+
+Again this is lambda for your
+DeBroglie wavelength because
+
+that's what the problem is.
+
+So the problem asked for the
+DeBroglie wavelength but it
+
+give you all this information to
+get to the point where you
+
+needed to solve.
+
+And by conserving energy and
+knowing the right conversion
+
+factors between energies you're
+able to get an answer,
+
+which is good.
+
+It's really easy to complicate
+things and get a
+
+wrong problem now.
+
+I remember from grading the
+exams, the most common error
+
+that people faced was actually
+letting the energy of the
+
+electron be the energy
+of a photon.
+
+Now that can't be because the
+energy of a photon is just
+
+your Planck's Constant
+times a frequency.
+
+And that's the energy for
+massless particles, your
+
+electron has mass so if
+it's moving it's not
+
+going to be h nu.
+
+The energy is going to
+be kinetic energy.
+
+1/2 mb squared.
+
+If it's not in an electric
+field, that is.
+
+So with that in mind just be
+confident when you solve these
+
+problems and make sure that you
+know exactly what energy
+
+equations to use to get
+the right answer.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V1BIvbUlhgU.txt b/V1BIvbUlhgU.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/V1BIvbUlhgU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2828 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So today we're going to continue
+on with some of the
+
+design patterns that we started
+
+talking about last week.
+
+So to recap, there are really
+four common steps to taking a
+
+program and then parallelizing
+it.
+
+Often you're starting off with
+a program that's designed or
+
+written in a sequential
+manner.
+
+And what you want to do is find
+tasks in the program --
+
+and these are sort of
+independent work pieces that
+
+you are going to be able
+to decompose from
+
+your sequential code.
+
+You're going to group
+tasks together
+
+into threads or processes.
+
+And then you'll essentially map
+each one of these threads
+
+or processes down to the
+actual hardware.
+
+And that will get you,
+eventually when these programs
+
+run, the concurrency
+and the performance
+
+speedups that you want.
+
+So as a reminder of what I
+talked about last week in
+
+terms of finding the task or
+finding the concurrency, you
+
+start off with an application.
+
+You come up with a block
+level diagram.
+
+And from that you sort of try
+to understand where the time
+
+is spent in the computations
+and what are some typical
+
+patterns for how the
+computations are carried out.
+
+So we talked about task
+decomposition or sort of
+
+independent tasks or tasks that
+might be different that
+
+the application is
+carrying out.
+
+So in the MPEG encoder, we
+looked at decoding the motion
+
+vectors for temporal compression
+versus spatial
+
+compression.
+
+It does sort of substantially
+different work.
+
+We talked about data
+decomposition.
+
+So if you're doing a process
+-- so if you have some work
+
+that's really consuming a large
+chunk of data, and you
+
+realize that it's applying the
+same kind of work to each of
+
+those data pieces, then you can
+partition your data into
+
+smaller subsets and apply
+the same function
+
+over and over again.
+
+So in the motion compensation
+phase, that's one example
+
+where you can replicate the
+function and split up the data
+
+stream in different ways
+and have these
+
+tasks proceed in parallel.
+
+So that's data decomposition.
+
+And then we talked a little
+bit about sort of making a
+
+case for a pipeline
+decomposition.
+
+So you have a data assembly
+line or producer-consumer
+
+chains, and you essentially
+want to recognize those in
+
+your computation and make it so
+that you can exploit them
+
+eventually when you're
+doing your mapping
+
+down to actual hardware.
+
+But what does it mean for
+two tasks to actually be
+
+concurrent?
+
+And how do you know that you
+can safely actually run two
+
+tasks in parallel?
+
+So there's something I crudely
+went over last time.
+
+So as to make it more concrete,
+highlighting
+
+Bernstein's condition, which
+says that given two tasks, if
+
+the input set to one task is
+different from or does not
+
+intersect with the output set
+of another, and vice versa,
+
+and neither task sort of
+updates the same data
+
+structures in memory, then
+there's really no dependency
+
+issues between them.
+
+You can run them safely
+in parallel.
+
+So task T1 and T2, if all the
+data that's consumed by T1, so
+
+all the data elements that are
+read by T1 are different from
+
+the ones that are read by
+T2, then you have --
+
+you know, if T2 is running in
+parallel, there's really no
+
+problem with T1 because
+it's updating the
+
+orthogonal data set.
+
+Similarly for T2 and T1, any
+outputs are different.
+
+So as an example, let's say
+you have two tasks.
+
+In T1 you're doing some
+basic statements.
+
+And these could be essentially
+more coarse grained.
+
+There could be a lot more
+computation in here.
+
+I just simplified it for
+the illustration.
+
+So you have task a
+equals x plus y.
+
+And task two does b
+equals x plus z.
+
+So if we look at the read set
+for T1, these are all the
+
+variables or data structures
+or addresses these that are
+
+read by the first task.
+
+So that's x and y here.
+
+And all the data that's written
+or produced by T1.
+
+So here we're just producing
+one data value.
+
+And that's going into
+location A.
+
+Similarly we can come up
+with the read set and
+
+write set for T2.
+
+And so that's shown on here.
+
+So we have -- task T2 has x
+plus z in its read set.
+
+And it produces one
+data value, b.
+
+If we take the intersection of
+the read and write sets for
+
+the different tasks,
+then they're empty.
+
+I read something completely
+different than what's produced
+
+in this task and vice versa.
+
+And they write to
+two completely
+
+different memory locations.
+
+So I can essentially parallelize
+these or run these
+
+two tasks in parallel.
+
+So you can extend
+this analysis.
+
+And compilers can actually use
+this condition to determine
+
+when two tasks can be
+parallelized if you're doing
+
+automatic parallelization.
+
+And you'll probably hear more
+about these later on.
+
+And so what I focused on last
+time were the finding
+
+concurrency patterns.
+
+And I had identified sort of
+four design spaces based on
+
+the work that's outlined in the
+book by Mattson, Sanders,
+
+and Massingill.
+
+And so starting with two
+large sort of concepts.
+
+The first helps you figure out
+how you're going to actually
+
+express your algorithm.
+
+So first you find your
+concurrency and then you
+
+organize in some way.
+
+And so we're going to talk about
+that in more detail.
+
+And then once you've organized
+your tasks in some way that
+
+actually expresses your overall
+computation, you need
+
+some software construction
+utilities or data structures
+
+or mechanisms for actually
+orchestrating computations for
+
+which they have also abstracted
+
+out some common patterns.
+
+And so I'll briefly talk
+about these as well.
+
+And so on your algorithm
+expression side, these are
+
+essentially conceptualization
+steps that help you abstract
+
+out your problem.
+
+And you may in fact think
+about your algorithm
+
+expression in different ways to
+expose different kinds of
+
+concurrency or to be able to
+explore different ways of
+
+mapping the concurrency
+to hardware.
+
+And so for construction it's
+more about actual engineering
+
+and implementation.
+
+So here you're actually thinking
+about what do the
+
+data structures look like?
+
+What is the communication
+pattern going to look like?
+
+Am I but going to use things
+like MPI or OpenMP?
+
+What does that help me with
+in terms of doing my
+
+implementation?
+
+So given a collection of
+concurrent tasks -- so you've
+
+done your first step in your
+four design patterns.
+
+You know, what is
+your next step?
+
+And that's really mapping
+those tasks that you've
+
+identified down to some sort
+of execution units.
+
+So threads are very common.
+
+This is essentially what we've
+been using on Cell.
+
+We take our computation and we
+wrap it into SPE threads and
+
+then we can execute
+those at run time.
+
+So some things to keep in mind
+-- although you shouldn't over
+
+constrain yourself in terms
+of these considerations.
+
+What is the magnitude of
+your parallelism that
+
+you're going to get?
+
+You know, do you want hundreds
+or thousands of threads?
+
+Or do you want something
+on the order of tens?
+
+And this is because you don't
+want to overwhelm the intended
+
+system that you're
+going to run on.
+
+So we talked about yesterday on
+Cell processor, if you're
+
+creating a lot more than six
+threads, then you can create
+
+problems or you essentially
+don't get extra parallelism
+
+because each thread is running
+to completion on each SPE.
+
+And contact switch overhead
+is extremely high.
+
+So you don't want to spend too
+much engineering cost to come
+
+up with an algorithm
+implementation that's
+
+massively scalable to hundreds
+or thousands of threads when
+
+you can't actually exploit it.
+
+But that doesn't mean that you
+should over constrain your
+
+implementation to where if now
+I want to take your code and
+
+run it on a different machine, I
+essentially have to redesign
+
+or re-engineer the
+complete process.
+
+So you want to avoid tendencies
+to over constrain
+
+the implementation.
+
+And you want to leave your code
+in a way that's malleable
+
+so that you can easily make
+changes to sort of factor in
+
+new platforms that you want
+to run on or new machine
+
+architecture features that you
+might want to exploit.
+
+So there are three major
+organization principles I'm
+
+going to talk about.
+
+And none of these should be sort
+of foreign to you at this
+
+point because we've talked about
+them in different ways
+
+in the recitations or in
+previous lectures.
+
+And it's really, what is it that
+determines sort of the
+
+algorithm structure based on the
+set of tasks that you're
+
+actually carrying out
+in your computation?
+
+And so there's the principle
+that says,
+
+organize things by tasks.
+
+I'm going to talk to that.
+
+And then there's a principle
+that says, well, organize
+
+things by how you're doing
+the data decomposition.
+
+So in this case how you're
+actually distributing the data
+
+or how to the data is laid out
+in memory, or how you're
+
+partitioning the data to
+actually compute on it
+
+dictates how you should actually
+organize your actual
+
+computation.
+
+And then there's organize
+by flow of data.
+
+And this is something you'll
+hear about more in the next
+
+lecture where we're talking
+about streaming.
+
+But in this pattern if there
+are specific sort of
+
+computations that take advantage
+of high bandwidth
+
+flow of data between
+computations, you might want
+
+to exploit that for
+concurrency.
+
+And we'll talk about
+that as well.
+
+OK.
+
+So a design diagram
+for how can you
+
+actually go through process.
+
+So you can ask yourself
+a set of questions.
+
+if I want to organize things
+by tasks, then there are
+
+essentially two main clusters or
+two main computations, two
+
+main patterns.
+
+If the code is recursive, then
+you essentially want to apply
+
+a divide and conquer pattern
+or divide and conquer
+
+organization.
+
+If it's not recursive.
+
+then you essentially want
+to do task parallelism.
+
+So in task parallelism --
+
+you know, I've listed
+two examples here.
+
+But really any of the things
+that we've talked
+
+about in the past fit.
+
+Ray computation, ray tracing.
+
+So here you're shooting rays
+through a scene to try to
+
+determine how to render it.
+
+And really each ray is a
+separate and independent
+
+computation step.
+
+In molecular dynamics you're
+trying to determine the
+
+non-bonded force calculations.
+
+There are some dependencies,
+but really you can do each
+
+calculation for one molecule
+or for one atom
+
+independent of any other.
+
+And then there are sort of the
+global dependence of having to
+
+update or communicate across all
+those molecules that sort
+
+of reflect new positions
+in the system.
+
+So the common factors here are
+your tasks are associated with
+
+iterations of a loop.
+
+And you can distribute, you
+know, each process --
+
+each processor can
+do a different
+
+iteration of the loop.
+
+And often you know sort of what
+the tasks are before you
+
+actually start your
+computation.
+
+Although in some cases, like
+in ray tracing, you might
+
+generate more and more threads
+as you go along, or more and
+
+more computations because as
+the ray is shooting off,
+
+you're calculating
+new reflections.
+
+And that creates sort
+of extra work.
+
+But largely you have these
+independent tasks that you can
+
+encapsulate in threads
+and you run them.
+
+And this is sort of -- it might
+appear subtle, but there
+
+are algorithm classes where not
+all tasks essentially need
+
+to complete for you to
+arrive at a solution.
+
+You know, in some cases
+you might convert to
+
+an acceptable solution.
+
+And you don't actually need to
+go through and exercise all
+
+the computation that's
+outstanding for you to say the
+
+program is done.
+
+So there will be a
+tricky issue --
+
+I'll revisit this just briefly
+later on -- is how do you
+
+determine if your program
+has actually
+
+terminated or has completed?
+
+In divide and conquer, this is
+really for recursive programs.
+
+You know, you can think of a
+well-known sorting algorithm,
+
+merge sort, that classically
+fits into this kind of
+
+picture, where you have some
+really large array of data
+
+that you want to sort.
+
+You keep subdividing into
+smaller and smaller chunks
+
+until you can do local
+reorderings.
+
+And then you start merging
+things together.
+
+So this gives you sort of a way
+to take a problem, divide
+
+it into subproblems. And then
+you can split the data at some
+
+point and then you join
+it back together.
+
+You merge it.
+
+You might see things like fork
+and merge or fork and join
+
+used instead of split
+and join.
+
+I've used the terminology that
+sort of melds well with some
+
+of the concepts we use in
+streaming that you'll see in
+
+the next lecture.
+
+And so in these kinds of
+programs, it's not always the
+
+case that each subproblem will
+have essentially the same
+
+amount of work to do.
+
+You might need more dynamic load
+balancing because each
+
+subproblem --
+
+how you distribute the data
+might lead you to do more work
+
+in one problem than
+in the other.
+
+So as opposed to some of the
+other mechanisms where static
+
+load balancing will work
+really well --
+
+and to remind you, static load
+balancing essentially says,
+
+you have some work, you assign
+it to each of the processors.
+
+And you're going to be
+relatively happy with how each
+
+processor's sort of
+utilization is
+
+going to be over time.
+
+Nobody's going to be too
+overwhelmed with the amount of
+
+work they have to do.
+
+In this case, you might end up
+with needing some things for
+
+dynamic load balancing that
+says, I'm unhappy with the
+
+work performance
+or utilization.
+
+Some processors are more idle
+than the others, so you might
+
+want to essentially redistribute
+things.
+
+So what we'll talk about --
+you know, how does this
+
+concept of divide and conquer
+parallelization pattern work
+
+into the actual implementation?
+
+You know, how do I actually
+implement a divide and conquer
+
+organization?
+
+The next organization is
+organized by data.
+
+So here you have some
+computation --
+
+not sure why it's flickering.
+
+AUDIENCE: Check your --
+
+maybe your VGA cables
+aren't in good.
+
+PROFESSOR: So in the organize by
+data, you essentially want
+
+to apply this if you have a
+lot of computation that's
+
+using a shared global data
+structure or that's going to
+
+update a central
+data structure.
+
+So in molecular dynamics, for
+example, you have a huge array
+
+that records the position of
+each of the molecules.
+
+And while you can do the
+coarse calculations
+
+independently, eventually all
+the parallel tasks have to
+
+communicate with the central
+data structure and say, here
+
+are the new locations for
+all the molecules.
+
+And so that has to go into
+a central repository.
+
+And there are different kinds
+of sort of decompositions
+
+within this organization.
+
+If your data structure is
+recursive, so a link list or a
+
+tree or a graph, then
+you can apply the
+
+recursive data pattern.
+
+If it's not, if it's linear,
+like an array or a vector,
+
+then you apply geometric
+decomposition.
+
+And you've essentially seen
+geometric decomposition.
+
+These were some of the labs
+that you've already done.
+
+And so the example from
+yesterday's recitation, you're
+
+doing an end body simulation in
+terms of who is gravitating
+
+towards who, you're calculating
+the forces between
+
+pairs of objects.
+
+And depending on the force that
+each object feels, you
+
+calculate a new motion vector.
+
+And you use that to update the
+position of each body in your,
+
+say, galaxy that you're
+simulating.
+
+And so what we talked about
+yesterday was given an array
+
+of positions, each processor
+gets a sub-chunk of that
+
+position array.
+
+And it knows how to
+calculate sort of
+
+locally, based on that.
+
+And then you might also
+communicate local chunks to do
+
+more scalable computations.
+
+And recursive data structure are
+a little bit more tricky.
+
+So at face value you might think
+that there's really no
+
+kind of parallelism you
+can get out of a
+
+recursive data structure.
+
+So if you're iterating over a
+list and you want to get the
+
+sum, well, you know, I just need
+to go through the list.
+
+Can I really parallelize that?
+
+There are, however,
+opportunities where you can
+
+reshape the computation in
+a way that exposes the
+
+concurrency.
+
+And often what this comes down
+to is you're going to do more
+
+work, but it's OK because you're
+going to finish faster.
+
+So this kind of work/concurrency
+tradeoff, I'm
+
+going to illustrate
+with an example.
+
+So in this application
+we have some graphs.
+
+And for each node in
+a graph, we want to
+
+know what is its root?
+
+So this works well when you have
+a forest where not all
+
+the graphs are connected and
+given a node you want to know
+
+who is the root of this graph.
+
+So what we can do is essentially
+have more
+
+concurrency by changing the way
+we actually think about
+
+the algorithm.
+
+So rather than starting with
+each node and then, in a
+
+directed graph, following
+its successor --
+
+so this is essentially order
+n, because for each node we
+
+have to follow n links --
+
+we can think about it slightly
+differently.
+
+So what if rather than finding
+the successor and then finding
+
+that successor's successor, at
+each computational step we
+
+start with a node and
+we say who is
+
+your successor's successor?
+
+So we can converge in this
+example in three steps.
+
+So from five to six we can say
+who is this successor?
+
+So who is the successor's
+successor of five?
+
+And that would be two.
+
+And similarly you can do that
+for seven and so on.
+
+And so you keep asking
+the question.
+
+So you can distribute all
+these data structures,
+
+repeatedly ask these questions
+out of all these end nodes,
+
+and it leads you to an order log
+n solution versus an order
+
+n solution.
+
+But what have I done
+in each step?
+
+Well, I've actually created
+myself and I've sort of
+
+increased the amount of work
+that I'm doing by order n.
+
+Right there.
+
+Right.
+
+Yes.
+
+Because I've essentially for
+each node doing n queries, you
+
+know, who's your successor's
+successor?
+
+Whereas in a sequential case,
+you know, I just need to do it
+
+once for each node.
+
+And that works really well.
+
+So most strategies based on
+this pattern of actually
+
+decomposing your computation
+according to recursive pattern
+
+lead you to doing much more work
+or some increase in the
+
+amount of work.
+
+But you get this back
+in because you can
+
+decrease your execution.
+
+And so this is a good
+tradeoff that you
+
+might want to consider.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the first one
+order n was sequential?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, yeah.
+
+It's a typo.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So organize by flow or organize
+by flow of data.
+
+And this is essentially
+the pipeline model.
+
+And we talked about this again
+in some of the recitations in
+
+terms of SPE to SPE
+communication.
+
+Or do you want to organize
+based on event-based
+
+mechanisms?
+
+So what these really come down
+to is, well, how regular is
+
+the flow of data in
+your application?
+
+If you have regular, let's say,
+one-way flow through a
+
+stable computation path --
+
+so I've set up my sort of
+algorithm structure.
+
+Data is flowing through
+it at a regular rate.
+
+The computation graph isn't
+changing very much.
+
+Then I can essentially pipeline
+things really well.
+
+And this could be a linear chain
+of computation or it
+
+could be sort of nonlinear.
+
+There could be branches
+in the graph.
+
+And I can use that in a way to
+exploit pipeline parallelism.
+
+If I don't have sort of this
+nice, regular structure, it
+
+could be events that are
+created at run time.
+
+So, for example, you're a
+car wash attendant and a
+
+new car comes in.
+
+So you have to find a garage to
+assign to it and then turn
+
+on the car wash machine.
+
+So the dynamic threads are
+created based on sensory input
+
+that comes in, then you might
+want to use an events-based
+
+coordination.
+
+You have irregular
+computation.
+
+The computation might vary based
+on the data that comes
+
+into your system.
+
+And you might have unpredictable
+data flow.
+
+So in the pipeline model, the
+things to consider is the
+
+pipeline throughput versus
+the pipeline latency.
+
+So the amount of concurrency
+in a pipeline is really
+
+limited by the number
+of stages.
+
+This is nothing new.
+
+You've seen this, for example,
+in super scaled pipelines.
+
+And just as in this case, as in
+the case of an architecture
+
+pipeline, the amount of time
+it takes you to fill the
+
+pipeline and the amount of time
+it takes you to drain the
+
+pipeline can essentially
+limit your parallelism.
+
+So you want those to be really
+small compared to the actual
+
+computation that you spend
+in your pipeline.
+
+And the performance metric is
+usually the throughput.
+
+How much data can you
+pump through your
+
+pipeline per unit time?
+
+So in video encoding, you know,
+it's the frames per
+
+second that you can produce.
+
+And the pipeline latency,
+though, is important,
+
+especially in a real-time
+application where you need a
+
+result every 10 milliseconds.
+
+You know, your pacemaker for
+example has to produce a beep
+
+or a signal to your heart
+at specific rates.
+
+So you need to consider what
+is your pipeline throughput
+
+versus your pipeline latency?
+
+And that can actually determine
+how many stages you
+
+might want to actually decompose
+or organize your
+
+application in.
+
+And in the event-based
+coordination, these are
+
+interactions of tasks over
+unpredictable intervals.
+
+And you're more prone to sort
+of deadlocks in these
+
+applications.
+
+Because you might have cyclic
+dependencies where one event
+
+can't proceed until it gets
+data from another event.
+
+But it can't proceed until it
+gets data from another event.
+
+You can create sort of these
+complex interactions that
+
+often lead to deadlock.
+
+So you have to sort of be very
+careful in structuring things
+
+together so you don't end up
+with feedback loops that block
+
+computation progress.
+
+So given sort of these three
+organizational structures that
+
+say, you know, I can organize
+my computation by task or by
+
+the flow of data or by sort of
+the pipeline nature of the
+
+computation, what are the
+supporting structures?
+
+How do I actually
+implement these?
+
+And so there are many
+different supporting
+
+structures.
+
+I've identified sort of four
+that occur most often in
+
+literature and in
+books and common
+
+terminology that's used.
+
+And so those are SPMD, loop
+parallelism, the master/worker
+
+pattern, and the fork/join
+pattern.
+
+In the SPMD pattern, you're
+talking about a single
+
+program, multiple
+data concept.
+
+So here you just have
+one program.
+
+You write it once and then you
+assign it to each of your
+
+processors to run.
+
+So it's the same program.
+
+It just runs on different
+machines.
+
+Now each program or each
+instance of the code can have
+
+different control flow
+that it takes.
+
+So just because they're running
+the same program
+
+doesn't mean the computation
+is happening in lock step.
+
+That would be a sort of a SIMD
+or vector-like computation.
+
+In this model you can actually
+take independent control flow.
+
+It could be different behavior
+in each instance of the code.
+
+But you're running the
+same code everywhere.
+
+So this is slightly different,
+for example, from what you've
+
+seen on Cell, where you have
+the PPE thread that creates
+
+SPE threads.
+
+Sometimes the SPE threads are
+the same, but it's not always
+
+the case that the PPE
+threads and the SPE
+
+threads are the same.
+
+So in the SPMD model there are
+really five steps that you do.
+
+You initialize sort of your
+computation in the world of
+
+sort of code instances that
+you're going to run.
+
+And for each one you obtain
+a unique identifier.
+
+And this usually helps them
+being able to determine who
+
+needs to communicate with who
+or ordering dependencies.
+
+And you run the same program
+on each processor.
+
+And what you need to do in this
+case is also distribute
+
+your data between each
+of the different
+
+instances of your code.
+
+And once, you know, each program
+is running, it's
+
+computing on its data,
+eventually you need to
+
+finalize in some way.
+
+And so that might mean doing a
+reduction to communicate all
+
+the data to one processor to
+actually output the value.
+
+And so we saw in SPMD an example
+for the numerical
+
+integration for calculating
+pi.
+
+And if you remember, so we had
+this very simple c loop.
+
+And we showed the MPI
+implementation of the c loop.
+
+And so in this code, what we're
+doing is we're trying to
+
+determine different intervals.
+
+And for each interval we're
+going to calculate a value and
+
+then in the MPI program we're
+essentially deciding how big
+
+an interval each process
+should run.
+
+So it's the same program.
+
+It runs on every single
+machine or
+
+every single processor.
+
+And each processor determines
+based on its ID which interval
+
+of the actual integration
+to do.
+
+And so in this model
+we're distributing
+
+work relatively evenly.
+
+Each processor is doing a
+specific chunk that starts at
+
+say some index i.
+
+And if I have 10 processors,
+I'm doing 100 steps.
+
+Then you're doing i, i plus
+10, i plus 20 and so on.
+
+But I can do a different
+distribution.
+
+So the first is a block
+distribution.
+
+I can do something called
+a cyclic distribution.
+
+So in a cyclic distribution, I
+distribute work sort of in a
+
+round robin fashion or
+some other mechanism.
+
+So here, you know,
+each processor --
+
+sorry.
+
+In the block distribution I sort
+of start at interval i
+
+and I go --
+
+sorry.
+
+So each processor gets one
+entire slice here.
+
+So I start here and I go
+through to completion.
+
+I start here and go through
+to completion.
+
+In a cyclic distribution I might
+do smaller slices of
+
+each one of those intervals.
+
+And so I greyed out the
+components for the block
+
+distribution to show you that
+for a contrast here.
+
+There are some challenges
+in the SPMD model.
+
+And that is how do you actually
+
+split your data correctly?
+
+You have to distribute your data
+in a way that, you know,
+
+doesn't increase contention on
+your memory system, where each
+
+actual processor that's assigned
+the computation has
+
+data locally to actually
+operate on.
+
+And you want to achieve an
+even work distribution.
+
+You know, do you need a dynamic
+load balancing scheme
+
+or can you use an alternative
+pattern
+
+if that's not suitable?
+
+So the second pattern, as
+opposed to the SPMD pattern is
+
+loop parallelism pattern.
+
+In this case, this is the best
+suited when you actually have
+
+a programming model or a program
+that you can't really
+
+change a whole lot or that
+you don't really want to
+
+change a whole lot.
+
+Or you have a programming model
+that allows you to sort
+
+of identify loops that take up
+most of the computation and
+
+then insert annotations or some
+ways to automatically
+
+parallelize those loops.
+
+So we saw in the OpenMP example,
+you have some loops
+
+you can insert these
+pragmas that say,
+
+this loop is parallel.
+
+And the compiler in the run-time
+time system can
+
+automatically partition this
+loop into smaller chunks.
+
+And then each chunk can
+compute in parallel.
+
+And you might apply this scheme
+in different ways
+
+depending on how well you
+understand your code.
+
+Are you running on a shared
+memory machine?
+
+You can't afford to do a whole
+lot of restructuring.
+
+Communication costs might
+be really expensive.
+
+In the master/worker pattern,
+this is really starting to get
+
+closer to what we've
+done with the Cell
+
+recitations in the Cell labs.
+
+You have some world of
+independent tasks and the
+
+master essentially running and
+distributing each of these
+
+tasks to different processors.
+
+So in this case you'd get
+several advantages that you
+
+can leverage.
+
+If each of your tasks are varied
+in nature -- and they
+
+might finish at different
+times or they require
+
+different kinds of resources,
+you can use this model to sort
+
+of view your machine as sort of
+a non-symmetric processor.
+
+Not everybody is the same.
+
+And you can use this model
+really well for that.
+
+So you can distribute these and
+then you can do dynamic
+
+load balancing.
+
+Because as processors --
+
+as workers finish you can ship
+them more and more data.
+
+So it has some particularly
+relevant properties for
+
+heterogeneous computations, but
+it's also really good for
+
+when you have a whole lot
+of parallelism in your
+
+application.
+
+So something called
+embarrassingly parallel
+
+problems. So ray tracing,
+molecular dynamics, a lot of
+
+scientific applications have
+these massive levels of
+
+parallelism.
+
+And you can use this essentially
+work-queue based
+
+mechanism that says I have all
+these tasks and I'll just
+
+dispatch them to workers
+and compute.
+
+And as I pointed out earlier,
+you know, when do you define
+
+your entire computation
+to have completed?
+
+You know, sometimes you're
+computing a result until
+
+you've reached some result.
+
+And often you're willing to
+accept a result within some
+
+range of error.
+
+And you might have some
+more threads that
+
+are still in flight.
+
+Do you terminate your
+computation then or not?
+
+What are some issues with
+synchronization?
+
+If you have so many threads that
+are running together, you
+
+know, does the communication
+between them to send out these
+
+control messages say, I'm done,
+start to overwhelm you?
+
+In the fork/join pattern --
+
+this is really not conceptually
+too different in
+
+my mind from the master/worker
+model, and also very relevant
+
+to what we've done with Cell.
+
+The main difference might be
+that you have tasks that are
+
+dynamically created.
+
+So in the embarrassingly
+parallel case, you actually
+
+know the world of all your
+potential task that you're
+
+going to run in parallel.
+
+In the fork/join join model
+some new computation might
+
+come up as a result of, say,
+an event-based mechanism.
+
+So a task might be created
+dynamically and then later
+
+terminated or they
+might complete.
+
+And so new ones come
+up as a result.
+
+AUDIENCE: It almost seems like
+you are forking the task in
+
+the forking model.
+
+And then keep assigning
+tasks to that.
+
+The fork/join model you
+just keep forking at
+
+first virtual box.
+
+Might not be completely
+matched to a number of
+
+processor available.
+
+fork them out.
+
+PROFESSOR: So the process that's
+equating all these
+
+threads or that's doing all the
+forking is often known as
+
+the parent and the
+tasks that are
+
+generated are the children.
+
+And eventually essentially the
+parent can't continue or can't
+
+resume until its children have
+sort of completed or have
+
+reached the join point.
+
+And so those are really some of
+the models that we've seen
+
+already, in a lot of cases in
+the recitations and labs for
+
+how you run your computations.
+
+And some of you have already
+discovered these and actually
+
+are thinking about how your
+projects should be sort of
+
+parallelized for your
+actual Cell demos.
+
+Some of the other things that
+I'm just going to talk about
+
+are communication patterns.
+
+So two lectures ago you saw,
+for example, that you have
+
+point to point communication
+or you have broadcast
+
+communication.
+
+So in point to point
+communication, you have two
+
+tasks that need to
+communicate.
+
+And they can send explicit
+messages to each other.
+
+These could be control messages
+that say I'm done or
+
+I'm waiting for data.
+
+Or they could be data messages
+that actually ships you a
+
+particular data element
+that you might need.
+
+And again we've seen
+this with Cell.
+
+Broadcast says, you know,
+I have some result that
+
+everybody needs.
+
+And so I send that out to
+everybody by some mechanism.
+
+There is no real broadcast
+mechanism on Cell.
+
+The concept I'm going to talk
+about though is the reduction
+
+mechanism, which really is the
+inverse of the broadcast. So
+
+in the broadcast I have a data
+element I need to send to
+
+everybody else.
+
+In the reduction, all of you
+have data that I need or all
+
+of us have data that each
+somebody else needs.
+
+So what we need to do is
+collectively bring that data
+
+together or group it together
+and generate an end result.
+
+So a simple example of a
+reduction, you have some array
+
+of elements that you want
+to add together.
+
+And sort of the result
+of the collective
+
+operation is the end sum.
+
+So you have an array of four
+elements, A0, A1, A2, and A3.
+
+And you can do a serial
+reduction.
+
+I can take A0 and
+add it to A1.
+
+And that gives me a result.
+
+And I can take A2 and
+add that to it.
+
+And I can take A3 and
+add that to it.
+
+And so at the end I'll have
+sort of calculated the sum
+
+from A0 to A3.
+
+So this is essentially -- the
+serial reduction applies when
+
+your operation is
+an associative.
+
+So the addition is
+associative.
+
+So in this case I can actually
+do something more intelligent.
+
+And I think we talked about
+that last time.
+
+I'm going to show you
+some more examples.
+
+And often sort of the end result
+follows a broadcast. It
+
+says, here is the end result.
+
+Who are all the people
+that need it?
+
+I'll sort of broadcast
+that out so that
+
+everybody has the result.
+
+If your operation isn't
+associative, then you're
+
+essentially limited to
+a serial process.
+
+And so that's not very good from
+a performance standpoint.
+
+Some of the tricks you can apply
+for actually getting
+
+performance out of your
+reduction is to go to a
+
+tree-based reduction model.
+
+So this might be very obvious.
+
+Rather than doing A0 and A1
+and then adding A2 to that
+
+result, I can do A0
+and A1 together.
+
+In parallel I can
+do A2 and A3.
+
+And then I can get those results
+and add them together.
+
+So rather than doing n steps
+I can do log n steps.
+
+So this is particularly
+attractive when only one task
+
+needs the result.
+
+So in the MPI program when we're
+doing the integration to
+
+calculate pi, you know, one
+processor needs to print out
+
+that value of pi.
+
+But if you have a computation
+where more than one process
+
+actually needs the result of
+the reduction, there's
+
+actually a better mechanism you
+can use that's sort of a
+
+better alternative to the
+tree-based reduction followed
+
+by a broadcast. So you can do a
+
+recursive doubling reduction.
+
+So at the end here, every
+process will have the result
+
+of the reduction without having
+done the broadcast. So
+
+we can start off as with the
+tree-based and add up A0 and
+
+A1 together.
+
+But what we do is for each
+process that has a value, we
+
+sort of do a local exchange.
+
+So from here we communicate
+the value to here.
+
+And from here we communicate
+the value to here.
+
+And so now these two processors
+that had the value
+
+independently now both have
+a local sum, A0 to A1.
+
+And similarly we can sort of
+make the similar symmetric
+
+computation on the other side.
+
+And now we can communicate data
+from these two processors
+
+here to come up with
+the end --
+
+PROFESSOR: It was there.
+
+All right.
+
+Must have been lost
+in the animation.
+
+So you actually do that the
+other way as well so that you
+
+have the sum A0 to A3 on all
+the different processors.
+
+Sorry about the lost
+animation.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is better than the
+tree-based approach with a
+
+broadcast because you
+end up with local
+
+results of your reduction.
+
+And rather than doing the
+broadcast following the
+
+tree-based reduction which takes
+n steps, you end up with
+
+an order n.
+
+Everybody has a result in order
+n versus an order 2n
+
+process for the tree-based
+plus broadcast.
+
+AUDIENCE: On the Cell processor
+but not in general.
+
+PROFESSOR: Not in general.
+
+It depends on sort of the
+architectural mechanism that
+
+you have for your network.
+
+If you actually do need to sort
+of, you know, if you have
+
+a broadcast mechanism that has
+bus-based architecture where
+
+you can deposit a local value,
+everybody can pull that value,
+
+then, yeah, it can be
+more efficient.
+
+Or on optical networks, you
+can broadcast the data and
+
+everybody can just
+fuse it out.
+
+OK.
+
+So summarizing all the different
+patterns, so here
+
+these are the actual mechanisms
+that you would use
+
+for how you would implement
+the different patterns.
+
+So in the SPMD you would
+write the same program.
+
+In loop parallelism you have
+your program and you might
+
+annotate sort of some pragmas
+that tell you how to
+
+parallelize your computation.
+
+In the master/worker model you
+might have sort of a master
+
+that's going to create threads
+and you actually know --
+
+you might sort of have a very
+good idea of what is the kind
+
+of work you're going to have
+to do in each thread.
+
+In the fork/join model you
+have more dynamism.
+
+So you might create threads
+on the fly.
+
+And you apply these sort of
+based on appeal or what is
+
+more suited in terms of
+implementation to each of the
+
+different patterns for how you
+actually organize your data.
+
+So in the task parallelism
+model, this is where you have
+
+a world of threads that you know
+you're going to calculate
+
+or that you're going to use
+for your computation.
+
+And really you can use largely
+any one of these models.
+
+So I used a ranking
+system where four
+
+stars is really good.
+
+One star is sort of bad or no
+star means not well suited.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sort of in
+Cell because the
+
+inherit master there.
+
+Sometimes master/worker might
+get a little bit of a biasing
+
+than this one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, so --
+
+AUDIENCE: You don't have to pay
+a cost of having master
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Right.
+
+Although you could use the
+Cell master to do regular
+
+computations as well.
+
+But, yes.
+
+So and the divide and conquer
+model, you know, might be
+
+especially well suited for a
+fork and join because you're
+
+creating all these recursive
+subproblems They might be
+
+heterogeneous.
+
+In the nature of the computation
+that you do, you
+
+might have more problems
+created dynamically.
+
+Fork/join really works
+well for that.
+
+And the fact, you know, the
+subproblem structure that I
+
+showed, the graph of
+sort of division.
+
+And then merging works really
+well with the fork/join model.
+
+In the recursive, in the
+geometric decomposition --
+
+this is essentially your lab one
+exercise and the things we
+
+went over yesterday
+in the recitation.
+
+You're taking data and you're
+partitioning over multiple
+
+processors to actually
+compute in parallel.
+
+So this could be SPMD
+implementation or it could be
+
+a loop parallelism
+implementation,
+
+which we didn't do.
+
+Less suitable, the master/worker
+and fork/join,
+
+often because the geometric
+decomposition applied some
+
+distribution to the data which
+has static properties that you
+
+can exploit in various ways.
+
+So you don't need to
+pay the overhead of
+
+master/worker or fork/join.
+
+Recursive data structures sort
+of have very specific models
+
+that you can run with.
+
+Largely master/worker is a
+decent implementation choice.
+
+SPMD is another.
+
+And you're going to hear more
+about sort of the pipeline
+
+mechanism in the next talk so
+I'm not going to talk about
+
+that very much.
+
+Event-based coordination,
+largely dynamic.
+
+So fork/join works
+really well.
+
+So one --
+
+AUDIENCE: When you're buffering
+them you could do
+
+master/worker with pipelining?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, so next slide.
+
+So sort of these choices or
+these tradeoffs aren't really
+
+orthogonal.
+
+You can actually combine
+them in different ways.
+
+And in a lot of applications
+what you might find is that
+
+the different patterns compose
+hierarchically.
+
+And you actually want that
+in various ways --
+
+for various reasons.
+
+So in the MPEG example, you
+know, we had tasks here within
+
+each task and identified
+some pipeline stages.
+
+You know, here I have some
+data parallelism so I can
+
+apply the loop pattern here.
+
+And what I want to do is
+actually in my computation
+
+sort of express these different
+mechanisms so I can
+
+understand sort of different
+tradeoffs.
+
+And for really large
+applications, there might be
+
+different patterns that are
+well suited for the actual
+
+computation that I'm doing.
+
+So I can combine things like
+pipelining with a task-based
+
+mechanism or data parallelism
+to actually get really good
+
+performance speedups.
+
+And one of the things that
+might strike you as well,
+
+heck, this is a whole lot of
+work that I have to do to
+
+actually get my code in the
+right way so that I can
+
+actually take advantage of
+my parallel architecture.
+
+You know, I have to conceptually
+think about the
+
+question the right way.
+
+I have to maybe restructure my
+computation in different ways
+
+to actually exploit
+parallelism.
+
+Data distribution
+is really hard.
+
+I have to get that right.
+
+Synchronization issues
+might be a problem.
+
+And how much buffering
+do I need to do
+
+between different tasks?
+
+So the thing you're going to
+hear about in the next talk
+
+is, well, what if these things
+really fall out naturally from
+
+the way you actually write the
+program, and if the way you
+
+actually write your program
+matches really well with the
+
+intuitive, sort of natural
+
+conceptualization of the problem.
+
+And so I'll leave Bill
+to talk about that.
+
+And I'm going to stop here.
+
+Any questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: We can take in
+some questions and
+
+then everybody --
+
+AUDIENCE: You talked about
+fork and join.
+
+When you have a parent thread
+that spawns off to a child
+
+thread, how do you keep your
+parent thread from
+
+using up the SPE?
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have a
+fork/join where you have --
+
+AUDIENCE: Most of the parents
+it might be the PPE.
+
+And so if you just do fork/join,
+might not really
+
+use PPE unless you can, you
+know, you have some time and
+
+you let it do some of the
+task and come back.
+
+AUDIENCE: So for our purposes
+we shouldn't spawn off new
+
+threads by the SPEs?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, yeah.
+
+So most of the threads
+that are spawned off
+
+are done by the PPE.
+
+So you have these --
+
+in fact a good walk through
+in recitation yesterday.
+
+You have the PPE.
+
+Essentially it sends messages to
+the SPEs that says, create
+
+these threads and start
+running them.
+
+Here's the data for them.
+
+And then these threads
+run on the SPEs.
+
+And they just do local
+computation.
+
+And then they send messages
+back to the PPE that says,
+
+we're done.
+
+So that essentially implements
+the join mechanism.
+
+AUDIENCE: On the other hand,
+if you are doing something
+
+like master slave way, and
+then the SPE can send a
+
+message and deliver another
+job into the PPE
+
+who feeds the master.
+
+If SPE see there's some more
+computers, you can say, OK,
+
+look, put this into your keybord
+and keep sending
+
+messages and so the master can
+look at that and update it.
+
+So, you know, it's not only
+master who has to fork off but
+
+the slaves also.
+
+They still can send
+information back.
+
+So you can think about
+something like very
+
+confident that way.
+
+There are eight -- like if six
+SPE is running and you first
+
+get something in there and SPE
+says divide it will take one
+
+task and run that until the
+other one to the master will
+
+finish it and here's my ID.
+
+Send me the message
+when it's done.
+
+And so you fork that
+end and wait.
+
+So you can assume you can
+do something like that.
+
+So it's almost master/slave but
+the coordination is there.
+
+The trouble with normally
+fork/join is if you create too
+
+many threads.
+
+You are in like a thread hell
+because there are too many
+
+things to run.
+
+I don't know, can you SPE?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you can't even do
+that because of some physical
+
+limitation.
+
+You can't get take up 1000
+threads you run another
+
+master/slave thing yourself
+is because 1000 threads
+
+on top of your SPEs.
+
+And that's going to
+be locked threads.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Contact switching on the
+SPEs is very expensive.
+
+So on the PlayStation
+3 you have six SPEs
+
+available to you.
+
+So if you have a lot more than
+six threads that you've
+
+created, essentially each
+one runs to completion.
+
+And then you swap that out and
+you bring in -- well, that
+
+terminates.
+
+You deallocate it from the SPE
+and you bring in a new thread.
+
+If you actually want to do more
+thread-like dynamic load
+
+balancing on the SPEs, it's
+not well suited for that.
+
+Just because the --
+
+AUDIENCE: The best model there
+is master/slave. Because the
+
+PPE [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE]
+
+the master part.
+
+It will run more sequential
+code.
+
+And when there's parallel send
+-- it will give it to you and
+
+produce the work queue model
+type and send stuff into SPE
+
+and feed that.
+
+So work queue type models
+can be used there.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+And the SPMD model might not
+work really well because you
+
+have this heterogeneity in the
+actual hardware, right.
+
+So if I'm taking the same
+program running on the SPE
+
+versus the PPE, that code
+might not be -- so I
+
+essentially have to specialize
+the code.
+
+And that starts to deviate
+away from the SPMD model.
+
+AUDIENCE: Something I think most
+of the code you write for
+
+Cell will probably
+be master/worker.
+
+And if you try to do something
+other than you should think
+
+hard why that's the case.
+
+PROFESSOR: You can
+do fork/join but
+
+you know, it's --
+
+AUDIENCE: I mean you can't --
+
+because you don't have
+virtualization.
+
+If you fork too much where are
+you going to put those?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+Sometimes you fork --
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah. but in that
+sense you -- should
+
+you fork too much?
+
+To keep work you want
+the master.
+
+You can fork things --
+
+you can do virtual fork and send
+the work to the master
+
+and say, here, I forked
+something.
+
+Here's the work.
+
+I mean, the key thing is
+do the simplest thing.
+
+I mean, you guys have
+two weeks left.
+
+And if you try doing anything
+complicated, you might end up
+
+with a big mess that's
+undebuggable.
+
+Just do simple things.
+
+And I can vouch, parallelism
+is hard.
+
+Debugging parallel code
+is even harder.
+
+So you're sort of trying to
+push the limits on the
+
+complexity of messages going
+all over the world and the
+
+three different types of
+parallelism all trying to
+
+compete in there.
+
+Just do the simple thing.
+
+Just get the simple
+thing working.
+
+First get the sequential code
+working and keep adding more
+
+and more story.
+
+And then make sure that
+each level it works.
+
+The problem with parallelism
+is because things that
+
+determine if some bugs
+that might show up.
+
+Data might be hard.
+
+But design absolutely matters.
+
+Another thing I think,
+especially for doing demos and
+
+stuff would be nice, would be to
+have a knob that basically
+
+you can tune.
+
+So you can say, OK, no SPEs.
+
+Everything running in
+PPE one is two is.
+
+So you can actually see
+hopefully in your code how how
+
+things move for the demo part.
+
+PROFESSOR: You had a question?
+
+All right.
+
+We'll take a brief
+break and do the
+
+quizzes in the meantime.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VCyJGp6Enxg.txt b/VCyJGp6Enxg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a339b883d23feafcd88ab77ba3a51bcf949d405b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VCyJGp6Enxg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let us start with our example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us start with our example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let us start with our example suppose
+that you go to a supermarket and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go to a supermarket and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go to a supermarket and start
+observing customers arriving and leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing customers arriving and leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing customers arriving and leaving
+from a given checkout counter assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a given checkout counter assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a given checkout counter assume
+that there are two customers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two customers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are two customers in the
+queue when you arrive for simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue when you arrive for simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue when you arrive for simplicity
+assume also that customers come one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume also that customers come one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume also that customers come one at a
+time that there is a single queue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that there is a single queue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that there is a single queue and
+that the customer in front of the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the customer in front of the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the customer in front of the queue
+is the one getting served by the clerk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one getting served by the clerk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one getting served by the clerk
+so what events of interest could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what events of interest could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what events of interest could happen
+then a new customer could join the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a new customer could join the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a new customer could join the queue
+this is an arrival or the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an arrival or the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an arrival or the customer
+currently being served is done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently being served is done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently being served is done and
+leaves departure or both events could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves departure or both events could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves departure or both events could
+happen now for making a mall more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now for making a mall more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now for making a mall more
+precise we need to specify the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise we need to specify the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise we need to specify the processes
+of the customer arrivals and departures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the customer arrivals and departures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the customer arrivals and departures
+and for that let's use some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that let's use some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that let's use some simple
+discrete-time stochastic processes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time stochastic processes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time stochastic processes which
+we have introduced before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced before
+so as usual we first divide time into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as usual we first divide time into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as usual we first divide time into
+discrete time steps say in seconds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time steps say in seconds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time steps say in seconds here
+N equals zero would correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals zero would correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals zero would correspond to the
+time when you arrived for rivals it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you arrived for rivals it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you arrived for rivals it's
+assumed that customers arrive according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that customers arrive according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that customers arrive according
+to a Bernoulli process with parameter P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Bernoulli process with parameter P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Bernoulli process with parameter P
+and you know at that time steps here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at that time steps here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know at that time steps here
+there is an arrival perhaps this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an arrival perhaps this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an arrival perhaps this
+customer here six there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer here six there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer here six there is another
+customer so during each time interval in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so during each time interval in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so during each time interval in
+the pendency of what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendency of what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pendency of what happened in the
+past with priority P and your customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past with priority P and your customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past with priority P and your customer
+arrives and with priority 1 minus P no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives and with priority 1 minus P no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives and with priority 1 minus P no
+one comes it may be useful to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes it may be useful to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes it may be useful to think
+about the following imaginary experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the following imaginary experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the following imaginary experiment
+imagine that during each time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that during each time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that during each time interval
+nature independently flips up biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature independently flips up biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature independently flips up biased
+coin which has a priority P of resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin which has a priority P of resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin which has a priority P of resulting
+in heads and 1 minus P in tails and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heads and 1 minus P in tails and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heads and 1 minus P in tails and
+whenever heads is the result then a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever heads is the result then a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever heads is the result then a new
+customer joins the queue so in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer joins the queue so in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer joins the queue so in our
+example here here your 10 tails heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here here your 10 tails heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here here your 10 tails heads
+tails tails tails heads tails etc from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails tails heads tails etc from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails tails heads tails etc from
+the lecture on Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture on Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture on Bernoulli process
+remember that this implies that the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this implies that the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this implies that the time
+duration that means the number of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration that means the number of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration that means the number of time
+steps between two consecutive arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps between two consecutive arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps between two consecutive arrivals
+follows a geometric random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a geometric random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows a geometric random variable
+with parameter P so here in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P so here in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P so here in our example
+that time duration of four is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time duration of four is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time duration of four is the result
+of a geometric random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a geometric random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a geometric random variable with
+parameter P so again once in the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P so again once in the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P so again once in the queue
+customers wait their turn until they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers wait their turn until they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers wait their turn until they'd
+start being served by the clerk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start being served by the clerk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start being served by the clerk and
+typically when a customer starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when a customer starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when a customer starts to
+check out the number of time steps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out the number of time steps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out the number of time steps it
+takes to go through the anti process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to go through the anti process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to go through the anti process
+will depend on many factors such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on many factors such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on many factors such as the
+total number of items selected the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of items selected the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of items selected the speed
+or the mood of the clerk and transyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mood of the clerk and transyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mood of the clerk and transyl
+fourth we will model this variation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth we will model this variation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth we will model this variation by
+assuming that the service duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the service duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the service duration of
+any customer is the outcome of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any customer is the outcome of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any customer is the outcome of a random
+variable in particular we'll assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in particular we'll assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in particular we'll assume that
+the number of time steps it takes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of time steps it takes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of time steps it takes for
+any customer to checkout is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any customer to checkout is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any customer to checkout is a geometric
+random variable with a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with a constant
+parameter Q that is the same Q for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Q that is the same Q for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Q that is the same Q for each
+customer so you might have a departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so you might have a departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so you might have a departure
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that's correspond to that customer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correspond to that customer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correspond to that customer here
+and another departure at time step 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another departure at time step 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another departure at time step 6
+correspond to that customer it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to that customer it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to that customer it may be
+useful again to think about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful again to think about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful again to think about another
+imagine your experiment to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your experiment to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your experiment to represent
+this service duration imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this service duration imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this service duration imagine the
+following at the time a customer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following at the time a customer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following at the time a customer in the
+queue becomes the one to be served that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue becomes the one to be served that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue becomes the one to be served that
+customer starts flipping a biased coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer starts flipping a biased coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer starts flipping a biased coin
+which has a priority queue of resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a priority queue of resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a priority queue of resulting
+in heads and it does so independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heads and it does so independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heads and it does so independently
+during each successive time steps until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each successive time steps until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during each successive time steps until
+heads appear for the first time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads appear for the first time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads appear for the first time which
+then indicates that the checkout service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indicates that the checkout service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indicates that the checkout service
+is done and that the customer can leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done and that the customer can leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done and that the customer can leave
+so here in our example you arrive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in our example you arrive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here in our example you arrive at
+that time here this customer was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time here this customer was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time here this customer was being
+served and during that time step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served and during that time step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served and during that time step that
+customer flip the coin resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer flip the coin resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer flip the coin resulting in
+tails tails tails heads that customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails tails heads that customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails tails tails heads that customer
+now leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now leads
+the next customer start being served at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next customer start being served at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next customer start being served at
+that time flips a coin tails heads then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time flips a coin tails heads then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time flips a coin tails heads then
+that customer leaves again family we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that customer leaves again family we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that customer leaves again family we
+will also assume the processes modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also assume the processes modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also assume the processes modeling
+these arrivals and departures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrivals and departures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrivals and departures are
+independent of each other now let us go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other now let us go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other now let us go
+back to a made-up experiment and assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a made-up experiment and assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a made-up experiment and assume
+that you have arrived at 6:45 p.m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider the following question what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following question what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following question what is
+the probability that you observe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you observe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that you observe a
+customer leaving the checkout counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer leaving the checkout counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer leaving the checkout counter
+during the first time step in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first time step in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first time step in our
+example since there were at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example since there were at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example since there were at least one
+customer in the queue that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in the queue that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer in the queue that probability
+is then simply Q however if that queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then simply Q however if that queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then simply Q however if that queue
+had been ante when you arrived then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been ante when you arrived then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been ante when you arrived then that
+priority would have been zero and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority would have been zero and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority would have been zero and have a
+question what would Q be empty at 6:50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what would Q be empty at 6:50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what would Q be empty at 6:50
+p.m. that means five minutes later well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. that means five minutes later well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m. that means five minutes later well
+it's hard to tell if the initial length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell if the initial length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell if the initial length
+of the queue had been huge when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the queue had been huge when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the queue had been huge when you
+arrived at 6:45 p.m. then the priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at 6:45 p.m. then the priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at 6:45 p.m. then the priority
+that it will be empty five nights later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be empty five nights later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will be empty five nights later
+will be very small much smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very small much smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very small much smaller than the
+priority in that case with two customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in that case with two customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority in that case with two customers
+initially or in that case with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially or in that case with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially or in that case with an
+initial empty queue from these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial empty queue from these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial empty queue from these questions
+and answers it looks like knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answers it looks like knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answers it looks like knowing the
+number of customers in the queue at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of customers in the queue at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of customers in the queue at any
+point in time not only provides a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time not only provides a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time not only provides a good
+description of the system at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the system at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the system at that time
+but it does seem to capture the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does seem to capture the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does seem to capture the critical
+information we need in order to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need in order to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need in order to answer
+questions about the future evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the future evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the future evolution of
+the system so let us define the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so let us define the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so let us define the state of
+our system as the number of customers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system as the number of customers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system as the number of customers in
+the queue at each time step n and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue at each time step n and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue at each time step n and see
+what we can do so here in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do so here in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do so here in our example
+initially we had two customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we had two customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we had two customers
+then time step 1 still to customers time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then time step 1 still to customers time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then time step 1 still to customers time
+steps 2 we have 1 arrival so we have 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps 2 we have 1 arrival so we have 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps 2 we have 1 arrival so we have 3
+customers I'm step 3 still 3 for 3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers I'm step 3 still 3 for 3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers I'm step 3 still 3 for 3 minus
+1 we have a departure who's 2 so 5 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we have a departure who's 2 so 5 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 we have a departure who's 2 so 5 was
+still be to time step 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be to time step 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be to time step 6
+we have level and a departure so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have level and a departure so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have level and a departure so we have
+2 and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and so on and so forth
+assume now that there is limited space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now that there is limited space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume now that there is limited space
+in the supermarket and that no more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supermarket and that no more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the supermarket and that no more than
+10 customers can be in the queue at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 customers can be in the queue at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 customers can be in the queue at any
+point in time we can then give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time we can then give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time we can then give a
+graphical representation of all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation of all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation of all possible
+states for a system as follows our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for a system as follows our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states for a system as follows our
+system can be in 11 different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be in 11 different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can be in 11 different states
+from an empty queue with no customer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an empty queue with no customer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an empty queue with no customer to
+a system at full capacity with 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system at full capacity with 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system at full capacity with 10
+customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers
+let us now describe some possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now describe some possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now describe some possible
+transitions between these states from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between these states from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions between these states from
+one step to the next suppose first that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step to the next suppose first that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step to the next suppose first that
+the system is in state 2 and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in state 2 and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is in state 2 and that one
+new customer arrives and no one leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new customer arrives and no one leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new customer arrives and no one leaves
+so you will transition from 2 to 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will transition from 2 to 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will transition from 2 to 3 and
+this is what happened in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happened in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happened in this example
+from time step 1 to time step 2 suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time step 1 to time step 2 suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from time step 1 to time step 2 suppose
+now that you are in state 3 and that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you are in state 3 and that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you are in state 3 and that a
+customer leaves and no one arrives then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer leaves and no one arrives then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer leaves and no one arrives then
+we would transition to state 2 like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would transition to state 2 like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would transition to state 2 like what
+happened between time step 3 and 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened between time step 3 and 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened between time step 3 and 4
+what else well you could also be in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else well you could also be in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else well you could also be in a
+given state at one time step and stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state at one time step and stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state at one time step and stay in
+the same state at the next step how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state at the next step how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same state at the next step how it
+can happen in two ways if there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen in two ways if there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen in two ways if there are no
+arrivals and no departures in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals and no departures in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals and no departures in the next
+step and that was what happened between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and that was what happened between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and that was what happened between
+time step four to five here four to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step four to five here four to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step four to five here four to five
+order is one arrival and one departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is one arrival and one departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order is one arrival and one departure
+like what happened between time Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what happened between time Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what happened between time Step
+five and six a graphical representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six a graphical representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six a graphical representations
+can be done with the help of arcs such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done with the help of arcs such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done with the help of arcs such
+as here in order to complete our mall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as here in order to complete our mall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as here in order to complete our mall we
+need to indicate the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to indicate the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to indicate the probabilities
+associated with this transition so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this transition so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this transition so again
+assume that you're currently in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you're currently in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you're currently in state
+two with two customers in the queue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with two customers in the queue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two with two customers in the queue the
+probability of next going to state three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of next going to state three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of next going to state three
+here with one more customer in the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with one more customer in the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with one more customer in the queue
+is simply a Verity of having one arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a Verity of having one arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a Verity of having one arrival
+and no departure on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no departure on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no departure on the other hand the
+probability of being here and her going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being here and her going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being here and her going
+in transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transition
+next here correspond to one departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here correspond to one departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here correspond to one departure
+and no arrival finally the system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no arrival finally the system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no arrival finally the system can
+stay in state two like that when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in state two like that when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in state two like that when there
+is one rival and one departure or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one rival and one departure or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one rival and one departure or no
+arrivals and no departures this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals and no departures this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals and no departures this
+transition probabilities would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities would be
+similar if the current state where one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar if the current state where one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar if the current state where one
+three nine for the two extreme states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nine for the two extreme states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nine for the two extreme states
+the transition priorities are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition priorities are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition priorities are a bit
+different if you are in state zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you are in state zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different if you are in state zero the
+queue is empty and you can go to state 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue is empty and you can go to state 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue is empty and you can go to state 1
+with one additional customer with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one additional customer with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one additional customer with the
+priority P or there is no new customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority P or there is no new customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority P or there is no new customer
+coming and you stay in state zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and you stay in state zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming and you stay in state zero
+and if the queue is at maximum capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the queue is at maximum capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the queue is at maximum capacity
+either you stay maximum capacity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you stay maximum capacity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you stay maximum capacity if
+there is no service or you go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no service or you go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no service or you go down to
+nine customers in the queue if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine customers in the queue if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine customers in the queue if you have
+a departure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a departure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a departure
+so one important fact when you are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one important fact when you are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one important fact when you are in a
+given state for example state two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state for example state two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state for example state two and
+you look at all possible transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at all possible transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at all possible transition
+could go to three could go to one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to three could go to one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to three could go to one could
+remain in two if you sum all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in two if you sum all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain in two if you sum all the
+probabilities P times one minus Q plus Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities P times one minus Q plus Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities P times one minus Q plus Q
+times one minus P plus the stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus P plus the stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus P plus the stall
+probability here PQ plus one minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here PQ plus one minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here PQ plus one minus P
+times one minus Q you will get at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus Q you will get at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times one minus Q you will get at all
+probability of one similarly if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one similarly if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one similarly if you look
+at this probability here this sum to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this probability here this sum to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this probability here this sum to one
+and these probabilities sum to one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these probabilities sum to one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these probabilities sum to one it
+simply says that from one time step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that from one time step to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says that from one time step to
+the next if you consider all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next if you consider all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next if you consider all possible
+transition probabilities they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probabilities they all have
+to sum to one so in conclusion the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum to one so in conclusion the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sum to one so in conclusion the so
+called transition probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Graff which is this representation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graff which is this representation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graff which is this representation here
+provide a complete representation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a complete representation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a complete representation of a
+discrete-time finite state Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time finite state Markov chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete-time finite state Markov chain
+model of our simple supermarket circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of our simple supermarket circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of our simple supermarket circuit
+an example
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VGAlyJ7e0IQ.txt b/VGAlyJ7e0IQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..579cebf92092893fcbf4a942427991451b5cda69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VGAlyJ7e0IQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so welcome back to l-3 happy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back to l-3 happy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so welcome back to l-3 happy to see
+you again so today we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again so today we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again so today we are going to
+continue a discussion of dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue a discussion of dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue a discussion of dispersive
+medium and there are two questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and there are two questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and there are two questions we
+are going to ask in this lecture and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to ask in this lecture and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to ask in this lecture and we
+will answer it also these two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will answer it also these two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will answer it also these two questions
+in the in this lecture so just to warn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in this lecture so just to warn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in this lecture so just to warn
+you in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in advance
+this lecture will have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture will have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture will have a lot of
+mathematics so fasten a spell and follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so fasten a spell and follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics so fasten a spell and follow
+me okay and that stopped me anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay and that stopped me anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me okay and that stopped me anytime you
+feel you don't feel like you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you don't feel like you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel you don't feel like you know you
+understand something okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something okay all right
+so let's get started okay so today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started okay so today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's get started okay so today we
+are going to talk about dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about dispersion
+phenomena related to dispersion and last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena related to dispersion and last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena related to dispersion and last
+time we started a discussion about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we started a discussion about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we started a discussion about how
+to send information from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send information from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send information from one place to
+the other place right so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other place right so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other place right so what we
+actually did before but to send square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did before but to send square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did before but to send square
+pulse right so if if I to have a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse right so if if I to have a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse right so if if I to have a machine
+which can produce square pulse then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can produce square pulse then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can produce square pulse then I
+can define something like this so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define something like this so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define something like this so over
+some straizo which I said I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some straizo which I said I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some straizo which I said I can actually
+separate 0 and 1 right so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate 0 and 1 right so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate 0 and 1 right so if I have a
+pulse which is actually having amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse which is actually having amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse which is actually having amplitude
+greater than some stray show and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than some stray show and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than some stray show and I say
+ok I got one and if it's a should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I got one and if it's a should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I got one and if it's a should be
+lausanne straight I and say ok I I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lausanne straight I and say ok I I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lausanne straight I and say ok I I got a
+zero and with that way we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and with that way we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and with that way we can actually
+send information from one place to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send information from one place to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send information from one place to the
+other place okay so that sounds already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place okay so that sounds already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place okay so that sounds already
+nice however if we work on a dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice however if we work on a dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice however if we work on a dispersive
+medium which is really very common for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium which is really very common for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium which is really very common for
+example light in glass right is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example light in glass right is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example light in glass right is actually
+not not order lights with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not order lights with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not order lights with different
+wavelengths are traveling at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are traveling at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths are traveling at the same
+speed and also as we see before as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and also as we see before as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and also as we see before as you
+seen in the pset deep-water also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the pset deep-water also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the pset deep-water also the
+strings which are considering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are considering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which are considering a
+six-string with stiffness right I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-string with stiffness right I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-string with stiffness right I said I
+said try the wavelengths HD is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said try the wavelengths HD is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said try the wavelengths HD is going to
+of the input wave is going to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input wave is going to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input wave is going to affect the
+speed of that that this are traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of that that this are traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of that that this are traveling
+wave so so in short the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so so in short the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave so so in short the speed of the
+wave propagation in a dispersive medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagation in a dispersive medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagation in a dispersive medium
+will depend the wavelength of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend the wavelength of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend the wavelength of this wave
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that brings us a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us a lot of trouble
+because for example here we are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example here we are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example here we are trying
+to send the Gaussian Mouse right through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the Gaussian Mouse right through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the Gaussian Mouse right through
+the median but after a while this pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median but after a while this pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median but after a while this pulse
+actually become wider and wider because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually become wider and wider because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually become wider and wider because
+of the dispersion because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dispersion because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dispersion because all the
+components with different wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components with different wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components with different wavelengths
+which actually construct this narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually construct this narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually construct this narrow
+pulse as we are traveling at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse as we are traveling at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse as we are traveling at different
+speed right therefore if you wait long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right therefore if you wait long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right therefore if you wait long
+enough all the different frequency or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough all the different frequency or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough all the different frequency or a
+different wavelengths pass so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths pass so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths pass so all the
+different frequency harmonic waves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency harmonic waves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency harmonic waves are
+traveling at different speed therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at different speed therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at different speed therefore
+you get a dispersion which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a dispersion which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a dispersion which which is
+result in a much wider pulse in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a much wider pulse in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in a much wider pulse in the end
+okay and at some point this pulse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at some point this pulse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and at some point this pulse is
+going to be really wide such that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really wide such that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really wide such that it's
+actually going to be very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to be very difficult to
+separate zero from what okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate zero from what okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate zero from what okay so that's
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+and we also did some simulation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also did some simulation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also did some simulation with
+computer we do see this behavior also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer we do see this behavior also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer we do see this behavior also in
+our computer simulation if I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computer simulation if I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computer simulation if I put in
+triangular pulse and allow the evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular pulse and allow the evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular pulse and allow the evolve
+and like what we did before we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like what we did before we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like what we did before we assume
+that this stiffness in this string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this stiffness in this string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this stiffness in this string
+system and you can see that okay also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can see that okay also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can see that okay also as
+a function of time this house is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time this house is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time this house is no
+longer a triangular shape but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a triangular shape but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer a triangular shape but you have
+very complicated structure okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated structure okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated structure okay so that
+is actually a problem we are we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a problem we are we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a problem we are we are
+going to try to solve today and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to solve today and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to solve today and during
+the discussion last time in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion last time in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion last time in the lecture
+we also introduced dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also introduced dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also introduced dispersion relation
+Omega K and also try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega K and also try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega K and also try to
+we'll lab - troubling waves with similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll lab - troubling waves with similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll lab - troubling waves with similar
+wavelengths okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths okay
+and now we'll give you bit phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll give you bit phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll give you bit phenomena
+okay probably didn't surprise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay probably didn't surprise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay probably didn't surprise you
+anymore as you can see from this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore as you can see from this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore as you can see from this example
+you have the beat phenomenon and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the beat phenomenon and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the beat phenomenon and you can
+see that the amplitude is a shoe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the amplitude is a shoe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the amplitude is a shoe the
+very thing slowly the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thing slowly the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thing slowly the function of
+position and if you follow the red point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and if you follow the red point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and if you follow the red point
+which is actually associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually associated with the
+one of the peak in in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the peak in in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the peak in in the in this
+structure called carrier okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called carrier okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called carrier okay
+essentially moving at face velocity VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moving at face velocity VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially moving at face velocity VP
+which we introduced last time the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we introduced last time the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we introduced last time the the
+formula for VP which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for VP which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for VP which is actually the
+speed of harmonic oscillator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of harmonic oscillator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of harmonic oscillator in
+travelling wave is actually defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave is actually defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave is actually defined as
+VP equal to Omega over K and the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP equal to Omega over K and the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP equal to Omega over K and the Green
+Point which is actually always at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point which is actually always at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point which is actually always at the
+minima of the distribution which is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima of the distribution which is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima of the distribution which is U
+associated with the envelope the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the envelope the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the envelope the speed
+of the envelope you can see that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope you can see that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the envelope you can see that indeed
+is actually can move at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually can move at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually can move at a different
+speed it depends on the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it depends on the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it depends on the dispersion
+relation Omega as a function of K you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Omega as a function of K you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Omega as a function of K you
+have in this system and we called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this system and we called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this system and we called the
+speed of this envelope which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of this envelope which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of this envelope which we
+construct from the from these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct from the from these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct from the from these two
+overlapping a traveling wave to be we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping a traveling wave to be we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping a traveling wave to be we
+call it as group velocity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it as group velocity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it as group velocity and the
+definition group velocity issue is VG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition group velocity issue is VG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition group velocity issue is VG
+equal to D Omega DK okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D Omega DK okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to D Omega DK okay so that's
+actually what we have learned last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we have learned last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we have learned last time
+okay you may ask okay what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you may ask okay what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you may ask okay what do I mean by
+group velocity right and can I use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity right and can I use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity right and can I use it
+beyond what we have done for the pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we have done for the pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what we have done for the pit
+phenomena right so what but what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena right so what but what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena right so what but what do I
+mean by guru velocity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by guru velocity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by guru velocity okay
+is that really useful and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that really useful and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that really useful and essentially
+which part of the structure I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the structure I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which part of the structure I was
+talking about right so in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about right so in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about right so in the case of
+two overlapping progressing wave if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two overlapping progressing wave if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two overlapping progressing wave if we
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+wavelength or similar frequency when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or similar frequency when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or similar frequency when we
+see that accrue velocity as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that accrue velocity as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that accrue velocity as you
+represent the speed of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the speed of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the speed of the envelope
+right can we actually learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can we actually learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can we actually learn something
+more general about velocity okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general about velocity okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general about velocity okay the
+second question which we are asking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question which we are asking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question which we are asking is
+okay now we have this problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have this problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have this problem of
+dispersion right this square pulse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion right this square pulse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion right this square pulse is
+going to become something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become something which is
+really wide after some period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide after some period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide after some period of time
+right so that's clearly a problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's clearly a problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's clearly a problem and
+how to wish how to waste we solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to wish how to waste we solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to wish how to waste we solve this
+problem and how do we actually send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and how do we actually send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and how do we actually send
+information like for example music over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like for example music over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like for example music over
+large distance from one place to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large distance from one place to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large distance from one place to the
+other place okay so that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place okay so that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other place okay so that's essentially
+what we are going to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to try to understand
+today so let's start with infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so let's start with infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so let's start with infinitely
+long string okay and this string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long string okay and this string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long string okay and this string is
+actually very long and this became from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very long and this became from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very long and this became from
+here and that goes to really some press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that goes to really some press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that goes to really some press
+which is really really far away and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really really far away and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really really far away and of
+course as you Joe I can actually hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as you Joe I can actually hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as you Joe I can actually hold
+one end of the string and shake it a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the string and shake it a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the string and shake it a bit
+then I can actually create some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can actually create some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can actually create some kind of
+pulse which is going to travel along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse which is going to travel along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse which is going to travel along
+this stream okay where a positive x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stream okay where a positive x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stream okay where a positive x
+direction in this case I define the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in this case I define the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in this case I define the x
+coordinate to be pointing to a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to be pointing to a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate to be pointing to a right
+hand side and that's the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and that's the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and that's the positive
+direction okay so of course I can hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so of course I can hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so of course I can hold
+this string and I can shake it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string and I can shake it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string and I can shake it and I
+will create a pulse on this medium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create a pulse on this medium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will create a pulse on this medium which
+is the string with constant tension okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the string with constant tension okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the string with constant tension okay
+so I can describe the motion for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can describe the motion for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can describe the motion for example
+you can describe motion the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe motion the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe motion the motion of
+Eunji's hand by a function right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eunji's hand by a function right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eunji's hand by a function right so you
+can say okay somehow doing really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay somehow doing really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say okay somehow doing really nice
+job and oscillating at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and oscillating at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and oscillating at constant
+frequency like I can I can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency like I can I can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency like I can I can say okay
+energy is taking this thing to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is taking this thing to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is taking this thing to produce a
+harmonic wave for example right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic wave for example right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic wave for example right and now
+I can AG describe the motion of the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can AG describe the motion of the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can AG describe the motion of the hand
+by F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F of T
+okay that's really good and from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's really good and from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's really good and from what we
+have learned in the last lecture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned in the last lecture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned in the last lecture okay
+we found that basically waves harmonica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that basically waves harmonica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found that basically waves harmonica
+waves with different frequency or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves with different frequency or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves with different frequency or with
+different wavelengths are traveling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths are traveling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths are traveling at
+different speed right therefore we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed right therefore we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed right therefore we would
+like to actually decompose the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to actually decompose the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to actually decompose the motion of
+his hand into the into many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his hand into the into many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his hand into the into many many
+harmonic waves then attack them one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic waves then attack them one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic waves then attack them one by
+one to follow them one by one then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to follow them one by one then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to follow them one by one then I can
+solve this problem okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem okay so that's
+actually what we are going to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we are going to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we are going to do and
+that will involve some mass which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will involve some mass which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will involve some mass which we
+would follow from the math department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would follow from the math department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would follow from the math department
+okay and before that I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and before that I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and before that I would like to
+introduce the notation first as I said F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the notation first as I said F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the notation first as I said F
+of T is actually the displacement as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is actually the displacement as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T is actually the displacement as a
+function of time at X equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time at X equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time at X equal to zero
+right so basically I'm holding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically I'm holding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically I'm holding the
+string and move things up and down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and move things up and down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and move things up and down and
+so that actually I move this tree away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually I move this tree away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually I move this tree away
+from the equilibrium position which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equilibrium position which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equilibrium position which is
+actually y equal to zero okay then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually y equal to zero okay then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually y equal to zero okay then what
+is going to happen what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen what is going to
+happen is that I am going to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that I am going to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that I am going to produce
+some kind of pulse right and this pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of pulse right and this pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of pulse right and this pulse
+I can actually describe it by a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually describe it by a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can actually describe it by a function
+which is I XMP right this size actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I XMP right this size actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I XMP right this size actually
+describing the displacement as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the displacement as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the displacement as a
+function of X and there is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and there is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and there is a function of
+T okay apparently if you put X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay apparently if you put X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay apparently if you put X equal to
+zero then you go back to F of f of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you go back to F of f of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you go back to F of f of T
+right basically that's right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically that's right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically that's right okay so
+what we have learned with I mean before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned with I mean before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned with I mean before
+we introduced dispersive medium is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced dispersive medium is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced dispersive medium is that
+if I have a non dispersive medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if I have a monkey fur sweet median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have a monkey fur sweet median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have a monkey fur sweet median
+then things are really simple right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things are really simple right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things are really simple right
+because Omega over K is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Omega over K is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Omega over K is actually a
+constant which is the phase velocity VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is the phase velocity VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is the phase velocity VP
+and the an Omega is actually just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the an Omega is actually just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the an Omega is actually just equal
+to V P times K that means no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V P times K that means no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V P times K that means no matter what
+kind of wetlands we are talking about no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wetlands we are talking about no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wetlands we are talking about no
+matter what kind of angular frequency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of angular frequency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what kind of angular frequency we
+are talking about harmonic away harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about harmonic away harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about harmonic away harmonic
+are focusing wave is going to travel at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are focusing wave is going to travel at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are focusing wave is going to travel at
+a speed up on VP okay no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed up on VP okay no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speed up on VP okay no matter what the
+frequency or what's a wave less so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or what's a wave less so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or what's a wave less so that
+makes our life much simpler when we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our life much simpler when we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our life much simpler when we work
+on non dispersive medium in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on non dispersive medium in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on non dispersive medium in this case
+okay if I have a non dispersive medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have a non dispersive medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I have a non dispersive medium
+then psy will be equal to if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then psy will be equal to if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then psy will be equal to if I have a
+non dispersive medium where no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non dispersive medium where no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non dispersive medium where no matter
+what kind of frequency the the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of frequency the the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of frequency the the speed of
+the harmonic traveling wave is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic traveling wave is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic traveling wave is a
+constant which is actually VP I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is actually VP I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant which is actually VP I can
+write down sy XT to be equal to F F of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down sy XT to be equal to F F of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down sy XT to be equal to F F of t
+minus x over V okay just remember F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over V okay just remember F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over V okay just remember F is
+actually describing how I shake at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describing how I shake at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describing how I shake at the
+end one one end of the string and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end one one end of the string and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end one one end of the string and
+basically you can see that huh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can see that huh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can see that huh what is
+happening is that I my hand this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that I my hand this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that I my hand this is
+generating the shape of the house as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the shape of the house as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the shape of the house as a
+function of X as a function of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X as a function of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X as a function of time and
+it can be described by a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be described by a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be described by a really simple
+formula here okay so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here okay so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here okay so this is actually
+really nice for not dispersive as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice for not dispersive as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice for not dispersive as I
+introduced before when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced before when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced before when we talked about
+dispersive medium okay then if I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay then if I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay then if I go to
+dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega is actually a function of K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is actually a function of K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is actually a function of K and
+can be a nonlinear function okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a nonlinear function okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a nonlinear function okay so what
+does that mean that means if I evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that means if I evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that means if I evaluate
+V P which is edge with the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V P which is edge with the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V P which is edge with the phase
+velocity which is the formula there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is the formula there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is the formula there okay
+this is going to be Omega of K divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Omega of K divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Omega of K divided
+by K that means VP is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K that means VP is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K that means VP is going to be a
+function okay the wavelength will worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay the wavelength will worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay the wavelength will worth
+number okay it's not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay it's not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay it's not going to be a
+constant in general okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in general okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in general okay
+unless Omega is actually equal to V P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless Omega is actually equal to V P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless Omega is actually equal to V P
+times K in general VP can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times K in general VP can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times K in general VP can actually be
+some quantity which is very thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity which is very thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity which is very thing as a
+function of K okay then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K okay then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K okay then we have a
+trouble because that means when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because that means when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because that means when I
+produce progressing away from the latins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce progressing away from the latins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce progressing away from the latins
+our end okay essentially made of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our end okay essentially made of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our end okay essentially made of many
+many harmonic waves right with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many harmonic waves right with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many harmonic waves right with different
+angular frequency right I can shake this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency right I can shake this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency right I can shake this
+like different speed right and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different speed right and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like different speed right and I can
+always decompose the motion of Eunji's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always decompose the motion of Eunji's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always decompose the motion of Eunji's
+hand into many many harmonic waves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand into many many harmonic waves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand into many many harmonic waves the
+problem the trouble is all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the trouble is all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the trouble is all those
+harmonic waves are going to be traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic waves are going to be traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic waves are going to be traveling
+at different speed how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different speed how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different speed how do we actually
+tips why please all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips why please all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips why please all right so that's the
+trouble and I was really frustrated when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and I was really frustrated when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and I was really frustrated when
+I think about this problem and my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about this problem and my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about this problem and my friend
+from the mast if I might say hey we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mast if I might say hey we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mast if I might say hey we have
+solved this problem don't I go so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem don't I go so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem don't I go so this
+is not the problem anymore in that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the problem anymore in that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the problem anymore in that what
+is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea
+okay you're talking about in that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're talking about in that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you're talking about in that list
+yes you told me that you should use food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you told me that you should use food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you told me that you should use food
+year transform to attack this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year transform to attack this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year transform to attack this problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what is actually the idea the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually the idea the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually the idea the idea is
+that I can now write an F of T which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can now write an F of T which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can now write an F of T which is
+motion of Eunji's hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of Eunji's hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of Eunji's hand
+and this can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be written as a
+superposition of infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of infinite number of
+waves I can integrate from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves I can integrate from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves I can integrate from minus
+infinity to infinity the Omega which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega which is
+the angular frequency and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular frequency and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular frequency and each
+contributing wave have amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing wave have amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing wave have amplitude
+associated with it which is actually C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it which is actually C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it which is actually C
+as a function of Omega and the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of Omega and the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of Omega and the actual
+wave is actually written you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is actually written you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is actually written you know in
+terms of exponential minus I Omega P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of exponential minus I Omega P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of exponential minus I Omega P
+okay so now let's say you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's say you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's say you look at this
+thing really carefully okay what I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing really carefully okay what I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing really carefully okay what I what
+did i doing I'm saying that I now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i doing I'm saying that I now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i doing I'm saying that I now can
+shake the one end of the string up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake the one end of the string up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake the one end of the string up and
+down you know according to my well right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know according to my well right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you know according to my well right
+and if I do this for a long time okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do this for a long time okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do this for a long time okay I
+can actually describe the motion of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually describe the motion of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually describe the motion of my
+hand by infinite number of harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand by infinite number of harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand by infinite number of harmonic
+waves okay which is actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay which is actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves okay which is actually kind of
+like exponential I Omega T described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exponential I Omega T described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exponential I Omega T described in
+the frequency of these waves and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of these waves and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of these waves and each of
+them got the Associated amplitude okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them got the Associated amplitude okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them got the Associated amplitude okay
+you may ask okay wait a second you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may ask okay wait a second you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may ask okay wait a second you call
+this food year transform and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this food year transform and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this food year transform and I have
+learned that before but I I learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that before but I I learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that before but I I learned a
+different version I learned a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version I learned a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different version I learned a version
+with cosine and sine right and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosine and sine right and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cosine and sine right and what is
+going on right it should be they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right it should be they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right it should be they are all
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+okay no matter what you do you can issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no matter what you do you can issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no matter what you do you can issue
+also to that with cosine sine but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to that with cosine sine but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to that with cosine sine but what I
+actually found is that actually it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found is that actually it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually found is that actually it is
+actually easier to tell with exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easier to tell with exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually easier to tell with exponential
+functional form okay you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay you can always
+write exponential I Omega T in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write exponential I Omega T in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write exponential I Omega T in terms of
+sine cosine and absorbed you know the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine cosine and absorbed you know the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine cosine and absorbed you know the I
+into a C Omega right basically these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a C Omega right basically these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a C Omega right basically these
+things are identical between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are identical between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are identical between these two
+formulas so okay so therefore in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so okay so therefore in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so okay so therefore in this
+lecture I'm going to stick with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to stick with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to stick with this
+functional form okay any questions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay any questions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay any questions now
+yeah yeah we are going to include that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we are going to include that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah we are going to include that
+right because for that in order to issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because for that in order to issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because for that in order to issue
+the product you know okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product you know okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product you know okay so now I
+actually compose the motion of my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compose the motion of my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compose the motion of my hand
+into many many waves okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into many many waves okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into many many waves okay which is
+actually or say many many oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually or say many many oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually or say many many oscillation
+with different frequency right so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different frequency right so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different frequency right so I can
+I actually describe my the motion of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually describe my the motion of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually describe my the motion of my
+hand by infinite number of a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand by infinite number of a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand by infinite number of a solution
+with different frequency and the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different frequency and the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different frequency and the trouble
+we are facing is actually all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are facing is actually all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are facing is actually all those
+oscillation are going to be traveling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation are going to be traveling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation are going to be traveling at
+different speed because because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed because because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed because because of the
+dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation
+therefore what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what I'm going to do
+afterwards is to show you that okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards is to show you that okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards is to show you that okay I
+can actually write down the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write down the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write down the functional
+form for force I in this general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for force I in this general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for force I in this general case
+okay so for that that's actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for that that's actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for that that's actually what
+I'm going to do now so now I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do now so now I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do now so now I would like
+to know what would be the size XT right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what would be the size XT right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what would be the size XT right
+which is actually the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the position of the
+string as a function of X and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as a function of X and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as a function of X and at some
+specific time equal to T okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific time equal to T okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific time equal to T okay and that
+can be written as I to integration from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as I to integration from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as I to integration from
+minus infinity to infinity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity over
+frequency Omega okay and I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega okay and I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega okay and I have the
+usual mp2 associated with the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual mp2 associated with the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual mp2 associated with the angular
+frequency Omega and exponential I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega and exponential I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega and exponential I Omega
+t minus I Omega T because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t minus I Omega T because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t minus I Omega T because that's the
+companies you're not using here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you're not using here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies you're not using here and I
+say okay plus I K which is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay plus I K which is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay plus I K which is a function of
+a gun X okay so now you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gun X okay so now you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gun X okay so now you can see that
+what I'm doing here is that I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing here is that I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing here is that I now
+practicing I'm making infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing I'm making infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing I'm making infinite number of
+progressive waves right each of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive waves right each of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive waves right each of this
+exponential function is a progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function is a progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function is a progressive
+wave okay with angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay with angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave okay with angular
+see Omega okay and why do I write I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Omega okay and why do I write I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Omega okay and why do I write I
+k-o-k as a functional mega X here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-o-k as a functional mega X here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-o-k as a functional mega X here is
+because they are going to be traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are going to be traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are going to be traveling
+at the speed of Omega over K right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of Omega over K right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of Omega over K right
+therefore I need to actually put K here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I need to actually put K here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I need to actually put K here
+and this K is actually not this K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this K is actually not this K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this K is actually not this K is
+actually not the independent parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the independent parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not the independent parameter
+is actually a function of Omega okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a function of Omega okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a function of Omega okay so
+you can see that here we do in equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that here we do in equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that here we do in equation
+over Omega from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega from minus infinity to
+infinity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay
+for each Omega you can actually find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each Omega you can actually find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each Omega you can actually find the
+corresponding K right because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding K right because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding K right because of the
+dispersion relation because Omega is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation because Omega is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation because Omega is a
+functional okay therefore you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional okay therefore you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional okay therefore you can always
+solve the corresponding K right then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the corresponding K right then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the corresponding K right then you
+put it there because you are now trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it there because you are now trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it there because you are now trying
+to propagate harmonic wave t'v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate harmonic wave t'v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate harmonic wave t'v is
+different angular frequency at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angular frequency at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angular frequency at different
+speed then we are done okay that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed then we are done okay that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed then we are done okay that looks
+like a wonderful solution and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wonderful solution and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wonderful solution and we can
+actually see how it works for our power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see how it works for our power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see how it works for our power
+purpose okay any questions all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose okay any questions all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose okay any questions all right so
+that's really nice and I can now do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really nice and I can now do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really nice and I can now do a
+really a simple test to see if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a simple test to see if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a simple test to see if this
+really works okay let me try a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works okay let me try a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really works okay let me try a very
+simple case okay a special case if I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case okay a special case if I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case okay a special case if I now
+go back to use this description to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to use this description to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to use this description to
+describe non dispersive medium okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe non dispersive medium okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe non dispersive medium okay and
+see what happened okay now my K as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happened okay now my K as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happened okay now my K as a
+function Omega essentially bread the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega essentially bread the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Omega essentially bread the
+simple is actually Omega over V right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is actually Omega over V right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is actually Omega over V right
+according to Omaima over BP right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Omaima over BP right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to Omaima over BP right
+according to the dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the dispersion relation
+here okay I can solve okay as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I can solve okay as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay I can solve okay as I was
+mentioning right with this dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning right with this dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning right with this dispersion
+relation formula and then I can conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation formula and then I can conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation formula and then I can conclude
+K as a function of Omega is omega a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as a function of Omega is omega a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K as a function of Omega is omega a
+whoopsie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoopsie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoopsie
+over BP okay then I can now put it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over BP okay then I can now put it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over BP okay then I can now put it into
+this equation and I'm going to get side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and I'm going to get side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and I'm going to get side
+X of T this will be equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T this will be equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T this will be equal to minus
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+exponential minus I Omega t minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega t minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega t minus Omega
+over V X okay and we we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V X okay and we we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over V X okay and we we can actually
+take Omega out of this minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Omega out of this minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take Omega out of this minus infinity to
+infinity Y Omega C Omega exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity Y Omega C Omega exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity Y Omega C Omega exponential
+minus I Omega t minus X divided by V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega t minus X divided by V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega t minus X divided by V
+okay and you can see that huh indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that huh indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see that huh indeed
+this essentially f3 minus x over B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially f3 minus x over B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this essentially f3 minus x over B okay
+I'm chopping the VP here okay you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm chopping the VP here okay you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm chopping the VP here okay you should
+be VP over the price right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be VP over the price right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be VP over the price right so you can
+see that now if I have solved the K the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now if I have solved the K the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now if I have solved the K the
+function of Omega and I proggy in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega and I proggy in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega and I proggy in in
+this special case which is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special case which is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this special case which is non
+dispersive medium Omega over K equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium Omega over K equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium Omega over K equal to
+VP then I really calculate this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP then I really calculate this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VP then I really calculate this integral
+okay then I can quickly identify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I can quickly identify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I can quickly identify that
+huh I can write the functional form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I can write the functional form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I can write the functional form in
+in this in this way and this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this way and this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this way and this is usually
+look really familiar to me because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really familiar to me because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look really familiar to me because
+that's actually using this definition F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually using this definition F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually using this definition F
+is actually equal to integration minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to integration minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to integration minus
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+exponential minus I Omega T if I replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega T if I replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega T if I replace
+T by three minus x over B P then I ain't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T by three minus x over B P then I ain't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T by three minus x over B P then I ain't
+done right so so I have evaluated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done right so so I have evaluated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done right so so I have evaluated this
+integration which essentially just f3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which essentially just f3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which essentially just f3
+minus x over B P so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over B P so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over B P so that's actually
+exactly what we actually guess from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we actually guess from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we actually guess from the
+beginning right so if I have a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning right so if I have a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning right so if I have a non
+dispersive medium then sy XT will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium then sy XT will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium then sy XT will be
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+okay so that give us some confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that give us some confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that give us some confidence
+that okay at the easy case it works okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay at the easy case it works okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay at the easy case it works okay
+all right so that's really nice Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's really nice Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's really nice Oh
+sounds very good but wait a second how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very good but wait a second how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds very good but wait a second how
+do i hu extract this C which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i hu extract this C which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i hu extract this C which is a
+function of Omega I'm chopped up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega I'm chopped up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega I'm chopped up because
+this is a infinitely integral from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a infinitely integral from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a infinitely integral from minus
+infinity to infinity and that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity and that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity and that means I
+have infinite number of constant which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite number of constant which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite number of constant which I
+have to keep determine to see oh oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep determine to see oh oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep determine to see oh oh my
+god how do I actually do this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god how do I actually do this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god how do I actually do this okay
+so da is actually another point which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so da is actually another point which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so da is actually another point which I
+would like to discuss before we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to discuss before we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to discuss before we actually
+go ahead and you really use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and you really use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and you really use this
+function for the dispersive medium case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the dispersive medium case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the dispersive medium case
+okay so how do we actually extract C as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually extract C as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we actually extract C as
+a function of Omega alright so for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Omega alright so for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Omega alright so for that
+we really need to employ a few useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to employ a few useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to employ a few useful
+formula which are actually documented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which are actually documented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which are actually documented
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+how many of you actually have not heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you actually have not heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you actually have not heard
+about Delta function before okay okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta function before okay okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta function before okay okay a
+few of you actually have not heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of you actually have not heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of you actually have not heard about
+Delta function so what is issue your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so what is issue your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so what is issue your
+total function this is a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total function this is a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total function this is a delta function
+so a delta function is actually notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a delta function is actually notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a delta function is actually notation
+which HD shows you a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which HD shows you a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which HD shows you a function which is
+only which is actually only non be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only which is actually only non be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only which is actually only non be non
+zero at X equal to zero okay at X equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at X equal to zero okay at X equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at X equal to zero okay at X equal
+to zero the size of these functions as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero the size of these functions as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero the size of these functions as
+you go into infinity and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into infinity and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go into infinity and on the other
+hand all the other points at X not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand all the other points at X not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand all the other points at X not equal
+to 0 the Delta function is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 the Delta function is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 the Delta function is equal to zero
+okay so so now essentially the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now essentially the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now essentially the kind of
+function I was talking about and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I was talking about and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I was talking about and the
+area of this function if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of this function if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of this function if you do
+integration away over a minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration away over a minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration away over a minus infinity
+to infinity over X ok the integration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity over X ok the integration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity over X ok the integration of
+this Delta function the area is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function the area is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function the area is actually
+1 ok so that essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 ok so that essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 ok so that essentially
+the kind of function so so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of function so so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of function so so essentially
+the really really narrow function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really really narrow function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really really narrow function okay
+very narrow very narrow very narrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow very narrow very narrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very narrow very narrow very narrow but
+the area is finite which is one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area is finite which is one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area is finite which is one okay so
+you can you can have a square you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can have a square you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can have a square you can
+actually start with a square pulse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start with a square pulse for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start with a square pulse for
+example or square function and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or square function and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or square function and you can
+actually make the width of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make the width of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make the width of the square
+narrower smaller and smaller smaller go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower smaller and smaller smaller go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower smaller and smaller smaller go
+to zero then what you are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then what you are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero then what you are going to get
+is actually the function okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the function okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the function okay that's
+actually how we understand this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how we understand this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how we understand this function
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+really quickly and also we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and also we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and also we would like to
+use a few formula which are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a few formula which are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a few formula which are talking
+Mundy here so if I do were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mundy here so if I do were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mundy here so if I do were in the
+equation from minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from minus infinity to infinity
+exponential I Omega minus Omega prime T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega minus Omega prime T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega minus Omega prime T
+over DT which is the integrating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DT which is the integrating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DT which is the integrating over
+time T here and the divide the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T here and the divide the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T here and the divide the whole
+formula by 1 over 2 pi okay what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula by 1 over 2 pi okay what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula by 1 over 2 pi okay what I'm
+going to get is a delta function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is a delta function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is a delta function which
+is a delta function of Omega minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a delta function of Omega minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a delta function of Omega minus Omega
+problem okay so now means when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so now means when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so now means when this
+delta function functional form tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function functional form tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function functional form tells us
+that when Omega is equal to Omega prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when Omega is equal to Omega prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when Omega is equal to Omega prime
+then this dysfunction is actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this dysfunction is actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this dysfunction is actually like
+going to infinity and only when Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to infinity and only when Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to infinity and only when Omega
+equal to Omega prime this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega prime this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega prime this function is
+non zero in the other place this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero in the other place this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero in the other place this
+function is always zero okay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is always zero okay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is always zero okay and and
+this strange indication as you give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange indication as you give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange indication as you give you
+this Delta function okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function okay so that's the
+first thing which we will use one useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which we will use one useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing which we will use one useful
+formula the second thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the second thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the second thing which is
+actually just what what I just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just what what I just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just what what I just talked
+about if I do an integration over minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I do an integration over minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I do an integration over minus
+infinity to infinity Delta X DX then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity Delta X DX then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity Delta X DX then
+basically you get one okay the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get one okay the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get one okay the third one
+is actually kind of interesting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually kind of interesting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually kind of interesting okay
+let's take a look so if I do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look so if I do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look so if I do an
+integration over from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over from minus infinity to
+infinity Delta function X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity Delta function X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity Delta function X minus
+artha okay let's look at this filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artha okay let's look at this filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artha okay let's look at this filter
+function first this function is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function first this function is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function first this function is only
+done in non zero when x is equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in non zero when x is equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in non zero when x is equal to what
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+when x is equal to Appa only when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is equal to Appa only when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is equal to Appa only when that
+happen this is actually nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is actually nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this is actually nonzero
+okay if you multiply this Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you multiply this Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you multiply this Delta function
+to some function which is f of alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some function which is f of alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some function which is f of alpha and
+integrate over alpha from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over alpha from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over alpha from minus infinity
+to infinity okay and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity okay and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity okay and that means that
+when alpha is equal to X or X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when alpha is equal to X or X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when alpha is equal to X or X equal to
+alpha this indication give you nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this indication give you nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this indication give you nonzero
+result all the other place you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result all the other place you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result all the other place you will get
+zero right the interesting see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right the interesting see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right the interesting see is that
+if we do this integration what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this integration what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this integration what you are
+going to get is that okay when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is that okay when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is that okay when I
+integrate over alpha alpha only only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over alpha alpha only only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over alpha alpha only only
+when alpha is equal to X this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when alpha is equal to X this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when alpha is equal to X this thing is
+nonzero therefore what you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero therefore what you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero therefore what you are going to
+get is you get only one point out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you get only one point out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is you get only one point out of it
+which is actually f of X okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually f of X okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually f of X okay so that's
+the intuition about this formula as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition about this formula as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition about this formula as any
+questions related to those formulas yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions related to those formulas yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions related to those formulas yeah
+this is actually pretty complicated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty complicated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty complicated so
+it would take a few 10 20 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take a few 10 20 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take a few 10 20 minutes to
+explain that yeah but let's just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that yeah but let's just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that yeah but let's just take
+the word from the mess department we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word from the mess department we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word from the mess department we
+trusted okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusted okay
+all right so once I have those formula I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so once I have those formula I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so once I have those formula I
+can now demonstrate you how I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now demonstrate you how I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now demonstrate you how I can
+actually track a C as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually track a C as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually track a C as a function of
+Omega okay so this is your goal right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay so this is your goal right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay so this is your goal right so
+I would so don't forget what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would so don't forget what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would so don't forget what we are
+doing what we are doing is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what we are doing is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what we are doing is try to
+extract what is actually C of Omega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract what is actually C of Omega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract what is actually C of Omega so
+that actually we can actually finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually we can actually finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually we can actually finish
+this formula all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula all right
+so how would we do that so suppose if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we do that so suppose if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we do that so suppose if I
+evaluate this this function 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this this function 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this this function 1 over 2 pi
+minus infinity to infinity DT F T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity DT F T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity DT F T
+exponential I Omega T ok if I evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T ok if I evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T ok if I evaluate
+this function ok this is coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function ok this is coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function ok this is coming out of
+nowhere right so coming out of Yun Jie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere right so coming out of Yun Jie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere right so coming out of Yun Jie's
+hell maybe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell maybe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hell maybe I don't know
+okay yep suppose if I evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep suppose if I evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep suppose if I evaluate this
+function ok and now I have F T here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ok and now I have F T here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ok and now I have F T here
+right I can replace F T by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can replace F T by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can replace F T by this
+interesting formula all right if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting formula all right if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting formula all right if I do
+that then basically I get 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then basically I get 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then basically I get 1 over 2 pi
+minus infinity to the Infinity DT minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to the Infinity DT minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to the Infinity DT minus
+infinity infinity C Omega prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity C Omega prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity infinity C Omega prime
+exponential minus I Omega prime T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega prime T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega prime T and
+the dust is actually indicating over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dust is actually indicating over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dust is actually indicating over T
+Omega prime then I have so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega prime then I have so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega prime then I have so this is
+actually the F of T right this is a F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the F of T right this is a F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the F of T right this is a F of
+T and just replacing the formula into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and just replacing the formula into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and just replacing the formula into
+this integral and then I have the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral and then I have the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral and then I have the rest
+which is exponential I Omega okay and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exponential I Omega okay and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exponential I Omega okay and of
+course I can continue and collect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can continue and collect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can continue and collect all
+the relevant terms together this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant terms together this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant terms together this is
+actually equal to 1 over 2 pi minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to 1 over 2 pi minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to 1 over 2 pi minus
+infinity to infinity I collect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity I collect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity I collect all the
+terms with related to Omega prime to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with related to Omega prime to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with related to Omega prime to a
+lap inside ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap inside ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap inside ok
+this idea but I get is C Omega prime T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea but I get is C Omega prime T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea but I get is C Omega prime T
+Omega prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega prime
+right businesses should be coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right businesses should be coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right businesses should be coming from
+from here except yeah okay this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here except yeah okay this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here except yeah okay this is you
+coming from here okay and I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from here okay and I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from here okay and I have another
+indigo which is from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigo which is from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigo which is from minus infinity to
+infinity this time integrating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this time integrating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this time integrating over
+Delta P DT right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P DT right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta P DT right here
+exponential I Omega minus Omega from so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega minus Omega from so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega minus Omega from so
+basically I'm collecting this to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm collecting this to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm collecting this to these
+two turns together then that become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two turns together then that become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two turns together then that become
+exponential I Omega minus Omega prom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega minus Omega prom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega minus Omega prom
+okay so basically no magic happen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically no magic happen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically no magic happen but
+I'm just rewriting things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just rewriting things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just rewriting things and
+rearranging things from this formula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging things from this formula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging things from this formula to
+that formula okay then if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula okay then if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula okay then if we look at
+this formula this formula here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula this formula here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula this formula here and the
+formula sheet we have 1 over 2 pi minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula sheet we have 1 over 2 pi minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula sheet we have 1 over 2 pi minus
+infinity to infinity to this integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity to this integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity to this integration
+over T exponential I Omega minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T exponential I Omega minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T exponential I Omega minus Omega
+prime T that will give you Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime T that will give you Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime T that will give you Delta
+function which is Delta Omega minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is Delta Omega minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is Delta Omega minus
+Omega Prime right therefore I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Prime right therefore I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Prime right therefore I can
+continue this calculation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to keep you - infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to keep you - infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to keep you - infinity to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+I identify this part this part and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I identify this part this part and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I identify this part this part and this
+part to be the Delta function therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to be the Delta function therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part to be the Delta function therefore
+what I get is minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is minus infinity to infinity
+C Omega braum Delta Omega minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Omega braum Delta Omega minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Omega braum Delta Omega minus Omega
+from D Omega right and not going too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from D Omega right and not going too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from D Omega right and not going too
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+everybody is following okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is following okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is following okay so you can
+see that what we have been doing I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that what we have been doing I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that what we have been doing I use
+this formula coming out of nowhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula coming out of nowhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula coming out of nowhere I
+replace F by the formula I was right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace F by the formula I was right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace F by the formula I was right in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right and then I collect the terms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I collect the terms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I collect the terms I
+like together that's all I did and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like together that's all I did and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like together that's all I did and then
+I found a half one of the one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a half one of the one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found a half one of the one part of
+the formula is actually Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is actually Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is actually Delta function
+okay then I put the filter function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I put the filter function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I put the filter function here
+and then finally I use the third formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally I use the third formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally I use the third formula
+here which I have related to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I have related to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I have related to Delta
+function and I found out how if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I found out how if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and I found out how if I do
+this integration I know how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integration I know how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integration I know how to do this
+in the equation even without knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation even without knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation even without knowing the
+structure of C right this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of C right this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of C right this is actually
+just changing the Omega prime to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changing the Omega prime to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changing the Omega prime to Omega
+right that's that's actually what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's actually what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's actually what this
+indication that she does right therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that she does right therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that she does right therefore
+I get C Omega look at what we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get C Omega look at what we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get C Omega look at what we have done
+what we have done is that we have proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done is that we have proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have done is that we have proved
+that this formula coming out of nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this formula coming out of nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this formula coming out of nowhere
+to be a continuous version of mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a continuous version of mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a continuous version of mode
+kicker you remember the foodie a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicker you remember the foodie a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicker you remember the foodie a
+decomposition before you were using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition before you were using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition before you were using the
+orthogonality of the sine function and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality of the sine function and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality of the sine function and I
+can do some kind of fancy equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some kind of fancy equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some kind of fancy equation to
+actually attract am from from one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attract am from from one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually attract am from from one of the
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+which is associated with one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is associated with one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is associated with one of the
+normal more right what we are doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal more right what we are doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal more right what we are doing here
+is as you a continuous version now Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you a continuous version now Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as you a continuous version now Omega
+is actually continuous and I am now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually continuous and I am now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually continuous and I am now
+using orthogonality the orthogonality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using orthogonality the orthogonality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using orthogonality the orthogonality of
+the exponential function if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential function if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential function if I do this
+integration that will give only give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that will give only give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that will give only give you
+nonzero value when Omega is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero value when Omega is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero value when Omega is equal to
+Omega Prime it's exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Prime it's exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Prime it's exactly the same thing
+right then I can contract a integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can contract a integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then I can contract a integration
+like this and now we'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and now we'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and now we'll give you the
+resulting C as a function Omega which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting C as a function Omega which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting C as a function Omega which is
+like the amplitude of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the amplitude of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the amplitude of one of the
+associated harmonics exponential I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated harmonics exponential I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated harmonics exponential I Omega
+T okay so in short from this exercise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so in short from this exercise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so in short from this exercise we
+have shown you that C of Omega can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown you that C of Omega can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have shown you that C of Omega can be
+extracted using this formula 1 over 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted using this formula 1 over 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted using this formula 1 over 2 pi
+minus infinity to infinity DT F of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity DT F of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity DT F of P
+exponential I Omega that's actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega that's actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega that's actually how
+we actually can determine or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually can determine or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually can determine or the
+amplitude associated to a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude associated to a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude associated to a specific
+exponential function any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function any questions so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if no question then we can as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if no question then we can as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if no question then we can as we
+continue so that says we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so that says we go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue so that says we go back to the
+original question which we were posting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question which we were posting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question which we were posting
+ok so we have a problem related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so we have a problem related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so we have a problem related to the
+transmission of information so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of information so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of information so this is a
+zoom where we got started okay if I send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom where we got started okay if I send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom where we got started okay if I send
+the square pulse and a dispersive median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square pulse and a dispersive median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square pulse and a dispersive median
+okay then I have a child I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I have a child I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I have a child I have some
+trouble which is that this house is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble which is that this house is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble which is that this house is
+going to disperse and become wider and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disperse and become wider and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disperse and become wider and
+wider it's changing as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider it's changing as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider it's changing as a function of
+time as a function of distance each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a function of distance each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as a function of distance each
+travel that's not cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel that's not cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel that's not cool
+right all right so therefore what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so therefore what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so therefore what are we
+going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+this there was a very smart idea which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there was a very smart idea which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there was a very smart idea which
+were discovered some time ago doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discovered some time ago doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were discovered some time ago doing
+maybe World War one and why did he use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe World War one and why did he use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe World War one and why did he use
+in World War two which is the AM radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in World War two which is the AM radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in World War two which is the AM radio
+what's a n is actually an amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a n is actually an amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a n is actually an amplitude
+modulation radio ok this smart idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation radio ok this smart idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation radio ok this smart idea is
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ok I would describe it before we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I would describe it before we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok I would describe it before we take a
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+so this smart idea AM radio is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this smart idea AM radio is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this smart idea AM radio is the
+followed okay if I have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed okay if I have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed okay if I have some kind of
+information which is FS c s here means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is FS c s here means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is FS c s here means
+signal okay if I have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay if I have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay if I have some kind of
+information I would like to send I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I would like to send I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I would like to send I can
+send it by you know oscillating one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it by you know oscillating one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it by you know oscillating one one
+end of the stream and this is your what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the stream and this is your what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the stream and this is your what
+I want to set okay and there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to set okay and there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to set okay and there are two
+ways you can send this F F function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can send this F F function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can send this F F function the
+first one is actually what we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is actually what we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is actually what we did before
+I send it directly I just said okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I send it directly I just said okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I send it directly I just said okay if I
+want to send this function then I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send this function then I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send this function then I just
+isolate the string according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the string according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the string according to the
+functional form okay youngji just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay youngji just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form okay youngji just have
+to be really careful right so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really careful right so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really careful right so that you
+know you can send this function and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can send this function and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can send this function and that
+fails mr. Boddy right why because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails mr. Boddy right why because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails mr. Boddy right why because all
+the components which actually produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components which actually produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components which actually produce
+the FS function okay in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FS function okay in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FS function okay in this case the
+square powers all those components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square powers all those components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square powers all those components are
+troubling at different speed therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling at different speed therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling at different speed therefore
+the information will never get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information will never get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information will never get there
+because of the dispersion okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the dispersion okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the dispersion okay so now
+what should we do instead instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do instead instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do instead instead of
+doing sending FS as a bunch of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sending FS as a bunch of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sending FS as a bunch of T
+directly what you could do is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly what you could do is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly what you could do is that I can
+now set F of T which is equal to F of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now set F of T which is equal to F of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now set F of T which is equal to F of s
+T cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cosine
+Omega zero T where Omega zero it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero T where Omega zero it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero T where Omega zero it's a
+very very large number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large number okay
+and basically Wow look at what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically Wow look at what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically Wow look at what we have
+been doing so that means I instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so that means I instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing so that means I instead of
+sending F s directly I send FS but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending F s directly I send FS but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending F s directly I send FS but
+modulated by a really high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by a really high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by a really high frequency
+function cosine Omega zero T and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function cosine Omega zero T and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function cosine Omega zero T and this
+will work and you will only know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work and you will only know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work and you will only know that
+after we come back from the break okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we come back from the break okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we come back from the break okay
+which is twenty first okay let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is twenty first okay let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is twenty first okay let's take
+five minute break and if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minute break and if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minute break and if you have any
+questions you can actually ask me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we will continue the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we will continue the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we will continue the discussion
+about and radio okay so before the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and radio okay so before the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and radio okay so before the break
+actually we introduced that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we introduced that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we introduced that's one
+possible solution to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible solution to solve this
+dispersive medium pappan is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium pappan is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium pappan is that I can
+now actually send instead of FS as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually send instead of FS as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually send instead of FS as a
+function of T which is you the signal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T which is you the signal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T which is you the signal I
+I want I want to send I could send FS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want I want to send I could send FS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want I want to send I could send FS
+but x cosine Omega 0 T okay if I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x cosine Omega 0 T okay if I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but x cosine Omega 0 T okay if I assume
+that F F is some really slow function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F F is some really slow function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that F F is some really slow function
+okay slowly varying as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay slowly varying as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay slowly varying as a function of
+time compared to cosine Omega 0 T cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time compared to cosine Omega 0 T cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time compared to cosine Omega 0 T cosine
+Omega 0 T is like a really fast function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T is like a really fast function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T is like a really fast function
+ok oscillating up and down like crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok oscillating up and down like crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok oscillating up and down like crazy
+really fast ok if I multiply F s by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast ok if I multiply F s by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast ok if I multiply F s by this
+function what is going to happen okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what is going to happen okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what is going to happen okay we
+are going to show you that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to show you that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to show you that issue
+dynamics I am going to only have nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics I am going to only have nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics I am going to only have nonzero
+C from C function or say large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C from C function or say large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C from C function or say large
+contribution of C in the very limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of C in the very limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of C in the very limited
+range of Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of Omega okay
+so we'll show that so in you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll show that so in you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll show that so in you know in a
+typical case f s is really slow which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case f s is really slow which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case f s is really slow which is
+like for example my sound etc it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example my sound etc it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example my sound etc it's like
+at the level of 1 kilohertz and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of 1 kilohertz and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of 1 kilohertz and you can
+actually design the system which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design the system which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design the system which way
+should be multiplied this FS by cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be multiplied this FS by cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be multiplied this FS by cosine
+Omega 0 T Omega 0 can be as fast as 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T Omega 0 can be as fast as 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T Omega 0 can be as fast as 1.1
+to 30 megahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 megahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 30 megahertz
+okay if you do this mod to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do this mod to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you do this mod to this
+calculation then you will find that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation then you will find that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation then you will find that okay
+the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Omega with sizeable C Omega is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's roughly equal to Omega 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly equal to Omega 0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly equal to Omega 0 minus
+Omega s to Omega 0 plus Omega s where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s to Omega 0 plus Omega s where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s to Omega 0 plus Omega s where
+Omega s is the typical frequency in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s is the typical frequency in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s is the typical frequency in your
+signal and the Omega 0 is the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and the Omega 0 is the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and the Omega 0 is the typical
+frequency of the frequency of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the frequency of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the frequency of your
+cosine Omega 0 T turn which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 0 T turn which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 0 T turn which is actually
+later you will recognize this as carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you will recognize this as carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you will recognize this as carrier
+okay so so why so what I want to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so why so what I want to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so why so what I want to say is
+that if I do this trick what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I do this trick what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I do this trick what is going to
+happen is that the range of Omega which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the range of Omega which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the range of Omega which
+you have sizeable contribution from C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sizeable contribution from C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have sizeable contribution from C
+Omega C Omega is associated amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega C Omega is associated amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega C Omega is associated amplitude
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+associate emp2 it's going to become find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate emp2 it's going to become find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate emp2 it's going to become find
+in a really small region from Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a really small region from Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a really small region from Omega 0
+minus Omega s to Omega 0 plus Omega s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega s to Omega 0 plus Omega s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega s to Omega 0 plus Omega s so
+that's the trick which actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick which actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the trick which actually make
+this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen
+solvable how do we know this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable how do we know this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable how do we know this okay
+that is because if I now for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because if I now for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because if I now for example I
+send FS equal to cosine Omega s T ok if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send FS equal to cosine Omega s T ok if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send FS equal to cosine Omega s T ok if
+this is actually the signal which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the signal which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the signal which I
+would like to send just a harmonic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to send just a harmonic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to send just a harmonic wave
+okay then what is going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what is going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what is going to happen is
+that I'm going to get ft equal to cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to get ft equal to cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to get ft equal to cosine
+Omega s T cosine so this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s T cosine so this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s T cosine so this is actually a
+multiplied by cosine Omega 0 T right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by cosine Omega 0 T right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by cosine Omega 0 T right now
+I have cosine Omega 0 T here ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have cosine Omega 0 T here ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have cosine Omega 0 T here ok
+I have cosine x cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have cosine x cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have cosine x cosine
+therefore I have this equation which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I have this equation which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I have this equation which I
+prepare here the formula of cosine alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare here the formula of cosine alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare here the formula of cosine alpha
+cosine beta will be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine beta will be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine beta will be equal to the
+functional form right just a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form right just a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form right just a reminder
+therefore I can now write it as 1 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now write it as 1 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now write it as 1 over 2
+cosine Omega s minus Omega 0 e + cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega s minus Omega 0 e + cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega s minus Omega 0 e + cosine
+Omega Omega S Plus Omega 0 ok you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega S Plus Omega 0 ok you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Omega S Plus Omega 0 ok you can
+see that when I actually multiply 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that when I actually multiply 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that when I actually multiply 2
+cosine function together then what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function together then what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function together then what I get
+is actually Omega 0 minus Omega s ok you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually Omega 0 minus Omega s ok you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually Omega 0 minus Omega s ok you
+can actually put a minus sign there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually put a minus sign there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually put a minus sign there as
+the limit and cosine Omega 0 plus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and cosine Omega 0 plus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and cosine Omega 0 plus Omega
+s T times T right so therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s T times T right so therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s T times T right so therefore you can
+see that the frequency there are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the frequency there are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the frequency there are only
+two frequencies which contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies which contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two frequencies which contribute to the
+C of Omega which is a these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of Omega which is a these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of Omega which is a these two
+frequency okay so not actually why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so not actually why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay so not actually why if
+you do this to this trick you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this to this trick you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this to this trick you actually
+try to modulate your slow signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to modulate your slow signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to modulate your slow signal
+function by a fast carrier frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by a fast carrier frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function by a fast carrier frequency
+then you are going to confine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are going to confine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you are going to confine the
+effective range of Omega into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective range of Omega into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective range of Omega into a very
+small range okay why is that useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range okay why is that useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range okay why is that useful
+that's actually what I want to answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what I want to answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what I want to answer to
+you right so suppose I have this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so suppose I have this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so suppose I have this crazy
+dispersion relation which is Omega as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation which is Omega as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation which is Omega as a
+function of K right you can grab it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K right you can grab it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K right you can grab it and
+suppose it looks really crazy like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it looks really crazy like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it looks really crazy like this
+okay and if I set my carrier oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I set my carrier oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I set my carrier oscillation
+frequency to be Omega zero okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to be Omega zero okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to be Omega zero okay and that
+will give you a corresponding wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a corresponding wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a corresponding wave
+number which is k0 okay I hope you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is k0 okay I hope you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is k0 okay I hope you can
+see it alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it alright
+that's a corresponding okay okay before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a corresponding okay okay before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a corresponding okay okay before
+we actually multiply this function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually multiply this function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually multiply this function okay
+it's a slow function it's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slow function it's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slow function it's not exactly
+the one cosine function so if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one cosine function so if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one cosine function so if you just
+have a cosine function harmonica wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cosine function harmonica wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cosine function harmonica wave
+then you don't really need this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't really need this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't really need this trick
+right because it's actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's actually going to be
+traveling at the speed of some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the speed of some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the speed of some some
+constant speed right it's a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speed right it's a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant speed right it's a harmonic
+traveling wave but if we just look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave but if we just look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling wave but if we just look if
+this is a slow function but not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slow function but not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a slow function but not really a
+single harmonic wave then what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single harmonic wave then what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single harmonic wave then what is going
+to happen is that you are going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that you are going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that you are going to need
+a wide range of K value or Omega value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide range of K value or Omega value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide range of K value or Omega value
+to describe FS okay then you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe FS okay then you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe FS okay then you are in
+trouble because now everything all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because now everything all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because now everything all the
+waves with different wave lengths are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves with different wave lengths are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves with different wave lengths are
+going to be traveling at different speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be traveling at different speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be traveling at different speed
+then you have this dispersion problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this dispersion problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this dispersion problem
+okay on the other hand if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if I multiply
+this function this slow function by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function this slow function by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function this slow function by a
+fast oscillating function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast oscillating function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast oscillating function
+I am confining the effective range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am confining the effective range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am confining the effective range of
+Omega into this small box which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega into this small box which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega into this small box which is
+actually between Omega zero minus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually between Omega zero minus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually between Omega zero minus or
+plus Omega s right this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega s right this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega s right this is actually
+Omega 0 plus minus Omega s this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 plus minus Omega s this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 plus minus Omega s this is
+actually the range of the possible Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the range of the possible Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the range of the possible Omega
+which contribute to this resulting F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contribute to this resulting F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contribute to this resulting F of
+T therefore the behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T therefore the behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T therefore the behavior of this
+function is actually much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually much easier to
+understand ok so it was that given there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand ok so it was that given there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand ok so it was that given there
+suppose now I have a large difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now I have a large difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose now I have a large difference
+between suppose I have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between suppose I have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between suppose I have a lot of
+difference between Omega s and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Omega s and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Omega s and Omega
+zero then I can actually focus on a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I can actually focus on a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I can actually focus on a very
+small range in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range in this
+dispersion relation diagram then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation diagram then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation diagram then I can
+write Omega as a function okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Omega as a function okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Omega as a function okay the
+dispersion relation equal to Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation equal to Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation equal to Omega 0
+plus K minus K 0 partial Omega H okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K minus K 0 partial Omega H okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K minus K 0 partial Omega H okay
+evaluated at a equal to K plus I all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at a equal to K plus I all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at a equal to K plus I all the
+time right basically I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right basically I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right basically I can do this
+Taylor expansion okay and maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion okay and maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor expansion okay and maybe it
+surprise you you can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you you can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you you can immediately
+identify ha this is theta D Omega DK is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify ha this is theta D Omega DK is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify ha this is theta D Omega DK is
+the group velocity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity okay
+suddenly show up in the Taylor expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly show up in the Taylor expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly show up in the Taylor expansion
+of the dispersion relation okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dispersion relation okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dispersion relation okay so if I
+focus on the region which is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the region which is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the region which is around
+Omega 0 then I can easily write Omega in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 then I can easily write Omega in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 then I can easily write Omega in
+this functional form Omega is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional form Omega is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional form Omega is actually
+equal to Omega 0 plus K minus K 0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega 0 plus K minus K 0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega 0 plus K minus K 0 times
+V VG which is the group velocity ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V VG which is the group velocity ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V VG which is the group velocity ok so
+suppose this is happening then now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is happening then now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is happening then now I can
+actually go ahead and really calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go ahead and really calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go ahead and really calculate
+the functional form for F of T okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form for F of T okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional form for F of T okay so
+suppose I have I have the specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have I have the specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have I have the specification
+of T the definition of t is equal to FS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T the definition of t is equal to FS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T the definition of t is equal to FS
+T times cosine Omega T Omega ok or say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times cosine Omega T Omega ok or say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times cosine Omega T Omega ok or say I
+can actually write it in a complex form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write it in a complex form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write it in a complex form
+instead of writing it in a cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing it in a cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing it in a cosine Omega
+0 T functional form I can write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 T functional form I can write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 T functional form I can write it in
+exponential function exponential minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function exponential minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function exponential minus I
+Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0
+okay which is actually more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is actually more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is actually more convenient
+for the discussion okay so what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the discussion okay so what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the discussion okay so what is going
+to happen if I actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if I actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if I actually do this
+calculation then basically just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation then basically just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation then basically just one
+example signal which I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example signal which I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example signal which I would like to
+send on the slide so if I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send on the slide so if I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send on the slide so if I'm trying to
+send progressing harmonic wave then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send progressing harmonic wave then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send progressing harmonic wave then
+after multiplying by this exponential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after multiplying by this exponential I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after multiplying by this exponential I
+Omega 0 T function or a cosine function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T function or a cosine function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T function or a cosine function
+basically you get something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you get something which is
+actually also that in really fast which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also that in really fast which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also that in really fast which
+is actually the and signal we are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the and signal we are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the and signal we are trying
+to send through this medium ok so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send through this medium ok so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send through this medium ok so we can
+actually identify this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify this is actually the
+structure so this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so this is actually the
+carrier and this signal became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and this signal became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier and this signal became the
+envelope in analogy to what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope in analogy to what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope in analogy to what we have
+discussed for the pit phenomena case ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for the pit phenomena case ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed for the pit phenomena case ok
+so now if if the Omega is omega range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if if the Omega is omega range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if if the Omega is omega range is
+really small then I can actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small then I can actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small then I can actually write
+this down right of a functional form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down right of a functional form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down right of a functional form of
+Omega in this functional form or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in this functional form or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega in this functional form or I can
+actually take out the K which we turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take out the K which we turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take out the K which we turn
+and the rest is actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is actually going to be
+something like some constant a where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like some constant a where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like some constant a where a
+is actually equal to Omega 0 minus VG x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to Omega 0 minus VG x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to Omega 0 minus VG x
+kz ok so basically I am just taking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kz ok so basically I am just taking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kz ok so basically I am just taking out
+this K turn here and this become this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K turn here and this become this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this K turn here and this become this
+turn ok it's this formula I can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn ok it's this formula I can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn ok it's this formula I can solve
+what would be the function functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the function functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the function functional
+form for K ok as a preparation for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for K ok as a preparation for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form for K ok as a preparation for what
+I'm going to do later so K can be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do later so K can be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do later so K can be also
+expressed as Omega over VG right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as Omega over VG right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as Omega over VG right so
+basically I just solve the K + B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I just solve the K + B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I just solve the K + B
+these is just some constant right just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just some constant right just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is just some constant right just
+do for convenience I can write P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for convenience I can write P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for convenience I can write P equal
+to K 0 minus Omega 0 minus a divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K 0 minus Omega 0 minus a divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K 0 minus Omega 0 minus a divided by
+B G what we learned here is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B G what we learned here is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B G what we learned here is that if the
+range of effective Omega is really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of effective Omega is really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of effective Omega is really small
+Ron Omega 0 then Omega the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ron Omega 0 then Omega the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ron Omega 0 then Omega the relation
+between Omega and a K become a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and a K become a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and a K become a linear
+function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay
+of course it's not like still not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's not like still not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's not like still not like
+the case for the non dispersive medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for the non dispersive medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for the non dispersive medium
+like where Omega over K is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where Omega over K is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where Omega over K is a constant
+but at least if he can linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least if he can linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least if he can linear function
+which is actually much nicer okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually much nicer okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually much nicer okay so
+finally with all those preparation have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally with all those preparation have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally with all those preparation have
+we have done we would like to show one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done we would like to show one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done we would like to show one
+important consequence so what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequence so what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequence so what we are
+trying to do is to show that side XT ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to show that side XT ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to show that side XT ok
+now I sent I oscillate the median the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I sent I oscillate the median the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I sent I oscillate the median the
+string by this F of T which I designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string by this F of T which I designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string by this F of T which I designed
+their F T is actually FS times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their F T is actually FS times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their F T is actually FS times
+exponential I Omega 0 T ok that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega 0 T ok that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega 0 T ok that's
+actually design there okay I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design there okay I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually design there okay I would like
+to show that the resulting amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the resulting amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that the resulting amplitude
+will be equal to FS t minus x divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to FS t minus x divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to FS t minus x divided by
+V G it's born in show minus I Omega 0 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V G it's born in show minus I Omega 0 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V G it's born in show minus I Omega 0 T
+0 of course I need to take the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of course I need to take the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 of course I need to take the real part
+of this right to go back to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right to go back to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right to go back to the real
+axis basically I had dropped the I sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis basically I had dropped the I sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis basically I had dropped the I sine
+Omega T contribution ok so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T contribution ok so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T contribution ok so this is what
+I want to show ok before I go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show ok before I go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show ok before I go through
+all those math let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those math let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those math let's look at the
+conclusion which I would like to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which I would like to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which I would like to draw
+before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we
+actually really close to the mass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really close to the mass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really close to the mass the
+conclusion which I would like to draw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which I would like to draw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which I would like to draw is
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+this is actually my envelope okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually my envelope okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually my envelope okay my
+envelope is going to be traveling at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is going to be traveling at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is going to be traveling at the
+speed of VG which is the group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of VG which is the group velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of VG which is the group velocity
+that's the conclusion which I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conclusion which I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conclusion which I would like
+to draw from this exercise and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw from this exercise and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw from this exercise and this
+thing is actually cosine Omega 0 t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually cosine Omega 0 t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is actually cosine Omega 0 t minus
+K 0 X therefore this is this essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 0 X therefore this is this essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 0 X therefore this is this essentially
+harmonic wave the carrier is a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic wave the carrier is a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic wave the carrier is a harmonic
+wave traveling at the VP equal to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave traveling at the VP equal to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave traveling at the VP equal to Omega
+0 divided by K 2 that's the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 divided by K 2 that's the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 divided by K 2 that's the kind of
+conclusion which I would like to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which I would like to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which I would like to draw
+from this exercise ok any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this exercise ok any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this exercise ok any questions
+about what we have discussed so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we have discussed so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we have discussed so far
+ok then really you have to hold tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then really you have to hold tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then really you have to hold tight
+and follow me really hundred-percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow me really hundred-percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and follow me really hundred-percent
+focus ok because this is a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus ok because this is a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus ok because this is a complicated
+calculation so now what I can do is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so now what I can do is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so now what I can do is now
+I need to express my FS in terms of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to express my FS in terms of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to express my FS in terms of C
+right so I do integration from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I do integration from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I do integration from minus
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to infinity the Omega C Omega
+exponential minus I Omega T ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega T ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega T ok so
+basically I can write my effort FS in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can write my effort FS in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can write my effort FS in in
+a functional form which we introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional form which we introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional form which we introduced
+before ok then my F function is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before ok then my F function is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before ok then my F function is actually
+equal to FS times exponential I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to FS times exponential I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to FS times exponential I Omega
+minus I Omega 0 T right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega 0 T right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I Omega 0 T right so that's
+actually what we define there right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we define there right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we define there right and
+this will be equal to minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to minus infinity
+infinity to this integration over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to this integration over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to this integration over Omega
+C Omega exponential minus I Omega plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Omega exponential minus I Omega plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Omega exponential minus I Omega plus
+Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's nothing special I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's nothing special I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's nothing special I just
+take my expression for F s multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my expression for F s multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my expression for F s multiplied
+that by explanation of minus I Omega 0 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by explanation of minus I Omega 0 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by explanation of minus I Omega 0 T
+then that says you were like it okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that says you were like it okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that says you were like it okay now
+I can always so since this is you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always so since this is you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always so since this is you in the
+equation over Omega from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over Omega from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation over Omega from minus infinity
+to infinity right therefore I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity right therefore I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity right therefore I can always
+have the freedom to shift the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the freedom to shift the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the freedom to shift the origin
+right okay so that means F of T can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that means F of T can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so that means F of T can be
+written as minus infinity to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as minus infinity to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as minus infinity to infinity
+the Omega C Omega minus Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega C Omega minus Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Omega C Omega minus Omega 0
+exponential minus I Omega okay then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega okay then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega okay then we
+can see that this fixed relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this fixed relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this fixed relation between
+C of the F function and the C of the FS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of the F function and the C of the FS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of the F function and the C of the FS
+function okay so so far everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so so far everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so so far everything is
+exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+I haven't make any approximation so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't make any approximation so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't make any approximation so far
+right so now I can take this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I can take this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now I can take this function
+and the propagate that 200x right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the propagate that 200x right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the propagate that 200x right in the
+other word I can now take this F F F T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word I can now take this F F F T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other word I can now take this F F F T
+and write down the side is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down the side is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down the side is a function of
+x NT okay so that means all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x NT okay so that means all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x NT okay so that means all the
+different components are traveling at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components are traveling at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components are traveling at
+different speed so basically I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed so basically I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed so basically I can write
+it down like T Omega C Omega minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down like T Omega C Omega minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down like T Omega C Omega minus Omega
+0 exponential minus I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 exponential minus I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 exponential minus I Omega T
+exponential I K X K is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K X K is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K X K is actually a
+function of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Omega
+okay any questions so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so that's actually
+just identical to what we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just identical to what we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just identical to what we actually have
+done before right so now I can go from F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before right so now I can go from F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done before right so now I can go from F
+of T to Sun okay all right so until here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T to Sun okay all right so until here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T to Sun okay all right so until here
+everything is that you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is that you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is that you have all the
+problems you have like you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you have like you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you have like you know this
+dispersion etc because all the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion etc because all the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion etc because all the detail
+components as you can see here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components as you can see here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components as you can see here can be
+traveling at different speed right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at different speed right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at different speed right okay
+so now what I could do is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I could do is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I could do is that if I
+assume that C Omega it's only sizable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that C Omega it's only sizable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that C Omega it's only sizable at
+the small range around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small range around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small range around
+it's only a sizeable around Omega zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a sizeable around Omega zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only a sizeable around Omega zero
+okay if now I take this assumption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if now I take this assumption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if now I take this assumption and
+propagate into this formula okay then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate into this formula okay then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate into this formula okay then I
+can write this side function roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this side function roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this side function roughly
+like minus infinity to infinity P Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minus infinity to infinity P Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like minus infinity to infinity P Omega
+C Omega minus Omega 0 exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Omega minus Omega 0 exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Omega minus Omega 0 exponential minus
+I Omega P exponential I now I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega P exponential I now I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Omega P exponential I now I can take
+the formula which I actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula which I actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula which I actually did
+approximation right run Omega zero run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right run Omega zero run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right run Omega zero run
+Omega zero K can be written as Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero K can be written as Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero K can be written as Omega
+over PG plus P this is actually where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over PG plus P this is actually where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over PG plus P this is actually where I
+take the proximation only consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the proximation only consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the proximation only consider the
+first order in the Taylor expansion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order in the Taylor expansion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order in the Taylor expansion okay
+so you can see now here is not exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see now here is not exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see now here is not exact
+anymore but now I write approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but now I write approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but now I write approximate
+functional form for K Omega okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form for K Omega okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form for K Omega okay so what
+I'm going to get is omega over VG price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get is omega over VG price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get is omega over VG price
+P okay x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions okay now I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions okay now I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions okay now I have the
+approximation and of course now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and of course now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and of course now I can
+gather all the terms related to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather all the terms related to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather all the terms related to Omega
+together I'm getting minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I'm getting minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I'm getting minus infinity to
+infinity the Omega C Omega minus Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the Omega C Omega minus Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the Omega C Omega minus Omega 0
+exponential minus I Omega t minus x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega t minus x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega t minus x over
+PG exponential I X all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG exponential I X all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG exponential I X all right so
+basically I merge in this turn in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I merge in this turn in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I merge in this turn in that
+turn this term and nutin will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this term and nutin will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this term and nutin will give you
+this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term
+okay and what this issue is the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this issue is the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this issue is the rest is
+the exponential I DX okay we are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential I DX okay we are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential I DX okay we are almost
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I would like to use this sport I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would like to use this sport I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would like to use this sport I
+need to erase that okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to erase that okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to erase that okay so now I
+continue from here and I can now again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue from here and I can now again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue from here and I can now again I
+can again change the origin of the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can again change the origin of the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can again change the origin of the this
+infinite integral alright so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite integral alright so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite integral alright so that this
+can be written as minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as minus infinity to
+infinity the Omega C function Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the Omega C function Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity the Omega C function Omega
+exponential minus I Omega plus Omega 0 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega plus Omega 0 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega plus Omega 0 t
+minus X divided by V G okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X divided by V G okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X divided by V G okay and the
+exponential I DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I DX
+okay so what I come from this port to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I come from this port to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I come from this port to
+that formula if you are following me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula if you are following me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula if you are following me
+we are almost there is that I'm changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are almost there is that I'm changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are almost there is that I'm changing
+the origin again so that Omega minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin again so that Omega minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin again so that Omega minus
+Omega 0 T can homemaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T can homemaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T can homemaker
+become the new Omega okay is everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the new Omega okay is everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the new Omega okay is everybody
+accepting this fact okay and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting this fact okay and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting this fact okay and that means
+the original Omega will become Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Omega will become Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Omega will become Omega
+plus Omega 0 okay I'm trying to code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega 0 okay I'm trying to code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega 0 okay I'm trying to code
+really fat I'll really slow okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fat I'll really slow okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fat I'll really slow okay so that
+everybody can can follow okay I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can can follow okay I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can can follow okay I hope you
+are following all right then now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following all right then now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following all right then now I can
+issue redistributed rearrange all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue redistributed rearrange all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue redistributed rearrange all those
+turns and the magic will happen okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and the magic will happen okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns and the magic will happen okay so
+that means we arrange all those times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we arrange all those times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we arrange all those times
+minus infinity to infinity the Omega C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity the Omega C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity to infinity the Omega C
+Omega exponential minus I Omega t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega exponential minus I Omega t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega exponential minus I Omega t minus
+X divided by V G exponential minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X divided by V G exponential minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X divided by V G exponential minus I
+Omega 0 T exponential I Omega 0 over V G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T exponential I Omega 0 over V G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T exponential I Omega 0 over V G
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so basically there's really no magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically there's really no magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically there's really no magic
+what I'm going to win is really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to win is really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to win is really to
+rearrange all those turns so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange all those turns so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange all those turns so that this
+turn is actually arranged so that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is actually arranged so that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is actually arranged so that he
+said now Omega times three minus x / BG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said now Omega times three minus x / BG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said now Omega times three minus x / BG
+is an independent exponential turn okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an independent exponential turn okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an independent exponential turn okay
+and I actually extract this turn times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually extract this turn times T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I actually extract this turn times T
+to be written here okay I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be written here okay I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be written here okay I'm just
+rearranging things okay I'm not changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging things okay I'm not changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging things okay I'm not changing
+anything and finally I can merge this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and finally I can merge this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and finally I can merge this
+turn and not turn and become this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and not turn and become this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and not turn and become this
+function feel okay I can immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function feel okay I can immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function feel okay I can immediately
+recognize not after this rearrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize not after this rearrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize not after this rearrangement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's just rewriting the formula putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just rewriting the formula putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just rewriting the formula putting
+all those turns in different praise okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those turns in different praise okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those turns in different praise okay
+of course you can actually review this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can actually review this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can actually review this
+part of the lecture in a lecture notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture in a lecture notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the lecture in a lecture notes
+later but basically why not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but basically why not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but basically why not doing
+anything fancy but rearranging things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything fancy but rearranging things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything fancy but rearranging things
+over in different press then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in different press then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in different press then I can
+actually quickly identify what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quickly identify what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quickly identify what actually
+I am trying to integrate okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am trying to integrate okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am trying to integrate okay so this
+integration is over Omega right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is over Omega right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is over Omega right there
+for all those turns are not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those turns are not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those turns are not related to
+Omega therefore they are just some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega therefore they are just some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega therefore they are just some some
+turns which are sitting there to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns which are sitting there to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns which are sitting there to the
+participate and if you focus on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate and if you focus on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate and if you focus on this
+part okay what is this if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay what is this if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay what is this if you compare
+that to the original equation which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the original equation which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the original equation which I
+have here if you compare that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here if you compare that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here if you compare that to the
+original fs equation here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fs equation here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fs equation here you can
+immediately identify that actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately identify that actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately identify that actually does
+a functional FS original this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional FS original this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a functional FS original this function
+FS is a function of T and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS is a function of T and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FS is a function of T and I'm going to
+that board now this is actually FS but t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board now this is actually FS but t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that board now this is actually FS but t
+minus x over VG surprising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over VG surprising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x over VG surprising the
+simple okay now let's look at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay now let's look at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple okay now let's look at the right
+hand side this mass here okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side this mass here okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side this mass here okay this is a
+should be K 0 which I should do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be K 0 which I should do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be K 0 which I should do you
+cannot see it any more in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see it any more in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see it any more in the back of
+this board and then if you combine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board and then if you combine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board and then if you combine these
+two times basically what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times basically what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times basically what you get is
+exponential minus I Omega 0 t minus K 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega 0 t minus K 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus I Omega 0 t minus K 0
+X so look at what we have done I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so look at what we have done I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so look at what we have done I got
+started with this Budhia transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this Budhia transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this Budhia transport
+functional form of F s I multiply F s by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of F s I multiply F s by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of F s I multiply F s by
+cosine Omega 0 T and go to the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 0 T and go to the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 0 T and go to the complex
+notation it becomes exponential minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it becomes exponential minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it becomes exponential minus I
+Omega 0 T if I multiply that by I get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T if I multiply that by I get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 T if I multiply that by I get my
+F function which is like this you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F function which is like this you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F function which is like this you get
+additional turn there I rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional turn there I rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional turn there I rearranged
+things and change the origin and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and change the origin and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and change the origin and I can
+rewrite the FT in this functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the FT in this functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the FT in this functional form
+and I can have a relation between the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can have a relation between the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can have a relation between the C
+related to F s to the C related to F F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to F s to the C related to F F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to F s to the C related to F F
+of T i propagate ft over the Force Base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T i propagate ft over the Force Base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T i propagate ft over the Force Base
+and obtain my side which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obtain my side which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obtain my side which is the
+amplitude as a function of price and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of price and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of price and end
+at a time until here everything is exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time until here everything is exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time until here everything is exact
+then I have introduced assumption which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have introduced assumption which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have introduced assumption which
+is C of Omega is only sizeable on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C of Omega is only sizeable on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C of Omega is only sizeable on the
+contributing around Omega 0 therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing around Omega 0 therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing around Omega 0 therefore I
+can do a proximation form for the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a proximation form for the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a proximation form for the K
+function which is a this possible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a this possible okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a this possible okay
+then I just do the integration then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just do the integration then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I just do the integration then I
+found out interesting this side ok it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out interesting this side ok it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out interesting this side ok it's
+this side is actually okay you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side is actually okay you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side is actually okay you should be
+taking the real part of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the real part of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the real part of this thing
+this site have to come component the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this site have to come component the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this site have to come component the
+first companies FS which is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first companies FS which is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first companies FS which is the original
+signal you putting the signal you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you putting the signal you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal you putting the signal you want
+to send essentially profit progressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send essentially profit progressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send essentially profit progressing
+at the speed of who velocity okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of who velocity okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of who velocity okay so now
+you understand what does group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what does group velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what does group velocity
+me right that's the speed of the sino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right that's the speed of the sino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me right that's the speed of the sino
+you want to say in the end radial okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say in the end radial okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say in the end radial okay
+and this series is you modulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this series is you modulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this series is you modulated by
+exponential function which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function which is actually
+propagating at the speed of VP equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating at the speed of VP equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating at the speed of VP equal to
+Omega 0 over K 0 so so the carrier still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 over K 0 so so the carrier still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 over K 0 so so the carrier still
+after you it should include many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you it should include many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you it should include many many
+turns constructing the F function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns constructing the F function the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns constructing the F function the
+side which is the amplitude okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side which is the amplitude okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side which is the amplitude okay the
+trick is that only the Omega value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is that only the Omega value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick is that only the Omega value
+around Omega 0 contribute if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Omega 0 contribute if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Omega 0 contribute if that
+happened then you can see that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then you can see that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then you can see that there are
+two structures cap actually a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two structures cap actually a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two structures cap actually a public
+ating at different speed and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating at different speed and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ating at different speed and you can
+actually understand this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understand this structure
+independently okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently okay
+that means you were signal will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you were signal will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you were signal will not be
+distorted if you send it in this way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted if you send it in this way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted if you send it in this way but
+the difference is that the speed of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that the speed of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that the speed of that
+that does the sino you are sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does the sino you are sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does the sino you are sending
+essentially at the speed of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at the speed of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at the speed of group
+velocity okay that's essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay that's essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay that's essentially the
+amazing fact which actually enable us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing fact which actually enable us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing fact which actually enable us to
+send signal over thousands of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send signal over thousands of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send signal over thousands of thousands
+of miles away from the source so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of miles away from the source so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of miles away from the source so what
+this issue the tongue is actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue the tongue is actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue the tongue is actually that
+suppose you have some kind of radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some kind of radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you have some kind of radio
+station you can send the radio and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station you can send the radio and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station you can send the radio and the
+you know the radio will call oval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the radio will call oval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the radio will call oval
+appraised and contracted by and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraised and contracted by and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraised and contracted by and no
+sphere the atmosphere in on earth can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the atmosphere in on earth can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere the atmosphere in on earth can't
+refracted and the receiver from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted and the receiver from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted and the receiver from some
+press which is really distant from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press which is really distant from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press which is really distant from the
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+can still see it without any dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still see it without any dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still see it without any dispersion
+as we show here and it's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we show here and it's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we show here and it's actually going
+to be propagating at the speed of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be propagating at the speed of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be propagating at the speed of true
+velocity so you may not actually be deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so you may not actually be deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so you may not actually be deep
+that right how about we do a simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right how about we do a simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right how about we do a simulation
+like what we did before with an ID wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we did before with an ID wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we did before with an ID wave
+so this is actually the example which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the example which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the example which we
+did last time we have an ID wave we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time we have an ID wave we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time we have an ID wave we
+decompose that into many many pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that into many many pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose that into many many pieces and
+then see how it evolves as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then see how it evolves as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then see how it evolves as a function of
+time this issue without dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this issue without dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this issue without dispersion
+therefore everything is perfect right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore everything is perfect right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore everything is perfect right
+all right so now I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I would like to
+introduce some excitement there okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some excitement there okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some excitement there okay if
+I have dispersion like point one half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have dispersion like point one half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have dispersion like point one half is
+equal to one point one and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one point one and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one point one and see what
+happened then just a reminder that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then just a reminder that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened then just a reminder that
+things will not go super well wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will not go super well wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will not go super well wait a
+second while I am doing this is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second while I am doing this is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second while I am doing this is as you
+still with the dispersion sorry for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be oh wait okay so that's to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be oh wait okay so that's to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be oh wait okay so that's to take
+a look at the triangle up case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the triangle up case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the triangle up case this is
+now with dispersion and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with dispersion and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with dispersion and you can see that
+as a reminder as a function of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder as a function of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reminder as a function of time the
+shape of the signal which we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the signal which we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the signal which we would like
+to send is actually changing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send is actually changing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send is actually changing as a
+function of time and after a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and after a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and after a few hundred
+thousands of miles you will not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of miles you will not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of miles you will not even
+recognize the original structure we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the original structure we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the original structure we put
+in okay so that's the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that's the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so that's the trouble
+we are actually facing okay you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually facing okay you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually facing okay you can see
+that is getting wider and wider etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is getting wider and wider etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is getting wider and wider etc so
+now what will happen if I send as what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what will happen if I send as what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what will happen if I send as what
+will happen if I send this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if I send this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if I send this kind of
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+this is a second of which you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a second of which you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a second of which you have some
+kind of shape you can image in that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shape you can image in that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of shape you can image in that this
+some kind of envelope and I am now doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of envelope and I am now doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of envelope and I am now doing
+the calculation too as you map all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation too as you map all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation too as you map all the
+individual components and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual components and now I'm going
+to propagate through the median and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate through the median and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate through the median and the
+blue is the original non-dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is the original non-dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is the original non-dispersive
+median situation and the red is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median situation and the red is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median situation and the red is actually
+the publication in your dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication in your dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publication in your dispersive
+medium you can see the publication in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium you can see the publication in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium you can see the publication in a
+dispersive medium is faster because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium is faster because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium is faster because
+alpha is actually larger than one larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is actually larger than one larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is actually larger than one larger
+than zero so it's actually at this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so it's actually at this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so it's actually at this case
+is 0.1 and you can see that the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine Omega 0 T modulated signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 0 T modulated signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega 0 T modulated signal is
+progressing okay and the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing okay and the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing okay and the shape of the
+envelope is not changing you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is not changing you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is not changing you can see
+that right so it's very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so it's very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so it's very different from
+what we actually see before with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually see before with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually see before with a
+single trying to the house right now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trying to the house right now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single trying to the house right now you
+can see that huh only when n gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that huh only when n gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that huh only when n gets very
+large I start to be able to fit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I start to be able to fit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I start to be able to fit all
+those little structure right that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little structure right that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little structure right that means
+the N value over say the Omega value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N value over say the Omega value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N value over say the Omega value
+which I need is really narrow a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I need is really narrow a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I need is really narrow a very
+narrow range which I should match with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow range which I should match with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow range which I should match with
+what we have been doing and now I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have been doing and now I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have been doing and now I start
+to propagate all those things and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate all those things and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to propagate all those things and you
+can see that the red is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the red is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the red is actually
+traveling faster than the blue which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling faster than the blue which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling faster than the blue which is
+what we expect and you can see now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect and you can see now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect and you can see now in
+the instance name they actually overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance name they actually overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance name they actually overlap
+each other you can see that the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you can see that the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other you can see that the envelope
+the shape of the envelope is still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the envelope is still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the envelope is still the
+same it's exactly what we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's exactly what we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same it's exactly what we actually
+printed and that actually brings me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed and that actually brings me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed and that actually brings me to
+the end of my lecture we have understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of my lecture we have understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of my lecture we have understood
+how the and the radio actually works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the and the radio actually works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the and the radio actually works and
+next time we are going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we are going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we are going to talk about
+uncertainty principles what the hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principles what the hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principles what the hell
+what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened
+and believe me they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me they are actually
+connected to each other with uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other with uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to each other with uncertainty
+principle is actually highly related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is actually highly related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is actually highly related to
+wave and the vibrations thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the vibrations thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the vibrations thank you very
+much and let me know if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and let me know if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and let me know if you have any
+questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WR88_Vzfcx4.txt b/WR88_Vzfcx4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f21749ba37c03d4e3e73e7c10e80b8e377a49a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WR88_Vzfcx4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3191 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're building this story uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're building this story uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're building this story uh we we
+had the photoelectric effect uh but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the photoelectric effect uh but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the photoelectric effect uh but at
+this moment uh Einstein in the same year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment uh Einstein in the same year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment uh Einstein in the same year
+that he was talking about general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was talking about general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was talking about general
+relativity he came back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he came back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity he came back to the
+photon and uh there's actually a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and uh there's actually a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and uh there's actually a quote
+of Einstein saying well you know his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Einstein saying well you know his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Einstein saying well you know his
+greatest discoveries uh for sure were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest discoveries uh for sure were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest discoveries uh for sure were
+special relativity in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity in general
+relativity the photon he got the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity the photon he got the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity the photon he got the Nobel
+Prize uh for the photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize uh for the photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize uh for the photoelectric effect
+and he certainly helped invent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he certainly helped invent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he certainly helped invent the
+quantum theory and uh did many important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory and uh did many important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory and uh did many important
+things in this subject but uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this subject but uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this subject but uh in
+retrospect his greatest successes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect his greatest successes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospect his greatest successes were
+that but he may have not quite seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but he may have not quite seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but he may have not quite seen it
+exactly that way he he wrote at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that way he he wrote at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that way he he wrote at some
+stage that his uh whole life had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that his uh whole life had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage that his uh whole life had been a
+difficult struggle against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult struggle against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult struggle against the
+quantum paused by some small happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum paused by some small happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum paused by some small happy
+interludes of some other discoveries but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interludes of some other discoveries but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interludes of some other discoveries but
+the the quantum theory certainly uh made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantum theory certainly uh made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantum theory certainly uh made
+him very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him very
+um well he was very suspicious about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well he was very suspicious about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well he was very suspicious about the
+truth of the deep truth of the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of the deep truth of the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of the deep truth of the quantum
+theory so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory so uh
+1916 he's pH busy with general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1916 he's pH busy with general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1916 he's pH busy with general
+relativity but then he's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but then he's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but then he's uh
+more ready to admit that it the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ready to admit that it the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ready to admit that it the photon
+is a particle because he adds that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particle because he adds that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a particle because he adds that the
+photon now has momentum as well so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon now has momentum as well so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon now has momentum as well so it
+has it's a f these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it's a f these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it's a f these
+photons that were not called photons yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that were not called photons yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons that were not called photons yet
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+quanta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy but now he adds it's also also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but now he adds it's also also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but now he adds it's also also
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum momentum
+so this uh already characterizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh already characterizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh already characterizes
+particles you see um there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you see um there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you see um there is the
+relativistic relation um well known by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic relation um well known by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic relation um well known by
+then that e^2 minus p^ 2 c^ 2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that e^2 minus p^ 2 c^ 2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that e^2 minus p^ 2 c^ 2 is equal
+to m^2 C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m^2 C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m^2 C to
+4 you might say well this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you might say well this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you might say well this is a little
+surprising and if you don't remember too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and if you don't remember too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and if you don't remember too
+much special relativity this may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much special relativity this may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much special relativity this may not
+quite be your favorite formula uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite be your favorite formula uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite be your favorite formula uh your
+favorite formulas might be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite formulas might be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite formulas might be that the
+energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+mc² / 1 - v^ 2 / c^ 2 and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mc² / 1 - v^ 2 / c^ 2 and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mc² / 1 - v^ 2 / c^ 2 and that the
+momentum is the ordinary momentum again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is the ordinary momentum again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is the ordinary momentum again
+multiplied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this
+denominator like this but these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator like this but these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator like this but these two
+equations with a little bit of algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with a little bit of algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with a little bit of algebra
+yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which
+summarizes something about a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes something about a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes something about a particle
+that basically if you know the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically if you know the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically if you know the energy
+and the momentum of a particle you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of a particle you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum of a particle you know
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+mass and it comes out from this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and it comes out from this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and it comes out from this this is
+the relativistic version of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic version of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic version of similar
+equations in which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in which you have
+energy 12 mv^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy 12 mv^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy 12 mv^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+MV and then energy equal p^2 over 2 m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV and then energy equal p^2 over 2 m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV and then energy equal p^2 over 2 m a
+very important relation that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important relation that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important relation that you can
+check out of this two comes this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out of this two comes this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out of this two comes this one and
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonrelativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ttic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for f
+phons we would have particles of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+photons have zero mass m of the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons have zero mass m of the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons have zero mass m of the photon
+equals zero and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and therefore
+e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is equal to
+PC for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC for a
+photon so we can look at what the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so we can look at what the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so we can look at what the photon
+momentum is for example Photon momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is for example Photon momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is for example Photon momentum
+we can treat it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and
+uh the photon momentum would be e of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the photon momentum would be e of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the photon momentum would be e of the
+photon divided by C or H new of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon divided by C or H new of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon divided by C or H new of the
+photon divided by C and it's h over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon divided by C and it's h over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon divided by C and it's h over
+Lambda of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda of the
+photon um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon um of
+gamma so this is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so this is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma so this is a very interesting
+relation between the momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the momentum of the
+photon and the wavelength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and the wavelength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon and the wavelength of the
+photon so the idea that the photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so the idea that the photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so the idea that the photon is
+really a particle it's starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a particle it's starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a particle it's starting to
+gather evidence but uh people were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather evidence but uh people were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather evidence but uh people were not
+convinced about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced about it
+until Compton did his work so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Compton did his work so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Compton did his work so uh the
+same compon that we used this length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same compon that we used this length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same compon that we used this length
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+there he works on this problem and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he works on this problem and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he works on this problem and does
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following so is compon scattering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so is compon scattering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so is compon scattering the
+name of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the work
+Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compton
+Compton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so
+what is compon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is compon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is compon
+scattering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+xrays shining on atoms again but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrays shining on atoms again but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrays shining on atoms again but this
+time these are very energetic uh photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these are very energetic uh photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these are very energetic uh photons
+energetic x-rays x-rays can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic x-rays x-rays can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic x-rays x-rays can have
+anything from 100 EV to 100K EV th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from 100 EV to 100K EV th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything from 100 EV to 100K EV th
+100,000 electron volts and what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 electron volts and what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 electron volts and what are the
+energies of binding energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of binding energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of binding energies of
+electrons in atoms 10 EV 13 EV for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms 10 EV 13 EV for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in atoms 10 EV 13 EV for
+hydrogen so you're talking about 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so you're talking about 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so you're talking about 100,000
+EV coming in so it's easily going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV coming in so it's easily going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EV coming in so it's easily going to
+shake uh electrons and release them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake uh electrons and release them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shake uh electrons and release them uh
+very easily so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easily so you're going to have
+almost like even though you're shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like even though you're shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like even though you're shining
+on electrons that are bound to atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on electrons that are bound to atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on electrons that are bound to atoms
+it's almost like Shining Light on free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like Shining Light on free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost like Shining Light on free
+electrons if it's x-ray so uh so a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons if it's x-ray so uh so a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons if it's x-ray so uh so a few
+things happening so this is Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening so this is Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happening so this is Photon
+scattering on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering on
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+scattering on electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering on electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering on electrons
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free and the first thing that happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and the first thing that happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and the first thing that happens is
+that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+violation of what was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of what was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violation of what was called the
+classical Thomson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scattering scatter that you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering scatter that you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering scatter that you may have
+studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+802 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+802 so the
+reason Compton scattering did the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Compton scattering did the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason Compton scattering did the job
+and physicist finally admitted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physicist finally admitted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physicist finally admitted the
+photon was a particle is that it made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon was a particle is that it made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon was a particle is that it made it
+look like particle collision of a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like particle collision of a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like particle collision of a photon
+with an electron you could calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an electron you could calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an electron you could calculate it
+measure and treat the photon as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and treat the photon as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and treat the photon as a
+particle just like another particle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle just like another particle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle just like another particle like
+the electron and out came the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and out came the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron and out came the right
+result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result so
+uh the classical Thompson scattery was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the classical Thompson scattery was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the classical Thompson scattery was
+uh photon is a wave and what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photon is a wave and what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh photon is a wave and what does that
+do well you have a free electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well you have a free electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well you have a free electron
+and here comes an electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here comes an electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here comes an electromagnetic wave
+en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en
+NB and if it's low frequency wave low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB and if it's low frequency wave low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB and if it's low frequency wave low
+energy electron this electric the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electron this electric the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electron this electric the
+magnetic field does very little because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field does very little because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field does very little because
+this electron doesn't move too fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron doesn't move too fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron doesn't move too fast and
+the velocity is being small the Loren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is being small the Loren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is being small the Loren
+force is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is very
+small but the electric field shakes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but the electric field shakes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but the electric field shakes the
+electron and as the electron is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and as the electron is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and as the electron is being
+shaken it's accelerating and there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaken it's accelerating and there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaken it's accelerating and there it
+radiates itself and it radiates in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates itself and it radiates in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiates itself and it radiates in a
+pattern so um so you get photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so um so you get photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern so um so you get photons
+out and the pattern is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the pattern is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the pattern is the following
+I'll write the formula what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write the formula what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll write the formula what is called
+the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+um will maybe not explain too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will maybe not explain too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will maybe not explain too much about
+what this cross-section means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this cross-section means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this cross-section means
+that could be a nice thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a nice thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a nice thing for
+recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation
+um this is the formula for the Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the formula for the Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the formula for the Thompson
+crosssection as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection as a function of the
+angle between the incident direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the incident direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the incident direction of
+the photon and the photon that emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and the photon that emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and the photon that emerges
+so you detect photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you detect photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you detect photons
+out and uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and uh this is the
+crosssection what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection what does it mean
+crosssection well uh this has units I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection well uh this has units I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection well uh this has units I
+will say it very briefly units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area area per solid angle but solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area area per solid angle but solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area area per solid angle but solid
+angle has no units so if you imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle has no units so if you imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle has no units so if you imagine a
+little solid angle here and you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solid angle here and you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little solid angle here and you multiply
+by this cross-section it gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this cross-section it gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this cross-section it gives you some
+area that represents this solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that represents this solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that represents this solid angle
+you're looking at to see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at to see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at to see how many
+photons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons you
+get and uh the solid angle this uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and uh the solid angle this uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and uh the solid angle this uh that
+you have multiplied here to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiplied here to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiplied here to give you an
+area the area should be thought as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the area should be thought as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the area should be thought as the
+area that captures from the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that captures from the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that captures from the incoming
+beam the energy that is being sent into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the energy that is being sent into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam the energy that is being sent into
+the solid angle so it it represents an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid angle so it it represents an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid angle so it it represents an
+area and an area represents an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and an area represents an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and an area represents an energy
+because if you have a beam coming in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a beam coming in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have a beam coming in an
+electr magnetic wave through a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr magnetic wave through a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr magnetic wave through a little
+area some energy goes in so that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area some energy goes in so that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area some energy goes in so that area
+that you get is that air area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get is that air area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get is that air area that
+extracts from the incident beam the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts from the incident beam the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracts from the incident beam the
+energy that you need to go in this solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you need to go in this solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you need to go in this solid
+angle Direction so basically this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Direction so basically this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle Direction so basically this is a
+plot of intensity of the radiation as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of intensity of the radiation as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of intensity of the radiation as a
+function of angle but the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle but the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of angle but the most important
+thing not only this is not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not only this is not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing not only this is not quite
+accurate when the photon is of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate when the photon is of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate when the photon is of high
+energy the thing that is pretty wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the thing that is pretty wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the thing that is pretty wrong
+about this is that the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that the outgoing
+Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+going photons or wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the
+same frequency as the original wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency as the original wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency as the original wave
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+so that's a property of this cattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a property of this cattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a property of this cattering
+the electron is being moved at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is being moved at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is being moved at the
+frequency of the electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the electric field and
+therefore the frequency of the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the frequency of the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the frequency of the radiation
+is the same and this is is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and this is is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and this is is all
+classical but outcomes of when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but outcomes of when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical but outcomes of when you have
+a high energy this thing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high energy this thing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high energy this thing is not
+accurate and you have a different result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and you have a different result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and you have a different result
+so what did come uh comp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find well the first
+thing is a couple of observations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treat the photon as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+Photon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle okay so it has some energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay so it has some energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay so it has some energy and
+some momentum the electron has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum the electron has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum the electron has some
+energy and momentum you should analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum you should analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and momentum you should analyze
+the Collision using energy and momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Collision using energy and momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Collision using energy and momentum
+conservation so before the Collision you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so before the Collision you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so before the Collision you
+have an incoming photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that has some energy and some momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some energy and some momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some energy and some momentum
+and you have an electron maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an electron maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an electron maybe
+here and then after a while the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then after a while the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then after a while the electron
+flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies
+away in some direction e minus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in some direction e minus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in some direction e minus and the
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+also a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a photon
+Prime of different frequency flies away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of different frequency flies away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime of different frequency flies away
+it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collision you can do this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision you can do this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision you can do this calculation
+and uh maybe could even be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh maybe could even be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh maybe could even be done in
+recitation it's a relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation it's a relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation it's a relativistic
+calculation uh you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh you were
+asked um in first homework to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked um in first homework to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked um in first homework to show that
+the photon cannot be absorbed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon cannot be absorbed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon cannot be absorbed by the
+electron and that uses the relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that uses the relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and that uses the relativistic
+relations if you want to show you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations if you want to show you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations if you want to show you just
+can't absorb it it's now not consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't absorb it it's now not consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't absorb it it's now not consistent
+with energy and momentum conservation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy and momentum conservation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with energy and momentum conservation so
+it's something you can try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something you can try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something you can try to figure out
+the other thing that should become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that should become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that should become
+obvious is that the photon is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious is that the photon is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious is that the photon is going to
+lose some energy because as it hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some energy because as it hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose some energy because as it hits the
+electron it gives the electron a kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it gives the electron a kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it gives the electron a kick
+the electron now has kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron now has kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron now has kinetic energy
+think of this in the lab the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this in the lab the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this in the lab the electron
+was static the photon was coming after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was static the photon was coming after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was static the photon was coming after a
+while the electron has moveed is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the electron has moveed is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the electron has moveed is moving
+now with some velocity the photon must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with some velocity the photon must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with some velocity the photon must
+have lost energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost energy so
+Photon loses energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the
+final Lambda must be bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Lambda must be bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final Lambda must be bigger than the
+initial Lambda remember the shorter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Lambda remember the shorter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Lambda remember the shorter the
+wavelength the more energetic the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the more energetic the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength the more energetic the photon
+is so what is the difference uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what is the difference uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so what is the difference uh that's
+the result of a calculation it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of a calculation it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of a calculation it's a nice
+calculation all of you should do it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation all of you should do it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation all of you should do it um
+it's probably in some book in many books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably in some book in many books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably in some book in many books
+and and it's a nice exercise also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's a nice exercise also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's a nice exercise also for
+recitation Lambda final minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initial or I'll write it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial or I'll write it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial or I'll write it differently
+Lambda final is equal to Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda final is equal to Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda final is equal to Lambda
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+plus something that depends on the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something that depends on the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus something that depends on the angle
+Theta in fact has a 1us cosine Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in fact has a 1us cosine Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in fact has a 1us cosine Theta
+dependence but here has to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but here has to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence but here has to be something
+with units of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the only particle you have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only particle you have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only particle you have here is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this
+electron has some length which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has some length which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has some length which is the
+compon wavelength which is very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compon wavelength which is very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compon wavelength which is very natural
+for a Compton scattering problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Compton scattering problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a Compton scattering problem of
+course and it's here H over M EC so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and it's here H over M EC so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and it's here H over M EC so the
+L Compton of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Compton of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Compton of the electron
+and that's the correct formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the correct formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the correct formula for the
+loss of energy or change in frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of energy or change in frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of energy or change in frequency so
+the most you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most you can
+get is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is if
+you're if you don't pretty much don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you don't pretty much don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you don't pretty much don't
+interact when Theta is equal to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact when Theta is equal to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact when Theta is equal to zero the
+photon keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon keeps
+going doesn't even kick the electrod and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going doesn't even kick the electrod and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going doesn't even kick the electrod and
+then you get zero the initial Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get zero the initial Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get zero the initial Lambda is
+equal to the final final Lambda but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the final final Lambda but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the final final Lambda but this
+can be as large as two for totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be as large as two for totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be as large as two for totally
+backwards uh Photon emitted so Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh Photon emitted so Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh Photon emitted so Theta
+equal Pi cosine Pi is minus one you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Pi cosine Pi is minus one you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Pi cosine Pi is minus one you get
+two at 90° you get the compon uh shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at 90° you get the compon uh shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two at 90° you get the compon uh shift
+so it's a very nice thing you even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very nice thing you even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very nice thing you even know
+already what um what's happening here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already what um what's happening here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already what um what's happening here so
+um let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+describe the experiment itself how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the experiment itself how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the experiment itself how it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he used Compton the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment have a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of mip denum MIP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mip denum MIP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mip denum MIP
+denum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xrays that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrays that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xrays that have
+Lambda equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.079
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.079
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.079
+nanom so smaller than nanometers it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom so smaller than nanometers it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom so smaller than nanometers it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters and that corresponds to e f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters and that corresponds to e f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters and that corresponds to e f
+Photon that's pretty small so it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon that's pretty small so it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon that's pretty small so it must be
+high energy indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy indeed
+17.49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17.49
+K that's very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's very big
+energy and there was a carbon foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and there was a carbon foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and there was a carbon foil
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+foil and you send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil and you send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foil and you send the
+photons in this direction and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in this direction and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in this direction and they were
+observed at several degrees but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed at several degrees but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed at several degrees but in
+particular I'll show you a plot of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'll show you a plot of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'll show you a plot of how
+it look for Theta equal 90° so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detector so Source comes in carbon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so Source comes in carbon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so Source comes in carbon is
+there and what do you get you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what do you get you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what do you get you get the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+plot um intensity so you plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot um intensity so you plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot um intensity so you plot the
+intensity of the photons that you detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the photons that you detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the photons that you detect
+density as a function of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as a function of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as a function of the wavelength
+of the photons that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photons that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photons that you
+get because there's supposed to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because there's supposed to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because there's supposed to be a
+wavelength a shift of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength a shift of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength a shift of
+wavelength so it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so it's actually quite
+revealing because you get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing because you get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing because you get something like
+this uh a bump and a bigger bump here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh a bump and a bigger bump here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh a bump and a bigger bump here
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+that pretty surprising I think to First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty surprising I think to First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty surprising I think to First
+approximation and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation and here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+about the first bump happens to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first bump happens to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first bump happens to have
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+same wavelength as the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wavelength as the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wavelength as the incoming
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.079 I I should write it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.079 I I should write it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.079 I I should write it a little more
+to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.079
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nanom over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom over here
+and then there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's another
+Peak at Lambda F about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.731
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nanometers and the question is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and the question is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and the question is what is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+interpretation uh why are there two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation uh why are there two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation uh why are there two
+peaks and what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and what's going
+on anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has any idea let me ask a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any idea let me ask a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has any idea let me ask a simpler
+question uh which is the Lambda that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh which is the Lambda that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh which is the Lambda that
+corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the
+um prediction of the the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prediction of the the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prediction of the the fact that the
+wavelength must change the smaller one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength must change the smaller one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength must change the smaller one
+or the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one the bigger one you certainly should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the bigger one you certainly should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the bigger one you certainly should
+lose energy so the Lambda F the thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose energy so the Lambda F the thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose energy so the Lambda F the thing we
+were expecting to see is presumably that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting to see is presumably that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting to see is presumably that
+thing because we were expecting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we were expecting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because we were expecting to see
+that at 90 degrees the photons have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at 90 degrees the photons have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at 90 degrees the photons have this
+thing so we seem to observe this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we seem to observe this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we seem to observe this one and
+let's uh look at it in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh look at it in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh look at it in a little more
+detail you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom and you have the original light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom and you have the original light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom and you have the original light
+was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.070
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.070
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.070
+9 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 nanometers
+so this the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.022
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nanom which is 10 the- 9 but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom which is 10 the- 9 but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom which is 10 the- 9 but it's
+exactly or pretty close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or pretty close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or pretty close to this
+thing because a p meter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because a p meter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because a p meter is
+10-3 nanom so this is 0.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-3 nanom so this is 0.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-3 nanom so this is 0.0
+024 nanom so this is pretty nice look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+024 nanom so this is pretty nice look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+024 nanom so this is pretty nice look at
+90° cosine Theta is zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° cosine Theta is zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° cosine Theta is zero so the
+difference between the initial and final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the initial and final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the initial and final
+wavelength should be equal to the compon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength should be equal to the compon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength should be equal to the compon
+wavelength about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength about
+0.0024 nanometers and that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0024 nanometers and that's about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0024 nanometers and that's about it
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+close so this pig is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so this pig is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close so this pig is all
+right should have been been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should have been been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right should have been been
+there the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the other
+Peak why is it there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WbWb0u8bJrU.txt b/WbWb0u8bJrU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..744e8912a2779d8ce1174295b8a7b38007d8e353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WbWb0u8bJrU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2867 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ERIC GRIMSON: Good morning.
+
+Professor Guttag has to
+be out of town today.
+
+My name's Professor Grimson.
+
+I'm going to be subbing
+for him.
+
+And just to show you how much
+we value education here at
+
+MIT, and especially in EECS,
+you get the incoming
+
+chancellor as a substitute
+teacher.
+
+So how cool is that?
+
+All right, maybe
+not very cool.
+
+But I'm going to talk
+to you anyway
+
+for the next 50 minutes.
+
+At the end of last lecture,
+I think Professor Guttag
+
+introduced dictionaries to you,
+a really powerful type.
+
+It's got a great capability,
+which is it's a tool, a data
+
+type that lets you association
+almost any kind of structure
+
+with a key.
+
+So it could be that you're
+associating keys with numbers,
+
+you're associating keys
+with strings.
+
+But you could be associating
+keys with other things,
+
+including dictionaries.
+
+And I don't know if he showed
+this to you or not, but those
+
+keys themselves can also
+be really powerful.
+
+It could be just a string.
+
+But the key could also be a
+tuple, or a list, an x- and
+
+y-coordinate, or a set of
+names, or other things.
+
+So it's a really great data
+structure to use.
+
+Now, one of the things you could
+ask, though, is, gee,
+
+what if Python or whatever
+language you're using didn't
+
+come with dictionaries?
+
+Could we still get
+the same power?
+
+And the answer is sure.
+
+So I want to show you
+a little example.
+
+So on your handout, if we look
+at this little procedure up
+
+here at the top, key search, I
+could build it out of lists.
+
+I could just use a list as
+my way of storing it.
+
+So let's look at what
+this procedure.
+
+Says it says, OK, if I've got a
+list, and I've got a key, K,
+
+I could write a little loop that
+just walks down the list,
+
+saying, is the first part of
+each element equal to the key
+
+I'm looking for?
+
+And if it is, I'll return the
+second part of that element.
+
+And if I get to the end of the
+list, I haven't found it, I
+
+return none.
+
+So notice I'm making
+a choice here.
+
+I'm assuming that I'm storing in
+the dictionary things that
+
+are lists too long, key and the
+associated value, another
+
+key and the associated value,
+another key and
+
+the associated value.
+
+But this would work fine.
+
+So if I didn't have
+dictionaries,
+
+I could build it.
+
+If I wanted to make things that
+had a more complicated
+
+lookup, I'd have to make
+sure that that
+
+equality test did it.
+
+But you could see how
+I might do it.
+
+So the question then can be,
+so why do we bother with
+
+dictionaries, if we could
+just use it with lists?
+
+Here's my question to you.
+
+So how long in this
+implementation is it going to
+
+take me to figure out if
+something's in my dictionary?
+
+Oh my god, he's asking
+questions at 10
+
+o'clock in the morning.
+
+This is really terrifying.
+
+Somebody help me out.
+
+How long?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Probably on
+average on the order
+
+the size of the list.
+
+ERIC GRIMSON: Yeah.
+
+On average, it's going to take
+me half the size of the list.
+
+But that's the same thing as
+being the size of the list.
+
+So if that list is really
+long, I'm toast.
+
+If it's not in the dictionary,
+in fact, I'm going to have to
+
+go all the way through the list
+before I get to the end
+
+to decide it's not there.
+
+So this is not as efficient an
+implementation as we'd like.
+
+Now, the flip that is you say,
+OK, how long does it take for
+
+the dictionaries, the built-in
+associated retrieval that you
+
+have inside of Python?
+
+And the interesting answer there
+is that that retrieval
+
+is constant.
+
+It takes the same amount of time
+independent of the size
+
+of the dictionary.
+
+And that's wonderful.
+
+We're not going to talk
+about how today.
+
+You're going to see that
+later on in the term.
+
+But it is something that drives
+home, if you like, the
+
+point that different
+data structures
+
+have different costs.
+
+And while some are easier to
+implement in, they may not be
+
+as efficient, some may be a
+little more difficult to
+
+implement in, but they are
+much more efficient.
+
+And that's one of the great
+things about dictionaries.
+
+The second thing I think you
+saw at the end of last
+
+lecture, and I want to just
+highlight in a slightly
+
+different way, is I believe
+Professor Guttag showed you a
+
+little example of a very simple
+translation function.
+
+We had a little dictionary.
+
+I'm going to give you a version
+right here, and
+
+un-comment it.
+
+In fact, there's a little
+dictionary that simply
+
+associates English words
+with French words.
+
+And yes, it's pretty simple,
+but it's a little way of
+
+pairing those things up.
+
+And the idea would be if I have
+a sentence just a string
+
+that consists of a bunch of
+words, I'd like to translate
+
+that English sentence, if
+I can, into French.
+
+And let's look at the code
+that's going to do it.
+
+I'm going to, again,
+un-comment it here.
+
+It's on your handout.
+
+I want to walk you through it.
+
+So first thing I'm going to do
+is actually write a little
+
+procedure the says, given a
+word in English, I want to
+
+find the corresponding
+word in French.
+
+And that's pretty easy.
+
+It says, if you give me a,
+word, and you give me a
+
+dictionary, I'm just going to
+look it up in the dictionary.
+
+That's just that associative
+retrieval.
+
+It does all the work to go into
+the dictionary, say, if
+
+that's a key for something in
+the dictionary, it's going to
+
+give it back to me.
+
+And in particular, I can get it
+back by simply retrieving
+
+it out of the dictionary.
+
+And notice I'm doing this
+a little more carefuly.
+
+I'm not just directly going, and
+saying, give me the thing
+
+corresponding to the word in
+the dictionary, because it
+
+might not be there.
+
+So that test basically says,
+if the word is in the
+
+dictionary, it'll return true.
+
+And in that case, I get out
+the corresponding element.
+
+If it's not in the dictionary,
+I'm just going to be stuck
+
+with the English words, so we'll
+just return the word.
+
+Now, let's look at the
+more fun part of it.
+
+I now want to translate
+a sentence.
+
+And the sentence is
+a string of words.
+
+I need to find where
+the words are.
+
+I need to look them up.
+
+I need to gather together
+a translation.
+
+So notice what the heart of this
+thing does, right down
+
+here in this part of the loop
+that I'm going to highlight
+
+right there.
+
+Oops, I mis-did that.
+
+Let me try it again,
+right there.
+
+What's that doing?
+
+It's walking down
+the sentence.
+
+A sentence is some
+big, long string.
+
+And it says for each character
+C in the sentence, I need to
+
+find where the word is.
+
+So I'm going to keep walking
+along until I find a place
+
+where there's a space.
+
+So that first test there is
+saying, if C is not a space,
+
+just add it onto the
+end of the word.
+
+Oh, yeah, I need to have
+inititalized word, which I did
+
+right up here.
+
+I said, let's set word to
+just be an empty string.
+
+So I'm just walking along the
+sentence until I find a space.
+
+Until I do that, I'm just
+gathering together all of
+
+those characters.
+
+So I'm building up the word.
+
+When I get to the place where
+in fact C is a space, then
+
+here's what I'm going to do.
+
+I'm going to translate the word
+using that procedure I
+
+just wrote.
+
+It looks it up in
+the dictionary.
+
+It either gives me back the
+French word, if it's there,
+
+and if not, it just gives me
+back the English word.
+
+And, oh yeah, I'm doing
+a whole long sentence.
+
+So I need to add it together.
+
+So I'm simply going to add it
+to the end of what I've
+
+translated so far.
+
+And I'm doing a slightly
+funky thing in there.
+
+I'm inserting a space in
+between, just to keep the
+
+words separate.
+
+And of course, I need to have
+initialized translation up
+
+here, which I did, to
+be an empty string.
+
+So what's this do?
+
+Walks along character
+by character.
+
+When it gets to a space, it
+says, I've got a word.
+
+Find the translation, add it
+to the end of this other
+
+internal variable,
+and keep going.
+
+And I'll do that until I get to
+the end of that sentence.
+
+And then I'll just return
+the translation.
+
+Nice little iterative loop.
+
+And it's simply using
+two pieces to
+
+make all of this happen.
+
+I lied too you-- sorry,
+I didn't lie.
+
+I misspoke to you.
+
+Which is, what's that funky
+thing at the end?
+
+What's it returning?
+
+It's returning this strange
+thing this says,
+
+"Translation," starting with the
+first element, a copy of
+
+all of that, plus a translation
+of the word.
+
+So what assumption am I making
+about the inputs that causes
+
+me to do this strange
+thing at the end?
+
+I'm actually making two
+assumptions about my input.
+
+But I'm making a particular
+assumption.
+
+Why do I not just return
+translation when I'm done?
+
+Why am I doing this
+last piece?
+
+Anybody help me out?
+
+Boy, I notice everybody sits way
+back at the back, where I
+
+can't make any eye contact.
+
+How do I characterize
+words in my string?
+
+They have to end with a space.
+
+Ooh, is there a space at
+the end of my example?
+
+So I guess I haven't shown
+you an example.
+
+But I'm assuming if I give you
+a sentence, you don't usually
+
+have spaces at the
+end of sentences.
+
+So I'm making an assumption, is
+that the words, except for
+
+the last one, are characterized
+by spaces.
+
+So this last little piece here
+is to get the very last word,
+
+and translate it.
+
+Because it won't be a space.
+
+Let's try a couple
+of examples.
+
+Let's just un-comment these,
+and see if this does it.
+
+Yes, commenting them again
+is not a good idea.
+
+We'll go the other direction.
+
+Looks like it did right.
+
+John-- we should have translated
+John into Jean.
+
+I don't know what the hell Eric
+is in French, but John
+
+mange du pan, Eric
+boit du vin.
+
+John has that right.
+
+He's eats bread.
+
+I like to drink wine.
+
+And, of course, tout
+le monde aime 6.00.
+
+Or in this case, everyone
+likes 6.00.
+
+You just got HASS credit, by the
+way, for listening to me
+
+do French really badly.
+
+OK, as I said, I made an
+assumption, which that the
+
+words end in spaces.
+
+What's the other assumption
+I made here?
+
+I know you're just looking
+at the code.
+
+But I made another assumption
+inside of my code.
+
+And it's always good
+to figure out what
+
+those assumptions are.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: That the first word is
+a noun, so we don't have to
+
+translate it?
+
+ERIC GRIMSON: I didn't
+assume that.
+
+I could if I was doing a more
+clever translation.
+
+But I'm actually making
+no assumptions
+
+linguistically here.
+
+I'll give you a hint.
+
+How many spaces do I
+have between words?
+
+Just one.
+
+I'm sort of building that
+into this assumption.
+
+It's a reasonable assumption
+to make.
+
+But it points out, if I wanted
+to improve the code, I should
+
+think about these other cases.
+
+And of course, to build a real
+translation system, I'd need
+
+something much more
+sophisticated.
+
+So this shows you little
+example of using the
+
+dictionaries.
+
+But I want to use this to lead
+into the main part of today's
+
+lecture, which is, why did I
+write this separate little
+
+procedure up here called
+translate word?
+
+I could have buried that
+inside the code.
+
+And the answer is twofold.
+
+First one is it saves a
+small amount of code.
+
+If I'm going to use it in
+multiple places, I don't want
+
+to rewrite the code.
+
+And that actually is valuable,
+not just to save you typing.
+
+It means I only have
+to debug it once.
+
+It's one piece of code.
+
+But the real reason I wanted to
+introduce it is it gives me
+
+what you might think of as
+modular abstraction.
+
+Those are fancy words that
+basically say I am isolating
+
+that function in one place.
+
+If I decide to change how I'm
+going to translate words, I
+
+don't have to search through all
+of my code to find all the
+
+places where I was using that.
+
+I just need to change the
+definition of that procedure.
+
+And I agree, in a simple example
+like this, it looks
+
+pretty simple.
+
+But if you've got a million
+lines of code, you're using it
+
+10,000 different places, you
+don't want to have to find all
+
+the places to change.
+
+So this is an example of modular
+abstraction, isolating
+
+where that thing is.
+
+And that is an example,
+in fact, of a general
+
+problem-solving principle we're
+going to use, called
+
+divide and conquer.
+
+Divide and conquer is basically
+the idea of taking a
+
+hard problem, and breaking it
+up into some simpler pieces,
+
+or into smaller problems, where
+those smaller problems
+
+have two properties.
+
+Small problems are easier to
+solve than the original one.
+
+More importantly, the solutions
+to the small
+
+problems can easily
+be combined--
+
+I want to stress easily--
+
+to solve the big problem.
+
+And we're going to look
+at a bunch of examples
+
+today to show that.
+
+This is a really old idea.
+
+Julius Caesar used it.
+
+He did it in Latin.
+
+My Latin is terrible, but it's
+something like divide et
+
+impera, which literally
+means divide and rule.
+
+That's how he created
+the Roman Empire.
+
+The British knew this
+really well.
+
+That's how they control the
+Indian subcontinent
+
+brilliantly for several
+decades.
+
+Ben Franklin actually knew it.
+
+In particular, he knew how good
+the British were at this.
+
+So there's a famous quote.
+
+You may well remember-- when he
+signed the Declaration of
+
+Independence, he said, quote,
+"We must all hang together, or
+
+assuredly we will hang
+separately," meaning divide
+
+and conquer is going to
+be a real problem.
+
+So second HASS credit for you.
+
+We just did some history.
+
+Why are we going to
+use it today?
+
+Boy, you're a tough audience,
+I noticed, by the way.
+
+That's all right.
+
+We're going to use it today,
+because we're going to use it
+
+as a tool for problem-solving.
+
+And in particular, we're
+going to use it with
+
+one particular example.
+
+You're going to see divide and
+conquer later on in the term,
+
+when Professor Guttag talks
+about algorithm design.
+
+Today, I'm going to show you one
+great technique for doing
+
+divide and conquer kind
+of algorithms.
+
+And that is the technique
+of recursion.
+
+How many people here have heard
+that term used before by
+
+computer scientists?
+
+OK, not to worry.
+
+If you've heard it, you probably
+think that it's a
+
+really subtle programming
+technique.
+
+I'll let you in on a secret.
+
+That's a PR job.
+
+It's what computer scientists
+tell you to make you think
+
+that they're much smarter
+than they really are.
+
+It's not subtle, and
+it's much more than
+
+a programming technique.
+
+And we're going to
+talk about it.
+
+Now, it gets used not just as
+a programming technique.
+
+It gets used two other ways
+in computer science.
+
+And I'm going to talk
+about both.
+
+It's both a way of describing or
+defining problems, so it's
+
+a way of characterizing a
+problem independent of how we
+
+might implement it.
+
+And it is a way of designing
+solutions.
+
+So an example of divide
+and conquer.
+
+Let me give you an example just
+to show you of why it's a
+
+way of defining a problem.
+
+Consider the part of the legal
+code that defines the notion
+
+of a natural-born US citizen,
+and remind you, to be eligible
+
+to run for president, which I
+hope you all do, you have to
+
+be a natural-born US citizen.
+
+Definition has two parts.
+
+Part number one, anyone born
+within the United States is a
+
+natural-born citizen.
+
+Part number two, anyone born
+outside the United States,
+
+both of whose parents are
+citizens of the United States,
+
+is a natural-born citizen,
+as long as one parent has
+
+lived in the US.
+
+A little more complicated.
+
+What does that actually say?
+
+Well, it's got two parts.
+
+And that's what a recursive
+definition has.
+
+The first part is simple.
+
+You're born here, natural-born
+US citizen.
+
+Notice the second part.
+
+It says, you weren't born here,
+you might still be a
+
+natural-born citizen.
+
+But what you have to do?
+
+You have to decide if your
+parents are US citizens--
+
+which they could be by having
+been born here, but there are
+
+other ways to be naturalized--
+
+and that may require you
+determining if your
+
+grandparents are US citizens,
+which may require you to-- ah.
+
+So you may have to chain down
+several sets of problems.
+
+Those two parts are what exactly
+we're going to use
+
+when we talk about recursive
+definitions.
+
+There's what we call a base
+part, which typically
+
+describes the simplest version
+of the problem.
+
+And then there is an inductive
+part that tends to describe
+
+how you reduce the problem
+to simpler
+
+versions of the same problem.
+
+So in fact, let me write
+those both down.
+
+We have--
+
+it's called a base case.
+
+This typically gives
+us a direct answer.
+
+It just tells us very simply,
+using very simple methods,
+
+whether this is something that
+satisfies that recursive
+
+definition.
+
+And there is the recursive
+or inductive case.
+
+Here, you reduce to a simpler
+version of the same problem,
+
+plus some other simple
+operations.
+
+OK, again, a bunch of words.
+
+Let me show you some examples.
+
+I'm going to start with three
+or four different examples,
+
+just to show you how
+quickly we do this.
+
+What I want you to see in all of
+these examples is that when
+
+I describe the problem, I'm
+describing it in terms of
+
+what's the simplest case, and
+then how do I build solutions
+
+to bigger problems from
+solutions to smaller versions
+
+of the same problems?
+
+OK, here's the first case
+I'm going to do.
+
+Suppose I tell you I want to
+build a little procedure to do
+
+exponentiation, integer
+exponents.
+
+I want to compute b to the n.
+
+But I tell you I've got a really
+cheap machine, and all
+
+I can do is multiplication.
+
+So I can't use exp.
+
+Mathematician--
+
+a course 18 person would
+say, what's b to the n?
+
+That's b times b times
+b, n times.
+
+How could I solve this?
+
+Well, recursively, I'd like to
+say, suppose I could solve
+
+smaller versions of
+the same problem.
+
+And if somebody gave me a
+solution to that smaller
+
+version, how would I
+build a solution
+
+to the bigger problem?
+
+Oh, that's easy.
+
+That's the same as b times
+b to the n minus 1.
+
+All right, I can see you're
+all going, well, duh.
+
+I guess that's what
+chancellors know.
+
+They're not very bright.
+
+Of course, you know that.
+
+But notice what I did.
+
+I've now reduced it to a simpler
+version of the same
+
+problem, recursively.
+
+This basically says I wanted
+to solve b to the n.
+
+It's b times b to
+the n minus 1.
+
+Oh, yeah, but I've
+got to figure out
+
+when to unwrap this.
+
+So there's an if there.
+
+And that's true as long as
+n is greater than one--
+
+actually, as long as n
+is greater than 0.
+
+We'll do it that way.
+
+And if n is equal to 0, I know
+the answer is just 1.
+
+I know you don't believe me,
+but that's really cool.
+
+Why is it really cool?
+
+What do I have?
+
+I have a base case.
+
+And if it's equal to 0, I know
+the answer right away.
+
+If n is bigger than 0, oh, let's
+assume that I've got
+
+somebody who will give
+me the solution to
+
+that smaller problem.
+
+When I get it, I can
+just use it, do the
+
+multiplication, and I'm done.
+
+And so, in fact, here is a
+simple piece of implementation
+
+of that, which I know is not in
+your handout, but I'm just
+
+going to show to you, because
+I simply want you to see the
+
+form of it.
+
+It's an exact Python
+translation
+
+of what I just said.
+
+It says, if I want to take an
+exponent of b to the n, if n
+
+is equal to 0, just return 1.
+
+If not, solve a smaller version
+of the same problem
+
+right there.
+
+Call to the same procedure,
+same function,
+
+but different argument.
+
+And when I get that answer back,
+just multiply it by b,
+
+and return that.
+
+This may look a little funky.
+
+This is the kind of thing that
+your high school geometry
+
+teacher would rap your knuckles
+with, although
+
+they're not allowed to
+do that anymore.
+
+You don't define things in
+terms of themselves.
+
+This is not geometry.
+
+This is programming.
+
+And this is a perfectly
+legal recursive
+
+definition of a problem.
+
+It will stop, because it will
+keep unwinding those recursive
+
+calls until it gets down
+to the base case.
+
+And I'm going to show you an
+example of that in a second.
+
+I want to show you a much nicer
+example of recursion.
+
+And again, part of my message
+here is when you get a
+
+problem, don't instantly
+start writing code.
+
+Think about, how do I break
+this down recursively?
+
+So I have brought some very
+high-tech tools with me today.
+
+This is my version of the
+tower of Hanoi problem.
+
+How many people know the problem
+of the tower of Hanoi?
+
+Only a few.
+
+OK, so here's the story.
+
+There's a temple in Hanoi
+staffed by a bunch of monks.
+
+In that temple, there
+are three tall,
+
+jewel-encrusted spikes.
+
+Mine aren't nearly as fancy.
+
+And there are 64 golden disks,
+all of a different size.
+
+Stack starts out on one of those
+spikes, and the monks
+
+move one disk at a time.
+
+Their goal is to move the entire
+stack of 64 from one
+
+spike to another.
+
+And the rules are they can it
+of one disk at a time, but
+
+they can never cover
+up a smaller disk
+
+with a larger disk.
+
+I have to tell you, I don't know
+what happens when they
+
+move the entire stack.
+
+I mean, the universe ends, or
+you all get A's in 600, or
+
+something equally as cool.
+
+Question is, could we write a
+piece of code to help the
+
+monks, to tell them
+how to move them?
+
+All right, so let's
+figure this out.
+
+And I'm going to show
+you some examples.
+
+So I'm going to move a
+stack of size one.
+
+Well, that's not very hard.
+
+Watch carefully, because
+you're going to
+
+write code to do this.
+
+I want to move a stack of size
+two, so I've got to just make
+
+sure that I move the
+bottom one off.
+
+That's not so hard.
+
+Now, I want to move a
+stack of size three.
+
+I've got to be a little more
+careful, because I can't cover
+
+up the smaller one with
+a larger one.
+
+But that doesn't
+look very hard.
+
+Got the solution, right?
+
+Now, we go for stack
+of size four.
+
+This one definitely takes a
+little bit more care, because
+
+you really can't cover it up.
+
+But as long as you do it right,
+you can actually move
+
+the-- oops, and I didn't
+do it right.
+
+You've got to move the pieces
+in the right way.
+
+I do this for taking money off
+of Harvard students in Harvard
+
+Square, by the way.
+
+Got it?
+
+Real easy to see the
+solution, right?
+
+You could write code
+for that right now.
+
+I'm not going to do five,
+but it's really
+
+easy to see the solution.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I blew it, too.
+
+I did one move I had
+to backtrack on.
+
+Let's think about this
+recursively.
+
+What's the recursive solution?
+
+Break it down into a simpler
+problem, or a problem of a
+
+smaller size.
+
+Ah, here's the solution.
+
+To solve this, I've got a stack,
+I've got a stack I'm
+
+going to, I've got
+a spare stack.
+
+What's the solution?
+
+You take a stack of size n
+minus 1, move it onto the
+
+spare stack.
+
+Now I've got a simple problem.
+
+I can always move a
+stack of size one.
+
+And then I move a stack of size
+n minus 1 to the target.
+
+And, of course, how I move a
+stack of size n minus 1?
+
+Well, I just unwrap
+it one more.
+
+That's a really easy
+explanation, right?
+
+And it's really easy to write
+code to do exactly that.
+
+So let me show it to you.
+
+Again, I know this isn't in
+your handout, but I just
+
+wanted to see it.
+
+And you could write
+this yourself.
+
+I'm going to write a
+little procedure
+
+right here called Hanoi.
+
+What are my arguments?
+
+Going to tell how big
+a stack there is.
+
+That's m.
+
+And I'm just going to give it
+labels, the from stack, the to
+
+stack, and the spare stack.
+
+Look how simple the code is.
+
+Says, if it's a stack of
+size 1, just move it.
+
+I'll just print out
+the instruction.
+
+Move it from the from
+stack to the target
+
+stack, or the to stack.
+
+If it's bigger than
+1, what do I do?
+
+I move a stack of size n minus
+1 onto the spare stack.
+
+I move a stack of size 1, which
+is what's left, onto the
+
+target stack.
+
+And then, I move that stack over
+here that's on the spare
+
+stack over to the
+target stack.
+
+It's what I just showed
+you right there.
+
+OK?
+
+So let's try it.
+
+Yes, I know I still
+like French.
+
+We're going to do Hanoi.
+
+Move a stack of size 1.
+
+And we'll just give this
+some labels, just
+
+from, to, and spare.
+
+Well, duh.
+
+You just move it there.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's try a stack of size 2.
+
+It's just what I did.
+
+I'm sure you remember that.
+
+Let's be a little more
+daring here.
+
+There's the solution to move
+a stack of size 5.
+
+I'll let you check
+it separately,
+
+make sure it's right.
+
+One of the things you
+can also see here--
+
+I'm not going to
+talk about it.
+
+You might think about it, ask
+your TA in recitation is, how
+
+long does it take to
+solve this problem?
+
+How long is it going to take
+those monks to actually move a
+
+stack of size 64?
+
+I'll give you a hint.
+
+The answer is measured
+in billions of years.
+
+This is an exponential
+problem.
+
+And you can see that
+growth right away.
+
+That's a separate topic.
+
+But notice coming up with that
+solution on your own, maybe
+
+not so easy.
+
+Thinking about it recursively,
+very easy to think about.
+
+And that's the way we
+want to look at it.
+
+OK, let me give you another
+example of breaking a problem
+
+down recursively, and then
+writing the code to do.
+
+I want to decide if a sentence
+is a palindrome.
+
+Remember what a palindrome is?
+
+It is not an ex-governor
+from Alaska.
+
+It is a string of characters--
+
+I guess an airport in Alaska--
+it's a string of characters
+
+that have the property
+that they read the
+
+same front to back.
+
+The most famous one in English--
+which is, of course,
+
+amusing because it's attributed
+to a Frenchman-- is
+
+Napoleon supposedly saying,
+"Able was I ere I saw Elba."
+
+Same thing back to front.
+
+How would I write a piece of
+code to decide if something is
+
+a palindrome?
+
+I'm going to do it
+in a second.
+
+You've got it on the handout.
+
+But let's think about
+it for a second.
+
+What would the base cases be--
+
+or base case?
+
+Somebody help me out.
+
+What's a good base case here?
+
+What's the shortest possible
+sentence I could have?
+
+I?
+
+A?
+
+A?
+
+Don't worry about whether it's
+a legal sense of not.
+
+It might need a verb in there.
+
+Base case is presumably, if
+I've got a string one
+
+character long, it's
+a palindrome.
+
+If I've got a string zero
+characters long, it's probably
+
+a palindrome as well.
+
+How would I take a longer string
+and break it down into
+
+a simpler version of the same
+problem to decide if something
+
+is a palindrome?
+
+Anybody want to help me out?
+
+Is that a hand up there,
+or are you just
+
+scratching your head?
+
+Well-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe take the first
+and the last element, see if
+
+they're equal.
+
+If they are, then cut
+them off, and--
+
+ERIC GRIMSON: Yeah.
+
+What's a palindrome?
+
+The easy way to start it is take
+the things at the end,
+
+first and last character.
+
+If they're not the same, it
+doesn't matter what's
+
+happening in the middle.
+
+This thing can't be
+a palindrome.
+
+So let's check those.
+
+And oh, yeah, if those are the
+same character, and I pull
+
+them off, what do I have?
+
+I have a smaller version
+of the same problem.
+
+I have a new sentence that's
+now two characters less.
+
+Do the same thing.
+
+Say, is that a palindrome?
+
+So if these characters
+match, and that's a
+
+palindrome, I'm done.
+
+How do I tell if that's
+a palindrome?
+
+Check if their two end
+characters match, and the
+
+things in the middle.
+
+So let's look a little piece of
+code to make this happen.
+
+I'm going to do it in
+a couple of pieces.
+
+Here's the first piece
+I'm going to write.
+
+I'm going to walk
+you through it.
+
+First thing I'm going to do is
+I'm going to do this outside
+
+of the recursive call is I
+need to convert a string
+
+that's put in to make
+sure that, in fact,
+
+it's in a form I want.
+
+So I don't care about
+the spaces.
+
+Able was I ere I saw Elba.
+
+The spaces aren't in
+the same place.
+
+That's OK.
+
+It's really the characters.
+
+And I don't really care
+about capitalization.
+
+So this little procedure
+basically says, given a
+
+string, convert it all into
+lowercase-- and if you haven't
+
+seen that, I'm just importing
+from a module called string
+
+some built-in procedures--
+
+and this one simply takes
+the string, and
+
+makes it all lowercase.
+
+And then what do I do?
+
+Well, just like we did before,
+I'm just going to walk down
+
+that string, gathering
+together all of the
+
+characters.
+
+So this little loop just says,
+let's initialize ans to be an
+
+empty string.
+
+And then for each character
+in s, if it is a lowercase
+
+character-- and that little
+test simply does that.
+
+It says, if it's in the set of
+lowercase characters I'm going
+
+to add it to the end.
+
+And when I'm done, I'm just
+going to return ans.
+
+Going to return the answer.
+
+A little procedure.
+
+And, by the way, this is a
+nice piece of programming
+
+style, as well.
+
+I want to separate out things
+that I want to do once from
+
+the things I'm going to
+call multiple times.
+
+So I don't need to re-check
+every time that my string is
+
+all lowercase, I'm just going
+to convert it out.
+
+Now, let's look at how
+do we test this.
+
+Well, it's literally just a
+translation of what we said.
+
+But let's look at the pieces.
+
+It says, if I give you just
+a string of characters--
+
+I've gotten rid of the spaces,
+I've made it all lowercase--
+
+what does it say to do?
+
+I've got to check for
+the base cases.
+
+And here, I'm actually
+going to be careful.
+
+We could have discovered
+this if we programmed.
+
+There actually are two base
+cases here, which is, is the
+
+string of length one, or
+is of length zero?
+
+Why would I end up with
+two base cases?
+
+Why don't I just check for
+a string of length one?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ERIC GRIMSON: Exactly.
+
+I can have an odd or an even
+number of characters.
+
+So as I'm clipping them off the
+ends, I might end up with
+
+nothing in the middle,
+or I might have one
+
+in the middle exactly.
+
+And we might have discovered it
+if we tried programming it.
+
+But right, exactly right.
+
+So I can capture that by just
+saying, if the length is less
+
+than or equal to 1, which
+gets both of those.
+
+In that case, we know the
+palindrome will return true.
+
+Otherwise, what do we do?
+
+Well, we do what the gentleman
+over here suggested.
+
+We take the first and the last
+character of the string--
+
+again, remind you s with an
+index of minus 1 goes
+
+backwards 1, if you like, and
+gives me the last character.
+
+If those two characters are the
+same, I've now reduced it
+
+to a simpler version of
+the same problem.
+
+So I simply say, if that's true,
+and everything else is a
+
+palindrome, return true.
+
+Now, if you've not seen this
+particular little funky form
+
+right here, that is taking
+string s, and saying, give me
+
+a copy of everything starting
+with the first--
+
+which means not the
+0th element--
+
+and ending with everything up
+to, but not including, the
+
+last element.
+
+We'll use this to make copies
+of other kinds of lists.
+
+But that's all that's doing, is
+saying, give me what's in
+
+that string, throwing away the
+first and the last element.
+
+And that gives me exactly the
+recursive call I want.
+
+I'm now saying what?
+
+If the first and last character
+are the same, and if
+
+what's left over is itself
+a palindrome, I'm golden.
+
+Now, let me just wrap
+all of that up in a
+
+little piece here.
+
+I'll un-comment this.
+
+Which is simply going to say,
+I'm going to print out, or put
+
+a comment in it.
+
+And I'm simply going to put
+the two pieces together.
+
+Given a string, I'm going to
+convert it into all lowercase
+
+characters.
+
+And then I'm going to check,
+is this thing a palindrome?
+
+So again, let's try
+some examples.
+
+So we'll pick on Professor
+Guttag.
+
+His name is almost
+a palindrome.
+
+Not quite.
+
+So we're going to give
+him a name change.
+
+It helps if I can type.
+
+Oh, good.
+
+Guttag is not, but Guttug,
+whatever that means in German,
+
+is, because the Gs, the Us,
+and the Ts all match up.
+
+Oh, and let's see.
+
+Let's try a couple of
+other ones here.
+
+And I actually typed these in.
+
+We'll check to see if Napoleon
+really was right when he used
+
+his palindrome.
+
+If you can't read this last
+one, it says, "Are we not
+
+drawn onward, we few, drawn
+onward to--" and I can't read
+
+the tail end of that--
+
+"to new era." And if we try
+both of those, they are.
+
+What's my point, you're
+wondering.
+
+I solved this problem by simply
+breaking it down into
+
+simpler versions of
+the same problem.
+
+That's the tool that you want.
+
+If you were just trying to think
+about, how do I keep
+
+track of my indices as
+I'm walking along?
+
+I'm going to come in from
+both ends, so I've
+
+got to add and subtract.
+
+And I got to make sure
+I'm checking things.
+
+You could write a nice
+iterative loop
+
+that would do it.
+
+Actually, I'll take back
+the word nice.
+
+You could write an iterative
+loop that would do it.
+
+But it is not crisp, it's not
+clean, and it's really
+
+easy to screw up.
+
+Or you could say, let's take
+advantage of recursion.
+
+Let's just break it down
+into a simpler
+
+version of the same problem.
+
+You'd get a very nice,
+simple piece of code.
+
+Now, this may still feel
+a little mysterious.
+
+I wouldn't blame
+you if it did.
+
+So let's do the following.
+
+I'm going to comment these out
+so that we're not constantly
+
+looking at them.
+
+And I'm going to show you what
+happens if we actually look
+
+inside of this thing to
+see what's going on.
+
+So just give me a second here.
+
+We're going to comment
+all of those out.
+
+And let's build a version of
+this that just prints out as
+
+we go along.
+
+So I'm going to show
+you right here.
+
+It's the same basic pieces.
+
+And actually, I realized
+I need to leave
+
+is characters around.
+
+Let me go find my is
+characters part--
+
+two characters part.
+
+Sorry, give me a second here.
+
+Going to need that.
+
+So we'll un-comment
+that region.
+
+That's just doing the
+conversion for us.
+
+I think this is going to work.
+
+Let's look at what
+we're doing here.
+
+This is exactly the
+same thing.
+
+But I'm just going to put some
+print statements in it, which
+
+as I'm sure you've already heard
+from Professor Guttag,
+
+is a good thing to do as well.
+
+I want you to see
+what happens.
+
+So the only changes I'm making
+here are when I come into the
+
+thing that's doing the checking,
+I'm going to print
+
+out a little thing that says,
+what are you calling me with,
+
+so you can see how
+it does the work.
+
+And then, if it's a base case,
+I'm going to print out a
+
+statement that says I'm
+in the base case.
+
+And otherwise, I'm just going
+to print out something that
+
+says, here's what I'm about to
+return for the piece of the
+
+string I'm looking at.
+
+So it's just instrumenting, if
+you like, what I'm going to do
+
+inside of here.
+
+And the other piece I'm going
+to do is I'm going to have a
+
+little space called indent, so
+that every time I call a
+
+smaller version of the problem,
+I'm just going to
+
+indent over a little bit, so you
+can see how it unwraps it.
+
+And if we do this, just
+run that through.
+
+Let's try it.
+
+So if I call is palindrome
+print with Guttag--
+
+it would really help if I
+could type, wouldn't it?
+
+Yes, it would really help
+if I could type.
+
+You're all being really polite,
+going, ah, he missed a
+
+character there.
+
+But we're not going to tell
+him, because he's going to
+
+have to figure it
+out for himself.
+
+Administrators cannot
+possibly do this.
+
+Ah, notice what it did.
+
+This is how you can see the
+recursive unwinding.
+
+It said--
+
+I'm going to check
+this thing out.
+
+It said way up there--
+actually,
+
+I'll just do it here.
+
+It said, I'm going to call
+it initially with Guttag.
+
+Oh, the two Gs worked so
+that recursively--
+
+and notice the push-in here--
+said, I'm calling it again
+
+with U-T-T-A. Oh, that
+one didn't work.
+
+So I didn't have to check any
+further, and I pushed it out.
+
+On the other hand, if I do this,
+ha, you can see all of
+
+the stages.
+
+You can see it unwinding it.
+
+It says, to decide if Guttug
+is a palindrome,
+
+well, I check the ends.
+
+And I've got to check U-T-T-U.
+I don't know what that is.
+
+Something interesting.
+
+Which says, I got
+to check that.
+
+Which means I've got a check,
+oh, there's that base case of
+
+the empty one.
+
+I can now return true-- and I'm
+going to open this up so
+
+you can see it--
+
+from the base case, true
+for that, true for
+
+that, true for that.
+
+Let's do one last one,
+assuming I can type.
+
+I can't.
+
+Well, you get the idea, right?
+
+It's a little messy.
+
+But we go up a little bit,
+you can start seeing--
+
+I'm obviously just going to
+run out of those pieces
+
+there-- but notice
+what it's doing.
+
+It's stripping off each of
+those characters in turn.
+
+You can see how deep this goes
+in, which is why you've got
+
+all those weird spaces there
+as I keep going in.
+
+But it starts off by
+saying, look at
+
+that, oh, look at that.
+
+I've got to look at--
+
+[GIBBERISH]
+
+Which says, I've got to
+look at [GIBBERISH]
+
+You get the idea.
+
+But notice the key thing.
+
+I'm simply reducing
+it to a simpler
+
+version of the same problem.
+
+You can also see that to get
+the answer out, I've got to
+
+stack up a whole bunch
+of things.
+
+All those indents are basically
+held operations,
+
+which is one of the properties
+of a recursive procedure.
+
+You have to hold onto
+intermediate things.
+
+And that can cause,
+in some languages,
+
+some efficiency issues.
+
+But in terms of solving the
+problem, this is really easy.
+
+I've just broken it down into
+those simple pieces.
+
+And that's really nice.
+
+So let me finish up with
+one last example
+
+of a recursive procedure.
+
+Again, my goal here is to let
+you see, what am I doing?
+
+I keep repeating this,
+but it's important.
+
+To solve a problem, figure out
+how to break it down into a
+
+simpler version of
+the same problem.
+
+One of the classic examples
+of recursion is Fibonacci.
+
+How many people here know
+the Fibonacci numbers?
+
+A few more, good.
+
+For those of you who don't,
+here's the story.
+
+Probably heard the phrase, "They
+breed like rabbits."
+
+It's been used to describe a
+population that the speaker
+
+thinks is growing too quickly.
+
+Works with rabbits.
+
+It works if you put two
+pennies in a drawer.
+
+There's a whole bunch of ways
+in which this happens.
+
+The history of this is
+actually very old.
+
+It goes back to 1202, when an
+Italian mathematician named
+
+Leonardo of Pisa, also known
+as Fibonacci, developed a
+
+formula that he thought would
+help him quantify the notion
+
+of how rapidly do
+rabbits breed.
+
+And here was his model.
+
+His model is not great, and
+we'll see that in a second.
+
+But here's his model.
+
+You start with a newborn
+pair of rabbits, one
+
+male and one female.
+
+You put them in a pen.
+
+You assume that rabbits
+are able to mate at
+
+the age of one month.
+
+And you further assume that
+they have a one-month
+
+gestation period.
+
+So they can produce offspring
+at the end of a month.
+
+Finally, let's suppose that
+these mythical rabbits never
+
+die and that the female always
+produces one new pair--
+
+that is, a male and a female
+every month from its
+
+second month on.
+
+The question is, how many female
+rabbits will there be
+
+at the end of a year?
+
+Hm.
+
+OK, let's see if we can
+figure this out.
+
+OK, at month 0, when it starts
+off, there's 1 female rabbit
+
+and 1 male rabbit.
+
+At the end of the first month,
+there's still one female
+
+rabbit, but she's
+now pregnant.
+
+So there's still 1.
+
+At the end of the second
+month, what do we have?
+
+Well, that initial female
+is still there.
+
+And she has produced one pair.
+
+So there is a second female.
+
+At the end of the third month,
+that initial female has again
+
+been pregnant and
+has produced.
+
+And these two are still there.
+
+So there are 3.
+
+At the end of the fourth month,
+both of these females
+
+have now produced offspring.
+
+And those 3 females
+are now pregnant.
+
+There are 5.
+
+At the end of the fifth
+month, those 3 females
+
+have produced offspring.
+
+Those 5 are now pregnant.
+
+There are 8.
+
+And at the end of the sixth
+month, there are 13.
+
+What did I just describe?
+
+I just described a nice
+recursive relationship.
+
+That says, gee, there ought
+to be a base case.
+
+And there ought to be
+a recursive case.
+
+And, in fact, in this case, we
+can describe this very nicely.
+
+The number of females at month
+end is the number of females
+
+there were two months
+earlier--
+
+because they've all given
+birth, so that's
+
+that many new females--
+
+plus the number of females there
+were at the previous
+
+month, who are now
+all in whelp.
+
+Ah, that's a recursive
+relationship.
+
+If I wanted to figure out how
+many females there are at
+
+month end, what do
+I have to do?
+
+Well, I just have to say,
+what's the base case?
+
+Because there's the
+recursive case.
+
+And the base case is--
+
+let me do it this way.
+
+If n is equal to
+0 or 1, it's 1.
+
+And as a consequence, I should
+be able to figure out how
+
+quickly do rabbits breed, at
+least according to 12th
+
+century Italian mathematicians.
+
+A couple of things to notice
+here, by the way.
+
+Sort of similar to what I saw
+in the towers of Hanoi
+
+problem, I'm going to have
+multiple recursive calls.
+
+To solve this problem of size n
+over here, I've got to solve
+
+two smaller problems, and then
+do the simple operation of
+
+adding them together.
+
+That's OK.
+
+It's going to change the
+complexity of my algorithm,
+
+but it's perfectly fine to have
+multiple recursive calls.
+
+And as I saw in my case of the
+palindrome, I may have more
+
+than one base case.
+
+That's also OK, as long as
+I can ground this out.
+
+All right, so let's
+just look at it.
+
+How would we write this?
+
+Let me get rid of that,
+comment that out.
+
+We can write a little
+
+procedure to compute Fibonacci.
+
+And there's the procedure.
+
+It's in your handout.
+
+I've got some things up at the
+top here that are just making
+
+sure that I got the right kinds
+of arguments to pass in,
+
+which is a cleaner, crisp
+way of doing it.
+
+But what do I say?
+
+I say, if either x is 0 or x
+is 1, two base cases, just
+
+return the answer, which is 1.
+
+Otherwise, solve two--
+
+right there--
+
+smaller sub-problems.
+
+And what's the simple
+operation?
+
+Just add the two things
+together, and return it out.
+
+And if I do this, we can check
+to see if we actually compute
+
+Fibonacci properly.
+
+All right, let's do
+a test fib of 0.
+
+It says, ah, fib of 0 is 1.
+
+To do a test fib of 1-- there's
+my other base case.
+
+Aha, it says, there they go.
+
+And now, let's do something
+a little larger.
+
+There it is.
+
+As it gets each computation it's
+doing, it says, to get
+
+fib of 3, I've got to solve
+fib of 0, fib of
+
+1, and fib of 2.
+
+And there's the answer.
+
+And just to make sure we're
+really doing this well, just
+
+reproduce my table over there.
+
+Do I expect you to get all
+of that code right away?
+
+No, although it's pretty
+easy to understand.
+
+What I do expect you to see,
+though, is notice what I did.
+
+I took a recursive problem,
+and broke it down
+
+into simpler pieces.
+
+And then I used the solutions of
+those pieces to give me the
+
+solution to the larger
+problem.
+
+By the way, Leonardo
+Pisa had it wrong.
+
+In 1859, as I'm sure many
+of you know, a wonderful
+
+Australian farmer named Thomas
+Austin imported 24 rabbits
+
+from England to use as
+targets for hunting.
+
+10 years later there were 2
+million rabbits being shot and
+
+trapped in Australia.
+
+And fib, while it grows fast,
+doesn't go quite that fast.
+
+So Leonardo of Pisa
+had it wrong.
+
+Of course, as you probably also
+know, Australia, and I
+
+think New Zealand, have the
+wonderful property of having
+
+more sheep than people.
+
+I don't know what that says,
+other than it's a great
+
+recursive problem.
+
+Fibonacci, by the way, actually
+
+shows up in other places.
+
+Again, it may not be a perfect
+model of rabbit populations,
+
+but it has some other really
+interesting properties.
+
+One of them is, if you let n get
+close to infinity, and you
+
+look at the ratio of fib of
+n over fib of n minus 1--
+
+it sounds like a strange
+thing to look at.
+
+It basically tells you how
+quickly does fib grow.
+
+Does anybody know the
+answer to this?
+
+The golden ratio, 1 plus root
+5 over 2, which Leonardo--
+
+the other Leonardo, the really
+good Leonardo-- by the way,
+
+used to design buildings with.
+
+So there's a very strange
+connection.
+
+The other one thing I like about
+this is that Fibonacci
+
+shows up, actually,
+a lot in nature.
+
+So, for example, did you know
+that the number of petals on
+
+most flowers is a Fibonacci
+number?
+
+For example, black-eyed
+Susans, 13 petals.
+
+Field daisies, 34 petals.
+
+You might ask why.
+
+Oh, sorry.
+
+I'm out of time.
+
+I won't answer it today.
+
+But you can ask Professor Guttag
+next time around why it
+
+is that petals come in
+Fibonacci numbers.
+
+What's the message
+of this lecture?
+
+Recursion, divide and conquer.
+
+Break a problem down
+into simpler
+
+versions of the same problem.
+
+Life is really easy.
+
+And you'll see Professor
+Guttag next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Wz1d0rHn_fU.txt b/Wz1d0rHn_fU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1cff5d2ea55e851d974d90546e9b0b62a13f638b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Wz1d0rHn_fU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1056 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Oilers method applet helps us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oilers method applet helps us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oilers method applet helps us to
+understand numerical methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand numerical methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand numerical methods for
+approximating solutions to differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating solutions to differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating solutions to differential
+equations I can choose the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I can choose the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations I can choose the differential
+equation using this pullad menu and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using this pullad menu and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation using this pullad menu and I've
+selected the equation Y Prime = y^2 - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the equation Y Prime = y^2 - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the equation Y Prime = y^2 - x
+the same equation that we used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation that we used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equation that we used in the
+isine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isine
+applet the graphing window shows a slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applet the graphing window shows a slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applet the graphing window shows a slope
+field the slope field of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the slope field of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the slope field of this equation
+and the value of the slope field can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the slope field can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the slope field can be
+read off by rolling over the window it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off by rolling over the window it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off by rolling over the window it's
+read off on the right hand side here f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off on the right hand side here f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off on the right hand side here f
+ofx y is various values depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx y is various values depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx y is various values depending on
+where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm
+located I've also chosen an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located I've also chosen an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located I've also chosen an initial
+condition initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition initial
+value of xal x0 is Zer and y0 is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of xal x0 is Zer and y0 is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of xal x0 is Zer and y0 is minus
+one I can see the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can see the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can see the actual
+solution with that initial condition by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with that initial condition by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with that initial condition by
+press ing actual from this set of boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press ing actual from this set of boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press ing actual from this set of boxes
+and checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and checking
+start now a curve is drawn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start now a curve is drawn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start now a curve is drawn on the
+graphing plane this is the solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing plane this is the solution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing plane this is the solution with
+that initial condition and a table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial condition and a table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that initial condition and a table of
+values shows up in this left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values shows up in this left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values shows up in this left
+table suppose we can see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table suppose we can see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table suppose we can see that this is
+one of the solutions which is sucked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the solutions which is sucked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the solutions which is sucked
+into the funnel so we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the funnel so we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the funnel so we understand the
+values of Y ofx quite well when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Y ofx quite well when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of Y ofx quite well when X is
+large but what if I want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but what if I want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but what if I want to know the
+value of y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y of
+one according to the table over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one according to the table over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one according to the table over here the
+value is approximately Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is approximately Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is approximately Min
+-83 but how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-83 but how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-83 but how do we know
+that Oilers method is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Oilers method is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Oilers method is the simplest
+numerical method it uses the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method it uses the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical method it uses the tangent
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+approximation if I set the step size to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if I set the step size to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if I set the step size to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+one I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then click Start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then click Start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then click Start
+and this will draw a tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will draw a tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will draw a tangent line
+segment with Delta x equal to 1 starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment with Delta x equal to 1 starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment with Delta x equal to 1 starting
+at my initial condition and with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my initial condition and with slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my initial condition and with slope
+given by the slope field at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the slope field at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the slope field at that point
+so the tangent line approximation to Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tangent line approximation to Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the tangent line approximation to Y
+of one is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is the value
+zero well that's not very good but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well that's not very good but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well that's not very good but I can
+improve things by using a smaller step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve things by using a smaller step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve things by using a smaller step
+size so let's go down to a step size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so let's go down to a step size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so let's go down to a step size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter start again now I've drawn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter start again now I've drawn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter start again now I've drawn a
+tangent line segment but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line segment but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line segment but the
+horizontal distance is only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance is only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance is only one
+quarter I can now me let's see what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter I can now me let's see what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter I can now me let's see what if
+we can see this more clearly by pressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see this more clearly by pressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see this more clearly by pressing
+the zoom key this will zoom in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zoom key this will zoom in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zoom key this will zoom in on the
+same picture that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I can measure the slope field at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I can measure the slope field at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I can measure the slope field at
+the end point of this green line segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point of this green line segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point of this green line segment
+it seems to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be about
+32 and by pressing next step I can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and by pressing next step I can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and by pressing next step I can draw
+a line segment moving off with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line segment moving off with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line segment moving off with that
+slope so this now it produces a polygon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so this now it produces a polygon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so this now it produces a polygon
+the oiler polygon which will stay closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oiler polygon which will stay closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oiler polygon which will stay closer
+to the actual curve than the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual curve than the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual curve than the simple
+tangent line approximation did I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line approximation did I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line approximation did I can
+continue this process by continuing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this process by continuing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this process by continuing to
+say next step a table of values appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say next step a table of values appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say next step a table of values appears
+in the left and we discover that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left and we discover that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the left and we discover that the
+oiler approximation to Y of one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler approximation to Y of one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler approximation to Y of one with
+step size one quter is minus 0.75 much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size one quter is minus 0.75 much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size one quter is minus 0.75 much
+better than the earlier value that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the earlier value that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the earlier value that we
+had and I can improve things still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and I can improve things still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had and I can improve things still
+further by choosing a smaller step size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further by choosing a smaller step size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further by choosing a smaller step size
+in fact you can get as close as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can get as close as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact you can get as close as you want
+to the actual Solution by selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual Solution by selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the actual Solution by selecting
+sufficiently small step sizes let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small step sizes let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small step sizes let's do
+one more example with step size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more example with step size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more example with step size of
+1/8 now I will click eight times to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 now I will click eight times to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 now I will click eight times to
+produce an Oiler polygon with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an Oiler polygon with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce an Oiler polygon with eight
+segments and I have an estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus8 all of these estimates are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus8 all of these estimates are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus8 all of these estimates are too
+large all of these curves these polygons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large all of these curves these polygons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large all of these curves these polygons
+lie above the actual solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie above the actual solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie above the actual solution
+curve let's see if we can see why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you'll notice the that the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll notice the that the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll notice the that the slope
+field is given by the formula y^2 - x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is given by the formula y^2 - x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is given by the formula y^2 - x so
+as X increases the slope field field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X increases the slope field field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X increases the slope field field
+decreases in value so as we're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in value so as we're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases in value so as we're moving
+out along one of these Oiler struts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out along one of these Oiler struts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out along one of these Oiler struts the
+slope field is decreasing under it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope field is decreasing under it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope field is decreasing under it and
+that causes the actual solution to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes the actual solution to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes the actual solution to fall
+below the the oiler polygon and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the the oiler polygon and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the the oiler polygon and that
+process will continue as I iterate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process will continue as I iterate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process will continue as I iterate the
+oiler process so the general rule is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler process so the general rule is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler process so the general rule is if
+the direction field is decreasing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction field is decreasing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction field is decreasing in the
+X Direction you should expect the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction you should expect the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Direction you should expect the actual
+solution to be less than the Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to be less than the Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to be less than the Oiler
+estimate there are lots of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate there are lots of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate there are lots of things that
+can go wrong in this kind of numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go wrong in this kind of numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go wrong in this kind of numerical
+work to see one of them let's unzoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to see one of them let's unzoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to see one of them let's unzoom
+Zoom back clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom back clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zoom back clear the
+screen redraw the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen redraw the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen redraw the actual
+solution and choose step size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and choose step size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and choose step size
+one now instead of wanting to compute y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now instead of wanting to compute y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now instead of wanting to compute y
+of one suppose that I wanted to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one suppose that I wanted to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one suppose that I wanted to compute
+the value of the solution near at xal 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the solution near at xal 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the solution near at xal 6
+well if I try using doing this using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I try using doing this using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I try using doing this using
+step size of one let's see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size of one let's see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size of one let's see what happens
+so I begin I have the same strut I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I begin I have the same strut I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I begin I have the same strut I had
+before it's too large but now the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's too large but now the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's too large but now the slope
+field has a negative value so that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has a negative value so that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has a negative value so that comes
+B back down things are looking better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B back down things are looking better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B back down things are looking better in
+The Next Step ah I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Next Step ah I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Next Step ah I've
+overshot and if I step take another step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot and if I step take another step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot and if I step take another step
+then I've overshot again in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've overshot again in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've overshot again in the other
+direction more dramatically and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction more dramatically and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction more dramatically and now the
+slope field is even more negative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope field is even more negative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope field is even more negative and so
+when I take The Next Step I've overshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take The Next Step I've overshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take The Next Step I've overshot
+yet again more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet again more
+dramatically and if I take the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and if I take the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and if I take the next step
+now my estimate for the solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my estimate for the solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my estimate for the solution which
+is down here at xal 6 is the value seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down here at xal 6 is the value seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down here at xal 6 is the value seven
+this is in the range where the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the range where the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in the range where the slope
+field continues to increase forever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field continues to increase forever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field continues to increase forever and
+so my estimated solution will zoom off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my estimated solution will zoom off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my estimated solution will zoom off
+towards Infinity while the actual curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards Infinity while the actual curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards Infinity while the actual curve
+is down here I call this catastrophic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down here I call this catastrophic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is down here I call this catastrophic
+overshoot it's just one of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot it's just one of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot it's just one of a number of
+different things that can go wrong when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that can go wrong when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that can go wrong when
+you try to use these numerical methods
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/X1or8Ish5OU.txt b/X1or8Ish5OU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3df2a07b4d3ceaab465bb92e2c022cbccea6c588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/X1or8Ish5OU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another important source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another important source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another important source of
+convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection
+in an air-filled room is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an air-filled room is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an air-filled room is
+buoyancy due to differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy due to differences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy due to differences in the
+density of the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of the air
+as the temperature varies even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the temperature varies even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the temperature varies even
+relatively small variations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small variations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small variations in
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+can lead to significant flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to significant flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to significant flows
+there's another dimensionless number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another dimensionless number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another dimensionless number
+which controls the appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which controls the appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which controls the appearance
+and strength of such flows which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strength of such flows which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strength of such flows which is the
+rayleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written ra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written ra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written ra
+and this is also a physical property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also a physical property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also a physical property of
+the it's a combination of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a combination of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's a combination of physical
+properties of the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the fluid
+plus the geometry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the geometry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the geometry so
+in this case the relevant geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the relevant geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the relevant geometrical
+scale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale is
+uh the height because this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the height because this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the height because this is a
+gravitational instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational instability
+so we have in the reynolds in the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have in the reynolds in the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have in the reynolds in the really
+number we have gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we have gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we have gravity
+i'll just define all these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just define all these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just define all these a
+gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is 9.8 meters per second squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have well if we define the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have well if we define the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have well if we define the change in
+air density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air density
+relative to the initial air density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the initial air density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the initial air density
+that's caused by changes in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's caused by changes in temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's caused by changes in temperature
+if the temperature changes aren't too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the temperature changes aren't too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the temperature changes aren't too
+big there's a linear response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big there's a linear response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big there's a linear response
+which is defined by the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined by the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined by the thermal
+expansion coefficient beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient beta
+so beta delta t so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beta delta t so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so beta delta t so
+beta is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the thermal
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient and this for error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and this for error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and this for error is
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+3.1 times 10 to the minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.1 times 10 to the minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.1 times 10 to the minus 3
+inverse kelvins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so basically we have gravity times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically we have gravity times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically we have gravity times
+the change in density that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in density that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in density that's the
+buoyancy force per volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy force per volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy force per volume
+and so we can write that as beta delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write that as beta delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write that as beta delta t
+or i should say delta t is t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i should say delta t is t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i should say delta t is t
+you know maximum minus t minimum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maximum minus t minimum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maximum minus t minimum so
+there's some temperature change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some temperature change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some temperature change
+so the example we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the example we're going to consider
+is a cold plate above a hot plate with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cold plate above a hot plate with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cold plate above a hot plate with a
+fluid in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid in between
+and then we have also some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have also some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have also some other
+parameters so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so we have
+the length comes in cube now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length comes in cube now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length comes in cube now so
+it's very sensitive to the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sensitive to the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sensitive to the size of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and then we also have the kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also have the kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we also have the kinematic
+viscosity of error which i'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of error which i'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of error which i'll write
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+here this also appeared in the reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this also appeared in the reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this also appeared in the reynolds
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for error uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for error uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for error uh this is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.5 times 10 to the minus 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 times 10 to the minus 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 times 10 to the minus 5
+meters squared per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters squared per second
+roughly and then finally we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and then finally we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly and then finally we have
+alpha t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the thermal diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thermal diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the thermal diffusivity
+so this parameter gives a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this parameter gives a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this parameter gives a sense of how
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+heat energy is transmitted by conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat energy is transmitted by conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat energy is transmitted by conduction
+and diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and diffusion
+through through the fluid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the fluid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through the fluid and
+thermal diffusivity turns out is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal diffusivity turns out is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal diffusivity turns out is pretty
+close to the kinematic viscosity for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the kinematic viscosity for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the kinematic viscosity for a
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+like air and the reason is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like air and the reason is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like air and the reason is that the
+ratio of thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of thermal
+of well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of well the
+in other words that the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words that the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words that the ratio of the
+kinematic viscosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic viscosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic viscosity
+to the thermal diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thermal diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thermal diffusivity
+for error is around 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this ratio by the way is called pr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ratio by the way is called pr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ratio by the way is called pr
+the prandtl number which is also very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prandtl number which is also very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prandtl number which is also very
+important in these sorts of flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for gases the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for gases the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for gases the basically
+kinematic viscosity refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic viscosity refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic viscosity refers to the
+diffusion of momentum in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of momentum in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of momentum in the air
+whereas the thermal diffusivity alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the thermal diffusivity alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the thermal diffusivity alpha is
+the diffusion of heat energy and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of heat energy and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusion of heat energy and in a
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas
+both those processes occur by collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both those processes occur by collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both those processes occur by collisions
+of molecules and since it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules and since it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules and since it's the same
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+you have roughly the same order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have roughly the same order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have roughly the same order of
+magnitude of those quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of those quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of those quantities
+so basically all these quantities enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically all these quantities enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically all these quantities enter
+the rayleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rayleigh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rayleigh number
+and the way to think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way to think about you know
+qualitatively what the rayleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively what the rayleigh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively what the rayleigh number
+is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling us
+is the ratio of buoyancy force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to viscous stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to viscous stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to viscous stress
+which is trying to fight that motion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying to fight that motion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trying to fight that motion as
+we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about before
+but also heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also heat
+diffusion or thermal diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or thermal diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion or thermal diffusion
+which is also kind of fighting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also kind of fighting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also kind of fighting because
+it spreads out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spreads out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it spreads out
+the temperature gradient because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature gradient because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature gradient because this is
+a motion that is naturally driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motion that is naturally driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motion that is naturally driven
+whenever a temperature gradient exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a temperature gradient exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever a temperature gradient exists
+which is unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is unstable
+so because this beta is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because this beta is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because this beta is typically
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+so when you heat the fluid it gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you heat the fluid it gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you heat the fluid it gets it
+expands that's certainly the case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands that's certainly the case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands that's certainly the case for
+most gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most gases
+and even for many liquids then what i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even for many liquids then what i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even for many liquids then what i've
+sketched here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched here
+is an unstable density gradient where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unstable density gradient where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unstable density gradient where if
+the cold is above the hot there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold is above the hot there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold is above the hot there's a
+heavy fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy fluid
+above a light fluid and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a light fluid and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above a light fluid and at
+conditions of low rayleigh number this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of low rayleigh number this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of low rayleigh number this
+is stable and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stable and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stable and in particular
+if the rayleigh number is less for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the rayleigh number is less for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the rayleigh number is less for this
+particular case of two fixed plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of two fixed plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of two fixed plates
+in an infinite layer of fluid if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an infinite layer of fluid if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an infinite layer of fluid if the
+rayleigh number is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rayleigh number is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rayleigh number is less than
+1708 then we have a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1708 then we have a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1708 then we have a stable
+situation or it can be or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation or it can be or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation or it can be or at least
+metastable it won't go spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable it won't go spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable it won't go spontaneously
+unstable so at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so at least
+at least local stable to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least local stable to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least local stable to small
+perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations
+then at this critical not rarely number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at this critical not rarely number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at this critical not rarely number
+of 1708
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we start to get some spontaneous flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to get some spontaneous flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to get some spontaneous flows
+because what's happening is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's happening is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's happening is that the
+heavy fluid above which is the i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy fluid above which is the i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy fluid above which is the i've
+sketched in blue the cold fluid it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched in blue the cold fluid it wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched in blue the cold fluid it wants
+to sink to the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sink to the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sink to the bottom
+whereas the red warmer fluid is lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the red warmer fluid is lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the red warmer fluid is lighter
+and wants to rise to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to rise to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to rise to the top
+and so it has to find a way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has to find a way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has to find a way to do that
+and eventually break symmetry and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually break symmetry and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually break symmetry and just
+starts forming convection and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts forming convection and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts forming convection and that is
+so-called natural convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called natural convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called natural convection
+so you have plumes of hot fluid rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have plumes of hot fluid rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have plumes of hot fluid rising
+and cold fluid sinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cold fluid sinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cold fluid sinking
+driven at first by fairly regular arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven at first by fairly regular arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven at first by fairly regular arrays
+but as you increase the rayleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you increase the rayleigh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you increase the rayleigh number
+even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further
+and if you increase it a lot then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you increase it a lot then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you increase it a lot then you
+eventually get to a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get to a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get to a complicated
+turbulent flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flow
+so if you increase the rayleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you increase the rayleigh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you increase the rayleigh number
+you know on the order of you know 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the order of you know 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the order of you know 10 to
+the four you may have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four you may have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four you may have some
+unsteady situations as we saw with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady situations as we saw with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsteady situations as we saw with the
+vortex shedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortex shedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vortex shedding
+but here if you go to very high radials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here if you go to very high radials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here if you go to very high radials
+number a rayleigh number i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a rayleigh number i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a rayleigh number i should say
+greater than about 10 to the nine then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than about 10 to the nine then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than about 10 to the nine then
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+again get turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so simply these temperature variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simply these temperature variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simply these temperature variations
+are strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strong enough
+those buoyancy forces to completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those buoyancy forces to completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those buoyancy forces to completely
+destabilize the fluid and generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilize the fluid and generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilize the fluid and generate a
+turbulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent
+mixture where the hot and cold are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture where the hot and cold are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture where the hot and cold are very
+quickly mixing and i've sketched here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly mixing and i've sketched here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly mixing and i've sketched here
+the hot and cold is still being separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot and cold is still being separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot and cold is still being separate
+but in fact due to diffusion they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact due to diffusion they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact due to diffusion they will
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+also be re-equilibrating all the time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be re-equilibrating all the time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be re-equilibrating all the time as
+well although the temperature gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well although the temperature gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well although the temperature gradient
+is needed to kind of maintain that flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to kind of maintain that flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed to kind of maintain that flow
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's see how big the rayleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how big the rayleigh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how big the rayleigh number
+is in different situations of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in different situations of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in different situations of interest
+for indoor air now as well so if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for indoor air now as well so if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for indoor air now as well so if we look
+um let's say in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's have this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have this is another
+room and you know let's imagine again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and you know let's imagine again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and you know let's imagine again we
+have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our
+heating and ventilation air conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and ventilation air conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and ventilation air conditioning
+let's say it's an air conditioning unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's an air conditioning unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's an air conditioning unit
+on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top
+which is dumping in some cold air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dumping in some cold air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dumping in some cold air
+and it's giving it some velocity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's giving it some velocity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's giving it some velocity so the
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+is associated with a reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with a reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with a reynolds number
+that inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inertia
+will lead to destabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to destabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to destabilization
+destabilization and vortices and mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization and vortices and mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilization and vortices and mixing
+by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself
+but let's see what the effect is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see what the effect is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see what the effect is of the
+temperature difference okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference okay so we're
+injecting cold air and we usually put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting cold air and we usually put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting cold air and we usually put it
+on top because we actually want good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top because we actually want good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top because we actually want good
+mixing in the room that's how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in the room that's how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing in the room that's how these
+systems are designed we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are designed we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are designed we also
+inject heat normally from below for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject heat normally from below for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject heat normally from below for
+example from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from the
+lower sections of the wall or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sections of the wall or from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sections of the wall or from the
+floor and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and so
+if we were and in fact i could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were and in fact i could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were and in fact i could just
+mention if we were to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention if we were to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention if we were to heat
+we would we would do that if we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would we would do that if we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would we would do that if we're doing
+air conditioning or cooling we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioning or cooling we would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air conditioning or cooling we would do
+it from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from above
+and so basically there's is an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically there's is an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically there's is an unstable
+gradient like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient like this
+and let's actually put some numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's actually put some numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's actually put some numbers in
+here so what if we say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what if we say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what if we say that the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+difference between the fluid we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the fluid we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the fluid we're
+injecting whether it's heating or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting whether it's heating or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injecting whether it's heating or
+cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling
+relative to the sort of background air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the sort of background air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the sort of background air
+in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room
+that which is let's say closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is let's say closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is let's say closer to the
+target temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target temperature
+is approaching target temperature let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approaching target temperature let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approaching target temperature let's
+say it's only 10 degrees c so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's only 10 degrees c so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's only 10 degrees c so that
+seems like not a very big difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like not a very big difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like not a very big difference but
+then we go back to our height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go back to our height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go back to our height
+which is our length scale and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our length scale and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our length scale and we say
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+2.7 meters just as sort of a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 meters just as sort of a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7 meters just as sort of a standard
+ceiling height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling height
+if you plug in the properties of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug in the properties of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug in the properties of air
+with these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these numbers
+the rayleigh number is actually 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rayleigh number is actually 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rayleigh number is actually 10
+to the 10. it's enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 10. it's enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 10. it's enormous
+so that tells you that if you and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells you that if you and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that tells you that if you and that's
+partly because of the huge scale here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because of the huge scale here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because of the huge scale here
+right so h comes in cubes so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so h comes in cubes so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so h comes in cubes so if you have
+you know two or three meters of height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two or three meters of height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know two or three meters of height
+that's a lot of height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of height
+and so if you are maintaining that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you are maintaining that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you are maintaining that kind
+of temperature difference across such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature difference across such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature difference across such a
+height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height
+you're going to be generating very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be generating very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be generating very
+serious convection in that system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious convection in that system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious convection in that system so
+what's happening is that besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening is that besides the
+fact that you're blowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're blowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you're blowing
+and generating flows by inertia you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generating flows by inertia you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generating flows by inertia you also
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+these thermal flows going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermal flows going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thermal flows going on
+which can be you know very uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be you know very uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be you know very uh very
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+in this in a system when there's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in a system when there's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in a system when there's even
+just a few degrees of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few degrees of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few degrees of temperature
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+you've probably seen dust in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen dust in the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen dust in the air
+near a sunny window which allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a sunny window which allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near a sunny window which allows you to
+visualize the flow and even if nobody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the flow and even if nobody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the flow and even if nobody's
+moving the air is fairly still you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the air is fairly still you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the air is fairly still you might
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+plumes of rising air in one location or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes of rising air in one location or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes of rising air in one location or
+sinking in another error and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking in another error and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinking in another error and if you look
+closely those plumes may actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely those plumes may actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely those plumes may actually
+uh have very complex convective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have very complex convective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have very complex convective
+instabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities
+and turbulence even even when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turbulence even even when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turbulence even even when the
+temperature differences are not so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature differences are not so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature differences are not so great
+and in fact we can see such things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we can see such things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we can see such things for
+example if we have let's say a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we have let's say a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we have let's say a window
+and let's say that um it's uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that um it's uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that um it's uh you know
+let's say it's cold outside and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's cold outside and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's cold outside and it's
+warm inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm inside
+then just simply that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just simply that temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just simply that temperature
+gradient means that there's a colder air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient means that there's a colder air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient means that there's a colder air
+near the surface that wants to sink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the surface that wants to sink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the surface that wants to sink
+and so the flow rate is going to look or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the flow rate is going to look or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the flow rate is going to look or
+the flow is going to look something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow is going to look something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow is going to look something like
+a boundary layer flow of fluid that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary layer flow of fluid that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary layer flow of fluid that is
+sort of falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of falling
+near the surface and if the reynolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the surface and if the reynolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the surface and if the reynolds
+number gets high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number gets high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number gets high enough
+this flow can actually become itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow can actually become itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this flow can actually become itself
+unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+as it kind of goes down the surface so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it kind of goes down the surface so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it kind of goes down the surface so
+you can see that these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that these kind of
+rising or falling plumes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising or falling plumes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising or falling plumes of
+natural convection near vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural convection near vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural convection near vertical
+surfaces that are heated or cooled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces that are heated or cooled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces that are heated or cooled
+relative to the environment can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the environment can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the environment can also
+lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to
+complex flows and actually a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex flows and actually a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex flows and actually a good
+example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that
+is the flow that occurs around a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the flow that occurs around a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the flow that occurs around a person
+just simply due to the temperature so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply due to the temperature so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply due to the temperature so if
+you look very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look very closely
+um at a uh at a person i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a uh at a person i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a uh at a person i'm not going to
+draw it very well here but let's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it very well here but let's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it very well here but let's just uh
+say we have a person and that's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a person and that's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a person and that's supposed
+to be a a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a a head
+okay if you look very closely the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you look very closely the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you look very closely the body
+has a temperature which is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a temperature which is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a temperature which is usually
+higher than the ambient by at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the ambient by at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the ambient by at least
+10 degrees if not more and if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degrees if not more and if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 degrees if not more and if you now
+plug in a little bit smaller size let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a little bit smaller size let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in a little bit smaller size let's
+say we plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we plug in
+you know 10 let's say 30 or 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 let's say 30 or 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 10 let's say 30 or 40
+centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters
+and we um so so let's let's say let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we um so so let's let's say let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we um so so let's let's say let's do
+that actually so if we say that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually so if we say that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually so if we say that here
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+h would be on the order of uh well since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h would be on the order of uh well since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h would be on the order of uh well since
+this was three meters we'll go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was three meters we'll go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was three meters we'll go down to
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+point three meters so we'll drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three meters so we'll drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three meters so we'll drop the
+size roughly by a factor of 10 but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size roughly by a factor of 10 but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size roughly by a factor of 10 but it
+comes in cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in cubed
+so that drops the rayleigh number by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that drops the rayleigh number by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that drops the rayleigh number by a
+factor of thousands so if we still keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of thousands so if we still keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of thousands so if we still keep
+our delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our delta t
+at 10 degrees and it might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 degrees and it might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 degrees and it might actually be
+much more than that the rayleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than that the rayleigh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than that the rayleigh number
+sort of around this person's head just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of around this person's head just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of around this person's head just
+simply by virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by virtue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by virtue
+of the heat generated by the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heat generated by the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heat generated by the body
+can be of order 10 to the seventh so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be of order 10 to the seventh so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be of order 10 to the seventh so it
+may not be quite into the turbulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be quite into the turbulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be quite into the turbulent
+regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime
+but it's certainly in the regime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly in the regime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's certainly in the regime where
+there'll be some unsteady complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some unsteady complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some unsteady complicated
+flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows
+due only to natural convection and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due only to natural convection and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due only to natural convection and we're
+not even talking about the person moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even talking about the person moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even talking about the person moving
+which gives you even more flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you even more flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you even more flow
+and so what it actually looks like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it actually looks like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it actually looks like if
+you look closely the air around a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look closely the air around a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look closely the air around a person
+is actually rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually rising
+almost like a chimney driven by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a chimney driven by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a chimney driven by these
+thermal flows and those flows even can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal flows and those flows even can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal flows and those flows even can
+go turbulent or at least generate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go turbulent or at least generate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go turbulent or at least generate some
+vertical structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical structures
+and of course these kinds of flows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these kinds of flows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course these kinds of flows are
+just due to temperature in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to temperature in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to temperature in all these
+cases do the hvac and also do the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases do the hvac and also do the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases do the hvac and also do the person
+there are these convective flows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these convective flows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these convective flows that
+we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+from inertia which also contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inertia which also contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from inertia which also contribute to
+mixing so as we'll talk about shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so as we'll talk about shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing so as we'll talk about shortly
+we also know that uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that uh you know this
+person is breathing let's say they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is breathing let's say they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is breathing let's say they're
+just breathing through the nose even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breathing through the nose even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just breathing through the nose even
+then there's you know some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's you know some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's you know some you know
+puffs that are generated and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs that are generated and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs that are generated and you've got
+the thermal stuff ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal stuff ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal stuff ground
+also the the air that you're breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the air that you're breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the the air that you're breathing
+out is warmer than the ambient so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is warmer than the ambient so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is warmer than the ambient so it
+tends to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to want
+to rise as well so i hope i've convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise as well so i hope i've convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise as well so i hope i've convinced
+you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here
+that uh i'll write this as a these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh i'll write this as a these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh i'll write this as a these are
+could be buoyant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+respiratory jets and puffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i guess the first part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess the first part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess the first part of this
+section is just to convince you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is just to convince you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is just to convince you that the
+conditions in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in a room
+are such that we have good reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such that we have good reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are such that we have good reason to
+believe that there is significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there is significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that there is significant
+mixing of the air either due to inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing of the air either due to inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing of the air either due to inertial
+effects from movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects from movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects from movement
+from ventilation air flows or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ventilation air flows or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ventilation air flows or from
+thermal effects as we have sketched here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal effects as we have sketched here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal effects as we have sketched here
+and so at least that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at least that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at least that gives us a
+beginning of uh kind of justification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of uh kind of justification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of uh kind of justification
+for our assumption of a well-mixed drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our assumption of a well-mixed drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our assumption of a well-mixed drum
+so in this video from uh lyndon's group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this video from uh lyndon's group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this video from uh lyndon's group
+at the university of cambridge uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the university of cambridge uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the university of cambridge uh we can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+a visualization of the airflow around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visualization of the airflow around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a visualization of the airflow around a
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+who is speaking or just breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is speaking or just breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is speaking or just breathing
+and the videos are taken by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the videos are taken by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the videos are taken by a
+differential synthetic schlieren imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential synthetic schlieren imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential synthetic schlieren imaging
+method which allows you to see basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which allows you to see basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which allows you to see basically
+the changes in density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in density
+in the flow and what we see are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flow and what we see are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flow and what we see are these
+thermal plumes of warm air rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal plumes of warm air rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal plumes of warm air rising
+past the body due to the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the body due to the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the body due to the difference in
+the body temperature and the ambient air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body temperature and the ambient air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body temperature and the ambient air
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+and we also see on top of that repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also see on top of that repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also see on top of that repeated
+puffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puffs
+coming from the breathing which interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the breathing which interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the breathing which interact
+with those plumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those plumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those plumes
+and also themselves have buoyant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also themselves have buoyant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also themselves have buoyant and
+turbulent flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent flows
+uh therein in the next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh therein in the next video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh therein in the next video
+we see how different the flows are when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see how different the flows are when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see how different the flows are when
+mass are worn so we can still see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass are worn so we can still see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass are worn so we can still see the
+thermal body plume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal body plume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal body plume
+rising vertically past the person's face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising vertically past the person's face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising vertically past the person's face
+but now the mask is preventing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the mask is preventing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the mask is preventing the
+transfer of momentum to the fluid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of momentum to the fluid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of momentum to the fluid to
+push forward these puffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push forward these puffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push forward these puffs
+and instead we see the leaking of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead we see the leaking of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead we see the leaking of some
+of the breathed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the breathed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the breathed
+exhaled air sort of rising almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled air sort of rising almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaled air sort of rising almost
+entrained in the turbulent thermal plume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrained in the turbulent thermal plume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrained in the turbulent thermal plume
+rising upwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising upwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising upwards
+rather than being ejected forward and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being ejected forward and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being ejected forward and so
+this helps to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helps to eliminate
+sort of short-range transmission due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of short-range transmission due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of short-range transmission due to
+those puffs and and really brings us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those puffs and and really brings us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those puffs and and really brings us
+closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to
+a airborne model of a well-mixed room
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XMEFdofERLI.txt b/XMEFdofERLI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6c174e70a189d4e1c66cbaa9d1e10d1a811f36c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XMEFdofERLI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4546 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right,
+guys, let's get started.
+
+So today, we're going
+to talk about a very
+
+different and principled
+approach to building secure web
+
+applications.
+
+And it's going to be about
+a system called Ur/Web.
+
+And right now,
+our guest lecturer
+
+is the author of the
+system, Adam Chlipala,
+
+who's a professor at
+MIT, is going to tell you
+
+more about the system he built.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: All right,
+so I want to get to a demo
+
+as soon as possible.
+
+But before that, I
+just want to spend
+
+some slides setting up part of
+the context about this system.
+
+And you've probably gotten
+some of that context
+
+already from the
+draft paper that
+
+was the reading for this class.
+
+So what is Ur/Web?
+
+It's always good to start
+out by explaining what
+
+the name of something means.
+
+So Ur/Web, first it's
+a programming language
+
+for building web applications.
+
+That's what the Web
+part of the name means.
+
+And it's sort of a
+full stack system.
+
+It does everything you need to
+do to build web applications.
+
+And Ur is a new general
+purpose functional programming
+
+language that is
+used to implement
+
+these web specific features.
+
+And the whole point of
+Ur/Web is that instead
+
+of having a general purpose
+programming language
+
+and then having a library
+or a traditional framework
+
+for building web
+applications, it's
+
+all integrated into a customized
+programming language in Ur/Web.
+
+And it's a language that
+involves compilation, not
+
+interpretation at run time.
+
+And the compiler in some
+sense understands what a web
+
+application is supposed to do.
+
+And it will point out
+mistakes that you're
+
+making that a conventional
+compiler, for say Java,
+
+would not be able to
+realize where mistakes.
+
+So there are really
+three main principles
+
+that I was trying to follow
+in designing this language.
+
+The middle one is most
+relevant in this context.
+
+But they are programmer
+productivity, security,
+
+and performance.
+
+And the last part, especially
+on the server side, because that
+
+seemed more important
+for scaling reasons.
+
+In many cases, the users
+of your application
+
+won't notice small performance
+issues on the client side.
+
+But a small issue
+on the server side
+
+could force you to buy many
+more servers than you would have
+
+otherwise.
+
+And at this point, there
+are some users of Ur/Web--
+
+not nearly as much as pretty
+much any other language
+
+you probably think of.
+
+But there's at least this one
+commercial web application,
+
+which is an RSS feed reader that
+supports such exotic features
+
+as displaying comments.
+
+And there's the URL chosen by a
+non-native English speaker who
+
+regrets it now.
+
+It's called BazQux Reader, as a
+combination of common medicine
+
+tactic variables from
+the hacker community.
+
+And there are a few
+thousand paying users.
+
+And it looks like that--
+much nicer than anything
+
+I know how to make with CSS.
+
+But here's a proof that it
+can be done using Ur/Web.
+
+Feel free to jump in with
+questions at any point,
+
+though I probably haven't
+gotten to the point yet
+
+that provokes many questions.
+
+So the basic sales
+pitch for Ur/Web
+
+is that it has a very high
+level programming model, which
+
+is very different
+from, say, Django,
+
+which I know you spent some
+time reading about or talking
+
+about in class.
+
+And it has a good
+security story.
+
+Some features you
+want for security
+
+are really integrated
+into the system
+
+so that you would really have
+to work hard to avoid inheriting
+
+these security benefits.
+
+And I'll say more about
+the detail shortly.
+
+And also, the server
+side performance
+
+is unusually good, even
+among the popular tools
+
+for building web
+applications that you're more
+
+likely to have heard of before.
+
+And the caveat is
+that we probably
+
+need to have internalized
+the big ideas
+
+of functional
+programming languages
+
+like Haskell before a
+programmer's ready to start
+
+using Ur/Web.
+
+And looking at the questions
+and answers for this class,
+
+maybe a fifth of
+you were complaining
+
+about the functional
+programming parts of the paper
+
+being hard to follow.
+
+I apologize.
+
+There are just so
+many good ideas
+
+in the world of
+functional programming
+
+that it's hard not to
+start from that point
+
+and add more cool
+stuff on top of that.
+
+And I will try to
+avoid any requirement
+
+to know that material
+to follow what
+
+I'll be doing in class today.
+
+So the programming model
+is really closely connected
+
+to static typing.
+
+And that's not just
+static typing like
+
+in, say, Java, which has
+a relatively inexpressive
+
+clunky type system,
+but static typing
+
+like in Haskell or OCaml.
+
+And these types
+are one of the ways
+
+that the compiler
+understands what you're doing
+
+and catches mistakes
+in your program.
+
+And it turns out that
+the core Ur language
+
+that Ur/Web is built on top
+of has a very expressive
+
+static type system.
+
+So many of the things
+that Ur/Web does
+
+are actually just
+exposed as libraries
+
+with no special
+compiler support.
+
+For instance, we'll teach the
+compiler how to type check
+
+SQL queries without actually
+building the typing rules
+
+of SQL into the compiler.
+
+They can be encoded as a library
+and use a standard type checker
+
+to make sure your SQL queries
+are following the rules of SQL.
+
+Most relevant in this
+context, the security story
+
+at a high level-- most of
+the most common security
+
+vulnerabilities are impossible
+by construction in Ur/Web.
+
+You will have to
+explicitly enable scary
+
+looking flag names to be
+allowed to do most of the most
+
+awful things you can do
+in a web application,
+
+like no cross site scripting
+vulnerabilities unless you
+
+really invoke some black
+magic, say, by using
+
+the foreign function interface.
+
+And there are a few other
+security-specific features
+
+that I'll highlight later.
+
+And the performance
+is also very good.
+
+The compiler is, first of all,
+a domain specific compiler
+
+for a web application.
+
+So it understands what the web
+application is doing and is
+
+able to optimize some things
+that a more general compiler
+
+wouldn't catch.
+
+And usually the
+code that comes out
+
+of this compiler that
+runs on the server
+
+is native code,
+which is very, very
+
+competitive with what you might
+bother to write by hand in C.
+
+And the performance
+costs that there
+
+are compared to
+other approaches tend
+
+to have to do with the
+concurrency model, which
+
+makes the programmer's
+life easier
+
+at some cost in performance.
+
+And I'll say a little bit
+more about that in a moment.
+
+Here's a quick plug for this
+web framework benchmarking
+
+initiative that is
+run by a third party.
+
+This is a screenshot of
+the results of the most
+
+recent round where a number of
+different web programming tasks
+
+were completed in many
+different frameworks,
+
+and they were compared pretty
+much exclusively on performance
+
+so far.
+
+And here you can
+see Ur/Web sitting
+
+at fourth out of about 60
+frameworks on this benchmark.
+
+And there's been
+some improvements
+
+to the Ur/Web compiler since
+this screenshot was taken.
+
+And I expect in the
+next round it'll
+
+move up a little bit higher.
+
+But basically, already this
+is a simple example using
+
+SQL to generate HTML pages.
+
+You get about 100,000
+requests per second
+
+from the Ur/Web
+server, which is going
+
+to be just plenty for
+most applications.
+
+So sort of maybe the
+important takeaway message
+
+from this slide in this class is
+that you can adopt a high level
+
+model that makes security easier
+to achieve without just giving
+
+up all the performance that you
+would expect to get from more
+
+mainstream techniques.
+
+All right, so let me start
+out by giving my cartoon
+
+impression of the way
+web programmers think
+
+about writing web applications
+in mainstream frameworks today.
+
+And then I'll show the
+different perspective
+
+that Ur/Web provides, where
+some of the things that
+
+can go wrong at this level
+given the abstractions that
+
+are exposed can no longer
+go wrong by construction.
+
+So the basic cartoon picture is
+there's a web server out there.
+
+And it's sort of in charge
+of the whole process
+
+of your application.
+
+And there's a whole fleet
+of browsers out there
+
+that are going to
+interact with that server.
+
+It'll have some state
+that winds up effectively
+
+shared across all these
+browsers through their contact
+
+with the server.
+
+So the usual picture
+is that the browser
+
+starts interacting
+with the web server
+
+by sending it an HTTP
+request that includes
+
+some URLs embedded in it.
+
+And then the web
+server throws back,
+
+again, the HTTP and HTML page.
+
+And there are some
+URLs embedded in that,
+
+which can be used to decide
+which request to make the web
+
+server in the future.
+
+This web server
+might also be talking
+
+to a database that provides
+a persistent store that
+
+is shared across all the
+users of the application.
+
+One popular protocol to
+speak between the web
+
+server and the database is SQL.
+
+That's what I'll be focusing
+on talking about Ur/Web.
+
+And also, with modern
+web applications,
+
+it's not just the one
+page at a time model
+
+where whenever anything
+has to change on the page
+
+you make a new
+request to the server
+
+and then replace the
+whole page of the unit.
+
+There's this Ajax
+style where the browser
+
+within a single page
+view will sometimes
+
+make extra HTTP requests
+to the web server
+
+and receive responses that
+are processed programmatically
+
+in a customized way.
+
+And this often uses
+representations
+
+like XML and JSON
+and other simple wire
+
+formats for exchanging
+data between the client
+
+and the server.
+
+And then when the browser
+gets back that response,
+
+there's some
+JavaScript code running
+
+there, which implements
+arbitrary logic for controlling
+
+the UI that we're
+displaying to the user.
+
+And the way this works is
+that this JavaScript code
+
+can read the responses
+that the server has given
+
+to those different Ajax calls.
+
+And then it can modify the
+page that's displayed basically
+
+by mutating a global variable
+that stands for the page.
+
+And any part of the
+program can have
+
+arbitrary effects on this global
+variable that is the page.
+
+And often, parts of
+the page are looked up
+
+by string IDs that are annotated
+on nodes of the tree that's
+
+describing the document.
+
+And finally, one more
+complication-- sometimes
+
+we want to allow what feels
+like the web server contacting
+
+the browser without prompting.
+
+So say there's a
+new email message.
+
+The web server wants to tell
+the browser, new message.
+
+So there are a variety of
+ways of doing this involving
+
+acronyms like Comet
+and WebSockets
+
+that really look a lot like the
+browser contacting the server.
+
+It's the same sort
+of thing conceptually
+
+in the other direction.
+
+All right, so I want to
+bring back on the screen
+
+all these protocols
+and languages,
+
+highlight some parts
+in yellow here.
+
+Having read the
+paper, does anyone
+
+have a guess about what is
+the commonality between all
+
+these highlighted parts here
+from a security perspective?
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: They're all strings.
+
+So you can put whatever
+you want in them.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Right, in
+the mainstream approaches
+
+to web application programming,
+all of these things
+
+are strings.
+
+And the programming
+language doesn't understand
+
+the way you're
+using them and can
+
+help you avoid making mistakes.
+
+So for instance, by representing
+these things are strings,
+
+you get code injection attacks.
+
+So as far as I'm concerned,
+code injection attacks
+
+are basically about
+the consequence
+
+of including as a primitive
+in your programming
+
+language or your framework some
+function that runs programs
+
+as text in some sufficiently
+expressive language.
+
+In Ur/Web, there is no
+built-in interpreter
+
+at runtime for
+strings as programs.
+
+And that makes a lot of
+the most common mistakes
+
+in web applications
+impossible by construction.
+
+So all these things
+that are highlighted
+
+will either be
+invisible, or they'll
+
+be represented with special
+types that make clear what kind
+
+of code you're
+dealing with and don't
+
+have any sort of
+automatic coercion
+
+from string into any
+of those special types.
+
+All right, so here's
+the alternative model
+
+that Ur/Web exposes,
+which gets compiled
+
+to the traditional model.
+
+So it works in all the
+widely deployed browsers.
+
+But the programmer can
+think at this higher level
+
+and avoid the
+potential for mistakes
+
+that were possible in
+the previous picture.
+
+So we still have the web
+server, which is in charge.
+
+And we still have this
+fleet of browsers that are
+
+trying to use the web server.
+
+But now, the first
+important change
+
+is that when the browser
+wants to initiate use of a web
+
+application, it doesn't just
+send a string of HTTP requests
+
+with a URL in it.
+
+Effectively, the abstraction
+is the browser names a function
+
+that should be called where the
+call runs on the server instead
+
+of the client.
+
+And then the server
+responds with not a string
+
+of HTTP protocol text but a
+strongly typed documentary.
+
+So instead of a string
+of HTML, it's a tree,
+
+a first class object
+in the language.
+
+And that is how the
+program manipulates
+
+it, not as a string.
+
+And each of these trees
+contains within it links,
+
+which are themselves
+basically just
+
+references to other
+functions that you might
+
+choose to call on the server.
+
+So then the browser, when the
+user clicks on those links,
+
+picks out the function
+and conceptually calls it
+
+on the server, just like the
+original function that we
+
+called to get to this point.
+
+And we have a
+database interface,
+
+which is accessed
+by the web server
+
+throwing queries
+at the database.
+
+And these are not just
+text in the Ur/Web model.
+
+They're strongly typed
+SQL syntax trees.
+
+And then the database will
+respond back with not text,
+
+but a list of records
+of native values
+
+in the programming language
+that we're working with.
+
+So we don't have to worry
+about incorrectly converting
+
+between strings and
+native representations,
+
+or native representations
+in any other format
+
+that the database
+might traditionally
+
+be presenting to us.
+
+And here's a key element of
+how the semantics of Ur/Web
+
+makes it easier for programmers
+to think about fewer
+
+scenarios that can actually
+happen when the application is
+
+running.
+
+There's the standard
+idea of transactions
+
+in the world of
+relational databases
+
+where you can run a
+series of operations
+
+that seem to run
+with no interruption
+
+by other concurrent threads.
+
+And Ur/Web adopts that
+model and builds it
+
+into the semantics
+of the language.
+
+So when a single
+function is running
+
+on the server on
+behalf of a client,
+
+then all of its
+database accesses
+
+appear to happen
+as an atomic unit
+
+without any interruption by
+any other concurrent requests
+
+to the same server.
+
+And you can't even avoid
+this behavior if you want to.
+
+Transactions are built
+into the language.
+
+And they really make
+concurrency a lot easier
+
+to think about, and
+potentially help
+
+you avoid security issues
+that only arise when
+
+some rare interleaving happens
+with a particular combination
+
+of requests.
+
+And actually, I want to
+get to one of the questions
+
+that someone submitted for this
+class that I found intriguing.
+
+Ur/Web will detect when a
+transaction fails because
+
+of a concurrency
+problem, like a deadlock,
+
+and automatically
+restart the transaction.
+
+Someone's response
+to a question said,
+
+this might make it easier to
+launch security attacks that
+
+depend on causing
+transactions to fail
+
+because of concurrency issues.
+
+I just wanted to ask
+the class, what's
+
+an example of an
+attack like that,
+
+if anyone happens
+to have one in mind?
+
+If you have a system that
+automatically restarts
+
+transactions that
+run into deadlocks,
+
+how does that cause a
+security problem, if it does?
+
+This is a question I don't
+have an answer in mind
+
+for, which is why I'm asking it.
+
+It might also have only
+a non-obvious answer
+
+that no one would come up
+with on the spot like this,
+
+which is fine, too.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Can you maybe do some
+sort of denial of service?
+
+If it's going to restart
+a transaction that you're
+
+sending, and you
+know it will fail,
+
+can you just keep restarting
+that and try again?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: OK, so--
+
+STUDENT: So if you
+could cause the system
+
+to do some transaction you know
+is about to fail and repeatedly
+
+fail, it keeps trying
+over and over again,
+
+it would never [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Right, so you'd
+need at least two threads
+
+running at once to do that.
+
+But potentially that could work.
+
+So you could launch a denial of
+service attack taking advantage
+
+of the fact that
+contention leads
+
+to request handlers
+restarting over and over again
+
+and purposely cause contention
+and use this as a way
+
+to amplify the strength of
+your denial of service attack
+
+beyond what you can get
+with a traditional model.
+
+All right, I can believe that.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Is [INAUDIBLE] the only
+way to cause the transaction
+
+to fail?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It is.
+
+Well, it's the only way to cause
+it to fail and automatically
+
+restart.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Perhaps it
+could have a third party,
+
+which would conditionally fail.
+
+And then you could use that
+to monitor some other user's
+
+behavior.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: You'd
+also need a way
+
+to observe the fact that it had
+failed, which you should only
+
+be able to do through timing.
+
+But that could
+still be an issue.
+
+OK, right, so you can use
+this as a side channel
+
+to see what other
+threads are doing,
+
+because their actions
+might or might not create
+
+a conflict in your thread.
+
+OK, that sounds possible in
+principle, and very twisty.
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+It's hard to think of
+a concrete attack that
+
+would work predictably.
+
+But it could be a fun exercise.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: So do the transactions
+you run-- for each request that
+
+comes in, you run a
+transaction for the code
+
+you run at the web server.
+
+But when you send that
+code to the database,
+
+does that translate into a
+database transaction as well?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It is, yeah.
+
+The whole execution
+on the server side
+
+is wrapped in one
+database transaction
+
+if the application
+uses the database.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: So if you have
+a transaction that's
+
+not going to end up obtaining,
+do you think [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Are you
+telling the database
+
+that nothing's going
+to be updated later?
+
+Because presumably, the
+database doesn't know that.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Yes, so the
+compiler does static analysis
+
+and finds out transactions
+that need to be read-only.
+
+And it creates the
+transaction in read-only mode,
+
+which in some database systems
+enables extra optimizations.
+
+STUDENT: What about if you
+read some stuff, and some
+
+of the stuff you
+read doesn't affect
+
+what you're going to write,
+but some of the other stuff
+
+you read does?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: I see,
+so you're asking,
+
+could we use our
+knowledge of the semantics
+
+of the application to give
+hints to the database system
+
+saying some of what looked
+like concurrency violations are
+
+actually benign, and we don't
+need to restart at that point?
+
+I think the short answer is no.
+
+The current implementation
+doesn't do that.
+
+But that would be
+interesting to look into.
+
+I think it would require
+changes to the database engine,
+
+not just the interface
+in the language.
+
+STUDENT: Usually
+you could split it
+
+into two separate
+transactions, maybe,
+
+or something under
+certain circumstances.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Yeah, that
+sounds hard to do right,
+
+but potentially worthwhile for--
+I don't know how to estimate
+
+what fraction of applications
+could take advantage of that,
+
+but it's a neat idea.
+
+All right, so
+transactions are great.
+
+We also have-- so I was just
+telling you about the model,
+
+the old school
+model of the browser
+
+requesting a single page
+from the web server.
+
+We can also have this Ajax
+style stuff that basically
+
+looks like code on the client.
+
+It's calling a
+function that's just
+
+marked to run on the server.
+
+When it finishes, the result
+comes back in the client code.
+
+And the result is
+just a native value
+
+in the programming language.
+
+You don't have to worry
+about making it into a string
+
+somehow and translating it back.
+
+And then we have
+to take the result
+
+and use it to change the
+page that the user sees.
+
+Otherwise, it wasn't a very
+useful request to make.
+
+So the model in Ur/Web
+is very different
+
+from the standard
+document object model
+
+that browsers expose directly.
+
+The basic idea is
+something called
+
+functional reactive
+programming, which I won't try
+
+to explain in too much detail.
+
+Because I know it requires
+a nontrivial grokking
+
+of functional programming
+first, even if we cut off
+
+that reactive part.
+
+But the basic idea
+is the document
+
+is described in terms of a
+set of mutable cells, which
+
+are sort of the data
+the page depends on.
+
+And the page itself is
+something different,
+
+described as a
+function that takes
+
+as inputs the values
+of those cells,
+
+and then computes a page.
+
+And then the runtime
+system of the language
+
+watches changes to
+those mutable cells.
+
+And when they do
+change, it automatically
+
+computes the consequences
+for the displayed page
+
+and efficiently updates
+just the parts of the page
+
+that have changed
+based on those cells.
+
+All right, and on
+each client, there
+
+can be many different
+threads running at once.
+
+These threads are
+spawned in Ur/Web code
+
+and themselves run Ur/Web code.
+
+But the compiler needs to
+translate them into JavaScript
+
+to get the browser to run them.
+
+So that's one of the services
+the compiler provides.
+
+That's one important
+point about the threads.
+
+Another key point is that
+the client side threading
+
+follows what's call the
+cooperative multi-threading
+
+model.
+
+A thread doesn't have
+to worry about being
+
+preempted by another thread
+at an arbitrary point.
+
+There are well
+defined operations
+
+that signal, OK, it's all right
+to switch to another thread
+
+here.
+
+One of them is making
+a remote function call
+
+to the server, for
+instance, or asking
+
+to sleep for a certain
+number of milliseconds.
+
+But just regular code can't
+be interrupted arbitrarily.
+
+So that means the
+programmer doesn't
+
+need to think about
+as many interleavings,
+
+and it's easier to
+convince yourself
+
+that, say, a particular
+piece of code
+
+avoids some security
+issue or other bug.
+
+Because you can more easily
+enumerate all the possible ways
+
+for the two threads to
+interact with each other.
+
+And this is sort
+of a natural model
+
+to use given the way JavaScript
+is usually implemented.
+
+There isn't preemption in
+JavaScript and browsers
+
+already.
+
+So this is just presenting
+a threading abstraction
+
+on top of the
+callbacks-based model
+
+that JavaScript shows
+the programmer directly.
+
+And the last piece that
+one of the built-in
+
+abstractions that
+Ur/Web applications use
+
+is channels for passing messages
+between different machines.
+
+So each channel has a
+type, which expresses what
+
+kind of data can flow over if.
+
+You don't have to convert
+things to and from string
+
+or JSON or anything
+else to make this work.
+
+And channels can
+live in the database.
+
+So imagine this picture
+is showing us there's
+
+a channel that was created.
+
+It has a write side
+and a read side,
+
+which can go to separate places.
+
+The write end is
+sitting in the database.
+
+And the read end somehow
+made its way to the client
+
+and is sitting in the variable
+environment of a thread.
+
+So imagine that thread
+earlier made a remote call
+
+to the server, which
+created the channel,
+
+returned it to the client, and
+put it in the database in one
+
+transaction.
+
+So later, the server decides,
+OK, I'll query that channel out
+
+of the database.
+
+And I'll dump a value into it.
+
+And it just sort of pops out
+the other end on the client.
+
+And everything is strongly
+tied throughout this process.
+
+All right, I think this is the
+last step of my animation here.
+
+Any questions about this model
+before I switch to a code demo?
+
+STUDENT: So how is this
+different than [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Why do you need a message
+passage if you already
+
+have that [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: OK, so RPC
+interface is going from browser
+
+initiates the call,
+the server handles it.
+
+The message is that
+the channels are
+
+intended for cases where
+the server initiates
+
+the communication.
+
+For instance, new
+email message-- that
+
+would be a canonical example.
+
+And the client is waiting to
+hear that there's a new email
+
+message.
+
+But it can't
+determine on its own
+
+when the next
+message is available.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Are all the
+messages multiplexed
+
+through one connection,
+or is it [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: They
+are multiplexed
+
+through one HTTP connection.
+
+I know there are these
+newfangled things today called
+
+web sockets and maybe
+some other protocols
+
+like that, which didn't exist
+when this was implemented.
+
+This all works over
+old-school HTTP
+
+with one connection for all the
+messages on different channels.
+
+All right, let's
+see what's next.
+
+Yeah, let me switch
+to a demo here.
+
+So here's a Hello World
+program in Ur/Web.
+
+Probably it deserves
+more of the screen space
+
+than this compilation output.
+
+So it looks pretty un-scary
+at this point, I hope.
+
+The unusual thing here
+maybe is that this is really
+
+the whole program.
+
+There's no extra
+routing logic that
+
+explains how to map a
+URL into some code to run
+
+to serve requests to that URL.
+
+We just have regular
+functions of a standard kind
+
+of programming language.
+
+And the compiler exposes all the
+functions in your main module
+
+as callable via URLs.
+
+And the URL is just formed
+from the function name.
+
+And if there's some
+nested structure modules,
+
+the module's structure is
+also replicated in the URL.
+
+And then we have a
+function that returns
+
+a piece of XHTML syntax.
+
+The compiler is actually using
+a special parsing extension
+
+for processing
+this XHTML syntax.
+
+And it's also doing
+some basic type
+
+checking to make sure that
+different XML elements appear
+
+inside others that
+they're actually
+
+authorized to appear inside of.
+
+And I think I compiled
+this before we started.
+
+And it does a not
+very surprising thing
+
+in the browser.
+
+And here's the HTML
+page that comes out.
+
+So among other properties,
+it automatically
+
+adds the right XHTML header.
+
+And it declares the character
+encoding for this document.
+
+I was mildly horrified
+to look at some
+
+of your assigned
+reading for this class
+
+and see how much time this book
+spends talking about character
+
+encodings and what happens
+if you're not using UTF-8.
+
+I hope I understood
+that correctly.
+
+This forces you to use UTF-8
+so that those horrible things
+
+aren't going to happen, I hope.
+
+But if anyone sees
+a way to replicate
+
+any of the attacks from that
+book Tangled Web in Ur/Web,
+
+or has a hypothesis
+about something
+
+we should try to
+see if it works,
+
+I'd be interested to hear that.
+
+And by the way, at any
+point during this demo,
+
+please suggest
+experiments that come
+
+to mind about things
+we should try,
+
+mistakes you might make that you
+wonder whether this system is
+
+able to catch.
+
+I think that's the
+most fun kind of demo.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: So things
+like CRSF [INAUDIBLE],
+
+you said that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: So cross
+site request forgery
+
+I wanted to explain a
+little later explicitly.
+
+I think the paper sort of
+explains why cross site
+
+scripting can't work.
+
+And the reason is whenever
+you build a piece of syntax,
+
+it's an object, a
+tree of different sub
+
+parts of that syntax.
+
+It's not just a string.
+
+And you're not going
+to accidentally turn
+
+a string from the user
+into a tree with structure.
+
+You would know if you did that.
+
+Because it's hard to
+write an interpreter.
+
+And in Ur/Web, you have
+to write an interpreter.
+
+It doesn't automatically
+happen for you.
+
+But I'll have an example
+shortly that might also
+
+address that concern.
+
+So I want to show you what
+this syntactic sugar actually
+
+turns into in the compiler.
+
+So this might look
+like we could just
+
+add some double quotes
+around the HTML,
+
+and then we're back
+in the normal world.
+
+We might wonder, why
+is it such a big deal
+
+the omit the double quotes
+and put XML instead?
+
+So we can actually
+take my word for it
+
+that this is equivalent
+code for what this does.
+
+So tag is a built in
+function that builds a tree
+
+node of an HTML document.
+
+And I'm passing a bunch of
+arguments that are expressing
+
+the CSS styling on that node.
+
+This one doesn't really
+have anything going on,
+
+so it's a variety of different
+ways of saying nothing.
+
+And it doesn't take
+any attributes.
+
+And the tag is a body tag.
+
+So that's another thing
+in the standard library.
+
+All of the standard tags are
+functions with first class
+
+status in the standard library.
+
+And then we need to put a
+"Hello World" text inside it.
+
+So we call a cdata
+function where
+
+cdata is the XML word
+for character data
+
+or just a string constant.
+
+And we can put exactly
+the text from below.
+
+We'll comment that out.
+
+This should give us the
+same result as before.
+
+Let me see if that worked.
+
+OK, and now I'll go
+back to the actual page.
+
+Same thing as before, so this
+is what that function was really
+
+doing at the begin.
+
+It's not just building a string.
+
+It's calling a
+series of operations
+
+that are designed
+so that they only
+
+allow you to build valid
+HTML, and they never
+
+implicitly interpret a string
+as code instead of just
+
+content that sits there.
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Right,
+you are anticipating
+
+the next few steps.
+
+Let me do something
+less complicated
+
+first, which is also
+potentially worrisome.
+
+Let's decide that we're really
+happy to see the world, so we
+
+better put the word "hello" in
+bold and compile that again.
+
+It just shows up as
+interpreting that literally
+
+as text instead of markup.
+
+So this presentation
+of HTML syntax
+
+as a function that
+builds syntax doesn't
+
+have any of the usual
+syntactic encoding
+
+conventions built into it.
+
+It interprets things in the
+way you would want it to.
+
+And so the
+implementation of cdata
+
+does what's usually
+called escaping.
+
+But the programmer
+doesn't need to know there
+
+is any such thing as escaping.
+
+You can just think
+of it as, here's
+
+a set of convenient functions
+for building a tree object that
+
+describes a page.
+
+Did I see a question over there?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: You want to see
+the HTML that it generates.
+
+OK, it's going to be not
+the most exciting thing.
+
+I don't know if
+that's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I can make it bigger, but then
+it doesn't fit on one line.
+
+So let me know if I
+should make it bigger.
+
+It just put in the usual escapes
+for the less than character
+
+with an ampersand.
+
+STUDENT: So given that
+you're using XHTML,
+
+couldn't you just use
+the cdata [INAUDIBLE]
+
+instead of doing
+manual [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Probably.
+
+That would require me knowing
+more about XML than I do.
+
+All right, so there was another
+question about JavaScript URLs,
+
+which is a good one.
+
+If we allow JavaScript
+URLs, then we
+
+have a back door for automatic
+interpretation of strings
+
+as programs at runtime.
+
+And that causes all
+sorts of issues.
+
+So let's try to avoid that.
+
+I'll switch back, first of all,
+to the shorter version of this.
+
+And then inside the body,
+I'll make this multiple lines.
+
+And let's put a link that tries
+to do something appropriate.
+
+We'll leave some room
+for error messages here.
+
+This is working correctly.
+
+Invalid URL, JavaScript
+something, passed bless.
+
+So bless is a built
+in function that
+
+is the gatekeeper of
+which URLs are allowed.
+
+And by default, no
+URLs are allowed.
+
+So certainly this
+one is not allowed.
+
+And in general, it is a bad
+idea to write your URL policy
+
+so that you can create values
+that represent JavaScript URLs.
+
+Because then all sorts of
+guarantees that you might like
+
+are invalid.
+
+To make it a little
+clearer how it
+
+works, let me factor this
+code into a separate function
+
+called a linker
+that takes in a URL.
+
+So URL is a type.
+
+It's not just string.
+
+It's a type that stands for
+a URL that is explicitly
+
+authorized by your
+application's policy.
+
+And so we can [INAUDIBLE] XML.
+
+And instead of a constant,
+I'll just put u here.
+
+And so I'm using
+the curly braces
+
+like in some popular
+HTML template frameworks
+
+to indicate inserting
+some code from the host
+
+language inside the HTML
+that we're building.
+
+And this is all
+done in a way where
+
+it's type checked statically.
+
+So the system will
+check, yeah, this
+
+is a spot where a URL belongs.
+
+And this says it is a URL.
+
+So that's fine.
+
+And then I can explicitly expose
+the call to bless by saying,
+
+let's just call the
+linker function here
+
+on the result of
+blessing that URL.
+
+We should get basically the
+same error message as before.
+
+There's some program analysis
+going on here to figure out--
+
+I guess it doesn't need that.
+
+Because this string is
+passed directly to bless.
+
+And we can see-- I couldn't wait
+to run this for you at runtime
+
+and discover the failure.
+
+But I can tell it's
+definitely going to fail.
+
+So I'll just make
+it a compiler error.
+
+This URL is not going to be
+accepted by the URL policy.
+
+STUDENT: So if you didn't
+have the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: If I left
+out this call to bless,
+
+it would be a much more
+basic compile time error.
+
+You have a string
+and need a URL.
+
+They're different types.
+
+All right, but let's make this
+a little more interesting.
+
+And I'm going to open
+up the configuration
+
+file for this demo.
+
+It's pretty short,
+as these things go,
+
+at least if you look at any
+Java web application framework.
+
+They have these gigantic
+XML files for configuration.
+
+This is a little nicer
+than that, or so I claim.
+
+We can add a rule that
+says, anything on Wikipedia
+
+is allowed.
+
+And then we can put the
+Wikipedia URL in here.
+
+Now we're in good shape.
+
+What's missing?
+
+Oh, I guess I don't remember
+the URL scheme for that.
+
+But we got to the website.
+
+That's good enough.
+
+All right, so the
+big idea here is
+
+to have an abstract
+type of URL, just
+
+like you could have an
+abstract type of hash tables
+
+that encodes invariants about
+how the hash table looks
+
+and prevents code from
+reaching inside the array
+
+of the hash table.
+
+We can do the same
+thing for URLs.
+
+And the system enforces
+via this bless function
+
+that every value
+of this type has
+
+passed the appropriate
+check at some point.
+
+And for instance,
+with this policy,
+
+we know there will never
+be a JavaScript URL.
+
+And it's safe to take a URL
+value and use it as a link.
+
+It won't break the basic
+abstractions of the language.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: OK, so we have
+to try something like that.
+
+And this should go through.
+
+And then the browser
+knows it's a quote.
+
+And we can look at the source.
+
+That is because it was
+escaped in the right way.
+
+STUDENT: But can you still
+use-- so JavaScript allows you
+
+to say, [INAUDIBLE], and then
+specify inline JavaScript
+
+there.
+
+Is that something
+that [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Yes and no.
+
+So we can put body onload.
+
+And instead of JavaScript,
+you put some Ur/Web code
+
+that does something.
+
+So it would be a disaster
+to interpret JavaScript code
+
+in string form as
+a program there.
+
+But we can put code of
+the same programming
+
+language you're working
+with already escaped in
+
+with these curly braces.
+
+And then it automatically
+gets compiled
+
+to JavaScript to
+run on the client.
+
+All right, any more questions?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: I
+think it's everything?
+
+Is it embarrassing
+that I said everything?
+
+Is there something that
+shouldn't be allowed?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: I see, so
+symbols that would independently
+
+have funny things happening
+with software execution
+
+would confuse the human user?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: OK, I remember
+reading some of that stuff.
+
+And maybe it said the
+new browser versions
+
+avoid those problems.
+
+But some old ones
+will get confused.
+
+It's possible this will create
+problems in the old ones that
+
+are too permissive.
+
+I'm not sure.
+
+But at least all
+these things are
+
+going to be interpreted as UTF-8
+if they go into the document.
+
+So if there's some problem
+with a different encoding,
+
+it shouldn't be applicable here.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: The string of
+the [INAUDIBLE], right now
+
+it's checking a compile
+time that that string is
+
+on allowed URL.
+
+But if you compute
+a string at runtime,
+
+does bless perform
+a check at runtime
+
+whether or not the
+string is allowed, or are
+
+you not allowed to--
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: So let's a write
+a form to test that claim.
+
+So we can put a form in here.
+
+And form wants us to enter
+URL in a text box called URL.
+
+Then we can have
+a Submit button.
+
+When you click on it, it
+should call the linker function
+
+with a record of one value
+for every field in the form.
+
+In this case, there's
+just one field called URL.
+
+And so linker will get
+passed a record that contains
+
+the URL as a string type.
+
+And then we'll explicitly
+try to bless it up there
+
+and see if it works.
+
+This is an example of
+an exciting type error
+
+message, which is admittedly
+sub-optimal in some ways.
+
+Here's one of those things that
+won't make any sense if you're
+
+not familiar with Haskell.
+
+I forgot a return.
+
+But at least now it looks
+more like a Java program.
+
+Have a string-- let me scroll
+to the end, do one of these,
+
+sort of copying the full
+type of all the attributes
+
+that this tag can take.
+
+And I also forgot to say,
+this is now a full page.
+
+So we can't use an a tag
+until we're inside a body tag.
+
+And this is the
+abstruse type error
+
+message for that property.
+
+OK, so now let's
+see what happens.
+
+URL is-- yay.
+
+There we go.
+
+So that was a somewhat long
+and not necessarily super
+
+exciting answer
+to your question.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: The URL [INAUDIBLE],
+are those just for [INAUDIBLE],
+
+or is it more
+restrictive than that?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It's
+more restrictive.
+
+It's currently just
+constants and prefixes.
+
+But you can also
+have disallow rules.
+
+And they run in the
+order that you write.
+
+STUDENT: Oh, so if you stick to
+disallow JavaScript [INAUDIBLE]
+
+that if you put a line break
+in the middle of the word
+
+"JavaScript," it will
+still interpret it as--
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: That
+would be too bad.
+
+That's why it's good to stick to
+the white list approach instead
+
+of the black list approach.
+
+So you probably
+want all the rules
+
+to start with a particular
+protocol, like HTTP,
+
+and only allow things that
+fall in your approved set
+
+of protocols.
+
+That's what I recommend it is.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: For many
+sites, you might
+
+let users share links,
+in which case, you need
+
+to allow links to anywhere.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: You
+can allow links.
+
+Well, do you want your users
+to share JavaScript links
+
+or, I don't know, Flash
+links, or whatever's allowed?
+
+You see, you can white list
+all the HTTP, HTTPS, URLs
+
+and be in good shape
+for most websites.
+
+That would do that.
+
+And the guarantees
+are a little weaker
+
+compared to allowing
+only particular URLs.
+
+But you can at least ensure that
+there's no automatic execution
+
+of the string as a program.
+
+So let me pull up one of the
+examples from the paper, which
+
+is this one, an example
+of a simple system
+
+with a set of chat rooms
+represented in the database.
+
+And the user can click
+on a link to go to a room
+
+and then send a message.
+
+This was the first of several
+variants on that scheme.
+
+First, I'll point out I'm
+going to recompile this.
+
+And then magically,
+all the database tables
+
+that it declares are going
+to be added to the database.
+
+And we can now just start
+using the application.
+
+But first, we have
+to add some rooms.
+
+So let's open our [INAUDIBLE]
+interface to the demo database
+
+and insert into the room table
+some values like one and two.
+
+Hopefully these are here now.
+
+OK, and we go in
+there, and we can
+
+entertain ourselves all day
+long sending strings of text.
+
+Maybe a little more interesting,
+you can try to send HTML,
+
+and it just gets
+handled right away.
+
+That's the basic
+functionality there.
+
+And just to quickly go over
+some of how this works again,
+
+so we have these
+two SQL table that
+
+are just declared
+in this first class
+
+way inside the
+programming language.
+
+And we give the
+schema of each table.
+
+And then later, when we
+try to access those tables,
+
+the compiler will check
+that we're accessing them
+
+in a way that's consistent
+with the schema from a typing
+
+perspective.
+
+So we have a table of
+rooms where each room is
+
+a record of an ID,
+which is the integer,
+
+and a title, which
+is the string.
+
+This is the type we were
+just generating records in.
+
+And I created a few
+rooms at the SQL console.
+
+And we also have messages that
+each message belongs to a room.
+
+And it has a time
+when it was posted.
+
+And it has some text, which
+is the content of the message.
+
+And let me fast forward
+to the main function.
+
+We run an SQL query.
+
+So here's an example of
+SQL syntax embedded inside
+
+of Ur/Web.
+
+I don't want to go through
+the expansion of this one
+
+into calling functions
+from the standard library.
+
+Because it's pretty
+verbose if I do that.
+
+But take my word for it,
+this is de-sugared into calls
+
+of functions in the
+standard library that
+
+represent the valid ways of
+constructing an SQL query.
+
+And those functions
+have types that
+
+cause them to type
+check the query for you,
+
+not just guarantee that
+the syntax is reasonable.
+
+So this gets de-sugared into
+an indication of an SQL query.
+
+And then the code
+here is basically
+
+just looping over all the rows
+that come out of that query
+
+and generating a piece
+of HTML for each one.
+
+In particular, we're
+going to take the title
+
+field of a query
+result and convert that
+
+into HTML with this notation
+that involves curly braces.
+
+And the square brackets
+are additionally saying,
+
+this isn't literally
+a piece of HTML yet.
+
+But please convert it for
+me in the standard way.
+
+So we can do that with
+strings and integers
+
+and all sorts of other types.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: So if that contained
+malicious HTML or something,
+
+would that be filtered out?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It would be.
+
+So in the usual way of
+talking about these things,
+
+escaping happens in the
+way you'd want it to.
+
+In Ur/Web, you can just think
+of this as building a tree.
+
+This is a node that
+stands for some text.
+
+Obviously text
+can't do anything.
+
+STUDENT: So if that
+title was User Control,
+
+and someone made a chat room
+with the title Alert something,
+
+that would not be JavaScript?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It
+wouldn't automatically
+
+be interpreted as JavaScript
+or HTML or anything else.
+
+It would just be text only.
+
+All right, so we
+have this title.
+
+And let's wrap an
+a tag around it.
+
+And instead of href, the usual
+way to do a link in HTML,
+
+we use the link
+attribute, which is
+
+sort of a pseudo
+attribute in Ur/Web, which
+
+takes as an argument
+not a URL, but basically
+
+an Ur/Web expression.
+
+And the meaning is when
+you click on this link,
+
+please run this expression
+to generate the new page that
+
+should be displayed.
+
+In this case, we're
+calling a function called
+
+chat, which is defined up here.
+
+And here's what it is.
+
+I won't go too much
+into the details.
+
+But we have a few
+more SQL queries
+
+using a variety of
+standard library functions
+
+for different ways of
+using queried results.
+
+We generate this HTML page.
+
+And we say, you're
+in the chat room.
+
+Here's the title.
+
+We get the same kind
+of escaping there.
+
+And there's a form where the
+user can enter some text.
+
+That's the form that I
+used to demonstrate this
+
+a few moments ago.
+
+And the Submit
+button of the form
+
+has this ask attribute
+that is containing say,
+
+which is the name of
+a function in Ur/Web.
+
+And here it is.
+
+So when we submit the form,
+we call this function.
+
+Run some more SQLs.
+
+Insert a new row into a table.
+
+We automatically jump in
+the ID of the chat room
+
+and the text field that
+came from the form.
+
+And these are automatically
+escaped as necessary.
+
+But again, you don't have
+to think about escaping
+
+in that way in Ur/Web.
+
+Because this is just
+syntax for building a tree.
+
+It doesn't stand for a string.
+
+So there's no way to have
+strange things happen
+
+with parsing that you
+don't expect from the way
+
+that the syntax is written.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Yes, so from the
+fact that there's one widget,
+
+one GUI widget in this
+form, and its name is text,
+
+and that one is a
+text box, the compiler
+
+infers that the record that
+stands for the form result
+
+should have one element called
+text that is of type string.
+
+And this encoding the forms,
+the typing rules for it
+
+are not built into the language.
+
+You can actually with
+the type system in Ur
+
+express as a library, what are
+the operations for building
+
+forms, and how do you check
+that they're used correctly,
+
+including what
+consequences they have
+
+of the types of
+the functions that
+
+actually handle those forms?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Any other questions
+about this code
+
+before I switch to the
+next step of the sequence
+
+in versions from the paper,
+which is only a small change?
+
+All right, then here's
+what I'm going to do.
+
+It's basically taking
+advantage of a way
+
+to get enforced encapsulation
+of different parts
+
+of an application
+that Ur/Web supports,
+
+which is at least only
+rarely supported elsewhere.
+
+I'm going to take this room.
+
+I'm going to take some
+of these definitions
+
+here and put them inside
+a module that encapsulates
+
+some of them as private.
+
+In particular, the database
+tables are going to be private.
+
+So no one can access
+them directly.
+
+They can only access them
+through a set of methods
+
+that we provide.
+
+So one method runs
+inside a transaction.
+
+That's what this type says.
+
+And it produces a list
+of records with ID
+
+and title fields that stand
+for which rooms are available.
+
+And we'll also just expose
+this chat operation.
+
+And one thing I've
+done here is I've
+
+introduced a name for
+the concept of an ID.
+
+I won't just say that
+an ID is an integer.
+
+I'll say it's a new type.
+
+And the only way the outside
+world will ever get one
+
+is to list all the rooms.
+
+And the only way the outside
+world can ever use one
+
+is to call the chat
+function on it.
+
+So just like, say,
+the abstract type
+
+of a hash table inside
+a hash table class where
+
+the details of what is
+an ID and how do they get
+
+produced internally are
+private to this module.
+
+And the client code
+that calls this module
+
+isn't going to need to use them.
+
+So I'll use this syntax
+to put everything
+
+down here inside the
+module so it's not
+
+exposed to the rest of
+the code by default.
+
+And we also are going to want
+to implement this rooms method.
+
+We already happen
+to have chat around.
+
+But we can implement
+rooms in a simple way
+
+as using another
+standard library
+
+function for interpreting
+a query in a useful way.
+
+Let's just select everything
+from the room table
+
+ordering by title.
+
+And as usual, this query
+is type checked for us.
+
+And the system determines,
+OK, this expression
+
+is going to generate
+a list of records
+
+that happens to match
+the type that we declared
+
+in the signature of this module.
+
+So now outside this
+module, no other code
+
+is allowed to mention the room
+table or the message table.
+
+So we can, at least
+from the perspective
+
+of this application,
+enforce whenever
+
+invariance we want on them.
+
+We can even hide
+secrets inside of them
+
+that would be a security problem
+if some other part of the code
+
+was able to get a hold of them.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: But couldn't some
+other part of the code
+
+just declare table room as well?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: That would
+be a different table.
+
+We could do that, actually.
+
+It's got to be in here.
+
+I think this should have
+no effect on the behavior.
+
+I think in this case
+we're going to get
+
+something funny happening.
+
+Let's put this in
+a different module
+
+just to avoid something goofy.
+
+Great, so we can do that.
+
+And we can do whatever
+we want with this table.
+
+And I'll compile this in
+maybe about 30 seconds
+
+and we'll see what happens.
+
+But it's actually
+a different table,
+
+just like if you have
+the same private field
+
+name across two classes in Java
+they're different field names.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: So you're
+suggesting we have,
+
+inside this module,
+an abstract type
+
+called room, which contains
+both the ID and the title.
+
+Is that right?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+So I think what would
+work to do instead
+
+is instead of type
+ID have type room,
+
+have room determine
+a list of rooms,
+
+and chat take a
+room as an input.
+
+Is that what you have in mind?
+
+So what would happen then is
+when we call the chat function,
+
+it'll actually be
+called via a URL given
+
+the way we use this eventually.
+
+That would be passing
+the ID and the title
+
+within the URL in the URL
+representation for a function
+
+call.
+
+And we only need the ID to
+implement that function.
+
+So it would be a little
+wasteful of space
+
+and might look gross
+to the user to have
+
+to have the title passed
+along as an extra argument
+
+in the invocation
+of chat via a URL.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+Or maybe another
+way of saying it,
+
+if I have this one [INAUDIBLE],
+is look up at the URL bar.
+
+The ID of the channel
+we're going into
+
+is serialized automatically
+in the URL at the end here.
+
+And if we were
+passing a record that
+
+contained an ID and
+a title, the title
+
+would be serialized, too,
+which is at least a little
+
+counterintuative.
+
+OK, the last thing we
+need to do-- actually,
+
+it might be instructive to
+make just a shallow change
+
+to this code, reference the
+room module there, and then try
+
+to access the room
+table like before.
+
+This shouldn't be allowed.
+
+This would be like being
+able to read and write
+
+the private fields
+of a class in Java.
+
+And indeed, we get a pretty
+straightforward message
+
+basically saying, this right
+here is an unbound variable.
+
+There's no table
+called room in scope.
+
+And we could mention
+this extra one
+
+that we created just for fun.
+
+But then it would be
+a different table.
+
+It wouldn't be a problem
+that we could access that.
+
+So instead, what we should do is
+I'll break this into two parts.
+
+We'll start out by just
+calling the rooms method,
+
+and then do a slightly different
+thing to read its elements,
+
+map over the list of results
+that gives-- what did I call
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+Map all the list of results
+instead of the other way it
+
+was working, which was roughly
+equivalent except for using
+
+different data types.
+
+Let's see how this goes.
+
+All right, so I'll go back here.
+
+And we can do all the
+tremendously exciting things
+
+we could do before.
+
+But we have this encapsulation.
+
+And you can sort of think
+of this room structure
+
+as now it's a library,
+and you can call this
+
+from all sorts of
+different places
+
+that want to have
+this functionality.
+
+You don't have to worry.
+
+There's different
+places that are
+
+going to break the internal
+invariance of the system.
+
+Maybe you want to know that
+once a message is added,
+
+it will never be deleted.
+
+It's always there in the logs.
+
+This structure enforces
+that independently
+
+of which other code the room
+module might be composed with,
+
+for instance.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Say you change
+the definition of room,
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+What's going to happen
+to the database table?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It'll
+be a little sad.
+
+We'll have to manually run
+an alter table command if you
+
+want to save the old data.
+
+But when the
+application starts up,
+
+it queries the system
+database catalog and checks
+
+that the schema still
+matches what it expects.
+
+So you'll get a
+static error then.
+
+And that will hopefully give
+you a hint about what you
+
+should change in the database.
+
+STUDENT: But it
+wouldn't automatically
+
+drop your database or something?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: I hope not.
+
+I don't think it should do that.
+
+And you can imagine
+tweaking the compiler
+
+to understand the
+evolution of a database.
+
+I think you have to write
+alter table commands to run.
+
+It doesn't do that right now.
+
+OK, so now let's talk about
+cross site request forgery
+
+and preventing it.
+
+Actually, before
+we do that, let's
+
+look at the code on this page.
+
+We have a traditional
+looking HTML form
+
+that gets generated here.
+
+And there's certainly no cross
+site request forgery protection
+
+in here, which I think is good.
+
+Because as I understand
+cross site request forgery,
+
+the problem is there's
+some implicit context
+
+that your application
+sends on every request.
+
+So there's some
+attacker out there
+
+who doesn't know your
+implicit context.
+
+Let's say your password
+is stored in a cookie,
+
+for a really simple example.
+
+And when the attacker tricks
+you into following a link
+
+to the application, your browser
+sends the implicit context
+
+automatically and
+causes the application
+
+to do something the attacker
+could not have done directly.
+
+In this case, there's
+no implicit context.
+
+So there's no risk of a
+cross site request forgery.
+
+Does anyone want to dispute
+that characterization
+
+before I go on?
+
+It could be educational for me.
+
+All right, so now let's
+add some implicit context.
+
+And the system is
+automatically going
+
+to deploy the right
+countermeasures based
+
+on program analysis
+that realizes
+
+now there's implicit context.
+
+In particular, we just
+throw in a cookie here.
+
+As another example of
+module capsulation,
+
+actually, I'll put in a whole
+sort of user authentication
+
+system where we have the user
+accounts and abstract types
+
+of IDs and passwords.
+
+So you can't just build the
+value of either of these types
+
+directly.
+
+You'll have to go
+through some kind
+
+of approved method of building
+values of these types.
+
+And I'm actually going to
+expose the table directly
+
+in the signature.
+
+And I'll put a
+constraint on it, too,
+
+saying the ID form
+is a key for it.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+But the thing is,
+on this user table,
+
+ID and password
+are abstract types.
+
+So the code can't actually
+look at the password.
+
+And it can't generate
+all IDs in sequence
+
+and try them against this table.
+
+Because the type is abstract.
+
+There's no way to make an ID.
+
+There's no way to
+make a password.
+
+They just come
+out of this table,
+
+and they're opaque tokens.
+
+But we might want to allow
+them to be input from strings.
+
+You might want to allow
+one direction of conversion
+
+between strings and these types.
+
+So that's what I'll do here.
+
+Basically, the details I
+don't want to try to explain.
+
+But this is like
+a declaration, OK,
+
+you're allowed to
+convert strings into IDs.
+
+For those who speak Haskell,
+this is a type class instant.
+
+For those who don't,
+it's permission
+
+to turn strings into IDs.
+
+We're going to leave out
+the other permission.
+
+We don't want to be able to
+turn an ID back into anything.
+
+And the password--
+let's do the same thing.
+
+We want to be able to read
+a password from the user
+
+but not take a password
+and turn it into a string
+
+where we can actually tell
+what the user entered.
+
+So other parts of
+the code will be
+
+able to accept password
+input from the user,
+
+convert it into this type, and
+ship it off to the user module
+
+and have it be checked.
+
+But what they can't do
+is query the user table
+
+and get all the passwords in
+a form where they can actually
+
+extract the text from them.
+
+Then we can have a login method
+that takes these two components
+
+and just runs for its side
+effects, which is effectively
+
+what that code says.
+
+We'll also need a way to
+tell which user is logged in.
+
+That is a code that
+runs a transaction that
+
+produces an ID.
+
+All right, so step one, we
+can just copy this definition.
+
+And I'll fill in what
+these actually are.
+
+It turns out-- surprise,
+surprise-- user IDs
+
+and passwords are both strings.
+
+But outside the module,
+that won't be exposed.
+
+And now we're going
+to create a cookie.
+
+So cookies are another thing
+that's built into the language.
+
+Effectively, they act like
+mutable global variables
+
+that have one copy per client
+that uses your application.
+
+So we're going to create a
+cookie that on each client
+
+will store basically just a
+copy of the same two fields
+
+that we have here.
+
+So this cookie is
+private to this module.
+
+Other parts of the code won't
+be able to read the cookie,
+
+because they just don't have
+this private field and scope.
+
+So no one else will be
+able to see directly
+
+the ID and password that
+are stored for this user.
+
+But they will be persisted
+across different page views,
+
+just like you would expect
+for cookies usually.
+
+I'm going to give it a
+login function that's
+
+going to run some incantation
+to check against the database
+
+whether this is really a correct
+pair of username and password.
+
+It'll just check,
+can we find a row
+
+in the database that has this
+user ID and has this password?
+
+If we find one, then yes,
+good, that's the correct value.
+
+Let's just save it
+into the cookie.
+
+We use a method that
+modifies the cookie value.
+
+And we have to put
+some things in here,
+
+like just for simplicity, I'll
+say this cookie never expires.
+
+And I don't want
+to run SSL here,
+
+so I'll say it doesn't
+need to be secure.
+
+But if you really
+care about security,
+
+obviously you would
+write secure equals true.
+
+And if the check failed,
+then we can-- I don't know.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+If it signals an
+error, execution
+
+stops with this
+error description.
+
+Finally, we can
+create this function
+
+that tells who the user
+is logged in as by getting
+
+the current cookie value.
+
+And then it might be
+none if the user hasn't
+
+logged in yet, in which case,
+we can have a different error
+
+message.
+
+Or it might be some
+record of exactly the type
+
+we used up there.
+
+So I'll just copy
+some of this here.
+
+Let's run the same check there.
+
+If it worked, then
+we'll just return
+
+the ID part of the
+record that we just
+
+verified against the database.
+
+Otherwise, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So let me just type check this
+to see if this is on track,
+
+that part-- Oops, capital Id.
+
+All right, so the
+important is there's all
+
+those implementation details.
+
+But from outside this
+module, we think of it
+
+in terms of the
+interface up there.
+
+There are some unknown
+types of IDs and passwords.
+
+This table of users
+expressed in terms of them
+
+were allowed to turn strings
+into IDs and passwords, but not
+
+the other way around.
+
+And we have these two methods
+to log in in the first place
+
+and to check which user is
+logged in at this point.
+
+Any question about this?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Do you need to
+expose the user table?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Because I want to
+use it as a foreign key later.
+
+That was the reason I did it.
+
+It's not that great of a reason.
+
+All right, so we're
+almost at the point
+
+where I can show you CSRF
+protection in action.
+
+We have to actually
+start logging in.
+
+So that's easy enough to do.
+
+OK, so what can we do here?
+
+Let's just add another part
+of this page that says,
+
+here's where you log in.
+
+This is the form.
+
+This is where you would put
+the username and the password.
+
+And then click on the button.
+
+It's trying to go to call
+a function called login,
+
+which we'll define in a moment.
+
+Let's define login as a
+function that does these things.
+
+It's actually just a wrapper
+around calling the login
+
+function from that module where
+we take each of the components
+
+and convert it from string
+to the abstract types.
+
+That's what read error is doing.
+
+Error means if it doesn't
+work, just abort execution
+
+instead of signaling the failure
+with a special return value.
+
+Here's both of those, login
+and then jump to main.
+
+So now we should
+be able to log in.
+
+Let's check if that's true.
+
+OK, so that was [INAUDIBLE].
+
+We'll probably want to create an
+account to allow us to log in.
+
+So let me [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So now I should be
+able to log in as a.
+
+OK, and take my word for it.
+
+There's now a cookie set
+to record that information.
+
+And then let's go back in the
+chat room and send a message.
+
+We didn't actually add any
+access control here yet.
+
+So there's not
+much going on here.
+
+But we can check to see.
+
+There's a cookie.
+
+But the system has
+determined that we're not
+
+using the cookie.
+
+When we submit this form,
+the cookie is not read.
+
+So there's actually no need to
+add any CSRF protection here
+
+yet.
+
+So now we have to add the
+way to use the cookie.
+
+And then we should see
+the protection appear.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: What are the
+contents of the cookie?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: What are
+the contents of the cookie?
+
+The contents are exactly what
+you'd expect from the code.
+
+In other words, the
+cookie is declared
+
+as having type this record,
+an ID, and a password.
+
+So that's exactly
+what's in there
+
+in a particular serialized form.
+
+So now let's actually
+use the cookie.
+
+And we should hopefully
+see despite the fact
+
+we're going to use
+the cookie indirectly,
+
+because we're going to use it in
+the room module, which doesn't
+
+even have the cookie in scope.
+
+But we'll call methods of the
+user module, which indirectly
+
+are using the cookie.
+
+And then the system
+will realize that means
+
+we have dependency on it.
+
+So let's make this really
+simple and just say
+
+call the whoami method.
+
+And I'm actually just
+going to ignore this.
+
+Or we can do this.
+
+Let's decide this a user we
+created is really special.
+
+And only this user is
+allowed to post anything.
+
+And we'll fail if we're not a.
+
+All right, let's
+see if this works.
+
+Did I forget a slash somewhere?
+
+Oh, yeah.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Oh, I expect him to be a string.
+
+But it's actually an ID.
+
+So let's just read a into
+an ID just like we did below
+
+to process login.
+
+And we haven't
+exposed that the ID
+
+type supports equality testing.
+
+So I'll just add that
+to the user module.
+
+And then that should work.
+
+ID supports equality testing.
+
+And we should be OK.
+
+So now we've brought
+in the interface.
+
+Now we can do more things
+with the ID, which could
+
+trigger some security issues.
+
+But it lets us add this
+access control check,
+
+so let's see how that works,
+go back to the main page
+
+to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+All right, now the
+form automatically
+
+has a hidden input
+name sig, which
+
+is a cryptographic signature
+of the values of all
+
+of the cookies.
+
+And it's signed using a key
+that's a secret for the server.
+
+And when the form is
+submitted, the application
+
+knows, because the
+compiler told it,
+
+that it should be checking
+signatures for the following
+
+set of operations.
+
+In this case, the only
+one is this say operation.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Does the signature have
+any sort of time stamp as well?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It does
+not have a time stamp.
+
+STUDENT: Otherwise, if the
+attacker ever saw this live,
+
+they could pretend
+to be the user.
+
+It never expires.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: It
+never expires, right.
+
+So that's something that
+could be changed just
+
+by modifying the
+language implementation
+
+without modifying
+the applications,
+
+and then deployed instantly.
+
+But it's not there now.
+
+And I can see why that could
+be a useful thing to add.
+
+Question, yeah.
+
+STUDENT: You could also fix that
+by just putting an [INAUDIBLE]
+
+as well.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: That's true.
+
+You're right, you can
+change the application
+
+to purposely modify the
+cookie data frequently enough
+
+that the signature
+would go out of date.
+
+That's also true.
+
+So we've got 10 minutes left.
+
+Any requests for things that
+someone particularly wants
+
+to see before class is over?
+
+I can start showing some
+Ajax stuff by default
+
+if no one has another request.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Can you remap the URLs?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: You can, yes.
+
+So what remapping
+would you like to see?
+
+STUDENT: Any.
+
+I just want to
+see how it's done.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: OK,
+so the compiler
+
+is assigning-- as we
+can see back over here,
+
+we called the say function.
+
+And basically,
+that function call
+
+is serialized as a
+particular URL form.
+
+Maybe we don't like that form.
+
+We decide we're going
+to rewrite URL so say
+
+is inside the room
+module, inside demo.
+
+Better put this
+up top so it runs
+
+before these other rewrites--
+rewrite url Demo/Room/say
+
+into Demo/Room/speak.
+
+And hopefully that's
+what I want it to.
+
+Let's see what happens.
+
+Yep, and you can have
+wild cards in those rules
+
+also to map one
+prefix to another one.
+
+And the compiler will
+enforce that every function
+
+has a distinct URL schema.
+
+So if you add a rule
+that causes a clash,
+
+you'll get [INAUDIBLE].
+
+By default, the
+automatically generated
+
+URL schemes are [INAUDIBLE].
+
+You can break that by
+using this feature.
+
+Any other requests?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: So you mentioned
+that the HTML [INAUDIBLE]
+
+is not compiler specific.
+
+It's like one is a library.
+
+Are there other libraries
+for other formats as well?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: There
+are other libraries
+
+that don't do type checking
+at the same level of richness.
+
+But for instance,
+there's a library
+
+for serializing and
+de-serializing JSON.
+
+And most of the
+automated way that's
+
+driven by type structure.
+
+So you can do things like
+that that aren't as integrated
+
+with the compiler.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Presumably you'd
+still want to write JavaScript.
+
+Is there any--
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: I don't.
+
+You do.
+
+STUDENT: Right, no, but
+for, say, I don't know,
+
+you want to animate
+things on the page.
+
+There are still things where--
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Let me load
+the Ajax version of this.
+
+And that might
+answer your question.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+All right, so this version
+has client side code.
+
+Let's just [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Believe it or not, this time
+the add worked by an Ajax call.
+
+And you get things like,
+here's a button tag.
+
+And it has an onclick
+attribute that when
+
+a user clicks the button,
+all this code here
+
+runs on the client side.
+
+But it's Ur/Web code.
+
+It's not JavaScript code.
+
+The compiler translates
+it into JavaScript for you
+
+and guarantees that it maintains
+the properties that we want
+
+for the abstractions
+in our list,
+
+as long as the user isn't
+mucking around with it manually
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+STUDENT: I'm more
+thinking that there
+
+are a lot of
+[INAUDIBLE] libraries
+
+out there today that do useful
+things, and in many cases
+
+complex things if you want to
+recode everything yourself.
+
+Is there any way interfacing
+JavaScript from Ur/Web?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Yes, there's
+a foreign function interface,
+
+which lets you give Ur/Web
+function names to JavaScript
+
+function names and call.
+
+But then whenever you use the
+foreign function interface,
+
+you don't get all of these nice
+properties like construction
+
+anymore.
+
+You have to be very careful.
+
+And to some extend, you have to
+understand the implementations
+
+of some of these abstractions
+to avoid disturbing them.
+
+While I have this code up
+here, let me just show you.
+
+We still have the same say
+function as before, roughly.
+
+But now, instead of
+calling it via a link,
+
+we just take the
+function call, which
+
+is populated with arguments
+that come about from the context
+
+of this onclick handler.
+
+And we just wrap that function
+called inside the RPC syntax.
+
+And that means this is a
+function call on the client,
+
+but run the call itself
+on the server with access
+
+to the database and
+other server resources,
+
+and then shift the
+result back over here.
+
+And it's written in
+this direct style
+
+here instead of the
+callbacks that you
+
+need to use in
+JavaScript usually
+
+to accomplish a remote
+server call [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: The
+client is allowed
+
+to call anything in scope.
+
+So you just have to
+use scope the way
+
+we usually use it to
+hide private fields
+
+and so forth inside
+of an abstraction.
+
+I mean, because
+there's a call here,
+
+the functions we're
+allowed to call
+
+are the ones whose
+names are in scope.
+
+This name happens to
+not be in scope here.
+
+So we couldn't call
+it directly here.
+
+But because it's
+in scope up there,
+
+we're allowed to call it.
+
+Did I see another hand?
+
+Let's see, is
+there anything else
+
+interesting about this version
+that I wanted to mention?
+
+It involves an implementation
+of a GUI widget using
+
+this functional
+reactive style, which
+
+is cool from a programming
+modularity perspective
+
+but maybe less interesting
+from a security perspective.
+
+But here's an example of calling
+a method of this abstraction
+
+of a portion of the
+page that displays
+
+a list of lines of
+text that you can
+
+add to but never delete from.
+
+And you can actually
+enforce that.
+
+Because we don't
+have the dom here.
+
+It's not that any
+part of the code
+
+can reach into the document
+tree and mutate it and change
+
+the log and delete lines
+that were previously added.
+
+The more functional
+style here means
+
+you can actually have
+a GUI widget that
+
+owns a part of the
+page and controls
+
+exactly what's shown there,
+and bugs and other code
+
+can't interfere with
+computing what shows up there.
+
+This is probably
+good point to stop,
+
+unless there are
+any last questions.
+
+STUDENT: Channels?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Channels.
+
+I don't think there's enough
+time to properly demonstrate
+
+channels.
+
+But there's code in the paper.
+
+And there are all sorts
+of demos and tutorials
+
+on the website for this project.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: It's really hard
+writing correct [INAUDIBLE]
+
+and compilers.
+
+How do you mitigate
+problems that
+
+might be present from the
+abstraction layers themselves?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Get people
+to use it and report bugs.
+
+That's the best I have for you.
+
+I guess the idea is
+compilers like this
+
+should be written
+much less frequently
+
+than new applications.
+
+So to condense all the bug
+finding in this one place
+
+is still an improvement,
+even if it's not
+
+done in a particularly
+principled way.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Just out
+of curiosity, how
+
+are [INAUDIBLE] files handled?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: You can
+use that configuration
+
+file I showed to map them
+into parts of the URL space.
+
+Or you can manually
+produce values
+
+in the program that
+stand for files
+
+and ask to return those
+as the result of the page.
+
+There are a few
+different approaches.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: Why Ur?
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: You're
+asking how I chose the name?
+
+STUDENT: Yeah, like why--
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: Oh, you're
+asking why you want to use this.
+
+STUDENT: No, no, the
+name of the language,
+
+just out of curiosity.
+
+ADAM CHLIPALA: So Ur language
+is a concept from linguistics
+
+to describe the language
+that is the ancestor
+
+of the modern languages.
+
+And the idea is
+in this language,
+
+you can embed all sorts of
+other languages inside it.
+
+So it's sort of the
+ancestor of all those.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XnV8GAuAqJM.txt b/XnV8GAuAqJM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a505e24bcc53b25f22b8016124f7c399fac2400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XnV8GAuAqJM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we come now to the topic of induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come now to the topic of induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come now to the topic of induction
+which is a standard part of the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a standard part of the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a standard part of the high
+school curriculum and you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school curriculum and you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school curriculum and you've probably
+seen before but is nevertheless worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before but is nevertheless worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before but is nevertheless worth
+looking at uh at the level that we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh at the level that we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh at the level that we look
+at things in this class so the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things in this class so the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at things in this class so the idea of
+induction can be one way to explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction can be one way to explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction can be one way to explain it
+is this way suppose that I plan to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this way suppose that I plan to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this way suppose that I plan to be
+assigning colors to the non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning colors to the non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning colors to the non- negative
+integers like say in this example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers like say in this example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers like say in this example I
+color zero blue and one red and two blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color zero blue and one red and two blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color zero blue and one red and two blue
+and three red and four and five green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three red and four and five green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three red and four and five green
+and it go on goes on somehow okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it go on goes on somehow okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it go on goes on somehow okay now
+I'm going to describe to you a coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to describe to you a coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to describe to you a coloring
+that I have in mind and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in mind and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have in mind and we'll see
+whether you can figure out what it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can figure out what it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you can figure out what it is uh
+here are the properties that my coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the properties that my coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the properties that my coloring
+has first of all I've colored zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has first of all I've colored zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has first of all I've colored zero
+red and I've also continued the coloring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and I've also continued the coloring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and I've also continued the coloring
+satisfying the following rule if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the following rule if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the following rule if I have
+an integer that's next to a red integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer that's next to a red integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer that's next to a red integer
+then it's red also any integer next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's red also any integer next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's red also any integer next to a
+red integer is red also so what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red integer is red also so what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red integer is red also so what's my
+coloring well you obviously realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring well you obviously realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring well you obviously realize that
+if they're all red they have to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all red they have to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all red they have to be um
+and there they are okay this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there they are okay this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there they are okay this is actually
+a statement can be read as a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement can be read as a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement can be read as a statement
+of the rule of induction it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rule of induction it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rule of induction it's kind of a
+selfe evident Axiom about numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfe evident Axiom about numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfe evident Axiom about numbers but
+let's state it abstractly so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's state it abstractly so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's state it abstractly so first of
+all what induction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what induction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all what induction is
+assuming is that you have some property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is that you have some property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is that you have some property
+of numbers call it red R uh and R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers call it red R uh and R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of numbers call it red R uh and R of
+zero you're told and you're also told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you're told and you're also told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you're told and you're also told
+that R of zero implies R of one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R of zero implies R of one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R of zero implies R of one and that
+R of one implies R of two and R of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of one implies R of two and R of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of one implies R of two and R of two
+implies R of3 and in general R of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies R of3 and in general R of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies R of3 and in general R of n
+implies R of n plus one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies R of n plus one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies R of n plus one and so
+on so we've written it out this way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we've written it out this way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we've written it out this way as
+an infinite set of implications to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite set of implications to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite set of implications to
+emphasize that that's what the rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that that's what the rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that that's what the rule that
+I stated that if an integer is next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stated that if an integer is next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stated that if an integer is next to a
+red integer then it's red is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red integer then it's red is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red integer then it's red is a is
+shorthand for it's really a shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for it's really a shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for it's really a shorthand
+for this infinite number of different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this infinite number of different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this infinite number of different in
+implications Each of which has to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications Each of which has to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications Each of which has to hold
+in order for you to be able to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for you to be able to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for you to be able to apply the
+rule of induction well what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of induction well what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of induction well what can you
+conclude if all of these things hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude if all of these things hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude if all of these things hold
+well you then you can conclude that zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you then you can conclude that zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you then you can conclude that zero
+is red and one is red and two is red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red and one is red and two is red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is red and one is red and two is red and
+N is red and so on okay now um of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is red and so on okay now um of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is red and so on okay now um of course
+there's a more much more concise way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more much more concise way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more much more concise way to
+AC uh to express both these antecedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC uh to express both these antecedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AC uh to express both these antecedence
+above the line and the conclusion below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line and the conclusion below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the line and the conclusion below
+the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+uh using quantifiers namely the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using quantifiers namely the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using quantifiers namely the uh
+antecedence could simply be said by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedence could simply be said by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antecedence could simply be said by two
+predicate formulas R of zero comma um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate formulas R of zero comma um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate formulas R of zero comma um
+for all n r of n implies R of n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n r of n implies R of n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n r of n implies R of n plus one
+that's really the the a summary of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the the a summary of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the the a summary of what
+we said on the first slide that if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said on the first slide that if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said on the first slide that if an
+integer is less than a red integer then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer is less than a red integer then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer is less than a red integer then
+it's red that is n plus one is next to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's red that is n plus one is next to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's red that is n plus one is next to n
+if n is red then n plus one is red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is red then n plus one is red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is red then n plus one is red
+similarly the stuff below the line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the stuff below the line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the stuff below the line uh
+that uh that R of z r of one and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that R of z r of one and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that R of z r of one and so on
+hold is simply expressed as for all m r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold is simply expressed as for all m r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold is simply expressed as for all m r
+of M holds this is the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M holds this is the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M holds this is the form of the
+induction rule it's read that if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction rule it's read that if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction rule it's read that if you've
+proved R of0 and you've proved that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved R of0 and you've proved that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved R of0 and you've proved that for
+every n r of n implies R of n + one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every n r of n implies R of n + one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every n r of n implies R of n + one then
+you can conclude that for every m r of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can conclude that for every m r of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can conclude that for every m r of M
+holds where the variables are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds where the variables are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds where the variables are all
+ranging over the non- negative integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging over the non- negative integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging over the non- negative integers
+by the way notice that I used n for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way notice that I used n for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way notice that I used n for the
+variable name above the line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name above the line in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name above the line in the
+intercedent and M for the variable line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercedent and M for the variable line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercedent and M for the variable line
+below in the consequent I can use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below in the consequent I can use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below in the consequent I can use any
+names that I like for bound variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that I like for bound variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names that I like for bound variables
+just as in when you define a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in when you define a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in when you define a procedure
+you can name the parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can name the parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can name the parameters of the
+procedure anything you like cuz they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure anything you like cuz they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure anything you like cuz they're
+local variables and I've used an m in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and I've used an m in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local variables and I've used an m in
+the bottom and an n in the top just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and an n in the top just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and an n in the top just to
+emphasize that the uh that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that the uh that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that the uh that those are
+variables have nothing to do with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have nothing to do with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables have nothing to do with each
+other which is a point that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which is a point that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which is a point that sometimes
+confuses students okay um sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses students okay um sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses students okay um sometimes the
+rule of induction is explained in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of induction is explained in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of induction is explained in terms
+of dominoes you have all these dominoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dominoes you have all these dominoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dominoes you have all these dominoes
+lined up next to each other you knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up next to each other you knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up next to each other you knock
+one over it knocks over the next one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over it knocks over the next one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over it knocks over the next one and
+so on if that helps you think about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if that helps you think about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on if that helps you think about and
+remember uh dominoes that's fine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh dominoes that's fine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh dominoes that's fine okay
+let's apply induction maybe one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply induction maybe one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's apply induction maybe one of the
+most basic and standard applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic and standard applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic and standard applications
+would be to prove a numerical identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to prove a numerical identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to prove a numerical identity
+so let's prove one that we've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove one that we've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove one that we've actually
+seen before this is the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before this is the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before this is the formula that
+we've previously proved using the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've previously proved using the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've previously proved using the well
+ordering principle for the sum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle for the sum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering principle for the sum of a
+geome for a geometric sum the sum of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geome for a geometric sum the sum of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geome for a geometric sum the sum of R
+to the 0o r to the 1 up to R to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0o r to the 1 up to R to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0o r to the 1 up to R to the n
+and the claim is that that's equal to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that that's equal to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the claim is that that's equal to R
+the N +1 -1 / R minus one so this sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N +1 -1 / R minus one so this sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N +1 -1 / R minus one so this sum of
+N plus one terms actually can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plus one terms actually can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N plus one terms actually can be
+expressed concisely with uh a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed concisely with uh a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed concisely with uh a fairly
+single a single simple term of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single a single simple term of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single a single simple term of course
+this only works if R is not one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only works if R is not one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only works if R is not one because
+I can't have the denominator be zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't have the denominator be zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't have the denominator be zero all
+right um how do we prove it well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um how do we prove it well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um how do we prove it well I'm
+going to do the proof and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the proof and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the proof and at the same
+time that I do the proof I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I do the proof I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I do the proof I'm going to
+show you kind of a standard template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you kind of a standard template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you kind of a standard template
+that you can pull out and use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pull out and use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can pull out and use for
+induction proofs uh so the template it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction proofs uh so the template it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction proofs uh so the template it's
+just an organizational method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an organizational method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an organizational method
+uh to do the proof uh I'm doing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do the proof uh I'm doing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to do the proof uh I'm doing the the
+template in magenta so that's the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template in magenta so that's the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template in magenta so that's the part
+that really is form not substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is form not substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really is form not substance
+there's no math in it it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no math in it it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no math in it it's just the
+structure that we're going to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we're going to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we're going to organize
+the proofs in at least in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proofs in at least in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proofs in at least in the beginning
+so here we go uh the first thing you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go uh the first thing you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go uh the first thing you do
+uh is tell your reader that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is tell your reader that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is tell your reader that you're going
+to be using proof by induction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using proof by induction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using proof by induction that
+helps him understand what's coming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps him understand what's coming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps him understand what's coming so
+you begin with the line proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin with the line proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin with the line proof by
+induction on N now n is not in magenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on N now n is not in magenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction on N now n is not in magenta
+because sometimes you use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes you use different
+variables and sometimes there'll be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and sometimes there'll be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and sometimes there'll be many
+variables in the assertion so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the assertion so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables in the assertion so you need
+to tell the reader just which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the reader just which one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell the reader just which one is the
+one that you're going to be applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you're going to be applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you're going to be applying
+induction to all right that said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction to all right that said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction to all right that said the
+most important part of the proof the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of the proof the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important part of the proof the pro
+the part that where there's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that where there's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that where there's usually a
+mistake uh if there's a mistake anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh if there's a mistake anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh if there's a mistake anywhere
+it's usually in the absence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually in the absence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually in the absence of the
+statement of an induction hypothesis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of an induction hypothesis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of an induction hypothesis or
+a a misguided induction hypothesis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a misguided induction hypothesis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a misguided induction hypothesis so
+the next part of the template says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part of the template says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next part of the template says the
+induction hypothesis P of n is and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis P of n is and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis P of n is and in
+this case our induction hypothesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our induction hypothesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case our induction hypothesis is
+that this equality holds that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this equality holds that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this equality holds that's what
+we're trying to prove so the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove so the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove so the induction
+hypothesis is p of n the objective then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is p of n the objective then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is p of n the objective then
+implicitly that when we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly that when we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly that when we're doing
+induction with this induction hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction with this induction hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction with this induction hypothesis
+is to prove that for all NP of n holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to prove that for all NP of n holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to prove that for all NP of n holds
+this identity works for all non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity works for all non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this identity works for all non-
+negative integers n okay having stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers n okay having stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative integers n okay having stated
+the induction hypothesis the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction hypothesis the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the induction hypothesis the first thing
+we have to do is work on the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is work on the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do is work on the base case
+that is pro it for n equals z now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is pro it for n equals z now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is pro it for n equals z now we're
+telling the reader that it's n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the reader that it's n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the reader that it's n equals 0
+because sometimes it's convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes it's convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes it's convenient to
+start at n equal 1 or n equal 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at n equal 1 or n equal 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at n equal 1 or n equal 2 and then
+you're just concluding that uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just concluding that uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just concluding that uh the uh
+property holds for all n greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property holds for all n greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property holds for all n greater than
+equal to 1 or however uh all n greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 or however uh all n greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 or however uh all n greater
+than equal to wherever you started so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to wherever you started so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to wherever you started so
+we're going to start at zero which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start at zero which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start at zero which is
+the standard place um and what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard place um and what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard place um and what do we
+have to check we have to check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check we have to check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check we have to check that the
+sum on the left when n goes to when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum on the left when n goes to when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum on the left when n goes to when n is
+zero is equal to the sum to the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is equal to the sum to the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is equal to the sum to the formula
+on the right when n is zero well the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right when n is zero well the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right when n is zero well the sum
+on the left when n is zero it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left when n is zero it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left when n is zero it's really
+just one because it's going from R the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one because it's going from R the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one because it's going from R the 0
+to R the 0 the r and the r squ they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R the 0 the r and the r squ they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R the 0 the r and the r squ they're a
+little misleading because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little misleading because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little misleading because they're not
+really there when n is zero so the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there when n is zero so the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there when n is zero so the left
+hand side is one and the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is one and the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is one and the right hand side
+is r -1/ r minus1 which is 1 since R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r -1/ r minus1 which is 1 since R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r -1/ r minus1 which is 1 since R is
+not one so sure enough it checks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one so sure enough it checks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one so sure enough it checks and
+we're okay the case n equals z has now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay the case n equals z has now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're okay the case n equals z has now
+been proved so the next thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proved so the next thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proved so the next thing we have to
+do in the template is to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the template is to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the template is to go to the
+inductive step and that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step and that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive step and that's where we
+assume that P of n holds and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that P of n holds and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that P of n holds and we're
+allowed to use the the P of n assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use the the P of n assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to use the the P of n assumption
+in order to prove that P of n+ one holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to prove that P of n+ one holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to prove that P of n+ one holds
+where the only thing that we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the only thing that we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the only thing that we know about
+n besides that P of n holds is that n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n besides that P of n holds is that n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n besides that P of n holds is that n is
+greater than or equal to zero and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to zero and our
+proof has to work for all possible n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof has to work for all possible n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof has to work for all possible n
+that are greater than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are greater than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are greater than or equal to zero
+all right well now we can start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well now we can start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well now we can start doing
+the non-template math that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-template math that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-template math that has to do
+with the content of what we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the content of what we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the content of what we're actually
+trying to prove this is what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove this is what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove this is what I want
+prove this is p of n plus1 it's gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this is p of n plus1 it's gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this is p of n plus1 it's gotten
+by replacing the n's in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by replacing the n's in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by replacing the n's in the previous
+equation by n plus 1es I'd like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by n plus 1es I'd like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by n plus 1es I'd like to have
+that b okay how do I get to that well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b okay how do I get to that well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b okay how do I get to that well I
+can assume P of n which is kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume P of n which is kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume P of n which is kind of looks
+like it already it's a good head start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it already it's a good head start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it already it's a good head start
+on getting to P of n plus one so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on getting to P of n plus one so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on getting to P of n plus one so I'm
+allowed to assume that this equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to assume that this equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to assume that this equality
+holds for N I don't know what n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for N I don't know what n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for N I don't know what n is
+except that it's a non- negative integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it's a non- negative integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that it's a non- negative integer
+but this equality holds for n and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equality holds for n and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equality holds for n and I have
+to prove that it holds for n + one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that it holds for n + one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that it holds for n + one well
+if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this
+um what I'm trying to prove is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'm trying to prove is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I'm trying to prove is something
+about the sum that goes up to R the n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sum that goes up to R the n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sum that goes up to R the n +
+1 so given this equation I can turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so given this equation I can turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so given this equation I can turn the
+left hand side into the sum that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side into the sum that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side into the sum that I'm
+interested in that is the sum of powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that is the sum of powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that is the sum of powers
+of R up to the N plus first power of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R up to the N plus first power of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R up to the N plus first power of R
+simply by adding R the n + one to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by adding R the n + one to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by adding R the n + one to both
+sides an obvious uh uh strategic move or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides an obvious uh uh strategic move or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides an obvious uh uh strategic move or
+tactical move okay uh so doing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical move okay uh so doing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical move okay uh so doing that I
+get this equality which I've now proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this equality which I've now proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this equality which I've now proved
+from the induction hypothesis namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the induction hypothesis namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the induction hypothesis namely the
+sum up to R the n + 1 which is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up to R the n + 1 which is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up to R the n + 1 which is what I'm
+interested in is equal to this algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is equal to this algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is equal to this algebraic
+expression on the right hand side and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on the right hand side and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression on the right hand side and if
+I'm lucky and of course I will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lucky and of course I will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lucky and of course I will be the
+right hand side is going to simplify to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is going to simplify to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side is going to simplify to
+be the target expression with n replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the target expression with n replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the target expression with n replaced
+by n + one so what happens is uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n + one so what happens is uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n + one so what happens is uh let's
+put R the n+ one over this common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put R the n+ one over this common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put R the n+ one over this common
+denominator R minus one and I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator R minus one and I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator R minus one and I get the
+second term and then you can do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term and then you can do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term and then you can do a little
+bit of algebraic simp simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of algebraic simp simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of algebraic simp simplification
+trivial and you'll realize that sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and you'll realize that sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and you'll realize that sure
+enough it simplifies to R the n + 1 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it simplifies to R the n + 1 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it simplifies to R the n + 1 + 1
+-1/ rus1 which was exactly the equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1/ rus1 which was exactly the equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1/ rus1 which was exactly the equality
+that I was hoping to prove so in fact at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was hoping to prove so in fact at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was hoping to prove so in fact at
+this point we can say that we've proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we can say that we've proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point we can say that we've proved
+P of n + 1 and we've completed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of n + 1 and we've completed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of n + 1 and we've completed the
+induction proof we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction proof we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction proof we're
+done okay that is the first basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay that is the first basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay that is the first basic
+example of an induction proof and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an induction proof and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an induction proof and the
+whole template is now visible except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole template is now visible except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole template is now visible except
+maybe there should have been a QED or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there should have been a QED or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there should have been a QED or a
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+statement all right by the way as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement all right by the way as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement all right by the way as an
+aside and we already saw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside and we already saw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside and we already saw a little
+problem with this the three dots that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this the three dots that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this the three dots that
+appeared in this sum are called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in this sum are called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in this sum are called an
+ellipses U plural is ellipses uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses U plural is ellipses uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipses U plural is ellipses uh and uh
+they are used where the the writer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are used where the the writer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are used where the the writer is
+trying to tell the reader that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell the reader that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tell the reader that there's
+an obvious pattern that the reader is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious pattern that the reader is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obvious pattern that the reader is
+expected to see uh which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to see uh which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to see uh which I think is
+fairly clear in this case or you go you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly clear in this case or you go you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly clear in this case or you go you
+know it's art of the Z R to the 1 R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's art of the Z R to the 1 R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's art of the Z R to the 1 R to
+the 2 R to the 3 up to R to the n u the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 R to the 3 up to R to the n u the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 R to the 3 up to R to the n u the
+difficulty is that sometimes the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty is that sometimes the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty is that sometimes the uh the
+the ellipses can cause some confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipses can cause some confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipses can cause some confusion
+for example we had to figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we had to figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we had to figure out that
+when n is zero the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is zero the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n is zero the left hand side
+actually just meant one it was just R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just meant one it was just R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just meant one it was just R to
+the zero so the r and the r squ weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero so the r and the r squ weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero so the r and the r squ weren't
+really there one way to really avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there one way to really avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there one way to really avoid
+that kind of fence post problem uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of fence post problem uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of fence post problem uh uh
+and that where you've shown in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that where you've shown in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that where you've shown in order to
+make clear what the pattern is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear what the pattern is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make clear what the pattern is you've
+shown more than it may than more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown more than it may than more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown more than it may than more of
+pattern than may may always be there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern than may may always be there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern than may may always be there is
+to use a precise mathematical notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a precise mathematical notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a precise mathematical notation
+where I actually tell you the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I actually tell you the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I actually tell you the pattern of
+the I term and tell you that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I term and tell you that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I term and tell you that you should
+sum from I equals 0 to n so the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from I equals 0 to n so the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from I equals 0 to n so the sigma
+notation is Shand for sum and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is Shand for sum and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is Shand for sum and I'm
+telling you that the I term in the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that the I term in the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that the I term in the sum
+is R to the I and it's going to run from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R to the I and it's going to run from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R to the I and it's going to run from
+I equals 0 to n so this is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 0 to n so this is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I equals 0 to n so this is a sort of
+mathematical notation for a for Loop or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical notation for a for Loop or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical notation for a for Loop or
+a do Loop uh do from I equal 0 to n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a do Loop uh do from I equal 0 to n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a do Loop uh do from I equal 0 to n and
+add R to the i+ r to the I to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add R to the i+ r to the I to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add R to the i+ r to the I to the
+accumulator uh and the some notation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator uh and the some notation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator uh and the some notation is
+certainly more precise uh but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly more precise uh but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly more precise uh but sometimes
+it's actually harder to read uh than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually harder to read uh than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually harder to read uh than uh
+simply showing you the pattern because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply showing you the pattern because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply showing you the pattern because
+the pattern often is visible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern often is visible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern often is visible uh
+visually okay now let me tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually okay now let me tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually okay now let me tell you a
+little story and it's a madeup story but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story and it's a madeup story but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little story and it's a madeup story but
+it's kind of fun to tell um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun to tell um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of fun to tell um this is the
+familiar building the state of Cent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar building the state of Cent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar building the state of Cent
+Center um and this is actually a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center um and this is actually a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center um and this is actually a design
+mockup uh that the Architects produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockup uh that the Architects produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockup uh that the Architects produced
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+MIT uh team that was overseeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh team that was overseeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh team that was overseeing the
+Construction and design of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Construction and design of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Construction and design of the building
+uh to show what the student Lobby would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to show what the student Lobby would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to show what the student Lobby would
+look like the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like the student
+street now The Story Goes that um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street now The Story Goes that um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street now The Story Goes that um what
+part of the plan for the student Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the plan for the student Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the plan for the student Street
+was to have a plaza that was going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have a plaza that was going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have a plaza that was going to be
+uh built out of UN size squares but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh built out of UN size squares but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh built out of UN size squares but an
+an uncertain number of them there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uncertain number of them there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an uncertain number of them there was
+going to be a parameter that determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a parameter that determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a parameter that determined
+the size of the square and the squ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the square and the squ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the square and the squ the
+size of the square was actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the square was actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the square was actually going to
+be a Power of Two by a power of two made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Power of Two by a power of two made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Power of Two by a power of two made
+out of uh uh unit size tiles so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh uh unit size tiles so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh uh unit size tiles so there
+would be 2 to the n * 2 to the N unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 2 to the n * 2 to the N unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 2 to the n * 2 to the N unit
+size tiles filling up this PL this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size tiles filling up this PL this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size tiles filling up this PL this
+Square Plaza and the plaza was to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Plaza and the plaza was to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square Plaza and the plaza was to be
+tiled with these unit tiles but one tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled with these unit tiles but one tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiled with these unit tiles but one tile
+space was to be left blank so that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space was to be left blank so that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space was to be left blank so that uh
+this statue of a what what was then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statue of a what what was then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this statue of a what what was then the
+potential donor Bill uh could be placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential donor Bill uh could be placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential donor Bill uh could be placed
+in the middle as an incentive for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle as an incentive for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle as an incentive for him to
+donate funds for the completion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate funds for the completion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate funds for the completion of the
+building which indeed he did um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building which indeed he did um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building which indeed he did um
+so the puzzle then was put forward by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the puzzle then was put forward by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the puzzle then was put forward by
+the architect Frank Gary who many regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architect Frank Gary who many regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the architect Frank Gary who many regard
+as the uh after Frank Lloyd Wright as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uh after Frank Lloyd Wright as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the uh after Frank Lloyd Wright as
+the greatest architect of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest architect of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greatest architect of the 20th
+century uh Gary specified for aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century uh Gary specified for aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century uh Gary specified for aesthetic
+reasons that he wanted the the Square to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that he wanted the the Square to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that he wanted the the Square to
+be tiled with L-shaped tiles that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tiled with L-shaped tiles that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tiled with L-shaped tiles that were
+made out of three unit squares he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of three unit squares he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of three unit squares he
+thought that that would give a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that that would give a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that that would give a pretty
+design it actually does um so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it actually does um so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design it actually does um so here's an
+example of tiling the N equals 3 case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of tiling the N equals 3 case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of tiling the N equals 3 case
+two to the 2 cubed equals 8 by8 Plaza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the 2 cubed equals 8 by8 Plaza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the 2 cubed equals 8 by8 Plaza
+with Bill in the middle there is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bill in the middle there is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bill in the middle there is the the
+8 by8 Plaza tiled with these L-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 by8 Plaza tiled with these L-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 by8 Plaza tiled with these L-shaped
+tiles each consisting of three unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles each consisting of three unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles each consisting of three unit
+tiles so the question was the the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles so the question was the the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles so the question was the the exact
+size of the square was to be determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the square was to be determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the square was to be determined
+by other architectural considerations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other architectural considerations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other architectural considerations so
+it was parameterized by n was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was parameterized by n was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was parameterized by n was going to
+be 2 the N by 2 to the N question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 the N by 2 to the N question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2 the N by 2 to the N question was
+can you always find such a tiling no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you always find such a tiling no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you always find such a tiling no
+matter how big the square is and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how big the square is and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how big the square is and leave
+Bill in the middle well let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill in the middle well let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill in the middle well let's try to
+prove it by induction the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it by induction the induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it by induction the induction
+hypothesis we're tring to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we're tring to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we're tring to prove a
+theorem that for any 2 to the N by 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that for any 2 to the N by 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that for any 2 to the N by 2 to
+the end Plaza we can make Bill and Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end Plaza we can make Bill and Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end Plaza we can make Bill and Frank
+happy that is Bill's happy when he's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy that is Bill's happy when he's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy that is Bill's happy when he's in
+the middle and Frank is Happy When It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and Frank is Happy When It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle and Frank is Happy When It
+the rest of the square is covered with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the square is covered with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the square is covered with
+L-shaped tiles by the way middle is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tiles by the way middle is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tiles by the way middle is a
+little bit ambiguous because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit ambiguous because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit ambiguous because there are
+really four middle squares but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really four middle squares but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really four middle squares but of course
+uh it doesn't matter which one you fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't matter which one you fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it doesn't matter which one you fill
+because if you wanted a different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you wanted a different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you wanted a different one
+you could just rotate the whole square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just rotate the whole square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just rotate the whole square
+and get any one of the four middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get any one of the four middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get any one of the four middle
+squares empty for uh the bill statue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares empty for uh the bill statue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares empty for uh the bill statue
+okay so uh an induction proof would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh an induction proof would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh an induction proof would
+proceed by induction on something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed by induction on something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed by induction on something or
+other and the obvious thing is the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the obvious thing is the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the obvious thing is the n
+that's in the statement of the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the statement of the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the statement of the theorem
+and the induction hypothesis would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the induction hypothesis would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the induction hypothesis would
+straightforwardly be that we can tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly be that we can tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly be that we can tile
+the 2 the N by 2 the N Plaza with Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 the N by 2 the N Plaza with Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 the N by 2 the N Plaza with Bill
+in the middle okay base case is n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle okay base case is n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle okay base case is n equals
+0 that's a 2 the 1 by 2 the 1 it's a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's a 2 the 1 by 2 the 1 it's a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 that's a 2 the 1 by 2 the 1 it's a 1
+by one square okay well not a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one square okay well not a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one square okay well not a problem
+you just put bill in the one square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put bill in the one square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put bill in the one square and
+you tile the rest with no L-shaped tiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tile the rest with no L-shaped tiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tile the rest with no L-shaped tiles
+that fits the rules base case Nal 1 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits the rules base case Nal 1 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fits the rules base case Nal 1 n
+equals 0 is covered all right so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is covered all right so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is covered all right so now we
+come to the double size square the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the double size square the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the double size square the
+square that's of size 2 the n + 1 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that's of size 2 the n + 1 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that's of size 2 the n + 1 by 2
+the n + 1 I have to tile that with Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n + 1 I have to tile that with Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n + 1 I have to tile that with Bill
+in the middle but I have a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle but I have a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle but I have a fairly
+powerful induction hypothesis that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful induction hypothesis that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful induction hypothesis that I'm
+allowed to assume namely that I can tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to assume namely that I can tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to assume namely that I can tile
+a the half size Square the 2 to the N by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the half size Square the 2 to the N by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the half size Square the 2 to the N by
+2 the N square and get buil in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the N square and get buil in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the N square and get buil in the
+middle so obviously the double size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so obviously the double size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle so obviously the double size
+square is made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is made out of
+four half size squares and so I can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four half size squares and so I can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four half size squares and so I can try
+to fill up the whole Square that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill up the whole Square that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill up the whole Square that's two
+to the N the whole full size square or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N the whole full size square or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N the whole full size square or
+double size Square 2 the N plus 1 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double size Square 2 the N plus 1 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double size Square 2 the N plus 1 by 2
+to the N plus one by uh working with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N plus one by uh working with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N plus one by uh working with my
+ability to tile them with L-shaped tiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to tile them with L-shaped tiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to tile them with L-shaped tiles
+leaving bill in the middle uh for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving bill in the middle uh for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving bill in the middle uh for each
+of those four subsquares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those four subsquares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those four subsquares
+so I can assume that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can assume that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can assume that and
+now I'm stuck really what what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm stuck really what what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm stuck really what what do I do
+how do I use this ability to put bill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I use this ability to put bill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I use this ability to put bill in
+the middle of each of those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of each of those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of each of those four
+quadrants in order to color to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants in order to color to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants in order to color to fill in
+the whole thing with n-shaped tiles I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing with n-shaped tiles I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing with n-shaped tiles I'm
+stuck um and uh the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck um and uh the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck um and uh the point of this
+example is to show you the way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to show you the way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is to show you the way to get
+unstuck which is kind of unexpected I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstuck which is kind of unexpected I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstuck which is kind of unexpected I'm
+actually going to un get unstuck by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to un get unstuck by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to un get unstuck by
+proving something stronger I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something stronger I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something stronger I'm actually
+going to prove that we can find a tiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that we can find a tiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that we can find a tiling
+using L-shaped squares with Bill placed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using L-shaped squares with Bill placed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using L-shaped squares with Bill placed
+in any specific ifed square that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any specific ifed square that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any specific ifed square that you
+like wherever you want to put them I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wherever you want to put them I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wherever you want to put them I can
+tile the rest with L-shaped tiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile the rest with L-shaped tiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile the rest with L-shaped tiles and
+leave the specified single Square blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the specified single Square blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the specified single Square blank
+for Bill to be inserted for a statue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bill to be inserted for a statue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Bill to be inserted for a statue of
+Bill to be put there so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill to be put there so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill to be put there so what's
+unintuitive about this is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitive about this is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitive about this is that I'm
+proving something stronger it ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something stronger it ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving something stronger it ought to
+be harder to prove right but because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harder to prove right but because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be harder to prove right but because the
+I'm trying to prove a conclusion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to prove a conclusion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to prove a conclusion that's
+stronger I also have a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger I also have a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger I also have a stronger
+induction hypothesis to work with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis to work with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis to work with in
+conducting the proof and the net proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting the proof and the net proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting the proof and the net proof
+actually as you'll see is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as you'll see is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as you'll see is going to be
+easier so let's do it with the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so let's do it with the stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier so let's do it with the stronger
+induction hypothesis the theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis the theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis the theorem is
+again for any 2 the N by 2 the N Plaza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for any 2 the N by 2 the N Plaza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for any 2 the N by 2 the N Plaza
+we can make Bill and Frank happy proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make Bill and Frank happy proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make Bill and Frank happy proved
+by induction on N but with a revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction on N but with a revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction on N but with a revised
+induction hypothesis I'm calling it P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis I'm calling it P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction hypothesis I'm calling it P of
+n again which is I can tile the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n again which is I can tile the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n again which is I can tile the square
+with Bill anywhere so the base case n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bill anywhere so the base case n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Bill anywhere so the base case n
+equals 0 is the same as before um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is the same as before um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is the same as before um uh
+it's just one by one so I put bill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one by one so I put bill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one by one so I put bill in
+the only tile that there is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only tile that there is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only tile that there is which is
+both the middle and the corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the middle and the corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the middle and the corner and
+everything else and the base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and the base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else and the base case
+doesn't change for the inductive step um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change for the inductive step um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change for the inductive step um
+now I have a more powerful thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a more powerful thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a more powerful thing that I
+can assume is the induction hypothesis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume is the induction hypothesis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume is the induction hypothesis I
+can assume that in any given square of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that in any given square of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume that in any given square of a
+2 to the N by 2 to the N any given tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the N by 2 to the N any given tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the N by 2 to the N any given tile
+location unit square of a 2 to the N by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location unit square of a 2 to the N by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location unit square of a 2 to the N by
+2 to the N Plaza I can tile the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the N Plaza I can tile the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the N Plaza I can tile the rest
+with L-shaped squares and get Bill where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L-shaped squares and get Bill where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L-shaped squares and get Bill where
+I wanted them to be and I have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted them to be and I have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted them to be and I have to use
+that hypothesis to show that I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hypothesis to show that I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hypothesis to show that I can get
+Bill anywhere that's required in a 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill anywhere that's required in a 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill anywhere that's required in a 2 the
+n+ 1 by 2 the n+ one square so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n+ 1 by 2 the n+ one square so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n+ 1 by 2 the n+ one square so suppose
+that we want a tile bill in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want a tile bill in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want a tile bill in that
+designated arbitrary square of the 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated arbitrary square of the 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated arbitrary square of the 2 the
+n + 1 by 2 the n + 1 Plaza where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + 1 by 2 the n + 1 Plaza where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + 1 by 2 the n + 1 Plaza where we
+happen to choose a location where Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to choose a location where Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to choose a location where Bill
+is in the upper right quadrant in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the upper right quadrant in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the upper right quadrant in the
+upper right half size Square all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right half size Square all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right half size Square all right
+so by hypothesis I can fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by hypothesis I can fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by hypothesis I can fill in the
+purple square that that quadrant with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple square that that quadrant with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple square that that quadrant with
+L-shaped tiles leaving bill in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tiles leaving bill in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tiles leaving bill in that in
+the place that he's supposed to be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place that he's supposed to be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place that he's supposed to be well
+here's the trick with the other three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the trick with the other three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the trick with the other three
+since I can tile them with Bill anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I can tile them with Bill anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I can tile them with Bill anywhere
+I'm going to tile them with Bill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tile them with Bill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tile them with Bill in the
+uh respective corners of those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh respective corners of those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh respective corners of those three
+other subsquares which meet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other subsquares which meet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other subsquares which meet in the
+center of the fulls size Plaza as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the fulls size Plaza as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the fulls size Plaza as shown
+here and having done that now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and having done that now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and having done that now it's
+obvious how to fill up the whole 2 the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how to fill up the whole 2 the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how to fill up the whole 2 the n
++ 1 by 2 the n + 1 Plaza cuz I pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 by 2 the n + 1 Plaza cuz I pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 by 2 the n + 1 Plaza cuz I pull
+those four separate pieces together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four separate pieces together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those four separate pieces together to
+form the full size 2 the N plus 1 x 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the full size 2 the N plus 1 x 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the full size 2 the N plus 1 x 2
+the N plus1 Plaza and look I just put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus1 Plaza and look I just put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N plus1 Plaza and look I just put an
+L-shaped tile in the middle to fill up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tile in the middle to fill up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tile in the middle to fill up
+those three Corner bills and I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three Corner bills and I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three Corner bills and I'm done
+and the proof is complete we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof is complete we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof is complete we have just
+proved by induction that indeed uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by induction that indeed uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved by induction that indeed uh you
+can tile any power of two by power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tile any power of two by power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tile any power of two by power of
+two square putting leaving bill wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two square putting leaving bill wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two square putting leaving bill wherever
+you want them and the rest filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them and the rest filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them and the rest filled with
+L-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped
+tiles now notice that a part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles now notice that a part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles now notice that a part of this
+process actually is implicitly defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually is implicitly defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process actually is implicitly defining
+a recursive procedure to actually do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive procedure to actually do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recursive procedure to actually do the
+tiling if you watch the way the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling if you watch the way the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling if you watch the way the proof
+went if I was going to write a recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went if I was going to write a recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went if I was going to write a recursive
+procedure to do the tiling what I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to do the tiling what I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to do the tiling what I would
+do is say okay you give me input n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say okay you give me input n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is say okay you give me input n plus
+one which are the dimensions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which are the dimensions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which are the dimensions the
+specification of the dimensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the dimensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of the dimensions of the
+plaza input n plus one or input N means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaza input n plus one or input N means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaza input n plus one or input N means
+it's 2 the N by 2 the n how do I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 the N by 2 the n how do I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 the N by 2 the n how do I do that
+well um you tell me where you want Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um you tell me where you want Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um you tell me where you want Bill
+to be as another parameter and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as another parameter and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as another parameter and then I
+will call myself recursively on uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call myself recursively on uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call myself recursively on uh four
+uh half siiz squares uh so that is call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half siiz squares uh so that is call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half siiz squares uh so that is call
+myself to do squares with Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to do squares with Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to do squares with Dimension
+parameter n minus one four times for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter n minus one four times for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter n minus one four times for
+each quadrant each time specifying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each quadrant each time specifying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each quadrant each time specifying in
+those quarters where I want buil to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quarters where I want buil to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quarters where I want buil to be
+the recursive procedure will return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive procedure will return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive procedure will return a
+L-shaped tiling of the those four pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tiling of the those four pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L-shaped tiling of the those four pieces
+and then on I take those fit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on I take those fit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on I take those fit them
+together and tile that middle and I wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and tile that middle and I wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and tile that middle and I wind
+up with a tiling of the whole region so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a tiling of the whole region so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a tiling of the whole region so
+what I've just talked through is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've just talked through is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've just talked through is the
+description of a very easily written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a very easily written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a very easily written
+recursive procedure that would print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive procedure that would print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive procedure that would print out
+a picture of an L-shaped tiling given as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of an L-shaped tiling given as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of an L-shaped tiling given as
+input any number n and that's in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input any number n and that's in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input any number n and that's in fact uh
+how we got the uh the 8 by8 tiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we got the uh the 8 by8 tiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we got the uh the 8 by8 tiling
+although we did it by hand rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we did it by hand rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we did it by hand rather than
+writing a program and that that's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a program and that that's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a program and that that's enough
+of two examples of basic mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two examples of basic mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two examples of basic mathematical
+induction
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y7GyEUj88PI.txt b/Y7GyEUj88PI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2dedcf6f918f887e1084d46f3ebaf2009b15f811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y7GyEUj88PI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh jumping in uh where we left off so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jumping in uh where we left off so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh jumping in uh where we left off so we
+basically discussed the Val estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically discussed the Val estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically discussed the Val estimate
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ratio of the diff the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the diff the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the diff the difference in
+mean uh for the outcome for the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh for the outcome for the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh for the outcome for the group
+that has a that is as a one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a that is as a one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a that is as a one for the
+instrument minus a group that has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument minus a group that has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument minus a group that has zero
+divided by the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the same thing for the
+intervening variable so the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening variable so the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervening variable so the ratio of the
+first the reduced form divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the reduced form divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the reduced form divided by the
+first stage now we could have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage now we could have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage now we could have done that
+in a regression framework uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a regression framework uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a regression framework uh if you
+remember when we run a regression when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we run a regression when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we run a regression when
+we run a a variable on a on a demi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run a a variable on a on a demi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run a a variable on a on a demi
+variable simply the we know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable simply the we know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable simply the we know that that
+the pi 1 here is going to be numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi 1 here is going to be numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi 1 here is going to be numerically
+the difference in means anyway and same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in means anyway and same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in means anyway and same
+thing for the gamma one so we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the gamma one so we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the gamma one so we could have
+run these two regressions taken Pi 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these two regressions taken Pi 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run these two regressions taken Pi 1 and
+Gamma One taken the ratio and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma One taken the ratio and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gamma One taken the ratio and it would
+have been the Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the Val
+estimates uh another way to we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates uh another way to we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates uh another way to we could
+have done that and I'm sort of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that and I'm sort of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that and I'm sort of building
+up to what if for example the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to what if for example the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to what if for example the the first
+stage is not one zero then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is not one zero then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage is not one zero then it's not
+going to be easy to do the Val the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easy to do the Val the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be easy to do the Val the not
+the first St the z i instrument is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first St the z i instrument is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first St the z i instrument is not
+one zero then we can't easily do the Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero then we can't easily do the Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero then we can't easily do the Val
+so we have to build up to that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to build up to that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to build up to that so what
+we could have done in this case is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done in this case is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done in this case is to
+say well run the first stage take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well run the first stage take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well run the first stage take the
+predicted value for Alpha for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value for Alpha for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value for Alpha for
+AI and then run regression of Yi on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and then run regression of Yi on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and then run regression of Yi on this
+predicted value and again uh the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value and again uh the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value and again uh the point
+estimate of beta here would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of beta here would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of beta here would have been
+the Val estimate so let me prove that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Val estimate so let me prove that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Val estimate so let me prove that to
+you um the the point estimate of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the the point estimate of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um the the point estimate of beta
+would have been the ratio of the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the ratio of the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the ratio of the co
+variance between Y and a hat divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance between Y and a hat divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance between Y and a hat divided by
+the variance of a hat that's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of a hat that's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of a hat that's by
+definition of what the OLS is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what the OLS is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what the OLS is I'm
+replacing a hat by its value a hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing a hat by its value a hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing a hat by its value a hat is
+simply Pi 0 plus pi 1 Z we divide by pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply Pi 0 plus pi 1 Z we divide by pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply Pi 0 plus pi 1 Z we divide by pi
+0 plus pi 1 Z then I can take by by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus pi 1 Z then I can take by by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus pi 1 Z then I can take by by the
+properties of uh expect variance and Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of uh expect variance and Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of uh expect variance and Co
+variance I can take some terms out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I can take some terms out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I can take some terms out uh
+the Co variance of Y and Pi 0 is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Co variance of Y and Pi 0 is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Co variance of Y and Pi 0 is of
+course zero because it's U uh Pi is Pi Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course zero because it's U uh Pi is Pi Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course zero because it's U uh Pi is Pi Z
+is a constant uh the covariance of Pi Yi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant uh the covariance of Pi Yi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant uh the covariance of Pi Yi
+and Pi 1 zi is pi 1 times the coant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pi 1 zi is pi 1 times the coant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pi 1 zi is pi 1 times the coant of
+Yi zi and then here uh we have just Pi 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi zi and then here uh we have just Pi 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yi zi and then here uh we have just Pi 1
+square variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square variance of
+Z this is uh this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is uh this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z this is uh this term
+here is simply the the OLS coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is simply the the OLS coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is simply the the OLS coefficient
+of z z in the Yi regression so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of z z in the Yi regression so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of z z in the Yi regression so that's
+gamma one and we left with an extra Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma one and we left with an extra Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma one and we left with an extra Pi
+Pi 1 that we use here so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 1 that we use here so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 1 that we use here so this is the
+ratio Gamma 1 over Pi 1 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Gamma 1 over Pi 1 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Gamma 1 over Pi 1 which is the
+ratio of the OLS estimates which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the OLS estimates which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the OLS estimates which is the
+Val estimates okay so basically instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val estimates okay so basically instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val estimates okay so basically instead
+of running the Val estimate we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running the Val estimate we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of running the Val estimate we could
+have uh do uh what is literally two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh do uh what is literally two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh do uh what is literally two
+stage Le squares uh first stage you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Le squares uh first stage you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Le squares uh first stage you run
+AI on the instrument second stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI on the instrument second stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI on the instrument second stage you
+take the pred Ed value and you stick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the pred Ed value and you stick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the pred Ed value and you stick it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there and the nice thing about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the nice thing about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the nice thing about it is
+that you could do that even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do that even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could do that even if you don't
+have a even if the Z is not is not a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a even if the Z is not is not a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a even if the Z is not is not a one
+zero anymore you can do that for any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero anymore you can do that for any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero anymore you can do that for any any
+type of Z and that's called um two stly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Z and that's called um two stly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of Z and that's called um two stly
+square so more generally imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so more generally imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so more generally imagine that
+your model is the one we started with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model is the one we started with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model is the one we started with at
+the at the beginning of previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the beginning of previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the beginning of previous lecture
+where Yi is beta 0 plus beta 1 X1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Yi is beta 0 plus beta 1 X1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Yi is beta 0 plus beta 1 X1 which
+is the variable that you interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variable that you interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variable that you interested in
+and concerned about that's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concerned about that's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concerned about that's the one that
+you want to instrument for and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to instrument for and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to instrument for and then some
+control variable X to uh that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable X to uh that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable X to uh that uh you
+know gender uh region effect whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gender uh region effect whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gender uh region effect whatever
+that you uh you just want to put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh you just want to put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh you just want to put in the
+regression but you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but you don't need to
+instrument so they are control variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so they are control variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument so they are control variable
+sometimes those control variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those control variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes those control variables are
+needed because the instrument is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed because the instrument is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed because the instrument is only
+valid when these control variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid when these control variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid when these control variables are
+included uh now you look for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included uh now you look for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included uh now you look for an
+instrument uh for x uh if x has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument uh for x uh if x has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument uh for x uh if x has more
+than if x is a matrice as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if x is a matrice as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if x is a matrice as opposed to
+being just one so if you have two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being just one so if you have two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being just one so if you have two things
+that you want to instrument with at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to instrument with at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to instrument with at the
+same time you need at least as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you need at least as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you need at least as many
+instruments as you have X's uh if uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments as you have X's uh if uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments as you have X's uh if uh or
+you could also have more but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have more but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also have more but at least
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same uh remember our instruments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh remember our instruments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh remember our instruments where
+they need to they need to be good they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to they need to be good they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to they need to be good they
+need to be uh of course correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be uh of course correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be uh of course correlated with
+x one then need to be uh randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one then need to be uh randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x one then need to be uh randomly
+assigned or as good as randomly assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned or as good as randomly assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned or as good as randomly assigned
+so that we can have a causal effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can have a causal effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can have a causal effect of
+the instrument on the Y and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument on the Y and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instrument on the Y and they also
+need to not have a direct effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to not have a direct effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to not have a direct effect on the
+on the on the Y so that all their effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the Y so that all their effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the Y so that all their effect
+on the Y can be confidently attributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Y can be confidently attributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Y can be confidently attributed
+to the X let's say we found those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X let's say we found those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X let's say we found those
+instruments then uh they not Z The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments then uh they not Z The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments then uh they not Z The
+Matrix of the instruments plus the X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of the instruments plus the X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of the instruments plus the X2
+that's very important that the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important that the Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important that the Matrix of
+instrument include both the variables Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument include both the variables Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument include both the variables Z
+that are instrument instrumenting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are instrument instrumenting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are instrument instrumenting for
+the X1 and the stuff that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 and the stuff that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 and the stuff that's going to
+instrument for itself that we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for itself that we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for itself that we're just
+controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling
+for uh in the old days the STA if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh in the old days the STA if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh in the old days the STA if you're
+using sta the new sta Syntax for IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sta the new sta Syntax for IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sta the new sta Syntax for IV
+regression in my view is horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in my view is horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in my view is horrible
+because you forget that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you forget that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you forget that because it's
+telling you you have your X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you have your X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you you have your X's are
+instrumented for and some z's that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented for and some z's that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented for and some z's that are
+instrumented for the x1's and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented for the x1's and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented for the x1's and then you
+have the other stuff that's not this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other stuff that's not this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other stuff that's not this is
+silly like in term of Matrix algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly like in term of Matrix algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly like in term of Matrix algebra
+that's underlying this regression it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's underlying this regression it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's underlying this regression it
+makes no no sense uh R seems to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no no sense uh R seems to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no no sense uh R seems to be like
+like the old data like doing it properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the old data like doing it properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the old data like doing it properly
+but so the Matrix of instrument is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the Matrix of instrument is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so the Matrix of instrument is the
+stuff that is instrumenting for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that is instrumenting for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that is instrumenting for the for
+the X1 and all of the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 and all of the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X1 and all of the stuff that
+instruments for itself just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for itself just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments for itself just remember
+that uh and then intuitively what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and then intuitively what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and then intuitively what would
+we do well following what we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do well following what we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do well following what we have done
+with in the case of there is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the case of there is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the case of there is just one
+variable we run X1 on The Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we run X1 on The Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we run X1 on The Matrix of
+instruments that is all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that is all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that is all of the
+instruments plus all the x2s and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments plus all the x2s and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments plus all the x2s and in the
+second stage we take the predicted value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage we take the predicted value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second stage we take the predicted value
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+X1 uh and then we we we we we put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh and then we we we we we put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh and then we we we we we put in the
+x2s as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2s as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2s as
+well uh so in practice if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh so in practice if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh so in practice if you do that
+the point estimate will be correct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point estimate will be correct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point estimate will be correct but
+the standard error and all the test will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error and all the test will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error and all the test will
+be wrong because uh the you have if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong because uh the you have if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wrong because uh the you have if you
+do that like mechanically you forget in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that like mechanically you forget in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that like mechanically you forget in
+the estimation that you've estimated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimation that you've estimated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimation that you've estimated the
+first stage and there for there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage and there for there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stage and there for there is
+additional error that comes from that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional error that comes from that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional error that comes from that so
+you need to take it into account uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take it into account uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to take it into account uh so
+in practice that's not what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice that's not what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice that's not what you're going
+to do in practice you're going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in practice you're going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in practice you're going to tell
+your software Mr R Mr sta that hey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software Mr R Mr sta that hey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your software Mr R Mr sta that hey this
+is my uh model and this is my metrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my uh model and this is my metrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my uh model and this is my metrix of
+instruments which is going to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments which is going to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments which is going to include
+whatever is instrumenting for X1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is instrumenting for X1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is instrumenting for X1 and the
+x2s okay and then what is uh are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2s okay and then what is uh are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2s okay and then what is uh are going
+to do well if you have um the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do well if you have um the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do well if you have um the same
+number as instrument as X so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as instrument as X so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as instrument as X so for example
+if you have one mogeneous variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have one mogeneous variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have one mogeneous variable that
+is instrumented with one instrument then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instrumented with one instrument then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instrumented with one instrument then
+the Z the the Z Matrix and the X Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z the the Z Matrix and the X Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z the the Z Matrix and the X Matrix
+are the same size then the uh 2 SLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same size then the uh 2 SLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same size then the uh 2 SLS
+formula uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh
+which is is actually done in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is actually done in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is is actually done in one step
+but is intuitively this twep formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is intuitively this twep formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is intuitively this twep formula is
+z prime xus one that Prime I so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z prime xus one that Prime I so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z prime xus one that Prime I so what you
+do is you you replace X Prime X of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you you replace X Prime X of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you you replace X Prime X of the
+OS formula with a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS formula with a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS formula with a z
+what does it do it takes the AIS IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do it takes the AIS IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do it takes the AIS IT
+projects it onto the vectors of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects it onto the vectors of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects it onto the vectors of these
+and it takes only the part of the AIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes only the part of the AIS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes only the part of the AIS
+that's explained by the Z to uh to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explained by the Z to uh to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's explained by the Z to uh to uh uh
+um instrument with the Y so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instrument with the Y so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um instrument with the Y so that's the
+that's the the formula for 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the formula for 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the the formula for 2
+SLS and the variance is Sigma Square Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLS and the variance is Sigma Square Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SLS and the variance is Sigma Square Z
+Prim x - one Z Prime z z prime xus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prim x - one Z Prime z z prime xus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prim x - one Z Prime z z prime xus one
+so it's this guy is a little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this guy is a little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this guy is a little bit bigger
+than in an OS case uh in the OLS case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in an OS case uh in the OLS case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in an OS case uh in the OLS case
+it's uh we don't have these two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh we don't have these two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh we don't have these two because
+we have X Prime xus One X Prime x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X Prime xus One X Prime x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have X Prime xus One X Prime x x
+prime xus one so these two go away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime xus one so these two go away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime xus one so these two go away so
+that's not a very scientific intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very scientific intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a very scientific intuition
+but that's useful the larger these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's useful the larger these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's useful the larger these
+matrices are in the middle the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are in the middle the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are in the middle the bigger
+the standard error so basically the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error so basically the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard error so basically the fact
+that these things refuse to collapse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things refuse to collapse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things refuse to collapse is
+going to um is basically accounting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um is basically accounting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to um is basically accounting for
+the fact that the the the first stage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the the the first stage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the the the first stage is
+estimated and your standard your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated and your standard your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated and your standard your
+standard are going to be a bit larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard are going to be a bit larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard are going to be a bit larger
+than if you pretended that the the the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you pretended that the the the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you pretended that the the the X
+the X hat that we're putting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X hat that we're putting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X hat that we're putting in a
+regression is know so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is know so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is know so this is this is
+what's this is what's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this is what's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this is what's basically
+reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting
+that so this is for the case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is for the case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is for the case this is the
+formul formula for the case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formul formula for the case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formul formula for the case where you
+have the same number of instruments as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of instruments as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of instruments as
+you have variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have variables in the
+model so for example One endogeneous X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so for example One endogeneous X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so for example One endogeneous X
+and five control and one instrument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five control and one instrument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and five control and one instrument and
+five control if you have more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five control if you have more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five control if you have more uh
+instruments than variable for example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments than variable for example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments than variable for example it
+it could happen that you have two good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could happen that you have two good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could happen that you have two good
+instrument for so you have more uh Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for so you have more uh Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for so you have more uh Z
+than than than x the formula is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than than x the formula is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than than x the formula is a little
+bit more complicated I it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated I it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complicated I it's a little bit
+longer no need for you to learn it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer no need for you to learn it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer no need for you to learn it or
+don't need for me to put it there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need for me to put it there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need for me to put it there but
+it's really the same idea you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the same idea you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the same idea you're taking
+the X you're projecting onto the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X you're projecting onto the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X you're projecting onto the space
+of these and then you're using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and then you're using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these and then you're using this
+projection as your regressor to Stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection as your regressor to Stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection as your regressor to Stage
+the squares done in one uh step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares done in one uh step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares done in one uh step
+so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+formula uh let's see how how does it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh let's see how how does it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula uh let's see how how does it uh
+so you run a regression this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you run a regression this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you run a regression this is for the
+uh the Ghana example that we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Ghana example that we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Ghana example that we saw before
+uh so we are loading the data Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we are loading the data Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we are loading the data Etc and
+then we're running a regression this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're running a regression this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're running a regression this is
+the the commment so we said total score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the commment so we said total score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the commment so we said total score
+uh is um is the dependent variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is um is the dependent variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is um is the dependent variables and
+we want s um whether you complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want s um whether you complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want s um whether you complete
+secondary cool plus a bunch of region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary cool plus a bunch of region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary cool plus a bunch of region
+for region fixed effect so region. f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for region fixed effect so region. f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for region fixed effect so region. f is
+my my fixed effect and then uh uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my fixed effect and then uh uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my fixed effect and then uh uh these
+are my instrument treatment is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my instrument treatment is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my instrument treatment is going
+instrument for a uh complete and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for a uh complete and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument for a uh complete and then
+the region fixed effect so uh R does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region fixed effect so uh R does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region fixed effect so uh R does it
+properly the syntax of R is correct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly the syntax of R is correct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly the syntax of R is correct you
+have all the X's here and all the uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the X's here and all the uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the X's here and all the uh all
+the Z's here the entire Z Matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z's here the entire Z Matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z's here the entire Z Matrix here
+okay so and this is what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this is what it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and this is what it's going to
+report something very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report something very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report something very similar to
+the to the uh o SLS um something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the uh o SLS um something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the uh o SLS um something very
+similar to the OS table uh it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the OS table uh it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the OS table uh it's going to
+tell you which which what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you which which what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you which which what was the
+estimated in the first place then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated in the first place then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated in the first place then you
+get your coefficient for completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your coefficient for completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your coefficient for completed
+Secondary School which is 64 so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondary School which is 64 so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secondary School which is 64 so remember
+when we did by hand this is about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did by hand this is about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did by hand this is about what
+we ended up as well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up as well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended up as well uh
+and then we have the the the region D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the the the region D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the the the region D
+that are here instrumented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here instrumented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here instrumented as
+well we could add more control if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could add more control if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could add more control if we
+wanted uh and uh here we would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted uh and uh here we would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted uh and uh here we would expect
+the control to make no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control to make no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control to make no difference
+because we have a good instrument we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a good instrument we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a good instrument we
+have a random randomly assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random randomly assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random randomly assigned
+instrument and in fact they don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and in fact they don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument and in fact they don't make
+they don't seem to make any much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to make any much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't seem to make any much
+difference at all the coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at all the coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at all the coefficient is
+still 63 with a standard error of 23 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 63 with a standard error of 23 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 63 with a standard error of 23 uh
+the statistic of 2.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistic of 2.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistic of 2.7
+and the the the P value over here very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the P value over here very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the P value over here very
+very low so showing very large impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low so showing very large impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low so showing very large impact of
+going to secondary school I mean very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to secondary school I mean very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to secondary school I mean very
+significant and quite large impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and quite large impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant and quite large impact of
+going to secondary school on on scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to secondary school on on scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to secondary school on on scores
+at a cognitive exam which is reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a cognitive exam which is reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a cognitive exam which is reassuring
+if we didn't have that that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't have that that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't have that that would be a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boring that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring that's for
+formula that's kind of I'm done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's kind of I'm done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's kind of I'm done with
+formula for today uh in fact maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for today uh in fact maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for today uh in fact maybe
+forever because on on Monday we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever because on on Monday we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever because on on Monday we'll do
+visualization I don't think it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization I don't think it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization I don't think it involves
+all that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that many
+formulas uh but I'm not done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh but I'm not done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh but I'm not done with
+thinking because uh today we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking because uh today we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking because uh today we are going
+to think about uh designing experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh designing experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about uh designing experiment
+or the the notion of like how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the notion of like how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the notion of like how what
+people think about when designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about when designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about when designing
+experiments it might seem a bit it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it might seem a bit it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments it might seem a bit it is
+actually not specialized to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not specialized to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not specialized to think about
+experiment because I think if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because I think if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because I think if you're
+good at if you if you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at if you if you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at if you if you can think about
+experiments you can also think about non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can also think about non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments you can also think about non
+about good non-experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about good non-experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about good non-experimental
+uh uh methods so what do we think what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh methods so what do we think what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh methods so what do we think what's
+experimental design like what do we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design like what do we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design like what do we what
+are the questions we need to answer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the questions we need to answer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the questions we need to answer when
+we're thinking about how to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about how to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking about how to design a
+randomized control trials uh so first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trials uh so first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trials uh so first we
+need to think about what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to think about what is being
+randomized and that means like what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and that means like what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and that means like what are
+the intervention or interventions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention or interventions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intervention or interventions that
+we are looking at so going we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at so going we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at so going we need to
+think about who is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about who is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about who is being
+onized that could be a what to so the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onized that could be a what to so the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onized that could be a what to so the W
+could be a school but I I wanted to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a school but I I wanted to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a school but I I wanted to have
+different questions so what's the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions so what's the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different questions so what's the level
+of randomization we randomize at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomization we randomize at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomization we randomize at the
+individual level at the school level at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level at the school level at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level at the school level at
+the Village level at the cell level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Village level at the cell level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Village level at the cell level
+within the body or whatever if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the body or whatever if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the body or whatever if we could
+do that and then the sample of which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then the sample of which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then the sample of which we
+randomize for example uh in the Ghana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize for example uh in the Ghana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize for example uh in the Ghana
+example we randomized over people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we randomized over people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we randomized over people who
+were eligible for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were eligible for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were eligible for the for the
+scholarship uh it is it has all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship uh it is it has all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship uh it is it has all of these
+questions have have all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions have have all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions have have all of these
+decisions have implications for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions have implications for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions have implications for the
+interpretation of the results as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the results as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the results as we
+discussed at length so uh then how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at length so uh then how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at length so uh then how is
+randomization introduced uh are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization introduced uh are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization introduced uh are you
+going to do it with your computer are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with your computer are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it with your computer are
+you going to do it in the field are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do it in the field are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do it in the field are you
+going to take Bulls from a n Etc and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take Bulls from a n Etc and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take Bulls from a n Etc and uh
+what are the type of uh of modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the type of uh of modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the type of uh of modification
+you imply you you will do to the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imply you you will do to the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imply you you will do to the design
+for example are you going to stratify by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example are you going to stratify by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example are you going to stratify by
+creating groups of relatively identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating groups of relatively identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating groups of relatively identical
+individual and randomize or schools or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and randomize or schools or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and randomize or schools or
+whatever and randomize within that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and randomize within that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and randomize within that or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+and then the last question we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last question we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last question we need to
+answer is how many units will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is how many units will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is how many units will be
+randomized and these questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and these questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and these questions we
+already discussed when we spoke about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed when we spoke about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed when we spoke about
+testing this is uh you're going to Def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing this is uh you're going to Def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing this is uh you're going to Def
+you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going
+to um want to have your experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um want to have your experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um want to have your experiment to
+have enough power to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough power to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough power to answer the
+questions of interest and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of interest and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions of interest and at the same
+times you might not want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you might not want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you might not want to spend
+zillions of dollars so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of dollars so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zillions of dollars so that's going to
+be the how many question which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the how many question which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the how many question which I'm not
+going to answer at all today since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to answer at all today since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to answer at all today since we
+already discussed when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discussed when we talked about
+power calculation so this was already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power calculation so this was already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power calculation so this was already a
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+questions uh so these are the the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh so these are the the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh so these are the the type
+of issues that you the type of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues that you the type of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues that you the type of things
+you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think
+about uh in advance of course as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in advance of course as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in advance of course as you do
+the experiment there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment there are many other
+things that you need you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need you need to be
+thinking about as things go along but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about as things go along but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about as things go along but
+these are the type of things you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the type of things you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the type of things you need to
+think before even going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think before even going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think before even going to the
+field and why uh what are we trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and why uh what are we trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and why uh what are we trying to
+achieve when designing experiments like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve when designing experiments like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve when designing experiments like
+what are the things that we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things that we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the things that we want to do
+well first of all we want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all we want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all we want to be able to
+do the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the project
+so one of the big uh progress uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the big uh progress uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the big uh progress uh one of
+the big progress that has been made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big progress that has been made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big progress that has been made in
+the last uh 10 15 years I would say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last uh 10 15 years I would say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last uh 10 15 years I would say is
+finding ways to introduce randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding ways to introduce randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding ways to introduce randomization
+by stealth so of course one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stealth so of course one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by stealth so of course one of the big
+progress is uh uh AB testing which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress is uh uh AB testing which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress is uh uh AB testing which means
+all of us are constantly subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are constantly subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us are constantly subject to
+experiments that we have no idea we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we have no idea we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we have no idea we're
+subject to uh so randomization is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to uh so randomization is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to uh so randomization is very
+easy in a context of a website because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy in a context of a website because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy in a context of a website because
+people you know there is a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know there is a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know there is a ton of
+traffic and you can random the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and you can random the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic and you can random the the the
+pages and what people see and even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and what people see and even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and what people see and even the
+prices and stuff like that but uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and stuff like that but uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices and stuff like that but uh uh in
+other settings uh until about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings uh until about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other settings uh until about you know
+15 years ago in a lot of cases people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years ago in a lot of cases people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years ago in a lot of cases people
+would tell you that's very nice but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that's very nice but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that's very nice but I'm
+not going to randomize like that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to randomize like that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to randomize like that's not
+possible in my business or in my policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in my business or in my policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in my business or in my policy
+business and a lot of the progress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and a lot of the progress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and a lot of the progress that
+been made uh on is to try and int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made uh on is to try and int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made uh on is to try and int
+introduce some element of randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some element of randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some element of randomization
+and nice thing from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice thing from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nice thing from the point of view of
+this class is that often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that often the
+randomization is not perfect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization is not perfect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization is not perfect in the
+sense that it doesn't give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it doesn't give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it doesn't give you the
+cleanest experiment but it give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest experiment but it give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest experiment but it give you some
+handle with some variation that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle with some variation that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle with some variation that has to
+be combined with statistical techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined with statistical techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be combined with statistical techniques
+in particular IV to uh answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular IV to uh answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular IV to uh answer the
+question you really want to answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you really want to answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you really want to answer so
+that's one of the design of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the design of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the design of one of the
+goal of Designing experiments is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of Designing experiments is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of Designing experiments is making
+the experiment possible anyways in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment possible anyways in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment possible anyways in a
+cont context where it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont context where it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont context where it might not
+otherwise have been obvious and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise have been obvious and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise have been obvious and the
+second of course is making sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of course is making sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of course is making sure that you
+your should it's actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your should it's actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your should it's actually the first
+maybe the most important one surely is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most important one surely is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the most important one surely is
+to make sure that the experiments you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the experiments you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that the experiments you're
+running answer the questions that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running answer the questions that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running answer the questions that you're
+interested in uh it would be very bad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh it would be very bad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh it would be very bad to
+start with an experiment and then think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an experiment and then think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with an experiment and then think
+about what question it might possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what question it might possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what question it might possibly
+answer so typically you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so typically you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so typically you start with a
+question then you design your experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then you design your experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question then you design your experiment
+to answer your question so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer your question so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer your question so what I want
+to do in the rest of today is give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the rest of today is give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the rest of today is give you
+some examples of uh of both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of uh of both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of uh of both of these
+things of uh thinking about experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of uh thinking about experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of uh thinking about experimental
+designs to answer both of these I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs to answer both of these I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs to answer both of these I'll
+start with the introducing randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the introducing randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the introducing randomization
+where it may not otherwise be obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it may not otherwise be obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it may not otherwise be obvious
+and then I'll go over two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll go over two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll go over two examples of
+designs uh to answer that were done to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh to answer that were done to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh to answer that were done to
+answer to answer specific questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to answer specific questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to answer specific questions of
+of Interest where it is the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest where it is the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest where it is the experimental
+design that made this possible as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that made this possible as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that made this possible as
+opposed to good data collection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to good data collection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to good data collection of the
+pl so the easiest way to randomize of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pl so the easiest way to randomize of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pl so the easiest way to randomize of
+course when you can is simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you can is simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when you can is simply to
+randomize with do is a simple completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize with do is a simple completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize with do is a simple completely
+randomized experiment take a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment take a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment take a population
+of uh uh eligible people that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh eligible people that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh eligible people that's your
+sample frame your unit of randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample frame your unit of randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample frame your unit of randomization
+could be people household Etc and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be people household Etc and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be people household Etc and then
+use a software to do in your office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a software to do in your office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a software to do in your office
+randomly assign one group to treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign one group to treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign one group to treatment
+one group to control or maybe you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group to control or maybe you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group to control or maybe you have
+several treatment groups so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several treatment groups so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several treatment groups so that's the
+easiest thing if you have this luxury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest thing if you have this luxury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest thing if you have this luxury
+that you can just simply randomize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just simply randomize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just simply randomize and
+it's it's often the case actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's often the case actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's often the case actually that
+it's possible then you can there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible then you can there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible then you can there are
+usually two questions that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually two questions that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually two questions that you need to
+answer at the design stage one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at the design stage one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer at the design stage one of them
+is do you want to stratify and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you want to stratify and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do you want to stratify and one of
+them is do you want to Cluster they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is do you want to Cluster they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is do you want to Cluster they are
+almost the opposite going in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the opposite going in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the opposite going in opposite
+direction so what is stratifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so what is stratifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so what is stratifying
+stratifying is starting by creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratifying is starting by creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratifying is starting by creating
+ster uh think of stret as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ster uh think of stret as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ster uh think of stret as
+buckets uh buckets of people that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets uh buckets of people that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets uh buckets of people that or
+schools or units or whatever that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools or units or whatever that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools or units or whatever that are uh
+that that are going to be treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are going to be treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are going to be treated
+separately so why would we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so why would we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so why would we need to
+stratify a main reason reason is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify a main reason reason is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify a main reason reason is to
+randomize within people who are um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize within people who are um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize within people who are um who
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+similar uh so for example in the Ghana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh so for example in the Ghana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh so for example in the Ghana
+experiment that we saw we stratify by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we saw we stratify by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we saw we stratify by
+gender and we stratify by region which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and we stratify by region which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender and we stratify by region which
+is why all of the IV regression had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why all of the IV regression had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why all of the IV regression had the
+street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street
+adamis uh sometimes we stratify because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adamis uh sometimes we stratify because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adamis uh sometimes we stratify because
+we also want for example to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want for example to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want for example to give
+different randomization chances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different randomization chances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different randomization chances in
+different St I'll talk to that in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different St I'll talk to that in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different St I'll talk to that in a in a
+moment and that's fine then it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and that's fine then it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and that's fine then it means the
+probability to be assigned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be assigned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to be assigned to the
+treatment depends on your potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment depends on your potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment depends on your potential
+outcomes but it depends on them in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but it depends on them in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but it depends on them in a way
+that we completely control because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we completely control because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we completely control because we
+within each ster we have a we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each ster we have a we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each ster we have a we have a
+completely randomized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized
+experiment uh so why would we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh so why would we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh so why would we want to
+stratify usually it's a it's just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify usually it's a it's just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify usually it's a it's just to
+improve Power by reducing variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve Power by reducing variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve Power by reducing variance
+because what you're the way you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're the way you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what you're the way you're going
+to analyze a stratified experiment is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze a stratified experiment is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze a stratified experiment is by
+looking first within a strator where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking first within a strator where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking first within a strator where
+people as far as you could tell are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as far as you could tell are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as far as you could tell are
+quite as similar as you could make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as similar as you could make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite as similar as you could make them
+uh they might share a gender they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they might share a gender they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they might share a gender they might
+share some baseline characteristics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some baseline characteristics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share some baseline characteristics they
+might share um the regions they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might share um the regions they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might share um the regions they are in
+ETC you whatever you think is relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ETC you whatever you think is relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ETC you whatever you think is relevant
+to determine the potential outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine the potential outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine the potential outcome
+you're going to make them similar that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make them similar that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make them similar that
+means it's going to reduce the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's going to reduce the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's going to reduce the variance
+in the Epsilon whatever is left that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Epsilon whatever is left that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Epsilon whatever is left that
+you're not controlling within each stter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not controlling within each stter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not controlling within each stter
+and then you're going to aggregate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to aggregate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to aggregate the
+stter and therefore you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stter and therefore you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stter and therefore you're going to get
+an estimate that is more precise than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate that is more precise than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate that is more precise than if
+you had not stratified yeah how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had not stratified yeah how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had not stratified yeah how is
+stratification different from having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Expos of doing it exante versus Expos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expos of doing it exante versus Expos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expos of doing it exante versus Expos
+that's a great question so uh the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question so uh the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question so uh the uh the
+quick answer is that uh if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick answer is that uh if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick answer is that uh if you do it
+exposed you have to estimate the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed you have to estimate the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed you have to estimate the effect
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+gender so that's eating one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender so that's eating one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender so that's eating one degree of
+Freedom if I do it exante whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom if I do it exante whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedom if I do it exante whatever is
+the effect of gender doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of gender doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of gender doesn't matter
+because I've control for it completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've control for it completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've control for it completely
+so I don't have to estimate that effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have to estimate that effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't have to estimate that effect
+so if it's just one variable maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's just one variable maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's just one variable maybe it
+doesn't make a big difference but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a big difference but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a big difference but if you
+when you create St you can create St you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you create St you can create St you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you create St you can create St you
+know you can create very very fine St at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can create very very fine St at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can create very very fine St at
+the extreme you could do pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme you could do pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme you could do pairwise
+randomization which is randomize pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization which is randomize pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization which is randomize pairs
+great treatment and control Pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great treatment and control Pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great treatment and control Pairs and
+just randomize one member of each pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomize one member of each pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just randomize one member of each pair
+as a treatment and control of people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a treatment and control of people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a treatment and control of people are
+really looking similar as similar as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking similar as similar as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking similar as similar as you
+could make them if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make them if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make them if you wanted to
+estimate if you wanted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if you wanted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate if you wanted to just
+completely randomize an expost control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomize an expost control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomize an expost control
+for all of the things that have made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the things that have made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the things that have made in
+the street there would be a lot of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street there would be a lot of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street there would be a lot of uh a
+lot of degrees of freedom to to e up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of degrees of freedom to to e up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of degrees of freedom to to e up so
+that's the that's that's the reason it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's that's the reason it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's that's the reason it's
+better to control then you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to control then you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better to control then you don't have to
+worry about the estimation one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the estimation one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the estimation one more
+thing to estimate is going to cost me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to estimate is going to cost me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to estimate is going to cost me
+some some data but if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some data but if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some data but if you haven't
+stratified and for some reason there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified and for some reason there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified and for some reason there is
+still there is imbalance at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there is imbalance at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there is imbalance at the end
+because it could happen you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could happen you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could happen you can always
+control uh so that's one thing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh so that's one thing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh so that's one thing that uh
+so that's why there is pretty much no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why there is pretty much no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why there is pretty much no
+downside to statification it can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside to statification it can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside to statification it can only
+help so uh so whenever possible people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so uh so whenever possible people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help so uh so whenever possible people
+tend to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to do
+it yeah is there a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah is there a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah is there a situation
+you so you know that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you know that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you know that's a that's a
+debated question there are there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debated question there are there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debated question there are there have
+been papers about that I am pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been papers about that I am pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been papers about that I am pretty sure
+that the jury is clearly came out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the jury is clearly came out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the jury is clearly came out and
+saying no you cannot overdo it at worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no you cannot overdo it at worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no you cannot overdo it at worse
+it's going to be irrelevant but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be irrelevant but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be irrelevant but it's
+never going to be uh it's never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be uh it's never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be uh it's never going to
+be to be bad because you cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be bad because you cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to be bad because you cannot do
+at worst you're going to uh create St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at worst you're going to uh create St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at worst you're going to uh create St
+that are irrelevant you're back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are irrelevant you're back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are irrelevant you're back to a
+completely randomized design um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized design um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely randomized design um you
+could do works by adding tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do works by adding tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do works by adding tons of
+irrelevant ster instead of adding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant ster instead of adding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant ster instead of adding one
+relevant one but that in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one but that in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one but that in the same way
+that if you completely randomize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you completely randomize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you completely randomize you
+would be worse than if you had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worse than if you had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be worse than if you had one
+relevant one so uh yeah so I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one so uh yeah so I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one so uh yeah so I think the
+bottom L you cannot overdo it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom L you cannot overdo it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom L you cannot overdo it with
+control variable Expos you can totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable Expos you can totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable Expos you can totally
+overdo it because you can eat up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdo it because you can eat up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdo it because you can eat up this
+going to eat up all your degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat up all your degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat up all your degrees of
+freedom uh so there is a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh so there is a trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh so there is a trade-off
+between adding more control variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between adding more control variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between adding more control variable is
+going to uh is going to take away some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh is going to take away some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh is going to take away some
+of the sigma square but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sigma square but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sigma square but at the same time
+it's you're paying it by degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you're paying it by degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you're paying it by degrees of
+freedom with the stratification there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom with the stratification there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom with the stratification there is
+no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such
+tradeoff um but it's not it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff um but it's not it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff um but it's not it's actually
+it's not an obvious questions people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an obvious questions people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an obvious questions people
+have raised that maybe it would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raised that maybe it would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have raised that maybe it would be an
+issue not an issue uh so clustering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue not an issue uh so clustering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue not an issue uh so clustering is
+the opposite instead of Random you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite instead of Random you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite instead of Random you've
+created buckets instead of randomizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created buckets instead of randomizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created buckets instead of randomizing
+within the buckets you're randomizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the buckets you're randomizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the buckets you're randomizing
+across the buckets which means that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the buckets which means that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the buckets which means that any
+bucket if it's treated everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket if it's treated everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket if it's treated everybody in the
+bucket is treated so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket is treated so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket is treated so for example the
+unit of riss could be the school or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of riss could be the school or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of riss could be the school or the
+village or the the the family um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village or the the the family um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village or the the the family um so it
+will Hur power it's always weekly worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Hur power it's always weekly worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will Hur power it's always weekly worse
+than to do it at the lower level at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to do it at the lower level at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to do it at the lower level at the
+extreme think of it where you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme think of it where you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme think of it where you were
+randomizing uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing uh two
+regions effectively your sample size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions effectively your sample size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions effectively your sample size is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+when you do it's a bit better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it's a bit better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it's a bit better than that
+because you have many people within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have many people within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have many people within the
+class world but not much better so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class world but not much better so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class world but not much better so and
+in fact um some people argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um some people argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um some people argue that the
+best way to to analyze clustered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to to analyze clustered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to to analyze clustered
+experiment is just to treat each cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is just to treat each cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is just to treat each cluster
+as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one
+observation so you can see that then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so you can see that then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so you can see that then it
+could really H power a lot to group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really H power a lot to group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really H power a lot to group
+people into clusters and then randomiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into clusters and then randomiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into clusters and then randomiz
+so you never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you never do
+it uh if you can avoid it but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh if you can avoid it but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh if you can avoid it but there are
+many cases where you cannot avoid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases where you cannot avoid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cases where you cannot avoid it
+either because the cluster is a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because the cluster is a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because the cluster is a natural
+unit of randomization for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of randomization for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of randomization for example a
+school level intervention is happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school level intervention is happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school level intervention is happens in
+the school or because there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school or because there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school or because there are a lot of
+externalities so anything you did to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities so anything you did to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externalities so anything you did to one
+person would immediately affect someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would immediately affect someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would immediately affect someone
+else so the stable unit treatment value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the stable unit treatment value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so the stable unit treatment value
+assumption would be B if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption would be B if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption would be B if you didn't
+randomize at that group level or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize at that group level or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize at that group level or some
+sometimes it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just not
+practical because you cannot ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical because you cannot ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical because you cannot ask for
+example a nurse to treat people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a nurse to treat people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a nurse to treat people
+differently uh even if she could in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh even if she could in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently uh even if she could in
+principle she just doesn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle she just doesn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle she just doesn't have the
+bandwidth to do it properly and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth to do it properly and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth to do it properly and it
+wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be
+done so these are kind of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so these are kind of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so these are kind of the questions
+you have to ask yourself in the uh on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask yourself in the uh on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to ask yourself in the uh on to
+how to randomize in the simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to randomize in the simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to randomize in the simple case
+where you can just randomize and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can just randomize and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can just randomize and then
+there are cases where it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cases where it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cases where it seems like
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+yeah like simple rization and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like simple rization and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like simple rization and um
+certification in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification in the sense that
+sometimes I know I need to straty but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I know I need to straty but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I know I need to straty but I
+I don't know what my hidden variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what my hidden variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what my hidden variables
+are so I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh you mean to randomize and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh you mean to randomize and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh you mean to randomize and then you
+don't like the result you randomize no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the result you randomize no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like the result you randomize no
+just to look at what the variables could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to look at what the variables could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to look at what the variables could
+be that I could sty for I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that I could sty for I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that I could sty for I don't know if
+age has an effect on what bases would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age has an effect on what bases would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age has an effect on what bases would
+I age or gender is it pure hypothesis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I age or gender is it pure hypothesis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I age or gender is it pure hypothesis or
+yeah you you it's pure hypothesis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you it's pure hypothesis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you it's pure hypothesis the
+beauty of it is that it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of it is that it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of it is that it doesn't matter
+because if you get it wrong it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you get it wrong it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you get it wrong it's not
+it's no worse than fully randomized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no worse than fully randomized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no worse than fully randomized so
+it's not it's not these are G guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not these are G guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not these are G guesses
+which don't have a huge amount of impli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't have a huge amount of impli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which don't have a huge amount of impli
+it can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can help
+you you can lose power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can lose power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can lose power
+yeah sometimesy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimesy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sometimesy
+expensive stying is not expensive per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive stying is not expensive per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive stying is not expensive per se
+because I mean unless you need to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean unless you need to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean unless you need to go and
+collect the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect the data
+to uh that you don't otherwise have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that you don't otherwise have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh that you don't otherwise have to
+stratify but otherwise it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify but otherwise it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratify but otherwise it's just
+involved telling your software and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved telling your software and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved telling your software and when
+you randomize is make sure that you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you randomize is make sure that you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you randomize is make sure that you make
+sure that you first randomize among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you first randomize among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you first randomize among
+women and then among men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and then among men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and then among men
+so per stratifying isn't isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so per stratifying isn't isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so per stratifying isn't isn't
+costly the question I thought you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly the question I thought you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costly the question I thought you were
+asking is can I suppose I have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is can I suppose I have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is can I suppose I have many
+variables and I don't really know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I don't really know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and I don't really know how to
+construct my Streeter I'm going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct my Streeter I'm going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct my Streeter I'm going to run
+one simple randomization and then I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simple randomization and then I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one simple randomization and then I look
+at the variable it looks kind of ugly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the variable it looks kind of ugly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the variable it looks kind of ugly uh
+because I it turns out that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I it turns out that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I it turns out that there are
+you know 70% of female in the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 70% of female in the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 70% of female in the treatment
+group uh uh and I don't I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh uh and I don't I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh uh and I don't I don't like
+that can I do it again that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I do it again that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I do it again that's another
+question on which much ink has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on which much ink has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on which much ink has been
+spilled uh and uh so my sense is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilled uh and uh so my sense is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spilled uh and uh so my sense is that
+the jury is also out on this one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jury is also out on this one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jury is also out on this one which
+is actually you can uh it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually you can uh it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually you can uh it's a little bit
+uh less good than stratifying if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less good than stratifying if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh less good than stratifying if you
+knew what the street were because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what the street were because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew what the street were because then
+it's very clear and you can control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear and you can control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear and you can control for
+them here you're going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here you're going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here you're going to have an
+implicit stratification without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit stratification without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit stratification without having
+really uh without knowing exactly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh without knowing exactly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh without knowing exactly by
+what you've stratified it depends what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've stratified it depends what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've stratified it depends what
+you've looked at but you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at but you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at but you're still
+randomizing every time and so unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing every time and so unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing every time and so unless you
+randomize there is actually a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize there is actually a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize there is actually a theorem
+that AB Bard and Sil wrote saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that AB Bard and Sil wrote saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that AB Bard and Sil wrote saying that
+unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you
+randomize more than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize more than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize more than the number of
+observations that you have uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you have uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that you have uh it's it's
+it's fine you can just randomize so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine you can just randomize so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fine you can just randomize so so
+you can it's not going it introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's not going it introduces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can it's not going it introduces a
+tiny amount of bias but compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount of bias but compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount of bias but compared to
+enormous sample size doesn't doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous sample size doesn't doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous sample size doesn't doesn't
+really it's a small the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a small the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's a small the the the the
+intuition for it is that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it is that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it is that if you have
+many many observations and you randomize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many observations and you randomize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many observations and you randomize
+say four five times it's it g still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four five times it's it g still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say four five times it's it g still
+gives you very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you very little
+choice if you randomize so many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice if you randomize so many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice if you randomize so many times
+that you pick exactly the randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick exactly the randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pick exactly the randomization
+you like you might actually you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you might actually you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you might actually you you're
+not randomizing anymore you're choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not randomizing anymore you're choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not randomizing anymore you're choosing
+um but if you're doing a few times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you're doing a few times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if you're doing a few times you
+you're choosing across such a small set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing across such a small set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're choosing across such a small set
+that it doesn't matter too much okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't matter too much okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't matter too much okay so
+suppose that you don't have a uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you don't have a uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you don't have a uh you you
+work with an NGO and they say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with an NGO and they say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with an NGO and they say it's not
+going to be possible to randomize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be possible to randomize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be possible to randomize for
+whatever reasons and I'll try and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reasons and I'll try and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reasons and I'll try and go
+through the reasons so first thing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reasons so first thing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the reasons so first thing they
+could tell you is that we have money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you is that we have money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell you is that we have money to
+cover uh you know 200 schools with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh you know 200 schools with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh you know 200 schools with our
+Dew Waring program we are going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dew Waring program we are going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dew Waring program we are going to work
+to to cover 20 200 schools and we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cover 20 200 schools and we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cover 20 200 schools and we cannot
+just go to see some schools and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to see some schools and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to see some schools and tell
+them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that
+sorry we're making contact with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're making contact with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're making contact with you
+because we want to collect data but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to collect data but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to collect data but we
+cannot randomize it's just not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot randomize it's just not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot randomize it's just not uh
+they're not willing to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not willing to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not willing to do that
+um so that happens uh actually less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that happens uh actually less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that happens uh actually less
+often than you might think but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than you might think but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than you might think but it
+happens and in that case uh a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and in that case uh a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and in that case uh a design
+been very popular is to is phase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very popular is to is phase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very popular is to is phase in
+design which is to say okay we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which is to say okay we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design which is to say okay we are going
+to take this 200 schools and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this 200 schools and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this 200 schools and we are
+going to randomly divide them into a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to randomly divide them into a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to randomly divide them into a few
+groups and we're going to end to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and we're going to end to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and we're going to end to to
+introduce the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the program
+progressively so for example uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively so for example uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively so for example uh you
+could say well uh in year one uh group a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well uh in year one uh group a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well uh in year one uh group a
+is going to get the treatment and group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get the treatment and group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to get the treatment and group
+b and c will be the comparison group for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c will be the comparison group for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c will be the comparison group for
+group a uh in year two group A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a uh in year two group A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group a uh in year two group A and B
+become treatment Group C is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become treatment Group C is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become treatment Group C is the
+comparison and in year three everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and in year three everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison and in year three everybody
+is treated of course in year three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treated of course in year three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treated of course in year three you
+don't have an experiment anymore uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an experiment anymore uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an experiment anymore uh but
+you have an experiment in year one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an experiment in year one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an experiment in year one and
+in year two uh so that's been a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in year two uh so that's been a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in year two uh so that's been a kind of
+a practical way of introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical way of introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a practical way of introducing
+randomization very popular at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization very popular at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization very popular at the
+beginning of doing randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of doing randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of doing randomization
+development it has a number of caveat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development it has a number of caveat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development it has a number of caveat
+actually number of problems the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually number of problems the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually number of problems the first
+one is that if the effect persist over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that if the effect persist over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that if the effect persist over
+time it's a bit mushed up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a bit mushed up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a bit mushed up because
+suppose the effect are you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the effect are you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the effect are you know kind of
+take two years to fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two years to fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two years to fully
+develop then uh uh when you're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop then uh uh when you're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop then uh uh when you're comparing
+uh uh these guys when you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these guys when you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh these guys when you're looking at
+these guys they're actually less treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys they're actually less treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys they're actually less treated
+than these guys they're still treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these guys they're still treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than these guys they're still treated
+but less than these guys and uh um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but less than these guys and uh um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but less than these guys and uh um and
+this one is the is still a comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is the is still a comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is the is still a comparison
+and then in the in the third year you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the in the third year you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the in the third year you
+don't have everybody anymore but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have everybody anymore but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have everybody anymore but the
+people got treated in different ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got treated in different ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got treated in different ways so
+you can deal with that with with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with that with with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with that with with the
+analysis but it's a little become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis but it's a little become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis but it's a little become a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+messy uh another thing that uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy uh another thing that uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy uh another thing that uh another
+problem with this kind of design is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this kind of design is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this kind of design is that
+um typically it's pretty clear what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically it's pretty clear what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um typically it's pretty clear what's
+going to happen so you inform people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so you inform people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so you inform people of
+when they're going to be treated and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're going to be treated and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're going to be treated and in
+some cases the anticipation of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases the anticipation of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases the anticipation of being
+treated in the future could change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in the future could change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated in the future could change your
+behavior um so for example uh um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um so for example uh um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um so for example uh um if you
+anticipate paid to receive a loan in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate paid to receive a loan in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate paid to receive a loan in the
+future because microc credit is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because microc credit is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future because microc credit is coming
+to your village you might decide that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your village you might decide that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your village you might decide that uh
+you know you're going to postpone some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're going to postpone some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're going to postpone some
+investment project until the loan comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment project until the loan comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment project until the loan comes
+or on the contrary you're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the contrary you're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on the contrary you're going to start
+a company like a little business because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company like a little business because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company like a little business because
+you know that you'll have loans in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you'll have loans in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you'll have loans in the
+future so this has to be argued away uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so this has to be argued away uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so this has to be argued away uh
+in cases where you randomize with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cases where you randomize with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cases where you randomize with this
+design but sometimes it's kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but sometimes it's kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but sometimes it's kind of really
+the only way to go or you can just tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to go or you can just tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to go or you can just tell
+the NGO that's what you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NGO that's what you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NGO that's what you're going to do
+but not inform people that it's EXA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not inform people that it's EXA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not inform people that it's EXA
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+and so that's one way to proceed it used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's one way to proceed it used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's one way to proceed it used
+to be very popular for the two reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very popular for the two reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very popular for the two reason
+that I'm telling now is now people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm telling now is now people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm telling now is now people are
+trying to stay away from it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stay away from it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to stay away from it when
+possible doesn't mean that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible doesn't mean that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible doesn't mean that you don't
+treat everybody eventually if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat everybody eventually if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat everybody eventually if you think
+that the program is super effective but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the program is super effective but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the program is super effective but
+you just don't make it a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't make it a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't make it a part of the
+design that is you know known and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that is you know known and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that is you know known and public
+and everybody is informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody is informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody is informed
+about yep question about that what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yep question about that what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yep question about that what what
+is your NGO that want you to do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your NGO that want you to do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your NGO that want you to do their
+evaluation they they identify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation they they identify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation they they identify these
+three groups but they like say let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three groups but they like say let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three groups but they like say let's say
+your intervention is like a labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intervention is like a labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intervention is like a labor
+trafficking prevention program and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trafficking prevention program and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trafficking prevention program and they
+identify group a as like being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify group a as like being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify group a as like being more
+vulnerable so they want to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable so they want to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable so they want to give the
+intervention to them first yeah so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention to them first yeah so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention to them first yeah so then
+that's not randomized anymore uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not randomized anymore uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not randomized anymore uh so
+that's not a maybe you can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a maybe you can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a maybe you can do something
+maybe you cannot but it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you cannot but it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you cannot but it's not going to
+be an r c but let's see one let's let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an r c but let's see one let's let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an r c but let's see one let's let me
+pull this example to this one uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this example to this one uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this example to this one uh which
+is actually a very useful one in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very useful one in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very useful one in these
+type of circumstances where say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of circumstances where say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of circumstances where say you're
+working with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with your
+ngos easier for me to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngos easier for me to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ngos easier for me to think about the
+credit a bank for example but I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit a bank for example but I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit a bank for example but I think we
+could couch it in your example as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could couch it in your example as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could couch it in your example as well
+suppose you're working with a bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're working with a bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're working with a bank and
+you say hey we have this great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey we have this great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say hey we have this great idea
+we're going want to look at the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going want to look at the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going want to look at the marginal
+impact of uh giving money to people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of uh giving money to people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of uh giving money to people so
+please randomize whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please randomize whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please randomize whether or not you
+approve credit or not they might look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve credit or not they might look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve credit or not they might look at
+you and say you must be joking uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and say you must be joking uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and say you must be joking uh there
+is a bunch of people I will never lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of people I will never lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bunch of people I will never lend
+money to uh so I'm not going to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to uh so I'm not going to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to uh so I'm not going to go for
+that so there you can say well yes sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there you can say well yes sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there you can say well yes sure
+of course I understand but what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I understand but what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I understand but what are you
+using to to score people and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to to score people and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using to to score people and then
+typically there's some kind of a score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically there's some kind of a score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically there's some kind of a score
+so for example for banks it's a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for banks it's a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example for banks it's a credit
+score taking your example of trafficking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score taking your example of trafficking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score taking your example of trafficking
+it might me but each Community is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might me but each Community is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might me but each Community is
+identified by the fragility score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by the fragility score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified by the fragility score
+something like that it might be more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it might be more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it might be more or
+less formal or informal with bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less formal or informal with bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less formal or informal with bank and
+credit cards usually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards usually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards usually quite
+formal and then in the status quo what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal and then in the status quo what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal and then in the status quo what
+they do is they say that anybody say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is they say that anybody say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do is they say that anybody say in
+my example above the score of 45 gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my example above the score of 45 gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my example above the score of 45 gets uh
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+the gets credit and everybody below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gets credit and everybody below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gets credit and everybody below
+doesn't get credit but it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get credit but it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get credit but it's not that
+these scores are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scores are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these scores are
+perfect uh in fact many banks if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh in fact many banks if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect uh in fact many banks if you
+talk to the manager they will kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the manager they will kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the manager they will kind of
+fully acknowledge that the sces are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully acknowledge that the sces are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully acknowledge that the sces are a
+little bit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit you
+know uh black magic and they're not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh black magic and they're not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh black magic and they're not very
+sure that they are so great and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they are so great and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they are so great and maybe
+they could land a little more or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could land a little more or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could land a little more or maybe
+they should lend a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should lend a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should lend a little
+less so if there is such uncertainty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so if there is such uncertainty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so if there is such uncertainty you
+can say look anybody below 30 no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say look anybody below 30 no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say look anybody below 30 no way you
+just reject them all anybody above 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reject them all anybody above 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reject them all anybody above 60
+there are great clients you absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are great clients you absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are great clients you absolutely
+want to treat them you're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat them you're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat them you're just going to
+treat them all but then in that gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them all but then in that gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them all but then in that gray
+zone between 30 and 60 in my particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone between 30 and 60 in my particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone between 30 and 60 in my particular
+example maybe there is some scope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe there is some scope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe there is some scope for
+trying out and look you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying out and look you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying out and look you're going to
+learn something that is useful for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something that is useful for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something that is useful for your
+business because if it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business because if it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business because if it turns out that
+the people uh right above the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people uh right above the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people uh right above the threshold
+actually are quite likely to default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are quite likely to default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are quite likely to default
+then you might want to ex make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might want to ex make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might want to ex make the
+threshold higher in the future on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold higher in the future on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold higher in the future on the
+contrary if it turns out that these 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary if it turns out that these 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary if it turns out that these 30
+to 45 guys are just as good uh it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 45 guys are just as good uh it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 45 guys are just as good uh it turns
+out then you can lower the threshold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then you can lower the threshold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then you can lower the threshold in
+the future so in this example they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so in this example they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future so in this example they might
+be willing to randomize they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to randomize they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be willing to randomize they still
+prefer their good guys so let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer their good guys so let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer their good guys so let's say the
+probability of treatment will be 85% in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of treatment will be 85% in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of treatment will be 85% in
+above threshold and uh the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above threshold and uh the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above threshold and uh the probability
+of treatment will be 60% below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treatment will be 60% below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treatment will be 60% below
+thresold uh but um you it could be even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresold uh but um you it could be even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresold uh but um you it could be even
+lower but the point is that you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower but the point is that you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower but the point is that you still
+have randomization there and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have randomization there and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have randomization there and here you
+have two straighter one straighter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two straighter one straighter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two straighter one straighter of
+above 45 one straighter below 45 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 45 one straighter below 45 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 45 one straighter below 45 and
+that's your study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your study
+sample so uh so this randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so uh so this randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so uh so this randomization
+around the K or randomization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the K or randomization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the K or randomization in the
+bubble has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble has become
+quite popular because it it works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite popular because it it works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite popular because it it works well
+with Partners who can continue to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Partners who can continue to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Partners who can continue to do
+their business and get information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and get information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their business and get information
+precisely where there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely where there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely where there is a lot of
+uncertainty for them and it is often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty for them and it is often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty for them and it is often the
+type of people we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of people we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of people we are interested in
+anyway uh because they are the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh because they are the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh because they are the type of
+people that would be uh exposed to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that would be uh exposed to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that would be uh exposed to an
+increase in this program if the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in this program if the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in this program if the program
+was made cheaper or it was expanded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made cheaper or it was expanded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made cheaper or it was expanded or
+something like that so that's also a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so that's also a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so that's also a a
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+design third design that comes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design third design that comes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design third design that comes very
+handy uh requires to understand IV uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy uh requires to understand IV uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy uh requires to understand IV uh is
+the encouragement design uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encouragement design uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encouragement design uh which is
+particularly handy in situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly handy in situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly handy in situations where
+uh you have a programs already there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a programs already there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a programs already there
+anyway uh for example uh a nationwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh for example uh a nationwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh for example uh a nationwide
+program imagine a pension program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program imagine a pension program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program imagine a pension program is
+already there anyway so it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there anyway so it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there anyway so it's not going
+to take it away from anybody but even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it away from anybody but even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it away from anybody but even in
+those cases uh the take up for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases uh the take up for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases uh the take up for those
+programs might not be Universal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs might not be Universal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs might not be Universal because
+there is a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bunch
+of barriers that stand between people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of barriers that stand between people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of barriers that stand between people
+and actually getting the getting the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually getting the getting the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually getting the getting the the
+the program for example information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program for example information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program for example information or
+some loopholes some sorry the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some loopholes some sorry the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some loopholes some sorry the opposite
+of loophole some hops to jump and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loophole some hops to jump and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loophole some hops to jump and stuff
+like that so then you can say well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so then you can say well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so then you can say well I'm
+going to work with a bunch of activists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with a bunch of activists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work with a bunch of activists
+take take the pension program I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take the pension program I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take take the pension program I'm going
+to work with a bunch of activist I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with a bunch of activist I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with a bunch of activist I'm
+going to send them I'm to identify by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send them I'm to identify by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send them I'm to identify by
+eligible people for this program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible people for this program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible people for this program for
+example old people above the age of 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example old people above the age of 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example old people above the age of 65
+uh who are poor and therefore are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are poor and therefore are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are poor and therefore are
+eligible for a pension program and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for a pension program and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for a pension program and I'm
+going to help them apply if they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help them apply if they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help them apply if they are not
+currently getting it so then your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently getting it so then your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently getting it so then your sample
+is eligible people who are not currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eligible people who are not currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eligible people who are not currently
+getting the program let's say your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the program let's say your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the program let's say your
+activists are pretty effective they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists are pretty effective they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activists are pretty effective they get
+45% of people to to apply for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45% of people to to apply for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45% of people to to apply for the
+pension in the control group stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension in the control group stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension in the control group stuff
+happen anywhere people you know other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen anywhere people you know other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen anywhere people you know other
+people in come Etc 20% of people apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in come Etc 20% of people apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in come Etc 20% of people apply
+for the pension so the difference in 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pension so the difference in 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pension so the difference in 15%
+is is randomly assigned is due to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is randomly assigned is due to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is randomly assigned is due to your
+randomization when you compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization when you compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization when you compare the
+treatment to the control group that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to the control group that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to the control group that's
+not the effect of the pension it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the effect of the pension it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the effect of the pension it's the
+effect of having an activist come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of having an activist come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of having an activist come and
+try to help you get the pension but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help you get the pension but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help you get the pension but by
+dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+15% 25% by dividing by 25% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% 25% by dividing by 25% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% 25% by dividing by 25% or
+multiplying by four you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by four you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by four you basically have
+an IV estimate of the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IV estimate of the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an IV estimate of the effect of the
+pension so the Ghana program that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension so the Ghana program that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension so the Ghana program that we
+studied last lecture is typically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied last lecture is typically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied last lecture is typically an
+encouragement design program is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement design program is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement design program is there
+anywhere everybody is uh entitled to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere everybody is uh entitled to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere everybody is uh entitled to go
+to Secondary School uh but by giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Secondary School uh but by giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Secondary School uh but by giving
+people a scholarship by making it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a scholarship by making it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+likely of course in the analysis of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement design you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement design you're going to
+have to argue for the validity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to argue for the validity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to argue for the validity of your
+encouragement as an instrument which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement as an instrument which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement as an instrument which
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a you have a first stage so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a you have a first stage so here
+it's 20 minus uh 45 minus 20 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 minus uh 45 minus 20 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 minus uh 45 minus 20 b
+instrument is randomly assigned that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is randomly assigned that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is randomly assigned that's
+usually in an experiment but see it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in an experiment but see it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in an experiment but see it has
+no direct effect so in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no direct effect so in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no direct effect so in the case of the
+pension program for example you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension program for example you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension program for example you might
+think that a young activist coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a young activist coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a young activist coming to
+your house and helping you to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house and helping you to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house and helping you to get your
+pension is going to to have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension is going to to have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension is going to to have to come
+three four times anyway maybe there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four times anyway maybe there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four times anyway maybe there is a
+direct effect of this visits you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct effect of this visits you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct effect of this visits you know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel better your old person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel better your old person that
+nobody has ever visited in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has ever visited in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has ever visited in the last
+three month and now this very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three month and now this very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three month and now this very you know
+Fresh Face young woman comes for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fresh Face young woman comes for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fresh Face young woman comes for for
+five five times you feel much better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five times you feel much better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five times you feel much better so
+in that case you would walk worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you would walk worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you would walk worry about
+that so maybe you have like a home visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so maybe you have like a home visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so maybe you have like a home visit
+program as well in this group but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program as well in this group but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program as well in this group but you
+just don't make them apply to pension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't make them apply to pension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't make them apply to pension so
+encouragement design require one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement design require one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement design require one more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of thinking to make sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment will be valid you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment will be valid you have to do
+that thinking exan because export is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinking exan because export is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thinking exan because export is too
+late to introduce the extra the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late to introduce the extra the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late to introduce the extra the extra
+layer of of treatment Etc P um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of of treatment Etc P um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of of treatment Etc P um is it
+more common to come up with your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common to come up with your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more common to come up with your own
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find that can do it or to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then find that can do it or to see a
+progr that's already going and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progr that's already going and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progr that's already going and you're
+go uh there is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh there is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh there is a combination of
+everything sometimes people come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sometimes people come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything sometimes people come with
+something that they want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they want to get
+evaluated uh sometimes you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated uh sometimes you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated uh sometimes you you have
+something you want to do anyway some and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do anyway some and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to do anyway some and
+then usually it's some combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then usually it's some combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then usually it's some combination of
+the two which is people come to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two which is people come to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two which is people come to see you
+with this idea and you say uh fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea and you say uh fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this idea and you say uh fine but
+they have in mind some very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in mind some very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in mind some very simple
+experiment and then when they've left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and then when they've left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and then when they've left
+your office after two hours they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your office after two hours they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your office after two hours they have
+this Ultra complicated design in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ultra complicated design in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ultra complicated design in their
+hands uh that you've managed to to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands uh that you've managed to to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands uh that you've managed to to sell
+to them because you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them because you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them because you want to do something
+interesting so this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so this kind of a
+combination basically to run an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination basically to run an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination basically to run an
+experiment you need a Partners to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you need a Partners to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you need a Partners to
+implement the program you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the program you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the program you need a
+research team to look at it and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research team to look at it and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research team to look at it and you need
+money in principle these three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in principle these three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in principle these three things
+need all to be there together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all to be there together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all to be there together in
+principle initiative could come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle initiative could come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle initiative could come from
+either threee it's actually pretty rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either threee it's actually pretty rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either threee it's actually pretty rare
+that money starts partly because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money starts partly because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money starts partly because that
+creates Partnerships that are not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates Partnerships that are not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates Partnerships that are not very
+effective usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective usually
+but sometimes the partner comes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes the partner comes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes the partner comes for
+sometimes the research comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the research comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the research comes
+for okay so this was like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay so this was like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay so this was like sort of
+introducing randomization by steal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing randomization by steal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing randomization by steal um
+and now I want to go over the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to go over the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to go over the sort of
+the the second uh type of things I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the second uh type of things I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the second uh type of things I want
+to discuss about designs which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss about designs which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss about designs which is you
+know how do you design experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you design experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do you design experiments to
+answer questions which are economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions which are economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions which are economic
+questions so not just does my program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so not just does my program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so not just does my program
+work but an economic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but an economic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but an economic question
+uh and I'll give you two specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'll give you two specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I'll give you two specific
+example instead of talking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example instead of talking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example instead of talking in the
+abstract one on estimating equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract one on estimating equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract one on estimating equilibrium
+effects of an intervention and one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of an intervention and one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of an intervention and one is uh
+unpacking the effect of an intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking the effect of an intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking the effect of an intervention
+to understand better why it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand better why it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand better why it has the
+effect that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that it
+has uh the first question is a the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh the first question is a the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh the first question is a the first
+example is a is a program that I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a is a program that I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is a is a program that I worked
+on a research that I worked on in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a research that I worked on in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a research that I worked on in in
+France um so all of Europe has has high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France um so all of Europe has has high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France um so all of Europe has has high
+unemployment level for long time and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment level for long time and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment level for long time and uh
+governments are a little bit uh at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments are a little bit uh at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments are a little bit uh at a
+loss of what to do uh with this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of what to do uh with this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of what to do uh with this problem
+so people are trying um various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are trying um various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are trying um various things
+but one of the popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the popular
+uh ways to help people is called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ways to help people is called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ways to help people is called um
+active labor market policy which is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active labor market policy which is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active labor market policy which is when
+someone is unemployed basically uh doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is unemployed basically uh doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is unemployed basically uh doing
+a lot to try and help them get the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to try and help them get the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to try and help them get the job
+so teach them to tie their shoelaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so teach them to tie their shoelaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so teach them to tie their shoelaces and
+put on a tie and show up on time at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a tie and show up on time at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a tie and show up on time at an
+appoint at a appointment for a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint at a appointment for a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint at a appointment for a job
+interview giving some phone calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview giving some phone calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview giving some phone calls to
+your contact Etc and so in fact many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contact Etc and so in fact many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contact Etc and so in fact many
+European governments give that job now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European governments give that job now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European governments give that job now
+to temp agencies that have sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temp agencies that have sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temp agencies that have sort of a
+employment placement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment placement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment placement uh
+Bureau and there have been several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bureau and there have been several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bureau and there have been several
+randomization of such programs uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization of such programs uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization of such programs uh and
+usually the way they work is within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the way they work is within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the way they work is within a
+site for example a town uh um unemployed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for example a town uh um unemployed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for example a town uh um unemployed
+workers are assigned to one group or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are assigned to one group or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are assigned to one group or
+another so they assigned to the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so they assigned to the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so they assigned to the active
+labor market programs or they're not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market programs or they're not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market programs or they're not and
+those evaluation typically tend to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those evaluation typically tend to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those evaluation typically tend to find
+that people who are helped do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people who are helped do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people who are helped do better
+than people who are not helped that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than people who are not helped that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than people who are not helped that's
+nice and uh and well but an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and uh and well but an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and uh and well but an important
+criticism against those evaluations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism against those evaluations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism against those evaluations is
+that uh the gains could be offset by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the gains could be offset by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the gains could be offset by
+displacement effect so suppose Leo gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effect so suppose Leo gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effect so suppose Leo gets
+helped and I don't then he gets the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped and I don't then he gets the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped and I don't then he gets the one
+job that there is packing flowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that there is packing flowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job that there is packing flowers
+and the fact that he has it means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that he has it means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that he has it means I
+cannot get it so if we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get it so if we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get it so if we are going to
+compare Leo to me we're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare Leo to me we're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare Leo to me we're going to find
+that Leo is doing better than me so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Leo is doing better than me so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Leo is doing better than me so it's
+an experiment that is effective which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment that is effective which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment that is effective which in
+a sense is correct but it is not a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense is correct but it is not a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense is correct but it is not a net
+effect because it is just a musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because it is just a musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because it is just a musical
+chair he took he took there was only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair he took he took there was only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair he took he took there was only one
+job into the two of us and the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job into the two of us and the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job into the two of us and the program
+give them give him a little lead to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them give him a little lead to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them give him a little lead to get
+the job so on the contrary one could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job so on the contrary one could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job so on the contrary one could say
+and when can write models where actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when can write models where actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when can write models where actually
+the improving the productivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the improving the productivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the improving the productivity of the
+search effort actually improve the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort actually improve the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort actually improve the net
+amount of jobs that are available in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of jobs that are available in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of jobs that are available in in
+the economy for example because firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy for example because firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy for example because firms
+just hate to search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hate to search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hate to search for
+workers uh and they prefer not even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers uh and they prefer not even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers uh and they prefer not even to
+post a vacancy if posting the vacancy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a vacancy if posting the vacancy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post a vacancy if posting the vacancy is
+going to to cost them like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to cost them like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to cost them like the
+equivalent of half of a year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of half of a year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of half of a year of
+someone's salary to fill it up so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's salary to fill it up so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's salary to fill it up so when
+there are too many unemployed people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many unemployed people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are too many unemployed people who
+are who have no idea what they are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are who have no idea what they are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are who have no idea what they are good
+at the the that might actually reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the that might actually reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the that might actually reduce
+the number of vacancies actually filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vacancies actually filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vacancies actually filled
+so it's an open question and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an open question and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an open question and of course
+it could be a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a little bit of
+both so these are what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so these are what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so these are what's called
+equilibrium effect uh which means uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium effect uh which means uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium effect uh which means uh uh
+in in equilibrium how many jobs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in equilibrium how many jobs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in equilibrium how many jobs are
+there uh it's going to determine whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh it's going to determine whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh it's going to determine whether
+or not this is extra unemployment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this is extra unemployment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this is extra unemployment or
+not so how what when you do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so how what when you do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so how what when you do that well
+the only way to do this really is to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to do this really is to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to do this really is to is
+to randomize at uh two in two steps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomize at uh two in two steps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to randomize at uh two in two steps in
+order to find out whether take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find out whether take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find out whether take the
+example of Leo versus me the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Leo versus me the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Leo versus me the fact that
+there are many Leos in the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many Leos in the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many Leos in the labor market
+that are helped and I'm not is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are helped and I'm not is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are helped and I'm not is it going
+to does it make me worse off compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to does it make me worse off compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to does it make me worse off compared to
+my situation if I were into an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my situation if I were into an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my situation if I were into an entire
+other town on this side of the on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other town on this side of the on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other town on this side of the on this
+side of the room where the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the room where the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the room where the program
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+exist so uh so the the randomization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so uh so the the randomization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist so uh so the the randomization
+design here is to do to go in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design here is to do to go in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design here is to do to go in two
+steps uh it's done in two steps are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh it's done in two steps are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh it's done in two steps are done
+at one time but it's uh you randomize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one time but it's uh you randomize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one time but it's uh you randomize uh
+you first randomly assign the proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first randomly assign the proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first randomly assign the proportion
+of treated to areas and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treated to areas and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treated to areas and then you
+randomly assign treatment status to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign treatment status to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly assign treatment status to
+individual within areas let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual within areas let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual within areas let me show you
+a graph of that so basically what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph of that so basically what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph of that so basically what we did
+is we created so we work these type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we created so we work these type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we created so we work these type of
+things can only do be done at a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can only do be done at a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can only do be done at a fairly
+large scales because you need the skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scales because you need the skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scales because you need the skill
+to get the equilibrium so in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the equilibrium so in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the equilibrium so in France
+people don't like to move very much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like to move very much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like to move very much so
+uh a town is roughly a labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a town is roughly a labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a town is roughly a labor market
+people aren't going to move to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't going to move to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't going to move to get
+another job so what we did is we took we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another job so what we did is we took we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another job so what we did is we took we
+worked within an unemployment agency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked within an unemployment agency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked within an unemployment agency in
+about half of France and we divided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of France and we divided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half of France and we divided the
+towns into a straight of five so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns into a straight of five so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns into a straight of five so
+literally like full it's fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like full it's fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like full it's fully
+stratified in that sense so in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified in that sense so in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratified in that sense so in each
+Traer which are quintuplets we have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traer which are quintuplets we have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traer which are quintuplets we have five
+five town and uh in one town in each now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five town and uh in one town in each now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five town and uh in one town in each now
+in each of this trat we picked randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of this trat we picked randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of this trat we picked randomly
+one town where we treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one town where we treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one town where we treated
+nobody uh one town where we treated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody uh one town where we treated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody uh one town where we treated uh
+one um so sorry in all of the in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so sorry in all of the in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so sorry in all of the in all of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ideas backtrack uh in all of the in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas backtrack uh in all of the in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas backtrack uh in all of the in all
+of the Quint plate we one town where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Quint plate we one town where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Quint plate we one town where we
+treat nobody one town where we treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat nobody one town where we treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat nobody one town where we treated
+25% of people one time we R treated 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of people one time we R treated 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% of people one time we R treated 50%
+of people one turn we retreated 70 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people one turn we retreated 70 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people one turn we retreated 70 5%
+people in one town where we we treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in one town where we we treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in one town where we we treated
+everybody in retrospect that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in retrospect that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody in retrospect that everybody
+one is is is wasn't that useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is is wasn't that useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is is is wasn't that useful because
+it's not everybody it's everybody who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not everybody it's everybody who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not everybody it's everybody who is
+eligible for this program which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for this program which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible for this program which are the
+young unemployed workers so to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young unemployed workers so to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young unemployed workers so to start
+with they are just there a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they are just there a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they are just there a fraction of
+the people but anyway that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people but anyway that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people but anyway that's how we
+designed it and now you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it and now you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it and now you can look at the
+effect of being helped within one region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of being helped within one region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of being helped within one region
+so the Leo versus Me comparison which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Leo versus Me comparison which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Leo versus Me comparison which is
+what people have done traditionally by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done traditionally by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have done traditionally by
+comparing Mr Blue here to Mr White here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing Mr Blue here to Mr White here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing Mr Blue here to Mr White here
+Mr Blue of course within each Town once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Blue of course within each Town once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Blue of course within each Town once
+we determine the proportion the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we determine the proportion the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we determine the proportion the people
+to be Rand to be selected are randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Rand to be selected are randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Rand to be selected are randomly
+assigned okay so we can do this Leo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned okay so we can do this Leo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned okay so we can do this Leo
+versus me and then we can also do me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus me and then we can also do me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus me and then we can also do me
+versus uh Frankie over there who uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh Frankie over there who uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus uh Frankie over there who uh is
+actually in a town where nobody got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a town where nobody got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a town where nobody got
+treated and that's going to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and that's going to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and that's going to answer the
+question of whether the fact that Leo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether the fact that Leo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether the fact that Leo
+has treated Hots me okay by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has treated Hots me okay by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has treated Hots me okay by looking at
+uh uh what is my what is the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what is my what is the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh what is my what is the situation
+of someone what is the chance of someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone what is the chance of someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone what is the chance of someone
+to get a job back within six month if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a job back within six month if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a job back within six month if
+nobody around them got this program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody around them got this program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody around them got this program
+versus is some other people got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus is some other people got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus is some other people got this
+program so that's the that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so that's the that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so that's the that's the idea
+for the for the for the program I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the for the program I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the for the program I think
+everything is is here yes so the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is here yes so the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is here yes so the program
+is the target population is uh young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the target population is uh young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the target population is uh young
+unemployed worker so people age less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed worker so people age less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed worker so people age less
+than 30 year old unemployed for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 30 year old unemployed for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 30 year old unemployed for more
+than six month uh but with some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+college so what we have is then uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college so what we have is then uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college so what we have is then uh these
+people in the all white area we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the all white area we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the all white area we call
+them super control group so they are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them super control group so they are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them super control group so they are in
+individual assign 0% area uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual assign 0% area uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual assign 0% area uh by
+comparing the assigned to control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the assigned to control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the assigned to control and
+assigned to Super control we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to Super control we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to Super control we get the
+displacement effect by comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effect by comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement effect by comparing
+assigned to treatment and the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to treatment and the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to treatment and the super
+control we get the full effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control we get the full effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control we get the full effect of the
+treated of the program by comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated of the program by comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated of the program by comparing
+assigned to treatment to control we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to treatment to control we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to treatment to control we get
+the effect within so that's the poent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect within so that's the poent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect within so that's the poent
+like job stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like job stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like job stealing
+effect I mean the equation is here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect I mean the equation is here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect I mean the equation is here this
+regression is run uh within places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is run uh within places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is run uh within places where
+so this is this is controlling for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is controlling for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is controlling for the
+DC so it's controlling for the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC so it's controlling for the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC so it's controlling for the area
+level so it is basically a comparison of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it is basically a comparison of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it is basically a comparison of
+Leo versus me inside one labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo versus me inside one labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leo versus me inside one labor market
+and what it shows is that very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it shows is that very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it shows is that very little
+effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for
+women uh this is the effect the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women uh this is the effect the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women uh this is the effect the question
+that is being asked is not very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being asked is not very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is being asked is not very well
+labeled the question that's being asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the question that's being asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the question that's being asked
+is have you found a job uh the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have you found a job uh the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have you found a job uh the outcome
+is here have you found a job of uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here have you found a job of uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here have you found a job of uh like
+a a long-term duration job so more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a long-term duration job so more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a long-term duration job so more than
+six month have you found a job for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six month have you found a job for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six month have you found a job for more
+than six months within six months so six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six months within six months so six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than six months within six months so six
+months after the program I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after the program I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months after the program I'm looking at
+you again and I ask you whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again and I ask you whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again and I ask you whether you have
+in your hand a contract for unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hand a contract for unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hand a contract for unemployment
+for more than six months and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than six months and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more than six months and we find
+that uh so about 17% of control people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so about 17% of control people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so about 17% of control people
+have found a job anywhere way uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found a job anywhere way uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found a job anywhere way uh but
+there is a pretty large effect of men of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a pretty large effect of men of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a pretty large effect of men of
+5 percentage point so this is the within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 percentage point so this is the within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 percentage point so this is the within
+effect and now I'm going to add the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and now I'm going to add the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and now I'm going to add the uh
+comparison of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of the
+uh control to the super control so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh control to the super control so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh control to the super control so this
+51% here is still there it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51% here is still there it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+51% here is still there it's the
+comparison of Leo and me but now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of Leo and me but now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of Leo and me but now I'm
+comparing me and Frankie and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing me and Frankie and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing me and Frankie and you see
+that I'm hurt actually uh the uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm hurt actually uh the uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm hurt actually uh the uh there
+is a negative effect effect of being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative effect effect of being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative effect effect of being in
+this area compared to not being in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area compared to not being in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area compared to not being in this
+area of 3.9 percentage point and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of 3.9 percentage point and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of 3.9 percentage point and then
+the net effect would be then to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net effect would be then to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net effect would be then to compare
+him to her and the net effect on him is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to her and the net effect on him is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to her and the net effect on him is
+really not that large it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that large it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not that large it's
+1.2% uh but um it looks big in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2% uh but um it looks big in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.2% uh but um it looks big in the
+treatment area because he's taken my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment area because he's taken my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment area because he's taken my job
+so not only so I'm doing worse he not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only so I'm doing worse he not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only so I'm doing worse he not
+doing that much better but if we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that much better but if we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that much better but if we did it
+within we would think that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within we would think that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within we would think that there is a
+large effect so that's one uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effect so that's one uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large effect so that's one uh so this
+idea of randomizing in two steps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of randomizing in two steps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of randomizing in two steps is
+going to be useful whenever you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful whenever you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful whenever you think
+that there are spillovers and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are spillovers and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are spillovers and you're
+interested in the spillovers then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the spillovers then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the spillovers then you
+can think of it in your mind as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it in your mind as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it in your mind as one
+treatment is being directly treated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is being directly treated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is being directly treated and
+one treatment is being exposed to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one treatment is being exposed to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one treatment is being exposed to people
+who are treated so going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are treated so going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are treated so going back to the
+design of of you have a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of of you have a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of of you have a combination of
+cluster level randomization because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster level randomization because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster level randomization because you
+randomize a cluster into a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize a cluster into a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomize a cluster into a fraction
+treated and an individual level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and an individual level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and an individual level
+randomization because within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization because within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomization because within each
+cluster you're going to randomize who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster you're going to randomize who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster you're going to randomize who
+you are actually treated can I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are actually treated can I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are actually treated can I just
+revisit the results to see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the results to see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the results to see if I
+understand so five 5% for men that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so five 5% for men that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so five 5% for men that's
+considering displacement effect or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering displacement effect or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering displacement effect or not
+considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+displacement exactly it's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement exactly it's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement exactly it's a difference
+between within a labor market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between within a labor market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between within a labor market the
+treated and untreated so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and untreated so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated and untreated so it's a
+difference of you versus me so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of you versus me so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of you versus me so if we
+were to generalize then the success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to generalize then the success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to generalize then the success of
+these programs in in the literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs in in the literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs in in the literature is
+umus given that that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umus given that that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+umus given that that would be the
+conclusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of
+that we find that uh they what look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we find that uh they what look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we find that uh they what look
+successful is just the fact that within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is just the fact that within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful is just the fact that within
+an area the people who are helped are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area the people who are helped are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area the people who are helped are
+somewhat more likely to get a job at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more likely to get a job at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more likely to get a job at the
+expense of people who are not helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of people who are not helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of people who are not helped
+that sounds like a very important result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like a very important result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds like a very important result
+how would the government interpret that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the government interpret that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would the government interpret that
+or or would you do the study again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or would you do the study again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or would you do the study again in a
+different country or are there any lied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country or are there any lied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different country or are there any lied
+variables that are considered I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are considered I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that are considered I can tell
+you how they interpreted this result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how they interpreted this result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how they interpreted this result is
+which is not one of my success in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not one of my success in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not one of my success in term
+of policy influence so soon after we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policy influence so soon after we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of policy influence so soon after we we
+came out with this result the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with this result the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with this result the program
+was scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was scaled
+up but that's not how they should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that's not how they should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but that's not how they should do
+yeah you should you should think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you should you should think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you should you should think of that
+as being pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being pretty
+bad uh so there actually there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh so there actually there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh so there actually there is a
+Twist to it though uh just in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twist to it though uh just in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Twist to it though uh just in term of
+the substance is that uh the it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance is that uh the it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substance is that uh the it turns
+out the evaluation span the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the evaluation span the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the evaluation span the the the
+recession that follow the 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession that follow the 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession that follow the 2008
+crisis and you can look separately at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and you can look separately at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis and you can look separately at
+places that were most affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that were most affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places that were most affected by the
+recession people who are less affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession people who are less affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession people who are less affected
+by the recession before and after and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the recession before and after and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the recession before and after and
+what you find is that the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that the displacement
+effect is the strongest in recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the strongest in recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the strongest in recession
+time uh so in recession time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh so in recession time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh so in recession time it's
+presumably where firms are not hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably where firms are not hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably where firms are not hiring
+anywhere so you can you you can help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so you can you you can help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere so you can you you can help the
+search effort as much as you want it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort as much as you want it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort as much as you want it's
+not going to be all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be all that
+helpful in uh non- recession time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in uh non- recession time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in uh non- recession time in
+good times then uh the the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good times then uh the the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good times then uh the the displacement
+effect is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is much
+smaller so in that case in non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so in that case in non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so in that case in non-
+recession times firm would be hiring if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession times firm would be hiring if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession times firm would be hiring if
+people you know if they found capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know if they found capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you know if they found capable
+people around and there the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around and there the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around and there the fact that
+you are training some people into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are training some people into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are training some people into
+presenting themselves better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting themselves better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting themselves better and
+retraining for uh you know some skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retraining for uh you know some skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retraining for uh you know some skills
+Etc helps um so that's the that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc helps um so that's the that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc helps um so that's the that's that
+another thing that you're learning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you're learning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you're learning from
+this experiment and you know it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment and you know it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment and you know it's kind
+of always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of always
+is is that so this is the evaluation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that so this is the evaluation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that so this is the evaluation of
+this particular program but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular program but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular program but if you're
+willing to be a bit willing to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to be a bit willing to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to be a bit willing to use
+models to go one step further you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to go one step further you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to go one step further you can
+say generally it suggest that that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say generally it suggest that that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say generally it suggest that that means
+that search effort the productivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that search effort the productivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that search effort the productivity of
+search is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search is
+largely um competition between workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely um competition between workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely um competition between workers
+that means in in in particular during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in in in particular during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in in in particular during
+recession times which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession times which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession times which means
+that maybe we need not be too worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we need not be too worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we need not be too worried
+about unemployment benefits like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unemployment benefits like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unemployment benefits like the
+problem of unemployment insurance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of unemployment insurance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of unemployment insurance is
+that it makes people not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes people not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it makes people not that
+enthusiastic of looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic of looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic of looking for a
+job but that's only a problem if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but that's only a problem if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job but that's only a problem if they
+would find a job should they search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find a job should they search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find a job should they search for
+one so in recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in recession
+time because of uh social insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because of uh social insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because of uh social insurance
+concerns you might want to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns you might want to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns you might want to increase the
+the length of unemployment insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of unemployment insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of unemployment insurance
+because that's when people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's when people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's when people really
+needed and what this type of Rel suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and what this type of Rel suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed and what this type of Rel suggest
+is that in addition there probably will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in addition there probably will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in addition there probably will
+not be too much of an efficiency cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be too much of an efficiency cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be too much of an efficiency cost of
+improve increasing the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve increasing the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve increasing the length of
+Unemployment Insurance in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unemployment Insurance in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unemployment Insurance in uh in
+recession time because yes everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession time because yes everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession time because yes everybody is
+going to search a little less but uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search a little less but uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to search a little less but uh uh
+jobs it's not that there are job for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs it's not that there are job for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs it's not that there are job for
+them to find anyways so the the jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find anyways so the the jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to find anyways so the the jobs
+that they are are going to be filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are are going to be filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are are going to be filled
+regardless by by with the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless by by with the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless by by with the existing
+search effort so so one lesson that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort so so one lesson that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search effort so so one lesson that you
+can take that's a little broader than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that's a little broader than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that's a little broader than
+just this is that in recession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is that in recession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is that in recession
+time uh both the benefits of increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh both the benefits of increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh both the benefits of increasing
+uh UI is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh UI is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh UI is is is
+high uh because of uh Insurance motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high uh because of uh Insurance motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high uh because of uh Insurance motive
+and maybe the cost is not that high so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the cost is not that high so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe the cost is not that high so
+that would give you a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you a sort of an
+argument for doing this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for doing this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for doing this you know
+modulating the length of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating the length of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating the length of unemployment
+insurance with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance with the with the
+macroeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroeconomic
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so that's that's the so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's the so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's the so that's that's
+of and Beyond sort of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and Beyond sort of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and Beyond sort of this particular
+topic uh this idea of randomizing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh this idea of randomizing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh this idea of randomizing into
+steps has been used recently to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps has been used recently to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps has been used recently to look at
+various effects of speed any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various effects of speed any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various effects of speed any kind of
+speed over here they are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed over here they are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed over here they are coming from
+equilibrium effects but could be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium effects but could be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium effects but could be from
+adoption conion Etc can be looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption conion Etc can be looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption conion Etc can be looked at
+with similar similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+designs uh the last example I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh the last example I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs uh the last example I want to
+give you today is uh also very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you today is uh also very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you today is uh also very popular
+way to to to do things is this uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to to do things is this uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to to do things is this uh kind
+of answering Jo this question is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answering Jo this question is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of answering Jo this question is that
+who comes up with the program is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes up with the program is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who comes up with the program is it the
+implementing partner and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing partner and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing partner and then you're
+kind of evaluating whatever they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of evaluating whatever they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of evaluating whatever they are
+interested in or is it the researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in or is it the researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in or is it the researcher
+and often actually some combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often actually some combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often actually some combination of
+the two and I'll give you one very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and I'll give you one very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two and I'll give you one very nice
+example from a paper by AB Bard benen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a paper by AB Bard benen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from a paper by AB Bard benen
+who are both here and REM Han is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are both here and REM Han is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are both here and REM Han is at the
+at the kendi school and they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the kendi school and they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the kendi school and they're looking
+at a program Indonesia called the Raskin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a program Indonesia called the Raskin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a program Indonesia called the Raskin
+program uh the Raskin program provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh the Raskin program provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh the Raskin program provide
+eligible households which are poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible households which are poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible households which are poor
+households with 15 kilogram per month of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households with 15 kilogram per month of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households with 15 kilogram per month of
+heavily subsidized rice and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily subsidized rice and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily subsidized rice and that's a
+pretty terrible program uh it's full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty terrible program uh it's full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty terrible program uh it's full of
+corruption many many rice gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption many many rice gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corruption many many rice gets
+disappeared Etc it goes to the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared Etc it goes to the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared Etc it goes to the wrong
+people uh there are reasons to there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh there are reasons to there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh there are reasons to there are
+many reasons for that one of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons for that one of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many reasons for that one of the reason
+is that but for whatever reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that but for whatever reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that but for whatever reason the
+government likes this program they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government likes this program they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government likes this program they're
+not going to get rid of it so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get rid of it so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to get rid of it so that's not
+on the table but they want to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table but they want to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table but they want to try and
+make it better and right now one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it better and right now one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it better and right now one uh
+problem that the program has is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the program has is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the program has is that the
+information among citizens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information among citizens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information among citizens is
+low so only uh survey that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so only uh survey that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so only uh survey that they did
+suggest that only 30% of eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that only 30% of eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that only 30% of eligible
+household know that they are uh Raskin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household know that they are uh Raskin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household know that they are uh Raskin
+eligible and uh the beneficiaries also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible and uh the beneficiaries also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible and uh the beneficiaries also
+believe that the cop is 25% than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the cop is 25% than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the cop is 25% than it
+actually is probably because someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is probably because someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is probably because someone
+helpfully informed them of that somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully informed them of that somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully informed them of that somewhat
+higher number and so as a result the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher number and so as a result the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher number and so as a result the
+eligible people for the subsidy only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible people for the subsidy only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible people for the subsidy only
+received about a third of the intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received about a third of the intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received about a third of the intended
+subsidy between the fact that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy between the fact that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy between the fact that some of
+them don't get anything and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't get anything and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them don't get anything and some of them
+overpay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpay for the
+rise so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise so uh the
+um the the sort of the hypothesis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the sort of the hypothesis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the sort of the hypothesis of the
+government is that this level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is that this level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government is that this level of
+misinformation may give officials uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinformation may give officials uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misinformation may give officials uh an
+advantage in bargaining with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage in bargaining with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage in bargaining with the
+Villagers and may lead them to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villagers and may lead them to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villagers and may lead them to uh to
+basically take too much from them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take too much from them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically take too much from them and
+they want to try and improve program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transparency uh so uh they set up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency uh so uh they set up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency uh so uh they set up this
+randomized trial in 572
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized trial in 572
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized trial in 572
+Villages and in 378 of them uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and in 378 of them uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Villages and in 378 of them uh so
+randomized at the Village level people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized at the Village level people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized at the Village level people
+would get a card which inform them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a card which inform them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get a card which inform them that
+they are eligible and for how much rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are eligible and for how much rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are eligible and for how much rice
+so that's kind of the card they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the card they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of the card they're
+getting so they have their names they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting so they have their names they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting so they have their names they
+saying that you're eligible uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you're eligible uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you're eligible uh and then
+um how much rice you're eligible to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much rice you're eligible to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how much rice you're eligible to to
+to get so that's kind of the basic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get so that's kind of the basic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get so that's kind of the basic thing
+of the card very simple so government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the card very simple so government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the card very simple so government is
+interested in in uh in distributing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in uh in distributing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in uh in distributing this
+thing so basically as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so basically as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so basically as far as I
+understand the Genesis of this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Genesis of this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the Genesis of this project
+the government comes to them and say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government comes to them and say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government comes to them and say hey
+we are interested in distributing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in distributing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in distributing this
+card but we want to know whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card but we want to know whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card but we want to know whether it's
+going to improve the program can help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to improve the program can help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to improve the program can help us
+and then they say sure but uh let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they say sure but uh let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they say sure but uh let's do a
+little more suppose that the card do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more suppose that the card do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more suppose that the card do
+work what else might you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what else might you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what else might you want to know
+you might want to know whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to know whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to know whether it's the
+information that's in the card whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's in the card whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's in the card whether
+it's uh uh more information would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh more information would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh more information would make
+it work better so whether people pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work better so whether people pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work better so whether people pay
+attention to what's on the card whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what's on the card whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what's on the card whether
+the physical card is important or a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical card is important or a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical card is important or a list
+published in the village is sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the village is sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in the village is sufficient
+whether uh giving whether it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh giving whether it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh giving whether it's going to
+be accountability effect so now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accountability effect so now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accountability effect so now that
+there is a card the V the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a card the V the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a card the V the the the
+village official feel that they could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village official feel that they could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village official feel that they could go
+to jail if they if they cheat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail if they if they cheat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail if they if they cheat because
+they think that there is accountability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that there is accountability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that there is accountability
+so can you improve this sense increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you improve this sense increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you improve this sense increase
+this sense of accountability so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of accountability so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense of accountability so all of
+these question you might want to to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these question you might want to to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these question you might want to to ask
+so this leads you to uh if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this leads you to uh if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this leads you to uh if you want to
+answer all of them this leads you to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all of them this leads you to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all of them this leads you to a
+sort of pizza pie of design uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pizza pie of design uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pizza pie of design uh which is
+what I'm going to to show now so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to to show now so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to to show now so the
+first thing is um public versus private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is um public versus private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing is um public versus private
+information so is what matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so is what matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so is what matters is
+because when I give you a account I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I give you a account I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I give you a account I give
+you a account so you informed but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a account so you informed but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a account so you informed but the uh
+Village officials also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village officials also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Village officials also know that
+everybody has a card and I as a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a card and I as a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has a card and I as a card
+holder know that the village official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder know that the village official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holder know that the village official
+know that I have a card and we may you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I have a card and we may you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I have a card and we may you
+know and she knows that I know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and she knows that I know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and she knows that I know that I
+know that she knows so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that she knows so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that she knows so all of these
+things will also enter in our decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will also enter in our decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things will also enter in our decision
+process so the question is whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the question is whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so the question is whether this
+public information this second level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public information this second level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public information this second level of
+information not only my own information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not only my own information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not only my own information
+but the fact that everybody else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that everybody else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact that everybody else is
+informed also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed also
+matters so what I did here is that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so what I did here is that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so what I did here is that uh in
+some Villages uh they just gave people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Villages uh they just gave people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Villages uh they just gave people
+their own card and uh the village had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own card and uh the village had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own card and uh the village had
+got one list and one copy was posted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one list and one copy was posted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one list and one copy was posted and
+in in the public information treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the public information treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the public information treatment
+so this is randomized at the Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is randomized at the Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is randomized at the Village
+level as well in the public information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as well in the public information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as well in the public information
+treatment uh they printed many copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment uh they printed many copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment uh they printed many copies of
+the list all over the village and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list all over the village and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list all over the village and they
+they they printed these posters so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they printed these posters so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they printed these posters so now
+everybody is informed so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is informed so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is informed so that's kind of
+one extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra
+treatment another uh thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment another uh thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment another uh thing you might
+wonder is whether uh the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder is whether uh the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder is whether uh the precise
+information that's on the card matter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's on the card matter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's on the card matter or
+it's just that it's a card so I now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that it's a card so I now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that it's a card so I now look
+a little bit more official so here do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more official so here do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more official so here do
+you see the difference I guess you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the difference I guess you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the difference I guess you have
+the you may have a don't read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you may have a don't read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you may have a don't read the
+English here but look at the two cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English here but look at the two cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English here but look at the two cards
+and do you see the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you see the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you see the difference between
+the between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts
+second yes there is a second bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yes there is a second bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second yes there is a second bullet
+point here and um um even no knowing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and um um even no knowing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here and um um even no knowing no
+Indonesian no Bahasa Indonesian you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesian no Bahasa Indonesian you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indonesian no Bahasa Indonesian you
+could you could guess that it tells them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could guess that it tells them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could guess that it tells them
+that the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price
+is600 Ras per kilos of of of rice so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is600 Ras per kilos of of of rice so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is600 Ras per kilos of of of rice so one
+doesn't have the price one has the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the price one has the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the price one has the price
+so now we can look at whether people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can look at whether people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can look at whether people who
+got the card with the price and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the card with the price and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the card with the price and they're
+paying a lower price than people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't the second thing is uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't the second thing is uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't the second thing is uh you can
+see whether the the physical cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the the physical cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether the the physical cards
+matter or the or just the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or the or just the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or the or just the information
+matters so in all Villages the full list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so in all Villages the full list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters so in all Villages the full list
+of eligible beneficiaries was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eligible beneficiaries was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eligible beneficiaries was
+distributed but they varied whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but they varied whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but they varied whether they
+send the card to everybody or they send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the card to everybody or they send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the card to everybody or they send
+the card to uh only the bottom 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card to uh only the bottom 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card to uh only the bottom 10% of
+the population so everybody who is ined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population so everybody who is ined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population so everybody who is ined
+everybody is in the list so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is in the list so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is in the list so they can
+know that they in the list but only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they in the list but only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they in the list but only the
+poorest get the card so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest get the card so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest get the card so this is the
+designed to test the physical role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to test the physical role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to test the physical role of
+the card in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card in in
+bargaining and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining and finally the
+accountability one uh so is to test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability one uh so is to test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability one uh so is to test the
+idea that the card implies checking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the card implies checking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the card implies checking in
+on the official so they they had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the official so they they had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the official so they they had two
+version of the card one was this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the card one was this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the card one was this one and
+one was this one with has coupon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was this one with has coupon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was this one with has coupon so
+every time you get rise you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you get rise you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you get rise you're supposed
+to give the guy a coupon and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the guy a coupon and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the guy a coupon and then the
+coupon was supposed to give it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon was supposed to give it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon was supposed to give it to the
+top in reality nothing was ever done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top in reality nothing was ever done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top in reality nothing was ever done
+with those coupons but there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those coupons but there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those coupons but there was a
+like implicit in all of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like implicit in all of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like implicit in all of that the
+possibility that someone is checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that someone is checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that someone is checking
+there this back code scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Etc so what it gives you is that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so what it gives you is that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so what it gives you is that uh you
+want to run four different dimensions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run four different dimensions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to run four different dimensions uh
+on on four uh four 16 possibilities uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on four uh four 16 possibilities uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on four uh four 16 possibilities uh
+public versus private information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public versus private information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public versus private information
+information on the card who received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the card who received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the card who received the
+card and the coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and the coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card and the coupons
+so it gives you this like big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives you this like big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives you this like big
+Matrix factorial Matrix or in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix factorial Matrix or in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix factorial Matrix or in principle
+it's completely randomize such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely randomize such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely randomize such that
+everybody is in there now there you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is in there now there you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is in there now there you have
+to ask yourself when you have a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask yourself when you have a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask yourself when you have a design
+that's complicated like that first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's complicated like that first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's complicated like that first you
+ask your as yourself whether am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your as yourself whether am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask your as yourself whether am I going
+to be able to keep my ducks aligned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to keep my ducks aligned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to keep my ducks aligned uh
+and or am I going to get terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or am I going to get terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or am I going to get terribly
+confused when this is actually done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused when this is actually done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused when this is actually done so
+if benan is involved in something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if benan is involved in something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if benan is involved in something you
+can make sure that he's you can be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure that he's you can be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sure that he's you can be sure
+that his duck will be align so he had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his duck will be align so he had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his duck will be align so he had no
+problem doing that straight but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem doing that straight but another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem doing that straight but another
+issue is whether or not how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is whether or not how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is whether or not how to think
+about your sample size because you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your sample size because you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your sample size because you could
+think of your sample size one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of your sample size one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of your sample size one of two
+ways you could think well the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could think well the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you could think well the only thing
+I'm interested in I'm doing this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in I'm doing this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in I'm doing this big
+pizza pie of design but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza pie of design but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza pie of design but I'm not
+interesting in separating each slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in separating each slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in separating each slice
+from each other slice or each box from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other slice or each box from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other slice or each box from
+each other box I'm just interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other box I'm just interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other box I'm just interesting in
+having enough power to compare price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having enough power to compare price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having enough power to compare price
+versus no price so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus no price so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus no price so I'm going to
+aggregate uh these eight and comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate uh these eight and comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate uh these eight and comparing
+them to those eight or I'm going to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to those eight or I'm going to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to those eight or I'm going to or
+I'm or is it that I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm or is it that I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm or is it that I'm actually
+interested in interactions between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in interactions between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in interactions between the
+two and your power will depend your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and your power will depend your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and your power will depend your
+sample size will depend on that so a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size will depend on that so a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size will depend on that so a big
+uh mistake people make in designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mistake people make in designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mistake people make in designing
+experiment is they power their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is they power their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is they power their
+experiment for treatment versus control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for treatment versus control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment for treatment versus control
+and then they have lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they have lots and lots of
+interesting sub treatment but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sub treatment but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting sub treatment but there is
+no power for any of that because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no power for any of that because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no power for any of that because they
+didn't think of power in the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of power in the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think of power in the experiment
+for the sub treatment uh and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sub treatment uh and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sub treatment uh and therefore
+it's not as informative as it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as informative as it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as informative as it could be
+so in this part on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this part on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this part on the other hand if you
+have a complicated design and with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complicated design and with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complicated design and with with
+a lot of like sub treatments the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like sub treatments the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of like sub treatments the sample
+sign could become Gigan normous before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign could become Gigan normous before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign could become Gigan normous before
+you're done if you were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done if you were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done if you were interested in
+separating every single box to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating every single box to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating every single box to every
+single box so in this case I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single box so in this case I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single box so in this case I can tell
+you what they are powered for they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what they are powered for they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what they are powered for they are
+powered for any 2x two comparison so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered for any 2x two comparison so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powered for any 2x two comparison so
+price uh versus no price coupons versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh versus no price coupons versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh versus no price coupons versus
+no coupons card versus all versus C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no coupons card versus all versus C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no coupons card versus all versus C to
+bottom 10 but not any of the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom 10 but not any of the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom 10 but not any of the interaction
+so basically what they s of commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what they s of commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what they s of commit
+exante not really to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exante not really to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exante not really to look at the
+interactions then you can sort of expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then you can sort of expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then you can sort of expose
+decide to pick but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to pick but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to pick but
+that's that's the data comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the data comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the data comes from
+follow-up survey conducted two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up survey conducted two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow-up survey conducted two months
+eight months 18 months after the card uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight months 18 months after the card uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight months 18 months after the card uh
+and they also uh interviewed The Village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also uh interviewed The Village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also uh interviewed The Village
+leaders uh and they over sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders uh and they over sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders uh and they over sample
+beneficiaries because of course they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiaries because of course they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiaries because of course they are
+the one where most of the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where most of the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where most of the action is
+going going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going going
+on okay so here is the sort of main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so here is the sort of main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so here is the sort of main
+effect so uh first of all who get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so uh first of all who get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so uh first of all who get the
+card so this is what you get in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card so this is what you get in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card so this is what you get in a in
+real experiments you know things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments you know things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments you know things don't
+go exactly as you know this is a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go exactly as you know this is a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go exactly as you know this is a real
+program so ideally we want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so ideally we want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so ideally we want this to be
+100% but only 28% of people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but only 28% of people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% but only 28% of people actually
+received the card 14% ever used the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the card 14% ever used the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received the card 14% ever used the card
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+14% uh um ever used the card 6% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14% uh um ever used the card 6% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14% uh um ever used the card 6% of the
+control group claim to have received the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group claim to have received the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group claim to have received the
+card anyway um 9% correctly they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card anyway um 9% correctly they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card anyway um 9% correctly they could
+have moved or it could be a mistake 9%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved or it could be a mistake 9%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have moved or it could be a mistake 9%
+correctly ident 9% more correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly ident 9% more correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly ident 9% more correctly
+identifies their own cities so it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies their own cities so it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies their own cities so it's from
+30% to 39% by the way in most reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% to 39% by the way in most reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% to 39% by the way in most reporting
+of randomized control trials you report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomized control trials you report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomized control trials you report
+the control mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control mean and the
+bottom uh it's conventional because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh it's conventional because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom uh it's conventional because that
+way you can see the you can compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can see the you can compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can see the you can compare the
+FX size to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX size to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FX size to to the
+mean uh the ineligible household some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh the ineligible household some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh the ineligible household some
+people got their hands on a card anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got their hands on a card anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got their hands on a card anyway
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+and but not too many so this is like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but not too many so this is like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but not too many so this is like not
+often happens in the real world where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often happens in the real world where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often happens in the real world where it
+doesn't work as well as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work as well as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work as well as you
+can so the result suggest that the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so the result suggest that the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so the result suggest that the cards
+had a had an impact though uh oops I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a had an impact though uh oops I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a had an impact though uh oops I
+wanted to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you
+the I haven't shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I haven't shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I haven't shown you
+the I should have shown you a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I should have shown you a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I should have shown you a main
+effect a table of main effect here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect a table of main effect here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect a table of main effect here
+um as when I cut down some of the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as when I cut down some of the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as when I cut down some of the slides
+I cut I cut down the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut I cut down the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut I cut down the most important
+slide which is what is the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide which is what is the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide which is what is the effect of
+receiving the cards on the subsidy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the cards on the subsidy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the cards on the subsidy so
+I'll tell you the results and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the results and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you the results and then we'll
+look at a lot of sub results uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a lot of sub results uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a lot of sub results uh the
+result is that it makes it more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that it makes it more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that it makes it more likely
+that you get rice you pay less for it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get rice you pay less for it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get rice you pay less for it so
+on average people have uh uh get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average people have uh uh get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average people have uh uh get a
+higher level of subsidy about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of subsidy about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level of subsidy about a third
+more uh a quarter more so the increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh a quarter more so the increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh a quarter more so the increase
+in subsidy in total received by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subsidy in total received by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in subsidy in total received by the
+eligible was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible was
+25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25%
+uh this was cost effective because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was cost effective because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was cost effective because it's
+really cheap to provide the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cheap to provide the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cheap to provide the count
+so so in term here in term of policy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in term here in term of policy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in term here in term of policy the
+government finding this out expanded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government finding this out expanded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government finding this out expanded the
+car and now what we can look at is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and now what we can look at is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and now what we can look at is to
+investigate the mechanism by comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the mechanism by comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate the mechanism by comparing
+all of the by comparing all of the thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the by comparing all of the thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the by comparing all of the thir
+sample so first let's look at public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so first let's look at public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so first let's look at public
+information so uh in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so uh in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so uh in the public
+information case people were more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information case people were more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information case people were more likely
+to have uh to have uh seen the list uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh to have uh seen the list uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have uh to have uh seen the list uh
+they were 14% more likely to have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were 14% more likely to have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were 14% more likely to have seen
+the list in public info and only 2% more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list in public info and only 2% more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list in public info and only 2% more
+likely to have seen the list in standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have seen the list in standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to have seen the list in standard
+info uh they also believe that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info uh they also believe that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info uh they also believe that other
+people have seen the list so they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have seen the list so they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have seen the list so they think
+that in the public information they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the public information they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the public information they
+think that a lot of people have seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a lot of people have seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that a lot of people have seen the
+list because of course theyve seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because of course theyve seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list because of course theyve seen the
+list everywhere so there is an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list everywhere so there is an effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list everywhere so there is an effect on
+uh on your perception of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on your perception of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on your perception of other people
+knowing what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what's going
+on and when we look at the impact we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and when we look at the impact we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and when we look at the impact we're
+now comparing the public info one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comparing the public info one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now comparing the public info one line
+for public info one line for standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for public info one line for standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for public info one line for standard
+info which is just the C and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info which is just the C and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+info which is just the C and you can see
+that in the public info compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the public info compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the public info compared to the
+control they get 9,000 more in subsidies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control they get 9,000 more in subsidies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control they get 9,000 more in subsidies
+and in the standard info it was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the standard info it was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the standard info it was about
+5,000 more in subsidies which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 more in subsidies which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 more in subsidies which is a
+combination of being of purchasing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of being of purchasing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of being of purchasing more
+rice and paying less for and paying less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice and paying less for and paying less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice and paying less for and paying less
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+it so the public information seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the public information seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the public information seems to
+increase how much people how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase how much people how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase how much people how much
+subsidy people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy people
+get the priceing information remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the priceing information remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the priceing information remember
+the cards and we can look at it uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards and we can look at it uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards and we can look at it uh so in
+the price information people uh do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price information people uh do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price information people uh do get
+more R and they get it at a lower price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more R and they get it at a lower price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more R and they get it at a lower price
+so even though it's just this one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though it's just this one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though it's just this one line
+this one line actually makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one line actually makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one line actually makes a
+difference suggesting that the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference suggesting that the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference suggesting that the actual
+information that's on the card also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's on the card also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's on the card also
+matters uh and then finally does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters uh and then finally does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters uh and then finally does it
+matter to receive the card uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to receive the card uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to receive the card uh
+yourself uh so this is the we we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh so this is the we we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself uh so this is the we we we
+should focus on the other eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should focus on the other eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should focus on the other eligible
+household the one we who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household the one we who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household the one we who are not
+receiving the card in when not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the card in when not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the card in when not everybody
+gets it you see that when they get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it you see that when they get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets it you see that when they get a
+card their subsidy increased by 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card their subsidy increased by 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card their subsidy increased by 5,000
+rup more or less but when they don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rup more or less but when they don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rup more or less but when they don't get
+the card by only, 1600 so the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card by only, 1600 so the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the card by only, 1600 so the physical
+card also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card also
+matter uh I didn't print the the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh I didn't print the the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh I didn't print the the table
+for accountability but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for accountability but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for accountability but the
+accountability didn't do much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability didn't do much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability didn't do much so
+basically in all of these treatments we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in all of these treatments we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in all of these treatments we
+are learning that from this little card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning that from this little card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are learning that from this little card
+actually lots of the little card it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lots of the little card it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lots of the little card it
+doesn't look like it but it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it but it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it but it's really a
+bundle of stuff information that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of stuff information that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of stuff information that you
+receive the specific type of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the specific type of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive the specific type of information
+uh the ability to like the the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ability to like the the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the ability to like the the physical
+card the fact that uh you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card the fact that uh you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card the fact that uh you know that
+other people got the card and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people got the card and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people got the card and this
+experiment managed to kind of create all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment managed to kind of create all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment managed to kind of create all
+of this treatment to unbundle the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this treatment to unbundle the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this treatment to unbundle the effect
+and what they find is that in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that in the end
+all of these matters except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these matters except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these matters except the
+accountability effect that doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability effect that doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability effect that doesn't seem
+to be driving much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZWjh9KoEyqg.txt b/ZWjh9KoEyqg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa6cf4915c4ec98cfe1d12b3b5b5554790307e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZWjh9KoEyqg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+HODGES: The basic goal of
+12.000 is to provide freshman at
+
+MIT with an opportunity to put
+together concepts and ideas that
+
+they get in a more formal way,
+in particular in the science
+
+core at MIT in their first year
+and put those in turn together
+
+with social issues,
+fundamental social issues in
+
+the context of big environmental
+problems.
+
+The subject changes from year
+to year in terms of its theme.
+
+We tend to focus on different
+areas at different times.
+
+But, on the other hand,
+the overarching goal is to have
+
+them think about how you
+approach really complicated
+
+problems that require multiple
+perspectives and don't necessary
+
+have any simple solutions.
+I mean most of the problems
+
+that they tend to deal with,
+in the other subjects that they
+
+take in the freshman year,
+have straightforward known
+
+solutions.
+So it's like taking a problem
+
+set, working on it and solving
+those problems in particular.
+
+But most of the problems that
+really keep you awake at night
+
+are not those kinds of problems.
+And so, as a consequence,
+
+this puts us in a position that
+we can literally let them think
+
+a little bit about what it is
+like to solve cutting-edge
+
+problems that have no simple
+answers.
+
+The course is structured in
+such a way that students get
+
+grades based on their individual
+work.
+
+They get grades based on
+teamwork.
+
+And they get grades as an
+entire class.
+
+And those are different
+components of the overall grade
+
+for the class.
+The reason for that kind of
+
+structure is that,
+in particular,
+
+we are trying to emphasize team
+learning and teamwork in this
+
+subject.
+And so, by setting up the grade
+
+structure in such a way that a
+substantial proportion of the
+
+grade, far more than half the
+grade actually depends on the
+
+overall outcome for the class
+and the overall outcome for the
+
+individual teams that make up
+the class.
+
+It began, a number of years
+ago, as an experiment that was
+
+supported by the d'arbeloff Fund
+here at MIT, really an
+
+experiment in project-based,
+team-based learning
+
+specifically directed at
+freshman.
+
+And it was specifically
+supposed to be interdisciplinary
+
+right from the get-go.
+So what has happened is it has
+
+been used as a model over the
+years to try and think about how
+
+one would run that kind of a
+subject for freshman in
+
+particular.
+Because one of the big problems
+
+that we all have with freshman
+education at MIT is the balance
+
+between the incredible
+intellectual capacity of the
+
+freshman who come in versus the
+amount of training that they
+
+have and, therefore,
+their sophistication in looking
+
+at problems.
+So lots of people would argue
+
+that project-based learning is
+best done, for example,
+
+in the junior year or the
+senior year or even in the
+
+graduate years.
+But one of the things that we
+
+found out from this class is
+that, even though students don't
+
+necessarily have a lot of the
+formal training that forms the
+
+foundation for high-level
+learning they have a tremendous
+
+amount of creativity.
+And this really builds a
+
+self-confidence in them to work
+on problems that normally they
+
+would perceive as problems that
+are insolvable for them.
+
+12.000 is not a formal subject
+within the departmental
+
+curriculum of EAPS,
+although it can count as a
+
+restrictive elective for
+students who are taking the
+
+environmental science track
+within our departmental program.
+
+However, it is really meant as
+an opportunity for freshman to
+
+think very broadly about their
+own education and how they learn
+
+things, how they put together
+solutions to these big
+
+complicated problems.
+I think one of the highlights
+
+of this class is the final
+presentation at the end of the
+
+academic year,
+sorry, at the end of the
+
+semester.
+And the rationale behind that
+
+is that I wanted to give the
+students a sense that if they do
+
+work well and if they come up
+with an effective solution to
+
+one of these complicated
+problems that they will be paid
+
+attention to.
+I mean this is part of building
+
+this sense of empowerment among
+these students.
+
+So the simplest way,
+the best way to do that is to
+
+put them in a position where
+they are trying to explain their
+
+solution to a bunch of people
+who are themselves deeply
+
+immersed in that particular
+problem.
+
+And they really have a
+knowledge of the issues that
+
+surround any solution that
+particular problem.
+
+So every year,
+for the final presentation,
+
+I invite a panel of maybe five
+or six people who have special
+
+knowledge of this particular
+area or have special knowledge
+
+of the kinds of problems that
+are confronted by that
+
+particular class.
+And one of the things that I
+
+have found is that has been a
+tremendous motivator,
+
+a far greater motivator than
+the grades that students would
+
+get in this class,
+because there is no fear like
+
+the fear of looking stupid in
+front of a bunch of people who
+
+know what they are talking
+about.
+
+We also do a live webcast of
+that final presentation for a
+
+variety of reasons.
+We started doing it because we
+
+wanted to have it for assessment
+purposes, not for what a
+
+particular class does but for
+assessment for the subject as a
+
+whole.
+By looking back at those from
+
+year to year we can sort of see
+what seemed to have worked well
+
+pedagogically,
+what didn't seem to have worked
+
+well pedagogically,
+and we can get a sense of how
+
+well the students are really
+learning the material that way,
+
+I think more so than we could
+by, for example,
+
+entrance and exit examples.
+With this kind of material it
+
+is hard to devise those anyway,
+but we can do it well because I
+
+always believe that the better
+you can articulate a problem the
+
+more you understand it.
+I think one of the most
+
+difficult things about teaching
+this subject is that you have to
+
+stop being a professor and you
+have to let the students do the
+
+work on their own.
+Throughout the years you find
+
+that the students are going to
+stumble and they are going to
+
+make mistakes and they do things
+really inefficiently in a
+
+subject of this kind.
+If you create an environment
+
+for learning but you don't
+actually hold the control stick
+
+for the learning of the students
+then it is a little bit of a
+
+scary thing.
+You believe every year,
+
+I believe that the system is
+beginning to be chaotic and it
+
+is not going to work very
+effectively.
+
+And then at the end of every
+year, every semester that I
+
+teach this class the students
+come out of it beautifully.
+
+And I think that is a
+testimonial, not to anything
+
+that I do, but a testimonial to
+their capacity to learn as a
+
+group but also as individuals.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZbYAZLQHXSg.txt b/ZbYAZLQHXSg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92a56a13d59c6623f12c86cb7422a675eac7fb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZbYAZLQHXSg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time we introduced the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we introduced the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we introduced the topic of
+digital filter design and we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter design and we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter design and we discussed
+two design techniques which permitted us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design techniques which permitted us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two design techniques which permitted us
+to obtain digital filter designs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain digital filter designs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obtain digital filter designs from
+analog or continuous time designs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog or continuous time designs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog or continuous time designs in
+particular the first technique that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the first technique that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the first technique that we
+discussed was basically mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed was basically mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed was basically mapping
+differentials in a linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials in a linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials in a linear constant
+coefficient differential equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient differential equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient differential equation to
+differences in a linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in a linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in a linear constant
+coefficient difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient difference
+equation we found that that corresponded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we found that that corresponded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we found that that corresponded
+basically to a mapping from the S plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to a mapping from the S plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to a mapping from the S plane
+to the Z plane but we saw also that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Z plane but we saw also that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Z plane but we saw also that it
+wasn't it was not a good technique for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it was not a good technique for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it was not a good technique for
+two basic reasons one is that it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic reasons one is that it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic reasons one is that it didn't
+correspond to mapping the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to mapping the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to mapping the frequency
+characteristic from the J Omega axis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic from the J Omega axis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic from the J Omega axis to
+the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+circle and second of all and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and second of all and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and second of all and perhaps
+even more serious it didn't result in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more serious it didn't result in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more serious it didn't result in a
+mapping of stable analog filters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of stable analog filters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of stable analog filters to
+stable digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable digital
+filters the second technique that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters the second technique that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters the second technique that we
+discussed was the technique of impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed was the technique of impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed was the technique of impulse
+and variance where basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance where basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance where basically the
+discreet time filter is designed by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet time filter is designed by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreet time filter is designed by by
+sampling periodically the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling periodically the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling periodically the impulse
+response of the continuous time filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the continuous time filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the continuous time filter
+and we saw that what this corresponded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that what this corresponded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw that what this corresponded
+to was basically a mapping of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to was basically a mapping of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to was basically a mapping of the system
+function for the continuous time filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the continuous time filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the continuous time filter
+to a system function for the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system function for the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a system function for the digital
+filter which preserved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which preserved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which preserved the
+residues and mapped the poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues and mapped the poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues and mapped the poles of the
+continuous time filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time filter
+at polls at s subk to polls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at polls at s subk to polls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at polls at s subk to polls of the
+digital filter at e to the S subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter at e to the S subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter at e to the S subk
+capital T well let me remind you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T well let me remind you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T well let me remind you again
+of the advantages and disadvantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the advantages and disadvantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the advantages and disadvantages of
+this technique by illustrating it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique by illustrating it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique by illustrating it with a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example let's take the case of a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the case of a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's take the case of a simple
+second order analog filter let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order analog filter let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order analog filter let's say
+with one zero and two poles so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one zero and two poles so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one zero and two poles so that the
+analog system function is given by S + a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog system function is given by S + a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog system function is given by S + a
+/ s + a 2 + b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ s + a 2 + b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ s + a 2 + b^
+2 for the impulse invariant design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the impulse invariant design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the impulse invariant design
+procedure we want to expand this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we want to expand this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we want to expand this into a
+partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fraction
+expansion and in that form this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and in that form this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion and in that form this system
+function becomes a half a half is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes a half a half is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function becomes a half a half is the
+residue divided by S Plus a plus J B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue divided by S Plus a plus J B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue divided by S Plus a plus J B the
+pole is then at minus a minus J B plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is then at minus a minus J B plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is then at minus a minus J B plus
+residue of a half over s + a minus JB in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue of a half over s + a minus JB in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue of a half over s + a minus JB in
+other words a pole at minus A+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a pole at minus A+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a pole at minus A+
+JB all right well mapping this analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JB all right well mapping this analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JB all right well mapping this analog
+system function to the digital system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function to the digital system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function to the digital system
+function we maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we maintain the
+residue and map the pole at minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue and map the pole at minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residue and map the pole at minus a
+minus JB to a pole in the Z plane at e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus JB to a pole in the Z plane at e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus JB to a pole in the Z plane at e
+the minus a capital t e the minus JB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus a capital t e the minus JB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus a capital t e the minus JB
+capital t so the resulting digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t so the resulting digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital t so the resulting digital
+transfer function has these same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function has these same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function has these same
+residues and it has poles which are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues and it has poles which are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residues and it has poles which are at
+eus A T eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus A T eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus A T eus
+jbt and e to the minus a t e to the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jbt and e to the minus a t e to the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jbt and e to the minus a t e to the plus
+jbt and this system function we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jbt and this system function we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jbt and this system function we can now
+recombine we can recombine the two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombine we can recombine the two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombine we can recombine the two terms
+and the resulting digital transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resulting digital transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the resulting digital transfer
+function is as I've indic indicated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is as I've indic indicated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is as I've indic indicated here
+now this illustrates one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this illustrates one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this illustrates one of the
+important points which is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points which is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points which is the fact that
+the poles got mapped according to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles got mapped according to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles got mapped according to a
+mapping which is of the form zal e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping which is of the form zal e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping which is of the form zal e to
+the S capital T but notice that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S capital T but notice that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S capital T but notice that in fact
+the zero didn't get mapped in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero didn't get mapped in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero didn't get mapped in the same
+way the zero at minus a got mapped for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the zero at minus a got mapped for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the zero at minus a got mapped for
+this particular example to a zero at e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example to a zero at e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example to a zero at e
+to the minus a t cine BT so in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus a t cine BT so in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus a t cine BT so in fact it's
+not a mapping of s to Z although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a mapping of s to Z although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a mapping of s to Z although the
+poles of the analog system function get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of the analog system function get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of the analog system function get
+mapped to poles of the digital system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to poles of the digital system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to poles of the digital system
+function according to the mapping zal e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function according to the mapping zal e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function according to the mapping zal e
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+St well what this example looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St well what this example looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St well what this example looks like in
+the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency
+domain I've indicated here here is the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I've indicated here here is the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain I've indicated here here is the S
+plane plot of the two poles and the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane plot of the two poles and the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane plot of the two poles and the zero
+for the analog system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the analog system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the analog system function
+and the result of the mapping or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of the mapping or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the result of the mapping or the
+result of the applying the impulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the applying the impulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the applying the impulse and
+variant procedure is are the PO poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant procedure is are the PO poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant procedure is are the PO poles
+and zeros which are indicated here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros which are indicated here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros which are indicated here in
+the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z
+plane well to see what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well to see what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well to see what happens to the
+frequency response for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for this particular
+analog example we have a resonance at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog example we have a resonance at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog example we have a resonance at a
+frequency corresponding to the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency corresponding to the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency corresponding to the vertical
+position of these poles and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of these poles and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of these poles and that's the
+resonance that we have here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance that we have here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance that we have here in the
+magnitude of the analog system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the analog system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the analog system function
+and one of the important aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the important aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the important aspects of the
+impulse invariant procedure which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse invariant procedure which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse invariant procedure which I
+pointed out last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out last time is
+that except for aliasing and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for aliasing and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that except for aliasing and that's a
+big except for except for aliasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big except for except for aliasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big except for except for aliasing the
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+response has the same general shape in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response has the same general shape in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response has the same general shape in
+the discrete domain as it does in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete domain as it does in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete domain as it does in the
+continuous domain so the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous domain so the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous domain so the corresponding
+discrete time frequency response is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time frequency response is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete time frequency response is as
+I've indicated here we have a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here we have a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here we have a resonance
+corresponding to these pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to these pole
+locations but whereas this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations but whereas this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations but whereas this frequency
+response drops off ASM totically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response drops off ASM totically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response drops off ASM totically to
+zero this frequency response drops off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this frequency response drops off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this frequency response drops off
+to some value nonzero value and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some value nonzero value and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some value nonzero value and then
+continues back up again basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues back up again basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues back up again basically
+because this frequency response has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this frequency response has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this frequency response has to
+be periodic but in particular the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be periodic but in particular the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be periodic but in particular the value
+which this frequency response decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this frequency response decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this frequency response decays
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+is dictated in part by the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dictated in part by the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dictated in part by the effect of
+aliasing and you can see here that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing and you can see here that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing and you can see here that in
+comparing this value to this one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this value to this one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing this value to this one this is
+higher and the reason it's higher is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and the reason it's higher is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and the reason it's higher is
+because of the effective aliasing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the effective aliasing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the effective aliasing so
+there is the advantage to impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the advantage to impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is the advantage to impulse
+invariance that the frequency axis is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance that the frequency axis is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance that the frequency axis is a
+scaled replica of the analog frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled replica of the analog frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled replica of the analog frequency
+axis but then there's the a distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but then there's the a distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis but then there's the a distortion
+that's introduced which is the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's introduced which is the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's introduced which is the effect of
+aliasing there's another technique which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing there's another technique which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing there's another technique which
+is a very important and commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important and commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important and commonly used
+technique for Designing digital filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for Designing digital filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique for Designing digital filters
+which avoids the prom the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which avoids the prom the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which avoids the prom the problem of
+aliasing but it avoids that problem at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing but it avoids that problem at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing but it avoids that problem at a
+price that technique is is referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that technique is is referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price that technique is is referred to
+as the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bilinear
+transformation and basically involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and basically involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and basically involves
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+by applying by relating s and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying by relating s and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by applying by relating s and Z
+according to the bilinear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the bilinear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the bilinear transformation
+a bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bilinear
+transformation there in fact is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation there in fact is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation there in fact is an
+interesting way of deriving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of deriving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of deriving this
+technique which is somewhat similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is somewhat similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which is somewhat similar to
+the technique involving map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique involving map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technique involving map
+differentials to differences but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials to differences but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials to differences but of
+course the bilinear transformation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the bilinear transformation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the bilinear transformation will
+turn out to be a much more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a much more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to be a much more useful
+technique this technique can be derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique this technique can be derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique this technique can be derived
+and we won't be going through this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we won't be going through this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we won't be going through this in
+detail here although we do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here although we do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here although we do in the
+text this can be derived essentially by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text this can be derived essentially by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text this can be derived essentially by
+beginning with A continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with A continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with A continuous time
+differential equation integrating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation integrating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation integrating the
+equation to obtain an integral equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to obtain an integral equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to obtain an integral equation
+and then approximating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then approximating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then approximating
+the integrals using the trapezoidal rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals using the trapezoidal rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals using the trapezoidal rule
+in other words replacing the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words replacing the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words replacing the integrals
+by sums using the trapezoidal rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sums using the trapezoidal rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sums using the trapezoidal rule for
+integration the resulting equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the resulting equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration the resulting equation is
+then a difference equation and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a difference equation and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a difference equation and that
+difference equation will then represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation will then represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation will then represent
+a digital filter and that digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital filter and that digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a digital filter and that digital filter
+as it turns out can be related back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out can be related back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out can be related back to
+the analog filter the system functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog filter the system functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog filter the system functions
+can be related through a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related through a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be related through a transformation
+from s to Z which is in fact a bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to Z which is in fact a bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to Z which is in fact a bilinear
+transformation so the technique then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the technique then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the technique then is
+basically to begin with an analog system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to begin with an analog system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to begin with an analog system
+function convert that to a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function convert that to a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function convert that to a digital
+system function and do that by replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function and do that by replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function and do that by replacing
+s by a bilinear transformation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s by a bilinear transformation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s by a bilinear transformation where the
+bilinear transformation is as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation is as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation is as I've
+indicated here there's a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here there's a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here there's a parameter
+capital T that I've introduced and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T that I've introduced and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T that I've introduced and it's
+a parameter that comes in basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter that comes in basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter that comes in basically
+because of what's involved in applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what's involved in applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what's involved in applying
+the integration or applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration or applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration or applying the
+trapezoidal rule to implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule to implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal rule to implementing the
+integration but this then is the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration but this then is the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration but this then is the general
+form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the
+transformation or expressing Z instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or expressing Z instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or expressing Z instead
+as a function of s we obtain Z equal 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of s we obtain Z equal 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of s we obtain Z equal 1+
+St / 2 / 1us St / 2 so one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St / 2 / 1us St / 2 so one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St / 2 / 1us St / 2 so one important
+aspect of this then which in fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this then which in fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this then which in fact is
+different than the impulse and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the impulse and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the impulse and variant
+procedure is that it in fact does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is that it in fact does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure is that it in fact does
+correspond to a mapping from s to Z it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a mapping from s to Z it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a mapping from s to Z it's
+a mapping of the S plane to the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping of the S plane to the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mapping of the S plane to the Z plane
+which is not quite what the impulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not quite what the impulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not quite what the impulse and
+variant method is well recalling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant method is well recalling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant method is well recalling that
+there are are two guidelines that we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are are two guidelines that we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are are two guidelines that we set
+down last time we'd like to verify first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down last time we'd like to verify first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down last time we'd like to verify first
+of all whether the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all whether the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all whether the bilinear
+transformation in fact preserves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in fact preserves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in fact preserves the
+characteristics the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics the frequency
+characteristics that is whether it maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that is whether it maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that is whether it maps
+from the J Omega axis to the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the J Omega axis to the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the J Omega axis to the unit circle
+first and second of all does it map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second of all does it map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and second of all does it map
+stable analog filters to stable digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable analog filters to stable digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable analog filters to stable digital
+filters well let's look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters well let's look at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters well let's look at the first
+question first let's look at the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first let's look at the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question first let's look at the unit
+circle and inquire as to what part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and inquire as to what part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and inquire as to what part of
+the J om of the S plane the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J om of the S plane the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J om of the S plane the unit circle
+came from so we have then zal e the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from so we have then zal e the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from so we have then zal e the J
+Omega on the unit circle and so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega on the unit circle and so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega on the unit circle and so we want
+to inquire as to what values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s land on the unit circle through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s land on the unit circle through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s land on the unit circle through the
+bilinear transformation and we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation and we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation and we do that
+simply by substituting zal e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by substituting zal e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by substituting zal e to the J
+Omega so that s is equal to 2 capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that s is equal to 2 capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so that s is equal to 2 capital T
+* 1 - eus J Omega / 1 + eus J Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 - eus J Omega / 1 + eus J Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 - eus J Omega / 1 + eus J Omega and
+now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+can change this term and likewise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change this term and likewise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change this term and likewise the
+denominator term by factoring out e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator term by factoring out e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator term by factoring out e to
+the minus J Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus J Omega over
+2 and then this numerator term becomes e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then this numerator term becomes e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then this numerator term becomes e
+to the plus J Omega / 2 minus E to Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus J Omega / 2 minus E to Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus J Omega / 2 minus E to Theus
+J Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega over
+two and we recognize this numerator then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we recognize this numerator then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and we recognize this numerator then
+as 2 J * sin Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 J * sin Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 J * sin Omega
+over2 well likewise we can carry out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 well likewise we can carry out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 well likewise we can carry out a
+similar manipulation with a denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar manipulation with a denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar manipulation with a denominator
+term the result then is that this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the result then is that this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term the result then is that this can be
+Rewritten as 2 over capital T time J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten as 2 over capital T time J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten as 2 over capital T time J
+times the tangent of Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the tangent of Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the tangent of Omega over
+2 well since Omega ranges from0 to 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 well since Omega ranges from0 to 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 well since Omega ranges from0 to 2 pi
+this is always a real number tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always a real number tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always a real number tangent
+Omega / 2 and consequently we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega / 2 and consequently we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega / 2 and consequently we can
+rewrite this as J times a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as J times a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as J times a real number
+Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital
+Omega all right well what does that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega all right well what does that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega all right well what does that say
+it says that if Z is on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if Z is on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if Z is on the unit
+circle then s is going to be of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle then s is going to be of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle then s is going to be of the form
+J times a real number and that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J times a real number and that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J times a real number and that has to
+have been then the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been then the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been then the J Omega
+axis so s equal to J Omega means Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so s equal to J Omega means Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so s equal to J Omega means Z
+equals e to the J Omega where Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to the J Omega where Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to the J Omega where Capital
+Omega and little Omega are related by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and little Omega are related by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and little Omega are related by
+Capital Omega equal to 2 over capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Omega equal to 2 over capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Omega equal to 2 over capital T
+time the tangent of little Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the tangent of little Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the tangent of little Omega over
+2 well that says that indeed the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 well that says that indeed the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 well that says that indeed the J Omega
+axis gets mapped to the unit circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis gets mapped to the unit circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis gets mapped to the unit circle and
+vice versa and in fact the entire J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa and in fact the entire J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa and in fact the entire J
+Omega axis gets mapped to exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis gets mapped to exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis gets mapped to exactly once
+around the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit
+circle well let's look at the mapping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well let's look at the mapping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well let's look at the mapping in
+a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more
+detail here we have the S plane and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here we have the S plane and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here we have the S plane and here
+we have the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the Z
+plane we have the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we have the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we have the relationship between
+the J Omega axis and the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Omega axis and the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J Omega axis and the unit circle
+that the J Omega axis gets mapped to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the J Omega axis gets mapped to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the J Omega axis gets mapped to the
+unit circle and in fact as capital Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle and in fact as capital Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle and in fact as capital Omega
+runs from minus infinity to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs from minus infinity to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs from minus infinity to plus
+infinity we map exactly once around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity we map exactly once around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity we map exactly once around the
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+circle now that's an important point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle now that's an important point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle now that's an important point for
+two reasons one is that obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reasons one is that obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reasons one is that obviously
+there's no aliasing involved anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no aliasing involved anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no aliasing involved anymore
+because the entire J Omega axis ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the entire J Omega axis ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the entire J Omega axis ended up
+once around the unit circle that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once around the unit circle that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once around the unit circle that is
+there was nothing that got added onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing that got added onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nothing that got added onto
+something else that got added onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that got added onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that got added onto
+something else as it did with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else as it did with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else as it did with the
+impulse and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and variant
+method the second point is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the second point is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method the second point is that that
+axis is infinitely long the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is infinitely long the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is infinitely long the unit circle
+only has a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has a finite
+circumference so clearly something has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference so clearly something has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference so clearly something has
+to happen something has to be distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen something has to be distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen something has to be distorted
+in order to fit all of that onto just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to fit all of that onto just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to fit all of that onto just
+this little bit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bit in
+particular the mapping if we draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the mapping if we draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the mapping if we draw it
+between little Omega angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between little Omega angular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between little Omega angular frequency
+around the unit circle and distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle and distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the unit circle and distance
+along the J Omega axis looks as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the J Omega axis looks as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the J Omega axis looks as I've
+indicated here which of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here which of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated here which of course is a
+nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear
+curve well let me return to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve well let me return to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve well let me return to that in a
+second an additional point about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second an additional point about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second an additional point about the
+bilinear transformation which I'll State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation which I'll State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation which I'll State
+simply and leave it to you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and leave it to you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply and leave it to you to
+verify is that the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify is that the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify is that the bilinear
+transformation has the property that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation has the property that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation has the property that the
+left half of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half of the S
+plane gets mapped to the interior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane gets mapped to the interior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane gets mapped to the interior of the
+unit circle and the right half of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle and the right half of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle and the right half of the S
+plane gets mapped to the exterior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane gets mapped to the exterior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane gets mapped to the exterior of the
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+circle well that's good because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well that's good because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well that's good because that
+says that if we have poles or zeros but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if we have poles or zeros but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if we have poles or zeros but
+poles is what we really care about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles is what we really care about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles is what we really care about right
+now if we have poles in the left half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we have poles in the left half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we have poles in the left half of
+the S plane they'll end up inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane they'll end up inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane they'll end up inside the
+unit circle so if we have a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle so if we have a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle so if we have a stable
+analog filter we'll end up with a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter we'll end up with a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter we'll end up with a stable
+digital filter if we have a an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter if we have a an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter if we have a an unstable
+analog filter correspond oning to poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter correspond oning to poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter correspond oning to poles
+in the right half of the S plane then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right half of the S plane then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right half of the S plane then
+we'll end up with an unstable digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with an unstable digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with an unstable digital
+filter corresponding to poles outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter corresponding to poles outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter corresponding to poles outside
+the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+circle all right well now returning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle all right well now returning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle all right well now returning to
+the mapping of the J Omega access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping of the J Omega access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping of the J Omega access to
+digital frequency the mapping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency the mapping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency the mapping from
+analog frequency to D digital frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency to D digital frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency to D digital frequency
+one of the important aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important aspects of the
+bilinear transformation is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear transformation is that that
+mapping ends up as a nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping ends up as a nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping ends up as a nonlinear
+mapping well what are the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping well what are the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping well what are the consequences
+of that let's take a look at it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that let's take a look at it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that let's take a look at it in a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+detail and in addition to pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and in addition to pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and in addition to pointing out
+some of the problems that that raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems that that raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the problems that that raises
+this offers us an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this offers us an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this offers us an opportunity to
+indicate how in fact this Distortion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how in fact this Distortion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how in fact this Distortion can
+be taken into account in implementing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken into account in implementing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken into account in implementing a
+digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter
+design so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so here is the
+the frequency mapping of the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency mapping of the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency mapping of the bilinear
+transformation this is digital frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this is digital frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation this is digital frequency
+here's analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's analog
+frequency and this curve of course goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this curve of course goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this curve of course goes
+out to Infinity in capital Omega and ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Infinity in capital Omega and ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to Infinity in capital Omega and ASM
+totically approaches pi as it does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically approaches pi as it does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totically approaches pi as it does that
+in little Omega that says that the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little Omega that says that the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little Omega that says that the top
+half of the J Omega axis gets mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the J Omega axis gets mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the J Omega axis gets mapped to
+the upper half of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper half of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper half of the unit
+circle well suppose that we had say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well suppose that we had say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well suppose that we had say an
+analog L filter frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog L filter frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog L filter frequency
+response that was let's say linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that was let's say linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that was let's say linear in
+frequency would the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency would the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency would the corresponding
+digital frequency response also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency response also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency response also be
+linear in frequency well the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in frequency well the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in frequency well the answer to
+that unfortunately is no in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfortunately is no in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unfortunately is no in other words
+a frequency characteristic along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency characteristic along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency characteristic along this
+axis will get distorted as it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis will get distorted as it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis will get distorted as it gets
+reflected through this nonlinear curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected through this nonlinear curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected through this nonlinear curve
+for examp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for examp
+example let's look specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's look specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's look specifically
+at a linear analog frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a linear analog frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a linear analog frequency
+characteristic as I've indicated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic as I've indicated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic as I've indicated here
+which might for example be the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might for example be the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might for example be the frequency
+response of a differentiator that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a differentiator that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a differentiator that in
+fact is the kind of frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is the kind of frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is the kind of frequency response
+that a differentiator might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a differentiator might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a differentiator might
+have as we reflect that through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as we reflect that through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as we reflect that through this
+nonlinear curve because of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear curve because of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear curve because of the fact that
+that's nonlinear we don't maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nonlinear we don't maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's nonlinear we don't maintain
+the linearity of the analog frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity of the analog frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity of the analog frequency
+response now if it happened that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response now if it happened that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response now if it happened that this
+was the kind of frequency response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the kind of frequency response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the kind of frequency response that
+we wanted we could get that from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted we could get that from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted we could get that from an
+analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog
+differentiator but more typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator but more typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator but more typically what
+we might be interested in is a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be interested in is a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be interested in is a digital
+differentiator which would have say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator which would have say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator which would have say a
+linear frequency characteristic and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear frequency characteristic and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear frequency characteristic and one
+of the important aspects of the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important aspects of the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important aspects of the bilinear
+transformation is that we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that we couldn't
+design that by designing by mapping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that by designing by mapping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design that by designing by mapping over
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+analog differentiator to a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog differentiator to a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog differentiator to a digital
+differentiator using the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator using the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator using the bilinear
+transformation now that's in contrast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation now that's in contrast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation now that's in contrast to
+the impulse invariant design procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse invariant design procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse invariant design procedure
+where in fact for an Impulse invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in fact for an Impulse invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in fact for an Impulse invariant
+design if we have a band limited filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design if we have a band limited filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design if we have a band limited filter
+that is linear over some part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is linear over some part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is linear over some part of the
+frequency band impulse and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency band impulse and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency band impulse and variance
+would maintain the linearity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would maintain the linearity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would maintain the linearity of the
+frequency characteristics so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics so that's an
+important distinction between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important distinction between these two
+methods and in fact a drawback to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and in fact a drawback to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and in fact a drawback to the
+bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear
+transformation well where might we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well where might we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well where might we be
+able to tolerate this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to tolerate this kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to tolerate this kind of a
+nonlinear Distortion in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear Distortion in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear Distortion in the frequency
+axis one place we could is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis one place we could is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis one place we could is when the
+desired digital filter is piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired digital filter is piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired digital filter is piecewise
+constant in which case that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in which case that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in which case that will get
+reflected into a piecewise constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected into a piecewise constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected into a piecewise constant
+analog filter and let me indicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter and let me indicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter and let me indicate that
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicitly let's suppose that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly let's suppose that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly let's suppose that we were
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+designing an anal a digital filter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing an anal a digital filter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing an anal a digital filter which
+was a low pass filter here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a low pass filter here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a low pass filter here's the
+magnitude axis and here's the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude axis and here's the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude axis and here's the frequency
+axis and the digital low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the digital low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the digital low pass filter
+was Unity say in the pass band a a rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Unity say in the pass band a a rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Unity say in the pass band a a rapid
+cut off at the pass band Edge and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off at the pass band Edge and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off at the pass band Edge and then
+zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well
+clearly this part being constant gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this part being constant gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this part being constant gets
+reflected through this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected through this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected through this nonlinear
+frequency curve into a constant analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency curve into a constant analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency curve into a constant analog
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+characteristic similarly the stop end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic similarly the stop end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic similarly the stop end
+gets reflected into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected into a
+constant ampl ude in this case Zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant ampl ude in this case Zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant ampl ude in this case Zero in
+the analog frequency response and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog frequency response and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog frequency response and what's
+the effect of the this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the this nonlinear
+Distortion in the frequency axis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion in the frequency axis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion in the frequency axis the
+only effect that it has is that the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only effect that it has is that the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only effect that it has is that the cut
+off frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off frequency of the
+filter or in the more General case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter or in the more General case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter or in the more General case the
+frequencies at which the piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at which the piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at which the piecewise
+constant characteristic changes from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant characteristic changes from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant characteristic changes from one
+piece to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to
+another gets changed according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gets changed according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another gets changed according to this
+frequency warping characteristic so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency warping characteristic so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency warping characteristic so this
+cut off frequency gets converted into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off frequency gets converted into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off frequency gets converted into a
+new cut off frequency where the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cut off frequency where the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new cut off frequency where the analog
+cut off frequency is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off frequency is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off frequency is related to the
+digital cut off frequency according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital cut off frequency according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital cut off frequency according to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+now in a and so one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a and so one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a and so one of the things that
+that says is that for the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says is that for the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says is that for the filter
+design if we wanted to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design if we wanted to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design if we wanted to design
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ideal digital filter an ideal digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal digital filter an ideal digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal digital filter an ideal digital
+low pass filter then to decide on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter then to decide on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter then to decide on the
+specifications for the ideal analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications for the ideal analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications for the ideal analog
+filter we would simply pre-warp what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we would simply pre-warp what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we would simply pre-warp what's
+called pre-ww warping pre-warp the cutof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pre-ww warping pre-warp the cutof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called pre-ww warping pre-warp the cutof
+frequency to an analog cutof frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to an analog cutof frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to an analog cutof frequency
+which would get unraveled back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would get unraveled back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would get unraveled back to the
+right cutof frequency when we go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cutof frequency when we go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cutof frequency when we go through
+the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bilinear
+transformation now we know that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation now we know that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation now we know that aren't
+ideal filters and so in fact we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal filters and so in fact we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal filters and so in fact we're in
+general faced with the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general faced with the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general faced with the problem of
+approximating a characteristic like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating a characteristic like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating a characteristic like that
+but if the specifications for the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the specifications for the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the specifications for the filter
+are still piece-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still piece-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still piece-wise
+constant then in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant then in fact we can
+still concentrate just simply on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still concentrate just simply on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still concentrate just simply on a
+pre-ww warping of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ww warping of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-ww warping of the critical
+frequencies and the the peie wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and the the peie wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and the the peie wise
+constant portions of the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant portions of the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant portions of the frequency
+response will then fall in the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response will then fall in the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response will then fall in the correct
+places and let me illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and let me illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places and let me illustrate
+that by showing a more realistic kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by showing a more realistic kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by showing a more realistic kind of
+filter frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response well that's pretty close all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response well that's pretty close all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response well that's pretty close all
+right here we have what would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we have what would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we have what would be more
+typical of the digital filter that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of the digital filter that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of the digital filter that we
+would design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would design and
+Implement some allowed tolerance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement some allowed tolerance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Implement some allowed tolerance in the
+pass band some allowed tolerance in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band some allowed tolerance in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band some allowed tolerance in the
+stop band a pass band cutof frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band a pass band cutof frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band a pass band cutof frequency
+and a stop band cutof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stop band cutof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a stop band cutof
+frequency well if that was our desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency well if that was our desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency well if that was our desired
+digital filter then how would those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter then how would those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter then how would those
+specifications translate to an analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications translate to an analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications translate to an analog
+filter well if the deviation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well if the deviation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well if the deviation in the
+digital filter was between 1 and 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter was between 1 and 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter was between 1 and 1 minus
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+sub then that would get converted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub then that would get converted into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub then that would get converted into
+specifications on the analog filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications on the analog filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications on the analog filter
+likewise between 1 and 1 minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise between 1 and 1 minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise between 1 and 1 minus Delta
+subp the pass band cut off edge would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp the pass band cut off edge would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp the pass band cut off edge would
+get reflected through this nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reflected through this nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get reflected through this nonlinear
+curve to a new analog cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to a new analog cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to a new analog cut off
+frequency likewise the transition region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency likewise the transition region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency likewise the transition region
+would get reflected in to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get reflected in to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get reflected in to a new
+transition region if this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region if this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region if this frequency
+characteristic was let's say linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was let's say linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was let's say linear in
+the transition region of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition region of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition region of course it
+wouldn't end up linear in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't end up linear in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't end up linear in this
+transition region but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition region but who
+cares the stop band Edge would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares the stop band Edge would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares the stop band Edge would get
+reflected into a new stop band Edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected into a new stop band Edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected into a new stop band Edge and
+finally the stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the stop band
+specifications uh let's say Delta Subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications uh let's say Delta Subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications uh let's say Delta Subs
+would get mapped to the same stop B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get mapped to the same stop B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get mapped to the same stop B
+specifications Delta Subs furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications Delta Subs furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications Delta Subs furthermore
+notice that if let's say we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if let's say we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if let's say we had an
+Optimum filter which turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum filter which turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimum filter which turns out to be
+equa Ripple for the digital case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equa Ripple for the digital case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equa Ripple for the digital case then
+that would correspond to a an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to a an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to a an equal
+Ripple filter in the analog case or set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple filter in the analog case or set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple filter in the analog case or set
+another way if we were able to design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way if we were able to design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way if we were able to design an
+equal Ripple analog filter then mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Ripple analog filter then mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Ripple analog filter then mapped
+through the bilinear transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bilinear transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bilinear transformation that
+would likewise result in an equal Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would likewise result in an equal Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would likewise result in an equal Ripple
+digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+filter so the important Point here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so the important Point here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so the important Point here then
+is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we
+can for peie wise constant frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for peie wise constant frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for peie wise constant frequency
+characteristics and specifications it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and specifications it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and specifications it
+really is only the critical frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is only the critical frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is only the critical frequencies
+that we care about the edge of the pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about the edge of the pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about the edge of the pass
+band the edge of the stop band and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band the edge of the stop band and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band the edge of the stop band and in
+the multiple band case of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple band case of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiple band case of course there
+will be a number of those by pre-ww
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a number of those by pre-ww
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a number of those by pre-ww
+warping those through this arc tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warping those through this arc tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warping those through this arc tangent
+curve into the corresponding analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve into the corresponding analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve into the corresponding analog
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+frequencies if this filter is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies if this filter is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies if this filter is then
+designed and mapped to a digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and mapped to a digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and mapped to a digital filter
+using the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the bilinear
+transformation then the pass band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation then the pass band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation then the pass band and
+stop band edges will fall at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band edges will fall at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band edges will fall at the
+frequencies that we want and um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that we want and um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that we want and um this
+point again will be emphasized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point again will be emphasized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point again will be emphasized in the
+next leure when I show an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next leure when I show an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next leure when I show an example
+comparing the uh when I show a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the uh when I show a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the uh when I show a design
+example comparing impulse and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example comparing impulse and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example comparing impulse and variance
+and the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bilinear
+transformation so the key point then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the key point then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the key point then
+about impulse about the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about impulse about the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about impulse about the bilinear
+transformation is that it avoids the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that it avoids the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is that it avoids the
+problem of aliasing at a price the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of aliasing at a price the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of aliasing at a price the price
+is that there's a distortion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a distortion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's a distortion in the
+frequency axis and so consequently we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis and so consequently we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis and so consequently we
+can only use the bilinear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use the bilinear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use the bilinear transformation
+to design filters that can tolerate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design filters that can tolerate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design filters that can tolerate that
+Distortion typically that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion typically that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion typically that means
+designing peace wise constant digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing peace wise constant digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing peace wise constant digital
+filters all right well that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters all right well that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters all right well that basically
+concludes the discussion of the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the discussion of the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes the discussion of the design
+techniques that correspond to mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that correspond to mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that correspond to mapping
+analog filter designs to digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter designs to digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter designs to digital filter
+designs there is one final class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs there is one final class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs there is one final class of
+techniques that I would like to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that I would like to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that I would like to just
+comment on somewhat briefly and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on somewhat briefly and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on somewhat briefly and that is
+the class of techniques that correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of techniques that correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of techniques that correspond
+to algorithmic design now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to algorithmic design now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to algorithmic design now there are
+algorithmic design procedures for analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic design procedures for analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic design procedures for analog
+filters and the same analytical uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and the same analytical uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and the same analytical uh the
+same algorithmic procedures can likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same algorithmic procedures can likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same algorithmic procedures can likewise
+be used for digital filters since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for digital filters since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used for digital filters since we
+have to go through an algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through an algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through an algorithmic
+procedure in fact there's no advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in fact there's no advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in fact there's no advantage
+in that case to First designing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case to First designing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case to First designing the
+analog filter and then mapping that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter and then mapping that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter and then mapping that over
+to the digital filter rather for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the digital filter rather for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the digital filter rather for these
+algorithmic techniques it makes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic techniques it makes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic techniques it makes more
+sense to just simply apply them directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to just simply apply them directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to just simply apply them directly
+to the design of a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the design of a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the design of a digital
+filter well there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well there are a number of
+techniques actually a fairly long list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques actually a fairly long list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques actually a fairly long list
+uh many of them simple modifications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many of them simple modifications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many of them simple modifications of
+others there are only two that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others there are only two that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others there are only two that I want to
+point to in this lecture when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to in this lecture when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to in this lecture when we talk
+about the design of finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the design of finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the design of finite impulse
+response filters there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filters there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filters there are some
+additional algorithmic design procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional algorithmic design procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional algorithmic design procedures
+that we point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we point
+to well the first algorithmic design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the first algorithmic design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the first algorithmic design
+procedure which which I'm restricting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which which I'm restricting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which which I'm restricting in
+my discussion here to the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my discussion here to the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my discussion here to the design of
+infinite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response
+filters the first is simply designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters the first is simply designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters the first is simply designing
+the filter to minimize the mean square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter to minimize the mean square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter to minimize the mean square
+error between the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error between the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error between the desired frequency
+characteristic the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic the desired frequency
+response and the actual frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the actual frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the actual frequency
+response so let's assume that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so let's assume that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so let's assume that we have
+some desired frequency response h subd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desired frequency response h subd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some desired frequency response h subd
+of e to the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e to the J Omega
+we would like to match that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to match that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to match that with the
+frequency response of the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response of the rational
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+function it of course is isn't possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it of course is isn't possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it of course is isn't possible
+to attempt to do that at an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attempt to do that at an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to attempt to do that at an arbitrary
+number of frequencies so we can pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of frequencies so we can pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of frequencies so we can pick out
+some set of frequencies Omega subai at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of frequencies Omega subai at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of frequencies Omega subai at
+which we would like to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would like to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we would like to minimize the
+error between the the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error between the the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error between the the desired frequency
+response and the actual frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the actual frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and the actual frequency
+response the error then which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the error then which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response the error then which will be
+using or one error which is used is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using or one error which is used is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using or one error which is used is the
+error that corresponds to minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that corresponds to minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that corresponds to minimization
+of the mean square error is the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mean square error is the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mean square error is the mean
+Square difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square difference between the
+magnitude of the actual transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the actual transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the actual transfer
+function and the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the magnitude of the
+desired transfer function so this error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired transfer function so this error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired transfer function so this error
+then summed over the frequency points at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then summed over the frequency points at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then summed over the frequency points at
+which we specify the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we specify the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we specify the desired frequency
+response this error then is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response this error then is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response this error then is to be
+minimized well how do we pick H well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized well how do we pick H well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized well how do we pick H well the
+general form for H is as a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form for H is as a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form for H is as a rational
+function that's what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's what we've been
+restricting ourselves to throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting ourselves to throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting ourselves to throughout the
+discussion it's a rational function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it's a rational function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion it's a rational function of
+Z and expressed for example in Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and expressed for example in Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and expressed for example in Cascade
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+involving second order sections that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving second order sections that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving second order sections that is
+two zero two coefficients for the zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two zero two coefficients for the zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two zero two coefficients for the zeros
+and two coefficients for the poles with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two coefficients for the poles with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two coefficients for the poles with
+capital K sections Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K sections Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K sections Al
+together so basically what the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so basically what the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so basically what the procedure
+then consists of it's somewhat brute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then consists of it's somewhat brute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then consists of it's somewhat brute
+force is to specify the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is to specify the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is to specify the order of the
+filter we then have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we then have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter we then have a set of
+coefficients which we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients which we need to solve
+for we have a set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which result from minimizing this error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which result from minimizing this error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which result from minimizing this error
+function and by solving that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and by solving that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and by solving that set of
+equations by minimizing this error we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations by minimizing this error we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations by minimizing this error we
+then what results then are values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what results then are values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what results then are values for
+the parameters which provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters which provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters which provide the
+parameters for the filter that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for the filter that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for the filter that we want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+implement well one of the issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement well one of the issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement well one of the issues with
+this method one of the difficulties with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method one of the difficulties with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method one of the difficulties with
+it of course is that and you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course is that and you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of course is that and you can kind of
+imagine that this is what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is what's going to
+happen is that if you take this rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that if you take this rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that if you take this rational
+function and put it into this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and put it into this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and put it into this equation
+and minimize this error you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minimize this error you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minimize this error you end up with
+a set of equations for the a subk b subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of equations for the a subk b subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of equations for the a subk b subk
+c subk and d subk but it's it's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c subk and d subk but it's it's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c subk and d subk but it's it's a set of
+nonlinear equations and basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations and basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations and basically what
+the algorithmic part of this design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithmic part of this design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithmic part of this design
+procedure amounts to is algorithmically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure amounts to is algorithmically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure amounts to is algorithmically
+solving this nonlinear set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this nonlinear set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this nonlinear set of
+equations well let me just illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well let me just illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well let me just illustrate
+with one simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one simple example
+how the this procedure what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the this procedure what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the this procedure what type of
+filter this procedure might lead to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter this procedure might lead to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter this procedure might lead to I
+don't want to obviously go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to obviously go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to obviously go through all
+the details of solving the equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of solving the equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of solving the equations but
+let's just quickly look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just quickly look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just quickly look at an
+example this is an example incidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an example incidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is an example incidentally
+that uh is taken from a paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is taken from a paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is taken from a paper by
+Professor Kenneth steglitz at Princeton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Kenneth steglitz at Princeton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Kenneth steglitz at Princeton
+University and the objective here was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and the objective here was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and the objective here was to
+design what's called a format filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design what's called a format filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design what's called a format filter
+which is used for speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used for speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used for speech
+synthesis and the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and the frequency
+characteristic that was the aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that was the aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that was the aspects of
+the frequency characteristic that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency characteristic that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency characteristic that were
+important were to have Peaks at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important were to have Peaks at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important were to have Peaks at this
+frequency and this frequency and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this frequency and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and this frequency and this
+frequency those are the Peaks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency those are the Peaks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency those are the Peaks that
+incident ly correspond to the resonances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident ly correspond to the resonances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident ly correspond to the resonances
+of the vocal tract and to have valleys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vocal tract and to have valleys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vocal tract and to have valleys
+in between those Peaks well one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between those Peaks well one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between those Peaks well one of the
+things that you can see from the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can see from the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can see from the kind of
+filter that we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that we're talking about
+designing here is that this isn't peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing here is that this isn't peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing here is that this isn't peace
+wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise
+constant and in fact it's not band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and in fact it's not band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and in fact it's not band
+limited and it tends to have it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited and it tends to have it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited and it tends to have it's not
+arbitary of course but it's a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary of course but it's a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitary of course but it's a much more
+General sort of frequency characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General sort of frequency characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General sort of frequency characteristic
+shape than we had been talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape than we had been talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape than we had been talking about in
+discussing the previous methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the previous methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the previous methods in
+particular than we had been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular than we had been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular than we had been talking
+about in discussing the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in discussing the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in discussing the bilinear
+transformation well the procedure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well the procedure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well the procedure that
+was used then was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used then was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used then was to
+specify values of the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify values of the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify values of the desired frequency
+response and to try to specify them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and to try to specify them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and to try to specify them in
+such a way that the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the frequency
+characteristic was more or less forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was more or less forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic was more or less forced
+to go through the proper values at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the proper values at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the proper values at the
+important frequencies so what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important frequencies so what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important frequencies so what was
+specified then was a point here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified then was a point here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified then was a point here the
+frequency response was specified to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response was specified to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response was specified to have
+that value there one here to get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value there one here to get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value there one here to get us
+heading toward the resonance three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading toward the resonance three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading toward the resonance three
+points at the peak of the resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at the peak of the resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at the peak of the resonance
+there three points to force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there three points to force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there three points to force the
+frequency response back down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response back down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response back down again
+another three to bring it back up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three to bring it back up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three to bring it back up for
+the second resonance a few points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second resonance a few points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second resonance a few points
+distributed along here to provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed along here to provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed along here to provide a
+general characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general characteristic
+to tend toward the next resonance three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tend toward the next resonance three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tend toward the next resonance three
+points at this resonance and then a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at this resonance and then a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at this resonance and then a few
+points to have the frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to have the frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to have the frequency response
+taper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taper
+off well what was used was a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off well what was used was a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off well what was used was a total of
+three second order sections and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three second order sections and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three second order sections and the
+resulting frequency response that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting frequency response that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting frequency response that was
+obtained is what is shown here in solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained is what is shown here in solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained is what is shown here in solid
+lines and you can see that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you can see that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you can see that in fact
+that's a reasonably good fit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonably good fit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonably good fit to the
+points that were specified this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that were specified this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that were specified this
+particular example uh I chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example uh I chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example uh I chose to
+illustrate primarily because it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate primarily because it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate primarily because it's one of
+the harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harder
+examples involving the minimization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples involving the minimization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples involving the minimization of
+mean square error and in fact in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square error and in fact in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square error and in fact in terms
+of computer time on an IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer time on an IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computer time on an IBM
+36065 this particular example required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36065 this particular example required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36065 this particular example required
+approximately two and a half minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately two and a half minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately two and a half minutes so
+that's a reasonable amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable amount of
+computation but one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but one of the important
+aspects to it is that it allows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it is that it allows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects to it is that it allows the
+design and it allowed the design of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and it allowed the design of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and it allowed the design of a
+somewhat General frequency shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat General frequency shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat General frequency shape
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+characteristic all right so that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic all right so that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic all right so that is one
+algorithmic method and it in fact is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic method and it in fact is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic method and it in fact is a
+good method it's one of the methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good method it's one of the methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good method it's one of the methods that
+is commonly used particularly when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly used particularly when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is commonly used particularly when the
+frequency when some of the other methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency when some of the other methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency when some of the other methods
+the bilinear transformation or impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bilinear transformation or impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bilinear transformation or impulse
+and variance can't be used because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance can't be used because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variance can't be used because the
+filter isn't of a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter isn't of a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter isn't of a simple
+form but one of the major disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but one of the major disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form but one of the major disadvantages
+to it is the fact that the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it is the fact that the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it is the fact that the equations
+that result are nonlinear equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result are nonlinear equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result are nonlinear equations and
+in general solving nonlinear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general solving nonlinear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general solving nonlinear equations
+is a fairly difficult algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairly difficult algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fairly difficult algorithmic
+job well there's an alternative to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job well there's an alternative to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job well there's an alternative to that
+which is a method which is commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a method which is commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a method which is commonly
+referred to as least squares inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as least squares inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as least squares inverse
+design and in that design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and in that design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and in that design
+procedure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure we
+can imagine specifying a desired impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine specifying a desired impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine specifying a desired impulse
+response and in this case we restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and in this case we restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and in this case we restrict
+the filter frequency the filter transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter frequency the filter transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter frequency the filter transfer
+function to have no zeros and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to have no zeros and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to have no zeros and only
+poles well it turns out and I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles well it turns out and I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles well it turns out and I don't want
+to elaborate on the details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate on the details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate on the details but
+basically the way this procedure is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way this procedure is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way this procedure is set
+up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is
+to consider a system whose system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider a system whose system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider a system whose system
+function is the inverse of H of Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the inverse of H of Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the inverse of H of Z so
+that that system is an all zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that system is an all zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that system is an all zero
+system and then choose as an input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then choose as an input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then choose as an input to
+that system the desired unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system the desired unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system the desired unit sample
+response now we have the desired unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response now we have the desired unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response now we have the desired unit
+sample response is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response is the
+input we've got the re reciprocal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we've got the re reciprocal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we've got the re reciprocal of the
+filter that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that we're going to
+implement in this as the system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement in this as the system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement in this as the system function
+and if in fact the realized unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if in fact the realized unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if in fact the realized unit sample
+response was exactly equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response was exactly equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response was exactly equal to the
+desired unit sample response what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired unit sample response what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired unit sample response what would
+the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output
+be well it would be a unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well it would be a unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well it would be a unit sample
+because this would be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this would be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this would be exactly the
+inverse of this unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of this unit sample
+response well let's think of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response well let's think of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response well let's think of the output
+as G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as G of
+n and ideally G of n should be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and ideally G of n should be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and ideally G of n should be an
+Impulse a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Impulse a unit
+sample well in general of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample well in general of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample well in general of course it
+won't be since h subd of n we won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be since h subd of n we won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be since h subd of n we won't be
+able to fit exactly by a model of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fit exactly by a model of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to fit exactly by a model of that
+form so let's consider the error which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so let's consider the error which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so let's consider the error which
+is the mean Square difference between G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean Square difference between G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mean Square difference between G
+of N and a unit sample and that then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and a unit sample and that then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N and a unit sample and that then is
+the error that we minimize so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error that we minimize so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error that we minimize so so the
+idea behind the least squares inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind the least squares inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea behind the least squares inverse
+design is basically to design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is basically to design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is basically to design the
+inverse to the desired unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to the desired unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse to the desired unit sample
+response do that by minimizing the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response do that by minimizing the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response do that by minimizing the mean
+square error between the output of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square error between the output of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square error between the output of this
+inverse system and the desired output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse system and the desired output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse system and the desired output
+and the desired output of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the desired output of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the desired output of course is a
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+sample well there's the legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample well there's the legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample well there's the legitimate
+question as to whether that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as to whether that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question as to whether that is a
+reasonable error Criterion to use it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable error Criterion to use it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable error Criterion to use it's
+of course a possible error Criterion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a possible error Criterion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a possible error Criterion to
+use but but one can ask why in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but but one can ask why in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but but one can ask why in the world
+would you want to set up the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to set up the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to set up the problem
+that way well there's a very good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way well there's a very good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way well there's a very good reason
+the reason is that if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that if you do that
+minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this
+error in terms of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in terms of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in terms of these
+coefficients the equations that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the equations that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the equations that result
+are linear equations and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear equations and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are linear equations and linear
+equations are simple equations to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are simple equations to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are simple equations to solve
+as opposed to nonlinear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to nonlinear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to nonlinear equations
+so this is a technique that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a technique that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a technique that in fact
+turns out to be a good technique for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a good technique for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be a good technique for a
+wide variety of filters it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of filters it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of filters it has the
+important advantage that it leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important advantage that it leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important advantage that it leads to a
+set of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of linear
+equations as opposed to the minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as opposed to the minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as opposed to the minimization
+of mean square error which leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mean square error which leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mean square error which leads to a
+set of nonlinear equations well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of nonlinear equations well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of nonlinear equations well this is
+just a very quick Glimpse at uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very quick Glimpse at uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a very quick Glimpse at uh two
+algorithmic design procedures as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic design procedures as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic design procedures as I said
+previously there are are some others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously there are are some others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously there are are some others
+which we won't be going into some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't be going into some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't be going into some of
+which are described in the text and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are described in the text and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are described in the text and
+there are a few related to finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few related to finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few related to finite
+impulse response filters that we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filters that we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response filters that we'll be
+discussing in a number of lectures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in a number of lectures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in a number of lectures in
+the next lecture what I would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture what I would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture what I would like to do
+is review the impulse invariant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is review the impulse invariant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is review the impulse invariant and
+bilinear design procedures since those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear design procedures since those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear design procedures since those
+are the two major design procedures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two major design procedures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two major design procedures for
+infinite impulse response filters review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response filters review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response filters review
+those two procedures through a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two procedures through a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two procedures through a design
+example thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZgYuF0SbPDM.txt b/ZgYuF0SbPDM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4d5407e04142fb045ee27ed507a198e2fce05d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZgYuF0SbPDM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone good morning my name is Kina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone good morning my name is Kina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone good morning my name is Kina
+uh I'm going to be talking about a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to be talking about a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going to be talking about a very
+fundamental Concept in aerodynamics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Concept in aerodynamics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Concept in aerodynamics but
+before I start have you all gone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start have you all gone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I start have you all gone in
+planes before yeah okay have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes before yeah okay have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes before yeah okay have you
+wondered how does the pilot land the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered how does the pilot land the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered how does the pilot land the
+plane a little all right so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a little all right so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a little all right so I'm going to
+explain two concepts that help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain two concepts that help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain two concepts that help you
+understand how you actually land the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you actually land the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you actually land the
+plane and these two concepts are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and these two concepts are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and these two concepts are the
+concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of
+lift and angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift and angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lift and angle of
+attack so I will like you to picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack so I will like you to picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack so I will like you to picture a
+plane going through the skies and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane going through the skies and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane going through the skies and in
+real life the planes don't don't fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life the planes don't don't fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life the planes don't don't fly
+perfectly horizontal they actually fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly horizontal they actually fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly horizontal they actually fly
+at an angle and uh we're going to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an angle and uh we're going to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at an angle and uh we're going to draw a
+real plane going at an angle and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real plane going at an angle and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real plane going at an angle and this
+angle between the horizontal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the horizontal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the horizontal and the
+plane is going to be known as Alpha the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is going to be known as Alpha the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is going to be known as Alpha the
+angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attack and its value is usually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and its value is usually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack and its value is usually about
+10° so that's why it seems that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10° so that's why it seems that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10° so that's why it seems that you're
+going uphill when you walk across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uphill when you walk across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uphill when you walk across the
+plane now there are two forces acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane now there are two forces acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane now there are two forces acting on
+the plane you're going to have gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you're going to have gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane you're going to have gravity
+the weight of the plane pulling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the plane pulling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the plane pulling the
+weight down and you're going to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight down and you're going to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight down and you're going to also
+have a force upwards that's keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force upwards that's keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a force upwards that's keeping the
+plane aoat and that force is called lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane aoat and that force is called lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane aoat and that force is called lift
+which we're going to denote by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L lift is generated as a rushes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L lift is generated as a rushes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L lift is generated as a rushes through
+the wings the wings are designed in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings the wings are designed in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wings the wings are designed in such
+a way that as a goes through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that as a goes through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that as a goes through them
+they're going to generate a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to generate a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to generate a force
+upwards so that's what keeps the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so that's what keeps the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards so that's what keeps the plane
+of float now there's a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of float now there's a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of float now there's a relationship
+between lift and the angle of attack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lift and the angle of attack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between lift and the angle of attack and
+I'm going to illustrate it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to illustrate it in the
+following plug so we're going to have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following plug so we're going to have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following plug so we're going to have on
+the x- axis I'm going to have the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis I'm going to have the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis I'm going to have the angle
+of attack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attack in
+degrees and on the y axis I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and on the y axis I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and on the y axis I'm going to
+have the lift which is a force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lift which is a force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the lift which is a force and
+therefore has units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore has units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore has units of
+Newtons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtons
+now it is known that at small angles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is known that at small angles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it is known that at small angles of
+attack the if you increase the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the if you increase the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the if you increase the angle of
+attack a little bit you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack a little bit you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack a little bit you're going to get
+more lift so if you increase it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lift so if you increase it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lift so if you increase it a little
+bit you get a little more lift so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you get a little more lift so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you get a little more lift so you're
+going to get an upward strength in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an upward strength in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get an upward strength in the
+first part of the plug now imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the plug now imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the plug now imagine that
+you have a very high angle of attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very high angle of attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very high angle of attack
+that the plan's going actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plan's going actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the plan's going actually really
+steep the flow is going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep the flow is going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep the flow is going to be quite
+adverse to the wings and they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse to the wings and they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse to the wings and they're going
+to stop generating lift so if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop generating lift so if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop generating lift so if you make
+the angle even steeper you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle even steeper you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle even steeper you're going to
+get even less lift so that means that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even less lift so that means that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even less lift so that means that in
+this part of the plot at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the plot at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the plot at very high
+angles of attack you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of attack you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of attack you're going to get
+even less even less lift as you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less even less lift as you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less even less lift as you increase
+the angle yes there's a question by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle yes there's a question by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle yes there's a question by
+extreme angles do mean like greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme angles do mean like greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme angles do mean like greater than
+45° or like 10° greater than 15 actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° or like 10° greater than 15 actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° or like 10° greater than 15 actually
+greater than 15 so you have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 15 so you have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 15 so you have these two
+regimes and um there's a smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes and um there's a smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes and um there's a smooth
+transition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in
+between and the the maximum occurs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and the the maximum occurs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and the the maximum occurs at
+15°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15°
+and this condition at which the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this condition at which the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this condition at which the plane
+starts to lose lift is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stall so when an airplane starts to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so when an airplane starts to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so when an airplane starts to lose
+lid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lid it
+stalls now airplanes usually fly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls now airplanes usually fly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalls now airplanes usually fly about
+10° you want the angle of attack to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10° you want the angle of attack to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10° you want the angle of attack to be
+high so that you get a lot of lift but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so that you get a lot of lift but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so that you get a lot of lift but
+not so high that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so high that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so high that you will
+stall so to land the plane what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so to land the plane what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall so to land the plane what does the
+p actually do he approaches the runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p actually do he approaches the runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p actually do he approaches the runway
+at 10° the normal angle and when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10° the normal angle and when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10° the normal angle and when he's
+about to hit the ground he changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to hit the ground he changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to hit the ground he changes the
+angle attack to 15° and stalls so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle attack to 15° and stalls so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle attack to 15° and stalls so they
+lose a lot of lift and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a lot of lift and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a lot of lift and they actually
+crash the plane gently into the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash the plane gently into the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash the plane gently into the ground
+all right are there any questions yes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are there any questions yes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right are there any questions yes do
+the aerodynamics of the plane affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerodynamics of the plane affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerodynamics of the plane affect the
+stall Point uh they do the stall Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall Point uh they do the stall Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stall Point uh they do the stall Point
+depends on the velocity of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the velocity of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the velocity of the plane
+which the plane's going at and the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the plane's going at and the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the plane's going at and the shape
+of the Winds but it's usually around 15°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Winds but it's usually around 15°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Winds but it's usually around 15°
+for any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any sort of
+plane there are planes the ones where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there are planes the ones where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there are planes the ones where
+that actually can fly vertical those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually can fly vertical those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually can fly vertical those
+ones have other sorts of control they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones have other sorts of control they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones have other sorts of control they're
+stalling the wings are stalling but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalling the wings are stalling but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalling the wings are stalling but they
+have fancy moders that can hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fancy moders that can hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fancy moders that can hold that
+angle there were there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle there were there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle there were there was another
+question no yes yes what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question sorry could you be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sorry could you be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question sorry could you be a little
+louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder
+please could you repeat the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please could you repeat the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please could you repeat the question
+please are the wings also angled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please are the wings also angled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please are the wings also angled with
+respect to plane yes yes yes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to plane yes yes yes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to plane yes yes yes so the
+question is if the if the wings have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if the if the wings have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if the if the wings have an
+angle with respect to the plane and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle with respect to the plane and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle with respect to the plane and yes
+they do the the plane moves something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the the plane moves something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do the the plane moves something
+like this and the wings are at a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the wings are at a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and the wings are at a small
+angle of 2 to 3° with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of 2 to 3° with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of 2 to 3° with respect to the
+horizontal of the plane I'm exaggerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal of the plane I'm exaggerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal of the plane I'm exaggerating
+it but it is at a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it is at a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it is at a small
+angle okay but then the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay but then the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay but then the cross-section
+actually changes and if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes and if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changes and if you look at the
+airplane from the front the wings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane from the front the wings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane from the front the wings are
+actually doing something like this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing something like this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing something like this too
+so there's a number of angles going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a number of angles going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a number of angles going on
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plan for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZzUkt-UQCX8.txt b/ZzUkt-UQCX8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bf36159ee133b248a460d3f2851a33c5946c6dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZzUkt-UQCX8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so time for new subject let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so time for new subject let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so time for new subject let's
+introduce the subject and pose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the subject and pose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the subject and pose the
+questions that we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're going to try to
+answer and they I feel that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and they I feel that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and they I feel that with
+identical particles there's lots to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical particles there's lots to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical particles there's lots to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+and it makes it into an interesting way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes it into an interesting way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes it into an interesting way
+to conclude the course so identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude the course so identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude the course so identical
+particles so there is the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so there is the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so there is the issue of
+defining what do you mean by identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what do you mean by identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what do you mean by identical
+particles and then the issue of treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and then the issue of treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and then the issue of treating
+them so what are when do we say that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what are when do we say that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so what are when do we say that two
+particles are identical we say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are identical we say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are identical we say two
+particles are identical if all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are identical if all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are identical if all their
+intrinsic properties like Mass Spain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic properties like Mass Spain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic properties like Mass Spain
+charge magnetic moment if all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge magnetic moment if all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge magnetic moment if all these
+things are the same these two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the same these two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are the same these two particles
+will have particle one and particle two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have particle one and particle two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have particle one and particle two
+are said to be identical for example all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are said to be identical for example all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are said to be identical for example all
+electrons are said to be identical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are said to be identical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are said to be identical and
+if you think about it it's well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it it's well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it it's well what
+does that mean you can have an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean you can have an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean you can have an electron
+moving with some velocity in an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with some velocity in an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with some velocity in an electron
+standing here and they don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing here and they don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing here and they don't look
+identical they have different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they have different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they have different states
+well they're identical in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're identical in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're identical in the sense that
+we said these intrinsic properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said these intrinsic properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said these intrinsic properties are
+the same then those two party have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same then those two party have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same then those two party have the
+same mass they have the Spang spin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass they have the Spang spin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mass they have the Spang spin in
+principle they have the same charge have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they have the same charge have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle they have the same charge have
+the same magnetic moment have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same magnetic moment have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same magnetic moment have all the
+sabers that they can be in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabers that they can be in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabers that they can be in different
+states one electron can be in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states one electron can be in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states one electron can be in one
+momentum state an electron can be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum state an electron can be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum state an electron can be in
+another momentum state when electron can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another momentum state when electron can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another momentum state when electron can
+be in a spin state spin up this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a spin state spin up this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a spin state spin up this can be
+in spin down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spin down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spin down but
+what we would mean is that if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would mean is that if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would mean is that if you would
+put by saying this particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put by saying this particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put by saying this particles are
+identical we also mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we also mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we also mean they're
+indistinguishable what that would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable what that would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable what that would mean
+is that if one of you gives me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if one of you gives me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if one of you gives me an
+electron with spin up with some momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with spin up with some momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron with spin up with some momentum
+state and and yeah let's say spin up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and and yeah let's say spin up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and and yeah let's say spin up and
+some momentum state and another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum state and another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some momentum state and another one of
+you gives me another electron with same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gives me another electron with same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gives me another electron with same
+spin up same momentum state and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up same momentum state and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up same momentum state and I have
+those two electrons and I play with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two electrons and I play with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two electrons and I play with them
+for a minute and I give them back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and I give them back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a minute and I give them back to you
+you have no way of telling you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no way of telling you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no way of telling you got the
+same electron or you got your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same electron or you got your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same electron or you got your friends
+electron there's no possible experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there's no possible experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there's no possible experiment
+that can tell which electron you got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can tell which electron you got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can tell which electron you got so
+when we have identical particles like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have identical particles like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have identical particles like
+electrons elementary particles we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons elementary particles we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons elementary particles we
+understand what it means to be identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it means to be identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it means to be identical
+doesn't mean they're in the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they're in the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean they're in the same state
+it means that this is a particle that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this is a particle that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this is a particle that in
+all the properties intrinsic of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the properties intrinsic of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the properties intrinsic of them are
+the same if you have a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if you have a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if you have a more complicated
+particle you still can use the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you still can use the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle you still can use the concept
+of identical particles over example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identical particles over example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of identical particles over example you
+have a proton a proton is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a proton a proton is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a proton a proton is a more
+complicated particle it has is made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated particle it has is made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated particle it has is made of
+quarks and if you have two protons they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and if you have two protons they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and if you have two protons they
+are identical in that same sense all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical in that same sense all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical in that same sense all the
+properties we can give to the proton the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we can give to the proton the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties we can give to the proton the
+spin state of the proton mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin state of the proton mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin state of the proton mass of the
+proton the dipole moment of a proton the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the dipole moment of a proton the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the dipole moment of a proton the
+magnetic moment of a prayer all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment of a prayer all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moment of a prayer all those
+are the same if you prepare those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same if you prepare those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same if you prepare those
+protons in identical States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in identical States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons in identical States
+I cannot tell which is proton one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot tell which is proton one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot tell which is proton one and
+which is proton two then you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proton two then you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proton two then you have the
+neutrons neutrals the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons neutrals the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons neutrals the same thing you
+have the neutrons can be in several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the neutrons can be in several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the neutrons can be in several
+but two nutrients are considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two nutrients are considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two nutrients are considered to be
+identical we can complicate matters more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we can complicate matters more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical we can complicate matters more
+we can say hydrogen atoms are hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say hydrogen atoms are hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say hydrogen atoms are hydrogen
+atoms identical particles and in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms identical particles and in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms identical particles and in quantum
+mechanics we can think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we can think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we can think of them as
+identical particles or identical atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical particles or identical atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical particles or identical atoms
+or identical molecules or if you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or identical molecules or if you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or identical molecules or if you write a
+wave function for a hydrogen atom a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for a hydrogen atom a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for a hydrogen atom a new
+kind of entity of particle we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of entity of particle we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of entity of particle we will use
+the axioms of identical particles even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axioms of identical particles even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axioms of identical particles even
+for the hydrogen atom but you don't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom but you don't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom but you don't say
+oh no but they're not identical a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no but they're not identical a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no but they're not identical a
+hydrogen atom can be the ground state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom can be the ground state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom can be the ground state or
+can be in an excited state but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in an excited state but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be in an excited state but that's
+the same as saying this electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying this electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying this electron is
+going with little momentum and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with little momentum and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with little momentum and this is
+with high momentum these are states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high momentum these are states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high momentum these are states of
+the hydrogen atom just like a electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom just like a electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom just like a electron
+has spin up and spin down hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has spin up and spin down hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has spin up and spin down hydrogen atom
+has this state that state that state if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this state that state that state if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this state that state that state if
+you arrange them in the same state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you arrange them in the same state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you arrange them in the same state you
+cannot tell they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot tell they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot tell they're different
+so however clear these comments can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so however clear these comments can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so however clear these comments can see
+more confusing perhaps things can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confusing perhaps things can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confusing perhaps things can be a
+little subtle in many ways for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subtle in many ways for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little subtle in many ways for example
+physicists used to think of protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists used to think of protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists used to think of protons and
+neutrons as identical particle I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons as identical particle I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons as identical particle I say the
+same particle so what well that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same particle so what well that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same particle so what well that's the
+way they thought about it it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they thought about it it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they thought about it it's a very
+nice thing if you're working with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing if you're working with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing if you're working with energy
+scales that the proton and neutron mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales that the proton and neutron mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales that the proton and neutron mass
+difference is not that big first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not that big first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not that big first of all
+so at some scale for the resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some scale for the resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at some scale for the resolution of
+some experiments or physicists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments or physicists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some experiments or physicists that
+didn't have that many tools the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that many tools the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have that many tools the proton
+and the neutron were almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neutron were almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neutron were almost identical
+and people invented this term called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people invented this term called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people invented this term called
+Isis spin and you might have heard of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis spin and you might have heard of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis spin and you might have heard of it
+it's a very famous symmetry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very famous symmetry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very famous symmetry of the
+strong interactions in fact for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interactions in fact for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interactions in fact for the
+strong interactions and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interactions and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interactions and you have a
+nucleus whether you're proton or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus whether you're proton or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus whether you're proton or not
+doesn't make that much difference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make that much difference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make that much difference so
+people used to think of a part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to think of a part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people used to think of a part of this
+thing as an Isis pin state just a spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as an Isis pin state just a spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as an Isis pin state just a spin
+1/2 you have spin up spin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 you have spin up spin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 you have spin up spin down
+Isis pin means spin in some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis pin means spin in some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis pin means spin in some new
+direction that this kind of unimaginable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that this kind of unimaginable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that this kind of unimaginable
+but the ISIS spin up would be the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ISIS spin up would be the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ISIS spin up would be the proton
+the ISIS pin down would be the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ISIS pin down would be the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ISIS pin down would be the neutron
+and you will have a doublet so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have a doublet so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will have a doublet so people
+used to think of these two particles as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to think of these two particles as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to think of these two particles as
+different states of a nucleon and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of a nucleon and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of a nucleon and then
+they would say all nucleons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say all nucleons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would say all nucleons are
+identical what do you complain a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical what do you complain a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical what do you complain a proton
+is the same as a neutron is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as a neutron is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as a neutron is just a
+different state of the ISIS spin just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state of the ISIS spin just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different state of the ISIS spin just
+like a spin electron up a spin down is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spin electron up a spin down is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a spin electron up a spin down is
+the same so the power of the formalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so the power of the formalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so the power of the formalism
+in quantum mechanics is that it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics is that it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics is that it allows
+you to treat these things as identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to treat these things as identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to treat these things as identical
+particles and this makes sense if for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and this makes sense if for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and this makes sense if for
+you for your experiments these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for your experiments these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for your experiments these are
+identical things that you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical things that you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical things that you can think of
+different states of that you you may as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of that you you may as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states of that you you may as
+well treat them that way so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well treat them that way so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well treat them that way so this is
+basically what happens now so we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens now so we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens now so we define
+they then deliberately I didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then deliberately I didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then deliberately I didn't write
+anything here I'm gonna get notes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here I'm gonna get notes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything here I'm gonna get notes out
+today on scattering and some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on scattering and some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on scattering and some of these
+things as well so in classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well so in classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as well so in classical mechanics
+classical mechanics identical particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics identical particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics identical particles
+articles are distinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's the main thing how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main thing how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the main thing how are they
+distinguishable well you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable well you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable well you have two
+particles and I can follow whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and I can follow whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and I can follow whenever
+they're moving I can say okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving I can say okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're moving I can say okay this is
+particle one this is particle two with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one this is particle two with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle one this is particle two with
+quantum mechanics you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics you can do the same
+thing when they are really far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when they are really far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing when they are really far away
+those particles and they don't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles and they don't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles and they don't come
+close together there's some sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together there's some sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together there's some sense in
+which classical mechanics sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which classical mechanics sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which classical mechanics sometimes
+supplies and that's when they're far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and that's when they're far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies and that's when they're far
+away now when the particles in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now when the particles in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away now when the particles in quantum
+mechanics that close to each other then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that close to each other then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that close to each other then
+you lose track which one is which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose track which one is which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose track which one is which they
+occupy the same position but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the same position but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy the same position but in
+classical mechanics they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics they're
+distinguishable because you can follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable because you can follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable because you can follow
+their trajectories trajectories which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their trajectories trajectories which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their trajectories trajectories which is
+very nice you have an experiment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice you have an experiment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice you have an experiment you
+follow the particles there are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the particles there are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the particles there are they
+since particle one this is particle two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since particle one this is particle two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since particle one this is particle two
+they're here together they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here together they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're here together they're going
+around and they display you follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and they display you follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and they display you follow the
+trajectories from the beginning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories from the beginning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories from the beginning to the
+end in quantum mechanics there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in quantum mechanics there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end in quantum mechanics there's no such
+thing as the trajectories there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the trajectories there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as the trajectories there's this
+waves the waves mix together they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the waves mix together they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the waves mix together they do
+things and they separate out and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they separate out and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and they separate out and you
+just can't tell what they do there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't tell what they do there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't tell what they do there's
+another technique that we use in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique that we use in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another technique that we use in in
+classical physics that it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics that it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics that it's probably
+also relevant we can tag the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means if you're doing an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if you're doing an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if you're doing an experiment
+with billiard balls colliding you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with billiard balls colliding you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with billiard balls colliding you could
+take a little marker and put a red dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little marker and put a red dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little marker and put a red dot
+on one of them and a black dot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of them and a black dot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one of them and a black dot on the
+other one and that tagging doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one and that tagging doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one and that tagging doesn't
+affect the collisions and you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the collisions and you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the collisions and you can tell
+at the end where is the red ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end where is the red ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end where is the red ball and
+which is the black ball we kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the black ball we kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the black ball we kind of do
+the same in quantum mechanics there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in quantum mechanics there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in quantum mechanics there's no
+way anyone has figured out of tagging a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way anyone has figured out of tagging a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way anyone has figured out of tagging a
+particle without change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle without change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle without change
+drastically the way the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically the way the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drastically the way the interactions
+happen so it's a nice option in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so it's a nice option in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so it's a nice option in
+classical physics but doesn't work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics but doesn't work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical physics but doesn't work in
+quantum mechanics even in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics even in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics even in classical
+physics we have something that survives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics we have something that survives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics we have something that survives
+if you have a Hamiltonian for identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a Hamiltonian for identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a Hamiltonian for identical
+particles or 2p to that Hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or 2p to that Hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or 2p to that Hamiltonian is
+symmetric under the exchange whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric under the exchange whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric under the exchange whatever
+the formula is it's not changed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is it's not changed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is it's not changed if you
+put R 2 P 2 and R 1 P 1 it's a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put R 2 P 2 and R 1 P 1 it's a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put R 2 P 2 and R 1 P 1 it's a symmetric
+thing the Hamiltonians have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the Hamiltonians have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the Hamiltonians have that
+symmetry and there's no way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and there's no way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and there's no way to do this
+so let's let's get to the bottom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's get to the bottom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's get to the bottom the
+real problem with identical particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem with identical particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem with identical particles
+with quantum mechanics there's we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics there's we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics there's we cannot
+tag them once these particles get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag them once these particles get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag them once these particles get
+together you don't know what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you don't know what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you don't know what they did
+you do an experiment of scattering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an experiment of scattering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an experiment of scattering in
+classical mechanics and you put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and you put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and you put two
+particles coming in two detectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles coming in two detectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles coming in two detectors and
+you tagged the particles and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tagged the particles and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tagged the particles and you see
+what they do you do it in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do you do it in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do you do it in quantum
+mechanics and you don't know if article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and you don't know if article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and you don't know if article
+1 did that and particle 2 did this or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 did that and particle 2 did this or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 did that and particle 2 did this or if
+particle 1 did that and particle 2 did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 1 did that and particle 2 did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle 1 did that and particle 2 did
+that it's just not possible to tell just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just not possible to tell just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's just not possible to tell just
+they're very different so how do we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very different so how do we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very different so how do we deal
+with with this well that's the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with this well that's the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with this well that's the subject
+of what we're gonna do but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're gonna do but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're gonna do but let's just
+conclude today by stating the problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude today by stating the problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude today by stating the problem so
+the problem is that when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that when we had
+distinguishable particles in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable particles in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable particles in quantum
+mechanics we used at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we used at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we used at 10
+sir product to describe a state so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir product to describe a state so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir product to describe a state so for
+distinguishable particles this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable particles this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable particles this thing
+with particles say 1 up to n we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particles say 1 up to n we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particles say 1 up to n we would
+use the tensor product on right side I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tensor product on right side I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the tensor product on right side I
+one for the particle one sigh I two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the particle one sigh I two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the particle one sigh I two for
+the particle - sorry I am for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle - sorry I am for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle - sorry I am for the
+particle and and this says particle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and and this says particle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and and this says particle one
+is in the state sigh I want article two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the state sigh I want article two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the state sigh I want article two
+is in the state sorry - sigh I am and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the state sorry - sigh I am and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the state sorry - sigh I am and
+the states are one of many states for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are one of many states for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states are one of many states for
+example that's all good and this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's all good and this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that's all good and this is for
+distinguishable particles and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable particles and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable particles and that's all
+correct now suppose you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now suppose you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct now suppose you have two
+electrons one up and one down if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one up and one down if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one up and one down if they
+are indistinguishable how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indistinguishable how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indistinguishable how are we
+supposed to write the state of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to write the state of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to write the state of the two
+electrons or two spin 1/2 particles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or two spin 1/2 particles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or two spin 1/2 particles or
+maybe in some cases maybe up some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in some cases maybe up some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in some cases maybe up some other
+particles am I supposed to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles am I supposed to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles am I supposed to write that
+the first particle is in state up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first particle is in state up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first particle is in state up and
+the second is in state down or am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is in state down or am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is in state down or am I
+supposed to write that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to write that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to write that the first
+particle is in state down and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is in state down and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is in state down and the second
+part of is in state up how do I describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of is in state up how do I describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of is in state up how do I describe
+the state with this one or with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state with this one or with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state with this one or with this one
+they look equally plausible so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look equally plausible so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look equally plausible so if you
+were in charge of inventing quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in charge of inventing quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in charge of inventing quantum
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one possibility that it may occur to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility that it may occur to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility that it may occur to you
+is that if the particles are defined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the particles are defined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the particles are defined to
+be identical then those two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identical then those two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identical then those two states
+should be identical they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be identical they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be identical they should be
+undistinguishable identical physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undistinguishable identical physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undistinguishable identical physically
+equivalent and this might be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and this might be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and this might be a good
+hypothesis to consider unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis to consider unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis to consider unfortunately
+that does not work you say it seems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not work you say it seems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not work you say it seems so
+logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+I cannot tell the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot tell the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cannot tell the difference between
+this tool can I say that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tool can I say that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tool can I say that they are
+equivalent well no if they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent well no if they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent well no if they would be
+equivalent if equivalent I learnt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if equivalent I learnt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if equivalent I learnt you
+could form a stapes I alpha beta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could form a stapes I alpha beta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could form a stapes I alpha beta which
+is alpha times the first plus minus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha times the first plus minus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is alpha times the first plus minus plus
+beta times the second minus plus and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times the second minus plus and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta times the second minus plus and I'm
+not gonna write all the subscripts nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write all the subscripts nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna write all the subscripts nor
+the tensor sometimes with alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+having this for normalization that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this for normalization that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this for normalization that's a
+normalized state now if all those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized state now if all those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized state now if all those are
+equivalent if those two are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if those two are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent if those two are equivalent
+all these are equivalent for all values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are equivalent for all values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these are equivalent for all values
+and alpha and beta because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha and beta because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha and beta because the
+superposition of equivalent state is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of equivalent state is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of equivalent state is an
+equivalent state but then let's ask for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent state but then let's ask for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent state but then let's ask for
+what is the probability that we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we find the
+two particles in the state size zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles in the state size zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two particles in the state size zero
+which is plus along the x direction x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is plus along the x direction x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is plus along the x direction x
+plus along the x direction you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus along the x direction you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus along the x direction you know
+whatever I do whether this hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I do whether this hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I do whether this hypothesis
+there that those two states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that those two states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that those two states are
+equivalent is correct stay that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent is correct stay that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent is correct stay that this
+plus and plus is can only be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and plus is can only be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and plus is can only be described
+one way plus plus so I asked what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way plus plus so I asked what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way plus plus so I asked what is the
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+this state trial for beta is in the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state trial for beta is in the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state trial for beta is in the plus
+along x and the plus along X now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along x and the plus along X now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along x and the plus along X now you
+remember those pluses are states like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those pluses are states like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember those pluses are states like
+plus plus minus tensor plus plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus minus tensor plus plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus minus tensor plus plus minus
+with a 1 over square root of 2 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 over square root of 2 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 1 over square root of 2 and that
+becomes this so this is 1/2 of plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this so this is 1/2 of plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes this so this is 1/2 of plus plus
+plus plus minus plus minus plus plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus minus plus minus plus plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus minus plus minus plus plus
+minus minus that's the state so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus that's the state so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus that's the state so what is
+the probability at sy alpha beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability at sy alpha beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability at sy alpha beta is
+found in the state size 0 it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the state size 0 it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the state size 0 it's this
+number now if you do the inner product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now if you do the inner product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now if you do the inner product
+of these two vectors only the mixed ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two vectors only the mixed ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two vectors only the mixed ones
+go with each other and this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with each other and this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with each other and this gives you
+1/2 of alpha plus beta squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 of alpha plus beta squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 of alpha plus beta squared and
+one-half of alpha plus beta square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half of alpha plus beta square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half of alpha plus beta square is
+the inner product of these two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of these two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner product of these two states
+and now you see that it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see that it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you see that it depends on the
+values of alpha and beta because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of alpha and beta because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of alpha and beta because this is
+in fact one-half of alpha square plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact one-half of alpha square plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact one-half of alpha square plus
+beta squared plus two real of alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta squared plus two real of alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta squared plus two real of alpha beta
+star and since often Betar normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and since often Betar normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and since often Betar normalized
+this is one-half of 1 or this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one-half of 1 or this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one-half of 1 or this is
+one-half plus real of alpha beta star so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half plus real of alpha beta star so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half plus real of alpha beta star so
+this hypothesis that these two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis that these two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hypothesis that these two states
+are equivalent would mean that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent would mean that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent would mean that these
+states are equivalent for all alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are equivalent for all alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are equivalent for all alpha beta
+that are normalized and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are normalized and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are normalized and then you would
+have that the probability to be found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the probability to be found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that the probability to be found in
+size 0 would depend on what values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 0 would depend on what values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 0 would depend on what values of
+alpha and beta you choose so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta you choose so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta you choose so it's a
+contradiction so we cannot solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so we cannot solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction so we cannot solve the
+problem of the degeneracy of identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the degeneracy of identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the degeneracy of identical
+particles by declaring that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles by declaring that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles by declaring that all the
+states are the same so we have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are the same so we have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are the same so we have to find a
+different way to do it and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to do it and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to do it and that's what
+we will do next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_IX_9ajyOxI.txt b/_IX_9ajyOxI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8548897b01744c5754b260ea49acb7e12255c1df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_IX_9ajyOxI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we consider the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we consider the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we consider the sum of
+independent Poisson random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Poisson random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Poisson random variables and
+we establish a remarkable fact namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we establish a remarkable fact namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we establish a remarkable fact namely
+that the sum is also Poisson this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum is also Poisson this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum is also Poisson this is a
+fact that we can establish by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we can establish by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we can establish by using the
+convolution formula the PMF of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution formula the PMF of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution formula the PMF of the sum
+of independent random variables is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent random variables is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent random variables is the
+convolution of their pmfs so we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of their pmfs so we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of their pmfs so we can take
+two Poisson PMF convolve them carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Poisson PMF convolve them carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Poisson PMF convolve them carry out
+the algebra and find out that in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra and find out that in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algebra and find out that in the end
+you obtain again a Poisson PMF however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain again a Poisson PMF however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you obtain again a Poisson PMF however
+such a derivation is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a derivation is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a derivation is completely
+unintuitive and does not give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitive and does not give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitive and does not give you any
+insight instead we will derive this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight instead we will derive this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight instead we will derive this fact
+by using already intuition about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using already intuition about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using already intuition about what
+poisson random variables really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson random variables really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisson random variables really
+represent we will work with a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent we will work with a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent we will work with a Poisson
+process of rate lambda equal to 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of rate lambda equal to 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of rate lambda equal to 1 but
+let us remind ourselves of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us remind ourselves of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us remind ourselves of the general
+Poisson PMF if we have a more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson PMF if we have a more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson PMF if we have a more general
+rate lambda this is the PMF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate lambda this is the PMF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate lambda this is the PMF of the
+number of arrivals in a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals in a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals in a Poisson process
+with rate lambda during a time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rate lambda during a time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with rate lambda during a time interval
+of length tau and this Poisson PMF has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length tau and this Poisson PMF has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length tau and this Poisson PMF has a
+mean equal to lambda tau and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean equal to lambda tau and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean equal to lambda tau and you can
+think of lambda tau as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of lambda tau as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of lambda tau as being the
+parameter of this Poisson PMF so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of this Poisson PMF so we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of this Poisson PMF so we say
+that this is a Poisson PMF with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a Poisson PMF with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a Poisson PMF with
+parameter equal to lambda times tau now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter equal to lambda times tau now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter equal to lambda times tau now
+let us consider two consecutive time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider two consecutive time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us consider two consecutive time
+intervals in this process that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in this process that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals in this process that have
+length mu and mu and let us consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length mu and mu and let us consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length mu and mu and let us consider the
+numbers of arrivals during each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of arrivals during each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of arrivals during each one of
+these intervals so we have m arrivals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals so we have m arrivals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals so we have m arrivals
+here and n arrivals there of course M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and n arrivals there of course M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and n arrivals there of course M
+and n are random variables what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n are random variables what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n are random variables what kind of
+random variables are they well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are they well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables are they well the
+number of arrivals in a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals in a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrivals in a Poisson process
+of rate 1 over a period of duration mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate 1 over a period of duration mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rate 1 over a period of duration mu
+is going to have a Poisson PMF in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a Poisson PMF in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a Poisson PMF in which
+lambda is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is 1
+taou the time interval is equal to mu so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taou the time interval is equal to mu so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taou the time interval is equal to mu so
+it's going to be a Poisson random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a Poisson random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a Poisson random
+variable with parameter or mean equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with parameter or mean equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with parameter or mean equal to
+MU similarly for n is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU similarly for n is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU similarly for n is going to be a
+Poisson random variable with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson random variable with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson random variable with parameter
+equal to MU are these two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to MU are these two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to MU are these two random
+variables independent of course they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables independent of course they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables independent of course they are
+in a Poisson process the numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Poisson process the numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a Poisson process the numbers of
+arrivals in disjoint time intervals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in disjoint time intervals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals in disjoint time intervals are
+independent random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables
+what kind of random variable is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of random variable is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of random variable is there
+some their sum is the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some their sum is the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some their sum is the total number of
+arrivals during an interval of length mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during an interval of length mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during an interval of length mu
+plus nu and therefore this is a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nu and therefore this is a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus nu and therefore this is a Poisson
+random variable with mean equal to MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with mean equal to MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable with mean equal to MU
+plus mu so what do we have here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu so what do we have here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mu so what do we have here we have
+the sum of two independent Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two independent Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two independent Poisson
+random variables and that sum turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and that sum turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables and that sum turns out
+also to be a Poisson random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be a Poisson random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be a Poisson random variable
+more generally if somebody gives you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally if somebody gives you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally if somebody gives you two
+independent Poisson random variables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Poisson random variables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Poisson random variables you
+can always think of them as representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always think of them as representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always think of them as representing
+numbers of arrivals in this joint time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of arrivals in this joint time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of arrivals in this joint time
+intervals and therefore by following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and therefore by following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and therefore by following
+this argument their sum is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument their sum is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument their sum is going to be a
+Poisson random variable and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson random variable and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson random variable and this is the
+conclusion that we wanted to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that we wanted to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that we wanted to establish
+it's a remarkable fact it's similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a remarkable fact it's similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a remarkable fact it's similar to
+the fact that we had established four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we had established four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we had established four
+normal random variables the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal random variables the sum of
+independent normal random variables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normal random variables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent normal random variables is
+also normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also normal
+so Poisson and normal distributions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Poisson and normal distributions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Poisson and normal distributions are
+special in this respect this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special in this respect this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special in this respect this is a
+property that most other distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that most other distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that most other distributions
+do not have with very few exceptions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_ieUdiazvmA.txt b/_ieUdiazvmA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e437c9aca940a3cf9e8f8bf371ba4a3c509d65ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_ieUdiazvmA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right well this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right well this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right well this is is
+our uh second presentation uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh second presentation uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh second presentation uh in this
+presentation we're going to go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we're going to go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we're going to go over the
+reactor core and secondary design we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor core and secondary design we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor core and secondary design we've
+uh we have our preliminary design done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have our preliminary design done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have our preliminary design done
+with some slight optimization left to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some slight optimization left to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some slight optimization left to do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh basically we're going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh basically we're going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh basically we're going to give you
+the proposed design and some specs on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposed design and some specs on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposed design and some specs on it
+then we're going to go over the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to go over the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to go over the core and
+secondary uh me and Rory are responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary uh me and Rory are responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary uh me and Rory are responsible
+for the core work and Jess and uh Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the core work and Jess and uh Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the core work and Jess and uh Robert
+are responsible for the secondary work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for the secondary work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are responsible for the secondary work
+and then we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to talk about
+what's coming up next um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming up next um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming up next um
+so uh so as you guys all know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so as you guys all know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so as you guys all know our
+reactor is a lead cool fast Reactor with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor is a lead cool fast Reactor with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor is a lead cool fast Reactor with
+a super critical CO2 secondary Loop um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super critical CO2 secondary Loop um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super critical CO2 secondary Loop um
+our inti our initial power guess was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inti our initial power guess was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inti our initial power guess was
+actually 750 megawatt thermal as some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 750 megawatt thermal as some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 750 megawatt thermal as some of
+you may have known but uh We've uh We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have known but uh We've uh We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have known but uh We've uh We've
+we've revised that upwards to 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've revised that upwards to 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've revised that upwards to 1,000
+megawatt thermal uh which with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt thermal uh which with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt thermal uh which with our
+efficiency is about 450 megawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is about 450 megawatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is about 450 megawatt
+electric although that's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric although that's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric although that's not that
+necessarily elect electricity will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily elect electricity will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily elect electricity will be
+producing depends on how much of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing depends on how much of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing depends on how much of our
+process heat the process heat folks end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat the process heat folks end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat the process heat folks end
+up taking from us uh but that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up taking from us uh but that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up taking from us uh but that's our
+capability of production right there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of production right there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of production right there uh
+this is mainly limited by the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mainly limited by the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is mainly limited by the velocity
+of our coolant the lbe uh Beyond about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our coolant the lbe uh Beyond about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our coolant the lbe uh Beyond about
+2.5 m/s there's a serious degradation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 m/s there's a serious degradation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.5 m/s there's a serious degradation of
+and corrosion of the um of the claddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrosion of the um of the claddings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and corrosion of the um of the claddings
+that uh the lb comes in contact with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the lb comes in contact with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the lb comes in contact with so
+we are limited uh to 2.5 uh m/ second as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are limited uh to 2.5 uh m/ second as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are limited uh to 2.5 uh m/ second as
+a result this is also the subject to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result this is also the subject to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result this is also the subject to to
+change as our delta T and flow area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as our delta T and flow area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as our delta T and flow area
+change uh we'd like to get it up to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh we'd like to get it up to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh we'd like to get it up to uh
+1200 megawatt thermal uh cuz that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1200 megawatt thermal uh cuz that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1200 megawatt thermal uh cuz that'll
+give us roughly 500 megawatt electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us roughly 500 megawatt electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us roughly 500 megawatt electric
+with some like room for process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some like room for process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some like room for process heat
+folks to take something and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to take something and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to take something and and that's
+what we'd like to get to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to get to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to get to um
+but so here's our core this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so here's our core this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so here's our core this is what it
+looks like it's a uh hexagonally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's a uh hexagonally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's a uh hexagonally uh
+shaped uh core uh with uh these are each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped uh core uh with uh these are each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped uh core uh with uh these are each
+of the fuel assemblies right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel assemblies right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel assemblies right here in
+black in purple or the control rods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black in purple or the control rods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black in purple or the control rods and
+beige is our reflector and red is is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beige is our reflector and red is is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beige is our reflector and red is is our
+Shield and orange is our coolant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield and orange is our coolant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield and orange is our coolant and the
+little blue outline is our uh is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue outline is our uh is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little blue outline is our uh is our
+clad note that this isn't actually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clad note that this isn't actually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clad note that this isn't actually our
+containment it's actually bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment it's actually bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containment it's actually bigger than
+this but it's just a it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's just a it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but it's just a it's just a
+circular view of the actual core itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular view of the actual core itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular view of the actual core itself
+Rory will go into more detail on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rory will go into more detail on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rory will go into more detail on the
+materials used and such uh during his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used and such uh during his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials used and such uh during his
+portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentation and um here's our secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and um here's our secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and um here's our secondary
+uh here's our like full like a float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's our like full like a float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's our like full like a float
+mockup without any values this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockup without any values this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mockup without any values this is just
+to give you an idea we've revised it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea we've revised it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea we've revised it
+since um uh since we've talked to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um uh since we've talked to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um uh since we've talked to you
+all again we've cut out one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all again we've cut out one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all again we've cut out one of these uh
+reheater uh condenser Loops to uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheater uh condenser Loops to uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reheater uh condenser Loops to uh just
+to simplify it um so you can kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it um so you can kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it um so you can kind of see
+it comes out uh we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out uh we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out uh we're going to have
+about uh two flow pass out heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh two flow pass out heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh two flow pass out heat
+exchangers tur we're going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers tur we're going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers tur we're going to have two
+turbines each at 250 megawatt electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines each at 250 megawatt electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines each at 250 megawatt electric
+so that's why we're trying to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're trying to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we're trying to get to
+that 500 number because we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 500 number because we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 500 number because we still have
+some room there that we can uh produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some room there that we can uh produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some room there that we can uh produce
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+power so uh I'm going to hand it over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so uh I'm going to hand it over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so uh I'm going to hand it over to
+Rory and he's going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rory and he's going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rory and he's going to talk about the
+core design proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process okay so um we did all the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so um we did all the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process okay so um we did all the core
+design work using mcmp uh mcmp 5 was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design work using mcmp uh mcmp 5 was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design work using mcmp uh mcmp 5 was the
+version we used and um we to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version we used and um we to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version we used and um we to start with
+we didn't we didn't want to just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't we didn't want to just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't we didn't want to just pick
+numbers out of the air so we used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out of the air so we used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers out of the air so we used the
+star primarily the star reactor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star primarily the star reactor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star primarily the star reactor and the
+European Li uh lead fast reactors to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European Li uh lead fast reactors to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European Li uh lead fast reactors to to
+get some first numbers and some original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some first numbers and some original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some first numbers and some original
+pin and assembly diameters and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin and assembly diameters and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin and assembly diameters and those
+work pretty well but as you go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work pretty well but as you go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work pretty well but as you go in the
+next slide you'll see we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide you'll see we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide you'll see we started
+iterating on it to see if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating on it to see if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating on it to see if we can get
+improvements the first thing we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements the first thing we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements the first thing we did was
+um from the literature and from talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the literature and from talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from the literature and from talking
+to Dr shorta we realized that the steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dr shorta we realized that the steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dr shorta we realized that the steel
+cladding needs a protective layer around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding needs a protective layer around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding needs a protective layer around
+it to protect it from cor uh erosion by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to protect it from cor uh erosion by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to protect it from cor uh erosion by
+the lbe and so our fuel design instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lbe and so our fuel design instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lbe and so our fuel design instead
+of just going the normal uh fuel Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just going the normal uh fuel Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just going the normal uh fuel Gap
+clad it now has to go to adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clad it now has to go to adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clad it now has to go to adding
+protective layers uh anytime we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective layers uh anytime we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective layers uh anytime we have
+contact between coolant and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact between coolant and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact between coolant and uh and
+steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel
+the uh we also looked at then control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh we also looked at then control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh we also looked at then control
+rod positions right now we're only doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod positions right now we're only doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod positions right now we're only doing
+criticality calculations with mcmp so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticality calculations with mcmp so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticality calculations with mcmp so
+it's effectively only beginning of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's effectively only beginning of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's effectively only beginning of life
+but um that would be a subsequent step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um that would be a subsequent step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um that would be a subsequent step
+to start doing depletion but we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start doing depletion but we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start doing depletion but we wanted
+to get this down first that we knew we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this down first that we knew we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this down first that we knew we
+were starting from a good base and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting from a good base and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were starting from a good base and then
+in the second slide you can see so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second slide you can see so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second slide you can see so this
+first situation this is our result this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first situation this is our result this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first situation this is our result this
+plot shows the The Source distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot shows the The Source distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot shows the The Source distribution
+so fision Source distribution and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fision Source distribution and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fision Source distribution and you
+can see that uh we have a 12 ring core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that uh we have a 12 ring core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that uh we have a 12 ring core
+of which the first 10 rings are fuel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which the first 10 rings are fuel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which the first 10 rings are fuel and
+these are the control bundles obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the control bundles obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the control bundles obviously
+in rings five seven and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rings five seven and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rings five seven and then you can
+kind of make out nine here but we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make out nine here but we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make out nine here but we could
+see that we were getting a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we were getting a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we were getting a lot of uh
+early deaths and we weren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early deaths and we weren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early deaths and we weren't really
+reaching the edge of our fuel and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the edge of our fuel and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the edge of our fuel and given
+that we wanted to maintain our power we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to maintain our power we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to maintain our power we
+didn't want to shrink the core too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to shrink the core too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to shrink the core too much
+so we in the second iteration oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we in the second iteration oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we in the second iteration oh and
+sorry these are the care effectors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these are the care effectors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry these are the care effectors we
+produced with the control rods at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced with the control rods at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced with the control rods at
+different positions and so the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions and so the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions and so the two
+things we took away from this were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we took away from this were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we took away from this were that
+uh we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we wanted
+to um we start wanted to move to zonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we start wanted to move to zonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um we start wanted to move to zonal
+enrichment so that we could uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment so that we could uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment so that we could uh get
+fision sources all the way out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fision sources all the way out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fision sources all the way out to the
+edges of our fuel and we also wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of our fuel and we also wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of our fuel and we also wanted
+better control of the Care effective cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better control of the Care effective cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better control of the Care effective cuz
+you can see that uh we jump the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that uh we jump the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that uh we jump the values
+jump up a lot towards the end and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up a lot towards the end and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump up a lot towards the end and that
+was because we had uniform actual zoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because we had uniform actual zoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because we had uniform actual zoning
+so that the way the control rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the way the control rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the way the control rod
+interacted with the model was as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with the model was as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted with the model was as you
+pulled it out towards the top top you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled it out towards the top top you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled it out towards the top top you
+got a spike and so we realized we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a spike and so we realized we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a spike and so we realized we were
+going to need less fuel at the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need less fuel at the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need less fuel at the top and
+so as iteration two we started um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as iteration two we started um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as iteration two we started um the
+basic idea was that in every in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea was that in every in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea was that in every in all
+regions of the core we had uh we split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the core we had uh we split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the core we had uh we split
+it into thirds and starting with 20% at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into thirds and starting with 20% at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into thirds and starting with 20% at
+the bottom we then reduced it by five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom we then reduced it by five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom we then reduced it by five
+and each third going up and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each third going up and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each third going up and that would
+hopefully reduce the amount of uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully reduce the amount of uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully reduce the amount of uh would
+give us more control of reactivity as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more control of reactivity as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us more control of reactivity as we
+remove the control rods and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the control rods and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the control rods and then in the
+intermediate and outer fuel zones we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and outer fuel zones we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and outer fuel zones we had
+plus 5% so the inner Zone was 201510 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 5% so the inner Zone was 201510 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 5% so the inner Zone was 201510 the
+intermediate and outer were 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and outer were 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and outer were 25
+205 and uh we were thinking that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+205 and uh we were thinking that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+205 and uh we were thinking that would
+help us maintain our power right the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us maintain our power right the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us maintain our power right the way
+out and these are the care effective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and these are the care effective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and these are the care effective uh
+numbers we got and as you can see we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we got and as you can see we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we got and as you can see we get
+a lot better control towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better control towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot better control towards the end
+which uh which is what we were hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh which is what we were hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh which is what we were hoping
+for and I'll briefly go through the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'll briefly go through the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and I'll briefly go through the so
+uh mcmp doesn't because it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mcmp doesn't because it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mcmp doesn't because it's the same
+material it doesn't print them out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it doesn't print them out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it doesn't print them out in
+different colors but these first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors but these first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors but these first four
+rings are Fu Zone one and then Rings 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings are Fu Zone one and then Rings 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings are Fu Zone one and then Rings 5
+through 7even are Zone 2 and 8 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 7even are Zone 2 and 8 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 7even are Zone 2 and 8 through
+10 are Zone 3 uh the MGO was chosen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 are Zone 3 uh the MGO was chosen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 are Zone 3 uh the MGO was chosen as a
+reflector based on work done at MIT with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector based on work done at MIT with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector based on work done at MIT with
+fast reactors is found to produce good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors is found to produce good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactors is found to produce good
+breeding levels which uh we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding levels which uh we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding levels which uh we don't see
+here because this is all beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this is all beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because this is all beginning of
+life but it gives good breeding without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but it gives good breeding without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life but it gives good breeding without
+uh peing your power too much at the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peing your power too much at the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peing your power too much at the edge
+and then the shielding was chosen just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the shielding was chosen just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the shielding was chosen just
+because it's a very good Neutron killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very good Neutron killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a very good Neutron killer
+one note is that it looks like there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note is that it looks like there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note is that it looks like there are
+bundles of fuel around it but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles of fuel around it but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundles of fuel around it but really
+that's just a artifact of the code it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a artifact of the code it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a artifact of the code it's
+uh just continuous coolant around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just continuous coolant around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just continuous coolant around here
+it's not constrained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not constrained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not constrained in
+cladding uh next slide this is a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding uh next slide this is a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cladding uh next slide this is a look at
+an individual assembly um again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual assembly um again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual assembly um again in the
+corners here those lines don't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners here those lines don't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners here those lines don't exist
+they're just uh the way mcmp likes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just uh the way mcmp likes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just uh the way mcmp likes you
+to design universes and one slight note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design universes and one slight note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design universes and one slight note
+is that since we made this slid um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since we made this slid um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since we made this slid um this
+isn't 50% and then 25 25 it's thirs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't 50% and then 25 25 it's thirs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't 50% and then 25 25 it's thirs in
+every region but you can see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every region but you can see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every region but you can see how the
+fuel zone is uh each color represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel zone is uh each color represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel zone is uh each color represents a
+different type of fuel and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of fuel and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of fuel and that's how
+we're zoning uh next slide and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're zoning uh next slide and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're zoning uh next slide and so here
+you can see the results uh of those runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the results uh of those runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the results uh of those runs
+and the good thing we saw is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing we saw is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing we saw is that our
+source particles are going right the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source particles are going right the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source particles are going right the way
+to the outside so we're now making full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside so we're now making full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside so we're now making full
+use of our core this is with the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of our core this is with the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of our core this is with the fuel
+rods uh quar it in and so sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods uh quar it in and so sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods uh quar it in and so sorry this is
+an actual picture figure two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual picture figure two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual picture figure two and this
+the control rods are quarter way in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control rods are quarter way in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control rods are quarter way in and
+so we lose power towards the top but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we lose power towards the top but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we lose power towards the top but
+we're getting power right uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting power right uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting power right uh right
+across the breadth of the reactor and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the breadth of the reactor and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the breadth of the reactor and it
+made us think that this was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us think that this was a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made us think that this was a good
+second iteration and I think we now move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration and I think we now move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second iteration and I think we now move
+yeah Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Power
+calculations so uh just to kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so uh just to kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so uh just to kind of go
+over what we used to calculate power um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what we used to calculate power um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over what we used to calculate power um
+some of you may be wondering we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may be wondering we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may be wondering we uh we
+didn't do a first we took this a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do a first we took this a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do a first we took this a while
+cuz we thought we'd be able to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz we thought we'd be able to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz we thought we'd be able to get the
+power out of the code that the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out of the code that the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out of the code that the code
+would more or less say your reactor has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would more or less say your reactor has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would more or less say your reactor has
+x amount of power that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x amount of power that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x amount of power that's not true
+because codes don't really have a a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because codes don't really have a a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because codes don't really have a a time
+uh variant in them they don't consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variant in them they don't consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variant in them they don't consider
+time so there's no way to get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's no way to get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so there's no way to get you know
+power out so we used a basic cetric uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out so we used a basic cetric uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power out so we used a basic cetric uh
+calculation uh which is power equals m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh which is power equals m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh which is power equals m.
+CP delta T or m dot is row VA as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP delta T or m dot is row VA as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP delta T or m dot is row VA as I
+mentioned before V was limited at 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before V was limited at 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before V was limited at 2.5
+and row is uh uh for the lb is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row is uh uh for the lb is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and row is uh uh for the lb is about
+10,500 a is the cross-sectional uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,500 a is the cross-sectional uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,500 a is the cross-sectional uh uh
+coolant flow area and CP is about 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant flow area and CP is about 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant flow area and CP is about 150
+Jew per kilogram Kelvin and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew per kilogram Kelvin and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jew per kilogram Kelvin and that's the
+the heat capacity and finally delta T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity and finally delta T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity and finally delta T is
+is the temperature change across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature change across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the temperature change across the
+core so what you get out of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core so what you get out of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core so what you get out of this is that
+this is how our power level could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how our power level could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how our power level could
+potentially change it's directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially change it's directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially change it's directly
+proportional to a in delta T and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a in delta T and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a in delta T and those
+are two factors that we could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two factors that we could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two factors that we could see
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+um potentially we think the power level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um potentially we think the power level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um potentially we think the power level
+could still go up because we may still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still go up because we may still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still go up because we may still
+get a larger delta T across the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a larger delta T across the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a larger delta T across the core and
+we could uh we could increase the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could uh we could increase the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could uh we could increase the amount
+of coolant in the core um and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coolant in the core um and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coolant in the core um and thus
+increase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase a
+so um another calculation we did um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um another calculation we did um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um another calculation we did um to
+determine because one of the issues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine because one of the issues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine because one of the issues with
+lbe is that after after shutdown it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbe is that after after shutdown it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lbe is that after after shutdown it
+begins to cool down it can eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to cool down it can eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to cool down it can eventually
+solidify um its melting point is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify um its melting point is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify um its melting point is like
+398 Kelvin so what we wanted to to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+398 Kelvin so what we wanted to to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+398 Kelvin so what we wanted to to check
+was how much power how much Decay heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how much power how much Decay heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how much power how much Decay heat
+is our reactor producing and thus how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our reactor producing and thus how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our reactor producing and thus how
+much is our lb Heat is our lb going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is our lb Heat is our lb going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is our lb Heat is our lb going to
+be receiving um after a month of shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be receiving um after a month of shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be receiving um after a month of shut
+down from a long operation more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from a long operation more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from a long operation more or less
+Infinity um you it's still producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity um you it's still producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity um you it's still producing
+about 3 megawatt thermal of power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 megawatt thermal of power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3 megawatt thermal of power and
+after a month of shutdown from one month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a month of shutdown from one month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a month of shutdown from one month
+of operation it's still producing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation it's still producing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operation it's still producing about
+400 kilowatts um one thing we we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 kilowatts um one thing we we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 kilowatts um one thing we we did
+this fairly recently one thing we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly recently one thing we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly recently one thing we need
+to see is like how much power produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is like how much power produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is like how much power produced
+is sufficient to keep the lb liquid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient to keep the lb liquid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient to keep the lb liquid and
+then work with uh process heat folks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then work with uh process heat folks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then work with uh process heat folks on
+storing some heat and then using it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing some heat and then using it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing some heat and then using it when
+we're um when we shut down to keep us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um when we shut down to keep us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um when we shut down to keep us
+warm uh we had some issues actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm uh we had some issues actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm uh we had some issues actually uh
+more I had issues getting the the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I had issues getting the the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more I had issues getting the the power
+level to correlate to a temperature rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to correlate to a temperature rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to correlate to a temperature rise
+in the uh in the liquid um but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the liquid um but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh in the liquid um but we're
+going to be working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so I'm going turn over to Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going turn over to Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm going turn over to Robert
+and he's going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to talk about the
+secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system uh yeah so uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh yeah so uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh yeah so uh we're going to
+model our secondary system in ease uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model our secondary system in ease uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model our secondary system in ease uh
+which I've already begun to do uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've already begun to do uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I've already begun to do uh this
+is going to allow us to do uh much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to allow us to do uh much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to allow us to do uh much more
+efficient calculations for each of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient calculations for each of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient calculations for each of our
+parameters mass flow temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters mass flow temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters mass flow temperature
+pressure Etc um when we first th uh went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure Etc um when we first th uh went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure Etc um when we first th uh went
+through and did the the model and ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and did the the model and ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and did the the model and ease
+um we made some initial assumptions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we made some initial assumptions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we made some initial assumptions uh
+and we neglected some things to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we neglected some things to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we neglected some things to make it
+a little more simplified so we can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more simplified so we can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more simplified so we can get a
+first version out um but as I said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version out um but as I said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version out um but as I said it's
+going to be very easy to move forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very easy to move forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very easy to move forward in
+the future and make changes as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and make changes as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and make changes as we get
+new data and change parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data and change parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data and change parameters to
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+it uh you can see our secondary system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you can see our secondary system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you can see our secondary system
+here uh with some initial numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh with some initial numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh with some initial numbers that
+we've plugged in using uh ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've plugged in using uh ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've plugged in using uh ease
+calculations our assumptions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations our assumptions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations our assumptions that we
+made uh at first are are 650° out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh at first are are 650° out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made uh at first are are 650° out of the
+uh the Reactor Core into the uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Reactor Core into the uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Reactor Core into the uh into the
+primary heat exchangers um as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary heat exchangers um as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary heat exchangers um as well as
+their output of 4788 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their output of 4788 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their output of 4788 which is a
+calculation we did by hand uh just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we did by hand uh just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we did by hand uh just as a
+rough estimate um coming out in the CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough estimate um coming out in the CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough estimate um coming out in the CO2
+Loop we can see uh 630° C uh coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we can see uh 630° C uh coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop we can see uh 630° C uh coming out
+towards the turbine and going into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the turbine and going into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the turbine and going into that
+we used uh 200° C uh the last assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used uh 200° C uh the last assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used uh 200° C uh the last assumption
+we made to begin with was at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made to begin with was at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made to begin with was at the bottom
+after the condenser uh we made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the condenser uh we made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the condenser uh we made an
+assumption of 50° C um as a lower limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of 50° C um as a lower limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption of 50° C um as a lower limit
+because the um super criticality uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the um super criticality uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the um super criticality uh
+threshold for CO2 is about 30° C so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for CO2 is about 30° C so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for CO2 is about 30° C so we
+gave it a little bit of a margin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it a little bit of a margin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave it a little bit of a margin and
+used that as an initial run through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that as an initial run through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that as an initial run through and
+so uh with our initial calculations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with our initial calculations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with our initial calculations of
+temperature drops uh we were able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature drops uh we were able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature drops uh we were able to get
+some values and some generic uh pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values and some generic uh pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values and some generic uh pressure
+ranges that we're going to use going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges that we're going to use going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges that we're going to use going
+forward um to keep the CO2 super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um to keep the CO2 super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward um to keep the CO2 super
+critical and make sure that nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and make sure that nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and make sure that nothing is
+too out of the ordinary um and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too out of the ordinary um and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too out of the ordinary um and we were
+able to calculate calculate a mass flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate calculate a mass flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to calculate calculate a mass flow
+for ocean water or river water for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ocean water or river water for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ocean water or river water for the
+condenser um and that was with well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser um and that was with well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser um and that was with well
+within reason uh which is a good sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within reason uh which is a good sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within reason uh which is a good sign
+moving forward we'll be able to uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward we'll be able to uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving forward we'll be able to uh be
+successful in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful in our
+optimization um and then for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization um and then for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization um and then for the next
+step uh with the ease uh calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh with the ease uh calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh with the ease uh calculations
+we're going to need to uh get more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to uh get more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to uh get more data
+for super critical CO2 in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for super critical CO2 in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for super critical CO2 in terms of uh
+enthropy tables and such so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthropy tables and such so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthropy tables and such so we can do
+more in-depth uh pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in-depth uh pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in-depth uh pressure
+calculations uh for each each parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh for each each parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh for each each parameter
+at each part of the of the system um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each part of the of the system um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each part of the of the system um one
+thing that we actually removed while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we actually removed while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we actually removed while we
+were doing these calculations is we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing these calculations is we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing these calculations is we had
+uh uh two reheaters uh coming up and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh two reheaters uh coming up and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh two reheaters uh coming up and we
+decided to remove one because we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to remove one because we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to remove one because we didn't
+think two were necessary at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think two were necessary at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think two were necessary at this time
+however um other designs we've seen have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um other designs we've seen have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however um other designs we've seen have
+used two and so we need to look further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used two and so we need to look further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used two and so we need to look further
+into um what kind of advantages that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um what kind of advantages that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um what kind of advantages that can
+offer us um and finally of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer us um and finally of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer us um and finally of course the
+process group will need to um use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process group will need to um use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process group will need to um use some
+of our energy so we need to factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our energy so we need to factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our energy so we need to factor in
+that uh and be able to rerun the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and be able to rerun the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and be able to rerun the
+calculations accounting for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations accounting for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations accounting for everything
+that they're going to need off of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to need off of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to need off of our
+our secondary system and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our secondary system and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our secondary system and now I'm going
+to hand it over to Jess uh to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand it over to Jess uh to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hand it over to Jess uh to wrap
+things up thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up thank
+you um I'm just going to go over quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I'm just going to go over quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um I'm just going to go over quickly
+that we're using a braen cycle instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using a braen cycle instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using a braen cycle instead
+of the traditional ranking cycle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traditional ranking cycle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traditional ranking cycle that
+you'd find in a pwr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find in a pwr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd find in a pwr
+bwr and so this consists of four steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bwr and so this consists of four steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bwr and so this consists of four steps
+it's typically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's typically an
+isotropic um isotropic process then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic um isotropic process then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic um isotropic process then you
+have an isobaric process isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an isobaric process isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an isobaric process isotropic
+isobar so you've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobar so you've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobar so you've got an
+isotropic um expansion and then no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic um expansion and then no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic um expansion and then no
+actually excuse me it starts with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually excuse me it starts with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually excuse me it starts with an
+isotropic compression and then isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic compression and then isobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic compression and then isobaric
+heat addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat addition
+isotropic um excuse me heat oh no excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic um excuse me heat oh no excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic um excuse me heat oh no excuse
+me isentropic expansion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me isentropic expansion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me isentropic expansion and then
+isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isobaric
+um heat sink heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heat sink heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um heat sink heat
+removal so initially we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal so initially we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal so initially we were looking at
+the heat difference heat exchangers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat difference heat exchangers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat difference heat exchangers and
+we were examining what type would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were examining what type would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were examining what type would be
+good what type would be suitable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what type would be suitable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good what type would be suitable for
+this type of thing and most of the lfrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of thing and most of the lfrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of thing and most of the lfrs
+that we've seen in the literature use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in the literature use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in the literature use
+incore um heat exchangers so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incore um heat exchangers so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incore um heat exchangers so we were
+looking at ones that would work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ones that would work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ones that would work with
+inside the core and the initial thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the core and the initial thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the core and the initial thought
+process with the LFR and the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with the LFR and the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with the LFR and the super
+critical CO2 was to use a more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical CO2 was to use a more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical CO2 was to use a more compact
+cycle so initially we decided that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so initially we decided that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so initially we decided that we
+were going to try to do the printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to try to do the printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to try to do the printed
+circuit heat exchanges that are um made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit heat exchanges that are um made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit heat exchanges that are um made
+by heatrick it's a British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by heatrick it's a British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by heatrick it's a British
+company and the problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and the problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and the problem with that is
+that the the friction coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the friction coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the friction coefficient for
+the lead bismi UT tactic is quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead bismi UT tactic is quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead bismi UT tactic is quite large
+um and it ended up being a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it ended up being a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it ended up being a little bit of
+a problem for actually quite a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem for actually quite a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem for actually quite a bit of a
+problem when it came to how well your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when it came to how well your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when it came to how well your
+your flow is going to be your corrosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flow is going to be your corrosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flow is going to be your corrosion
+Etc and the heat exchange so ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and the heat exchange so ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and the heat exchange so ultimately
+we actually decided to go with the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually decided to go with the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually decided to go with the shell
+and Tube heat exchanger for the incore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tube heat exchanger for the incore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Tube heat exchanger for the incore
+reactor um this picture actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor um this picture actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor um this picture actually just
+shows the size difference this is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the size difference this is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the size difference this is why we
+initially wanted to go with the PCH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially wanted to go with the PCH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially wanted to go with the PCH
+because it's smaller it's more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's smaller it's more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's smaller it's more compact
+less materials less footprint kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less materials less footprint kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less materials less footprint kind of
+like hovers back to our overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hovers back to our overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hovers back to our overall
+goal okay so the PCH e um although we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal okay so the PCH e um although we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal okay so the PCH e um although we're
+not going to use the printed circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to use the printed circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to use the printed circuit
+heat exchangers in the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers in the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers in the inside of the
+core with the initial heat exchanger we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core with the initial heat exchanger we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core with the initial heat exchanger we
+are going to use it for the recuperators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to use it for the recuperators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to use it for the recuperators
+that Rob was talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rob was talking about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Rob was talking about earlier
+recuperator recuperate one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recuperator recuperate one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recuperator recuperate one or two
+depending on how things go um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how things go um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how things go um and this
+is a quick diagram of how they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quick diagram of how they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quick diagram of how they work
+effectively their plates with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively their plates with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively their plates with like
+coolant flowing in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant flowing in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant flowing in different directions
+and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have
+semicircular um channels that are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircular um channels that are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicircular um channels that are on the
+different plates one fluid flows One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plates one fluid flows One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plates one fluid flows One
+Direction the other one flows the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the other one flows the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the other one flows the other
+for this in these heat exchanges it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this in these heat exchanges it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this in these heat exchanges it's
+going to be super critical CO2 so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super critical CO2 so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super critical CO2 so on
+both directions so we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions so we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions so we don't have to
+worry about the different sizes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the different sizes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the different sizes with the
+lead bismi tactic we had to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead bismi tactic we had to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead bismi tactic we had to worry about
+having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a
+larger um Channel size like diameter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um Channel size like diameter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um Channel size like diameter to
+ensure that the flow was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appropriate um actually can you get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate um actually can you get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate um actually can you get back
+I'm sorry yeah so the has a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry yeah so the has a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry yeah so the has a competitive
+efficiency compact design and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency compact design and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency compact design and what I
+like I mentioned earlier the friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned earlier the friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned earlier the friction
+Factor becomes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor becomes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor becomes an
+obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle
+thanks so the standard shell and Tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so the standard shell and Tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so the standard shell and Tube
+heat exchanger is a pretty simple design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger is a pretty simple design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger is a pretty simple design
+to make it a low cost we went with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a low cost we went with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it a low cost we went with a
+straight tube heat exchanger because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight tube heat exchanger because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight tube heat exchanger because it
+is simple to make it's low cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple to make it's low cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple to make it's low cost you
+don't have to worry about too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry about too many
+things it has been done considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it has been done considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it has been done considerably
+larger as you saw in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger as you saw in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger as you saw in the previous slide
+but it does still have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does still have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does still have a very
+competitive efficiency with the um PCH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive efficiency with the um PCH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive efficiency with the um PCH
+um additionally we chose picture did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um additionally we chose picture did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um additionally we chose picture did not
+come out here but we're choosing to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out here but we're choosing to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out here but we're choosing to use
+a instead of a square aligned geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a instead of a square aligned geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a instead of a square aligned geometry
+we're going to go with a triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go with a triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go with a triangular
+geometry so that the flow through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so that the flow through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry so that the flow through the
+tubes of like BL bismi flow through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes of like BL bismi flow through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes of like BL bismi flow through the
+tubes will be or through the tube I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes will be or through the tube I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes will be or through the tube I'm
+sorry the picture didn't show up but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the picture didn't show up but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the picture didn't show up but if
+I draw it here so it's going to instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw it here so it's going to instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw it here so it's going to instead
+of being it's more like this rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being it's more like this rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being it's more like this rather than
+like this oops excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me so that when the lead flows through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so that when the lead flows through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so that when the lead flows through
+the sub channels it has a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub channels it has a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub channels it has a better
+flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow
+um so going forward in the next step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so going forward in the next step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so going forward in the next step the
+secondary cycle is we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary cycle is we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary cycle is we're looking at
+getting better data more accurate values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better data more accurate values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better data more accurate values
+and really trying to optimize what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to optimize what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really trying to optimize what we
+have going forward um yeah reex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have going forward um yeah reex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have going forward um yeah reex
+examining what Rob was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining what Rob was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining what Rob was talking about
+earlier the reheater and the compressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the reheater and the compressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier the reheater and the compressor
+what we need for that as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need for that as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need for that as well as the
+process heat removal and um then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat removal and um then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat removal and um then also
+we're looking at other situations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at other situations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at other situations that
+might involve if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might involve if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might involve if the
+hydrogen um plant is down or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um plant is down or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um plant is down or something
+like that um and then the core is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um and then the core is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um and then the core is also
+going to be looking at natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at natural
+circulation Decay heat work um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation Decay heat work um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation Decay heat work um as
+Brandon was talking about earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandon was talking about earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandon was talking about earlier and
+continuing to optimize the core zoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to optimize the core zoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to optimize the core zoning
+thermal fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal fuel
+analysis so any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so any questions
+um I noticed at these the first second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I noticed at these the first second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I noticed at these the first second
+had a mass FL rate of about 1400 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a mass FL rate of about 1400 is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a mass FL rate of about 1400 is that
+um I think we were under the impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we were under the impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think we were under the impression
+that that could be varied depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could be varied depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could be varied depending on
+how much power we need to take out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power we need to take out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much power we need to take out is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+true um right so our CO2 yeah um so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um right so our CO2 yeah um so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um right so our CO2 yeah um so on
+the super yeah like um you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super yeah like um you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the super yeah like um you guys
+obviously can take all of that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously can take all of that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously can take all of that if you
+want it to um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to um our
+our our objective was to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our objective was to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our objective was to be able to
+produce at least 100 megawatt be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at least 100 megawatt be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at least 100 megawatt be able to
+produce at least 100 megawatt electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at least 100 megawatt electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce at least 100 megawatt electric
+which we can so it's now so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can so it's now so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can so it's now so if you if
+hydrogen and biofuels need that amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and biofuels need that amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and biofuels need that amount
+of processing you guys can basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processing you guys can basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processing you guys can basically
+take all of it um it is subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all of it um it is subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all of it um it is subject to
+variance as like we um um increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance as like we um um increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance as like we um um increase the
+um power level of the reactor it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um power level of the reactor it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um power level of the reactor it's going
+to increase that mass flow rate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase that mass flow rate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase that mass flow rate I
+actually think it might be um slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think it might be um slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think it might be um slightly
+higher than that now um uh last night we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that now um uh last night we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than that now um uh last night we
+had uh that's why the power level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh that's why the power level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh that's why the power level
+changed when we uh did some like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when we uh did some like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when we uh did some like uh
+recalc recalculating and decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalc recalculating and decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalc recalculating and decision making
+I think that mass flow rate's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that mass flow rate's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that mass flow rate's actually
+going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else tyell you have any questions yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else tyell you have any questions yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else tyell you have any questions yeah I
+have a few um do you guys know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few um do you guys know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few um do you guys know what the
+proliferation limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation limit is
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+so we're we're trying to originally Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're trying to originally Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're we're trying to originally Le
+is like 20% so we know we can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 20% so we know we can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 20% so we know we can kind of
+stay at like 20% um right now rily we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at like 20% um right now rily we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay at like 20% um right now rily we
+have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some
+25% and um we we we weren't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% and um we we we weren't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% and um we we we weren't exactly
+terribly excited about doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly excited about doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly excited about doing that
+because we knew it's no longer Leo it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we knew it's no longer Leo it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we knew it's no longer Leo it's
+like more medium enriched um but given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more medium enriched um but given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like more medium enriched um but given
+its advantages we may stick with it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its advantages we may stick with it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its advantages we may stick with it we
+know like other like uh designs have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like other like uh designs have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like other like uh designs have
+used used like more highly enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used used like more highly enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used used like more highly enriched
+uranium and like a lot of the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium and like a lot of the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium and like a lot of the ones we
+based off kind of stuck to 20% enriched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based off kind of stuck to 20% enriched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based off kind of stuck to 20% enriched
+uh um limit but we think with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um limit but we think with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um limit but we think with like
+better zoning we can still cuz like with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better zoning we can still cuz like with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better zoning we can still cuz like with
+the 20% straight through we had plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20% straight through we had plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20% straight through we had plenty
+of reactivity to work with it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactivity to work with it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactivity to work with it was just
+like trying to get it flat a flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to get it flat a flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to get it flat a flatter
+like flux profile to like which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flux profile to like which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like flux profile to like which is what
+we want you don't want to like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you don't want to like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want you don't want to like a
+straight peaking in the center so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight peaking in the center so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight peaking in the center so we
+think that if we can stick with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if we can stick with low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that if we can stick with low
+enriched uranium that would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched uranium that would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched uranium that would be really
+ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+but it's going to take some like fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to take some like fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to take some like fancy
+optim uh fancy zoning but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optim uh fancy zoning but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optim uh fancy zoning but at the same
+time you run into like design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you run into like design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you run into like design
+limitations like you can't have like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations like you can't have like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations like you can't have like 10
+axial zones your manufacturer will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial zones your manufacturer will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial zones your manufacturer will go
+nuts so right just quickly one one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts so right just quickly one one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts so right just quickly one one way
+we were thinking we might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking we might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking we might be able to
+cheat there as well is because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat there as well is because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat there as well is because we have
+the reflector R of that region uh while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflector R of that region uh while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflector R of that region uh while
+we could start with less than 20% from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could start with less than 20% from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could start with less than 20% from
+previous work with sfrs using this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work with sfrs using this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work with sfrs using this kind
+of layout they've had R rapidly produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layout they've had R rapidly produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layout they've had R rapidly produced
+a lot of p239 and so we could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of p239 and so we could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of p239 and so we could you know
+that could balance it out and so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could balance it out and so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could balance it out and so in the
+relatively maybe within 100 or 200 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively maybe within 100 or 200 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively maybe within 100 or 200 days
+we could get to 25% equivalent en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get to 25% equivalent en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get to 25% equivalent en
+richment which would allow us to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richment which would allow us to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richment which would allow us to get
+back to this nice power shet yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this nice power shet yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this nice power shet yeah I
+think our depletion calculation is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think our depletion calculation is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think our depletion calculation is going
+to really shine a whole bunch of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really shine a whole bunch of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really shine a whole bunch of light
+because once we do our depletion if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once we do our depletion if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once we do our depletion if if
+it ends up we're adding a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up we're adding a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up we're adding a ton of
+reactivity very quickly then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity very quickly then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactivity very quickly then we're going
+to have to kill our reactivity at B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to kill our reactivity at B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to kill our reactivity at B so
+hence we're going to drop our enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence we're going to drop our enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence we're going to drop our enrichment
+okay so being beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so being beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so being beginning
+um another question is uh do you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another question is uh do you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another question is uh do you only
+have coolant flowing around the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have coolant flowing around the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have coolant flowing around the outside
+of the core uh so it's hard so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core uh so it's hard so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core uh so it's hard so it's it's
+that core that that picture is like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core that that picture is like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that core that that picture is like like
+it doesn't it doesn't have the guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't have the guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't have the guess the
+resolution the assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution the assembly
+diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so all orang shes Co and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so all orang shes Co and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so all orang shes Co and then there's
+a gap between every assembly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gap between every assembly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gap between every assembly and then
+there's a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap
+behind so the red is in fuel sorry R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so the red is in fuel sorry R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind so the red is in fuel sorry R
+this Fuel and then this it's yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fuel and then this it's yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fuel and then this it's yeah I
+don't know why I didn't show it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why I didn't show it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why I didn't show it but
+there's then uh lb filled Gap and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's then uh lb filled Gap and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's then uh lb filled Gap and then
+protective layer clad protective layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective layer clad protective layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protective layer clad protective layer
+and then coolant again and then the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coolant again and then the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then coolant again and then the same
+around each assembly but I can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each assembly but I can't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each assembly but I can't see it
+in here because I think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here because I think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here because I think it's just
+resolution I feel like if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution I feel like if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution I feel like if you actually
+get like super close and and mtmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like super close and and mtmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like super close and and mtmp
+doesn't produce color that's our us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't produce color that's our us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't produce color that's our us
+adding it so okay yeah I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it so okay yeah I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding it so okay yeah I just wanted to
+make sure you guys weren't up on heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you guys weren't up on heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you guys weren't up on heat
+out around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out around
+um and then you had a t91 on there said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you had a t91 on there said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you had a t91 on there said
+St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+steel yes that's actually uh uh Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel yes that's actually uh uh Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel yes that's actually uh uh Dr
+Short's uh uh work uh we took we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Short's uh uh work uh we took we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Short's uh uh work uh we took we
+borrowed we went basically from his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed we went basically from his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed we went basically from his his
+PhD thesis and we have that protective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis and we have that protective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis and we have that protective
+layer and that like inner layer of t91
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and that like inner layer of t91
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and that like inner layer of t91
+okay um but yeah right um all got so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but yeah right um all got so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um but yeah right um all got so you
+did mention um you're going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did mention um you're going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did mention um you're going to be doing
+depletion calculations to look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion calculations to look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion calculations to look what
+happens at the end of life um how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end of life um how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end of life um how are
+you guys going to be doing that um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys going to be doing that um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys going to be doing that um so
+probably making a couple first runs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably making a couple first runs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably making a couple first runs of
+it using M code but also in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using M code but also in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it using M code but also in the process
+of rewriting the model in aranos which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rewriting the model in aranos which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rewriting the model in aranos which
+is a deterministic fast reactor code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deterministic fast reactor code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deterministic fast reactor code and
+that'll be really use well from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be really use well from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be really use well from my
+experience it's a very useful code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it's a very useful code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it's a very useful code
+because it gives you your Void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives you your Void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives you your Void
+coefficient your temperature coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient your temperature coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient your temperature coefficient
+your beta your k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beta your k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beta your k
+um beta is one I was thinking of and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta is one I was thinking of and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beta is one I was thinking of and all
+a lot of your different kinetics so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of your different kinetics so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of your different kinetics so we
+could have a long list of of all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a long list of of all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a long list of of all our
+safety concerns or safety positives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety concerns or safety positives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety concerns or safety positives and
+um and that will also you know a 2-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that will also you know a 2-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that will also you know a 2-hour
+run can give you as much depletion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run can give you as much depletion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run can give you as much depletion as
+you want yeah that's so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want yeah that's so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want yeah that's so that's kind of
+our our was our limiting factor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our was our limiting factor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our was our limiting factor in
+depletion mcmp takes a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion mcmp takes a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion mcmp takes a long time to
+deplete because it's a Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deplete because it's a Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deplete because it's a Monte Carlo
+code yeah that makes sense well then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code yeah that makes sense well then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code yeah that makes sense well then I
+have a question for the secondary side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question for the secondary side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question for the secondary side
+folks as well um usually when you worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks as well um usually when you worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks as well um usually when you worry
+about a loss of load in a reactor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a loss of load in a reactor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a loss of load in a reactor you
+only have one load it's the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one load it's the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one load it's the grid
+but in this case you guys have two loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case you guys have two loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case you guys have two loads
+of the same magnitude electricity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same magnitude electricity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same magnitude electricity as
+well as processed Heat have you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as processed Heat have you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as processed Heat have you guys
+looked at what to do in the event that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what to do in the event that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what to do in the event that
+just one of them goes down can you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them goes down can you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them goes down can you will
+you have to lower the power produced or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lower the power produced or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lower the power produced or
+would you be able to send the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be able to send the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be able to send the rest of
+that uh either electricity or process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh either electricity or process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh either electricity or process
+heat to the other process and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to the other process and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to the other process and keep
+things going all right I mean we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going all right I mean we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going all right I mean we're in
+still in the stages of setting up the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the stages of setting up the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the stages of setting up the uh
+the E system so that we can do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E system so that we can do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E system so that we can do these
+calculations a lot faster and that's cly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations a lot faster and that's cly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations a lot faster and that's cly
+something that we are looking forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we are looking forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we are looking forward to
+to analyzing um when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyzing um when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyzing um when we
+consider uh if if the power goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh if if the power goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider uh if if the power goes down
+it'll be very simple to try and reroute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be very simple to try and reroute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be very simple to try and reroute
+and see uh where things need to be where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see uh where things need to be where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see uh where things need to be where
+things need to go um but yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things need to go um but yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things need to go um but yeah it's
+definitely as I said we're we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely as I said we're we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely as I said we're we're just
+setting up the uh the initial ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the uh the initial ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the uh the initial ease
+calculation so the more in-depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so the more in-depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so the more in-depth
+optimization and crisis uh analysis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and crisis uh analysis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and crisis uh analysis the
+risk analysis will be uh done uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk analysis will be uh done uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk analysis will be uh done uh in the
+next steps I think I think uh one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next steps I think I think uh one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next steps I think I think uh one thing
+is uh cuz right now we have two turbines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh cuz right now we have two turbines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh cuz right now we have two turbines
+which can produce 500 megawatt electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can produce 500 megawatt electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can produce 500 megawatt electric
+so in the case that hydrogen on biofuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case that hydrogen on biofuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case that hydrogen on biofuel
+goes down we probably have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down we probably have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down we probably have the
+capability to like flow that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to like flow that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability to like flow that much
+through the turbines and stuff cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the turbines and stuff cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the turbines and stuff cuz
+that's what we're going off right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going off right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going off right now
+and then they're going to take theirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to take theirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're going to take theirs
+off as well so you won't be running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as well so you won't be running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as well so you won't be running the
+turbines at their rate of capacity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines at their rate of capacity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines at their rate of capacity or
+anywhere near right and and once we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near right and and once we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near right and and once we know
+how much is is being taken if like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is is being taken if like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is is being taken if like for
+instance like if it's half of it's taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like if it's half of it's taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance like if it's half of it's taken
+roughly maybe we just shut one turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly maybe we just shut one turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly maybe we just shut one turbine
+down have one running full time and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down have one running full time and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down have one running full time and if
+like they lose their thing we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they lose their thing we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they lose their thing we can just
+close the valve to process heat open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the valve to process heat open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the valve to process heat open the
+valve to the turbines and you know fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve to the turbines and you know fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve to the turbines and you know fire
+them up and let's go so okay especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and let's go so okay especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and let's go so okay especially
+because the turbines are not very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the turbines are not very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the turbines are not very large
+in terms of like pricing and what not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like pricing and what not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of like pricing and what not it
+turns out that they take so much that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that they take so much that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that they take so much that we
+don't really need a second Loop during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need a second Loop during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need a second Loop during
+like full power operation assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like full power operation assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like full power operation assuming
+they're going it's not it's so small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going it's not it's so small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going it's not it's so small
+shouldn't matter that much in space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter that much in space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter that much in space and
+not it wasn't like a oh have an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it wasn't like a oh have an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it wasn't like a oh have an extra
+turbine lying around that's unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine lying around that's unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine lying around that's unfortunate
+because because of the size and the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of the size and the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because of the size and the cost
+it's actually it works pretty well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually it works pretty well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually it works pretty well for
+us oh good that's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us oh good that's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us oh good that's because of the
+CO2 awesome and then um have you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 awesome and then um have you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 awesome and then um have you guys
+looked into any specialized safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked into any specialized safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked into any specialized safety
+systems that you'd need for an LFR as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you'd need for an LFR as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you'd need for an LFR as
+opposed to is what sort of safety stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to is what sort of safety stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to is what sort of safety stuff
+might be different from a light Water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be different from a light Water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be different from a light Water
+Reactor um one thing we're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactor um one thing we're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reactor um one thing we're definitely
+looking at is as I mentioned is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is as I mentioned is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is as I mentioned is a
+natural circulation would be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural circulation would be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural circulation would be really
+ideal that analysis is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal that analysis is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal that analysis is going to happen
+in the next step and we can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next step and we can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next step and we can determine
+like how close we are to Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how close we are to Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how close we are to Natural
+circulation obviously that's a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation obviously that's a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation obviously that's a fantastic
+safety feature to have in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety feature to have in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety feature to have in general the
+LFR has a lot of like passive safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LFR has a lot of like passive safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LFR has a lot of like passive safety
+features that just like it's it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that just like it's it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that just like it's it's got a
+better heat sink than uh it's got better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better heat sink than uh it's got better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better heat sink than uh it's got better
+room to Boiling um to of the coolant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to Boiling um to of the coolant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to Boiling um to of the coolant and
+all that so it's got a lot of passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that so it's got a lot of passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that so it's got a lot of passive
+safety uh features but I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety uh features but I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety uh features but I think there's
+there's going to be some work on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some work on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some work on like
+more active safety um I mean I mean our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active safety um I mean I mean our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more active safety um I mean I mean our
+rods have will be like scramble um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods have will be like scramble um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rods have will be like scramble um that
+all that um we'll have to we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that um we'll have to we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that um we'll have to we'll have to
+do some like uh I was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some like uh I was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some like uh I was thinking about
+this earlier just kind of on my own I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this earlier just kind of on my own I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this earlier just kind of on my own I
+was like well with lead being as thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like well with lead being as thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like well with lead being as thick
+and dense as it is how easy is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense as it is how easy is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense as it is how easy is it going
+to be to scram a rod through it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to scram a rod through it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to scram a rod through it you know
+displace the lead so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace the lead so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace the lead so there's there's
+some like consideration to be done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like consideration to be done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like consideration to be done with
+all that but some of that stuff is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but some of that stuff is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but some of that stuff is just
+limited by I don't know how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by I don't know how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by I don't know how we're going
+to be able to check to see if our rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to check to see if our rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to check to see if our rods
+would actually be able to scram fast I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be able to scram fast I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be able to scram fast I
+imagine they have from experience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they have from experience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they have from experience so
+but okay anyone else have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay anyone else have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay anyone else have any
+questions if not then I'd like to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if not then I'd like to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions if not then I'd like to thank
+the court team that was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a1RaIqkdG0c.txt b/a1RaIqkdG0c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e8c4b3c759b6b1fb7d3abb51b73aee95c0023de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a1RaIqkdG0c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5688 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many of you have attended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have attended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you have attended
+celebrity parties i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity parties i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity parties i haven't
+right well if you can't mit professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if you can't mit professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if you can't mit professors
+being celebrities i've been to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being celebrities i've been to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being celebrities i've been to a lot of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+but that's that's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's that's not the case
+right um people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um people don't
+don't really think of us as celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really think of us as celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really think of us as celebrities
+which is fine with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fine with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fine with me
+so this this puzzle is uh i call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this puzzle is uh i call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this puzzle is uh i call it the
+best time to party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm having a little trouble erasing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you're right there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're right there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're right there's another one
+all right well i'm probably gonna run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well i'm probably gonna run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well i'm probably gonna run
+out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this
+but you know what this time i'll i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what this time i'll i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what this time i'll i'll
+use i don't think i need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use i don't think i need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use i don't think i need this
+super thick chalk this is slightly i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super thick chalk this is slightly i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super thick chalk this is slightly i'll
+use this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the setup here with all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setup here with all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the setup here with all of these
+things there's always a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's always a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's always a little bit of
+setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+is you got a ticket to this party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got a ticket to this party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got a ticket to this party
+there are going to be all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be all these
+celebrities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities and
+it's a time ticket uh with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a time ticket uh with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a time ticket uh with some
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+you only get to stay for a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get to stay for a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only get to stay for a certain
+amount of time before you have to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time before you have to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time before you have to leave
+and other people are going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people are going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people are going to come in
+and hop not with these celebrities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hop not with these celebrities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hop not with these celebrities but
+you get to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to pick
+at the particular time that you go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the particular time that you go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the particular time that you go right
+and so initially we'll set things up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so initially we'll set things up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so initially we'll set things up in
+a fairly straightforward way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly straightforward way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly straightforward way
+we're going to say that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say that you have
+an hour a particular hour you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour a particular hour you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour a particular hour you know maybe
+it's six to seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six to seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six to seven
+seven to eight what have you you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to eight what have you you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to eight what have you you get to
+choose that's part of the puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that's part of the puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose that's part of the puzzle
+how do you pick the best time to party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pick the best time to party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pick the best time to party
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you do have a schedule and amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have a schedule and amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have a schedule and amazingly
+these celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these celebrities
+are going to stick to those schedules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to stick to those schedules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to stick to those schedules
+but the schedule has been published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the schedule has been published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the schedule has been published
+i with respect to when particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i with respect to when particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i with respect to when particular
+celebrities are going to be at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities are going to be at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities are going to be at this
+party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party
+right and as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as you can imagine
+as the title of the puzzle gives away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the title of the puzzle gives away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the title of the puzzle gives away
+you i want to choose the hour such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i want to choose the hour such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i want to choose the hour such that
+the maximum number of celebrities so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum number of celebrities so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum number of celebrities so you
+you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're uh
+uh not particularly uh interested in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not particularly uh interested in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not particularly uh interested in uh
+uh in in uh particular celebrities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in uh particular celebrities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in uh particular celebrities or
+one specific celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one specific celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one specific celebrity
+uh you just wanna sort of max out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just wanna sort of max out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you just wanna sort of max out you
+know number of selfies so you can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know number of selfies so you can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know number of selfies so you can put it
+on your facebook page instagram what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your facebook page instagram what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your facebook page instagram what
+have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you
+uh and uh you have that schedule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh you have that schedule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh you have that schedule and
+you're trying to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to optimize
+the number right so uh here you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number right so uh here you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number right so uh here you go
+uh we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to have a
+let's say let's just solve this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's just solve this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's just solve this again
+manually first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually first
+and then we'll think of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll think of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll think of algorithms
+we're going to have intervals again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think of these as ours you know beyonce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as ours you know beyonce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of these as ours you know beyonce
+comes in at six leaves at seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taylor from seven through nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brad 10 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kd 10 to 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kd 10 to 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kd 10 to 12.
+tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 to 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to render a room here all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to render a room here all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to render a room here all right so
+that's the schedule that's published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the schedule that's published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the schedule that's published
+right and we can think of these as ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can think of these as ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we can think of these as ours
+comes and goes there's one small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and goes there's one small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and goes there's one small
+subtlety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtlety
+which is i'm going to think of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm going to think of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm going to think of these as
+closed intervals on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed intervals on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed intervals on the left hand
+and open at the right end so it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open at the right end so it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open at the right end so it's all
+that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is
+um if this is 6 p.m and if you come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this is 6 p.m and if you come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if this is 6 p.m and if you come in
+at 6 p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 6 p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 6 p.m
+on the dot uh well you certainly get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dot uh well you certainly get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the dot uh well you certainly get to
+see beyonce and if you come in at 6 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see beyonce and if you come in at 6 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see beyonce and if you come in at 6 59
+you get to see beyonce but if you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to see beyonce but if you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to see beyonce but if you come
+in at seven uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at seven uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at seven uh
+she's gone right um and the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gone right um and the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's gone right um and the same thing
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+a tailor at nine so you have to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor at nine so you have to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor at nine so you have to um
+uh you you have to choose your time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you have to choose your time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you have to choose your time uh
+properly right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly right so
+um what's uh what's the best time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's uh what's the best time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's uh what's the best time you
+get to go for any hour that you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to go for any hour that you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to go for any hour that you choose
+what's the best time to go to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best time to go to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the best time to go to get the
+maximum number of selfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of selfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of selfies
+anyone you can do this uh manually use i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone you can do this uh manually use i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone you can do this uh manually use i
+tell me how uh tell me tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how uh tell me tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how uh tell me tell me what the
+about the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the time is
+and then i'll ask you what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll ask you what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll ask you what your
+algorithm was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm was
+right so someone who hasn't hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so someone who hasn't hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so someone who hasn't hasn't
+answered yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep uh either six o'clock or ten o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep uh either six o'clock or ten o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep uh either six o'clock or ten o'clock
+either six logarithm what's your name oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either six logarithm what's your name oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either six logarithm what's your name oh
+kevin right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kevin right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kevin right
+sorry you'd um yeah the other cabin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you'd um yeah the other cabin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you'd um yeah the other cabin
+right so um six o'clock or ten o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um six o'clock or ten o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um six o'clock or ten o'clock
+because it's six o'clock so who are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's six o'clock so who are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's six o'clock so who are the
+people you'd see at six o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's only two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only two yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only two yeah
+so can you do better than two can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you do better than two can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you do better than two can
+someone do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone do better than
+what kevin did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah go ahead kenosha um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so you could do three at 10 o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you could do three at 10 o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you could do three at 10 o'clock
+you'd get brad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get brad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get brad
+you'd get katie and then you'd also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get katie and then you'd also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get katie and then you'd also get
+drake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drake
+okay so that's three okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's three okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's three okay so um
+that's that's the best you can do uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the best you can do uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the best you can do uh in
+in this uh in this puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh in this puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh in this puzzle
+right but you know you might you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know you might you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you know you might you may
+have hundreds of celebrities and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hundreds of celebrities and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hundreds of celebrities and you
+want to pick the right time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the right time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pick the right time
+so obviously we want to write a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we want to write a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we want to write a computer
+program here right um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here right um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program here right um what
+uh algorithm kevin or um kanishka did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithm kevin or um kanishka did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh algorithm kevin or um kanishka did
+you use to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to do this
+uh how do you do it in your head um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you do it in your head um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you do it in your head um
+did you go either either one of you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go either either one of you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go either either one of you did
+you go hour by hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go hour by hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go hour by hour
+did you go six o'clock how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go six o'clock how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you go six o'clock how many people
+are there or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there or or
+did you try and intersect or what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you try and intersect or what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you try and intersect or what did
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+well what's that what's a natural um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's that what's a natural um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's that what's a natural um
+what's a what's a reasonable way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a what's a reasonable way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a what's a reasonable way of
+proceeding here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding here right
+what's a reasonable way of proceeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a reasonable way of proceeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a reasonable way of proceeding
+uh someone other than yeah back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the frequent amount of time so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequent amount of time so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequent amount of time so look at
+look at the hours look you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the hours look you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the hours look you say
+you you say six o'clock and and you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say six o'clock and and you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you say six o'clock and and you try
+and see how many sixes are up there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how many sixes are up there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how many sixes are up there or
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+right what's your name nisha so nisha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's your name nisha so nisha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's your name nisha so nisha
+says she's going to go look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says she's going to go look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says she's going to go look
+for six o'clock and see if how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six o'clock and see if how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for six o'clock and see if how many
+sixes are up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes are up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes are up there
+right and there's two sixes up there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's two sixes up there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's two sixes up there and
+you know maybe that's why kevin said six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe that's why kevin said six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe that's why kevin said six
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um on the other hand um clearly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand um clearly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the other hand um clearly you know
+that didn't quite work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't quite work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't quite work
+right uh in in this case because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh in in this case because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh in in this case because uh
+what what happened was at ten o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happened was at ten o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happened was at ten o'clock
+there's only two of those and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two of those and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two of those and so that
+looks good too six and ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good too six and ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good too six and ten
+but you miss the fact that ten exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you miss the fact that ten exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you miss the fact that ten exists in
+between uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh in in
+in nine and eleven correct so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nine and eleven correct so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nine and eleven correct so you're not
+explicitly seeing these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly seeing these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly seeing these things
+right so um but that gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um but that gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um but that gives you an
+algorithm i mean it does give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i mean it does give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm i mean it does give you an
+algorithm the algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the algorithm is
+um let me go ahead and do a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me go ahead and do a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me go ahead and do a little bit
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+better than what you described a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what you described a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what you described a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+relaxed check right it's not just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed check right it's not just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed check right it's not just an
+identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical
+i want 6 to be in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want 6 to be in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want 6 to be in the table
+but i want to see if 6 is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to see if 6 is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to see if 6 is contained in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+interval associated with any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval associated with any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval associated with any particular
+celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity
+correct so if i did 6 i'd say 6 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if i did 6 i'd say 6 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so if i did 6 i'd say 6 is
+contained in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in this interval
+it's not contained in this interval not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not contained in this interval not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not contained in this interval not
+not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not
+not yes right so i'd get 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yes right so i'd get 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yes right so i'd get 2.
+and then when i finally got to 10 i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i finally got to 10 i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i finally got to 10 i'd
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+contained contain contained and i'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained contain contained and i'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained contain contained and i'd get
+3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.
+right so um there's clearly an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um there's clearly an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um there's clearly an algorithm
+here that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that depends on the
+the number of hours that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of hours that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of hours that you're looking
+at depends really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at depends really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at depends really uh
+on the granularity of time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the granularity of time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the granularity of time okay so
+uh this this particular algorithm would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this particular algorithm would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this particular algorithm would
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+i let me go ahead and enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i let me go ahead and enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i let me go ahead and enumerate
+at the different times that um i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the different times that um i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the different times that um i could
+possibly go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly go
+i could start at six i could start at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could start at six i could start at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could start at six i could start at uh
+seven but i may be able to start at 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven but i may be able to start at 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven but i may be able to start at 6
+30. i could go from 6 30 to 7 30. maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30. i could go from 6 30 to 7 30. maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30. i could go from 6 30 to 7 30. maybe
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+you're allowed to do that right um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to do that right um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowed to do that right um the
+point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is
+if you stick with the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick with the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stick with the original
+description you could go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you could go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description you could go ahead and
+enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerate
+6 through 12 and then you could generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 through 12 and then you could generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 through 12 and then you could generate
+a bunch of different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different numbers
+associated with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the number of
+celebrities and you can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities and you can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities and you can go ahead and
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+uh what uh what time you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what uh what time you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what uh what time you want to go
+right um so this is look it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so this is look it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so this is look it's it's a
+little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like
+our previous puzzle in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous puzzle in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous puzzle in the sense that
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+a a relatively straightforward strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a relatively straightforward strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a relatively straightforward strategy
+that enumerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enumerates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enumerates
+different hours and goes through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hours and goes through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hours and goes through and
+does a bunch of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a bunch of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a bunch of computation
+and then picks the maximum in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then picks the maximum in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then picks the maximum in this case
+previously it was the minimum for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously it was the minimum for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously it was the minimum for you
+will all confirm here is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all confirm here is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all confirm here is the maximum
+right um what is the disadvantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what is the disadvantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what is the disadvantage of
+this this particular algorithm that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular algorithm that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular algorithm that we
+just described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described
+what is one potential disadvantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is one potential disadvantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is one potential disadvantage
+right yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yep
+go ahead fine well i mean like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead fine well i mean like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead fine well i mean like it's not
+linear so you have to make multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so you have to make multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so you have to make multiple
+passes on like for example like you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes on like for example like you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes on like for example like you have
+both like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both like
+first of all you have to enumerate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you have to enumerate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you have to enumerate all
+of the possible times and then for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible times and then for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible times and then for every
+time you have to go through the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have to go through the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you have to go through the list
+uh like over and over again that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like over and over again that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like over and over again that's right
+so there's a lot of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of computational
+uh combinations and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combinations and this is
+this is a lot of conversation there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of conversation there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of conversation there's a
+computational overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational overhead
+um i'll uh let me show you what the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'll uh let me show you what the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'll uh let me show you what the code
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+for the straightforward algorithm all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the straightforward algorithm all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the straightforward algorithm all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so it's it's going to again uh be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's going to again uh be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's it's going to again uh be
+in intuitive um it's going to do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in intuitive um it's going to do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in intuitive um it's going to do exactly
+what we just described right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just described right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just described right
+and so if you look at what you have up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at what you have up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at what you have up
+there schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there schedule
+up there is is simply a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is is simply a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is is simply a set of
+a set of intervals right and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of intervals right and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of intervals right and um
+they're tuples and so i have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tuples and so i have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're tuples and so i have something
+that's bigger than this example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than this example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger than this example here
+but it includes that and there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it includes that and there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it includes that and there's a whole
+bunch of things in there um and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things in there um and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things in there um and now
+i'm going to look at um this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at um this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at um this is just a
+start time for a particular celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time for a particular celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start time for a particular celebrity
+and this is the end time for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the end time for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the end time for that
+celebrity i'm just setting that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity i'm just setting that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity i'm just setting that up
+and and i'm going to go ahead and um i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i'm going to go ahead and um i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i'm going to go ahead and um i i
+i'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at
+um for each um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for each um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for each um
+c in schedule i'm going to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c in schedule i'm going to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c in schedule i'm going to look at this
+i'm going to look at that i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at that i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at that i'm going to
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+i'm going to figure out what the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to figure out what the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to figure out what the uh the
+the start time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start time is
+and the the the end this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the end this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the end this and
+i'm just doing this simply because um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just doing this simply because um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just doing this simply because um i
+want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out
+what the earliest um what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the earliest um what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the earliest um what what the
+what the earliest start time for any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the earliest start time for any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the earliest start time for any of
+these celebrities are so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these celebrities are so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these celebrities are so in this case
+it's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six
+and the latest time that a celebrity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the latest time that a celebrity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the latest time that a celebrity is
+is around is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is around is 12
+right so that's all that this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's all that this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's all that this first
+thing does it's just it's just finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does it's just it's just finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing does it's just it's just finding
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the range that i have to deal with okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range that i have to deal with okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range that i have to deal with okay
+so there's not much there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not much there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not much there
+um i'm going to go ahead and compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm going to go ahead and compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm going to go ahead and compute
+what's called the celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the celebrity
+density and i'll show you the code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and i'll show you the code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and i'll show you the code for
+that but that's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but that's essentially
+what we described which is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we described which is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we described which is for a
+particular hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular hour
+between start and end how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between start and end how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between start and end how many
+celebrities do i see at that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities do i see at that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities do i see at that particular
+hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour
+right and then for the next hour how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then for the next hour how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then for the next hour how
+many celebrities do i see i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many celebrities do i see i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many celebrities do i see i'm just
+calling it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it the
+the the density right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the density right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the density right um
+and and then um the count is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then um the count is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then um the count is
+uh is is a is a list that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is a is a list that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is a is a list that is going to
+have celebrity densities for particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have celebrity densities for particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have celebrity densities for particular
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+that correspond to the indices of count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the indices of count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to the indices of count
+and i'm just going to go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to go through that
+list and i'm going to figure out the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and i'm going to figure out the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list and i'm going to figure out the the
+time that has max count or the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that has max count or the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that has max count or the maximum
+number of celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of celebrities
+okay and there's a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a couple of different
+ways of doing that don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing that don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing that don't worry about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but i'm happy to answer questions if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm happy to answer questions if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm happy to answer questions if um
+if you have them and then i just say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have them and then i just say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have them and then i just say you
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+best time to attend the party is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time to attend the party is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best time to attend the party is at this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+time which was discovered here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which was discovered here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which was discovered here and the
+number of celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of celebrities
+who are going to be attending is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to be attending is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to be attending is
+maxcount okay so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxcount okay so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxcount okay so so this is
+essentially the code for for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the code for for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the code for for for the
+algorithm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and
+this thing here is is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is is doing
+the slightly more relaxed check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly more relaxed check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slightly more relaxed check
+that that i alluded to which was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that i alluded to which was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that i alluded to which was like
+when you have six o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have six o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have six o'clock
+uh you're not just looking for six here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not just looking for six here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not just looking for six here
+um you're looking for six within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're looking for six within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're looking for six within this
+interval that looks like this so 6 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that looks like this so 6 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval that looks like this so 6 is
+definitely within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely within this
+but it would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 is not
+is not inside 5 and 6 as i described to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not inside 5 and 6 as i described to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not inside 5 and 6 as i described to
+you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you before
+right so that's simply the check that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's simply the check that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's simply the check that's
+why you have a less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have a less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you have a less than
+equal to here and a strictly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to here and a strictly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to here and a strictly greater
+than over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than over here
+just to take care of that uh closed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to take care of that uh closed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to take care of that uh closed and
+open part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open part of it
+right so um again that if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um again that if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um again that if you don't
+understand every nuance in this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand every nuance in this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand every nuance in this code
+it's not that big a deal but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that big a deal but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that big a deal but hopefully
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+the overall picture right uh makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall picture right uh makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall picture right uh makes sense
+right okay so as you can imagine there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so as you can imagine there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so as you can imagine there's
+a much better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much better way
+okay there's there's a much better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's there's a much better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's there's a much better way
+that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't
+as exhaustive as this one right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as exhaustive as this one right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as exhaustive as this one right and
+um do people have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do people have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do people have a sense of
+what a better way would be or would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a better way would be or would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a better way would be or would you
+like a hint and anyone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hint and anyone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hint and anyone want to
+conjecture a different way of solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture a different way of solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture a different way of solving
+this problem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem that's
+yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the exhaustiveness of this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the exhaustiveness of this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the exhaustiveness of this algorithm
+is as follows so basically what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows so basically what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows so basically what i'm
+saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is
+uh what i'm saying is i'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i'm saying is i'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i'm saying is i'm going to go
+look at the range of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the range of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the range of times
+and all of these are per hour right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these are per hour right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these are per hour right
+everything is is per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is is per hour
+i'm going to look at the range of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at the range of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to look at the range of times
+and i'm going to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go ahead
+and uh and include um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and include um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and include um
+a 6 through 12 here right and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 6 through 12 here right and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 6 through 12 here right and i'm going
+to go 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go 6
+and i'm going to go figure out at six um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go figure out at six um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to go figure out at six um
+how many celebrities exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many celebrities exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many celebrities exist
+and then at seven how many celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at seven how many celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at seven how many celebrities
+exist and then at eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and then at eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and then at eight
+all the way to twelve right and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to twelve right and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to twelve right and i'm
+going to get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get uh
+in count which is that uh list there i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in count which is that uh list there i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in count which is that uh list there i'm
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+for each uh for uh for count six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each uh for uh for count six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each uh for uh for count six
+i'm going to say two and for count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say two and for count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say two and for count
+uh 10 i'm going to get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 i'm going to get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 i'm going to get three
+right because 10 is is the hour and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because 10 is is the hour and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because 10 is is the hour and then
+i'm going to go through that list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go through that list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go through that list and
+figure out that 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that 10
+had the maximum number in it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the maximum number in it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the maximum number in it and that's
+the exhaustiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaustiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exhaustiveness
+right that makes sense right so so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense right so so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that makes sense right so so if
+you're good with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good with that
+this algorithm works but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm works but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm works but it's a little
+painful right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful right
+um and so so what's what any ideas as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so what's what any ideas as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so so what's what any ideas as to
+how we could do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we could do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we could do things
+uh quite differently which would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite differently which would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite differently which would be more
+more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient
+it's uh and let me let me give out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh and let me let me give out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh and let me let me give out the
+word i want i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word i want i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word i want i want
+an incremental way of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incremental way of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incremental way of doing this
+right how how could i do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how how could i do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how how could i do this
+i have a starting time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a starting time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a starting time and
+um i want to compute the same densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i want to compute the same densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i want to compute the same densities
+in a in an incremental way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in an incremental way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in an incremental way okay
+someone else other than 40.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else other than 40.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else other than 40.
+um yeah back there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah back there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah back there um
+well so you have to start in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you have to start in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so you have to start in the end
+time and you just for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you just for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you just for each
+list of whatever you hold time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of whatever you hold time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of whatever you hold time yeah
+you could keep like a account a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep like a account a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could keep like a account a
+different account like a dictionary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different account like a dictionary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different account like a dictionary of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the start time and then increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start time and then increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start time and then increment
+through each of the start times until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of the start times until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each of the start times until
+the end and just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and just add
+one each time so you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each time so you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each time so you're basically
+iterating through each set of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating through each set of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterating through each set of times
+and finding the count of each time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding the count of each time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finding the count of each time you
+know whichever type is the most right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whichever type is the most right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whichever type is the most right
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you're absolutely on the right track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely on the right track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely on the right track and
+it turns out you don't even need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you don't even need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you don't even need
+dictionaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries
+you can do this with just plain lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this with just plain lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this with just plain lists
+but the idea here is it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea here is it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea here is it's actually a
+very compelling one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelling one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very compelling one
+it's something that you'll see in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that you'll see in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that you'll see in other
+algorithms um you whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um you whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um you whenever you have
+something where you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you're doing
+repeated uh computation there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated uh computation there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated uh computation there's always
+many a time there's a way of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many a time there's a way of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many a time there's a way of of uh of
+of removing redundancy and turning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of removing redundancy and turning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of removing redundancy and turning it
+into incremental computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into incremental computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into incremental computation
+right and so the inside here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the inside here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the inside here is the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+the only time that celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time that celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time that celebrity
+uh density which is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh density which is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh density which is the number of
+celebrities that are in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities that are in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities that are in the room
+changes is obviously when a celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is obviously when a celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes is obviously when a celebrity
+enters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters
+or when a celebrity leaves right i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when a celebrity leaves right i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when a celebrity leaves right i mean
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+i mean you know we're all celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know we're all celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know we're all celebrities
+here you know and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know and and uh
+uh i guess we did have someone leave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess we did have someone leave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i guess we did have someone leave so
+there you go and then maybe someone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go and then maybe someone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go and then maybe someone is
+gonna come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come in
+right so so i just need to monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so i just need to monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so i just need to monitor
+uh um you know sort of input and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you know sort of input and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um you know sort of input and output
+or entry and exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or entry and exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or entry and exit
+okay so and i also know what the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and i also know what the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and i also know what the end
+points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are
+with respect to uh the sixth time six pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to uh the sixth time six pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to uh the sixth time six pm
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+versus twelve correct so what i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus twelve correct so what i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus twelve correct so what i can do
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is the following um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following um
+suppose suppose i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a chart that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chart that looks like this
+right and what i'm drawing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is are these intervals they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are these intervals they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are these intervals they're not
+exactly what i had up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i had up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i had up there
+but i'm drawing those intervals out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm drawing those intervals out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm drawing those intervals out
+right so you could think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could think of this
+if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as being six you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being six you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being six you can think of
+these two lined up as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two lined up as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two lined up as being
+seven and so on and so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and so on and so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and so on and so forth okay
+so um so i could draw these out and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so i could draw these out and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so i could draw these out and and
+i don't really have to draw these out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really have to draw these out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really have to draw these out in
+a in a computer program but i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a computer program but i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a computer program but i can
+certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly
+draw them out uh in in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them out uh in in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them out uh in in terms of
+giving you the intuition right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the intuition right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the intuition right so what
+i'm going to do is i'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do is i'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do is i'm going to start
+with zero so before six there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero so before six there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zero so before six there's
+absolutely no one in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no one in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no one in the room
+so i'm at zero okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm at zero okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm at zero okay and
+the moment i see um i i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment i see um i i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment i see um i i i
+i take one of these things and if i if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take one of these things and if i if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take one of these things and if i if i
+see a celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a celebrity
+um i can increment the count so here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can increment the count so here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i can increment the count so here i
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+at five i'm at zero at six i get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five i'm at zero at six i get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at five i'm at zero at six i get one
+and and at seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and at seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and at seven
+no one has left and two more people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one has left and two more people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one has left and two more people have
+come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+so i get three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get three okay
+and now the next thing happens out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the next thing happens out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the next thing happens out here
+um let's say this one here is eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say this one here is eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's say this one here is eight
+i would get four for that and then out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would get four for that and then out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would get four for that and then out
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it's nine i go four minus one equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nine i go four minus one equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nine i go four minus one equals
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+because this this celebrity left okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this celebrity left okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this celebrity left okay
+so um so essentially what i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so essentially what i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so essentially what i want to do
+is not have to uh compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not have to uh compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not have to uh compute
+this over and over for every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over for every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over for every time
+running through all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through all of the
+list of celebrities like i did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of celebrities like i did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of celebrities like i did before
+right for six i went through all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for six i went through all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for six i went through all the
+celebrities for seven i went through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities for seven i went through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrities for seven i went through all
+the celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the celebrities
+but if i sort the celebrities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i sort the celebrities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i sort the celebrities
+in um increasing order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um increasing order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um increasing order
+of start times essentially this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start times essentially this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start times essentially this picture
+is important and it requires sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important and it requires sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important and it requires sorting
+because i went from left to right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i went from left to right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i went from left to right right
+and when i go from left to right um i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i go from left to right um i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i go from left to right um i'm
+essentially saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying
+i want to see things that come earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to see things that come earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to see things that come earlier
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+the ones that come later right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that come later right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that come later right that's
+essentially what time goes to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what time goes to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what time goes to the right
+right so i'm going from left to right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going from left to right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i'm going from left to right so
+if i take these intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take these intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take these intervals
+and i sort them okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sort them okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sort them okay and
+basically sort them by the by the by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort them by the by the by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically sort them by the by the by the
+start times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start times
+then all i need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all i need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all i need to do is
+in the sorted list of intervals i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sorted list of intervals i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sorted list of intervals i just
+showed you the computation that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the computation that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the computation that we have
+to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform
+okay the computation that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the computation that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the computation that we have to
+perform is this was the first interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform is this was the first interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform is this was the first interval
+in the sorted list of intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sorted list of intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sorted list of intervals
+right because it was the leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it was the leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it was the leftmost
+interval and i take that and i go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and i take that and i go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and i take that and i go ahead
+and increment it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increment it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increment it to one
+right then um the next thing i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then um the next thing i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then um the next thing i do
+is i don't have to worry about uh um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i don't have to worry about uh um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i don't have to worry about uh um at
+any time even if there was a time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time even if there was a time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time even if there was a time if
+this was six and this was eight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was six and this was eight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was six and this was eight for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um as long as there's no celebrity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as long as there's no celebrity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as long as there's no celebrity that
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+in at seven there's no reason for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at seven there's no reason for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at seven there's no reason for me to
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+uh anything in my data structure right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything in my data structure right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anything in my data structure right
+the only times that are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only times that are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only times that are interesting
+are when celebrities enter and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when celebrities enter and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when celebrities enter and leave
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the other nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other nice thing about this
+algorithm is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is that
+um it will work if beyonce came in at 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it will work if beyonce came in at 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it will work if beyonce came in at 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 39 you know 39 seconds 39
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 39 you know 39 seconds 39
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 39 you know 39 seconds 39
+minutes 39 seconds and left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes 39 seconds and left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes 39 seconds and left
+you know at 6 51 whatever right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at 6 51 whatever right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at 6 51 whatever right because
+i'm only concerned with uh the entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only concerned with uh the entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm only concerned with uh the entry
+of a celebrity and the exit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a celebrity and the exit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a celebrity and the exit of a
+celebrity that correspond to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity that correspond to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity that correspond to these
+uh these points that you see here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these points that you see here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these points that you see here right
+does that does the algorithm make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that does the algorithm make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that does the algorithm make sense
+from an intuitive standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an intuitive standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an intuitive standpoint
+right you see what's happening here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see what's happening here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see what's happening here it
+hopefully the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully the picture
+gives you a gives you a sense for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a gives you a sense for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a gives you a sense for how
+you're doing the correct computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the correct computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the correct computation
+and the only times that things change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only times that things change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only times that things change
+are when at the end points of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when at the end points of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are when at the end points of these
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+right when you see someone increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you see someone increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when you see someone increment
+when you when someone leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when someone leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when someone leaves
+decrement right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement right so this
+um set of numbers that you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set of numbers that you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um set of numbers that you generate
+is essentially the density down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the density down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the density down at the
+bottom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom that
+corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a particular times not necessarily on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular times not necessarily on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular times not necessarily on
+the hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour
+but whenever the celebrities come and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever the celebrities come and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whenever the celebrities come and go
+right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+that a list that you get is all that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a list that you get is all that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a list that you get is all that you
+need to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at
+um to figure out what the maximum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to figure out what the maximum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to figure out what the maximum is
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ultimately down below in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately down below in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately down below in this particular
+example perhaps four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example perhaps four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example perhaps four
+was uh the maximum right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh the maximum right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh the maximum right and it
+it started with zero it climbs up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started with zero it climbs up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started with zero it climbs up you
+know maybe goes to four maybe goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe goes to four maybe goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe goes to four maybe goes to
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+and then goes down again maybe climbs up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes down again maybe climbs up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes down again maybe climbs up
+again who cares you know you it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again who cares you know you it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again who cares you know you it
+once you get to the point where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to the point where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get to the point where you've
+written a program size doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a program size doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a program size doesn't matter
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+right so the last thing i'll do is i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the last thing i'll do is i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the last thing i'll do is i'll
+show you the code for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the code for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the code for this
+it'll be up on the website and feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be up on the website and feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be up on the website and feel free
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+come to office hours and ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to office hours and ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to office hours and ask me
+questions about the code or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the code or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the code or
+before uh lecture tomorrow uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh lecture tomorrow uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh lecture tomorrow uh but
+this is you know the entirety of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know the entirety of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know the entirety of the
+code and i'm not even using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and i'm not even using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and i'm not even using
+the built-in sort functions in python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in sort functions in python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the built-in sort functions in python
+right i mean i went ahead and wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean i went ahead and wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i mean i went ahead and wrote it
+just to give you a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a sense of
+how long the code would be but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the code would be but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long the code would be but it's a
+much more elegant algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more elegant algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more elegant algorithm
+it would run faster on large examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would run faster on large examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would run faster on large examples
+and i don't want to get into asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't want to get into asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't want to get into asymptotic
+complexity that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity that's really
+um beyond this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beyond this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um beyond this class but
+as you can imagine rather than going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine rather than going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine rather than going
+through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the
+list of celebrities over and over we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of celebrities over and over we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of celebrities over and over we're
+actually doing sorting exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing sorting exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing sorting exactly once
+right so uh so that's that's better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh so that's that's better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh so that's that's better but
+essentially what happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what happens here
+is is simple um you go ahead and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is simple um you go ahead and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is simple um you go ahead and you
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create
+um each of these times so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each of these times so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each of these times so this is
+particular celebrity particular time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular celebrity particular time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular celebrity particular time and
+this is the start point of the celebrity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the start point of the celebrity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the start point of the celebrity
+so you you have to mark that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have to mark that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have to mark that
+this is very different from that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very different from that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very different from that what
+happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens here
+is i am adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i am adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i am adding
+what happens here is i'm subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is i'm subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here is i'm subtracting
+right so i have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i have to know
+whether this point is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this point is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this point is very different
+from that point this is the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point this is the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point this is the same as that
+same as that and all of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that and all of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that and all of these are
+similar but i have to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but i have to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but i have to differentiate
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+for obvious reasons right so i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for obvious reasons right so i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for obvious reasons right so i have to
+have start and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have start and end
+and then i i go ahead and take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i i go ahead and take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i i go ahead and take these
+times each of these times that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each of these times that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times each of these times that you see
+with these black dots here they all need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these black dots here they all need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these black dots here they all need
+to be sorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sorted
+because that's the only way i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only way i'm going to
+go from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from left to right
+right that's the only way by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the only way by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the only way by going
+through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+list of times right so i'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of times right so i'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of times right so i'm going to go
+ahead and do that sorting and i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do that sorting and i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and do that sorting and i could
+have done times dot sort by the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done times dot sort by the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done times dot sort by the way i
+don't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have
+um sort list but i just as i said i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort list but i just as i said i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort list but i just as i said i
+wanted to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you the
+the code without using any python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code without using any python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code without using any python
+library functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library functions
+and then i and then choose time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i and then choose time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i and then choose time is
+simply looking through that list finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply looking through that list finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply looking through that list finding
+that maximum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maximum number
+be it four or five and returning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it four or five and returning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it four or five and returning the
+index of that because that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of that because that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index of that because that tells you
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+what the particular time is and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the particular time is and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the particular time is and that
+time will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will always be
+um can someone tell me last question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can someone tell me last question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can someone tell me last question and
+i'll let you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll let you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll let you go
+what what am i what am i going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what am i what am i going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what am i what am i going to get
+on any given example what am i going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any given example what am i going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any given example what am i going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+as the best time any given example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the best time any given example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the best time any given example
+i'll get to you if if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get to you if if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get to you if if uh
+yeah a time when more people come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a time when more people come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a time when more people come and
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave
+at time when more people come to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time when more people come to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time when more people come to leave
+that's that's correct but i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's correct but i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's correct but i want
+something stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something stronger
+what's your name josh josh yeah josh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name josh josh yeah josh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name josh josh yeah josh is
+right but i want something even stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i want something even stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i want something even stronger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+uh than a time that uh more people come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than a time that uh more people come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than a time that uh more people come
+than leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than leave
+i mean it's it's it's it's correct uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's it's it's it's correct uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's it's it's it's correct uh
+but uh a variant uh uh observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a variant uh uh observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a variant uh uh observation
+someone else i i wanna say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else i i wanna say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else i i wanna say something
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um there's two sets of points here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's two sets of points here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's two sets of points here right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's two sets of points here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two sets of points here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two sets of points here which
+point which set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which set of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which set of points
+are going to be the ones that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the ones that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the ones that are in
+play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+with respect to the maximum time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the maximum time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the maximum time right
+that's maybe a better question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a better question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a better question
+right go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right go ahead
+the arrival time that's right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrival time that's right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrival time that's right the
+arrival time of a celebrity right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival time of a celebrity right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival time of a celebrity right and
+it's true that what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that what you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that what you said
+george is correct ultimately the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george is correct ultimately the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george is correct ultimately the best
+time is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to be
+when uh the maximum number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the maximum number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the maximum number of uh
+arrivals happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals happen
+right uh but at the bottom line is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but at the bottom line is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but at the bottom line is i'm
+never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to
+i'm never going to see this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm never going to see this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm never going to see this is actually
+an interesting observation and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting observation and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting observation and there's
+an exercise related to this observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise related to this observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exercise related to this observation
+for this puzzle that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this puzzle that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this puzzle that you might want to
+look at that i'll put up on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that i'll put up on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that i'll put up on on the
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+as soon as we're done here you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we're done here you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as we're done here you're you're
+always going to pick one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to pick one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to pick one of these
+beginning times because that's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning times because that's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning times because that's when the
+increment happens you'd never pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment happens you'd never pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment happens you'd never pick one
+of these because that's when a decrement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these because that's when a decrement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these because that's when a decrement
+happens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right
+so so that's all i wanted to say and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's all i wanted to say and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's all i wanted to say and and
+the reason i wanted to say that as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i wanted to say that as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason i wanted to say that as i
+said there's a there's an extra question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's a there's an extra question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there's a there's an extra question
+on top of this and yet another algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of this and yet another algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of this and yet another algorithm
+to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this
+that is really based on that final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really based on that final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really based on that final
+observation that we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that we made
+all right well thank you sorry for going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well thank you sorry for going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well thank you sorry for going
+over but as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but as i said
+this is iap forgive me
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/a4Qtf5D0rso.txt b/a4Qtf5D0rso.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fce8af57eba58d375b50ff6f42bb1d7769fe500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a4Qtf5D0rso.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I'm gonna try to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm gonna try to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I'm gonna try to do now is
+some set up again this this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set up again this this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set up again this this equation and
+do the analog of of what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analog of of what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the analog of of what we're doing
+there and try to determine this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and try to determine this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and try to determine this function
+FK in some nice way all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK in some nice way all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FK in some nice way all right so let's
+think of this equation I want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this equation I want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this equation I want to do it
+in pieces so sigh of our it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pieces so sigh of our it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pieces so sigh of our it's going to
+be equal to some formula and then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to some formula and then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to some formula and then it has
+to be equal to this right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to this right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to this right hand side
+let's write the e to the I Casey the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write the e to the I Casey the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write the e to the I Casey the way
+we've done it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done it before
+it's up there so I'll write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up there so I'll write it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up there so I'll write it here
+square root of 4 PI over K square sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 PI over K square sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 4 PI over K square sum of
+L equals 0 to infinity of square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equals 0 to infinity of square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L equals 0 to infinity of square root of
+2 L plus 1 I to the ly l0 1 over 2i e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 L plus 1 I to the ly l0 1 over 2i e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 L plus 1 I to the ly l0 1 over 2i e to
+the I K R minus L PI over 2 over R minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K R minus L PI over 2 over R minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I K R minus L PI over 2 over R minus
+e to the minus I K R minus L PI over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I K R minus L PI over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I K R minus L PI over 2
+Wow it's tiring this R plus f of K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow it's tiring this R plus f of K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow it's tiring this R plus f of K of
+theta e to the IKr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta e to the IKr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta e to the IKr
+over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what do we have here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we have here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do we have here we've
+written the right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written the right hand side of this
+equation I copied it I have not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I copied it I have not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I copied it I have not done
+anything except taking our much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except taking our much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything except taking our much greater
+than a because otherwise in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a because otherwise in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a because otherwise in the plane
+wave into the i kz i could not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave into the i kz i could not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave into the i kz i could not have
+expanded the Bessel functions unless I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the Bessel functions unless I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the Bessel functions unless I
+took our greater than name but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took our greater than name but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took our greater than name but that's
+good because we now have our waves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look at this right hand side where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this right hand side where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at this right hand side where
+is the incoming wave in this right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incoming wave in this right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incoming wave in this right hand
+side the incoming wave is here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the incoming wave is here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the incoming wave is here that's
+the only term that is incoming because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term that is incoming because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term that is incoming because
+this is an outgoing wave and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an outgoing wave and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an outgoing wave and this is an
+outgoing wave so if I want to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave so if I want to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave so if I want to write a
+left-hand side the incoming wave of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side the incoming wave of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side the incoming wave of the
+left-hand side has to be equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side has to be equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side has to be equal to this
+wave and of course the outgoing wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and of course the outgoing wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and of course the outgoing wave of
+the left-hand sides will also have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand sides will also have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand sides will also have to be
+equal to whatever is outgoing here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to whatever is outgoing here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to whatever is outgoing here but
+the incoming must be this so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming must be this so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming must be this so I'm gonna
+write this left hand side and already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this left hand side and already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this left hand side and already
+use this and put 4 PI over K square sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this and put 4 PI over K square sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this and put 4 PI over K square sum
+of L equals 0 to infinity 2l plus 1 I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L equals 0 to infinity 2l plus 1 I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L equals 0 to infinity 2l plus 1 I to
+the l y LZ r of 1 over 2 pi big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l y LZ r of 1 over 2 pi big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l y LZ r of 1 over 2 pi big
+parentheses and one outgoing wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and one outgoing wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses and one outgoing wave and
+one incoming wave minus I K R minus L PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one incoming wave minus I K R minus L PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one incoming wave minus I K R minus L PI
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+to over our and here I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over our and here I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to over our and here I don't know what
+to put but I've put already there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put but I've put already there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put but I've put already there
+on the left-hand side of this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side of this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left-hand side of this equation
+for Phi of R for the full solution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phi of R for the full solution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phi of R for the full solution a
+wave that matches the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that matches the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave that matches the right-hand side
+because it has the same incoming wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now I'm gonna use some physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm gonna use some physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm gonna use some physical
+intuition to guess what we have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition to guess what we have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition to guess what we have to put
+on this part this is the step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part this is the step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this part this is the step that
+requires a little imagination not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a little imagination not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a little imagination not too
+much because we already did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because we already did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much because we already did something
+similar here so what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is the intuition I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the intuition I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the intuition I think you
+should keep after weeks of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep after weeks of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should keep after weeks of this course
+when they all forgotten there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they all forgotten there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they all forgotten there's some
+intuition that you should keep and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that you should keep and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that you should keep and it's
+about the scattering happening for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the scattering happening for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the scattering happening for each
+partial wave independent yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- I yes no - Pilar haha yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you so here it is this is of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so here it is this is of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so here it is this is of a
+solution and we've got the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we've got the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we've got the intuition
+already I will justify this later of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I will justify this later of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already I will justify this later of
+course very precisely but I think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course very precisely but I think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course very precisely but I think at
+this moment you need to have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment you need to have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment you need to have a little
+bit of an intuition of what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an intuition of what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an intuition of what you should
+do and first we said each L work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and first we said each L work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and first we said each L work
+separately to create a solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately to create a solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately to create a solution of the
+Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation
+that's superposition and it's there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's superposition and it's there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's superposition and it's there in
+that divert each L is working separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divert each L is working separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divert each L is working separately
+each L is like a scattering problem each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each L is like a scattering problem each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each L is like a scattering problem each
+L has a wave that comes in and a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L has a wave that comes in and a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L has a wave that comes in and a wave
+that comes out because these things J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out because these things J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out because these things J
+and n have waves and they have an in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n have waves and they have an in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n have waves and they have an in and
+an out so this has some in wave and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an out so this has some in wave and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an out so this has some in wave and some
+out wave and if each wave works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wave and if each wave works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wave and if each wave works
+separately and it has an in way from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and it has an in way from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and it has an in way from an
+out wave in a scattering problem these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wave in a scattering problem these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out wave in a scattering problem these
+waves must have the same amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves must have the same amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves must have the same amplitude
+because otherwise they wouldn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise they wouldn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise they wouldn't have the
+same probability current and probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability current and probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability current and probability
+would get stopped so this must be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get stopped so this must be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get stopped so this must be an
+outgoing wave having the same amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave having the same amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing wave having the same amplitude
+as this wave and by the argument we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this wave and by the argument we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this wave and by the argument we had
+here it just differs by a face so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it just differs by a face so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it just differs by a face so we'll
+put here e to the I K R minus L PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here e to the I K R minus L PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here e to the I K R minus L PI over
+2 plus 2 I Delta L over R so that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 2 I Delta L over R so that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus 2 I Delta L over R so that it is
+a wave spherical wave that it's outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave spherical wave that it's outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave spherical wave that it's outgoing
+if has the same amplitude as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if has the same amplitude as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if has the same amplitude as this one
+and cannot be the same the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cannot be the same the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cannot be the same the only
+difference can be a phrase shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference can be a phrase shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference can be a phrase shift and
+that's the phase shift so your picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the phase shift so your picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the phase shift so your picture
+is scattering in three dimensions looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scattering in three dimensions looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scattering in three dimensions looks
+like okay you threw in a plane wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you threw in a plane wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you threw in a plane wave and
+out came a spherical wave out the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out came a spherical wave out the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out came a spherical wave out the other
+picture that is more consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that is more consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that is more consistent with the
+way you solve it is that you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you solve it is that you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you solve it is that you have an
+infinite set of partial waves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite set of partial waves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite set of partial waves for
+different else each one scattering the l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different else each one scattering the l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different else each one scattering the l
+equals zero the L equal one the L equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero the L equal one the L equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero the L equal one the L equal
+to all of them scattering so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of them scattering so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all of them scattering so this
+corresponds to an answered in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an answered in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to an answered in terms of
+phase shifts and now we can you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifts and now we can you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifts and now we can you can say
+you've parameterised your ignorance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've parameterised your ignorance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've parameterised your ignorance in a
+physical way you've discovered that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical way you've discovered that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical way you've discovered that all
+that characterizes the scattering is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes the scattering is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that characterizes the scattering is as
+it was in one dimension aphasia in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in one dimension aphasia in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in one dimension aphasia in one
+dimension there was a single phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension there was a single phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension there was a single phase shift
+because you didn't have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you didn't have all these
+general solutions that you had in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solutions that you had in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solutions that you had in three
+dimensions your energy eigenstates where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions your energy eigenstates where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions your energy eigenstates where
+momentum eigenstates were non degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum eigenstates were non degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum eigenstates were non degenerate
+really there was just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there was just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there was just a couple of
+momentum eigenstates wave in and waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum eigenstates wave in and waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum eigenstates wave in and waves
+out here is infinitely degenerate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is infinitely degenerate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is infinitely degenerate their
+spherical stuff so there's a phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical stuff so there's a phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical stuff so there's a phase shift
+for each value of L so with parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each value of L so with parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each value of L so with parameterize
+the physics of the scattering problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of the scattering problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of the scattering problem in
+terms of phase shifts and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of phase shifts and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of phase shifts and now it's
+interesting to try to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to try to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to try to figure out what is
+this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity
+after all in terms of the phase shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all in terms of the phase shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all in terms of the phase shifts
+and it's already here we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's already here we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's already here we just have to
+solve it so from this equation I now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so from this equation I now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so from this equation I now can
+say that this term cancels with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this term cancels with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that this term cancels with this
+term and now I can solve for this term f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and now I can solve for this term f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and now I can solve for this term f
+of theta e to the IKr by collecting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta e to the IKr by collecting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta e to the IKr by collecting this
+other tooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tooth
+together and therefore f K of theta e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and therefore f K of theta e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and therefore f K of theta e to
+the IKr over R is equal it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IKr over R is equal it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IKr over R is equal it's exactly the
+same thing I did here cancel here pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I did here cancel here pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I did here cancel here pass
+and the mathematics is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mathematics is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mathematics is going to be
+completely analogous except that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely analogous except that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely analogous except that I have
+to carry all that somewhere no big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry all that somewhere no big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry all that somewhere no big deal
+so what is it square root of 4 PI over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it square root of 4 PI over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it square root of 4 PI over K
+sum from l equals 0 to infinity to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from l equals 0 to infinity to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from l equals 0 to infinity to L
+plus 1 I to the L why L 0 1 over 2i ok 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 I to the L why L 0 1 over 2i ok 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 I to the L why L 0 1 over 2i ok 1
+or 2 I okay I'll do it this way of e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2 I okay I'll do it this way of e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2 I okay I'll do it this way of e to
+the 2i Delta L minus 1 e to the IKr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2i Delta L minus 1 e to the IKr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2i Delta L minus 1 e to the IKr
+e to the minus I L PI over 2 I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I L PI over 2 I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I L PI over 2 I think I
+got everything there I put the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got everything there I put the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got everything there I put the first
+term on the right hand side I moved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term on the right hand side I moved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term on the right hand side I moved it
+to the left hand side the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left hand side the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left hand side the coefficient
+was all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all the same
+this was the coefficient they both had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the coefficient they both had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the coefficient they both had
+the same coefficient then I just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coefficient then I just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coefficient then I just have to
+subtract these two Exponential's over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract these two Exponential's over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract these two Exponential's over R
+so I did forget the R so I just subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did forget the R so I just subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did forget the R so I just subtract
+the two Exponential's both Exponential's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Exponential's both Exponential's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Exponential's both Exponential's
+have the e to the IKr minus L PI over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the e to the IKr minus L PI over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the e to the IKr minus L PI over 2
+and the difference is that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference is that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference is that the first
+exponential on the top has the extra e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the top has the extra e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential on the top has the extra e
+to the 2i Delta L minus 1 and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2i Delta L minus 1 and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2i Delta L minus 1 and the other
+one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we get here this part is e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get here this part is e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get here this part is e to
+the I Delta sine Delta and this part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e to the minus I PI over 2 to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I PI over 2 to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus I PI over 2 to the power
+L which is minus I to the L and I to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L which is minus I to the L and I to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L which is minus I to the L and I to the
+L times minus I to the L is happy Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times minus I to the L is happy Li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L times minus I to the L is happy Li
+just want I times minus I is 1 and 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want I times minus I is 1 and 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want I times minus I is 1 and 1 to
+the L is 1 so this term and this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L is 1 so this term and this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L is 1 so this term and this term
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+cancel so finally and I can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so finally and I can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel so finally and I can cancel
+happily there are dependencies all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily there are dependencies all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily there are dependencies all the
+same I can cancel this our dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I can cancel this our dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same I can cancel this our dependence
+these are dependence and finally we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dependence and finally we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dependence and finally we've
+got FK of theta equals square root of 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got FK of theta equals square root of 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got FK of theta equals square root of 4
+PI over K sum from l equals 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over K sum from l equals 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over K sum from l equals 0 to
+infinity square root 2 L plus 1 y l0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity square root 2 L plus 1 y l0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity square root 2 L plus 1 y l0 of
+theta e to the I Delta L sine Delta L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's it that's our formula for FK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that's our formula for FK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it that's our formula for FK
+in terms of the phase shifts so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the phase shifts so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the phase shifts so what
+have we achieved we want f of K because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we achieved we want f of K because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we achieved we want f of K because
+that gives us the cross-section what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the cross-section what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the cross-section what we
+have figured out is that the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out is that the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have figured out is that the calculation
+of FK really requires knowing the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FK really requires knowing the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of FK really requires knowing the phase
+shift and the phase shifts are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and the phase shifts are defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and the phase shifts are defined
+by that formula over there where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that formula over there where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that formula over there where we have
+estimated how one wave is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated how one wave is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated how one wave is connected to
+the other one incoming and the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one incoming and the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one incoming and the outgoing
+for a given fixed L for a given partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given fixed L for a given partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given fixed L for a given partial
+wave how they're offset by this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave how they're offset by this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave how they're offset by this phase
+shift
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aAybYawUPC4.txt b/aAybYawUPC4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05f0d65c06cec086d99f5186295a5a7542256f49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aAybYawUPC4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Newton's second law states that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law states that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law states that the sum
+of the forces on an object is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forces on an object is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forces on an object is equal to
+the acceleration of that object times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of that object times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of that object times
+the mass but what if Instead This object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass but what if Instead This object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass but what if Instead This object
+is actually two objects do I now need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually two objects do I now need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually two objects do I now need to
+consider the forces that are acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the forces that are acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the forces that are acting
+between each of these parts or what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each of these parts or what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each of these parts or what if I
+consider the object to be made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the object to be made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the object to be made out of
+even smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller
+parts I can take it down to its smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I can take it down to its smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I can take it down to its smallest
+components and consider the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and consider the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and consider the interactions
+between all of the atoms in the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of the atoms in the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of the atoms in the object
+this seems like an overwhelming number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like an overwhelming number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like an overwhelming number
+of forces that I'm going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forces that I'm going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forces that I'm going to need to
+calculate to justify the force on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to justify the force on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate to justify the force on this
+object but I never seem to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but I never seem to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but I never seem to calculate
+this many forces why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many forces why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many forces why is
+that all of these forces between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these forces between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these forces between the
+atoms and the object cancel out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and the object cancel out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and the object cancel out because
+they are Newton's third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are Newton's third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are Newton's third law
+pairs if both objects are within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs if both objects are within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs if both objects are within the
+system since a Newton's third law pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system since a Newton's third law pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system since a Newton's third law pair
+of forces is equal and opposite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forces is equal and opposite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forces is equal and opposite the
+total force is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total force is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total force is just
+zero we call these inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we call these inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we call these inter
+forces that is forces that are acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that is forces that are acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that is forces that are acting
+between a pair of objects that are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of objects that are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of objects that are both
+within our system on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our system on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our system on the other hand
+external forces forces that act on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces forces that act on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces forces that act on an
+object within the system by an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object within the system by an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object within the system by an object
+outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the
+system are what we need to consider for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are what we need to consider for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system are what we need to consider for
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation we could be more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we could be more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we could be more precise
+about Newton's Second Law and say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Newton's Second Law and say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Newton's Second Law and say that
+the total external force on a system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total external force on a system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total external force on a system is
+equal to the system's acceleration times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the system's acceleration times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the system's acceleration times
+the system's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mass let's look at an example of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass let's look at an example of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass let's look at an example of how the
+selection of a system will affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of a system will affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of a system will affect the
+forces that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces that we need to
+consider I have three blocks I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider I have three blocks I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider I have three blocks I'll call
+them 1 2 and three and a force that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them 1 2 and three and a force that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them 1 2 and three and a force that's
+pushing block one to the right we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing block one to the right we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing block one to the right we'll
+first take a minute to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first take a minute to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first take a minute to look at
+notation we will write the forces as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we will write the forces as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we will write the forces as
+F12 and this means that the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F12 and this means that the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F12 and this means that the it's the
+force exerted by an object one acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force exerted by an object one acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force exerted by an object one acting on
+an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object
+two in this example I have pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this example I have pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this example I have pairs of
+forces between each block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between each block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between each block the
+interaction between blocks one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between blocks one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between blocks one and two
+and the interaction between blocks 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interaction between blocks 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interaction between blocks 2 and
+three let's look at the internal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let's look at the internal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let's look at the internal and
+external forces on the system if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on the system if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on the system if my
+system is made up of block one and block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is made up of block one and block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is made up of block one and block
+two I have this external pushing force F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I have this external pushing force F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I have this external pushing force F
+external that that's acting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external that that's acting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external that that's acting from the
+external Pusher on block one blocks one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Pusher on block one blocks one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external Pusher on block one blocks one
+and two are interacting with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two are interacting with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two are interacting with each
+other but these are both within my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but these are both within my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but these are both within my
+system so these are internal forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so these are internal forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so these are internal forces that
+I do not need to worry about and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not need to worry about and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not need to worry about and finally
+block two which is within my system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block two which is within my system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block two which is within my system is
+interacting with block three which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with block three which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with block three which is
+outside my system the external Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside my system the external Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside my system the external Force
+here is the force that is acting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the force that is acting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the force that is acting from
+block three on block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block three on block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block three on block
+two now we know know that the two forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now we know know that the two forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now we know know that the two forces
+that are relevant to calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant to calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relevant to calculating the
+motion of this system are the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this system are the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of this system are the external
+pushing force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F32 if my system is instead made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F32 if my system is instead made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F32 if my system is instead made up of
+blocks one and three block two is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one and three block two is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks one and three block two is now
+part of the external environment can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the external environment can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the external environment can you
+figure out what the internal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the internal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the internal and
+external forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are in this case the external forces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this case the external forces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this case the external forces to
+the system are the external pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system are the external pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system are the external pushing
+force F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F
+external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external
+F21 and f23
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aGnegoNe8Xo.txt b/aGnegoNe8Xo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0666ab715cdc8e122f1385c778b319b5ec5ea49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aGnegoNe8Xo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7712 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are our two
+topics and um Thanksgiving is coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and um Thanksgiving is coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and um Thanksgiving is coming up
+of course uh I with convolutions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh I with convolutions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh I with convolutions where
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+we I'm probably starting a little early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'm probably starting a little early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I'm probably starting a little early
+oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I
+am is that right yeah okay so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am is that right yeah okay so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am is that right yeah okay so with
+convolutions I feel we've got a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions I feel we've got a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions I feel we've got a whole
+lot of formulas we practiced on some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of formulas we practiced on some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of formulas we practiced on some uh
+specific examples but we didn't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific examples but we didn't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific examples but we didn't see the
+reason for them we didn't see the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for them we didn't see the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for them we didn't see the use of
+them and I I am unwilling to let a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I I am unwilling to let a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I I am unwilling to let a whole
+topic important topic like convolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic important topic like convolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic important topic like convolutions
+go on with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on with just
+formulas so I want to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so I want to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so I want to talk about uh
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+processing uh where so that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh where so that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh where so that's a nice
+perfect application of convolutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect application of convolutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect application of convolutions and
+and and you'll see it you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you'll see it you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you'll see it you'll see the
+point and it's something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's something that you're
+going to end up doing and it's quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up doing and it's quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end up doing and it's quite uh
+simple idea once you know understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea once you know understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple idea once you know understand
+convolutions you got it okay but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions you got it okay but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions you got it okay but then I
+do want to go on to the fora integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to go on to the fora integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to go on to the fora integral
+part and and basically I today I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and and basically I today I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and and basically I today I'll just
+give the formulas so you've got the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the formulas so you've got the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the formulas so you've got the for
+integral formulas that take from a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral formulas that take from a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral formulas that take from a from
+a function f defined for all X now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f defined for all X now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function f defined for all X now it's
+on the whole line like some bell-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole line like some bell-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole line like some bell-shaped
+curve or some exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve or some exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve or some exponential
+decaying uh and and then you get a TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying uh and and then you get a TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying uh and and then you get a TR
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+transform I could call that c of K but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I could call that c of K but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I could call that c of K but a
+more familiar notation is fat of K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar notation is fat of K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar notation is fat of K so
+that's the will be the fora integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the will be the fora integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the will be the fora integral
+transform or just for short fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or just for short fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform or just for short fora
+transform of F ofx and it'll involve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of F ofx and it'll involve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of F ofx and it'll involve all
+frequencies so we are getting away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so we are getting away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so we are getting away from
+the periodic case and integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic case and integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic case and integer
+frequencies to the whole line case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies to the whole line case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies to the whole line case with
+a whole line of frequencies okay so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole line of frequencies okay so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole line of frequencies okay so is
+that all right finishing well I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right finishing well I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right finishing well I'll have
+I have more to say about 4.4 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more to say about 4.4 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more to say about 4.4 for
+convolutions but I want to say this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions but I want to say this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions but I want to say this much
+okay let's move to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move to an
+example so here's a typical block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so here's a typical block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so here's a typical block
+diagram in comes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in comes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in comes a
+signal Vector X values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal Vector X values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal Vector X values
+XK often in Engineering in in E people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK often in Engineering in in E people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK often in Engineering in in E people
+tend to write that X of K these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to write that X of K these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to write that X of K these days
+okay so as being easier to type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as being easier to type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as being easier to type and
+that's sort of better but I'll say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of better but I'll say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of better but I'll say with
+the subscript U so that that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscript U so that that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscript U so that that signal
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+in and it goes through a filter and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it goes through a filter and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it goes through a filter and I'm
+I'm taking the simplest filter I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking the simplest filter I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking the simplest filter I can
+think of the one that just averages the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the one that just averages the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the one that just averages the
+value the current value with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the current value with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the current value with the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+value and we want to see how what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we want to see how what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we want to see how what's the
+effect of of doing that so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of of doing that so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of of doing that so we want to
+see we want to understand the outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we want to understand the outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we want to understand the outputs
+the yks which are just the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yks which are just the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yks which are just the current
+value and the previous value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the previous value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the previous value
+averaged uh we want to see that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged uh we want to see that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged uh we want to see that as a
+convolution and see what it's doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and see what it's doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and see what it's doing uh
+okay so that's the and uh I guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the and uh I guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the and uh I guess that
+here it's a it's a frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a it's a frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a it's a frequent
+uh uh convention in Signal processing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh convention in Signal processing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh convention in Signal processing to
+basically pretend that the signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pretend that the signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically pretend that the signal is
+infinitely long that that that K goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long that that that K goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely long that that that K goes
+all the there there was no start and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the there there was no start and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the there there was no start and no
+finish in of course in reality there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in of course in reality there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in of course in reality there has
+to be a start and a finish but if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a start and a finish but if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a start and a finish but if it's a
+long you know if it's a CD or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you know if it's a CD or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long you know if it's a CD or something
+and you're sampling it every you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're sampling it every you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're sampling it every you know
+thousands and thousands of times and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of times and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of times and the
+the signal the input signal is so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal the input signal is so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal the input signal is so long
+and you're not really caring about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not really caring about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not really caring about the
+very start and the very end it's simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very start and the very end it's simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very start and the very end it's simpler
+to just pretend that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just pretend that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just pretend that you've
+got numbers for all k okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got numbers for all k okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got numbers for all k okay then
+uh what H well let's let's uh see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what H well let's let's uh see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what H well let's let's uh see what
+kind of a what kind of a filter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a what kind of a filter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a what kind of a filter this
+is what does it do to the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does it do to the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what does it do to the signal
+okay uh well one way filters are are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh well one way filters are are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh well one way filters are are uh
+oh let's see first of all let's see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's see first of all let's see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's see first of all let's see it
+as a convolution so I want to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a convolution so I want to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a convolution so I want to see that
+this formula is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula is a
+convolution that the output y that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that the output y that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that the output y that
+output of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of all the
+of all the averages why is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the averages why is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the averages why is the
+convolution of some filter some and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of some filter some and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of some filter some and I'll
+give it a proper name but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a proper name but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a proper name but
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+input and notice again there's no circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and notice again there's no circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and notice again there's no circle
+around here we're not doing the cyclic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here we're not doing the cyclic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here we're not doing the cyclic
+case we're just pretending infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're just pretending infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're just pretending infinitely
+long so okay now I just want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so okay now I just want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long so okay now I just want to ask you
+what is the H I want to recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the H I want to recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the H I want to recognize this
+as a filter so what so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a filter so what so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a filter so what so what
+that convolution let's remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that convolution let's remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that convolution let's remember the
+notation and then we can match this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and then we can match this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and then we can match this to
+that so remember the notation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so remember the notation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so remember the notation for that
+for that would be the the the if for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that would be the the the if for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that would be the the the if for a
+convolution is I take a sum of all X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is I take a sum of all X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is I take a sum of all X of
+of H sub let's see l x sub K minus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H sub let's see l x sub K minus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H sub let's see l x sub K minus L
+right that's the that's what convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the that's what convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the that's what convolution
+is this is our are famous and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is our are famous and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is our are famous and it would
+be in principle the sum over L sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in principle the sum over L sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in principle the sum over L sum over
+L's so so I have a the the filter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's so so I have a the the filter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L's so so I have a the the filter is
+defined by these numbers H these H's h0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by these numbers H these H's h0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by these numbers H these H's h0
+H1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+it it those numbers H multiply the x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it those numbers H multiply the x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it those numbers H multiply the x's
+in with this with this familiar uh rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with this with this familiar uh rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with this with this familiar uh rule
+to give the case output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's let's res let's have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's res let's have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's let's res let's have no
+mystery here what are the H's if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery here what are the H's if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery here what are the H's if this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+output well I want to match that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well I want to match that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well I want to match that with
+that so here I see that this takes XK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I see that this takes XK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here I see that this takes XK
+multiplies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies by
+half so that tells me that when L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so that tells me that when L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so that tells me that when L is
+z I'm getting h0 time XK so what's h0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z I'm getting h0 time XK so what's h0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z I'm getting h0 time XK so what's h0 so
+my what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my what's what's the
+h0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h0 it's
+one2 that that's that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 that that's that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 that that's that's what this
+formula is saying when when L is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is saying when when L is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is saying when when L is zero so
+L is zero take h0 1 12 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is zero take h0 1 12 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is zero take h0 1 12 time
+XK what's now what's the other H that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK what's now what's the other H that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK what's now what's the other H that's
+that's showing up here this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing up here this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing up here this is a very
+very short filter it's only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short filter it's only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short filter it's only going to
+have two coefficients h0 and H what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two coefficients h0 and H what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two coefficients h0 and H what one
+and what's the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the coefficient
+H1 what's the number H1 that this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 what's the number H1 that this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 what's the number H1 that this is now
+you You' you've told me everything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you You' you've told me everything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you You' you've told me everything about
+H when you tell me that number everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H when you tell me that number everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H when you tell me that number everybody
+sees it it's also 1/2 right because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it it's also 1/2 right because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees it it's also 1/2 right because I'm
+taking one2 of x k minus one so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one2 of x k minus one so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one2 of x k minus one so when
+when L is that one we have H the H is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is that one we have H the H is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when L is that one we have H the H is 12
+* x k minus 1 do you see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x k minus 1 do you see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x k minus 1 do you see that that
+simple average running average you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple average running average you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple average running average you could
+call it running average it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it running average it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it running average it's the most
+the first thing you would think of to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would think of to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you would think of to uh
+why would you do such a thing why do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you do such a thing why do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you do such a thing why do you
+why do why is filtering Done It This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do why is filtering Done It This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do why is filtering Done It This
+filter this averaging filter would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter this averaging filter would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter this averaging filter would
+smooth the data so the data comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth the data so the data comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth the data so the data comes with
+noise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise of
+course uh and you what you'd like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and you what you'd like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh and you what you'd like so
+noise is high frequency stuff so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is high frequency stuff so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is high frequency stuff so what
+you want to do is like damp those high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is like damp those high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is like damp those high
+frequencies a little bit because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies a little bit because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies a little bit because it's
+much of it is not it hasn't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it is not it hasn't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of it is not it hasn't got
+information in it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in it it's just
+noise uh and but you want to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise uh and but you want to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise uh and but you want to keep the
+signal so it's always this signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so it's always this signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so it's always this signal to
+noise ratio that that's the S SNR psnr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise ratio that that's the S SNR psnr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise ratio that that's the S SNR psnr
+that's a constant expression signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a constant expression signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a constant expression signal to
+noise ratio and we're we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise ratio and we're we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise ratio and we're we're sort of
+expecting here that this that the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting here that this that the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting here that this that the sign
+signal to noise ratio is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to noise ratio is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to noise ratio is pretty good
+high mostly signal but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high mostly signal but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high mostly signal but there's some
+noise that we that that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that we that that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that we that that this is a very
+simple extremely short filter so this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple extremely short filter so this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple extremely short filter so this so
+This Vector H is all it's it's a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Vector H is all it's it's a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Vector H is all it's it's a proper
+convolution you could say H has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution you could say H has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution you could say H has
+infinitely many components but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many components but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely many components but they're
+all zero except for those two right do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zero except for those two right do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zero except for those two right do
+you see it another way just at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it another way just at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it another way just at the end
+of last time I asked you to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last time I asked you to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last time I asked you to think of a
+matrix is doing the same thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is doing the same thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is doing the same thing you know
+why do I bring a matrix in because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I bring a matrix in because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do I bring a matrix in because any
+time I see something linear and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I see something linear and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I see something linear and and
+that's incredibly linear right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incredibly linear right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incredibly linear right I think
+okay there's a matrix doing it so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a matrix doing it so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a matrix doing it so these
+y's like y k y k + one all the Y's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's like y k y k + one all the Y's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's like y k y k + one all the Y's are
+coming out the X's are going in XK XK +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out the X's are going in XK XK +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out the X's are going in XK XK +
+1 XK minus one bunch of x's and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 XK minus one bunch of x's and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 XK minus one bunch of x's and there's
+a matrix doing exactly that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix doing exactly that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix doing exactly that and what
+does that Matrix have well it has one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that Matrix have well it has one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that Matrix have well it has one2
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+diagonal so that YK will have a half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so that YK will have a half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so that YK will have a half of
+XK and what's the other entry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK and what's the other entry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XK and what's the other entry in the
+matri in that row I want 12 of XK and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matri in that row I want 12 of XK and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matri in that row I want 12 of XK and I
+want 1 12 of XK minus one right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 1 12 of XK minus one right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want 1 12 of XK minus one right so I
+just put a half next to it so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a half next to it so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a half next to it so there's
+the main diagonal of the halfes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main diagonal of the halfes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main diagonal of the halfes and
+there's the sub diagonal of a half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the sub diagonal of a half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the sub diagonal of a half so
+those it's just constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it's just constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it's just constant
+diagonal now yeah let me tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal now yeah let me tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal now yeah let me tell you the
+word so this would when an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so this would when an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so this would when an engineer
+electrical engineer looks at this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer looks at this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical engineer looks at this first
+thing or this any of these first letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or this any of these first letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or this any of these first letters
+he uses is linear time invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses is linear time invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uses is linear time invariant
+LT so what does linear linear we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LT so what does linear linear we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LT so what does linear linear we
+understand right what does this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right what does this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right what does this does
+time inv variant mean time invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inv variant mean time invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time inv variant mean time invariant
+means that you're not changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're not changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're not changing the
+filter as the signal comes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter as the signal comes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter as the signal comes through
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+keeping a half and a half you're keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping a half and a half you're keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping a half and a half you're keeping
+the formula the formula doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula the formula doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula the formula doesn't have
+doesn't depend on K the numbers are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on K the numbers are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't depend on K the numbers are just
+a half and a half they're the same so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and a half they're the same so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half and a half they're the same so if
+I shift the whole signal by a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shift the whole signal by a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shift the whole signal by a thousand
+the output shifts by a thousand right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output shifts by a thousand right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output shifts by a thousand right if
+I take the whole signal and delay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the whole signal and delay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the whole signal and delay it
+delay it by a thousand uh time time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay it by a thousand uh time time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay it by a thousand uh time time
+clock times then the same output will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock times then the same output will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock times then the same output will
+come a thousand clock times delayed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come a thousand clock times delayed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come a thousand clock times delayed so
+linear time invariant that would be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time invariant that would be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time invariant that would be any
+kind I mean linear time invariant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I mean linear time invariant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I mean linear time invariant is
+just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking
+convolution lar I mean that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution lar I mean that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution lar I mean that's what it
+comes to if we're in discrete problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to if we're in discrete problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to if we're in discrete problems
+it's just it's just that for some AG now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's just that for some AG now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it's just that for some AG now
+our AG is deserves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our AG is deserves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our AG is deserves like
+another the other initials you see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the other initials you see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the other initials you see okay
+that was linear time and variant now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was linear time and variant now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was linear time and variant now the
+next initials will you'll see will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next initials will you'll see will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next initials will you'll see will be
+fiir it's an fi filter so that's finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiir it's an fi filter so that's finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiir it's an fi filter so that's finite
+impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response what's the impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what's the impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response what's the impulse response
+mean it means the H the the vector H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it means the H the the vector H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it means the H the the vector H is
+the impulse response it's the vector H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response it's the vector H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response it's the vector H
+is what you get if I put an Impulse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get if I put an Impulse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get if I put an Impulse in
+what comes out just tell me what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out just tell me what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out just tell me what happens
+here suppose an Impulse by an Impulse I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose an Impulse by an Impulse I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here suppose an Impulse by an Impulse I
+mean I stick a one in one position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I stick a one in one position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I stick a one in one position in
+all zeros our usual Delta our impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros our usual Delta our impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros our usual Delta our impulse
+our our our spike is just suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our our spike is just suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our our spike is just suppose the
+X's have a one here all otherwise all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's have a one here all otherwise all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's have a one here all otherwise all
+zero what comes out I do them well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what comes out I do them well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what comes out I do them well
+suppose there's just x0 is one what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's just x0 is one what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's just x0 is one what is
+why yeah yeah suppose the only in input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah yeah suppose the only in input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah yeah suppose the only in input
+is Boom you know a bell sounds at Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Boom you know a bell sounds at Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Boom you know a bell sounds at Time
+Zero what comes out from the filter well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero what comes out from the filter well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero what comes out from the filter well
+y z will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y z will be
+what if if the input has just a single X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if if the input has just a single X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if if the input has just a single X
+of and it's one then at at time zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and it's one then at at time zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and it's one then at at time zero so
+x0 is one then y z will be a half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is one then y z will be a half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 is one then y z will be a half and
+what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y1
+also a half right because the y1 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a half right because the y1 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a half right because the y1 will
+take X1 that's already dropped back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X1 that's already dropped back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X1 that's already dropped back to
+zero plus x0 that's the bell at it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus x0 that's the bell at it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus x0 that's the bell at it'll be
+one2 in other words the output is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 in other words the output is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 in other words the output is this
+no no big deal the this the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no big deal the this the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no big deal the this the impulse
+response is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is exactly
+H so you could say they've created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so you could say they've created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so you could say they've created a
+long word for small idea true uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long word for small idea true uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long word for small idea true uh and the
+idea the word finite is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the word finite is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea the word finite is the is the
+important number finite meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number finite meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important number finite meaning that
+it's finite length I only have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finite length I only have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's finite length I only have a finite
+number of hes and in this case two hes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hes and in this case two hes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hes and in this case two hes
+so that that's you know part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's you know part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that's you know part
+of part of every subject is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of every subject is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of part of every subject is just
+learning the language so LTI is it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the language so LTI is it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the language so LTI is it means
+you've got a means you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a means you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a means you've got a
+convolution fi means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution fi means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution fi means that the
+convolution has finite length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution has finite length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution has finite length
+Okay now for the question what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now for the question what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay now for the question what is this
+filter doing to the signal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter doing to the signal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter doing to the signal it's
+certainly averaging that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly averaging that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly averaging that that's that's
+clear but we want to be more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but we want to be more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear but we want to be more precise
+well let me take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples suppose the input is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones all XK R1 so a constant input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all XK R1 so a constant input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones all XK R1 so a constant input
+natural thing to test that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to test that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to test that's that's the
+const an input that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+const an input that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+const an input that's zero
+frequency zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency zero
+frequency what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output from all ones going in well sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from all ones going in well sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from all ones going in well sorry
+to ask you such a trivial question on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you such a trivial question on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask you such a trivial question on a
+you came in for some good math here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came in for some good math here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came in for some good math here and
+I'm just taking a half and a half so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking a half and a half so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking a half and a half so the
+output is all Y is equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so to me that's telling just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to me that's telling just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so to me that's telling just to
+introduce a appropriate word low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a appropriate word low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a appropriate word low
+frequencies in fact bottom frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in fact bottom frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in fact bottom frequency
+zero frequency is passed straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero frequency is passed straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero frequency is passed straight
+through that's a low pass filter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that's a low pass filter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that's a low pass filter that's
+that's telling me I have a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so that's an
+expression that's so simple that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's so simple that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that's so simple that you
+might as well know those words low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well know those words low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well know those words low pass
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+that the lowest frequencies pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lowest frequencies pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lowest frequencies pass
+through virtually unchanged in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through virtually unchanged in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through virtually unchanged in this case
+the very zero frequency the DC term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very zero frequency the DC term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very zero frequency the DC term the
+constant term passes through completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term passes through completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term passes through completely
+unchanged now what about another input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged now what about another input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged now what about another input
+all oh well yeah now I want high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all oh well yeah now I want high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all oh well yeah now I want high
+frequency top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency what's the most the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what's the most the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what's the most the highest
+oscillation I can get uh would be X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation I can get uh would be X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation I can get uh would be X
+equal say you know it starts 1 - one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal say you know it starts 1 - one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal say you know it starts 1 - one one
+- one so on both directions oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one so on both directions oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- one so on both directions oscillating
+as fast as possible I couldn't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as possible I couldn't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast as possible I couldn't get a
+faster frequency of oscillation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster frequency of oscillation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster frequency of oscillation in the
+in a discrete signal then up down up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a discrete signal then up down up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a discrete signal then up down up
+down what's the output for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so that's that's really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's that's really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's that's really uh
+oscillation that's the T fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that's the T fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation that's the T fastest
+oscillation what would be the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation what would be the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation what would be the output
+from my averaging filter for this input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my averaging filter for this input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my averaging filter for this input
+zero every at every step I'm averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero every at every step I'm averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero every at every step I'm averaging
+this with the guy before and they add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the guy before and they add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the guy before and they add to
+zero I'm averaging this with the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm averaging this with the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I'm averaging this with the guy
+before this with a guy output is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this with a guy output is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this with a guy output is y
+equals all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals all
+zeros okay so that that confirms in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay so that that confirms in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros okay so that that confirms in my
+mind that I have a low pass filter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that I have a low pass filter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that I have a low pass filter the
+high the high frequencies are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the high frequencies are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the high frequencies are getting
+getting uh wiped out okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh wiped out okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting uh wiped out okay so that's
+that's two examples now what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two examples now what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two examples now what about
+frequencies in between because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in between because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in between because we
+ultimately we want to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we want to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we want to see what's
+happening to frequencies in between okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to frequencies in between okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to frequencies in between okay
+so what's an in between frequency so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an in between frequency so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an in between frequency so in
+between XK could be e to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between XK could be e to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between XK could be e to the i
+k uh n let's e to the ik K Omega would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k uh n let's e to the ik K Omega would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k uh n let's e to the ik K Omega would
+be better e to the I K Omega where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better e to the I K Omega where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better e to the I K Omega where this
+Omega is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is somewhere
+between minus pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pi okay why why do I say minus pi and Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay why why do I say minus pi and Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi okay why why do I say minus pi and Pi
+if if the frequency so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the frequency so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the frequency so that's the
+frequency if Omega is zero what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if Omega is zero what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if Omega is zero what's my
+signal all ones right if if Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal all ones right if if Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal all ones right if if Omega is
+zero everything is is my all ones this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero everything is is my all ones this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero everything is is my all ones this
+is this case so this is I now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this case so this is I now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this case so this is I now have a
+letter for it Omega equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter for it Omega equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter for it Omega equals
+z what's this top frequency 1 - one 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what's this top frequency 1 - one 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what's this top frequency 1 - one 1us
+one what Omega will give me alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what Omega will give me alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what Omega will give me alternating
+signs Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs Omega
+equal PI right Omega equal Pi because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal PI right Omega equal Pi because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal PI right Omega equal Pi because if
+this is pi I have e to the I Pi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pi I have e to the I Pi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is pi I have e to the I Pi which is
+minus one so when Omega equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so when Omega equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so when Omega equals
+Pi I have my my inputs are e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi I have my my inputs are e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi I have my my inputs are e to the I
+Omega to the K power but this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to the K power but this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega to the K power but this is minus
+one e to the I pi to the K power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e to the I pi to the K power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e to the I pi to the K power and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+minus1 so that's the the top frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so that's the the top frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 so that's the the top frequency
+and also the bottom frequency is pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the bottom frequency is pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the bottom frequency is pi and
+the the zero frequency is the all ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero frequency is the all ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the zero frequency is the all ones
+and this is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what happens
+ah now comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah now comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah now comes the
+point if what what what's the output if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if what what what's the output if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if what what what's the output if
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+input what's the output when this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what's the output when this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input what's the output when this is the
+input we can easily figure that out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we can easily figure that out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we can easily figure that out we
+can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that
+average okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay
+so so let's let me do that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's let me do that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's let me do that input
+input XK is e to the i k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input XK is e to the i k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input XK is e to the i k
+Omega and now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and now what's the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+YK is is the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YK is is the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YK is is the average of
+that and the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before divided by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before divided by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before divided by two
+right okay now you're certainly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now you're certainly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now you're certainly going to
+factor out anybody anybody who sees this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out anybody anybody who sees this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out anybody anybody who sees this
+is going to factor out e to the ik K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to factor out e to the ik K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to factor out e to the ik K
+Omega right I mean you just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right I mean you just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right I mean you just that's
+sitting there that's the whole point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there that's the whole point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there that's the whole point of
+these exponentials as they factor out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentials as they factor out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentials as they factor out of
+all linear stuff so if I factor that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I get a very very important thing I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a very very important thing I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a very very important thing I get
+well it's over two I get a one and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's over two I get a one and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's over two I get a one and I get
+what what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's this
+term e to the ik K Omega is here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term e to the ik K Omega is here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term e to the ik K Omega is here so I
+only want e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want e to the minus I
+Omega okay that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay that is
+called the frequency response so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the frequency response so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the frequency response so that's
+telling me the response of the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me the response of the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me the response of the what the
+filter does to frequency Omega it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter does to frequency Omega it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter does to frequency Omega it
+multiplies the signal if it's purely if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the signal if it's purely if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the signal if it's purely if
+if I have a signal that's purely with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a signal that's purely with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a signal that's purely with
+frequency Omega that signal is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega that signal is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega that signal is getting
+multiplied by that response Factor 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that response Factor 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by that response Factor 1
+plus e to the I Omega when Omega is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the I Omega when Omega is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the I Omega when Omega is one
+sorry when Omega is zero what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry when Omega is zero what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry when Omega is zero what is this
+quantity so let me call this cap h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega what what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega what what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega what what is this
+Factor if Omega is zero that that then H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor if Omega is zero that that then H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor if Omega is zero that that then H
+at Omega equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Omega equals z
+is one that's telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that's telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that's telling me
+again that at zero frequency the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that at zero frequency the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that at zero frequency the output
+is the same as the input is multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the input is multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the input is multiplied
+by one and at Omega equal to Pi what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one and at Omega equal to Pi what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one and at Omega equal to Pi what is
+this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this frequency
+response zero right at Omega equal Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response zero right at Omega equal Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response zero right at Omega equal Pi
+this is minus one so it's I get zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus one so it's I get zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus one so it's I get zero and
+it's telling me again that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling me again that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling me again that this is the
+response and now it's also telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and now it's also telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and now it's also telling me
+what what the what the response factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the what the response factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the what the response factor
+is for the in frequencies in between and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the in frequencies in between and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the in frequencies in between and
+everybody would draw a graph of the darn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would draw a graph of the darn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would draw a graph of the darn
+thing right so these were this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right so these were this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right so these were this was
+simple let me do it do its graph over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple let me do it do its graph over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple let me do it do its graph over
+here so I'm going to graph h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to graph h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to graph h of
+Omega well I have a little problem h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well I have a little problem h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well I have a little problem h of
+Omega is a complex number I'll graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is a complex number I'll graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is a complex number I'll graph the
+magnitude response so here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude response so here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude response so here I'm going to
+do a graph from minus pi to Pi this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a graph from minus pi to Pi this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a graph from minus pi to Pi this is
+the picture that this is the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that this is the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that this is the picture
+people look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look
+at this this is the picture of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this is the picture of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this this is the picture of what the
+filter is doing all all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is doing all all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is doing all all the information
+about the filter is in here all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the filter is in here all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the filter is in here all the
+information is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is in
+there so if I graph that I I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if I graph that I I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if I graph that I I know what
+the filter is doing so you said it Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter is doing so you said it Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter is doing so you said it Omega
+equal 0 I get a value of one at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 I get a value of one at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 I get a value of one at Omega
+equal Pi I get a value of zero at Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Pi I get a value of zero at Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Pi I get a value of zero at Omega
+equal minus Pi I get a value of zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus Pi I get a value of zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus Pi I get a value of zero and
+I think if you do if you simp figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if you do if you simp figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if you do if you simp figure out
+the magnitude it's just a cosine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude it's just a cosine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude it's just a cosine it's
+just a an arc of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a an arc of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a an arc of a
+cosine okay for for that really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine okay for for that really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine okay for for that really really
+simple filter so any engineer any signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple filter so any engineer any signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple filter so any engineer any signal
+processing person looks at this graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing person looks at this graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing person looks at this graph of
+H of Omega and says that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of Omega and says that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of Omega and says that is a
+very fuzzy filter a good an ideal filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fuzzy filter a good an ideal filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fuzzy filter a good an ideal filter
+an ideal low pass filter would be would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal low pass filter would be would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal low pass filter would be would
+do something like this an ideal filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this an ideal filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this an ideal filter
+would be per would stay at one up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be per would stay at one up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be per would stay at one up to
+some frequency say half say pi over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequency say half say pi over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some frequency say half say pi over two
+and drop instantly to zero there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drop instantly to zero there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drop instantly to zero there is a
+really good filter I mean people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good filter I mean people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good filter I mean people would
+pay money for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay money for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay money for that
+filter because what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because what happens when you
+send a signal through that ideal filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a signal through that ideal filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a signal through that ideal filter
+it completely wipes out the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely wipes out the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it completely wipes out the top
+frequencies let's say up to after pi/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies let's say up to after pi/ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies let's say up to after pi/ 2
+and completely saves the in between ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely saves the in between ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely saves the in between ones
+so that's really a sharp filter actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really a sharp filter actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really a sharp filter actually
+what people would like to do would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people would like to do would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people would like to do would be to
+com to have that filter available and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com to have that filter available and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com to have that filter available and
+then also to have a a perfect ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also to have a a perfect ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also to have a a perfect ideal
+highpass filter what would be an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter what would be an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter what would be an ideal
+highpass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass
+filter yeah let's talk about High pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter yeah let's talk about High pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter yeah let's talk about High pass
+filters just a moment because then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters just a moment because then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters just a moment because then then
+you this is this is you're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is this is you're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is this is you're seeing the
+reality of what people do and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of what people do and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality of what people do and how they
+and and the little easy bit of math they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the little easy bit of math they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the little easy bit of math they
+do do you want to suggest a high pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you want to suggest a high pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you want to suggest a high pass
+filter let me come back to this and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter let me come back to this and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter let me come back to this and just
+change it a little so I plan to do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it a little so I plan to do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it a little so I plan to do not
+I'm now going to do a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to do a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to do a different
+filter that's going to be a highpass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that's going to be a highpass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that's going to be a highpass
+filter and what do I mean by that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and what do I mean by that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and what do I mean by that a
+highpass filter will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highpass filter will
+kill the XK equal one I now want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the XK equal one I now want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the XK equal one I now want the
+output from this is now going to be I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from this is now going to be I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output from this is now going to be I'm
+going to change can I just erase change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change can I just erase change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change can I just erase change
+a lot of things I'm going to I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things I'm going to I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things I'm going to I'm now
+going to produce a high pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a high pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce a high pass
+filter sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter sorry
+high and what's the difference when all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and what's the difference when all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high and what's the difference when all
+X's are one the output is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's are one the output is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's are one the output is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+zero and when I when the I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when I when the I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when I when the I have the
+highest frequency the output is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency the output is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest frequency the output is going to
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+input and what am I and then in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and what am I and then in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and what am I and then in between
+I'll do something in between okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do something in between okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do something in between okay what's
+a good what's a filter what what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good what's a filter what what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good what's a filter what what do you
+think would be a highpass filter like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would be a highpass filter like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would be a highpass filter like
+the simplest highpass filter we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest highpass filter we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest highpass filter we can
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+of anybody think of it you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anybody think of it you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anybody think of it you're only
+getting like 15 seconds to think in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting like 15 seconds to think in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting like 15 seconds to think in this
+class um that's a small drawback 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um that's a small drawback 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um that's a small drawback 15
+seconds but uh the high path filter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but uh the high path filter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds but uh the high path filter that
+I think of first is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference take the difference put minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference take the difference put minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference take the difference put minus
+a halfes on the sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a halfes on the sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a halfes on the sub
+diagonal this is the same this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal this is the same this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal this is the same this is also a
+convolution but now what h0 is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution but now what h0 is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution but now what h0 is still a
+half but now H1 is minus a half we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but now H1 is minus a half we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half but now H1 is minus a half we're
+still convolving we're still convolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still convolving we're still convolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still convolving we're still convolving
+it's still uh still linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still uh still linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still uh still linear time
+invariant that just means it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that just means it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant that just means it's a
+convolution it's still a finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution it's still a finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution it's still a finite impulse
+response but the but the response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but the but the response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but the but the response the
+impulse response is now one half minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response is now one half minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response is now one half minus a
+half so what happens if I in my picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so what happens if I in my picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so what happens if I in my picture
+over here if I send in any pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here if I send in any pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here if I send in any pure
+frequency I'm now doing minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I'm now doing minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I'm now doing minus a half
+here so I'll just keep the Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll just keep the Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll just keep the Plus
+but I'll also add in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll also add in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll also add in the
+minus now so now I'm looking at 1us e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now so now I'm looking at 1us e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now so now I'm looking at 1us e to
+the minus I Omega over 2 and again let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I Omega over 2 and again let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus I Omega over 2 and again let's
+plot a few points for that guy so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a few points for that guy so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot a few points for that guy so what
+at X at Omega so this is Omega in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X at Omega so this is Omega in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at X at Omega so this is Omega in this
+direction and this is H in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is H in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and this is H in this
+direction so at Omega equals zero what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so at Omega equals zero what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so at Omega equals zero what's
+my high pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my high pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my high pass
+guy when I send in uh zero frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy when I send in uh zero frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy when I send in uh zero frequency
+constant I get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I get what
+output zeros because now I I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output zeros because now I I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output zeros because now I I'll call it
+a differencing filter so I I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differencing filter so I I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differencing filter so I I'll just
+instead of averaging I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differencing okay so now for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing okay so now for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differencing okay so now for this one
+maybe I'll put an X to indicate I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put an X to indicate I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put an X to indicate I'm now
+doing I'll do xes for the high pass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'll do xes for the high pass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'll do xes for the high pass so
+so this now the high pass guy kills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this now the high pass guy kills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this now the high pass guy kills the
+low frequency and preserves the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency and preserves the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency and preserves the high
+frequency and it's you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it's you won't be
+surprised to find it some cosine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to find it some cosine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised to find it some cosine or
+something that oh yeah it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that oh yeah it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that oh yeah it's it's it's
+got uh so sorry that's not much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh so sorry that's not much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh so sorry that's not much of a
+cosine you know it's the image mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine you know it's the image mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine you know it's the image mirror
+image of of of uh the low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of of of uh the low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of of of uh the low pass
+guy and maybe the sum of squares adds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and maybe the sum of squares adds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and maybe the sum of squares adds to
+one or two or something one probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two or something one probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or two or something one probably the
+sum of squares probably adds to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares probably adds to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares probably adds to one and
+uh they're kind of complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're kind of complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're kind of complimentary
+filters but they're very poor very crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters but they're very poor very crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters but they're very poor very crude
+I mean that that's a that that's so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that's a that that's so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that that's a that that's so far
+from the ideal filter so how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ideal filter so how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ideal filter so how would we
+create a more a closer to Ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a more a closer to Ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a more a closer to Ideal
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+well we need more hes two with two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need more hes two with two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need more hes two with two two
+h's you know we're doing the best we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's you know we're doing the best we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h's you know we're doing the best we can
+with just h0 and H1 with a longer filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just h0 and H1 with a longer filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just h0 and H1 with a longer filter
+for which we're going to have to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we're going to have to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we're going to have to pay a
+little more to use but we'll get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more to use but we'll get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more to use but we'll get a lot
+more we'll get something we could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we'll get something we could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we'll get something we could get a
+filter that stays pretty close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that stays pretty close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter that stays pretty close to this
+drops pretty fast there's a whole world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops pretty fast there's a whole world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops pretty fast there's a whole world
+Bell Labs had like a little uh Team of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Labs had like a little uh Team of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bell Labs had like a little uh Team of
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+experts uh creating and now mat lab will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts uh creating and now mat lab will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts uh creating and now mat lab will
+create it for you uh the coefficients H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create it for you uh the coefficients H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create it for you uh the coefficients H
+that would give you a response a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you a response a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would give you a response a
+frequency response it'll stay up toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response it'll stay up toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response it'll stay up toward
+up close to one as long as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up close to one as long as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up close to one as long as possible and
+drop as fast as possible and bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop as fast as possible and bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop as fast as possible and bounce
+around there yeah so you know next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there yeah so you know next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there yeah so you know next week
+if I come back to that topic I can say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come back to that topic I can say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I come back to that topic I can say a
+little more about these really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about these really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about these really good
+filters what was I trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters what was I trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters what was I trying to do
+today trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today trying to
+see how conv evolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how conv evolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how conv evolution is
+used and this is a use you will really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and this is a use you will really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and this is a use you will really
+make so now I just have I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so now I just have I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make so now I just have I think about
+two more things to say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more things to say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more things to say about this
+example let's see what are they well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's see what are they well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's see what are they well
+first Al so all the information is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Al so all the information is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first Al so all the information is in
+this h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h of
+Omega yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega yeah uh
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+yeah this simple example gives us a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this simple example gives us a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this simple example gives us a a
+way to visualize convolution and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to visualize convolution and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to visualize convolution and I think
+we need that right because up to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need that right because up to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need that right because up to now
+convolution has been a formula right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution has been a formula right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution has been a formula right
+it's been this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been this
+formula that that's the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that that's the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that that's the formula for
+convolution and how how do I visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and how how do I visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and how how do I visualize
+that just think of may may I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just think of may may I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just think of may may I try to
+visualize that here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that here I
+have this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+timeline the the different case you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline the the different case you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline the the different case you know
+k equals z 1 2 minus one and and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals z 1 2 minus one and and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals z 1 2 minus one and and I have
+x- one x0 X1 X2 X3 so that would be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- one x0 X1 X2 X3 so that would be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x- one x0 X1 X2 X3 so that would be you
+know it's a little bouncy up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a little bouncy up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a little bouncy up and down
+and the averaging filter let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the averaging filter let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the averaging filter let me let me
+go back to the averaging one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the averaging one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the averaging one the
+averaging filter would smooth out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging filter would smooth out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging filter would smooth out the
+bumps because it would it would take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps because it would it would take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bumps because it would it would take the
+it would like average neighbors and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would like average neighbors and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would like average neighbors and uh
+and that's a smoothing process as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a smoothing process as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a smoothing process as we see
+here it's a process that kills high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a process that kills high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a process that kills high
+frequencies now what do I what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies now what do I what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies now what do I what is this
+visualization I want you to think of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization I want you to think of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization I want you to think of I
+want you to just think of like a moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to just think of like a moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to just think of like a moving
+window so here's the here's the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so here's the here's the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so here's the here's the input
+now I move a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I move a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I move a window
+along and and that window so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and and that window so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and and that window so let's let's
+say here's the here's the window I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's the here's the window I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here's the here's the window I I
+should have another so that's the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have another so that's the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have another so that's the window
+when the window is there it it takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the window is there it it takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the window is there it it takes the
+average of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of those
+two that gives me the the new output now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that gives me the the new output now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that gives me the the new output now
+think of the window as moving along here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the window as moving along here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the window as moving along here
+taking the average of these move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the average of these move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the average of these move the
+window along take the average of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window along take the average of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window along take the average of these
+move the window along you do you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the window along you do you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the window along you do you see the
+do you see the sort of this is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the sort of this is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the sort of this is what a
+convolution is doing I'm I'm this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is doing I'm I'm this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is doing I'm I'm this is a
+picture of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of my
+formula sum of HK x l minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula sum of HK x l minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula sum of HK x l minus k
+so the window is the H's is the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the window is the H's is the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the window is the H's is the width of
+the hes and as that window moves along I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hes and as that window moves along I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hes and as that window moves along I
+mean you could you know you you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could you know you you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could you know you you could
+write you could create design a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you could create design a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you could create design a little
+uh circuit that would that would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh circuit that would that would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh circuit that would that would do
+exactly this that would do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this that would do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this that would do the
+convolution it you you just have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution it you you just have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution it you you just have to put
+together some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together some
+multipliers because you have these hes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers because you have these hes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers because you have these hes
+these like halves and you have to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like halves and you have to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like halves and you have to put in
+an adder that'll add the pieces and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adder that'll add the pieces and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adder that'll add the pieces and uh
+so you yeah th those are the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you yeah th those are the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you yeah th those are the essential
+little electronic pieces of a of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little electronic pieces of a of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little electronic pieces of a of a of a
+actual filter you just and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual filter you just and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual filter you just and then you just
+move it along so it needs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it along so it needs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it along so it needs a
+delay that's about the content of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay that's about the content of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay that's about the content of a
+filter is ADD multipliers that will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is ADD multipliers that will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter is ADD multipliers that will that
+will uh multiply by the hes so income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh multiply by the hes so income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh multiply by the hes so income
+the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X
+multiply by the hes do the addition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the hes do the addition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the hes do the addition and
+do a shift to get on to the next one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a shift to get on to the next one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a shift to get on to the next one you
+see how a filter works I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a filter works I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how a filter works I think that
+image of convolution is you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of convolution is you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of convolution is you know it's a
+little bit vague maybe this this window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit vague maybe this this window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit vague maybe this this window
+moving along but it's uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along but it's uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving along but it's uh quite
+meaningful yeah yeah and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful yeah yeah and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful yeah yeah and then the other
+final thing I'll say about filters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I'll say about filters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I'll say about filters is
+this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that
+that what's the connection between h of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the connection between h of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the connection between h of
+Omega and H of K or H subk let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and H of K or H subk let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and H of K or H subk let me call
+it h subk what what's the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h subk what what's the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it h subk what what's the connection
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+numbers in the impulse response just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the impulse response just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in the impulse response just
+which were the H's and the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were the H's and the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were the H's and the function
+which is the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the frequency
+response which tells me what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which tells me what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response which tells me what happens to
+a particular frequency each frequency e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular frequency each frequency e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular frequency each frequency e
+to the you notice how the frequency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the you notice how the frequency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the you notice how the frequency that
+went in is the frequency that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in is the frequency that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in is the frequency that comes out
+it's just Amplified or diminished by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just Amplified or diminished by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just Amplified or diminished by
+this h of Omega Factor so you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h of Omega Factor so you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h of Omega Factor so you see the
+the H's are are the coefficients here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H's are are the coefficients here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H's are are the coefficients here of
+H of Omega in other words h of Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of Omega in other words h of Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of Omega in other words h of Omega is
+the sum of the HKS e to the i e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the HKS e to the i e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the HKS e to the i e to the
+minus i k let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i k let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i k let
+me here's the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me here's the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me here's the beautiful
+formula it's that's obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this here you're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this here you're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this here you're seeing the
+formula in the simplest case with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in the simplest case with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in the simplest case with just
+an h0 and an H1 but of course it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an h0 and an H1 but of course it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an h0 and an H1 but of course it would
+it would have worked if I had SE several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have worked if I had SE several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have worked if I had SE several
+H's so this h of Omega this factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's so this h of Omega this factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's so this h of Omega this factor that
+comes out is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out is just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out is just this
+guy now if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy now if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy now if I look at
+that what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what am I
+saying what's what I've seen things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what's what I've seen things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what's what I've seen things that
+have that connect a function of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that connect a function of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that connect a function of Omega
+with a number of filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a number of filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a number of filter
+coefficients I saw that in section 4.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I saw that in section 4.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients I saw that in section 4.1
+in Fier Series this is the Fier series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fier Series this is the Fier series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fier Series this is the Fier series
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+function right it's well yeah you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right it's well yeah you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right it's well yeah you might
+say okay why that minus I say it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay why that minus I say it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay why that minus I say it's there
+because the electrical engineers put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electrical engineers put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electrical engineers put it
+there they they liked it and we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they they liked it and we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they they liked it and we got to
+the rest of the world has to live with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world has to live with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world has to live with
+it so you notice I don't concede on I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you notice I don't concede on I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you notice I don't concede on I I
+refuse to write J uh but they they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to write J uh but they they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refuse to write J uh but they they all
+would I speak about they but probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I speak about they but probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I speak about they but probably
+some of you would write J so I'm hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you would write J so I'm hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you would write J so I'm hope
+it's okay if I write I I is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if I write I I is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay if I write I I is for
+Imaginary I don't see how you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaginary I don't see how you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaginary I don't see how you could say
+the word imaginary starting with a j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word imaginary starting with a j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word imaginary starting with a j
+and uh and and what was the matter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and what was the matter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and what was the matter with
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+anyway current well current used to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway current well current used to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway current well current used to be I
+I mean who is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean who is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean who is it
+still well let's just accept it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still well let's just accept it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still well let's just accept it okay
+they can call the current I and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can call the current I and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can call the current I and the
+square root of minus one J but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus one J but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of minus one J but not in
+18085 so okay so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 so okay so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18085 so okay so here we
+are so my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so my point is
+just that we have a 4A series here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we have a 4A series here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we have a 4A series here we
+have a 2 pi periodic function here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 pi periodic function here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 2 pi periodic function here we
+have its 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its 4A
+coefficients the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients the only difference
+is that we started with the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we started with the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we started with the coefficients
+and created the function but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created the function but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and created the function but otherwise
+we're back to section 4.1 for 4 e series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to section 4.1 for 4 e series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to section 4.1 for 4 e series
+but but it but that fact that we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it but that fact that we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it but that fact that we started
+with the coefficients and built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coefficients and built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the coefficients and built the
+function uh sometimes you could say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh sometimes you could say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh sometimes you could say okay
+that sounds a little different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds a little different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds a little different from the
+regular 4E Series where you go the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular 4E Series where you go the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular 4E Series where you go the other
+way so people give it the name discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so people give it the name discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so people give it the name discrete
+time 48 transform you might see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 48 transform you might see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 48 transform you might see those
+letters sometime the discrete time 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters sometime the discrete time 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters sometime the discrete time 48
+transform goes from the coefficients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform goes from the coefficients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform goes from the coefficients to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+function where the standard fora Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where the standard fora Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function where the standard fora Series
+starts with a function and goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a function and goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with a function and goes to the
+coefficients but really it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but really it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but really it doesn't
+matter the the point is yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the the point is yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the the point is yeah so you
+could say maybe we have now a fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say maybe we have now a fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say maybe we have now a fourth
+transform like the first transform was 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform like the first transform was 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform like the first transform was 4
+a series the second one was the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series the second one was the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series the second one was the discrete
+the third one is the for integral that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is the for integral that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is the for integral that's
+coming in one minute and the fourth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in one minute and the fourth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in one minute and the fourth is
+this one but hey it's just it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but hey it's just it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but hey it's just it's just uh
+the two uh the the coefficients and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uh the the coefficients and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two uh the the coefficients and the
+function have switched places in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have switched places in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have switched places in the in
+the in the uh which one is the start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh which one is the start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh which one is the start and
+which one is the out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay let me pause a minute because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay let me pause a minute because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay let me pause a minute because
+that's everything I wanted to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everything I wanted to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's everything I wanted to say about
+simple filters and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple filters and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple filters and you can see
+that this is a very simple filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a very simple filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a very simple filter and
+and could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could be
+improved better numbers would give I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved better numbers would give I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved better numbers would give I
+mean what would be better numbers I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what would be better numbers I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what would be better numbers I I
+suppose that one quarter 1/2 one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that one quarter 1/2 one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that one quarter 1/2 one quarter
+would probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably be
+better if I took those numbers I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if I took those numbers I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better if I took those numbers I'm
+pretty sure that this that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that this that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that this that this thing
+would uh would would be closer to Ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh would would be closer to Ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh would would be closer to Ideal
+by quite a bit Yeah if I plotted no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a bit Yeah if I plotted no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a bit Yeah if I plotted no so
+what do I mean by those are the hes so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by those are the hes so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by those are the hes so I
+would take one 1/4 plus a half e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take one 1/4 plus a half e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take one 1/4 plus a half e the
+minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I
+Omega plus A4 eus 2 I Omega this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plus A4 eus 2 I Omega this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plus A4 eus 2 I Omega this would
+be my Better h of Omega this would be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my Better h of Omega this would be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my Better h of Omega this would be my
+frequency response to a better averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response to a better averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response to a better averaging
+filter sort of this is like averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter sort of this is like averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter sort of this is like averaged
+averaged right if I do a half an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged right if I do a half an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged right if I do a half an average
+and then I do the average again in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I do the average again in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I do the average again in other
+words if I if I just send these signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if I if I just send these signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if I if I just send these signals
+YK through that same averaging filter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YK through that same averaging filter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YK through that same averaging filter so
+average again to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average again to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average again to get a
+ZK I think probably the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZK I think probably the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZK I think probably the coefficients
+would be one quarter one2 one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one quarter one2 one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one quarter one2 one quarter
+and it would be I've taken out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be I've taken out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be I've taken out more
+noise right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise right
+each time I did that averaging I damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I did that averaging I damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time I did that averaging I damped
+The High Frequency so if I do it twice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The High Frequency so if I do it twice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The High Frequency so if I do it twice I
+get more damping but I lose I lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more damping but I lose I lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more damping but I lose I lose
+signal of course I mean there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of course I mean there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal of course I mean there's some
+presumably there's some information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's some information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably there's some information in
+the signal in these frequencies and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal in these frequencies and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal in these frequencies and I'm
+reducing it and if I average twice I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it and if I average twice I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it and if I average twice I'm
+reducing it further so a better one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it further so a better one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing it further so a better one
+would be to get a sharp cut off yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to get a sharp cut off yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to get a sharp cut off yeah
+okay that f filters I guess what I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that f filters I guess what I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that f filters I guess what I hope
+is that we have the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have the idea of a
+convolution and now we see what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and now we see what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and now we see what we can
+use it for right and and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for right and and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for right and and there are many
+others so we'll have another we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so we'll have another we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so we'll have another we'll come
+back to convolutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to convolutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to convolutions and
+deconvolution because if you have a CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution because if you have a CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution because if you have a CT
+scanner that's doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner that's doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner that's doing a little
+convolution I mean you're the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I mean you're the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution I mean you're the input
+right to this CT scanner you you march
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to this CT scanner you you march
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to this CT scanner you you march
+in like hoping for the best okay CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like hoping for the best okay CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like hoping for the best okay CT
+scanner convolves you with their little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner convolves you with their little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner convolves you with their little
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+and and then it does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then it does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then it does a
+deconvolution to to look more an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution to to look more an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolution to to look more an
+approximate deconvolution to to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate deconvolution to to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate deconvolution to to have a
+better image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better image of
+you okay let's leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay let's leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay let's leave that
+okay can I change direction and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I change direction and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can I change direction and just
+write down the formulas for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the formulas for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the formulas for the for
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+and do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do one
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I don't know what you think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know what you think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know what you think about a
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+stops and starts a a new topic is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and starts a a new topic is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and starts a a new topic is it
+maybe it's tough on the on the listener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's tough on the on the listener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's tough on the on the listener
+or maybe it's uh a break I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's uh a break I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's uh a break I don't know
+let's look at it positively all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it positively all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it positively all right
+break all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break all right okay
+all right so what let me remember the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what let me remember the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what let me remember the co
+the forier series formulas so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier series formulas so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forier series formulas so I'm just
+going to break and now we go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break and now we go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break and now we go to the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform okay so let me remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay so let me remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform okay so let me remember the
+formula for the coefficients which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the coefficients which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the coefficients which is 1
+over 2 pi the integral of f of x e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi the integral of f of x e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 pi the integral of f of x e the
+minus I KX DX right and then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I KX DX right and then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I KX DX right and then when we
+added it up to get F ofx back again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added it up to get F ofx back again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added it up to get F ofx back again and
+we added up a sum of the cks E the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added up a sum of the cks E the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added up a sum of the cks E the
+ix's right that's 4.1 we know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ix's right that's 4.1 we know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ix's right that's 4.1 we know those
+formulas and we notice again complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and we notice again complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and we notice again complex
+conjugate One Direction has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate One Direction has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate One Direction has the
+conjugate compared to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate compared to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate compared to the other
+direction now all I plan to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now all I plan to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction now all I plan to do
+is write down the formula and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is write down the formula and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is write down the formula and now I
+remember I'm going to use f of K instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm going to use f of K instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I'm going to use f of K instead
+of the coeffic efficients because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coeffic efficients because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coeffic efficients because it's a
+function of K all KS and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K all KS and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K all KS and not just
+integers are allowed and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are allowed and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are allowed and then I'm going
+to recover F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover F
+ofx okay now this integral went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx okay now this integral went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx okay now this integral went from
+minus pi to Pi because that was periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi because that was periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pi to Pi because that was periodic
+but now all the integrals are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now all the integrals are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now all the integrals are going to
+go from minus infinity to Infinity we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from minus infinity to Infinity we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from minus infinity to Infinity we've
+got every K every X so we take what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got every K every X so we take what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got every K every X so we take what what
+do you expect here f ofx e minus I KX DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect here f ofx e minus I KX DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you expect here f ofx e minus I KX DX
+yes fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes fine
+same thing f ofx is there but now any K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing f ofx is there but now any K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing f ofx is there but now any K
+is allowed so I have a function of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed so I have a function of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed so I have a function of all
+K's and now I want to recover F ofx so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's and now I want to recover F ofx so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's and now I want to recover F ofx so
+what do I do you can guess I've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do you can guess I've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do you can guess I've got an
+integral now not a sum because a sum was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now not a sum because a sum was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now not a sum because a sum was
+when I had only num integer numbers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had only num integer numbers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I had only num integer numbers now
+I've got fat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got fat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got fat of
+K and would you like to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and would you like to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and would you like to tell me what
+what the the magic Factor is there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the magic Factor is there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the the magic Factor is there in
+the integral formula it's just what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral formula it's just what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral formula it's just what you
+hope it's the e to the i k Omega we're D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope it's the e to the i k Omega we're D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope it's the e to the i k Omega we're D
+what now this is where it's easy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now this is where it's easy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now this is where it's easy to make
+a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D I'm integrating here I'm putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm integrating here I'm putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I'm integrating here I'm putting the
+whole reconstructing the function I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole reconstructing the function I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole reconstructing the function I'm
+putting back the the harmonics with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting back the the harmonics with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting back the the harmonics with the
+amount fat of K tells me how much e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount fat of K tells me how much e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount fat of K tells me how much e to
+the i k Omega there is in the function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i k Omega there is in the function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i k Omega there is in the function I
+put them all together so I integrate d k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all together so I integrate d k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them all together so I integrate d k
+I'm integrating over the frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating over the frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm integrating over the frequencies
+this was a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a sum over
+K from minus infinity to Infinity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K from minus infinity to Infinity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K from minus infinity to Infinity now
+this is an integral because we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integral because we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integral because we've got
+it's all filled in and it remains to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all filled in and it remains to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all filled in and it remains to
+deal with this 2 pi and I see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this 2 pi and I see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this 2 pi and I see in the
+book that the 2 pi went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that the 2 pi went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that the 2 pi went
+there I don't know why anyway there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't know why anyway there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't know why anyway there it
+is is so let's let's follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is so let's let's follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is so let's let's follow that
+convention that the put the 2 pi here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that the put the 2 pi here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention that the put the 2 pi here so
+there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the
+formula the pair of formulas the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the pair of formulas the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the pair of formulas the twin
+formulas the transform from F to fat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas the transform from F to fat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas the transform from F to fat and
+the inverse transform from fat back to F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transform from fat back to F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transform from fat back to F
+and it's just like the one you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just like the one you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just like the one you've seen
+for 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series well I think the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series well I think the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series well I think the only way to
+we're good good way to remember those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good good way to remember those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're good good way to remember those is
+to put in a function and find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in a function and find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in a function and find its
+transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so
+that's my final thing for today would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my final thing for today would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my final thing for today would be
+take a particular function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a particular function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a particular function f
+ofx uh here let me take F ofx to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx uh here let me take F ofx to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx uh here let me take F ofx to be
+here's here's one f f to be zero here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's one f f to be zero here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's one f f to be zero here
+and then a jump to one and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a jump to one and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a jump to one and then an
+exponential decay so e to the -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ax okay so that's the input it's not odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax okay so that's the input it's not odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax okay so that's the input it's not odd
+it's not even so I expect uh sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even so I expect uh sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even so I expect uh sort of a
+complex fat of K which I can compute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex fat of K which I can compute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex fat of K which I can compute so
+fat of K is what now let's just let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat of K is what now let's just let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat of K is what now let's just let's
+just figure out fat of K and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure out fat of K and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure out fat of K and look at the
+Decay rate and all the other good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay rate and all the other good stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay rate and all the other good stuff
+so what do I do I do the I'm just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I do I do the I'm just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I do I do the I'm just doing
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+for practice okay so f is zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for practice okay so f is zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for practice okay so f is zero in the
+first half so I really only integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half so I really only integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half so I really only integrate
+zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to
+infinity and in that region it's e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and in that region it's e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and in that region it's e to
+the minus ax and I multiply by E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ax and I multiply by E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ax and I multiply by E to
+minus I KX and I integrate DX and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I KX and I integrate DX and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I KX and I integrate DX and what
+do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I
+get I'll get this is an integral we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I'll get this is an integral we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I'll get this is an integral we can
+do and it's especially it's it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it's especially it's it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and it's especially it's it's easy
+because this is e to the minus a + i k *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is e to the minus a + i k *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is e to the minus a + i k *
+X you're always going to see it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you're always going to see it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X you're always going to see it that way
+right that we're integrating and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we're integrating and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we're integrating and then
+the integral of an exponential is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of an exponential is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of an exponential is the
+exponential divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the factor that will come down when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the factor that will come down when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the factor that will come down when
+we take the derivative so I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the derivative so I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the derivative so I think we
+just have this right don't you think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this right don't you think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this right don't you think to
+integrate that exponential we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that exponential we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that exponential we just get
+the exponential divided by its little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential divided by its little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential divided by its little
+Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor
+and now we have to stick in the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to stick in the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have to stick in the limits
+and what do I get at the limits this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I get at the limits this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I get at the limits this is
+like a fun part of 4A integrals formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fun part of 4A integrals formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fun part of 4A integrals formulas
+what do I get at the upper limit x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get at the upper limit x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I get at the upper limit x equal
+Infinity I if x is very large what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I if x is very large what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I if x is very large what what
+does this thing do goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's
+gone the e to the I KX is oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone the e to the I KX is oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone the e to the I KX is oscillating
+around it's it's of size one but the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's it's of size one but the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it's it's of size one but the e
+to the minus ax so I needed a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus ax so I needed a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus ax so I needed a to be
+positive here that picture had to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here that picture had to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive here that picture had to be the
+right one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one a
+positive then at Infinity I get zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then at Infinity I get zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive then at Infinity I get zero so
+now I just plug in this lower limit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just plug in this lower limit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just plug in this lower limit that
+that comes with a minus sign so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes with a minus sign so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes with a minus sign so what do
+I get the minus sign will make this a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the minus sign will make this a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get the minus sign will make this a +
+i k and what does this thing equal at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i k and what does this thing equal at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i k and what does this thing equal at x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z one e zero is one so there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z one e zero is one so there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z one e zero is one so there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the of my one-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the of my one-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the of my one-sided
+exponential now just a quick look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now just a quick look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential now just a quick look at
+that and then I'll do some more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I'll do some more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I'll do some more this
+example is example in is example one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is example in is example one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is example in is example one in
+in section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section
+4.5 and we'll do more examples but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 and we'll do more examples but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 and we'll do more examples but let's
+look just look at that one uh I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just look at that one uh I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just look at that one uh I see a
+jump in the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do I expect in the Decay rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I expect in the Decay rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I expect in the Decay rate of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+transform I so a jump in the function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I so a jump in the function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I so a jump in the function I
+expect a a Decay rate of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a a Decay rate of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a a Decay rate of 1
+overk Decay rate right just as for 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk Decay rate right just as for 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overk Decay rate right just as for 4A
+coefficients so for the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so for the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so for the integral
+transform so Decay rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so Decay rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform so Decay rate in
+F and it's here one over K in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and it's here one over K in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and it's here one over K in the
+denominator yeah so that that's a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator yeah so that that's a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator yeah so that that's a a good
+example well you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example well you might
+say wait a minute okay that's fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait a minute okay that's fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say wait a minute okay that's fine but
+what about the second one could I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the second one could I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the second one could I put in
+one over a plus I K and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a plus I K and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over a plus I K and get
+back the pulse the the the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the pulse the the the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the pulse the the the exponential
+pulse the answer is yes but maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse the answer is yes but maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse the answer is yes but maybe I
+don't know how to do that integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do that integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do that integral so
+I'm sort of fortunate that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of fortunate that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sort of fortunate that these
+formulas are proved for for any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas are proved for for any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas are proved for for any function
+including this function so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this function so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this function so uh
+so this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this example
+shows the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the Decay
+rate the possibility sometimes of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the possibility sometimes of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the possibility sometimes of doing
+one integral but maybe the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one integral but maybe the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one integral but maybe the other
+integral going the other direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral going the other direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral going the other direction is
+not so easy and that and that's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy and that and that's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy and that and that's normal
+so that's like for8 transforms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like for8 transforms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like for8 transforms and
+inverse transforms we don't expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transforms we don't expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse transforms we don't expect to be
+able to do them all uh by hand and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do them all uh by hand and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do them all uh by hand and I
+mean I I'll just say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I I'll just say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I I'll just say that
+actually anybody who studies complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually anybody who studies complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually anybody who studies complex
+variables and res residues I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and res residues I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and res residues I don't know
+if you know any of this heard these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know any of this heard these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know any of this heard these
+words about there are ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about there are ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about there are ways to
+integrate I could I could put 1 over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I could I could put 1 over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I could I could put 1 over a
+plus I K in here and actually and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I K in here and actually and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I K in here and actually and do
+this integral from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral from minus infinity to
+Infinity by stuff that's in chapter 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity by stuff that's in chapter 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity by stuff that's in chapter 5
+can I just point ahead without any plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just point ahead without any plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just point ahead without any plan
+to discuss it uh that some integrals can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss it uh that some integrals can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss it uh that some integrals can
+be done by by X Plus iy tricks by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done by by X Plus iy tricks by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done by by X Plus iy tricks by
+complex by using complex numbers but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex by using complex numbers but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex by using complex numbers but I
+won't do more okay thanks so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do more okay thanks so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do more okay thanks so that's
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+formulas and that's one example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and that's one example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and that's one example uh
+Wednesday it'll be more examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday it'll be more examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday it'll be more examples and
+then no review session Wednesday evening
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aGyJO6G3mxQ.txt b/aGyJO6G3mxQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1bc4fe1717b307d646c32617a9ef1dda4c5d822a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aGyJO6G3mxQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@
+Hi.
+
+In this problem, we're going to
+be dealing with a variation
+
+of the usual coin-flipping
+problem.
+
+But in this case, the bias
+itself of the coin
+
+is going to be random.
+
+So you could think of it as, you
+don't even know what the
+
+probability of heads
+for the coin is.
+
+So as usual, we're still taking
+one coin and we're
+
+flipping it n times.
+
+But the difference here is that
+the bias is because it
+
+was random variable Q. And
+we're told that the
+
+expectation of this bias is some
+mu and that the variance
+
+of the bias is some sigma
+squared, which
+
+we're told is positive.
+
+And what we're going to be
+asked is find a bunch of
+
+different expectations,
+covariances, and variances.
+
+And we'll see that this problem
+gives us some good
+
+exercise in a few concepts, a
+lot of iterated expectations,
+
+which, again, tells you that
+when you take the expectation
+
+of a conditional expectation,
+it's just the expectation of
+
+the inner random variable.
+
+The covariance of two random
+variables is just the
+
+expectation of the product
+minus the product of the
+
+expectations.
+
+Law of total variance is the
+expectation of a variance, of
+
+a conditional variance plus the
+variance of a conditional
+
+expectation.
+
+And the last thing, of course,
+we're dealing with a bunch of
+
+Bernoulli random variables,
+coin flips.
+
+So as a reminder, for a
+Bernoulli random variable, if
+
+you know what the bias is, it's
+some known quantity p,
+
+then the expectation of the
+Bernoulii is just p, and the
+
+variance of the Bernoulli
+is p times 1 minus p.
+
+So let's get started.
+
+The problem tells us that we're
+going to define some
+
+random variables.
+
+So xi is going to be a Bernoulli
+random variable for
+
+the i coin flip.
+
+ 
+
+So xi is going to be 1 if the i
+coin flip was heads and 0 if
+
+it was tails.
+
+And one very important thing
+that the problem states is
+
+that conditional on Q, the
+random bias, so if we know
+
+what the random bias is, then
+all the coin flips are
+
+independent.
+
+And that's going to be important
+for us when we
+
+calculate all these values.
+
+OK, so the first thing that we
+need to calculate is the
+
+expectation of each of these
+individual Bernoulli random
+
+variables, xi.
+
+So how do we go about
+calculating what this is?
+
+Well, the problem
+gives us a int.
+
+It tells us to try using the law
+of iterated expectations.
+
+But in order to use it, you need
+to figure out what you
+
+need the condition on.
+
+What this y?
+
+What takes place in y?
+
+And in this case, a good
+candidate for what you
+
+condition on would be
+the bias, the Q that
+
+we're unsure about.
+
+So let's try doing that
+and see what we get.
+
+So we write out the law of
+iterated expectations with Q.
+
+So now hopefully, we can
+simplify it with this
+
+inter-conditional
+expectation is.
+
+Well, what is it really?
+
+It's saying, given what Q is,
+what is the expectation of
+
+this Bernoulli random
+interval xi?
+
+Well, we know that if we knew
+what the bias was, then the
+
+expectation is just
+the bias itself.
+
+But in this case, the
+bias is random.
+
+But remember a conditional
+expectation is
+
+still a random variable.
+
+And so in this case, this
+actually just simplifies into
+
+Q. So whatever the bias is, the
+expectation is just equal
+
+to the bias.
+
+And so that's what
+it tells us.
+
+And this part is easy because
+we're given that the
+
+expectation of q is mu.
+
+And then the problem also
+defines the random variable x.
+
+X is the total number of heads
+within the n tosses.
+
+Or you can think of it as a sum
+of all these individual xi
+
+Bernoulli random variables.
+
+And now, what can
+we do with this?
+
+Well we can remember that
+linearity of expectations
+
+allows us to split
+up this sum.
+
+Expectation of a sum, we could
+split up into a sum of
+
+expectations.
+
+So this is actually just
+expectation of x1 plus dot dot
+
+dot plus all the way to
+expectation of xn.
+
+All right.
+
+And now, remember that we're
+flipping the same coin.
+
+We don't know what the bias is,
+but for all the n flips,
+
+it's the same coin.
+
+And so each of these
+expectations of xi should be
+
+the same, no matter
+what xi is.
+
+And each one of them is mu.
+
+We already calculated
+that earlier.
+
+And there's 10 of them, so the
+answer would be n times mu.
+
+ 
+
+So let's move on to part B.
+Part B now asks us to find
+
+what the covariance is
+between xi and xj.
+
+And we have to be a little bit
+careful here because there are
+
+two different scenarios, one
+where i and j are different
+
+indices, different tosses,
+and another where i
+
+and j are the same.
+
+So we have to consider both
+of these cases separately.
+
+Let's first do the case where
+x and i are different.
+
+So i does not equal j.
+
+In this case, we can just apply
+the formula that we
+
+talked about in the beginning.
+
+So this covariance is just equal
+to the expectation of xi
+
+times xj minus the expectation
+of xi times expectation of xj.
+
+All right, so we actually know
+what these two are, right?
+
+Expectation of xi is mu.
+
+Expectation of xj is also mu.
+
+So this part is just
+mu squared.
+
+But we need to figure out
+what this expectation
+
+of xi times xj is.
+
+Well, the expectation of xi
+times xj, we can again use the
+
+law of iterated expectations.
+
+So let's try conditioning
+on cue again.
+
+ 
+
+And remember we said
+that this second
+
+part is just mu squared.
+
+ 
+
+All right, well, how can
+we simplify this
+
+inner-conditional expectation?
+
+Well, we can use the fact that
+the problem tells us that,
+
+conditioned on Q, the tosses
+are independent.
+
+So that means that, conditioned
+on Q, xi and xj
+
+are independent.
+
+And remember, when random
+variables are independent, the
+
+expectation of product, you
+could simplify that to be the
+
+product of the expectations.
+
+And because we're in the
+condition world on Q, you have
+
+to remember that it's going
+to be a product of two
+
+conditional expectations.
+
+So this will be expectation of
+xi given Q times expectation
+
+of xj given Q minus
+mu squared still.
+
+All right, now what is this?
+
+Well the expectation of xi given
+Q, we already argued
+
+earlier here that it should just
+be Q. And then the same
+
+thing for xj.
+
+That should also be Q. So this
+is just expectation of Q
+
+squared minus mu squared.
+
+ 
+
+All right, now if we look at
+this, what is the expectation
+
+of Q squared minus mu squared?
+
+Well, remember mu is just,
+we're told that mu is the
+
+expectation of Q. So what we
+have is the expectation of Q
+
+squared minus the quantity
+expectation of Q squared.
+
+And what is that, exactly?
+
+That is just the formula or
+the definition of what the
+
+variance of Q should be.
+
+So this is, in fact, exactly
+equal to the variance of Q,
+
+which we're told is
+sigma squared.
+
+All right, so what we found is
+that for i not equal to j, the
+
+coherence of xi and
+xj is exactly
+
+equal to sigma squared.
+
+And remember, we're told that
+sigma squared is positive.
+
+So what does that tell us?
+
+That tells us that xi and xj, or
+i not equal to j, these two
+
+random variables
+are correlated.
+
+And so, because they're
+correlated, they can't be
+
+independent.
+
+Remember, if two intervals are
+independent, that means
+
+they're uncorrelated.
+
+But the converse isn't true.
+
+ 
+
+But if we do know that two
+random variables are
+
+correlated, that means that
+they can't be independent.
+
+ 
+
+And now let's finish this by
+considering the second case.
+
+The second case is when i
+actually does equal j.
+
+And in that case, well, the
+covariance of xi and xi is
+
+just another way of writing
+the variance of xi.
+
+So covariance, xi, xi, it's
+just the variance of xi.
+
+And what is that?
+
+That is just the expectation
+of xi squared minus
+
+expectation of xi quantity
+squared.
+
+And again, we know what
+the second term is.
+
+The second term is expectation
+of xi quantity squared.
+
+Expectation of xi we know from
+part A is just mu, right?
+
+So that's just second term
+is just mu squared.
+
+But what is the expectation
+of xi squared?
+
+Well, we can think about
+this a little bit more.
+
+And you can realize that xi
+squared is actually exactly
+
+the same thing as just xi.
+
+And this is just a special case
+because xi is a Bernoulli
+
+random variable.
+
+Because Bernoulli is
+either 0 or 1.
+
+And if it's 0 and you square
+it, it's still 0.
+
+And if it's 1 and you square
+it, it's still 1.
+
+So squaring it doesn't
+really doesn't
+
+actually change anything.
+
+It's exactly the same thing as
+the original random variable.
+
+And so, because this is a
+Bernoulli random variable,
+
+this is exactly just the
+expectation of xi.
+
+And we said this part
+is just mu squared.
+
+So this is just expectation of
+xi, which we said was mu.
+
+So the answer is just
+mu minus mu squared.
+
+ 
+
+OK, so this completes part B.
+And the answer that we wanted
+
+was that in fact, xi and xj are
+in fact not independent.
+
+Right.
+
+So let's write down some facts
+that we'll want to remember.
+
+One of them is that expectation
+of xi is mu.
+
+And we also want to remember
+what this covariance is.
+
+The covariance of xi and xj is
+equal to sigma squared when i
+
+does not equal j.
+
+So we'll be using these
+facts again later.
+
+And the variance of xi is equal
+to mu minus mu squared.
+
+ 
+
+So now let's move on to the last
+part, part C, which asks
+
+us to calculate the variance
+of x in two different ways.
+
+So the first way we'll
+do it is using the
+
+law of total variance.
+
+So the law of total variance
+will tell us that we can write
+
+the variance of x as a sum
+of two different parts.
+
+So the first is variance of x
+expectation of the variance of
+
+x conditioned on something
+plus the variance of the
+
+initial expectation of x
+conditioned on something.
+
+And as you might have guessed,
+what we're going to condition
+
+on is Q.
+
+Let's calculate what these
+two things are.
+
+So let's do the two
+terms separately.
+
+What is the expectation
+of the conditional
+
+variance of x given Q?
+
+ 
+
+Well, what is--
+
+this, we can write out x.
+
+Because x, remember, is just
+the sum of a bunch of these
+
+Bernoulli random variables.
+
+ 
+
+And now what we'll do was, well,
+again, use the important
+
+fact that the x's, we're told,
+are conditionally independent,
+
+conditional on Q.
+
+And because they're independent,
+remember the
+
+variance of a sum is not the
+sum of the variance.
+
+It's only the sum of the
+variance if the terms in the
+
+sum are independent.
+
+In this case, they are
+conditionally independent
+
+given Q. So we can in fact split
+this up and write it as
+
+the variance of x1 given Q
+plus all the way to the
+
+variance of xn given Q.
+
+And in fact, all these
+are the same, right?
+
+So we just have n copies of the
+variance of, say, x1 given
+
+Q. Now, what is the variance
+of x1 given Q?
+
+Well, x1 is just a Bernoulli
+random variable.
+
+But the difference is that for
+x, we don't know what the bias
+
+or what the Q is.
+
+Because it's some
+random bias Q
+
+But just like we said earlier
+in part A, when we talked
+
+about the expectation of x1
+given Q, this is actually just
+
+Q times 1 minus Q. Because if
+you knew what the bias were,
+
+it would be p times 1 minus p.
+
+So the bias times 1
+minus the bias.
+
+But you don't know what it is.
+
+But if you did, it
+would just be q.
+
+So what we do is we just plug
+in Q, and you get Q
+
+times 1 minus 2.
+
+All right, and now this
+is expectation of n.
+
+I can pull out the n.
+
+So it's n times the expectation
+of Q minus Q
+
+squared, which is just n times
+expectation Q, we can use
+
+linearity of expectations again,
+expectation of Q is mu.
+
+And the expectation of Q 2
+squared is, well, we can do
+
+that on the side.
+
+Expectation of Q squared is
+the variance of Q plus
+
+expectation of Q quantity
+squared.
+
+So that's just sigma squared
+plus mu squared.
+
+And so this is just going to
+be then minus sigma squared
+
+minus mu squared.
+
+ 
+
+All right, so that's
+the first term.
+
+Now let's do the second term.
+
+The variance the conditional
+expectation of x given Q. And
+
+again, what we can do is we can
+write x as the sum of all
+
+these xi's.
+
+ 
+
+And now we can apply linearity
+of expectations.
+
+So we would get n times one
+of these expectations.
+
+ 
+
+And remember, we said earlier
+the expectation of x1 given Q
+
+is just Q. So it's the variance
+of n times Q.
+
+And remember now, n is just--
+
+it's not random.
+
+It's just some number.
+
+So when you pull it out of a
+variance, you square it.
+
+So this is n squared times
+the variance of Q.
+
+And the variance of Q we're
+given is sigma squared.
+
+So this is n squared times
+sigma squared.
+
+ 
+
+So the final answer is
+just a combination
+
+of these two terms.
+
+This one and this one.
+
+So let's write it out.
+
+The variance of x, then,
+is equal to--
+
+ 
+
+we can combine terms
+a little bit.
+
+So the first one, let's
+take the mus and
+
+we'll put them together.
+
+So it's n mu minus mu squared.
+
+ 
+
+And then we have n squared times
+sigma squared from this
+
+term and minus n times sigma
+squared from this term.
+
+So it would be n squared minus
+n times sigma squared, or n
+
+times n minus 1 times
+sigma squared.
+
+So that is the final answer
+that we get for
+
+the variance of x.
+
+ 
+
+And now, let's try doing
+it another way.
+
+ 
+
+So that's one way of doing it.
+
+That's using the law of total
+expectations and conditioning
+
+on Q. Another way of finding
+the variance of x is to use
+
+the formula involving
+covariances, right?
+
+And we can use that because x is
+actually a sum of multiple
+
+random variables
+x1 through xn.
+
+And the formula for this is, you
+have n variance terms plus
+
+all these other ones.
+
+Where i is not equal to j, you
+have the covariance terms.
+
+And really, it's just, you can
+think of it as a double sum of
+
+all pairs of xi and xj where if
+i and j happen just to be
+
+the same, that it simplifies
+to be just the variance.
+
+Now, so we pulled theses n terms
+out because they are
+
+different than these because
+they have a different value.
+
+And now fortunately, we've
+already calculated what these
+
+values are in part B. So we
+can just plug them them.
+
+All the variances
+are the same.
+
+And there's n of them,
+so we get n times the
+
+variance of each one.
+
+The variance of each one we
+calculated already was mu
+
+minus mu squared.
+
+And then, we have all
+the terms were i is
+
+not equal to j.
+
+Well, there are actually n
+squared minus n of them.
+
+So because you can take any one
+of the n's to be the first
+
+to be i, any one of
+the n to be j.
+
+So that gives you
+n squared pairs.
+
+But then you have to subtract
+out all the ones where i and j
+
+are the same.
+
+And there are n of them.
+
+So that leaves you with n
+squared minus n of these pairs
+
+where i is not equal to j.
+
+And the coherence for this case
+where i is not equal to
+
+j, we also calculated in part B.
+That's just sigma squared.
+
+All right, and now if we compare
+these two, we'll see
+
+that they are proportionally
+exactly the same.
+
+ 
+
+So we've use two different
+methods to calculate the
+
+variance, one using this
+summation and one using the
+
+law of total variance.
+
+So what do we learn
+from this problem?
+
+Well, we saw that first of all,
+in order to find some
+
+expectations, it's very useful
+to use law of iterated
+
+expectations.
+
+But the trick is to figure out
+what you should condition on.
+
+And that's kind of an
+art that you learn
+
+through more practice.
+
+But one good rule of thumb is,
+when you have kind of a
+
+hierarchy or layers of
+randomness where one layer of
+
+randomness depends
+on the randomness
+
+of the layer above--
+
+so in this case, whether or
+not you get heads or tails
+
+depends on, that's random, but
+that depends on the randomness
+
+on the level above, which
+was the random
+
+bias of the coin itself.
+
+So the rule of thumb is, when
+you want to calculate the
+
+expectations for the layer where
+you're talking about
+
+heads or tails, it's useful to
+condition on the layer above
+
+where that is, in this case,
+the random bias.
+
+Because once you condition on
+the layer above, that makes
+
+the next level much simpler.
+
+Because you kind of assume that
+you know what all the
+
+previous levels of randomness
+are, and that helps you
+
+calculate what the expectation
+for this current level.
+
+And the rest of the problem was
+just kind of going through
+
+exercises of actually
+applying the--
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aS1o7uTaLF0.txt b/aS1o7uTaLF0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf70cc93021b13195f5e36b4f4f04ca0df8c3125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aS1o7uTaLF0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we go through another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we go through another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we go through another
+random incidence example one that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random incidence example one that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random incidence example one that does
+not involve the Poisson process but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not involve the Poisson process but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not involve the Poisson process but a
+much simpler arrival process we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler arrival process we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler arrival process we do this
+for two reasons one is because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons one is because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two reasons one is because of the
+simplicity of the example perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity of the example perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity of the example perhaps the
+intuition will be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition will be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition will be a little more
+transparent and the second reason is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and the second reason is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and the second reason is to
+illustrate that we're dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that we're dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that we're dealing with a
+phenomenon that's not specific to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that's not specific to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that's not specific to the
+Poisson process but is much more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process but is much more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process but is much more general
+the example is as follows we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example is as follows we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example is as follows we have an
+arrival process in which arrivals happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival process in which arrivals happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival process in which arrivals happen
+at random and the consecutive inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and the consecutive inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and the consecutive inter
+arrival times are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival times are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival times are independent
+identically distributed random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed random variables
+however unlike the Poisson process these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however unlike the Poisson process these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however unlike the Poisson process these
+inter arrival times are not exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival times are not exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival times are not exponential
+random variables but instead we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables but instead we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables but instead we assume
+that they're either 5 or 10 minutes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're either 5 or 10 minutes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're either 5 or 10 minutes with
+equal probability so we have an arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability so we have an arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability so we have an arrival
+the next arrival may happen five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next arrival may happen five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next arrival may happen five minutes
+later the next arrival Meaghan happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the next arrival Meaghan happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the next arrival Meaghan happened
+five minutes later then maybe we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes later then maybe we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes later then maybe we get an
+inter arrival interval of length 10 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival interval of length 10 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival interval of length 10 then
+maybe another inter-arrival interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe another inter-arrival interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe another inter-arrival interval of
+length 10 followed by one of five and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 10 followed by one of five and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 10 followed by one of five and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the expected value of the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected value of the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the expected value of the case
+inter arrival time well an inter arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time well an inter arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time well an inter arrival
+time is with probability 1/2 of length 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is with probability 1/2 of length 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is with probability 1/2 of length 5
+and with probability 1/2 of length 10 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with probability 1/2 of length 10 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with probability 1/2 of length 10 so
+the average inter arrival time is 7.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average inter arrival time is 7.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average inter arrival time is 7.5
+now you show up at a random time and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you show up at a random time and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you show up at a random time and by
+random we mean a time that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we mean a time that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random we mean a time that's completely
+uncoordinated with the arrival process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated with the arrival process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoordinated with the arrival process
+you show up at some point in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up at some point in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show up at some point in time and
+you look at the inter-arrival interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the inter-arrival interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the inter-arrival interval
+in which you fall and you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you fall and you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you fall and you're interested
+in the length of that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the length of that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the length of that particular
+inter-arrival interval what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval what is the
+probability that you fall inside a 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you fall inside a 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you fall inside a 5
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+inter-arrival interval since intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval since intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval since intervals
+of length five are as likely as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five are as likely as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five are as likely as
+intervals of length 10 in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of length 10 in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of length 10 in the long run
+there's going to be roughly as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be roughly as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be roughly as many
+5-minute intervals as there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-minute intervals as there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5-minute intervals as there will be
+10-minute intervals on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-minute intervals on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-minute intervals on the other hand
+the 10-minute intervals occupied twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10-minute intervals occupied twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10-minute intervals occupied twice
+as much space on the real line and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much space on the real line and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much space on the real line and for
+this reason it is 2 times more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason it is 2 times more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason it is 2 times more likely
+that you will fall in a 10 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will fall in a 10 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will fall in a 10 minute
+interval rather than a 5-minute interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval rather than a 5-minute interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval rather than a 5-minute interval
+in other words the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the probability of
+falling in a 5-minute interval is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in a 5-minute interval is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in a 5-minute interval is going
+to be 1/3 whereas the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1/3 whereas the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1/3 whereas the probability of
+falling in a 10 minute interval is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in a 10 minute interval is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in a 10 minute interval is going
+to be 2/3 for this reason the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2/3 for this reason the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 2/3 for this reason the expected
+length of the inter-arrival interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the inter-arrival interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the inter-arrival interval
+that you get to see when you arrive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to see when you arrive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to see when you arrive is
+equal to with probability 1/3 you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to with probability 1/3 you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to with probability 1/3 you see a
+5 and with probability 2/3 you see a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and with probability 2/3 you see a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and with probability 2/3 you see a 10
+and this number evaluates approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number evaluates approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number evaluates approximately
+to 8.3 which is indeed larger than 7.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 8.3 which is indeed larger than 7.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 8.3 which is indeed larger than 7.5
+the conclusion from this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion from this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion from this example is
+similar to the one that we had for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the one that we had for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the one that we had for the
+Poisson process although the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process although the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process although the average
+inter arrival time is 7.5 when you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time is 7.5 when you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter arrival time is 7.5 when you show
+up at a random time you are more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at a random time you are more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at a random time you are more likely
+to fall in a larger interval and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall in a larger interval and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall in a larger interval and for
+that reason on the average you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason on the average you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reason on the average you will be
+seeing longer inter-arrival intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing longer inter-arrival intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing longer inter-arrival intervals
+the calculations that we carried through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations that we carried through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations that we carried through
+in that simple example can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that simple example can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that simple example can be
+generalized for more general arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized for more general arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized for more general arrival
+processes called renewal processes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes called renewal processes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes called renewal processes in a
+renewal process once more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal process once more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewal process once more the
+consecutive inter arrival times are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive inter arrival times are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive inter arrival times are
+independent identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent identically distributed
+random variables but they have a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables but they have a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables but they have a general
+distribution for this case there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for this case there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for this case there is a
+formula again that tells us the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula again that tells us the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula again that tells us the length
+or the expected length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the expected length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the expected length of the
+inter-arrival interval that you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval that you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter-arrival interval that you get to
+see but the main message from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the main message from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the main message from this
+example is that it does make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that it does make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that it does make a
+difference how you sample how you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference how you sample how you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference how you sample how you choose
+what to watch and what to measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to watch and what to measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to watch and what to measure it
+makes a difference whether you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference whether you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference whether you decide
+to measure the cave inter-arrival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the cave inter-arrival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the cave inter-arrival time
+and its average value or to decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its average value or to decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its average value or to decide to
+measure an inter arrival time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an inter arrival time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an inter arrival time that
+chosen by showing up at a random time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by showing up at a random time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen by showing up at a random time
+the two methods of sampling give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two methods of sampling give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two methods of sampling give you
+different results and we will see next a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results and we will see next a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different results and we will see next a
+few examples that have this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples that have this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples that have this particular
+flavor
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aY8iTiAfRzs.txt b/aY8iTiAfRzs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10a205ed9e2f701f362c9237d1dd763ab10b5d50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aY8iTiAfRzs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2275 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so how do we solve this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do we solve this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so how do we solve this this
+is a very interesting thing and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very interesting thing and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very interesting thing and I think
+it points to a all kind of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it points to a all kind of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it points to a all kind of important
+things that people find useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people find useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people find useful in
+physics so here it is the way maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so here it is the way maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so here it is the way maybe we
+can think about it think variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it think variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it think variational
+method what is the variational method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what is the variational method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what is the variational method
+you right away function and you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right away function and you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right away function and you try to
+see what is the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what is the expectation value of the
+Hamiltonian on that wave function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian on that wave function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian on that wave function you
+calculate it and now you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it and now you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it and now you know that the
+ground state energy is below that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy is below that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy is below that number
+because for the real ground state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the real ground state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the real ground state the
+expectation value of the Hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the Hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the Hamiltonian is
+the ground state energy for an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state energy for an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state energy for an arbitrary
+state it's more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's more than that
+so the variational method says okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variational method says okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the variational method says okay if
+you want to figure out what is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out what is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out what is a good
+wave function compute the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function compute the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function compute the expectation
+value of your wave function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your wave function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your wave function in the
+Hamiltonian and then you will see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and then you will see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and then you will see you
+will get some energy if you tinker with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some energy if you tinker with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some energy if you tinker with
+your wave function you can get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wave function you can get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wave function you can get to the
+right energy so this is what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy so this is what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right energy so this is what we're going
+to do we're going to try to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to try to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're going to try to take this
+side of our R and put the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of our R and put the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of our R and put the total
+Hamiltonian here and now that side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian here and now that side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian here and now that side of
+our R is gonna be this one from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our R is gonna be this one from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our R is gonna be this one from now on
+this is upside of our R we'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is upside of our R we'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is upside of our R we'll put it
+here and then I'll put another side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'll put another side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'll put another side of
+our R and I have to compute that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our R and I have to compute that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our R and I have to compute that but
+think of it it's actually pretty nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it it's actually pretty nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it it's actually pretty nice
+the situation it's computing this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation it's computing this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation it's computing this you
+could say how can i compute that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say how can i compute that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say how can i compute that if I
+don't know the Aetas the ADA the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the Aetas the ADA the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the Aetas the ADA the single
+8r that is there I know the Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8r that is there I know the Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8r that is there I know the Hamiltonian
+but I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know the
+so I can't compute this but think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't compute this but think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't compute this but think of
+this really this is an integral because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really this is an integral because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really this is an integral because
+it's an inner product overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an inner product overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an inner product overall the
+capital arts and integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital arts and integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital arts and integral over the
+little arse and you can see oh I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arse and you can see oh I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arse and you can see oh I know
+the little arse here I know them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little arse here I know them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little arse here I know them very
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+I found them I found this Phi R I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found them I found this Phi R I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found them I found this Phi R I've
+determined it some way you did so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined it some way you did so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined it some way you did so if I
+know that I know the little R dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I know the little R dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I know the little R dependence
+and I can do all the little are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do all the little are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can do all the little are
+integrals if I can do all the little are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals if I can do all the little are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals if I can do all the little are
+integrals means that you know this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals means that you know this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals means that you know this wave
+function is a product this wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a product this wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a product this wave function
+is a product this I can reduce to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product this I can reduce to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a product this I can reduce to the
+following eita of R because this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following eita of R because this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following eita of R because this one I
+don't know and 1/8 of our and I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and 1/8 of our and I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and 1/8 of our and I claim
+that all the part that had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the part that had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the part that had to do with
+the fire far we can take care and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire far we can take care and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fire far we can take care and then
+there's gonna be some Hamiltonian here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be some Hamiltonian here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be some Hamiltonian here
+left and this we're gonna call H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and this we're gonna call H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and this we're gonna call H
+effective of the our degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a lot of physics is that step seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of physics is that step seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of physics is that step seem
+like we did nothing but look I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did nothing but look I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did nothing but look I'm
+supposed to minimize this by adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to minimize this by adjusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to minimize this by adjusting
+my trial wave functions okay but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trial wave functions okay but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my trial wave functions okay but I don't
+have room to adjust the Phi because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room to adjust the Phi because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room to adjust the Phi because I
+determined it it's a good one so I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined it it's a good one so I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined it it's a good one so I put
+it in and I calculate this now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and I calculate this now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in and I calculate this now I have to
+minimize this but if I have to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this but if I have to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this but if I have to minimize
+this for just V no clear wave function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for just V no clear wave function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for just V no clear wave function I
+have found the effective Hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found the effective Hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found the effective Hamiltonian for
+the nuclei in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei in which they
+electron has essentially disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has essentially disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has essentially disappeared
+from this interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this interaction
+it just doesn't doesn't play a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't doesn't play a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't doesn't play a role
+anymore this is the idea of effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore this is the idea of effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore this is the idea of effective
+hamiltonians for slow degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians for slow degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians for slow degrees of freedom
+when you integrate fast degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you integrate fast degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you integrate fast degrees of
+freedom the fasting reason freedom are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the fasting reason freedom are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom the fasting reason freedom are
+your electrons we're getting rid of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electrons we're getting rid of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electrons we're getting rid of them
+we're integrating them we're gonna try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating them we're gonna try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're integrating them we're gonna try
+to do that so this will be an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so this will be an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so this will be an effective
+Hamiltonian for the nuclear degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for the nuclear degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for the nuclear degrees of
+freedom so let me do one term in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so let me do one term in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so let me do one term in here
+one term you can play trying to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term you can play trying to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term you can play trying to do other
+terms and the notes will deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the notes will deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the notes will deal with that
+so let's consider the term H e this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the term H e this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider the term H e this
+Hamiltonian is some terms plus h e it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is some terms plus h e it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is some terms plus h e it's
+over there so let's calculate what H e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so let's calculate what H e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so let's calculate what H e
+does so I now have to put effect of HP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so I now have to put effect of HP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so I now have to put effect of HP
+so I have to put here a Tau of our so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to put here a Tau of our so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to put here a Tau of our so
+let let me put the whole thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me put the whole thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me put the whole thing it's
+integral over all the ARS they are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over all the ARS they are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over all the ARS they are one
+or two or three integral over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two or three integral over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two or three integral over all the
+little hours that's an overlap eita star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hours that's an overlap eita star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hours that's an overlap eita star
+of all the ARS that's the broth Phi star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the ARS that's the broth Phi star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the ARS that's the broth Phi star
+R of little R H e then a toss of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of little R H e then a toss of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of little R H e then a toss of capital
+R Phi R of little R everybody happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Phi R of little R everybody happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Phi R of little R everybody happy
+that's my term that's the contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my term that's the contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my term that's the contribution
+of H E to the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good now H II is an operator and looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now H II is an operator and looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good now H II is an operator and looks
+at this thing and says well I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thing and says well I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this thing and says well I don't
+think derivatives with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think derivatives with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think derivatives with respect to
+capital R so I'm there I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital R so I'm there I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital R so I'm there I take
+derivatives with respect to a little R I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to a little R I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with respect to a little R I
+have a multiplicative factor another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multiplicative factor another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a multiplicative factor another
+multiplicative factor so I basically act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative factor so I basically act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative factor so I basically act
+just directly on this but H II already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just directly on this but H II already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just directly on this but H II already
+acting on that gives you the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on that gives you the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on that gives you the electronic
+energy so this would be the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this would be the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this would be the electronic
+energy in the ground state that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the ground state that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the ground state that depends
+on R times Phi R and lots of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this integral now becomes integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this integral now becomes integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this integral now becomes integral
+the r8 star of our then I'll put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r8 star of our then I'll put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r8 star of our then I'll put the
+other interval interval the little R Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interval interval the little R Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interval interval the little R Phi
+of our star of our and then I have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our star of our and then I have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our star of our and then I have just
+this number times a da of our alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number times a da of our alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number times a da of our alright so
+what is this integral happily this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this integral happily this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this integral happily this is
+just a number it goes out and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number it goes out and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number it goes out and this is an
+orthonormal state so this whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the r8 star of our e of our eight of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r8 star of our e of our eight of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r8 star of our e of our eight of our
+which you could say is eight of our the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could say is eight of our the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could say is eight of our the
+number e e of our times eight of our and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number e e of our times eight of our and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number e e of our times eight of our and
+therefore you've confirmed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you've confirmed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you've confirmed that the
+contribution to the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the effective
+Hamiltonian of all this electron cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian of all this electron cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian of all this electron cloud
+is just this number the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this number the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just this number the electronic
+energy like that so in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like that so in the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy like that so in the effective
+Hamiltonian H effective there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian H effective there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian H effective there will be
+some terms and there will be e e of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what is the whole answer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the whole answer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is the whole answer for the
+effective Hamiltonian no way to guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian no way to guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian no way to guess it
+I think unless you're Wow you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think unless you're Wow you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think unless you're Wow you have an
+incredible intuition it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible intuition it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible intuition it's going to be a
+little complicated if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complicated if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complicated if you think about it
+why suppose this term is gonna create no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why suppose this term is gonna create no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why suppose this term is gonna create no
+trouble whatsoever it's just gonna copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble whatsoever it's just gonna copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble whatsoever it's just gonna copy
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+this thing doesn't act on the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doesn't act on the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing doesn't act on the electronic
+wave function so the electronic GUI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so the electronic GUI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so the electronic GUI
+functions going to cancel it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions going to cancel it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions going to cancel it's just
+gonna contribute by itself so this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna contribute by itself so this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna contribute by itself so this term
+we've done this term is easy it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this term is easy it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this term is easy it just
+gives itself but this term is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives itself but this term is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives itself but this term is because
+this term takes derivatives with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term takes derivatives with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term takes derivatives with respect
+to capital R and your wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital R and your wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital R and your wave function
+depends and capital R so it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends and capital R so it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends and capital R so it's gonna be
+interesting so what is the answer I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what is the answer I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what is the answer I want
+to give you the answer rather than now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the answer rather than now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the answer rather than now
+do that calculation and it's almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that calculation and it's almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that calculation and it's almost like
+sometimes physics seems to have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes physics seems to have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes physics seems to have just a
+limited bag of tricks and things come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited bag of tricks and things come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited bag of tricks and things come
+out in some way or another in a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in some way or another in a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in some way or another in a simple
+way so what is the effective Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so what is the effective Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so what is the effective Hamiltonian
+you could say okay it's gonna be the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say okay it's gonna be the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say okay it's gonna be the sum
+of kinetic terms to m alpha over alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic terms to m alpha over alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kinetic terms to m alpha over alpha
+and you have P alpha squared well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have P alpha squared well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have P alpha squared well it's
+not gonna be just P alpha squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be just P alpha squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be just P alpha squares
+that'll be a little more and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be a little more and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be a little more and then
+there's gonna be a potential a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be a potential a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be a potential a great
+potential of R and that great potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of R and that great potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of R and that great potential
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+our is going to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is going to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is going to include the
+nuclear-nuclear our potential we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear-nuclear our potential we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear-nuclear our potential we said
+that this nuclear nuclear term would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this nuclear nuclear term would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this nuclear nuclear term would
+just copy along the H II we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copy along the H II we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just copy along the H II we calculated
+and that gives us the EE of our and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us the EE of our and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us the EE of our and you
+say well maybe that's it but no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe that's it but no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe that's it but no it's not
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that's it so let's see what it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so let's see what it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so let's see what it gives you
+okay so here it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it comes
+you remember electromagnetism you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember electromagnetism you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember electromagnetism you could
+change this thing here well it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this thing here well it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this thing here well it gets
+changed and it will become P minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and it will become P minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and it will become P minus a
+alpha like if there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha like if there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha like if there would be a
+connection like if there would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection like if there would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection like if there would be an
+electromagnetic field there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field there's no
+electromagnetic field here nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field here nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field here nothing
+whatsoever but there's one thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever but there's one thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever but there's one thing and
+what is it as well right here it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it as well right here it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it as well right here it turns
+out to be a berry connection because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a berry connection because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a berry connection because you
+have the adiabatic thing and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the adiabatic thing and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the adiabatic thing and you have
+your states that depend on R the berry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your states that depend on R the berry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your states that depend on R the berry
+connection shows up so it shows up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection shows up so it shows up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection shows up so it shows up like
+this here and here it shows up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and here it shows up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here and here it shows up in a
+funny in a couple of funny terms a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in a couple of funny terms a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny in a couple of funny terms a term
+of the form alpha H squared over 2m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form alpha H squared over 2m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form alpha H squared over 2m
+alpha integral the our gradient sub R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha integral the our gradient sub R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha integral the our gradient sub R
+alpha of Phi R squared minus sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of Phi R squared minus sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of Phi R squared minus sum over
+alpha a alpha squared over 2m alpha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha a alpha squared over 2m alpha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha a alpha squared over 2m alpha so
+that's the whole thing but I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole thing but I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole thing but I haven't
+defined the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the a well it's sort of a berry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the a well it's sort of a berry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the a well it's sort of a berry
+connection so you know what the berry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so you know what the berry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection so you know what the berry
+connection is is a V with the R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is is a V with the R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection is is a V with the R in
+configuration space of a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space of a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration space of a wave function
+with the star wave function integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the star wave function integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the star wave function integrate
+that that was kind of a berry connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was kind of a berry connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was kind of a berry connection
+so it turns out to be very similar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out to be very similar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out to be very similar here
+the a alpha vector of r is IH bar the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a alpha vector of r is IH bar the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a alpha vector of r is IH bar the
+integral over the little space electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the little space electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the little space electron
+space that's where you integrate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's where you integrate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's where you integrate things
+of the electron wave function star times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron wave function star times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron wave function star times
+the gradient with respect to R alpha of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient with respect to R alpha of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient with respect to R alpha of
+the electron wave function of R that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron wave function of R that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron wave function of R that is
+the berry connection if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the berry connection if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the berry connection if you remember
+it's an overlap of a wave function wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overlap of a wave function wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an overlap of a wave function wave
+function and a gradient with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and a gradient with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and a gradient with respect to
+the configuration space so that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration space so that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration space so that's a a
+good Hamiltonian for a molecule in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Hamiltonian for a molecule in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good Hamiltonian for a molecule in an
+approximate in the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate in the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate in the adiabatic
+approximation if this looks complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if this looks complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if this looks complicated
+it's already much simpler than what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already much simpler than what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already much simpler than what the
+real problem is because of the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem is because of the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem is because of the adiabatic
+approximation if you have these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if you have these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation if you have these wave
+functions this electronic wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this electronic wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this electronic wave functions
+you can calculate this ace and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate this ace and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate this ace and this
+plays the role of the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the role of the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the role of the effective
+Hamiltonian for the nuclei in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for the nuclei in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian for the nuclei in this
+approximation so so the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so so the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so so the variational
+principle essentially told us what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle essentially told us what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle essentially told us what is
+the right way to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way to describe the
+interactions of the nuclei given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of the nuclei given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of the nuclei given that
+the electrons have already been fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons have already been fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons have already been fixed
+into a class of wave functions now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a class of wave functions now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a class of wave functions now in
+general this so this is the CIM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this so this is the CIM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this so this is the CIM
+bleeped solution but in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeped solution but in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeped solution but in general it's
+hard to do it still complicate it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do it still complicate it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do it still complicate it so
+many times people simplify but it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times people simplify but it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times people simplify but it might
+happen for example if you have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for example if you have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen for example if you have a simple
+enough molecule that your wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough molecule that your wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough molecule that your wave functions
+Phi R are real now you remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi R are real now you remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi R are real now you remember that the
+berry face vanishes when the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry face vanishes when the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+berry face vanishes when the wave
+functions are real these things have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are real these things have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are real these things have to
+be imaginary with another eye they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be imaginary with another eye they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be imaginary with another eye they have
+to be real connections are always real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real operators in a sense of are so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real operators in a sense of are so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real operators in a sense of are so if
+the electronic wave functions are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic wave functions are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic wave functions are real
+forgetting there's no Barre connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting there's no Barre connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting there's no Barre connection
+so many times the Barre connections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many times the Barre connections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many times the Barre connections are
+not there even if there are no Barre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there even if there are no Barre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there even if there are no Barre
+connections this term might be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections this term might be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections this term might be there
+this is the gradient of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the gradient of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the gradient of this wave
+function with respect to the capital R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to the capital R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with respect to the capital R
+and this term can be important even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term can be important even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term can be important even if
+there's no Barre connection so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Barre connection so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Barre connection so in some
+cases the lowest order approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation of this I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this I think that's
+what is classically calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is classically calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is classically calling the
+born-oppenheimer ignores the Barry's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born-oppenheimer ignores the Barry's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born-oppenheimer ignores the Barry's
+face and ignores of this extra term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and ignores of this extra term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and ignores of this extra term so
+in that approximation the lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that approximation the lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that approximation the lowest order
+approximation the effective Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the effective Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation the effective Hamiltonian
+is just the sum over alpha minus H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum over alpha minus H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the sum over alpha minus H
+squared over 2 m alpha laplacian our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 m alpha laplacian our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 m alpha laplacian our
+alpha plus the nuclear-nuclear potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus the nuclear-nuclear potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus the nuclear-nuclear potential
+plus the electronic contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the electronic contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the electronic contribution to the
+potential so you keep basically forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so you keep basically forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so you keep basically forget
+about Barry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Barry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Barry that's
+higher order approximation higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order approximation higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order approximation higher order
+approximation higher order approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation higher order approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation higher order approximation
+keep just the P keep the nuclear-nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep just the P keep the nuclear-nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep just the P keep the nuclear-nuclear
+keep the electronic and people have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the electronic and people have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the electronic and people have done
+a lot with this so that's our treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot with this so that's our treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot with this so that's our treatment
+of molecules a pretty interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules a pretty interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules a pretty interesting thing
+and perhaps the most important lesson of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps the most important lesson of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps the most important lesson of
+all of this is your way in which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is your way in which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this is your way in which you can
+see how light degrees of freedom impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how light degrees of freedom impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how light degrees of freedom impose
+dynamics in slow degrees of freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in slow degrees of freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics in slow degrees of freedom and
+that's something you doing in physics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you doing in physics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something you doing in physics in
+quantum field theory all the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory all the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory all the time you
+have the slow-moving degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the slow-moving degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the slow-moving degrees of freedom
+and the fast moving degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fast moving degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fast moving degrees of freedom
+and you integrate the fast moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate the fast moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate the fast moving
+degrees of freedom and you find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and you find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and you find an
+effective Hamiltonian for the big things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian for the big things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Hamiltonian for the big things
+you may have quarks and all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have quarks and all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have quarks and all kinds of
+complicated things but at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things but at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things but at the end of the
+day they form protons and neutrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they form protons and neutrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day they form protons and neutrons and
+you can integrate the interactions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can integrate the interactions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can integrate the interactions of
+the quarks to sort of find the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks to sort of find the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks to sort of find the dynamics
+of the particles that you observe so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles that you observe so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particles that you observe so
+that step in that top blackboard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step in that top blackboard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step in that top blackboard is
+pretty important
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/anICA1XFJ_M.txt b/anICA1XFJ_M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ec9b76fda86b1ce5c354408161aa862d71aea46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/anICA1XFJ_M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi last time you may recall that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi last time you may recall that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi last time you may recall that we were
+looking at some of our examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of our examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some of our examples in
+three-dimensional space and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space and talking
+about picking a couple of vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about picking a couple of vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about picking a couple of vectors in
+three-dimensional space be they I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space be they I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space be they I and J
+or Alpha and beta and we then talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Alpha and beta and we then talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Alpha and beta and we then talked
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+subspaces uh spanned by Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces uh spanned by Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces uh spanned by Alpha and beta
+or the Subspace spanned by I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Subspace spanned by I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the Subspace spanned by I and J
+noticing that the Subspace could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that the Subspace could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing that the Subspace could be
+smaller than the entire space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the entire space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the entire space or
+possibly it could even equal the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly it could even equal the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly it could even equal the entire
+space in no event could it be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in no event could it be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in no event could it be greater
+than the entire space at any rate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the entire space at any rate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the entire space at any rate what
+we would like to do today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to do today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to do today is to
+generalize this idea into more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this idea into more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this idea into more than two
+or three dimensions and also to uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three dimensions and also to uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three dimensions and also to uh make
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+generalization go independently of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization go independently of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization go independently of our
+endle notation that we used earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endle notation that we used earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endle notation that we used earlier in
+the course at any rate uh today's lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course at any rate uh today's lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course at any rate uh today's lesson
+is entitled spanning vectors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entitled spanning vectors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entitled spanning vectors and the
+idea is this let's suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this let's suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this let's suppose we have a
+vector space V and we now arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space V and we now arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space V and we now arbitrarily
+choose n vectors alpha 1 up to alpha n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n vectors alpha 1 up to alpha n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n vectors alpha 1 up to alpha n
+and V for example in the lecture last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V for example in the lecture last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V for example in the lecture last
+time some of our examples was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some of our examples was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time some of our examples was that
+involved V being three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved V being three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved V being three-dimensional space
+and N being two in other words we picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N being two in other words we picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N being two in other words we picked
+I and J Alpha and beta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J Alpha and beta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and J Alpha and beta in
+three-dimensional space but at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space but at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space but at any rate
+what we do is this we take alpha 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is this we take alpha 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is this we take alpha 1 up to
+alpha n any n arbitrarily chosen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n any n arbitrarily chosen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n any n arbitrarily chosen vectors
+in v and we look at the set which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v and we look at the set which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v and we look at the set which I
+write s of alpha 1 up to alpha n we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write s of alpha 1 up to alpha n we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write s of alpha 1 up to alpha n we look
+at the set of all linear combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the set of all linear combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the set of all linear combinations of
+alpha 1 up to alpha n and written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 up to alpha n and written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 up to alpha n and written
+compactly that's written this way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly that's written this way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compactly that's written this way in
+other words it's C1 alpha 1 plus ET CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's C1 alpha 1 plus ET CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's C1 alpha 1 plus ET CN
+alpha n where the C's are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n where the C's are real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n where the C's are real numbers
+they belong to R now my claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they belong to R now my claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they belong to R now my claim is that
+this set is more than a set it's a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is more than a set it's a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is more than a set it's a space
+namely if you add two linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if you add two linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely if you add two linear
+combinations of alpha one up to alpha n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of alpha one up to alpha n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of alpha one up to alpha n
+you get a linear combination of alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a linear combination of alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a linear combination of alpha 1
+up to alpha n if you take a scal of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to alpha n if you take a scal of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to alpha n if you take a scal of M
+multiple of a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of a linear combination of
+alpha 1 up to alpha n you again get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 up to alpha n you again get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 up to alpha n you again get a
+linear combination of alpha 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of alpha 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of alpha 1 up to
+alpha n algebraically this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n algebraically this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n algebraically this is quite
+simple because structurally we mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because structurally we mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because structurally we mimic
+what's happening in ordinary algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in ordinary algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening in ordinary algebra and
+what we're saying is you can add the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is you can add the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're saying is you can add the two
+alpha 1 components together the Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 components together the Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 components together the Alpha 2
+components together Etc I'll illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components together Etc I'll illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components together Etc I'll illustrate
+that in a simple example in a moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a simple example in a moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a simple example in a moment but
+the idea is this what we say is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is this what we say is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is this what we say is by
+definition and we've done this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we've done this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we've done this in some
+of the exercises already you'll recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exercises already you'll recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exercises already you'll recall
+that the Subspace consisting of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Subspace consisting of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Subspace consisting of all
+linear combinations of alpha 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of alpha 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of alpha 1 up to
+alpha n which is a Subspace of V it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n which is a Subspace of V it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n which is a Subspace of V it's
+called the space span by alpha 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the space span by alpha 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the space span by alpha 1 up to
+alpha n that's all this thing means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n that's all this thing means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n that's all this thing means the
+space span by alpha 1 up to Alpha N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 up to Alpha N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 up to Alpha N
+means a set of all linear combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a set of all linear combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a set of all linear combinations
+of alpha 1 up to alpha n and that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha 1 up to alpha n and that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha 1 up to alpha n and that is a
+Subspace of V For example the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of V For example the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of V For example the easiest
+case I can think of is to pick nals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I can think of is to pick nals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I can think of is to pick nals 1
+given a vector space V simply pick any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a vector space V simply pick any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a vector space V simply pick any
+elements say alpha 1 that belongs to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements say alpha 1 that belongs to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements say alpha 1 that belongs to V
+and all linear combinations of alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all linear combinations of alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all linear combinations of alpha 1
+are simply what all scalar multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simply what all scalar multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simply what all scalar multiples of
+alpha 1 in other words the space spanned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 in other words the space spanned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 in other words the space spanned
+by alpha 1 is just a set of all constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha 1 is just a set of all constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha 1 is just a set of all constant
+multiples of alpha 1 see C alpha 1 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of alpha 1 see C alpha 1 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of alpha 1 see C alpha 1 where
+C is a real number now my claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is a real number now my claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is a real number now my claim is that
+clearly the sum of any two Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the sum of any two Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the sum of any two Scala
+multiples of alpha 1 is a Scala multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of alpha 1 is a Scala multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of alpha 1 is a Scala multiple
+of alpha one and a Scala multiple of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha one and a Scala multiple of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha one and a Scala multiple of a
+Scala multiple of alpha 1 is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of alpha 1 is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of alpha 1 is again a
+Scala multiple of alpha 1 I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of alpha 1 I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple of alpha 1 I'd like to
+show you that though independently of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that though independently of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that though independently of a
+geometric interpretation this follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric interpretation this follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric interpretation this follows
+clearly from our axiomatic approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly from our axiomatic approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly from our axiomatic approach
+namely suppose beta and gamma are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely suppose beta and gamma are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely suppose beta and gamma are any
+two elements in the space span by alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements in the space span by alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two elements in the space span by alpha
+1 that means beta is a Scala multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that means beta is a Scala multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 that means beta is a Scala multiple of
+alpha 1 say C1 alpha 1 gamma is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 say C1 alpha 1 gamma is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 say C1 alpha 1 gamma is a scalar
+multiple of alpha 1 say C2 Alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of alpha 1 say C2 Alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of alpha 1 say C2 Alpha 1
+therefore beta plus gamma is C1 Alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore beta plus gamma is C1 Alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore beta plus gamma is C1 Alpha 1
+plus C2 Alpha 1 by a distributive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C2 Alpha 1 by a distributive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C2 Alpha 1 by a distributive
+property that's C1 + C2 * alpha 1 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's C1 + C2 * alpha 1 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that's C1 + C2 * alpha 1 but
+since C1 and C2 are real numbers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since C1 and C2 are real numbers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since C1 and C2 are real numbers and the
+sum of two real numbers is again a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two real numbers is again a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of two real numbers is again a real
+number we see that beta plus gamma is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we see that beta plus gamma is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we see that beta plus gamma is a
+real number times alpha 1 in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number times alpha 1 in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number times alpha 1 in other words
+a Scala multiple of alpha 1 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Scala multiple of alpha 1 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Scala multiple of alpha 1 and that
+means that by definition it belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that by definition it belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that by definition it belongs to
+the space span by alpha 1 similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 similarly if
+we take beta and multiply it by the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take beta and multiply it by the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take beta and multiply it by the real
+number r r * C1 Alpha 1 by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number r r * C1 Alpha 1 by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number r r * C1 Alpha 1 by the
+distributive Pro by the associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive Pro by the associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributive Pro by the associative
+property for Scala multiplication is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for Scala multiplication is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for Scala multiplication is the
+Scala multiple R * C1 * alpha 1 and if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple R * C1 * alpha 1 and if R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala multiple R * C1 * alpha 1 and if R
+and C1 are real numbers so is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C1 are real numbers so is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C1 are real numbers so is their
+product so consequently R * beta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so consequently R * beta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so consequently R * beta is a
+Scala time alpha 1 which by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala time alpha 1 which by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scala time alpha 1 which by definition
+means it's in the space span by alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's in the space span by alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's in the space span by alpha 1
+and geometrically if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geometrically if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geometrically if you want to see
+what this thing means notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing means notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this thing means notice that the
+space spanned by alpha 1 if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by alpha 1 if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by alpha 1 if you want to
+think of alpha 1 as an arrow the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of alpha 1 as an arrow the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of alpha 1 as an arrow the space
+spanned by Alpha 1 is simply what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by Alpha 1 is simply what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by Alpha 1 is simply what the
+set of all linear combinations of alp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all linear combinations of alp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all linear combinations of alp
+all scalar multiples of alpha 1 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all scalar multiples of alpha 1 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all scalar multiples of alpha 1 and that
+is precisely the straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the straight line
+determined by alpha 1 and other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by alpha 1 and other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by alpha 1 and other words
+any linear combination any scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination any scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any linear combination any scal of
+multiple of alpha 1 has what the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of alpha 1 has what the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of alpha 1 has what the same
+direction as alpha one other words lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as alpha one other words lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as alpha one other words lies
+in the same direction but may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction but may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same direction but may have a
+different magnitude and or a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different magnitude and or a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different magnitude and or a different
+sense but certainly the line part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but certainly the line part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but certainly the line part
+doesn't change now the key point is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change now the key point is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change now the key point is this
+and this is going to play a very key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to play a very key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to play a very key
+role throughout the remainder of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role throughout the remainder of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role throughout the remainder of our
+discussion one would believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion one would believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion one would believe that the
+more V vectors you take linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more V vectors you take linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more V vectors you take linear
+combinations of the bigger your space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the bigger your space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the bigger your space
+becomes in other words if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes in other words if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes in other words if you take the
+space span by two vectors then tack onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by two vectors then tack onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by two vectors then tack onto
+those two vectors a third Vector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors a third Vector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two vectors a third Vector you
+might believe that the resulting space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might believe that the resulting space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might believe that the resulting space
+must be larger than the original space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be larger than the original space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be larger than the original space
+well obviously it can't be any smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously it can't be any smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously it can't be any smaller
+and I'll explain what obviously means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain what obviously means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll explain what obviously means in
+a moment if it's not that obvious but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment if it's not that obvious but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment if it's not that obvious but
+the key point is that if I take not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point is that if I take not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point is that if I take not just
+Alpha 1 up to alpha n but an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 up to alpha n but an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 up to alpha n but an additional
+Vector say Alpha 1 up to alpha n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector say Alpha 1 up to alpha n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector say Alpha 1 up to alpha n plus
+the additional Vector alpha n + 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional Vector alpha n + 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additional Vector alpha n + 1 and
+look at the space spanned by alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the space spanned by alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the space spanned by alpha 1
+through alpha n + 1 that space need not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through alpha n + 1 that space need not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through alpha n + 1 that space need not
+be larger than the space span by Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the space span by Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be larger than the space span by Alpha
+One up to alpha n in other words merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One up to alpha n in other words merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One up to alpha n in other words merely
+by tacking on a new Vector you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tacking on a new Vector you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tacking on a new Vector you do not
+necessarily tack on to the space span by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tack on to the space span by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tack on to the space span by
+the vectors by means of a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors by means of a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors by means of a trivial
+example let Alpha 1 be I let Alpha 2 be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let Alpha 1 be I let Alpha 2 be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let Alpha 1 be I let Alpha 2 be
+J and Alpha 3 b i plus J clearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and Alpha 3 b i plus J clearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and Alpha 3 b i plus J clearly the
+space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is by
+definition the set of all linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the set of all linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the set of all linear
+combinations of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and
+in terms of this simple example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this simple example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this simple example that
+obviously is the XY plane because alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is the XY plane because alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is the XY plane because alpha
+1 is I Alpha 2 is J now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is I Alpha 2 is J now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is I Alpha 2 is J now let's look at
+the space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and
+Alpha 3 again geometrically notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 again geometrically notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 again geometrically notice that
+that space is still the XY plane because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space is still the XY plane because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space is still the XY plane because
+after all Alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all Alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all Alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3
+being I J and i+ J respectively all lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I J and i+ J respectively all lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I J and i+ J respectively all lie
+in the XY plane consequently any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane consequently any linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the XY plane consequently any linear
+combination of them will lie in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of them will lie in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of them will lie in the XY
+plane but let's pretend we didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane but let's pretend we didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane but let's pretend we didn't know
+that let's first of all observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's first of all observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's first of all observe that
+from the pure mathematics of this alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pure mathematics of this alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pure mathematics of this alone
+that the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha
+2 must be a Subspace of the space Spann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 must be a Subspace of the space Spann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 must be a Subspace of the space Spann
+by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 and the
+proof by the way is quite trivial namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by the way is quite trivial namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by the way is quite trivial namely
+by definition the space spanned by Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition the space spanned by Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition the space spanned by Alpha
+1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 is a set of all linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 is a set of all linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 is a set of all linear
+combinations of alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3
+in particular if I choose C3 to equal Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if I choose C3 to equal Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if I choose C3 to equal Z
+notice that this term drops out and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this term drops out and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this term drops out and in
+particular what I'm left with is C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what I'm left with is C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what I'm left with is C1
+alpha 1 plus C2 Alpha 2 in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus C2 Alpha 2 in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus C2 Alpha 2 in other words
+every linear combination of alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every linear combination of alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every linear combination of alpha 1 and
+Alpha 2 is in particular a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 is in particular a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 is in particular a linear
+combination of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+3 but my claim is just as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 but my claim is just as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 but my claim is just as we saw
+geometrically let me now prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically let me now prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically let me now prove this
+algebraically that in particular the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically that in particular the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraically that in particular the if
+beta is any Vector belonging to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is any Vector belonging to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is any Vector belonging to the
+space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+3 axiomatically it must belong to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 axiomatically it must belong to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 axiomatically it must belong to the
+space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 we see
+that geometrically we already know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that geometrically we already know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that geometrically we already know that
+this space is still the XY plane how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space is still the XY plane how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space is still the XY plane how
+would we prove this axiomatically well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we prove this axiomatically well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we prove this axiomatically well
+if beta belongs to this space by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if beta belongs to this space by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if beta belongs to this space by
+definition it's a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's a linear combination of
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 noticing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 noticing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 noticing that
+Alpha 3 is by definition Alpha 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 is by definition Alpha 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 is by definition Alpha 1 plus
+Alpha 2 I can replace Alpha 3 by alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 I can replace Alpha 3 by alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 I can replace Alpha 3 by alpha
+1+ alpha 2 I can now distribute C3 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ alpha 2 I can now distribute C3 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ alpha 2 I can now distribute C3 with
+Alpha alpha 1 and Alpha 2 I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha alpha 1 and Alpha 2 I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha alpha 1 and Alpha 2 I can now
+combine the alpha 1 terms and the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the alpha 1 terms and the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the alpha 1 terms and the Alpha
+2 terms together in other words C1 + C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 terms together in other words C1 + C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 terms together in other words C1 + C3
+alpha 1 plus C2 plus C3 Alpha 2 notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus C2 plus C3 Alpha 2 notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus C2 plus C3 Alpha 2 notice
+that since C1 C2 and C3 are real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since C1 C2 and C3 are real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since C1 C2 and C3 are real numbers
+C1 plus C3 is a real number C2 plus C3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 plus C3 is a real number C2 plus C3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 plus C3 is a real number C2 plus C3
+is a real number consequently beta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real number consequently beta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a real number consequently beta is a
+linear combination of alpha 1 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of alpha 1 and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of alpha 1 and Alpha
+2 therefore beta is in the space Spann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 therefore beta is in the space Spann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 therefore beta is in the space Spann
+by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 therefore the
+space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha
+3 is a Subspace of the space span by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is a Subspace of the space span by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is a Subspace of the space span by
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and since each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and since each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and since each of
+the sub spaces is a Subspace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub spaces is a Subspace of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub spaces is a Subspace of the
+other we see that these two spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we see that these two spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other we see that these two spaces
+happen to be equal in this sense and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be equal in this sense and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be equal in this sense and by
+the way if you're looking for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if you're looking for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way if you're looking for a very
+quick way of seeing how this transcends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way of seeing how this transcends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way of seeing how this transcends
+such a simple application notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a simple application notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a simple application notice that
+when we were dealing with differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealing with differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealing with differential
+equations we looked for solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we looked for solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we looked for solutions that
+were linearly independent in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were linearly independent in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were linearly independent in other words
+we wanted Solutions that could not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted Solutions that could not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted Solutions that could not be
+expressed as linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as linear
+combinations of the previous Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the previous Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the previous Solutions
+and the reason for that was if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that was if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that was if they
+could be expressed this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be expressed this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be expressed this way the
+arbitrary constants weren't independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constants weren't independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constants weren't independent
+in the sense that they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they could be
+Amalgamated at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amalgamated at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amalgamated at any
+rate whichever interpretation you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate whichever interpretation you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate whichever interpretation you want
+here notice that this leads to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice that this leads to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice that this leads to a
+generalized definition namely given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized definition namely given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized definition namely given the
+N vectors Alpha One up to alpha n and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N vectors Alpha One up to alpha n and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N vectors Alpha One up to alpha n and V
+they are called linearly dependent now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are called linearly dependent now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are called linearly dependent now
+this may look like a messy expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may look like a messy expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may look like a messy expression
+that might frighten you all this says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might frighten you all this says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might frighten you all this says is
+they're called linearly dependent if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called linearly dependent if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called linearly dependent if one
+of the vectors can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vectors can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vectors can be written as a
+linear combination of the others and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the others and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the others and by
+the way without proving it here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way without proving it here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way without proving it here but
+leaving that for the exercises it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving that for the exercises it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving that for the exercises it can be
+shown that the not only when this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the not only when this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that the not only when this can be
+done but when it can be done the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but when it can be done the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but when it can be done the vector
+can be written as a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as a linear combination
+of the vectors that came before in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vectors that came before in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vectors that came before in other
+words if any Vector when you list these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if any Vector when you list these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if any Vector when you list these
+in any order if anyone of the vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any order if anyone of the vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any order if anyone of the vectors in
+the given order can be expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the given order can be expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the given order can be expressed in
+terms of a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a linear combination of the
+preceding ones then the set is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding ones then the set is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preceding ones then the set is called
+linearly dependent if this can't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent if this can't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent if this can't happen
+then they are called linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are called linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are called linearly
+independent now the reason I give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent now the reason I give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent now the reason I give this
+definition first it's a bad definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition first it's a bad definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition first it's a bad definition
+because it seems to depend on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to depend on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems to depend on the order
+in which I list the vectors the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which I list the vectors the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which I list the vectors the reason I
+give this definition first is because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this definition first is because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this definition first is because I
+think intuitively it's easier to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intuitively it's easier to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intuitively it's easier to see in
+a moment I will give you a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment I will give you a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment I will give you a different
+definition that's to this one but first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's to this one but first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that's to this one but first
+let me exploit this fairly intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me exploit this fairly intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me exploit this fairly intuitive
+definition by means of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition by means of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition by means of an
+example suppose I'm given the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I'm given the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I'm given the four
+vectors I + J IUS J 5 I + J and I + J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I + J IUS J 5 I + J and I + J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I + J IUS J 5 I + J and I + J +
+K my claim is that these four vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K my claim is that these four vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K my claim is that these four vectors
+form a linearly dependent set because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a linearly dependent set because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a linearly dependent set because in
+particular in the given order 5 I + J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the given order 5 I + J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in the given order 5 I + J
+can be expressed as a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed as a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be expressed as a linear combination
+of I + J and I minus J namely 5 I + J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I + J and I minus J namely 5 I + J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I + J and I minus J namely 5 I + J is
+3 * the first Vector here I + J plus 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * the first Vector here I + J plus 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * the first Vector here I + J plus 2 *
+the second Vector IUS J by the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Vector IUS J by the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second Vector IUS J by the way in
+the next lecture we'll show how you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture we'll show how you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture we'll show how you pick
+off these coefficients very quickly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off these coefficients very quickly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off these coefficients very quickly but
+we'll let that go until next time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let that go until next time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let that go until next time for
+now all it's important is notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all it's important is notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all it's important is notice that
+this Vector is a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is a linear combination of
+these two notice by the way you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two notice by the way you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two notice by the way you could
+have said but couldn't you express I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said but couldn't you express I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said but couldn't you express I
+minus J as a linear combination of I + J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J as a linear combination of I + J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J as a linear combination of I + J
+and 5 I + J the answer is yes in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 5 I + J the answer is yes in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 5 I + J the answer is yes in other
+words if if I had written the 5 I + J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if if I had written the 5 I + J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if if I had written the 5 I + J
+and the I minus J in an interchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I minus J in an interchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the I minus J in an interchanged
+order notice that it would be I minus J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order notice that it would be I minus J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order notice that it would be I minus J
+that would have been a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been a linear
+combination of I + J and 5 I + J okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I + J and 5 I + J okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I + J and 5 I + J okay uh
+that's why this is a kind of a hazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is a kind of a hazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why this is a kind of a hazy
+definition that seems to depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that seems to depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that seems to depend on the
+order in which the vectors are written a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which the vectors are written a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in which the vectors are written a
+more conventional definition is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conventional definition is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more conventional definition is the
+following and just to show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and just to show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and just to show you that
+dependence and Independence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and Independence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and Independence are
+themselves independent meaning you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves independent meaning you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves independent meaning you can
+start with either one let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with either one let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with either one let me give you an
+equivalent definition but now stressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent definition but now stressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent definition but now stressing
+linear Independence instead namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Independence instead namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Independence instead namely
+notice that if I pick all zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if I pick all zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that if I pick all zero
+coefficients in other words 0 alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in other words 0 alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in other words 0 alpha 1
+plus Etc 0 alpha n obviously that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Etc 0 alpha n obviously that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Etc 0 alpha n obviously that linear
+combination will add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination will add up to
+zero if that's the only way you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if that's the only way you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if that's the only way you can make
+a linear combination add up to zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination add up to zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination add up to zero then
+the vectors are said to be linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors are said to be linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors are said to be linearly
+independent in other words Alpha 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in other words Alpha 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in other words Alpha 1 up to
+alpha n are called linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n are called linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n are called linearly independent
+if the only way that a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the only way that a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the only way that a linear
+combination of them can equal zero is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of them can equal zero is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of them can equal zero is if
+every coefficient is zero again keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every coefficient is zero again keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every coefficient is zero again keep in
+mind that the converse is Trivial if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the converse is Trivial if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that the converse is Trivial if
+every coefficient is zero then obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every coefficient is zero then obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every coefficient is zero then obviously
+this will be zero for linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be zero for linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be zero for linearly
+independent vectors what we're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors what we're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors what we're saying is
+the only way this can be zero is if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way this can be zero is if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way this can be zero is if all
+the coefficients are zero and again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients are zero and again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients are zero and again to
+emphasize linear dependence what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize linear dependence what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize linear dependence what that
+would mean is what that the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean is what that the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean is what that the vectors
+would be linearly dependent if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be linearly dependent if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be linearly dependent if you could
+find a linear combination C1 alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a linear combination C1 alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a linear combination C1 alpha 1
+plus Etc CN alpha n equal to zero where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Etc CN alpha n equal to zero where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Etc CN alpha n equal to zero where
+at least one of the C's was not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of the C's was not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of the C's was not equal to
+zero now I'm going to stress that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now I'm going to stress that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now I'm going to stress that in the
+exercises this stuff is so new to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises this stuff is so new to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises this stuff is so new to many
+of you I believe that it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I believe that it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I believe that it's very very
+difficult to teach it in Great depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to teach it in Great depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to teach it in Great depth
+during a lecture I think it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a lecture I think it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a lecture I think it has to be
+kept on a fairly superficial level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on a fairly superficial level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on a fairly superficial level
+leaving additional details to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving additional details to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving additional details to the
+exercises rather than hammer home these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises rather than hammer home these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises rather than hammer home these
+exercises now let's simply point out out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises now let's simply point out out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises now let's simply point out out
+that linear dependence implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear dependence implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear dependence implies
+redundancy in other words if one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in other words if one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in other words if one of the
+vectors can be expressed as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors can be expressed as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors can be expressed as a linear
+combination of the others it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the others it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the others it can be
+deleted when you're talking about a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted when you're talking about a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deleted when you're talking about a set
+of spanning vectors in other words going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spanning vectors in other words going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spanning vectors in other words going
+back to our example of the space span by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our example of the space span by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our example of the space span by
+alpha 1 up to alpha n there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 up to alpha n there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 up to alpha n there are no
+redundancies if the alphas happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancies if the alphas happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancies if the alphas happen to be
+independent but if they're dependent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but if they're dependent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but if they're dependent it
+means that any Vector which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that any Vector which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that any Vector which can be
+expressed as a linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of the
+others can be deleted without losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others can be deleted without losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others can be deleted without losing
+anything in the space and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the space and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the space and I'll show you
+that in terms of other examples later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of other examples later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of other examples later
+but let me show you what that means from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me show you what that means from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me show you what that means from
+another point of view also that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point of view also that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point of view also that I want
+to bring out later in the lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring out later in the lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring out later in the lecture and
+that is another key point that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another key point that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another key point that if the
+alphas happen to be linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas happen to be linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas happen to be linearly independent
+then if beta belongs to the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if beta belongs to the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if beta belongs to the space
+spanned by the alphas not only can beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by the alphas not only can beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanned by the alphas not only can beta
+be written as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as a linear combination of
+the alphas but it can be done so in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas but it can be done so in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas but it can be done so in one
+and only one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only one way
+in other words to say this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words to say this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words to say this in a
+different form if the alphas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form if the alphas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form if the alphas are
+linearly independent if beta belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent if beta belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly independent if beta belongs to
+the space spanned by the alphas it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space spanned by the alphas it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space spanned by the alphas it has a
+unique representation as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique representation as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique representation as a linear
+combination of the alphas and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the alphas and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the alphas and what that
+means from another point of view is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means from another point of view is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means from another point of view is that
+if the alphas are linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the alphas are linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the alphas are linearly independent
+the only way that two linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that two linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that two linear
+combinations can be equal is if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations can be equal is if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations can be equal is if they are
+equal coefficient by coefficient by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal coefficient by coefficient by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal coefficient by coefficient by the
+way that was a technique that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that was a technique that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that was a technique that we used
+used in undetermined coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in undetermined coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in undetermined coefficients and
+again that shows you why functions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that shows you why functions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that shows you why functions like
+the exponential s and cosine Etc tie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential s and cosine Etc tie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential s and cosine Etc tie in
+with this generalized definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this generalized definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this generalized definition of a
+vector space that all these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space that all these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space that all these things have
+applications far beyond any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications far beyond any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications far beyond any
+interpretation due to arrows alone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation due to arrows alone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation due to arrows alone but
+the proof is something like this given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is something like this given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is something like this given
+that these two linear combinations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two linear combinations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two linear combinations are
+equal simply transpose and collect like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal simply transpose and collect like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal simply transpose and collect like
+terms which we can do algebraically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which we can do algebraically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which we can do algebraically by
+the axioms that we're permitted to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axioms that we're permitted to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axioms that we're permitted to work
+with here if we group these terms we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here if we group these terms we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here if we group these terms we get
+this since the alphas are linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this since the alphas are linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this since the alphas are linearly
+independent the only way a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the only way a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the only way a linear
+combination can be zero is if each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination can be zero is if each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination can be zero is if each of
+the coefficients is zero that means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients is zero that means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients is zero that means in
+particular that A1 minus B1 must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that A1 minus B1 must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that A1 minus B1 must be zero
+Etc up to a n minus BN being zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc up to a n minus BN being zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc up to a n minus BN being zero and
+that says in addition what that A1 must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says in addition what that A1 must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says in addition what that A1 must
+equal B1 Etc a n equals BN and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B1 Etc a n equals BN and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B1 Etc a n equals BN and that
+verifies the claim that if the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies the claim that if the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifies the claim that if the alphas
+are independent linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent linearly independent
+then two different sets of coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two different sets of coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then two different sets of coefficients
+must lead to two different vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must lead to two different vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must lead to two different vectors in
+terms of example two you see notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of example two you see notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of example two you see notice that
+Alpha 3 was a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 was a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 was a linear combination of
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 remember Alpha 3 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 remember Alpha 3 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 remember Alpha 3 was
+alpha 1 plus Alpha 2 notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus Alpha 2 notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 plus Alpha 2 notice that
+therefore I can express Alpha 3 in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can express Alpha 3 in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can express Alpha 3 in more
+than one way as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one way as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one way as a linear combination of
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 for example
+certainly Alpha 3 is z alpha 1 plus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Alpha 3 is z alpha 1 plus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly Alpha 3 is z alpha 1 plus 0
+Alpha 2 + 1 Alpha 3 that's just Alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 + 1 Alpha 3 that's just Alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 + 1 Alpha 3 that's just Alpha 3
+on the other hand since Alpha 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand since Alpha 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand since Alpha 1 plus
+Alpha 2 is Alpha 3 and 1 Alpha 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 is Alpha 3 and 1 Alpha 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 is Alpha 3 and 1 Alpha 1 is
+Alpha 1 and 1 Alpha 2 is Alpha 2 notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 and 1 Alpha 2 is Alpha 2 notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 and 1 Alpha 2 is Alpha 2 notice
+that Alpha 3 can also be written as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha 3 can also be written as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alpha 3 can also be written as 1
+Alpha 1+ 1 Alpha 2 plus 0 Alpha 3 see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1+ 1 Alpha 2 plus 0 Alpha 3 see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1+ 1 Alpha 2 plus 0 Alpha 3 see
+the alphas were linearly dependent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas were linearly dependent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas were linearly dependent in
+this example notice that this allows me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example notice that this allows me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example notice that this allows me
+to express Alpha 3 as two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express Alpha 3 as two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express Alpha 3 as two different
+linear combinations of alpha 1 Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of alpha 1 Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of alpha 1 Alpha 2
+and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha
+3 by the way it's not just these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 by the way it's not just these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 by the way it's not just these two
+there are infinitely many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are infinitely many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are infinitely many different ways
+I can do this namely since Alpha 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this namely since Alpha 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this namely since Alpha 3 is
+Alpha 1 plus Alpha 2 pick C to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 plus Alpha 2 pick C to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 plus Alpha 2 pick C to be an
+arbitrary constant and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant and look at the
+expression C alpha 1 + C Alpha 2 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression C alpha 1 + C Alpha 2 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression C alpha 1 + C Alpha 2 * 1
+minus C Alpha 3 if I expand this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C Alpha 3 if I expand this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C Alpha 3 if I expand this this
+becomes C alpha 1 plus C Alpha 2 minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes C alpha 1 plus C Alpha 2 minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes C alpha 1 plus C Alpha 2 minus C
+Alpha 3 that's minus C alpha 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 that's minus C alpha 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 that's minus C alpha 1 plus
+Alpha 2 that cancels and all I have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 that cancels and all I have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 that cancels and all I have left
+is Alpha 3 in other words Alpha 3 can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha 3 in other words Alpha 3 can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Alpha 3 in other words Alpha 3 can be
+written in infinitely many ways as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in infinitely many ways as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in infinitely many ways as a
+linear combination of alpha 1 Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of alpha 1 Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of alpha 1 Alpha 2
+and Alpha 3 because the alphas were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 3 because the alphas were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 3 because the alphas were
+linearly dependent at any rate again let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent at any rate again let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly dependent at any rate again let
+me emphasize I'll drill on this with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me emphasize I'll drill on this with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me emphasize I'll drill on this with the
+exercises what I'd like to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises what I'd like to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises what I'd like to do now is
+revisit the concept of demension which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the concept of demension which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit the concept of demension which
+we treated in terms of ENT toles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we treated in terms of ENT toles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we treated in terms of ENT toles in
+terms of spanning vectors and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of spanning vectors and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of spanning vectors and linear
+Independence namely let's suppose I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence namely let's suppose I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence namely let's suppose I have
+any Vector space now not necessarily one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector space now not necessarily one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector space now not necessarily one
+written in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of
+enes let's suppose that there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enes let's suppose that there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enes let's suppose that there's other
+vectors than the zero Vector in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors than the zero Vector in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors than the zero Vector in the
+vector space because after all if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space because after all if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space because after all if the
+only Vector in the vector space is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Vector in the vector space is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Vector in the vector space is the
+zero Vector it's not very exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector it's not very exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector it's not very exciting
+Vector space so let me assume that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space so let me assume that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector space so let me assume that I
+have something other than a zero Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something other than a zero Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something other than a zero Vector
+in here let me pick any nonzero Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here let me pick any nonzero Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here let me pick any nonzero Vector
+in V let me call it alpha 1 and I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V let me call it alpha 1 and I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V let me call it alpha 1 and I now
+look at the space spanned by alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the space spanned by alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the space spanned by alpha 1
+clearly that's a Subspace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's a Subspace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly that's a Subspace of
+v on the other hand not the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v on the other hand not the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v on the other hand not the other hand
+on the well on the other hand this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the well on the other hand this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the well on the other hand this might
+be all of V if the space spanned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all of V if the space spanned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all of V if the space spanned by
+Alpha 1 is all of V we stop at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 is all of V we stop at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 is all of V we stop at that
+point and say V is one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and say V is one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and say V is one dimensional
+and it's spanned by the single Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's spanned by the single Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's spanned by the single Vector
+alpha 1 on the other hand suppose s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 on the other hand suppose s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 on the other hand suppose s the
+space spanned by alpha 1 is not all of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by alpha 1 is not all of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by alpha 1 is not all of V
+well what does that mean it means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does that mean it means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does that mean it means there
+must be a vector say Alpha 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a vector say Alpha 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a vector say Alpha 2 which
+belongs to V but not to the space span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to V but not to the space span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to V but not to the space span
+by alpha 1 well what we do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha 1 well what we do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha 1 well what we do now is
+augment alpha 1 by Alpha 2 and we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment alpha 1 by Alpha 2 and we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augment alpha 1 by Alpha 2 and we now
+look at the space span by Alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the space span by Alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the space span by Alpha 1 and
+Alpha 2 the first thing I claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 the first thing I claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 the first thing I claim is that
+the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+proper super space of the space span by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper super space of the space span by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper super space of the space span by
+alpha 1 in other words that the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 in other words that the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 in other words that the space
+span by alpha 1 is contained in but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span by alpha 1 is contained in but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span by alpha 1 is contained in but not
+equal to the space span by alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the space span by alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the space span by alpha 1 and
+Alpha 2 why is this well for one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 why is this well for one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 why is this well for one thing
+Alpha 2 by definition didn't belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 by definition didn't belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 by definition didn't belong to
+the space span by Alpha 1 see we picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by Alpha 1 see we picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by Alpha 1 see we picked
+Alpha 2 not to be in the space span by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 not to be in the space span by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 not to be in the space span by
+Alpha 1 on the other hand Alpha 2 does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 on the other hand Alpha 2 does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 on the other hand Alpha 2 does
+belong to the space span by Al alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the space span by Al alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the space span by Al alpha 1
+and Alpha 2 you see notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 2 you see notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 2 you see notice that the
+space ban by alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space ban by alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space ban by alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+consists of all linear combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all linear combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of all linear combinations of
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and in particular
+Alpha 2 can be written as 0 alpha 1 + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 can be written as 0 alpha 1 + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 can be written as 0 alpha 1 + 1
+Alpha 2 which makes it a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 which makes it a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 which makes it a linear
+combination of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 so
+Alpha 2 does not belong to the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 does not belong to the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 does not belong to the space
+span by Alpha 1 but it does belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span by Alpha 1 but it does belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span by Alpha 1 but it does belong to
+the space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+okay notice therefore that we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay notice therefore that we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay notice therefore that we have now
+enlarged our space notice also that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged our space notice also that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged our space notice also that
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 must be linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 must be linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 must be linearly
+independent in other words we chose any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in other words we chose any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in other words we chose any
+Alpha 2 provided only that it belonged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 provided only that it belonged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 provided only that it belonged
+to V but not to the space spanned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V but not to the space spanned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V but not to the space spanned by
+alpha 1 but that Alpha 2 no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 but that Alpha 2 no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 but that Alpha 2 no matter how
+we choose it must be linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose it must be linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose it must be linearly
+independent of alpha 1 because after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of alpha 1 because after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of alpha 1 because after all
+if they were linearly dependent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were linearly dependent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were linearly dependent that
+would mean that Alpha 2 is a Scala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that Alpha 2 is a Scala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that Alpha 2 is a Scala
+multiple of alpha 1 but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of alpha 1 but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of alpha 1 but that's a
+contradiction because if Alpha 2 were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because if Alpha 2 were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction because if Alpha 2 were a
+scal of multiple of alpha 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of multiple of alpha 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of multiple of alpha 1 by
+definition it would belong to the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it would belong to the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it would belong to the space
+Spann by alpha 1 but we specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spann by alpha 1 but we specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spann by alpha 1 but we specifically
+chose it not to belong to that space at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose it not to belong to that space at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose it not to belong to that space at
+any rate we continue on in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate we continue on in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate we continue on in this way
+namely the space spanned by alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the space spanned by alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the space spanned by alpha 1 and
+Alpha 2 might be all of v in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 might be all of v in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 might be all of v in which case
+we then say that V is two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then say that V is two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then say that V is two-dimensional
+and that it's spanned by alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's spanned by alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's spanned by alpha 1 and
+Alpha 2 or it may be that the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 or it may be that the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 or it may be that the space
+Spann by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spann by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spann by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 is a proper
+subset of v and doesn't give me all of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of v and doesn't give me all of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of v and doesn't give me all of v
+in this event I now pick an alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this event I now pick an alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this event I now pick an alpha 3
+which which belongs to V but not to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which belongs to V but not to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which belongs to V but not to the
+space spanned by alpha 1 and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by alpha 1 and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spanned by alpha 1 and Alpha
+2 again notice that alpha 1 Alpha 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 again notice that alpha 1 Alpha 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 again notice that alpha 1 Alpha 2 and
+Alpha 3 must be linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 must be linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 must be linearly independent
+since if Alpha 3 could be expressed as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if Alpha 3 could be expressed as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since if Alpha 3 could be expressed as a
+linear see we know that Alpha 2 can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear see we know that Alpha 2 can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear see we know that Alpha 2 can't be
+expressed as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a linear combination of
+alpha 1 because Alpha 2 was linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 because Alpha 2 was linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 because Alpha 2 was linearly
+independent of alpha 1 now we tack on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of alpha 1 now we tack on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of alpha 1 now we tack on
+Alpha 3 the only possibility is is Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 the only possibility is is Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 3 the only possibility is is Alpha
+3 a linear combination of alpha 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 a linear combination of alpha 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 a linear combination of alpha 1 and
+Alpha 2 and the answer is it couldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 and the answer is it couldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 and the answer is it couldn't be
+because if Alpha 3 were a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if Alpha 3 were a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if Alpha 3 were a linear
+combination of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of alpha 1 and Alpha 2 by
+definition it would belong to the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it would belong to the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it would belong to the space
+Spann by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spann by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spann by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 but by
+construction Alpha 3 was chosen not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction Alpha 3 was chosen not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction Alpha 3 was chosen not to
+be in that space consequently if Alpha 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that space consequently if Alpha 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in that space consequently if Alpha 3
+were in that space that would obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in that space that would obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in that space that would obviously
+be a contradiction in other words Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a contradiction in other words Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a contradiction in other words Alpha
+3 cannot be a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 cannot be a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 cannot be a linear combination of
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 therefore these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 therefore these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and Alpha 2 therefore these
+three vectors are linearly independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors are linearly independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors are linearly independent
+and similarly Alpha 3 not belonging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly Alpha 3 not belonging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly Alpha 3 not belonging to
+the space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by Alpha 1 and Alpha 2
+enlarges the space spanned by alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarges the space spanned by alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarges the space spanned by alpha 1
+and Alpha 2 in terms of a rough picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 2 in terms of a rough picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 2 in terms of a rough picture
+here what we're saying is we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're saying is we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're saying is we start with
+some Vector alpha 1 s of alpha 1 is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector alpha 1 s of alpha 1 is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Vector alpha 1 s of alpha 1 is some
+Subspace we pick an alpha 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace we pick an alpha 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace we pick an alpha 2 which
+doesn't belong to the space span by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to the space span by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't belong to the space span by
+alpha 1 then the space span by alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 then the space span by alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 then the space span by alpha 1
+and Alpha 2 is this larger Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 2 is this larger Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Alpha 2 is this larger Subspace
+Which con contains the space span by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which con contains the space span by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which con contains the space span by
+Alpha 1 if that isn't all of V we pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 if that isn't all of V we pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 1 if that isn't all of V we pick a
+third Vector Alpha 3 which isn't in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Vector Alpha 3 which isn't in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Vector Alpha 3 which isn't in the
+space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 and we
+then form the space span by alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then form the space span by alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then form the space span by alpha 1
+Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 which will contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 which will contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha 2 and Alpha 3 which will contain
+the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space span by alpha 1 and Alpha 2 as
+a Subspace and to make a long story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Subspace and to make a long story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Subspace and to make a long story
+short we simply continue in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short we simply continue in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short we simply continue in this way
+until we find alpha 1 say up to alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we find alpha 1 say up to alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we find alpha 1 say up to alpha
+n in other words we continue for n steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in other words we continue for n steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n in other words we continue for n steps
+this way such that V will eventually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way such that V will eventually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way such that V will eventually be
+the space spanned by Alpha One up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space spanned by Alpha One up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space spanned by Alpha One up to
+alpha n and let me emphasize that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n and let me emphasize that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n and let me emphasize that this
+need not happen in other words V might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not happen in other words V might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not happen in other words V might
+be such a huge Vector space that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such a huge Vector space that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be such a huge Vector space that that
+continuing in this way we could go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing in this way we could go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing in this way we could go on
+forever and not exhaust all of V this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and not exhaust all of V this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and not exhaust all of V this
+way but suppose for the sake of argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but suppose for the sake of argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but suppose for the sake of argument
+that this does happen that we find n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this does happen that we find n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this does happen that we find n
+Alphas such that V is spanned by alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas such that V is spanned by alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alphas such that V is spanned by alpha 1
+up to alpha n where the alphas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to alpha n where the alphas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to alpha n where the alphas are
+constructed as I've indicated previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed as I've indicated previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed as I've indicated previously
+in this case we say that V has dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we say that V has dim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we say that V has dim
+menion n written this way and the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menion n written this way and the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+menion n written this way and the set of
+vectors alpha 1 up to alpha n is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors alpha 1 up to alpha n is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors alpha 1 up to alpha n is called
+a basis for V and the reason that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for V and the reason that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for V and the reason that it's
+called the basis for V is that not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the basis for V is that not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the basis for V is that not only
+can every vector be written as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can every vector be written as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can every vector be written as a linear
+combination of the alphas every Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the alphas every Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the alphas every Vector
+in V written as a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V written as a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V written as a linear combination of
+the alphas but it has a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas but it has a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphas but it has a unique
+representation in terms of the alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of the alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation in terms of the alphas
+because the alphas were linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the alphas were linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the alphas were linearly
+independent in other words once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in other words once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in other words once you have
+a basis you see any Vector in v can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis you see any Vector in v can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis you see any Vector in v can be
+written uniquely as an endle where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uniquely as an endle where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uniquely as an endle where the
+coefficients stand for the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients stand for the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients stand for the coefficients
+of alpha 1 up to alpha n you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha 1 up to alpha n you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha 1 up to alpha n you see in
+other words each V and V has a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words each V and V has a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words each V and V has a unique
+representation unique representation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation unique representation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation unique representation as
+a linear combination of alpha 1 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of alpha 1 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of alpha 1 up to
+alpha n by the way if this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n by the way if this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha n by the way if this process
+doesn't come to an end then V is set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come to an end then V is set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't come to an end then V is set to
+be an infinite dimensional Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite dimensional Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite dimensional Vector space
+okay now what I'd like to do is take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what I'd like to do is take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what I'd like to do is take a
+few minutes to summarize this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to summarize this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to summarize this particular
+lecture because what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because what we're going to be
+doing between now and the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing between now and the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing between now and the next lecture
+is going to involve a lot of work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to involve a lot of work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to involve a lot of work on
+your part and that is that in going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your part and that is that in going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your part and that is that in going
+through this overview of what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this overview of what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this overview of what you mean
+by Dimension and spanning sets and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Dimension and spanning sets and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Dimension and spanning sets and what
+have you and linear dependence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and linear dependence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and linear dependence and
+Independence many subtleties have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence many subtleties have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence many subtleties have
+occurred for example if I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred for example if I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred for example if I have an
+n-dimensional Vector space going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional Vector space going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-dimensional Vector space going through
+this bit of constructing the space ban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit of constructing the space ban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bit of constructing the space ban
+by alpha alpha 1 and Alpha 2 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha alpha 1 and Alpha 2 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by alpha alpha 1 and Alpha 2 Etc
+questions come up what if I had started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come up what if I had started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions come up what if I had started
+with different vectors what if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different vectors what if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different vectors what if I had
+started with beta 1 instead of alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with beta 1 instead of alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with beta 1 instead of alpha 1
+and then picked a new Vector beta 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then picked a new Vector beta 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then picked a new Vector beta 2
+instead of Alpha 2 could I have spanned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Alpha 2 could I have spanned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Alpha 2 could I have spanned
+V in fewer than n vectors in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in fewer than n vectors in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V in fewer than n vectors in other words
+does the dimension depend on the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dimension depend on the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the dimension depend on the process
+by which I span the space by how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I span the space by how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which I span the space by how I
+choose the vectors obviously if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the vectors obviously if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the vectors obviously if this
+happens to be true we're in dire trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be true we're in dire trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be true we're in dire trouble
+because we would like to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we would like to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we would like to believe
+intuitively based on our old definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively based on our old definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively based on our old definition
+of Dimension that the dimension of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dimension that the dimension of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Dimension that the dimension of a
+vector space should not depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space should not depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space should not depend on the
+representative vectors that you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vectors that you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vectors that you pick
+this is what's bad about the endle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's bad about the endle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's bad about the endle
+representation so you see what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you see what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you see what we're
+going to do in the exercises is show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in the exercises is show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in the exercises is show
+what other ingredients come up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other ingredients come up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other ingredients come up in
+dimension and what we have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and what we have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and what we have to worry
+about in our next lecture we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in our next lecture we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in our next lecture we will
+summarize the results that we will prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the results that we will prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the results that we will prove
+in the exercises so that you can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises so that you can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises so that you can begin
+the next lecture even if you're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture even if you're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture even if you're a little
+bit hazy on some of the exercises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hazy on some of the exercises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit hazy on some of the exercises and
+then we will show from a practical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will show from a practical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will show from a practical point
+of view once the theory is developed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view once the theory is developed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view once the theory is developed how
+how do we actually go about constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually go about constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually go about constructing
+a basis once how do we find what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis once how do we find what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis once how do we find what the
+dimension is in real life how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is in real life how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension is in real life how do we
+figure out how to do construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to do construct the
+alphas if we're not given the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas if we're not given the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphas if we're not given the abstract
+situation mentioned in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation mentioned in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation mentioned in this particular
+example at any rate all I want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at any rate all I want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at any rate all I want you to do
+now is review the lecture do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is review the lecture do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is review the lecture do the
+exercises start to feel at home with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises start to feel at home with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises start to feel at home with the
+concepts and we will drill more on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and we will drill more on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts and we will drill more on this
+and review in our next lecture at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review in our next lecture at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and review in our next lecture at any
+rate then until next time goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+funding for the publication of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the publication of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding for the publication of this
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bOAyzURugaw.txt b/bOAyzURugaw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b3ea0d8e4a761ddbfbcd8454cc512d4a59a1d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bOAyzURugaw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3253 @@
+You probably noticed Professor Cohen is a
+little bit more formal and wears a tie.
+
+And so, when he's here, I also wear a tie.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+But today we're a little bit less formal and
+so no ties.
+
+But I'll probably have one on, on Thursday,
+again.
+
+Just so that you knew what the code was.
+
+Tom Moser is coming.
+
+You know, that was the generation where everybody
+wore ties.
+
+So, I'll wear a tie, too.
+
+Anyway, despite the fact that we're a little
+bit more informal that doesn't imply any intellectual
+
+informality.
+
+We are actually, I think, very fortunate that
+Professor John Logsdon, who is the Director
+
+of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington
+University which is part of their Elliott
+
+School of International Affairs -- And we
+have a recent graduate of that program.
+
+He is going to talk to us today.
+
+And this is really going to be the last in
+the looks at kind of the policy which led
+
+to the original requirements on the Space
+Shuttle.
+
+And, as we've pointed out on numerous occasions,
+when you're looking at systems engineering
+
+of any scale project -- Well, anything really.
+
+It is absolutely critical to get the requirements
+straight.
+
+And we cannot really understand a lot of the
+technical issues with the Space Shuttle and
+
+the challenges that we had to face without
+understanding how it got to be that way.
+
+Professor Logsdon has written numerous articles
+about the shuttle.
+
+And do you have an electronic version of your
+science article?
+
+You don't.
+
+We'll have to dig that up.
+
+We'll give you a version of that.
+
+But before that, actually, I guess the work
+where he really achieved a national recognition
+
+was his book on the Apollo program, "The Decision
+To Go To The Moon," which was a history of
+
+the Apollo program.
+
+Professor Logsdon is a recognized expert is
+space policy.
+
+You will see numerous articles by him in Space
+News.
+
+And he is often the first person who gets
+called by the New York Times or National Public
+
+Radio or one of the other media for comments
+on various developments in space.
+
+And actually, depending on how the talk today
+goes on the shuttle in terms of time, if there
+
+is some time left over he's brought some information
+about the new exploration architecture which
+
+was just announced formally yesterday.
+
+And, given that we're setting out on another
+large space project where a lot of the same
+
+issues that we had to deal with about the
+shuttle will also apply, I think it would
+
+be interesting for people in the class to
+start following what's going on in this new
+
+space system.
+
+So, that's enough from me.
+
+John, I'll turn it over to you.
+
+And take it away.
+
+Good morning.
+
+What I'm going to do this morning is somewhat
+different from what you just announced in
+
+the sense that I'm not going to talk about
+the political history of the shuttle requirements
+
+as much as the political history of the shuttle
+and how the requirements interacted with that
+
+political history.
+
+So, it may be the same thing.
+
+But I'm not a technical person.
+
+Although, you have a bachelor's degree in
+physics which is a well-hidden fact.
+
+Yes.
+
+Next Tuesday is the 100th anniversary of the
+publication of the equation E equals MC squared.
+
+And my degree in physics is almost before
+that, not quite.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+One of the things that we've been doing at
+George Washington University, seemingly forever,
+
+and close to it, it started in 1990, is a
+project to collect the seminal documents that
+
+define the evolution of the US Space Program.
+
+There are now six volumes of this size printed,
+we're working on seven and there is one more
+
+to follow called "Exploring the Unknown".
+
+Jeff thinks that it's in your library.
+
+I'm going to try to get an electronic version
+of what I'll just talk about in a moment to
+
+put on your class website.
+
+Volume four, which Dr.
+
+Hoffman has at his home, not in his office,
+deals with access to space.
+
+And one section of volume four deals with
+the shuttle.
+
+And that's what I'm going to try to get an
+electronic copy of for you.
+
+What I've done is built this talk around the
+original documents that trace the policy history
+
+of the shuttle.
+
+And I'll use them kind of as backdrop.
+
+As NASA approached the end of the Apollo program,
+its leaders, or at least some of them were
+
+thinking about what followed Apollo.
+
+And, at that time, the head of I'll say Manned
+Spaceflight and apologize for the gender-specific
+
+language.
+
+But that indeed was the Office of Manned Spaceflight
+in the late `60s.
+
+Its head was a very creative character named
+George Miller who is still active.
+
+He's one of the founders and moving spirits
+in a thing called Kistler Aerospace that wants
+
+to provide alternative commercial access to
+space.
+
+Miller gave this talk, as you see, August
+of 1968.
+
+As far as anyone can tell, it's the first
+use of the term "efficient earth to orbit
+
+space transportation system and economical
+space shuttle".
+
+Miller's concept of the shuttle, which had
+a lot of influence in one strain of its development,
+
+was rather grandiose in character.
+
+Especially the notion that the shuttle would
+operate in a mode similar to large commercial
+
+air transports and work in and out of major
+airports.
+
+Landing would be completely automated with
+prime dependence on spacecraft guidance with
+
+ground control backup.
+
+And this is a long talk.
+
+It's in the book I just mentioned.
+
+Then its basic design could be applied to
+point-to-point transport.
+
+If the Space Shuttle were used as a global
+transport, safety and comfort standards could
+
+be comparable to those of a large transport
+jet.
+
+It was probably not like business class in
+a 747.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Maybe like the Concorde.
+
+But that's certainly what they were talking
+about with the National Aerospace plane.
+
+I mean if you can develop a plane that can
+take off from a runway and fly into orbit.
+
+And you remember, when we talked about the
+rocket equation, we tried to make it clear
+
+why that is such a difficult thing to do.
+
+But, if you could do it, then you don't have
+to go all the way to orbit.
+
+You can just go halfway to orbit and land
+in Tokyo after you take off from London or
+
+New York.
+
+Right.
+
+And this kind of holy grail reduction in cost
+by two orders of magnitude, that was the mental
+
+set of the guy who I would call at least the
+policy father of the Space Shuttle, is that
+
+you could have an aircraft-like operations,
+two orders of magnitude of a level of safety
+
+and reliability and operability that it could
+even be used for commercial transport.
+
+As you know, NASA was successful in carrying
+out its mission of getting humans to the moon
+
+in July of 1969.
+
+When Nixon came into office in January of
+1969, he had a transition taskforce on space.
+
+And that taskforce told him that there was
+a need for some decisions on what to do after
+
+Apollo.
+
+With the focus on getting Apollo done, the
+then head of NASA Jim Webb didn't like long-range
+
+planning.
+
+He wanted the politicians to tell NASA what
+to do, rather than the other way around.
+
+NASA was woefully unprepared for what it wanted
+to do after Apollo.
+
+And the country hadn't discussed it at all.
+
+Nixon appointed a so-called space task force,
+Space Task Group and asked it for definitive
+
+recommendations on the post-Apollo space program.
+
+That task group was chaired by the vice president
+who traditionally has had the space portfolio
+
+in most administrations.
+
+At that time was a well-known space expert
+named Spiro Agnew.
+
+You're all too young for that to even be a
+joke.
+
+He was later caught taking bribes in the White
+House and resigned in shame.
+
+He was a typical Maryland politician, which
+means corrupt.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+That's my home state.
+
+The Space Task Group was captured by NASA,
+by its then administrator Tom Paine who was
+
+a very bravado character.
+
+He told NASA that they should be swashbuckling.
+
+And by Miller, who had developed a long-range
+plan for NASA.
+
+And, ultimately, by Wernher von Braun who
+was brought up to Washington to add the charisma
+
+to the plan.
+
+The report that was submitted by the Space
+Task Group to the White House two months after
+
+Apollo 11 had these recommendations -- -- for
+what NASA should do.
+
+This was what NASA really wanted to do, mars
+starting in 1981, a hundred man space base
+
+in the mid '80s.
+
+The program that was recommended ultimately
+was Program 2 which had mars in '86.
+
+And you see these comparative accomplishments.
+
+And in here was an earth-to- orbit space shuttle
+for some time between '75 and '77.
+
+That's where the shuttle entered into national
+policy, was in Nixon's reaction, or in the
+
+country's reaction to NASA's post-Apollo proposal.
+
+Again, just to give you a sense of this kind
+of thinking at that point, I'm not sure where
+
+this came from, to be frank.
+
+But you take the station, the space based
+and other stuff in this maximum program and
+
+you're talking total space shuttle flights
+a year peaking in '83 with 66 flights a year,
+
+including 34 to service a six-man base and
+a six-man orbiting station at the moon.
+
+So, these truly grandiose ideas of what might
+be done.
+
+I don't think it was ever clear why you had
+to go to the moon every other week in order
+
+to maintain a six-man base either.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+No, I think it was not every other week.
+
+Thirty flights a year.
+
+I think it was a three month rotation of a
+crew.
+
+But they've got 30, 40 flights a year.
+
+Maybe logistics flights, I don't know.
+
+Logistics.
+
+And you're doing two things.
+
+You've got a six person station in orbit around
+the moon.
+
+Why?
+
+I don't know.
+
+And a six person base.
+
+The architecture, it was announced yesterday,
+culminates in the buildup of a four or more
+
+person lunar base with a passing mention that,
+oh yeah, we might go to mars.
+
+By the way, if anybody has comments or questions,
+interrupt me.
+
+Otherwise, I'll just drone on.
+
+Yeah, Larry.
+
+To what extent was the Space Station's existence
+importance for the shuttle back in the `70s?
+
+It was the reason for its existence.
+
+At this point, the reason to have a space
+shuttle was to take crew and supplies to the
+
+station, period, at least in the core NASA
+planner's ideas.
+
+You had people like Miller who left the agency
+in September of '69 with these very grandiose
+
+ideas.
+
+He was succeeded by Dale Myers, who I understand
+has already talked to you.
+
+And Myers was very instrumental in the negotiations
+that led ultimately to the decision to go
+
+forward with the station.
+
+I remember the first time I heard the word
+space shuttle.
+
+As Jeff said, I've been at this a long time.
+
+I finished the book "The Decision To Go To
+The Moon," published by MIT Press, but out
+
+of print, in late 1968.
+
+We tried to market it as a paperback.
+
+We were going to put a rocket and a girl on
+the cover, and the inside story of why Kennedy
+
+sent us to the moon.
+
+It didn't work.
+
+It had footnotes and all because it was a
+PhD dissertation.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Talking to an audience like this, they understand
+what a PhD dissertation looks like.
+
+I went down to attend my first launch, which
+was Apollo 11, and for some reason hadn't
+
+rented a car so I was figuring on hitching
+a ride from Orlando to Coco Beach.
+
+And the person that I ended up driving to
+was a man named Leroy Day.
+
+Did you know Roy Day?
+
+Roy was, at that time, running the Phase A
+studies of the Space Shuttle.
+
+And he told me what he was doing.
+
+It was the first time I had heard of the concept.
+
+See, I don't know where this came from but
+it's the kind of thinking of the need for
+
+this.
+
+So, to go to your point, Larry.
+
+When NASA first presented its post-Apollo
+plans to the Congress in the spring of 1970,
+
+the program was called Station Shuttle.
+
+And they were coupled at the hip.
+
+And so it was the integral justification from
+the NASA side.
+
+Although, people like Dale Myers were already
+negotiating with their counterparts in the
+
+Department of Defense for potential military
+use of the system.
+
+Although, almost clearly this is before any
+military involvement or really commercial
+
+involvement came in because, when you look,
+there are only two unmanned satellites per
+
+year.
+
+This is the manifest to implement this.
+
+And that was purely as NASA program.
+
+There was not much consideration of other
+users of the shuttle at this point because
+
+this was enough to justify the investment
+in a new vehicle.
+
+Again, the logic was that you could put these
+big things in space like space stations but
+
+the logistics costs would drive you crazy
+if you were doing it with expendables.
+
+And so the only way to operate a permanent
+outpost in orbit or beyond was to have reusability
+
+in the supply system, in the transportation
+system.
+
+That was, in essence, the number one requirement.
+
+Unfortunately, well, I don't know whether
+it was unfortunate but in reality the Nixon
+
+administration was not having any of this.
+
+Nixon made a statement in response to the
+Space Task Force report, as you'll see, March
+
+of 1970.
+
+So, it took him six months to respond to the
+report.
+
+Meanwhile, NASA's budget was getting chopped
+to pieces.
+
+But it was essentially a fundamental 180 degree
+change in policy from Apollo.
+
+Now, Apollo was separate leaps requiring a
+massive concentration of energy.
+
+Space must take their proper place within
+a rigorous system of national priorities,
+
+must be planned in conjunction with all the
+other undertakings.
+
+In other words, space has to be compared in
+its priority to all the other demands on the
+
+federal budget.
+
+And at least for the Nixon administration,
+but in reality for every administration since,
+
+the answer has been essentially the same.
+
+When Kennedy made his speech saying we should
+go to the moon in 1961, the NASA budget jumped
+
+89% the first year, 101% the second year,
+38% the third year.
+
+And it's like a rollercoaster that gets to
+the top of the first hill.
+
+And the program has been living on that momentum
+every since.
+
+And you came down that hill very quickly.
+
+You see by '73 or '74, this value was percent
+of the federal budget, so it's kind of a constant
+
+measure.
+
+As the budget goes up, NASA gets essentially
+the same share of the federal budget.
+
+About seven-tenths or eight-tenths of one
+percent.
+
+And has gotten that share for 35 years.
+
+And this, I would say, is the way the democratic
+political system makes policy choice, is through
+
+budget allocations.
+
+And if you have the same budget allocation
+essentially for 35 years, I would say that's
+
+where space ranks in the scheme of national
+priorities according to the political leadership
+
+in the White House and Congress.
+
+Just to flip ahead to 2004, one of the fundamental
+premises in the Bush Vision for Space Exploration
+
+is that NASA will stay at this level of expenditures.
+
+And that everything you want to do, going
+back to the moon, eventually to mars, has
+
+to be within that budget envelope, which means
+you have to design to that.
+
+And remember the fundamental systems engineering
+triad we talked about on several occasions,
+
+cost, schedule, performance.
+
+That clearly demonstrates cost is a fixed
+parameter.
+
+We don't have the freedom.
+
+Either for the shuttle or in this future program,
+cost is going to go up by very much.
+
+Just in case anybody asks what these two blips
+are, this one is the replacement of Challenger
+
+after the 1986 shuttle accident.
+
+It's a one-time cost of building another orbiter.
+
+And this was Bush 41, you may remember, or
+no, who announced a space exploration initiative
+
+on the 20th anniversary of Apollo.
+
+And he provided an increase in budget resources
+to carry out that initiative which, when Bill
+
+Clinton was elected, quickly got undone.
+
+And you see the result in the past few years.
+
+In a sense, that decision that space had to
+be planned in the context of all other priorities
+
+has had multiple impacts over 35 years.
+
+The first thing is NASA has never accepted
+it and has always tried to do more than it
+
+has resources.
+
+And one of the things Jeff didn't say was
+that I was a member of the Columbia Accident
+
+Investigation Board after the last accident.
+
+One of the things we said in our report was
+that NASA had, for too many years, been trying
+
+to do too much with too little.
+
+And it created the kinds of stresses in the
+organization that led to some of the organizational
+
+sloppiness that was at least a contributing
+factor in the Columbia accident.
+
+It told NASA that it could not pursue in the
+`70s a post-Apollo program that was anywhere
+
+near its ambitions.
+
+And so NASA had to reinvent its program from
+what it had proposed in 1969.
+
+And, by the end of 1970, this is how budgets
+get done.
+
+This is a letter from the then head of NASA,
+Jim Fletcher, transmitting NASA's recommendations
+
+for the next year's budget.
+
+This happened last Monday, September the 12th
+this year, NASA submitted its formal budget
+
+proposal to the White House.
+
+Every year this starts the process.
+
+Well, you can read all this rhetoric later.
+
+NASA had decided that the key element in the
+program for the `70s was not the Space Station
+
+by now but the Space Shuttle.
+
+It supports the last four of the presidents'
+six objectives, these four.
+
+And reflecting that decision, NASA announced,
+"We have made a major decision to defer development
+
+of a space station to a later time and to
+orient the space station studies towards modular
+
+systems that can be launched, as well as serviced
+by the space shuttle." Again, a fundamental
+
+change in plans.
+
+The station that NASA was planning in 1969
+would have been launched by the Saturn 5.
+
+Would have been 33 feet across, have lots
+of habitable space, be big, a 12 person minimum
+
+building up to 50 person, maybe eventually
+100 person outpost.
+
+This represented a major shift that said,
+number one, the shuttle becomes our number
+
+one priority, not the station, and the shuttle
+has to be designed to launch space station
+
+modules.
+
+That was the overriding NASA goal.
+
+And so I would argue or suggest that this
+decision made in late 1970 only separated
+
+in time shuttle and station that the intimate
+link between the two programs remained.
+
+It was just going to do them in sequence,
+rather than at the same time.
+
+And here we are 35 years later.
+
+And the major issue in getting started on
+exploration remains, what do you do with the
+
+shuttle, what do you do with the station?
+
+They are now seen as mortgages that have to
+be paid or obstacles to the next systems or
+
+however you want to characterize.
+
+What this also meant is that the traffic model
+that was justifying the shuttle of all these
+
+launches to space stations and lunar bases
+that you saw was no longer operative.
+
+And so beginning at the start of 1970 and
+all the way through this two-year complex
+
+decision process, the Office of Management
+and Budget kept saying well, how do you justify
+
+this investment?
+
+You're talking about a multi-billion dollar
+investment in the future.
+
+What is the justification for it?
+
+This was the first time, in the early '70s,
+that the White House, through its Office of
+
+Management and Budget, used cost-effectiveness
+analysis, cost-benefit analysis as a tool
+
+in budget allocations.
+
+It had not been done, certainly not been done
+in the space program of the `60s.
+
+But OMB insisted that NASA show an economic
+justification for this investment.
+
+And in order to make it come out the way OMB
+wanted it to come out, which was that there
+
+was no justification, how much economics do
+any of you get in this environment?
+
+I have never had an economics course, except
+at Jesuit undergraduate college called Christian
+
+economics, which may be a contradiction.
+
+Never mind.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+But I'm going to say something, I don't have
+a clue of what it means, which is that OMB
+
+insisted that NASA use a 10% discount rate,
+which is the future value of current money.
+
+And that's much higher than the discount rate
+applied to many other investments, because
+
+this was a long-term and risky investment.
+
+And so that meant the economic justification
+for the shuttle had to be very strong.
+
+And, throughout this process, there was this
+constant pressure on one hand to justify the
+
+shuttle economically.
+
+The only way that could be done, absent a
+space station or an ambitious NASA program,
+
+was finding other users.
+
+And this goes back to your comment earlier.
+
+NASA became not just a kind of suitor of the
+military as a user of the shuttle, but the
+
+economic justification for going ahead with
+the shuttle became totally dependent on the
+
+military willingness to use the vehicle.
+
+And military is a euphemism.
+
+Many of the payloads that were being discussed
+there were intelligence payloads operated
+
+by the organization called the National Reconnaissance
+Office which, at that time, the existence
+
+of the National Reconnaissance Office itself
+was classified.
+
+So, you could not say NRO satellites.
+
+You can say it now.
+
+NRO's existence was declassified in 1992.
+
+But, at that point, was all called Air Force
+or DOD satellite, many of which, including
+
+the most demanding were intelligence satellites.
+
+The primary determinant of the size of the
+shuttle's payload bay, the width was the ability
+
+to launch space station modules.
+
+Professor Young may be able to comment.
+
+If I understand it right, the kind of human
+factor studies at the time said that people
+
+would be unwilling to live in tubes less than
+14 feet across for long durations.
+
+And so the shuttle had to be able to accommodate
+a 14 foot wide module.
+
+The length could be adjusted.
+
+But the military payloads, I think Hubble
+pointed down rather than pointed up.
+
+I think there's been enough discussion of
+it that I'm not revealing classified material.
+
+The reconnaissance equivalent of Hubble was
+the next generation reconnaissance satellite.
+
+And that was basically 55 feet long.
+
+And so the decision was that you needed a
+payload bay 60 feet long in order to capture
+
+many military and reconnaissance payloads.
+
+And that was a determinant of the size of
+the payload bay, which again drove the size
+
+of the shuttle.
+
+The other military requirement was the desire,
+well, there were two.
+
+One was a desire to be able to go into polar
+orbit which meant a west coast launch site.
+
+You cannot launch into polar orbit from Cape
+Canaveral Air Force Station or Kennedy Space
+
+Center without flying over Boston.
+
+Actually, I guess you'd launch south flying
+over Miami and Cuba which, for range safety,
+
+is not a great idea.
+
+If you launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base
+out in California, you've got several thousands
+
+of miles of open ocean in front of you.
+
+The Air Force was in a nice position here
+because it could make up any requirements
+
+it wanted.
+
+We've actually talked about the cross-range.
+
+OK, you've talked about it.
+
+That's where the cross-range came from.
+
+And so you've talked about cross-range leading
+to delta wings, leading to heavier orbiter
+
+because of more thermal protection, but all
+of that came from the requirement of getting
+
+the Department of Defense to say they would
+use the shuttle as a way of justifying to
+
+the economists the large upfront investment.
+
+Have you looked at anything like this?
+
+This is kind of from the outcome of the Phase
+A studies in the last `60s and early `70s.
+
+As you see, Phase B proposals, a bunch of
+studies.
+
+And then, in June of 1971, a rapid shift so
+that in six months the configuration evolved
+
+to what was finally built.
+
+And I presume if you've talked about cross-range
+and that sort of thing you've talked about
+
+the difference between the preferred shuttle
+of Johnson Space Center and its chief designer
+
+Max Faget, which was a straight wing minimal
+cross-range shuttle, probably technically
+
+simpler to build and less expensive to build
+into a delta wing configuration that matched
+
+the Air Force cross-range requirement.
+
+What happened in June of 1971 was critical
+to this whole process.
+
+At this point, in its studies, NASA had concluded
+to build a two-stage fully reusable shuttle
+
+that would match the cross-range requirement
+and the big enough to launch space station
+
+modules it would cost in the order of $10
+billion to $14 billion in investment cost
+
+with a peaks funding of $2 billion a year
+during the `70s.
+
+OMB, in May of 1971, said that's fine, but
+you can only have $5 billion with a peak spending
+
+of $1 billion a year.
+
+If you want a shuttle at all, it has to fit
+within that budget curve.
+
+And I presume Aaron and others are going to
+talk about the kind of hectic trades that
+
+got from a fully reusable shuttle to first
+moving the liquid hydrogen tanks outside the
+
+orbiter air frame and throwing them away.
+
+Then coming up with the idea that you could
+put both the external oxygen and hydrogen
+
+fuel tanks on the outside and throw them away
+to the notion that you could use strap-on
+
+solids to assist in takeoff and move the orbiter
+down to the bottom so its engines could be
+
+used as part of the take-off thrust to the
+final configuration.
+
+At that point, June to December 1971, there
+were not zillions but hundreds of different
+
+variations of shuttle design being floated
+around and other designs to do something that
+
+was approximating but not totally -- What's
+the right word I want to say?
+
+Totally meeting all of the payload requirements
+that had been laid out.
+
+I'm sure you're going to be talking a lot
+about the engineering choices that were involved
+
+in this.
+
+And I'm not capable of talking about them.
+
+But as apprentice young system engineers,
+the notion that you could go from here, totally
+
+different concepts to here in six months and
+know what you're doing should make you a little
+
+nervous.
+
+Why was the shuttle ultimately approved?
+
+OMB, the Office of Management and Budget was
+on one spectrum of the participants in this
+
+debate.
+
+It really didn't believe, its staff, in the
+value of human spaceflight.
+
+Its staff was, and is, the guardian of the
+federal budget, believed it was under the
+
+policy guidance of the Nixon administration
+to cut federal expenditures dramatically across
+
+the board.
+
+And so OMB, through this whole process, through
+a variety of interventions and changing demands
+
+on NASA and political interventions, getting
+leaked information from the aerospace industry
+
+and asking NASA nasty questions that it didn't
+want to answer -- The career staff of OMB,
+
+they say, in retrospect, went too far in trying
+to kill the shuttle.
+
+So they were at one end of the spectrum.
+
+NASA was at the other end, obviously, because
+by now, 1971, the shuttle was a survival project
+
+for NASA as it viewed itself as a large organization
+built around human spaceflight and developing
+
+new large scale systems.
+
+Yeah, Larry?
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+OMB, not Congress, is 
+what I'm talking about.
+
+Well, ask your question.
+
+Well, the fact that non-elected AUDIENCE:
+staffers, I was thinking of congressional
+
+staffers?.
+
+LOGSDON: Yeah, but OMB is the same thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Have enormous influence over not
+only implementing but making policy.
+
+And they stay long after their term [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+LONGSDON: Any of you heard of Paul Shawcross?
+
+I wouldn't think so.
+
+Paul is an MIT graduate.
+
+He's the Examiner for Human Spaceflight in
+OMB right now.
+
+He did a TPP masters up here ten years ago
+or so.
+
+And he is leading the fight to ground the
+shuttle.
+
+Now, nobody knows his name unless you're inside
+the beltway.
+
+One of the things I'll say, Larry, in reaction
+to where you were going is at least the career
+
+staff on the Hill are relatively accessible.
+
+So, if you're an aerospace industry operative,
+you know who they are and you can talk to
+
+them.
+
+Particularly back in this period 35 years
+ago, the OMB staff operated under a cloak
+
+of anonymity, weren't open to talking to industry
+people.
+
+It's changed a lot over the years.
+
+And were able to operate behind a wall of
+secrecy and push their agenda into national
+
+policy.
+
+It is my belief, after starting my 40th year
+in Washington.
+
+God, that's a long time.
+
+Most people outside of Washington think that
+Congress matters, but almost all the decisions
+
+that matter are made in the Executive Branch
+and Congress just snips at the margins, 2%
+
+or 3%.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+How much did industry lobbying affect the
+design of the shuttle?
+
+I mean you look at it and every aerospace
+company had a piece of the shuttle, you know,
+
+they were getting money from it.
+
+I assume they also were probably lobbying
+their senators for places like [OVERLAPPING
+
+VOICES].
+
+I mean how much did industry [OVERLAPPING
+VOICES]?
+
+Well, if you look at this, all of industry
+had study contracts.
+
+This is Grumman, which was a separate company
+at the time that had built the Lunar Lander.
+
+And Boeing, before it bought Rockwell, this
+was North American Rockwell that had built
+
+the Apollo Command Module.
+
+This was McDonnell Douglas.
+
+So, the major aerospace companies each had
+a concept.
+
+And they were lobbying or contending for the
+adoption of their concept rather than what
+
+you see now which is work shares of a single
+concept.
+
+But this was a decision totally inside the
+Executive Branch at this point.
+
+Congress was more or less supportive with
+the exception of one senator, Fritz Mondale,
+
+Walter Mondale who kept asking some difficult
+questions.
+
+And NASA had its preferred concept.
+
+MSC is Manned Space Craft Center, what's now
+Johnson Space Center.
+
+And it was Grumman and McDonnell Douglas that
+came up with the idea of putting rockets on
+
+the side, at that point they weren't necessarily
+solid rockets, to enable a cheaper configuration.
+
+What you ended up with was the preferred orbiter
+of the Manned Space Craft Center and the NASA
+
+Orbiter after all these design requirements.
+
+With the Grumman McDonnell Douglas concept
+of an expendable external tank and recoverable
+
+strap-ons.
+
+I don't want to say solids.
+
+What came out of this was an amalgamation
+of everybody's ideas.
+
+And I said in passing, I will say again, one
+of these industry firms, and all evidence
+
+points to North American, had a relationship
+with the OMB that was feeding OMB questions
+
+that would embarrass their competitors.
+
+Or, result in not doing the shuttle at all
+and continuing on with the existing systems
+
+where North American was building at least
+the Apollo Command Module.
+
+Players in this included the economic analysis.
+
+Here is a report that was given, as this debate
+heated up, to NASA in October of 1971 done
+
+by a company called Mathematica, which was
+founded by Oscar Morgenstern, an economist
+
+at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton.
+
+And his young colleague, Klaus Heiss, was
+and is an Austrian somewhat crazy economist.
+
+Again, that may be the same thing, crazy and
+economist.
+
+And they had the contract to do the external
+economic analysis for the shuttle.
+
+And they came up, through their analysis,
+with the conclusion that a reusable system
+
+is economically feasible at the current level
+of activity.
+
+And that a thrust-assisted, that's the strap-ons,
+shuttle is the economically preferred choice.
+
+This is economists designing technical systems,
+another thing that would make me nervous.
+
+And this goes back to your comment earlier,
+the demand for space transportation by NASA,
+
+the Department of Defense, but particularly
+by commercial and other users is the basis
+
+for economic justification.
+
+The economic analysis had, as an input, a
+demand model that was totally unconstrained.
+
+It's everybody's wish list of things that
+might be launched but weren't funded for the
+
+next 15 years.
+
+And that's where the next round of shuttle
+launches, 50 or 60, which was part of the
+
+image at the time the decision was made, came
+from this demand model which was done by the
+
+Aerospace Corporation given to Mathematica
+to play with in its economic analysis.
+
+It's not clear how influential this set of
+recommendations was in the final decision
+
+to proceed.
+
+Klaus Heiss, who is still very active, claims
+it was very influential.
+
+I tend to think, well, you'll see my explanation
+why the shuttle was chosen.
+
+These are the kind of economic comparisons
+that were talked about.
+
+The launch vehicle investment costs, nonrecurrent,
+were clearly much greater for the new shuttle
+
+system, but the recurring costs of operations
+were much less than using the current system.
+
+What is that?
+
+Almost $6 billion.
+
+This is 514 space shuttle flights over a twelve
+year or eleven year period.
+
+Eleven, I guess.
+
+That is, what, about 48 or 49 flights a year,
+the model that was being used at this time.
+
+It always interests me when people do modeling
+like that.
+
+You notice they chose the number 514, not
+513 or 515.
+
+I mean it sort of gives you the impression
+that they know what they're talking about.
+
+[AUDIENCE QUESTION]
+
+If they had just put approximately 500, that's
+really as much as anybody knew at the time.
+
+But that's the number that will make it work,
+I suppose.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Now, that would be rigging the analysis, wouldn't
+it?
+
+Look at how round the numbers are at the bottom,
+too.
+
+Well, one of the things to watch here is that
+a lot of the costs were payload savings.
+
+There was this illusion at the time, proven
+to be an illusion, that because of the characteristics
+
+of the shuttle you could make the payloads
+much less expensive.
+
+You didn't have to design them to space program
+standards if you want.
+
+Here are the payloads.
+
+Instead of costing $18 billion over this period,
+we're going to cost $12 billion.
+
+That's a $6 billion savings in payload.
+
+And it's that combination of operation cost
+and payload savings that give you the $7 billion
+
+advantage in the economic argument for going
+ahead with the shuttle.
+
+Bush 41 later used the term, which I think
+is properly applied to this analysis, calling
+
+it voodoo economics.
+
+And I think most of the people involved in
+this decision recognize that.
+
+In a technical decision, the White House often,
+at this period in time, depended on its Office
+
+of Science and Technology, now called OSTP,
+Office of Science and Technology Policy, and
+
+its President Science Advisory Committee called
+PSAC.
+
+What does PSAC mean?
+
+President Council of Advisors on Science and
+Technology.
+
+And so the science advisor who was actually
+an engineer, not a scientist, named Ed David,
+
+commissioned a PSAC, President Science Advisory
+Committee study to look at NASA's proposals
+
+as a basis for the position he would take
+in White House debates.
+
+Head chair of that study was Alexander Flax
+who was President of the Institute for Defense
+
+Analyses, a think-tank in Washington.
+
+And this was a kind of summary report that
+Flax sent in about the panel.
+
+Doubt that a viable shuttle program can be
+undertaken without a degree of national commitment
+
+over the long-term analogous to that which
+sustained the Apollo program.
+
+It may be attainable but is certainly not
+apparent at this time.
+
+This is a long letter, and I'm just going
+to show you a couple of things.
+
+In retrospect, I think this advice was sound
+advice that was provided.
+
+Maintaining the program is large and risky
+with the long-term prospect of fixed budget
+
+ceilings does not bode well for the future
+of the program.
+
+Some decisions had been taken which introduce
+additional hazards to the success of the program
+
+technically, operationally and economically
+in order to reduce projected peak-year funding
+
+requirements.
+
+At that point, I think the strap-ons, firing
+the main engines at liftoff.
+
+I can show you the analysis in the letter,
+but I think that's what he was talking about.
+
+And basically what the PSAC panel recommended
+was postponing the decision for a year or
+
+more while some of the uncertainties were
+studied.
+
+General view.
+
+No significant role for manned spaceflight
+in military and civilian or science.
+
+Didn't believe NASA's suggestion that the
+shuttle would allow experimenters to conduct
+
+their activities in spaceflight.
+
+Evoke no enthusiasm from the scientists.
+
+You can counter that obviously.
+
+The shuttle was not a wonderful laboratory
+for most applications.
+
+The scientific community in large doubts the
+potential benefits of the space shuttle.
+
+Manned spaceflight should be considered contributions
+in terms of national prestige, international
+
+cooperation, exploration and unforeseen future
+needs.
+
+Basically, the justification was really kind
+of arm-waving intangibles, some of which I
+
+think are very real like prestige and cooperation.
+
+[Jump back a little bit to the?]
+
+science enthusiasm or lack of it, because
+I think there was a clear division in the
+
+science community then between the "real space
+scientist" and [OVERLAPPING VOICES]
+
+which sort of came into its own with Skylab
+when it was realized [OVERLAPPING VOICES].
+
+But Skylab was two years after this, Larry.
+
+But at this point the life science community
+was better that interesting things were going
+
+to be happening.
+
+But without any real data Skylab was the first
+long duration exposure.
+
+And the life science community did not have
+the high step in the space science community
+
+at that point.
+
+Space science was dominated by physicists.
+
+And, in fact, even within the NASA hierarchy.
+
+I think at that point it was still part of
+space medicine.
+
+Right, crew medicine.
+
+So, yes, that split was there.
+
+It must be noted that new approaches have
+often not been recognized or appreciated by
+
+the putative users until after they've been
+demonstrated.
+
+Yeah, Mark.
+
+Didn't Hubble then conveniently make scientists
+excited about the shuttle?
+
+Some.
+
+But, again, only after.
+
+We don't want to talk about why.
+
+We'll let Hoffman talk about whether the tradeoff
+of putting Hubble in the shuttle orbit compared
+
+to it being serviced was a good tradeoff compared
+to where you want a telescope.
+
+If you would have been designing this large
+space telescope in 1970, would you have made
+
+it shuttle launched?
+
+Well, everything had to be shuttle launched
+then.
+
+I mean given the history of Hubble, obviously,
+had it been put in an inaccessible orbit,
+
+we wouldn't have a space telescope now.
+
+So what can you say?
+
+Again, the shuttle cannot be justified on
+a purely economic basis for the unmanned portion
+
+of the program so it's a position directly
+opposite the thing I showed you before.
+
+It must be justified on the basis of new capability,
+contribution to leadership and prestige, its
+
+unique value if we're going to have intensity
+of infrequent manned spaceflight.
+
+And you have to postulate expanding rather
+than level space budgets over the next ten
+
+years.
+
+And the Nixon administration said that wasn't
+going to happen.
+
+Again, the somewhat bottom line of the PSAC
+position -- -- led to the conclusion that
+
+if you had to make a choice in 1971, you had
+two choices.
+
+Either proceed with the shuttle program now
+or soon or drop manned spaceflight after Skylab.
+
+And nobody likes binomial choices like that.
+
+But, in the large degree, that was the consideration
+or the mental set as this debate came to a
+
+head towards the end of 1971.
+
+Actually, that brings into sharp relief.
+
+Remember the comment that Professor Cohen
+made when he was talking about what should
+
+a systems engineer do when presented with
+requirements that you're not really happy
+
+with and don't know if you can meet?
+
+But, on the other hand, recognizing as they
+came to that basically if they didn't build
+
+the shuttle that was being specified they
+probably were going to end up with nothing
+
+at all.
+
+And I think what John just showed was justification
+that that, in fact, was the political environment
+
+at the time.
+
+It wasn't the shuttle or something else.
+
+It was the shuttle or nothing.
+
+Well, except at the end people like PSAC and
+OMB kept suggesting alternatives.
+
+This was a chart drawn in November of '71
+by George Low who was the Deputy NASA Administrator
+
+and kind of the technical strength in this
+thing, showing the investment costs versus,
+
+this is in billions, this is in millions,
+the cost of operations for various things.
+
+The two-stage fully reusable, $10 billion
+investment, low operating cost.
+
+The baseline 15 x 60 foot payload bay could
+be done, he's saying, for $8 billion.
+
+Within three weeks it was $5 billion.
+
+A phase development, develop a simpler one
+first and then a more complex orbiter later
+
+with the large payload bay and various rocket
+assists developing a smaller one, smaller
+
+payload, smaller bay, or developing a Titan
+3 launched glider sort of thing.
+
+And the argument was in this curve it made
+sense to pick something along this line, the
+
+knee and the curve on that basis.
+
+NASA made its last best case in a memo to
+the White House.
+
+This is dated November the 22nd.
+
+I think it shows up at the top.
+
+And look at these reasonings.
+
+This is really NASA's best case.
+
+Number one, the US has to stay in the human
+spaceflight business.
+
+That's not subject to analysis.
+
+That's a belief.
+
+And NASA argued that this should be a policy
+premise that the United States had to have
+
+humans in space.
+
+And the shuttle is the only meaningful new
+manned space program, the operative word being
+
+"new".
+
+You could have kept launching Apollo capsules
+and Saturn 1bs or something.
+
+Saturn 5 had been cancelled by then.
+
+The shuttle is a necessary next step for science
+applications, military position in international
+
+competition and cooperation.
+
+The cost and complexity is one-half of what
+it was six months ago.
+
+Again, as engineers, that statement ought
+to be very nervous that in six months you
+
+can cut cost and complexity in half.
+
+And starting the shuttle now will have a significant
+positive effect in aerospace employment.
+
+Not starting will be a serious blow to both
+the morale and health of the aerospace industry.
+
+Let me talk about that last one.
+
+Those, I think, were NASA's five best reasons
+for going ahead.
+
+Employment impact was one of them.
+
+This is an undated memorandum from somebody
+within OMB.
+
+Peter Flanagan was Nixon's top person right
+at the intersection of policy and politics
+
+who was overseeing the space program.
+
+And Flanagan had asked for impact of the shuttle
+on the aerospace industry.
+
+And this is what came back.
+
+What the program is.
+
+Here is the additional employment impact on
+the engine program space shuttle.
+
+Main engine.
+
+Not very much in early '70.
+
+This is '71.
+
+But in '72 fairly significant employment impacts
+in either California or Florida.
+
+And on the airframe, 
+
+depending on when the decision was made to
+go ahead with the shuttle, the impact in '72
+
+not very big, but big enough.
+
+Peak of 70,000 jobs might ultimately result.
+
+The number of actual jobs by the end of 1972
+would be relatively small.
+
+Why do you think 1972?
+
+You have to recreate the environment of the
+time.
+
+This was 1971.
+
+The supersonic transport had been cancelled.
+
+Defense spending on Vietnam was ramping down.
+
+NASA had no new program.
+
+And, in doing the article that Jeff mentioned
+on the space shuttle decision, I ended up
+
+one afternoon in, of all places, Santa Fe,
+New Mexico talking to John Ehrlich, one of
+
+Nixon's top guys.
+
+He said they sat down in the White House and
+mapped NASA jobs on key election states and
+
+said if we want to win the 1972 election,
+again this is political history well before
+
+your time.
+
+At that point, the leading candidate was Ed
+Muskie of Maine who was viewed as a serious
+
+candidate.
+
+It wasn't George McGovern who was, for better
+or for worse, not a serious opponent.
+
+So that the political people were worried
+about winning places like California and Florida
+
+and saw in the Shuttle Program a way of providing
+the indication of future jobs in key electoral
+
+states.
+
+Some of the people I have talked to over the
+years say that, at least for the top political
+
+levels of the White House, that was the major
+reason for going ahead with this program.
+
+Was in order to have aerospace employment
+impacts for the '72 election.
+
+You can judge whether that's a good reason
+or not.
+
+The decision kept getting postponed until
+very late in the budget process.
+
+OMB kept asking for more studies.
+
+This was a letter to the Deputy Director of
+OMB, Caspar Weinberger, later Secretary of
+
+Defense, which NASA said we've concluded the
+full capability still represents a best buy.
+
+But, in recognition of budget problems, we
+are recommending a smaller vehicle, 14 x 45,
+
+because that is the smallest that will still
+be useful for manned spaceflight, Reid Space
+
+Station.
+
+It won't accommodate many DOD payloads and
+some planetary payloads.
+
+And here are the numbers.
+
+I don't know whether you've seen these numbers
+yet.
+
+Attached to this letter, this is what NASA
+was telling the White House last business
+
+day of 1971 what the cost of various shuttle
+configurations would be.
+
+You notice very little difference in the development
+cost of the configurations, eight-tenths of
+
+a billion dollars between a very small and
+less capable and the full size fully capable.
+
+And the operating cost relatively low across
+the board.
+
+Look at that number, $7.7 million a flight
+for a payload cost of $118 a pound.
+
+I think one of the points of your course,
+if I understand it, is to understand maybe
+
+where these numbers came from and where they
+ever possible?
+
+I shouldn't bias the answer.
+
+Were they ever a possible realization?
+
+I mean here are the heads of the leading technical
+organization in the US government presenting
+
+these figures to the White House.
+
+Did NASA lose its technical integrity in this
+process, was there any foundation for these
+
+numbers or where these total salesmanship,
+are all, I think, valid questions.
+
+You said you took a two-minute stretch break.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Let's do that, and then I'll come back with
+the answer of why they ultimately went ahead
+
+with the shuttle.
+
+I'm going to argue that the decision to go
+ahead with the shuttle was made before all
+
+of this last six months or so of 1971 back
+and forth when it occurred.
+
+And the basis for that is primarily this memorandum
+written through the Director of the OMB, George
+
+Shultz, by Cap Weinberger to the President
+in which he is talking about the staff proposals
+
+for reducing the NASA budget, which included
+eliminating the last two Apollo flights and
+
+eliminating Manned Spaceflight.
+
+And Weinberger said in this memo to the President,
+I believe this would be a mistake.
+
+The reason for reducing NASA is because we
+cut it because it's cutable, not because it's
+
+not doing a thing.
+
+That the uncontrollable programs that offer
+no real hope for the future, this is remember
+
+a republican administration, are eating up
+the budget.
+
+We do need to reduce the budget but we need
+to do it on a reasonable basis.
+
+There is real merit in the future of NASA.
+
+And, if you took NASA apart, it would be very
+hard to put it back together again.
+
+And he says stopping Apollo and not starting
+new programs would be confirming a belief,
+
+I fear, is gaining credence at home and abroad.
+
+Our best years are behind us.
+
+We are turning inward, reducing our defense
+commitments, involuntarily starting to give
+
+up our superpower status and our desire to
+maintain our world's superiority.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+America should be able to afford something
+besides increased welfare.
+
+Notice the underlining.
+
+And this came back with a handwritten note,
+I agree with Cap.
+
+That's Nixon.
+
+My view, the decision was made with those
+four words.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Just out of ignorance, who is Weinberger?
+
+Weinberger at that time was the number two
+person in the office of Management and Budget,
+
+long-time California associate of Nixon, became
+Secretary of Defense under Reagan.
+
+Who he is, in a sense, irrelevant, except
+he was a political appointee and a trusted
+
+associate of the President.
+
+And basically he was telling Nixon that the
+reason for continuing the space program was
+
+image.
+
+I mean, again, read those words because they're
+interesting words.
+
+Not having the strongest space program would
+confirm our lack of desire to maintain our
+
+world's superiority.
+
+I should you this December the 29th memorandum
+where NASA went to the White House and said
+
+we would recommend the full-size orbiter usually
+but, with tight budget, will go with 14 x
+
+45.
+
+That was a Friday, the 29th of December, or
+maybe earlier in the week.
+
+Anyway, over that New Year's weekend, '71,
+'72, somehow somewhere Nixon and his inner
+
+circle decided to approve the shuttle and
+approve the full-size shuttle.
+
+And they decided if we're going to approve
+it, we might as well approve the one that
+
+NASA thinks is best.
+
+And there was a meeting scheduled between
+NASA leadership and the President in the San
+
+Clemente on January the 5th.
+
+This is written by George Low.
+
+For a historian, Dr.
+
+Low was wonderful.
+
+He dictated his notes every week on the events
+of the week and then backed it up with the
+
+documents.
+
+That's like a treasure load for somebody that's
+trying to write the history of this.
+
+Met for 40 minutes.
+
+Here's what the President had to say.
+
+We should not hesitate to mention the military
+applications.
+
+Routine operations.
+
+Quick reaction times.
+
+Solar power satellites.
+
+These kinds of things tend to happen more
+quickly than we expect.
+
+Nuclear waste disposal.
+
+He liked the fact that ordinary people would
+be able to fly in the shuttle.
+
+Preserve the skills of the people in the aerospace
+industry.
+
+In summary, we do not know of the things the
+shuttle will be able to do.
+
+It will open up entirely new fields.
+
+Did we think it was a good investment?
+
+We, the top two leaders of NASA.
+
+It's not a $7 billion toy.
+
+But he indicated even if it were not a good
+investment, we would have to do it anyway
+
+because spaceflight is here to stay.
+
+Men are flying in space now and will continue
+to fly in space, and we best be part of it,
+
+which was essentially what Weinberger had
+said six months earlier.
+
+And, to me, that link in doing research in
+this area, I've talked with both Weinberger
+
+and Ehrlichman and others around that.
+
+It's that link of human spaceflight to national
+image of the United States, plus the employment
+
+impacts in the '72 election that were the
+fundamental reasons for going ahead with the
+
+shuttle.
+
+You may make a judgment that those aren't
+great reasons, but there they were.
+
+Finally, the decision was made, say, January
+3rd, we would develop a shuttle with the big
+
+shuttle.
+
+And the only major open issue was whether
+to use a liquid or solid strap-on.
+
+And that was studied for three months.
+
+Trade-off between future benefits and earlier
+savings.
+
+Liquid boosters have lower operating cost,
+solid boosters have lower development cost.
+
+Conclusions here are heavily dependent on
+the mission model.
+
+The basic concern was keeping within the development
+cost of the shuttle and somebody else worry
+
+later about operating costs.
+
+All of that argument led to a decision in
+favor of the solid booster.
+
+The rest of this is kind of irrelevant to
+that.
+
+Basically with the OMB acceptance of this
+letter and the choice of the solids, the configuration
+
+was frozen.
+
+There were some things in it that I'm sure
+you'll talk about later.
+
+There was at that point it had abort capability
+on the solids.
+
+I'm not quite sure how that would have worked.
+
+And somewhere along the line, and it's not
+clear to me, at one point the shuttle was
+
+going to have jet engines so it could fly
+to a landing rather than glide to a landing.
+
+And those were taken out.
+
+And I think it was after this, but I'm not
+sure.
+
+As I said at the start, the technical requirements
+of the shuttle, I want to say it a little
+
+differently.
+
+The reason for approving the shuttle had very
+little to do with the specific technical characteristics
+
+of the system.
+
+If my argument that the main reasons were
+national prestige, national image, aerospace
+
+employment rather than the actual performance
+characteristics of a particular configuration.
+
+As long as the shuttle could be developed
+within a $5 billion a year peak funding profile
+
+and as long as the shuttle could do things
+for the Department of Defense that made it
+
+useful to both civilian and military users.
+
+Those were the drivers of the shuttle decision.
+
+And the technology was derivative of that
+rather than the other way around.
+
+That presented challenges, as I'm sure Aaron
+Cohen or Jeff have talked about, of developing
+
+thermal protection, developing a main engine,
+developing a vehicle that could operate in
+
+multiple flight regimes.
+
+But those were secondary to the policy decision
+that the country should go ahead with this
+
+capability.
+
+Questions?
+
+Comments?
+
+Reactions?
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+One quick question.
+
+I saw, in one of those earlier things you
+put out, that it was around '71, it talked
+
+about first flight was '77 and fully operational
+by '79.
+
+It seems to me that you could really reduce
+things like heat cost and you could spread
+
+out your development cost if you just said
+we're not in a hurry, let's do it right but
+
+let's take our time.
+
+Because there wasn't the race anymore.
+
+I mean we had done the Apollo.
+
+We had beaten the Russians.
+
+And I was wondering what kind of time constraints
+played into this, why they were trying to
+
+finish it by the late `70s and why not say
+let's launch it mid `80s?
+
+Well, it ties into the current situation rather
+nicely in the sense that there was then, and
+
+I think is now, a perception that an extended
+gap in US human spaceflight is not politically
+
+acceptable.
+
+And, at that point, at the end of '71, the
+only human spaceflight missions on the books
+
+were three flights to the Skylab Space Station
+in 1973.
+
+The thing that followed that, the Apollo-Soyuz
+Test Project, had not yet been agreed on.
+
+That wasn't agreed until May of '72.
+
+There would have been from '73 to whatever
+future date a gap in American's flying to
+
+space.
+
+And I think the general sense was that that
+was not acceptable.
+
+Also, you had a workforce issue of maintaining
+the workforce with something to do at Johnson,
+
+by then not yet Johnson, but Manned Spacecraft
+Center, Marshall Spaceflight Center and Kennedy.
+
+And so you needed a relatively rapid development
+program so that you didn't either disassemble
+
+the teams and have to reassemble them later.
+
+And the same for the capability inside the
+industry.
+
+This was a program that was paste within a
+budget ceiling to make full use of the space
+
+industrial base in a reasonable timeframe.
+
+And I think that's why I would say, I mean
+the dates were set on the basis, this is the
+
+earliest we can do it on this budget profile.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+You said the decision to go for solids instead
+of liquids for the boosters was the development
+
+costs as opposed to the operating costs.
+
+And now, in this new architecture, the plan
+is to use the solid rocket booster.
+
+It's something like it's proven to be the
+most reliable launcher ever developed or something
+
+along those lines.
+
+It's true.
+
+You've launched 228 of them with one failure.
+
+I agree.
+
+But, at the same time, if the idea then, if
+they went for solid they could sort of reduce
+
+development costs and sacrificing operating
+costs.
+
+Is sticking with solids in the same configuration
+now kind of repeating the same possible mistake?
+
+Well, I don't know.
+
+First you seem to assume that going with solids
+in the first place was a mistake.
+
+That a liquid strap-on solution would have
+been a better solution.
+
+I'm not necessarily assuming that.
+
+Many have argued that.
+
+It's not really clear that the operating cost
+of a liquid booster would have been less.
+
+One of the big concerns was you have a liquid
+booster, you've got a real rocket engine on
+
+it, and what happens when that lands in the
+ocean?
+
+I mean there were real concerns about could
+you clean up and reuse a rocket engine once
+
+it's been exposed to salt water?
+
+And we don't know the answer to that.
+
+Maybe it's the time to segue, if we want to
+do this, to a quick look at the new architecture
+
+as it was presented yesterday, which is being
+driven heavily, the choices are being driven
+
+by budget ceilings again.
+
+An interesting question, Mark, is whether
+you would be making the same choices now if
+
+you weren't constrained by budget, once again.
+
+I didn't mean to assume that the liquid would
+be better than solid.
+
+Just the observation of the basis the decision
+was made on.
+
+What this is, or at a certain level what it
+isn't, is the briefing that is on the NASA
+
+website which is a 10-page briefing.
+
+This is 
+the 23-page briefing.
+
+There is a clear set of top level requirements
+in this new vision.
+
+And, if you're space types at all, you should
+know this.
+
+An interesting attempt to develop rationale
+for exploration which, as you see, is mainly
+
+intangible.
+
+Curiosity and leadership, they are very much
+the same things that started the shuttle program.
+
+This is about the only mention of mars in
+the whole presentation, even though the President's
+
+vision says moon as a way of getting to mars.
+
+But here is why moon.
+
+And you're developing technologies that you're
+going to use downstream.
+
+And, in particular, this Saturn 5 class.
+
+The Apollo 17 Saturn 5 launcher took 117 metric
+tons to low earth orbit.
+
+This vehicle that's being planned is slightly
+larger than Saturn 5.
+
+One of the few areas of technological innovation
+in this system is a new engine which uses
+
+liquid methane rather than liquid hydrogen
+as a fuel.
+
+Why?
+
+Maybe I'll ask the class, why would you be
+interested in liquid methane?
+
+Yeah.
+
+You could manufacture it on mars.
+
+Yeah, precisely.
+
+It's also a lot easier to store over the long-term,
+liquid hydrogen.
+
+But the main reason is it is a potential resource
+that you could get in situ on mars and so
+
+you wouldn't have to carry it all the way
+out there.
+
+And you could get oxygen on mars because there
+is clearly water.
+
+Yeah.
+
+This may be slightly off topic, but I wonder
+if you could comment on what you think the
+
+feasibility of [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+Whether it's feasible or not, we're not going
+to do it.
+
+Elements of Mars Direct are in the NASA planning
+for mars which does a fair amount of in situ
+
+resource utilization.
+
+Maybe I should back up and say what is this?
+
+Mike Griffin was sworn in as NASA administrator
+April the 14th.
+
+He had been convinced for a number of months
+that NASA's planning for implanting the Bush
+
+vision was proceeding at much too slow a pace.
+
+And distributing money much too widely, including
+to MIT graduate students.
+
+Jeff will explain that if none of you were
+affected by it.
+
+And so he ordered, on April the 29th, a so-called
+60-day exploration architecture study to develop
+
+a specific architecture for getting humans
+onto the surface of the moon.
+
+And that architecture was basically finished
+by the end of July.
+
+And it's taken six weeks to get White House
+permission to release it.
+
+And so it was formally released yesterday.
+
+It was mainly because of two reasons, because
+the senior people in the White House were
+
+on vacation in August, as we all know.
+
+And so the OMB staff could sit and snip at
+this and say, well, you can put all this stuff
+
+down, but where is the money to carry it out?
+
+You have to show the business case that you
+can actually do this with the budget that
+
+is allocated.
+
+And it takes a little prestidigitation, I
+think, to do that.
+
+So, this is what NASA has now said is its
+architecture for the next step in fulfilling
+
+our destiny as explorers.
+
+Safe accelerated.
+
+Accelerated in the sense that when Griffin
+got there the schedule for the first crude
+
+flight of the CEV, crew exploration vehicle
+was 2014, and he wanted the shuttle hard date
+
+retired in 2010.
+
+And he wanted to close that gap and thought
+that it might be possible to have the CEV
+
+as early as 2011.
+
+It's turning out it is probably not going
+to happen.
+
+Why is this just not Apollo over again sending
+people back to the moon?
+
+Here are the arguments.
+
+For all crew on the moon, you can go anywhere
+on the moon, not just in the equatorial regions.
+
+You can begin the buildup for permanent human
+presence in a lunar base.
+
+Do institute resources.
+
+And it's more reliable and safer.
+
+The argument is that, at least on ascent,
+you get almost a factor of ten improvement
+
+in the safety.
+
+And how is that going to happen?
+
+Well, there are specific charts on that later.
+
+Oh, OK.
+
+Although, the system is being designed from
+getting to the moon backwards.
+
+It can also be used for the International
+Space Station, if we continue with the space
+
+station.
+
+What are we going to do on the moon?
+
+Learn to operate away from earth.
+
+Do science.
+
+Learn how to use local resources.
+
+Develop one mission at a time.
+
+A lunar base.
+
+And develop techniques for the eventual human
+missions to mars.
+
+So there is another mars mention.
+
+Science group picked a bunch of places that
+were interesting.
+
+I believe this was primarily a drill because
+going in NASA knew that its preferred site
+
+was the Shackleton crater at the south pole
+of the moon.
+
+Why?
+
+Because of the possibility of water ice which
+would be a very valuable resource for in situ
+
+utilization.
+
+And each mission will go to the same place
+and begin to leave on the surface the elements
+
+of a long duration base.
+
+How is this going to be done?
+
+First you're going to have this heavy lifter,
+launch the earth departure stage and the Lunar
+
+Lander.
+
+Then you're going to have the smaller rocket
+launch the crew exploration vehicle.
+
+They are going to rendezvous in earth orbit.
+
+Fire up the departure stage and head off to
+the moon.
+
+Arrive in lunar orbit.
+
+And then the lander will separate and come
+down to the moon.
+
+This is the lunar orbit rendezvous method
+that was used for Apollo, plus an earth orbit
+
+rendezvous step.
+
+Work on the moon.
+
+Come back and rendezvous with the CEV.
+
+Probably ablative heat shield for what is
+hoped to be a land landing in Western United
+
+States in Oregon, Nevada or California so
+you don't have to deploy the fleet.
+
+The hope, but it's what the contractors will
+confirm, is that most of the CEV will be able
+
+to reused up to ten times by replacing just
+the heat shield.
+
+Again, that's the hope.
+
+That is not put in as a requirement, which
+is important.
+
+It's a desire.
+
+It's a desire, yeah, because they don't know
+they can do it.
+
+The baseline design is for a crew to the moon.
+
+The thing can actually carry six people, either
+six people to space station early on or six
+
+people to a mars transit spaceship downstream.
+
+It can also be used, if you take the crew
+accommodations out, as either a pressurized
+
+cargo module going to space station and bringing
+stuff back from the space station.
+
+Provides down mass capability which is missing
+after the shuttle goes away.
+
+The Apollo capsule was 3.9 meters across.
+
+This is 5.5 meters, 32 degree slope on the
+capsule.
+
+So, it's a much larger capsule with hopefully
+better characteristics.
+
+NASA is calling the bluff of the commercial
+industry.
+
+It will issue shortly a request for a proposal
+with a half a billion dollars behind it that
+
+says you, you, the commercial sector, demonstrate
+the ability to have cargo or maybe even crew
+
+deliver to the space station and we'll buy
+those services.
+
+We won't use CEV.
+
+But, in case you cannot demonstrate it, the
+CEV will be able to be a space station transport
+
+and crew rescue vehicle.
+
+I don't think anybody believes that, in the
+relevant timeframe, anybody in NASA believes
+
+in the relevant timeframe the private sector
+is going to develop crew transport to an acceptable
+
+level of reliability.
+
+Maybe cargo.
+
+The National Space Transportation Policy was
+issued last January that said that there should
+
+be full utilization of the evolved expendable
+launch vehicles, Delta 4 and Atlas 5.
+
+And that caused a problem because NASA said
+well, for our purposes, we're going to build
+
+something else.
+
+And part of the price of that is NASA agreement
+to use primarily Delta 4s and Atlas 5s for
+
+its robotic missions.
+
+The problem with that is those things are
+expensive, a lot more expensive than the Delta
+
+2s.
+
+And where does that leave people like Elon
+Musk in space exploration in privately developed
+
+launch systems?
+
+Griffin was party to a study commissioned
+last year by the Planetary Society that came
+
+out with the conclusion that a shuttle derived
+launch system was the best way to approach
+
+this.
+
+This study examined that system, shuttle derived,
+and a number of possible alternatives and
+
+came up with this conclusion.
+
+This is the so-called stick.
+
+The first stage is the current solid rocket
+booster on the shuttle for segment solid rocket.
+
+There's a new upper stage powered by some
+version one space shuttle main engine, liquid,
+
+hydrogen, oxygen fuel.
+
+A capsule on top with a service module and
+an escape tower.
+
+Now you can say why is it safer?
+
+It's because the crew is above any debris.
+
+And, if something bad happens in the first
+couple minutes with a solid, you've got an
+
+escape system to pull the crew away from it.
+
+And so NASA's probabilistic risk assessments
+say that this is a much safer system.
+
+You want to comment on that?
+
+Well, the probabilistic risk assessment, I
+think it's fairly obvious, if your escape
+
+system has a 90% probability of working then
+you have cut down, whatever the reliability
+
+of the main rocket, you've just increased
+your survival probability by a factor of ten
+
+if the rocket blows up.
+
+Now, if you listen to some of the stories
+that Professor Cohen has alluded to, and we'll
+
+probably talk more about that, there were
+some serious questions in Apollo about how
+
+well the ejection rocket would work throughout
+the flight regime.
+
+And he said everybody always breathed a sigh
+of relief when the ejection rocket was jettison
+
+in the course of the launch.
+
+But, nevertheless, we've never used it in
+the US Space Program.
+
+But there was one example of a Russian Soyuz
+which they did have a pad abort and the crew
+
+was pulled off the pad by the ejection rocket.
+
+At a very high G load, like 15 Gs or so, but
+they survived and went on to fly again.
+
+You want to comment on the comparison of that
+to your level of confidence on return to launch
+
+site aborts on the shuttle?
+
+Which was never done, thank heavens.
+
+We'll actually talk about some of the abort
+schemes for the shuttle in more detail.
+
+And I think I'll leave it for that.
+
+But there's no question, the only way to survive
+in the shuttle is for the shuttle itself to
+
+survive.
+
+We now have the capability either of returning
+the shuttle to the launch pad and landing
+
+or going across the ocean.
+
+But if you cannot quite get back for a landing,
+we do now have the capability.
+
+I showed you the pictures of the escape.
+
+You can actually bail out of the shuttle now,
+but it has to be under controlled flight.
+
+And there's definitely no system of just extracting
+you out of the shuttle.
+
+I mean the whole logic is this is claimed
+to be an order of magnitude safer for the
+
+crew on ascent.
+
+Well, I think the other point is that the
+solid booster by itself is more reliable.
+
+Right now, for the shuttle to have a safe
+launch, you have to have both solid rocket
+
+boosters work, plus all of the three main
+engines.
+
+So you've got a lot more failure points.
+
+This is a simpler system so only one solid
+booster.
+
+And then the second stage is your liquid rocket.
+
+So, there are a lot fewer things to go wrong.
+
+Plus the whole aerodynamics is much simpler
+because it's a simple stack formation.
+
+I think, just from an aerospace design point
+of view, it is a simpler and safer system.
+
+Apparently, there were some concerns because
+this was so tall of bending and that sort
+
+of thing.
+
+Well, that's something they'll have to deal
+with.
+
+But we've launched tall skinny rockets before.
+
+And I suspect they'll be able to figure out
+how to do that.
+
+The heavy lift is built around something derived
+from the space shuttle external tank with
+
+five versions of a throw-away version of the
+space shuttle main engine, plus two five segment
+
+solid rockets.
+
+So, it's adding one more segment to the existing
+booster.
+
+The upper stage will be powered by one or
+two derivatives of the J2 engine used for
+
+the upper stages of the Saturn 5.
+
+So, this is a pretty retro system.
+
+But it was a good engine.
+
+And the other thing to mention, some people
+had suggested using five segment solids for
+
+the crew launch vehicle.
+
+One of the other things, when you talk about
+reliability, as John said, we've had now 228
+
+launches of the solid rocket boosters.
+
+And one of the great things about the recovery
+is not just the economic impact of being able
+
+to recover and reuse the solid booster, but
+you get to examine how it performed.
+
+And that makes a huge difference in terms
+of flying safely.
+
+Because, if you look back at the history of
+the Challenger accident, we knew for many
+
+years that we had a problem with blow by around
+the O ring seal.
+
+Unfortunately, for various reasons, management
+chose to ignore that and fly anyway.
+
+But if you can recover your rocket after you
+use it and actually see how it performed and
+
+look and see if there are any critical failures
+which are suggesting that there are problems,
+
+that also improves your reliability.
+
+So, we have a lot of experience with four-segment
+solid rocket boosters.
+
+And, by choosing not to use this new and improved
+five segment booster for the human launches,
+
+we're basically saying we're going to go with
+what we have experience with and what we understand.
+
+Well, besides that, we don't have it now.
+
+It will be developed, but when we develop
+it and use it for this, some day, after we
+
+get a lot of experience with it, we may decide
+to -- Well, it says can be certified for [OVERLAPPING
+
+VOICES].
+
+Now, this is the heavy lift thing.
+
+Right, but you're going to want to fly it
+many times before we decide to [OVERLAPPING
+
+VOICES].
+
+And the intent is not to human rate this from
+the start.
+
+Without the upper stage, you can get 100 tons,
+106 tons to low earth orbit just with the
+
+first stage and 55 metric tons to, well, you
+can read, I think.
+
+That's a new development, obviously.
+
+This is Marsha Ivins who presented this yesterday,
+one of Jeff's former colleagues.
+
+This really isn't what it's going to look
+like, the Lunar Lander.
+
+What's interesting is, in addition to carrying
+the crew down, the idea is that you can carry
+
+a fairly significant cargo load down to the
+lunar surface and leave it there.
+
+And that enables the fairly early buildup
+of a lunar base capability.
+
+And, again, this ascent stage will use a liquid
+methane propulsion.
+
+Any sense of scale on the habitat?
+
+Well, this is enough for four people so it's
+not super big.
+
+I've seen dimensions on it, but this is just
+a nominal design anyway.
+
+This design, with all the tanks down here,
+is not very good for carrying cargo down.
+
+They added the cargo capability and didn't
+change the picture.
+
+Here is what NASA says are the commercial
+opportunities in this initiative.
+
+It's interesting.
+
+There were some other ones that have gone
+away from earlier briefings.
+
+Here are the international opportunities.
+
+And they are focused in the longer run on
+lunar surface systems.
+
+And the reality is that without international
+contributions you cannot do a lunar base because,
+
+on the budget available, you cannot afford
+to build this stuff.
+
+I am looking at this hard for the first time.
+
+I saw a version of this in July, and there
+have been some significant changes.
+
+The July version said opportunities for non-US
+astronauts going to the moon, and it's not
+
+here in this final briefing.
+
+Committed long-term lunar effort is needed.
+
+You can show mars up here, but this is really
+a plan for getting back to the moon.
+
+And to reach for mars we must first reach
+for the moon.
+
+A Griffin quote, Mike and I have talked about
+this, he believes that the spread of the human
+
+species into the solar system is inevitable,
+and the United States should lead so we carry
+
+the principles and values of Western philosophy
+and culture.
+
+You can make a judgment whether you think
+that's a good rationale for doing this or
+
+not, but he means it.
+
+Great nations do great and ambitious things.
+
+We must continue to be great.
+
+Cue the music now.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+This is interesting.
+
+This was a presentation that was given yesterday.
+
+And it is different than the presentation
+that was presented to industry yesterday.
+
+And the biggest difference is 
+the industry presentation had a budget.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+And the budget shows that within the next
+five years all of this fits within the plan
+
+budget curve and then stops in terms of the
+affordability downstream.
+
+And it also shows no mars research and technology
+until fiscal 1917.
+
+And a fairly big wedge for lunar outpost.
+
+This is a US-only scenario.
+
+Any relief from this is going to come from
+international contributions.
+
+And one of the things that changed over the
+past week or so is now the phrase is go as
+
+you can pay.
+
+In the trade between performance requirements,
+cost and schedule, what you're going to trade
+
+is schedule.
+
+And NASA is very nervous of announcing this
+thing in the middle of the Katrina recovery
+
+saying we're going to spend $100 billion going
+back to the moon.
+
+Actually, that was the first question that
+Griffin got at the press conference.
+
+Right.
+
+I talked with some media yesterday, and this
+is the same sort of thing.
+
+It's interesting that the budget chart is
+not in the presentation I was given.
+
+The budget said that you cannot do it?
+
+The budget says that they can get started.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+What the budget is going to support and the
+hardware that we will be building, over the
+
+next few years it's just the crew exploration
+vehicle.
+
+And the launch vehicle.
+
+The upper stage in the launch vehicle.
+
+Right, this.
+
+We will retire the shuttle.
+
+We will use that to support the space station,
+if we're doing the space station at that point.
+
+And not until the shuttle is retired will
+then the money that is now used to support
+
+shuttle flights can start going into building
+this.
+
+That's the way I understand it.
+
+And that's the schedule which means you cannot
+get to the moon until near the end of the
+
+next decade.
+
+2018 is the target date.
+
+And that doesn't support any extra equipment
+once you get to the surface of the moon.
+
+So, we don't have a long-term habitat, we
+don't have rovers, we don't have NC2 resources.
+
+All the stuff that we'd like to do on the
+moon, that's over and above this.
+
+I think that's fair to say, isn't it?
+
+I think it's fair to say except that, as I
+say, in this budget curve it's in the budget.
+
+But the only way to do the rest of it is to
+get that green part, the lunar base buildup
+
+to be paid for by somebody else.
+
+So, we will see.
+
+This is your future, I think.
+
+If you're going into aerospace engineering,
+this is at least the NASA project for the
+
+next 15 years.
+
+And maybe 20 years from now there will be
+a class here talking about the systems engineering
+
+of the Lunar Exploration Program.
+
+So, you're kids can attend that class.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Then it was typewritten memos.
+
+Now it's PowerPoint.
+
+For you engineering junkies, there is a thousand
+page report coming next month that has all
+
+the information of the trade studies and everything
+underpinning all this.
+
+This is the output of a study.
+
+The study report is coming.
+
+OK, just briefly, from most of you I've gotten
+an indication of what you want to do for your
+
+projects.
+
+I'll have a look at those.
+
+If you haven't sent them to me, please make
+sure I get them by Thursday.
+
+One or two of you have said you want to come
+and talk with me about it, that's fine.
+
+Let's see, that's on the reports.
+
+The last thing, just to remind you, is this
+really is the last of the kind of introductory
+
+policy, how did the shuttle program get started.
+
+For the next six weeks or so we'll be going
+deep into the nitty-gritty of some of the
+
+systems.
+
+Tom Moser will be here, and he will be talking
+about shuttle structures and the thermal protection
+
+system on Thursday.
+
+See you then.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bX8i2yECWaU.txt b/bX8i2yECWaU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ddaa69d68742be2a451d6b708faaff3b8f1579b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bX8i2yECWaU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1449 @@
+I will be replacing Professor
+Agarwal today because he is
+
+away.
+I am one of the recitation
+
+instructors for those of you who
+have not seen me.
+
+We will talk today about a neat
+application of RC networks and
+
+expand those to application in
+MOS memory systems.
+
+To connect with everything,
+we will get back to the basic
+
+circuit that we have been
+discussing so far.
+
+And you recall the circuit that
+we have been studying,
+
+the canonical RC with an input
+voltage function of t.
+
+And we had specified that we
+solved this problem for the case
+
+of a step input or a condition
+in which a t=0.
+
+At t greater or equal to zero
+vI is equal to some capital VI
+
+value that for now on is
+constant.
+
+And the other condition that we
+discussed was the value of the
+
+voltage on the capacitor that
+would exist at time t=0.
+
+Let's call that vc(0).
+And in general there is some
+
+finite value here.
+It can be zero or it can be
+
+different from zero.
+Given that, we learned how to
+
+write down directly,
+without messing around with
+
+differential equations,
+the answer for the voltage on
+
+the capacitor vc(t),
+let me define also my vc right
+
+here, is equal to VI,
+the final value,
+
+plus vc(0), the initial value
+on the capacitor,
+
+minus the final value,
+e^-t/RC.
+
+This is our standard equation
+to which we plug in,
+
+and it's either a rising
+exponential if VI is larger than
+
+VC or a decaying exponential if
+VI is a smaller value than VC.
+
+This should all be familiar.
+And, again, as pointed out in
+
+the notes, the reading for today
+is 10.3 and for the new material
+
+you should look at Chapter 11
+where we discuss memory.
+
+This is where we stood as of
+last time.
+
+Now, I would like to discuss a
+little bit more about the
+
+storage of charge in capacitors.
+And how we can take advantage
+
+of that for storing logic state.
+One of the things that I am
+
+sure you must be aware of is
+that one of the perhaps most
+
+massively produced chips is
+actually the so-called DRAM
+
+which you find in every PC and
+every computer that exists
+
+anywhere.
+This DRAM is dynamic random
+
+access memory in which we can
+store a state and come back and
+
+look at it at any time later,
+provided we don't power off our
+
+machine.
+The logic state in the basic
+
+memory elements,
+of which instead there are
+
+close to 1 giga elements per
+chip, are stored on capacitors.
+
+And so we will play a little
+bit with that concept today.
+
+And, although we're not going
+to discuss the specific example
+
+of the DRAM, the basic elements
+of the DRAM you will see
+
+actually in a demo shortly.
+So that's the general response
+
+of this network that I have here
+to an input VI that happens at
+
+t=0.
+Now, the one thing that you
+
+recognize immediately is that it
+really doesn't matter what the
+
+value of VI was for t less than
+zero.
+
+What really counts is the value
+of VI at t=0.
+
+And that's the value that we're
+interested in.
+
+Now, there is an implicit
+statement in that.
+
+And that statement is that
+somehow that network appears
+
+like this at t=0.
+So, there has to be some switch
+
+there, and you will see that,
+that basically starts my
+
+condition to that at t=0.
+And so the history of VI really
+
+doesn't matter.
+The response following that
+
+equation that we have there will
+depend on the initial value
+
+which is vc(0) here.
+Now that is the voltage on the
+
+capacitor at that time.
+And then assuming that VI is a
+
+value that is larger than vc(0)
+will have a rising exponential
+
+that will come to this value.
+And this is the time constant
+
+RC and this is time.
+So, the capacitor starts with
+
+some voltage here and goes to a
+new voltage that is imposed by
+
+the input for time greater than
+zero.
+
+We can define at any one time,
+say this time,
+
+this time, this time,
+this time the state of the
+
+capacitor.
+The state.
+
+What is the state of the
+capacitor?
+
+The state is the summary of all
+inputs that are relevant to
+
+predicting the future.
+If I know the state of the
+
+capacitor this time,
+I can predict what it is going
+
+to go given a response VI here
+in the future.
+
+So, predicts the future.
+Now, what is the state variable
+
+on the capacitor?
+What is actually stored on the
+
+capacitor?
+You can say,
+
+well, what is stored is
+voltage.
+
+The real physical quantity that
+is stored is the charge q which
+
+is for linear capacitors related
+to the voltage,
+
+let me actually write it
+correctly, vc like this.
+
+So, the real state variable is
+this.
+
+But for a linear capacitor,
+since there is one-to-one
+
+relationship between the two,
+v is also a state variable.
+
+OK, so let's then go back to
+our original circuit.
+
+What we have is --
+
+-- vc(t), so that's the future
+value of the voltage on the
+
+capacitor, is a function of
+vc(0), the initial value and the
+
+variable input now in the future
+time.
+
+And for the case of vI(t) being
+constant VI for t greater or
+
+equal than zero we have the
+equation that we just described.
+
+Nothing new.
+
+All the past inputs to the
+capacitor for time t less or
+
+equal to zero is summarized in
+this value.
+
+And vi being constant the
+future is predicted from that.
+
+So, that's the concept of the
+state.
+
+There is an initial state on
+the capacitor.
+
+And then there is a final state
+that will be reached when
+
+equilibrium actually is
+achieved.
+
+There is a fair amount of
+discussion in the text,
+
+and we don't go in great detail
+here, but it is both convenient
+
+for analysis and also it's
+interesting in many cases to
+
+look at the response of a linear
+network for two different
+
+conditions.
+So, we're interested in two
+
+cases.
+One is the so-called zero state
+
+response.
+Now, what is the zero state
+
+response?
+It's the response to a
+
+condition in which we impose an
+input and impose also the
+
+condition that the initial
+value, initial state of the
+
+capacitor is zero.
+So then we ask how does it
+
+respond to vi(t)?
+So, starting with a capacitor
+
+at zero state what is the
+response?
+
+It allows us to decouple the
+initial conditions from the
+
+response to the input.
+Now, you will see that this is
+
+actually very useful.
+The second condition to which
+
+we're also very interested is
+the so-called zero input
+
+response.
+What is that?
+
+That is vi(t)=0.
+Now, it's the condition under
+
+which there is no input.
+vi(t)=0.
+
+The question here is how does
+it relax?
+
+We're starting with an initial
+state.
+
+So, how this state relaxes out
+in the circuit.
+
+Now, the zero state response,
+this one here is Z so called SR
+
+for our case,
+which I will write like this,
+
+vC, ZSR is simply a rising
+exponential.
+
+We start from zero and we go to
+VI.
+
+So, it's VI-VI e^-t/RC.
+So, that's the ZSR.
+
+The ZIR, the zero input
+response is like this.
+
+It's the decay of the initial
+voltage on the capacitor to zero
+
+or to equilibrium.
+Starting from vC(0) we're
+
+decaying like this.
+Now, do you see something
+
+that's rather obvious from
+what's on the board in terms of
+
+ZIR and ZSR and the final
+complete answer which is there?
+
+They are specific cases,
+but how do they relate to the
+
+full answer?
+It's the sum.
+
+It's the superposition of the
+two.
+
+What basically we see here --
+And that's actually a general
+
+statement, is that vC = vC,ZSR +
+vC,ZIR.
+
+Now, you may say this is
+trivial because we started from
+
+that, ended back in that from
+some very simple observations.
+
+However, we are not always
+solving networks for responses
+
+that are steps.
+The input voltage may be a
+
+ramp.
+We did that in recitation.
+
+Or, it could be an impulse.
+Or, it can be a more
+
+complicated function.
+Having this observation in
+
+place actually allows us to
+solve the problem rather neatly.
+
+If I have time at the end,
+I might come back to this.
+
+So, this is the same equation
+as I started with,
+
+arrived at from a principle of
+superposition of two different
+
+solutions.
+One application of state which
+
+can be, since we have energy
+storage element here,
+
+the capacitor,
+which can be stored on the
+
+capacitor is in memory.
+And you may ask,
+
+so why do we need a memory node
+to perform logic?
+
+Well, there are cases in which
+a result depends on previous
+
+results.
+So, a computation proceeds in
+
+time.
+In order to do that,
+
+we need to store intermediate
+results and proceed forward.
+
+One good example is if you're
+doing a continuous summation,
+
+say, on your calculator,
+you keep putting things in the
+
+memory.
+The M+ button,
+
+right?
+And you keep adding a series of
+
+numbers.
+Every time we store the sum of
+
+the previous operation we add
+another number and so on.
+
+Clearly we need some way of
+storing state.
+
+For a complete computing
+system, we need combinational
+
+logic and we need memory.
+In fact, these are the two
+
+basic elements that are
+essential for any kind of
+
+computing system.
+We need to remember
+
+intermediate results.
+We need to remember transient
+
+inputs.
+And that's the role that all
+
+these enormous amount of memory
+that comes to play in computers
+
+is doing.
+The basic memory abstraction is
+
+as follows.
+
+Imagine a block which needs to
+be populated by transistor,
+
+resistor, capacitor,
+whatever elements.
+
+And it has a control input,
+which we will call the store.
+
+It has a state input that we
+will call dIN and has an output
+
+dOUT.
+When we're telling this
+
+element, OK, now it's time to
+store, it looks at the input dIN
+
+and stores it for,
+in principle,
+
+an infinite amount of time.
+If we were to make a drawing of
+
+this, of what this looks like,
+let's suppose,
+
+let me do all this in one axis.
+So, time moves this way.
+
+Let's suppose that we have an
+input dIN that looks like this,
+
+and the store command comes in
+the form of a logic.
+
+Let's actually suggest here
+this is logic one,
+
+this is logic zero.
+And, although this is not
+
+absolutely necessary,
+let's also define that the
+
+store command comes in the form
+of a logic one at this store
+
+input.
+Store, let's say,
+
+looks like this.
+
+What does the output look like
+then in this particular case?
+
+Assuming that the output was
+dOUT, the stored element was
+
+zero prior to the store,
+then the output would look like
+
+this.
+This is dOUT.
+
+As you can see,
+it would remember the one that
+
+it saw at this point.
+In fact, it would do that
+
+irrespective of what was stored
+in this memory cell.
+
+For example,
+suppose it was storing one and
+
+the output didn't change,
+it's still one.
+
+If it was storing a zero,
+it would flip to a one.
+
+If we had another store,
+let's say here,
+
+then what happens?
+Then it would go back down to
+
+zero because now we sampled an
+input that is zero and we
+
+flipped the state.
+That's what a memory --
+
+-- element or cell would do for
+us.
+
+It would remember the output
+state.
+
+And, not only that,
+but in principle it should be
+
+undisturbable.
+In other words,
+
+I may do something to this dOUT
+but it should not flip the
+
+state.
+And that comes about quite a
+
+bit.
+Because in actual integrated
+
+circuit memory there is lots and
+lots and lots of nearest
+
+neighbors to this cell which,
+when they're flipped,
+
+have a cross-coupling to the
+cell.
+
+The cell must be designed
+robust enough that it doesn't
+
+flip, that no coupling actually
+occurs.
+
+All right.
+Now we're going to try to apply
+
+what we've learned so far to
+invent a basic memory element.
+
+And, believe it or not,
+this is the key to the DRAM.
+
+Let's implement this in a
+circuit.
+
+Suppose I have a switch here
+like this.
+
+And I will put a capacitor.
+I take my dOUT here.
+
+This is dIN.
+And the switch is operated by a
+
+command here that we will call
+store.
+
+When store is one it goes up.
+When store is zero it is down
+
+here.
+That's capacitor C.
+
+This is the storage node.
+
+What are we actually storing in
+this case?
+
+Let's suppose that this voltage
+here is 5 volts.
+
+I flip the switch up to one and
+I flip it back down to zero.
+
+What's the voltage in this
+capacitor here?
+
+5 volts.
+Now the capacitor is at 5
+
+volts, I put dIN to ground,
+flip the switch back up and
+
+then back down to its known
+storing condition.
+
+What's the voltage in the
+capacitor?
+
+It's zero, exactly.
+So, it does store the value of
+
+the voltage that it saw,
+five or zero,
+
+high and low.
+It stores it because it stores
+
+charge.
+That's actually the physical
+
+quantity that's stored.
+It's manifested as a voltage,
+
+which we see.
+All right.
+
+Now, is this,
+oh, before I move from here.
+
+What is the basic cell in a
+DRAM, one that you go out and
+
+buy by the billions of cells?
+It's actually this.
+
+The only difference is that
+this switch here is replaced
+
+with a MOSFET.
+
+And that's all it is.
+So, a MOSFET plays the role of
+
+the switch.
+When the gate is high this is a
+
+resistor and connects the input
+to the capacitor.
+
+And when the gate voltage is
+below the threshold voltage this
+
+is an open, as we've seen,
+and it isolates the transistor
+
+from the output.
+So, that's the basic memory
+
+element.
+
+And, as I said,
+it's the key to a DRAM.
+
+OK.
+Now let's consider a little bit
+
+the conditions of operation of
+this thing.
+
+Let me draw the circuit in two
+conditions.
+
+One in which it is storing,
+one in which it is sampling and
+
+one in which it is storing.
+Not to redraw this thing.
+
+Assuming that I have a MOSFET
+there, I would have the on
+
+resistance in place here when
+store=1.
+
+Now, in principle,
+the output is connected to --
+
+-- some load resistance.
+We'll talk a little bit more
+
+about this load resistance in a
+minute.
+
+This is the situation when we
+are at store=1 situation.
+
+For example,
+let's suppose that dIN is 5
+
+volts.
+Now, what is the situation for
+
+store=0?
+It's very simple.
+
+We have the capacitor C and
+dOUT and here we have a
+
+resistance.
+The switch is open.
+
+This is store=0 condition.
+What we have in this case is we
+
+have a problem similar to what I
+was discussing earlier.
+
+It is a ZIR,
+if you like,
+
+situation.
+And this you can think of as a
+
+ZSR if we're starting with zero
+charge on the capacitor,
+
+but I'm interested in this
+part.
+
+In this case,
+I am starting with a vC(0)=5
+
+volts.
+And I'm asking myself how long
+
+will this cell hold the value?
+And, in fact,
+
+that is actually what happens
+in a dynamic RAM.
+
+The value on the capacitor is
+not stored forever.
+
+In fact, that's why we call it
+dynamic because we have to come
+
+back and restore it every once
+in a while.
+
+For how long are we going to
+store the charge?
+
+What's the response of vc for t
+greater than zero after the
+
+switch flicked?
+It's very simple.
+
+It's vc is equal to 5 volts e
+to the minus t over RC,
+
+right?
+That's the response.
+
+We have a decay.
+And applying to the things we
+
+know.
+We start from 5 volts,
+
+let's say here,
+I have a decay going down
+
+towards zero,
+at some point we are going to
+
+cross the threshold for high.
+The only period in which I have
+
+a valid output,
+if the capacitor was storing a
+
+one, is this period here.
+This is the only period in
+
+which I have valid stored one
+because, once I go beyond
+
+capital T here,
+I have crossed the legal limit,
+
+threshold for discriminating a
+high output.
+
+And from then on the output is
+no longer valid.
+
+So, this memory is good
+provided time is less than
+
+capital T.
+It's not a case in which the
+
+capacitor can hold charge
+forever.
+
+In fact, we can calculate,
+that is we can solve for T in
+
+this particular case.
+It's in your notes.
+
+Nothing really profound.
+T is equal to minus RC log VOH
+
+over 5 volts.
+So, this is basically what the
+
+response is going to be.
+Now, there is an implicit
+
+assumption here,
+which is that the store pulse
+
+width is much,
+much larger than RON C.
+
+In other words,
+when we want to store a one
+
+here starting from zero,
+we better charge it all the way
+
+up to 5 volts in the time that
+our switch is connected here.
+
+And what is the relevant time
+constant?
+
+It's going to be the RON C.
+In fact, it's actually the RON
+
+parallel RL with C.
+But typically RON is much,
+
+much less than RL so we don't
+have to worry about that.
+
+Dominant time constant is RON
+C.
+
+So, provided these things are
+happening, we have a memory.
+
+Now, we can try to improve
+things a little bit.
+
+We see here that we will have a
+decay to an invalid state in
+
+time T.
+How can we improve things?
+
+One way to improve things are
+the buffer.
+
+Here is our memory element
+again.
+
+Here is the capacitor.
+This is the storing node.
+
+Now I am going to put the
+buffering effect.
+
+I am going to put two buffers
+here.
+
+Two invertors,
+I should say,
+
+because if I am storing a one
+here I want to be able to see a
+
+one here as well.
+And, in this case,
+
+what I am looking at is the RIN
+of the buffer.
+
+And, in principle,
+I have out here the RL.
+
+Now, this is better because if
+RIN is much larger than RL then
+
+the time T, in this case,
+is much larger than the case
+
+without buffer.
+So, we buffer the effect of VL.
+
+This could be one of these neat
+circuits we saw in recitation
+
+like a source faller,
+for example,
+
+or it can be just an inverter
+in which case you just see the
+
+input of a transistor.
+So, now this condition can be
+
+satisfied.
+Let me give you some cases
+
+which are some numbers that are
+typical for a dynamic RAM.
+
+Typical times we're talking
+about is RIN on order of 1
+
+gigaohm and storage node
+capacitor on order of 1
+
+femtofarad to one picofarad.
+Now, if you can do the math in
+
+your head, which is just
+multiplication,
+
+you will see that the time
+constant, the RC is between 1
+
+millisecond to 1 microsecond.
+And for DRAMs,
+
+actually, we try to be in the
+order of milliseconds.
+
+These are the times we're
+talking about.
+
+If I have this kind of circuit,
+somehow there has got to be
+
+additional circuitry that comes
+back, samples the voltage here
+
+and restores it.
+And that is actually what is
+
+happening in a DRAM.
+And my laptop is working there
+
+and its DRAM keeps getting
+refreshed every,
+
+say, millisecond or whatever
+the condition is.
+
+But, in our case,
+we are going to do a slightly
+
+different case in which we will
+create a static memory.
+
+Let's actually look at,
+first of all,
+
+the case of the discharge.
+Pay attention to,
+
+let me actually break the loop
+here.
+
+This is my capacitor.
+This is a resistor that is in
+
+series with a capacitor like you
+see here.
+
+Actually, I am going to keep
+that resistor in series with the
+
+capacitor, even in this case,
+because I have it for my second
+
+part of my example.
+I charge the capacitor to 5
+
+volts.
+And you can see here this
+
+lights up, I hope everybody can
+see it, proportional to the
+
+voltage that I have here.
+From here on it's all logic
+
+levels.
+So, the intensity of light here
+
+will always be the same.
+It's either lit or it's not
+
+lit.
+Right now I am charging the
+
+capacitor.
+In fact, let's see.
+
+Maybe I can discharge the
+capacitor first.
+
+Here the capacitor is
+discharged.
+
+As you can see,
+the input is zero,
+
+the output is a one,
+and then the output of this
+
+inverter here is a one.
+I have two inverters in series.
+
+And I am going to charge the
+capacitor.
+
+I charged it to 5 volts and
+this lit up, this is off of
+
+course, that's an inverter,
+this is a valid zero,
+
+produce a valid one.
+And now I am going to take the
+
+input out.
+As you can see it's stored.
+
+In fact, we have to wait for a
+very long time.
+
+We don't have enough time to
+wait for this to discharge,
+
+so instead what I am going to
+do now is I am going to add also
+
+the resistor.
+Now I am going to flip the
+
+resistor in parallel with the
+capacitor to imitate what
+
+happens when we have an input
+resistance.
+
+You saw that there was a
+discharge of the capacitor.
+
+This input level went down.
+Voltage here flipped over to a
+
+one.
+Let me do it again now with a
+
+resistor in place.
+Storing charge on the
+
+capacitor.
+That's the store command.
+
+Now, don't store.
+I have less,
+
+about a second.
+The element here is 20,000
+
+microfarads and 100 ohms which
+gives me a time constant of two
+
+seconds.
+Assuming a VOC of the order of,
+
+let's say, I don't know what it
+is for this case,
+
+2.5, the log would be about
+0.5, so it cuts basically the
+
+time to about one.
+So, it lasts about one second,
+
+if my math is all correct.
+It's actually a little longer
+
+than a second,
+excuse me, but the point is
+
+that the charge is gone.
+Now, notice,
+
+however, that there is
+something I can do here,
+
+which is that suppose I take
+the switch or a switch and bring
+
+it back and provide a path from
+the output to the input here.
+
+And this switch is open when
+this is closed and closed when
+
+this is open.
+So, this basically is the
+
+compliment of store.
+What I am doing now is I put a
+
+charge here, it produces a valid
+one at this point,
+
+and then I am feeding this
+valid one back to the input.
+
+As you can see,
+this will now allow me,
+
+even though I have a high
+resistance, to store the value
+
+for a long time.
+In this case,
+
+what I am going to do is I am
+going to connect the output,
+
+as you can see here.
+And I have my resistor in.
+
+And I am storing zero here,
+storing 5 volts.
+
+Now I am going to flip the
+switch.
+
+Basically, I mean the don't
+store, don't look case.
+
+You notice this dims a little
+bit.
+
+Sorry.
+No, I want the resistor in.
+
+There.
+Yes.
+
+OK, so the output remain value.
+This dimmed a little bit but
+
+the output has remained OK.
+All right.
+
+So, we've provided a feedback.
+Now we've created a static
+
+memory.
+This will hold charge for as
+
+long as the circuit is powered
+up.
+
+Now, there is still one little
+problem that I have with this
+
+kind of configuration.
+And that is if I disturb this
+
+output the charge may,
+the state may change.
+
+So, for example,
+let's say that I have --
+
+I disturbed it by coming close
+to it, so let's charge it again.
+
+OK.
+I flipped the switch.
+
+I flipped the state from the
+output.
+
+That is an invalid condition.
+I shouldn't be able to do that.
+
+How do I avoid that?
+How can I avoid this problem
+
+that you just saw?
+
+Well, I need yet another
+buffer.
+
+The answer is in your notes.
+If I don't take the output here
+
+but rather take the output here,
+or if I don't want an inverted
+
+output, if I don't want an
+inverted output,
+
+I could put yet another element
+there.
+
+Then the situation would be
+fine.
+
+In this case,
+let me do it again.
+
+Charge.
+
+Why isn't this lit?
+
+A bad one?
+
+Now, of course we disturbed the
+input.
+
+Now, of course I can do
+anything I want here.
+
+Nothing happens,
+but you may say this is a
+
+trivial case because this is
+already zero.
+
+So, I am going to change the
+state.
+
+Here's is the changed state.
+See.
+
+I can show this.
+Nothing happens up there.
+
+So, this is an interesting
+situation in which I am
+
+buffering the output so that the
+output does not feed back to the
+
+input.
+And, by and large,
+
+in designing circuits this is
+something that we do.
+
+Now, in the remaining three
+minutes there is an example that
+
+we have.
+Can we put the laptop here?
+
+OK, so here is an example of
+how memory can be put together
+
+now to create something a little
+bit more complicated.
+
+And you can see the memory
+cells that we were discussing
+
+here.
+There's four of them,
+
+so this is a four bit memory.
+There is a decoder at the
+
+beginning here which decodes the
+address of each cell,
+
+so the input here will tell me
+which cell I need to address.
+
+Let's look at the truth table.
+This is the truth table for the
+
+decoder.
+As you can see,
+
+depending on the address that I
+have here, this is zero,
+
+one, two and three in a binary
+system, only A,
+
+B, C or D is up,
+is high.
+
+Which means that this end
+operation here only allows the
+
+input that is presented to all
+of the cells,
+
+what is going through the AND
+gate here to appear at the
+
+output.
+If, for example,
+
+we have a one,
+zero, the only end input that
+
+is going to be high is going to
+be this one.
+
+And that means the only cell
+that will look at the input when
+
+the store comes up is going to
+be this one here.
+
+At that point it will store
+whatever is on the input cell
+
+because that's an AND operation.
+That is a simple example of a
+
+memory.
+And following that simple
+
+arrangement you can build
+incredibly large memory systems.
+
+So, that's all I had for today.
+And I will see you on Tuesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c_2RtTEkyo8.txt b/c_2RtTEkyo8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0db38d04be77ccc8b0e6ce7d7e392827a94bf3f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c_2RtTEkyo8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we saw in the previous video that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in the previous video that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw in the previous video that the
+outcome of a logistic regression model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of a logistic regression model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of a logistic regression model
+is a probability often we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability often we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a probability often we want to make
+an actual prediction should we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual prediction should we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual prediction should we predict
+one for poor care or should we predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for poor care or should we predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for poor care or should we predict a
+zero for good care we can convert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for good care we can convert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for good care we can convert the
+probabilities to predictions using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to predictions using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities to predictions using
+what's called a threshold value T if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a threshold value T if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a threshold value T if the
+probability of poor care is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of poor care is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of poor care is greater than
+this threshold value T we predict poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this threshold value T we predict poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this threshold value T we predict poor
+quality care but if the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality care but if the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality care but if the probability of
+poor care is less than the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care is less than the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care is less than the threshold
+value T then we predict good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value T then we predict good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value T then we predict good quality
+care but what value should we pick for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but what value should we pick for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but what value should we pick for
+the threshold T the threshold value T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold T the threshold value T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold T the threshold value T is
+often selected based on which heirs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often selected based on which heirs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often selected based on which heirs are
+better you might be thinking that making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you might be thinking that making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you might be thinking that making
+no errors is better which is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no errors is better which is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no errors is better which is of course
+true but it's rare to have a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but it's rare to have a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but it's rare to have a model that
+predicts perfectly so you're bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts perfectly so you're bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts perfectly so you're bound to
+make some errors there are two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some errors there are two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some errors there are two types of
+errors that a model can make ones where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that a model can make ones where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that a model can make ones where
+you predict one or poor care but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict one or poor care but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict one or poor care but the
+actual outcome is zero and ones where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual outcome is zero and ones where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual outcome is zero and ones where
+you predict zero or good care but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict zero or good care but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict zero or good care but the
+actual outcome is one if we pick a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual outcome is one if we pick a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual outcome is one if we pick a large
+threshold value T then we will predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold value T then we will predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold value T then we will predict
+poor care rarely since the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care rarely since the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care rarely since the probability
+of poor care has to be really large to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor care has to be really large to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poor care has to be really large to
+be greater than the threshold this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than the threshold this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than the threshold this means
+that we will make more errors where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will make more errors where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will make more errors where we
+say good care but it's actually poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good care but it's actually poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say good care but it's actually poor
+care this approach would detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care this approach would detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care this approach would detect the
+patients receiving the worst care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients receiving the worst care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients receiving the worst care and
+prioritize them for intervention on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize them for intervention on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize them for intervention on the
+other hand if the threshold value T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if the threshold value T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if the threshold value T is
+small we predict poor care frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we predict poor care frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small we predict poor care frequently
+and we predict good care rarely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we predict good care rarely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we predict good care rarely this
+means that we will make more errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we will make more errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we will make more errors
+where we say poor care but it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say poor care but it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say poor care but it's actually
+good care this approach would detect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good care this approach would detect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good care this approach would detect all
+patients who might be receiving poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who might be receiving poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who might be receiving poor
+care some decision-makers often have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care some decision-makers often have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care some decision-makers often have a
+preference for one type of error over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for one type of error over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for one type of error over
+the other which should influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other which should influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other which should influence the
+threshold value they pick if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold value they pick if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold value they pick if there's no
+preference between the errors the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference between the errors the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference between the errors the right
+threshold to select is T equals 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold to select is T equals 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold to select is T equals 0.5
+since it just predicts the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it just predicts the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it just predicts the most likely
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+to make this discussion a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this discussion a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this discussion a little more
+quantitative we use what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we use what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we use what's called a
+confusion matrix or classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion matrix or classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion matrix or classification
+matrix this compares the actual outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this compares the actual outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this compares the actual outcomes
+to the predicted outcomes the rows are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the predicted outcomes the rows are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the predicted outcomes the rows are
+labeled with the actual outcome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with the actual outcome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with the actual outcome and the
+columns are labeled with the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are labeled with the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are labeled with the predicted
+outcome each entry of the table gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome each entry of the table gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome each entry of the table gives
+the number of data observations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of data observations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of data observations that
+fall into that category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into that category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into that category
+so the number of true negatives or TN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of true negatives or TN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of true negatives or TN is
+the number of observations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of observations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of observations that are
+actually good care and for which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good care and for which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually good care and for which we
+predict good care the true positives or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict good care the true positives or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict good care the true positives or
+TP is the number of observations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP is the number of observations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TP is the number of observations that
+are actually poor care and for which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually poor care and for which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually poor care and for which we
+predict poor care these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict poor care these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict poor care these are the two
+types that we get correct the false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that we get correct the false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that we get correct the false
+positives or FP are the number of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives or FP are the number of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives or FP are the number of data
+points for which we predict poor care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for which we predict poor care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for which we predict poor care
+but they're actually good care and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're actually good care and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're actually good care and the
+false negatives or FN are the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negatives or FN are the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false negatives or FN are the number of
+data points for which we predict good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points for which we predict good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points for which we predict good
+care but they're actually poor care we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but they're actually poor care we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but they're actually poor care we
+can compute two outcome measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute two outcome measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute two outcome measures that
+help us determine what types of errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us determine what types of errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us determine what types of errors
+we are making they're called sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are making they're called sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are making they're called sensitivity
+and specificity sensitivity is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specificity sensitivity is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specificity sensitivity is equal to
+the true positives divided by the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true positives divided by the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true positives divided by the true
+positives plus the false negatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives plus the false negatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positives plus the false negatives and
+measures the percentage of actual poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the percentage of actual poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the percentage of actual poor
+care cases that we classify correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases that we classify correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases that we classify correctly
+this is often called the true positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often called the true positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often called the true positive
+rate specificity is equal to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate specificity is equal to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate specificity is equal to the true
+negatives divided by the true negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives divided by the true negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives divided by the true negatives
+plus the false positives and measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the false positives and measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the false positives and measures
+the percentage of actual good care cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of actual good care cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of actual good care cases
+that we classify correctly this is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we classify correctly this is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we classify correctly this is often
+called the true negative rate a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the true negative rate a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the true negative rate a model
+with a higher threshold will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher threshold will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher threshold will have a
+lower sensitivity and a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sensitivity and a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower sensitivity and a higher
+specificity a model with the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity a model with the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity a model with the lower
+threshold will have a higher sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold will have a higher sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold will have a higher sensitivity
+and a lower specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lower specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lower specificity
+let's compute some confusion matrices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute some confusion matrices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compute some confusion matrices in
+our using different threshold values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our using different threshold values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our using different threshold values
+inner our console let's make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner our console let's make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner our console let's make some
+classification tables using different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification tables using different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification tables using different
+threshold values and the table function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold values and the table function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold values and the table function
+first we'll use a threshold value of 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll use a threshold value of 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll use a threshold value of 0.5
+so type table and then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so type table and then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so type table and then the first
+argument or what we want to label the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument or what we want to label the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument or what we want to label the
+rows by should be the true outcome which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows by should be the true outcome which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows by should be the true outcome which
+is quality trained dollar sign poor care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quality trained dollar sign poor care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quality trained dollar sign poor care
+and then the second argument or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second argument or what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second argument or what we
+want to label the columns by will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to label the columns by will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to label the columns by will be
+predict train or our predictions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict train or our predictions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict train or our predictions from
+the previous video greater than 0.5 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video greater than 0.5 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous video greater than 0.5 this
+will return true if our prediction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return true if our prediction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return true if our prediction is
+greater than 0.5 which means we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0.5 which means we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0.5 which means we want to
+predict poor care and it will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict poor care and it will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict poor care and it will return
+false if our prediction is less than 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if our prediction is less than 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if our prediction is less than 0.5
+which means we want to predict good care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we want to predict good care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means we want to predict good care
+if you hit enter we get a table where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit enter we get a table where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit enter we get a table where
+the rows are labeled by 0 or 1 the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows are labeled by 0 or 1 the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows are labeled by 0 or 1 the true
+outcome and the columns are labeled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and the columns are labeled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and the columns are labeled by
+false or true our predicted outcome so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or true our predicted outcome so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false or true our predicted outcome so
+you can see here that for 70 cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here that for 70 cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here that for 70 cases we
+predict good care and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict good care and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict good care and they actually
+receive good care and for 10 cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive good care and for 10 cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive good care and for 10 cases we
+predict poor care and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict poor care and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict poor care and they actually
+receive poor care we make 4 mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive poor care we make 4 mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive poor care we make 4 mistakes
+where we say poor care and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say poor care and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we say poor care and it's actually
+good care and we make 15 mistakes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good care and we make 15 mistakes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good care and we make 15 mistakes where
+we say good care but it's actually poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say good care but it's actually poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say good care but it's actually poor
+care let's compute the sensitivity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care let's compute the sensitivity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care let's compute the sensitivity or
+the true positive rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true positive rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true positive rate and the
+specificity or the true negative rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity or the true negative rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity or the true negative rate
+the sensitivity here would be 10 our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity here would be 10 our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity here would be 10 our
+true positives divided by 25 the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true positives divided by 25 the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true positives divided by 25 the total
+number of positive cases so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of positive cases so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of positive cases so we have a
+sensitivity of 0.4 our specificity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of 0.4 our specificity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of 0.4 our specificity here
+would be 70 the true negative cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 70 the true negative cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 70 the true negative cases
+divided by 70 for the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 70 for the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 70 for the total number of
+negative cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative cases
+so our specificity here is about 0.9 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our specificity here is about 0.9 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our specificity here is about 0.9 5
+now let's try increasing the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try increasing the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try increasing the threshold
+use the up-arrow to get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the up-arrow to get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the up-arrow to get back to the
+table command and change the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table command and change the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table command and change the threshold
+value to 0.7 now if we compute our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to 0.7 now if we compute our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to 0.7 now if we compute our
+sensitivity we get a sensitivity of 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity we get a sensitivity of 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity we get a sensitivity of 8
+divided by 25 which is 0.32 and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 25 which is 0.32 and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 25 which is 0.32 and if we
+compute our specificity we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute our specificity we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute our specificity we get a
+specificity of 73 divided by 74 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity of 73 divided by 74 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity of 73 divided by 74 which is
+about 0.99 so by increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.99 so by increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.99 so by increasing the
+threshold our sensitivity went down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold our sensitivity went down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold our sensitivity went down and
+our specificity went up now let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our specificity went up now let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our specificity went up now let's try
+decreasing the threshold hit the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the threshold hit the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the threshold hit the up
+arrow again to get to the table function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow again to get to the table function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow again to get to the table function
+and change the threshold value to 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the threshold value to 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change the threshold value to 0.2
+now if we computer sensitivity it's 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we computer sensitivity it's 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we computer sensitivity it's 16
+divided by 25 or 0.64 and if we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 25 or 0.64 and if we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 25 or 0.64 and if we compute
+our specificity it's 54 divided by 74 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our specificity it's 54 divided by 74 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our specificity it's 54 divided by 74 or
+about 0.7 3 so with the lower threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.7 3 so with the lower threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.7 3 so with the lower threshold
+our sensitivity went up and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sensitivity went up and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sensitivity went up and our
+specificity went down but which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity went down but which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity went down but which
+threshold should we pick maybe a point 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold should we pick maybe a point 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold should we pick maybe a point 4
+is better or 0.6 how do we decide in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better or 0.6 how do we decide in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is better or 0.6 how do we decide in the
+next video we'll see a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll see a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll see a nice
+visualization to help us select a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization to help us select a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization to help us select a
+threshold
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cvBIpLYtj1U.txt b/cvBIpLYtj1U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ede98f1ad3e75690d12b1c3d5baa619628237bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cvBIpLYtj1U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright let's dive right into education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's dive right into education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's dive right into education
+and you know this is the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this is the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this is the other side of
+the innovation equation right we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation equation right we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation equation right we've
+talked in terms of institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in terms of institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in terms of institutions and
+linking and connecting institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking and connecting institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking and connecting institutions and
+we've talked a lot about R&D in the R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a lot about R&D in the R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked a lot about R&D in the R&D
+system but you know from the first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you know from the first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but you know from the first class
+on Romer taught us that the talent base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Romer taught us that the talent base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Romer taught us that the talent base
+is a very critical consideration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very critical consideration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very critical consideration and
+innovation and how do you build up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and how do you build up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and how do you build up the
+talent base that's essentially our set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent base that's essentially our set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent base that's essentially our set
+of tests today sir first normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tests today sir first normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tests today sir first normal
+Augustine I wanted to acquaint you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine I wanted to acquaint you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine I wanted to acquaint you with
+norm Augustine because in the science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm Augustine because in the science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm Augustine because in the science
+and technology community he's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology community he's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and technology community he's known as
+st. Augustine and he is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st. Augustine and he is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st. Augustine and he is just an
+incredible stand up figure on issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible stand up figure on issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible stand up figure on issues
+like the importance of federal R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the importance of federal R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the importance of federal R&D
+investment he was chairman for a lengthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment he was chairman for a lengthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment he was chairman for a lengthy
+period of time of Lockheed Martin he won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time of Lockheed Martin he won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time of Lockheed Martin he won
+the President's Medal of Technology just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the President's Medal of Technology just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the President's Medal of Technology just
+a note an innovator himself but also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note an innovator himself but also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a note an innovator himself but also a
+true expert on R&D issues R&D policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true expert on R&D issues R&D policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true expert on R&D issues R&D policies
+unfailingly helpful and willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfailingly helpful and willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfailingly helpful and willing to
+volunteer for whatever task the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer for whatever task the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer for whatever task the National
+Academies or in many cases MIT or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academies or in many cases MIT or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academies or in many cases MIT or other
+organizations kind of need help and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations kind of need help and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations kind of need help and
+advice from a real senior statesman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice from a real senior statesman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice from a real senior statesman
+Augustine has always been willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine has always been willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine has always been willing to
+step up to the plate so he's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up to the plate so he's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up to the plate so he's kind of a
+remarkable figure he led the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable figure he led the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable figure he led the rising
+against the Gathering Storm report back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Gathering Storm report back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Gathering Storm report back
+in like 2000 Ron the early 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 2000 Ron the early 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 2000 Ron the early 2000s
+timetable along with people like Chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable along with people like Chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable along with people like Chuck
+fest and a really noted community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fest and a really noted community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fest and a really noted community of
+other experts that made the argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experts that made the argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other experts that made the argument for
+a very significant are n decrease for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very significant are n decrease for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very significant are n decrease for
+the physical science agencies around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical science agencies around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical science agencies around
+that time we had been doubling NIH this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time we had been doubling NIH this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time we had been doubling NIH this
+report made the case for doubling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report made the case for doubling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report made the case for doubling that
+physical science based R&D areas as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical science based R&D areas as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical science based R&D areas as well
+and it was a very influential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a very influential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a very influential and
+important report he was one of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important report he was one of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important report he was one of the real
+leaders of it and he played an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders of it and he played an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders of it and he played an important
+role in which Chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in which Chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in which Chuck
+best and helping persuade the the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and helping persuade the the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and helping persuade the the latest
+Bush administration I can to adopt its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush administration I can to adopt its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush administration I can to adopt its
+recognitions so there was a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognitions so there was a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognitions so there was a period of
+time of ongoing R&D increases for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of ongoing R&D increases for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of ongoing R&D increases for the
+physical science agencies so the report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical science agencies so the report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical science agencies so the report
+had a results in addition he came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a results in addition he came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a results in addition he came back
+and wrote this 2007 report that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrote this 2007 report that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrote this 2007 report that just
+kind of summarized you know the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of summarized you know the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of summarized you know the trouble
+the US has got on the science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US has got on the science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US has got on the science and
+technology education fund so it's a 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology education fund so it's a 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology education fund so it's a 2007
+snapshot but it's still a great little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot but it's still a great little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot but it's still a great little
+collection of key points I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of key points I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of key points I'm just gonna
+summarize it very briefly key funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize it very briefly key funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize it very briefly key funding
+number one was that US children are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one was that US children are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one was that US children are not
+prepared for the 21st century jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for the 21st century jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for the 21st century jobs and
+he has datasets as you know you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has datasets as you know you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has datasets as you know you know to
+back all these points up children in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back all these points up children in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back all these points up children in
+school are being taught by teachers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school are being taught by teachers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school are being taught by teachers that
+are not trained in the fields of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not trained in the fields of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not trained in the fields of math
+and science they're teaching it which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science they're teaching it which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science they're teaching it which is
+a major underlying problem in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major underlying problem in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major underlying problem in those
+students picking up those fields u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students picking up those fields u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students picking up those fields u.s.
+children are falling behind their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are falling behind their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are falling behind their
+foreign peers and counterparts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign peers and counterparts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign peers and counterparts in
+science and technology areas the u.s. K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology areas the u.s. K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and technology areas the u.s. K
+through 12 system just is not performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 12 system just is not performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 12 system just is not performing
+in a way that's comparable to many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's comparable to many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's comparable to many other
+systems in the world and then of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the world and then of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the world and then of kind of
+a fourth point is that US secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth point is that US secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth point is that US secondary
+education isn't preparing students aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education isn't preparing students aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education isn't preparing students aside
+from the teacher problem for math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the teacher problem for math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the teacher problem for math
+science or engineering majors and too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or engineering majors and too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or engineering majors and too
+few students this is the key point are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few students this is the key point are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few students this is the key point are
+majoring in those disciplines to yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majoring in those disciplines to yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majoring in those disciplines to yield
+the talent base that we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talent base that we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talent base that we need for
+technology related careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology related careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology related careers
+and just underscore that the u.s. ranks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just underscore that the u.s. ranks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just underscore that the u.s. ranks
+17th among developed nations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th among developed nations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th among developed nations in the
+proportion of college students receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of college students receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of college students receiving
+degrees in science and engineering when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in science and engineering when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in science and engineering when
+it fell from third third place 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell from third third place 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fell from third third place 30 years
+before so these are dilemmas that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so these are dilemmas that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so these are dilemmas that the
+u.s. K through 12 system has so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. K through 12 system has so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. K through 12 system has so that's
+the K through 12 story then we shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K through 12 story then we shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K through 12 story then we shift to
+our friend Paul Romer who we visited you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend Paul Romer who we visited you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend Paul Romer who we visited you
+know at the outset of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the outset of this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at the outset of this class
+and as you know he he taught at Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you know he he taught at Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you know he he taught at Stanford
+and then has been teaching to NYU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then has been teaching to NYU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then has been teaching to NYU
+he's now chief economist to the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now chief economist to the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now chief economist to the World
+Bank where he's been a fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank where he's been a fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank where he's been a fascinating
+critic of economics and changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic of economics and changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critic of economics and changes and
+reforms that field needs to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms that field needs to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforms that field needs to go through
+but he came up with prospector theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he came up with prospector theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he came up with prospector theory
+and in a way what he's playing out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a way what he's playing out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a way what he's playing out here
+and this pretty noted critique from 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this pretty noted critique from 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this pretty noted critique from 2000
+which is still quite widely read his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still quite widely read his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is still quite widely read his
+critique is what happened to the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique is what happened to the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique is what happened to the supply
+what are our supply breakdowns and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our supply breakdowns and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are our supply breakdowns and then
+he's identified those supplied supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's identified those supplied supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's identified those supplied supply
+breakdowns with with higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns with with higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdowns with with higher education
+institutions what are they failing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions what are they failing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions what are they failing to
+deliver so the issue is that the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver so the issue is that the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver so the issue is that the federal
+government policies and Science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policies and Science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policies and Science and
+Technology tend to subsidize demand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology tend to subsidize demand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology tend to subsidize demand so
+in the private sector it's primarily tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector it's primarily tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the private sector it's primarily tax
+incentives are indeed tax credits too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are indeed tax credits too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives are indeed tax credits too
+and you promote demand to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you promote demand to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you promote demand to encourage
+science and engineering talent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering talent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering talent that
+policy approach which is astronomically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy approach which is astronomically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy approach which is astronomically
+expensive those are very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive those are very expensive
+ 
+
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+expensive those are very expensive
+policies that policy approach doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that policy approach doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that policy approach doesn't
+inquire about the supply response that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire about the supply response that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquire about the supply response that
+hopefully those subsidies elicit and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully those subsidies elicit and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully those subsidies elicit and he
+goes back and argues that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back and argues that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back and argues that the
+institutional arrangements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional arrangements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional arrangements and
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+which are the key institutions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the key institutions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the key institutions on the
+supply side are geared to meeting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side are geared to meeting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side are geared to meeting the
+needs in a variety of ways so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs in a variety of ways so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs in a variety of ways so there
+needs to be a new incentive system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a new incentive system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be a new incentive system to
+start to turn around the supply side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to turn around the supply side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to turn around the supply side
+because the current demand based tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the current demand based tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the current demand based tax
+incentive system just isn't doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive system just isn't doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive system just isn't doing that
+so that's his overall frame in the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's his overall frame in the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's his overall frame in the 20th
+century he argues rapid technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century he argues rapid technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century he argues rapid technological
+progress drove unprecedented growth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress drove unprecedented growth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress drove unprecedented growth you
+know we know that argument and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know that argument and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know that argument and that was
+fostered by public a publicly supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fostered by public a publicly supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fostered by public a publicly supported
+system of education so a steady flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of education so a steady flow of
+ 
+
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+system of education so a steady flow of
+trained talent trained in the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained talent trained in the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained talent trained in the scientific
+method was a core policy that evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was a core policy that evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method was a core policy that evolved
+over time but that public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but that public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but that public policy
+approach ignored the structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach ignored the structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach ignored the structures that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to deliver that talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were supposed to deliver that talent
+base ie the higher education system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base ie the higher education system and
+ 
+
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+base ie the higher education system and
+the incentives and disincentives within
+
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+the incentives and disincentives within
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+
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+the incentives and disincentives within
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher education structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that higher education structure that
+make that supply-side problematic so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that supply-side problematic so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that supply-side problematic so he
+would argue that a governmental set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that a governmental set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that a governmental set of
+governmental programs to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental programs to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental programs to speed up
+innovation gets Thor 'td by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation gets Thor 'td by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation gets Thor 'td by the
+supply-side problem in particular by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply-side problem in particular by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply-side problem in particular by the
+higher education structure so government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education structure so government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education structure so government
+programs focused on demand and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs focused on demand and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs focused on demand and not the
+supply side are going to undermine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side are going to undermine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side are going to undermine the
+innovation capabilities that we need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation capabilities that we need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation capabilities that we need so
+then he steps back and kind of makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he steps back and kind of makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he steps back and kind of makes the
+innovation argument for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation argument for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation argument for us
+argued that speeding up growth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that speeding up growth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that speeding up growth it's
+really the only way we're gonna be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only way we're gonna be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only way we're gonna be able
+to cope with the Oh incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cope with the Oh incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cope with the Oh incoming
+demographics that we talked about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics that we talked about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics that we talked about when
+we discussed the healthcare innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed the healthcare innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed the healthcare innovation
+system he says that a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system he says that a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system he says that a conservative
+estimate of the return on R&D spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the return on R&D spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of the return on R&D spending
+would be a 25 percent return there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a 25 percent return there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a 25 percent return there's
+arguments that it's that's low that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that it's that's low that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that it's that's low that it's
+well over 50 percent but let's accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over 50 percent but let's accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well over 50 percent but let's accept
+his 25 percent his argument is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his 25 percent his argument is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his 25 percent his argument is that if
+you in theory that if he increased R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in theory that if he increased R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in theory that if he increased R&D
+spending by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending by
+you know 2% of GDP voila we'd get a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 2% of GDP voila we'd get a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 2% of GDP voila we'd get a half
+percentage point of growth right in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point of growth right in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage point of growth right in an
+economy that has 0.7 percent growth at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that has 0.7 percent growth at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy that has 0.7 percent growth at
+the moment this is not a minor concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment this is not a minor concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment this is not a minor concept
+right and the data would tend to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the data would tend to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the data would tend to at
+least in theory bear him out but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in theory bear him out but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in theory bear him out but then
+you run into the barrier right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into the barrier right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run into the barrier right you have
+to look at the full system and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the full system and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the full system and that
+means also looking at the talent so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means also looking at the talent so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means also looking at the talent so just
+increasing the R&D spending per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the R&D spending per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the R&D spending per se
+doesn't doesn't address the what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't address the what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't address the what he
+calls the supply-side and if the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the supply-side and if the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the supply-side and if the total
+number of scientists and engineers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scientists and engineers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of scientists and engineers is
+fixed then you limit and this is pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then you limit and this is pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then you limit and this is pure
+prospectors theories you remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectors theories you remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospectors theories you remember from
+our first class then you limit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first class then you limit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first class then you limit the
+biggest input into innovation and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest input into innovation and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest input into innovation and thus
+into growth so by not expanding its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into growth so by not expanding its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into growth so by not expanding its
+supply of scientists and engineers ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of scientists and engineers ie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of scientists and engineers ie
+the talent base then the u.s. is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talent base then the u.s. is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talent base then the u.s. is
+limiting its growth capacity by a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting its growth capacity by a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting its growth capacity by a pretty
+significant amount he argues in economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount he argues in economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount he argues in economic
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+so what's broken down what what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's broken down what what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's broken down what what's the
+heart of the problem here and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the problem here and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of the problem here and this is a
+you know deep critique of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know deep critique of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know deep critique of higher
+education which was a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which was a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education which was a highly
+controversial when this came out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial when this came out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial when this came out and
+occasion a lot of criticism of Romer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion a lot of criticism of Romer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion a lot of criticism of Romer but
+it's hard to dispute his data and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to dispute his data and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to dispute his data and you
+all probably see this from your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably see this from your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably see this from your own
+experiences or the experiences of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences or the experiences of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences or the experiences of you
+know colleagues and other universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know colleagues and other universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know colleagues and other universities
+so what's broken down on the talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's broken down on the talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's broken down on the talent
+supply side he argues that universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side he argues that universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply side he argues that universities
+measure themselves by their ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure themselves by their ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure themselves by their ability to
+select top SAT scoring students in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select top SAT scoring students in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select top SAT scoring students in other
+words they measure themselves by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they measure themselves by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they measure themselves by the
+quality input they're able to attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality input they're able to attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality input they're able to attract
+not by their output right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by their output right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by their output right there's no
+output measures in this system they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output measures in this system they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output measures in this system they're
+competing with each other and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with each other and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with each other and things
+like US News and World Report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like US News and World Report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like US News and World Report
+the students they attract not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students they attract not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students they attract not on the
+student outcomes that they're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student outcomes that they're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student outcomes that they're creating
+so the traditional liberal arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the traditional liberal arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the traditional liberal arts
+university argues faces little pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university argues faces little pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university argues faces little pressure
+to respond to skills needs right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to skills needs right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond to skills needs right that
+economic messaging that's inherent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic messaging that's inherent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic messaging that's inherent in
+the system doesn't get translated back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system doesn't get translated back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system doesn't get translated back
+to the higher education system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the higher education system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the higher education system so
+meanwhile the university has a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the university has a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile the university has a fixed
+investment in its faculty that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in its faculty that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in its faculty that are
+teaching in many areas including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in many areas including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in many areas including the
+sciences but obviously outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences but obviously outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences but obviously outside the
+sciences there is internal pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences there is internal pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences there is internal pressure to
+maintain the relative size of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the relative size of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the relative size of those
+departments which are they have invested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments which are they have invested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments which are they have invested
+in and that in turn and we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that in turn and we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that in turn and we'll discuss
+why in a minute but makes it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a minute but makes it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a minute but makes it more
+difficult for students to get science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for students to get science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for students to get science
+degrees so the science faculties he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so the science faculties he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so the science faculties he
+argues are happy to do what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues are happy to do what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argues are happy to do what they call
+maintain professional standards right ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain professional standards right ie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain professional standards right ie
+have a lot of lower grades right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of lower grades right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of lower grades right and
+it's effectively what that does is force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's effectively what that does is force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's effectively what that does is force
+out of the system a to Menace amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the system a to Menace amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the system a to Menace amount of
+talent because again they've got fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent because again they've got fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent because again they've got fixed
+faculty sizes that aren't coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty sizes that aren't coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty sizes that aren't coordinated
+with what you know national talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you know national talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you know national talent
+suppliant needs maybe in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliant needs maybe in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliant needs maybe in science and
+technology there's no pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology there's no pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology there's no pressure on
+universities to address address those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to address address those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities to address address those
+corresponding faculty sizes to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding faculty sizes to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding faculty sizes to what the
+national need may or may not be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national need may or may not be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national need may or may not be right
+and therefore what's happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore what's happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore what's happened is
+essentially a bifurcated education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a bifurcated education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a bifurcated education
+system where Sciences and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where Sciences and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where Sciences and engineering
+students have one grading system and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have one grading system and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have one grading system and as
+you all know it's a tougher grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know it's a tougher grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know it's a tougher grading
+system than liberal arts universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system than liberal arts universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system than liberal arts universities
+then then other majors in the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then other majors in the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then other majors in the social
+sciences and humanities and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and humanities and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and humanities and you know we
+know that there's significant grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's significant grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's significant grain
+inflation in the non science non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the non science non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in the non science non
+engineering fields and that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering fields and that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering fields and that there's
+limited if any great inflation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited if any great inflation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited if any great inflation in the
+tougher technical fields so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher technical fields so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tougher technical fields so that's what
+he's talking about here right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about here right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about here right we
+maintain essentially two grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain essentially two grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain essentially two grading
+standards the net effect of which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards the net effect of which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards the net effect of which is to
+substantially discourage entry of talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially discourage entry of talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially discourage entry of talent
+now this is not in this report but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not in this report but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not in this report but the
+National Academy of Engineering has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Academy of Engineering has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Academy of Engineering has
+explored extensively whether the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored extensively whether the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored extensively whether the people
+dropping out of majors in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping out of majors in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping out of majors in engineering
+are stronger or weaker students than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stronger or weaker students than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stronger or weaker students than
+those staying in and they can't find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those staying in and they can't find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those staying in and they can't find any
+basis for concluding that they're any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for concluding that they're any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for concluding that they're any
+weaker right in other words we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker right in other words we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker right in other words we're just
+driving talent out of the system through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving talent out of the system through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving talent out of the system through
+these mechanisms his roamers argument so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mechanisms his roamers argument so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mechanisms his roamers argument so
+the supply problem by running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply problem by running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply problem by running this
+bifurcated grading system right to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcated grading system right to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcated grading system right to drive
+out talent to maintain class size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out talent to maintain class size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out talent to maintain class size
+numbers and make sure you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and make sure you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and make sure you don't have to
+advise too many people the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advise too many people the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advise too many people the supply
+problem in turn drives graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in turn drives graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in turn drives graduate school
+numbers because of course undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because of course undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because of course undergraduate
+degrees are prerequisites so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees are prerequisites so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees are prerequisites so you know
+how does US industry cope with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does US industry cope with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does US industry cope with this
+essentially what it's done and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what it's done and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what it's done and this is
+not bad right it's encouraged wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad right it's encouraged wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bad right it's encouraged wholesale
+immigration from all over the world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration from all over the world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigration from all over the world to
+fill the gap right which it's done very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the gap right which it's done very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the gap right which it's done very
+systematically and that's why for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and that's why for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and that's why for
+example industry is so concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example industry is so concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example industry is so concerned about
+this h-1b visa set of proposals that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h-1b visa set of proposals that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this h-1b visa set of proposals that the
+new administration has recently proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new administration has recently proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new administration has recently proposed
+one of the ramifications of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ramifications of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ramifications of that in
+terms of access to his talent supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of access to his talent supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of access to his talent supply
+obviously worldwide talent as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously worldwide talent as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously worldwide talent as we talked
+about before is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before is a very important
+competitive advantage for the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantage for the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantage for the United
+States but here we're in a circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but here we're in a circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but here we're in a circumstance
+where we're not creating parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're not creating parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're not creating parallel
+opportunities for for folks in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know moving on with roamers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving on with roamers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving on with roamers
+indictment of higher education because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indictment of higher education because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indictment of higher education because
+that's really what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what it is
+he argues that PhD programs train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argues that PhD programs train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argues that PhD programs train
+graduates for the Academy but as all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates for the Academy but as all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduates for the Academy but as all of
+us in this room know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's you know there's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know there's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know there's a complete
+oversupply of PhDs in terms of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversupply of PhDs in terms of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversupply of PhDs in terms of what the
+Academy itself lower its university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy itself lower its university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy itself lower its university
+teaching actually requires so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching actually requires so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching actually requires so then we
+have to invent new mechanisms to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invent new mechanisms to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invent new mechanisms to keep
+this talent base around so we invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talent base around so we invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this talent base around so we invent
+long endless seven or eight year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long endless seven or eight year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long endless seven or eight year
+graduate programs right England somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate programs right England somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate programs right England somehow
+manages to get its pitch teas done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to get its pitch teas done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to get its pitch teas done in
+three years are they worse I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years are they worse I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years are they worse I don't know
+but we have a seven or eight year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a seven or eight year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a seven or eight year old
+graduate educate year-long graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate educate year-long graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate educate year-long graduate
+education program and then we invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education program and then we invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education program and then we invent
+this whole class of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole class of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole class of essentially
+apprentices that we call postdocs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprentices that we call postdocs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprentices that we call postdocs right
+another you know substantial army of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know substantial army of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know substantial army of
+people because there's no space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because there's no space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because there's no space in the
+Academy to accommodate these people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy to accommodate these people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academy to accommodate these people and
+yet the training system is not geared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the training system is not geared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the training system is not geared to
+the location where there are extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location where there are extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location where there are extensive
+opportunities right whether in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities right whether in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities right whether in
+established firms and startups which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established firms and startups which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established firms and startups which is
+for industry because the training system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for industry because the training system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for industry because the training system
+is really geared for you know entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really geared for you know entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really geared for you know entering
+the Academy not for entering industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Academy not for entering industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Academy not for entering industry
+and now obviously it tends to focus more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now obviously it tends to focus more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now obviously it tends to focus more
+on basic then applied for obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on basic then applied for obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on basic then applied for obvious
+reasons so this you know we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so this you know we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so this you know we're just
+multiplying the problems here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the problems here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the problems here because
+the core input institutions ie higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core input institutions ie higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core input institutions ie higher
+education are not organized around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education are not organized around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education are not organized around the
+skills problem the Society's got so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills problem the Society's got so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills problem the Society's got so
+that's roamers indictment I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roamers indictment I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's roamers indictment I had the
+privilege of working with him on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of working with him on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege of working with him on
+legislation and when this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation and when this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation came out there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation came out there was
+considerable interest in Capitol Hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable interest in Capitol Hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerable interest in Capitol Hill
+and you know we're hearing all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're hearing all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we're hearing all the time
+on Capitol Hill in this era about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Capitol Hill in this era about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Capitol Hill in this era about you
+know we've got a talent based problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've got a talent based problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've got a talent based problem
+and there was considerable interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was considerable interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was considerable interest in
+the you know critiques that Romer had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know critiques that Romer had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know critiques that Romer had
+made of the system and how do you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of the system and how do you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of the system and how do you change
+the system so you know like other senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so you know like other senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so you know like other senior
+staffers I read his stuff and thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffers I read his stuff and thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staffers I read his stuff and thought
+gee how are we gonna turn this around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee how are we gonna turn this around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee how are we gonna turn this around
+we're gonna have to spend a fortune on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to spend a fortune on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to spend a fortune on
+creating a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a massive
+kind of you know kind of fellowship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know kind of fellowship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know kind of fellowship
+program across the country on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program across the country on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program across the country on top of
+what we already have to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we already have to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we already have to encourage
+science and engineering education will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering education will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering education will
+have to significantly increase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to significantly increase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to significantly increase that
+maybe by a factor of two or more how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by a factor of two or more how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe by a factor of two or more how are
+we going to afford this where's where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to afford this where's where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we going to afford this where's where's
+that money coming from so I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money coming from so I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that money coming from so I had a
+conversation with Romer and he said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Romer and he said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Romer and he said you
+know Bill you have to think like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bill you have to think like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Bill you have to think like an
+economist here you have to bribe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist here you have to bribe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist here you have to bribe the
+gatekeepers right so what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatekeepers right so what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatekeepers right so what are you
+talking about and he said look figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and he said look figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and he said look figure
+out who the gatekeepers are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who the gatekeepers are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who the gatekeepers are in this
+entire system and you bribed them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system and you bribed them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire system and you bribed them right
+to make them turn around their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them turn around their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make them turn around their behavior
+so in this case it's the department's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case it's the department's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case it's the department's
+and the colleges and universities as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the colleges and universities as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the colleges and universities as a
+whole it's their administration's bribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole it's their administration's bribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole it's their administration's bribed
+them to get them to change their numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get them to change their numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get them to change their numbers
+because if they're not producing enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they're not producing enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they're not producing enough
+scientists and engineers yet then pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and engineers yet then pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and engineers yet then pay
+them to do this and by the way bribery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do this and by the way bribery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do this and by the way bribery
+is a heck of a lot cheaper than creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a heck of a lot cheaper than creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a heck of a lot cheaper than creating
+a massive new national fellowship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive new national fellowship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a massive new national fellowship
+program and much more efficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and much more efficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and much more efficient so
+obviously bribery bribery is not the apt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously bribery bribery is not the apt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously bribery bribery is not the apt
+term here but we ended up creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here but we ended up creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here but we ended up creating a
+program of the National Science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of the National Science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of the National Science
+Foundation which Congress passed called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation which Congress passed called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation which Congress passed called
+a step education program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step education program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step education program which
+essentially offers very significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially offers very significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially offers very significant
+funding to departments that guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding to departments that guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding to departments that guarantee
+they're going to turn their numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to turn their numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to turn their numbers
+around and then present pathways by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then present pathways by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then present pathways by
+which they're going to do so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're going to do so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they're going to do so in other
+words maybe they offer much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words maybe they offer much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words maybe they offer much more
+one-on-one kind of tutorial attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one kind of tutorial attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-on-one kind of tutorial attention to
+keep students in science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep students in science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep students in science and engineering
+maybe they offer fellowships with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they offer fellowships with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they offer fellowships with
+industry right so you're guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry right so you're guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry right so you're guaranteed
+summer employment at an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer employment at an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer employment at an interesting
+relevant applied field in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant applied field in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant applied field in other words
+there may be a whole slew and there turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a whole slew and there turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a whole slew and there turn
+out to be a lot of ideas on how to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a lot of ideas on how to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a lot of ideas on how to begin
+to turn those numbers around I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn those numbers around I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn those numbers around I'm talking
+at the undergraduate levels go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the undergraduate levels go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the undergraduate levels go ahead and
+excuse how you can simultaneously have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse how you can simultaneously have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse how you can simultaneously have a
+problem where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you
+but you also have this army of clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also have this army of clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also have this army of clothes
+stocks well I mean that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks well I mean that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks well I mean that's kind of the
+next stage of the problems so his next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage of the problems so his next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage of the problems so his next
+piece max is innovation and graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece max is innovation and graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece max is innovation and graduate
+education training right so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education training right so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education training right so in other
+words create curricula that are relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words create curricula that are relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words create curricula that are relevant
+not only to training for the Academy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to training for the Academy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to training for the Academy but
+curricula that are also relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula that are also relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula that are also relevant to
+training for entry in the industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for entry in the industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for entry in the industry and
+you know we're obviously starting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're obviously starting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're obviously starting to see
+some of these things materialized so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things materialized so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these things materialized so a
+school like MIT but it's by no means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school like MIT but it's by no means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school like MIT but it's by no means
+alone has a massive entrepreneurship of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone has a massive entrepreneurship of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone has a massive entrepreneurship of
+curriculum now available to in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum now available to in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum now available to in all of
+its schools this is not just a Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its schools this is not just a Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its schools this is not just a Business
+School program this is available across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School program this is available across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School program this is available across
+the board and as you undergraduates know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and as you undergraduates know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board and as you undergraduates know
+it's you know it's really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it's really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know it's really quite
+accessible this is substantial number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible this is substantial number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible this is substantial number of
+business majors who do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business majors who do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business majors who do a lot of
+entrepreneurship business minors who do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship business minors who do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship business minors who do
+a lot of entrepreneurship kind of ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of entrepreneurship kind of ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of entrepreneurship kind of ask
+features in their in their education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in their in their education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in their in their education
+that's now much better understood by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now much better understood by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now much better understood by
+students going to universities as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students going to universities as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students going to universities as an
+option for what their route ahead might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for what their route ahead might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for what their route ahead might
+be then it was even ten years ago so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be then it was even ten years ago so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be then it was even ten years ago so
+there has been some change here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been some change here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been some change here but
+that's another change he would make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another change he would make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another change he would make is
+to make the training much more relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the training much more relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the training much more relevant
+to entry into established firms into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to entry into established firms into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to entry into established firms into
+startup firms at the graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup firms at the graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup firms at the graduate school
+level so overall he would attempt to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so overall he would attempt to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so overall he would attempt to use
+some federal funding here to in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some federal funding here to in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some federal funding here to in effect
+redress the imbalance in federal demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redress the imbalance in federal demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redress the imbalance in federal demand
+and supply programs to create an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply programs to create an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply programs to create an input
+of support on the federal side one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of support on the federal side one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of support on the federal side one the
+on the supply side all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side all right so that's
+two of our three you want to pause here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of our three you want to pause here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of our three you want to pause here
+because this one's so nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one's so nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this one's so nicely
+controversial that we could discuss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial that we could discuss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial that we could discuss it
+and you all can disagree with Romer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all can disagree with Romer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all can disagree with Romer or
+indicate how correct he is should we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how correct he is should we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how correct he is should we do
+a quick pause who's got this one you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick pause who's got this one you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick pause who's got this one you've
+got it next you want to quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it next you want to quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it next you want to quickly
+summarize a rumor let's do ours Dean -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a rumor let's do ours Dean -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize a rumor let's do ours Dean -
+oh great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh great
+so yeah Augustine talks about how no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Augustine talks about how no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Augustine talks about how no
+education in the United States great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in the United States great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in the United States great
+before the university level so yeah he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the university level so yeah he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the university level so yeah he
+gives a lot of statistics how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a lot of statistics how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a lot of statistics how we're
+doing pretty well poorly in math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pretty well poorly in math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pretty well poorly in math and
+science when compared to other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science when compared to other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science when compared to other countries
+how for whatever reason it seems that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for whatever reason it seems that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how for whatever reason it seems that as
+people stay within the American system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stay within the American system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people stay within the American system
+the longer they stay in the poor their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer they stay in the poor their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer they stay in the poor their
+ability to compete with other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to compete with other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to compete with other countries
+is so actually I found one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so actually I found one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so actually I found one of the things
+of some of the so America has in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the so America has in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the so America has in the
+past few decades and famous for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past few decades and famous for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past few decades and famous for the
+concept of a brain drain or like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a brain drain or like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a brain drain or like it
+would take the best and brightest from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the best and brightest from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take the best and brightest from
+other countries like ebn in China they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries like ebn in China they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries like ebn in China they
+would come over here for a university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come over here for a university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come over here for a university
+system which is nice it's great for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is nice it's great for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is nice it's great for us
+it's not great for them but apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not great for them but apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not great for them but apparently
+this trend is slowing as we find out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trend is slowing as we find out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trend is slowing as we find out in
+this article because of some form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article because of some form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article because of some form or
+isolationist policies and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolationist policies and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolationist policies and I really
+appreciated that he mentioned it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated that he mentioned it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated that he mentioned it because
+often a lot of people try to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a lot of people try to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often a lot of people try to talk about
+okay isolationism this is bad because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay isolationism this is bad because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay isolationism this is bad because we
+are the world but this it actually gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the world but this it actually gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the world but this it actually gives
+a more concrete reason for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more concrete reason for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more concrete reason for why
+isolationism actually causes significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolationism actually causes significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolationism actually causes significant
+problems to our innovation system and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to our innovation system and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to our innovation system and to
+our economy so one of the questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economy so one of the questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economy so one of the questions that
+I wanted to pose is how has all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to pose is how has all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to pose is how has all of our
+educational institutes institutions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institutes institutions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institutes institutions at
+the university level we managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university level we managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university level we managed to
+maintain their stature and their quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain their stature and their quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain their stature and their quality
+despite the fact that lower it's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that lower it's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that lower it's lower
+level institutions like high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level institutions like high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level institutions like high school
+below have been so of subpar and can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below have been so of subpar and can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below have been so of subpar and can we
+implement some of these characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement some of these characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement some of these characteristics
+at these are levels I mean I think some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these are levels I mean I think some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these are levels I mean I think some
+of the answer to that comes from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer to that comes from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the answer to that comes from just
+the inequality across eight through 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality across eight through 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality across eight through 12
+schools like the u.s. does have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools like the u.s. does have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools like the u.s. does have some
+fantastic schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic schools
+it's just who has access to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just who has access to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just who has access to them and
+that kinds of favor certain groups over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinds of favor certain groups over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinds of favor certain groups over
+others and so instead of being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so instead of being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and so instead of being able to
+tap into the full potential talent pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap into the full potential talent pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap into the full potential talent pool
+that we have we're getting the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we're getting the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have we're getting the ones who
+happen to live in a neighborhood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to live in a neighborhood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to live in a neighborhood that
+goes through that school or that magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through that school or that magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through that school or that magnet
+school and their County
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and their County
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and their County
+so I think you could also pose question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you could also pose question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you could also pose question
+like how much better could American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much better could American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how much better could American
+universities be if they had their full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities be if they had their full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities be if they had their full
+town fool that she's from Worcester yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town fool that she's from Worcester yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town fool that she's from Worcester yeah
+I like best point a lot because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like best point a lot because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like best point a lot because there
+are I mean we definitely have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean we definitely have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean we definitely have
+institutions higher higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions higher higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions higher higher level
+learning institutions universities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning institutions universities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning institutions universities in
+the United States that are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States that are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States that are extremely
+famous extremely well-known and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous extremely well-known and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous extremely well-known and
+extremely well respected you all are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well respected you all are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely well respected you all are at
+one but there if you look I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there if you look I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there if you look I mean that
+doesn't mean that every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that every single
+University in the United States is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in the United States is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in the United States is
+internationally respective there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally respective there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally respective there's this
+huge spectrum of the level of education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge spectrum of the level of education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge spectrum of the level of education
+or the quality of education they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the quality of education they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the quality of education they can get
+at the university level and I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the university level and I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the university level and I mean
+you're exactly right that's the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right that's the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right that's the same for
+K through 12 it's just there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K through 12 it's just there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K through 12 it's just there's a huge
+span you just don't necessarily hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span you just don't necessarily hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span you just don't necessarily hear
+about the really bad university level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the really bad university level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the really bad university level
+education okay so about so following up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education okay so about so following up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education okay so about so following up
+on that and I've heard that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and I've heard that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and I've heard that one of the
+main reasons that we that at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons that we that at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons that we that at least for
+the K to 12 system people our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K to 12 system people our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K to 12 system people our
+governments are unable to support these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments are unable to support these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments are unable to support these
+schools that are doing very well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that are doing very well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that are doing very well and
+punish the ones that are doing poorly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punish the ones that are doing poorly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punish the ones that are doing poorly is
+there a way that we can implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way that we can implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a way that we can implement this
+without jeopardizing the education of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without jeopardizing the education of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without jeopardizing the education of
+the people who are already already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are already already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are already already in
+these systems because like schools can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems because like schools can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems because like schools can't
+be treated exactly like a free market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated exactly like a free market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be treated exactly like a free market
+because in a free market the worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a free market the worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a free market the worst case
+is okay you buy a zoo and instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay you buy a zoo and instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay you buy a zoo and instead of an
+iPhone or an iPod and well okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone or an iPod and well okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone or an iPod and well okay that
+kind of sucks but it doesn't suck nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucks but it doesn't suck nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucks but it doesn't suck nearly
+as much as for as it does for the kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as for as it does for the kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as for as it does for the kid
+who has to go through a year with a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has to go through a year with a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has to go through a year with a bad
+teacher and I'm sure maybe the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and I'm sure maybe the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher and I'm sure maybe the teacher
+gets fired after but but still here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets fired after but but still here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets fired after but but still here that
+this kid is lost and that's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid is lost and that's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid is lost and that's assume
+behind and that's that impact can last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and that's that impact can last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and that's that impact can last
+you know the rest of this person's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the rest of this person's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the rest of this person's life
+oh so that was a really long question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so that was a really long question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh so that was a really long question
+I'm sorry so to paraphrase that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry so to paraphrase that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry so to paraphrase that more
+simply how can we implement some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply how can we implement some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply how can we implement some sort of
+free-market style without that inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-market style without that inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-market style without that inherent
+impact on a kid's life well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on a kid's life well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on a kid's life well I think
+there's a reorganized a question like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reorganized a question like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reorganized a question like
+sometimes you're making yeah like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're making yeah like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you're making yeah like why
+are you sitting it's the teachers fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you sitting it's the teachers fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you sitting it's the teachers fault
+that they didn't like the simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't like the simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they didn't like the simplicity
+school like they don't do well usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school like they don't do well usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school like they don't do well usually
+it's like people who really really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like people who really really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like people who really really care
+when the students are ready to lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the students are ready to lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the students are ready to lunch
+right it's like I forget the moments I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like I forget the moments I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like I forget the moments I
+combined there's like a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined there's like a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined there's like a pair of
+shootings in the open like listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shootings in the open like listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shootings in the open like listen
+information so I think it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I think it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so I think it's a more
+complex issues the one third of me yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex issues the one third of me yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex issues the one third of me yeah
+I'm afraid of open system I've looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid of open system I've looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid of open system I've looked
+into this because there's a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this because there's a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this because there's a special
+class called by it's by Tom Malone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class called by it's by Tom Malone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class called by it's by Tom Malone and
+where I think we're gonna be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think we're gonna be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think we're gonna be talking
+about the future war next week he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future war next week he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future war next week he talks
+a lot about now we're in a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about now we're in a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about now we're in a distributed
+network system and we kind of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network system and we kind of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network system and we kind of get
+through hierarchy systems and so like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hierarchy systems and so like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through hierarchy systems and so like in
+that class we posited like you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class we posited like you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class we posited like you know what
+YouTube has all the videos and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube has all the videos and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube has all the videos and this
+create light to the people we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create light to the people we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create light to the people we talked
+about like what if something made like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what if something made like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what if something made like a
+YouTube for education where the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube for education where the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube for education where the best
+teachers will get the most views and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers will get the most views and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers will get the most views and
+that you can quantify that and pay them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can quantify that and pay them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can quantify that and pay them
+really high salaries right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high salaries right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high salaries right so you can
+get like NBA and the NBA player salaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like NBA and the NBA player salaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like NBA and the NBA player salaries
+for doing really great content and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing really great content and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing really great content and a lot
+of people would access it and you pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people would access it and you pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people would access it and you pretty
+much the whole population be taught by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the whole population be taught by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the whole population be taught by
+the best teachers in the country or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best teachers in the country or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best teachers in the country or the
+world and then you'd have the personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and then you'd have the personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and then you'd have the personal
+touch like Khan Academy where it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch like Khan Academy where it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch like Khan Academy where it's like
+online for some subjects or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online for some subjects or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online for some subjects or like
+learning in a really good way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in a really good way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in a really good way and then
+in the anthro class system you are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the anthro class system you are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the anthro class system you are going
+to the kind of like the issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kind of like the issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the kind of like the issues and
+figuring out like what your errors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out like what your errors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out like what your errors are
+so you can learn better so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can learn better so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can learn better so I think
+that's an interesting incentive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting incentive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting incentive the
+thing though is like I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though is like I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing though is like I think this is
+more of a the dynamics of the market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a the dynamics of the market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a the dynamics of the market the
+gatekeepers problem and there's like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatekeepers problem and there's like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatekeepers problem and there's like an
+education problem or even like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education problem or even like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education problem or even like the
+pipeline issues like if our incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline issues like if our incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline issues like if our incentive
+system is to get the best people to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to get the best people to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is to get the best people to the
+school and not care what happens after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and not care what happens after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and not care what happens after
+right that's kind of like a screwed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of like a screwed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of like a screwed
+system right it's like yeah like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right it's like yeah like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right it's like yeah like we're
+not focusing on making the best food the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not focusing on making the best food the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not focusing on making the best food the
+roller rugose thing on finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller rugose thing on finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roller rugose thing on finding the
+smarts to pull up to that point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarts to pull up to that point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarts to pull up to that point that
+they become students in our university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become students in our university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become students in our university
+and my reputation is based on getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my reputation is based on getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my reputation is based on getting
+the smartest people up to here so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smartest people up to here so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smartest people up to here so it
+doesn't matter if you have a screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if you have a screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter if you have a screwed up
+economy there's always going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy there's always going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy there's always going to be a
+really top 1% like it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really top 1% like it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really top 1% like it doesn't matter
+because like moves to be what school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like moves to be what school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like moves to be what school
+more different kinds of backgrounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more different kinds of backgrounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more different kinds of backgrounds and
+they will never save most like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will never save most like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will never save most like those
+because of their school like if we give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their school like if we give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their school like if we give
+them a poor background they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a poor background they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a poor background they're going to
+say tonight's one on line or what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tonight's one on line or what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say tonight's one on line or what's the
+library I learned from the best before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library I learned from the best before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library I learned from the best before
+their books that's that was new much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their books that's that was new much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their books that's that was new much
+responsive yeah well you introduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive yeah well you introduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive yeah well you introduced the
+online idea and we're gonna jump on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online idea and we're gonna jump on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online idea and we're gonna jump on that
+you know kind of at the end of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of at the end of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of at the end of the class
+there right so we should come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so we should come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right so we should come back to
+them and their pros and cons on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and their pros and cons on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and their pros and cons on this
+tell you it's also overdone yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you it's also overdone yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you it's also overdone yeah and
+like why have they figured out probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why have they figured out probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why have they figured out probably
+what the policy is into power issue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the policy is into power issue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the policy is into power issue okay
+yes I think just thinking about it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think just thinking about it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I think just thinking about it from
+like also an international perspective I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like also an international perspective I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like also an international perspective I
+think a problem in the u.s. is also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a problem in the u.s. is also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a problem in the u.s. is also like
+the whole respect thing for teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole respect thing for teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole respect thing for teachers
+like I think especially at like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think especially at like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think especially at like the
+middle school or the high school like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school or the high school like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle school or the high school like a
+public education system maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public education system maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public education system maybe there's
+not as much respect for being a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as much respect for being a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as much respect for being a teacher
+where it's like maybe in Sweden or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like maybe in Sweden or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like maybe in Sweden or like
+China like being a professor a teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China like being a professor a teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China like being a professor a teacher
+is like really well respected and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like really well respected and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like really well respected and like
+considered a really prestigious job so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a really prestigious job so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a really prestigious job so I
+think that's like some systemic issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like some systemic issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like some systemic issue
+that's also kind of preventing maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also kind of preventing maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also kind of preventing maybe the
+top talent from going into teaching not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top talent from going into teaching not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top talent from going into teaching not
+necessarily at the higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily at the higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily at the higher education
+level I think there's like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I think there's like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level I think there's like a lot of
+really intelligent academics in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intelligent academics in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intelligent academics in that
+space but like definitely towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but like definitely towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but like definitely towards the
+beginning where children are like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning where children are like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning where children are like really
+starting out their educational careers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out their educational careers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out their educational careers
+and that's a fundamental and also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a fundamental and also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a fundamental and also from
+what I know like in Europe they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know like in Europe they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know like in Europe they start
+kind of specializing pretty early on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of specializing pretty early on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of specializing pretty early on in
+like high school into what kind of track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like high school into what kind of track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like high school into what kind of track
+they want to pursue later on so I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to pursue later on so I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to pursue later on so I feel
+like that could be an interesting way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that could be an interesting way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that could be an interesting way
+that they're kind of promoting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're kind of promoting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're kind of promoting for
+example engineering or math or STEM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example engineering or math or STEM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example engineering or math or STEM
+related technical expertise like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related technical expertise like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related technical expertise like they're
+really Austrian that from early stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Austrian that from early stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Austrian that from early stage
+and so that really helps and sets up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that really helps and sets up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that really helps and sets up the
+students to advance later on whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to advance later on whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to advance later on whereas
+like a lot of students here they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of students here they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot of students here they get
+like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of
+kind of basic introduction to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of basic introduction to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of basic introduction to everything
+but then once they get to engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once they get to engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then once they get to engineering
+classes some people aren't very prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes some people aren't very prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes some people aren't very prepared
+I'm actually regarding the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually regarding the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually regarding the first part of
+what you said about the teachers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said about the teachers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said about the teachers and
+trying to incentivize the best talent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to incentivize the best talent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to incentivize the best talent in
+our country to become a teacher there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country to become a teacher there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our country to become a teacher there's
+actually my second question I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my second question I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my second question I wasn't
+asked well how could we incentivize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked well how could we incentivize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked well how could we incentivize them
+outside of pay because I've heard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of pay because I've heard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of pay because I've heard that
+the u.s. education system is at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. education system is at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. education system is at an
+all-time high for paying for the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-time high for paying for the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-time high for paying for the amount
+of money that we spend per student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that we spend per student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that we spend per student in
+the classroom so clearly just throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom so clearly just throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom so clearly just throwing
+money at this problem is not what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at this problem is not what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money at this problem is not what's not
+enough so what can we do is there only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so what can we do is there only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so what can we do is there only
+we have to change the culture or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to change the culture or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to change the culture or some
+other aspect yeah I think one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect yeah I think one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspect yeah I think one of the
+problems with our system is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with our system is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with our system is that it's
+kind of punitive or there's like mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of punitive or there's like mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of punitive or there's like mass
+hiring complete for a mass hiring or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring complete for a mass hiring or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring complete for a mass hiring or
+firing sorry that's firing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing sorry that's firing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing sorry that's firing things
+whereas teachers that are not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas teachers that are not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas teachers that are not like
+performing up to grade just be like let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing up to grade just be like let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing up to grade just be like let
+go and that's kind of bad with students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and that's kind of bad with students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and that's kind of bad with students
+because there's a lot of turnover but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of turnover but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of turnover but I
+think another we can maybe borrow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think another we can maybe borrow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think another we can maybe borrow from
+the other model when other cities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other model when other cities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other model when other cities I
+think comes to mind is Shanghai has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think comes to mind is Shanghai has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think comes to mind is Shanghai has this
+program where a lot of teachers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where a lot of teachers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where a lot of teachers or
+professors that are not performing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors that are not performing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors that are not performing as
+well are partnered with an educator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are partnered with an educator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well are partnered with an educator that
+has more experience or it has better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more experience or it has better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more experience or it has better
+understanding of how to reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how to reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how to reach the
+students and they have this kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and they have this kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and they have this kind of like
+collaborative model where they burn up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative model where they burn up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative model where they burn up
+the teachers instead of trying to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers instead of trying to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teachers instead of trying to like
+just fire them or like doctor pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fire them or like doctor pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fire them or like doctor pair
+something which i think is a probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which i think is a probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which i think is a probably
+something that would be ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would be ultimately
+better feel like the students are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better feel like the students are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better feel like the students are doing
+as well so next one we move on now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so next one we move on now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so next one we move on now to
+Romer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romer
+unless anybody's got any closing points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless anybody's got any closing points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless anybody's got any closing points
+here about access to looking at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about access to looking at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about access to looking at like
+seeing engineers yeah like if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing engineers yeah like if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing engineers yeah like if you're in
+a community where you never got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community where you never got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community where you never got
+an engineer something that does stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer something that does stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineer something that does stem
+your going to see the certain money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your going to see the certain money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your going to see the certain money
+especially since when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially since when you look at the
+subject it's so dry in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it's so dry in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject it's so dry in the classroom
+yeah this is what you actually end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is what you actually end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is what you actually end up
+doing I think that's also a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I think that's also a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I think that's also a big
+component especially with this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component especially with this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component especially with this new
+structure how who you want to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure how who you want to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure how who you want to become
+right because that's at that age you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's at that age you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's at that age you're
+trying to figure out who you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out who you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out who you want to be
+yeah any like an example like Steve Jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any like an example like Steve Jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah any like an example like Steve Jobs
+you have to work when he was 12 HP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work when he was 12 HP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work when he was 12 HP and
+he said that was like the thing that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said that was like the thing that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said that was like the thing that led
+him to work on tech because like his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to work on tech because like his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to work on tech because like his
+whole back I don't look at that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole back I don't look at that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole back I don't look at that as a
+mechanic it also made him realize what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic it also made him realize what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic it also made him realize what a
+good company was because he saw how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good company was because he saw how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good company was because he saw how the
+employees are treated and it made them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees are treated and it made them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees are treated and it made them
+see oh this is why having the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh this is why having the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see oh this is why having the right
+company culture matters but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company culture matters but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company culture matters but that's a
+lesson you learn at 12 I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson you learn at 12 I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson you learn at 12 I think I'm
+reminded truths of Augustine there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded truths of Augustine there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded truths of Augustine there is a
+point that he made about American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that he made about American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that he made about American
+exceptionalism and our focus on finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionalism and our focus on finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptionalism and our focus on finding
+spectacular talent and I'm just not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular talent and I'm just not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectacular talent and I'm just not good
+talent and so I remember a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and so I remember a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent and so I remember a few weeks ago
+I mentioned the quote where the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the quote where the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the quote where the good
+becomes the enemy of the great and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the enemy of the great and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the enemy of the great and maybe
+in the education system the great is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the education system the great is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the education system the great is the
+enemy of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy of the good
+and perhaps we're sort of not doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps we're sort of not doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps we're sort of not doing a
+good enough job of supporting people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough job of supporting people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough job of supporting people who
+do a fine job at pursuing engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a fine job at pursuing engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a fine job at pursuing engineering
+and science because we're focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science because we're focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and science because we're focused on
+finding you know the innovators the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding you know the innovators the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding you know the innovators the
+Edison's the jobs the gates of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison's the jobs the gates of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edison's the jobs the gates of the world
+so to create a support infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to create a support infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to create a support infrastructure
+people who might do a fine job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might do a fine job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who might do a fine job at
+carrying out their functions I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying out their functions I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying out their functions I think
+it's ultimately the task of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ultimately the task of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ultimately the task of the
+education system at the lower level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system at the lower level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system at the lower level and
+then at the university level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the university level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the university level of
+cultivating that talent you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivating that talent you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivating that talent you know really
+create spectacular situation like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create spectacular situation like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create spectacular situation like to
+Adam to that point I think yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam to that point I think yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam to that point I think yeah they
+definitely for that it's but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely for that it's but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely for that it's but I think
+that was more in the paper where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more in the paper where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more in the paper where they
+talk about breakthrough ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about breakthrough ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about breakthrough ideas
+I think this paper was more about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this paper was more about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this paper was more about we
+have a pipeline issue that we need these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pipeline issue that we need these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pipeline issue that we need these
+kinds of employees so that these fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of employees so that these fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of employees so that these fields
+stay in the US and then we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the US and then we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in the US and then we're looking
+for Edison's they're looking for a niche
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Edison's they're looking for a niche
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Edison's they're looking for a niche
+like know you wanted this one and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like know you wanted this one and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like know you wanted this one and can be
+advanced in that job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced in that job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced in that job
+so let's shift over to Romer I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's shift over to Romer I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's shift over to Romer I'm sure
+you're just like we're leading into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like we're leading into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just like we're leading into it
+yeah well that's your pipeline boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's your pipeline boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's your pipeline boy
+Deonte yeah so regarding the pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deonte yeah so regarding the pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deonte yeah so regarding the pipeline
+this Romberg decided to focus mostly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Romberg decided to focus mostly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Romberg decided to focus mostly on
+the undergraduate and graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undergraduate and graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undergraduate and graduate
+institutions and trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and trying to figure out
+how you can increase the supply of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can increase the supply of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can increase the supply of the
+talented scientists and engineers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented scientists and engineers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talented scientists and engineers that
+exist in the American innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the American innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the American innovation system
+so one of the questions that I saw was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the questions that I saw was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the questions that I saw was
+posed pretty interesting someone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed pretty interesting someone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed pretty interesting someone was
+asking what metrics or measures could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what metrics or measures could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking what metrics or measures could
+you use to actually evaluate these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to actually evaluate these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to actually evaluate these these
+new scientists and engineers as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new scientists and engineers as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new scientists and engineers as they're
+coming into these fields how and how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into these fields how and how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into these fields how and how can
+you train them to come into to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train them to come into to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you train them to come into to be
+prepared to go into either industry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to go into either industry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to go into either industry or
+academia I mean the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia I mean the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia I mean the first thing that
+comes to mind is they like professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to mind is they like professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to mind is they like professional
+engineer exams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer exams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer exams
+yep eggs-it sorry that's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep eggs-it sorry that's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep eggs-it sorry that's kind of like
+the standard those are required on it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard those are required on it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard those are required on it no
+not you just well some companies will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you just well some companies will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you just well some companies will
+require you to get them it's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to get them it's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require you to get them it's generally
+just like oh it's like a nice little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like oh it's like a nice little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like oh it's like a nice little
+like thing you can check yeah but like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thing you can check yeah but like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like thing you can check yeah but like I
+don't think this very like book working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this very like book working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think this very like book working
+that might be I've never even heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be I've never even heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be I've never even heard of
+it so I don't know if that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I don't know if that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I don't know if that's something
+that carries a ton of weight but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries a ton of weight but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries a ton of weight but I don't
+know I like I don't really like the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I like I don't really like the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I like I don't really like the idea
+of using standardized tests as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using standardized tests as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using standardized tests as like a
+measure of competency but I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of competency but I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of competency but I mean if
+you're trying to talk about a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to talk about a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to talk about a large
+group of people there's no like peaceful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people there's no like peaceful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people there's no like peaceful
+way to do it other than that like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it other than that like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it other than that like if you
+want to talk about like all bankers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about like all bankers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about like all bankers that
+are entering the workforce like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entering the workforce like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are entering the workforce like my
+original numbers are kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original numbers are kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original numbers are kind of like the
+only way to yeah you can't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to yeah you can't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way to yeah you can't look like
+recommendation letters it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation letters it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendation letters it's like
+everyone can find some other likes them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes might there be a reason why such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes might there be a reason why such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes might there be a reason why such
+extensive licensing exams exist in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive licensing exams exist in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive licensing exams exist in the
+medical field and not in the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical field and not in the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical field and not in the engineering
+or in life sciences fields because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in life sciences fields because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in life sciences fields because
+probably you didn't mess up you caused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you didn't mess up you caused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you didn't mess up you caused a
+lot of money to mess up so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money to mess up so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money to mess up so you don't
+feel it messed up but it's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it messed up but it's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it messed up but it's pretty easy
+mess up an engineer yeah yeah but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up an engineer yeah yeah but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up an engineer yeah yeah but people
+don't die you'll get those fall I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to what extent does accreditation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent does accreditation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent does accreditation of
+universities already attempt to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities already attempt to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities already attempt to feel
+that you know you're accepted into and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you're accepted into and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you're accepted into and
+graduate from an accredited engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from an accredited engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate from an accredited engineering
+program you already have that check mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you already have that check mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program you already have that check mark
+that like okay yeah that so like me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like okay yeah that so like me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like okay yeah that so like me the
+PE exam is basically just a feather in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE exam is basically just a feather in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PE exam is basically just a feather in
+your cap it doesn't really yeah or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cap it doesn't really yeah or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cap it doesn't really yeah or a
+little stamp on your resume doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stamp on your resume doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little stamp on your resume doesn't
+really the way it is they're all but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the way it is they're all but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the way it is they're all but the
+way to be give that accreditation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to be give that accreditation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to be give that accreditation to
+things right now that is it becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right now that is it becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right now that is it becoming
+more meaningless if we're graduating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meaningless if we're graduating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more meaningless if we're graduating an
+engineer from one school that is far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer from one school that is far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer from one school that is far
+more capable and from another school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capable and from another school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more capable and from another school
+that has the same like stamp yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same like stamp yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same like stamp yeah I mean
+you can make the same argument with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make the same argument with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make the same argument with like
+any profession right playing like to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any profession right playing like to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any profession right playing like to go
+into seven years example of medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into seven years example of medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into seven years example of medicine
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so if you if someone comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if someone comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if someone comes from the
+Harvard versus I don't know maiden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard versus I don't know maiden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard versus I don't know maiden
+somewhere you don't like Harvard yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere you don't like Harvard yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere you don't like Harvard yeah
+then you can see a difference in quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me raise a question next it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me raise a question next it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me raise a question next it's harder
+for you folks in MIT to see this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you folks in MIT to see this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you folks in MIT to see this because
+you know it's obviously predominately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's obviously predominately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's obviously predominately
+science and engineering but let me ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering but let me ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering but let me ask
+them and staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and staff
+how much do you see the Great Inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you see the Great Inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do you see the Great Inflation
+at a classic you know high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a classic you know high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a classic you know high quality
+liberal arts school between social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal arts school between social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal arts school between social
+sciences humanities kinds of majors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences humanities kinds of majors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences humanities kinds of majors and
+science and engineering majors or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering majors or can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering majors or can
+Lily you came from one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lily you came from one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lily you came from one of those
+institutions please join it as real is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions please join it as real is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions please join it as real is
+the problem that Romer is seeing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that Romer is seeing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that Romer is seeing here is
+this a real issue do you a condom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a real issue do you a condom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a real issue do you a condom
+Adrienne wells in college there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adrienne wells in college there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adrienne wells in college there's a
+definite sense of great potential is eh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite sense of great potential is eh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite sense of great potential is eh
+instituted great equation but in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instituted great equation but in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instituted great equation but in terms
+of the disparity between the humanities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disparity between the humanities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disparity between the humanities
+Social Sciences and the STEM fields I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Sciences and the STEM fields I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Sciences and the STEM fields I
+think there's definitely generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's definitely generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's definitely generally
+there's an idea that like the stem I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an idea that like the stem I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an idea that like the stem I the
+STEM fields are more are difficult so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STEM fields are more are difficult so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+STEM fields are more are difficult so
+recently we have this policy like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we have this policy like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently we have this policy like the
+first semester here at college year shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first semester here at college year shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first semester here at college year shot
+up gradient soon actually given grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up gradient soon actually given grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up gradient soon actually given grades
+and that kind of resulted in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of resulted in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of resulted in a lot of
+people and during the SEM feels and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and during the SEM feels and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and during the SEM feels and not
+lis and that was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lis and that was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lis and that was something that
+obviously the humanities professors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the humanities professors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the humanities professors and
+the Soviet sciences were very against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet sciences were very against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet sciences were very against
+because it's the students coming in were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the students coming in were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the students coming in were
+automatically going to like anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically going to like anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically going to like anything
+outside of their to block they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of their to block they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of their to block they kind of
+ended up staying there since the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up staying there since the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up staying there since the faculty
+are great so they would continue in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great so they would continue in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are great so they would continue in that
+program so that was kind of an imbalance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so that was kind of an imbalance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so that was kind of an imbalance
+that occurred like the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred like the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred like the reasons
+so in a way exactly what rumors talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way exactly what rumors talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way exactly what rumors talking
+about interesting Lily what was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interesting Lily what was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interesting Lily what was your
+point oh I I was a science major and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh I I was a science major and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point oh I I was a science major and I
+made aids in every single class I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made aids in every single class I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made aids in every single class I took
+outside of my own major and not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I wanted to do science we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do science we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do science we started out
+with almost 600 students in like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with almost 600 students in like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with almost 600 students in like the
+first semester chemistry course and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first semester chemistry course and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first semester chemistry course and by
+the second semester chemistry so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second semester chemistry so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second semester chemistry so this is
+chemistry majors biology majors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry majors biology majors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry majors biology majors and
+engineering majors all take that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering majors all take that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering majors all take that they
+also have to take a second semester of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to take a second semester of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have to take a second semester of
+chemistry and they were probably less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and they were probably less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and they were probably less
+than 400 by the second semester so is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 400 by the second semester so is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 400 by the second semester so is a
+huge weed out class over 600 likes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge weed out class over 600 likes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge weed out class over 600 likes right
+and most schools have notorious weed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most schools have notorious weed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most schools have notorious weed out
+classes that essentially frustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that essentially frustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that essentially frustrate the
+ambitions of a lot of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitions of a lot of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitions of a lot of students
+particularly in the pre-med area are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the pre-med area are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the pre-med area are
+obviously notorious and the shall we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously notorious and the shall we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously notorious and the shall we say
+organic chemistry is the typical weed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry is the typical weed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemistry is the typical weed
+out of course so it's this is a dilemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of course so it's this is a dilemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of course so it's this is a dilemma
+when you've got a societal need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've got a societal need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you've got a societal need and
+you've got the institutions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the institutions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the institutions that are
+supposed to deliver your talent base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to deliver your talent base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to deliver your talent base
+just operating off a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operating off a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operating off a completely
+different set of incentives than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of incentives than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of incentives than what
+the society may be that's the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society may be that's the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society may be that's the core
+roamers argument here and another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roamers argument here and another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roamers argument here and another part
+of his argument is the numbers are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his argument is the numbers are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his argument is the numbers are not
+that far off in other words that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far off in other words that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far off in other words that we just
+got the people who wanted to major in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the people who wanted to major in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the people who wanted to major in
+science and engineering and mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering and mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering and mathematics
+to stay in the field you know lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay in the field you know lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stay in the field you know lots of
+the numbers problems get a heck of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers problems get a heck of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers problems get a heck of a lot
+better but that 40% or more dropout rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but that 40% or more dropout rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but that 40% or more dropout rate
+out of those fields that typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those fields that typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of those fields that typically
+occurs the undergraduate level is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs the undergraduate level is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs the undergraduate level is highly
+problematic I couldn't see your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic I couldn't see your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic I couldn't see your hands
+yeah so I started to wonder about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I started to wonder about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I started to wonder about a
+couple these choke points like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple these choke points like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple these choke points like where
+actually we was starting to drop out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we was starting to drop out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we was starting to drop out of
+these science and engineering fields I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these science and engineering fields I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these science and engineering fields I
+know we identified like kind of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we identified like kind of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we identified like kind of these
+weed out classes and I think kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weed out classes and I think kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weed out classes and I think kind of
+looking from like who declares like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from like who declares like who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from like who declares like who
+and who ends up finishing I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who ends up finishing I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who ends up finishing I think you
+could probably as a whole identify kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably as a whole identify kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably as a whole identify kind
+of great deep with deflation and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great deep with deflation and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great deep with deflation and a
+couple of these classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these classes
+very complicated kind of we doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated kind of we doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated kind of we doubt
+classes as like reasons why people start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as like reasons why people start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes as like reasons why people start
+to kind of leave the field and migrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of leave the field and migrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of leave the field and migrate
+out and I think it might be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I think it might be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I think it might be like
+indicative to sort of each institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative to sort of each institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative to sort of each institution
+kind of where these Charlotte points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where these Charlotte points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where these Charlotte points are
+but I think on mass you can kind of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think on mass you can kind of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think on mass you can kind of take
+these like for sheer classes as kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like for sheer classes as kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like for sheer classes as kind of
+places where students start to fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where students start to fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where students start to fall off
+and then like is it actually so is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like is it actually so is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then like is it actually so is it
+part of kind of this college exploratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of kind of this college exploratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of kind of this college exploratory
+process like kind of figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like kind of figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like kind of figuring out what
+you want to do it's like how we phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it's like how we phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do it's like how we phrase
+it as like you started as a chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as like you started as a chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as like you started as a chemistry
+major with maybe you end up gravitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major with maybe you end up gravitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major with maybe you end up gravitating
+towards a social science because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a social science because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a social science because you
+don't really like the way that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like the way that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really like the way that we have
+class is structured or is it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is structured or is it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is structured or is it you know
+part of this indicative problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this indicative problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this indicative problem that we
+have we're like we can't graduate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're like we can't graduate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we're like we can't graduate and
+sustain the people who are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain the people who are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain the people who are actually
+interested in these fields and so like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these fields and so like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these fields and so like I
+wonder if like you know just because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if like you know just because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if like you know just because you
+know we're not graduating enough is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not graduating enough is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're not graduating enough is it
+because these classes are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these classes are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these classes are actually
+structured in a way like prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured in a way like prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured in a way like prevents
+graduating or is it like part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating or is it like part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating or is it like part of this
+kind of the way that we brand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the way that we brand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the way that we brand your
+college experience is like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college experience is like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college experience is like you're
+supposed to be able to explore and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to explore and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be able to explore and kind
+of transition in and out especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition in and out especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition in and out especially in
+that you know first year and experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know first year and experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know first year and experience
+things and my second point was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and my second point was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and my second point was like
+there's a little bit of a difference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a difference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of a difference I
+would say in kind of STEM fields even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in kind of STEM fields even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say in kind of STEM fields even in
+that first year because I know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first year because I know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first year because I know a lot of
+colleges offer the opportunity to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges offer the opportunity to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges offer the opportunity to sort
+of use high school classes to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of use high school classes to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of use high school classes to sort of
+test out of those first year maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test out of those first year maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test out of those first year maybe even
+those weed out classes and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those weed out classes and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those weed out classes and then it's
+sort of an added bonus as well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an added bonus as well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an added bonus as well because
+you end up testing ideas class oh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up testing ideas class oh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up testing ideas class oh so you
+use up less semesters to finish your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up less semesters to finish your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up less semesters to finish your
+degree and so I know that can be like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so I know that can be like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so I know that can be like a
+big reason and incentive for students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reason and incentive for students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big reason and incentive for students to
+sort of choose other universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of choose other universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of choose other universities
+because they're like oh I'll only be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're like oh I'll only be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're like oh I'll only be in
+this school for three years if I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this school for three years if I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this school for three years if I go to
+maybe the state school over here rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the state school over here rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the state school over here rather
+than you know staying in school for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know staying in school for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know staying in school for four
+years at a different University and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at a different University and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at a different University and like
+is there a way to identify sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way to identify sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way to identify sort of the
+relative quality of education in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative quality of education in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative quality of education in kind of
+testing out of that first year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing out of that first year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing out of that first year of
+engineering classes and then finishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering classes and then finishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering classes and then finishing
+in three versus going for four because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three versus going for four because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three versus going for four because I
+feel like if you can graduate a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like if you can graduate a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like if you can graduate a whole
+bunch of people maybe in that three year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people maybe in that three year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people maybe in that three year
+time span without like a marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time span without like a marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time span without like a marginal
+decrease in quality of education we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in quality of education we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in quality of education we can
+start looking more to those programs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking more to those programs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking more to those programs as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next how about a closeout point on Romer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next how about a closeout point on Romer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next how about a closeout point on Romer
+so evidently Romer is evidence that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so evidently Romer is evidence that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so evidently Romer is evidence that the
+education problem is unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education problem is unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education problem is unbelievably
+complicated throwing money at the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated throwing money at the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated throwing money at the issue
+has not been sufficient to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been sufficient to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been sufficient to actually
+solve it and there are issues with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and there are issues with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and there are issues with the
+quality in class was being talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in class was being talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in class was being talked about
+the readout courses that exist great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readout courses that exist great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readout courses that exist great
+inflation of deflation standardizing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation of deflation standardizing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation of deflation standardizing so
+such an issue will take it's gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an issue will take it's gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an issue will take it's gonna take
+a very long time to solve but all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time to solve but all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very long time to solve but all of the
+issues that he has pointed out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that he has pointed out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that he has pointed out there
+definitely solvable the I'd say the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely solvable the I'd say the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely solvable the I'd say the main
+barrier between us and now in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier between us and now in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier between us and now in the future
+where these issues are solved would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these issues are solved would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these issues are solved would be
+the would be just politics just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the would be just politics just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the would be just politics just trying
+to get people to agree to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to agree to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get people to agree to these
+different programs that would focus more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different programs that would focus more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different programs that would focus more
+on the education and less on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the education and less on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the education and less on the
+incentives of those teaching you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives of those teaching you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives of those teaching you know I
+think what's a part of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's a part of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what's a part of what's
+interesting about roamers argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about roamers argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about roamers argument is
+that he takes the theory that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he takes the theory that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he takes the theory that we've got
+a talent supply set of talent supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talent supply set of talent supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talent supply set of talent supply
+issues and then he attempts to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and then he attempts to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and then he attempts to figure
+out what this more specific barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this more specific barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this more specific barriers to
+that supply and then do an institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supply and then do an institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that supply and then do an institutional
+analysis of why these barriers are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of why these barriers are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of why these barriers are in
+effect created at the higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect created at the higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect created at the higher education
+system and then interestingly he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then interestingly he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then interestingly he
+attempts to take you know three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to take you know three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts to take you know three or four
+public policy fixes that could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy fixes that could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy fixes that could actually
+address these and I do think that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address these and I do think that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address these and I do think that both
+his article and step programs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his article and step programs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his article and step programs the
+National Science Foundation created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Science Foundation created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Science Foundation created
+based on the legislation that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the legislation that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the legislation that he
+recommended that Congress passed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended that Congress passed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended that Congress passed and
+that NSF implemented was never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NSF implemented was never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NSF implemented was never
+implemented with the funding scale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented with the funding scale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented with the funding scale that
+was really needed to make a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really needed to make a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really needed to make a significant
+difference but it started to send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but it started to send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but it started to send a
+different different set of signals about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different set of signals about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different set of signals about
+supply of Science and Technology talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of Science and Technology talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply of Science and Technology talent
+to the university system and did I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the university system and did I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the university system and did I think
+have an effect over time but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect over time but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an effect over time but these
+issues are obviously still with us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are obviously still with us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues are obviously still with us so
+let me move quickly from Rome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move quickly from Rome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me move quickly from Rome
+you know to our next reading with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to our next reading with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to our next reading with
+Richard Freeman and he kind of takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Freeman and he kind of takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Freeman and he kind of takes us
+to the next level of the supply problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next level of the supply problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next level of the supply problem
+Richard Freeman is a quite famous labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Freeman is a quite famous labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Freeman is a quite famous labor
+economist at the school up the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist at the school up the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist at the school up the street
+and he he's famous for his wide range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he's famous for his wide range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he's famous for his wide range
+and variety of hats as you can see he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variety of hats as you can see he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and variety of hats as you can see he
+has a wonderful collection so he looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a wonderful collection so he looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a wonderful collection so he looks
+at a different problem you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different problem you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a different problem you know does
+globalization threaten the and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization threaten the and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globalization threaten the and its
+movement and science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and science and engineering
+threaten us economic leadership and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten us economic leadership and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten us economic leadership and you
+know his I'll kind of summarize his four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his I'll kind of summarize his four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know his I'll kind of summarize his four
+key points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key points here
+you know the underlying issue is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the underlying issue is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the underlying issue is that
+changes in the in the global job market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the in the global job market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the in the global job market
+for science and engineering science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science and engineering science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science and engineering science and
+engineering workers SNe workers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering workers SNe workers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering workers SNe workers are
+eroding US dominance in it in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroding US dominance in it in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eroding US dominance in it in science
+and engineering which in turn diminishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering which in turn diminishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering which in turn diminishes
+a strong comparative advantage that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong comparative advantage that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong comparative advantage that the
+US historically held since the end of or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US historically held since the end of or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US historically held since the end of or
+- as we've been talking about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- as we've been talking about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- as we've been talking about in the
+past and he makes four underlying points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and he makes four underlying points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and he makes four underlying points
+in kind of looking at this dimension in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of looking at this dimension in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of looking at this dimension in
+other words we have Augustine's critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we have Augustine's critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we have Augustine's critique
+of K through 12 we have roamers critique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K through 12 we have roamers critique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K through 12 we have roamers critique
+of the higher education system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the higher education system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the higher education system and then
+Richard Freeman kind of tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Freeman kind of tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Freeman kind of tells us what
+the economic implications are of failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic implications are of failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic implications are of failing
+to maintain that leadership base in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain that leadership base in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain that leadership base in
+science science and engineering talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science science and engineering talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science science and engineering talent
+so his point is that the share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his point is that the share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his point is that the share of the
+world science and engineering graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world science and engineering graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world science and engineering graduates
+in the u.s. is in in decline and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. is in in decline and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. is in in decline and look
+others are understanding this model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are understanding this model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are understanding this model and
+moving to moving to fill it second that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to moving to fill it second that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to moving to fill it second that
+the job market has worsened for younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job market has worsened for younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job market has worsened for younger
+workers in science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in science and engineering
+fields relative to many other high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields relative to many other high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields relative to many other high-level
+occupations which in turn discourages us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations which in turn discourages us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupations which in turn discourages us
+sign us students mentor in those fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign us students mentor in those fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign us students mentor in those fields
+now he's writing this at the time when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's writing this at the time when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he's writing this at the time when a
+startling proportion of MIT students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling proportion of MIT students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling proportion of MIT students and
+other science and engineering graduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other science and engineering graduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other science and engineering graduates
+and other schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other schools
+we're going into the financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going into the financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going into the financial sector
+financial services and consulting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial services and consulting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial services and consulting some
+of that since he wrote is turned around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that since he wrote is turned around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that since he wrote is turned around
+in other words there has been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there has been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there has been an
+emergency at MIT of interest in startups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency at MIT of interest in startups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency at MIT of interest in startups
+and entrepreneurship to the tune that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrepreneurship to the tune that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrepreneurship to the tune that
+some 20 to 25 percent of Europe those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 20 to 25 percent of Europe those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 20 to 25 percent of Europe those of
+you when you graduate you're graduating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you graduate you're graduating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you graduate you're graduating
+classmates will go into those fields in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates will go into those fields in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates will go into those fields in
+a way that community moved out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that community moved out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that community moved out of
+financial services post 2008 crash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial services post 2008 crash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial services post 2008 crash and
+moved over to what may be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over to what may be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved over to what may be a really
+important kind of career shift in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important kind of career shift in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important kind of career shift in terms
+of the country's future but that hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country's future but that hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country's future but that hadn't
+occurred yet by the time that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred yet by the time that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred yet by the time that by the
+time he's writing this so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he's writing this so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he's writing this so in other words
+the extremely high pay available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extremely high pay available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extremely high pay available to
+those entering financial services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those entering financial services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those entering financial services and
+consulting drained talent out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting drained talent out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consulting drained talent out of the
+system is his point within the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is his point within the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is his point within the US and
+then you know countries like China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know countries like China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know countries like China and
+India found that they could compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India found that they could compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India found that they could compete with
+us and high tech by having by starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and high tech by having by starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and high tech by having by starting
+to train substantial numbers of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train substantial numbers of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train substantial numbers of science
+and engineering specialists in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering specialists in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and engineering specialists in other
+words they could leapfrog right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they could leapfrog right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words they could leapfrog right and in
+effect go to substantial ports as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect go to substantial ports as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect go to substantial ports as their
+economy being quite high-tech even while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy being quite high-tech even while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy being quite high-tech even while
+they were working on bringing up what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working on bringing up what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working on bringing up what's
+in effect a developing world economy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect a developing world economy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect a developing world economy in
+the meantime right so they hit on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime right so they hit on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime right so they hit on this
+model and it's a really important model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's a really important model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and it's a really important model
+but that in turn had an effect on kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that in turn had an effect on kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that in turn had an effect on kind
+of US dominance in this field I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US dominance in this field I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US dominance in this field I mean
+this is honestly a bad thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is honestly a bad thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is honestly a bad thing for the
+world to get better but it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to get better but it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to get better but it doesn't have
+an effect when he was comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect when he was comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effect when he was comparative
+advantage so to ease the adjustment to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so to ease the adjustment to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage so to ease the adjustment to a
+less dominant position in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dominant position in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less dominant position in science and
+engineering with the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering with the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering with the corresponding
+economic ramifications for u.s. economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic ramifications for u.s. economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic ramifications for u.s. economic
+growth and well-being and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and well-being and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and well-being and
+competitiveness the u.s. is gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness the u.s. is gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness the u.s. is gonna have
+to develop he argues new labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop he argues new labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop he argues new labor market
+and R&D policies that start to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R&D policies that start to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R&D policies that start to try to
+change the science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the science and engineering
+talent numbers so we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent numbers so we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent numbers so we're gonna have to
+step into the marketplace and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into the marketplace and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into the marketplace and you know
+and this is where roamers thinking would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where roamers thinking would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where roamers thinking would
+come to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to bear
+so let me let me move to golden and cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me move to golden and cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me let me move to golden and cats
+and they further talk about the societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they further talk about the societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they further talk about the societal
+ramifications for what we're doing in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications for what we're doing in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramifications for what we're doing in in
+higher education right we've talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education right we've talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education right we've talked a
+bit about this before but and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this before but and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this before but and they also
+they also teach up the street and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also teach up the street and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also teach up the street and their
+book the race between education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the race between education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book the race between education and
+technology was really has quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was really has quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology was really has quite
+important when I think is held up well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when I think is held up well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when I think is held up well
+since it came out in 2009 but I had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it came out in 2009 but I had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it came out in 2009 but I had you
+read a short version a Millikan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a short version a Millikan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a short version a Millikan
+Institute review piece that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute review piece that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute review piece that came out
+before they put their book out but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they put their book out but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they put their book out but I do
+recommend the book to you the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the book to you the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend the book to you the gap
+between wages of educated and less well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between wages of educated and less well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between wages of educated and less well
+educated workers has been growing since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers has been growing since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated workers has been growing since
+1980 and this expanding wage inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 and this expanding wage inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980 and this expanding wage inequality
+has characterized us since that time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has characterized us since that time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has characterized us since that time so
+we're becoming a pulled much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're becoming a pulled much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're becoming a pulled much more
+polarized society and the lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized society and the lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized society and the lines are
+drawn on education lines right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on education lines right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn on education lines right and this
+is we've talked about this before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've talked about this before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've talked about this before but
+this is David otters barbell problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is David otters barbell problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is David otters barbell problem
+right that our society is increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that our society is increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that our society is increasingly
+looking like a barbell and we've got on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like a barbell and we've got on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like a barbell and we've got on
+one Bell a growing and successful upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Bell a growing and successful upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Bell a growing and successful upper
+middle class that has the education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class that has the education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class that has the education and
+is able to use that education to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to use that education to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to use that education to capture
+that wealth a thinning middle and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wealth a thinning middle and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wealth a thinning middle and a
+growing lower end services economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing lower end services economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing lower end services economy
+that's less well-paid and less well-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less well-paid and less well-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less well-paid and less well-off
+to which substantial portions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which substantial portions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which substantial portions in the
+middle are now being shunted and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle are now being shunted and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle are now being shunted and we can
+start to see this polarization in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see this polarization in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see this polarization in our
+economy in pretty sharp terms and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in pretty sharp terms and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in pretty sharp terms and that's
+what Katz and golden are writing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Katz and golden are writing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Katz and golden are writing about
+the wage inequality narrowed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage inequality narrowed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage inequality narrowed in the
+United States significantly from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States significantly from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States significantly from about
+1910 through the 1950s then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 through the 1950s then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 through the 1950s then it's
+stabilized until about the 1980s right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized until about the 1980s right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized until about the 1980s right
+and then it's grown since that time why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's grown since that time why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's grown since that time why
+and they argue I'll attempt to just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they argue I'll attempt to just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they argue I'll attempt to just you
+know paint you a quick pic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know paint you a quick pic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know paint you a quick pic
+but they argue that there is a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they argue that there is a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they argue that there is a race
+between education and technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between education and technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between education and technology and
+that what happened in the US was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what happened in the US was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what happened in the US was that
+there is an ever-growing curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an ever-growing curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an ever-growing curve of
+Technology knowledge since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology knowledge since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology knowledge since the
+Industrial Revolution and we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution and we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial Revolution and we talked
+about this previously but I'll reiterate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this previously but I'll reiterate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this previously but I'll reiterate
+it that an economy requires in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that an economy requires in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that an economy requires in other
+words it requires a an ever-growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it requires a an ever-growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it requires a an ever-growing
+level of technological sophistication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of technological sophistication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of technological sophistication
+right and the genius of the u.s. system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the genius of the u.s. system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the genius of the u.s. system
+was to create mass higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to create mass higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to create mass higher education
+which we did first through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did first through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did first through the
+land-grant Act of course that created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-grant Act of course that created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-grant Act of course that created
+MIT that was the big enabler for MIT it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT that was the big enabler for MIT it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT that was the big enabler for MIT it
+had initial funding in 1861 his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had initial funding in 1861 his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had initial funding in 1861 his
+graduating class marched on to the Civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating class marched on to the Civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating class marched on to the Civil
+War there was no revenue base in 1862
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War there was no revenue base in 1862
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War there was no revenue base in 1862
+Congress passed the land-grant College
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress passed the land-grant College
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress passed the land-grant College
+Act and suddenly there was a revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act and suddenly there was a revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act and suddenly there was a revenue
+stream to make up for the loss of talent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to make up for the loss of talent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to make up for the loss of talent
+right lost the tuition base so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lost the tuition base so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right lost the tuition base so that's
+saved MIT but created public higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved MIT but created public higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved MIT but created public higher
+education really across the country in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education really across the country in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education really across the country in
+every state at the time of them extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state at the time of them extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every state at the time of them extended
+to New Orleans so we created that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New Orleans so we created that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to New Orleans so we created that system
+of mass higher education really to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass higher education really to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass higher education really to the
+land-grant College Act in 1862 no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-grant College Act in 1862 no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-grant College Act in 1862 no other
+country had done anything like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country had done anything like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country had done anything like that so
+we created a talent base that stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a talent base that stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a talent base that stayed
+ahead of the technological curve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of the technological curve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of the technological curve right
+and that's what you want right you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you want right you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you want right you want
+your talent base to stay ahead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your talent base to stay ahead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your talent base to stay ahead of the
+increased sophistication of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased sophistication of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased sophistication of technology
+in the economy so that that talent base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy so that that talent base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy so that that talent base
+can keep moving that curve up right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep moving that curve up right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep moving that curve up right and
+that they benefit each other right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they benefit each other right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they benefit each other right and
+then what Katz and golden point out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what Katz and golden point out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what Katz and golden point out is
+that in the mid 70s we level that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the mid 70s we level that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the mid 70s we level that off
+was there cause in particular you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there cause in particular you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there cause in particular you know
+let me get to that in a minute Martine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get to that in a minute Martine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me get to that in a minute Martine
+but we do need to come back to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to come back to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do need to come back to that and
+I don't think we fully understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we fully understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we fully understand the
+dimensions of what was happening at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of what was happening at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of what was happening at that
+point but there's some thoughts so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but there's some thoughts so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but there's some thoughts so what
+happened was that the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was that the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was that the people that
+continued to ride ride this curve right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to ride ride this curve right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to ride ride this curve right
+they stayed up with the technology curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stayed up with the technology curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stayed up with the technology curve
+right those that fell off fell behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those that fell off fell behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those that fell off fell behind
+the curve and their incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and their incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and their incomes
+correspondingly suffer that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly suffer that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly suffer that's that's the
+case that they're making right and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they're making right and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that they're making right and these
+people got left off the curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got left off the curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got left off the curve and
+couldn't keep riding up to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't keep riding up to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't keep riding up to take
+advantage the economic gain so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage the economic gain so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage the economic gain so you've
+got a smaller number of people you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a smaller number of people you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a smaller number of people you know
+riding this curve up they get the gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding this curve up they get the gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding this curve up they get the gains
+right whereas in this period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas in this period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas in this period of time
+between 1910 and 1950 everybody or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1910 and 1950 everybody or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1910 and 1950 everybody or at
+least a very large part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a very large part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a very large part of the
+population was riding that curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was riding that curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population was riding that curve and
+able to benefit so that's the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to benefit so that's the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to benefit so that's the great
+creation of this mass middle class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of this mass middle class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of this mass middle class in
+the United States and the data you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and the data you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and the data you know
+tends to bear this out so that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to bear this out so that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to bear this out so that's their
+essential equation here when what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential equation here when what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential equation here when what
+happened again they argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened again they argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened again they argue that
+technological advance is the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advance is the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advance is the key to
+growth we know that from this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth we know that from this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth we know that from this class and
+that the ebb and flow of wage equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ebb and flow of wage equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ebb and flow of wage equality
+and inequality is very much related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inequality is very much related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inequality is very much related to
+the skill set you've got to keep riding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skill set you've got to keep riding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skill set you've got to keep riding
+that technological curve now look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technological curve now look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technological curve now look if
+anything the growth in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the growth in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything the growth in that
+technological curve has just gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological curve has just gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological curve has just gotten
+steeper right with the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper right with the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeper right with the development of
+all these information technologies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these information technologies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these information technologies you
+know heaven forbid a next generation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know heaven forbid a next generation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know heaven forbid a next generation if
+you don't have coding skills right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have coding skills right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have coding skills right with
+the entry of significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry of significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry of significant amount of
+artificial intelligence in the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence in the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial intelligence in the economy
+if you're going to stay up you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to stay up you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to stay up you really
+need that skill base otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that skill base otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that skill base otherwise you're
+going to get left behind so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get left behind so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get left behind so you know
+that's essentially their picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially their picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially their picture of
+what's been going on here let me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been going on here let me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been going on here let me that
+stagnation of education levels around 73
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnation of education levels around 73
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagnation of education levels around 73
+or so coincides with the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so coincides with the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so coincides with the period of
+economic challenge from Japan that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic challenge from Japan that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic challenge from Japan that we
+talked about in the in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the in the second
+manufacturing class that's the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing class that's the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing class that's the period
+where the Rust Belt gets created right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Rust Belt gets created right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Rust Belt gets created right
+so the US had been on an ever rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the US had been on an ever rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the US had been on an ever rising
+economic curve suddenly its growth rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic curve suddenly its growth rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic curve suddenly its growth rate
+fell to the two percent range and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell to the two percent range and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell to the two percent range and it's
+from its historic three percent range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its historic three percent range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its historic three percent range
+and its productivity rate strives growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its productivity rate strives growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its productivity rate strives growth
+as we've talked about its productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about its productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've talked about its productivity
+rate fell to the one-percent range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate fell to the one-percent range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate fell to the one-percent range so
+that means there's less real wealth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's less real wealth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's less real wealth in
+the economy and that may Marteen an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy and that may Marteen an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy and that may Marteen an
+answer your question that may have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question that may have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question that may have had
+something to do with our ability to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with our ability to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with our ability to keep
+financing ever-growing education now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing ever-growing education now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing ever-growing education now
+remember that the public universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the public universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the public universities
+provide 80 percent of higher education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide 80 percent of higher education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide 80 percent of higher education
+right that's the key component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the key component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the key component of the
+system you know places like MIT are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know places like MIT are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you know places like MIT are all
+very well and good but that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well and good but that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well and good but that's you know
+20 20 percent share the core talent base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 percent share the core talent base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 20 percent share the core talent base
+is getting trained in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting trained in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting trained in public
+universities and other things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and other things have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and other things have been
+happening to those public universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to those public universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to those public universities
+all right so they're competing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so they're competing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so they're competing at the
+state level for funding with two major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state level for funding with two major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state level for funding with two major
+factors one is Medicaid which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors one is Medicaid which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors one is Medicaid which the
+state's beryl are a very large portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's beryl are a very large portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state's beryl are a very large portion
+of it and the other is prisons right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and the other is prisons right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and the other is prisons right
+because we have a massive prison growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a massive prison growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a massive prison growth
+and the annual cost of prisoners is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the annual cost of prisoners is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the annual cost of prisoners is much
+higher than putting people on higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than putting people on higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than putting people on higher
+education you'd begin to wonder where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you'd begin to wonder where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education you'd begin to wonder where
+your priorities are but you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your priorities are but you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your priorities are but you think about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so there have been increased pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have been increased pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there have been increased pressure on
+state budgets that correspond with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state budgets that correspond with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state budgets that correspond with that
+73 to like 1990 or 1991 kind of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 to like 1990 or 1991 kind of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73 to like 1990 or 1991 kind of economic
+decline period that may account for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline period that may account for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline period that may account for it
+now the Obama administration understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Obama administration understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the Obama administration understood
+this curve well and Obama was flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve well and Obama was flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve well and Obama was flowing
+with cats and Golden's work and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cats and Golden's work and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cats and Golden's work and they
+made a major effort to increase Pell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a major effort to increase Pell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a major effort to increase Pell
+grants and increase the availability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants and increase the availability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants and increase the availability of
+higher education funding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education funding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education funding so
+interestingly there was an improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there was an improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there was an improvement
+in the last decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last decade
+these numbers some of that was driven by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers some of that was driven by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers some of that was driven by
+the fact that you know jobs were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you know jobs were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you know jobs were a
+disaster in 2007 2008 so people tended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster in 2007 2008 so people tended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster in 2007 2008 so people tended
+to spend that time if they could afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend that time if they could afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend that time if they could afford
+it in higher education locations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in higher education locations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in higher education locations so
+there was some of that going on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some of that going on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some of that going on but
+overall the administration made an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the administration made an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the administration made an
+attempt to try and get those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to try and get those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to try and get those numbers
+turn around and they're they're a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and they're they're a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around and they're they're a bit
+better and the public universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the public universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and the public universities
+themselves understood their mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves understood their mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves understood their mission and
+realize that they're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that they're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that they're gonna have to
+increase their enrollment base in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their enrollment base in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase their enrollment base in order
+to accomplish this all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish this all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish this all right so that's
+cats and golden I mean there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats and golden I mean there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats and golden I mean there's other
+important points there but that's key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points there but that's key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points there but that's key
+and then I want to do you know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to do you know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to do you know we've
+talked about higher education and we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about higher education and we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about higher education and we as
+as though it's the only way here but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though it's the only way here but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though it's the only way here but I
+wanted to introduce some controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to introduce some controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to introduce some controversy
+into the debate so William Baumol very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the debate so William Baumol very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the debate so William Baumol very
+noted economist taught at Princeton more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted economist taught at Princeton more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noted economist taught at Princeton more
+recent years has been teaching at NYU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years has been teaching at NYU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years has been teaching at NYU
+you know a remarkable analyst and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a remarkable analyst and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a remarkable analyst and he was
+written in many different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in many different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in many different kind of
+economics fields available does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics fields available does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics fields available does this
+nder National Bureau of Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nder National Bureau of Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nder National Bureau of Economic
+Research kind of work paper that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research kind of work paper that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research kind of work paper that just
+you know nails all says so I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nails all says so I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nails all says so I thought
+we'd introduce a little controversy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd introduce a little controversy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd introduce a little controversy into
+in today's class by putting his piece in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's class by putting his piece in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in today's class by putting his piece in
+front of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of us
+he argues that breakthrough innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argues that breakthrough innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he argues that breakthrough innovation
+comes from independent inventors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from independent inventors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from independent inventors and
+entrepreneurs that large firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs that large firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs that large firms
+concentrate on incremental innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on incremental innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on incremental innovation
+we've talked about this bit before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about this bit before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about this bit before and
+that and this conclusion is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this conclusion is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this conclusion is what is
+startling education for the mastery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling education for the mastery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startling education for the mastery of
+science knowledge aids incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science knowledge aids incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science knowledge aids incremental
+advance doesn't necessarily prepare you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance doesn't necessarily prepare you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance doesn't necessarily prepare you
+for doing the breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing the breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing the breakthrough
+entrepreneurial side right so his point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial side right so his point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial side right so his point
+then is that kind of standard science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that kind of standard science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is that kind of standard science
+education may actually impede
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education may actually impede
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education may actually impede
+breakthrough thinking and that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough thinking and that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough thinking and that large
+firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm
+Ardi requires scientists and engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ardi requires scientists and engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ardi requires scientists and engineers
+that are educated in the established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are educated in the established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are educated in the established
+fields and the established analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the established analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the established analytical
+methods and that successful innovators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that successful innovators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and that successful innovators
+and entrepreneurs often lack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrepreneurs often lack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and entrepreneurs often lack that
+standard preparation and that that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard preparation and that that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard preparation and that that may
+get him out of the box of incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him out of the box of incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get him out of the box of incremental
+advance into kind of new territories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance into kind of new territories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance into kind of new territories and
+he points out that we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he points out that we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he points out that we don't have a
+system and we don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we don't understand
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+breakthrough learning how do we educate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough learning how do we educate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough learning how do we educate
+for innovation we have no real clue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for innovation we have no real clue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for innovation we have no real clue on
+how to do that and that procedures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that and that procedures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do that and that procedures for
+incremental learning do seem to work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental learning do seem to work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental learning do seem to work but
+we don't know how to educate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to educate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to educate for the
+innovation side of the innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation side of the innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation side of the innovation system
+who's got what he points out the Procter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got what he points out the Procter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got what he points out the Procter
+& Gamble with 7500 scientists and twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& Gamble with 7500 scientists and twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+& Gamble with 7500 scientists and twelve
+hundred and fifty PhDs I mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty PhDs I mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty PhDs I mean these
+kinds of totals start to dwarf the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of totals start to dwarf the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of totals start to dwarf the size
+of faculties at MIT and Harvard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of faculties at MIT and Harvard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of faculties at MIT and Harvard and
+Stanford and so forth you know with 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford and so forth you know with 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford and so forth you know with 22
+research centers P&G has in 12 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research centers P&G has in 12 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research centers P&G has in 12 different
+nations that's that's a pretty amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations that's that's a pretty amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations that's that's a pretty amazing
+talent dace you know what are they up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent dace you know what are they up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent dace you know what are they up to
+remember that when you look at R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that when you look at R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that when you look at R&D
+combined industry spends about 70% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined industry spends about 70% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined industry spends about 70% of
+the total spending on R&D no of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total spending on R&D no of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total spending on R&D no of course
+we know that that's D not our right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that that's D not our right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that that's D not our right but
+industry's got about a 70% share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry's got about a 70% share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry's got about a 70% share the
+federal government you know about 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government you know about 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government you know about 30%
+share that's R so that gives us an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that's R so that gives us an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share that's R so that gives us an idea
+of the different size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different size of the
+establishments in the R&D side so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishments in the R&D side so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishments in the R&D side so we
+know that industry employs some 64% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that industry employs some 64% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that industry employs some 64% of
+scientists and engineers right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and engineers right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and engineers right so
+industry has got that talent base and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has got that talent base and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry has got that talent base and he
+notes that critical breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that critical breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that critical breakthrough
+historical innovator figures like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical innovator figures like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical innovator figures like what
+Whitney Fulton Morris Edison the Wright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney Fulton Morris Edison the Wright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney Fulton Morris Edison the Wright
+brothers was niak jobs Gates Dell have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers was niak jobs Gates Dell have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers was niak jobs Gates Dell have
+no college degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no college degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no college degrees
+and frankly limited scientific training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly limited scientific training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frankly limited scientific training
+yes he had a college degree right no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he had a college degree right no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he had a college degree right no we
+didn't finish read you know yeah he left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish read you know yeah he left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't finish read you know yeah he left
+left after here - he stayed he stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after here - he stayed he stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left after here - he stayed he stayed
+and has dropped in on classes but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has dropped in on classes but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has dropped in on classes but it was
+studying things like calligraphy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying things like calligraphy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying things like calligraphy that
+actually turned out to be incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turned out to be incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turned out to be incredibly
+important for me right and he spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for me right and he spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for me right and he spent a
+year in India so bambbles point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in India so bambbles point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in India so bambbles point is
+progress requires we shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress requires we shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress requires we shouldn't
+underestimate this it's not that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate this it's not that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate this it's not that one
+side is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is bad
+Pyrus requires both breakthrough radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pyrus requires both breakthrough radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pyrus requires both breakthrough radical
+advance and incremental advance and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and incremental advance and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance and incremental advance and an
+example which I've used before with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I've used before with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I've used before with you
+all you know if you're flying across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know if you're flying across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know if you're flying across the
+Atlantic Ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic Ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic Ocean
+the Wright brothers you know motorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wright brothers you know motorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Wright brothers you know motorized
+kite is a terrific radical break to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kite is a terrific radical break to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kite is a terrific radical break to
+advance but I'd rather take the 787
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but I'd rather take the 787
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance but I'd rather take the 787
+product of ten decades where the vikrama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of ten decades where the vikrama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of ten decades where the vikrama
+advances when I go across the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances when I go across the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances when I go across the ocean
+right so both are really important here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so both are really important here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so both are really important here
+right you've got to do both pieces but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got to do both pieces but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got to do both pieces but a
+disproportionate share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disproportionate share of the
+breakthroughs do seem to come from kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthroughs do seem to come from kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthroughs do seem to come from kind
+of independent inventors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent inventors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent inventors or
+entrepreneurs and large firms tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs and large firms tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs and large firms tend to
+specialize on the incremental in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize on the incremental in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize on the incremental in part
+because they don't want to break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want to break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't want to break up
+their own business models right they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own business models right they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own business models right they've
+got established business models they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got established business models they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got established business models they
+want to contribute to those business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to contribute to those business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to contribute to those business
+models rather than wreck their existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models rather than wreck their existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models rather than wreck their existing
+business model so that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model so that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model so that's part of the
+economic motivation here but incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic motivation here but incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic motivation here but incremental
+education for incremental advance may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for incremental advance may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for incremental advance may
+well be different as pentalobe points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be different as pentalobe points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be different as pentalobe points
+out an education for the novel advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an education for the novel advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an education for the novel advance
+and incremental improvement may well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incremental improvement may well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incremental improvement may well
+require of you know much greater mastery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of you know much greater mastery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require of you know much greater mastery
+of demanding Science and Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demanding Science and Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demanding Science and Technology
+information than the novel idea so both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than the novel idea so both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than the novel idea so both
+are essential but then you know he poses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essential but then you know he poses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essential but then you know he poses
+a critical question you know how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical question you know how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a critical question you know how do you
+educate for the original and novel idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate for the original and novel idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate for the original and novel idea
+generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation
+so we've got three new stories on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got three new stories on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got three new stories on the
+table here and let's start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here and let's start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here and let's start off
+discussion and then we'll take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and then we'll take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and then we'll take a break
+in a bed first we've got Richard Freeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bed first we've got Richard Freeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bed first we've got Richard Freeman
+yes I wanted to make some strides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I wanted to make some strides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I wanted to make some strides
+actually on a point that bomber made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on a point that bomber made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on a point that bomber made in
+her conversation of three months since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her conversation of three months since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her conversation of three months since
+Obama was the one who cited a PMG has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama was the one who cited a PMG has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama was the one who cited a PMG has an
+innovative research and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative research and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative research and development
+frame with a lot of PhDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with a lot of PhDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame with a lot of PhDs
+one of you posed the question this about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you posed the question this about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you posed the question this about
+Freeman this paper wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman this paper wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeman this paper wants the
+relationship in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in the United States
+between firms and university research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between firms and university research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between firms and university research
+from multinational companies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from multinational companies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from multinational companies what
+incentives do they have to promote us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives do they have to promote us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives do they have to promote us
+innovation leadership even when they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation leadership even when they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation leadership even when they may
+be based in the US when they operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be based in the US when they operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be based in the US when they operate in
+so many different countries so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different countries so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many different countries so at the
+heart of this question is why do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of this question is why do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of this question is why do we need
+to invest in America if it is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in America if it is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in America if it is that the
+private sector is not investing and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector is not investing and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sector is not investing and has
+no rational self-interest to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rational self-interest to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rational self-interest to invest in
+us from an economic perspective that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from an economic perspective that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from an economic perspective that is
+the implication of Attraction I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication of Attraction I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication of Attraction I know
+things look I think you should have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look I think you should have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things look I think you should have to
+look at it like think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it like think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it like think about an
+individual right like you're gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right like you're gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual right like you're gonna be a
+baby it was a whole distinction period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby it was a whole distinction period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby it was a whole distinction period
+there was a kid there's a time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kid there's a time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a kid there's a time period
+where you're trying to grow as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to grow as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to grow as an
+individual and there's one like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and there's one like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and there's one like you're
+ready to get to it right I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to get to it right I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to get to it right I'm kind of
+like you're very useful so for industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're very useful so for industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're very useful so for industry
+like they can't really handle this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they can't really handle this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they can't really handle this whole
+gestation period you know 1 to 18 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestation period you know 1 to 18 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestation period you know 1 to 18 years
+old period but for but they can handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old period but for but they can handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old period but for but they can handle
+it after when you're ready to go and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after when you're ready to go and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after when you're ready to go and do
+little ramped up skills but to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ramped up skills but to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ramped up skills but to do a
+whole thing I'd add to that the US has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing I'd add to that the US has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing I'd add to that the US has
+an extremely decentralized labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely decentralized labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely decentralized labor market
+so there is a huge disincentive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a huge disincentive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a huge disincentive for
+employers in the United States to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers in the United States to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employers in the United States to offer
+training because they offer training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because they offer training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because they offer training
+which can be you know quite expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be you know quite expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be you know quite expensive
+investing in you that in turn equips you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in you that in turn equips you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in you that in turn equips you
+to move on so often another employer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on so often another employer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on so often another employer
+will buy you out for a lower margin than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy you out for a lower margin than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy you out for a lower margin than
+what the education costs but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the education costs but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the education costs but the
+employer who invest in your education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer who invest in your education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer who invest in your education
+won't be able to match that increment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to match that increment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to match that increment so
+why should they invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should they invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should they invest
+employees if the talent is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees if the talent is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees if the talent is going to go
+elsewhere and countries like Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and countries like Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere and countries like Germany
+have a much more established set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much more established set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much more established set of
+apprenticeship rules and much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship rules and much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship rules and much more
+heavily unionized 80 percent unionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily unionized 80 percent unionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily unionized 80 percent unionized
+in the manufacturing sector they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the manufacturing sector they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the manufacturing sector they have
+been able to create an apprenticeship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to create an apprenticeship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to create an apprenticeship
+system that's much more enduring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's much more enduring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that's much more enduring and
+employer tied that creates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer tied that creates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer tied that creates some
+tremendous encouragement for employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous encouragement for employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous encouragement for employers
+to provide lots of skills training to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide lots of skills training to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide lots of skills training to
+its employees indeed it's really a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its employees indeed it's really a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its employees indeed it's really a part
+of the German education system we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the German education system we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the German education system we have
+never really been able because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really been able because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really been able because we have
+such a decentralized and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a decentralized and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a decentralized and almost
+laissez-faire labor market we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laissez-faire labor market we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laissez-faire labor market we've never
+been able to create significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to create significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to create significant
+incentives for employers to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for employers to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives for employers to provide
+education it's a deep structural problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education it's a deep structural problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education it's a deep structural problem
+in our systems and you know it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our systems and you know it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our systems and you know it's one
+we're gonna probably have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna probably have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna probably have to figure out
+how to deal with we have created a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with we have created a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with we have created a whole
+system community colleges but the burden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system community colleges but the burden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system community colleges but the burden
+is on the employee to go back and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the employee to go back and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the employee to go back and get
+that education and we make that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that education and we make that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that education and we make that pretty
+inexpensive going back to your drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive going back to your drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive going back to your drive the
+key gatekeeper thing can we just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key gatekeeper thing can we just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key gatekeeper thing can we just right
+employees yeah we know yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees yeah we know yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees yeah we know yeah right
+education how much is it I'm sure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education how much is it I'm sure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education how much is it I'm sure it's
+not cheap right Danny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cheap right Danny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cheap right Danny
+but ten Lords could we create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ten Lords could we create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ten Lords could we create an
+incentive for employers to provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for employers to provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for employers to provide the
+education system even if they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system even if they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system even if they weren't
+able to retain their workers okay Mike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to retain their workers okay Mike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to retain their workers okay Mike
+could we and what would that cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we and what would that cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we and what would that cost
+so maybe the feds would pick up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the feds would pick up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe the feds would pick up that
+cost so in a way the community college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so in a way the community college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so in a way the community college
+system is a way of the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a way of the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a way of the government
+picking up that cost shared with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up that cost shared with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up that cost shared with the
+employee because employers can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee because employers can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee because employers can't take
+the risk of mitigating I've kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of mitigating I've kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of mitigating I've kind of
+jumped into the discussion here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped into the discussion here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped into the discussion here and I
+want to give it back yeah that's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give it back yeah that's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give it back yeah that's I think
+I mean it really gets at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it really gets at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it really gets at the heart of
+all three readings right and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three readings right and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three readings right and I think
+when it in particular it let me see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it in particular it let me see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it in particular it let me see if I
+can parse for a quote here from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can parse for a quote here from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can parse for a quote here from one of
+the readings I'm actually might open I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings I'm actually might open I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings I'm actually might open I
+was in Friedman's reading when he quoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Friedman's reading when he quoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in Friedman's reading when he quoted
+Derek Bach who is the founder she was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derek Bach who is the founder she was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Derek Bach who is the founder she was a
+I think rosa president of Harvard I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think rosa president of Harvard I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think rosa president of Harvard I'm I
+know they're the Graduate School of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're the Graduate School of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're the Graduate School of
+Education at Harvard has a center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education at Harvard has a center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education at Harvard has a center for
+innovative learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative learning
+after Derek walk and he claimed towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Derek walk and he claimed towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Derek walk and he claimed towards
+and of the piece or rather she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the piece or rather she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the piece or rather she was
+sighted towards the end of the piece as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighted towards the end of the piece as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sighted towards the end of the piece as
+saying that other countries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that other countries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that other countries are
+facilitating our enterprise model and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating our enterprise model and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitating our enterprise model and if
+I think it's really emeritus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really emeritus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's really emeritus of
+consideration that if our education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that if our education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that if our education
+system is not supporting the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not supporting the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is not supporting the production
+of scientists and engineers and firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientists and engineers and firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientists and engineers and firms
+are you know sort of writing and happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know sort of writing and happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know sort of writing and happy
+to get employees from other countries or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get employees from other countries or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get employees from other countries or
+to move to other countries that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to other countries that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move to other countries that we're
+effectively shooting ourself in the foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively shooting ourself in the foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively shooting ourself in the foot
+right by participating free market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by participating free market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by participating free market
+principles for education because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for education because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles for education because we
+can't provide the labor force and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't provide the labor force and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't provide the labor force and we
+can't support the labor force and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't support the labor force and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't support the labor force and we can
+support incentives financially so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support incentives financially so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support incentives financially so at the
+end of the day we're preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day we're preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day we're preventing
+ourselves on all fronts from innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on all fronts from innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on all fronts from innovative
+what do you think is a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is a really important
+consideration that you know where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that you know where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration that you know where it's
+sort of being honest with ourselves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of being honest with ourselves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of being honest with ourselves is
+not only a society but also as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a society but also as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only a society but also as you know
+a political economy something I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political economy something I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a political economy something I've
+throughout all the readings that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all the readings that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout all the readings that I have
+not understood how is it that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understood how is it that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not understood how is it that we're
+spending so much on education like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so much on education like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so much on education like
+there's so much money per student yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much money per student yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much money per student yet
+teachers not getting any of it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers not getting any of it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers not getting any of it and the
+students our students don't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students our students don't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students our students don't have very
+high quality education so where's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality education so where's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality education so where's my
+money going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money going
+yeah my acceptor I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my acceptor I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my acceptor I think that was
+addressed by Norman Augustine he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed by Norman Augustine he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed by Norman Augustine he's very
+slightly when he talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly when he talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly when he talked about the
+appropriation funds and we're spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation funds and we're spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriation funds and we're spending
+goats specifically on Augustine cited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats specifically on Augustine cited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goats specifically on Augustine cited
+that 61% of education budgets at schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 61% of education budgets at schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 61% of education budgets at schools
+tend to go to education funding sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go to education funding sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to go to education funding sort of
+broadly and that it actually tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly and that it actually tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadly and that it actually tends to
+trend downward for a lot of school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend downward for a lot of school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend downward for a lot of school
+districts who focus on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts who focus on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+districts who focus on other
+extracurricular activities like sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracurricular activities like sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracurricular activities like sports
+and I think he made that very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think he made that very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think he made that very briefly
+note about the role of American culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note about the role of American culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note about the role of American culture
+in those funding priorities and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those funding priorities and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those funding priorities and I think
+that also was a consideration of mine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also was a consideration of mine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also was a consideration of mine in
+reading this piece in conjunction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this piece in conjunction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this piece in conjunction with
+the Freeman piece right like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Freeman piece right like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Freeman piece right like what is the
+role that our own vision of ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that our own vision of ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role that our own vision of ourselves
+and how we want to educate our children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we want to educate our children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we want to educate our children
+informs our policy decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informs our policy decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informs our policy decisions and
+spending down the line right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending down the line right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending down the line right and you
+brought the point earlier that how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the point earlier that how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought the point earlier that how is it
+that we don't have or that we have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have or that we have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have or that we have too
+many jobs that we don't have enough jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs that we don't have enough jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs that we don't have enough jobs
+but have too many PhD is then not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have too many PhD is then not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have too many PhD is then not have
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+hd's and i think that's the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hd's and i think that's the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hd's and i think that's the point that
+bill was trying to make is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was trying to make is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill was trying to make is that we have
+too many PhDs who are trying to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many PhDs who are trying to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many PhDs who are trying to go into
+academia but not enough PhDs who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia but not enough PhDs who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia but not enough PhDs who are
+prepared for industry and not enough PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for industry and not enough PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared for industry and not enough PhD
+is generally to go into industry does I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally to go into industry does I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally to go into industry does I
+mean does that clear things I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean does that clear things I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean does that clear things I mean I
+think it add an additional point there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it add an additional point there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it add an additional point there
+and this is a complex one that you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a complex one that you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a complex one that you all
+are free to disagree with but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to disagree with but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to disagree with but when we
+created the higher education system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the higher education system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created the higher education system in
+the u.s. obviously the clerk occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. obviously the clerk occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. obviously the clerk occurred
+over the process of centuries and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the process of centuries and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the process of centuries and when
+the federal government during and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government during and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government during and
+following World War two came into a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following World War two came into a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following World War two came into a very
+significant supportive role for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant supportive role for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant supportive role for that
+system in addition to the states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in addition to the states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in addition to the states that
+was already a quite competitive system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already a quite competitive system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already a quite competitive system
+and as someone who has spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as someone who has spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as someone who has spent a
+substantial amount of time with MIT top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial amount of time with MIT top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial amount of time with MIT top
+administrators I can tell you that MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators I can tell you that MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrators I can tell you that MIT
+and I other universities do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I other universities do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I other universities do exactly the
+same thing they watched their university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they watched their university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing they watched their university
+competitors like Hawks don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors like Hawks don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors like Hawks don't know
+exactly what they're up to they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they're up to they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they're up to they know
+what exactly what they're spending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly what they're spending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly what they're spending on
+what they know exactly how what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they know exactly how what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they know exactly how what their
+competition models are they're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition models are they're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition models are they're looking
+very hard at how MIT will compete all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard at how MIT will compete all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard at how MIT will compete all
+the time it is an extremely competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it is an extremely competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it is an extremely competitive
+model it drives a tremendous search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it drives a tremendous search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it drives a tremendous search for
+talent at the faculty level as well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent at the faculty level as well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent at the faculty level as well at
+the student level and that talent base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student level and that talent base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student level and that talent base
+is very well compensated right and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very well compensated right and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very well compensated right and that
+is a core way by which you compete for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a core way by which you compete for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a core way by which you compete for
+talent in a competitive system we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent in a competitive system we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talent in a competitive system we don't
+really have a competitive system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a competitive system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a competitive system in the
+K through 12 public education system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K through 12 public education system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K through 12 public education system
+it's essentially a monopoly based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a monopoly based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a monopoly based
+socialist model frankly and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist model frankly and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialist model frankly and you know
+part of the entry of charter school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the entry of charter school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the entry of charter school
+legislation was to introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation was to introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation was to introduce a
+competitive model into the K through 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive model into the K through 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive model into the K through 12
+system now there's a big debate as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now there's a big debate as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now there's a big debate as to
+how well that's worked but I think fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well that's worked but I think fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well that's worked but I think fair
+to say overall it's added a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say overall it's added a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say overall it's added a significant
+dose of competition into that system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose of competition into that system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose of competition into that system you
+know and you can look at competition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you can look at competition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and you can look at competition in
+healthcare and you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare and you can look at
+competition and you know other large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and you know other large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and you know other large
+government supported systems too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government supported systems too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government supported systems too but
+you know when we came out of World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we came out of World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when we came out of World War
+two we created a socialist model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we created a socialist model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we created a socialist model for
+caring for veterans in in federally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring for veterans in in federally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring for veterans in in federally
+owned hospitals and we fit into what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned hospitals and we fit into what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned hospitals and we fit into what was
+already a competitive space by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a competitive space by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a competitive space by
+supporting students so when tuned were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting students so when tuned were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting students so when tuned were
+you know given funding and they could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given funding and they could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given funding and they could go
+they could take the money with them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could take the money with them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could take the money with them it
+didn't go to the universities to fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to the universities to fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to the universities to fund
+them so its introduction of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so its introduction of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so its introduction of more
+competitive models here may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive models here may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive models here may have
+something to do with improvements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with improvements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to do with improvements in
+higher education at least that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education at least that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education at least that was the
+concept behind introducing charter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept behind introducing charter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept behind introducing charter
+schools I know that other countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools I know that other countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools I know that other countries have
+normal schools which is hold men to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal schools which is hold men to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal schools which is hold men to
+train other countries have socialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train other countries have socialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train other countries have socialist
+models and make them work right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and make them work right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and make them work right we're
+just not as good at that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not as good at that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not as good at that for
+incorporating normal schools here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating normal schools here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating normal schools here I
+don't want to claim to be an expert on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to claim to be an expert on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to claim to be an expert on
+the creation of normal schools but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of normal schools but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of normal schools but in
+the nineteenth century the u.s. did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nineteenth century the u.s. did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nineteenth century the u.s. did
+create both mass the institutions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create both mass the institutions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create both mass the institutions for
+mass higher education ie the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass higher education ie the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass higher education ie the public
+universities and high school education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and high school education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and high school education
+in a very short period of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very short period of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very short period of time and
+communities were essentially realizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities were essentially realizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities were essentially realizing
+that they had to upgrade the skills for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had to upgrade the skills for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had to upgrade the skills for
+an industrial economy as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industrial economy as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industrial economy as their
+population shifted from farming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population shifted from farming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population shifted from farming to
+working for in manufacturing firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for in manufacturing firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for in manufacturing firms
+primarily and they understood the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily and they understood the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily and they understood the need
+for upgraded skill sets and there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for upgraded skill sets and there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for upgraded skill sets and there was an
+effort across the country to create high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort across the country to create high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort across the country to create high
+schools now some regions particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools now some regions particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools now some regions particularly in
+New England had them but the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England had them but the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England had them but the rest of the
+country including the American South is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country including the American South is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country including the American South is
+is pretty quick to replicate a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty quick to replicate a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty quick to replicate a high
+school model as a fix for a needed skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school model as a fix for a needed skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school model as a fix for a needed skill
+set so it was you know that is a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so it was you know that is a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so it was you know that is a massive
+social policy that was done in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social policy that was done in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social policy that was done in a
+remarkably sir you know a short period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably sir you know a short period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably sir you know a short period
+of decades across the country so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades across the country so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decades across the country so the
+country is capable of making really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is capable of making really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is capable of making really
+major changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think I answered your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I answered your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I answered your question
+though I just starting I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I just starting I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I just starting I think it's
+important to consider though as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to consider though as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to consider though as it was
+highlighted I think several of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted I think several of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted I think several of the
+readings the role of teachers one moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings the role of teachers one moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings the role of teachers one moving
+forward in the future to how teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in the future to how teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in the future to how teachers
+are currently being educated 3 how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently being educated 3 how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are currently being educated 3 how
+teachers are being compensated mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers are being compensated mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers are being compensated mhm
+sustained within the model they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained within the model they seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained within the model they seem to
+be sort of an undercurrent of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of an undercurrent of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of an undercurrent of what we're
+talking about but not something that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but not something that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about but not something that any
+of the readings are willing to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings are willing to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the readings are willing to address
+specifically and perhaps strategically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and perhaps strategically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and perhaps strategically
+for political reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dZfdKXxhnTM.txt b/dZfdKXxhnTM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8c8b3cf8bc93cd0d4fc250e245cd40e2af4f6d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dZfdKXxhnTM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2477 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in the
+lecture you've learned agon values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you've learned agon values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you've learned agon values and
+agon vectors of a matrix one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agon vectors of a matrix one of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agon vectors of a matrix one of the many
+important applications of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important applications of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important applications of them is
+solving a higher order linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a higher order linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a higher order linear
+differential equation with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+coefficients a typical example is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a typical example is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a typical example is like
+what I've written on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've written on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've written on the board
+here Y is a function of t and Y and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Y is a function of t and Y and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Y is a function of t and Y and its
+derivatives satisfy this equation as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives satisfy this equation as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives satisfy this equation as you
+can see it involves y y Prime and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it involves y y Prime and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it involves y y Prime and all
+the way to its third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to its third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to its third
+derivative so our first goal is to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so our first goal is to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so our first goal is to solve
+this differential equation for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this differential equation for its
+General solution using the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General solution using the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General solution using the method of
+Matrix so the very first thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the very first thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so the very first thing that we
+should do is to find out which Matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is to find out which Matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is to find out which Matrix we
+should be working with so um after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be working with so um after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be working with so um after that
+we also want to say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to say something about the
+exponential of this Matrix a t um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of this Matrix a t um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of this Matrix a t um we
+want to find out the First Column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out the First Column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out the First Column of
+this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix
+exponential okay why don't you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay why don't you hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay why don't you hit the
+pause now and try to write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause now and try to write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause now and try to write down this
+Matrix a by yourself but before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a by yourself but before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a by yourself but before you
+continue make sure you come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue make sure you come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue make sure you come back to this
+video and check with me you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and check with me you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and check with me you've got the
+correct a I'll see you in a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's work together to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's work together to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's work together to transform
+this problem into linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem into linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem into linear
+algebra the idea is to put y double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime y
+Prime and Y together as a vector and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and Y together as a vector and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and Y together as a vector and let
+me call this Vector U so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call this Vector U so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me call this Vector U so of course
+Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector
+U is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is also a
+function in t so this is Vector U if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in t so this is Vector U if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in t so this is Vector U if
+this is U what's going to be U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is U what's going to be U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is U what's going to be U Prime
+okay U Prime is going to be so I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay U Prime is going to be so I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay U Prime is going to be so I take
+derivative of every coordinate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of every coordinate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of every coordinate here
+that's going to be y triple prime y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be y triple prime y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be y triple prime y
+double Prime and Y Prime so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime and Y Prime so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime and Y Prime so this is our
+U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Prime
+T and my goal is to write U Prime as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and my goal is to write U Prime as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and my goal is to write U Prime as a
+matrix call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix call it a
+times Vector U itself so I want to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Vector U itself so I want to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Vector U itself so I want to put a
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and I want to create this matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to create this matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to create this matrix by
+incorporating this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating this differential
+equation if you move everything except y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you move everything except y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation if you move everything except y
+triple prime to the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple prime to the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triple prime to the right hand side of
+equation you can read y triple prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can read y triple prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you can read y triple prime is
+equal to -2 * y Prime so y triple prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to -2 * y Prime so y triple prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to -2 * y Prime so y triple prime
+is -2 * y prime plus y Prime that's + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -2 * y prime plus y Prime that's + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -2 * y prime plus y Prime that's + 1
+* y Prime + 2 y That's 2 y right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y Prime + 2 y That's 2 y right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* y Prime + 2 y That's 2 y right that
+gives you the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the first row
+then look at the second coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at the second coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at the second coordinate
+that's y Prime y double Prime is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y Prime y double Prime is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y Prime y double Prime is simply
+itself so you rate y double Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so you rate y double Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so you rate y double Prime is
+equal to 1 y double Prime then 0o zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 y double Prime then 0o zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 y double Prime then 0o zero
+that's the second row well same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second row well same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second row well same thing
+happens to the last row y Prime is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the last row y Prime is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the last row y Prime is again
+itself so that's one a sorry zero 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so that's one a sorry zero 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so that's one a sorry zero 1 and
+zero that is our Matrix a did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that is our Matrix a did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that is our Matrix a did you get
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+answer okay so we have transformed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so we have transformed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so we have transformed this
+equation this third order ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this third order ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this third order ordinary
+differential equation of Y into a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of Y into a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of Y into a first
+order differential equation of UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation of UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order differential equation of UT
+although UT is a vector but if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although UT is a vector but if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although UT is a vector but if we can
+solve this equation for U we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation for U we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation for U we have all
+the information we need for y so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we need for y so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information we need for y so let's
+plan on solving this this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on solving this this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on solving this this equation
+in order to solve this equation we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to solve this equation we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to solve this equation we will
+need the Aon values and Egon vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the Aon values and Egon vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the Aon values and Egon vectors of
+this Matrix a again this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix a again this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix a again this is a good
+practice for you why don't you pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for you why don't you pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for you why don't you pause the
+video again and try to complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video again and try to complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video again and try to complete this
+problem on your own when you're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on your own when you're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on your own when you're ready
+I'm going to come back and show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back and show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to come back and show you how
+I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's finish up everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's finish up everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's finish up everything together
+so as we said we need the Egon values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we said we need the Egon values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we said we need the Egon values
+and Egon vectors of Matrix a and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Egon vectors of Matrix a and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Egon vectors of Matrix a and that
+involves Computing the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Computing the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves Computing the determinant of
+the following Matrix so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following Matrix so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following Matrix so I want to
+compute the determinant of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the determinant of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the determinant of a minus
+Lambda time the identity Matrix I let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time the identity Matrix I let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time the identity Matrix I let's
+write it out that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out that's the
+determinant of negative 2us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of negative 2us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of negative 2us
+Lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Lambda 0 and 0 1 negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda so we need the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so we need the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda so we need the determinant of
+this 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 3x3
+Matrix do it in your favorite way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix do it in your favorite way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix do it in your favorite way you
+can either use the big summation formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either use the big summation formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either use the big summation formula
+or you can you can do by co-actor along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can you can do by co-actor along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can you can do by co-actor along
+any row or any column the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row or any column the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row or any column the correct answer
+should be this is equal to 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this is equal to 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this is equal to 1us
+Lambda * 1 + Lambda * 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda and this polinomial has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and this polinomial has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and this polinomial has three
+Roots one negative 1 and -2 these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots one negative 1 and -2 these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots one negative 1 and -2 these are
+the agon values we're looking for so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agon values we're looking for so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agon values we're looking for so let
+me write it here Lambda 1 is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it here Lambda 1 is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it here Lambda 1 is equal to 1
+Lambda 2 is equal to - 1 and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is equal to
+-2 so now what we need is the agon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 so now what we need is the agon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 so now what we need is the agon
+vector corresponding to each Aon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector corresponding to each Aon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector corresponding to each Aon
+value let's take Lambda one for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value let's take Lambda one for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value let's take Lambda one for example
+the Egon Vector of a corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Egon Vector of a corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Egon Vector of a corresponding to
+Lambda one is in the null space of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda one is in the null space of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda one is in the null space of The
+Matrix a minus Lambda 1 I so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a minus Lambda 1 I so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a minus Lambda 1 I so in this
+case it's a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a minus
+I so it's in the nor space of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so it's in the nor space of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so it's in the nor space of this
+Matrix in other words we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in other words we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix in other words we're looking for
+a vector let's call it a BC a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector let's call it a BC a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector let's call it a BC a column
+Vector a b and c such that this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector a b and c such that this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector a b and c such that this Matrix
+multiplying AB b c gives me zero so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying AB b c gives me zero so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying AB b c gives me zero so if
+you write it out that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it out that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it out that's going to be a
+minus I is 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 -1 * a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I is 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 -1 * a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I is 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 -1 * a b
+c is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay can we choose constants a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay can we choose constants a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay can we choose constants a b c
+such that this is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that this is always
+true well if you read the last row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well if you read the last row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true well if you read the last row so
+the last dot product it says that B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last dot product it says that B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last dot product it says that B has
+to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to
+C and if you rate the second row it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and if you rate the second row it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and if you rate the second row it says
+that a has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B which means a is equal to B is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which means a is equal to B is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B which means a is equal to B is equal
+to C and if this relation is true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and if this relation is true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and if this relation is true the
+first product is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first product is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first product is always going to be
+zero so that simply means we can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that simply means we can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that simply means we can choose
+the first Egon Vector the EG Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Egon Vector the EG Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Egon Vector the EG Vector
+corresponding to Lambda 1 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Lambda 1 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Lambda 1 to be
+X1 is equal to 1 1 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 is equal to 1 1 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 is equal to 1 1 one
+transpose so we choose the first Egon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so we choose the first Egon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so we choose the first Egon
+Vector to be the vector to be the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to be the vector to be the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector to be the vector to be the column
+Vector with all the Coe all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with all the Coe all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector with all the Coe all the
+coordinates being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates being
+one and you can do the same thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can do the same thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you can do the same thing to
+Lambda 2 and Lambda 3 but please allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 and Lambda 3 but please allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 and Lambda 3 but please allow
+me to skip the computation here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to skip the computation here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to skip the computation here I'm
+going to write out the answer for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write out the answer for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write out the answer for you so
+X2 the Egon Vector corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 the Egon Vector corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 the Egon Vector corresponding to the
+second Egon value is going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Egon value is going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second Egon value is going to be equal
+to 1 -1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 -1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 -1 and
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+X3 is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 is going to be
+4 -2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 -2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 -2 and
+1 now we've got everything we need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now we've got everything we need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now we've got everything we need in
+order to create the general solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to create the general solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to create the general solutions
+for UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for UT
+so we have Egon values we have its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Egon values we have its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Egon values we have its
+corresponding Egon vectors what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding Egon vectors what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding Egon vectors what should
+be UT the general solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+UT is equal to some constant C1 times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT is equal to some constant C1 times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT is equal to some constant C1 times e
+to the power Lambda 1 T so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power Lambda 1 T so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power Lambda 1 T so in this case
+e to the power T then times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the power T then times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the power T then times the first
+Eon Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eon Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eon Vector
+X1 plus some other constant C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 plus some other constant C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 plus some other constant C2
+time e to the^ Lambda 2 T So e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the^ Lambda 2 T So e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the^ Lambda 2 T So e to the
+power T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power T *
+X2 that's the second Egon Vector then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that's the second Egon Vector then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that's the second Egon Vector then
+plus some other constant C3 * e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some other constant C3 * e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some other constant C3 * e to the
+power uh negative uh sorry Lambda 3 T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh negative uh sorry Lambda 3 T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh negative uh sorry Lambda 3 T so
+-2t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t *
+X3 that gives you the general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that gives you the general solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that gives you the general solution
+for U as we just said if you know what U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U as we just said if you know what U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for U as we just said if you know what U
+is you have have all the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have have all the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have have all the information you
+need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for
+y okay just in case you're curious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay just in case you're curious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay just in case you're curious about
+what Y is you can just rate the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Y is you can just rate the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Y is you can just rate the last
+coordinate of X1 X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of X1 X2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate of X1 X2 and
+X3 and you can see that all of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and you can see that all of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and you can see that all of them are
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+YT is simply equal to C1 e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YT is simply equal to C1 e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YT is simply equal to C1 e to the power
+Lambda t plus C2 e to the power netive t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda t plus C2 e to the power netive t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda t plus C2 e to the power netive t
+plus C3 e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C3 e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus C3 e to the power
+-2t and the choice of C1 C2 and C3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t and the choice of C1 C2 and C3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t and the choice of C1 C2 and C3 is
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+arbitrary so that completes the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary so that completes the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary so that completes the first
+part of this question and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this question and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this question and the second
+part we want to say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we want to say something about the
+exponential of a so let me first give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a so let me first give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a so let me first give
+you the recipe to cook up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the recipe to cook up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the recipe to cook up the
+exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of
+a the expon itial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is equal to the product of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the product of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is equal to the product of three
+matrices so usually we denote them by S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so usually we denote them by S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so usually we denote them by S
+time e to the power Capital Lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the power Capital Lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time e to the power Capital Lambda T
+times s inverse and you may ask what s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s inverse and you may ask what s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s inverse and you may ask what s
+is and what this Matrix is so s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what this Matrix is so s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what this Matrix is so s is the
+Matrix that has X1 X2 and X3 being its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that has X1 X2 and X3 being its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that has X1 X2 and X3 being its
+column vectors so s is X1 X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors so s is X1 X2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors so s is X1 X2 and
+X3 um let me copy it down here so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 um let me copy it down here so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 um let me copy it down here so that's
+one one one one 1 1 4 -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and the Matrix in the middle e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the Matrix in the middle e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the Matrix in the middle e to the
+power Lambda T is a diagonal matrix so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Lambda T is a diagonal matrix so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power Lambda T is a diagonal matrix so e
+to the power Lambda T it's a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power Lambda T it's a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power Lambda T it's a diagonal
+matrix and its diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and its diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and its diagonal
+entries are given by e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are given by e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries are given by e to the power
+Lambda 1 T so that's e to the power T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 T so that's e to the power T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 T so that's e to the power T
+then e to the power Lambda 2 t t and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e to the power Lambda 2 t t and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e to the power Lambda 2 t t and e
+to the power Lambda 3 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-2t zero everywhere else so that's e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t zero everywhere else so that's e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2t zero everywhere else so that's e to
+the power Lambda T then the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Lambda T then the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Lambda T then the exponential
+of this a is given by the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this a is given by the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this a is given by the product of
+these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+matrices it looks a bit complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it looks a bit complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it looks a bit complicated
+because it involves the inverse of s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves the inverse of s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves the inverse of s but
+luckily we only want the First Column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we only want the First Column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we only want the First Column of
+the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+so if we consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product we can see the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we can see the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we can see the product of the
+first two matrices is relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two matrices is relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two matrices is relatively easy
+because this is a diagonal Matrix and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a diagonal Matrix and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a diagonal Matrix and we
+know that s is given by these columns so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that s is given by these columns so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that s is given by these columns so
+the result of the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of the product of these two
+is simply multiplying The Columns of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply multiplying The Columns of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply multiplying The Columns of s
+by these coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these coefficients
+respectively so you expect to get e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively so you expect to get e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively so you expect to get e to
+the power Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Lambda
+tx1 time e to the power sorry the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx1 time e to the power sorry the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tx1 time e to the power sorry the second
+column should be e to^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column should be e to^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column should be e to^
+tx2 the third column should be e to^ -2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X3 and here what we should put is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and here what we should put is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and here what we should put is s
+inverse but we don't need everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse but we don't need everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse but we don't need everything
+from s inverse because as we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s inverse because as we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s inverse because as we just said
+we only need the First Column of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need the First Column of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only need the First Column of this
+result and the First Column of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and the First Column of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and the First Column of this
+product is going to be given by linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is going to be given by linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is going to be given by linear
+combinations of these columns and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these columns and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these columns and the
+coefficients are going to be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are going to be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are going to be given by
+the First Column as inverse so our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column as inverse so our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Column as inverse so our goal
+should be just to get the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just to get the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be just to get the First Column
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+inverse okay then what is the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay then what is the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay then what is the First
+Column of s inverse well the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of s inverse well the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of s inverse well the formula for
+S inverse is s inverse is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S inverse is s inverse is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S inverse is s inverse is going to be
+the reciprocal of the determinant of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of the determinant of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of the determinant of s
+so one / determinant of s times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one / determinant of s times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one / determinant of s times the
+transpose of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a matrix
+C this Matrix C the entries of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this Matrix C the entries of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this Matrix C the entries of this
+Matrix C are given by co-actors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C are given by co-actors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix C are given by co-actors of
+Matrix S and then you take transpose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix S and then you take transpose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix S and then you take transpose you
+divide everything by the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide everything by the determinant of
+s the result will be S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the result will be S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the result will be S
+inverse okay and we only need the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay and we only need the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay and we only need the First
+Column of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column of this
+Matrix let's try to write the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's try to write the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let's try to write the First
+Column out well again do it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column out well again do it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column out well again do it in your
+favorite way to compute the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite way to compute the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite way to compute the determinant
+of s the result should be 1/ 6 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s the result should be 1/ 6 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s the result should be 1/ 6 so the
+determinant of s is six okay then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of s is six okay then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of s is six okay then what
+is the First Column of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the First Column of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the First Column of C
+transpose well we can read it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well we can read it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well we can read it from
+here this spot the one one spot should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this spot the one one spot should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this spot the one one spot should
+be the co the co-actor of this spot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the co the co-actor of this spot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the co the co-actor of this spot here
+that's -1 minus -2 which is one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's -1 minus -2 which is one so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's -1 minus -2 which is one so we
+put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now this
+spot will be the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot will be the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot will be the co
+factor of this entry here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of this entry here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of this entry here right so
+that's 1 minus -2 that's three but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 minus -2 that's three but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 minus -2 that's three but this
+is one to entry so you should put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one to entry so you should put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one to entry so you should put a
+negative sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front Okay then the last spot should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Okay then the last spot should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front Okay then the last spot should be
+the co-actor of this entry here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-actor of this entry here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-actor of this entry here which is
+1 minus -1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus -1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus -1 that's
+two okay something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here two warnings first don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two warnings first don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two warnings first don't forget
+this transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transpose
+sign second don't forget this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign second don't forget this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign second don't forget this negative
+sign okay we've got the First Column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay we've got the First Column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay we've got the First Column of
+s inverse and that's all we need so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s inverse and that's all we need so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s inverse and that's all we need so we
+put it here that's 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here that's 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it here that's 1/
+6 negative a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 negative a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 negative a
+half and a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's good enough for me now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough for me now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good enough for me now I can
+write out the First Column of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the First Column of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the First Column of the
+exponential of a so the First Column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a so the First Column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a so the First Column of
+of the exponential of a um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential of a um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential of a um I'm going to
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+here that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's going to be
+equal to the linear combination of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the linear combination of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the linear combination of these
+columns so that's one 6 of The First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so that's one 6 of The First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so that's one 6 of The First
+Column that's e to ^ T / 6 * X x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column that's e to ^ T / 6 * X x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column that's e to ^ T / 6 * X x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this times this so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this times this so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this times this so that's going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+minus a half of e to the power - t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half of e to the power - t *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half of e to the power - t *
+X2 then plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 then plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 then plus a
+third of e to the power -2t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of e to the power -2t *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of e to the power -2t *
+X3 that's the First Column of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that's the First Column of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 that's the First Column of the
+exponential at and then with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential at and then with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential at and then with the other
+two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the answer if you want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the answer if you want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the answer if you want more
+practice you can certainly complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you can certainly complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you can certainly complete this
+s inverse and then you can also complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s inverse and then you can also complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s inverse and then you can also complete
+the exponential of a but I will leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of a but I will leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential of a but I will leave
+the rest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest to
+you okay I hope this example shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay I hope this example shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay I hope this example shows you
+that linear algebra can be a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear algebra can be a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear algebra can be a powerful
+tool in solving higher order ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in solving higher order ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in solving higher order ordinary
+differential equation with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+coefficients and we have demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and we have demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and we have demonstrated
+the the standard procedure to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the standard procedure to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the standard procedure to do it and
+we also practiced how to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also practiced how to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also practiced how to calculate the
+exponential of a matrix thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a matrix thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a matrix thanks for
+watching and see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dttSgzTJKK4.txt b/dttSgzTJKK4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1411af2b99005d9973045d03e7629f9ad007eabf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dttSgzTJKK4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we interrupted our introduction theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interrupted our introduction theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we interrupted our introduction theme
+and go right into data collection then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go right into data collection then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go right into data collection then
+we did short range planning so Nemo was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did short range planning so Nemo was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did short range planning so Nemo was
+lecturing though we're two lectures now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing though we're two lectures now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturing though we're two lectures now
+we're back to the third and last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to the third and last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're back to the third and last
+introductory material and then we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory material and then we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory material and then we'll go
+back and do more data and modeling if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and do more data and modeling if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and do more data and modeling if
+that makes sense sorry for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense sorry for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense sorry for that
+interruption but so it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption but so it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interruption but so it's a little more
+general than the other classes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than the other classes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than the other classes that
+we've seen and today's topic is model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen and today's topic is model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen and today's topic is model
+capacities and costs so we'll cover all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities and costs so we'll cover all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities and costs so we'll cover all
+our three analysis that you might do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our three analysis that you might do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our three analysis that you might do you
+know back calculation if somebody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back calculation if somebody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know back calculation if somebody is
+asking you about something and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you about something and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you about something and it's a
+completely new service and you just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new service and you just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new service and you just want
+to have an idea we'll give an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an idea we'll give an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an idea we'll give an example of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+then we'll look at worldwide status of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at worldwide status of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll look at worldwide status of
+urban rail systems both heavy rail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban rail systems both heavy rail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban rail systems both heavy rail and
+light rail some bus ways and we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail some bus ways and we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail some bus ways and we'll look
+at capital operating costs at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at capital operating costs at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at capital operating costs at a high
+level focusing more on on the US using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level focusing more on on the US using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level focusing more on on the US using
+the national transit database all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national transit database all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national transit database all right
+so first slide here is a an update of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first slide here is a an update of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first slide here is a an update of
+the statistics I gave you earlier so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics I gave you earlier so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics I gave you earlier so you
+have these statistics from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these statistics from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these statistics from the previous
+introductory lecture but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture but these are
+updated for 2013 so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated for 2013 so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated for 2013 so I'm not going to
+cover this in detail but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this in detail but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this in detail but if you want to
+compare with the previous table you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the previous table you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the previous table you can
+do so and here you have more updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and here you have more updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so and here you have more updated
+numbers these come from the apt a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these come from the apt a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these come from the apt a fact
+book and they take the numbers from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and they take the numbers from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and they take the numbers from the
+national transit database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's start with that simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start with that simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start with that simple
+capacity analysis so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity analysis so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity analysis so this is a
+theoretical exercise but it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical exercise but it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical exercise but it gives you
+some idea of how one might approach if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of how one might approach if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of how one might approach if
+you have nothing to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have nothing to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have nothing to go on
+how am I to approach estimating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I to approach estimating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I to approach estimating what
+capacity you need for some service so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you need for some service so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you need for some service so
+the problem is given a pie shaped sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is given a pie shaped sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is given a pie shaped sector
+into the central business district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the central business district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the central business district
+served by a single transit line what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served by a single transit line what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served by a single transit line what
+will be the peak passenger flow entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the peak passenger flow entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the peak passenger flow entering
+the central business district and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central business district and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central business district and that
+might give you an idea of what mode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you an idea of what mode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you an idea of what mode you
+need right can you run a bus system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right can you run a bus system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need right can you run a bus system can
+you need a light rail a BRT a heavy rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a light rail a BRT a heavy rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a light rail a BRT a heavy rail
+so it gives you some idea and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives you some idea and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives you some idea and you might
+have some statistics about the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some statistics about the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some statistics about the city
+where you're being asked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're being asked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're being asked about the
+question and so you can make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so you can make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and so you can make some
+assumptions you can draw this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you can draw this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you can draw this on the
+back of a napkin and you know do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of a napkin and you know do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of a napkin and you know do some
+calculus with it if you want to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus with it if you want to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus with it if you want to and
+that's what we're gonna do so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna do so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're gonna do so I'm gonna
+draw on the board a little bit what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on the board a little bit what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on the board a little bit what do
+we have here y'all draw or I'll draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here y'all draw or I'll draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here y'all draw or I'll draw the
+same shape here for reference so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape here for reference so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same shape here for reference so we have
+a cone shaped sector or PI pie shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cone shaped sector or PI pie shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cone shaped sector or PI pie shaped
+sector and there's some angle of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and there's some angle of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector and there's some angle of that
+quarter which is the catchment area over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter which is the catchment area over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter which is the catchment area over
+which people might walk to the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people might walk to the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people might walk to the service
+the service by the way is along some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service by the way is along some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the service by the way is along some
+line and it reaches the the city center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and it reaches the the city center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and it reaches the the city center
+which we're calling the CBD and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're calling the CBD and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're calling the CBD and at that
+center there is some density some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there is some density some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there is some density some
+population density which we call P sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density which we call P sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density which we call P sub
+ski the population density at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ski the population density at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ski the population density at the center
+and any point along this pie or a pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any point along this pie or a pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any point along this pie or a pie
+shaped sector this the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped sector this the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped sector this the length of this
+arc is R theta where theta is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc is R theta where theta is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc is R theta where theta is the angle
+and uh is the radius from the CBD up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh is the radius from the CBD up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh is the radius from the CBD up to
+that point so R is a variable and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so R is a variable and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so R is a variable and it
+starts at zero and it extends all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at zero and it extends all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at zero and it extends all the
+way up to the length of the corridor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to the length of the corridor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to the length of the corridor
+which is L L is the maximum value R can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L L is the maximum value R can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L L is the maximum value R can
+take does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take does that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take does that make sense everybody
+following okay and then we take little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay and then we take little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following okay and then we take little
+slices of these of these arcs and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of these of these arcs and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of these of these arcs and they
+have a very very thin infinitesimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very thin infinitesimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very very thin infinitesimally
+small with dr and we can that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small with dr and we can that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small with dr and we can that's that's
+sort of what we want to do here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what we want to do here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what we want to do here let's
+assume something let's start assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume something let's start assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume something let's start assuming
+the population density which starts at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population density which starts at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population density which starts at a
+very high level in the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level in the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level in the center of the
+business district starts dropping as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business district starts dropping as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business district starts dropping as you
+move out that makes sense right in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out that makes sense right in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move out that makes sense right in most
+cities that's what happens we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that's what happens we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that's what happens we're gonna
+assume that it drops linearly and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it drops linearly and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it drops linearly and that
+it reaches some value lower than TC at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches some value lower than TC at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches some value lower than TC at
+some distance L from the CBD and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance L from the CBD and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distance L from the CBD and if we
+look at the distance from the CBD here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the distance from the CBD here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the distance from the CBD here
+which we call our and we start at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call our and we start at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call our and we start at zero
+see you're always add the CBD right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you're always add the CBD right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you're always add the CBD right we
+have we start with a population density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we start with a population density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we start with a population density
+of PC and we're gonna assume it drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PC and we're gonna assume it drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PC and we're gonna assume it drops
+linearly just some amount and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly just some amount and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly just some amount and at some
+point will reach L and that's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will reach L and that's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point will reach L and that's where we
+stop the corridor so this part doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the corridor so this part doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the corridor so this part doesn't
+really matter because the corridor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter because the corridor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter because the corridor
+doesn't serve that part and the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't serve that part and the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't serve that part and the rate at
+which that population and city declines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that population and city declines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that population and city declines
+we will call Delta P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so the population density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the population density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the population density is
+decreasing as we move outwards from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing as we move outwards from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing as we move outwards from some
+time all right so let's start with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so let's start with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so let's start with what
+is the population in the corridor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the population in the corridor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the population in the corridor right
+that's what we need to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we need to know how many
+people are in that corridor and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in that corridor and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in that corridor and then
+from that we can calculate based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that we can calculate based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that we can calculate based on some
+assumption how many people might access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption how many people might access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption how many people might access
+that line start with calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line start with calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line start with calculating the
+population in that whole pie shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in that whole pie shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in that whole pie shaped
+sector all right so call it population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector all right so call it population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector all right so call it population
+so we'll take an integral from from R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll take an integral from from R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll take an integral from from R
+equals zero to R equals L which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to R equals L which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero to R equals L which is the
+length of the corridor and we take R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the corridor and we take R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the corridor and we take R
+theta which is the length of this arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is the length of this arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is the length of this arc
+which starts very small and gets longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts very small and gets longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which starts very small and gets longer
+and longer until we get to this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer until we get to this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longer until we get to this part
+which is L theta alone right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L theta alone right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is L theta alone right so this is
+the arc length and we multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc length and we multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc length and we multiply by the
+arc width which is the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we multiply by the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply by the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we multiply by the population
+density and the population density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the population density is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the population density is a
+function of how far we are from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how far we are from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of how far we are from the
+center so that's gonna be P of R we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so that's gonna be P of R we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so that's gonna be P of R we can
+call this graph P of R right the Y value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this graph P of R right the Y value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this graph P of R right the Y value
+is P of R is started so PC drops to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P of R is started so PC drops to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P of R is started so PC drops to zero
+or before reaching MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or before reaching MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or before reaching MA
+yeah it doesn't get to zero at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't get to zero at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it doesn't get to zero at the point
+of reaching L right so it remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaching L right so it remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaching L right so it remains
+positive throughout the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive throughout the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive throughout the length of the
+quarter all right and now we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter all right and now we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter all right and now we can just
+you know do some math and calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do some math and calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do some math and calculate this
+so I'll just run through it so we have R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just run through it so we have R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just run through it so we have R
+theta dr let's substitute this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dr let's substitute this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dr let's substitute this function
+which is the population density we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the population density we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the population density we
+assumed that it had the shape so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that it had the shape so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that it had the shape so let's
+plug that in here it's a linear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in here it's a linear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug that in here it's a linear function
+so it starts at the center with a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts at the center with a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it starts at the center with a high
+number and it decreases as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it decreases as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it decreases as a function of
+our a rate of DP and times R right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our a rate of DP and times R right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our a rate of DP and times R right so
+when R equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when R equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when R equals zero
+there's no decrease as you move this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no decrease as you move this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no decrease as you move this way
+you multiply R times DP and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply R times DP and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply R times DP and you get the
+the difference between PC and point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between PC and point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between PC and point
+where you are all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'm just going to collect terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to collect terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm just going to collect terms to
+make things look a little nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so again we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so again we're just
+distributing this times that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing this times that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing this times that and that
+times that so we have now two integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can take some constants out so theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take some constants out so theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take some constants out so theta
+is a constant and PC is a constant so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant and PC is a constant so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant and PC is a constant so we
+can take those out of the integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we remain continue on the grating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remain continue on the grating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remain continue on the grating from
+zero to L but now we have a simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to L but now we have a simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to L but now we have a simple thing
+RDR which we know how to integrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDR which we know how to integrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RDR which we know how to integrate and
+then here dr is sorry DP is given so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here dr is sorry DP is given so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here dr is sorry DP is given so
+we're gonna have a we have an assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have a we have an assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have a we have an assumption
+about what that rate is right so the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that rate is right so the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that rate is right so the p
+is taken out as well that's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken out as well that's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taken out as well that's a constant
+and we again integrate from zero to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we again integrate from zero to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we again integrate from zero to L
+and we have and sorry and theta is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have and sorry and theta is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have and sorry and theta is also
+constant right so you can take that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so you can take that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right so you can take that out
+and we have R squared D R so now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have R squared D R so now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have R squared D R so now it
+looks a lot simpler and we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot simpler and we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot simpler and we can do the
+simple integral right integral of RDR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple integral right integral of RDR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple integral right integral of RDR is
+R squared over 2 integral of R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared over 2 integral of R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared over 2 integral of R squared
+is R cubed over 3 so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R cubed over 3 so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is R cubed over 3 so we can just
+substitute that in so we have PC theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in so we have PC theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in so we have PC theta
+over 2 times R squared and R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 times R squared and R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 times R squared and R squared
+goes from 0 to L minus DP theta over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 0 to L minus DP theta over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 0 to L minus DP theta over 3
+and we have R cubed going from 0 to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have R cubed going from 0 to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have R cubed going from 0 to L
+and now we just simplify things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we just simplify things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we just simplify things and
+compute the going from 0 to L on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the going from 0 to L on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the going from 0 to L on both
+sides so we are left with PC theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so we are left with PC theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so we are left with PC theta over
+2 times l squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times l squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times l squared
+when these ranges are 0 this term is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these ranges are 0 this term is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these ranges are 0 this term is 0
+and that term is 0 so all that matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that term is 0 so all that matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that term is 0 so all that matters
+is plugging in substituting L for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plugging in substituting L for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plugging in substituting L for our
+right and the terms minus 0 or 0 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the terms minus 0 or 0 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the terms minus 0 or 0 so you
+want we don't need to write them DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we don't need to write them DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want we don't need to write them DP
+theta over 3 cubed and just collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over 3 cubed and just collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta over 3 cubed and just collecting
+terms the ones that look similar PC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the ones that look similar PC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the ones that look similar PC over
+2 minus DP ok so this is the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus DP ok so this is the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus DP ok so this is the population
+in the corner and it's a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner and it's a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the corner and it's a function of the
+properties of the quarter right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the quarter right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the quarter right so if
+the quarter is longer then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter is longer then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarter is longer then we have a
+higher population that's the angle if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher population that's the angle if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher population that's the angle if
+the angle of the quarter gets why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of the quarter gets why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of the quarter gets why
+relation in the quarter that also makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation in the quarter that also makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation in the quarter that also makes
+sense and then it also depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and then it also depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and then it also depends on the
+population at the city center higher it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population at the city center higher it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population at the city center higher it
+is the bigger the population in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bigger the population in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bigger the population in the
+center and it depends on the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and it depends on the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and it depends on the rate at
+which the population decreases from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the population decreases from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the population decreases from the
+center the smaller the rate of decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the smaller the rate of decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the smaller the rate of decrease
+the larger the population right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger the population right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger the population right so that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now in terms of peak passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now in terms of peak passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now in terms of peak passenger
+flow we can look at units but we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow we can look at units but we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow we can look at units but we'll have
+to add some assumptions so actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some assumptions so actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add some assumptions so actually I
+think at this point I can probably stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point I can probably stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point I can probably stop
+the math on the board and just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math on the board and just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math on the board and just go
+straight to it so wait this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to it so wait this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to it so wait this is the the
+modeling part and now we're just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling part and now we're just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling part and now we're just gonna
+make some assumptions about given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions about given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some assumptions about given that
+the population in the quarter and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population in the quarter and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population in the quarter and some
+assumptions about what l and theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what l and theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about what l and theta and
+PC and DPR and some assumptions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC and DPR and some assumptions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PC and DPR and some assumptions about
+the share of those people that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of those people that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the share of those people that would
+take transit we'll look at what the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take transit we'll look at what the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take transit we'll look at what the peak
+pass on your flow is so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass on your flow is so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass on your flow is so let's go
+straight to it here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to it here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to it here we have the
+variables that I defined on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that I defined on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that I defined on the board
+and some of this you know once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of this you know once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of this you know once we have
+TC m and T right so T is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC m and T right so T is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC m and T right so T is the number of
+one-way trips per person per day we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way trips per person per day we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way trips per person per day we're
+gonna have to assume this C is the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to assume this C is the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to assume this C is the share
+of trips that are inbound to the CBD as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trips that are inbound to the CBD as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trips that are inbound to the CBD as
+opposed to going outbound right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to going outbound right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to going outbound right so it's
+the what percent of them go inbound M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what percent of them go inbound M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what percent of them go inbound M is
+the transit market share for CBD von
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transit market share for CBD von
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transit market share for CBD von
+trips so some people will take cars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips so some people will take cars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trips so some people will take cars or
+other modes and we want to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes and we want to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes and we want to have some
+assumption about what percent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about what percent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about what percent of people
+that are going into the CVD will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going into the CVD will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going into the CVD will take
+transit as opposed to other modes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit as opposed to other modes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit as opposed to other modes so
+that's M and P is the share of CBD well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's M and P is the share of CBD well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's M and P is the share of CBD well
+transit trips in the peak hour so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit trips in the peak hour so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit trips in the peak hour so we
+want the peak hour flow and maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the peak hour flow and maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the peak hour flow and maybe we
+don't want the whole day we just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the whole day we just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the whole day we just want
+peak hour flow so there's gonna be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak hour flow so there's gonna be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak hour flow so there's gonna be some
+percentage of that so here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of that so here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of that so here you have the
+the same equations that I have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations that I have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations that I have on the
+board and because on your flow is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and because on your flow is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and because on your flow is what
+we have there which is the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have there which is the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have there which is the population
+and the corridor multiplied by our four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corridor multiplied by our four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corridor multiplied by our four
+assumptions are four factors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are four factors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are four factors that are
+going to convert the population and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to convert the population and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to convert the population and the
+whole corridor to what percent of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole corridor to what percent of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole corridor to what percent of people
+are going to go into the CBD taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to go into the CBD taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to go into the CBD taking
+transit again this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit again this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit again this is a very simple
+theoretical exercise but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical exercise but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical exercise but it could be
+useful at some point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful at some point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful at some point so
+and we'll just plug in for two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just plug in for two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just plug in for two examples
+we have two scenarios here one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two scenarios here one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two scenarios here one where the
+population density in the CBD is 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density in the CBD is 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density in the CBD is 10,000
+another one where it's 20,000 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one where it's 20,000 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one where it's 20,000 for
+reference in New York City the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in New York City the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference in New York City the
+population density is about 28,000 so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density is about 28,000 so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population density is about 28,000 so so
+these are not not as high as those very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not not as high as those very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not not as high as those very
+dense cities depends how again it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense cities depends how again it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense cities depends how again it's the
+same thing like depends how how far you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing like depends how how far you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing like depends how how far you
+go and and what you define as the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and and what you define as the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and and what you define as the center
+but here are some some numbers these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are some some numbers these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are some some numbers these are
+not this could be some city right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this could be some city right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this could be some city right these
+are not these are typical of some cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not these are typical of some cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not these are typical of some cities
+so here we have some decreases and rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have some decreases and rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have some decreases and rate
+of decrease in population from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decrease in population from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decrease in population from the
+center going out we're assuming a 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center going out we're assuming a 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center going out we're assuming a 40
+degree angle for for the shape of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree angle for for the shape of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree angle for for the shape of this
+if you have a city you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a city you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a city you know you have
+several lines going in radially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lines going in radially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lines going in radially this
+transit corridor serves about a 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit corridor serves about a 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit corridor serves about a 40
+degree angle so it is aligned but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree angle so it is aligned but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree angle so it is aligned but well
+depends how many yeah at the end at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how many yeah at the end at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how many yeah at the end at the
+end it sounds like a lot but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it sounds like a lot but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end it sounds like a lot but at the
+beginning not so much if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning not so much if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning not so much if you if you
+think of a city you know you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a city you know you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a city you know you have these
+are 90 degree angles right and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 90 degree angles right and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 90 degree angles right and you got
+two more lines that's 45 so how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more lines that's 45 so how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more lines that's 45 so how many
+lines would you have in a city and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines would you have in a city and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines would you have in a city and it
+sort of right so so that realistic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right so so that realistic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right so so that realistic to
+think of some line with a 40 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of some line with a 40 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of some line with a 40 degree
+angle coming into the CBD from outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle coming into the CBD from outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle coming into the CBD from outside
+and we're assuming a ten-mile length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming a ten-mile length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're assuming a ten-mile length and
+factors so here we have two point five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so here we have two point five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so here we have two point five
+zero point two point five and point 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point two point five and point 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point two point five and point 25
+as the assumptions for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the assumptions for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the assumptions for the different
+constants to convert the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants to convert the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants to convert the whole
+population into the number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population into the number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population into the number of people
+going inbound in their morning rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going inbound in their morning rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going inbound in their morning rush
+taking transit right so if we plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking transit right so if we plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking transit right so if we plug that
+in we get a required capacity of 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we get a required capacity of 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we get a required capacity of 10,000
+in the first scenario and 30,000 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first scenario and 30,000 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first scenario and 30,000 and the
+other scenario and then from that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scenario and then from that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other scenario and then from that one
+could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say
+can I have a bus system serving 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a bus system serving 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have a bus system serving 10,000
+people per hour or can I have 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per hour or can I have 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per hour or can I have 30,000
+more rail system serving 30,000 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rail system serving 30,000 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rail system serving 30,000 people
+per hour accommodating a flow which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour accommodating a flow which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per hour accommodating a flow which this
+is again a back of the napkin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again a back of the napkin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again a back of the napkin
+calculation but it gives you an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but it gives you an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation but it gives you an idea of
+based based on the characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based based on the characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based based on the characteristics of
+some city what we would need so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some city what we would need so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some city what we would need so let's
+look at some theoretical capacities now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some theoretical capacities now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some theoretical capacities now
+so in these and in this slide we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in these and in this slide we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in these and in this slide we are
+looking at kind of high end upper bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at kind of high end upper bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at kind of high end upper bounds
+almost on on these modes so for rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost on on these modes so for rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost on on these modes so for rail
+let's assume a very long train or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume a very long train or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume a very long train or just
+10 cars long and it's packed with 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cars long and it's packed with 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 cars long and it's packed with 200
+people per car and it runs sort of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per car and it runs sort of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per car and it runs sort of high
+frequency every two minutes that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency every two minutes that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency every two minutes that gives
+you 60,000 passengers per hour so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 60,000 passengers per hour so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 60,000 passengers per hour so that's
+that's about as much as a metro system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about as much as a metro system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about as much as a metro system
+can provide in terms of the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide in terms of the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide in terms of the capacity
+there are a line metro line a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a line metro line a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a line metro line a single
+metro line if we look at bus so a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro line if we look at bus so a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metro line if we look at bus so a full
+bus 70 passengers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus 70 passengers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus 70 passengers
+that's quite packed you could run if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite packed you could run if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite packed you could run if you
+have multiple base you could run 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple base you could run 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple base you could run 30
+second highways so if you see BRT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highways so if you see BRT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second highways so if you see BRT
+corridors have capacity to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridors have capacity to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridors have capacity to do that
+obviously if if if they are queuing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if if if they are queuing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if if if they are queuing up
+to serve a single stop that could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to serve a single stop that could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to serve a single stop that could not
+happen but if you have multiple base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but if you have multiple base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but if you have multiple base
+that can happen so that based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen so that based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen so that based on that
+assumption you can get it 8400 all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you can get it 8400 all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you can get it 8400 all right
+so that's pushing the limits of bus BRT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pushing the limits of bus BRT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pushing the limits of bus BRT
+VRT vehicles are longer so you might fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VRT vehicles are longer so you might fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VRT vehicles are longer so you might fit
+200 people in one of these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 people in one of these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 people in one of these you know
+double articulated vehicles you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double articulated vehicles you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double articulated vehicles you might
+have even 20 second that way you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even 20 second that way you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even 20 second that way you with
+good facilities that gives you 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good facilities that gives you 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good facilities that gives you 36
+thousand passengers per hour again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand passengers per hour again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand passengers per hour again
+pushing the limits here light rail I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the limits here light rail I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the limits here light rail I
+have to say that I'm assuming a two-car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say that I'm assuming a two-car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say that I'm assuming a two-car
+train here but we could have three-car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train here but we could have three-car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train here but we could have three-car
+trains so maybe I'm pushing the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains so maybe I'm pushing the limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains so maybe I'm pushing the limits
+as much on light rail here but based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much on light rail here but based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much on light rail here but based on
+a two-car train assumption and 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-car train assumption and 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-car train assumption and 150
+passengers per car which is quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers per car which is quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers per car which is quite a bit
+for light rail car and assuming one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light rail car and assuming one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light rail car and assuming one
+minute headway that's $18,000 per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute headway that's $18,000 per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute headway that's $18,000 per hour
+right so you can compare these again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can compare these again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can compare these again
+these are all kind of upper bounds maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all kind of upper bounds maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all kind of upper bounds maybe
+light rail can be pushed a little higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail can be pushed a little higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail can be pushed a little higher
+gives you an idea of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of what the
+theoretical capacities are so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacities are so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacities are so now we
+have this back-of-the-envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this back-of-the-envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this back-of-the-envelope
+calculation 10,000 30,000 and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation 10,000 30,000 and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation 10,000 30,000 and what would
+we need for 10,000 could we serve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for 10,000 could we serve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need for 10,000 could we serve that
+10,000 demand with a bus probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 demand with a bus probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 demand with a bus probably not
+do we need rail BRT or light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need rail BRT or light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we need rail BRT or light rail
+probably so so you see an idea if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so so you see an idea if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably so so you see an idea if it's
+the 30,000 example well it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30,000 example well it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 30,000 example well it looks like
+we're gonna need rail right because BRT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna need rail right because BRT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna need rail right because BRT
+is kind of we're getting to the high end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of we're getting to the high end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of we're getting to the high end
+of that so we're probably gonna need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so we're probably gonna need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so we're probably gonna need
+rail for that okay and now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail for that okay and now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail for that okay and now let's look at
+what happens here in Boston so it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here in Boston so it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens here in Boston so it's much
+lower here not no we're near the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower here not no we're near the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower here not no we're near the the
+theoretical capacities right that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacities right that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacities right that we're
+talking about these are peak hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these are peak hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these are peak hour
+volumes for the different lines so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes for the different lines so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes for the different lines so we
+look at the red line which is the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the red line which is the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the red line which is the red
+line in the Cambridge section which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the Cambridge section which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the Cambridge section which is
+the most crowded especially between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most crowded especially between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most crowded especially between
+Central Square and MIT actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Square and MIT actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Square and MIT actually that's
+the high point on the system we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high point on the system we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high point on the system we have
+about almost 10,000 people per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about almost 10,000 people per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about almost 10,000 people per hour
+passengers per hour yeah so these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers per hour yeah so these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers per hour yeah so these these
+are a little dated depends on you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little dated depends on you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little dated depends on you find
+the peak hour and you know if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak hour and you know if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak hour and you know if you want
+if I could show you the peak 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could show you the peak 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I could show you the peak 15 minutes
+and that would be higher than this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be higher than this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be higher than this for
+example so if you look at the peak yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if you look at the peak yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if you look at the peak yeah
+like the peak of the peak it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the peak of the peak it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the peak of the peak it's even
+higher than this but it still is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this but it still is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than this but it still is the
+case that these are not approaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that these are not approaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that these are not approaching the
+theoretical capacities and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacities and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacities and that's
+because we don't have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have you know
+two-minute hat ways and 10-car train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-minute hat ways and 10-car train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-minute hat ways and 10-car train
+tour yeah so right so orange line we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour yeah so right so orange line we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour yeah so right so orange line we
+have two sections here the north and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sections here the north and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two sections here the north and the
+south west similar numbers blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south west similar numbers blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south west similar numbers blue line
+slightly lower and the Green Line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower and the Green Line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower and the Green Line the
+branches do about you know 1800 less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches do about you know 1800 less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches do about you know 1800 less
+than 2000 each so we're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2000 each so we're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 2000 each so we're looking at a
+much lower number than the light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower number than the light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower number than the light rail
+theoretical capacity and in the Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacity and in the Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical capacity and in the Central
+Subway where all these branches merge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subway where all these branches merge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subway where all these branches merge we
+get much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much higher
+but it's still lower again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still lower again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still lower again these
+vehicles are not running every minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles are not running every minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles are not running every minute
+and some in some cases they are but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some in some cases they are but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some in some cases they are but not
+consistently so and we don't fill all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently so and we don't fill all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently so and we don't fill all
+the vehicles at that but to you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicles at that but to you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vehicles at that but to you know to
+crush load for a whole hour right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crush load for a whole hour right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crush load for a whole hour right so so
+we're not getting that in that capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting that in that capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not getting that in that capacity
+we're not delivering that capacity so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not delivering that capacity so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not delivering that capacity so we
+could see an idea where we are if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see an idea where we are if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see an idea where we are if you've
+used the system here in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the system here in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the system here in Boston
+you might relate are taking the train at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might relate are taking the train at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might relate are taking the train at
+peak hour to what these numbers look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak hour to what these numbers look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak hour to what these numbers look
+like and think about what it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and think about what it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and think about what it would take
+to increase capacity in terms of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase capacity in terms of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase capacity in terms of more
+cars or higher demand spread over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars or higher demand spread over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars or higher demand spread over a
+longer piece and things like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer piece and things like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer piece and things like that okay
+now let's look at worldwide urban rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at worldwide urban rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at worldwide urban rail
+systems this is Metro and I have grouped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems this is Metro and I have grouped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems this is Metro and I have grouped
+it by continent and it starts in the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by continent and it starts in the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by continent and it starts in the you
+know in the sort of before the 1900s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the sort of before the 1900s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the sort of before the 1900s and
+you can see that the earlier systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the earlier systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the earlier systems
+started in Europe London Budapest right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Europe London Budapest right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in Europe London Budapest right
+and then North America followed closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then North America followed closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then North America followed closely
+after that Boston takes the price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that Boston takes the price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that Boston takes the price for
+the first subway that's the Green Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first subway that's the Green Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first subway that's the Green Line
+and the even though we call it light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the even though we call it light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the even though we call it light
+rail here we're calling it Metro in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail here we're calling it Metro in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail here we're calling it Metro in the
+slide so we have a few starts in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so we have a few starts in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide so we have a few starts in North
+America and it sort of falls flat 1920's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and it sort of falls flat 1920's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and it sort of falls flat 1920's
+1930's and then it takes off again 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930's and then it takes off again 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930's and then it takes off again 1960s
+oh it keeps increasing Asia was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it keeps increasing Asia was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it keeps increasing Asia was a little
+slower to start but it's going up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to start but it's going up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower to start but it's going up really
+fast China's building a lot of metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast China's building a lot of metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast China's building a lot of metro
+Africa is I think it has two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is I think it has two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa is I think it has two systems
+right now so and there are no systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so and there are no systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so and there are no systems
+that I am aware of in Australia but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am aware of in Australia but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I am aware of in Australia but they
+are building one that should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are building one that should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are building one that should start
+before the end of this decade in Sydney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of this decade in Sydney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of this decade in Sydney
+so they're going forward with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going forward with that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going forward with that so
+this is you know it you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know it you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know it you can see that
+we're building Metro and up it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building Metro and up it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building Metro and up it goes
+together with what we said in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with what we said in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with what we said in the first
+class of population is increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of population is increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of population is increasing and
+especially urban populations increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially urban populations increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially urban populations increasing
+people are moving away from a rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moving away from a rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are moving away from a rural
+areas into cities the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas into cities the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas into cities the required
+capacities to have agglomeration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities to have agglomeration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities to have agglomeration
+benefits and and avoid traffic again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and and avoid traffic again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and and avoid traffic again
+air pollution problems is requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollution problems is requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollution problems is requiring
+higher density higher flow systems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density higher flow systems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher density higher flow systems like
+Metro questions they have yeah so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metro questions they have yeah so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metro questions they have yeah so they
+have BRT they have light rail yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have BRT they have light rail yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have BRT they have light rail yeah yeah
+and they have pretty good BRT so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have pretty good BRT so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have pretty good BRT so we're
+not yeah we're not counting them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah we're not counting them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yeah we're not counting them here
+and so good points it's hard to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so good points it's hard to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so good points it's hard to there
+are many ways of accounting for systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways of accounting for systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many ways of accounting for systems
+here sometimes you know yeah that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes you know yeah that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes you know yeah that might
+be mixed or become those as two or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mixed or become those as two or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mixed or become those as two or as
+one if there are different systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if there are different systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if there are different systems in
+one city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one city
+I've tried here to count each city as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried here to count each city as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've tried here to count each city as
+one system even if there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one system even if there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one system even if there are multiple
+systems so for time for example I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so for time for example I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so for time for example I'm not
+counting the tube in London and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the tube in London and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the tube in London and
+Docklands Light Railway has two systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docklands Light Railway has two systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Docklands Light Railway has two systems
+and counting them as one but some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counting them as one but some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counting them as one but some people
+would come to us too so it is there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to us too so it is there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come to us too so it is there is
+some arbitrary choice to be made here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary choice to be made here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arbitrary choice to be made here in
+accounting but it gives you an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting but it gives you an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting but it gives you an idea of
+what the trends are and how we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the trends are and how we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the trends are and how we are
+moving and how it started and and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and how it started and and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving and how it started and and where
+we are right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are right now
+here's light rail light rail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's light rail light rail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's light rail light rail and
+streetcars so if we only looked at light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streetcars so if we only looked at light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streetcars so if we only looked at light
+rail it wouldn't look like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail it wouldn't look like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail it wouldn't look like this this
+includes streetcars and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes streetcars and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes streetcars and that's why we
+start so early before the 1900s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so early before the 1900s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start so early before the 1900s in
+Europe and Asia as well and that North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Asia as well and that North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and Asia as well and that North
+America really didn't follow until much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America really didn't follow until much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America really didn't follow until much
+more recently yeah but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently yeah but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recently yeah but they're not
+operating right now yeah but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating right now yeah but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating right now yeah but they're not
+currently operating yeah so that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently operating yeah so that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently operating yeah so that's right
+so that's another good point so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another good point so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another good point so if we
+included things that we're operating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included things that we're operating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included things that we're operating and
+no longer dropped down this graph would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer dropped down this graph would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer dropped down this graph would
+might we go up and then down and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we go up and then down and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might we go up and then down and these
+are based on statistics of currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on statistics of currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on statistics of currently
+operating systems that started at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating systems that started at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating systems that started at some
+point in the past right so that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the past right so that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the past right so that's a good
+point thank you for bringing that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point thank you for bringing that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point thank you for bringing that up
+and we see here Africa Oceania so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see here Africa Oceania so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see here Africa Oceania so
+Australia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australia and
+and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see
+yeah Africa South America and Australia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Africa South America and Australia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Africa South America and Australia
+or don't have many systems right so me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or don't have many systems right so me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or don't have many systems right so me
+mainly we have opened Asia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly we have opened Asia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly we have opened Asia and
+increasingly so in North America but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly so in North America but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly so in North America but not
+at the same level as in Asia obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same level as in Asia obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same level as in Asia obviously
+has to do with the size of the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the size of the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the size of the cities
+and the number of large cities as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of large cities as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of large cities as well
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+capital costs so these are based once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital costs so these are based once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital costs so these are based once
+more on the NTD numbers the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the NTD numbers the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the NTD numbers the national
+transit database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit database
+these are 2030 that were published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 2030 that were published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 2030 that were published in
+the 2015 apt of books and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2015 apt of books and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2015 apt of books and you can
+download that on stellar which if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download that on stellar which if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download that on stellar which if you
+have that you want to look at these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you want to look at these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that you want to look at these in
+detail so eighteen point two billion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so eighteen point two billion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so eighteen point two billion was
+spent in capital costs and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in capital costs and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent in capital costs and we're gonna
+look at how that cost was distributed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how that cost was distributed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how that cost was distributed so
+if we look at by typo out a quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at by typo out a quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at by typo out a quarter of
+that was spent on purchasing vehicles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was spent on purchasing vehicles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was spent on purchasing vehicles or
+or recalling old vehicles for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recalling old vehicles for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recalling old vehicles for their
+midlife repair and about sixty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midlife repair and about sixty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midlife repair and about sixty percent
+was spent on infrastructure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spent on infrastructure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spent on infrastructure and
+facilities right so that could include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities right so that could include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities right so that could include
+new rail lines or extensions repairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rail lines or extensions repairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new rail lines or extensions repairs of
+those bus stops maintenance facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bus stops maintenance facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bus stops maintenance facilities
+right offices things like that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right offices things like that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right offices things like that and then
+about 15 16 percent of spent on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 16 percent of spent on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 16 percent of spent on other
+things those other things could be AFC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those other things could be AFC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those other things could be AFC
+systems other things that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems other things that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems other things that are not
+vehicles or facilities right so okay by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles or facilities right so okay by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles or facilities right so okay by
+mode about a quarter was spent on bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode about a quarter was spent on bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode about a quarter was spent on bus
+projects about thirty five percent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects about thirty five percent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects about thirty five percent on
+heavy rail projects and then less a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail projects and then less a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail projects and then less a
+little less on commuter rail and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less on commuter rail and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less on commuter rail and light
+rail and then five percent in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and then five percent in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail and then five percent in other
+modes and that's mostly paratransit or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and that's mostly paratransit or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and that's mostly paratransit or a
+demand responsive as the apt a fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand responsive as the apt a fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand responsive as the apt a fact
+so gives you an idea of how the us on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gives you an idea of how the us on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gives you an idea of how the us on
+any given year spends like the cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given year spends like the cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given year spends like the cap
+distributes the capital expenditures you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes the capital expenditures you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes the capital expenditures you
+might think that from year to year these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that from year to year these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that from year to year these
+costs vary a lot because capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs vary a lot because capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs vary a lot because capital
+investments are very lumpy right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments are very lumpy right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments are very lumpy right you
+don't have them and all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have them and all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have them and all of a sudden you
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a lot of money into the system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money into the system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of money into the system but
+because there are so many cities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are so many cities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are so many cities they
+don't actually vary that much and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually vary that much and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually vary that much and the
+other the other reason that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other reason that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the other reason that doesn't
+happen is because a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is because a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is because a lot of the
+expenditures are gradual so you don't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures are gradual so you don't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures are gradual so you don't it
+takes several years to build new lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes several years to build new lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes several years to build new lines
+so they are distributed over several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are distributed over several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are distributed over several
+years instead of all at once and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years instead of all at once and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years instead of all at once and here we
+have the breakdown by mode and type at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the breakdown by mode and type at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the breakdown by mode and type at
+the same time so about that the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so about that the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time so about that the key
+takeaway here is so 4.5 billion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here is so 4.5 billion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here is so 4.5 billion was
+spent on bus projects and about half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on bus projects and about half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on bus projects and about half of
+that was embarked on vehicles and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was embarked on vehicles and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was embarked on vehicles and about
+half was on facilities or repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half was on facilities or repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half was on facilities or repair
+facilities bus stops things of that sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities bus stops things of that sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities bus stops things of that sure
+when we look at the percent spent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the percent spent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the percent spent on
+vehicles is much lower it's about 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles is much lower it's about 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles is much lower it's about 10 to
+20 percent seven to 20 percent in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent seven to 20 percent in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent seven to 20 percent in this
+case depending on the specific rail mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case depending on the specific rail mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case depending on the specific rail mode
+and closer to 90 percent is spent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to 90 percent is spent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to 90 percent is spent on
+infrastructure and facilities that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and facilities that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure and facilities that make
+sense right you have to lay you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right you have to lay you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right you have to lay you have to
+sort of put rail you have to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put rail you have to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of put rail you have to build
+stations it's you know the maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations it's you know the maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations it's you know the maintenance
+yards are more expensive so it's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yards are more expensive so it's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yards are more expensive so it's these
+are bigger projects to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger projects to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bigger projects to the extent that
+the right-of-way is a subway then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-of-way is a subway then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-of-way is a subway then you
+have to dig and so it's very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dig and so it's very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dig and so it's very expensive
+and here you have the total expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have the total expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have the total expenditure
+capital cost by a moat and so 4.5 on bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital cost by a moat and so 4.5 on bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital cost by a moat and so 4.5 on bus
+6.21 heavy rail 3 on commuter rail 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.21 heavy rail 3 on commuter rail 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.21 heavy rail 3 on commuter rail 3.5
+on light rail ok and it's bugging on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on light rail ok and it's bugging on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on light rail ok and it's bugging on
+infrastructure costs so what drives that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure costs so what drives that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure costs so what drives that
+the infrastructure costs first the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure costs first the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure costs first the type
+of construction right so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of construction right so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of construction right so if we look at
+heavy rail you could build at grade so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail you could build at grade so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy rail you could build at grade so
+level on the street or on sort of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level on the street or on sort of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level on the street or on sort of new
+lands that you don't have to acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands that you don't have to acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lands that you don't have to acquire
+from anyone that's the least expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anyone that's the least expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from anyone that's the least expensive
+then you move to elevated if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you move to elevated if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you move to elevated if you have to
+go over streets and you have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over streets and you have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over streets and you have a an
+elevated section that's the second most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated section that's the second most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated section that's the second most
+expensive and in subway tends to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and in subway tends to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and in subway tends to be the
+most expensive and there are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most expensive and there are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most expensive and there are ways of
+doing cotton cover lots of shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cotton cover lots of shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing cotton cover lots of shallow
+tunnel you dig a hole you put the rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel you dig a hole you put the rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel you dig a hole you put the rail
+lines and then you build a roof on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then you build a roof on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then you build a roof on top
+and car to drive over it that's shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and car to drive over it that's shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and car to drive over it that's shallow
+tunnel and then there's deep tunnel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and then there's deep tunnel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel and then there's deep tunnel
+which is the most expensive that tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most expensive that tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the most expensive that tends
+to be with a tunnel boring machine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be with a tunnel boring machine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be with a tunnel boring machine so
+you get these huge start hole they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these huge start hole they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these huge start hole they're
+very fun to learn how and look at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fun to learn how and look at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fun to learn how and look at I
+encourage you to YouTube them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to YouTube them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to YouTube them and they
+are usually built for the project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually built for the project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are usually built for the project and
+when they finish digging they are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they finish digging they are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they finish digging they are sort
+of taken off course and they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taken off course and they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taken off course and they sort of
+remain interred at other level so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain interred at other level so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain interred at other level so
+they're kind of used once and there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of used once and there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of used once and there you
+go so London has used a lot of these for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so London has used a lot of these for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so London has used a lot of these for
+their very deep tube and you yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their very deep tube and you yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their very deep tube and you yeah you
+should look at these on YouTube yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at these on YouTube yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should look at these on YouTube yeah
+yeah so in London we have both right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in London we have both right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in London we have both right so
+the earlier lines like the central line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier lines like the central line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier lines like the central line
+and the circle and district lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circle and district lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the circle and district lines are
+definitely cut in color and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely cut in color and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely cut in color and then the
+Silver Line is very deep right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silver Line is very deep right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silver Line is very deep right and so
+that that's tunnel boring machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe I should have shown some pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have shown some pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should have shown some pictures
+but at Grace just at street level oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at Grace just at street level oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at Grace just at street level oh I
+don't I will give some examples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I will give some examples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I will give some examples in the
+next few slides yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides yeah
+that's a good segue so the other key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good segue so the other key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good segue so the other key
+factors are land acquisition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are land acquisition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are land acquisition and
+clearance so if you're building a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance so if you're building a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearance so if you're building a new
+line and you have to use eminent domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you have to use eminent domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and you have to use eminent domain
+and sort of buy property from people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of buy property from people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of buy property from people who
+own them to own that property to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own them to own that property to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own them to own that property to build
+your new line that cost some money also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new line that cost some money also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new line that cost some money also
+the number size complexity and length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number size complexity and length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number size complexity and length of
+the stations so station design is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stations so station design is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stations so station design is a key
+component here and the complexity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here and the complexity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here and the complexity of the
+system this is an independent line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is an independent line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is an independent line or
+are there many points of transfer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there many points of transfer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there many points of transfer and
+how do you coordinate that during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you coordinate that during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you coordinate that during
+construction do you have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction do you have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction do you have to keep
+operating some parts of the line how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating some parts of the line how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating some parts of the line how do
+you manage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manage that
+so if you look at for example the repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at for example the repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at for example the repair
+of the bridge the Longfellow bridge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bridge the Longfellow bridge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bridge the Longfellow bridge here
+in Boston we wanted to do that with rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston we wanted to do that with rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Boston we wanted to do that with rail
+for the most part running so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part running so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part running so that has
+increased the costs of that project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the costs of that project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the costs of that project
+you couldn't just take the bridge down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't just take the bridge down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't just take the bridge down
+and rebuild it and we wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rebuild it and we wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rebuild it and we wouldn't have
+right other line for a long time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other line for a long time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other line for a long time okay so
+here are some typical costs for here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some typical costs for here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some typical costs for here are
+some four examples right and they vary a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some four examples right and they vary a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some four examples right and they vary a
+lot but it gives you so many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but it gives you so many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but it gives you so many of the
+magnitude of these so training Urbano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of these so training Urbano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of these so training Urbano
+was the one of the most recent systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one of the most recent systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one of the most recent systems
+it was built in 2002 in San Juan Puerto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was built in 2002 in San Juan Puerto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was built in 2002 in San Juan Puerto
+Rico and it was 50% upgrade about 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rico and it was 50% upgrade about 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rico and it was 50% upgrade about 40%
+elevated and 10% subway is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated and 10% subway is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated and 10% subway is a small
+section that was subway it costs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that was subway it costs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section that was subway it costs about
+two billion dollars to build and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two billion dollars to build and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two billion dollars to build and if you
+divide that by the length of the quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that by the length of the quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that by the length of the quarter
+it comes out to 118 million dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out to 118 million dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes out to 118 million dollars per
+kilometer right so gives you an idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer right so gives you an idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer right so gives you an idea of
+what it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it takes
+the MBTA redline in 1984 that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MBTA redline in 1984 that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MBTA redline in 1984 that was
+extended to a life from Harvard and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to a life from Harvard and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to a life from Harvard and that
+was 5 kilometer extension for stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 5 kilometer extension for stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 5 kilometer extension for stations
+it was all subway so it costs 0.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all subway so it costs 0.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all subway so it costs 0.6
+billion six hundred million and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion six hundred million and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion six hundred million and that
+comes out to 120 million dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to 120 million dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to 120 million dollars per
+kilometer these figures are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer these figures are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer these figures are in the
+dollar numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar numbers of
+the year that they were built they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year that they were built they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year that they were built they're
+not adjusted for inflation and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adjusted for inflation and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not adjusted for inflation and we have
+the Los Angeles MTA that was a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Los Angeles MTA that was a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Los Angeles MTA that was a new
+system started in the late 1980s it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system started in the late 1980s it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system started in the late 1980s it was
+all Subway seven kilometers 1.2 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Subway seven kilometers 1.2 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Subway seven kilometers 1.2 billion
+comes out to 180 million per kilometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to 180 million per kilometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to 180 million per kilometer
+so same range right similar I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same range right similar I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same range right similar I mean
+obviously from 120 to 180 it's 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously from 120 to 180 it's 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously from 120 to 180 it's 60
+million that's a lot of money but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that's a lot of money but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that's a lot of money but but
+same ballpark same order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ballpark same order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ballpark same order of magnitude
+LaMotta was cheaper on a unit cost basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaMotta was cheaper on a unit cost basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LaMotta was cheaper on a unit cost basis
+I was built over you know several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was built over you know several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was built over you know several
+decades multiple faces 100 kilometers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades multiple faces 100 kilometers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades multiple faces 100 kilometers or
+lots of stations lots of distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stations lots of distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of stations lots of distance
+covered it's a mix of subway elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it's a mix of subway elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it's a mix of subway elevator
+and upgrade and it costs 6.4 billion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upgrade and it costs 6.4 billion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and upgrade and it costs 6.4 billion and
+that comes up to 60 billion per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up to 60 billion per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up to 60 billion per
+kilometer so I yeah question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer so I yeah question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer so I yeah question what
+matters the Washington metro washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters the Washington metro washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters the Washington metro washington
+DC washington DC yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in one year more or less at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one year more or less at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one year more or less at very
+sportive it's not done very drastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sportive it's not done very drastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sportive it's not done very drastically
+here's what I wanted to say this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I wanted to say this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I wanted to say this is not
+inflation adjusted that's right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation adjusted that's right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation adjusted that's right for
+heavy Elias yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Elias yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Elias yeah
+maybe we're building a lot of light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're building a lot of light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we're building a lot of light rail
+and stuff but there's still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but there's still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff but there's still some
+expansion or repair or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm all familiar with a unit costs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all familiar with a unit costs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm all familiar with a unit costs for
+that yeah I mean it depends on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean it depends on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I mean it depends on many
+things so many factors there let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so many factors there let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so many factors there let's look
+at light rail now so LMT a 30 kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at light rail now so LMT a 30 kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at light rail now so LMT a 30 kilometers
+upgrade so not long distance but all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade so not long distance but all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade so not long distance but all I
+grade six hundred and ninety million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade six hundred and ninety million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade six hundred and ninety million
+this includes stations and vehicles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this includes stations and vehicles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this includes stations and vehicles that
+comes to twenty three million per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to twenty three million per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to twenty three million per
+kilometer so you can see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer so you can see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer so you can see that these
+costs are a lot lower a lot of that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are a lot lower a lot of that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs are a lot lower a lot of that has
+to do with it being I'd grade and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with it being I'd grade and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with it being I'd grade and also
+not being as complex of a system yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being as complex of a system yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being as complex of a system yeah
+you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes not including the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes not including the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes not including the most recent
+ones that's correct yeah so Buffalo ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that's correct yeah so Buffalo ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that's correct yeah so Buffalo ten
+kilometers but subway costs almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers but subway costs almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers but subway costs almost the
+same even though it was a third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same even though it was a third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same even though it was a third of the
+length comes out to 53 million per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length comes out to 53 million per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length comes out to 53 million per
+kilometer Santa Clara 30 kilometers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer Santa Clara 30 kilometers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer Santa Clara 30 kilometers I
+grade so very similar to LA MTA about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade so very similar to LA MTA about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade so very similar to LA MTA about
+500 million 16 million per kilometer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million 16 million per kilometer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 million 16 million per kilometer so
+you can see that even and similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that even and similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that even and similar
+systems there are other details that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there are other details that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there are other details that
+might affect cost significantly and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect cost significantly and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect cost significantly and then
+Portland mid-1980s 24 kilometres at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portland mid-1980s 24 kilometres at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portland mid-1980s 24 kilometres at
+grade 214 million about 9 million per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade 214 million about 9 million per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade 214 million about 9 million per
+kilometer so that was a little cheapest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer so that was a little cheapest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer so that was a little cheapest
+at least examples for on a unit cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least examples for on a unit cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least examples for on a unit cost
+basis so yeah these are terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so yeah these are terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis so yeah these are terms that are
+arbitrary but it are stereotypical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but it are stereotypical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but it are stereotypical
+definition that we are using here is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we are using here is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we are using here is it
+a lot of it tends to be at grade not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it tends to be at grade not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it tends to be at grade not
+always it could be subway it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it could be subway it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it could be subway it tends to
+have electricity from from pickup lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electricity from from pickup lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electricity from from pickup lines
+in the top you might have some sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top you might have some sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the top you might have some sections
+that where people board sort of straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where people board sort of straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where people board sort of straight
+from the street right so there it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the street right so there it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the street right so there it's not
+a special platform where like a subway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special platform where like a subway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special platform where like a subway
+station where people tap into a gate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station where people tap into a gate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station where people tap into a gate and
+move in so right yeah yeah yeah so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in so right yeah yeah yeah so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in so right yeah yeah yeah so yeah
+so when we look at heavy rail we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we look at heavy rail we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we look at heavy rail we're
+thinking about things like the red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things like the red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things like the red line
+and the blue line and the orange line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the blue line and the orange line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the blue line and the orange line
+here when we look at light rail we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we look at light rail we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here when we look at light rail we're
+thinking more like streetcars and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more like streetcars and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more like streetcars and the
+Green Line here in Boston right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line here in Boston right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line here in Boston right so the
+Green Line is more like light rail even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line is more like light rail even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line is more like light rail even
+though it has a subway portion it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has a subway portion it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has a subway portion it's
+operating like a light rail in some part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating like a light rail in some part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating like a light rail in some part
+subway in part yeah but if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway in part yeah but if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway in part yeah but if we look at
+other countries some systems are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries some systems are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries some systems are called
+light rail Douglas light rail in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail Douglas light rail in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail Douglas light rail in London
+false if we describe it we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if we describe it we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false if we describe it we would
+classify it as heavy rail and with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify it as heavy rail and with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify it as heavy rail and with these
+inscriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inscriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inscriptions
+and in many other nation of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many other nation of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many other nation of systems
+called library' which are by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called library' which are by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called library' which are by these
+descriptions heavy rail so the terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions heavy rail so the terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions heavy rail so the terms are
+used with caution okay bus waste so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used with caution okay bus waste so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used with caution okay bus waste so the
+South Boston transit way it was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Boston transit way it was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Boston transit way it was two
+kilometers that was the Silver Line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers that was the Silver Line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers that was the Silver Line
+tunnel right cost six hundred and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel right cost six hundred and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel right cost six hundred and six
+million that does include the purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that does include the purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million that does include the purchase
+of vehicles and so 303 of course million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vehicles and so 303 of course million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vehicles and so 303 of course million
+per kilometer TransMilenio was 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per kilometer TransMilenio was 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per kilometer TransMilenio was 36
+kilometers at grade in the early 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers at grade in the early 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers at grade in the early 2000s
+200 million five million per kilometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 million five million per kilometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 million five million per kilometer
+Seattle two kilometers bus tunnel 219
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle two kilometers bus tunnel 219
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle two kilometers bus tunnel 219
+160 so the takeaway here is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 so the takeaway here is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+160 so the takeaway here is if you're
+making a tunnel you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a tunnel you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a tunnel you can see that the
+first and third examples are tunnels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and third examples are tunnels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and third examples are tunnels
+right and they cost a lot more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they cost a lot more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they cost a lot more than the
+hundreds of millions and the three that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions and the three that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions and the three that
+are at grade second fourth and fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at grade second fourth and fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at grade second fourth and fifth
+examples two of them in the 36 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples two of them in the 36 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples two of them in the 36 35
+kilometer and this one a little shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer and this one a little shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer and this one a little shorter
+are in the two-digit single-digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the two-digit single-digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the two-digit single-digit
+million dollars per kilometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because they've kept growing it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've kept growing it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've kept growing it's what
+you're saying right I free I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying right I free I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying right I free I don't know
+I I don't remember what range of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't remember what range of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't remember what range of years
+this includes exactly but yeah I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this includes exactly but yeah I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this includes exactly but yeah I'm
+saying you know whatever they were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know whatever they were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know whatever they were sort
+of starting to operate in 2001 and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting to operate in 2001 and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting to operate in 2001 and yeah
+and you can see here 36 kilometers high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here 36 kilometers high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here 36 kilometers high
+great so we could then go look and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we could then go look and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we could then go look and see
+what what is that 36 kilometers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is that 36 kilometers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is that 36 kilometers that
+grade that they built around 2000 I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade that they built around 2000 I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade that they built around 2000 I want
+to see if they've expended more recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if they've expended more recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if they've expended more recently
+that's probably not including here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not including here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not including here yeah
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions
+so these are examples to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are examples to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are examples to give you an
+idea of what it costs what it has cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what it costs what it has cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what it costs what it has cost
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+generic or yeah generic costs for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic or yeah generic costs for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic or yeah generic costs for for
+rail so it stood from about two to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail so it stood from about two to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail so it stood from about two to two
+and a half million per car for a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half million per car for a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half million per car for a heavy
+rail train so if you calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail train so if you calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail train so if you calculate what
+capacity you need and you think you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you need and you think you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you need and you think you need
+a fleet of 200 vehicles you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fleet of 200 vehicles you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fleet of 200 vehicles you can take
+these numbers multiply by two and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers multiply by two and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers multiply by two and a half
+million you have some idea of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you have some idea of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million you have some idea of how much
+it costs to purchase your fleet some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs to purchase your fleet some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs to purchase your fleet some
+recent a recent C&R it was a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent a recent C&R it was a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent a recent C&R it was a large
+procurements and that helps bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurements and that helps bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurements and that helps bring the
+unit costs down so turning at 8200 cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit costs down so turning at 8200 cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit costs down so turning at 8200 cars
+place orange and red line vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place orange and red line vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place orange and red line vehicles
+siemens in 2010 about 2.3 million per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siemens in 2010 about 2.3 million per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+siemens in 2010 about 2.3 million per
+car that was 94 blue line cars then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that was 94 blue line cars then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that was 94 blue line cars then we
+have Hyundai Rotem 2.3 million per car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Hyundai Rotem 2.3 million per car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Hyundai Rotem 2.3 million per car
+these are 75 commuter rail cars rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 75 commuter rail cars rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 75 commuter rail cars rather
+than heavy rail cars breda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than heavy rail cars breda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than heavy rail cars breda
+yeah 2 million per car these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 2 million per car these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 2 million per car these are the
+Green Line cars 95 of them and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line cars 95 of them and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Line cars 95 of them and these are
+the last example or locomotives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last example or locomotives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last example or locomotives for
+commuter rail 5.7 million per locomotive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail 5.7 million per locomotive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail 5.7 million per locomotive
+so they cost more but these are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they cost more but these are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they cost more but these are not the
+passenger cars these are the locomotives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger cars these are the locomotives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger cars these are the locomotives
+for the commuter rail system and for bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the commuter rail system and for bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the commuter rail system and for bus
+so standard bus CNG bus that compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standard bus CNG bus that compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standard bus CNG bus that compressed
+natural gas these are again recent MBTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas these are again recent MBTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas these are again recent MBTA
+orders the generic cost three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders the generic cost three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders the generic cost three hundred
+thousand three hundred fifty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand three hundred fifty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand three hundred fifty thousand
+about per bus there was an order to nabi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about per bus there was an order to nabi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about per bus there was an order to nabi
+and it was for three hundred vehicles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was for three hundred vehicles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was for three hundred vehicles in
+2004 and that was three hundred twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and that was three hundred twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and that was three hundred twenty
+thousand per bus trolley 40-foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand per bus trolley 40-foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand per bus trolley 40-foot
+trolleys about a million per trolley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trolleys about a million per trolley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trolleys about a million per trolley
+these are the sort of electric Silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the sort of electric Silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the sort of electric Silver
+Line vehicles I think pretty sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line vehicles I think pretty sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line vehicles I think pretty sure the
+articulated 60-foot CNG buses forty four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated 60-foot CNG buses forty four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated 60-foot CNG buses forty four
+vehicles in 2003 and the articulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles in 2003 and the articulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles in 2003 and the articulated
+dual-mode 60-foot buses Silver Line the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual-mode 60-foot buses Silver Line the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual-mode 60-foot buses Silver Line the
+one that runs in the tunnel and goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that runs in the tunnel and goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that runs in the tunnel and goes up
+to the airport 1.6 million 32 vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the airport 1.6 million 32 vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the airport 1.6 million 32 vehicles
+to looking for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good question but a lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question but a lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question but a lot of it
+is cultural there are so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cultural there are so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cultural there are so for example
+green line here has sort of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line here has sort of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line here has sort of specific
+needs with respect to like turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs with respect to like turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs with respect to like turning
+radius and they have a lot of steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and they have a lot of steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and they have a lot of steep
+grades in some sections they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades in some sections they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades in some sections they're also
+used to a certain type of vehicle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to a certain type of vehicle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to a certain type of vehicle so
+they might be they're more comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be they're more comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be they're more comfortable
+procuring vehicles that are similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procuring vehicles that are similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procuring vehicles that are similar to
+what they've had in the past so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've had in the past so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've had in the past so there's
+some some resistance to trying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some resistance to trying something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some resistance to trying something
+very new all of a sudden but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new all of a sudden but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new all of a sudden but there are
+some there are some vehicles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there are some vehicles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some there are some vehicles that are
+very common especially in newer systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common especially in newer systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common especially in newer systems
+and they tend to be a little cheaper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to be a little cheaper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to be a little cheaper so
+if you can yeah if you can get big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can yeah if you can get big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can yeah if you can get big
+orders or if you're a small system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders or if you're a small system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders or if you're a small system and
+you can partner with someone else when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can partner with someone else when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can partner with someone else when
+they are procuring to procure additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are procuring to procure additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are procuring to procure additional
+vehicles instead of you doing yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles instead of you doing yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles instead of you doing yourself
+at a lower price yeah and still is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower price yeah and still is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a lower price yeah and still is then
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and big procurements not so much for bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big procurements not so much for bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big procurements not so much for bus
+but for rail a lot of big procurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for rail a lot of big procurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for rail a lot of big procurements
+have rules requiring local manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules requiring local manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules requiring local manufacturing
+so you yeah you get Chinese company to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you yeah you get Chinese company to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you yeah you get Chinese company to
+do the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the latest
+where was that example CNR right but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was that example CNR right but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was that example CNR right but I'm
+pretty sure that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that a lot of the
+manufacturers happening in Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers happening in Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers happening in Massachusetts
+where it goes by so okay to do capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it goes by so okay to do capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it goes by so okay to do capital
+costs per passenger mile so looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs per passenger mile so looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs per passenger mile so looking at a
+range of examples it will cost Isles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of examples it will cost Isles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of examples it will cost Isles
+from going anywhere from five cents to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going anywhere from five cents to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from going anywhere from five cents to
+ten cents so if you have again if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten cents so if you have again if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten cents so if you have again if you're
+doing the napkin calculation on a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the napkin calculation on a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the napkin calculation on a new
+system or a new line you might think how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or a new line you might think how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system or a new line you might think how
+many passenger miles do I have you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many passenger miles do I have you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many passenger miles do I have you could
+multiply my list to figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply my list to figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply my list to figure out how much
+you could expect to spend in vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could expect to spend in vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could expect to spend in vehicles
+and for infrastructure that could range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for infrastructure that could range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for infrastructure that could range
+anywhere from one cent to a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from one cent to a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from one cent to a dollar
+because there are so many ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are so many ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are so many ways of doing
+this right it could be a subway it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right it could be a subway it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right it could be a subway it could
+be at grade it could be bus or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at grade it could be bus or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at grade it could be bus or it could
+be rail so it's very variable and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rail so it's very variable and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rail so it's very variable and you
+need to get into the specifics okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get into the specifics okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get into the specifics okay now
+let's look at operating costs we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at operating costs we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at operating costs we've been
+talking about capital costs let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about capital costs let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about capital costs let's look
+at operating costs so in the US and 2013
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at operating costs so in the US and 2013
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at operating costs so in the US and 2013
+we spent forty two point two billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent forty two point two billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent forty two point two billion
+across the industry and if we divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the industry and if we divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the industry and if we divide
+that by type about forty four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by type about forty four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by type about forty four percent
+was spent in vehicle operations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spent in vehicle operations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was spent in vehicle operations and the
+rest of it was more or less evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it was more or less evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of it was more or less evenly
+distributed between vehicle maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between vehicle maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed between vehicle maintenance
+other kinds of maintenance like facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of maintenance like facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of maintenance like facility
+maintenance administration and purchased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance administration and purchased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance administration and purchased
+transportation purchased transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation purchased transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation purchased transportation
+is when a public agency outsources the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when a public agency outsources the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when a public agency outsources the
+operation of some mode most of this 14%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of some mode most of this 14%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of some mode most of this 14%
+is paratransit it's so on demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paratransit it's so on demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paratransit it's so on demand
+transportation for the handicapped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation for the handicapped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation for the handicapped and
+and other groups some of it is all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other groups some of it is all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other groups some of it is all is
+commuter rail so for example the MBTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail so for example the MBTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail so for example the MBTA
+operates commuter rail through a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates commuter rail through a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates commuter rail through a third
+party right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party right
+okay bye mode about half is spent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bye mode about half is spent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay bye mode about half is spent on
+buses make sense because there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses make sense because there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses make sense because there are more
+bus systems and and even in cities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus systems and and even in cities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus systems and and even in cities that
+have rail yeah but the bus systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rail yeah but the bus systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rail yeah but the bus systems
+aren't quite large and they cover along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't quite large and they cover along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't quite large and they cover along
+a white area about 20% in heavy rail 13%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white area about 20% in heavy rail 13%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a white area about 20% in heavy rail 13%
+commuter rail and much less on light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail and much less on light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter rail and much less on light
+rail paratransit is about 12% 3% for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail paratransit is about 12% 3% for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail paratransit is about 12% 3% for
+other modes other modes is things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes other modes is things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other modes other modes is things like
+ferries and other other modes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferries and other other modes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferries and other other modes not
+included in the traditional bus heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the traditional bus heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the traditional bus heavy
+rail commuter rail light rail so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail commuter rail light rail so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail commuter rail light rail so okay
+and let's look at vehicles sorry an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at vehicles sorry an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at vehicles sorry an
+employee spur road new vehicle so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee spur road new vehicle so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee spur road new vehicle so by
+mode how many employees would you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode how many employees would you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode how many employees would you have
+to have or yeah to operate to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have or yeah to operate to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have or yeah to operate to run a
+system so paratransit about 1.6 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so paratransit about 1.6 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so paratransit about 1.6 per
+vehicle obviously you have one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle obviously you have one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle obviously you have one person
+driving a pair of transit vehicle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a pair of transit vehicle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving a pair of transit vehicle but
+that person has an eight-hour shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has an eight-hour shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person has an eight-hour shift and
+you run that vehicle for a longer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that vehicle for a longer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that vehicle for a longer time
+so you need more people than vehicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need more people than vehicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need more people than vehicles
+bus tends to be higher because bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus tends to be higher because bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus tends to be higher because bus
+systems tend to start much earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems tend to start much earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems tend to start much earlier and
+and answer is much later and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer is much later and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer is much later and you also
+have maintenance yards and refueling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maintenance yards and refueling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maintenance yards and refueling
+facilities right so you have bus stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities right so you have bus stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities right so you have bus stops
+to clean so it's a more it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean so it's a more it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean so it's a more it's a more
+intense operation commuter rail four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense operation commuter rail four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense operation commuter rail four
+point seven you have the people driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven you have the people driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven you have the people driving
+a locomotives you have the attendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a locomotives you have the attendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a locomotives you have the attendants
+looking at tickets you have rail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at tickets you have rail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at tickets you have rail to
+maintain and stations to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and stations to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and stations to maintain
+so that's commuter rail heavy rail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's commuter rail heavy rail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's commuter rail heavy rail is
+five point five again it starts early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five point five again it starts early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five point five again it starts early
+runs late you know a lot of stations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs late you know a lot of stations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs late you know a lot of stations to
+maintain more so than commuter rail so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain more so than commuter rail so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain more so than commuter rail so
+five point five light real six point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five point five light real six point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five point five light real six point
+eight part of the recent Light Rail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight part of the recent Light Rail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight part of the recent Light Rail is
+high is because off many systems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is because off many systems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is because off many systems have
+one driver per car or some systems at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one driver per car or some systems at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one driver per car or some systems at
+least have one driver per car so here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least have one driver per car so here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least have one driver per car so here in
+the Green Line we have that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Line we have that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Green Line we have that right so
+instead of if you have a two card train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of if you have a two card train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of if you have a two card train
+you have two two drivers and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two two drivers and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two two drivers and again it's
+it starts service early and service late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts service early and service late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts service early and service late
+so you you need multiple shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you need multiple shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you need multiple shifts
+to run the whole day and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run the whole day and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run the whole day and you have
+maintenance of stations light rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of stations light rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance of stations light rail
+station space to be shorter than heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station space to be shorter than heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station space to be shorter than heavy
+rail so we have more stations to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail so we have more stations to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail so we have more stations to take
+care of and then there's maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of and then there's maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of and then there's maintenance
+vehicle maintenance and facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle maintenance and facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle maintenance and facility
+maintenance well it's about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance well it's about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance well it's about three
+employees per vehicle okay so comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees per vehicle okay so comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees per vehicle okay so comparing
+these numbers below are from a 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers below are from a 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers below are from a 1970
+study employees per vehicle and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study employees per vehicle and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study employees per vehicle and it's a
+comparison of bus and rail so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of bus and rail so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of bus and rail so what's
+neat about the comparison of the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat about the comparison of the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat about the comparison of the bottom
+is that we are distributing the costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we are distributing the costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we are distributing the costs of
+vehicle not only by mode but also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle not only by mode but also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle not only by mode but also by
+what type of accidents right so hopper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of accidents right so hopper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of accidents right so hopper
+singing bus is this much here we divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing bus is this much here we divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing bus is this much here we divide
+by vehicle operation ie driving vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by vehicle operation ie driving vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by vehicle operation ie driving vehicle
+maintenance management and control fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance management and control fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance management and control fare
+collection way maintenance and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection way maintenance and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection way maintenance and you have
+the total number so it is from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number so it is from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number so it is from an
+earlier study by so for vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier study by so for vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier study by so for vehicle
+maintenance it's more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance it's more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance it's more or less the same
+on a unit cost basis for bus it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a unit cost basis for bus it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a unit cost basis for bus it this is
+per car and that's per vehicle so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per car and that's per vehicle so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per car and that's per vehicle so do you
+have to point about two point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to point about two point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to point about two point two
+drivers per bus for it for yeah for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers per bus for it for yeah for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers per bus for it for yeah for both
+systems but one for rail systems this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but one for rail systems this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but one for rail systems this is
+driving but also other things management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving but also other things management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving but also other things management
+and control is about the same and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control is about the same and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control is about the same and then
+the driver takes care of fare collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver takes care of fare collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver takes care of fare collection
+on bus but in rail you have just people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bus but in rail you have just people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on bus but in rail you have just people
+that have to sort of be station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to sort of be station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to sort of be station
+attendants and help people out you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendants and help people out you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendants and help people out you might
+have a office where people can complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a office where people can complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a office where people can complain
+about their you know needing a rebate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their you know needing a rebate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their you know needing a rebate
+because their machine didn't work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their machine didn't work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their machine didn't work or
+something they lost value on their fare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they lost value on their fare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they lost value on their fare
+collection and their fare card so way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and their fare card so way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection and their fare card so way
+maintenance is more expensive whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance is more expensive whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance is more expensive whereas
+way maintenance and buses on the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way maintenance and buses on the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way maintenance and buses on the streets
+and that's not even included in the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not even included in the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not even included in the cost
+for running bus systems because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for running bus systems because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for running bus systems because that's
+the Public Works Department takes care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Public Works Department takes care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Public Works Department takes care
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+so overall it's higher for rail and bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall it's higher for rail and bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall it's higher for rail and bus
+but you have some yeah so you do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have some yeah so you do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have some yeah so you do have a
+higher productivity for metro if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher productivity for metro if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher productivity for metro if you
+measure it in passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it in passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it in passenger
+I'll spur revenue in via flower so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll spur revenue in via flower so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll spur revenue in via flower so yeah
+so if you have any questions I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have any questions I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have any questions I'll take
+them questions on the homework or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them questions on the homework or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them questions on the homework or on
+this lecture or on the previous lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture or on the previous lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture or on the previous lectures
+and if you don't have questions you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't have questions you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't have questions you may
+leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you were first yeah 18 this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were first yeah 18 this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were first yeah 18 this is very
+general so this is sort of high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so this is sort of high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so this is sort of high level
+looking at the whole industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the whole industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the whole industry and
+looking at like capital projects so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at like capital projects so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at like capital projects so you
+know if you look at how much it costs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you look at how much it costs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you look at how much it costs to
+build a new line a new light rail line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new line a new light rail line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new line a new light rail line
+in some city and then you see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some city and then you see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some city and then you see how many
+people are taking it so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are taking it so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are taking it so we have
+passenger miles you divide the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger miles you divide the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger miles you divide the total
+cost by yes yes yes so so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost by yes yes yes so so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost by yes yes yes so so there are
+people who I think what you're referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who I think what you're referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who I think what you're referring
+to is there are people who would or who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is there are people who would or who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is there are people who would or who
+are going to MIT who get off at Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to MIT who get off at Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to MIT who get off at Central
+Square and transfer to the red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and transfer to the red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and transfer to the red line
+right and go to Kendall right now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and go to Kendall right now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and go to Kendall right now how
+many of those would continue on the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those would continue on the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those would continue on the bus
+rather than switch anyway I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than switch anyway I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than switch anyway I'm not sure
+so there is a there is a judgement call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a there is a judgement call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a there is a judgement call
+there but yeah we're focusing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but yeah we're focusing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but yeah we're focusing on the
+people that for sure would stay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that for sure would stay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that for sure would stay on the
+bus they're on transferring to Kendall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus they're on transferring to Kendall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus they're on transferring to Kendall
+so they're going somewhere else in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going somewhere else in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going somewhere else in that
+area before reaching Kendall possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area before reaching Kendall possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area before reaching Kendall possibly
+right or most though almost surely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or most though almost surely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or most though almost surely and
+those are the people that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the people that would
+definitely stay on the bus yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely stay on the bus yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely stay on the bus yeah yeah
+exactly which is why we picked that bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which is why we picked that bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which is why we picked that bus
+stop but I think it's very likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but I think it's very likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but I think it's very likely that
+in a future assignment I will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a future assignment I will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a future assignment I will give you
+data on the people who are transferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on the people who are transferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on the people who are transferring
+to to to the central square red line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to the central square red line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to the central square red line and
+therefore you'll have the whole picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you'll have the whole picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you'll have the whole picture
+yeah from from your survey and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah from from your survey and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah from from your survey and from the
+of the excess data from yeah AFC data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the excess data from yeah AFC data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the excess data from yeah AFC data
+from red line other questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dzI5PddY6eE.txt b/dzI5PddY6eE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc99aeaaaf2c889640f3e912d5b3b3e260098d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dzI5PddY6eE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll Begin by discussing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll Begin by discussing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll Begin by discussing wave
+packets wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainty so it's our first look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so it's our first look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty so it's our first look into
+this Heisenberg uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Heisenberg uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Heisenberg uncertainty
+relationships and uh to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and uh to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and uh to begin
+with let's focus at as fixed time the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let's focus at as fixed time the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with let's focus at as fixed time the t
+equal 0 so we work with packets at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 so we work with packets at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 so we work with packets at t
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+0 and I'll write a particular wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and I'll write a particular wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and I'll write a particular wave
+function that you may have a tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you may have a tal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that you may have a tal
+Z and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+superposition of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of plain
+waves so it would be e to the I KX you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so it would be e to the I KX you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so it would be e to the I KX you
+sum over many of them so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over many of them so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over many of them so you're going to
+sum over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over k
+but you're going to do it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to do it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're going to do it with a
+weight and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and that's
+5K and there's a lot to learn about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5K and there's a lot to learn about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5K and there's a lot to learn about this
+U but the physics that is uh encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but the physics that is uh encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but the physics that is uh encoded
+here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+any wave at time equals zero this SI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wave at time equals zero this SI of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any wave at time equals zero this SI of
+X at time equals z can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at time equals z can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X at time equals z can be written as a
+superposition of states with momentum H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of states with momentum H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of states with momentum H
+bar k you remember e to the I KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar k you remember e to the I KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar k you remember e to the I KX
+represents a particle or a wave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a particle or a wave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a particle or a wave that
+carries momentum uh H bar k so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries momentum uh H bar k so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries momentum uh H bar k so this
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+idea here of a general wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here of a general wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here of a general wave function
+being written in this way carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written in this way carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being written in this way carries
+physical meaning for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical meaning for us
+um it's a quantum mechanical meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a quantum mechanical meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a quantum mechanical meaning the
+fact that this kind of wave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this kind of wave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this kind of wave has
+momentum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but
+uh this five of K however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this five of K however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this five of K however
+suppose you know this wave function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you know this wave function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you know this wave function at
+time equals z 5 of K is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals z 5 of K is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals z 5 of K is then
+calculable F of K can be determined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable F of K can be determined and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable F of K can be determined and
+that's the foundation of what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the foundation of what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the foundation of what's called
+Furious theorem that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furious theorem that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Furious theorem that gives you a
+formula for five of K K and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for five of K K and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for five of K K and it's a very
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+Formula 1 / 2 pi this time an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula 1 / 2 pi this time an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Formula 1 / 2 pi this time an integral
+over X so you take this P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X so you take this P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X so you take this P of
+x0 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 that you
+know and then multiply by e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then multiply by e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then multiply by e to the minus
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+KX integrate over X and out comes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX integrate over X and out comes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX integrate over X and out comes this
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+so if you you know five of x0 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you you know five of x0 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you you know five of x0 you know
+five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of
+K you can calculate this interal and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you can calculate this interal and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K you can calculate this interal and you
+can rewrite F of x0 as a superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite F of x0 as a superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rewrite F of x0 as a superposition
+of plain waves so that's how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plain waves so that's how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plain waves so that's how you would
+do a FY representation so somebody gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a FY representation so somebody gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a FY representation so somebody gives
+you an initial wave function and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an initial wave function and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an initial wave function and maybe
+it's a sign function or a Gauss or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sign function or a Gauss or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sign function or a Gauss or
+something then what you would do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then what you would do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then what you would do if you
+want wanted to rewrite it in this way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want wanted to rewrite it in this way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want wanted to rewrite it in this way is
+calculate 5 of K because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate 5 of K because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate 5 of K because you know
+this you can calculate this integral at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can calculate this integral at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can calculate this integral at
+least with a computer and once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least with a computer and once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least with a computer and once you know
+five of K you have a way of writing SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of K you have a way of writing SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of K you have a way of writing SI
+as a superposition of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a superposition of plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a superposition of plain
+waves so um we've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so um we've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves so um we've talked about this
+before because we were doing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because we were doing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because we were doing wave
+packets before and we got some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets before and we got some intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets before and we got some intuition
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+how um you form a wave packet and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um you form a wave packet and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um you form a wave packet and how it
+moves now we didn't put the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves now we didn't put the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves now we didn't put the time
+dependence here but uh that can wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence here but uh that can wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence here but uh that can wait
+what I wish to explain now is how by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wish to explain now is how by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wish to explain now is how by
+looking at this Expressions you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this Expressions you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this Expressions you can
+understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+uncertainties that you find on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties that you find on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties that you find on the wave
+function position and momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function position and momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function position and momentum
+uncertainties how they are related so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties how they are related so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties how they are related so
+that is our real goal understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our real goal understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our real goal understanding the
+role of uncertainties here if five of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of uncertainties here if five of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of uncertainties here if five of K
+has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some
+uncertainty how is the uncertainty in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty how is the uncertainty in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty how is the uncertainty in P
+determined so that's what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so that's what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined so that's what we're looking
+for so relationship of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainties now as before we will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties now as before we will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties now as before we will take
+a I of K that we've usually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I of K that we've usually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I of K that we've usually been
+writing that depends on K and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that depends on K and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that depends on K and it's
+center around some value K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center around some value K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center around some value K
+KN it's some sort of nice centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN it's some sort of nice centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN it's some sort of nice centered
+function and uh it has then we say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh it has then we say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh it has then we say some
+uncertainty in the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the value of the
+momentum that is this signal this fire K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that is this signal this fire K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that is this signal this fire K
+that we're using to produce this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using to produce this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using to produce this uh
+packet um has some uncertainty it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet um has some uncertainty it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet um has some uncertainty it's not
+totally sharp it's picked around K but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally sharp it's picked around K but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally sharp it's picked around K but
+not fully sharp so the uncertainty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully sharp so the uncertainty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fully sharp so the uncertainty is
+called Delta K and it's some typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Delta K and it's some typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Delta K and it's some typical
+width over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width over
+here Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Delta
+K is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the
+uncertainty cty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's not the purpose of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not the purpose of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not the purpose of today's
+lecture to make a precise definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to make a precise definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture to make a precise definition of
+what the uncertainty is this will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uncertainty is this will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the uncertainty is this will come
+later at this moment you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later at this moment you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later at this moment you just want to
+get the picture and the intuition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the picture and the intuition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the picture and the intuition of
+what's going on and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and there's some
+uncertainty here perhaps you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty here perhaps you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty here perhaps you would say
+look at those points where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those points where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at those points where the
+wave goes from Peak value to half value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave goes from Peak value to half value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave goes from Peak value to half value
+and see what is the width that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what is the width that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what is the width that's a
+typical uncertainty so all what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uncertainty so all what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uncertainty so all what we're
+going to do in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in these
+arguments is get for you the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is get for you the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is get for you the intuition
+therefore the factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the factors of
+two are U not trustable if you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are U not trustable if you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are U not trustable if you're trying
+to make a precise statement you must do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a precise statement you must do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a precise statement you must do
+precise definitions and that will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definitions and that will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise definitions and that will come
+later probably in about one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later probably in about one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later probably in about one or two
+lectures so at this moment that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so at this moment that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so at this moment that's the
+uncertainty Delta K and uh let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty Delta K and uh let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty Delta K and uh let's assume
+that this 5 of K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real and it's picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and it's picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and it's picked
+around K KN un certainty Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around K KN un certainty Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around K KN un certainty Delta
+K now what happens with um SI of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now what happens with um SI of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K now what happens with um SI of
+X well we had our statements about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well we had our statements about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X well we had our statements about the
+stationary phase that you already are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase that you already are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase that you already are
+practicing with them for this homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing with them for this homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing with them for this homework
+um if you want to know where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to know where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to know where this
+function picks you must look where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function picks you must look where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function picks you must look where the
+phase this F we say it's real so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this F we say it's real so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase this F we say it's real so it
+doesn't contribute to the phase where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contribute to the phase where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't contribute to the phase where
+the phase which is here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase which is here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase which is here is
+stationary um given the condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary um given the condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary um given the condition that
+it should happen at K not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should happen at K not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should happen at K not the only
+contribution to the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to the integral is
+basically around K not so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically around K not so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically around K not so in order to
+get something you must have a stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something you must have a stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something you must have a stationary
+phase and the phase must be stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and the phase must be stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and the phase must be stationary
+as a function of K because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of K because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of K because you're
+integrating over K and the phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over K and the phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over K and the phase is
+KX the derivative with respect to um K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX the derivative with respect to um K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX the derivative with respect to um K
+is of the phas is just X and that must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the phas is just X and that must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the phas is just X and that must
+vanish therefore so you expect this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish therefore so you expect this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish therefore so you expect this to
+be peaked around xal 0 so the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be peaked around xal 0 so the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be peaked around xal 0 so the X
+situation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so
+s of x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Peaks at x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks at x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks at x =
+0 and so you would have a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and so you would have a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and so you would have a picture
+here and um if I have a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um if I have a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and um if I have a picture
+uh I would say Well it picks around xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would say Well it picks around xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I would say Well it picks around xal
+0 so okay it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so okay it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so okay it's like
+that and here we're going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and here we're going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and here we're going to have some
+uncertainty here is s of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty here is s of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty here is s of X
+and0 and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X and uh let me mention I've already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh let me mention I've already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh let me mention I've already uh
+become fairly imprecise here uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become fairly imprecise here uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become fairly imprecise here uh if you
+were doing this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing this you
+probably would run into trouble I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would run into trouble I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would run into trouble I've
+sort of glossed over a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of glossed over a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of glossed over a small
+complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication
+here the complication is that this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the complication is that this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the complication is that this when
+I talk about the pecking of p and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the pecking of p and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the pecking of p and you
+probably have seen it already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen it already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen it already
+U you have to worry whether p is real or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you have to worry whether p is real or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you have to worry whether p is real or
+p is complex so what is this p here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is complex so what is this p here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is complex so what is this p here um
+should it be real well actually it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real you've done perhaps in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you've done perhaps in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you've done perhaps in the homework
+already these integrals and the you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already these integrals and the you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already these integrals and the you see
+the is not real so when we say it Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is not real so when we say it Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is not real so when we say it Peaks
+at x equal z um how am I supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equal z um how am I supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equal z um how am I supposed to
+plot P am I plotting the real part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot P am I plotting the real part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot P am I plotting the real part the
+imaginary part the absolute value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part the absolute value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part the absolute value so
+it's reasonable to plot the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonable to plot the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's reasonable to plot the absolute
+value and to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and to say that
+s absolute value picks at x equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s absolute value picks at x equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s absolute value picks at x equal
+Z and there will be some width as again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and there will be some width as again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and there will be some width as again
+here Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+width and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width and that's the
+uncertainty in P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in P of
+X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so
+the whole point of our discussion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of our discussion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of our discussion for
+the next 10 minutes is to just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 minutes is to just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 10 minutes is to just try to
+determine the relation between Delta K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the relation between Delta K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the relation between Delta K
+and Delta X and understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta X and understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Delta X and understand it
+intuitively
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e8eEyYmLx98.txt b/e8eEyYmLx98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..045b25505f2b39e4a3c6c8df079b346bac5eaa14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e8eEyYmLx98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+The syntax tree is a useful intermediate representation
+(IR) that is independent of both the source
+
+language and the target ISA.
+It contains information about the sequencing
+
+and grouping of operations that isn't apparent
+in individual machine language instructions.
+
+And it allows frontends for different source
+languages to share a common backend targeting
+
+a specific ISA.
+As we'll see, the backend processing can be
+
+split into two sub-phases.
+The first performs machine-independent optimizations
+
+on the IR.
+The optimized IR is then translated by the
+
+code generation phase into sequences of instructions
+for the target ISA.
+
+A common IR is to reorganize the syntax tree
+into what's called a control flow graph (CFG).
+
+Each node in the graph is a sequence of assignment
+and expression evaluations that ends with
+
+a branch.
+The nodes are called "basic blocks" and represent
+
+sequences of operations that are executed
+as a unit.
+
+Once the first operation in a basic block
+is performed, the remaining operations will
+
+also be performed without any other intervening
+operations.
+
+This knowledge lets us consider many optimizations,
+e.g., temporarily storing variable values
+
+in registers, that would be complicated if
+there was the possibility that other operations
+
+outside the block might also need to access
+the variable values while we were in the middle
+
+of this block.
+The edges of the graph indicate the branches
+
+that take us to another basic block.
+For example, here's the CFG for GCD.
+
+If a basic block ends with a conditional branch,
+there are two edges, labeled "T" and "F" leaving
+
+the block that indicate the next block to
+execute depending on the outcome of the test.
+
+Other blocks have only a single departing
+arrow, indicating that the block always transfers
+
+control to the block indicated by the arrow.
+Note that if we can arrive at a block from
+
+only a single predecessor block, then any
+knowledge we have about operations and variables
+
+from the predecessor block can be carried
+over to the destination block.
+
+For example, if the "if (x > y)" block has
+generated code to load the values of x and
+
+y into registers, both destination blocks
+can use that information and use the appropriate
+
+registers without having to generate their
+own LDs.
+
+But if a block has multiple predecessors,
+such optimizations are more constrained.
+
+We can only use knowledge that is common to
+*all* the predecessor blocks.
+
+The CFG looks a lot like the state transition
+diagram for a high-level FSM!
+
+We'll optimize the IR by performing multiple
+passes over the CFG.
+
+Each pass performs a specific, simple optimization.
+We'll repeatedly apply the simple optimizations
+
+in multiple passes, until we can't find any
+further optimizations to perform.
+
+Collectively, the simple optimizations can
+combine to achieve very complex optimizations.
+
+Here are some example optimizations:
+We can eliminate assignments to variables
+
+that are never used and basic blocks that
+are never reached.
+
+This is called "dead code elimination".
+In constant propagation, we identify variables
+
+that have a constant value and substitute
+that constant in place of references to the
+
+variable.
+We can compute the value of expressions that
+
+have constant operands.
+This is called "constant folding".
+
+To illustrate how these optimizations work,
+consider this slightly silly source program
+
+and its CFG.
+Note that we've broken down complicated expressions
+
+into simple binary operations, using temporary
+variable names (e.g, "_t1") to name the intermediate
+
+results.
+Let's get started!
+
+The dead code elimination pass can remove
+the assignment to Z in the first basic block
+
+since Z is reassigned in subsequent blocks
+and the intervening code makes no reference
+
+to Z.
+Next we look for variables with constant values.
+
+Here we find that X is assigned the value
+of 3 and is never re-assigned, so we can replace
+
+all references to X with the constant 3.
+Now perform constant folding [CLICK], evaluating
+
+any constant expressions.
+Here's the updated CFG, ready for another
+
+round of optimizations.
+First dead code elimination.
+
+Then constant propagation.
+And, finally, constant folding.
+
+So after two rounds of these simple operations,
+we've thinned out a number of assignments.
+
+On to round three!
+Dead code elimination.
+
+And here we can determine the outcome of a
+conditional branch, eliminating entire basic
+
+blocks from the IR, either because they're
+now empty or because they can no longer be
+
+reached.
+Wow, the IR is now considerably smaller.
+
+Next is another application of constant propagation.
+And then constant folding.
+
+Followed by more dead code elimination.
+The passes continue until we discover there
+
+are no further optimizations to perform, so
+we're done!
+
+Repeated applications of these simple transformations
+have transformed the original program into
+
+an equivalent program that computes the same
+final value for Z.
+
+We can do more optimizations by adding passes:
+eliminating redundant computation of common
+
+subexpressions, moving loop-independent calculations
+out of loops,
+
+unrolling short loops to perform the effect
+of, say, two iterations in a single loop execution,
+
+saving some of the cost of increment and test
+instructions.
+
+Optimizing compilers have a sophisticated
+set of optimizations they employ to make smaller
+
+and more efficient code.
+Okay, we're done with optimizations.
+
+Now it's time to generate instructions for
+the target ISA.
+
+First the code generator assigns each variable
+a dedicated register.
+
+If we have more variables than registers,
+some variables are stored in memory and we'll
+
+use LD and ST to access them as needed.
+But frequently-used variables will almost
+
+certainly live as much as possible in registers.
+Use our templates from before to translate
+
+each assignment and operation into one or
+more instructions.
+
+The emit the code for each block, adding the
+appropriate labels and branches.
+
+Reorder the basic block code to eliminate
+unconditional branches wherever possible.
+
+And finally perform any target-specific peephole
+optimizations.
+
+Here's the original CFG for the GCD code,
+along with the slightly optimized CFG.
+
+GCD isn't as trivial as the previous example,
+so we've only been able to do a bit of constant
+
+propagation and constant folding.
+Note that we can't propagate knowledge about
+
+variable values from the top basic block to
+the following "if" block since the "if" block
+
+has multiple predecessors.
+Here's how the code generator will process
+
+the optimized CFG.
+First, it dedicates registers to hold the
+
+values for x and y.
+Then, it emits the code for each of the basic
+
+blocks.
+Next, reorganize the order of the basic blocks
+
+to eliminate unconditional branches wherever
+possible.
+
+The resulting code is pretty good.
+There no obvious changes that a human programmer
+
+might make to make the code faster or smaller.
+Good job, compiler!
+
+Here are all the compilation steps shown in
+order, along with their input and output data
+
+structures.
+Collectively they transform the original source
+
+code into high-quality assembly code.
+The patient application of optimization passes
+
+often produces code that's more efficient
+than writing assembly language by hand.
+
+Nowadays, programmers are able to focus on
+getting the source code to achieve the desired
+
+functionality and leave the details of translation
+to instructions in the hands of the compiler.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eEXSv0jChO4.txt b/eEXSv0jChO4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f138f4848a1fa2e515be259a6e1487d17bb72e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eEXSv0jChO4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18296 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+greetings everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greetings everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greetings everybody
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+welcome to our last lecture of the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to our last lecture of the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to our last lecture of the term
+we have survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have survived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have survived
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a semester online in 18404
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semester online in 18404
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a semester online in 18404
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to
+conclude our last topic today which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude our last topic today which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude our last topic today which is
+interactive proof systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof systems
+that we started last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started last time
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+with the big well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the big well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the big well
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+uh the big theorem of interactive proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the big theorem of interactive proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the big theorem of interactive proof
+systems is that um i p equals p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that um i p equals p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that um i p equals p space
+and we're going to give the main idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give the main idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to give the main idea
+for that in a slightly weaker uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in a slightly weaker uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in a slightly weaker uh
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+um as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we'll see
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh why don't we jump in um so today's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't we jump in um so today's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't we jump in um so today's uh
+we have been doing interactive proofs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been doing interactive proofs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have been doing interactive proofs we
+gave an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave an example
+of showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of showing that
+the graph isomorphism problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph isomorphism problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph isomorphism problem
+the complement of that is an ip as you i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of that is an ip as you i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complement of that is an ip as you i
+hope you remember we had those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you remember we had those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you remember we had those
+that interaction with approver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction with approver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction with approver and
+verifier we're going to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier we're going to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier we're going to go through it
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+not that protocol but just this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that protocol but just this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that protocol but just this setup
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna
+uh finish uh by showing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finish uh by showing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh finish uh by showing that this
+numbersat problem is an ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbersat problem is an ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbersat problem is an ip
+and conclude that cohen p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conclude that cohen p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conclude that cohen p
+is a subset of ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of ip
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+let's go for it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go for it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go for it um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just remember
+interactive proof systems there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof systems there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof systems there were
+these two parties the approver and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parties the approver and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two parties the approver and the
+verifier the approver has unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier the approver has unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier the approver has unlimited
+computational ability um i kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational ability um i kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational ability um i kind of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+modeled that as a an army of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled that as a an army of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled that as a an army of students
+perhaps who are uh have who can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps who are uh have who can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps who are uh have who can um
+where we where we don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we where we don't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we where we don't uh
+they can work all night they can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can work all night they can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can work all night they can use
+computational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational resources
+and um the prover however we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the prover however we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the prover however we're not
+gonna measure the computational power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna measure the computational power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna measure the computational power of
+the approver that's unlimited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver that's unlimited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver that's unlimited
+and so the approver can do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the approver can do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the approver can do things like
+find certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find certificates
+it can test whether things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can test whether things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can test whether things are
+satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable
+it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can
+factor numbers we don't care they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor numbers we don't care they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor numbers we don't care they can do
+whatever we'd like and there's no charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we'd like and there's no charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we'd like and there's no charge
+for the provers computational um demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the provers computational um demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the provers computational um demands
+okay so the setup we had was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the setup we had was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the setup we had was the
+approver and the verifier both see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver and the verifier both see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver and the verifier both see the
+input they exchange a polynomial number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input they exchange a polynomial number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input they exchange a polynomial number
+of messages and then the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messages and then the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messages and then the verifier
+accepts or rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+had this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this notion of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability that the verifier ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the verifier ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the verifier ends up
+accepting when paired with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting when paired with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting when paired with a particular
+prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover
+and we what we want is that for strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we what we want is that for strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we what we want is that for strings
+in a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a language
+that probability should be high for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability should be high for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability should be high for some
+prover and for strings not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover and for strings not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover and for strings not in the
+language that prover that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that prover that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that prover that probability
+should be low no matter what the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be low no matter what the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be low no matter what the prover
+does so there's nothing the prover can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so there's nothing the prover can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so there's nothing the prover can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+um and the way it kind of suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way it kind of suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the way it kind of suggests that
+any particular any prover but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular any prover but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular any prover but whatever
+the provers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategy um cannot make the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy um cannot make the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy um cannot make the verifier
+accept with high probability just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with high probability just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with high probability just
+doesn't have enough information or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough information or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough information or it
+doesn't it's just not able to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's just not able to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's just not able to make the
+verifier accept with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier accept with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier accept with high probability
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i i uh you know you might think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i uh you know you might think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i uh you know you might think of the
+prover is trying to make the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is trying to make the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is trying to make the verifier
+accept so you know that pete tilda is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept so you know that pete tilda is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept so you know that pete tilda is a
+crooked prover i didn't i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked prover i didn't i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crooked prover i didn't i don't think
+that that was went down very well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was went down very well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was went down very well with
+everybody so i i have it here another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so i i have it here another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so i i have it here another
+way of looking at it maybe it looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at it maybe it looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at it maybe it looks a
+little bit more like np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more like np
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ip is the collection of languages where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ip is the collection of languages where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ip is the collection of languages where
+there's a verifier just like we had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a verifier just like we had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a verifier just like we had you
+can think of np as a having a verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of np as a having a verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of np as a having a verifier
+which can check certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can check certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can check certificates
+here the prover is going to be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the prover is going to be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the prover is going to be like the
+certificate so that for strings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate so that for strings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate so that for strings in the
+language there's approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language there's approver
+which can interact with the verifier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can interact with the verifier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can interact with the verifier and
+make it accept with high probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it accept with high probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it accept with high probability and
+you're not in the language there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in the language there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in the language there is no
+prover which can interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover which can interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover which can interact with the
+verifier and make the verifier accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier and make the verifier accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier and make the verifier accept
+with even more than low probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even more than low probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even more than low probability
+what's important is this gap just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important is this gap just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important is this gap just like
+with bpp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bpp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bpp
+between acceptance or rejection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between acceptance or rejection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between acceptance or rejection
+and that gap is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gap is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gap is there
+because we want to be able to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to be able to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to be able to use the
+amplification lemma and if there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification lemma and if there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification lemma and if there was no
+gap then you wouldn't be able to amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap then you wouldn't be able to amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap then you wouldn't be able to amplify
+and make a make the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a make the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a make the probability of
+acceptance extremely high when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance extremely high when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance extremely high when you want
+it to be in the language when you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be in the language when you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be in the language when you're in
+the language and extremely low when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and extremely low when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and extremely low when
+you're not in the language um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in the language um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in the language um
+okay so i hope that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i hope that gives you
+you know refreshes your memory as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know refreshes your memory as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know refreshes your memory as to how
+that works we're gonna um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works we're gonna um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works we're gonna um
+walk ourselves through the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk ourselves through the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk ourselves through the um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that
+what we did last time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time but
+let's set the stage for that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set the stage for that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's set the stage for that so the
+surprising theorem as i mentioned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising theorem as i mentioned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising theorem as i mentioned is
+that i p equals p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i p equals p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i p equals p space
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one direction of that is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction of that is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction of that is a fairly
+standard simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard simulation
+you if with p space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if with p space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if with p space
+you can basically work your way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically work your way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can basically work your way through
+the tree of possibilities for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of possibilities for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of possibilities for an
+interactive proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive proof
+uh protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protocol
+and you can calculate the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can calculate the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can calculate the probability
+that the verifier would end up accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier would end up accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier would end up accepting
+if you had the best possible approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had the best possible approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had the best possible approver
+that would make try to make the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make try to make the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make try to make the verifier
+accept and you can just do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and you can just do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept and you can just do that
+calculation it's in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's in the book
+um you're not going to be responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not going to be responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not going to be responsible
+for knowing that actually we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for knowing that actually we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for knowing that actually we haven't
+covered it in lecture but it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it in lecture but it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it in lecture but it's not very
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+um a little technical i suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little technical i suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little technical i suppose
+the other direction is the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction is the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction is the interesting
+one and that's the direction we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's the direction we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that's the direction we're going
+to be moving toward today we won't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be moving toward today we won't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be moving toward today we won't quite
+get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there
+um but the way it works is that uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the way it works is that uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the way it works is that uh to
+show that everything in p space which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that everything in p space which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that everything in p space which is
+kind of amazing um is contained with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing um is contained with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing um is contained with an
+ip so everything in p space can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ip so everything in p space can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ip so everything in p space can be done
+in i with an interactive proof system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way that is done is by using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that is done is by using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that is done is by using a
+piece based complete problem tqbf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece based complete problem tqbf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece based complete problem tqbf and
+showing that that problem itself is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that that problem itself is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that that problem itself is an
+ip uh but we we we're not going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ip uh but we we we're not going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ip uh but we we we're not going to prove
+that um that would be sort of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that would be sort of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that would be sort of the next
+thing we would prove if we had a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we would prove if we had a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we would prove if we had a little
+bit more time but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time but um
+we're going to be satisfied with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be satisfied with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be satisfied with just
+the somewhat weaker but very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somewhat weaker but very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the somewhat weaker but very similar
+statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that
+cohenp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohenp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohenp
+cohen p is contained in ip here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohen p is contained in ip here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohen p is contained in ip here
+again still very surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again still very surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again still very surprising
+because you have to be able to show for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to be able to show for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to be able to show for
+example that a formula is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that a formula is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that a formula is not
+satisfiable with approver how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable with approver how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable with approver how can
+approver convince a verifier that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver convince a verifier that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver convince a verifier that a
+formula is not satisfiable um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is not satisfiable um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is not satisfiable um
+you know the showing that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the showing that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the showing that it is
+satisfiable you just give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable you just give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable you just give the
+certificate which is the satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate which is the satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate which is the satisfying
+assignment but how do you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but how do you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment but how do you show
+something's not satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's not satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's not satisfiable
+it's unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unexpected
+um and the proof of that is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the proof of that is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the proof of that is pretty much
+similar slightly is one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technical point which we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical point which we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical point which we don't have to
+get into so it's slightly easier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into so it's slightly easier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into so it's slightly easier but
+very much in the same spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in the same spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in the same spirit
+so remember this number set problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this number set problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this number set problem
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you're given a formula and a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a formula and a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given a formula and a number and
+the that number is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that number is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that number is supposed to be
+exactly the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the number of satisfying
+assignments of the formula um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments of the formula um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments of the formula um
+so in particular formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular formula is
+unsatisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable
+then it would be paired with the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be paired with the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be paired with the number
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why
+uh the number set problem is cohen p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number set problem is cohen p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the number set problem is cohen p
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+because you can easily reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can easily reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can easily reduce the
+unsatisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiable
+unsatisfiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfiability
+to number set and unsatisfiability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number set and unsatisfiability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to number set and unsatisfiability is
+uh coinp complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coinp complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh coinp complete
+okay so remember we introduced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we introduced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember we introduced this
+notation last time this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation last time this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation last time this is going to be
+critical for understanding this proof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for understanding this proof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for understanding this proof so
+let's go through it once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have some formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i like to do is preset some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i like to do is preset some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i like to do is preset some of the
+variables of that formula so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of that formula so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of that formula so that's
+going to be a formula on m variables x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a formula on m variables x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a formula on m variables x1
+to xm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to xm
+and i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'd like to
+preset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset
+the first i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first i
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+to certain to zeros or ones as i wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain to zeros or ones as i wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certain to zeros or ones as i wish
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i'm going to indicate that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to indicate that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to indicate that by
+fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee
+with 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0
+means i'm setting x1 to 0 and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means i'm setting x1 to 0 and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means i'm setting x1 to 0 and the rest
+of the variables remain variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables remain variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables remain variables
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+more generally fee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five i values a one to a i which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five i values a one to a i which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five i values a one to a i which are
+going to to start off with are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to start off with are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to start off with are going to
+be just zeros and ones just boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just zeros and ones just boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just zeros and ones just boolean
+values that's going to be the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that's going to be the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that's going to be the formula
+with those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those first
+x1 to set to a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 to set to a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 to set to a1
+dot dot x i set to ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot x i set to ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot x i set to ai
+for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+um which are zeros and ones um i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are zeros and ones um i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which are zeros and ones um i'm going
+to call those presets because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call those presets because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call those presets because we're
+presetting some of the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presetting some of the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presetting some of the values of the
+some of the variables in the formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the variables in the formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the variables in the formula and
+the rest of the variables we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the variables we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the variables we're going to
+leave as variables so we get a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave as variables so we get a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave as variables so we get a new
+formula on fewer variables by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on fewer variables by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula on fewer variables by doing this
+pre-setting process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to get to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to get to do the same
+thing in terms of counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in terms of counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in terms of counting the number of
+satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+remember the notation number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the notation number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the notation number
+fee is the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee is the number of satisfying
+assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+number fee with a preset of zero is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee with a preset of zero is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee with a preset of zero is the
+number of satisfying assignments when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments when
+you've set x1 to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set x1 to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've set x1 to zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+number fee of a1 to ai is where you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of a1 to ai is where you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of a1 to ai is where you set
+the first i variables to those i values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first i variables to those i values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first i variables to those i values
+and then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+number of satisfying assignments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments with
+those presets in mind okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those presets in mind okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those presets in mind okay so
+there were two facts i'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two facts i'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were two facts i'm going to call
+them identities because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them identities because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them identities because we're going to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+rely on those and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on those and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on those and we're going to
+actually extend those to the non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extend those to the non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually extend those to the non-boolean
+case as we'll see shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as we'll see shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case as we'll see shortly
+so um these two identities say that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um these two identities say that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um these two identities say that um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+if i preset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i preset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i preset
+i i think the understanding the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think the understanding the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i think the understanding the first
+one is clear just by thinking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is clear just by thinking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is clear just by thinking about it
+in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where
+i equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i equals zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the case where the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where the number of
+satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments
+altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether
+is the number of satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of satisfying assignments
+when i've set x1 to 0 plus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i've set x1 to 0 plus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i've set x1 to 0 plus the number of
+satisfying assignments when i've set x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments when i've set x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments when i've set x1
+to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1.
+and this just generalizes that when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just generalizes that when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just generalizes that when i
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+having already preset the first i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having already preset the first i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having already preset the first i
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+so if i preset the first i variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i preset the first i variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i preset the first i variables
+to these i values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these i values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these i values
+that the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of satisfying
+assignments i get there is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments i get there is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments i get there is the number of
+satisfying assignments i get with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments i get with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments i get with those
+presets plus the next variable being set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presets plus the next variable being set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presets plus the next variable being set
+either to zero or to one and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to zero or to one and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either to zero or to one and then you
+add those up the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those up the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those up the same idea
+and lastly if i set all of the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly if i set all of the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly if i set all of the variables
+to values so i have no variables left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to values so i have no variables left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to values so i have no variables left
+and i look at the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the number of satisfying
+assignments consistent with that fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments consistent with that fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments consistent with that fully
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+variables so there's no variables left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so there's no variables left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so there's no variables left
+everything is set everything is preset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is set everything is preset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is set everything is preset
+that's just whether or not those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just whether or not those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just whether or not those values
+have satisfied the formula already or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have satisfied the formula already or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have satisfied the formula already or
+not so this is going to be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this is going to be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this is going to be equal to zero
+or one the number of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one the number of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one the number of consistent
+satisfying assignments with those m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments with those m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments with those m
+presets where m is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presets where m is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presets where m is the number of
+variables is just whether those m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is just whether those m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is just whether those m
+values satisfy the formula which case i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values satisfy the formula which case i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values satisfy the formula which case i
+get a one or they don't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one or they don't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a one or they don't satisfy
+the formula in which case i get a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula in which case i get a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula in which case i get a zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+critical to understand these in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to understand these in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to understand these in the
+boolean case because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean case because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean case because we're going to
+generalize this to the non-boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to the non-boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize this to the non-boolean case
+and it's going to be just more abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be just more abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to be just more abstract
+the formulas are going to look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas are going to look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas are going to look the same
+but we're going to have to um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to have to um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to have to um kind of
+we're going to lose the intuition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lose the intuition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to lose the intuition that
+those things correspond to satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things correspond to satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things correspond to satisfying
+assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+or counting the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or counting the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or counting the number of satisfying
+assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+all right let's have a quick check in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's have a quick check in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's have a quick check in
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's we're just going to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's we're just going to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's we're just going to do an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+to hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hope to
+you know nail this in this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nail this in this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know nail this in this idea
+so here's a particular formula fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a particular formula fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a particular formula fee
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and now remember number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now remember number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now remember number fee
+is the number of satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of satisfying assignments
+a fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fee
+the number of satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments
+where i've set x1 to 0 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've set x1 to 0 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i've set x1 to 0 and so on
+okay so just and here i'm really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just and here i'm really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just and here i'm really kind of
+giving you two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you two options
+in in each row for the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in each row for the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in each row for the value
+now you have to check all that are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to check all that are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to check all that are true
+so it's really going to be one at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really going to be one at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really going to be one at most
+one per row presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per row presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per row presumably
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's see how if your file if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's see how if your file if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's see how if your file if
+you're with me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're with me here
+so the number of satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of satisfying assignments
+uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+altogether well there are two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether well there are two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether well there are two ways of
+satisfying this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying this formula
+either um this is really like exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um this is really like exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either um this is really like exclusive
+or um so either x1 is 1 x2 is 0 or x1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um so either x1 is 1 x2 is 0 or x1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um so either x1 is 1 x2 is 0 or x1 is
+0 and x2 is 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and x2 is 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and x2 is 1.
+so one of the value variables has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the value variables has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the value variables has to be
+true the other one has to be false and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the other one has to be false and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the other one has to be false and
+then you're going to end up satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to end up satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to end up satisfying
+both clauses as you can easily see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both clauses as you can easily see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both clauses as you can easily see
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+b is b is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is b is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is b is correct
+in the first line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first line
+now if i'm going to already commit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i'm going to already commit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i'm going to already commit to
+saying the first variable is set to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the first variable is set to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the first variable is set to zero
+now how many satisfying assignments can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how many satisfying assignments can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how many satisfying assignments can
+there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be
+well the second variable just has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the second variable just has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the second variable just has to be
+set to one in order to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to one in order to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to one in order to satisfy
+so now there's going to be only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's going to be only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now there's going to be only one
+satisfying assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignment
+consistent with setting the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with setting the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with setting the first
+variable to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to zero
+now if i set the both variable both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i set the both variable both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i set the both variable both
+variables to zero now how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to zero now how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to zero now how many
+satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments
+can there be consistent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there be consistent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can there be consistent with that
+assignment they can be zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment they can be zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment they can be zero because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+in order to satisfy this formula one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to satisfy this formula one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to satisfy this formula one of
+the variables has to be zero the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables has to be zero the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables has to be zero the other
+one has to be one if i'm presetting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to be one if i'm presetting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to be one if i'm presetting them
+both to zero there's not going to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to zero there's not going to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both to zero there's not going to be any
+satisfying assignments because zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments because zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments because zero zero
+does not satisfy the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not satisfy the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not satisfy the formula
+okay apologies for messing up that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay apologies for messing up that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay apologies for messing up that uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+checking on the last day oh well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+let's get let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get let
+let's first go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first go over the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the protocol we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol we
+attempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted
+for number sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for number sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for number sat
+uh last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last week
+um on thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on thursday
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're given the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given the input
+the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula
+and a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a k
+and remember what we want to happen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember what we want to happen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember what we want to happen we
+want the verifier to end up accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the verifier to end up accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the verifier to end up accepting
+with high probability when k is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability when k is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability when k is the
+correct value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value
+and with low probability when k is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with low probability when k is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with low probability when k is the
+not c not the correct value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not c not the correct value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not c not the correct value
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now this is going to be as you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is going to be as you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is going to be as you may
+remember from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from last time
+this is going to end up being a flawed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to end up being a flawed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to end up being a flawed
+protocol because it's exponential we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol because it's exponential we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol because it's exponential we're
+only allowed to be have a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allowed to be have a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allowed to be have a polynomial
+size protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size protocol
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um just looking ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just looking ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just looking ahead
+in this protocol the verifier is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protocol the verifier is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protocol the verifier is going
+to end up accepting with probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up accepting with probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up accepting with probability one
+for an honest approver and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an honest approver and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an honest approver and with
+probability zero no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability zero no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability zero no matter what the
+prover tries to do so for any prover um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover tries to do so for any prover um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover tries to do so for any prover um
+the probability the verifier can cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability the verifier can cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability the verifier can cannot
+be made to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made to accept
+so this is kind of an extreme case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of an extreme case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of an extreme case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+where there's not going to end up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's not going to end up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's not going to end up being
+any probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any probabilities
+but it's an exponential protocol so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an exponential protocol so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's an exponential protocol so in
+that sense it doesn't do what we need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense it doesn't do what we need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense it doesn't do what we need so
+let's go through it because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through it because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through it because it really
+sets us up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets us up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets us up
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+polynomial protocol with the non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial protocol with the non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial protocol with the non-boolean
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so first the prover sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the prover sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first the prover sends
+um let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just
+look at it and not rush it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and not rush it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and not rush it
+the approver sends um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver sends um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver sends um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+number of satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments
+according to the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the approver
+the verifier checks that is equal to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier checks that is equal to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier checks that is equal to k
+and i think it's best to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's best to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think it's best to understand this
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+case that the input is in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the input is in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the input is in the language
+so k is correct and we have an honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k is correct and we have an honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k is correct and we have an honest
+prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover
+and then we'll understand what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll understand what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll understand what happens
+if k is not in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k is not in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k is not in the language
+and we'll see that no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that no matter what the
+prover tries to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover tries to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover tries to do
+the verifier is going to end up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier is going to end up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier is going to end up not
+accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+um and again you know this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again you know this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and again you know this is just a
+setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+real protocol so this is kind of a dopey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real protocol so this is kind of a dopey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real protocol so this is kind of a dopey
+protocol you're going to think what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you're going to think what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you're going to think what what
+the world and why am i doing this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and why am i doing this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and why am i doing this um
+it's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh
+it seems like i'm making something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like i'm making something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like i'm making something
+that's very simple complicated but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple complicated but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very simple complicated but it's
+really just the framework that i'm i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the framework that i'm i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the framework that i'm i'm
+putting together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together because
+well you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you'll see
+all right so the proof is going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the proof is going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the proof is going to send
+the claim for the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim for the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim for the number of satisfying
+assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+um which in the honest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which in the honest case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which in the honest case
+is going to be the correct value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the correct value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the correct value the
+verifier checks that it matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier checks that it matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier checks that it matches the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+now the verifier says well i want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the verifier says well i want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the verifier says well i want to be
+convinced that your claim is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that your claim is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that your claim is correct
+so the approver is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the approver is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the approver is going to
+justify that claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify that claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify that claim
+by saying well the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying well the total number of
+satisfying assignments is whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments is whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments is whatever it is
+a hundred because the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred because the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred because the number
+when i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i have
+x1 set to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 set to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 set to zero
+um is 60 and the number when i have x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is 60 and the number when i have x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is 60 and the number when i have x1
+set to 1 is 40. and that adds up to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to 1 is 40. and that adds up to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to 1 is 40. and that adds up to 100
+which is what you would need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you would need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you would need to have
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+so the verifier checks that the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the verifier checks that the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the verifier checks that the sum is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+and then says well now how do i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then says well now how do i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then says well now how do i know
+those two values are right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two values are right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two values are right
+so then the approver unpacks it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the approver unpacks it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the approver unpacks it one
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+further so breaks those two down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so breaks those two down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so breaks those two down by
+uh justifying that fee 0 was correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh justifying that fee 0 was correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh justifying that fee 0 was correct
+that value 60 was correct by saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value 60 was correct by saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value 60 was correct by saying well
+now if i set the next variable x2 to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i set the next variable x2 to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i set the next variable x2 to 0
+and 1 that's going to have to add up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 that's going to have to add up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 that's going to have to add up to
+v0 so maybe to get 60 i had you know 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 so maybe to get 60 i had you know 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 so maybe to get 60 i had you know 50
+and 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10.
+and to get 40 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get 40 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get 40 for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+number fee of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of one
+i had 20 and 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had 20 and 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had 20 and 20.
+so these these i have to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these i have to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these these i have to add up
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so each level justifies the preceding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each level justifies the preceding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each level justifies the preceding
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+that's gonna we're gonna have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna we're gonna have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna we're gonna have that
+happen again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now the prover says well i mean i still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prover says well i mean i still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prover says well i mean i still
+don't you know i need to be convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know i need to be convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know i need to be convinced
+you know i don't trust you i need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i don't trust you i need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i don't trust you i need to be
+convinced that these values are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that these values are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that these values are correct
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+level by level the prover is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level by level the prover is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level by level the prover is going to be
+setting more and more of the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting more and more of the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting more and more of the variables
+in all the possible ways until it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the possible ways until it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the possible ways until it gets
+down to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the very
+bottom where it's setting the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom where it's setting the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom where it's setting the variables
+to in all possible ways so exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in all possible ways so exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in all possible ways so exponentially
+many settings here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many settings here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many settings here um
+and the verifier now checks that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier now checks that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier now checks that the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+round was correct so that's where we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round was correct so that's where we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round was correct so that's where we set
+only the first m minus one the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first m minus one the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first m minus one the very last
+variable hadn't yet been set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable hadn't yet been set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable hadn't yet been set
+um so it checks all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it checks all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it checks all of those
+two to the m minus one possible settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the m minus one possible settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the m minus one possible settings
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+the new settings that it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new settings that it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new settings that it got
+where we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we set
+those m minus one settings but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those m minus one settings but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those m minus one settings but we
+extended it by zero and by one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended it by zero and by one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended it by zero and by one and this
+is that same identity that we used from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that same identity that we used from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that same identity that we used from
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+now that the proofer has sent all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that the proofer has sent all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that the proofer has sent all of
+those possible values rever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible values rever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible values rever the
+verifier needs to be sure that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier needs to be sure that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier needs to be sure that those are
+still correct but the the thing is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still correct but the the thing is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still correct but the the thing is is
+that at this point to verify those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this point to verify those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this point to verify those are
+all zeros and ones because they all say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros and ones because they all say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros and ones because they all say
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+assignment satisfies the formula or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment satisfies the formula or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment satisfies the formula or
+doesn't satisfy the formula so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy the formula so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't satisfy the formula so the
+verifier can check those directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier can check those directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier can check those directly
+checks each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks each of those
+whether just by plugging into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether just by plugging into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether just by plugging into the
+formula and seeing did does it satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and seeing did does it satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and seeing did does it satisfy
+the formula or not so each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula or not so each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula or not so each one of these
+is a zero one value which corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a zero one value which corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a zero one value which corresponds
+supposed to correspond to whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to correspond to whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to correspond to whether the
+formula was satisfied or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula was satisfied or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula was satisfied or not
+those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all
+are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and everything else along the way has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else along the way has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else along the way has
+been correct the verifier is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been correct the verifier is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been correct the verifier is going to
+accept otherwise if at any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept otherwise if at any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept otherwise if at any point
+the ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ver
+one of those checks failed the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those checks failed the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those checks failed the verifier
+is already rejected or at this point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already rejected or at this point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already rejected or at this point it
+just rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rejects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rejects
+okay so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the protocol the exponential protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol the exponential protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol the exponential protocol
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+i'd like i i you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like i i you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like i i you know
+not sure if this is helpful to you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if this is helpful to you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure if this is helpful to you or
+not but i like to think of it sort of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but i like to think of it sort of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but i like to think of it sort of as
+a tree of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree of possibilities
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+yellow values are what the prover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow values are what the prover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow values are what the prover is
+sending so the approver first sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending so the approver first sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending so the approver first sends
+the number of satisfying assignments all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments all
+together the verifier in white is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the verifier in white is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the verifier in white is
+checking uh is that are they doing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking uh is that are they doing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking uh is that are they doing these
+checks so it checks that it equals k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the prover sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover sends
+the next level the verifier checks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level the verifier checks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level the verifier checks that
+the edition works out then the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edition works out then the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edition works out then the approver
+sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacks it further
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacks it further
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns values to the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigns values to the first two
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the verifier checks that just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier checks that just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier checks that just the
+assignments to just a single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments to just a single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments to just a single variable
+are consistent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with that
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh total set assigned all m variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total set assigned all m variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total set assigned all m variables
+and then it checks directly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it checks directly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it checks directly with the
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+now what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens
+and here is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is the case
+it's going to be important to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be important to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be important to understand
+both in both here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in both here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in both here
+and in the non-boolean case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the non-boolean case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the non-boolean case
+what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if
+we had an incorrect value for the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an incorrect value for the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an incorrect value for the input
+and what i want to show you is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to show you is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to show you is that the
+prover is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is going to
+you know i want to show you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i want to show you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i want to show you that the
+verifier is going to end up rejecting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to end up rejecting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to end up rejecting in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certainty
+later on it's just going to reject with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it's just going to reject with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on it's just going to reject with
+high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high probability
+but for this protocol it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this protocol it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this protocol it's going to
+accept with certainty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with certainty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with certainty um
+and why is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that because
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all if if the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if if the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if if the prover
+if if k was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if k was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if k was wrong
+so i'm indicating the wrong value is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm indicating the wrong value is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm indicating the wrong value is in
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+if if if k was wrong so it did not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if k was wrong so it did not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if k was wrong so it did not equal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the approver sends the correct value
+the premier is just going to be going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premier is just going to be going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premier is just going to be going to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it doesn't match up i reject right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it doesn't match up i reject right
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+so what is what can the proverb possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is what can the proverb possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is what can the proverb possibly
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+to prevent the verifier from accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent the verifier from accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent the verifier from accepting
+you're going to see that there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see that there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see that there's nothing
+it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do
+but later on there's a chance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on there's a chance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but later on there's a chance that the
+proverb can get lucky but here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proverb can get lucky but here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proverb can get lucky but here there's
+nothing you can do let's say let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can do let's say let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing you can do let's say let's let's
+try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to
+humor me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor me
+and see that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that what
+let's approve prover try to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's approve prover try to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's approve prover try to manage
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+uh keep the verifier going as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep the verifier going as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh keep the verifier going as long as
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+so the approver in order to prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the approver in order to prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the approver in order to prevent the
+verifier from ejecting at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier from ejecting at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier from ejecting at the beginning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to lie
+about the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number of satisfying
+assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments
+but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then
+the approver is going to say well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver is going to say well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver is going to say well okay
+you know uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh you know
+if you you know you're claiming there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know you're claiming there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know you're claiming there's
+only 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 99
+satisfying assignments proverb doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments proverb doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments proverb doesn't
+know what the right real answer is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the right real answer is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the right real answer is but
+the you know the we know it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the we know it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the we know it was a
+hundred let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred let's say
+but let's say you know we k was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you know we k was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say you know we k was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver claimed it's 99 now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver claimed it's 99 now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver claimed it's 99 now um
+and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+uh the verifier says okay well it's 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the verifier says okay well it's 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the verifier says okay well it's 99
+convince me of that so now the approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince me of that so now the approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince me of that so now the approver
+is going to have to say the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have to say the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have to say the number
+satisfying assignments for zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments for zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments for zero and the
+number of satisfying assignments for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments for one
+they have to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to add up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of those has to be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one of those has to be wrong
+because you can't have the two correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't have the two correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't have the two correct
+values adding up to the to the lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values adding up to the to the lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values adding up to the to the lot to
+the to to the false value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to the false value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to the false value
+so a lie here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lie here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lie here
+has to yield a lie in at least one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to yield a lie in at least one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to yield a lie in at least one of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two places
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+a lie there is going to have to yield a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lie there is going to have to yield a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lie there is going to have to yield a
+lie in one of those two places just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in one of those two places just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in one of those two places just like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know each lie kind of forces more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know each lie kind of forces more
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies you know as you know you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies you know as you know you're trying
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lie the story gets more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lie the story gets more and more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+in order to try to justify all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to justify all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to justify all this
+um and so in the end you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so in the end you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so in the end you're going to get
+an inequality and the verifier is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inequality and the verifier is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inequality and the verifier is going
+to end up rejecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up rejecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up rejecting
+somewhere along the line there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the line there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the line there's going
+to have to be an inequality if not along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be an inequality if not along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be an inequality if not along
+the way then at the very end when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way then at the very end when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way then at the very end when the
+verifier does the check itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier does the check itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier does the check itself
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+one of those if you trace that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those if you trace that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those if you trace that down
+there's going to be lies and lies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be lies and lies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be lies and lies and
+lies and then there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies and then there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies and then there's going to be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+at the very bottom one of these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very bottom one of these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very bottom one of these values
+is going to be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be wrong
+and when the verifier checks them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the verifier checks them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the verifier checks them all
+it's going to find out that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to find out that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to find out that there is
+an inequality there and so one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inequality there and so one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inequality there and so one of those
+checks is going to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks is going to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks is going to fail
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so i'm getting one question here why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm getting one question here why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm getting one question here why is
+this any better than just checking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this any better than just checking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this any better than just checking all
+possible assignments without approval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible assignments without approval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible assignments without approval
+you know i yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i yeah
+it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't
+the only reason i'm doing this is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason i'm doing this is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason i'm doing this is to get
+us ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us ready
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+arithmetized product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetized product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetized product
+protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+where we have non-boolean values coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have non-boolean values coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have non-boolean values coming
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+okay so with questions on this i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with questions on this i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with questions on this i think
+it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+understand this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this one
+don't understand don't ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand don't ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand don't ask the question
+why the why is just going to be we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the why is just going to be we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the why is just going to be we are
+getting ourselves ready for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ourselves ready for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting ourselves ready for something
+later which you don't haven't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later which you don't haven't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later which you don't haven't you don't
+know yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet
+but i just unders i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i just unders i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i just unders i want you to
+understand it for what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it for what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it for what it is
+even if it seems unnecessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it seems unnecessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it seems unnecessarily
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's keep going
+so how we're going to fix that protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we're going to fix that protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we're going to fix that protocol
+so it's not exponential so again here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not exponential so again here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not exponential so again here is
+a picture of that exponential protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of that exponential protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of that exponential protocol
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know we have that exponential blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have that exponential blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have that exponential blow
+up occurring because at every stage each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up occurring because at every stage each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up occurring because at every stage each
+value is going to be justified in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is going to be justified in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is going to be justified in terms
+of two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two values
+at the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next stage
+so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be
+an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential
+exponentially many values after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially many values after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially many values after a while
+so instead we're going to try to justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we're going to try to justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead we're going to try to justify
+each value here in terms of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value here in terms of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each value here in terms of just a
+single value at the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you know it's not going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's not going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's not going to be good
+enough just to pick either the zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough just to pick either the zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough just to pick either the zero or
+the one at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one at random
+um because it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because it might be
+each there might be just a single course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each there might be just a single course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each there might be just a single course
+of lies um going through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lies um going through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lies um going through here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the only way to k would you you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to k would you you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to k would you you would be
+to catch that would be to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch that would be to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catch that would be to guess
+correctly at each stage which was which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly at each stage which was which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly at each stage which was which
+was the lie and then you would catch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lie and then you would catch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the lie and then you would catch it
+at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end
+um if you're just going to be randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're just going to be randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're just going to be randomly
+picking zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking zeros and ones
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you're not going to have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have a high
+probability of catching the prover when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of catching the prover when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of catching the prover when
+it's uh when it's lying and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh when it's lying and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh when it's lying and so
+um that's not going to be good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not going to be good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not going to be good enough
+you you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want
+you know the the input might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the input might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the input might be
+the wrong value and you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong value and you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong value and you might have
+approver which is just has one path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver which is just has one path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver which is just has one path of
+lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then your probability you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your probability you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your probability you would
+still have a high probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a high probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have a high probability of
+accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting
+in that case even though the input was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case even though the input was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case even though the input was
+wrong that's not what you want for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that's not what you want for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong that's not what you want for the
+when you have the the input is wrong you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the the input is wrong you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the the input is wrong you
+have to have only a tiny chance a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have only a tiny chance a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have only a tiny chance a very
+small chance of accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the way we're going to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way we're going to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way we're going to achieve
+that is by having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by having these
+instead of picking a zero or one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of picking a zero or one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of picking a zero or one for the
+values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of
+uh for these random values we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for these random values we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for these random values we're going
+to have non-boolean assignments to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have non-boolean assignments to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have non-boolean assignments to the
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+and we have to make sense of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to make sense of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to make sense of that
+and we've already seen an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already seen an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already seen an example of
+that it's going to be very much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be very much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be very much the same
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we are we on all we are are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we are we on all we are are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we are we on all we are are we
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+a place where we could try um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where we could try um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where we could try um
+uh if you have a question we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a question we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a question we can try to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that
+um are we good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are we good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are we good
+let's keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep moving
+okay so how we going to arithmetize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how we going to arithmetize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how we going to arithmetize
+boolean formulas it's again the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean formulas it's again the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean formulas it's again the same
+idea we had before simulating hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we had before simulating hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea we had before simulating hands and
+orders with plus and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders with plus and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders with plus and times
+so we had this from before same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had this from before same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had this from before same exact
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+actually it's even simpler because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's even simpler because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's even simpler because now
+we're going to be using the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using the true
+simulation of or instead of some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of or instead of some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of or instead of some kind of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+special case simulation of war in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case simulation of war in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case simulation of war in terms
+of which we had in the branching program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which we had in the branching program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which we had in the branching program
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these
+faithfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithfully
+do what and and or does when you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what and and or does when you plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what and and or does when you plug in
+zero for false and one for true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means that we can take an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that we can take an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that we can take an entire
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+and arithmetize it the formula built out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arithmetize it the formula built out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arithmetize it the formula built out
+of ands and ors and negations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ands and ors and negations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ands and ors and negations
+and you're going to get a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get a polynomial
+that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that polynomial what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that polynomial what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that polynomial what's going to be
+important for us is not going to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us is not going to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us is not going to be of
+extremely high degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high degree
+the actual degree is going to be at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual degree is going to be at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual degree is going to be at most
+the length of the formula in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the formula in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the formula in terms of
+the number of symbols it has you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of symbols it has you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of symbols it has you can
+check that on your own you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that on your own you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that on your own you can
+but for now you can just trust me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now you can just trust me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now you can just trust me
+the degree of the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of the polynomial
+because it only goes up during the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only goes up during the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only goes up during the um
+goes up during the multiplications but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up during the multiplications but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up during the multiplications but
+the the degree doesn't become too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and we're going to be doing and i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be doing and i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be doing and i don't
+want this to be a confusing issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be a confusing issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be a confusing issue here
+we're going to be doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing but
+you know we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+correct um i don't want to be cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um i don't want to be cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct um i don't want to be cheating
+here so all of the arithmetic is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so all of the arithmetic is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so all of the arithmetic is going
+to be done in a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done in a field
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+uh do plus and times mod some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do plus and times mod some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do plus and times mod some
+uh number which is gonna turns out needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number which is gonna turns out needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number which is gonna turns out needs
+to be a prime number for reasons i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a prime number for reasons i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a prime number for reasons i'm not
+gonna get into um but it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into um but it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into um but it doesn't really
+matter it's just modular arithmetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's just modular arithmetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's just modular arithmetic and
+that's one thing that enables us to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing that enables us to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing that enables us to pick
+random values in a natural way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random values in a natural way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random values in a natural way because
+there's only finitely very many values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only finitely very many values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only finitely very many values
+in the field and so you're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field and so you're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field and so you're just going to
+pick one at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one at random
+but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here
+we want to be able to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to represent
+we it's it's going to be more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's it's going to be more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's it's going to be more important
+for us to have a larger field because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to have a larger field because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to have a larger field because we
+want to be able to represent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to represent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to represent in the
+number of satisfying assignments which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of satisfying assignments which
+can be a number between 0 and 2 to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a number between 0 and 2 to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a number between 0 and 2 to the m
+so we have to have a field which has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to have a field which has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to have a field which has at
+least 2 to the m elements in it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 to the m elements in it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 2 to the m elements in it so that
+we we can in a sensible way write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can in a sensible way write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can in a sensible way write down
+those numbers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's not get caught up with that but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not get caught up with that but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not get caught up with that but um
+we can try to answer those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to answer those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try to answer those questions
+offline if you want um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline if you want um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline if you want um
+but just think about it for this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just think about it for this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just think about it for this first
+pass we're doing the arithmetic mod sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass we're doing the arithmetic mod sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass we're doing the arithmetic mod sum
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+we have the same notion as of presets as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same notion as of presets as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the same notion as of presets as
+we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before
+so if we have a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a formula
+and we preset some of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we preset some of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we preset some of the values
+but now those values may be non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now those values may be non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now those values may be non-boolean
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we may be setting plugging in values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may be setting plugging in values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may be setting plugging in values for
+the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula
+not just zeros and ones but we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just zeros and ones but we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just zeros and ones but we might be
+plugging in sevens or 20 23s or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in sevens or 20 23s or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in sevens or 20 23s or whatever
+and you know the formula is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the formula is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the formula is gonna
+you know in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in order to
+have a value a meaning to that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value a meaning to that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value a meaning to that we're
+gonna treat that formula as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna treat that formula as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna treat that formula as the
+polynomial from the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial from the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial from the arithmetization
+and just plug in those values into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just plug in those values into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just plug in those values into the
+polynomial and see what the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and see what the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and see what the polynomial
+does for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does for you
+so here we're going to be presetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're going to be presetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're going to be presetting
+some of the values of the formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the values of the formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the values of the formula like
+we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did before
+and he now we're going to it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he now we're going to it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he now we're going to it's going to
+be the same thing but now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same thing but now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same thing but now in the
+polynomial we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial we're going to be
+pre-assigning some of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-assigning some of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-assigning some of the values
+of the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variables
+to these a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these a's
+which from the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which from the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which from the field
+and the remaining variables are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining variables are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining variables are going to
+stay as unset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we have to give an interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to give an interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to give an interpretation
+now he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the new polynomial here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm getting a question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm getting a question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm getting a question well
+maybe i better take this let me just let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i better take this let me just let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i better take this let me just let
+me hold off on that for now uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me hold off on that for now uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me hold off on that for now uh what the
+uh degree is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'll come i'll answer the questions in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll come i'll answer the questions in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll come i'll answer the questions in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+so so now remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now remember
+from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before
+number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee
+was the number of satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the number of satisfying assignments
+when i preset the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i preset the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i preset the first
+i values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it no longer makes sense to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no longer makes sense to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no longer makes sense to talk about
+satisfying assignments because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments because these
+values may no longer be booleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values may no longer be booleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values may no longer be booleans
+so i'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to have to
+write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to plug in those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to plug in those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to plug in those values
+those i values for the first i variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those i values for the first i variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those i values for the first i variables
+and the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the remaining
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+which i have not set i'm going to assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i have not set i'm going to assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i have not set i'm going to assign
+them to zeros and ones in all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to zeros and ones in all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to zeros and ones in all possible
+ways only to zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because what i want to have you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what i want to have you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what i want to have you know you
+might think well why you know why not we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think well why you know why not we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think well why you know why not we
+why aren't we assigning these to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why aren't we assigning these to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why aren't we assigning these to other
+values in the field well because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the field well because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in the field well because what
+i'm aiming at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm aiming at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm aiming at
+is that if i were to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if i were to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if i were to plug in
+zeros and ones at this point into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones at this point into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and ones at this point into the
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+i'm supposed to get exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm supposed to get exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm supposed to get exactly the same
+values as i had before because i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as i had before because i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values as i had before because i'm
+simulating ands and ors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating ands and ors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating ands and ors
+so i'm just extending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just extending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just extending
+the um the definition the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the definition the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the definition the the the the
+evaluation into a new realm but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation into a new realm but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation into a new realm but i
+shouldn't change the values on the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't change the values on the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't change the values on the old
+boolean realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm going to be adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to be adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to be adding up
+the unassigned the unset variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unassigned the unset variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unassigned the unset variables in
+all possible boolean ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible boolean ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible boolean ways
+and the first i values could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first i values could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first i values could be
+non-boolean values okay so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean values okay so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean values okay so you have to
+just to accept this as an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to accept this as an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to accept this as an abstract
+notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no longer has an interpretation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer has an interpretation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer has an interpretation as
+satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so as i said what's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as i said what's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as i said what's important is
+that for if i if i happen to put boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for if i if i happen to put boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for if i if i happen to put boolean
+values in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in now
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+uh fee and number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fee and number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fee and number fee
+get give the same values as they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get give the same values as they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get give the same values as they would
+have before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have before
+because the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomial
+acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts
+identically to the formula on boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically to the formula on boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically to the formula on boolean
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is what i'm repeating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what i'm repeating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what i'm repeating what
+i said and there's another point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said and there's another point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said and there's another point that
+isn't that's also you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that's also you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that's also you know you have to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+the identities that we had earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identities that we had earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identities that we had earlier
+that connected up what happens when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connected up what happens when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connected up what happens when i
+set the first i values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the first i values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the first i values
+and and i set the first i plus 1 values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i set the first i plus 1 values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i set the first i plus 1 values
+those still hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those still hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those still hold
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if i set the first i values now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i set the first i values now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i set the first i values now to
+possibly non-boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly non-boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly non-boolean
+some non-boolean assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-boolean assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non-boolean assignment
+that's what i get when i extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i get when i extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i get when i extend
+those values um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values um
+to one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one more
+a variable being assigned but i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable being assigned but i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable being assigned but i just
+need to assign that variable to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to assign that variable to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to assign that variable to zero and
+to one and add those up because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and add those up because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and add those up because of the
+way i've defined things over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i've defined things over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i've defined things over here
+so i've uh assigned those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've uh assigned those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've uh assigned those variables
+you know i i to zeros the unset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i to zeros the unset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i i to zeros the unset
+variables to zeros and ones you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to zeros and ones you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to zeros and ones you know
+when i'm defining the um the number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm defining the um the number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i'm defining the um the number fee
+uh function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+and then lastly when i assign everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly when i assign everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then lastly when i assign everything
+now to possibly non-boolean val values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to possibly non-boolean val values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to possibly non-boolean val values
+that's going to be there's no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be there's no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be there's no longer
+anything to add up so i'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to add up so i'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to add up so i'm going to get
+exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as i got from before when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i got from before when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i got from before when i
+so assigning number fee of totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assigning number fee of totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assigning number fee of totally
+preset input it's the same as fee with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset input it's the same as fee with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset input it's the same as fee with a
+totally preset input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally preset input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally preset input
+okay because in that case there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because in that case there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because in that case there are no
+variables left to add up over so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables left to add up over so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables left to add up over so uh
+there's just one just i just get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one just i just get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one just i just get one
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+uh my sum has just one element in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my sum has just one element in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my sum has just one element in it
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+i'm getting i got a question here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting i got a question here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting i got a question here for
+earlier what happened to the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what happened to the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what happened to the degrees of
+the polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomials
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the degree of number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the degree of number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the degree of number fee
+is going to be at most the degree of fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be at most the degree of fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be at most the degree of fee
+because i'm just adding things up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm just adding things up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm just adding things up and
+addition doesn't change degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition doesn't change degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition doesn't change degrees
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as i preset values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i preset values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i preset values
+the number of variables goes down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables goes down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables goes down but
+the degree may not necessarily go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree may not necessarily go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree may not necessarily go down
+so the question was i got is the new are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was i got is the new are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was i got is the new are
+the new polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new polynomials
+having lower degrees not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have fewer variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have fewer variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have fewer variables
+but not a smaller degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's do this check it let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do this check it let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do this check it let's see
+if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now again this is i think i have messed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again this is i think i have messed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again this is i think i have messed
+up on this so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+there's one of these that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one of these that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one of these that's
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+i i i i'll give it away in part there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i i i'll give it away in part there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i i i'll give it away in part there's
+only one of them that was true anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of them that was true anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of them that was true anyway so
+you can check the one that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check the one that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check the one that's true
+according to the way we've we've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the way we've we've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the way we've we've defined
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay so this is a little bit of a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a little bit of a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a little bit of a trick
+question here um as i'll explain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here um as i'll explain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here um as i'll explain but
+there's only one of them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one of them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one of them that's
+faithfully does the arithmetization as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithfully does the arithmetization as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithfully does the arithmetization as
+i've described on this page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've described on this page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've described on this page
+and that's the one you should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one you should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one you should check
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+remember here over here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here over here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember here over here this is the
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+this is the recipe for how i'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the recipe for how i'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the recipe for how i'm doing the
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+of this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this whole
+process here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here
+so one of these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of these lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of these lines
+one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these
+a b or c corresponds to doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm going to close this down so are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to close this down so are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to close this down so are we
+all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so a is the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is the correct answer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a does the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a does the arithmetization
+according to the recipe that i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the recipe that i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the recipe that i just
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you look at
+x1 or x2 you can just look check it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 or x2 you can just look check it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 or x2 you can just look check it in
+the very first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first um
+part of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the uh
+the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial
+x1 or x2 well it's x1 plus x2 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 or x2 well it's x1 plus x2 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 or x2 well it's x1 plus x2 minus the
+product x1 x2 so you can just see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product x1 x2 so you can just see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product x1 x2 so you can just see it
+right there the others don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there the others don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there the others don't have that
+um and the similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the similarly for
+x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1
+bar and x2 bar it becomes 1 minus x1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and x2 bar it becomes 1 minus x1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and x2 bar it becomes 1 minus x1 1
+minus x2 and then the product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a is pretty straightforward as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is pretty straightforward as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a is pretty straightforward as the
+arithmetization of phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization of phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization of phi
+now in fact any of those would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact any of those would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in fact any of those would
+would work i don't want to confuse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work i don't want to confuse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work i don't want to confuse you
+here but any of those would have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but any of those would have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but any of those would have worked
+because they all agree on the boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all agree on the boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they all agree on the boolean
+assignment and that's all that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and that's all that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and that's all that really
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have any
+all i care about is that they agree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i care about is that they agree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i care about is that they agree the
+formula agrees with the polynomial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula agrees with the polynomial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula agrees with the polynomial in
+the boolean cases and these all happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boolean cases and these all happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boolean cases and these all happen
+to agree on zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree on zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree on zeros and ones
+not doesn't matter though uh i put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't matter though uh i put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't matter though uh i put those
+there just in case you you tried it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just in case you you tried it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just in case you you tried it by
+just substitution of zeros and ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitution of zeros and ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just substitution of zeros and ones in
+you might you might have picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you might have picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might you might have picked the
+wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's
+uh let's take a break here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's take a break here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's take a break here
+and then we will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will um
+see about how to go about fixing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see about how to go about fixing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see about how to go about fixing the
+protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+um after the break uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after the break uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um after the break uh
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so now also happy to take any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now also happy to take any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now also happy to take any questions
+we haven't really done a whole lot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really done a whole lot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really done a whole lot we
+basically this has all been review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this has all been review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this has all been review
+um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of
+what we did last time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did last time um
+but um let me start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um let me start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um let me start the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+timer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timer
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+but feel free to ask questions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but feel free to ask questions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but feel free to ask questions it's
+the setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup is
+i'll tell you where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you where we're going
+this whole proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole proof
+really comes down to understanding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes down to understanding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes down to understanding one
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be
+in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second half
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i'm really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm really kind of
+this is all big set up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all big set up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all big set up here
+to get you ready to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you ready to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you ready to be able to
+understand that one i'll tell you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that one i'll tell you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that one i'll tell you when
+it's coming so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming so you know
+you won't you won't have to uh worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't you won't have to uh worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't you won't have to uh worry
+that you'll miss it but it's a that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll miss it but it's a that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll miss it but it's a that line
+is is not easy to understand so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not easy to understand so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not easy to understand so i think
+it's important to get all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to get all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to get all of the
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+and all of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the um
+uh the context all set up for you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the context all set up for you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the context all set up for you so
+then you can understand that line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can understand that line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can understand that line and
+and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully
+you know you see that line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you see that line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you see that line and
+understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the important fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important fact
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's go back you wanted to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back you wanted to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go back you wanted to see
+the important fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what i was saying before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what i was saying before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what i was saying before
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i plug in boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug in boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug in boolean values
+into the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the arithmetization
+i get the same exact thing as i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get the same exact thing as i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get the same exact thing as i would
+have if i applied the boolean operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if i applied the boolean operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if i applied the boolean operations
+before i did the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i did the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i did the arithmetization
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+plus and times in the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and times in the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and times in the arithmetization
+give a faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a faithful
+simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation
+of and and or according to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and and or according to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and and or according to these
+uh little formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's all i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's all i'm saying
+with this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this and so
+if i plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug in
+boolean values for the a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean values for the a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean values for the a's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i get exactly the same as i would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get exactly the same as i would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get exactly the same as i would have
+gotten before i did the arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten before i did the arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten before i did the arithmetization
+because the arithmetization is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the arithmetization is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the arithmetization is a
+faithful simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful simulation
+i'm should i also say it let's see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm should i also say it let's see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm should i also say it let's see um
+what does the or rule now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the or rule now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the or rule now
+why does the or rule now contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does the or rule now contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does the or rule now contain the
+minus a b term while the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a b term while the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a b term while the previous
+instance of arithmetization didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of arithmetization didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance of arithmetization didn't
+because why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why
+remember in the case of branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the case of branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember in the case of branching
+programs we didn't need the minus a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs we didn't need the minus a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs we didn't need the minus a b
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+um over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over here
+and that was because we could argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was because we could argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was because we could argue that
+it was a disjoint or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a disjoint or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a disjoint or
+um in the case of the branching programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the case of the branching programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the case of the branching programs
+i don't want to get confusing by trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to get confusing by trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to get confusing by trying
+to explain why that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why that was
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in that earlier case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that earlier case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that earlier case
+we never had took an or of two ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never had took an or of two ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we never had took an or of two ones
+it was an or of zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an or of zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was an or of zero zero
+possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+zero one or possibly one zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one or possibly one zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one or possibly one zero and so
+therefore we never had to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we never had to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we never had to deal with the
+case when we had an or of a one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when we had an or of a one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when we had an or of a one one
+and here we can have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we can have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we can have that
+so we have to subtract off that a b term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to subtract off that a b term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to subtract off that a b term
+because otherwise we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise we'd have
+if we just had a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just had a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just had a plus b
+then when the one one case we would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the one one case we would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the one one case we would end
+up with a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a two
+and that would not be a faithful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would not be a faithful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would not be a faithful
+stimulation of the or operation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation of the or operation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation of the or operation because
+one or one should be just one not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or one should be just one not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or one should be just one not two
+so a good this is a good question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good this is a good question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good this is a good question here
+do all the numbers need to be zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the numbers need to be zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the numbers need to be zeros and
+ones i'm not sure how negation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones i'm not sure how negation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones i'm not sure how negation would
+work would work with larger numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work would work with larger numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work would work with larger numbers
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+um the negation is just you just blindly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the negation is just you just blindly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the negation is just you just blindly
+follow it even though we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it even though we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it even though we're going to be
+plugging in non-boolean values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in non-boolean values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in non-boolean values
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you know it's gonna be one minus a seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's gonna be one minus a seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's gonna be one minus a seven
+so you're gonna get minus six you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna get minus six you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna get minus six you have
+to do that mod p so whatever mod q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that mod p so whatever mod q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that mod p so whatever mod q so
+whatever whatever that value you get but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever that value you get but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever that value you get but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you can no longer think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can no longer think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can no longer think about it as
+negation in the in the in the former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation in the in the in the former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation in the in the in the former
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+now it just becomes a formal thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just becomes a formal thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it just becomes a formal thing um
+you're you're just plugging along doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just plugging along doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just plugging along doing
+what the polynomial says numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the polynomial says numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the polynomial says numbers are
+coming out you think you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out you think you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out you think you know this is
+just nonsense but the thing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nonsense but the thing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just nonsense but the thing is it's
+going to have a meaning that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a meaning that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a meaning that's going to
+be useful to us that's that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful to us that's that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful to us that's that's what this
+protocol is going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so um you can't think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um you can't think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um you can't think about it as
+negation anymore it's just the negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation anymore it's just the negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation anymore it's just the negation
+becomes one minus x in the power in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one minus x in the power in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one minus x in the power in the
+arithmetized world and you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetized world and you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetized world and you just have to
+live with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with that
+let's see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+another question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question here
+if all the fee are equivalent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the fee are equivalent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the fee are equivalent for
+boolean inputs in the in the check-in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean inputs in the in the check-in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean inputs in the in the check-in um
+so this is back into this check-in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is back into this check-in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is back into this check-in here
+so if all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if all of the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you know so the question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know so the question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know so the question is why
+if they're all equivalent in the boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all equivalent in the boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're all equivalent in the boolean
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+uh why is only a correct um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is only a correct um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why is only a correct um
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this is i define piece of fee in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i define piece of fee in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is i define piece of fee in a
+particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way
+and so this was the value you got if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was the value you got if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was the value you got if you
+follow the way i define piece of piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the way i define piece of piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the way i define piece of piece
+of fee the others would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fee the others would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fee the others would work
+they just weren't the way i defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+any other questions here we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions here we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions here we should
+probably move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably move on
+okay can arithmetization be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can arithmetization be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can arithmetization be used in
+other contexts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i often i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i often i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i often i don't know
+i there are these two cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i there are these two cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i there are these two cases where
+arithmetization works whether there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization works whether there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization works whether there are
+other cases too i'm actually not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases too i'm actually not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases too i'm actually not sure
+okay so let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's move on
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our our but our timer is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our but our timer is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our but our timer is up
+the candle is burned down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candle is burned down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the candle is burned down
+okay so this was um okay here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was um okay here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was um okay here we go
+this is the real protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the real protocol
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm going to present it to you the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to present it to you the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to present it to you the way i
+did before let's think about it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before let's think about it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before let's think about it with the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+first where the input is in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first where the input is in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first where the input is in the language
+and we have an honest brewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we start off the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start off the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start off the same way
+the approver sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver sends
+fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee
+it sends number fee which in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends number fee which in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends number fee which in the old
+sense was the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense was the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense was the number of satisfying
+assignments it actually still is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it actually still is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it actually still is because
+you know since we're not presetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since we're not presetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know since we're not presetting
+anything there's no non-booleans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's no non-booleans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's no non-booleans
+um in the picture yet so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the picture yet so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the picture yet so this is going
+to be the same value as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same value as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same value as before
+the verifier checks that k equals number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier checks that k equals number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier checks that k equals number
+phase so you have to that's why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so you have to that's why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so you have to that's why we have
+to have the big enough field there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the big enough field there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the big enough field there so
+that we can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can um
+represent numbers up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent numbers up to
+the number of potential numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of potential numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of potential numbers
+satisfying assignments but that's a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments but that's a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments but that's a side
+note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note
+so but anyway p sends this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but anyway p sends this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but anyway p sends this is exactly
+what we did before no change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did before no change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did before no change
+the number of satisfying assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of satisfying assignments
+feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like
+now let's just see let's remember and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just see let's remember and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just see let's remember and
+this is this is one of those cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is one of those cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is one of those cases where
+not having a big blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having a big blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having a big blackboard
+is hampers us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hampers us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hampers us
+so i'm just going to remind you what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to remind you what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to remind you what we
+did last time but i'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time but i'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did last time but i'm going to change
+this so remember before p said sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so remember before p said sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so remember before p said sent
+an unpacked at one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unpacked at one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unpacked at one level
+sent the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the number of satisfying
+assignments said number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments said number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments said number
+uh fee of zero a number fee of one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fee of zero a number fee of one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fee of zero a number fee of one and
+then v did that check to justify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then v did that check to justify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then v did that check to justify the
+previous value which the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous value which the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous value which the verifier
+doesn't necessarily trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+fasten your seat belts everybody this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasten your seat belts everybody this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fasten your seat belts everybody this is
+the whole proof in the next line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole proof in the next line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole proof in the next line
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so but it's a doozy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's a doozy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's a doozy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to send
+phi of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi of z
+as a polynomial in z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polynomial in z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polynomial in z
+it's going to send just a single object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send just a single object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send just a single object
+but that object is an entire polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way it's going to send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it's going to send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it's going to send that
+is by sending the coefficients of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by sending the coefficients of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by sending the coefficients of that
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statement
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's understand the value of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's understand the value of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's understand the value of doing that
+so if i can send the entire polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i can send the entire polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i can send the entire polynomial
+fee sub z represent that as a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can plug in 0 and 1 into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can plug in 0 and 1 into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can plug in 0 and 1 into that
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+and allow me allow the verifier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow me allow the verifier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow me allow the verifier to do
+the check that it needs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check that it needs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check that it needs to do
+to con to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to con to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to con to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+number fee is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee is correct
+so it's going to check that number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to check that number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to check that number fee
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+number fee of zero plus number fee of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of zero plus number fee of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of zero plus number fee of
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+but instead of getting those values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of getting those values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of getting those values
+directly from the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the prover
+it's going to get take that polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get take that polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get take that polynomial
+it got and evaluate that polynomial at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got and evaluate that polynomial at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got and evaluate that polynomial at
+zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let and just to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let and just to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let and just to remember
+let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back
+and remember how we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember how we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember how we defined
+uh defined uh number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defined uh number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh defined uh number fee
+to make sure that we understand what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that we understand what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that we understand what it
+means to have a polynomial here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember here we're just taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember here we're just taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember here we're just taking the
+very first value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first value
+you could put you are okay with putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put you are okay with putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could put you are okay with putting
+a constant 0 or 1 and then adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant 0 or 1 and then adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant 0 or 1 and then adding up
+over all possible ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible ex
+extensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions
+all possible boolean extensions to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible boolean extensions to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible boolean extensions to that
+um and maybe it's okay to put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe it's okay to put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe it's okay to put in a
+non-boolean value here like seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean value here like seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-boolean value here like seven
+and now you take the remaining variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you take the remaining variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you take the remaining variables
+and it and assign them zeros and ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and assign them zeros and ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it and assign them zeros and ones
+and all possibilities and add it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all possibilities and add it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all possibilities and add it up
+now i'm going to do something even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to do something even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to do something even a
+little wilder i'm going to put in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wilder i'm going to put in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wilder i'm going to put in a
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+for a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a1
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+you know symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know symbolic
+if you want symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want symbolic
+value so i'm going to put in a value z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so i'm going to put in a value z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so i'm going to put in a value z
+for a1 so now i plug in z for a1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a1 so now i plug in z for a1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a1 so now i plug in z for a1 here
+and a2 through am are going to be zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a2 through am are going to be zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a2 through am are going to be zeros
+and ones in all possible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones in all possible ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones in all possible ways
+so i just get a polynomial in z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just get a polynomial in z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just get a polynomial in z
+the other variables have been get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other variables have been get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other variables have been get
+assigned and added up over the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned and added up over the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned and added up over the various
+boolean assignments and now i get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean assignments and now i get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean assignments and now i get some
+polynomial so i get some expression in z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so i get some expression in z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial so i get some expression in z
+that's just going to be a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just going to be a single
+variable polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you
+whose degree is it going to be at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose degree is it going to be at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose degree is it going to be at most
+the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree
+of number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number fee
+so it's degree is not going to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's degree is not going to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's degree is not going to be too
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so it sends the coefficient so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it sends the coefficient so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it sends the coefficient so the
+degree of that is not too big so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of that is not too big so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of that is not too big so there
+are not too many coefficients to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the coefficients are in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coefficients are in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the coefficients are in terms of the
+xi's no i'm not sure what the mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xi's no i'm not sure what the mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xi's no i'm not sure what the mean the
+coefficients are not in terms the x i's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are not in terms the x i's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are not in terms the x i's
+are gone at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gone at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gone at this point
+the x i's we've added up the x i's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i's we've added up the x i's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i's we've added up the x i's being
+assigned to zeros and ones in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to zeros and ones in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to zeros and ones in all
+possible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are no other variables left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are no other variables left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are no other variables left
+there's only z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i'm gonna
+do the same protocol in a more pictorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same protocol in a more pictorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same protocol in a more pictorial
+way in a minute um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in a minute um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in a minute um
+so you're gonna see this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna see this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna see this whole thing
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+uh but try to get it you'll have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but try to get it you'll have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but try to get it you'll have two
+chances to get this try to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances to get this try to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances to get this try to get it
+you know try hard each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try hard each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try hard each time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so it's got sensi as a polynomial in z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got sensi as a polynomial in z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got sensi as a polynomial in z
+now that's going to be enough for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's going to be enough for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's going to be enough for me to
+figure out which number fee of zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which number fee of zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which number fee of zero and
+number fee is of one is because i plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee is of one is because i plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee is of one is because i plug
+it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+for zero and one for for z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zero and one for for z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for zero and one for for z
+but now i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i can
+figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what
+number fee of two is also because i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of two is also because i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of two is also because i can
+plug two in for z or number fee of seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug two in for z or number fee of seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug two in for z or number fee of seven
+i plug seven in for z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's stop here and let's see on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop here and let's see on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop here and let's see on other
+other questions so the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions so the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions so the so
+is the size of number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of number fee
+i don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't understand
+the so this question about the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this question about the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this question about the size of
+number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee
+um is it is it 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it is it 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it is it 2 to the n
+no it's not 2 to the m because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not 2 to the m because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not 2 to the m because the
+degree of that polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of that polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of that polynomial
+uh number phi of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number phi of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number phi of z
+i mean you know it's a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know it's a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know it's a very large
+expression if you want to initially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if you want to initially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression if you want to initially you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+yes writing that it's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes writing that it's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes writing that it's going to be an
+exponentially big sum but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially big sum but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially big sum but the
+prover adds it all up for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover adds it all up for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover adds it all up for you
+and you're just going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just going to have
+at most a small number of coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most a small number of coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most a small number of coefficients
+because the polynomial is only of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomial is only of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomial is only of a
+certain degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain degree
+and a polynomial in one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a polynomial in one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a polynomial in one variable
+of degree d has the most d or d plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree d has the most d or d plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree d has the most d or d plus one
+coefficients to worry about so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to worry about so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to worry about so it's not
+that many coefficients as an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many coefficients as an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many coefficients as an expression
+so um shouldn't the summation take 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um shouldn't the summation take 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um shouldn't the summation take 2 to
+the m time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m time
+i'm not caring about the prover's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not caring about the prover's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not caring about the prover's time
+the prover has a lot of work to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover has a lot of work to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover has a lot of work to do but
+the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover
+prov sends fee of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prov sends fee of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prov sends fee of z
+so uh the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the prover
+yes the proofer has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the proofer has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the proofer has a
+an exponential job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential job
+i don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care
+the verifier always needs to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier always needs to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier always needs to be able to
+check it in polynomial time and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it in polynomial time and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check it in polynomial time and that
+checking is gonna well we'll have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is gonna well we'll have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is gonna well we'll have to see
+how does the verifier know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the verifier know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the verifier know that that
+polynomial was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial was right
+that's a question you may maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question you may maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a question you may maybe you
+should be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be asking
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay i'm getting lots of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay i'm getting lots of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay i'm getting lots of questions
+about how much time the prover needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much time the prover needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much time the prover needs to
+take yeah the proof is going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah the proof is going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take yeah the proof is going to have to
+spend exponential time to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend exponential time to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend exponential time to figure out
+that polynomial but that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polynomial but that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polynomial but that's all right
+we're not we don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not we don't care about the
+provers time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provers time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provers time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so the summation here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the summation here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the summation here is going to be
+adding up polynomials that is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm happy to spend time because really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to spend time because really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to spend time because really
+here this is the whole proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the whole proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the whole proof
+you have to understand well we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to understand well we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to understand well we have to
+understand why this works but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this works but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this works but um
+we kind of understand half of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of understand half of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of understand half of it because
+knowing that polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that polynomial
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+you know if you could certify that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you could certify that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you could certify that that
+was the correct polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the correct polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the correct polynomial
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+number fee of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of z
+then we can use that polynomial to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use that polynomial to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can use that polynomial to to
+confirm the previous value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm the previous value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm the previous value
+what number fee was because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number fee was because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number fee was because you just
+plug in zeros and ones for this for z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in zeros and ones for this for z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in zeros and ones for this for z
+and you add it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now how are we going to justify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now how are we going to justify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now how are we going to justify that
+the polynomial is correct because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial is correct because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polynomial is correct because this
+looks like even a worse job now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like even a worse job now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like even a worse job now we have
+a whole bunch of coefficients and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of coefficients and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of coefficients and have
+to make sure all of those coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure all of those coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure all of those coefficients
+are right and so instead of just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right and so instead of just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right and so instead of just two
+values now we have like d values where d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now we have like d values where d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values now we have like d values where d
+is the degree of that polynomial which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the degree of that polynomial which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the degree of that polynomial which
+could be at most like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at most like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be at most like
+the length of the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the formula
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here is the next idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the next idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the next idea
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the prover needs to show that phi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prover needs to show that phi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prover needs to show that phi of
+z is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the way it's going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it's going to do that
+let's say so even before before we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say so even before before we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say so even before before we do
+that so fee of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so fee of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so fee of z
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+going to be some polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some polynomial
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now the prover may be lying maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prover may be lying maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prover may be lying maybe
+sending the wrong polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how does the prover convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the prover convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the prover convince the
+verifier that the power that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that the power that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier that the power that that
+polynomial is the right polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial is the right polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial is the right polynomial
+well that seems like a tough job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that seems like a tough job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that seems like a tough job
+so what it's going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it's going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what it's going to do is
+remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+so there you know there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you know there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you know there is
+there is a correct polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a correct polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a correct polynomial
+that you would get by plugging into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would get by plugging into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would get by plugging into this
+expression for the for the correct value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the for the correct value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the for the correct value
+so there's some correct polynomial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some correct polynomial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some correct polynomial the
+prover may be sending some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover may be sending some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover may be sending some some
+incorrect polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect polynomial
+but now those so now we have the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now those so now we have the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now those so now we have the correct
+polynomial and the possibly incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and the possibly incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and the possibly incorrect
+polynomial which and the point is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial which and the point is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial which and the point is those
+two can only agree in a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can only agree in a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two can only agree in a small number of
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+by that fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that fact that
+we proved a couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved a couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we proved a couple of lectures
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+regarding polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding polynomials
+so two different polynomials can agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two different polynomials can agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two different polynomials can agree
+only rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only rarely
+so what we're going to do the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do the way the
+prover is going to justify that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is going to justify that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is going to justify that this
+polynomial was the correct one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial was the correct one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial was the correct one
+is by evaluating it at a random place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then demonstrating that that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then demonstrating that that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then demonstrating that that value
+you get is a correct value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if the polynomial was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the polynomial was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the polynomial was
+the wrong polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong polynomial
+then evaluating it at a random place is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then evaluating it at a random place is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then evaluating it at a random place is
+probably going to disagree with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to disagree with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to disagree with the
+correct polynomial at that place because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct polynomial at that place because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct polynomial at that place because
+they can only agree rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the prover is going to demonstrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover is going to demonstrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover is going to demonstrate that
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+evaluating that polynomial at a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that polynomial at a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that polynomial at a random
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+that value you get is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value you get is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value you get is going to be the
+correct value and it's going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value and it's going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value and it's going to continue
+to do that in the way using the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in the way using the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in the way using the same
+protocol as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol as we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol as we'll see
+so that's where we're going so to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're going so to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we're going so to in
+order to show that figure z is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to show that figure z is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to show that figure z is correct
+the verifier now gets to pick a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier now gets to pick a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier now gets to pick a random
+value in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in the field
+and the prover is going to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prover is going to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the prover is going to show that
+evaluating that polynomial at r1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that polynomial at r1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating that polynomial at r1 is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+remember this looks a lot like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this looks a lot like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this looks a lot like what we
+had from before where we were val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from before where we were val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had from before where we were val
+showing that number fee of zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that number fee of zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that number fee of zero is
+correct the number fee of one is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the number fee of one is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the number fee of one is correct
+now we're trying to show that number fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're trying to show that number fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're trying to show that number fee
+of r1 this random value from the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r1 this random value from the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r1 this random value from the field
+is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the way we're going to do that is now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do that is now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do that is now by
+unpacking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpacking it
+one level down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to be using those identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using those identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be using those identity
+that identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identity
+by because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by because
+this value here is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value here is going to be equal to
+um number fee of r1 comma 0 plus number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number fee of r1 comma 0 plus number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um number fee of r1 comma 0 plus number
+fee of r1 comma 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of r1 comma 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of r1 comma 1.
+so the way but we don't want to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way but we don't want to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way but we don't want to send
+both of those so we're going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those so we're going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those so we're going to send
+them combined into a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them combined into a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them combined into a polynomial
+of number fee of r1 of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number fee of r1 of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number fee of r1 of z
+as a polynomial in z this is the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polynomial in z this is the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polynomial in z this is the new
+polynomial in z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in z
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+if you understood the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understood the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you understood the previous
+line then hopefully this one won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line then hopefully this one won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line then hopefully this one won't be
+too hard to swallow because now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to swallow because now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to swallow because now we're
+going to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the identity but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity but here
+by evaluating the polynomial again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by evaluating the polynomial again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by evaluating the polynomial again
+but one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one level
+at the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next level
+okay so this is this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is um
+uh perhaps a good place to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perhaps a good place to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh perhaps a good place to uh
+to take questions because this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take questions because this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take questions because this is this
+is the heart this is really what i spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heart this is really what i spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the heart this is really what i spent
+all the time setting things up for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time setting things up for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time setting things up for so
+that you would be ready to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would be ready to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would be ready to get this
+thing hopefully without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing hopefully without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing hopefully without
+you know and hopefully get be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and hopefully get be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and hopefully get be able to
+appreciate it and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let i'm not getting questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let i'm not getting questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let i'm not getting questions
+let's let's move on a little further so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's move on a little further so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's move on a little further so
+now in order so the pollen again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order so the pollen again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order so the pollen again the
+approver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver
+has sent this polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sent this polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sent this polynomial
+at the next in stage two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next in stage two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next in stage two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we the verifier needs to be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we the verifier needs to be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we the verifier needs to be sure
+that that polynomial is correct so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that polynomial is correct so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that polynomial is correct so it's
+going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to evaluate
+um that polynomial that new polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that polynomial that new polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that polynomial that new polynomial
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+at a random location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a random location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a random location
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so by picking a random value r2 in in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by picking a random value r2 in in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by picking a random value r2 in in um
+in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field
+uh and now it needs to show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now it needs to show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now it needs to show that this
+value is is correct um because if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is is correct um because if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is is correct um because if that
+polynomial had been the wrong polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial had been the wrong polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial had been the wrong polynomial
+it disagreed with the correct polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it disagreed with the correct polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it disagreed with the correct polynomial
+almost everywhere and by picking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere and by picking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere and by picking a
+random place it's probably not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random place it's probably not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random place it's probably not going to
+be the right value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right value
+and we'd s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of the values have been picked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the values have been picked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the values have been picked and
+so we have one last value um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one last value um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have one last value um
+uh to to select a zero and one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to select a zero and one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to select a zero and one this
+corresponds to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the nth
+you know if you it would be great if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you it would be great if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you it would be great if i
+could put both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put both
+pictures on um on your screen but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures on um on your screen but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures on um on your screen but i
+can't um so this very much corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't um so this very much corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't um so this very much corresponds
+to what happened in the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what happened in the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what happened in the exponential
+protocol but just along you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol but just along you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol but just along you know sort of
+this arithmetic arithmetized one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arithmetic arithmetized one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arithmetic arithmetized one single
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+so uh it checks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it checks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh it checks that
+the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous
+value is is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is is correct
+in terms of expanding it with zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of expanding it with zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of expanding it with zero and
+one but again the zero and one comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but again the zero and one comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but again the zero and one comes
+from evaluating the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from evaluating the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from evaluating the polynomial
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and now the verifier needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the verifier needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the verifier needs to be
+convinced that that polynomial was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that that polynomial was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that that polynomial was right
+so it picks a random value but now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it picks a random value but now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it picks a random value but now it
+doesn't rely on the prover anymore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rely on the prover anymore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't rely on the prover anymore it's
+going to see whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by evaluating the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by evaluating the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by evaluating the polynomial
+with that random value rm plugged in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that random value rm plugged in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that random value rm plugged in is
+the same as what i get by evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as what i get by evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as what i get by evaluating the
+polynomial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial for the
+formula itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula itself
+that the verifier can do directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier can do directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the verifier can do directly
+because this is now a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is now a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is now a polynomial
+now just plugging into the formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just plugging into the formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just plugging into the formula and
+using the arithmetization to get a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the arithmetization to get a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the arithmetization to get a value
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this was the last line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was the last line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was the last line of the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we had those two identity those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we had those two identity those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we had those two identity those two
+identities so this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities so this is the second
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+and we have to check that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to check that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to check that this is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh so i'm gonna describe show this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm gonna describe show this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i'm gonna describe show this to
+you in a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+not sure it'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure it'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure it'll help
+if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you're
+confused but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused but
+why don't we take some questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we take some questions on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we take some questions on this
+so as i said i'm going to give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said i'm going to give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said i'm going to give you two
+chances to understand this um because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances to understand this um because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances to understand this um because i
+know it's tough this is especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's tough this is especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's tough this is especially with
+the constraints of zoom this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints of zoom this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraints of zoom this is a
+particularly challenging idea to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see so the benefit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see so the benefit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see so the benefit of this
+approach is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach is that the
+approver only sends one item for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver only sends one item for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approver only sends one item for each
+depth level instead of multiple items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth level instead of multiple items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth level instead of multiple items
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+but that one item is the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that one item is the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that one item is the polynomial
+so that that captures all of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that captures all of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that captures all of the values
+for the entire field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire field
+but taking advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but taking advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but taking advantage of the
+arithmetization that one polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization that one polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization that one polynomial
+you know us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know us
+has a lot of information in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of information in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of information in it
+and what's nice is that you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice is that you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's nice is that you can check
+that polynomial by just evaluating it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polynomial by just evaluating it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polynomial by just evaluating it at
+random one random place you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random one random place you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random one random place you can check
+that that polynomial is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that polynomial is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that polynomial is correct
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so where does so i'm getting another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does so i'm getting another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does so i'm getting another
+question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here
+where does this come from here if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this come from here if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this come from here if we
+we checks that this here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we checks that this here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we checks that this here so this
+where does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does this
+so you have to look to understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to look to understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to look to understand why
+where this is coming from you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is coming from you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is coming from you have to
+we're at the end round now so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the end round now so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the end round now so you have
+to look back like at round two v has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look back like at round two v has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look back like at round two v has to
+check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that
+fee of r1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of r1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of r1
+which comes from the end of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from the end of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from the end of the first
+round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round
+so this checks that this fee of r1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this checks that this fee of r1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this checks that this fee of r1 is
+correct because that was where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because that was where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because that was where
+that was how we justified the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was how we justified the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was how we justified the polynomial
+with just a single variable the the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a single variable the the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a single variable the the very
+first polynomial is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first polynomial is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first polynomial is correct
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a little hard to say but this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hard to say but this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little hard to say but this comes from
+the previous round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous round
+this this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the polynomial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the polynomial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the polynomial for the
+current round this is the value from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current round this is the value from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current round this is the value from the
+previous round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous round
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why doesn't this run for exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why doesn't this run for exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why doesn't this run for exponential
+time another question i'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another question i'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another question i'm getting
+doesn't v need to check twice at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't v need to check twice at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't v need to check twice at each
+layer yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer yes
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+the the verifier needs to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the verifier needs to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the verifier needs to check
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+gets two values but those two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets two values but those two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets two values but those two values
+come from the one polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's no blow up anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no blow up anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no blow up anymore
+you know those two values maybe you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those two values maybe you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know those two values maybe you'll
+see it in the picture that i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the picture that i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in the picture that i'm going to
+show so maybe just hold that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show so maybe just hold that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show so maybe just hold that question
+and maybe this will become clearer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe this will become clearer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe this will become clearer in
+the in the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another question does this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another question does this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another question does this work
+because the polynomial encodes kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomial encodes kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the polynomial encodes kind of
+encodes all the possible values together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes all the possible values together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes all the possible values together
+i think that's sort of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's sort of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's sort of true
+that sort of mixes them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of mixes them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of mixes them all together
+into one object then you have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one object then you have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one object then you have to check
+that one object which can be done with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one object which can be done with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one object which can be done with a
+sort of random probing of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of random probing of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of random probing of it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so this is another good question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is another good question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is another good question that
+we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see
+explained in the next slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in the next slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained in the next slide so
+uh so similarly in attempt one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so similarly in attempt one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so similarly in attempt one the
+prover can keep lying by by picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover can keep lying by by picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover can keep lying by by picking
+polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials
+um in rounds one you know by continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in rounds one you know by continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in rounds one you know by continuing
+to pick polynomials by lying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick polynomials by lying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick polynomials by lying about the
+polynomials but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials but eventually
+it's going to get caught because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get caught because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get caught because this
+value is going to be the wrong value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is going to be the wrong value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is going to be the wrong value
+you know if the polynomial in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the polynomial in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if the polynomial in the
+previous stage and the m minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stage and the m minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous stage and the m minus f
+you know if it's a polynomial that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's a polynomial that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's a polynomial that the
+prover sent in the m state is the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover sent in the m state is the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover sent in the m state is the wrong
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+then you evaluate it you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you evaluate it you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you evaluate it you're going to get
+the wrong value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong value
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so then that wrong value is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that wrong value is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then that wrong value is not
+going to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to match
+the correct value which is you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct value which is you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct value which is you can read
+you off yourself by reading the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off yourself by reading the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you off yourself by reading the formula
+okay i think we should need to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think we should need to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think we should need to move on
+to the next slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next slide um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so same proof version two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same proof version two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so same proof version two but
+looks different um again the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks different um again the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks different um again the input is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+here's what the approver sends here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the approver sends here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the approver sends here is
+what the verifier sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the verifier sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the verifier sends
+i'm gonna i sort of whimsically designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna i sort of whimsically designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna i sort of whimsically designed
+this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a
+uh as a telephone chat where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a telephone chat where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a telephone chat where they're
+sending each method messages through uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending each method messages through uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending each method messages through uh
+messaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messaging
+okay so the prover sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the prover sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the prover sends
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+number fee to start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee to start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee to start off with
+and then off on the side these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then off on the side these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then off on the side these are the
+checks that the verifier is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks that the verifier is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks that the verifier is going to be
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+in our first round of the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our first round of the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our first round of the chat
+the approver is going to send fee of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver is going to send fee of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver is going to send fee of z
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+this is just a a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a a polynomial
+in not too many coefficients so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not too many coefficients so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not too many coefficients so it's a
+polynomial in one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial in one variable
+the degree is small so there are not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree is small so there are not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree is small so there are not too
+many coefficients here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coefficients here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many coefficients here
+you know so this is uh so pretending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this is uh so pretending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this is uh so pretending
+this is what it might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it might look like
+and then the verify so from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the verify so from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the verify so from that
+polynomial the verifier can plug in zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial the verifier can plug in zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial the verifier can plug in zero
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and see that the adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now the verifier to check that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the verifier to check that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the verifier to check that this
+polynomial is correct it picks a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial is correct it picks a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial is correct it picks a random
+value to evaluate this polynomial on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to evaluate this polynomial on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to evaluate this polynomial on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh and so now it's going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so now it's going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so now it's going to have to
+check that this is correct so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this is correct so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this is correct so this is
+not nothing to check you're just writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nothing to check you're just writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not nothing to check you're just writing
+this down in anticipation of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in anticipation of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down in anticipation of the next
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+now the prover to justify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prover to justify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the prover to justify that
+that this value is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that this polynomial is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this polynomial is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this polynomial is right
+so we evaluate okay doesn't say that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we evaluate okay doesn't say that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we evaluate okay doesn't say that to
+prove in order to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove in order to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove in order to check that
+this value is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to send the polynomial for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to send the polynomial for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to send the polynomial for the
+next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next level
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we can from that we can plug in zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can from that we can plug in zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can from that we can plug in zero
+and one for z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one for z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one for z
+see if that adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if that adds up
+and now to be sure that this polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to be sure that this polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to be sure that this polynomial
+is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+um we evaluate it at a random place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we evaluate it at a random place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we evaluate it at a random place
+calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have to have to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have to see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this value is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value is correct
+so now we expanded one level down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we expanded one level down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we expanded one level down
+further we pick a we we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we pick a we we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further we pick a we we take a
+polynomial for the next variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial for the next variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial for the next variable
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+see that it adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it adds up
+okay i i'm not i'm not sure what whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i i'm not i'm not sure what whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i i'm not i'm not sure what whether
+this is helping or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is helping or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is helping or not
+um but we keep doing that until we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we keep doing that until we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we keep doing that until we get
+to the very last round uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very last round uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very last round uh where the
+prover's sending a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover's sending a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover's sending a polynomial
+make sure that this adds up correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this adds up correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this adds up correctly
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier
+to be see that this polynomial is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be see that this polynomial is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be see that this polynomial is right
+picks a random value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks a random value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks a random value
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+evaluates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates it
+and now checks that this agrees with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now checks that this agrees with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now checks that this agrees with the
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+because we've now assigned all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've now assigned all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've now assigned all of the
+variables and the then we can then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the then we can then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the then we can then we
+can check this number fee directly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check this number fee directly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check this number fee directly in
+terms of the fee um because they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the fee um because they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the fee um because they have to
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so the verify would accept if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the verify would accept if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the verify would accept if
+everything checks out let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything checks out let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything checks out let's see what
+happens so this answer will answer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this answer will answer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so this answer will answer some
+questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't i go walk through what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i go walk through what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i go walk through what happens
+if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+input was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input was
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll
+we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how
+the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+likely to catch the approver but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to catch the approver but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to catch the approver but not
+guaranteed to catch the approver in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to catch the approver in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to catch the approver in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if k was correct the verifier will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k was correct the verifier will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k was correct the verifier will
+accept with the honest prover but if k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with the honest prover but if k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept with the honest prover but if k
+was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong
+so i'm going to again indicate the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to again indicate the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to again indicate the wrong
+values in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values in red
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm going to show you that the verifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you that the verifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show you that the verifiers
+is almost certainly going to accept but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost certainly going to accept but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost certainly going to accept but
+not guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+did i say that wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i say that wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i say that wrong so
+if k is wrong the verifier is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k is wrong the verifier is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if k is wrong the verifier is going to
+probably reject but it's not guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably reject but it's not guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably reject but it's not guaranteed
+to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um first of all if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um first of all if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um first of all if the
+does not lie does not send the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not lie does not send the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not lie does not send the wrong
+value for a number fee the verifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for a number fee the verifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for a number fee the verifier is
+certainly going to reject because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going to reject because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly going to reject because it's
+not going to be get any quality there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be get any quality there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be get any quality there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the prover has to lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prover has to lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the prover has to lie
+you know say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+you know if k was 99 but the real value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if k was 99 but the real value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if k was 99 but the real value
+was 100 the approver if it says 100 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 100 the approver if it says 100 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 100 the approver if it says 100 the
+verifier is going to reject immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to reject immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is going to reject immediately
+so the verifies you know the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the verifies you know the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the verifies you know the proof is
+going to say well let's let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well let's let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well let's let's see what
+what the approver can do to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the approver can do to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the approver can do to make the
+verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+hopefully accept from the approver's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully accept from the approver's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully accept from the approver's
+standpoint so the proof is going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint so the proof is going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint so the proof is going to send
+99.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.
+well the verifier says okay 99 fine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the verifier says okay 99 fine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the verifier says okay 99 fine uh
+convince me so the program now um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince me so the program now um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince me so the program now um you
+know one of these two has is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of these two has is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of these two has is going to be
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+uh has to be because the two correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has to be because the two correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has to be because the two correct
+values can't add up to the wrong value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can't add up to the wrong value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values can't add up to the wrong value
+so one of these is wrong so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of these is wrong so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of these is wrong so that means
+the prover had to send the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover had to send the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover had to send the wrong
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+because the correct polynomial would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the correct polynomial would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the correct polynomial would
+evaluate the correct answers here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the correct answers here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the correct answers here so the
+prover had to send the wrong polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover had to send the wrong polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover had to send the wrong polynomial
+so now when we evaluate it at a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when we evaluate it at a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when we evaluate it at a random
+place chances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place chances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place chances are
+this is going to be the wrong this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the wrong this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the wrong this is
+not going to be the same value that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the same value that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be the same value that the
+correct polynomial would have given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct polynomial would have given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct polynomial would have given you
+the prover could get lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover could get lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover could get lucky
+we could have verified it might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have verified it might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have verified it might have
+just happened to pick a place with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened to pick a place with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happened to pick a place with a
+correct polynomial and the incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct polynomial and the incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct polynomial and the incorrect
+polynomial agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial agree
+and that place the approval think huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that place the approval think huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that place the approval think huh
+i'm saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saved
+now i can act like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can act like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can act like the
+honest prover from this point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest prover from this point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest prover from this point on
+and you know the verifier will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the verifier will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the verifier will never
+catch me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch me
+you know i said a little bit analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i said a little bit analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i said a little bit analogous
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the situation maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation maybe
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you know i'm trying to see if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm trying to see if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm trying to see if you really
+studied the whole course so i'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the whole course so i'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the whole course so i'm giving
+you an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an exam
+but by picking sort of random places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by picking sort of random places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by picking sort of random places
+there but maybe you just studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but maybe you just studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but maybe you just studied
+you know a few facts from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few facts from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few facts from the from the
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+you might get lucky i might happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get lucky i might happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get lucky i might happen to
+ask just about those facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask just about those facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask just about those facts
+and then you give the appearance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give the appearance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you give the appearance of
+having studied everything but you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having studied everything but you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having studied everything but you really
+didn't so here the approver might send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so here the approver might send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't so here the approver might send
+the wrong polynomial but the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong polynomial but the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong polynomial but the verifier
+just queries that at the place where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just queries that at the place where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just queries that at the place where it
+happens to agree with the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to agree with the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to agree with the correct
+polynomial and the verb just gets lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and the verb just gets lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial and the verb just gets lucky
+and the verifier is going to accept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier is going to accept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the verifier is going to accept in
+that case but there are very few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case but there are very few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case but there are very few of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+so that's why the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the prover
+is almost certainly to be caught if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost certainly to be caught if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost certainly to be caught if it
+tries to lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to lie
+but not guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not guaranteed
+um so again so just tracing this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again so just tracing this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so again so just tracing this down
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if this was a lie then one of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a lie then one of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a lie then one of those two
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+a lie so therefore the next polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lie so therefore the next polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lie so therefore the next polynomial
+has to be a lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a lie
+and so we continue so then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we continue so then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we continue so then the next
+value is almost certainly going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is almost certainly going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is almost certainly going to be a
+lie not guaranteed and so then one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie not guaranteed and so then one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie not guaranteed and so then one of
+those two values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two values
+has to be a lot at least one has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a lot at least one has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be a lot at least one has to be a
+lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie
+therefore the polynomial has to be a lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the polynomial has to be a lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the polynomial has to be a lie
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh until
+uh you know unless the approver got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know unless the approver got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know unless the approver got
+lucky along the way somewhere which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky along the way somewhere which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky along the way somewhere which is
+very unlikely even though it has several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely even though it has several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely even though it has several
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+you know we've arranged ranges so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've arranged ranges so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've arranged ranges so that
+the chance of getting lucky is tiny at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of getting lucky is tiny at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of getting lucky is tiny at
+each stage so even though he has a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage so even though he has a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each stage so even though he has a few
+chances there's still going to be a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances there's still going to be a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances there's still going to be a tiny
+chance that you're going to get lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you're going to get lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you're going to get lucky
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+this is wrong then chances are that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wrong then chances are that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wrong then chances are that's
+wrong and so therefore this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and so therefore this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and so therefore this is going to
+be a disagreement and the verifier at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a disagreement and the verifier at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a disagreement and the verifier at
+that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+when it doesn't agree it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't agree it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it doesn't agree it's going to
+reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+unless the people got lucky somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the people got lucky somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the people got lucky somewhere
+along the way which is unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way which is unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way which is unlikely
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i don't know if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't know if you had
+so that's my all i was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my all i was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my all i was going to say
+about this proof uh i don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this proof uh i don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this proof uh i don't know if you
+had any questions on it but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any questions on it but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had any questions on it but let's just
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+uh do we have any questions i can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do we have any questions i can answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do we have any questions i can answer
+how the approver gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the approver gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the approver gets
+how how does approver get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how does approver get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how does approver get
+number how does the prover get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how does the prover get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number how does the prover get
+number fee of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to you know why is number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to you know why is number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to you know why is number
+fee of z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee of z
+have no other variables you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no other variables you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no other variables you have to go
+back and look at the the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at the the definition of
+number fee of number fee of a because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of number fee of a because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number fee of number fee of a because
+you add up over all the other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up over all the other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add up over all the other variables
+so now we're pick plugging in instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're pick plugging in instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're pick plugging in instead of
+a plugging a variable for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plugging a variable for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plugging a variable for that but
+you're still adding up over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still adding up over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still adding up over the other
+variables so this is a very column this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this is a very column this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so this is a very column this
+is a function in just one variable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function in just one variable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function in just one variable which
+is about who can because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about who can because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about who can because it's
+you know it was original original thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was original original thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was original original thing
+was a polynomial so so this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a polynomial so so this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a polynomial so so this is also
+going to be following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be following
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think we're starting to run low on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're starting to run low on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're starting to run low on
+time so this is our very last check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is our very last check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is our very last check-in
+for the semester here so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the semester here so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the semester here so of course
+there's one natural question to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one natural question to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one natural question to ask you
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+and for our very last check-in as we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for our very last check-in as we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for our very last check-in as we're
+in our last couple of minutes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last couple of minutes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last couple of minutes of the
+course or the least of the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does p equal np what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will maybe pb equal np be solved by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maybe pb equal np be solved by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will maybe pb equal np be solved by a
+deep learning algorithm or maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning algorithm or maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep learning algorithm or maybe we'll
+never prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give me your best guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me your best guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me your best guess
+okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're
+kind of running out of time so let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of running out of time so let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of running out of time so let's not
+think too hard here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think too hard here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think too hard here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another five seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right ending polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ending polling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ending polling
+uh i'll share that with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll share that with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll share that with you
+oh yeah i did share uh so what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah i did share uh so what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah i did share uh so what what do
+we get d here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get d here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get d here
+we will prove it in somewhere between 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will prove it in somewhere between 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will prove it in somewhere between 20
+and 100 years from now that's the seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 years from now that's the seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 years from now that's the seems
+to be the majority opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the majority opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the majority opinion
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know
+i hope it'll be sooner than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope it'll be sooner than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope it'll be sooner than that
+because i'd like to see the answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'd like to see the answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'd like to see the answer but
+uh we don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah if you can prove peter from np yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you can prove peter from np yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if you can prove peter from np yeah
+yeah i'll give you an a plus you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'll give you an a plus you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'll give you an a plus you won't
+have to take the final but you better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the final but you better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the final but you better be
+sure you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you're right
+um all right so what that is our quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so what that is our quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so what that is our quick
+review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review
+we finished number sat in ip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finished number sat in ip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finished number sat in ip and
+therefore that co-np is a subset of ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that co-np is a subset of ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore that co-np is a subset of ip
+um if you're interested in further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're interested in further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're interested in further
+pursuit of this material i got a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of this material i got a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of this material i got a couple
+of questions on that these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions on that these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions on that these are some
+courses you may want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses you may want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses you may want to look at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i know i checked with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i checked with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know i checked with um
+ryan williams he's planning to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ryan williams he's planning to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ryan williams he's planning to teach
+advanced complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced complexity
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+fall 2021 so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall 2021 so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall 2021 so um
+uh that's we're going to be one the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's we're going to be one the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's we're going to be one the most
+natural follow-on subject to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural follow-on subject to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural follow-on subject to this one
+is the crypto classes also are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the crypto classes also are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the crypto classes also are kind of
+make use of some of the same ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of some of the same ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of some of the same ideas and
+there's of course also randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course also randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's of course also randomness
+computation that ronit rubenfeld teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that ronit rubenfeld teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation that ronit rubenfeld teaches
+i don't know if i didn't check with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i didn't check with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i didn't check with her
+i don't sure the next time she's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't sure the next time she's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't sure the next time she's going
+to be teaching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+good luck on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck on the final
+and best wishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and best wishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and best wishes
+so um and i'm gonna have office hours so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and i'm gonna have office hours so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um and i'm gonna have office hours so
+if you have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know happy to uh answer those but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know happy to uh answer those but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know happy to uh answer those but
+otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise
+see you all good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you for the comments yeah i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the comments yeah i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for the comments yeah i
+enjoyed having you all as students it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed having you all as students it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyed having you all as students it
+was it was uh it was a fun time a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was uh it was a fun time a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was uh it was a fun time a lot of
+work but it was a fun time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but it was a fun time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work but it was a fun time
+i've always been intrigued by p the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've always been intrigued by p the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've always been intrigued by p the p
+versus np problem and i proved a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus np problem and i proved a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus np problem and i proved a kind of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i proved the exponential complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i proved the exponential complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i proved the exponential complexity
+of computing the parity function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing the parity function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of computing the parity function
+in a certain weak model of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain weak model of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain weak model of computation
+so parity function is very obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parity function is very obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parity function is very obviously
+very trivial function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very trivial function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very trivial function
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but the for the parity function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the for the parity function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the for the parity function
+if you can't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever that means but there's a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that means but there's a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that means but there's a there
+is a model you can kind of set up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model you can kind of set up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a model you can kind of set up but
+you can't count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't count
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parity requires exponential complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity requires exponential complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity requires exponential complexity
+and surprisingly not easy to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprisingly not easy to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surprisingly not easy to prove uh
+but that's probably the theorem that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's probably the theorem that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's probably the theorem that i'm
+most known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most known for
+anyway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but
+that would be a topic for another day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a topic for another day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a topic for another day
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another question why not include my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question why not include my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question why not include my
+hills the my hill and the road theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills the my hill and the road theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills the my hill and the road theorem
+seems i don't know that's a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems i don't know that's a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems i don't know that's a theorem
+about finite automata and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite automata and all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finite automata and all of those
+ways of characterizing the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of characterizing the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of characterizing the regular
+languages that seems kind of a tactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that seems kind of a tactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that seems kind of a tactic
+technical theorem i don't don't see much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical theorem i don't don't see much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical theorem i don't don't see much
+point in covering it and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in covering it and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in covering it and another
+question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that
+some of my colleagues ask me is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my colleagues ask me is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of my colleagues ask me is why
+don't i have rice's theorem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i have rice's theorem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't i have rice's theorem which is
+sort of provides a kind of a machine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of provides a kind of a machine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of provides a kind of a machine for
+proving undecidability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving undecidability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving undecidability
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+i don't know i think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know i think that
+you can use rice's theorem without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use rice's theorem without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use rice's theorem without
+understanding how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how to prove
+undecidability it becomes sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidability it becomes sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undecidability it becomes sort of uh
+it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a
+it's like checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like checking
+off checking off a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off checking off a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off checking off a box
+checking some boxes and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking some boxes and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking some boxes and then you get
+conclude something's undecidable i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude something's undecidable i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude something's undecidable i'd
+rather have somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have somebody
+understand it rather than just be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it rather than just be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it rather than just be able
+to use some powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use some powerful tool
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we understand that proof of the num
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we understand that proof of the num
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we understand that proof of the num
+the proof about the parity function uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof about the parity function uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof about the parity function uh
+that i just alluded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just alluded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i just alluded to
+that's super hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's super hard
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+with the knowledge from this class i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the knowledge from this class i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the knowledge from this class i
+think you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can um
+the the that theorem uh relies on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the that theorem uh relies on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the that theorem uh relies on a
+certain technique which we didn't cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain technique which we didn't cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain technique which we didn't cover
+uh called the probabilistic method which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called the probabilistic method which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh called the probabilistic method which
+is a kind of an amazing method uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of an amazing method uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of an amazing method uh not
+hard to explain but basically you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to explain but basically you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to explain but basically you show
+that something exists by showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something exists by showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something exists by showing that
+the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability
+that a random object has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random object has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random object has
+the property you're looking for is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property you're looking for is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property you're looking for is more
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+um and so therefore the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so therefore the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so therefore the thing that
+you're looking for that has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for that has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking for that has that
+property has to exist um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property has to exist um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property has to exist um
+there are lots of examples of that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of examples of that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of examples of that these
+days but it's it's kind of an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but it's it's kind of an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but it's it's kind of an amazing
+method so use that method do i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so use that method do i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so use that method do i think
+quantum computing can solve useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computing can solve useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum computing can solve useful
+problems beyond the capability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems beyond the capability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems beyond the capability of
+classical computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical computers
+i have no idea whether one can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no idea whether one can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have no idea whether one can really
+build a quantum computer it seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a quantum computer it seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a quantum computer it seems to be
+always 20 years off at least to doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always 20 years off at least to doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always 20 years off at least to doing
+one that factors and i've been literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that factors and i've been literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that factors and i've been literally
+uh i remember people 20 years ago saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i remember people 20 years ago saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i remember people 20 years ago saying
+it's 20 years off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 years off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 years off so
+uh i don't think it's converging um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't think it's converging um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't think it's converging um i
+i'm skeptical that they'll ever build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm skeptical that they'll ever build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm skeptical that they'll ever build a
+chronic computer that can factor i'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic computer that can factor i'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic computer that can factor i'll go
+out on a limb and say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on a limb and say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on a limb and say that
+but that's controversial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's controversial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's controversial
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and whether it can solve other useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it can solve other useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it can solve other useful
+problems i'm not sure whether useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems i'm not sure whether useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems i'm not sure whether useful
+problems are there well i guess they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are there well i guess they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are there well i guess they're
+simulating quantum systems so maybe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating quantum systems so maybe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating quantum systems so maybe that
+that might be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be possible
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right i think i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i think i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i think i'm gonna
+i'm gonna end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna end this
+now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you everybody take care bye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eGPpz9kYUCg.txt b/eGPpz9kYUCg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ea14dab5ce427e59be79d98138e7ddbbd1623f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eGPpz9kYUCg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16426 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay good so so let me first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay good so so let me first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay good so so let me first
+remind you what we did last time so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what we did last time so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what we did last time so last
+time we discussed that for any operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we discussed that for any operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we discussed that for any operator
+say some operator o in the in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some operator o in the in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some operator o in the in the field
+the we expect this one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we expect this one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we expect this one to one
+correspondence to some field say five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence to some field say five in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence to some field say five in
+the gravity site okay and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity site okay and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravity site okay and of course the
+quantum numbers of those uh uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers of those uh uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers of those uh uh uh uh
+they should match be because they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should match be because they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should match be because they the
+they fall into representations of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall into representations of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall into representations of some
+symmetry groups and the for into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry groups and the for into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry groups and the for into
+representations of the same symmet group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the same symmet group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations of the same symmet group
+of course their quantum numbers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course their quantum numbers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course their quantum numbers should
+also match and in particular on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also match and in particular on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also match and in particular on the
+field theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory
+side it's natural say to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's natural say to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's natural say to add
+a say if you have such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say if you have such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say if you have such an
+operator it's natural to to add a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's natural to to add a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's natural to to add a source
+term and then to deform the Lin uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then to deform the Lin uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then to deform the Lin uh in
+such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+form and then we explained that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then we explained that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then we explained that then
+this F may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this F may be
+considered as the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as the boundary
+value of five in the boundary of of ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of five in the boundary of of ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of five in the boundary of of ads
+okay um so the boundary value of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so the boundary value of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so the boundary value of five
+and it's mapped to the um to the um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's mapped to the um to the um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's mapped to the um to the um yeah
+if I have some boundary value then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have some boundary value then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have some boundary value then that
+corresponding to your boundary Ser L Rin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to your boundary Ser L Rin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to your boundary Ser L Rin
+have a such a term in know L okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a such a term in know L okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a such a term in know L okay and
+then we also motivated this for um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also motivated this for um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also motivated this for um we
+also discussed this for the F for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discussed this for the F for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also discussed this for the F for the
+vector field and for the uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field and for the uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field and for the uh for
+conserved current say the case which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved current say the case which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved current say the case which is
+a conserved current then then then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conserved current then then then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conserved current then then then that
+implies that the yeah in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the yeah in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the yeah in particular
+example of this if you have a conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this if you have a conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this if you have a conserved
+current then that's corresponding to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current then that's corresponding to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current then that's corresponding to you
+must be dual to a gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be dual to a gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be dual to a gauge
+field and uh in particular the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and uh in particular the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and uh in particular the stress
+tensor must be dual to the matric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor must be dual to the matric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor must be dual to the matric
+deformation in the in the field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation in the in the field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation in the in the field series
+site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so any questions regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this good okay so now let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this good okay so now let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this good okay so now let's try to
+develop more more the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop more more the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop more more the relation between
+uh uh this relation so this is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this relation so this is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this relation so this is normally
+called the operat field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the operat field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the operat field
+course mapping and so so now let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course mapping and so so now let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course mapping and so so now let's um
+look at uh this relation a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh this relation a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh this relation a little bit
+more so one immediate question one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so one immediate question one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so one immediate question one can
+ask so the obvious question regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so the obvious question regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so the obvious question regarding
+say the sping of this operator then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the sping of this operator then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the sping of this operator then
+should map to the sping of this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should map to the sping of this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should map to the sping of this operator
+EXC but if you consider con of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC but if you consider con of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXC but if you consider con of
+confirmable theory which is scale inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmable theory which is scale inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmable theory which is scale inv
+variant a very important quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant a very important quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant a very important quantum number
+for operator for scaling operator is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for operator for scaling operator is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for operator for scaling operator is the
+scaling Dimension uh as we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling Dimension uh as we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling Dimension uh as we mentioned
+before is said in the conformal C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is said in the conformal C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is said in the conformal C
+everything is scale in wariant and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is scale in wariant and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is scale in wariant and then
+you can assign uh any operator any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assign uh any operator any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assign uh any operator any uh
+um operator which transform on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um operator which transform on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um operator which transform on the
+appropriate representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate representation of the
+conform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform
+symmetry scaling Dimension that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry scaling Dimension that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry scaling Dimension that's one of
+the most important quantum number so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important quantum number so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important quantum number so so
+now let's look at how the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at how the scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at how the scaling
+dimension of this operator are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of this operator are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of this operator are related
+to the physical properties here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the physical properties here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the physical properties here okay
+because uh because here uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh because here uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh because here uh there's no
+low scaling dimension in the sense uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low scaling dimension in the sense uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low scaling dimension in the sense uh uh
+this is just some gravity fields and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just some gravity fields and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just some gravity fields and uh
+here is the isometric group it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the isometric group it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the isometric group it's not the
+scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling
+Symmetry and and and then we also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and and and then we also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and and and then we also can
+try to understand what is the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what is the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what is the properties
+of this five how they reflected in O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this five how they reflected in O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this five how they reflected in O
+Okay um so that's the um purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay um so that's the um purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay um so that's the um purpose of
+today's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh
+lecture so for this purpose then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so for this purpose then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so for this purpose then now
+let's look at the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the gravity
+side so as we said last time we now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so as we said last time we now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so as we said last time we now we
+always work in the in the regime of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work in the in the regime of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work in the in the regime of the
+semic classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semic classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semic classical
+gravity so on the gravity side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we will show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we will show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we will show is that
+actually the dimension of this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the dimension of this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the dimension of this operator
+can be directly related to the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be directly related to the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be directly related to the mass of
+the corresponding field in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding field in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding field in the in the
+gravity site and so this is nor call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity site and so this is nor call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity site and so this is nor call the
+mass uh uh Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass uh uh Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass uh uh Dimension
+relation so so now let's just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so so now let's just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so so now let's just consider
+um on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side so the action can generically be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the action can generically be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the action can generically be
+written as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as the
+following so everything is controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so everything is controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so everything is controlled by
+the gravitational interaction so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational interaction so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational interaction so now I
+have introduced a l rotation uh which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introduced a l rotation uh which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introduced a l rotation uh which I
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain so you have the einan gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so you have the einan gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain so you have the einan gravity
+and then you have some matter field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have some matter field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have some matter field
+okay have some matter field Metaline so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have some matter field Metaline so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay have some matter field Metaline so
+this is the generic form uh say of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the generic form uh say of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the generic form uh say of the
+action in the gravity side so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in the gravity side so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action in the gravity side so I've
+introduced this two Capa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this two Capa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this two Capa
+Square which is essentially the whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square which is essentially the whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square which is essentially the whatever
+is the Newton constant in this d d plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Newton constant in this d d plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Newton constant in this d d plus
+one dimension so the standard normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension so the standard normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension so the standard normally
+we put the Newton 16 6 Pi G newon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the Newton 16 6 Pi G newon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the Newton 16 6 Pi G newon
+constant here so g d plus one just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here so g d plus one just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here so g d plus one just means
+the newon constant in G D plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newon constant in G D plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newon constant in G D plus1
+Dimension and I just now call these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and I just now call these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and I just now call these two
+c Square for convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c Square for convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c Square for convenience
+okay and typically the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and typically the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and typically the matter
+field say suppose you have a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field say suppose you have a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field say suppose you have a scalar
+field then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then you will
+have say for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form plus say nonlinear terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you have say the the V say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have say the the V say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have say the the V say if you
+have Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Vector
+field then you can then you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then you can then you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field then you can then you will have a
+Max wheel actions Etc okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max wheel actions Etc okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max wheel actions Etc okay so just
+whatever uh meta field you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh meta field you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh meta field you have in the
+gravity side and they just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so now let's consider uh small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's consider uh small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now let's consider uh small
+fluctuations now let's consider small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations now let's consider small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations now let's consider small
+perations around the pure ads okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations around the pure ads okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations around the pure ads okay so
+pure ads you only have a matric and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure ads you only have a matric and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure ads you only have a matric and all
+the all the mattera field essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the mattera field essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the mattera field essentially is
+zero so now let's consider the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now let's consider the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now let's consider the small
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pations okay around the IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pations okay around the IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pations okay around the IDE
+maybe I should say around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so first thing you
+notice is that the this two CA square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that the this two CA square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that the this two CA square is
+overall multiply the overall action so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall multiply the overall action so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall multiply the overall action so
+that means that the uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the uh all the
+interaction here essentially are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here essentially are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction here essentially are
+controlled by by this gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by by this gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by by this gravitational
+interaction yeah it's all of it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction yeah it's all of it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction yeah it's all of it's all
+controlled by car okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by car okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by car okay
+and when when you consider small pations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when you consider small pations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when when you consider small pations
+say when you uh uh uh then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you uh uh uh then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you uh uh uh then you can
+quantize the small pations ET it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the small pations ET it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the small pations ET it's
+convenient to use a canonically alized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to use a canonically alized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to use a canonically alized
+action so that means that the uh but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so that means that the uh but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so that means that the uh but if
+you look at the matter field here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the matter field here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the matter field here the
+prefa this one over two CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefa this one over two CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefa this one over two CA
+Square uh uh uh which is which is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh uh uh which is which is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh uh uh which is which is uh a
+lot convenient okay actually uh uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot convenient okay actually uh uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot convenient okay actually uh uh then
+with that two then I don't need two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that two then I don't need two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that two then I don't need two here
+so so let me just get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two um so so it's convenient to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um so so it's convenient to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um so so it's convenient to use a
+canonically localized canonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically localized canonically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically localized canonically
+normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+action so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so it's
+convenient consider small par around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient consider small par around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient consider small par around
+ads say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads say
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conven to canonically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normaliz excuse me yeah one second uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normaliz excuse me yeah one second uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normaliz excuse me yeah one second uh
+noriz the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term of small preservations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so me which means it's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so me which means it's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so me which means it's convenient
+when we consider say for example the Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we consider say for example the Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we consider say for example the Ser
+for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for five
+uh when consider scaling say take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when consider scaling say take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when consider scaling say take five
+to yeah WR say k five equal to Capa 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah WR say k five equal to Capa 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah WR say k five equal to Capa 5
+Prime and then you can see that the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then you can see that the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then you can see that the in
+five Prime we have the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime we have the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime we have the a
+canonical action and say for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical action and say for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical action and say for example if
+you consider the matric pations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then then you can write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you can write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you can write it as
+H MN so this is the ads matric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then then the five Prime and hmn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then the five Prime and hmn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then then the five Prime and hmn
+will be canonically normalized will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be canonically normalized will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be canonically normalized will be
+canonically normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically normalized
+okay um yeah so so so later I will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yeah so so so later I will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yeah so so so later I will just
+draw this Prime I will just call this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this Prime I will just call this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this Prime I will just call this F
+okay so we just do a scaling operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just do a scaling operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just do a scaling operation
+um yes why is one/ two should be get Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes why is one/ two should be get Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes why is one/ two should be get Oh
+no just because there has a one to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no just because there has a one to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no just because there has a one to here
+but but but what but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but what but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but what but you have
+R you have you see the r is in action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you have you see the r is in action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you have you see the r is in action
+and r no no no no I'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r no no no no I'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r no no no no I'm talking about the
+matter matter you by in the action you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter matter you by in the action you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter matter you by in the action you
+write Rus Q lamb plus the yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Rus Q lamb plus the yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Rus Q lamb plus the yeah so
+ordinary should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary should be
+R 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2
+something no it doesn't matter it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no it doesn't matter it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no it doesn't matter it just
+uh it just how I normalize things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just how I normalize things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just how I normalize things okay
+yeah you can normalize the uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can normalize the uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can normalize the uh you
+if you worry about one half it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you worry about one half it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you worry about one half it doesn't
+matter here will not worry about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter here will not worry about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter here will not worry about one
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah good so so now here's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good so so now here's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good so so now here's an important
+point so here is important Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so here is important Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so here is important Point
+remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we when we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we when we have the
+relation between the uh Newton constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the uh Newton constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the uh Newton constant
+so the Kaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Kaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Kaa
+square is of Luton constant remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is of Luton constant remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is of Luton constant remember
+this is proportional to one n Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is proportional to one n Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is proportional to one n Square
+okay uh uh uh remember uh what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh uh remember uh what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh uh remember uh what we
+discussed last time so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means under this scaling okay under this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means under this scaling okay under this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means under this scaling okay under this
+scaling so coer is actually of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so coer is actually of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling so coer is actually of order
+one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/
+n yeah Cara is a newon constant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n yeah Cara is a newon constant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n yeah Cara is a newon constant it's
+it's a square root of newon constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a square root of newon constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a square root of newon constant
+it's very small okay so this is an unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very small okay so this is an unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very small okay so this is an unit
+of literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we always consider in the L limit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we always consider in the L limit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we always consider in the L limit so
+that the newon constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the newon constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the newon constant is
+small and so uh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small so in this regime if we keep five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so in this regime if we keep five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so in this regime if we keep five
+so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when
+we so for canonically normalized field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so for canonically normalized field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so for canonically normalized field
+say if those five and hmn of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if those five and hmn of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if those five and hmn of order
+one then their pation is naturally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then their pation is naturally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then their pation is naturally small
+okay okay then their probation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay then their probation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay then their probation is
+naturally small because they essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally small because they essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally small because they essentially
+controlled by the scale controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the scale controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by the scale controlled by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+car and that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and that also
+means that also means if you plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that also means if you plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that also means if you plug this
+into the uh into the action so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh into the action so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh into the action so it's
+expand also nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand also nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand also nonlinear
+terms okay so it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so it also
+means that nonlinear terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh all the coer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this is very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is very easy to
+understand so let's consider uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so let's consider uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand so let's consider uh let's
+consider say a five cube term come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a five cube term come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a five cube term come from
+here so previously we have 1 / COA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so previously we have 1 / COA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so previously we have 1 / COA
+Square 5 Cube term okay so after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 5 Cube term okay so after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square 5 Cube term okay so after this
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+sking so after this skaing uh uh uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sking so after this skaing uh uh uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sking so after this skaing uh uh uh then
+I just have copper 5 Cube okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have copper 5 Cube okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have copper 5 Cube okay so for
+five of order one then the cubic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of order one then the cubic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of order one then the cubic term
+will be suppressed compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be suppressed compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be suppressed compared to the
+quadratic term because the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term because the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term because the quadratic
+term after the St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term after the St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term after the St
+scaling will be of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling will be of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling will be of order
+one will be order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be order one
+okay so so the longine ter will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppressed so so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+higher and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressed
+okay so except if we are interest in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so except if we are interest in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so except if we are interest in in
+consider the contribution of the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the contribution of the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the contribution of the higher
+order terms then to Leading order we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms then to Leading order we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms then to Leading order we can
+actually just consider for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just consider for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just consider for small
+fluctuations we can just consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations we can just consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations we can just consider the
+quadratic action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic action
+okay this means that to Leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can consider quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+this so this means we can just so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this means we can just so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this means we can just so this
+corresponding to quantize the fre series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to quantize the fre series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to quantize the fre series
+okay so this corresponding to quanti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this corresponding to quanti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this corresponding to quanti
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Series so remember we always use H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so remember we always use H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so remember we always use H bar
+equal to one so so for those M Metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so so for those M Metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one so so for those M Metal
+Field H bar is always equal to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field H bar is always equal to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field H bar is always equal to one and
+after you do the scaling get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do the scaling get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do the scaling get rid of the
+Kappa and then and then uh um yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa and then and then uh um yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kappa and then and then uh um yeah we
+just treat them as the free field Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conation good any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation good any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation good any questions about
+this okay so now let's look at a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now let's look at a scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now let's look at a scaler
+field okay just for for illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay just for for illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay just for for illustration
+now let's look at what's the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at what's the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at what's the behavior of
+a just a scal a massive scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so now let's
+consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a
+massive scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foration let's consider they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foration let's consider they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foration let's consider they have some
+SC we consider some scaler field five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC we consider some scaler field five in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SC we consider some scaler field five in
+the bo which is dual to some scal op o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bo which is dual to some scal op o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bo which is dual to some scal op o
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+boundary okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagine okay so now let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay so now let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay so now let's consider the
+uh quadratic action for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five okay so we can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay so we can write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five okay so we can write down the
+quadratic action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic action
+so so after you have scale out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CA and the quadratic action can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA and the quadratic action can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA and the quadratic action can be
+written explicit as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following plus all the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following plus all the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following plus all the car
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just a free action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a free action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just a free action
+and the gmn is just the just the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gmn is just the just the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gmn is just the just the the
+ads so the quadratic order uh uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads so the quadratic order uh uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads so the quadratic order uh uh this
+just in the pure in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ads so I will use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads so I will use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads so I will use this
+notation to delot the all component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to delot the all component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to delot the all component of
+ofs is the um so so we always use uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofs is the um so so we always use uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofs is the um so so we always use uh uh
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+use most of the time using this metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use most of the time using this metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use most of the time using this metric
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is my background ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matric and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric and this is my
+action so we also use the notation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so we also use the notation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so we also use the notation that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+XM actually I should write this a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM actually I should write this a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XM actually I should write this a matrix
+here but it doesn't matter so Xmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it doesn't matter so Xmen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it doesn't matter so Xmen
+should be considered as z x mu and X mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered as z x mu and X mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered as z x mu and X mu
+is the coordinates parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coordinates parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coordinates parallel to the
+boundary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so do you remember how to quantize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you remember how to quantize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do you remember how to quantize the
+free field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free field series
+action so uh so this is the time uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so uh so this is the time uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so uh so this is the time uh we
+need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember
+that um so so the first thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so so the first thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so so the first thing is that
+you solve equation motion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we actually we don't need to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually we don't need to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually we don't need to go to
+details I will just mention a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I will just mention a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I will just mention a few
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+features okay so this is the just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay so this is the just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay so this is the just the
+standard laas equation for massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard laas equation for massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard laas equation for massive
+scaler field say in the curve space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field say in the curve space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler field say in the curve space time
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+gmn just given by this metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmn just given by this metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gmn just given by this metric
+okay so this is a simil complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a simil complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a simil complicated
+partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential
+equation but here we have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but here we have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but here we have lots of
+symmetry so there's a translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so there's a translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so there's a translation
+symmetry along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry along the
+boundary along the directions parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary along the directions parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary along the directions parallel
+to the boundary then we can just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary then we can just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary then we can just uh
+write down a fre transform okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a fre transform okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a fre transform okay so
+because of the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetries in XM directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries in XM directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries in XM directions
+so we can just do a for transform we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just do a for transform we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can just do a for transform we can
+write F ZX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write F ZX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write F ZX
+mu in terms of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ddk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ddk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ddk
+okay so this k.x is just the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this k.x is just the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this k.x is just the standard
+minkovski contraction okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski contraction okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski contraction okay because the
+because the T and X part and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the T and X part and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the T and X part and essentially
+uh it's a each SCE is a mov metric so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a each SCE is a mov metric so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a each SCE is a mov metric so uh
+so mtion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mtion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mtion here
+k.x is just the standard movy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.x is just the standard movy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.x is just the standard movy
+contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cost so now it's the fre transform then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so now it's the fre transform then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so now it's the fre transform then
+you have get rid of all the uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have get rid of all the uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have get rid of all the uh uh uh
+then you just plug this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just plug this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just plug this in
+then then this is very easy to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then this is very easy to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then this is very easy to write
+down and then the equation motion can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then the equation motion can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then the equation motion can be
+just the only derivative now would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the only derivative now would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the only derivative now would be
+just in the Z Direction okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the Z Direction okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the Z Direction okay because
+then then all the derivative in the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then all the derivative in the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then all the derivative in the T
+and X can be replaced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X can be replaced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X can be replaced by
+K and then uh then the equation become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then uh then the equation become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then uh then the equation become
+very simple so take you a couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple so take you a couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple so take you a couple minutes
+to take you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take you a couple
+seconds to um to write it down so so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to um to write it down so so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to um to write it down so so let
+me just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write it
+down so can be written in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the K Square just is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K Square just is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K Square just is the standard
+one again the K square is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again the K square is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one again the K square is just the
+standard R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contraction so so Omega would be the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction so so Omega would be the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction so so Omega would be the K
+Zer in the time direction we just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer in the time direction we just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer in the time direction we just the
+standard the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contraction say k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now this equation can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this equation can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this equation can actually be
+solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved
+exactly so normally when you quantize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so normally when you quantize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so normally when you quantize it
+you solve the equation motion then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the equation motion then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the equation motion then you
+write then you find the complete basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write then you find the complete basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write then you find the complete basis
+of solutions then you expand in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions then you expand in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solutions then you expand in terms of
+that completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that completed
+basis then the coefficient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis then the coefficient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis then the coefficient of the
+expansion would be your creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion would be your creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion would be your creation and
+allation operators and then that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allation operators and then that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allation operators and then that's how
+you quantize the theory okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantize the theory okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantize the theory okay so this
+equation can actually be solved exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can actually be solved exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can actually be solved exactly
+so you can actually find easily find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually find easily find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually find easily find out
+the complete side of modes but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete side of modes but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete side of modes but we
+actually not need it for the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not need it for the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not need it for the current
+purpose right now so uh uh so let me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right now so uh uh so let me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose right now so uh uh so let me not
+solve it okay so we leave it here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it okay so we leave it here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it okay so we leave it here but
+but what will be important for us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what will be important for us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what will be important for us is
+consider the SYM totic behavior of the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the SYM totic behavior of the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the SYM totic behavior of the F
+the F near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F near the
+boundary now let's consider the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary now let's consider the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary now let's consider the behavior
+of fire near the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay which will be most very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which will be most very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which will be most very important
+for us is consider behav yeah now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us is consider behav yeah now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us is consider behav yeah now let
+just consider the behavior the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary so the the boundary Z goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so the the boundary Z goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary so the the boundary Z goes
+zero so so this term compared this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so this term compared this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so so this term compared this term
+is always much smaller because Z go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always much smaller because Z go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always much smaller because Z go to
+zero and M M sare R square is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and M M sare R square is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and M M sare R square is finite
+okay so we can drop this term but ktic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can drop this term but ktic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can drop this term but ktic
+term typically you cannot drop because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term typically you cannot drop because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term typically you cannot drop because
+ktic term depend on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic term depend on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic term depend on on
+well so um yeah so so we just throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so um yeah so so we just throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so um yeah so so we just throw away
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term so Z equal to zero and let me also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so Z equal to zero and let me also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so Z equal to zero and let me also
+write this expand this term more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this expand this term more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this expand this term more
+explicitly then what you find uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly then what you find uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly then what you find uh uh uh
+just draw this term and then writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw this term and then writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw this term and then writing
+this term more explicitly then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term more explicitly then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term more explicitly then you find
+the equation can be written as following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is only valid when Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is only valid when Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is only valid when Z equals
+to zero leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero leading order
+okay so now this equation have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this equation have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now this equation have a very
+nice form because this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice form because this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice form because this equation is
+homogeneous okay because the so Z Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous okay because the so Z Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous okay because the so Z Square
+then the partial Z Square Z partial Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the partial Z Square Z partial Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the partial Z Square Z partial Z
+except and then you have this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except and then you have this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except and then you have this thing
+which there's no no derivative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's no no derivative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there's no no derivative and so
+this is not some homogeneous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not some homogeneous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not some homogeneous in the
+derivative such kind of equation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative such kind of equation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative such kind of equation you can
+always solve it by by some power of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always solve it by by some power of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always solve it by by some power of Z
+okay so let's just write down answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just write down answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just write down answers
+say assuming five is proportional Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say assuming five is proportional Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say assuming five is proportional Z to
+some power and this power let me call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power and this power let me call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power and this power let me call it
+Delta so you plug this in plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so you plug this in plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so you plug this in plug this
+answer into this equation then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer into this equation then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer into this equation then you get
+Edge bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge bra
+equation so uh you can easily see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so uh you can easily see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so uh you can easily see from
+the first term you get Delta Delta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term you get Delta Delta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term you get Delta Delta minus
+one from the second equation you get 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the second equation you get 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from the second equation you get 1us
+D * Delta then m² r s z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and this is a simple quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a simple quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a simple quadratic
+equation now you can immediately solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions okay find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay find two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay find two
+solutions so we are write this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so we are write this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so we are write this in the
+form 12 d plusus new okay I will Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 12 d plusus new okay I will Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form 12 d plusus new okay I will Define
+this thing to be my new so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to be my new so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing to be my new so this is
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+okay so so I will introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I will introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so I will introduce the
+following notation I will take the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following notation I will take the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following notation I will take the plus
+sign I call the Plus and Delta so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I call the Plus and Delta so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign I call the Plus and Delta so from
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+on Delta refers to plus sign okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Delta refers to plus sign okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Delta refers to plus sign okay and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+introduce sometimes I use a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce sometimes I use a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce sometimes I use a rotation
+called Delta malus which is the malus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Delta malus which is the malus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Delta malus which is the malus
+sign which is also equal to D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign which is also equal to D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign which is also equal to D minus
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is definition so now I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is definition so now I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is definition so now I use
+this as definition so so from now on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as definition so so from now on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as definition so so from now on my
+Delta is always d/ by two AC plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is always d/ by two AC plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is always d/ by two AC plus this
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found so now what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found so now what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found so now what we have
+found is that as zal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what we have
+found you said that's zal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zero have to WR this table I so Z equ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero have to WR this table I so Z equ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero have to WR this table I so Z equ
+zero the 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the 5
+KZ have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ have the following
+Behavior so you have two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so you have two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior so you have two independent
+Solutions so then I can put arbitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so then I can put arbitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions so then I can put arbitary
+coefficient Z D minus Delta two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient Z D minus Delta two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient Z D minus Delta two two
+exponents and the another one is BK e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents and the another one is BK e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents and the another one is BK e to
+the Delta okay then Plus have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta okay then Plus have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta okay then Plus have all the
+corrections okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a leading Behavior Uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a leading Behavior Uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a leading Behavior Uh two
+leading behavior in the Z go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading behavior in the Z go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading behavior in the Z go to zero
+limit and of course I can also go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and of course I can also go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and of course I can also go to the
+coordinate space then this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space then this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate space then this is just the
+XZ which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ which is
+ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first
+notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this
+exponent this D minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponent is always smaller than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is always smaller than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent is always smaller than Delta
+okay so so this term always dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this term always dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this term always dominates
+okay and U so this is the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and U so this is the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and U so this is the leading
+behavior and this is the sub leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this is the sub leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this is the sub leading
+Behavior okay so keep this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay so keep this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay so keep this in
+mind so now we have found the full SYM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so now we have found the full SYM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so now we have found the full SYM
+totic behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic behavior of the
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+okay and now we can discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we can discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we can discuss
+physics now we can discuss some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics now we can discuss some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics now we can discuss some
+Physics now let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remarks so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remark any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far good
+so the first remark you notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first remark you notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first remark you notice that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponent are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+if m² R square greater than D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then you say ah for for sure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you say ah for for sure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you say ah for for sure this
+this exponents are all real because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponents are all real because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exponents are all real because
+because normally we only consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally we only consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because normally we only consider the
+positive mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive mass
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+okay but getting IDE is something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but getting IDE is something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but getting IDE is something very
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening is actually in Adas the lative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is actually in Adas the lative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is actually in Adas the lative
+mass square also makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass square also makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass square also makes
+sense in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in fact you can
+show as far as those exponent are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show as far as those exponent are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show as far as those exponent are real
+means that as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that as far as
+so one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show as far
+as the star is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh uh uh the series actually well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh uh the series actually well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh uh the series actually well
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in ads you actually you allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ads you actually you allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in ads you actually you allowed to
+have lative mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lative mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lative mass
+square but if you violate this then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but if you violate this then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but if you violate this then you
+find instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find instability
+okay this is a very nice story but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a very nice story but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is a very nice story but I
+don't have time to discuss in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to discuss in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to discuss in detail
+here but I have my former student Nabil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I have my former student Nabil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I have my former student Nabil
+akba when he was doing ta for me last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akba when he was doing ta for me last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+akba when he was doing ta for me last
+time he wrote a very nice notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he wrote a very nice notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he wrote a very nice notes
+explaining uh uh how this works and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining uh uh how this works and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining uh uh how this works and uh
+as I put that note on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I put that note on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I put that note on the web
+it's so this equation is called BF bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so this equation is called BF bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so this equation is called BF bound
+uh f is our colleague freedoman and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f is our colleague freedoman and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh f is our colleague freedoman and the
+B is a very complicated name I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is a very complicated name I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is a very complicated name I always
+pronounce long wrong um yes so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce long wrong um yes so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounce long wrong um yes so let me
+not try here um um anyway so so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try here um um anyway so so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not try here um um anyway so so in the
+uh uh so Lao gave a very nice uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so Lao gave a very nice uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so Lao gave a very nice uh uh
+explanation uh where does where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation uh where does where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation uh where does where this
+come from and uh and he shows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and uh and he shows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and uh and he shows that the
+when you you violate this you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you you violate this you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you you violate this you actually
+get the instability and this Maps into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the instability and this Maps into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the instability and this Maps into a
+very nice quantum mechanics problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice quantum mechanics problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice quantum mechanics problem uh
+uh the quantum mechanics problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the quantum mechanics problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the quantum mechanics problem of
+minus 1/x s uh uh uh uh uh some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/x s uh uh uh uh uh some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/x s uh uh uh uh uh some of you
+may have experience with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have experience with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have experience with that
+problem anyway so uh uh so uh uh please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anyway so uh uh so uh uh please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anyway so uh uh so uh uh please
+take a look at the uh notes I put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the uh notes I put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the uh notes I put on the
+web and uh it's a very instructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and uh it's a very instructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and uh it's a very instructive
+discussion but we'll take a lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but we'll take a lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion but we'll take a lecture to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that anyway so now I just make the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway so now I just make the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anyway so now I just make the claim
+is that the as far as those exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the as far as those exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the as far as those exponents
+are real the series is well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real the series is well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real the series is well defined
+okay but if the but if this exponent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if the but if this exponent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if the but if this exponent is
+violated then there exist modes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated then there exist modes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated then there exist modes which
+are exponentially growing in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exponentially growing in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exponentially growing in time and
+then indicating the the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indicating the the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indicating the the system is
+unstable okay so this star is is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so this star is is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable okay so this star is is called
+the BF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bond the BF Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so actually instructive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so actually instructive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so actually instructive to
+compare with a standard oh actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with a standard oh actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with a standard oh actually I
+forgot the to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot the to use this
+Blackboard okay anyway yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so instructor compare with minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instructor compare with minkovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so instructor compare with minkovski
+space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this's construct compare with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this's construct compare with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this's construct compare with
+minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski
+case so in the mov case if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so in the mov case if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so in the mov case if you have a
+free particle say if you have a fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle say if you have a fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle say if you have a fre
+massive scal of field so of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive scal of field so of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive scal of field so of course we
+know this is our equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is our equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is our equation motion
+okay and from here because the minkovski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from here because the minkovski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and from here because the minkovski
+space every direction is translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space every direction is translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space every direction is translation
+variant then you just get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant then you just get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant then you just get this
+dispostion relation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispostion relation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispostion relation okay
+you just get this okay you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get this okay you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get this okay you can write
+FAL to minus I Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL to minus I Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL to minus I Omega
+T yeah let me just write it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah let me just write it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T yeah let me just write it more
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+here you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can write
+five to exp my Omega t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to exp my Omega t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to exp my Omega t plus
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ikx then plug it in then you find Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx then plug it in then you find Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx then plug it in then you find Omega
+Square = to m² + k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square = to m² + k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square = to m² + k
+sare okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare okay
+so in movy space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in movy space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in movy space
+time we don't allow M sare to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't allow M sare to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't allow M sare to be smaller
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+because if M square is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if M square is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if M square is smaller than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay then that means for certain range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then that means for certain range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then that means for certain range
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+K say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K say for
+k for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k for those
+k for those value of K which is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k for those value of K which is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k for those value of K which is smaller
+than than the absolute value of m²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the absolute value of m²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the absolute value of m²
+then this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this will be
+negative okay so for those things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so for those things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so for those things the
+Omega will be pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imaginary pure imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary pure imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary pure imaginary
+okay you can be plus minus pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can be plus minus pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can be plus minus pure
+imaginary and then you plug it in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary and then you plug it in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary and then you plug it in here
+then you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you find the
+F then typically have expon omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F then typically have expon omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F then typically have expon omega t
+plus exponential minus Omega t Okay so F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus exponential minus Omega t Okay so F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus exponential minus Omega t Okay so F
+can have this two behavior and then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have this two behavior and then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have this two behavior and then then
+of course this will exponentially grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this will exponentially grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this will exponentially grow
+so this tells you that the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you that the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells you that the magnitude of
+five will exponentially grow with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five will exponentially grow with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five will exponentially grow with time
+and so that indicate this instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that indicate this instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that indicate this instability
+okay and so this is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this is the same as the
+analog I said earlier before in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog I said earlier before in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog I said earlier before in the in
+the movi space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movi space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movi space
+time if you have lative mass square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have lative mass square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have lative mass square and
+then you scale field want to for want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you scale field want to for want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you scale field want to for want to
+slide down and this just tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide down and this just tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide down and this just tell you the
+behavior of it want to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of it want to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of it want to increase
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this say this is five so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say this is five so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say this is five so this is
+V5 then the five want to increase and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 then the five want to increase and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V5 then the five want to increase and so
+this is five to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is five to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is five to
+zero but in ads something nice something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but in ads something nice something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but in ads something nice something
+nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer
+happens so in ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes the the instability only set in if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the the instability only set in if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the the instability only set in if
+the mass square BEC sufficiently lactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass square BEC sufficiently lactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass square BEC sufficiently lactive
+so if you just have the lative mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just have the lative mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just have the lative mass
+square if it's greater than this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square if it's greater than this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square if it's greater than this value
+it's still okay okay still okay so in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still okay okay still okay so in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still okay okay still okay so in so
+the reason is actually very simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is actually very simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is actually very simple so
+the reason is very simple uh you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is very simple uh you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is very simple uh you can uh
+try to convince yourself by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince yourself by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to convince yourself by looking at
+the equations and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations and you can see the
+physics from the equations but the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics from the equations but the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics from the equations but the basic
+physical reason is the following in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ads okay so you can just look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads okay so you can just look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads okay so you can just look at that
+equation because of the SpaceTime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curvature okay so the constant modes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay so the constant modes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay so the constant modes are
+not allowed so you see here the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed so you see here the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed so you see here the most
+dous modes are the constant modes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dous modes are the constant modes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dous modes are the constant modes okay
+and when you have a constant mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you have a constant mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you have a constant mode and
+then if M Square become no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if M Square become no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if M Square become no matter how
+small is no matter how small M square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is no matter how small M square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is no matter how small M square is
+if you have constant mode and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have constant mode and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have constant mode and then and
+then uh constant mode means k equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh constant mode means k equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh constant mode means k equal to
+zero then that means that the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that means that the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then that means that the Omega
+Square will always be negative okay no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square will always be negative okay no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square will always be negative okay no
+matter how as far as M square is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how as far as M square is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how as far as M square is non
+zero and negative and there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and negative and there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and negative and there's always
+constant mode which is on stable but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant mode which is on stable but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant mode which is on stable but in
+Adas because of the SpaceTime curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adas because of the SpaceTime curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adas because of the SpaceTime curvature
+the constant mode not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you always have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you always have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you always have some kind of
+ktic term in in the sense that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic term in in the sense that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ktic term in in the sense that you
+always have some kind kind of kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have some kind kind of kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have some kind kind of kinetic
+energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so
+field is forced to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay which can comp which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay which can comp which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay which can comp which can
+compensate this negative uh uh which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compensate uh this negative uh uh uh m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s okay but but this won't happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay but but this won't happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay but but this won't happen when
+the uh when the mass become too negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh when the mass become too negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh when the mass become too negative
+and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have
+instability then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instability okay uh uh uh uh I suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability okay uh uh uh uh I suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability okay uh uh uh uh I suggest
+you so this is just words but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this is just words but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this is just words but those
+words can be reflected by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words can be reflected by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words can be reflected by looking at the
+structure of those equations and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of those equations and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of those equations and try to
+uh uh uh get some feeling about uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh get some feeling about uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh get some feeling about uh uh um
+uh uh this words by looking at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this words by looking at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this words by looking at those
+equations a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a little bit more
+carefully okay so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully okay so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully okay so this is the first
+remark this is first remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark this is first remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark this is first remark
+so the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the second
+remark is that we know that the ads have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark is that we know that the ads have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark is that we know that the ads have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary and the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ray Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ray Rich
+boundaries reach the boundary in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries reach the boundary in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries reach the boundary in the
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+time so this is one important feature we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is one important feature we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is one important feature we
+discussed at the Bel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at the Bel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed at the Bel
+beginning reach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning reach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning reach the
+boundary in the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time in fact in the ads unit just pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact in the ads unit just pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact in the ads unit just pi/
+2 in the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 in the finite
+time okay so that means actually energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that means actually energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that means actually energy
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanged can be exchanged on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged can be exchanged on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged can be exchanged on the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay essentially you can send stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay essentially you can send stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay essentially you can send stuff in
+or or or send things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so we need to actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we need to actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we need to actually need to
+impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the so in order to have a sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in order to have a sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in order to have a sensible
+physical problem physical system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problem physical system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical problem physical system you
+need to impose appropriate boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to impose appropriate boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to impose appropriate boundary
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you to appropriate uh appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you to appropriate uh appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you to appropriate uh appropriate
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so um the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so um the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so um the most
+important a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Criterium again we will not go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterium again we will not go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterium again we will not go into the
+detail and again Nao notes discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and again Nao notes discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and again Nao notes discussed
+this uh because he has to in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh because he has to in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh because he has to in order to
+discuss instability he has also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss instability he has also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss instability he has also to
+discuss the boundary condition C and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the boundary condition C and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the boundary condition C and uh
+uh you can go to the uh look at lao's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can go to the uh look at lao's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can go to the uh look at lao's
+notes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so
+so so the basic Criterion to to impose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the basic Criterion to to impose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the basic Criterion to to impose a
+right boundary condition is to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right boundary condition is to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right boundary condition is to make sure
+that your energy is conserved okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your energy is conserved okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your energy is conserved okay and
+that your energy don't dissipate into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your energy don't dissipate into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your energy don't dissipate into
+nothing so it don't dissipate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so it don't dissipate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so it don't dissipate at the
+boundary and uh uh uh so that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and uh uh uh so that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and uh uh uh so that you have a
+well- defined system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well- defined system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so that you have to have a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that you have to have a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that you have to have a well
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+system good so so now so when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system good so so now so when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system good so so now so when you do
+canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantization so when you do conical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization so when you do conical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization so when you do conical
+quation then what you do is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation then what you do is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation then what you do is that you
+expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand
+five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms of a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of rable mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course they they also have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they they also have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course they they also have to be
+normalizable as normally in the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable as normally in the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable as normally in the quantum
+mechanics normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfies the appropriate F condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the appropriate F condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the appropriate F condition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so before talking about explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so before talking about explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so before talking about explicit
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+connection uh uh let me first mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh uh let me first mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection uh uh let me first mention
+this issue of normalizability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of normalizability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue of normalizability
+so so to talk about normalizability you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so to talk about normalizability you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so to talk about normalizability you
+have to Define inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product so uh here we just have uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so uh here we just have uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so uh here we just have uh here
+we have the standard inter product for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the standard inter product for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the standard inter product for
+for Quantum F in the curve space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so here we have the standard inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have the standard inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here we have the standard inner
+product let me just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so uh so this is not specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so uh so this is not specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so uh so this is not specific to
+ads this is just um works for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads this is just um works for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads this is just um works for any
+Quantum field series for for any fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field series for for any fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field series for for any fre
+scale field the in the curve space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale field the in the curve space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale field the in the curve space time
+so you can uh uh Define for that theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh uh Define for that theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can uh uh Define for that theory
+you can define a inner product as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define a inner product as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can define a inner product as
+follows say consider you have two modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows say consider you have two modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows say consider you have two modes
+by one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one by
+two and then the inner product can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then the inner product can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then the inner product can be
+defined as the following you choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the following you choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the following you choose a
+constant times nice okay you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times nice okay you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times nice okay you have to
+choose a constant time SCE which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a constant time SCE which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a constant time SCE which I
+called Sigma T so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sigma T so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Sigma T so this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SCE the time I really mean this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCE the time I really mean this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SCE the time I really mean this time
+okay you choose the constant time nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you choose the constant time nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you choose the constant time nice
+and then you then of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you then of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you then of course you
+integrate over spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over spatial
+coordinates on this const times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+okay so this is the inner product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the inner product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the inner product so
+this is a standard inner product can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standard inner product can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a standard inner product can
+just plug in the ads metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the ads metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in the ads metric
+you can just plug in the ads Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just plug in the ads Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just plug in the ads Matrix that
+that that that give you the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that give you the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that give you the explicit
+form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ads so if you're not familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads so if you're not familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads so if you're not familiar with
+this uh familiar with this and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh familiar with this and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh familiar with this and you can
+check that this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this makes
+sense that by showing that actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing is actually independent of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so does not depend actually your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does not depend actually your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does not depend actually your time
+slice okay because you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice okay because you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice okay because you don't want to
+your your your definition of inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your definition of inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your your definition of inner
+product depend on specific time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product depend on specific time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product depend on specific time you
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the then the normalizable would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the then the normalizable would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the then the normalizable would
+be the standard uh condition whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the standard uh condition whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the standard uh condition whether
+this thing is finite or Infinity Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is finite or Infinity Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is finite or Infinity Etc
+okay and you plug in some mod with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you plug in some mod with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you plug in some mod with
+itself and if it is finite then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and if it is finite then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and if it is finite then it's
+normalizable and if it's infinite then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable and if it's infinite then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable and if it's infinite then
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+normalizable now you can so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable now you can so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable now you can so now this is
+our symic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior and you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and you can check
+yourself you can also convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself that the most dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that the most dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that the most dangerous
+Behavior because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior because the
+matric the matric diverges near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric the matric diverges near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric the matric diverges near the
+bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound
+so the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the most
+dangerous part of this integral is near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous part of this integral is near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous part of this integral is near
+the boundary because the because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary because the because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary because the because your
+matric diverges there okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric diverges there okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric diverges there okay and you can
+just plug in this be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in this be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in this be this
+behavior and this matric behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this matric behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this matric behavior and
+then just pay attention to the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just pay attention to the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just pay attention to the behavior
+the boundary then you can decide which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary then you can decide which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary then you can decide which
+mode is normalizable which mode is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is normalizable which mode is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode is normalizable which mode is not
+normalizable then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable then you
+find again this take you a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find again this take you a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find again this take you a few minutes
+to do so I will not do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh I will also talk about only talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I will also talk about only talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I will also talk about only talk
+about the real VI for from now on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real VI for from now on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real VI for from now on okay
+just real new it means that we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just real new it means that we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just real new it means that we always
+satisfy that bound okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that bound okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that bound okay so we
+find that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode so this mode always goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so this mode always goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so this mode always goes to zero
+okay so you have these two modes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have these two modes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have these two modes this
+mode always goes zero because Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode always goes zero because Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode always goes zero because Delta is
+always positive because is positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive because is positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive because is positive and
+new is non negative and D minus d/2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is non negative and D minus d/2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is non negative and D minus d/2 is
+positive so this is always goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so this is always goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so this is always goes to
+zero and you can show that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you can show that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you can show that this is
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raliz okay so there's no uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raliz okay so there's no uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raliz okay so there's no uh no
+Divergence at the Horizon at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence at the Horizon at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence at the Horizon at the
+boundary but for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary but for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary but for this
+mode but for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes you can see this modes become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you can see this modes become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you can see this modes become
+dangerous when the mass become very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous when the mass become very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous when the mass become very
+large when the mass become very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large when the mass become very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large when the mass become very large
+then the new is Big okay when new is Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the new is Big okay when new is Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the new is Big okay when new is Big
+eventually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the
+Delta can be pretty big and then can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta can be pretty big and then can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta can be pretty big and then can be
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+D and then this will be netive exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then this will be netive exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then this will be netive exponent
+and then this will blow up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns
+out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is
+actually non normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indeed so this is non normalizable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed so this is non normalizable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed so this is non normalizable for
+new to be greater than one okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to be greater than one okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new to be greater than one okay you
+actually don't need to for for Mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to for for Mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to for for Mass to
+be very large this is for L to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very large this is for L to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very large this is for L to be
+greater equal to one and this is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal to one and this is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater equal to one and this is already
+noriz but it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noriz but it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noriz but it's interesting
+thing he said this mode can also be is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he said this mode can also be is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing he said this mode can also be is
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+normalizable when new is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range good any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+uh can we Define inner product some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can we Define inner product some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can we Define inner product some
+other way no this is the only way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way no this is the only way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way no this is the only way this
+is a canonical way just generic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a canonical way just generic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a canonical way just generic for
+Quantum fi in the Cod space time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum fi in the Cod space time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum fi in the Cod space time this is
+not specific to ads uh um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specific to ads uh um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specific to ads uh um for
+any yeah essentially this is unique one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any yeah essentially this is unique one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any yeah essentially this is unique one
+yeah I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I would
+say yes okay so so I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes okay so so I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes okay so so I'm just trying to
+understand the in product so in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the in product so in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the in product so in the case
+that I take like um like make it a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take like um like make it a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I take like um like make it a norm
+in the sense I take take the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense I take take the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense I take take the inner
+product of a field of itself right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a field of itself right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of a field of itself right so so
+why for example should this be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for example should this be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why for example should this be positive
+like it's not no no no this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not no no no this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not no no no this is in
+general not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general not
+positive yeah this not in general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive yeah this not in general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive yeah this not in general uh
+yeah this is what we know in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is what we know in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is what we know in the in the
+client Golden Field say if you do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client Golden Field say if you do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client Golden Field say if you do in the
+minkovski space time this in general not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time this in general not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space time this in general not
+positive definite all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite all
+right yeah yeah yeah same thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah yeah same thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah yeah same thing in the
+uh kind Golden Field right yeah but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind Golden Field right yeah but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind Golden Field right yeah but you
+can uh uh uh uh uh uh but the level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh uh uh uh uh uh but the level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh uh uh uh uh uh but the level is
+so that means this thing does not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this thing does not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means this thing does not make
+sense to interpret as a probability but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to interpret as a probability but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to interpret as a probability but
+you can still use this as a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use this as a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still use this as a definition
+of normalizability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalizability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalizability
+right so so it still has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it still has the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it still has the property
+that that that something will only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that something will only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that something will only have
+a not so it's not a seminorm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not so it's not a seminorm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not so it's not a seminorm in the
+sense like it is actually a good inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like it is actually a good inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense like it is actually a good inner
+product um isn't it just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um isn't it just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product um isn't it just the
+generalization of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the probability
+current yeah yeah no this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current yeah yeah no this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current yeah yeah no this is the same as
+the Cent gon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cent gon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cent gon
+equation the same the same uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the same the same uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the same the same uh this is
+the same uh uh inner product as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh uh inner product as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh uh inner product as you
+would Define for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Define for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Define for the
+uh Cent Gordon uh field a three massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Cent Gordon uh field a three massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Cent Gordon uh field a three massive
+scal of field in minkovski space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of field in minkovski space time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal of field in minkovski space time
+and this is just the generation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the generation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just the generation to a
+general curve space time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+good so now yeah so so we see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now yeah so so we see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now yeah so so we see that this
+is always normalizable and this some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always normalizable and this some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always normalizable and this some
+sometimes is normalizable and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is normalizable and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes is normalizable and sometimes
+not normalizable so now let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not normalizable so now let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not normalizable so now let me talk
+about the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so for the time reason I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so for the time reason I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so for the time reason I will
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+show that the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition so we not show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we not show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so we not show that the
+boundary condition uh I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition uh I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition uh I'm going to talk
+about will give you a well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will give you a well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about will give you a well defined
+energy uh in this sense that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh in this sense that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh in this sense that there's no
+energy exchange that the boundary okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy exchange that the boundary okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy exchange that the boundary okay
+and for that uh take a look at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that uh take a look at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that uh take a look at the uh
+laal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laal
+notes I will not go into detail that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I will not go into detail that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes I will not go into detail that but
+the boundary recogition I I say will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary recogition I I say will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary recogition I I say will
+satisfy that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy that property
+okay so so let's first look at when new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's first look at when new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's first look at when new
+is greater than equal to one in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to one in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to one in this
+case the answer is obvious you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the answer is obvious you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the answer is obvious you don't
+even need to uh to check the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need to uh to check the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even need to uh to check the energy
+conservation because you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation because you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation because you only have one
+possibility because this mode is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility because this mode is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility because this mode is non
+normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized
+able and non normalizable mode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able and non normalizable mode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able and non normalizable mode you
+cannot keep them when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot keep them when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot keep them when you do the
+quantization quantization you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization quantization you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization quantization you have to
+use normalizable modes so the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use normalizable modes so the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use normalizable modes so the boundary
+condition you have to choose in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you have to choose in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition you have to choose in order to
+canonical quantization is a equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical quantization is a equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical quantization is a equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay so you should only keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you should only keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you should only keep this
+mode when new equal to one because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode when new equal to one because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode when new equal to one because this
+is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non
+normalizable so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when new is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range so both modes are rable but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so both modes are rable but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so both modes are rable but you
+cannot choose both of them you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot choose both of them you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot choose both of them you cannot
+allow both of them because then uh uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow both of them because then uh uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow both of them because then uh uh it
+leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the
+energ non conservation you need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ non conservation you need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energ non conservation you need to put
+some boundary condition there okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boundary condition there okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boundary condition there okay so so
+then uh naturally the a equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh naturally the a equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh naturally the a equal to zero
+will also works in this range so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also works in this range so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also works in this range so this is
+called the standard quation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh you can still impose even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can still impose even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh you can still impose even though
+the a mode become Lal but you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a mode become Lal but you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a mode become Lal but you can still
+impose a equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a equal to
+zero so alternatively you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so alternatively you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so alternatively you can also
+impose b equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose b equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose b equal to
+zero okay just take one of them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay just take one of them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay just take one of them because
+B because a now is normalizable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B because a now is normalizable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B because a now is normalizable and so
+this is called the standard alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the standard alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the standard alternative
+condation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so sometimes it's also possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sometimes it's also possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sometimes it's also possible to
+impose the mixed boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose the mixed boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose the mixed boundary condition
+between them to impose mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them to impose mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them to impose mix
+boundary I will not go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I will not go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary I will not go into
+there anyway so so you can easily check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anyway so so you can easily check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anyway so so you can easily check
+uh for example if you look at nao's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example if you look at nao's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example if you look at nao's
+notes you can easily check for for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you can easily check for for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes you can easily check for for those
+boundary conditions or uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions or uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions or uh uh that
+there's no energy flux through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no energy flux through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no energy flux through the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+okay so from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from now on
+on from now on I will use the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminology from now on we use the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology from now on we use the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology from now on we use the form
+uh the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminology so from now on if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalizable from now on when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable from now on when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable from now on when I say
+raliz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I always say the mode which are picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always say the mode which are picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always say the mode which are picked
+by the quantization okay so when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the quantization okay so when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the quantization okay so when I say
+normalizable in this case of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable in this case of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable in this case of course this
+is normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normalizable
+just when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just when I say
+normalizable for Li greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable for Li greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable for Li greater than
+one this low ambiguity just the B mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this low ambiguity just the B mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this low ambiguity just the B mode
+okay and when new is between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when new is between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when new is between zero and
+one the normalizable refers to the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the normalizable refers to the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the normalizable refers to the mode
+which you choose to quantize okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you choose to quantize okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you choose to quantize okay and
+then the other you consider to be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other you consider to be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other you consider to be non
+normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable
+is it clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it clear the
+terminology so so so in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so so so in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology so so so in the standard
+quation the B mode is normalizable and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation the B mode is normalizable and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation the B mode is normalizable and a
+is not not normalizable even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not not normalizable even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not not normalizable even though
+mathematically a is normalizable and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically a is normalizable and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically a is normalizable and in
+the alternative conation the B is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative conation the B is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative conation the B is not
+normalizable even though mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable even though mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable even though mathematically
+it is normalizable okay so so um so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is normalizable okay so so um so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is normalizable okay so so um so by
+normalizable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable we
+mean uh um boundary behav I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh um boundary behav I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh um boundary behav I mean the
+consist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quation okay of course the other modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation okay of course the other modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation okay of course the other modes
+non normalizable modes so so so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non normalizable modes so so so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non normalizable modes so so so with
+this terminology I always have one lble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terminology I always have one lble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this terminology I always have one lble
+mode one longble mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's move on a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's move on a little bit
+more so this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more so this is the second
+remark and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark and the third
+remark and let me just erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the thir
+remark so lalal mode by definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so lalal mode by definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark so lalal mode by definition is
+the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use to do canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to do canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use to do canonical
+quation and it's the one we use to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation and it's the one we use to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation and it's the one we use to build
+up the hills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but now since we have a equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now since we have a equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now since we have a equivalence
+between the two series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two series
+the h space of the two series should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h space of the two series should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the h space of the two series should be
+the same because otherwise the the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because otherwise the the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because otherwise the the state
+of the two series should be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two series should be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the two series should be the same
+otherwise you cannot talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you cannot talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you cannot talk about the
+equivalence so that means that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence so that means that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence so that means that any
+romaniz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaniz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romaniz
+mode so anything which fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so anything which fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so anything which fall
+off say as the uh for example in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off say as the uh for example in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off say as the uh for example in the in
+the standard quation anything for off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard quation anything for off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard quation anything for off
+like Z to the power Delta at Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Z to the power Delta at Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Z to the power Delta at Infinity
+near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the
+boundary you should consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as maap to some states of the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is actually a very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is actually a very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is actually a very general
+statement so this will also work if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so this will also work if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement so this will also work if you
+include those higher order Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include those higher order Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include those higher order Corrections
+which are suppressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are suppressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are suppressed by
+carer and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carer and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carer and this
+say so in general you can apply to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so in general you can apply to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say so in general you can apply to a
+complicated non interacting nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated non interacting nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated non interacting nonlinear
+theory in the gravity side and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the gravity side and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory in the gravity side and and the
+normalizable mode are always the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode are always the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode are always the modes
+which in your h space in the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in your h space in the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in your h space in the gravity
+site and so that means they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and so that means they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site and so that means they must
+corresponding to some states in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to some states in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to some states in the
+field theory in the boundary field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory in the boundary field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory in the boundary field
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so now let's look at the
+interpretation of theable modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay n over light most certainly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n over light most certainly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay n over light most certainly they're
+not part of the h space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular yeah uh uh uh let me just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular yeah uh uh uh let me just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular yeah uh uh uh let me just uh
+finish this then we say it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this then we say it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this then we say it so if
+present it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+considered so sometimes they're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so sometimes they're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so sometimes they're just not
+present not present okay but if in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present not present okay but if in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present not present okay but if in some
+situation they present then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they present then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they present then you should
+view them view such kind of longal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes defining the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by
+background for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background for example the
+ads pure ads which we are expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads pure ads which we are expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ads pure ads which we are expanding
+around is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around is our
+background and uh uh uh um yeah uh um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and uh uh uh um yeah uh um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and uh uh uh um yeah uh um so
+you can imagine say turn on some non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine say turn on some non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine say turn on some non
+normalizable to deform the ideas then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable to deform the ideas then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable to deform the ideas then
+you have a new background then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new background then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a new background then you have
+a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+background and then that background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and then that background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and then that background
+you're not supposed to quanti itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to quanti itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not supposed to quanti itself
+itself because because these are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because because these are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself because because these are non
+normalizable modes okay these are non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes okay these are non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes okay these are non
+normalizable modes yes sorry I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes yes sorry I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes yes sorry I guess I
+didn't quite the terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite the terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite the terminology
+normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable
+to you mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you mentioned it
+but sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sorry
+uhal yeah yeah is Lum means the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhal yeah yeah is Lum means the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhal yeah yeah is Lum means the behavior
+specified by the quantization but so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by the quantization but so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by the quantization but so I
+don't get that I don't quite understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get that I don't quite understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get that I don't quite understand
+like yeah yeah let me just repeat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah yeah let me just repeat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yeah yeah let me just repeat for
+for new greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new greater than
+one normalizable is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one normalizable is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one normalizable is just
+normalizable because there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable because there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable because there's only one
+normalizable mode for new zero between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode for new zero between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode for new zero between
+zero and one mathematically both modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one mathematically both modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one mathematically both modes
+become rable but when we quantize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become rable but when we quantize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become rable but when we quantize them
+we select one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay as I said in order to preserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as I said in order to preserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as I said in order to preserve the
+energy conservation so we have to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conservation so we have to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conservation so we have to select
+one of them so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them so there are two
+possibilities uh you select the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh you select the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities uh you select the standard
+conization which you said a equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conization which you said a equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conization which you said a equal to
+zero you said the alternative you set b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you said the alternative you set b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you said the alternative you set b
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero so the one you set zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the one you set zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the one you set zero is
+considered to be non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be non
+normalizable in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable in this
+terminology and and the one you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and and the one you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and and the one you don't
+the one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you
+allowed uh which means which you the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed uh which means which you the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed uh which means which you the one
+you are used to to expand as a canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are used to to expand as a canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are used to to expand as a canonical
+quation are codable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation are codable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation are codable
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry uh uh uh uh uh I will elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh uh uh uh uh I will elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh uh uh uh uh I will elaborate
+this a little bit more uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit more uh uh uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um yeah yeah after 5 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah after 5 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah after 5 minutes
+then I will you will see uh yes what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you yeah they can appear um yeah I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah they can appear um yeah I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah they can appear um yeah I will
+again explain uh in one minute okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again explain uh in one minute okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again explain uh in one minute okay so
+now I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to make
+connection for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection for this
+statement to the statement we are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to the statement we are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement to the statement we are making
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+time okay then we are making last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay then we are making last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay then we are making last time
+so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we
+said last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time we
+said if a gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if a gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if a gravity
+field have a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field have a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field have a boundary
+value then this boundary value can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then this boundary value can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then this boundary value can be
+considered as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as a
+source multiply the operator which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source multiply the operator which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source multiply the operator which you
+can add to a Lin okay you can add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add to a Lin okay you can add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add to a Lin okay you can add to the
+action and so this is precisely like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and so this is precisely like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and so this is precisely like
+that it's precisely like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's precisely like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's precisely like that
+so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repeat yeah say let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat yeah say let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat yeah say let's consider the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quation just to be specific I say squard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quation conation in this case the non of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation conation in this case the non of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation conation in this case the non of
+mode corresponding to a not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so if the non normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so if the non normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so if the non normalizable
+mode are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode are
+present and this corresponding to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and this corresponding to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and this corresponding to uh uh
+uh uh uh this corresponding to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um a not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a not equal to
+zero and we see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we see from
+here this term a term always dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this term a term always dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this term a term always dominate
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+term okay so in other words when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay so in other words when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay so in other words when you go
+to the boundary limit is the a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary limit is the a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary limit is the a which
+determines the boundary value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the boundary value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the boundary value of the
+field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a yeah uh uh uh stand let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah uh uh uh stand let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah uh uh uh stand let me just say
+the a which is determine the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a which is determine the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a which is determine the boundary
+value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field I quot it I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quote standard you turn a z yeah AAL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote standard you turn a z yeah AAL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote standard you turn a z yeah AAL to
+Z when you do the canonical quation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z when you do the canonical quation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z when you do the canonical quation okay
+you turn down AAL to zero you mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn down AAL to zero you mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn down AAL to zero you mean this
+is the condition on the normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the condition on the normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the condition on the normalizable
+mode so here we're discussing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so here we're discussing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so here we're discussing the
+interpretation of the non normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the non normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the non normalizable
+mode so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so now
+suppose a is non zero suppose the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is non zero suppose the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is non zero suppose the non
+normalizable mode is non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode is non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable mode is non zero
+okay so now the non normalizable mode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the non normalizable mode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the non normalizable mode is
+non zero uh we are done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero uh we are done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero uh we are done with
+normalizable modes and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes and this is a
+condition for the normalizable modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the normalizable modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for the normalizable modes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since this term dominates the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since this term dominates the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since this term dominates the a
+should be interpreted as a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be interpreted as a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be interpreted as a boundary
+value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the
+field and if you have a l zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have long Zer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say if
+ax is equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax is equal to some
+5x according to what we discuss last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x according to what we discuss last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x according to what we discuss last
+time okay then up to this kilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay then up to this kilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay then up to this kilic
+factor which this thing which you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which this thing which you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor which this thing which you need
+to strip away because the because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strip away because the because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to strip away because the because this
+just determine the your equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just determine the your equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just determine the your equation motion
+so if a to 5al to Z that should implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a to 5al to Z that should implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a to 5al to Z that should implies
+that the boundary seral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boundary seral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the boundary seral
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+should contain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this means is that the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this means is that the non
+normalizable there are certainly L part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable there are certainly L part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable there are certainly L part
+of the h space if they are present they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the h space if they are present they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the h space if they are present they
+actually determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually determines
+the the boundary Ser Theory okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the boundary Ser Theory okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the boundary Ser Theory okay the
+boundary Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary Ser
+itself so the non normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so the non normalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so the non normalizable
+modes non normalizable modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determine the boundary Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will let us see examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me just
+repeat Let me just repeat say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat Let me just repeat say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat Let me just repeat say if you
+look at the gravity some gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gravity some gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the gravity some gravity
+solution then you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then you look at
+it SYM totic Behavior near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it SYM totic Behavior near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it SYM totic Behavior near the
+boundary and if you see say let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and if you see say let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and if you see say let's say
+consider two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two
+solutions two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions two different
+solutions if the two different solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions if the two different solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions if the two different solutions
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same non ible Behavior say say say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same non ible Behavior say say say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same non ible Behavior say say say say
+the modes nonl modes are the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes nonl modes are the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modes nonl modes are the same but
+only the difference in the loable mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the difference in the loable mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the difference in the loable mode
+then you will say this two solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will say this two solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will say this two solution
+describe two states of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe two states of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe two states of the same
+Theory okay because they only differ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay because they only differ by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay because they only differ by
+normalizable modes then they describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes then they describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable modes then they describe
+the different states in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different states in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different states in the same
+Theory but now if I look at two such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory but now if I look at two such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory but now if I look at two such
+Solutions and this two solution differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and this two solution differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and this two solution differ
+by nonl behavior of the non lalal mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nonl behavior of the non lalal mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nonl behavior of the non lalal mode
+then you would then we would say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would then we would say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would then we would say these
+two solutions corresponding to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions corresponding to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two solutions corresponding to two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+series corresponding to two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series corresponding to two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series corresponding to two different
+series because they non mod needs to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because they non mod needs to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series because they non mod needs to add
+additional terms to your boundary Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional terms to your boundary Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional terms to your boundary Ser
+reaction okay have answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay have answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay have answer your
+questions so so basically you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so basically you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so so basically you just say
+assume any field which is like say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume any field which is like say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume any field which is like say
+linear combination of those two modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of those two modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of those two modes
+but if the forget about linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the forget about linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the forget about linear
+combination of the modes just just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the modes just just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the modes just just say
+if you consider two solutions which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider two solutions which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you consider two solutions which if
+they only differ by lmal mode then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only differ by lmal mode then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only differ by lmal mode then they
+corresponding to different states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to different states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to different states of the
+same Theory and if they differ by longal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Theory and if they differ by longal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Theory and if they differ by longal
+mode that means they describe different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that means they describe different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that means they describe different
+series even the series they describe are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series even the series they describe are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series even the series they describe are
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+okay is this clear and so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is this clear and so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is this clear and so that's why we
+we call this is background okay we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this is background okay we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this is background okay we call
+this background because the asymptotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background because the asymptotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background because the asymptotic
+conditions at Infinity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at Infinity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions at Infinity has
+changed okay I have a question so but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay I have a question so but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed okay I have a question so but in
+the alternative uh standard ofation case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative uh standard ofation case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative uh standard ofation case
+that uh we choose b equal to zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we choose b equal to zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we choose b equal to zero but
+but we know that the um D minus Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that the um D minus Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know that the um D minus Delta is
+always larger than Delta right right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always larger than Delta right right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always larger than Delta right right but
+in that case it seems near the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it seems near the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it seems near the boundary
+the dominant term is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant term is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant term is not the
+right right yeah that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right yeah that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right yeah that's a very good
+question so that you have to stretch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that you have to stretch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that you have to stretch a
+little bit yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit yeah yeah yeah
+good so more precisely so let me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so more precisely so let me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so more precisely so let me now
+finish my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish my last
+equation before we break so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation before we break so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation before we break so more
+precisely because of this Z term okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because of this Z term okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely because of this Z term okay so
+in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quation yeah let me just write it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation yeah let me just write it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation yeah let me just write it there
+so so write here so more precisely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so write here so more precisely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so write here so more precisely in
+the standard conation let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard conation let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard conation let me just
+replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the standard
+quation that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation that if you
+have a s such a term in your boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a s such a term in your boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a s such a term in your boundary
+Theory like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory like
+grin that's corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grin that's corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grin that's corresponding
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+5x is equal to limit Z goes to zero Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x is equal to limit Z goes to zero Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x is equal to limit Z goes to zero Z to
+the power Delta minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Delta minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power Delta minus t
+5 ZX okay so I have multiply a power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 ZX okay so I have multiply a power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 ZX okay so I have multiply a power so
+that it will just extract uh this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will just extract uh this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will just extract uh this a
+factor from the uh the behavior of the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation so this is the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so this is the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so this is the important
+relation uh so yeah so so last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh so yeah so so last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh so yeah so so last time we
+only said the five should corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only said the five should corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only said the five should corresponding
+to the boundary value of this Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary value of this Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the boundary value of this Capital
+five but now by working out the SYM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but now by working out the SYM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but now by working out the SYM
+totic Behavior we have refined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic Behavior we have refined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic Behavior we have refined that
+statement now it's a really precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement now it's a really precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement now it's a really precise
+mathematical statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions regarding
+this is it a guess or no no this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it a guess or no no this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it a guess or no no this is just
+a direct that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direct that that
+procedure this limit precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure this limit precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure this limit precisely
+extract this a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this a term
+this term because that opposite power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term because that opposite power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term because that opposite power to
+this one and this one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one will be
+smaller this one will be smaller because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller this one will be smaller because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller this one will be smaller because
+this one that multiply this one when Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that multiply this one when Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that multiply this one when Z
+goes zero will go zero so it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes zero will go zero so it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes zero will go zero so it will
+automatically extract this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ter exactly okay it's the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter exactly okay it's the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter exactly okay it's the statement is
+it's just this statement the a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this statement the a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this statement the a is
+related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this
+okay no this is statement is a GU from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no this is statement is a GU from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no this is statement is a GU from
+the from the example we discussed last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the example we discussed last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the example we discussed last
+time so last time by looking at this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so last time by looking at this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so last time by looking at this D
+example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we
+deduce that the boundary value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the boundary value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the boundary value of a
+field should be related to The Source in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field should be related to The Source in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field should be related to The Source in
+the in uh the boundary value of bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in uh the boundary value of bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in uh the boundary value of bar
+field should be related to the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field should be related to the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field should be related to the source of
+a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boundary
+operator and at that time we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and at that time we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and at that time we don't know
+what we mean precisely by boundary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean precisely by boundary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean precisely by boundary value
+and uh and now we have worked out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and now we have worked out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and now we have worked out a
+precise sympotic behavor behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise sympotic behavor behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise sympotic behavor behavior and
+now you can talk about what you mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can talk about what you mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can talk about what you mean by
+boundary behavior and then and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary behavior and then and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary behavior and then and then that
+refines that statement into that precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refines that statement into that precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refines that statement into that precise
+mathematical statement good so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+um okay so so now let's see what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so so now let's see what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so so now let's see what we can
+deduce from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce from this
+relation okay so turns out there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay so turns out there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay so turns out there's a
+very important information you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important information you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important information you can
+deduce from this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce from this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce from this uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation this is my number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five so let me call this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star so this equation star relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star actually tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you that the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the this
+Delta which defined before in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta which defined before in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta which defined before in this way
+and appears in your SYM totic formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and appears in your SYM totic formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and appears in your SYM totic formula
+like this this Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this Delta is
+actually is the scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimension of the operator dual to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the operator dual to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the operator dual to
+five of O so we assuming this five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of O so we assuming this five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of O so we assuming this five is
+dual to some operator o in the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to some operator o in the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual to some operator o in the boundary
+and so this is actually the precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually the precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually the precisely
+the scaling Dimension o okay so now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling Dimension o okay so now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaling Dimension o okay so now let
+me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain
+that and now let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so so before I do this do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so before I do this do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so so before I do this do you
+have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions good okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions good okay so
+um so let me first remind you how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me first remind you how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me first remind you how we
+Define the scaling dimension of operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the scaling dimension of operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the scaling dimension of operator
+in the in the in the confir field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the confir field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the confir field
+the so if you have a scaling R in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if you have a scaling R in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so if you have a scaling R in
+the then then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then then the
+scaling then the overall scaling is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling then the overall scaling is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling then the overall scaling is a
+symmetry so such a scaling is a symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so such a scaling is a symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so such a scaling is a symmetry
+okay and uh so under such a Sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so under such a Sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh so under such a Sim
+transformation say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation say say
+operator we call it a scaling operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we call it a scaling operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we call it a scaling operator
+if the transform under this symmetry as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the transform under this symmetry as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the transform under this symmetry as
+the following so transform into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following so transform into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following so transform into a new
+operator Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator Prime
+and evaluated at the new X Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluated at the new X Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluated at the new X Prime is
+equal to just differ by scaling from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just differ by scaling from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to just differ by scaling from the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator okay so because the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay so because the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay so because the operator
+with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such
+property a scaling operator okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property a scaling operator okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property a scaling operator okay so
+operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good good
+operators which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which
+are say representations of the conforman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say representations of the conforman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are say representations of the conforman
+IM you always have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IM you always have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IM you always have this
+behavior and this Delta defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this Delta defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and this Delta defines the
+scaling Dimension so we scale the Dela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling Dimension so we scale the Dela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling Dimension so we scale the Dela
+is the scaling Dimension so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the scaling Dimension so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the scaling Dimension so this is the
+definition of the scaling Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so this is almost similar to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is almost similar to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is almost similar to a
+scalar field so scalar field means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field so scalar field means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field so scalar field means that
+the new scalar field evaluated a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new scalar field evaluated a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new scalar field evaluated a new
+point should be the same as your old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should be the same as your old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should be the same as your old
+scale field you value at Old Point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale field you value at Old Point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale field you value at Old Point and
+here the the difference is just overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the difference is just overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the the difference is just overall
+preactor and this number uh uh defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor and this number uh uh defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preactor and this number uh uh defines
+the uh scaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh scaning
+Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+good so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so now
+let's so now I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so now I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so now I will
+derive that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive that this
+relation implies that this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation implies that this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation implies that this operator
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+precisely according to this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely according to this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely according to this Delta
+okaying to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data the now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data the now uh
+let me first remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me first remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me first remind
+you that the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the boundary
+scaling X mu goes to X mu Prime equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling X mu goes to X mu Prime equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling X mu goes to X mu Prime equal to
+Lambda X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X
+mu is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is related to the
+B to uh also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isometry which is X mu Prime equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometry which is X mu Prime equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometry which is X mu Prime equal to
+Lambda X mu but at the same time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X mu but at the same time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda X mu but at the same time you
+also scale Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so this scaling symmetry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this scaling symmetry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this scaling symmetry the
+counter part of the scaling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter part of the scaling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter part of the scaling in the
+gravity side is you scale both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side is you scale both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity side is you scale both of them
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+okay and the the gravity matric is invar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the the gravity matric is invar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the the gravity matric is invar
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this in under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in under
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so now let's consider such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's consider such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now let's consider such a
+transformation so now let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so now let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so now let's consider the
+relation between the 5x Z and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ox okay so let's consider s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox okay so let's consider s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ox okay so let's consider s
+transformation on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation on both
+Sid so on the gravity side such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid so on the gravity side such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sid so on the gravity side such a
+transformation leads to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field and this should be dual to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this should be dual to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and this should be dual to a
+transform field on the field series side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+sorry Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Which
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+F to the left oh yeah that's right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to the left oh yeah that's right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F to the left oh yeah that's right yeah
+yeah that's right no this is Park this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right no this is Park this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right no this is Park this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary okay but since this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay but since this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary okay but since this is a
+symmetry so this transformation of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so this transformation of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so this transformation of both
+symmetries in the field series side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries in the field series side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries in the field series side and
+in the gravity side that should have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gravity side that should have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gravity side that should have low
+consequences okay they should have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences okay they should have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences okay they should have low
+consequencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the five Prime this small five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the five Prime this small five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the five Prime this small five
+is the boundary value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the boundary value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the boundary value of the
+corresponding capital F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding capital F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding capital F
+okay this should still be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this should still be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this should still be the
+same because the your physic should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because the your physic should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because the your physic should not
+be changed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changed under
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay so now so now let's remind me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so now let's remind me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so now let's remind me let
+me remind you that five is a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remind you that five is a scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remind you that five is a scaler
+field in the gravity side this is scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the gravity side this is scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in the gravity side this is scaler
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+so scalar field transform under such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scalar field transform under such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so scalar field transform under such a
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+transformation transforms as five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation transforms as five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation transforms as five
+Prime X Prime Z Prime equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5xz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so this is just the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is just the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is just the definition
+of the scalar field in the gravity side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scalar field in the gravity side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scalar field in the gravity side
+and now let's apply this to the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's apply this to the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's apply this to the boundary
+value then we find that five Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then we find that five Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then we find that five Prime
+X which is the boundary value of 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is the boundary value of 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is the boundary value of 5
+Capital 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime okay so this should be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so this should be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay so this should be equal to
+that so now we use the this relation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we use the this relation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now we use the this relation the
+Z Prime is Lambda time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Prime is Lambda time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Prime is Lambda time
+Z and this is just equal to that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this is just equal to that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and this is just equal to that so this
+just become Lambda to the Delta minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+clear so so now you can just plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so so now you can just plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so so now you can just plug this
+back into here and this so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into here and this so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into here and this so there's a
+factor of Lambda minus Delta minus D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of Lambda minus Delta minus D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of Lambda minus Delta minus D and
+this come with fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this come with fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this come with fact of
+Lambda to the power d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the power d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to the power d
+and then tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tells
+you that o Prime X Prime = to Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that o Prime X Prime = to Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that o Prime X Prime = to Lambda
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+okay and we show that this Delta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we show that this Delta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we show that this Delta which
+appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears
+here or whatever here is that Delta uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or whatever here is that Delta uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or whatever here is that Delta uh
+is the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dimension of the
+operator but in standard conation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but in standard conation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but in standard conation you
+mention that in no this is a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in no this is a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention that in no this is a standard
+conation yeah AAL z h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation yeah AAL z h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation yeah AAL z h
+stand no no no no no no we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand no no no no no no we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand no no no no no no we are talking
+about the we are talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the we are talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the we are talking about the
+source we're not we're talking about non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we're not we're talking about non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we're not we're talking about non
+mode we're not talking about canonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode we're not talking about canonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode we're not talking about canonic
+quantization and we're not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and we're not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization and we're not talking about
+canonic quation we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic quation we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonic quation we're talking about the
+attending on lumiz modes corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending on lumiz modes corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending on lumiz modes corresponding
+adding such a source adding on such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding such a source adding on such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding such a source adding on such a
+term to your action but isn't that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to your action but isn't that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to your action but isn't that a
+field operator correspond sorry isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field operator correspond sorry isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field operator correspond sorry isn't
+that a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a field
+operator yeah this is but this is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator yeah this is but this is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator yeah this is but this is but
+this are nonnormalized field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are nonnormalized field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are nonnormalized field
+operator yeah that's what we yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator yeah that's what we yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator yeah that's what we yeah yeah
+yeah yeah so so we are talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so we are talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so so we are talking about the
+non Lal modes and and the non Lal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Lal modes and and the non Lal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non Lal modes and and the non Lal modes
+corresponding to Tang operator a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Tang operator a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to Tang operator a source
+it will operate in the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will operate in the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will operate in the boundary
+Theory and just this relation and shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and just this relation and shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and just this relation and shows
+that the Delta is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension any other questions
+so then when we quantize everything this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when we quantize everything this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then when we quantize everything this
+operator o is dual to normalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Capital no here here we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital no here here we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital no here here we're talking about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+question here we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here we're talking about the
+here we're talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're talking about this
+relation that if there's a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that if there's a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that if there's a boundary
+value of capital 5 with this boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital 5 with this boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of capital 5 with this boundary
+value then that's corresponding to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then that's corresponding to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then that's corresponding to add
+such a term to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a term to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a term to your
+L and under such a correspondence then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and under such a correspondence then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and under such a correspondence then
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+deduce that this Delta is the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that this Delta is the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that this Delta is the dimension
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+operator is the dimension of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the dimension of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the dimension of this
+operator and this is deduced from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and this is deduced from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and this is deduced from the
+non lariz perspective and then indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non lariz perspective and then indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non lariz perspective and then indeed
+you can ask then you can indeed you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask then you can indeed you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask then you can indeed you can
+ask say suppose I create modes I create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask say suppose I create modes I create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask say suppose I create modes I create
+n modes using this file using this o uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n modes using this file using this o uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n modes using this file using this o uh
+uh whether that is consistent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether that is consistent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether that is consistent with that
+inde that you can double check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+anyway so this is what we have right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this is what we have right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this is what we have right now
+so later we will discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so later we will discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so later we will discuss the
+correspondence for the Lal mode uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence for the Lal mode uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence for the Lal mode uh and
+and we worry about later yeah yeah later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we worry about later yeah yeah later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we worry about later yeah yeah later
+we will talk about the correspondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about the correspondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will talk about the correspondent
+foral mode and then you will see uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foral mode and then you will see uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foral mode and then you will see uh it's
+compatible with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation okay so so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay so so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation okay so so now we
+find for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find for
+scalar okay for standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quation for
+scaler in the standard quation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for SC in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conation that the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation that the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation that the dimension of the
+operator related to the mass in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator related to the mass in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator related to the mass in the
+gravity side by the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation right to gravit by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation right to gravit by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation right to gravit by this
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+okay so we have found the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have found the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have found the explicit
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between uh um the conformal dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh um the conformal dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh um the conformal dimension
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let me elaborate a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me elaborate a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me elaborate a little bit on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation so let's consider suppos the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so let's consider suppos the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so let's consider suppos the m
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero okay m equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay m equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay m equal to
+zero then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you have
+this then you find the Delta equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D so Del equal to D on the gra on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so Del equal to D on the gra on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D so Del equal to D on the gra on the
+field series side this is a marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator okay this is marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay this is marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay this is marginal
+operator and so we see that the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and so we see that the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and so we see that the mass
+this field on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field on the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field on the gravity
+side is mapped to a marginal operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is mapped to a marginal operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is mapped to a marginal operator
+okay is M to a marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so are you familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so are you familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so are you familiar with the
+terminology of the marginal operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology of the marginal operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology of the marginal operator
+relevant operator Etc good and uh wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant operator Etc good and uh wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant operator Etc good and uh wait
+can you can you remind us what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you remind us what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you remind us what what is
+it huh yeah this is defined in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it huh yeah this is defined in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it huh yeah this is defined in terms of
+RG flow are you taking the quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG flow are you taking the quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG flow are you taking the quantum field
+series to yes we Haven quite okay enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to yes we Haven quite okay enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series to yes we Haven quite okay enough
+yeah then you will be be get then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then you will be be get then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then you will be be get then you
+will get there maybe in the week okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get there maybe in the week okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get there maybe in the week okay
+great in equal to yeah certainly by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in equal to yeah certainly by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great in equal to yeah certainly by the
+end of this semester I I and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this semester I I and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this semester I I and you should
+yeah great yeah so uh uh so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great yeah so uh uh so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah great yeah so uh uh so let me just
+say one uh yeah I will say a few more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one uh yeah I will say a few more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one uh yeah I will say a few more a
+few more words and uh and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more words and uh and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more words and uh and then you will
+see what it means yeah yeah just uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it means yeah yeah just uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it means yeah yeah just uh uh
+uh I will say a few more words anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will say a few more words anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will say a few more words anyway so
+when M square is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when M square is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when M square is smaller than
+zero then here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then here is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+okay then the the this D Square over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the the this D Square over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the the this D Square over
+four like matter something so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four like matter something so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four like matter something so that means
+the Delta is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is smaller than
+D okay when thata when the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay when thata when the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D okay when thata when the dimension of
+the operator is smaller than uh than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is smaller than uh than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is smaller than uh than the
+SpaceTime Dimension so that from field c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime Dimension so that from field c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SpaceTime Dimension so that from field c
+Rec is called the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator called the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator called the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator called the relevant
+operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and
+now when M sare greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when M sare greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when M sare greater than
+zero the map to Dela greater than d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the map to Dela greater than d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the map to Dela greater than d
+so this a map to irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why they have H why they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why they have H why they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why they have H why they have this
+uh why they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why they have this
+name marginal relevant or irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name marginal relevant or irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name marginal relevant or irrelevant
+yeah I will I will say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I will I will say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I will I will say a little bit
+about that yeah just wait uh one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so so now let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now let's see what this
+means uh uh uh now let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh uh uh now let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh uh uh now let's see what this
+means from the perspective of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means from the perspective of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means from the perspective of this
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation
+okay so so from the field three side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so from the field three side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so from the field three side
+yeah so let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me write it
+here so from field three side we have 5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so from field three side we have 5x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so from field three side we have 5x
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+x mapped into so this five should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x mapped into so this five should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x mapped into so this five should be
+identified with a so this is identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with a so this is identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with a so this is identified
+with this term D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this term D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this term D
+Delta okay leading term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so now let me remind you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now let me remind you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so now let me remind you what
+this marginal and relevant irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so when when marginal when we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so when when marginal when we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so when when marginal when we call
+operate marginal means when you add such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate marginal means when you add such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate marginal means when you add such
+a term to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term to your
+Lin the effect of such a term does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin the effect of such a term does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lin the effect of such a term does not
+change with the scale so whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with the scale so whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with the scale so whether you're
+looking at very high energy looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at very high energy looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at very high energy looking at
+very low energy the effect does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low energy the effect does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low energy the effect does not
+change very much okay okay so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very much okay okay so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change very much okay okay so that's why
+you call marginal operator so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call marginal operator so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call marginal operator so there's a
+very in the realization group there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in the realization group there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in the realization group there's a
+very simple scaling argument to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple scaling argument to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple scaling argument to show
+that when the Delta is equal to D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the Delta is equal to D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the Delta is equal to D and
+then and then the effect of the operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then the effect of the operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then the effect of the operate
+does not change it does not change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change it does not change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change it does not change with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+yeah in particular when you go to the UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular when you go to the UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in particular when you go to the UV
+this does not change okay for marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator okay when you go to UV say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay when you go to UV say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay when you go to UV say say
+say when you go to higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you go to higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you go to higher and higher
+energy the effect of this operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the effect of this operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the effect of this operators
+Remains the Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains the Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains the Same
+roughly so now we know from this I UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so now we know from this I UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so now we know from this I UV
+connection UV mapped on the gravity side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection UV mapped on the gravity side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection UV mapped on the gravity side
+to Z goes to zero means we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z goes to zero means we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Z goes to zero means we are
+approaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the
+boundary and now we see precisely for d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and now we see precisely for d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and now we see precisely for d
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+Delta this term is actually constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta this term is actually constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta this term is actually constant so
+go to smaller and smaller Z and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to smaller and smaller Z and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to smaller and smaller Z and the
+effect of this term does not change it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of this term does not change it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of this term does not change it's
+just a constant so again does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+okay so now let's look at the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's look at the uh the
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+operator so the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so the relevant
+operator so so in the field the when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so so in the field the when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so so in the field the when you
+do the RG the the relevant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the RG the the relevant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the RG the the relevant and
+irrelevant means whether this uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant means whether this uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant means whether this uh uh
+whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this
+term become relevant when you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term become relevant when you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term become relevant when you go to the
+IR okay but by relevant means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR okay but by relevant means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR okay but by relevant means that the
+term become more and more important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term become more and more important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term become more and more important when
+you go to the low energies okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the low energies okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the low energies okay so that
+means that for the relevant operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that for the relevant operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that for the relevant operator
+when you the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you the high
+energies it become less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies it become less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies it become less and less
+important okay the by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay the by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay the by definition the
+relevant operator means when you go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant operator means when you go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant operator means when you go the
+low energies become more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energies become more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energies become more and more
+important and it means when you go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it means when you go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and it means when you go the
+high energies become less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energies become less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energies become less and less
+important it means that when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it means that when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it means that when you go to
+UV the relevant operate become less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV the relevant operate become less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV the relevant operate become less and
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important so now let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so now let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so now let's look at this
+side relevant op corresponding to data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side relevant op corresponding to data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side relevant op corresponding to data
+smaller than D then you have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than D then you have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than D then you have a positive
+power positive power then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power positive power then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power positive power then that means
+when you go to Z goes to zero when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to Z goes to zero when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to Z goes to zero when you
+go to UV actually this term goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to UV actually this term goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to UV actually this term goes to
+zero so this precise ly compatible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this precise ly compatible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this precise ly compatible with
+the field Theory Behavior we expect when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field Theory Behavior we expect when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field Theory Behavior we expect when
+you add such a term to Lin and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add such a term to Lin and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add such a term to Lin and the
+effect of such term should be less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of such term should be less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of such term should be less and
+less important when you go to the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important when you go to the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less important when you go to the high
+when you go to High energies and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to High energies and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to High energies and here we
+see a precise counterpart here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and similarly now if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly now if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly now if you go to
+the the irrelevant operator irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the irrelevant operator irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the irrelevant operator irrelevant
+means irrelevant when you go to IR when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means irrelevant when you go to IR when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means irrelevant when you go to IR when
+you go to UV means are more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to UV means are more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to UV means are more and more
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that mean but here when D when Del is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that mean but here when D when Del is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that mean but here when D when Del is
+greater than D then the have here have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than D then the have here have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than D then the have here have
+lative power so here goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lative power so here goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lative power so here goes to Infinity
+become bigger and bigger and indeed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become bigger and bigger and indeed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become bigger and bigger and indeed this
+time become more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time become more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time become more and more
+important so we see a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so we see a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so we see a very nice
+correspondance between this Behavior we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondance between this Behavior we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondance between this Behavior we
+expect just from the ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect just from the ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect just from the ordinary
+RG and the under the behavior of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG and the under the behavior of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RG and the under the behavior of this
+term in the gravity site so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the gravity site so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the gravity site so this is a
+very important self consistency check of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important self consistency check of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important self consistency check of
+our ma match both of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ma match both of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ma match both of this
+relation both of this relation and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation both of this relation and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation both of this relation and uh uh
+of this relation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions on this yes what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this yes what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions on this yes what's the
+topology of Adas boundary sorry what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of Adas boundary sorry what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of Adas boundary sorry what's
+the topology of Adas boundary it m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of Adas boundary it m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of Adas boundary it m
+kovski space it's not S5 H it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovski space it's not S5 H it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kovski space it's not S5 H it's not like
+S5 time something no no the Adas is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 time something no no the Adas is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 time something no no the Adas is just
+minkovski space yeah boundary of ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space yeah boundary of ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkovski space yeah boundary of ads
+just movi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just movi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just movi
+space um I have a question oh maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um I have a question oh maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space um I have a question oh maybe just
+like uh can you reind that me like in RG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh can you reind that me like in RG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh can you reind that me like in RG
+why this change oh no that takes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this change oh no that takes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this change oh no that takes some
+story to do yeah yeah yeah that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to do yeah yeah yeah that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to do yeah yeah yeah that you have
+to do in the quantum field series too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the quantum field series too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in the quantum field series too
+yeah yeah but if you just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but if you just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah but if you just uh
+um uh yeah but it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah but it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh yeah but it's very easy to
+understand it's very easy to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's very easy to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's very easy to understand
+if you just know a little bit fre field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just know a little bit fre field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just know a little bit fre field
+Theory uh if you just know a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh if you just know a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh if you just know a little bit
+F the and when you in the Feld Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the and when you in the Feld Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F the and when you in the Feld Theory
+point of view when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view when the
+when the dimension of this operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the dimension of this operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the dimension of this operator is
+smaller than the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the dimension of the
+operator and then this is dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then this is dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then this is dimensional
+then this have a positive Mass Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this have a positive Mass Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this have a positive Mass Dimension
+and then then this is like mum and Mum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then this is like mum and Mum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then then this is like mum and Mum
+become more and more important when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more important when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more and more important when you
+got no energies right and uh and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got no energies right and uh and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got no energies right and uh and become
+less and that's important when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and that's important when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and that's important when you go
+the high energies yeah just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energies yeah just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high energies yeah just from
+dimensional analysis yeah it take um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional analysis yeah it take um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional analysis yeah it take um
+maybe five minutes to explain very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five minutes to explain very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five minutes to explain very
+clearly uh but but we don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly uh but but we don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly uh but but we don't have this
+five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um so so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so so let me just
+summarize so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summarize um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize um so
+um we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation yeah let me just maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation yeah let me just maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation yeah let me just maybe just
+summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize
+here so we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we have those
+relation so summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+five dual to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dual to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dual to some
+o so here loiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes should be
+considered different norat mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered different norat mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered different norat mod
+corresponding to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states and here non normalizable modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is mapped to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mapped to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mapped to different
+actions so if you have different nonl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so if you have different nonl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions so if you have different nonl
+modes then you map to different actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes then you map to different actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes then you map to different actions
+you map to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you map to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you map to different
+Series so uh so in other words map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so uh so in other words map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so uh so in other words map to
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series okay map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series okay map to
+Series so when you turn on the longal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so when you turn on the longal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Series so when you turn on the longal
+modes you are deform in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you are deform in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you are deform in the
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+okay so just to elabor just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to elabor just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to elabor just more
+precisely in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conation in the standard conization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation in the standard conization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation in the standard conization
+which is a modes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notable okay when the a mode are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notable okay when the a mode are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notable okay when the a mode are
+unable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable then
+ax on the gravity side is W to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax on the gravity side is W to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax on the gravity side is W to this
+Source term on the gravity on the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source term on the gravity on the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source term on the gravity on the field
+series site okay if you have a non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series site okay if you have a non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series site okay if you have a non zero
+x a x the mapped to the following term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a x the mapped to the following term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a x the mapped to the following term
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+action and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action and then your
+mass we deduce that on this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we deduce that on this side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass we deduce that on this side is
+mapped to the uh the dimension the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the uh the dimension the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the uh the dimension the the
+data give the Delta dimension of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data give the Delta dimension of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data give the Delta dimension of this
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o so later we will explain as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so later we will explain as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so later we will explain as part of
+this normalizable mode story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normalizable mode story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normalizable mode story
+so this B so a is not normalizable but B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this B so a is not normalizable but B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this B so a is not normalizable but B
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+normalizable so later as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable so later as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizable so later as we will
+explain in the LM mode story is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in the LM mode story is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in the LM mode story is that the
+BX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX
+here we are actually map to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are actually map to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are actually map to the
+expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of
+O Okay so B is a lanal mode then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O Okay so B is a lanal mode then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O Okay so B is a lanal mode then
+actually that maps to the Lan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that maps to the Lan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that maps to the Lan
+expectation value of o in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of o in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of o in the
+corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding
+States okay in the corresponding state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay in the corresponding state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay in the corresponding state
+St and so a map to how you deform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St and so a map to how you deform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St and so a map to how you deform the
+theory and the B just maap to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and the B just maap to the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and the B just maap to the state
+which specify your expectation value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which specify your expectation value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which specify your expectation value so
+this we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later and in the alternative quation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and in the alternative quation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and in the alternative quation you
+just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it
+oppositely in alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely in alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely in alternative
+quation you just switch A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B in alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just Swit A and B so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just Swit A and B so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just Swit A and B so now
+b m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b m
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+bxo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bxo and
+ax m to the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax m to the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax m to the expectation
+value and M Now map to D minus Delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and M Now map to D minus Delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and M Now map to D minus Delta so
+so so now the dimension of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now the dimension of the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so now the dimension of the operator
+is D minus Delta rather than Delta so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D minus Delta rather than Delta so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is D minus Delta rather than Delta so so
+so now because you just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now because you just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now because you just take the
+different exponents okay okay it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different exponents okay okay it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different exponents okay okay it's the
+same thing I just take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I just take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing I just take different
+exponent so now the dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so now the dimension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so now the dimension of the
+operator is D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta so now let me also mention some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so now let me also mention some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so now let me also mention some
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples so you can also consider gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so you can also consider gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so you can also consider gauge
+field you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can
+consider say a Max whe field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a Max whe field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider say a Max whe field in the
+gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity
+site then that we dual to some conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site then that we dual to some conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site then that we dual to some conserved
+current that we said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can
+check then again you just solve the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check then again you just solve the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check then again you just solve the max
+equation which I will not have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I will not have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which I will not have time to
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+here but I may ask you to do it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I may ask you to do it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but I may ask you to do it in your
+P set you said a mu is equal to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P set you said a mu is equal to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P set you said a mu is equal to Infinity
+become so the B so the boundary so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so the B so the boundary so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become so the B so the boundary so the
+part of a parallel to the boundary goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a parallel to the boundary goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a parallel to the boundary goes
+to a constant there's no Z really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant there's no Z really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant there's no Z really a
+constant plus b mu some number to the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant plus b mu some number to the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant plus b mu some number to the Z
+to the D D minus 2 uh uh D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D D minus 2 uh uh D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D D minus 2 uh uh D minus
+2 so this is a leading behavior in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is a leading behavior in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is a leading behavior in the
+case of the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the vector field
+okay so using the very similar scating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so using the very similar scating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so using the very similar scating
+argument I was doing there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I was doing there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I was doing there you can
+deduce that operator du to a must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that operator du to a must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that operator du to a must have
+Dimension D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension D minus
+one okay this I will leave to you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay this I will leave to you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay this I will leave to you as
+exercise just exactly parallel statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise just exactly parallel statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise just exactly parallel statement
+as we did for the scaler case and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did for the scaler case and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did for the scaler case and and
+with this ASM totic Behavior you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ASM totic Behavior you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this ASM totic Behavior you can
+show uh just use in the argument you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh just use in the argument you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show uh just use in the argument you can
+show that the operator dual to a must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the operator dual to a must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the operator dual to a must
+have Dimension D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and this is precisely the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is precisely the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is precisely the dimension
+a conserved current must have Al so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conserved current must have Al so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conserved current must have Al so
+conserved current because it's conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved current because it's conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved current because it's conserved
+so its Dimension actually is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its Dimension actually is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its Dimension actually is it's
+actually protected so no matter in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually protected so no matter in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually protected so no matter in what
+kind of interaction no matter in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interaction no matter in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interaction no matter in what
+kind of case always have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of case always have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of case always have the same
+Dimension D minus one and so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension D minus one and so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension D minus one and so so this
+precisely agrees with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely agrees with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely agrees with that
+so do you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+H it's yeah the reason is simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it's yeah the reason is simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it's yeah the reason is simple it's
+just because the um uh it just because j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the um uh it just because j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because the um uh it just because j
+z the dimension of the J zero uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the dimension of the J zero uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the dimension of the J zero uh you can
+understand as following the j z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand as following the j z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand as following the j z is the
+charge density and the charge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and the charge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density and the charge density
+charge by definition does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by definition does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by definition does not have a
+dimension and by by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and by by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and by by definition the
+density always have Dimension matter one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density always have Dimension matter one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density always have Dimension matter one
+uh D minus one and and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D minus one and and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D minus one and and then the other
+component just followed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component just followed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component just followed by the
+conservation okay and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation okay and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation okay and the other
+component follow by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connotation yeah so so indeed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotation yeah so so indeed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connotation yeah so so indeed this is
+again this is a consistency check so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a consistency check so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is a consistency check so so
+for this case there is no choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case there is no choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case there is no choice of
+conation there only yeah there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation there only yeah there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conation there only yeah there's no
+choice ofation right actually uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice ofation right actually uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice ofation right actually uh uh uh
+in in the in the four in in ads4 in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the four in in ads4 in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the four in in ads4 in some
+special Dimension you can also do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Dimension you can also do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special Dimension you can also do a
+different conation but yeah story is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conation but yeah story is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conation but yeah story is a
+little bit subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit subtle
+yeah in some special Dimension sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in some special Dimension sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in some special Dimension sometimes
+you can do it yeah in in ads4 you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it yeah in in ads4 you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it yeah in in ads4 you can do
+a different boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different boundary
+condition so now let me also mention the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so now let me also mention the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so now let me also mention the
+stress tensor which is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tensor which is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tensor which is the other
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+one so we mention that the stress tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we mention that the stress tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we mention that the stress tensor
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+due to the to the uh to the pation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the to the uh to the pation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the to the uh to the pation of
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+um matric component say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um matric component say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um matric component say if you
+write the ads matric as some say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the ads matric as some say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the ads matric as some say some
+function times DZ S Plus G mu mu DX mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times DZ S Plus G mu mu DX mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function times DZ S Plus G mu mu DX mu
+DX mu so this is the part of the matric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX mu so this is the part of the matric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX mu so this is the part of the matric
+parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+then then we discuss next time if G mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then we discuss next time if G mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then we discuss next time if G mu
+goes to the boundary as something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the boundary as something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the boundary as something like
+this that it mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that it mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that it mu
+mu plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu plus some
+pation then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pation then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pation then that
+means that in the field series site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in the field series site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in the field series site
+you're are tending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're are tending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're are tending
+on a stress tensor the bation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a stress tensor the bation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a stress tensor the bation okay so
+that we argued last time uh uh if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we argued last time uh uh if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we argued last time uh uh if your
+uh the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the boundary
+value of your B matric say uh uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your B matric say uh uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of your B matric say uh uh is
+perturbed away from the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed away from the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed away from the U
+um the movi matric and corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the movi matric and corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the movi matric and corresponding
+from the fil point of view you source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fil point of view you source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fil point of view you source
+for the stress tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stress tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the stress tensor
+so again by using this relation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again by using this relation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again by using this relation you can
+deduce that the stress tensor must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the stress tensor must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the stress tensor must have
+Dimension uh the corresponding operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension uh the corresponding operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension uh the corresponding operator
+must have Dimension D again this give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have Dimension D again this give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have Dimension D again this give
+you exercise to yourself and again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exercise to yourself and again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exercise to yourself and again that
+is precise the stress tensor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precise the stress tensor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precise the stress tensor the
+dimension should satisfi by stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension should satisfi by stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension should satisfi by stress
+tensor and again because the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and again because the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and again because the stress
+tensor is conserved current exure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is conserved current exure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is conserved current exure and
+always no matter what kind of C we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always no matter what kind of C we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always no matter what kind of C we
+always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have
+Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension
+okay oh so uh um so now after I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh so uh um so now after I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh so uh um so now after I have
+discussed this relation let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this relation let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this relation let's now
+discuss how to compute the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how to compute the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss how to compute the correlation
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's discuss how to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's discuss how to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's discuss how to compute
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+functions so the basic observable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so the basic observable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so the basic observable in the
+say in the field Theory even more so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the field Theory even more so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the field Theory even more so in
+the in the conformal field theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the conformal field theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the conformal field theory is
+just correlation functions of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just correlation functions of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just correlation functions of local
+operators they are important part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they are important part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators they are important part of the
+and in the field Ser typically when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the field Ser typically when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the field Ser typically when we
+consider the correlation function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the correlation function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the correlation function of
+local operators we use something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local operators we use something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local operators we use something called
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functional I hope you're familiar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional I hope you're familiar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional I hope you're familiar this
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+again generating functional is so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again generating functional is so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again generating functional is so now
+let's consider ukan which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider ukan which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider ukan which is a little
+bit simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so essentially is you creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially is you creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially is you creating
+correlation function by adding such a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function by adding such a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function by adding such a a
+term to your field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to your field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to your field
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you want to calculate
+correlation functions of O then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions of O then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation functions of O then you just
+take derivative with five and then set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative with five and then set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative with five and then set
+five equal to zero then you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equal to zero then you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equal to zero then you get the
+correlation function of O so I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function of O so I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function of O so I hope
+you're familiar with this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here you should think of O fire and O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you should think of O fire and O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you should think of O fire and O
+as just some really have a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just some really have a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just some really have a collection of
+all oppos of operators even though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all oppos of operators even though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all oppos of operators even though I
+just write the single one you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the single one you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write the single one you should
+think of them as a collection of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as a collection of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as a collection of all
+operators you can put anything here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you can put anything here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you can put anything here uh
+stress tensor conserved current any scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tensor conserved current any scal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tensor conserved current any scal
+operator any spin operator yeah you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator any spin operator yeah you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator any spin operator yeah you can
+put anything there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put anything there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put anything there
+okay so in the simpl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation in a the simply situation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in a the simply situation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in a the simply situation we
+you just don't turn on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't turn on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just don't turn on any
+operator you just write five just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you just write five just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you just write five just take
+five equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five equal to
+zero so this simply situation then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this simply situation then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this simply situation then you
+just have the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the partition
+function so so so this correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so so so this correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so so so this correlation
+function is defined by the cing path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined by the cing path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined by the cing path
+integral for example and uh uh you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for example and uh uh you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for example and uh uh you just
+insert this in the CLE path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral and when 5al to Z this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and when 5al to Z this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and when 5al to Z this is just
+the you creating part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you creating part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you creating part
+integral and this is just give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this is just give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this is just give you a
+partition function function of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function function of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function function of the whole
+system and since we believe The Duality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and since we believe The Duality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and since we believe The Duality
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+true then this partition function should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then this partition function should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then this partition function should
+be exactly the same as the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same as the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly the same as the partition
+function on the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side okay suppose you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay suppose you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay suppose you can compute the
+partition function and gravity side then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function and gravity side then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function and gravity side then
+they must be the same otherwise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be the same otherwise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must be the same otherwise uh
+there's no equivalence so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no equivalence so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no equivalence so this is the
+partition function over the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function over the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function over the gravity
+site gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this have to be
+true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so
+now so now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation again we write in theistic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation again we write in theistic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation again we write in theistic form
+that some operate o is dual to some s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some operate o is dual to some s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some operate o is dual to some s to
+some backfield F and the source for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some backfield F and the source for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some backfield F and the source for the
+O is dual to the boundary value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is dual to the boundary value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O is dual to the boundary value of
+five again I write in theistic form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five again I write in theistic form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five again I write in theistic form so
+the boundary value of five should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary value of five should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary value of five should be
+understood in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit because of this then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit because of this then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit because of this then that
+means we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have now we if we turn l z five deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now we if we turn l z five deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now we if we turn l z five deform
+the series by this five the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series by this five the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series by this five the
+corresponding to the gravity side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the gravity side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the gravity side the
+partition function now with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function now with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function now with this
+five have the boundary value given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five have the boundary value given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five have the boundary value given by
+five then it must be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five then it must be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five then it must be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+okay because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because we have
+identified tending on the boundary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified tending on the boundary value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified tending on the boundary value
+to tending on the operator tending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tending on the operator tending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tending on the operator tending on
+this thing in the in the field series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the in the field series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in the in the field series
+from so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so we have
+now relate the generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now relate the generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now relate the generating
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+to the gravity partition function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gravity partition function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gravity partition function with
+some non larable boundary conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non larable boundary conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some non larable boundary conditions
+okay with some non norizal boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so in
+general yeah now let me uh uh give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yeah now let me uh uh give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general yeah now let me uh uh give me
+one one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one more
+minutes so in general this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so in general this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so in general this uh this
+equation is actually empty because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is actually empty because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is actually empty because we
+don't know how to define the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to define the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to define the gravity
+side okay yeah how full quantum gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay yeah how full quantum gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side okay yeah how full quantum gravity
+partition function what are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function what are you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function what are you talking
+about we don't know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we don't know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we don't know how to do
+that but we know how to compute this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we know how to compute this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but we know how to compute this guy
+in the semic classical limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the string component goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the string component goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the string component goes to
+zero and Alpha Prime goes to zero limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Alpha Prime goes to zero limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and Alpha Prime goes to zero limits
+okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this
+limit we can just write the gravity pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit we can just write the gravity pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit we can just write the gravity pass
+integral a gravity par function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a gravity par function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral a gravity par function
+essentially as aan pass integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as aan pass integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially as aan pass integral over
+all gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields again I'm using this fistic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields again I'm using this fistic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields again I'm using this fistic form
+to write the boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the boundary condition
+but it should be understood in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be understood in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be understood in that
+form and again I'm uh uh by integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and again I'm uh uh by integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and again I'm uh uh by integrating
+over five should imagine integrating of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five should imagine integrating of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over five should imagine integrating of
+all gravity Fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now in the
+limit so this s e is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so this s e is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so this s e is proportional to
+one/ Kaa Square the which is the Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ Kaa Square the which is the Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ Kaa Square the which is the Newton
+constant so in the semic classical limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in the semic classical limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so in the semic classical limit
+in this limit the Kaa Square goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this limit the Kaa Square goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this limit the Kaa Square goes
+zero so you can actually evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you can actually evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you can actually evaluate this
+PA integral using the side point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA integral using the side point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA integral using the side point
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+okay the side point a setle point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the side point a setle point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the side point a setle point
+approximation so at the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order so this gravity can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so this gravity can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so this gravity can actually be
+evaluated so leading order in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated so leading order in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated so leading order in this
+semiclassical limit you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical limit you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiclassical limit you can just
+evaluate it by set point approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it by set point approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate it by set point approximation
+then this is just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is just given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is just given by
+S evaluated as a classical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution CL solution which satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution CL solution which satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution CL solution which satisfies the
+appropriate boundary conditions so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate boundary conditions so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate boundary conditions so so
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+actually in this limit we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this limit we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in this limit we can actually
+evaluate this explicitly and the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this explicitly and the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this explicitly and the nice
+thing that we said before the semic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we said before the semic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we said before the semic
+classical limit actually corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical limit actually corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical limit actually corresponding
+to the strongly coup limit in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the strongly coup limit in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the strongly coup limit in the field
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+so so we can actually so we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can actually so we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we can actually so we can actually
+compute explicitly the generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute explicitly the generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute explicitly the generating
+functional in the strong C limit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional in the strong C limit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional in the strong C limit over
+the field series okay yeah so uh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field series okay yeah so uh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field series okay yeah so uh uh so
+let's stop here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f-uEn1nZmB4.txt b/f-uEn1nZmB4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68e25b7595c66dcc5b32c3fa790b225e82acfe93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f-uEn1nZmB4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu ok
+all right so a last time we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so a last time we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so a last time we were talking
+about the general interactions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the general interactions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the general interactions that are
+present in a chemical bond the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in a chemical bond the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in a chemical bond the nuclear
+nuclear repulsion the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsion the electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsion the electron nuclear
+attractions the electron-electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractions the electron-electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractions the electron-electron
+repulsion and we talked about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and we talked about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and we talked about how the
+competition of those three interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition of those three interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition of those three interactions
+are what gave rise to this interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what gave rise to this interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what gave rise to this interaction
+potential that we drew it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that we drew it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that we drew it is the
+competition between those interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between those interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between those interactions
+that determines what the bond length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines what the bond length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines what the bond length of
+a molecule is it is a competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule is it is a competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule is it is a competition
+between those interactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those interactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those interactions that
+determines what the well depth is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what the well depth is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what the well depth is where
+the bond strength is in a chemical bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond strength is in a chemical bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond strength is in a chemical bond
+well today what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well today what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well today what we're going to do is
+we're going to move on and talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on and talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on and talk about a
+specific model for chemical bonding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific model for chemical bonding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific model for chemical bonding and
+the model we're going to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we're going to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model we're going to talk about is
+that of Lewis diagrams now interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of Lewis diagrams now interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of Lewis diagrams now interestingly
+this is a model that is non quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a model that is non quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a model that is non quantum
+mechanical this was invented 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical this was invented 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical this was invented 20 years
+before quantum mechanics by GN Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before quantum mechanics by GN Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before quantum mechanics by GN Lewis
+somehow GN GN Lewis recognized and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow GN GN Lewis recognized and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow GN GN Lewis recognized and I
+don't know how we recognize that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how we recognize that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how we recognize that's
+genius I guess but he recognized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius I guess but he recognized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius I guess but he recognized that
+the key to chemical bonding was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to chemical bonding was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to chemical bonding was a
+shearing we're an overlap of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shearing we're an overlap of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shearing we're an overlap of two
+electrons one from each atom and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one from each atom and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one from each atom and he
+represented these ideas using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented these ideas using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented these ideas using these
+Lewis diagrams in which he took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams in which he took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams in which he took the
+valence electrons the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons the total number of
+valence electrons in the two atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons in the two atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons in the two atoms that
+were forming a bond any redistributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forming a bond any redistributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forming a bond any redistributed
+them so that one atom from each or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that one atom from each or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that one atom from each or one
+electron from each atom that was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from each atom that was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from each atom that was making
+this bond shared an electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond shared an electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond shared an electron and the
+rest of the valence electrons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the valence electrons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the valence electrons were
+distributed amongst those two atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed amongst those two atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed amongst those two atom
+such that each atom had an octet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that each atom had an octet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that each atom had an octet of
+electrons around them each atom had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around them each atom had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around them each atom had a
+rare gas electron configuration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare gas electron configuration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare gas electron configuration and
+that's the basis of this idea of Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis of this idea of Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basis of this idea of Lewis
+diagrams the idea of the octet rule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams the idea of the octet rule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams the idea of the octet rule on
+top of it there's no chalk today there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it there's no chalk today there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it there's no chalk today there's
+no I got a piece okay like that rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for example if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example if you have a
+fluorine atom with its seven valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine atom with its seven valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorine atom with its seven valence
+electrons here coming together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here coming together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here coming together with
+another fluorine atom with its seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fluorine atom with its seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fluorine atom with its seven
+valence electrons to make a fluorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons to make a fluorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons to make a fluorine
+molecule well the idea is that each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule well the idea is that each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule well the idea is that each one
+of these extra electrons now on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these extra electrons now on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these extra electrons now on the
+flooring or these unpaired electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooring or these unpaired electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooring or these unpaired electrons are
+shared between the two fluorines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between the two fluorines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between the two fluorines the
+result is now given the sharing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is now given the sharing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is now given the sharing that
+this fluorine has an octet of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fluorine has an octet of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fluorine has an octet of electrons
+around it me and this fluorine now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it me and this fluorine now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it me and this fluorine now has
+an octet of electrons around it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octet of electrons around it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octet of electrons around it they
+have this octet configuration which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this octet configuration which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this octet configuration which is
+the lower energy filled shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy filled shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy filled shell
+configuration now that's the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration now that's the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration now that's the case of
+course for all the elements except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for all the elements except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for all the elements except
+hydrogen in the case of hydrogen we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the case of hydrogen we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen in the case of hydrogen we're
+coming in with one atom say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with one atom say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in with one atom say it's
+combining reacting with a chlorine atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining reacting with a chlorine atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining reacting with a chlorine atom
+well in this case this hydrogen from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case this hydrogen from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in this case this hydrogen from the
+this electron from the hydrogen is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron from the hydrogen is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron from the hydrogen is going
+to to be shared with this electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be shared with this electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be shared with this electron from
+the chlorine and now again this chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine and now again this chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chlorine and now again this chlorine
+has this octet around it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this octet around it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this octet around it but the
+hydrogen of course is just two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen of course is just two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen of course is just two electrons
+around it that hydrogen its inner gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it that hydrogen its inner gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it that hydrogen its inner gas
+configuration is that of helium right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is that of helium right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is that of helium right
+and so it is satisfied with just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is satisfied with just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it is satisfied with just two
+electrons around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around it
+so with this sharing idea Louis could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this sharing idea Louis could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this sharing idea Louis could
+really understand the stoichiometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the stoichiometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the stoichiometry of
+many compounds he understood why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many compounds he understood why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many compounds he understood why
+hydrogen gas was 82 and not hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas was 82 and not hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas was 82 and not hydrogen
+atom he understood why nitrogen gas was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom he understood why nitrogen gas was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom he understood why nitrogen gas was
+then too and not a nitrogen atom he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then too and not a nitrogen atom he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then too and not a nitrogen atom he
+could understand why oxygen was 02 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand why oxygen was 02 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could understand why oxygen was 02 and
+not an oxygen atom now these Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an oxygen atom now these Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an oxygen atom now these Lewis
+diagrams have absolutely nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams have absolutely nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams have absolutely nothing to do
+with orbitals or wave functions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with orbitals or wave functions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with orbitals or wave functions right
+which we actually know to be more a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually know to be more a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we actually know to be more a more
+accurate description of chemical bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate description of chemical bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate description of chemical bonding
+we're going to get to them but Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to them but Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to them but Lewis
+diagrams work ninety percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams work ninety percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams work ninety percent of the time
+ninety percent of the time to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent of the time to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety percent of the time to tell you
+where the electrons are in a molecule it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are in a molecule it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are in a molecule it
+works so well and it's easy chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so well and it's easy chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so well and it's easy chemists
+have used these Lewis diagrams before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used these Lewis diagrams before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used these Lewis diagrams before
+quantum mechanics and have continued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and have continued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and have continued to
+use them after a quantum mechanics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them after a quantum mechanics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them after a quantum mechanics right
+they use them because it's easy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use them because it's easy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use them because it's easy and it
+works it allows you to understand where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it allows you to understand where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it allows you to understand where
+the electrons are in a chemical bond on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are in a chemical bond on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons are in a chemical bond on
+which atoms the electrons are centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which atoms the electrons are centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which atoms the electrons are centered
+where the lone pairs are where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the lone pairs are where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the lone pairs are where those
+electrons that are in the molecule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are in the molecule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are in the molecule that
+actually don't participate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't participate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't participate in the
+chemical bond for example here in HCl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond for example here in HCl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond for example here in HCl
+these two electrons these two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons these two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons these two electrons
+these two electrons they aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons they aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons they aren't
+participating in the chemical bond we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in the chemical bond we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in the chemical bond we
+call these electrons here lone pairs all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these electrons here lone pairs all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these electrons here lone pairs all
+right it's an important definition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's an important definition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's an important definition that
+we're going to use all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use all right so we're
+going to look at this system again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this system again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at this system again it's
+easy the alternative is solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the alternative is solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy the alternative is solving the
+Schrodinger equation what you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation what you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation what you don't want
+to do if you don't have to do great cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you don't have to do great cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you don't have to do great cuz
+that's hard can't do that quickly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard can't do that quickly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard can't do that quickly so
+that's the value here it's going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value here it's going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value here it's going to give
+us a framework these Lewis diagrams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a framework these Lewis diagrams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a framework these Lewis diagrams to
+kind of organize a lot of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of organize a lot of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of organize a lot of chemical
+reactions to kind of organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to kind of organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to kind of organize
+our ideas of bonding and what what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideas of bonding and what what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ideas of bonding and what what will
+react with what all right okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with what all right okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with what all right okay so let's
+start doing this and to do that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing this and to do that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing this and to do that we're
+going to have a set of rules here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a set of rules here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a set of rules here and
+they'll i put this front screen down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll i put this front screen down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll i put this front screen down and
+i think actually on the side screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think actually on the side screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think actually on the side screen
+could you put that my my rules up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah he on the side screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so the basic idea in Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the basic idea in Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the basic idea in Lewis
+structures is that we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures is that we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures is that we're going to take
+the total number of valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of valence electrons
+the total number of electrons valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of electrons valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of electrons valence
+electrons and the two atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the two atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and the two atoms that are
+going to form this bond we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form this bond we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form this bond we're going to
+share electrons between the two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share electrons between the two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share electrons between the two atoms
+and then can then take the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then can then take the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then can then take the rest of the
+valence electrons that distribute them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons that distribute them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons that distribute them
+amongst the two atoms in that molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the two atoms in that molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the two atoms in that molecule
+such that each atom has an octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that each atom has an octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that each atom has an octet
+configuration so to draw a lewis diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so to draw a lewis diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so to draw a lewis diagram
+you're going to have to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to know what the
+valence electrons are in particular how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons are in particular how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons are in particular how
+many valence electrons each atom has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many valence electrons each atom has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many valence electrons each atom has
+this you have to know really off the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to know really off the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to know really off the top
+of your head and this is just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your head and this is just a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your head and this is just a quick
+list of the number of valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the number of valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of the number of valence electrons
+carbon is for nitrogen has five oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is for nitrogen has five oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is for nitrogen has five oxygen
+is six etc etc alright so let's as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six etc etc alright so let's as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is six etc etc alright so let's as an
+example illustrate how to draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example illustrate how to draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example illustrate how to draw these
+Lewis diagrams here are our set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams here are our set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams here are our set of rules
+we're gonna go through them step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go through them step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go through them step by step
+as you get better at this you won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get better at this you won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get better at this you won't have
+to go through these rules in such detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through these rules in such detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through these rules in such detail
+but for now when we're just learning how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now when we're just learning how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now when we're just learning how
+to do it I think this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I think this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I think this is a very
+effective way so let's start let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way so let's start let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way so let's start let's start
+take an easy one so we want to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an easy one so we want to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an easy one so we want to draw the
+lewis structure of methane first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure of methane first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure of methane first thing
+you have to do is you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is you have to figure out
+what the skeletal structure is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the skeletal structure is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the skeletal structure is you have
+to kind of figure out as a first pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of figure out as a first pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of figure out as a first pass
+what's bonded to what and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's bonded to what and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's bonded to what and now I'm going
+to give you some hints first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some hints first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you some hints first of all
+hydrogen if you have a hydrogen ya know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen if you have a hydrogen ya know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen if you have a hydrogen ya know
+that's always what we call a terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always what we call a terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always what we call a terminal
+Adam terminal means that it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam terminal means that it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam terminal means that it's only
+bonded to one other atom fluorine atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to one other atom fluorine atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to one other atom fluorine atoms
+also are usually only terminal atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are usually only terminal atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are usually only terminal atoms
+alright hydrogen always is flooring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright hydrogen always is flooring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright hydrogen always is flooring is
+ninety-nine percent of the time only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-nine percent of the time only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety-nine percent of the time only a
+terminal animal right so in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal animal right so in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal animal right so in the case of
+methane which you know as four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane which you know as four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane which you know as four
+hydrogen's and one carbon if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's and one carbon if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's and one carbon if the
+hydrogen's have to be terminal well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's have to be terminal well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's have to be terminal well then
+there's only one choice here you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one choice here you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one choice here you put the
+carbon in the center so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in the center so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon in the center so that's our
+skeletal structure right number two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure right number two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure right number two here
+on our Lewis diagrams it says count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our Lewis diagrams it says count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our Lewis diagrams it says count the
+total number of valence electrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of valence electrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of valence electrons so
+let's do that hydrogen has one valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that hydrogen has one valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that hydrogen has one valence
+electron but they're four hydrogen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but they're four hydrogen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but they're four hydrogen's
+carbon has four valence electrons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has four valence electrons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has four valence electrons the
+total number of valence electrons in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of valence electrons in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of valence electrons in our
+molecule here is eight and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule here is eight and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule here is eight and I'm going to
+draw those eight valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw those eight valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw those eight valence electrons
+number three here in our rules says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three here in our rules says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three here in our rules says
+count the total number of electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the total number of electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the total number of electrons that
+you would have to have if each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to have if each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to have if each of the
+atoms had and inner gas configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms had and inner gas configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms had and inner gas configuration
+alright so these are the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so these are the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so these are the number that
+we've got eight and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got eight and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got eight and now we're
+calculating how many we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating how many we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating how many we would like to
+have in the optimal situation if each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the optimal situation if each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the optimal situation if each
+atom has an inner gas configuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom has an inner gas configuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom has an inner gas configuration so
+let's do that well hydrogen wants to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that well hydrogen wants to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that well hydrogen wants to and
+we have four hydrogen's so 4 times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four hydrogen's so 4 times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have four hydrogen's so 4 times 2
+carbon wants 8 so if each of these atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon wants 8 so if each of these atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon wants 8 so if each of these atoms
+had an inner gas configuration we'd need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an inner gas configuration we'd need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an inner gas configuration we'd need
+16 electrons all right step for step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 electrons all right step for step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 electrons all right step for step
+four says to calculate the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four says to calculate the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four says to calculate the number of
+bonding electrons the way you do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons the way you do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons the way you do that is
+by taking the total number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the total number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking the total number of electrons
+that you would have to have if each atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have to have if each atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have to have if each atom
+had a noble gas configuration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a noble gas configuration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a noble gas configuration and
+subtract from it the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from it the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from it the total number of
+electrons that you actually do have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that you actually do have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that you actually do have all
+right so we're going to take 16 subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to take 16 subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to take 16 subtract
+from that eight we're gonna have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that eight we're gonna have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that eight we're gonna have eight
+bonding electrons the way I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons the way I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons the way I'm gonna
+represent the eight bonding electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the eight bonding electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the eight bonding electrons
+are bonding electrons in general is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding electrons in general is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding electrons in general is that
+I'm going to draw a red square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a red square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw a red square
+around my electrons that are bounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my electrons that are bounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around my electrons that are bounding
+bonding electrons so up here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons so up here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons so up here these are
+the number of valence electrons I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of valence electrons I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of valence electrons I've got
+it says eight of those valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says eight of those valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says eight of those valence electrons
+are bonding electrons so I'm gonna draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding electrons so I'm gonna draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding electrons so I'm gonna draw
+a box those are my bonding electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box those are my bonding electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box those are my bonding electrons
+step 5 says to assign to bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 5 says to assign to bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 5 says to assign to bonding
+electrons to each bond well let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to each bond well let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons to each bond well let's do
+that assign to bonding electrons to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assign to bonding electrons to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assign to bonding electrons to each
+bond well if we put to there to there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond well if we put to there to there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond well if we put to there to there to
+there to there then we've used up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to there then we've used up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to there then we've used up all of
+our valence electrons in all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our valence electrons in all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our valence electrons in all of our
+bonding electrons in that structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons in that structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons in that structure
+number 6 says if you've got bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 6 says if you've got bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 6 says if you've got bonding
+electrons that remain well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that remain well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that remain well the answer is
+no we use them all up alright and number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we use them all up alright and number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we use them all up alright and number
+7 says do we have any valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 says do we have any valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 says do we have any valence electrons
+left the answer is no we don't we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the answer is no we don't we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the answer is no we don't we've
+used them all up so we're done and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them all up so we're done and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used them all up so we're done and you
+can see that each the hydrogen has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that each the hydrogen has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that each the hydrogen has an
+inner gas configuration around it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gas configuration around it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gas configuration around it the
+carbon has an inner gas configuration an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has an inner gas configuration an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon has an inner gas configuration an
+octet of electrons around it hey we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet of electrons around it hey we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet of electrons around it hey we're
+done with methane but you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with methane but you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with methane but you could have
+done that anyway right yes yeah okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that anyway right yes yeah okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that anyway right yes yeah okay all
+right here's another one oh one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's another one oh one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's another one oh one other
+idea one other concept here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea one other concept here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea one other concept here in this
+particular structure carbon carbon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular structure carbon carbon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular structure carbon carbon is
+the central atom what I mean by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central atom what I mean by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central atom what I mean by a
+central atom is an atom to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom is an atom to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central atom is an atom to which
+everything else is bonded all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is bonded all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is bonded all right so
+sometimes we're going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we're going to ask you to
+write a lewis structure and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a lewis structure and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a lewis structure and we're going
+to tell you what Adam is the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what Adam is the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you what Adam is the central
+atom so you know to put it in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so you know to put it in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so you know to put it in the center
+and everything else gets connected to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else gets connected to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else gets connected to it
+okay let's do another harder one here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do another harder one here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's do another harder one here's
+this molecule it's going to be hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule it's going to be hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule it's going to be hydrogen
+cyanide hcn first thing you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide hcn first thing you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyanide hcn first thing you have to do
+according to our rule number one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our rule number one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our rule number one is to
+draw a skeletal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a skeletal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a skeletal structure
+so you have the choice here of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the choice here of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the choice here of how to
+draw that skeletal structure you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that skeletal structure you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that skeletal structure you can put
+the nitrogen in the center or the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen in the center or the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen in the center or the carbon
+in the center hydrogen's not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center hydrogen's not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center hydrogen's not going to go
+in the center because we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center because we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center because we know the
+hydrogen's terminal always so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's terminal always so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's terminal always so what you
+often do is a first pass when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do is a first pass when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do is a first pass when you're
+drawing the skeletal structure is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the skeletal structure is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the skeletal structure is that
+you put the element with the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the element with the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the element with the lowest
+ionization energy in the middle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy in the middle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy in the middle that's
+what our rule number one said element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our rule number one said element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our rule number one said element
+with lowest ionization energy goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lowest ionization energy goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lowest ionization energy goes in
+the middle that often is true but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that often is true but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that often is true but not
+always this is a first pass I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this is a first pass I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this is a first pass I'm going to
+show you a little bit later some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit later some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a little bit later some cases
+where this won't be true and how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this won't be true and how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this won't be true and how we're
+going to determine that the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine that the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine that the lowest
+ionization element doesn't go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization element doesn't go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization element doesn't go in the
+center all right we're gonna have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center all right we're gonna have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center all right we're gonna have a way
+to figure this out but for right now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure this out but for right now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure this out but for right now if
+you had no other choices that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had no other choices that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had no other choices that's what you
+do you'd write a structure with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'd write a structure with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you'd write a structure with the
+lowest ionization energy element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest ionization energy element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest ionization energy element in the
+center okay so we did that number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay so we did that number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay so we did that number to
+calculate the total number of valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number of valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number of valence
+electrons in this molecule well hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this molecule well hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this molecule well hydrogen
+brings one valence electron into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings one valence electron into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings one valence electron into the
+party Carbon brings for nitrogen brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party Carbon brings for nitrogen brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party Carbon brings for nitrogen brings
+five we have a total of ten valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we have a total of ten valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we have a total of ten valence
+electrons I'm going to draw those 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I'm going to draw those 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I'm going to draw those 10
+valence electrons while you're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons while you're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons while you're learning
+to do this you might also want to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this you might also want to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this you might also want to draw
+10 valence electrons like this next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 valence electrons like this next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 valence electrons like this next step
+calculate the total number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number of electrons
+each atom would have to have if in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom would have to have if in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom would have to have if in an
+ideal world they had a noble gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal world they had a noble gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal world they had a noble gas
+configuration alright without sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration alright without sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration alright without sharing
+well the total number of electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the total number of electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the total number of electrons that
+each atom total number of electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom total number of electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each atom total number of electrons that
+we would have to have is two for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to have is two for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to have is two for the
+hydrogen eight for the carbon and eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen eight for the carbon and eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen eight for the carbon and eight
+for the nitrogen a total number of 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nitrogen a total number of 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nitrogen a total number of 18
+step 4 says we calculate the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 4 says we calculate the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step 4 says we calculate the number of
+bonding electrons to do that we subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons to do that we subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons to do that we subtract
+the total number that we would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number that we would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number that we would have to
+have for an inner gas configuration 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for an inner gas configuration 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for an inner gas configuration 18
+from the total number that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the total number that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the total number that we actually
+do have which is 10 the result is 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have which is 10 the result is 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have which is 10 the result is 8
+bonding electrons I'm going to now draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons I'm going to now draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons I'm going to now draw
+this red square around the valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red square around the valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red square around the valence
+electrons that are going to be bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are going to be bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that are going to be bonding
+electrons all right so here it goes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons all right so here it goes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons all right so here it goes we
+got eight bonding electrons and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight bonding electrons and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got eight bonding electrons and two
+electrons left out here we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons left out here we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons left out here we'll see that
+in a moment where they go number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment where they go number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment where they go number five
+sign two bonding electrons to each bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign two bonding electrons to each bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign two bonding electrons to each bond
+okay we'll put two there we put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll put two there we put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll put two there we put two
+there that's great we've now used up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's great we've now used up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's great we've now used up for
+bonding electrons but hey we got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons but hey we got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons but hey we got four
+more bonding electrons left so our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bonding electrons left so our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bonding electrons left so our next
+step is do we have any bonding electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is do we have any bonding electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is do we have any bonding electrons
+left we sure do we got four of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left we sure do we got four of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left we sure do we got four of them in
+that case you start to make double bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you start to make double bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you start to make double bonds
+or triple bonds all right a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triple bonds all right a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or triple bonds all right a double bond
+is one in which four electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one in which four electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one in which four electrons are
+shared a triple bond is one in which six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared a triple bond is one in which six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared a triple bond is one in which six
+electrons are shared in general which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are shared in general which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are shared in general which
+atoms do you make double bonds or triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms do you make double bonds or triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms do you make double bonds or triple
+bonds between well in general double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds between well in general double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds between well in general double
+bonds form between carbon nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds form between carbon nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds form between carbon nitrogen
+oxygen sulfur triple bonds usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen sulfur triple bonds usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen sulfur triple bonds usually
+restricted to carbon nitrogen and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to carbon nitrogen and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to carbon nitrogen and oxygen
+all right so in this case we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in this case we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so in this case we got a
+carbon and a nitrogen here we got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and a nitrogen here we got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and a nitrogen here we got four
+extra bonding electrons well what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bonding electrons well what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bonding electrons well what we're
+going to do is we're going to put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to put these
+in between the carbon and the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the carbon and the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between the carbon and the nitrogen
+we're going to have a triple bond right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a triple bond right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a triple bond right
+there all right so we took care of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so we took care of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so we took care of all
+our bonding electrons now step 7 do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bonding electrons now step 7 do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bonding electrons now step 7 do we
+have any balance electrons remaining hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any balance electrons remaining hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any balance electrons remaining hey
+we sure do we've got two valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sure do we've got two valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sure do we've got two valence
+electrons remaining what do we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons remaining what do we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons remaining what do we do with
+them well we assign them as lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well we assign them as lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well we assign them as lone pairs
+we look to see which atoms don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look to see which atoms don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look to see which atoms don't have an
+inner gas configuration well hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gas configuration well hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gas configuration well hydrogen
+does the carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the carbon
+now it's got eight electrons around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's got eight electrons around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's got eight electrons around it
+but the nitrogen doesn't it only has six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nitrogen doesn't it only has six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nitrogen doesn't it only has six
+so we're going to put those two extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to put those two extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to put those two extra
+valence electrons has a lone pair here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons has a lone pair here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons has a lone pair here
+on the nitrogen and now the nitrogen has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nitrogen and now the nitrogen has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nitrogen and now the nitrogen has
+an octet around it all right these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octet around it all right these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an octet around it all right these two
+electrons are called lone pairs they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are called lone pairs they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are called lone pairs they
+don't participate in the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't participate in the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't participate in the chemical
+bonding all right so we did that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding all right so we did that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding all right so we did that one
+next one giant eel chloride so at CL 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one giant eel chloride so at CL 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one giant eel chloride so at CL 2
+s.o how do you do this one well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s.o how do you do this one well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s.o how do you do this one well there's
+a first guess the halogens usually our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first guess the halogens usually our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first guess the halogens usually our
+terminal atoms so they're not bonded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal atoms so they're not bonded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal atoms so they're not bonded to
+anything else all right that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else all right that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else all right that's that's
+usually the case not always especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the case not always especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the case not always especially
+for chlorine so we're gonna put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chlorine so we're gonna put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chlorine so we're gonna put the
+chlorines out on the end somewhere so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorines out on the end somewhere so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorines out on the end somewhere so
+then do we put oxygen in the center or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do we put oxygen in the center or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do we put oxygen in the center or
+sulfur in the center well we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur in the center well we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur in the center well we're gonna
+pick the lowest ionization element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the lowest ionization element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the lowest ionization element
+energy element we're gonna put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy element we're gonna put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy element we're gonna put that in
+the center that's gonna be sulfur so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center that's gonna be sulfur so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center that's gonna be sulfur so
+we'll try this as a skeletal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try this as a skeletal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try this as a skeletal structure
+all right so count the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so count the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so count the total number of
+valence electrons hey chlorine brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons hey chlorine brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons hey chlorine brings
+seven valence electrons into the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven valence electrons into the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven valence electrons into the party
+and there are two chlorine atoms sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two chlorine atoms sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two chlorine atoms sulfur
+bring six oxygen brings six hey we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring six oxygen brings six hey we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring six oxygen brings six hey we got a
+total number 26 valence electrons let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number 26 valence electrons let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number 26 valence electrons let me
+draw them all out step number three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them all out step number three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them all out step number three is
+calculate the total number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number of electrons
+that we would have to have for each atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would have to have for each atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we would have to have for each atom
+tavern inner gas configuration hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tavern inner gas configuration hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tavern inner gas configuration hey we
+got four atoms here each one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four atoms here each one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got four atoms here each one of them is
+going to each one of them is going to 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to each one of them is going to 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to each one of them is going to 18
+we're going to have 32 for that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have 32 for that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have 32 for that's what
+we would need for an inner gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need for an inner gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would need for an inner gas
+configuration for each atom let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for each atom let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for each atom let's
+calculate the total number bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the total number bonding
+electrons well that's 32 minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well that's 32 minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well that's 32 minus the
+number of valence electrons that's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of valence electrons that's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of valence electrons that's six
+so of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of those
+any six valence electrons let me draw my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any six valence electrons let me draw my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any six valence electrons let me draw my
+box my bonding box around six of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box my bonding box around six of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box my bonding box around six of them
+alright next step is to assign those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright next step is to assign those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright next step is to assign those
+bonding electrons hey that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons hey that's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons hey that's gonna be
+easy put to there to there to there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy put to there to there to there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy put to there to there to there that
+means we've just used up our six bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we've just used up our six bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we've just used up our six bonding
+electrons do we have any more left no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we have any more left no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons do we have any more left no
+there aren't gonna be any double bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't gonna be any double bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't gonna be any double bonds
+here however we've got lots of valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here however we've got lots of valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here however we've got lots of valence
+electrons left great we've got 20 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons left great we've got 20 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons left great we've got 20 of
+them we're gonna have to make lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we're gonna have to make lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we're gonna have to make lone pairs
+with those 20 excess valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those 20 excess valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those 20 excess valence electrons
+we're gonna have to make ten lone pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to make ten lone pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to make ten lone pairs
+so that each atom has an octet around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each atom has an octet around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each atom has an octet around it
+so let's do that we're gonna put six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that we're gonna put six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do that we're gonna put six of
+them around the oxygen so now the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around the oxygen so now the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around the oxygen so now the oxygen
+has an octet another six there they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an octet another six there they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an octet another six there they go
+another six around the chlorine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another six around the chlorine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another six around the chlorine there
+they go another six around this chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go another six around this chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go another six around this chlorine
+there they go and finally we got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they go and finally we got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they go and finally we got two
+left well that's gonna have to go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left well that's gonna have to go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left well that's gonna have to go on the
+sulfur to make an octet there it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur to make an octet there it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur to make an octet there it goes
+hey we're done we've used up all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we're done we've used up all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we're done we've used up all of our
+valence electrons and we have an octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons and we have an octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons and we have an octet
+around each one of the atoms in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each one of the atoms in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around each one of the atoms in that
+molecule alright so that's the basic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule alright so that's the basic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule alright so that's the basic a
+procedure for writing these Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for writing these Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for writing these Lewis
+diagrams but now I talked about putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but now I talked about putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams but now I talked about putting
+the lowest ionization energy element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest ionization energy element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest ionization energy element in
+the center sometimes and I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center sometimes and I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center sometimes and I talked about
+well you gotta try this structure first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you gotta try this structure first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you gotta try this structure first
+try this skeletal structure first how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this skeletal structure first how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this skeletal structure first how do
+we really know if we've drawn the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really know if we've drawn the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really know if we've drawn the right
+Lewis diagram well the way we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagram well the way we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagram well the way we're going
+to tell is by this concept it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell is by this concept it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell is by this concept it's called
+formal charge what formal charge is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge what formal charge is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge what formal charge is is a
+measure of the extent to which an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the extent to which an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the extent to which an atom
+has gained or lost an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gained or lost an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gained or lost an electron
+when it is formed a chemical bond all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is formed a chemical bond all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is formed a chemical bond all
+right so compared to when it's an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so compared to when it's an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so compared to when it's an atom
+the formal charge tells you how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge tells you how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge tells you how much of
+an electron that has been gained by it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that has been gained by it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that has been gained by it
+or lost by it all right I'll make that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lost by it all right I'll make that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or lost by it all right I'll make that a
+little more real in just a moment how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more real in just a moment how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more real in just a moment how do
+you assign a formal charge well we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign a formal charge well we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assign a formal charge well we got a
+recipe for this that formal charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for this that formal charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipe for this that formal charge is
+the following you count up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following you count up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following you count up the number of
+valence electrons on the free atom we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons on the free atom we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons on the free atom we're
+going to call that V you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that V you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that V you're going to
+subtract from it the number of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from it the number of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract from it the number of electrons
+that are lone pairs on that atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are lone pairs on that atom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are lone pairs on that atom in the
+molecule so V minus L and the third step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so V minus L and the third step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so V minus L and the third step
+is you're going to subtract one half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to subtract one half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to subtract one half of
+the number of bonding electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bonding electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bonding electrons that
+Adam has or one-half the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam has or one-half the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam has or one-half the number of
+electrons that it shares in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that it shares in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that it shares in that
+molecule so it's v minus l minus s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so it's v minus l minus s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so it's v minus l minus s over
+2 s is the number of electrons at Cheers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s is the number of electrons at Cheers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s is the number of electrons at Cheers
+that's the formal charge let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formal charge let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the formal charge let's
+illustrate this let's take this I on CN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this let's take this I on CN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this let's take this I on CN
+minus I already drew the lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I already drew the lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I already drew the lewis structure
+here so now what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now what we're going to do is
+we're going to calculate the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate the formal
+charge for carbon and the formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for carbon and the formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge for carbon and the formal charge
+for nitrogen within this Lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nitrogen within this Lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for nitrogen within this Lewis structure
+formal charges depend on the Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges depend on the Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges depend on the Lewis
+structure right ready let's do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right ready let's do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right ready let's do it for
+carbon V is for we have four valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon V is for we have four valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon V is for we have four valence
+electrons in this structure L is 2l is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this structure L is 2l is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this structure L is 2l is
+the number of lone pair electrons look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lone pair electrons look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lone pair electrons look
+at in the structure here are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in the structure here are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in the structure here are these
+electrons the lone pair that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the lone pair that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons the lone pair that don't
+participate in the bond we have two lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the bond we have two lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the bond we have two lone
+pair electrons it's minus two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair electrons it's minus two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair electrons it's minus two and then
+we have to subtract from that minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to subtract from that minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to subtract from that minus one
+half the number of shared electrons well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the number of shared electrons well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the number of shared electrons well
+the number of shared electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of shared electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of shared electrons in the
+case the carbon is six we got a triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the carbon is six we got a triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the carbon is six we got a triple
+bond here so that's 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here so that's 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here so that's 60
+or two that's three hey the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two that's three hey the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two that's three hey the formal
+charge on carbon in this Lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on carbon in this Lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on carbon in this Lewis structure
+is minus one what we often do is we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one what we often do is we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one what we often do is we put
+a minus one somewhere near that carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one somewhere near that carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus one somewhere near that carbon
+and circle it that's the formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circle it that's the formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and circle it that's the formal charge
+on the carbon what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the carbon what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the carbon what that means is that
+the carbon has gained one more electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon has gained one more electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon has gained one more electron
+then it usually has as then it has as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it usually has as then it has as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it usually has as then it has as an
+atom it's a little bit more negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom it's a little bit more negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom it's a little bit more negatively
+charged in this molecule Bennett is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged in this molecule Bennett is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged in this molecule Bennett is
+nanam let's do nitrogen nitrogen valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanam let's do nitrogen nitrogen valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanam let's do nitrogen nitrogen valence
+electrons is five then minus the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is five then minus the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is five then minus the number
+of lone pairs well that's too here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lone pairs well that's too here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lone pairs well that's too here's
+that lone pair and then it's minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lone pair and then it's minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lone pair and then it's minus one
+half the number of shared electrons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the number of shared electrons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the number of shared electrons or
+bonding electrons that's three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons that's three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrons that's three the
+result is a formal charge of zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a formal charge of zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a formal charge of zero and so
+what we would usually do is we'd write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would usually do is we'd write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we would usually do is we'd write a
+zero with a circle around it near that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero with a circle around it near that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero with a circle around it near that
+nitrogen ok so the formal charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen ok so the formal charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen ok so the formal charge on
+carbon is minus 1 formal charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is minus 1 formal charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is minus 1 formal charge on
+nitrogen is zero in the structure now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen is zero in the structure now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen is zero in the structure now
+you got to check to make sure you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to check to make sure you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to check to make sure you did
+everything right and here's the check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right and here's the check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right and here's the check
+the check is that the total charges here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check is that the total charges here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check is that the total charges here
+minus one plus zero minus one the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one plus zero minus one the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one plus zero minus one the total
+the sum of the formal charges has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the formal charges has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the formal charges has to
+equal the overall charge on the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the overall charge on the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the overall charge on the molecule
+right so minus 1 plus 0 is minus 1 hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so minus 1 plus 0 is minus 1 hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so minus 1 plus 0 is minus 1 hey
+that does equal the overall charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does equal the overall charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does equal the overall charge on
+the molecule so we did everything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule so we did everything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule so we did everything right
+all right that's an important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's an important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's an important thing to
+check all right so that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all right so that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check all right so that's how you
+calculate formal charge how do you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate formal charge how do you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate formal charge how do you use
+it well first of all before I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well first of all before I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well first of all before I tell you
+how you use it let me just emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use it let me just emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use it let me just emphasize
+that formal charge is not oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal charge is not oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formal charge is not oxidation
+number oxidation number dip it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number oxidation number dip it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number oxidation number dip it does not
+depend on the lewis structure formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the lewis structure formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the lewis structure formal
+charge depends on the lewis structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge depends on the lewis structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge depends on the lewis structure
+you're going to talk about oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about oxidation
+number with Professor drennan if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with Professor drennan if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with Professor drennan if you
+don't know what it is that's okay you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is that's okay you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is that's okay you'll
+learn about it in a few weeks but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about it in a few weeks but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about it in a few weeks but if you
+do know what it is I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know what it is I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know what it is I just want to
+emphasize that formal charge is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that formal charge is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that formal charge is not the
+oxidation number all right okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation number all right okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation number all right okay so now
+how do we use formal charge to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use formal charge to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we use formal charge to make sure
+that we've got the correct Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got the correct Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've got the correct Lewis
+structure that's what you do you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's what you do you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's what you do you use the
+formal charge what you do is you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge what you do is you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge what you do is you realize
+that structures with lower absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structures with lower absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structures with lower absolute
+values of formal charge are the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of formal charge are the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of formal charge are the more
+stable structures structures which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable structures structures which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable structures structures which have
+formal charges on the atoms that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges on the atoms that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges on the atoms that our
+lower are more stable structures where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower are more stable structures where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower are more stable structures where
+the number of electrons that the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons that the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of electrons that the atom
+has gained or lost in forming a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gained or lost in forming a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gained or lost in forming a molecule
+is smaller harvestable structures this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller harvestable structures this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller harvestable structures this
+is really important because you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important because you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important because you're going
+to often have a situation where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to often have a situation where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to often have a situation where you've
+got two different skeletal structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two different skeletal structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two different skeletal structures
+you've obeyed all of the rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've obeyed all of the rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've obeyed all of the rules for
+drawing the Lewis diagrams of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the Lewis diagrams of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing the Lewis diagrams of those two
+different skeletal structures those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different skeletal structures those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different skeletal structures those two
+different arrangement of atoms but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangement of atoms but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different arrangement of atoms but only
+one of those structures is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those structures is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those structures is going to be
+correct and the one that's correct is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and the one that's correct is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and the one that's correct is
+going to have the lower set of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the lower set of absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have the lower set of absolute
+values of the formal charge so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the formal charge so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the formal charge so let's
+illustrate this let's take this ion it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this let's take this ion it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate this let's take this ion it's
+the thiocyanate ion and see s- as i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thiocyanate ion and see s- as i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thiocyanate ion and see s- as i have
+written it here now if you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it here now if you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it here now if you were just
+told you got an eye on that has nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you got an eye on that has nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you got an eye on that has nitrogen
+carbon and sulfur in it um you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and sulfur in it um you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and sulfur in it um you might say
+well you know how do I start well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know how do I start well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know how do I start well you
+could start by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start by putting
+the element with the lowest ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element with the lowest ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element with the lowest ionization
+energy in the center that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the center that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the center that would be a
+good place to start you should do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to start you should do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good place to start you should do that
+but what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we're going to do is we're
+going to look at all three possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at all three possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at all three possibilities
+here we're going to look at a lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to look at a lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to look at a lewis
+structure where the carbons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where the carbons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where the carbons in the
+middle where the sulfur is in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle where the sulfur is in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle where the sulfur is in the middle
+and now where the nitrogens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now where the nitrogens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now where the nitrogens in the
+middle and we drew these lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we drew these lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and we drew these lewis
+structures I've already drawn them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I've already drawn them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I've already drawn them here
+for you according to our rules posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you according to our rules posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you according to our rules posted
+here on these walls but only one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on these walls but only one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on these walls but only one of
+these structures is correct and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures is correct and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures is correct and we're
+going to use the idea formal charges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the idea formal charges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the idea formal charges to
+determine which one is correct which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which one is correct which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine which one is correct which one
+has the lowest energy all right so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the lowest energy all right so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the lowest energy all right so if we
+take this structure and we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this structure and we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this structure and we calculate the
+formal charge for nitrogen will find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge for nitrogen will find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge for nitrogen will find its
+minus one the formal charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one the formal charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one the formal charge on the
+carbon here is zero the formal charge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon here is zero the formal charge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon here is zero the formal charge on
+the sulfur here is zero all right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sulfur here is zero all right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sulfur here is zero all right so I
+already did these calculations for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did these calculations for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did these calculations for you
+if you sum up the formal charges hey we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum up the formal charges hey we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sum up the formal charges hey we
+get minus one the overall charge on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus one the overall charge on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus one the overall charge on this
+ion is minus one hey we did that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion is minus one hey we did that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion is minus one hey we did that right
+we did everything right you should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did everything right you should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did everything right you should check
+your formal charges like this let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your formal charges like this let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your formal charges like this let's do
+the same thing for this structure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for this structure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for this structure we
+calculate the formal charge on carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charge on carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charge on carbons
+minus two formal charge on sulfur's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two formal charge on sulfur's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two formal charge on sulfur's to
+formal charge on nitrogen is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on nitrogen is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on nitrogen is minus one
+let's sum these up when we do that hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sum these up when we do that hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's sum these up when we do that hey
+we get a minus one it indeed matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a minus one it indeed matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a minus one it indeed matches the
+overall charge on the ion let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall charge on the ion let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall charge on the ion let's
+calculate the formal charges for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charges for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the formal charges for each
+atom here sulfur is zero nitrogen is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here sulfur is zero nitrogen is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here sulfur is zero nitrogen is one
+carbons minus 2 overall charge minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons minus 2 overall charge minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons minus 2 overall charge minus one
+hey we did that right okay now which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we did that right okay now which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we did that right okay now which one
+of these structures is the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these structures is the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these structures is the lowest energy
+structure ready I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure ready I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure ready I'm
+asked you to raise your hand or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to raise your hand or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to raise your hand or to
+scream is it structure number one yes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scream is it structure number one yes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scream is it structure number one yes is
+it structure number to know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it structure number to know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it structure number to know is the
+structure number three no you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure number three no you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure number three no you're right
+its structure number one right it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its structure number one right it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its structure number one right it has
+the lowest set of formal charges minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest set of formal charges minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest set of formal charges minus
+100 only one atom here has a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 only one atom here has a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 only one atom here has a formal
+charge other than zero these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge other than zero these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge other than zero these two
+structures have formal charges that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures have formal charges that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures have formal charges that are
+minus two or two hey I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two or two hey I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two or two hey I don't think that
+there is a structure on earth well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a structure on earth well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a structure on earth well maybe
+there is that has a formal charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that has a formal charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that has a formal charge of
+minus 2 or 2 that is that will make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 or 2 that is that will make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 or 2 that is that will make it
+the lowest energy structure if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy structure if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy structure if you've
+got a structure with a minus 2 or 2 hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a structure with a minus 2 or 2 hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a structure with a minus 2 or 2 hey
+that's very very likely not the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very likely not the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very likely not the lowest
+energy structure all right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy structure all right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy structure all right so this is a
+powerful tool to know if you have drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool to know if you have drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful tool to know if you have drawn
+your skeleton correctly okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skeleton correctly okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skeleton correctly okay okay so
+remember this really important on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this really important on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this really important on an
+exam we're going to tell you to draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam we're going to tell you to draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam we're going to tell you to draw the
+lewis structure with the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure with the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lewis structure with the lowest energy
+you're going to have to try several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to try several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to try several of
+them to see what which one has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see what which one has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to see what which one has the
+lowest set of absolute values for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest set of absolute values for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest set of absolute values for the
+formal charge question I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok number of valence electrons on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok number of valence electrons on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok number of valence electrons on the
+carbon is 4 minus the number of lone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is 4 minus the number of lone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is 4 minus the number of lone
+pairs on the carbon is for right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on the carbon is for right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs on the carbon is for right that's
+24 is that your question yeah ok ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 is that your question yeah ok ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 is that your question yeah ok ok
+other questions ok here's another use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions ok here's another use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions ok here's another use of
+the formal charge this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge this is also
+determining the skeletal structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the skeletal structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the skeletal structure here
+but you'll see a problem in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll see a problem in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll see a problem in just a
+moment here's another special case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment here's another special case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment here's another special case we
+have CH three NH 0 minus how do you draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CH three NH 0 minus how do you draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have CH three NH 0 minus how do you draw
+in this case here how you draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case here how you draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case here how you draw that
+skeletal structure have some lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure have some lights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal structure have some lights on
+the board here all right ch3 okay ch3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board here all right ch3 okay ch3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board here all right ch3 okay ch3
+here this is what we call a methyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what we call a methyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is what we call a methyl group
+it is always terminal since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always terminal since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always terminal since the
+hydrogen's are always terminal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's are always terminal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's are always terminal so the
+structure looks like this right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure looks like this right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure looks like this right and the
+carbon then is bonded to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon then is bonded to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon then is bonded to the next
+element over so if you see a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element over so if you see a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element over so if you see a structure
+like this the first we've got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the first we've got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the first we've got lots of
+different elements the first pass just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements the first pass just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements the first pass just
+take these elements in a row the ch3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these elements in a row the ch3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these elements in a row the ch3
+this methyl group is bonded to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methyl group is bonded to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this methyl group is bonded to the
+nitrogen okay the next one is hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen okay the next one is hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen okay the next one is hydrogen
+but we know we're not going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know we're not going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know we're not going to put the
+hydrogen between the nitrogen the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen between the nitrogen the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen between the nitrogen the oxygen
+because the hydrogen's always terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the hydrogen's always terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the hydrogen's always terminal
+so the hydrogen's either going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hydrogen's either going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hydrogen's either going to go
+here or the hydrogen is going to go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or the hydrogen is going to go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or the hydrogen is going to go here
+all right and that's the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's the question that
+we're going to ask here on this slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask here on this slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to ask here on this slide is
+this the correct structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the correct structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the correct structure
+or is this the correct structure so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this the correct structure so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is this the correct structure so I
+drew the skeletal structures I drew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew the skeletal structures I drew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew the skeletal structures I drew the
+Lewis diagrams which ones right ok well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams which ones right ok well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis diagrams which ones right ok well
+if I go and calculate the formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go and calculate the formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go and calculate the formal charges
+here I would find that the formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would find that the formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would find that the formal charge
+on oxygen is minus 1 and that the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oxygen is minus 1 and that the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oxygen is minus 1 and that the formal
+charge on all other atoms is 0 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on all other atoms is 0 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on all other atoms is 0 in this
+structure if I go calculate the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if I go calculate the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if I go calculate the formal
+charge the formal charge on the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the formal charge on the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the formal charge on the nitrogen
+in this structure is minus 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this structure is minus 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this structure is minus 1 and then
+the formal charge on all the other atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge on all the other atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal charge on all the other atoms
+are 0 hey we've got a problem here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0 hey we've got a problem here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0 hey we've got a problem here we
+got two different structures and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two different structures and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two different structures and they
+have absolutely the same set of formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolutely the same set of formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have absolutely the same set of formal
+charges in terms of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges in terms of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges in terms of the absolute
+magnitudes right maybe only one atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes right maybe only one atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes right maybe only one atom
+that has a minus 1 formal charge only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a minus 1 formal charge only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a minus 1 formal charge only
+one atom that has one more electron than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom that has one more electron than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom that has one more electron than
+it usually does in its unbonded state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually does in its unbonded state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually does in its unbonded state in
+its atomic State so which one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its atomic State so which one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its atomic State so which one of these
+is correct well it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct well it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is correct well it turns out that this
+structure is correct it's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is correct it's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is correct it's correct
+because of this it's correct because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this it's correct because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this it's correct because we
+put the formal charge on the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the formal charge on the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the formal charge on the most
+electronegative atom which is oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom which is oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom which is oxygen
+oxygen is more electronegative than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is more electronegative than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is more electronegative than
+nitrogen so that's the other key here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so that's the other key here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so that's the other key here is
+that if you've got two structures same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've got two structures same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've got two structures same
+sets of formal charges and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of formal charges and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of formal charges and you have a
+choice of putting the formal the- formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of putting the formal the- formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of putting the formal the- formal
+charge on an atom you put it on the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on an atom you put it on the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on an atom you put it on the most
+electronegative atom that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom that's going to be
+the lowest energy structure in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy structure in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy structure in general
+here we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we talked about the
+electronegativities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativities the
+electronegativity flooring is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity flooring is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegativity flooring is greater
+than night oxygen is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than night oxygen is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than night oxygen is greater than
+nitrogen is greater than carbon alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen is greater than carbon alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen is greater than carbon alright
+that is something that you'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that you'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that you'll need to
+know ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ok
+so we've seen how this formal charge now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen how this formal charge now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen how this formal charge now
+is useful and figuring out whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful and figuring out whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful and figuring out whether or
+not we had the right skeletal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we had the right skeletal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we had the right skeletal structure
+to begin with okay now here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with okay now here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin with okay now here's another
+useful another utility of formal charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful another utility of formal charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful another utility of formal charge
+let's look at this structure no.3 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this structure no.3 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this structure no.3 minus
+well um I know ahead of time that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um I know ahead of time that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um I know ahead of time that we're
+going to put this nitrogen in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this nitrogen in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put this nitrogen in the center
+if you just had no.3 minus and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just had no.3 minus and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just had no.3 minus and you
+didn't know anything you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know anything you would have to
+play around with some structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with some structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with some structures and
+look at formal charges but I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at formal charges but I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at formal charges but I've already
+done that playing around so I know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that playing around so I know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that playing around so I know to
+put nitrogen in the center all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put nitrogen in the center all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put nitrogen in the center all right
+okay but let's do the lewis diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's do the lewis diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's do the lewis diagram for
+this we count up the valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we count up the valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we count up the valence electrons
+hey we've got six for every one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we've got six for every one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey we've got six for every one of the
+oxygens and five for the nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens and five for the nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens and five for the nitrogen and
+now hey this one's important we added an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hey this one's important we added an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hey this one's important we added an
+extra electron when we counted up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electron when we counted up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electron when we counted up the
+valence electrons that extra valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons that extra valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons that extra valence
+electron comes because this is no.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes because this is no.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron comes because this is no.3
+minus we have an elec strzelecki on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we have an elec strzelecki on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we have an elec strzelecki on in
+it on no.3 so we have to count it in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on no.3 so we have to count it in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on no.3 so we have to count it in our
+valence electrons if this was no.3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons if this was no.3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons if this was no.3 plus
+he we would subtract one right here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he we would subtract one right here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he we would subtract one right here but
+this is no.3 minus so we gotta add 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's 24 valence electrons let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's 24 valence electrons let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's 24 valence electrons let me
+draw them all out number three let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them all out number three let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw them all out number three let's
+calculate the number of electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the number of electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the number of electrons that
+we would have to have of each atom had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to have of each atom had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have to have of each atom had a
+noble gas configuration that would be 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas configuration that would be 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas configuration that would be 32
+because we got four atoms let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got four atoms let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got four atoms let's
+calculate the number of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the number of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the number of bonding
+electrons well that's 32-20 48 so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well that's 32-20 48 so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well that's 32-20 48 so of
+those 24 valence electrons eight of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 24 valence electrons eight of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 24 valence electrons eight of them
+are bonding electrons let's assign them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding electrons let's assign them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding electrons let's assign them
+well here's a two here's two there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's a two here's two there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's a two here's two there's two
+hey that's great we used up six so do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's great we used up six so do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey that's great we used up six so do we
+have any remaining we sure do we got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any remaining we sure do we got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any remaining we sure do we got two
+so we're gonna have to make one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have to make one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have to make one of these
+a double bond alright so we got a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double bond alright so we got a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double bond alright so we got a one
+double bond there between nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond there between nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond there between nitrogen and
+oxygen now we've got a lot of remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen now we've got a lot of remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen now we've got a lot of remaining
+valence electrons alright we've got 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons alright we've got 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons alright we've got 16
+that are remaining we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are remaining we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are remaining we're gonna
+distribute them around the oxygens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute them around the oxygens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute them around the oxygens in
+order to make a octet around each atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a octet around each atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a octet around each atom
+there we go we did that and so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go we did that and so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go we did that and so now we've
+used up all of our valence electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up all of our valence electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used up all of our valence electrons
+let's calculate the formal charges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the formal charges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate the formal charges the
+formal charge on the singly bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on the singly bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charge on the singly bonded
+oxygen is minus 1 I put a minus 1 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is minus 1 I put a minus 1 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen is minus 1 I put a minus 1 there
+I'm gonna put a minus 1 there the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna put a minus 1 there the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna put a minus 1 there the formal
+charge on the double bonded oxygen right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the double bonded oxygen right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the double bonded oxygen right
+in here hey that's zero I'm gonna put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here hey that's zero I'm gonna put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here hey that's zero I'm gonna put a
+zero there the formal charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there the formal charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there the formal charge on the
+nitrogen well that's one I'm gonna put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen well that's one I'm gonna put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen well that's one I'm gonna put a
+one there if I sum up the formal charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there if I sum up the formal charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there if I sum up the formal charges
+I get a minus one that does agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a minus one that does agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a minus one that does agree with
+the overall charge on this molecule no.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall charge on this molecule no.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall charge on this molecule no.3
+minus so we did everything right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we did everything right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we did everything right all
+right now you see something a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you see something a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you see something a little
+strange here right and that is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange here right and that is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange here right and that is for
+whatever reason i picked this nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason i picked this nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason i picked this nitrogen
+and oxygen to make a double bond hey but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen to make a double bond hey but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen to make a double bond hey but
+i could have also i could have also made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have also i could have also made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have also i could have also made
+the double bond between thus nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double bond between thus nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double bond between thus nitrogen
+and oxygen and if i had calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen and if i had calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen and if i had calculated the
+formal charges I would have identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges I would have identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal charges I would have identically
+the same set of formal charges or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of formal charges or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of formal charges or I
+could have picked this oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked this oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked this oxygen and
+nitrogen to put in the double bond if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen to put in the double bond if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen to put in the double bond if I
+calculated the formal charges I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the formal charges I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the formal charges I can't
+the same set of formal charges so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of formal charges so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of formal charges so we've
+got three different structures all which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three different structures all which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three different structures all which
+have the same set of formal charges what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of formal charges what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of formal charges what
+are we going to do here which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do here which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to do here which one of
+these is correct well when you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is correct well when you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is correct well when you've got
+this situation here this is a hint that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation here this is a hint that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation here this is a hint that
+you've got what we call a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what we call a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got what we call a resonance
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+alright so if you have the same skeletal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if you have the same skeletal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if you have the same skeletal
+arrangement and you've just got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and you've just got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement and you've just got three
+different structures and the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures and the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures and the electrons
+are in different places and the same set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in different places and the same set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in different places and the same set
+of formal charges exist this is a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal charges exist this is a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formal charges exist this is a hint
+you have something called a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something called a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something called a resonance
+structure what's a resonance structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what's a resonance structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure what's a resonance structure
+well here's the bottom line in no.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the bottom line in no.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here's the bottom line in no.3
+minus if you look at the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus if you look at the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus if you look at the structure of
+that I on you would not find that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I on you would not find that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I on you would not find that one of
+the nitrogen oxygen bonds was a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen oxygen bonds was a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen oxygen bonds was a double
+bond and that the other two were single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and that the other two were single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and that the other two were single
+bonds right a double bond is stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds right a double bond is stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds right a double bond is stronger
+than a single bond a double bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a single bond a double bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a single bond a double bond is
+shorter than a single bond so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than a single bond so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than a single bond so if you do
+the appropriate experiment you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate experiment you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate experiment you can tell
+whether or not you have a shorter or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you have a shorter or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you have a shorter or a
+longer bond you can tell whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer bond you can tell whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer bond you can tell whether you
+have a weaker or stronger bond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weaker or stronger bond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a weaker or stronger bond the
+bottom line is that when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that when you look at
+this molecule experimentally you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule experimentally you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule experimentally you do not
+see one bond that's shorter and stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one bond that's shorter and stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one bond that's shorter and stronger
+than the other two nitrogen oxygen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other two nitrogen oxygen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other two nitrogen oxygen bonds
+what you find is that all three bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that all three bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that all three bonds
+are equivalent all three bonds have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent all three bonds have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent all three bonds have the
+same strength and the same length you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same strength and the same length you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same strength and the same length you
+find that the length of the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the length of the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that the length of the nitrogen
+oxygen bonds are a little bit shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen bonds are a little bit shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen bonds are a little bit shorter
+than those of a single bond and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those of a single bond and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those of a single bond and you find
+that the nitrogen oxygen bonds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nitrogen oxygen bonds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nitrogen oxygen bonds are
+uniformly all three of them a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly all three of them a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly all three of them a little bit
+stronger than a nitrogen oxygen single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than a nitrogen oxygen single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than a nitrogen oxygen single
+bond but not quite a double bond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond but not quite a double bond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond but not quite a double bond what
+you find is that all of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that all of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that all of these three
+bonds is like a bond and a third so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds is like a bond and a third so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds is like a bond and a third so
+what's happening here what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here what's happening
+here is that this extra pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this extra pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this extra pair of
+electrons instead of being localized on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons instead of being localized on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons instead of being localized on
+just one of the nitrogen oxygen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the nitrogen oxygen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of the nitrogen oxygen bonds
+those extra pair of electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those extra pair of electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those extra pair of electrons are
+actually delocalized over all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually delocalized over all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually delocalized over all three
+bonds alright and we call that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds alright and we call that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds alright and we call that a
+resonance hybrid we denote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance hybrid we denote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance hybrid we denote that
+resonance hybrid in this way with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance hybrid in this way with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance hybrid in this way with three
+different structures with double-headed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures with double-headed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures with double-headed
+arrows alright this does not mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows alright this does not mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows alright this does not mean this
+is important this does not mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important this does not mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is important this does not mean that the
+structure is flickering between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is flickering between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is flickering between here
+here and here that's not what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here that's not what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here that's not what's
+happening rather these two extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening rather these two extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening rather these two extra
+electrons are delocalized over all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are delocalized over all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are delocalized over all three
+bonds such that the bond is like a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds such that the bond is like a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds such that the bond is like a bond
+and a third rather than one bond or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a third rather than one bond or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a third rather than one bond or two
+bonds this is called a resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds this is called a resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds this is called a resonance
+structure a resonance hybrid alright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a resonance hybrid alright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure a resonance hybrid alright and
+you'll be clued in that you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be clued in that you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be clued in that you've got this
+kind of resonance hybrid if you're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resonance hybrid if you're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resonance hybrid if you're able
+to write three structures with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write three structures with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write three structures with the same
+set of formal charges you'll know to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of formal charges you'll know to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of formal charges you'll know to do
+this okay have a nice cool weekend see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay have a nice cool weekend see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay have a nice cool weekend see
+you Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f98ogUP80KI.txt b/f98ogUP80KI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cef5b13386313801feb5737438027ac3c18fef52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f98ogUP80KI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have to know what the ducks are now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to know what the ducks are now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to know what the ducks are now.
+Like I I can't continue. So, okay. And a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I I can't continue. So, okay. And a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I I can't continue. So, okay. And a
+pig. And is that like noisy data or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig. And is that like noisy data or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pig. And is that like noisy data or just
+noisy data? Okay. So, okay. Uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy data? Okay. So, okay. Uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy data? Okay. So, okay. Uh every
+semester when we run our classes uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester when we run our classes uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester when we run our classes uh on
+intro to programming and computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to programming and computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro to programming and computer
+science. There is one particular class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. There is one particular class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. There is one particular class
+that is on debugging. Okay, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on debugging. Okay, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on debugging. Okay, which is the
+process of uh okay, you wrote a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of uh okay, you wrote a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of uh okay, you wrote a piece of
+code and it's not running as you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and it's not running as you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and it's not running as you expect
+it to. So how do you fix it? That is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to. So how do you fix it? That is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to. So how do you fix it? That is the
+debugging process. And so a a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging process. And so a a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging process. And so a a lot of
+times a bunch of the errors might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a bunch of the errors might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a bunch of the errors might be
+things that you can easily fix but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can easily fix but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can easily fix but most
+of the time uh your program runs fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time uh your program runs fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time uh your program runs fine
+and it gives you an answer but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives you an answer but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives you an answer but the
+answer is not what you thought it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not what you thought it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is not what you thought it should
+be. That's kind of where like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. That's kind of where like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. That's kind of where like uh
+programming is kind of different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is kind of different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is kind of different than
+like English for example because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like English for example because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like English for example because in
+English like if you write a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English like if you write a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English like if you write a sentence
+somebody else can interpret it however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else can interpret it however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else can interpret it however
+they'd like. Like one example we give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like. Like one example we give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd like. Like one example we give to
+students is the chicken is ready to eat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is the chicken is ready to eat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students is the chicken is ready to eat.
+What do you think about when you when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think about when you when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think about when you when I
+say the chicken is ready to eat? Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the chicken is ready to eat? Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the chicken is ready to eat? Well
+I'm a vegetarian so I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a vegetarian so I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a vegetarian so I don't want to
+actually eat the chicken but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually eat the chicken but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually eat the chicken but I would
+like because I'm a vegetarian I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because I'm a vegetarian I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because I'm a vegetarian I assume
+the chicken wants to eat his food. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken wants to eat his food. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken wants to eat his food. Okay,
+there you go. But I would assume I enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go. But I would assume I enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go. But I would assume I enjoy
+meat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat.
+So, so I my uh my take on that is uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I my uh my take on that is uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I my uh my take on that is uh I
+have a chicken on the table and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chicken on the table and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chicken on the table and I'm
+going to eat it. Right. So, there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat it. Right. So, there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat it. Right. So, there's two
+interpretations to that. But when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations to that. But when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations to that. But when we
+write code, there's only one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write code, there's only one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write code, there's only one way to
+interpret that piece of code that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that piece of code that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that piece of code that is
+written, right? So, um, so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written, right? So, um, so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written, right? So, um, so that's where
+things go wrong in our code because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go wrong in our code because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go wrong in our code because
+we're like, well, it should work because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like, well, it should work because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like, well, it should work because
+in my mind, like when I kind of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind, like when I kind of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind, like when I kind of thought
+about it, it's supposed to give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, it's supposed to give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, it's supposed to give me the
+right answer, but it doesn't, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer, but it doesn't, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer, but it doesn't, right? And
+so, obviously, the program is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, obviously, the program is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, obviously, the program is the one
+who's wrong because the computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's wrong because the computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's wrong because the computer is
+merely following the algorithm, the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely following the algorithm, the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely following the algorithm, the set
+of instructions, and there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instructions, and there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instructions, and there's only one
+way to follow those instructions. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to follow those instructions. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to follow those instructions. That's
+basically what that whole lecture, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what that whole lecture, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what that whole lecture, that
+whole class is about. And then I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class is about. And then I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class is about. And then I bring
+out this big box of ducks and I say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this big box of ducks and I say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this big box of ducks and I say and
+I say, um, well, uh, programming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say, um, well, uh, programming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say, um, well, uh, programming is
+actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of
+creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative
+because the solution to a problem, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solution to a problem, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solution to a problem, I
+mean, you could brute force a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you could brute force a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you could brute force a bunch of
+things, but often times the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but often times the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but often times the solution to
+a debugging problem is just to take time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debugging problem is just to take time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debugging problem is just to take time
+away from it and then potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it and then potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it and then potentially
+explain exactly what your you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain exactly what your you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain exactly what your you think the
+code is doing to someone who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is doing to someone who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is doing to someone who knows
+absolutely nothing about programming. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing about programming. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely nothing about programming. It
+could be you. Yes, I'm available. Or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you. Yes, I'm available. Or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be you. Yes, I'm available. Or it
+could be a rubber duck. Oh, so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a rubber duck. Oh, so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a rubber duck. Oh, so this is
+called rubber ducky debugging. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rubber ducky debugging. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called rubber ducky debugging. Oh,
+because uh it's an inanimate object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's an inanimate object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it's an inanimate object that
+doesn't know anything about programming,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about programming,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know anything about programming,
+right? And it forces you to scrutinize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And it forces you to scrutinize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And it forces you to scrutinize
+every single line of code that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single line of code that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single line of code that you
+wrote, even ones you think are correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote, even ones you think are correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote, even ones you think are correct.
+Um, most often it's the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, most often it's the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, most often it's the ones that are
+that you think are correct that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think are correct that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think are correct that kind of
+are are the issue. It's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the issue. It's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the issue. It's kind of like
+like where did I put my glasses, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where did I put my glasses, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where did I put my glasses, right?
+And you spend a long time looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you spend a long time looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you spend a long time looking for
+them and they're on top of your head.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they're on top of your head.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they're on top of your head.
+It's that exact feeling. It's like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that exact feeling. It's like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that exact feeling. It's like where
+is that error coming from? And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that error coming from? And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that error coming from? And it's
+going to be something super simple. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something super simple. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be something super simple. So,
+the rubber duck is what um helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubber duck is what um helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rubber duck is what um helps you
+figure that that problem out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that that problem out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that that problem out because
+you're explaining it in very grave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're explaining it in very grave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're explaining it in very grave
+detail to something that doesn't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail to something that doesn't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail to something that doesn't know.
+And if ducks are not your thing, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if ducks are not your thing, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if ducks are not your thing, there
+are frogs. Oh, and the pig pigs, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are frogs. Oh, and the pig pigs, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are frogs. Oh, and the pig pigs, of
+course. Of course. Or friends, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Of course. Or friends, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. Of course. Or friends, you want
+to explain it to them. But friends can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it to them. But friends can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain it to them. But friends can
+be judgy. Friends can be judgy. Yes. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be judgy. Friends can be judgy. Yes. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be judgy. Friends can be judgy. Yes. So,
+I used to explain my code to my son when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to explain my code to my son when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to explain my code to my son when
+he was one. Yeah. Yeah. When I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was one. Yeah. Yeah. When I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was one. Yeah. Yeah. When I had
+issues cuz he doesn't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues cuz he doesn't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues cuz he doesn't know anything
+about programming, right? And so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about programming, right? And so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about programming, right? And so it's
+the act of talking it through. But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act of talking it through. But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act of talking it through. But you
+said it has to be in great detail. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it has to be in great detail. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it has to be in great detail. Yes.
+You can't skip because that's when cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't skip because that's when cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't skip because that's when cuz
+you already like clearly your code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already like clearly your code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already like clearly your code is
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+because of you. And and so don't skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of you. And and so don't skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of you. And and so don't skip
+any details. Right. That's I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any details. Right. That's I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any details. Right. That's I feel like
+this is very much like life outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much like life outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much like life outside of
+academia. like you 90% of the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia. like you 90% of the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academia. like you 90% of the time the
+problem is probably you you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is probably you you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is probably you you know and
+it's like you have to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you have to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you have to figure out how to
+interact in the world or with others. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in the world or with others. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in the world or with others. So
+I brought all this all these ducks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought all this all these ducks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I brought all this all these ducks a
+wide variety. So now I have a a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety. So now I have a a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety. So now I have a a question
+for you. Which duck would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. Which duck would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. Which duck would you like to
+keep? This is a hidden personality test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep? This is a hidden personality test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep? This is a hidden personality test.
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh
+it's not. We'll probably have to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not. We'll probably have to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not. We'll probably have to cut
+this because it might take a long time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it might take a long time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it might take a long time.
+Um I would um this guy. This guy. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I would um this guy. This guy. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I would um this guy. This guy. Yeah.
+He's a little bit offbeat. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a little bit offbeat. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's a little bit offbeat. Yeah.
+Um, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you know,
+eye-catching and I feel like I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye-catching and I feel like I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye-catching and I feel like I could
+explain stuff to him. I get to keep him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain stuff to him. I get to keep him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain stuff to him. I get to keep him.
+Yeah. Yeah, of course. Thank you. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, of course. Thank you. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, of course. Thank you. That's
+so great. You put one for the set as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great. You put one for the set as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great. You put one for the set as
+well. Really? Oh gosh. Does someone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Really? Oh gosh. Does someone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Really? Oh gosh. Does someone from
+the crew want to like pick a duck for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crew want to like pick a duck for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crew want to like pick a duck for
+the set? You took the one I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set? You took the one I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set? You took the one I would have
+picked. Oh, no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked. Oh, no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked. Oh, no.
+All right, then. Um, there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, then. Um, there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, then. Um, there's another
+mohawk guy right over there. Yeah. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mohawk guy right over there. Yeah. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mohawk guy right over there. Yeah. Yeah,
+we'll go two mohawks. There you go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go two mohawks. There you go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go two mohawks. There you go.
+Thank you. Yeah, of course.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fd7ioT_wwPE.txt b/fd7ioT_wwPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1189d99fe1756af8bc3c1390be8e38fedb07e7f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fd7ioT_wwPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a third video about stability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a third video about stability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a third video about stability for
+second-order constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order constant coefficient
+equations but we'll move on to matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but we'll move on to matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but we'll move on to matrices
+here so this is a rather special video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is a rather special video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is a rather special video
+so this is our familiar equation and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our familiar equation and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our familiar equation and I
+took a to be one I just divided out a no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a to be one I just divided out a no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a to be one I just divided out a no
+problem so that's one second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's one second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that's one second-order
+equation but we know how to convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but we know how to convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but we know how to convert it
+to two first order equations and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two first order equations and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two first order equations and here
+they are so this is two equations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so this is two equations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are so this is two equations that's
+a two by two matrix there and so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two by two matrix there and so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two by two matrix there and so let me
+read the top equation it says that dy DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the top equation it says that dy DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the top equation it says that dy DT
+is zero y plus 1 dy DT huh that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero y plus 1 dy DT huh that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero y plus 1 dy DT huh that so that
+equation is a triviality dy DT equals dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a triviality dy DT equals dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a triviality dy DT equals dy
+DT the second equation is the real one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT the second equation is the real one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT the second equation is the real one
+the derivative of Y prime is y double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of Y prime is y double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of Y prime is y double
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+so this is second derivative here equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is second derivative here equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is second derivative here equals
+minus C Y and minus B Y Prime and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C Y and minus B Y Prime and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C Y and minus B Y Prime and that's
+my equation y double Prime when I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation y double Prime when I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equation y double Prime when I bring
+the minus CY over as plus CY and I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus CY over as plus CY and I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus CY over as plus CY and I bring
+the minus B Y prime over as plus B Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus B Y prime over as plus B Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus B Y prime over as plus B Y
+Prime I have my equation so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I have my equation so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I have my equation so that
+equation is the same as that one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the same as that one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the same as that one it's
+just written with a vector unknown it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written with a vector unknown it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just written with a vector unknown it's
+a system system of two equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system system of two equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system system of two equations and
+it's got a two by two matrix and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a two by two matrix and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a two by two matrix and it's
+called this particular matrix with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this particular matrix with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this particular matrix with a
+zero one a one is called the companion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one a one is called the companion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one a one is called the companion
+matrix companion it's so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix companion it's so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix companion it's so this is the
+companion equation to that one sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion equation to that one sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion equation to that one sorry
+okay so we whatever we know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we whatever we know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we whatever we know about this
+equation from the exponents s1 and s2 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the exponents s1 and s2 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the exponents s1 and s2 we
+can we're going to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we're going to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we're going to have the same
+information out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of this
+but the language changes and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the language changes and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the language changes and that's
+really the point of this video just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the point of this video just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the point of this video just to
+tell you the change in language so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the change in language so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the change in language so here
+it is that the old exponents s1 and s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that the old exponents s1 and s2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that the old exponents s1 and s2
+for that problem and everybody watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that problem and everybody watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that problem and everybody watching
+this videos remembering that s is solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this videos remembering that s is solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this videos remembering that s is solve
+s squared plus B s plus C equals 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squared plus B s plus C equals 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s squared plus B s plus C equals 0 so
+it's always what our SS are so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always what our SS are so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always what our SS are so that has
+two roots as 1 and s2 that control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two roots as 1 and s2 that control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two roots as 1 and s2 that control
+everything control stability now if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything control stability now if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything control stability now if I do
+it in this language I no longer call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this language I no longer call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this language I no longer call
+them s1 and s2 but they're the same two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them s1 and s2 but they're the same two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them s1 and s2 but they're the same two
+numbers and what I call them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what I call them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and what I call them is
+eigenvalues a cool word half German half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues a cool word half German half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues a cool word half German half
+English maybe kind of a crazy word but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English maybe kind of a crazy word but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English maybe kind of a crazy word but
+it's well-established those same numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well-established those same numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well-established those same numbers
+would be called the eigenvalues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called the eigenvalues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be called the eigenvalues of the
+matrix you see the matrix in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you see the matrix in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you see the matrix in this
+problem is the same got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the same got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the same got the same
+information as the equation here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as the equation here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as the equation here so
+those are the eigenvalues and may I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the eigenvalues and may I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the eigenvalues and may I just
+tell you what you may know already that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you may know already that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what you may know already that
+everybody writes lambda a Greek lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody writes lambda a Greek lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody writes lambda a Greek lambda
+for eigenvalue so where i had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eigenvalue so where i had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eigenvalue so where i had two
+exponents here i have two eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents here i have two eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents here i have two eigenvalues
+and those numbers are the same as those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those numbers are the same as those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those numbers are the same as those
+numbers and they said to fry the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they said to fry the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they said to fry the same
+equation its and when we meet meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation its and when we meet meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation its and when we meet meet
+matrices and eigenvalues properly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and eigenvalues properly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and eigenvalues properly and
+soon we'll see about eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon we'll see about eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon we'll see about eigenvalues of
+other matrices and we'll see that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other matrices and we'll see that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other matrices and we'll see that for
+these particular companion matrices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular companion matrices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these particular companion matrices the
+eigen values solve the same equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values solve the same equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values solve the same equation
+that the exponents solve this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the exponents solve this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the exponents solve this quadratic
+as squared and BS and c equals 0 ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as squared and BS and c equals 0 ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as squared and BS and c equals 0 ok and
+stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+remember the stability has been real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the stability has been real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the stability has been real
+part of those roots of those exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of those roots of those exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of those roots of those exponents
+net less than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net less than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net less than 0
+because then the exponential has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the exponential has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the exponential has that
+real negative real part and goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real negative real part and goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real negative real part and goes to zero
+now we're just using so that was our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're just using so that was our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're just using so that was our old
+language and our new language would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and our new language would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and our new language would be
+real part of lambda greater less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of lambda greater less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of lambda greater less than
+zero stability will stable matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero stability will stable matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero stability will stable matrix is
+real part of the eigenvalues lambda less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the eigenvalues lambda less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of the eigenvalues lambda less
+than zero so we're just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so we're just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so we're just really
+exchanging the letters s and the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging the letters s and the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging the letters s and the single
+high order equation for the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order equation for the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order equation for the letter
+lambda and two first order equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and two first order equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and two first order equations
+okay I'm doing this without just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm doing this without just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm doing this without just
+connecting the lambda to the s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the lambda to the s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the lambda to the s but
+without telling you what the lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling you what the lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without telling you what the lambda is
+on its own okay so let me remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own okay so let me remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own okay so let me remember
+there's no o pair I've taken a further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no o pair I've taken a further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no o pair I've taken a further
+step because it's basically I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because it's basically I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because it's basically I I don't
+I've said everything about a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said everything about a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said everything about a second
+order equation we know the condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation we know the condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order equation we know the condition for
+stability the condition is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability the condition is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability the condition is that the
+damping should be positive B should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping should be positive B should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping should be positive B should be
+positive and the frequency squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the frequency squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and the frequency squared
+better come out positive so C should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better come out positive so C should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better come out positive so C should be
+positive so be positive and C positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so be positive and C positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so be positive and C positive
+were the case when this was our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the case when this was our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the case when this was our matrix
+no I just have a few minutes more so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I just have a few minutes more so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I just have a few minutes more so why
+don't I oone two-by-two matrix I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I oone two-by-two matrix I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I oone two-by-two matrix I'm not
+going to give you the eigen theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the eigen theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the eigen theory of
+eigenvalues here but just make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues here but just make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues here but just make the
+connection okay so I want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection okay so I want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection okay so I want to make the
+connection and and you remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and and you remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and and you remember that the
+companion matrix had the special form 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion matrix had the special form 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion matrix had the special form 0
+a was 0 B was 1 seed was the minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was 0 B was 1 seed was the minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was 0 B was 1 seed was the minus the
+Big C and D was the - the B that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big C and D was the - the B that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big C and D was the - the B that was the
+companion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what am I going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am I going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am I going to say
+at this early almost too early moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this early almost too early moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this early almost too early moment
+about eigenvalues because I'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues because I'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eigenvalues because I'll have to
+do though is properly eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do though is properly eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do though is properly eigenvalues and
+eigenvectors are the key to a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are the key to a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors are the key to a system of
+equations and you understand what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you understand what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and you understand what I mean
+by system it means that the unknown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by system it means that the unknown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by system it means that the unknown that
+I have more than one equation on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more than one equation on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more than one equation on my
+matrix is 2x2 or 3x3 or n by n my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 2x2 or 3x3 or n by n my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is 2x2 or 3x3 or n by n my
+unknown Z has two or three or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown Z has two or three or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown Z has two or three or n
+different components it's a vector so Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components it's a vector so Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components it's a vector so Z
+is a vector a matrix multiplies a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector a matrix multiplies a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector a matrix multiplies a vector
+that's what matrices do they multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what matrices do they multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what matrices do they multiply
+vectors so that's the that's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so that's the that's the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors so that's the that's the general
+picture and this was a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and this was a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and this was a special
+especially important case so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important case so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially important case so we can
+decide on the stability so I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on the stability so I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide on the stability so I'll just
+summarize the stability for that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the stability for that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the stability for that system
+the stability will be well I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability will be well I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability will be well I have to
+tell you something about the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something about the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you something about the solutions
+to that system remember Z is a vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that system remember Z is a vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that system remember Z is a vector so
+here are solutions Z is of it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are solutions Z is of it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are solutions Z is of it turns out
+this is the key that there is an e you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key that there is an e you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the key that there is an e you
+expect Exponential's and you expect now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Exponential's and you expect now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Exponential's and you expect now
+eigenvalues instead of s there and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues instead of s there and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues instead of s there and now
+we need a vector and there's a lot I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a vector and there's a lot I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a vector and there's a lot I may
+just call that vector x1 and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call that vector x1 and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call that vector x1 and this will
+be the eigenvector and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eigenvector and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the eigenvector and this is the
+eigenvalue and if I look for a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and if I look for a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue and if I look for a solution
+of that form put it into my equation out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that form put it into my equation out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that form put it into my equation out
+pops the the key equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops the the key equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops the the key equation for
+eigenvectors so again I put this hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so again I put this hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so again I put this hope
+for solution into the equation and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solution into the equation and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solution into the equation and I'll
+get the Kathie I'll discover that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Kathie I'll discover that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Kathie I'll discover that a
+times this vector X 1 should be lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this vector X 1 should be lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this vector X 1 should be lambda 1
+times X 1 oh well I have a lot to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X 1 oh well I have a lot to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X 1 oh well I have a lot to say
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if it holds if a times x1 is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it holds if a times x1 is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it holds if a times x1 is lambda
+1 times x1 then when I put this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times x1 then when I put this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 times x1 then when I put this in the
+equation works I've got a solution well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation works I've got a solution well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation works I've got a solution well
+I've got one solution and of course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one solution and of course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one solution and of course for
+second-order things I'm looking for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order things I'm looking for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order things I'm looking for two
+solutions so the complete solution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so the complete solution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so the complete solution would
+also be so I could have it's linear so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be so I could have it's linear so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be so I could have it's linear so I
+can always multiply by a constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always multiply by a constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always multiply by a constant and
+then I would expect a second one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would expect a second one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would expect a second one of the
+same form e to the some other eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form e to the some other eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form e to the some other eigenvalue
+like some other exponent times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some other exponent times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some other exponent times some
+other eigenvector here's my look ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other eigenvector here's my look ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other eigenvector here's my look ahead
+message that solutions look like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that solutions look like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that solutions look like that so
+we're looking for an eigenvalue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for an eigenvalue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for an eigenvalue and
+looking for an eigenvector and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an eigenvector and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for an eigenvector and there's
+the key equation they have to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key equation they have to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key equation they have to satisfy
+and that equation comes when we put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equation comes when we put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equation comes when we put this
+into the differential equation and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the differential equation and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the differential equation and make
+the two sides agree so that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sides agree so that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sides agree so that's what's
+coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming
+I can values and eigenvectors control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can values and eigenvectors control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can values and eigenvectors control
+the stability for systems of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability for systems of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability for systems of equations
+and that's what the world is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the world is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what the world is mostly
+looking at single equation once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at single equation once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at single equation once in a
+while but very very often a system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but very very often a system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while but very very often a system and
+it'll be the eigenvalues that tell us so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the eigenvalues that tell us so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the eigenvalues that tell us so
+are the eigen value is positive that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigen value is positive that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigen value is positive that in
+that case we blow up unstable are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we blow up unstable are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we blow up unstable are the
+eigenvalues negative or at least their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues negative or at least their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues negative or at least their
+real part is negative that's the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part is negative that's the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part is negative that's the stable
+case that we live with good thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gDzWxDqb8Xg.txt b/gDzWxDqb8Xg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e336a0cb2b690a0e8009a34ea10120b7a2bde640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gDzWxDqb8Xg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think chalkboard is much more nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think chalkboard is much more nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think chalkboard is much more nature
+for the students in their form ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the students in their form ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the students in their form ears
+because if I write all the equations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I write all the equations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I write all the equations on
+the slides first of all all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides first of all all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides first of all all those
+equations appear at the same time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations appear at the same time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations appear at the same time and
+and so so it is actually harder for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so it is actually harder for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so it is actually harder for the
+students to follow the logic between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to follow the logic between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to follow the logic between
+formulas and in my feeling is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and in my feeling is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and in my feeling is that it is
+so much natural to see all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much natural to see all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much natural to see all those
+equations popping up in a logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations popping up in a logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations popping up in a logical
+sequence for them and by writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for them and by writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence for them and by writing down
+then on the chalkboard people have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the chalkboard people have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then on the chalkboard people have time
+to sink as well what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sink as well what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sink as well what is actually
+happening and I have also the freedom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and I have also the freedom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and I have also the freedom to
+point to the red urban equation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the red urban equation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the red urban equation on the
+board slowly so that people everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board slowly so that people everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board slowly so that people everybody
+who is not very familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is not very familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is not very familiar with the
+mathematics can follow factorial x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics can follow factorial x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics can follow factorial x
+squared plus 3 triple prime 0 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 3 triple prime 0 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 3 triple prime 0 divided by
+3 factorial X plus infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 factorial X plus infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 factorial X plus infinite number of
+times and we 0 is the position of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and we 0 is the position of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and we 0 is the position of where
+you have minimap so I think that is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have minimap so I think that is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have minimap so I think that is your
+decision to use chalkboard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to use chalkboard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to use chalkboard in
+combination with slides do to my slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with slides do to my slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination with slides do to my slides
+content information which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content information which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content information which is actually
+already covered from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covered from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already covered from the previous
+lecture so that's a purpose to fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so that's a purpose to fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so that's a purpose to fresh
+through the information which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the information which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the information which is
+actually already covered during the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already covered during the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already covered during the last
+few lectures to remind people that ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures to remind people that ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few lectures to remind people that ok
+you have learned this before right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned this before right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have learned this before right and
+so so I don't have to waste a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I don't have to waste a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I don't have to waste a lot of
+time to copy then on the chalkboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to copy then on the chalkboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to copy then on the chalkboard
+because they already learned that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they already learned that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they already learned that and
+secondly I can use slides to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly I can use slides to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly I can use slides to include
+interesting figures interesting videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting figures interesting videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting figures interesting videos
+interesting pictures etc so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting pictures etc so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting pictures etc so that
+actually that is complementary to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that is complementary to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that is complementary to my
+chalkboard teaching style
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gFikVQt2UcE.txt b/gFikVQt2UcE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1690153d0174a52b52039468103a0d9508e86516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gFikVQt2UcE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6704 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so in this course because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so in this course because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so in this course because I
+am a biological chemist now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a biological chemist now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a biological chemist now I'm going to
+give you some examples between chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some examples between chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some examples between chemistry
+and biology we're going to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biology we're going to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biology we're going to teach you
+these these principles of chemistry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these principles of chemistry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these principles of chemistry I'm
+going to explain to you why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain to you why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explain to you why that's
+relevant and how it applies to more life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and how it applies to more life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and how it applies to more life
+sciences or biological areas to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences or biological areas to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences or biological areas to try to
+get you a sense of how I made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you a sense of how I made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you a sense of how I made this
+transition than being someone who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition than being someone who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition than being someone who did
+not like chemistry in high school to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like chemistry in high school to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like chemistry in high school to
+someone who's now been a chemist for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's now been a chemist for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's now been a chemist for the
+rest of my life and so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of my life and so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of my life and so this is another
+important point that I like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that I like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point that I like to make
+which is never say you really hate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is never say you really hate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is never say you really hate a
+subject because I said I really did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject because I said I really did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject because I said I really did not
+like chemistry and I became a chemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemistry and I became a chemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chemistry and I became a chemist
+I'm doing chemistry for the rest of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing chemistry for the rest of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing chemistry for the rest of my
+life and that can happen to you too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and that can happen to you too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and that can happen to you too so
+be very careful what you say uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful what you say uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very careful what you say uh because
+you may later that that's really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may later that that's really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may later that that's really what
+you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be
+doing all right so what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right so what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right so what are we going to
+do in this second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this second half of the
+course so we're going to first start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so we're going to first start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so we're going to first start out
+by finishing chemical equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finishing chemical equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by finishing chemical equilibrium so
+Professor s started this she led you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor s started this she led you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor s started this she led you
+from thermodynamics into chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from thermodynamics into chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from thermodynamics into chemical
+equilibrium and introduced you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and introduced you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and introduced you to the
+chemical equilibrium constant K and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium constant K and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium constant K and so
+we're going to take it from there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take it from there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take it from there and
+we'll do a little review of what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little review of what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little review of what she
+covered on Monday as well then we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on Monday as well then we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered on Monday as well then we move
+into acid base equilibrium so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acid base equilibrium so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into acid base equilibrium so this is a
+form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of
+equilibrium and from there to oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and from there to oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and from there to oxidation
+reduction reactions and just from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reactions and just from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction reactions and just from this
+connection between chemistry and biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between chemistry and biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between chemistry and biology
+enzymes which are the proteins in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes which are the proteins in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes which are the proteins in your
+body that catalyze all the reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that catalyze all the reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that catalyze all the reactions
+which allow you to walk around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow you to walk around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which allow you to walk around and
+breathe and all those kind of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe and all those kind of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe and all those kind of good
+things um most of these enzymatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um most of these enzymatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um most of these enzymatic
+reactions involve either an acid based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involve either an acid based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions involve either an acid based
+kind of catalyzed re action or oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of catalyzed re action or oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of catalyzed re action or oxidation
+reaction or both so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or both so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction or both so these are
+fundamental parts of how living systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental parts of how living systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental parts of how living systems
+work then we cover transition metals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work then we cover transition metals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work then we cover transition metals and
+I'm going to explain during that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain during that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to explain during that part
+about Metals in biology a lot of enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Metals in biology a lot of enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Metals in biology a lot of enzymes
+require transition metals for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require transition metals for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require transition metals for their
+activity so we'll talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so we'll talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so we'll talk a little bit
+about that and then we end with kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and then we end with kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and then we end with kinetics
+in terms of the connection with Biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the connection with Biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the connection with Biology
+kinetics rates of reaction what enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics rates of reaction what enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics rates of reaction what enzymes
+do is they work Catalyst help speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they work Catalyst help speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they work Catalyst help speed up
+those reactions so all of these topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactions so all of these topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactions so all of these topics
+are fundamental chemistry topics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamental chemistry topics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fundamental chemistry topics but
+they also apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biology so it's quite the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so it's quite the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology so it's quite the second half of
+the course is quite a bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is quite a bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course is quite a bit different
+really from the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from the first half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really from the first half of the course
+uh in the first half of the course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the first half of the course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the first half of the course you
+really get a lot of the basic principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get a lot of the basic principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get a lot of the basic principles
+uh atomic theory orbitals bonding uh Lew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atomic theory orbitals bonding uh Lew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atomic theory orbitals bonding uh Lew
+structures a lot of really fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a lot of really fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a lot of really fundamental
+things which and thermodynamics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which and thermodynamics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which and thermodynamics which
+you need to know to be able to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to be able to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to be able to do the
+second half the second half is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half the second half is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half the second half is really
+more applications of these basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more applications of these basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more applications of these basic
+principles and when you put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and when you put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and when you put this
+together you get the fundamentals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you get the fundamentals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you get the fundamentals of
+chemistry that you need to go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that you need to go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that you need to go on and
+study biochemistry organic chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study biochemistry organic chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study biochemistry organic chemistry
+inorganic biology Life Sciences these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic biology Life Sciences these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic biology Life Sciences these
+are the fundamental principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the fundamental principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the fundamental principles of
+chemistry which you get through in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry which you get through in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry which you get through in this
+half semester course so it is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half semester course so it is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half semester course so it is somewhat
+of a different transition and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different transition and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a different transition and I just
+like to you know let people know ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to you know let people know ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to you know let people know ahead
+of time that it's going to feel like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that it's going to feel like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that it's going to feel like a
+little bit of a different course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a different course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a different course you
+have a different instructor and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different instructor and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different instructor and it's
+really somewhat different material it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really somewhat different material it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really somewhat different material it
+builds on what you learned before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds on what you learned before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds on what you learned before but
+it's really more application so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really more application so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really more application so it's
+going to have a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a little bit of a
+different feel to it so don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different feel to it so don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different feel to it so don't be
+surprised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised by
+that all right are there any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right are there any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right are there any any
+questions I'll say the technical aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'll say the technical aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I'll say the technical aspect
+of the course is the same you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course is the same you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course is the same you have
+lecture notes uh the way the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes uh the way the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes uh the way the problem
+sets are structured everything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are structured everything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are structured everything like that
+is going to be the same use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the same use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the same use of
+calculators all of that the rules of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators all of that the rules of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators all of that the rules of the
+course do not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course do not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course do not change
+but it's a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a little bit different
+material are there uh any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material are there uh any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material are there uh any specific
+questions feel free to to raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions feel free to to raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions feel free to to raise your
+hand I'll try to have maybe the TA can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I'll try to have maybe the TA can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I'll try to have maybe the TA can
+help me if I don't don't always see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me if I don't don't always see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me if I don't don't always see that
+someone has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has a
+question and uh phone extension but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and uh phone extension but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and uh phone extension but
+usually email works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best all right so we're we're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best all right so we're we're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best all right so we're we're doing a
+fairly smooth transition from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly smooth transition from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly smooth transition from the
+material on on Monday to today so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on on Monday to today so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on on Monday to today so we're
+still in the topic in chapter nine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the topic in chapter nine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the topic in chapter nine in
+the book on chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book on chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book on chemical
+equilibrium and I just wanted to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and I just wanted to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and I just wanted to point
+out some things about the handouts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some things about the handouts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some things about the handouts that
+you receive at the top of the handout I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you receive at the top of the handout I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you receive at the top of the handout I
+have the chapter and page numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the chapter and page numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the chapter and page numbers
+available so if you want to refer no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so if you want to refer no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so if you want to refer no
+where this material is in your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this material is in your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this material is in your book
+that's always going to be listed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be listed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be listed at the
+top of the handout I also list on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the handout I also list on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the handout I also list on each
+handout at the top the topics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout at the top the topics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout at the top the topics that are
+covered in that handout or in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in that handout or in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered in that handout or in that
+lecture uh this is just use when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh this is just use when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh this is just use when you're
+going back and say reviewing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and say reviewing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and say reviewing for the
+final to see oh yes on this day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final to see oh yes on this day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final to see oh yes on this day we
+covered these topics so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered these topics so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered these topics so that's going to
+be listed at the top of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be listed at the top of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be listed at the top of each of these
+and as as Professor Sarah told you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as Professor Sarah told you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as Professor Sarah told you in
+the beginning of the course these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the course these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the course these are
+these lecture summaries that help you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lecture summaries that help you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lecture summaries that help you um
+so you don't have to sort of scribble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to sort of scribble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't have to sort of scribble
+and write all the time that you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write all the time that you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write all the time that you can sort
+of sit back and listen more and write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit back and listen more and write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit back and listen more and write a
+few things but like Professor sah there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things but like Professor sah there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things but like Professor sah there
+are some blanks sometimes I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some blanks sometimes I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some blanks sometimes I'm going to
+be wanting to ask you questions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wanting to ask you questions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wanting to ask you questions and so
+are some blanks that you can fill in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some blanks that you can fill in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some blanks that you can fill in so
+you should uh have a pen or pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should uh have a pen or pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should uh have a pen or pencil
+available because there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because there are going to be
+places you're going to be wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you're going to be wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places you're going to be wanting to
+write but we provide these summaries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write but we provide these summaries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write but we provide these summaries to
+make it easier for you to not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier for you to not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier for you to not have to
+scribble constantly especially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribble constantly especially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scribble constantly especially with
+PowerPoint uh so that you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint uh so that you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint uh so that you can really
+listen to what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to what's going
+on so that's pretty much the same of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so that's pretty much the same of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so that's pretty much the same of as
+what you've experienced but if you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've experienced but if you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've experienced but if you of
+course don't like those lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course don't like those lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course don't like those lecture
+summaries then you know put them away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries then you know put them away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries then you know put them away
+and you can take notes if that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take notes if that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take notes if that's how you
+feel that you learn better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you learn better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that you learn better
+all right so chemical equilibrium you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so chemical equilibrium you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so chemical equilibrium you
+were introduced to this a little bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were introduced to this a little bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were introduced to this a little bit on
+Monday you moved from delelta g into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday you moved from delelta g into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday you moved from delelta g into
+thinking about the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the relationship between
+Delta G and K the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G and K the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G and K the equilibrium constant
+so basically the point to remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the point to remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the point to remember about
+equilibrium is that it is a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is that it is a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is that it is a dynamic
+process it's not that the reaction has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not that the reaction has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process it's not that the reaction has
+stopped when it reaches equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped when it reaches equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped when it reaches equilibrium the
+reactions are still going but the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are still going but the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are still going but the rate
+of the forward reaction and the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward reaction and the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forward reaction and the rate of
+the reverse reaction are equal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction are equal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse reaction are equal so
+there's no net change in the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net change in the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no net change in the composition
+of the material reactions are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material reactions are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the material reactions are still
+going but there's no net no net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change so let's take a look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so let's take a look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so let's take a look at an
+example of what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so if we take the reaction N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so if we take the reaction N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so if we take the reaction N2
+gas plus H2 gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas plus H2 gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas plus H2 gas
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+NH3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH3
+gas a reaction with a Delta G KN minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+32.9 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mole and if we consider what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and if we consider what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and if we consider what happens
+when the reaction starts so we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the reaction starts so we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the reaction starts so we look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+concentrations of the reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of the reactants and
+products over time at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over time at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over time at the beginning of
+the reaction you only going to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction you only going to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction you only going to have your
+reactants so you would have hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so you would have hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so you would have hydrogen
+which would start and it would react so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would start and it would react so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would start and it would react so
+the concentration will change it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration will change it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration will change it'll
+decrease and then it'll level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off the same will happen for nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the same will happen for nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the same will happen for nitrogen
+the other reactant it'll start at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reactant it'll start at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other reactant it'll start at a
+higher level and then the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level and then the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level and then the concentration
+will drop and it'll level off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there will be no product in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be no product in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be no product in the
+beginning but the product concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but the product concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but the product concentration
+will come up and then it'll level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off so I want to make the point from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so I want to make the point from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so I want to make the point from the
+lecture notes I spent I can't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes I spent I can't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes I spent I can't tell you
+how long trying to make the Curves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long trying to make the Curves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long trying to make the Curves in
+PowerPoint if anyone's really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint if anyone's really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint if anyone's really good at
+drawing sort of curved lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing sort of curved lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing sort of curved lines and
+PowerPoint you can see me later so um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint you can see me later so um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint you can see me later so um if
+it looks some s like it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks some s like it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks some s like it's not really
+leveling off that's an our uh PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off that's an our uh PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off that's an our uh PowerPoint
+artistic issue and I'll just say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic issue and I'll just say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic issue and I'll just say in
+general for this course that in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for this course that in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for this course that in terms of
+your ability to draw things on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to draw things on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ability to draw things on the exam
+the standard for my parts of the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard for my parts of the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard for my parts of the exam
+exam three and my part of the final is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam three and my part of the final is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam three and my part of the final is
+that you have to draw as well as I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to draw as well as I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to draw as well as I draw
+so this is an extremely low bar in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an extremely low bar in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an extremely low bar in terms
+of drawing and you'll notice that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing and you'll notice that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drawing and you'll notice that in the
+what I went to college to study art was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I went to college to study art was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I went to college to study art was
+not on the list so um um I apologize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the list so um um I apologize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the list so um um I apologize for
+some drawing inabilities that may occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some drawing inabilities that may occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some drawing inabilities that may occur
+uh during this course all right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during this course all right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during this course all right but the
+point here is that with the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that with the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that with the reactants
+are starting at higher concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting at higher concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are starting at higher concentrations
+they're being consumed as they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being consumed as they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being consumed as they make
+product product is coming up but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product product is coming up but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product product is coming up but then
+all the lines flatten out and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lines flatten out and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lines flatten out and what that
+means is equilibrium has been reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is equilibrium has been reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is equilibrium has been reached
+the reaction is still going on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is still going on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is still going on it's
+going in the forward reaction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the forward reaction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in the forward reaction and the
+backward reaction so there's arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward reaction so there's arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward reaction so there's arrows
+going forward and backward but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward and backward but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward and backward but there's
+no net change so the concentrations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net change so the concentrations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no net change so the concentrations are
+leveling off the rate of the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off the rate of the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off the rate of the forward
+reaction is equal to the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is equal to the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is equal to the rate of the
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so we can think about this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we can think about this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we can think about this in a
+in a different way of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way of what's going on
+here in terms of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy so if we think about in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if we think about in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if we think about in free
+energy versus the progress of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so free energy for our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so free energy for our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so free energy for our friend
+Delta G versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G versus the
+progress of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction in the beginning you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in the beginning you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in the beginning you would have
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactants and at this point Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and at this point Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and at this point Delta G is
+going to be less than zero it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than zero it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than zero it'll be
+negative so you'll have a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so you'll have a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so you'll have a reaction
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+spontaneous in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction so here you would start up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so here you would start up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so here you would start up and
+it'll come down you'll have Delta G less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come down you'll have Delta G less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come down you'll have Delta G less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+zero until you reach some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero until you reach some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero until you reach some point
+to g equals z so you start here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to g equals z so you start here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to g equals z so you start here with
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+reactants and those pure reactants then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and those pure reactants then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and those pure reactants then
+will react and form some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react and form some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will react and form some
+product if you however start with pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if you however start with pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if you however start with pure
+products and you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and you have no
+reactants Delta G will be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants Delta G will be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants Delta G will be greater than
+zero so you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so you'll be
+spontaneous in the reverse Direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the reverse Direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the reverse Direction of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so you'll use up your products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so you'll use up your products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so you'll use up your products
+to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+reactants and so here you go this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and so here you go this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and so here you go this way
+and here you're going to go down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you're going to go down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you're going to go down this
+way and here you have a Delta G that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and here you have a Delta G that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and here you have a Delta G that's
+greater than zero so you're getting rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero so you're getting rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero so you're getting rid
+of your your products you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your your products you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your your products you started with
+pure products and you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure products and you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure products and you're making
+reactions reactance until you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions reactance until you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions reactance until you get to
+this midpoint here where Delta g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this midpoint here where Delta g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this midpoint here where Delta g equals
+zero and when Delta g equals zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when Delta g equals zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and when Delta g equals zero then
+you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so there's a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so there's a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so there's a relationship
+between Delta G's and the directions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Delta G's and the directions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Delta G's and the directions of
+these reactions so they're all moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions so they're all moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions so they're all moving
+toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so along with this then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so along with this then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so along with this then we
+can think about the fact that Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the fact that Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the fact that Delta G is
+going to be changing as the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be changing as the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be changing as the reactants
+and products change as the composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products change as the composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and products change as the composition
+of the reaction mixture changes so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction mixture changes so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction mixture changes so we
+start with um pure reactants you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with um pure reactants you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with um pure reactants you're
+going to have this negative Delta G at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this negative Delta G at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this negative Delta G at
+some points at equilibrium it'll be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points at equilibrium it'll be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points at equilibrium it'll be zero
+it's also POS possible to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also POS possible to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also POS possible to have a
+positive Delta G if you start with pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Delta G if you start with pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Delta G if you start with pure
+products so Delta G is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so Delta G is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so Delta G is going to be
+depend on your composition of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material and here just a quick review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and here just a quick review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and here just a quick review
+from from Monday Professor Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Monday Professor Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from Monday Professor Sarah
+introduced you to this equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to this equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced you to this equation the
+relationship between Delta G Delta G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Delta G Delta G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Delta G Delta G and
+Q which is the reaction quotient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q which is the reaction quotient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q which is the reaction quotient so
+again Delta G is at any particular point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Delta G is at any particular point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Delta G is at any particular point
+in your reaction Delta G KN has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your reaction Delta G KN has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your reaction Delta G KN has to do
+with the reactants um and products in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reactants um and products in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the reactants um and products in
+their standard States Q the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their standard States Q the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their standard States Q the reaction
+quotient and then R is the gas constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient and then R is the gas constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient and then R is the gas constant
+and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T is
+temperature so she also introduced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so she also introduced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so she also introduced you
+to this on Monday but I just want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this on Monday but I just want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this on Monday but I just want to uh
+to review this I think she actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review this I think she actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to review this I think she actually just
+talked about the the gaseous state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the the gaseous state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the the gaseous state but
+the same equations and principles apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations and principles apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same equations and principles apply
+if you're talking about reactants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about reactants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're talking about reactants in
+solution so Q this reaction quotient the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so Q this reaction quotient the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so Q this reaction quotient the
+uh longer sort of definition of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh longer sort of definition of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh longer sort of definition of q
+depends on the partial pressures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the partial pressures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the partial pressures of the
+reactants and the products or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and the products or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and the products or the
+concentrations if you're in solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations if you're in solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations if you're in solution so
+uh she showed you this this equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she showed you this this equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh she showed you this this equation of
+just a plus b going to c and d and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a plus b going to c and d and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a plus b going to c and d and said
+that the top of the reaction quotient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the top of the reaction quotient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the top of the reaction quotient is
+products and the bottom is reactants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and the bottom is reactants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and the bottom is reactants so
+you'd have the partial pressure of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the partial pressure of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have the partial pressure of C
+over some reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some reference
+raised to the power of C because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power of C because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the power of C because you
+consider the stochiometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the stochiometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the stochiometry of the
+reaction and then it would be times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and then it would be times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and then it would be times D
+the partial pressure of D over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of D over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of D over this
+reference raised to the power of D again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference raised to the power of D again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference raised to the power of D again
+stochiometry and then the same for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry and then the same for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry and then the same for the
+reactants and over here for solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and over here for solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants and over here for solution
+you're just talking about things uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just talking about things uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just talking about things uh in
+in concentrations rather than in partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentrations rather than in partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in concentrations rather than in partial
+pressures but then since the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures but then since the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures but then since the reference
+here would be one bar for partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be one bar for partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be one bar for partial
+pressure or one m for concentration you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure or one m for concentration you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure or one m for concentration you
+often see these with this reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see these with this reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see these with this reference
+dropped out of the equation and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out of the equation and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out of the equation and you see
+Q as being equal to the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q as being equal to the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q as being equal to the partial pressure
+of C raised to the C partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C raised to the C partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C raised to the C partial pressure of
+D raised to the D over partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D raised to the D over partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D raised to the D over partial pressure
+of a to the A and B to the b or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to the A and B to the b or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a to the A and B to the b or the same
+form in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in terms of
+concentrations so this is how you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations so this is how you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations so this is how you'll be
+in general seeing it and remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general seeing it and remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general seeing it and remember what
+what your references are there so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your references are there so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your references are there so again
+she uh over this on Monday just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uh over this on Monday just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she uh over this on Monday just look at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+again so also also on Monday we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so also also on Monday we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so also also on Monday we looked
+she looked at uh this equation here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she looked at uh this equation here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she looked at uh this equation here and
+consider Delta G when it's equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider Delta G when it's equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider Delta G when it's equal to zero
+which means you're at equilibrium and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you're at equilibrium and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you're at equilibrium and at
+that point when Delta g equals zero q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point when Delta g equals zero q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point when Delta g equals zero q
+that reaction quotient equals K which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction quotient equals K which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction quotient equals K which is
+the equilibrium constant so Q equals K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant so Q equals K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant so Q equals K
+has a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a new
+when you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so we can take this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so we can take this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so we can take this equation
+then and substitute in zero because at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and substitute in zero because at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and substitute in zero because at
+equilibrium Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Delta G is
+zero and then this equation can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then this equation can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then this equation can be
+Rewritten you just bring the RT natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten you just bring the RT natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten you just bring the RT natural
+log of K to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side and again k then is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and again k then is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and again k then is the equilibrium
+constant it the form as q but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it the form as q but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it the form as q but you're
+only considering the concentrations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only considering the concentrations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only considering the concentrations in
+equilibrium so in the gaseous State this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so in the gaseous State this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so in the gaseous State this
+looks just like q but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like q but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like q but these
+concentrations then are or partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations then are or partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations then are or partial
+pressures are the ones at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures are the ones at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures are the ones at equilibrium
+because K is the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because K is the equilibrium constant
+and likewise in solution here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise in solution here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise in solution here you're
+just talking about the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about the ratio of the
+products to the reactants at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to the reactants at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products to the reactants at equilibrium
+so I have these little equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have these little equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have these little equilibrium
+things to remind you that these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to remind you that these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to remind you that these are the
+concentrations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium she also showed you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium she also showed you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium she also showed you on
+Monday that you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday that you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday that you can uh
+rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange this
+equation so you can substitute in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you can substitute in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so you can substitute in for
+Delta G not the minus RT natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G not the minus RT natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G not the minus RT natural log of
+K because those are equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because those are equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because those are equal to each other
+and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can
+reite that equation as Delta g equals RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reite that equation as Delta g equals RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reite that equation as Delta g equals RT
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+of Q over K so if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q over K so if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q over K so if you're interested in
+this this is a very useful equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a very useful equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a very useful equation you
+think about all right at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all right at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all right at what
+concentration are the reactants now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration are the reactants now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration are the reactants now how
+does that compare to the concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that compare to the concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that compare to the concentrations
+at equilibrium so if you know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium so if you know where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium so if you know where you
+are now if you know Q now you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now if you know Q now you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now if you know Q now you know what
+K is you can think about the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is you can think about the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is you can think about the direction
+of the reaction you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction you can think about
+Delta G is it negative or positive are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is it negative or positive are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is it negative or positive are
+you going in the forward Direction are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going in the forward Direction are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going in the forward Direction are
+you going in the reverse Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going in the reverse Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going in the reverse Direction so
+this is a very very useful equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very very useful equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very very useful equation to
+predict the direction of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the direction of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the direction of the reaction
+depending on the composition at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the composition at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the composition at that
+moment compared to the composition at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so if Q is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if Q is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so if Q is less than
+K that's going to mean you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's going to mean you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's going to mean you'll get a
+negative Delta G and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G and you'll be
+spontaneous in the forward Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the forward Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the forward Direction
+based on this equation if Q is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this equation if Q is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this equation if Q is greater
+than k then Delta G is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than k then Delta G is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than k then Delta G is going to be
+positive and you're going to go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and you're going to go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and you're going to go in the
+reverse Direction so again this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse Direction so again this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse Direction so again this is very
+useful thinking about the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thinking about the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thinking about the relationship
+of Q and K and how that affects Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q and K and how that affects Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q and K and how that affects Delta
+G so let's let's look at uh an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so let's let's look at uh an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so let's let's look at uh an example
+then so we have our same reaction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we have our same reaction now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we have our same reaction now
+we're given a value for k at 400 Dees C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a value for k at 400 Dees C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given a value for k at 400 Dees C
+and we're given some partial pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're given some partial pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're given some partial pressures
+of the reactants and products ask okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants and products ask okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reactants and products ask okay
+are we at equilibrium here if not which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we at equilibrium here if not which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we at equilibrium here if not which
+direction is the reaction going to go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the reaction going to go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the reaction going to go so
+let's figure out what Q is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what Q is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out what Q is because we
+want to know the relationship between q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the relationship between q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the relationship between q
+and K and that's going to tell us where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K and that's going to tell us where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and K and that's going to tell us where
+we are are we at equilibrium what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are are we at equilibrium what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are are we at equilibrium what
+direction will the reaction go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+Q what's going to be on the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q what's going to be on the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q what's going to be on the top of the
+expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q so what do what goes on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so what do what goes on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so what do what goes on the top
+products or reactants products and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or reactants products and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products or reactants products and so we
+have one product here so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one product here so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one product here so we're going to
+put our partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put our partial
+pressure of our product and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of our product and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of our product and then we have
+to consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider the
+stochiometry which would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry which would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometry which would give us
+two on the bottom we have our reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the bottom we have our reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the bottom we have our reactants
+so we'll consider the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll consider the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll consider the partial pressure
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+N2 and the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and the partial pressure of
+H2 cubed again the stochiometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 cubed again the stochiometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 cubed again the stochiometry of the
+reaction so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so that's going to
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1
+sared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared over
+5.5 * 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cubed and if you work out the math there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and if you work out the math there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and if you work out the math there
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+2.1 * 10us 2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 * 10us 2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.1 * 10us 2 so that's
+q and K was listed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and K was listed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and K was listed as
+1.9 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 *
+10-4 at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-4 at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-4 at the same
+temperature so here Q is greater than k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so here Q is greater than k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so here Q is greater than k
+and so what direction will the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go so it'll go as people said toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so it'll go as people said toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so it'll go as people said toward
+toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactants toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants toward
+reactants or you could say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants or you could say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants or you could say in the
+reverse reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction so NH3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissociate until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate until
+equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reached and just one point about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and just one point about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and just one point about doing
+this I've noticed um people have come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've noticed um people have come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've noticed um people have come to
+me and said oh I knew the answer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and said oh I knew the answer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and said oh I knew the answer on the
+exam when I said left what I meant was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam when I said left what I meant was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam when I said left what I meant was
+right um and since I've done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and since I've done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and since I've done that
+numerous times I suggest that you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous times I suggest that you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous times I suggest that you say
+toward reactants or toward products or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward reactants or toward products or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward reactants or toward products or
+drawn Arrow because usually then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn Arrow because usually then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn Arrow because usually then you
+actually write down what you mean so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write down what you mean so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write down what you mean so my
+personal tip is stay away from left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal tip is stay away from left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal tip is stay away from left and
+right on exams uh just just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on exams uh just just in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on exams uh just just in case
+unless you're particularly good at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're particularly good at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're particularly good at that
+but I've seen people be heartbroken when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've seen people be heartbroken when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I've seen people be heartbroken when
+they knew the answer and just wrote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew the answer and just wrote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew the answer and just wrote the
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction Okay so we have an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction Okay so we have an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction Okay so we have an example
+where we were able to predict what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were able to predict what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were able to predict what
+direction the reaction would go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the reaction would go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the reaction would go by
+looking at Q and K so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Q and K so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Q and K so let's think about
+what else we can learn from K the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else we can learn from K the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else we can learn from K the size
+of the equilibrium constant the largess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equilibrium constant the largess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equilibrium constant the largess
+of that value tells you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that value tells you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that value tells you something about
+the reaction so what does k tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what does
+k tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is equal
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+products over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant at
+equilibrium so the size of Q size of K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so the size of Q size of K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so the size of Q size of K
+whether it's greater and or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's greater and or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's greater and or less than
+one is going to tell us about the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to tell us about the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to tell us about the ratio
+of products to reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products to reactants at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products to reactants at
+equilibrium so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so when
+K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+large or we can say really what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or we can say really what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or we can say really what we're
+talking about is a k that's greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is a k that's greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is a k that's greater than
+one you're going to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products than reactants at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products than reactants at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products than reactants at equilibrium
+or high products is the products are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high products is the products are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or high products is the products are
+going to be greater if K is a big number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater if K is a big number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater if K is a big number
+it's got to mean that there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to mean that there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to mean that there are more
+products than reaction at equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products than reaction at equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products than reaction at equilibrium so
+you already know something when you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know something when you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know something when you know
+the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of
+K so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so when
+K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is
+small when you have a k that's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small when you have a k that's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small when you have a k that's less than
+one then you're going to have low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you're going to have low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you're going to have low
+products or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so let's look at an example
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+a case when K is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so let's consider K greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's consider K greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's consider K greater than one
+so let's look at a a reaction for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a a reaction for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a a reaction for which
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+true okay so here's one we have two NO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay so here's one we have two NO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true okay so here's one we have two NO2
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+n204 K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n204 K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n204 K is
+6.84 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.84 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.84 at
+298 Kelvin you have a Delta G KN of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 Kelvin you have a Delta G KN of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 Kelvin you have a Delta G KN of
+minus 4.76 K per mole so let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4.76 K per mole so let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 4.76 K per mole so let's look at a
+case where we start with just reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we start with just reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we start with just reactants
+we have one bar of of the NO2 gas and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one bar of of the NO2 gas and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have one bar of of the NO2 gas and we
+have no products so let's consider then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no products so let's consider then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no products so let's consider then
+what's going to happen and calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen and calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen and calculate how
+this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to
+equilibrium so for this in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so for this in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so for this in this case we
+actually have the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the K is
+6.84 we have the Delta G KN minus 4.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.84 we have the Delta G KN minus 4.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.84 we have the Delta G KN minus 4.7
+K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K per
+mole all right so again if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole all right so again if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole all right so again if we look at
+concentration in this case we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in this case we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in this case we're talking
+about gases so we have partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressures versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures versus
+time we're starting with just reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're starting with just reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're starting with just reactant
+one bar of reactant and so the reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bar of reactant and so the reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bar of reactant and so the reactant
+will start up high and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start up high and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start up high and go
+lower as it reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+reactant there'll be no products when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant there'll be no products when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant there'll be no products when we
+start but it'll be created and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start but it'll be created and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start but it'll be created and
+eventually When You Reach equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually When You Reach equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually When You Reach equilibrium
+it'll level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off all right so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all right so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all right so in the
+beginning with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products Q is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products Q is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products Q is less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+K because there more products at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because there more products at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K because there more products at
+equilibrium than there are now which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium than there are now which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium than there are now which is
+there are none now so they're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are none now so they're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are none now so they're definitely
+going to be more at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be more at equilibrium
+so we have a negative Delta G and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a negative Delta G and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a negative Delta G and will
+go in the forward direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the forward direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the forward direction of the
+reaction toward products which is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction toward products which is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction toward products which is shown
+here reaction reactants decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here reaction reactants decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here reaction reactants decrease
+products form until you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products form until you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products form until you reach
+equilibrium so now let's calculate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so now let's calculate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so now let's calculate what
+the concentration of these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of these are going to
+be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so let's
+calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentrations and our reaction again 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and our reaction again 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and our reaction again 2
+N2 going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N24
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+initially we're going to have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're going to have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're going to have of
+1.0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.0
+bar and no product at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and no product at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and no product at
+all as the reaction goes there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as the reaction goes there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all as the reaction goes there will be a
+change you'll be making product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you'll be making product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you'll be making product so
+you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be
+making product plus X some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making product plus X some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making product plus X some amount of
+product will be formed and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will be formed and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will be formed and how much
+reaction reactant will be lost during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction reactant will be lost during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction reactant will be lost during
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change minus 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the two comes from the stochiometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two comes from the stochiometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two comes from the stochiometry
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at
+equilibrium we would have 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we would have 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we would have 1 0 0
+0us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0us
+2X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so
+now we can calculate k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from this to find out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to find out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to find out what the
+concentrations of these gases are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of these gases are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of these gases are at
+equilibrium so or find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so or find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so or find the
+concentrations from from K should say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations from from K should say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations from from K should say so
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+6 84 at this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 84 at this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 84 at this particular
+temperature and so K is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so K is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so K is going to be
+equal to the products over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the products over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the products over the
+reactants so the partial pressure of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so the partial pressure of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so the partial pressure of n
+24 over the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 over the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 over the partial
+pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of
+NO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NO2
+squared again the stochiometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared again the stochiometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared again the stochiometry of the
+reaction and then if we plug in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and then if we plug in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and then if we plug in these
+numbers we have or plug in the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we have or plug in the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we have or plug in the equation
+x over 1 0 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 1 0 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over 1 0 -
+2x SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x SAR
+and now you can take this and solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x a little bit so here if you solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a little bit so here if you solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x a little bit so here if you solve for
+x it comes out at point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and so this is going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and so this is going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and so this is going to be your
+amount of product so that's the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of product so that's the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of product so that's the amount
+of N2 the partial pressure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N2 the partial pressure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N2 the partial pressure for the
+N24 and we can go back and write that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and then we can solve for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we can solve for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then we can solve for the other
+one one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.381 um sorry two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 *
+3.81 and that's going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.238 bar and that's going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.238 bar and that's going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.238 bar and that's going to be your
+partial pressure of your reactant at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.238
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R so you see that when you have a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you see that when you have a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so you see that when you have a k
+that's greater than one you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater than one you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's greater than one you have more
+product than reactant at equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product than reactant at equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product than reactant at equilibrium and
+you can figure out that exact amount if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out that exact amount if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out that exact amount if
+you know how much you started with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much you started with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much you started with and
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+K another thing to point out here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K another thing to point out here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K another thing to point out here is
+that in this case there's a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case there's a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case there's a relationship
+you had a Delta G KN that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a Delta G KN that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a Delta G KN that was
+negative -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4.76 and that also there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.76 and that also there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.76 and that also there's this
+relationship ship between K and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+so if you rearrange this equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you rearrange this equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you rearrange this equation to
+solve for K you can see that if K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for K you can see that if K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for K you can see that if K is
+large then Delta G KN is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then Delta G KN is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then Delta G KN is going to be
+negative and large so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and large so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and large so if you have a
+larger K you're going to have a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger K you're going to have a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger K you're going to have a larger
+negative Delta G so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta G so there's this
+relationship between Delta G and K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Delta G and K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Delta G and K and
+that can be derived from this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be derived from this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be derived from this equation
+so you can also go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can also go back and forth
+between these as well so what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these as well so what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these as well so what that's
+going to translate into for a k larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to translate into for a k larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to translate into for a k larger
+than one more products than reactants at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+okay so a couple more things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a couple more things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a couple more things that you
+should know about equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know about equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know about equilibrium
+Expressions to be able to uh work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions to be able to uh work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions to be able to uh work all
+the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems
+and that is that if you want to add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that if you want to add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that if you want to add up
+two reactions and form a third reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions and form a third reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two reactions and form a third reaction
+you can also use the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use the information about
+the equilibrium constants for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constants for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constants for each
+individual reaction to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual reaction to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual reaction to get an
+equilibrium constant for the uh summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for the uh summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for the uh summed
+reaction so if you add things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so if you add things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so if you add things together
+you multiply then the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply then the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply then the equilibrium
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can I add these equations as such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I add these equations as such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I add these equations as such and
+get the third reaction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom what do I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom what do I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom what do I have to
+do I have to multiply the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to multiply the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to multiply the second
+reaction by two yeah so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction by two yeah so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction by two yeah so I need to
+multiply that reaction by two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that reaction by two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that reaction by two and then
+K3 is going to equal what in terms of K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3 is going to equal what in terms of K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3 is going to equal what in terms of K1
+and K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so K1 * K2 * K2 or K1 * K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so K1 * K2 * K2 or K1 * K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so K1 * K2 * K2 or K1 * K2
+squared and then you can get K3 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then you can get K3 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then you can get K3 if you
+know those individual ones and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those individual ones and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those individual ones and let me
+just uh prove that that's true to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh prove that that's true to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh prove that that's true to you
+and we'll give a little more practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give a little more practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll give a little more practice
+writing out K's and q's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so K1 * K2 squared is going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K1 * K2 squared is going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K1 * K2 squared is going to give you
+K3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K3
+K1 I'm going to do products over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 I'm going to do products over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 I'm going to do products over
+reaction reactants so the product is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction reactants so the product is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction reactants so the product is the
+partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure
+pcl3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcl3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcl3
+squared and the reactant for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the reactant for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and the reactant for the first
+one is going to be the paral pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to be the paral pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is going to be the paral pressure of
+P um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P um
+squared times the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the partial pressure of
+cl2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl2
+cubed and then K K2 squared we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and then K K2 squared we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and then K K2 squared we'll have
+the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of
+pcl5 squared over the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcl5 squared over the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcl5 squared over the partial pressure
+of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P
+cl3 Squared partial pressure of C L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl3 Squared partial pressure of C L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl3 Squared partial pressure of C L2
+squared and then just as we did to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then just as we did to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and then just as we did to add
+up those to get these equations to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up those to get these equations to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up those to get these equations to add
+up you needed to cancel this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you needed to cancel this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up you needed to cancel this one and
+cancel this one those will cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this one those will cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this one those will cancel out
+here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as
+well and you'll be left with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression like this and if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like this and if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like this and if we go back
+double check that that's going to um be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check that that's going to um be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check that that's going to um be
+correct then um if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct then um if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct then um if we have
+for right I should have this one's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right I should have this one's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right I should have this one's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+CL five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right actually having that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually having that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually having that's not
+canceling out appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right okay good I'm just having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right okay good I'm just having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right okay good I'm just having a
+problem canceling everything out okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem canceling everything out okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem canceling everything out okay so
+you can you should be able to add those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you should be able to add those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you should be able to add those
+together all right so in the next couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right so in the next couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right so in the next couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+minutes um we're gonna talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um we're gonna talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um we're gonna talk about what
+happens if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we take the
+system and then we apply stress to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then we apply stress to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then we apply stress to it so
+we have our conditions we reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our conditions we reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our conditions we reach
+equilibrium and then a stress is applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and then a stress is applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and then a stress is applied
+so this is the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the principle of
+lattier and this is that a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattier and this is that a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattier and this is that a system in
+equilibrium that is subjected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that is subjected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that is subjected to a
+stress tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress tends to
+react to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to minimize the
+stress and I find this a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and I find this a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and I find this a difficult
+concept for people who go to school at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for people who go to school at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for people who go to school at
+MIT and work at MIT and the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and work at MIT and the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and work at MIT and the reason why
+is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in this
+environment when there is a heavy stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when there is a heavy stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment when there is a heavy stress
+applied often the behavior is such to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied often the behavior is such to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied often the behavior is such to
+add more stress rather than minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more stress rather than minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add more stress rather than minimize the
+stress so you have to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so you have to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so you have to think about this
+in a way of sort of other systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way of sort of other systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way of sort of other systems and
+other universities maybe down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities maybe down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other universities maybe down the street
+might work where a stress is applied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work where a stress is applied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work where a stress is applied and
+the reaction is oh let's minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is oh let's minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is oh let's minimize the
+stress let's make less stress so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress let's make less stress so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress let's make less stress so that's
+what lat Leer's principle is is is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lat Leer's principle is is is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lat Leer's principle is is is about
+here so it turns out to be really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it turns out to be really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it turns out to be really useful
+because chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chemical
+reactions unlike people at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions unlike people at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions unlike people at
+MIT do tend to react in predictable ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT do tend to react in predictable ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT do tend to react in predictable ways
+to stress and they react the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stress and they react the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stress and they react the chemical
+reactions react in such a way as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions react in such a way as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions react in such a way as to
+minimize the stress and this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the stress and this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the stress and this works
+almost all the time you can predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the time you can predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the time you can predict the
+direction of the reaction based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the reaction based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the reaction based on the
+stress applied if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress applied if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress applied if you think about
+minimizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing that
+stress so let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so let's look at some
+examples so we can look at the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we can look at the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we can look at the simplest
+case which is adding or removing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is adding or removing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case which is adding or removing uh
+reactants or products we'll look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants or products we'll look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants or products we'll look at that
+too so we looked at this reaction before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so we looked at this reaction before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so we looked at this reaction before
+and when you talk about chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you talk about chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you talk about chemical
+equilibrium this is the reaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is the reaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is the reaction you
+study and we'll be thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and we'll be thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and we'll be thinking about this
+on Friday as as well so here again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday as as well so here again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday as as well so here again you
+start with hydrogen and nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with hydrogen and nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with hydrogen and nitrogen and
+you're making ammonia you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making ammonia you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making ammonia you start with
+with just the reactants no product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the reactants no product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just the reactants no product and
+they react and then they level off when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they react and then they level off when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they react and then they level off when
+equilibrium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is
+reached so what happens then we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached so what happens then we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached so what happens then we're at
+equilibrium someone comes along and adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium someone comes along and adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium someone comes along and adds
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+H2 which direction will the reaction go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 which direction will the reaction go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 which direction will the reaction go
+what do you guess you want to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guess you want to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guess you want to minimize
+the stress minimize the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress minimize the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress minimize the amount of
+H2 it'll go toward products so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 it'll go toward products so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 it'll go toward products so you'll
+use up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use up more
+N2 and you'll make more product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and you'll make more product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 and you'll make more product and
+they'll react and then they'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll react and then they'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll react and then they'll come to
+equilibrium again and the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium again and the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium again and the net
+composition will have will have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition will have will have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition will have will have the same
+ratio once you reach uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio once you reach uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio once you reach uh
+equilibrium so what if you added more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so what if you added more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so what if you added more
+product what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product what's going to
+happen they'll go in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen they'll go in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen they'll go in the reverse
+Direction and so you'll end up making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and so you'll end up making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and so you'll end up making
+more um reactants both H2 and N2 until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um reactants both H2 and N2 until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um reactants both H2 and N2 until
+you reach a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reach a new
+equilibrium uh equilibrium again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh equilibrium again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh equilibrium again you
+have the same ratios as you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same ratios as you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same ratios as you did
+before so we can think about this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we can think about this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so we can think about this you
+tend to minimize the stress of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to minimize the stress of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to minimize the stress of the
+reaction you add more reactant you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you add more reactant you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you add more reactant you use
+it up you make more product you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you make more product you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you make more product you add more
+product you use it up and make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you use it up and make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product you use it up and make more
+reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant
+so the reaction will shift toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction will shift toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction will shift toward
+product in this case when we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this case when we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product in this case when we're adding
+more hydrogen and we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hydrogen and we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hydrogen and we can think about
+this in terms of Q and K again so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of Q and K again so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of Q and K again so if we
+think about this and we add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this and we add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this and we add more
+reactant then momentarily Q will drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant then momentarily Q will drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant then momentarily Q will drop
+below K and so the reaction when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below K and so the reaction when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below K and so the reaction when that
+happens you'll have a negative Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you'll have a negative Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you'll have a negative Delta G
+recall this is our predictive equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this is our predictive equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall this is our predictive equation
+that we saw earlier we we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw earlier we we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw earlier we we can think
+about the ratio of Q to K in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ratio of Q to K in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ratio of Q to K in terms of
+the sign of Delta G so with Q less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of Delta G so with Q less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of Delta G so with Q less than
+K negative Delta G we make more product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K negative Delta G we make more product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K negative Delta G we make more product
+so this makes sense you came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this makes sense you came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this makes sense you came up with the
+right answer without thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer without thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer without thinking about this
+equation I think but we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I think but we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I think but we can also
+rationalize it from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and then we saw this before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then we saw this before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and then we saw this before so
+adding more reactant making more product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more reactant making more product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more reactant making more product
+shifting it to uh toward products to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it to uh toward products to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it to uh toward products to the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so we also considered adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we also considered adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we also considered adding more
+product again you can rationalize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product again you can rationalize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product again you can rationalize in
+terms of Q and K and Delta G so you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Q and K and Delta G so you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Q and K and Delta G so you add
+more product Q is momentarily larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more product Q is momentarily larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more product Q is momentarily larger
+than K there's more products products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K there's more products products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K there's more products products
+over reactants Q is bigger so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants Q is bigger so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants Q is bigger so that's
+going to mean a positive Delta G which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean a positive Delta G which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to mean a positive Delta G which
+means that it's spontaneous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's spontaneous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's spontaneous in the
+reverse Direction so you make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse Direction so you make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse Direction so you make more
+reactants so you can think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so you can think about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so you can think about this in
+terms of the equation or you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the equation or you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the equation or you can think
+about it in terms of minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of minimizing
+stress and again we saw this example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and again we saw this example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and again we saw this example we
+added more product we made more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added more product we made more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added more product we made more
+reactants to compensate you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to compensate you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to compensate you add more
+product it removes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it removes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it removes the
+product so finally uh what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so finally uh what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so finally uh what would happen
+in this case if we remove product what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens right you would make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right you would make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right you would make more
+product and so again you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and so again you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and so again you can think about
+this in terms of the chattier you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of the chattier you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of the chattier you remove
+product to compensate for that stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to compensate for that stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to compensate for that stress
+you make more product or you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make more product or you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make more product or you can think
+about it in terms of Q and K if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of Q and K if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in terms of Q and K if you
+remove product then you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove product then you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove product then you're going to have
+a Q that's less than K because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Q that's less than K because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Q that's less than K because you just
+pull product out so now you have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull product out so now you have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull product out so now you have less
+product than you did at equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product than you did at equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product than you did at equilibrium and
+with Q less than K you have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q less than K you have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Q less than K you have a negative
+Delta G and so your system will shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G and so your system will shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G and so your system will shift
+with a negative Delta G to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative Delta G to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative Delta G to the right
+it'll be spontaneous in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be spontaneous in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be spontaneous in the forward
+Direction so lat to's principle or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so lat to's principle or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so lat to's principle or this
+equation are really good at predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation are really good at predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation are really good at predicting
+stress and we'll continue on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and we'll continue on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and we'll continue on Friday
+talking about lattier and move on to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about lattier and move on to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about lattier and move on to to
+think about um other forms of Shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um other forms of Shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um other forms of Shifting
+the reaction based on stresses that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction based on stresses that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction based on stresses that you
+add to the system
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gTtZrPy_SzQ.txt b/gTtZrPy_SzQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2d89da062a6a72976feb9163eea69cf3ccf57fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gTtZrPy_SzQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey dude look who's here it's my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey dude look who's here it's my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey dude look who's here it's my friend
+Izzy the eye jammer she just stopped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Izzy the eye jammer she just stopped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Izzy the eye jammer she just stopped by
+for a visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a visit
+whoa I never met a real I Jam her before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa I never met a real I Jam her before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa I never met a real I Jam her before
+hey dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey dude
+great to meet you I need to split some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to meet you I need to split some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to meet you I need to split some
+cells in the tissue culture room but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the tissue culture room but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the tissue culture room but I
+thought you and Izzy could chat maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you and Izzy could chat maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you and Izzy could chat maybe
+she could tell you a bit about her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could tell you a bit about her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could tell you a bit about her
+project awesome so what was your idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project awesome so what was your idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project awesome so what was your idea
+project we tried to engineer a bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we tried to engineer a bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project we tried to engineer a bacterial
+arsenic detector what a bacterial cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic detector what a bacterial cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic detector what a bacterial cell
+that could tell us when arsenic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could tell us when arsenic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could tell us when arsenic is
+present in the water see arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the water see arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the water see arsenic
+contamination in drinking water is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination in drinking water is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination in drinking water is a big
+problem for people living in Bangladesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for people living in Bangladesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for people living in Bangladesh
+and West Bengal and since there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and West Bengal and since there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and West Bengal and since there is no
+easy way to know if arsenic is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to know if arsenic is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to know if arsenic is in the
+water people there have been drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water people there have been drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water people there have been drinking
+contaminated water and getting sick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated water and getting sick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated water and getting sick so
+we wanted to engineer a biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to engineer a biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to engineer a biological
+system that people can use to test their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that people can use to test their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that people can use to test their
+water for arsenic I had no idea this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for arsenic I had no idea this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water for arsenic I had no idea this was
+such a problem what a great project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a problem what a great project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a problem what a great project to
+work on how does your system work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on how does your system work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on how does your system work well
+our goal or the system specification as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal or the system specification as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal or the system specification as
+engineers call it was to have people mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers call it was to have people mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers call it was to have people mix
+a little bit of their drinking water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of their drinking water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of their drinking water
+with the culture of bacteria and know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the culture of bacteria and know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the culture of bacteria and know
+that there's arsenic contamination if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's arsenic contamination if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's arsenic contamination if
+the liquid changes color awesome but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid changes color awesome but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid changes color awesome but how
+did you get a bacteria to do that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get a bacteria to do that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get a bacteria to do that I'm
+still trying to figure out how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to figure out how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still trying to figure out how to make
+my bacteria balloon work well like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bacteria balloon work well like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bacteria balloon work well like all
+engineers we use abstraction to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers we use abstraction to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers we use abstraction to help us
+let's take a look we knew we needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look we knew we needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look we knew we needed to
+build a system that could take as input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system that could take as input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system that could take as input
+arsenic and produce as output a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic and produce as output a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic and produce as output a change
+in the color so first we compiled our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the color so first we compiled our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the color so first we compiled our
+system into devices we needed one device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into devices we needed one device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into devices we needed one device
+that could detect arsenic and produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could detect arsenic and produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could detect arsenic and produce a
+signal we call this our arsenic sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we call this our arsenic sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal we call this our arsenic sensor
+and gave it a part number BBA j33 2:01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave it a part number BBA j33 2:01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave it a part number BBA j33 2:01
+and we needed a second device that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we needed a second device that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we needed a second device that could
+produce a color when you get the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a color when you get the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a color when you get the signal
+from our arsenic sensor that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our arsenic sensor that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our arsenic sensor that there's
+arsenic around we call this color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic around we call this color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic around we call this color
+reporter BBA j33 2:02 I don't get it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter BBA j33 2:02 I don't get it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter BBA j33 2:02 I don't get it why
+are you using two devices wouldn't it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you using two devices wouldn't it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you using two devices wouldn't it be
+easier to make just one arsenic in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to make just one arsenic in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to make just one arsenic in and
+color out well you could do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color out well you could do it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color out well you could do it that way
+but then the only thing that the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the only thing that the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the only thing that the device
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+for is to report on arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is to report on arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is to report on arsenic
+contamination with color by splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination with color by splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination with color by splitting
+the system into two devices a sensor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system into two devices a sensor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system into two devices a sensor and
+a reporter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reporter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reporter
+we hope future eye gem teams can use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope future eye gem teams can use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope future eye gem teams can use one
+or the other for new projects how well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other for new projects how well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other for new projects how well a
+team could connect the arsenic sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team could connect the arsenic sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team could connect the arsenic sensor
+device to a different reporter device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to a different reporter device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device to a different reporter device
+that se produces light instead of color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that se produces light instead of color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that se produces light instead of color
+or a team could build a new system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a team could build a new system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a team could build a new system that
+detects a mercury contamination and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects a mercury contamination and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects a mercury contamination and then
+produces a color as a response yep we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a color as a response yep we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a color as a response yep we
+design our system so that the people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design our system so that the people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design our system so that the people can
+more easily reuse and build on our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily reuse and build on our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily reuse and build on our work
+oh I get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I get it
+maybe I could connect your arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could connect your arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could connect your arsenic
+sensor device to my balloon making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor device to my balloon making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor device to my balloon making
+device exactly but shouldn't I know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device exactly but shouldn't I know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device exactly but shouldn't I know a
+little more about how the arsenic sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about how the arsenic sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about how the arsenic sensor
+works before I just hook it up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works before I just hook it up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works before I just hook it up to the
+balloon making device last time I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon making device last time I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon making device last time I didn't
+stop the balloons from growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the balloons from growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the balloons from growing and
+growing that's why we enter both devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing that's why we enter both devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing that's why we enter both devices
+into the registry of standard biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the registry of standard biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the registry of standard biological
+parts we also documented our project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we also documented our project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts we also documented our project
+online at the I gene wiki the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online at the I gene wiki the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online at the I gene wiki the goal is
+that eventually for each part and device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eventually for each part and device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eventually for each part and device
+in the registry there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the registry there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the registry there will be a
+datasheet that summarizes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasheet that summarizes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasheet that summarizes all the
+relevant information about a device so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant information about a device so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant information about a device so
+that you know how to use it in a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to use it in a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know how to use it in a higher
+level system like the arsenic detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level system like the arsenic detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level system like the arsenic detector
+you mean just like this old datasheet I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean just like this old datasheet I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean just like this old datasheet I
+found for this 7404 hex inverter chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found for this 7404 hex inverter chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found for this 7404 hex inverter chip
+yep but I'm afraid there's still a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep but I'm afraid there's still a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep but I'm afraid there's still a lot
+of work to do before all the parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to do before all the parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to do before all the parts and
+devices in the registry have data sheets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in the registry have data sheets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in the registry have data sheets
+great lots of work to go do let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lots of work to go do let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great lots of work to go do let's get
+started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gchvLiH3gHU.txt b/gchvLiH3gHU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d3170de8c470ce883d33628b56f6a00890d396e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gchvLiH3gHU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2702 @@
+YVONNE NG: Well, good
+afternoon, everyone.
+
+We're so glad you
+could join us today
+
+as we talk about the magic
+behind OpenCourseWare.
+
+In some ways, what we do is
+truly magical, because we
+
+get to help produce the MIT
+content thousands of people
+
+use every day.
+
+And we're happy to share
+it with you, share with you
+
+some of the inner
+workings of what
+
+it takes to make OCW
+courses and materials.
+
+I'm Yvonne Ng, and I help run
+the annual giving and donor
+
+relations for MIT Open Learning.
+
+We're still celebrating
+20 years of OpenCourseWare
+
+reaching more than 200 million
+people around the world,
+
+and we want to
+recognize everyone who's
+
+used or supported the site.
+
+Because really, you've helped us
+reach this incredible success.
+
+So thank you for that.
+
+A few housekeeping notes.
+
+Today's discussion will
+be recorded and shared
+
+with our community.
+
+Your participation today
+indicates your willingness
+
+to share your
+questions and comments
+
+in making this recording.
+
+If you would like captions,
+please click on the CC button
+
+at the bottom of your screen.
+
+To ask a question, please
+type it in the Q&A box.
+
+Just to let you know, we
+received over 100 questions
+
+and comments to date.
+
+So we'll plan to try to
+answer some of those in a blog
+
+or on our social media channels,
+as well as this session.
+
+And so today I'm super happy to
+have three wonderful OCW team
+
+members who all know the ins
+and outs of OpenCourseWare.
+
+So would you amazing people
+briefly introduce yourself,
+
+and perhaps share a fun fact?
+
+And we'll start
+with you, Sharon.
+
+SHARON LIN: Hi, everyone.
+
+So my name is Sharon Lin.
+
+I'm a digital publication
+specialist at OpenCourseWare.
+
+I also manage the
+mirror site program.
+
+When not at work, I'm
+a freelance journalist
+
+covering for the Taiwanese
+American Society.
+
+I cover topics and events
+from education all the way
+
+to food and entertainment.
+
+YVONNE NG: That's amazing.
+
+I didn't even know that!
+
+That's awesome, Sharon.
+
+Shiba, did you want
+to introduce yourself?
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER:
+Hi, everyone.
+
+My name is Shiba Nemat-Nasser.
+
+I've been at MIT
+for a long time.
+
+I first worked at
+the business school,
+
+and I've been at OCW for
+a number of years now.
+
+I'm from originally
+from California.
+
+I came here for grad school.
+
+And I'm also a
+professional singer.
+
+I specialize in opera
+and early music,
+
+so that's my other career.
+
+YVONNE NG: I love that.
+
+That's so fascinating.
+
+Brett, did you want to go
+ahead and introduce yourself?
+
+BRETT PACI: Sure.
+
+I'm Brett Paci, and I handle
+all things audio video for OCW,
+
+with an awesome video team
+that we have here on staff.
+
+I've been at OCW almost
+since the beginning.
+
+What I do when I'm
+not working here
+
+is I also have another
+podcast, in addition
+
+to working on the OCW podcast,
+Chalk Radio, called the Skywok.
+
+Sky as in sky, wok as in
+the thing you cook in,
+
+spelled W-O-K. A
+Star Wars podcast,
+
+because the world doesn't
+have enough of those.
+
+And yeah, that's about it.
+
+YVONNE NG: That's so great.
+
+I love your podcast, by the way.
+
+I get my fix, my Star Wars fix.
+
+Anyway, thank you all for
+introducing yourselves.
+
+I want to share
+with the audience
+
+that these folks are completely
+lovely, and wonderful to work
+
+with.
+
+And I feel truly lucky to be
+able to be their colleague.
+
+So for fun, and before
+we dive into the magic,
+
+we're going to test you, our
+friends joining us today,
+
+on your knowledge
+of OpenCourseWare.
+
+We're going to launch a poll.
+
+And the question is, there are
+a plethora of courses, lots
+
+and lots of courses on OCW.
+
+How many courses do you
+think are available on OCW?
+
+And we're just going
+to give another 10
+
+seconds before we close.
+
+OK, and the results?
+
+53% of you said more
+than 2,500 courses,
+
+and you guys are right!
+
+That's right, we cover just
+about everything taught at MIT,
+
+at both the undergraduate
+and graduate levels.
+
+And we've been doing this,
+of course, for 20 years.
+
+So the very first question
+to the panel is this.
+
+With such a massive
+library of courses
+
+that span the entire
+MIT curriculum,
+
+how does an OCW
+course come together?
+
+How do you choose
+which topic to publish?
+
+And maybe we'll
+start with Shiba.
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER: Sure.
+
+Let me give you a general
+overview of our timeline,
+
+and the publication
+cycle, and what
+
+we cover in the curriculum.
+
+So we have a pretty
+small publication team.
+
+Actually it's only
+about nine people,
+
+and overall OCW is
+only about 19 people.
+
+And we divide all the
+departments across MIT
+
+up between everyone, and
+into two micro teams.
+
+So that's kind of
+how we organize.
+
+And what's covered in
+the curriculum, looking
+
+back at the original impetus
+20 years ago, at the founders,
+
+basically they wanted to
+publish all the course
+
+materials online, and make them
+widely available to everyone.
+
+So that means all.
+
+And you might be surprised.
+
+A lot of people are
+surprised that MIT
+
+has majors not just in
+STEM, not just in math,
+
+and engineering, and
+physics, and science.
+
+But you can get a degree at MIT
+in art, literature, writing,
+
+history, music, theater,
+several different languages,
+
+humanities, philosophy, and even
+ancient and medieval studies.
+
+So you can definitely have
+a different kind of degree
+
+from MIT as an undergrad.
+
+So we do our best
+to represent what's
+
+offered across the
+entire MIT curriculum.
+
+And Brett will talk a little
+more about this later.
+
+But some types of
+courses are more
+
+suitable as an online
+course, and what can
+
+be communicated on this medium.
+
+But I would say
+that we try our best
+
+to continue to cover the
+entire curriculum across MIT.
+
+And maybe Sharon, can you pick
+up a little bit more about
+
+how we choose classes?
+
+SHARON LIN: Sure.
+
+So we have a holistic
+process to determine
+
+which courses to publish.
+
+First, we have a Faculty
+Advisory Committee
+
+which provides guidance of
+publishing specialty courses
+
+that are MIT-unique.
+
+And our director will reach
+out to each department,
+
+and organize a
+departmental meeting
+
+with the Department Head, along
+with our publication managers
+
+and digital publication
+specialists.
+
+We will identify
+priority courses
+
+to publish for the cycle.
+
+And on top of that, we also
+receive faculty's request
+
+to publish their courses.
+
+And also, in
+addition to that, OCW
+
+has several course
+lists, each of which
+
+represents a hot topic.
+
+And we constantly
+create new ones
+
+based on the feedback
+from our users.
+
+So that's my comment.
+
+YVONNE NG: And Brett, can
+you talk a little bit more
+
+about how we manage
+user feedback?
+
+And if there is any influence at
+all in our publication topics?
+
+BRETT PACI: Yeah,
+when it comes to video
+
+it's sort of a microcosm of
+what Sharon and Shiba just
+
+described.
+
+It depends on
+faculty availability,
+
+what do we already have
+in the OCW catalog,
+
+even when it comes to video.
+
+But also we do take
+people's feedback.
+
+So for example, today
+somebody wrote in a question
+
+about organic chemistry.
+
+And that is the sort of
+thing that I will pass along
+
+to the rest of the team,
+to the team that works
+
+with the different departments.
+
+To see if there is
+something that we
+
+might be able to recruit,
+to publish as an OCW course,
+
+or to film the class so that
+we can put the lectures up
+
+on YouTube.
+
+And on YouTube we get
+a lot of feedback.
+
+So we have a great
+feedback team,
+
+including Shiba
+and my colleague,
+
+Jason, who are constantly
+reviewing YouTube comments.
+
+And we do take those seriously.
+
+And when we see that
+people are requesting
+
+the same thing a lot,
+then we will look into it,
+
+and we'll try to follow
+up with the department,
+
+or with faculty members that
+might be teaching that course,
+
+and see if we can
+get that one set up.
+
+To film it and to put it on OCW.
+
+YVONNE NG: Yeah, I love that.
+
+We really do care about the
+people that use our resources.
+
+And so we're always
+listening to them.
+
+And wherever they show up,
+whether it's on our website
+
+through a feedback email, or
+on our social media channels,
+
+or on our YouTube channel.
+
+So you guys are
+working with some
+
+of the most accomplished and
+prestigious faculty in higher
+
+education.
+
+What is it like to
+collaborate with them?
+
+And do you have any
+good stories to share.
+
+We'll start with you, Brett.
+
+BRETT PACI: Yeah, I have
+a lot of good stories.
+
+And it's always fun,
+working with MIT faculty.
+
+I get to work with anybody
+who is a guest on our podcast,
+
+Chalk Radio, or
+anybody who wants
+
+to have their class
+filmed to be put on OCW.
+
+This semester I
+have the privilege
+
+of working with Esther Duflo.
+
+I won't say exactly
+what until later.
+
+But I have also had the
+privilege-- somebody
+
+that we're constantly
+getting feedback at OCW,
+
+glowing feedback
+about Gil Strang,
+
+who is so beloved at MIT.
+
+And actually his content
+predates OpenCourseWare.
+
+And I've had several
+opportunities to work with him.
+
+And he's always wanting
+to film his courses
+
+and share his materials
+with the world.
+
+The cool thing is the
+MIT faculty are so nice.
+
+People say, never
+meet your heroes,
+
+but everybody should
+meet Gil Strang,
+
+because he's genuinely one of
+the nicest people I've ever
+
+met.
+
+And it's always a
+pleasure to work with him.
+
+And the funny thing--
+
+something I find
+inspirational about Gil
+
+is that Gil is now 86
+years old and still
+
+going strong, still teaching.
+
+I think the last
+time I had the chance
+
+to meet with him for something
+that we were filming,
+
+one of his courses,
+me and Elizabeth,
+
+one of our colleagues at OCW who
+works with the math department.
+
+We got to Gil's office,
+and one of the first things
+
+he asked us was, did I
+tell you about my new book?
+
+And Elizabeth and I
+looked at each other
+
+like, we know he just wrote one,
+is he talking about that one,
+
+or is it another one?
+
+And it turns out it was
+actually another one that
+
+was newer than the one
+that we had just found out
+
+about not that long ago.
+
+And I think that was for the
+course that he's teaching.
+
+And this is what's so
+inspirational, too,
+
+and you can hear this on
+the Chalk Radio podcast,
+
+the episode that
+features Gil Strang, is
+
+he's still teaching new things.
+
+So the last course
+that we filmed he
+
+was talking about
+machine learning.
+
+And in his interview
+on talk Chalk Radio,
+
+when Sarah, who
+hosts Chalk Radio,
+
+asked him, what is it like to
+teach a new topic that you've
+
+never taught before, that's
+a relatively new field?
+
+And just immediately he
+said, oh, it's exciting.
+
+So to me, just seeing
+that he's completely
+
+fearless in teaching
+new content,
+
+learning new things still.
+
+We're not all Gil Strang,
+but we can all keep learning.
+
+So yeah, it's a lot
+of fun, and we have
+
+a lot of great experiences.
+
+We feel very fortunate
+to do what we do.
+
+SHARON LIN: OK, great.
+
+So when I worked
+with MIT faculty,
+
+I would see the
+shine in their eyes
+
+when they talked
+about their OCW story.
+
+So one time I was working with
+emeritus professor Shigeru
+
+Miyagawa, who is a
+dear friend of OCW.
+
+He was telling us about the
+story of the founding of OCW,
+
+back in 2000, way, way before
+I joined the team in 2012.
+
+And hearing him telling us about
+the commitment to teaching,
+
+and the enthusiasm of sharing
+their teaching materials
+
+with the world that is
+stated in the MIT mission,
+
+to disseminate knowledge,
+just resonated in my heart.
+
+I feel so proud and humbled
+at the same time when I'm
+
+working with our instructors.
+
+I feel very proud to be part
+of this vision of a commitment
+
+to teaching, this
+mission of sharing
+
+knowledge with the
+world, with everyone,
+
+and this great OER movement.
+
+But I also feel very
+humbled at the same time,
+
+because it is and it has
+to be a collective effort.
+
+This cannot be done
+by any single person.
+
+We need our MIT faculty
+researchers, the publication
+
+team, our users, our donors
+to all be part of this effort.
+
+So that's my sharing.
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER: So I'll just say
+one more thing about that.
+
+I wanted to say that we
+have such a wide range
+
+of individual personalities
+of these amazing faculty
+
+that we have at MIT.
+
+And working with them
+is just so much fun.
+
+I absolutely love
+working with MIT faculty.
+
+And one of the things
+that comes through,
+
+and I would say comes through
+each and every one of them,
+
+is their dedication to
+teaching and their inspiration
+
+to make their teaching
+materials available through OCW
+
+to the world.
+
+Because they really
+support OCW in this,
+
+because they know that
+being able to go through OCW
+
+is a much wider reach,
+something that they simply
+
+can't do just by teaching
+individual students
+
+in the classroom.
+
+So I just wanted to add that.
+
+BRETT PACI: Yvonne is having
+a technical difficulty.
+
+It's Zoom!
+
+All right.
+
+Maybe I should
+kick off the poll.
+
+The poll says, there it is.
+
+Video lectures are some of the
+most popular resources on OCW.
+
+How many OCW courses
+contain video?
+
+I feel like we always want to
+take the "over" on these polls.
+
+Yes.
+
+That's right.
+
+So over, wow, I can't
+read that from here.
+
+But over 100 was the
+correct answer for that one.
+
+Looks like 78% of you
+got that one right.
+
+So you just keep
+guessing the over.
+
+Right, so Yvonne is still
+having technical difficulties.
+
+So I guess I can
+just jump in here
+
+and lead us to our next topic.
+
+We know from feedback that
+we get from our learners
+
+that the most requested
+resource is video,
+
+and video is a powerful
+tool for learning.
+
+And people often ask, why aren't
+all the courses video-based?
+
+And how do you choose which
+courses will have video?
+
+And I touched on this
+a little bit earlier.
+
+A lot of it is sort
+of self-selective,
+
+the faculty that are
+available, the courses
+
+and the topics that
+maybe haven't been
+
+covered as much on OCW yet.
+
+So we try to target those.
+
+But some of it is
+related to resources.
+
+Of course, MIT puts in a lot of
+money to even make OCW happen,
+
+and to be able to
+share this content
+
+with the world for free.
+
+But donations help, as well.
+
+So we appreciate everybody
+who gives to OCW.
+
+And that does give us
+greater flexibility
+
+to take on more course
+videos and share
+
+and share that stuff with the world.
+
+I will also add
+to that that one
+
+of the things that we've
+tried to do over the last,
+
+say, five years or so, I'd
+say in the early days of OCW,
+
+even with just the
+general course content,
+
+we targeted the materials
+and the courses that really
+
+lent themselves to a website.
+
+That had good
+tangible materials,
+
+that were easy to make
+available online, that people
+
+could really learn from online.
+
+And something we've tried to
+do over the last several years
+
+is target some of the things
+that are even more difficult.
+
+So one of the
+great things at OCW
+
+is the OCW Educator initiative
+led by Sarah Hansen, who
+
+does an amazing job with that.
+
+And that's allowed us to share
+not just the course content,
+
+but also how the
+courses are taught.
+
+And it's also allowed us to
+showcase some of the things,
+
+even in video, that
+aren't typically that
+
+easy to capture with video.
+
+So one of the things at
+MIT that is so important
+
+are recitation sessions.
+
+And so going back
+several years, we
+
+were able to work with
+Steve Hall in the AeroAstro
+
+department to capture.
+
+That's just one
+example of something
+
+we were able to capture.
+
+That's a little
+different than what
+
+you see in a typical
+classroom, where
+
+you have the
+session starting off
+
+with a problem on the board.
+
+And then the
+instructor going around
+
+and helping different groups
+of students to problem solve.
+
+And so we've really been
+trying to do some of that.
+
+We've also gotten to do that
+in a recent course that we
+
+published, 5.310, which
+is a chemistry course.
+
+Being able to film
+some things in the lab,
+
+and filming a field trip
+to the Charles River, which
+
+we hope to be able to share
+with everyone in the world
+
+at some point in the future.
+
+So again, there are
+restrictions to what we can do,
+
+resources being one of them.
+
+But I feel very
+fortunate that we've
+
+been able to capture
+as much as we can,
+
+and even some of
+the difficult stuff
+
+to capture, and share
+that with the world.
+
+YVONNE NG: That's wonderful,
+thank you for answering
+
+that, Brett.
+
+I think when we were looking at
+recent analytics for the videos
+
+on our YouTube channel, we
+know that our videos have been
+
+viewed over 13 million times.
+
+That's incredible.
+
+So now we are ready to
+take some questions.
+
+We have gotten, as
+I mentioned before,
+
+over 100 questions and
+comments from folks that
+
+have registered for this event.
+
+But one question from Aditya,
+and a few other people
+
+have asked this, as well, is
+whether or not OCW would ever
+
+entertain the idea of providing
+some sort of credential,
+
+a badge, a certificate for
+completing an OCW course.
+
+He says ever since
+the pandemic hit,
+
+it seems to have become an
+important thing to possess.
+
+So happy to throw it to
+anybody on the panel.
+
+Shiba, did you want to take
+a crack at that question?
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER: Sure.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So this is a question
+that we get a lot.
+
+As Brett mentioned, I'm
+also on the feedback team,
+
+I'm the feedback lead, actually.
+
+So currently OCW
+is not set up to do
+
+any kind of
+tracking, or creating
+
+a login, or anything like that.
+
+So we don't actually
+have any way
+
+to know whether someone's
+completed any course materials.
+
+However, Open Learning has
+the Open Learning Library
+
+right now, which you
+can track your progress.
+
+They don't offer
+certificates, per se,
+
+but this is a place where--
+
+I mean, I can't say whether or
+not we're entertaining this.
+
+I have no idea what
+they're thinking about.
+
+That has generally
+been something
+
+that's been with the MOOCs
+and MITx, and some of that
+
+is changing now.
+
+So there may be
+new possibilities.
+
+But OpenCourseWare
+is really more
+
+of a library and an archive.
+
+And we're just not
+set up currently
+
+to do anything like that.
+
+Although there's
+many cases of people
+
+who take OpenCourseWare
+materials
+
+and use them in a high
+school student situation,
+
+independent study, maybe
+in a community college
+
+where they don't have a specific
+higher course that we do offer
+
+on OpenCourseWare, and use those
+materials to grant a student
+
+credential in that course.
+
+But we don't really have
+any involvement in that.
+
+But we just know that
+that does happen.
+
+So unfortunately, currently
+no plans for certification.
+
+So we can't make any
+promises about that.
+
+But who knows the future?
+
+It's definitely something,
+as the user points out,
+
+it's something that is
+considered important.
+
+And MIT has some
+other new things,
+
+like MicroMasters and so on,
+that do offer certification.
+
+So you can look
+into those, as well.
+
+YVONNE NG: Thanks for
+answering that, Shiba.
+
+The next question
+comes from Mohammed.
+
+He asks, can we broadcast
+live classes from MIT
+
+to universities
+around the world?
+
+And I'll ask either Sharon
+or Brett to take that answer.
+
+BRETT PACI: OK, I
+can take that one.
+
+Yeah, that's not something
+that we really currently do.
+
+MIT does have a sort of
+joint classes that it offers.
+
+The MIT-Singapore
+Alliance I think
+
+was one, that some
+of our colleagues
+
+who now work with OCW had
+worked on in the past.
+
+As far as OCW actually
+sharing out live courses,
+
+it's not something that
+we really do at all.
+
+We're doing something pretty
+close this semester, actually.
+
+It's an interesting question.
+
+The course is
+course number 21, I
+
+think it's 21AS01, which
+is about reparations
+
+and colonialization.
+
+And that's a course where we're
+really trying something new,
+
+where we're publishing the
+videos before the class,
+
+and then using the comments
+from the comment section
+
+to kick off the discussion
+that happens in class.
+
+So really, the videos are
+being shared with our YouTube
+
+subscribers, and then
+the discussion that takes
+
+place there is
+actually influencing
+
+the on-campus experience.
+
+So as far as live stuff,
+a livestream like this
+
+is about as live as we get.
+
+But I think that's
+something that we
+
+could see more of in
+the future, if we feel
+
+like there's a need for it.
+
+One of the challenges
+in that, of course,
+
+is that one of the
+big things that we
+
+have to take into account at
+OCW is intellectual property.
+
+So if there's any sort of
+third-party materials involved
+
+that are fine to use in
+the class, on-campus,
+
+those have to be worked through
+to make sure we have permission
+
+to share them out to
+the world, the way we
+
+do with all of our materials.
+
+So that's also an
+important factor.
+
+YVONNE NG: Thanks, Brett.
+
+The next question
+comes from Tom,
+
+who asks, what do
+we see as the vision
+
+for remote, rural schools
+within our Navajo Nation
+
+where I teach?
+
+And I think Sharon might be
+able to answer to this question.
+
+SHARON LIN: Yes,
+I'd be happy to.
+
+So OCW actually has
+a mirror site program
+
+that we would send
+a hard drive that
+
+contains a hard copy of
+our current live site.
+
+And we use this, it would be
+great for internet-limited
+
+learning communities.
+
+So for Tom, it'd be great
+to share the words for us,
+
+share with your
+learning communities,
+
+share with your circles, and
+then help them connect with us.
+
+And we'd be happy to
+establish more collaborations
+
+with different learning
+communities that have
+
+this need around the world.
+
+YVONNE NG: Thank you.
+
+And I would encourage you,
+Tom, to shoot us an email,
+
+ocw@mit.edu, and let us
+know where you're based,
+
+so that we can connect.
+
+And see if we can get
+a hard drive to you,
+
+so that you can share
+with your community.
+
+The next question
+comes from Mussie.
+
+How significant
+is the difference
+
+between an OCW course and
+one offered on campus?
+
+I'll shoot out to
+the panel, whoever
+
+wants to jump in and answer.
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER: Brett,
+did you want to answer that?
+
+BRETT PACI: Yeah,
+I could answer it.
+
+I mean, I can answer it
+in terms of video courses.
+
+Typically what we do
+is we film classes that
+
+are happening on campus.
+
+So what you're
+getting in the video
+
+is pretty much everything
+that you would get.
+
+So not much different, I
+guess, would be the answer
+
+when it comes to video.
+
+Really the only things that
+get cut out of our videos
+
+are any personal information,
+like a faculty's contact
+
+information, and
+things like that.
+
+Technical problems that
+happen in the class,
+
+if the projector
+is not working we
+
+save you the trouble of
+sitting through that.
+
+But really most of what's
+happening on campus
+
+is what you see in the videos.
+
+SHARON LIN: And now add
+on to Brett's comment,
+
+I think as a
+publication specialist,
+
+we try our best to preserve the
+authenticity of the teaching
+
+materials.
+
+So from time to time we do have
+to do some treatment because
+
+of the IP reason.
+
+We have to make sure
+that the materials we're
+
+sharing actually are
+compatible to our CC license.
+
+I think that's usually the
+major source of editing.
+
+Other than that we can say that
+it's pretty authentic to what
+
+was offered on campus.
+
+YVONNE NG: Yeah, and
+do you guys still
+
+try to recreate images when
+there are copyright issues?
+
+Is that something that
+you guys still try to do?
+
+BRETT PACI: Yes.
+
+Yeah, I was going to say, we've
+done that for entire courses
+
+at times when it was necessary.
+
+So that's another thing
+that's really cool,
+
+is occasionally we've been
+able to commission new images
+
+to serve the same
+purpose as the images
+
+that we couldn't use due
+to copyright reasons.
+
+And sometimes, just
+a little shout out
+
+to our amazing team of editors,
+Jason, Maureen, and Elaine,
+
+and Andrea, who do
+amazing work, sometimes
+
+they even recreate,
+when you have a slide,
+
+we're filming the slides that
+are being shown in the class.
+
+Sometimes there's a laser
+pointer or something
+
+else that doesn't really
+show up well in the video,
+
+so sometimes they even
+painstakingly go through
+
+and recreate the movement of
+the cursor or the pointer,
+
+so that the end user can see
+exactly what the instructor was
+
+pointing at.
+
+YVONNE NG: So Bruce asked,
+how much feedback do you get,
+
+and what do you do with it?
+
+I think Shiba would be a good
+point person for this question.
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER: Yeah, sure.
+
+So we do get a lot of feedback.
+
+So we have about
+2 million people
+
+visiting the
+website every month,
+
+and 4 million people
+on YouTube per month.
+
+So we definitely get a lot,
+and a wide variety of feedback.
+
+So we try to answer
+all the questions that
+
+come in through the web form.
+
+And Jason, who's
+on the video team
+
+that Brett mentioned
+before, is also.
+
+And he and I answer feedback
+questions on YouTube, as well.
+
+So we really do have
+a wonderful user base.
+
+So most of the
+feedback that we get
+
+is very thoughtful
+and constructive.
+
+And as Brett said, we do
+take everyone's suggestions
+
+and requests seriously.
+
+So if someone's asking
+for a specific course,
+
+or a feature request,
+we'll log that and we'll--
+
+Oftentimes, similar
+things will bubble up,
+
+especially over the years.
+
+And our users are also
+really helpful if something
+
+goes wrong.
+
+If something breaks, they'll
+send us messages and let
+
+us know, which is great.
+
+But we really do consider the
+user feedback, and especially
+
+any kind of requests for
+features, things that
+
+have bubbled up over the years.
+
+In our creating the
+next generation of OCW,
+
+we take these seriously,
+and we take them
+
+all into consideration.
+
+So there's a lot of great
+ideas that people have,
+
+and the user base are the
+people who use the materials.
+
+So we definitely want
+to hear from you.
+
+We want to know how you use
+it, and how to make it better.
+
+So
+
+[DOORBELL RINGS]
+
+YVONNE NG: Thank you.
+
+So we actually have
+another video question
+
+from Christopher,
+who says, it seems
+
+to me that the video
+lectures are a bit tilted
+
+towards lectures
+for which knowledge
+
+stays relevant longer, like
+math, physics, chemistry,
+
+electrical
+engineering, et cetera,
+
+versus fast-moving fields,
+for example, say, JavaScript.
+
+Is this correct?
+
+BRETT PACI: Wow.
+
+That's a really good question.
+
+I think I can honestly say that
+that is not one of the biggest
+
+factors that we take
+into account when
+
+it comes to a video course.
+
+I think the bigger
+question would be,
+
+is it something
+that we just filmed
+
+last semester, or last
+year, and can that money
+
+be better spent on another
+course that might not currently
+
+exist on OCW?
+
+So it's not really something
+that we think about too much.
+
+We do think about
+that a lot when
+
+it comes to refreshing
+the content on OCW,
+
+because you're right.
+
+There are a lot of subjects
+that pretty much stay
+
+the same or pretty
+close for a longer time,
+
+and other subjects
+that are faster-moving.
+
+So across the whole
+publication, beyond just video,
+
+we do try to keep up
+with that as best we can.
+
+Usually with video, as
+much video as we do have,
+
+it's still a small
+percentage of what's
+
+being taught overall at MIT.
+
+So that doesn't usually
+factor in to the decisions
+
+that we have to make there.
+
+YVONNE NG: Yeah.
+
+We have a question that
+was submitted from Karen.
+
+What is a typical timeline
+for publishing a course?
+
+Do you ever work with
+teams of faculty,
+
+and if so, how do
+you facilitate?
+
+Maybe Sharon, you could
+take this question?
+
+SHARON LIN: Yes, I'm happy to.
+
+I actually had a quick comment
+to the previous question.
+
+Sometimes it is the instructor's
+or the teaching team's wish
+
+to capture or not to capture.
+
+I think sometimes usually it's
+a reflection of the topic,
+
+as well.
+
+Some topics just
+evolve so quickly
+
+they don't even want
+to capture the video.
+
+They actually want it to
+go out as fast as possible.
+
+Then we will make a very
+quick executive decision,
+
+and say, we'll just
+publish the lecture slides
+
+so we can quickly move
+on for the next edition.
+
+And then I think
+in a typical cycle
+
+for a course for
+publication, if we
+
+look at from the beginning
+of the initial touchpoint,
+
+when we have the
+first engagement
+
+meeting, until the
+course is published,
+
+usually we will get in
+touch with the teaching team
+
+before they start teaching it.
+
+So we can plan.
+
+If there's any filming
+we can plan with Brett.
+
+We can plan with
+the teaching team
+
+how to optimize the
+capturing or anything.
+
+But usually the
+publication will start
+
+as soon as the course is
+finished for the semester.
+
+So if I count that as the
+beginning of the cycle,
+
+it's usually six months before
+with the real publication
+
+work, the author and
+everything starts.
+
+But once we start, put this
+in our publication queue,
+
+I would say it depends on the
+complexity of each course.
+
+Whether it's very rich
+in content, whether it
+
+needs a lot of video
+editing, or content editing
+
+because of a lot of third-party
+intellectual property objects.
+
+So it could vary from two weeks
+all the way to two months.
+
+Sometimes we do have to reach
+out to copyright holders
+
+to get their permission
+in order to include
+
+some images from a journal,
+or another professor.
+
+So I would say,
+average, probably just
+
+about maybe a month.
+
+What do you think, Shiba?
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER:
+Yeah, well, I
+
+would say that it
+really depends.
+
+One to two months
+for, I would say,
+
+your basic course that doesn't
+have very many copyright
+
+issues, no video.
+
+But you know, it
+really depends on--
+
+a content-rich
+course that has lots
+
+of videos, that has
+lecture notes that's full
+
+of copyright clearance
+type of things,
+
+that can take five or
+six months, depending on
+
+depending on how quickly we get
+questions answered, how quickly
+
+permissions come in, and so on.
+
+So it really varies.
+
+But we try to keep things
+in our six-month cycle.
+
+So we kind of
+follow the semesters
+
+of the six-month cycle,
+as Sharon pointed out.
+
+YVONNE NG: And you know along
+with that, Michael asks,
+
+how do you maintain quality
+assurance during assessments?
+
+Like if a course has
+an assessment, I guess.
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER:
+I think that he
+
+might be talking
+about assessments,
+
+but we don't do
+live assessments.
+
+Am I interpreting that wrong?
+
+I don't know.
+
+YVONNE NG: Maybe we could
+talk about just the accuracy
+
+of all the materials that
+we share out in the world.
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER: Well we
+have a very detailed quality
+
+assurance process in
+the publication cycle.
+
+So along the way there's
+some peer review.
+
+But we have a fairly detailed
+FQA process before the course
+
+and all of the materials
+go live on our site.
+
+And this involves multiple
+members of the team
+
+going through every link,
+every PDF, every page,
+
+making sure that it complies
+with a certain amount
+
+of accessibility, which
+includes captioning videos,
+
+and attempting to make
+portable documents as
+
+accessible as possible.
+
+And our videos are archived
+on Internet Archive.
+
+We have a multiple-step
+process for videos.
+
+Metadata.
+
+So it is a really
+kind of involved,
+
+technical process,
+especially at the end.
+
+We want to make sure that
+all the materials are
+
+ready to go out into the
+world, with the quality that
+
+is standard for all
+OpenCourseWare materials.
+
+Sharon, do you want to say
+anything about the FQA process?
+
+SHARON LIN: I mean,
+Shiba has told
+
+a very complete story of it.
+
+I would say, definitely,
+for the amount
+
+of time we put into the author
+page, create the website,
+
+we try to put the same amount
+of time to QA the course site.
+
+And I can only say that we
+have many pairs of good eyes.
+
+So I feel like that's
+definitely some assurance.
+
+But of course,
+from time to time,
+
+Shiba's feedback team will
+forward user's feedback
+
+if there is any error spotted.
+
+We do have a mechanism
+to post-production,
+
+post-publication, we still
+try to correct any errors.
+
+So hopefully that
+extra feedback loop,
+
+will add another layer
+of quality assurance.
+
+YVONNE NG: Great.
+
+A question comes in from
+Jennet, who wants to know,
+
+do MIT students help
+you create the courses?
+
+And I'll just ask anybody that.
+
+SHARON LIN: I'll take it.
+
+Yeah, I'll start.
+
+We often collaborate
+with MIT students.
+
+I remember there were courses
+when MIT students, they
+
+were the TAs, and they
+definitely helped put together
+
+the teaching materials.
+
+We also hired MIT students
+to transcribe lecture notes,
+
+so the handwritten lecture
+notes can be accessible.
+
+So there are different
+ways to collaborate,
+
+and I think maybe Shiba
+and Brett can add more.
+
+BRETT PACI: Yeah.
+
+I can just mention that we're
+working on something right
+
+now that's new for us, too.
+
+We're working with
+a student currently
+
+who was an undergrad,
+graduated last year,
+
+and is now a grad
+student at MIT,
+
+working on things like
+recording audio of courses,
+
+which is far less expensive
+than recording video.
+
+And then using student notes,
+or other things, or the slides,
+
+and having students
+do the editing work
+
+to put those together
+into something
+
+that works for students and for
+OCW users across the internet.
+
+So that's something that
+we're working on now.
+
+And I think we'll
+keep experimenting
+
+with that sort of thing.
+
+And it doesn't work
+for everything,
+
+but then there are
+also things that you
+
+don't need video
+of the instructor
+
+in front of the class, that
+you can learn other ways.
+
+So that's something
+we're doing currently
+
+that's pretty exciting.
+
+YVONNE NG: So I think we
+have two more questions.
+
+And this one comes from Omar.
+
+What is the achievement you
+are proud of the most at OCW?
+
+And Omar says, thank you
+for this amazing webinar.
+
+Shiba, do you want to go first?
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER:
+Yeah, I can go first.
+
+I would say that I
+absolutely love the educator
+
+aspect of OpenCourseWare.
+
+And the podcast, and all
+the educator interviews
+
+that we have, which
+it sort of began--
+
+I came to
+OpenCourseWare in 2013,
+
+and that's around the time
+that that project began.
+
+All of the educator
+materials come directly
+
+from the professor.
+
+They come directly
+from the course.
+
+We talk to them
+about their pedagogy,
+
+we talk to them about how
+they think about teaching.
+
+And to me, having that
+human aspect of it
+
+and the aspect of how
+they think about teaching,
+
+is really one of the
+most wonderful things
+
+about what we offer on OCW.
+
+Along with all of the
+teaching materials that you
+
+can learn from, you
+can really learn
+
+from how the MIT faculty
+thinks about their teaching,
+
+and thinks about how
+to improve students'
+
+understanding of the materials.
+
+YVONNE NG: Brett or Sharon,
+what are you most proud of?
+
+SHARON LIN: I'll go first.
+
+So I have to share that
+for the years that I'm
+
+working at OpenCourseWare, I
+realize that nothing really
+
+should be taken for granted.
+
+I know that every instructor
+at MIT, they really
+
+go above and beyond in order to
+share their teaching materials.
+
+They're very busy with
+their research and teaching,
+
+but they're willing to do
+this, usually after work.
+
+I often receive emails
+late in the evening,
+
+or during the
+weekend, and I know
+
+that that's the time
+when the faculty finally
+
+have the free time
+to address some
+
+of the questions we ask them.
+
+And then I always
+feel very grateful.
+
+And then last year, I remember
+when the pandemic first hit,
+
+it was a very stressful time.
+
+And everybody was all
+trying to figure out
+
+how to deal with the reality.
+
+And I received several emails
+from collaborators in the past.
+
+And every single email
+just thanked the OCW.
+
+They were so happy that they
+actually worked with OCW
+
+and shared the
+teaching materials.
+
+And they felt so happy that
+when everyone was so separated
+
+because of the pandemic,
+at least their teaching
+
+material still communicated
+with the world,
+
+still connected people
+through their teaching.
+
+And that power was really
+a great moment last year,
+
+when it was very
+challenging for everybody.
+
+BRETT PACI: Yeah,
+just to piggyback off
+
+of what Sharon was talking
+about, one of the things
+
+that I get asked the
+most from working
+
+at OCW in my personal
+life is, wait,
+
+so MIT gives their course
+materials away for free?
+
+And then people usually
+don't believe me,
+
+or they don't believe
+that there's no catch.
+
+But that really is the case.
+
+So I'm very proud that at the
+institute decided to do that,
+
+that then-President Chuck Vest
+and his team of open pioneers
+
+were willing to
+share, to open up
+
+all of the course
+content possible
+
+to share with the
+world for free.
+
+And yeah, I think I
+would also second what
+
+Shiba said about the
+OCW Educator Initiative.
+
+And one of the reasons
+that I'm so proud of that
+
+is what we had started doing,
+before the Chalk Radio podcast,
+
+is we were filming
+interviews with faculty.
+
+But then we were editing them
+down to very discreet topics.
+
+So we might take
+an hour-long video,
+
+and cut it down to a handful
+of 3- or 4-minute clips.
+
+And maybe this clip is
+about active learning,
+
+how do you implement
+active learning
+
+in the classroom, and about
+these discrete topics.
+
+Then we were realizing,
+though, that there
+
+was so much that was coming
+out in those conversations that
+
+really got into what motivated
+them to teach the course,
+
+to teach the subject at all.
+
+And then what sort
+of failures led them
+
+to teach it the way they do.
+
+And that's one of the
+things we love hearing.
+
+And it's just so great to
+hear how much MIT faculty are
+
+willing to share the
+failures, and what
+
+they learned from them,
+so that other people
+
+can learn from that, as well.
+
+So yeah, I'm really proud
+of that, and really just
+
+being able to share that
+spirit of open and sharing
+
+that exists at MIT.
+
+YVONNE NG: That's so wonderful.
+
+Thank you for that.
+
+I have one last question, and
+this comes from Pian, who asks,
+
+what do you see as a natural
+future for OpenCourseWare?
+
+What out-of-the-box
+ideas do you see?
+
+And I'll throw it out to all
+of you, go wild with this one,
+
+you guys.
+
+BRETT PACI: All right, I guess
+I have to start with this one?
+
+Man, that's a really
+tough question.
+
+I think some of the experiments
+that we've referenced
+
+that we're doing, to be
+able to capture things
+
+in different type of media,
+is something exciting
+
+that hopefully we'll
+get to do more of.
+
+The podcast, and maybe there
+are other possibilities
+
+there that we haven't
+really factored in.
+
+We've talked about
+including more
+
+in the podcast from students, or
+self-learners around the world,
+
+and we're always asking for
+them to share their feedback
+
+with us.
+
+But maybe there's
+more to be done there.
+
+Yeah, I guess that's a start.
+
+Shiba?
+
+SHIBA NEMAT-NASSER:
+Yeah, well, thinking
+
+about open educational
+resources, that we
+
+going back to what Brett
+said, the faculty that
+
+founded OpenCourseWare,
+their vision has brought us,
+
+it's really the same vision that
+we're fulfilling at this point.
+
+But our Creative Commons license
+is still a little bit limited.
+
+And I think that
+looking forward,
+
+maybe would be opening up
+more, sharing more, having it
+
+be more free to share and use.
+
+That's something that I can
+foresee being in the future.
+
+Having it be more
+compatible with all
+
+of the open
+educational resources,
+
+and being able to be shared
+on that level, which is
+
+slightly more open than ours.
+
+SHARON LIN: And I think
+I hear from the faculty,
+
+I hear from the users, people
+want more, people want faster.
+
+They want to share
+their course faster.
+
+So I think if there's any future
+with the power of AI, machine
+
+learning, I'm hoping
+that maybe in the future
+
+there's even a more efficient
+way to share the teaching
+
+materials from MIT.
+
+We can just share
+with the world.
+
+And I also, as a humble
+hope, I also hope
+
+that we can reach out to
+more learning communities,
+
+we can serve more
+communities around the world.
+
+I understand that even though
+that it is really nice to reach
+
+out to many users
+around the world,
+
+but there are many users with
+limited internet resources,
+
+we want to reach
+out to them, too.
+
+So I'm hoping that our mirror
+site program will continue
+
+to reach out to users who are
+not able to access a live site,
+
+but they can still--
+
+I have to say, I don't
+believe that education
+
+should be a privilege.
+
+I want it to be available for
+any learners, whoever needs it.
+
+YVONNE NG: I love that.
+
+You guys are all visionaries.
+
+In addition to every day
+producing the resources
+
+that so many people rely
+on, it's super wonderful.
+
+So with that, we've come
+to the end of our session.
+
+I just want to thank
+Brett, Shiba, and Sharon
+
+for sharing their insights
+into this important work.
+
+I'd love to recognize
+our colleagues who
+
+are helping us answer the
+questions as best they can,
+
+that's Megan Maffucci, Yunpeng
+Wang, and Cathleen Nalezyty.
+
+I also want to thank you.
+
+You are amazing
+learners and educators,
+
+and we're so grateful for your
+feedback and participation
+
+today.
+
+Your thoughts, as
+we mentioned before,
+
+are super helpful,
+because really,
+
+for OCW to be
+successful, we need
+
+to be responsive to the folks
+that are using our materials.
+
+So with that in mind, no one
+knows OCW like our learners.
+
+And so we try to make the
+site as useful as possible.
+
+And as we look to the next
+generation of OCW, which
+
+should be available within
+the next couple of months,
+
+the site will be
+mobile-friendly.
+
+And so we imagine that
+that has the potential
+
+of just serving billions of people
+who have at least a cell phone,
+
+and have that
+motivation to learn.
+
+So we're really
+excited about that.
+
+And we're dedicated to
+all of this great work.
+
+And really, this
+work needs support.
+
+So here are a few
+ways you can help us.
+
+You can give.
+
+You can make a
+donation in any amount.
+
+It helps us deliver and share
+these courses with the world.
+
+And if you aren't in
+a position to give,
+
+which is totally
+understandable, please help us
+
+spread the word
+about OpenCourseWare
+
+to your friends,
+family, and colleagues.
+
+Our teams do an amazing job
+on our social media channels.
+
+So just reposting,
+retweeting anything we post
+
+would be super helpful.
+
+And lastly, we really
+want to hear your story.
+
+OCW, over the years,
+we know that OCW
+
+has been a real important
+support for folks
+
+as they go on their
+learning journey.
+
+And so your words
+and your experiences
+
+are super powerful
+and meaningful
+
+to our funders, our supporters,
+and everyone in the community.
+
+So with that, I want
+to thank you, again,
+
+to everyone for
+spending time with us.
+
+We have a super brief
+survey that will pop up
+
+at the end of this event.
+
+And it's one way to let us know
+what else you want to hear.
+
+What other kind of
+events should we host?
+
+And I want to say to
+everybody, thanks again.
+
+Be well.
+
+Take care, and keep learning.
+
+We'll see you soon.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ggWYkes-n6E.txt b/ggWYkes-n6E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf5e7f6ef8c1116c8f0f374397ee081589210c40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ggWYkes-n6E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2296 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh I would like you to see the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I would like you to see the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I would like you to see the big
+picture of linear algebra we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of linear algebra we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of linear algebra we're not
+doing in this set of videos of full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this set of videos of full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in this set of videos of full
+course on linear algebra that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on linear algebra that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on linear algebra that's already
+on open courseware for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on open courseware for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on open courseware for
+1806 and now uh I'm concentrating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 and now uh I'm concentrating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1806 and now uh I'm concentrating on
+differential equations but you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations but you got to
+see linear algebra this way and this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see linear algebra this way and this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see linear algebra this way and this way
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+subspaces and there are four of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and there are four of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and there are four of them in
+the big picture and we a previous video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture and we a previous video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture and we a previous video
+uh described the column space and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh described the column space and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh described the column space and the
+null space now we've got two more making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space now we've got two more making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space now we've got two more making
+four and let me look at this matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and let me look at this matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and let me look at this matrix it's
+four subspaces and put them into the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four subspaces and put them into the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four subspaces and put them into the big
+picture Okay so the first space I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Okay so the first space I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture Okay so the first space I'll
+look at is the row space now the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is the row space now the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is the row space now the row
+space has these rows has the vector 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has these rows has the vector 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has these rows has the vector 1 2
+3 and the vector 4 56 two vectors there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the vector 4 56 two vectors there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the vector 4 56 two vectors there
+and all their combinations that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all their combinations that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all their combinations that's the
+key idea in linear algebra linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea in linear algebra linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key idea in linear algebra linear
+combinations so 1 2 3 is a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so 1 2 3 is a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so 1 2 3 is a vector in
+three-dimensional space 456 is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space 456 is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space 456 is another
+one now if I take all their combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now if I take all their combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now if I take all their combinations
+do you kind of visualize that if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of visualize that if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you kind of visualize that if I have
+two vectors and I I add them then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors and I I add them then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors and I I add them then I get
+another Vector that's in the same plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector that's in the same plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector that's in the same plane
+or if I subtract them I'm still in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I subtract them I'm still in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I subtract them I'm still in that
+plane or if I take five of one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or if I take five of one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane or if I take five of one and three
+of another I'm still in that plane and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another I'm still in that plane and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another I'm still in that plane and I
+fill the plane when I take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the plane when I take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the plane when I take all the
+combinations so the row space can I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so the row space can I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations so the row space can I try
+to draw a picture here it's a plane this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a picture here it's a plane this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a picture here it's a plane this
+is the row space I'll just put row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the row space I'll just put row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the row space I'll just put row and
+in that plane are the vectors 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+23 and the vector 456 so two rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and the vector 456 so two rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 and the vector 456 so two rows and
+the plane fills our combinations well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane fills our combinations well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane fills our combinations well I
+can't draw an infinite plane on this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw an infinite plane on this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw an infinite plane on this in
+MIT Blackboard but you get the idea it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Blackboard but you get the idea it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Blackboard but you get the idea it's
+a plane and the we're sitting in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane and the we're sitting in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane and the we're sitting in three
+dimensions now the other there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions now the other there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions now the other there's so
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+more we've only got one a plane here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we've only got one a plane here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we've only got one a plane here a
+flat part like a tabletop extending to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat part like a tabletop extending to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat part like a tabletop extending to
+Infinity but not filling 3D because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but not filling 3D because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but not filling 3D because
+we've got another Direction and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got another Direction and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got another Direction and in that
+other direction is the null space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction is the null space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction is the null space that's
+the nice thing so I would like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing so I would like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing so I would like to know
+the null space of that Matrix I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of that Matrix I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null space of that Matrix I like to
+solve so the null space n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so the null space n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve so the null space n of
+a I'm solving a v equals all zeros so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm solving a v equals all zeros so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm solving a v equals all zeros so
+some combination of those three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of those three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of those three columns
+will give me the zero column let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the zero column let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the zero column let me
+write it in as a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in as a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it in as a zero
+column what what could VB what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column what what could VB what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column what what could VB what
+combination of that column that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of that column that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of that column that column
+and that column give 0 0 now I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that column give 0 0 now I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that column give 0 0 now I know
+there are some interesting combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some interesting combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some interesting combinations
+because I these this only amounts to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I these this only amounts to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I these this only amounts to two
+equations with three unknowns V1 V2 V3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with three unknowns V1 V2 V3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with three unknowns V1 V2 V3 I
+want to multiply that by V1 that by V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply that by V1 that by V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply that by V1 that by V2
+that by V3 so I have three unknowns but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by V3 so I have three unknowns but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by V3 so I have three unknowns but
+I have only two zeros to get only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have only two zeros to get only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have only two zeros to get only two
+equations and if I have three unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and if I have three unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and if I have three unknowns
+in two equations there will be lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two equations there will be lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two equations there will be lots of
+solutions and I can see one do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and I can see one do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and I can see one do you see
+that if I add that and that I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I add that and that I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I add that and that I get
+410 and that's the same 410 is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+410 and that's the same 410 is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+410 and that's the same 410 is the same
+as 2 * 25 in other words I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 * 25 in other words I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 2 * 25 in other words I believe that
+V equal if I took one of the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equal if I took one of the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equal if I took one of the first and
+one of the thir and if I subtracted two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the thir and if I subtracted two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the thir and if I subtracted two
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+second column so the AV will give me one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column so the AV will give me one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column so the AV will give me one
+of the first column one of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first column one of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first column one of the third
+column and subtracting two of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and subtracting two of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and subtracting two of the second
+column will give me 0 0 so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will give me 0 0 so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will give me 0 0 so here's my
+null space my null space heads off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space my null space heads off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space my null space heads off in
+this direction in the direction of 1 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction in the direction of 1 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction in the direction of 1 - 2
+1 and but of course more I get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and but of course more I get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and but of course more I get more
+solutions by multiplying V by any number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by multiplying V by any number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by multiplying V by any number
+10 times that Vector would still give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times that Vector would still give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times that Vector would still give me
+zeros and I'll still be in the n n space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and I'll still be in the n n space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and I'll still be in the n n space
+so I really have the null space is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really have the null space is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I really have the null space is a
+whole line of vectors it's that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line of vectors it's that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole line of vectors it's that vector
+and any multiple of that Vector so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any multiple of that Vector so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any multiple of that Vector so it's
+a whole infinite line which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole infinite line which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole infinite line which is a
+onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+Subspace the null space so the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace the null space so the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace the null space so the null
+space in my picture here's the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in my picture here's the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in my picture here's the null
+space well it it's not very thick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it it's not very thick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it it's not very thick is
+it because it's just a line so I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's just a line so I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it's just a line so I I'll
+call this n of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this n of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this n of a
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+line well you see I'm trying to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line well you see I'm trying to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line well you see I'm trying to draw a
+three-dimensional space that line goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space that line goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space that line goes
+both ways but it's perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways but it's perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways but it's perpendicular to the
+plane that's the fabulous part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's the fabulous part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's the fabulous part that's
+wonderful this line the null space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful this line the null space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful this line the null space is
+perpendicular to this plane the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this plane the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this plane the row
+space you want to know why you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you want to know why you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you want to know why you want to
+just see it because if I take a * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see it because if I take a * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see it because if I take a * V
+that'll be 1 2 3 * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be 1 2 3 * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be 1 2 3 * V
+1 2 3 is perpendicular to that how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 is perpendicular to that how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 is perpendicular to that how do I
+check perpendicular for two vectors 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check perpendicular for two vectors 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check perpendicular for two vectors 1 2
+3 dotproduct 1 - 2 1 the dot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 dotproduct 1 - 2 1 the dot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 dotproduct 1 - 2 1 the dot product is
+1 * 1 - 2 * 2 that's 4 + 3 * 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * 1 - 2 * 2 that's 4 + 3 * 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 * 1 - 2 * 2 that's 4 + 3 * 1 that's
+three 1 - 4 + 3 is 0 and similarly 4 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 1 - 4 + 3 is 0 and similarly 4 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 1 - 4 + 3 is 0 and similarly 4 -
+10 + 6 is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 + 6 is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 + 6 is 0
+so this is a right angle here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a right angle here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a right angle here it's a
+right angle 90° between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle 90° between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angle 90° between those two
+subspaces and again in this example one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and again in this example one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and again in this example one
+space is two-dimensional a plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is two-dimensional a plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is two-dimensional a plane the
+other space is onedimensional a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other space is onedimensional a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other space is onedimensional a
+perpendicular line I can show with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular line I can show with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular line I can show with my
+hands but I can't draw on this flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands but I can't draw on this flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands but I can't draw on this flat
+Blackboard I have the plane going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard I have the plane going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard I have the plane going
+infinitely far and I have the line going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far and I have the line going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far and I have the line going
+perpendicular to it and meeting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it and meeting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to it and meeting of
+course at zero at the zero Vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at zero at the zero Vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at zero at the zero Vector that's
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+solves AV equals z and it also it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves AV equals z and it also it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves AV equals z and it also it's a
+combination a zero combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a zero combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a zero combination of the
+rows that's half the big picture the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that's half the big picture the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows that's half the big picture the row
+space and the null space now I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the null space now I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and the null space now I'm ready
+for the other half which is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other half which is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other half which is a second
+side the other the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the other the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the other the right hand side of
+the big picture contains the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture contains the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big picture contains the column
+space first of all so what's the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space first of all so what's the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space first of all so what's the column
+space of that Matrix so the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of that Matrix so the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of that Matrix so the column space
+of a matrix we take all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix we take all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix we take all come
+combinations of those three columns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those three columns okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of those three columns okay
+so and and that will fill out a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and that will fill out a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and that will fill out a space
+now I have so I take the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have so I take the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have so I take the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and I take the vector 2 five maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and I take the vector 2 five maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 and I take the vector 2 five maybe
+there and then I'm going to also take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I'm going to also take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I'm going to also take
+the vector 36 oh I've got three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 36 oh I've got three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector 36 oh I've got three columns
+so I'm counting out three up six good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take those combinations of those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those combinations of those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those combinations of those vectors
+and what do you get this is a picture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you get this is a picture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you get this is a picture in
+two-dimensional space because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space because these
+columns are in two Dimensions 1 4 25 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are in two Dimensions 1 4 25 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are in two Dimensions 1 4 25 and
+36 okay when I take the combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 okay when I take the combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 okay when I take the combinations of
+1 14 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 14 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 14 and
+25 those are in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 those are in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 those are in different directions
+their combinations already give me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their combinations already give me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their combinations already give me all
+of two-dimensional space so the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-dimensional space so the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-dimensional space so the column
+space is the whole whole Space including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the whole whole Space including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the whole whole Space including
+0 0 because I could take zero of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 because I could take zero of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 because I could take zero of one
+plus Z of the other vector and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z of the other vector and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z of the other vector and that
+third column can't contribute anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column can't contribute anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column can't contribute anything
+new it's sitting in the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's sitting in the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's sitting in the column space
+It's a combination of those two but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a combination of those two but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a combination of those two but the
+first two are independent their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two are independent their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two are independent their
+combinations give the whole plane so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give the whole plane so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give the whole plane so the
+column space is the whole plane column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay hey there's not much room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay hey there's not much room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay hey there's not much room for
+a fourth Subspace but the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth Subspace but the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fourth Subspace but the fourth
+Subspace in this example is quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace in this example is quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace in this example is quite small
+let me tell you about the four subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about the four subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you about the four subspaces
+then so we know the null space n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we know the null space n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so we know the null space n of
+a and we know the column space c of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we know the column space c of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we know the column space c of
+a the null space was in this picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the null space was in this picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the null space was in this picture the
+column space was in that picture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space was in that picture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space was in that picture okay
+now what about what's the name for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about what's the name for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what about what's the name for the
+row space well if I transpose The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space well if I transpose The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space well if I transpose The Matrix
+the row space turns into the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space turns into the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space turns into the column
+space right transpose rows into Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right transpose rows into Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right transpose rows into Columns
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a
+transpose so by transposing The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so by transposing The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so by transposing The Matrix
+it turns these two rows into two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns these two rows into two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns these two rows into two columns
+and and the and that's what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the and that's what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the and that's what I have here
+the row space is the this is the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space is the this is the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row space is the this is the column
+space of the transpose Matrix I I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the transpose Matrix I I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the transpose Matrix I I like
+it I don't want to introduce a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't want to introduce a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I don't want to introduce a new
+letter for the row space I like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter for the row space I like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter for the row space I like having
+just column space and null space so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just column space and null space so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just column space and null space so I
+and I'm okay to to go to a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm okay to to go to a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm okay to to go to a transpose
+right now what's that fourth guy oh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's that fourth guy oh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's that fourth guy oh just
+by beautifulness general principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beautifulness general principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by beautifulness general principles of
+Elegance here if if I have column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elegance here if if I have column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elegance here if if I have column space
+and null space of a and if I have column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and null space of a and if I have column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and null space of a and if I have column
+space of a transposed the fourth guy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transposed the fourth guy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transposed the fourth guy has
+to be the null space of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the null space of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the null space of a transpose
+sorry I wrote that so small so small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I wrote that so small so small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I wrote that so small so small but
+I did write this a little larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did write this a little larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did write this a little larger the
+null space of a transpose all the W's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose all the W's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose all the W's
+that solve that equation a transpose W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solve that equation a transpose W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solve that equation a transpose W
+equals 0 the null space of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the null space of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 the null space of a transpose
+is all the W's that solve that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the W's that solve that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the W's that solve that equation
+okay what does that equation look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that equation look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does that equation look like
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that
+equation a trans transpose will have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a trans transpose will have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a trans transpose will have two
+columns so a transpose this will be W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so a transpose this will be W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns so a transpose this will be W1
+of the First Column one 2 3 when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the First Column one 2 3 when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the First Column one 2 3 when I
+transpose and W2 of the second column 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and W2 of the second column 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and W2 of the second column 4
+56 okay equaling 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh well now I've got for this null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well now I've got for this null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well now I've got for this null space
+because my Matrix here here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my Matrix here here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my Matrix here here is
+2x3 for the for this fourth Subspace I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 for the for this fourth Subspace I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 for the for this fourth Subspace I
+have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+equations and only two unknowns W1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and only two unknowns W1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and only two unknowns W1 and
+W2 and in fact the only solutions are W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and in fact the only solutions are W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and in fact the only solutions are W1
+equal 0 W2 equals z because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 W2 equals z because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 W2 equals z because that's the
+only way I can get combin that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way I can get combin that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way I can get combin that's the
+only combination of that vector and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only combination of that vector and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only combination of that vector and that
+Vector that gives me zero is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that gives me zero is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that gives me zero is to take
+zero of that zero of that do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of that zero of that do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of that zero of that do you see
+that that that the in this example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that the in this example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that the in this example the
+null space of a transpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space of a transpose is
+just null space of a transpose is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just null space of a transpose is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just null space of a transpose is just
+what I call the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call the zero
+Subspace the Subspace that has only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace the Subspace that has only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace the Subspace that has only one
+puny Vector in it the zero Vector but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puny Vector in it the zero Vector but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puny Vector in it the zero Vector but
+that's okay it follows the rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay it follows the rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay it follows the rule for
+subspaces and it completes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and it completes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces and it completes the the
+picture of four subspaces in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of four subspaces in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of four subspaces in other
+examples we could have uh all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we could have uh all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we could have uh all four
+subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces
+nonzero and but we would have two over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and but we would have two over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero and but we would have two over
+here that together kind of complete uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that together kind of complete uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that together kind of complete uh
+the N the full nend dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N the full nend dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N the full nend dimensional space
+and over here we have two that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we have two that together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we have two that together
+complete the full m dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the full m dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the full m dimensional space
+and here for this Matrix M was two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here for this Matrix M was two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here for this Matrix M was two so
+that this is completing the column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is completing the column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is completing the column space
+was all of R2 in this case all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all of R2 in this case all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all of R2 in this case all of
+two-dimensional space was the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space was the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional space was the column
+space and that didn't leave any room for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and that didn't leave any room for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and that didn't leave any room for
+the left null space the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left null space the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left null space the null space of a
+transpose so do you see that picture let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so do you see that picture let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so do you see that picture let
+me maybe just sketch it once more with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me maybe just sketch it once more with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me maybe just sketch it once more with
+with a clean board so I have the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a clean board so I have the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a clean board so I have the row
+space let me draw it maybe going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let me draw it maybe going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space let me draw it maybe going this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+the row row space and perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row row space and perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row row space and perpendicular to
+that is the uh null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space that's in we're here in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's in we're here in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's in we're here in N
+dimensions and they they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and they they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and they they are
+perpendicular those spaces and then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular those spaces and then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular those spaces and then over
+here I have the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and per perpendicular to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and per perpendicular to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and per perpendicular to that is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+left null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space and we're here in M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we're here in M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we're here in M
+Dimensions those are our four subspaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions those are our four subspaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions those are our four subspaces
+and they have they sit in N dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have they sit in N dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have they sit in N dimensional
+space two of them two of them in M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space two of them two of them in M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space two of them two of them in M
+dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space
+perpendicular and I could tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular and I could tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular and I could tell you
+something about their Dimensions so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about their Dimensions so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about their Dimensions so this
+row space in that example was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space in that example was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space in that example was
+two-dimensional it was a plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional it was a plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional it was a plane in
+general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the
+dimension Dimension equals let's say R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension Dimension equals let's say R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension Dimension equals let's say R
+that's an important number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important number the
+rank of a oh that's a key number maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of a oh that's a key number maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank of a oh that's a key number maybe I
+better speak separately about the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better speak separately about the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better speak separately about the rank
+of a matrix but I'll complete the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix but I'll complete the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix but I'll complete the idea
+here so the dimension of the row space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the dimension of the row space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the dimension of the row space
+is the number of independent rows and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of independent rows and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of independent rows and I
+call that number R and the beauty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that number R and the beauty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that number R and the beauty is
+that this has the same Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this has the same Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this has the same Dimension
+Dimension is also the rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is also the rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is also the rank
+R the can I say that Ma wonderful fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the can I say that Ma wonderful fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R the can I say that Ma wonderful fact
+in a sentence the column space and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sentence the column space and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sentence the column space and the
+row space have the same Dimension the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space have the same Dimension the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row space have the same Dimension the
+number of independent rows equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent rows equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent rows equals the
+number of independent columns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent columns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent columns that
+that's a that's like a miracle for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's like a miracle for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's like a miracle for a
+giant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant uh
+Matrix say 57 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix say 57 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix say 57 by
+212 there might be 40 independent rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+212 there might be 40 independent rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+212 there might be 40 independent rows
+then there would be 40 independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would be 40 independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there would be 40 independent
+columns and then the the null space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then the the null space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and then the the null space and
+the left null space have the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left null space have the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left null space have the remaining
+Dimension so the null space has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so the null space has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so the null space has
+Dimension n minus r CU all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension n minus r CU all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension n minus r CU all together
+together they have Dimension M and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they have Dimension M and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they have Dimension M and this
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+Dimension M minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension M minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension M minus
+r because together they have Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r because together they have Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r because together they have Dimension
+M that's the picture with the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's the picture with the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's the picture with the dimensions
+put in and uh let me uh uh say a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in and uh let me uh uh say a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in and uh let me uh uh say a little
+more about the idea of dimension in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the idea of dimension in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about the idea of dimension in a
+separate video thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gv-AB35V2k8.txt b/gv-AB35V2k8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbed45512579ece6b4d28e1a70884b40b9bb3a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gv-AB35V2k8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following content is provided by MIT
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT opencourseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu ok
+so I'll start a little formally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll start a little formally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll start a little formally that
+this is 1808 6:00 in the spring semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1808 6:00 in the spring semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1808 6:00 in the spring semester
+of 2006 and we're lucky to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2006 and we're lucky to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2006 and we're lucky to have it
+videotaped for OpenCourseWare so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotaped for OpenCourseWare so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videotaped for OpenCourseWare so let me
+begin by remembering the main topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by remembering the main topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin by remembering the main topics
+from what you might call the first half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you might call the first half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you might call the first half
+1808 5 the full course and then most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1808 5 the full course and then most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1808 5 the full course and then most
+important to us so gets a star the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to us so gets a star the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to us so gets a star the main
+topics for this course so 1808 5 began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for this course so 1808 5 began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics for this course so 1808 5 began
+with applied linear algebra the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with applied linear algebra the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with applied linear algebra the discrete
+equations of mechanics and physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of mechanics and physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of mechanics and physics and
+engineering and the type of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and the type of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and the type of matrices
+that involved so we learned what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involved so we learned what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involved so we learned what
+positive definite matrices are then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices are then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices are then the
+center of the course was differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the course was differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the course was differential
+equations ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ordinary differential
+equations so that was 1d partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so that was 1d partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so that was 1d partial
+differential equations like Laplace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations like Laplace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations like Laplace that
+was 2d with boundary values so that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2d with boundary values so that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2d with boundary values so that led
+to systems of equations and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to systems of equations and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to systems of equations and then the
+third big topic was for e8 methods all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third big topic was for e8 methods all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third big topic was for e8 methods all
+of Fourier ideas series integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fourier ideas series integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fourier ideas series integrals
+discrete and transform so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and transform so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete and transform so that's like
+the first half of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first half of the course
+well that's 80 no 85 ok and here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's 80 no 85 ok and here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's 80 no 85 ok and here we are
+so this course has also three major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this course has also three major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this course has also three major
+topics the first the one we start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics the first the one we start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics the first the one we start on
+today is differential equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is differential equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is differential equations that
+start from initial values so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from initial values so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from initial values so I'm
+thinking of the wave equation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of the wave equation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of the wave equation where
+we're given the displacement of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given the displacement of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're given the displacement of velocity
+the heat equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat equation
+Black's goals equation which comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's goals equation which comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's goals equation which comes from
+Finance is a version of the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is a version of the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is a version of the heat
+equation ordinary differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ordinary differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ordinary differential equations
+that's going to be today and nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be today and nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be today and nonlinear
+equations navier-stokes ultimately but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations navier-stokes ultimately but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations navier-stokes ultimately but
+not heavily heavily Stokes so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not heavily heavily Stokes so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not heavily heavily Stokes so this is
+the where where we begin and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where where we begin and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where where we begin and then the
+second big topic is how to solve because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second big topic is how to solve because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second big topic is how to solve because
+this is courses really applied math and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is courses really applied math and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is courses really applied math and
+scientific computing the second big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing the second big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing the second big
+topic is how do you solve a large linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is how do you solve a large linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is how do you solve a large linear
+system ax equal B do you do it by direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ax equal B do you do it by direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ax equal B do you do it by direct
+message lumination with re numbering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message lumination with re numbering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message lumination with re numbering of
+nodes and there are lots of tricks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and there are lots of tricks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and there are lots of tricks that
+make elimination very successful or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make elimination very successful or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make elimination very successful or do
+you do it by iterative methods multigrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it by iterative methods multigrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it by iterative methods multigrid
+is one so this is this is really modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one so this is this is really modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one so this is this is really modern
+scientific computing we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific computing we're talking about
+we're really at the at the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really at the at the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really at the at the point where
+people are computing and then the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are computing and then the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are computing and then the third
+topic which is a little different is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is a little different is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is a little different is
+optimization minimization uh it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization minimization uh it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization minimization uh it comes up
+in I mean linear programming would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I mean linear programming would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I mean linear programming would be
+one example but among many many I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example but among many many I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example but among many many I mean
+so that's a major area in applied math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a major area in applied math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a major area in applied math
+okay so this is our topic differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our topic differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our topic differential
+equations and I was asked before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I was asked before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I was asked before the
+tape started about my own background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape started about my own background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape started about my own background and
+my thesis was in this topic because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis was in this topic because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my thesis was in this topic because the
+key question a key question or will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key question a key question or will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key question a key question or will be
+stability is the difference methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is the difference methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is the difference methods
+stable you'll see that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you'll see that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you'll see that that's a
+requirement for to be any good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for to be any good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for to be any good you
+really have to sort out what and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to sort out what and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to sort out what and that
+usually puts a limitation on the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually puts a limitation on the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually puts a limitation on the time
+step so we're going to have a time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we're going to have a time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so we're going to have a time step
+and it may be limited by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may be limited by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may be limited by the
+acquirement of stability and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquirement of stability and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquirement of stability and the fact
+that stability and convergence success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stability and convergence success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stability and convergence success
+of the method are so intimately linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the method are so intimately linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the method are so intimately linked
+that was a there was a key paper by lex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a there was a key paper by lex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a there was a key paper by lex
+and rick meyer that we'll look at it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rick meyer that we'll look at it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rick meyer that we'll look at it's
+known now as the lacs equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known now as the lacs equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known now as the lacs equivalence
+theorem stability and convergence we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem stability and convergence we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem stability and convergence we'll
+see it in detail so my thesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in detail so my thesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it in detail so my thesis was
+actually when I was a grad student I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I was a grad student I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when I was a grad student I was
+like good chance I was asked to it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good chance I was asked to it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like good chance I was asked to it was a
+seminar and I was asked a report on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar and I was asked a report on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar and I was asked a report on some
+paper and it happened to be that one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and it happened to be that one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and it happened to be that one and
+I just looking back thank gosh I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just looking back thank gosh I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just looking back thank gosh I was
+lucky because that paper the lacs Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky because that paper the lacs Rick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky because that paper the lacs Rick
+Meyer paper with the lacs equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer paper with the lacs equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer paper with the lacs equivalence
+theorem set the question of stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem set the question of stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem set the question of stability
+and then years of effort went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then years of effort went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then years of effort went into
+finding tests for stability how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding tests for stability how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding tests for stability how do you
+decide is the method stable so we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is the method stable so we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide is the method stable so we'll see
+some of that okay since then I've worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that okay since then I've worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that okay since then I've worked
+on other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on other things
+well wavelets would be one that relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wavelets would be one that relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wavelets would be one that relates
+to Fourier and oh other topics too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fourier and oh other topics too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fourier and oh other topics too and
+lots of linear algebra but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of linear algebra but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of linear algebra but it's a
+pleasure to look back to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to look back to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to look back to the beginning
+of that one okay and then so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one okay and then so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one okay and then so that's the
+OpenCourseWare site which does have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare site which does have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare site which does have the
+course outline and other information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course outline and other information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course outline and other information
+about the course some of some of which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the course some of some of which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the course some of some of which I
+have mentioned informally or before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned informally or before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mentioned informally or before the
+class this is our central website with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this is our central website with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this is our central website with
+no decimal in 1808 e6 which will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no decimal in 1808 e6 which will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no decimal in 1808 e6 which will have
+notes coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes coming up
+MATLAB things problems all the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB things problems all the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB things problems all the that's
+our content really it will be the 86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our content really it will be the 86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our content really it will be the 86
+page okay so that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay so that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page okay so that's the that's the
+course outline in a three lines and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course outline in a three lines and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course outline in a three lines and then
+the web page and a handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web page and a handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web page and a handout
+would give you half a dozen subheadings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you half a dozen subheadings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you half a dozen subheadings
+under those three okay so that's the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those three okay so that's the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those three okay so that's the at
+the course and actually it's the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and actually it's the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and actually it's the center
+of scientific computing there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientific computing there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scientific computing there would be
+other courses at MIT covering material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses at MIT covering material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses at MIT covering material
+like that because it's just so basic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because it's just so basic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because it's just so basic you
+can't go without it all right so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go without it all right so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go without it all right so now I'm
+ready to start on the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to start on the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to start on the first lecture
+which will be ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be ordinary differential
+equations and I I won't always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I I won't always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I I won't always have
+things so clearly and beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so clearly and beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so clearly and beautifully
+written on the board but today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board but today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board but today I'm
+better organized so here's our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better organized so here's our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better organized so here's our problem
+ordinary differential equations so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations so we're
+given initial values I won't i won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initial values U at T equals zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial values U at T equals zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial values U at T equals zero okay
+so there's always an initial value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always an initial value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's always an initial value here
+the question is what's the equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what's the equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what's the equation that
+makes it evolve okay so often we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it evolve okay so often we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it evolve okay so often we'll
+think in terms of one equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of one equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of one equation the
+unknown will be U U of T or but in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown will be U U of T or but in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown will be U U of T or but in many
+in reality there are typically n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality there are typically n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality there are typically n
+equations n might be six or twelve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations n might be six or twelve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations n might be six or twelve or
+something in a in a small problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a in a small problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a in a small problem but
+also n could be very large we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n could be very large we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also n could be very large we'll see how
+that how easily that happens okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how easily that happens okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how easily that happens okay
+and I want to often to discuss stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to often to discuss stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to often to discuss stability
+or understand a method or and try it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or understand a method or and try it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or understand a method or and try it the
+linear case is the natural one so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case is the natural one so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case is the natural one so I'll
+use little au with a small a to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use little au with a small a to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use little au with a small a to remind
+us think of we've got a scalar or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us think of we've got a scalar or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us think of we've got a scalar or a
+capital A to indicate we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital A to indicate we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital A to indicate we're talking
+about a matrix and the correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a matrix and the correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a matrix and the correspondence
+between this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this and
+the more general possibly so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more general possibly so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more general possibly so these are
+linear these are likely to be not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear these are likely to be not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear these are likely to be not linear
+but there's a natural match between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a natural match between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a natural match between the
+number a there corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a there corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a there corresponds to the
+partial of F with respect to U and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of F with respect to U and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of F with respect to U and of
+course we see it if that was F then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we see it if that was F then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we see it if that was F then it's
+derivative is indeed a and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is indeed a and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is indeed a and in this
+matrix case there will be a Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix case there will be a Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix case there will be a Jacobian
+matrix if we have n right-hand sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if we have n right-hand sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if we have n right-hand sides
+because I've n use and the matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've n use and the matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've n use and the matrix that
+comes in is the derivative of right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in is the derivative of right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in is the derivative of right-hand
+side in equation I with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in equation I with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in equation I with respect to
+unknown J so it's a N by n matrix and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown J so it's a N by n matrix and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown J so it's a N by n matrix and of
+course this is the case where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is the case where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is the case where it's a
+constant yeah yeah I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant yeah yeah I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant yeah yeah I should have said
+these are not only linear but constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not only linear but constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not only linear but constant
+coefficients so we know of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so we know of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so we know of course the
+solution it's an exponential e to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's an exponential e to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's an exponential e to the a
+T times u 0 the initial function so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times u 0 the initial function so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times u 0 the initial function so we
+know everything about it nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything about it nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything about it nevertheless
+it's the best test case for difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best test case for difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best test case for difference
+methods and let me just comment that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and let me just comment that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and let me just comment that we
+will we do have to pay attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we do have to pay attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will we do have to pay attention to the
+possibility that a could be complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that a could be complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that a could be complex
+mostly I'll think of a is real and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I'll think of a is real and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I'll think of a is real and often
+negative often the equation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative often the equation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative often the equation will be
+stable a negative a means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable a negative a means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable a negative a means that the
+difference that e to the a T decreases a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that e to the a T decreases a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that e to the a T decreases a
+negative definite matrix negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite matrix negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative definite matrix negative
+eigenvalues mean that e the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues mean that e the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues mean that e the matrix
+exponential decays but and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decays but and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decays but and if that
+matrix is symmetric those eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is symmetric those eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is symmetric those eigenvalues
+are all real so that's a key case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all real so that's a key case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all real so that's a key case
+symmetric matrices have real eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices have real eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices have real eigenvalues
+and and they're the most important most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're the most important most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're the most important most
+most attractive class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most attractive class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most attractive class but
+and they may become a negative definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may become a negative definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they may become a negative definite
+matrix might come from a diffusion term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix might come from a diffusion term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix might come from a diffusion term
+like second derivative d ii u DX squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like second derivative d ii u DX squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like second derivative d ii u DX squared
+but a convection term the u DX from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a convection term the u DX from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a convection term the u DX from a
+first derivative will not be symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative will not be symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative will not be symmetric
+in fact maybe it will be antisymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact maybe it will be antisymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact maybe it will be antisymmetric
+it will push the eigenvalues into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will push the eigenvalues into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will push the eigenvalues into the
+complex plane and therefore we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane and therefore we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex plane and therefore we have to
+pay attention to the to the possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to the to the possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to the to the possibility
+of complex a so a small a as as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex a so a small a as as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complex a so a small a as as you know
+the whole point of eigenvalues is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of eigenvalues is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of eigenvalues is that
+we can understand matrices to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand matrices to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can understand matrices to a very
+large extent by diagonalizing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent by diagonalizing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large extent by diagonalizing by
+reducing them to n scalar equations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing them to n scalar equations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing them to n scalar equations with
+the eigenvalues as the as the little a's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues as the as the little a's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues as the as the little a's
+in those scalar equations so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those scalar equations so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those scalar equations so anyway
+that's the setup now i want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the setup now i want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the setup now i want to say
+something about methods before i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about methods before i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about methods before i want to
+introduce some of the names just what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some of the names just what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce some of the names just what am
+i thinking here this topic today's topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thinking here this topic today's topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i thinking here this topic today's topic
+of ordinary differential equations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary differential equations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ordinary differential equations is
+not going to be there's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be there's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be there's not going to
+last long in our in 1808 6 I might still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last long in our in 1808 6 I might still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last long in our in 1808 6 I might still
+be discussing it tomorrow but not Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discussing it tomorrow but not Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be discussing it tomorrow but not Friday
+I mean but not much after that will soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean but not much after that will soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean but not much after that will soon
+beyond a partial differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a partial differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond a partial differential equation
+but so I'm I want to sort of do ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I'm I want to sort of do ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I'm I want to sort of do ordinary
+tell you about ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about ordinary differential
+equations well in a kind of organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well in a kind of organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well in a kind of organized
+way so that you know the competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you know the competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that you know the competing
+message and also so that you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and also so that you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and also so that you know this
+key distinction between non non stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a typical equation u prime equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical equation u prime equal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical equation u prime equal minus
+four you would be a non stiff completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you would be a non stiff completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you would be a non stiff completely
+normal equation but and and and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal equation but and and and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal equation but and and and for that
+those are the relatively easy ones to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the relatively easy ones to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the relatively easy ones to
+solve we can use explicit difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences and I'll say what what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and I'll say what what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and I'll say what what that
+word explicit means what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word explicit means what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word explicit means what I want to do is
+just like help you organize in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like help you organize in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like help you organize in your mind
+so non stare for the or the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non stare for the or the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non stare for the or the average
+everyday differential equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday differential equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday differential equations for
+those we can use explicit methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those we can use explicit methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those we can use explicit methods that
+are fast and we can make them accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fast and we can make them accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fast and we can make them accurate
+and explicit means so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explicit means so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explicit means so this is the first
+meaning that I compute the new view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that I compute the new view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that I compute the new view and
+I'll use capital u at time step n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use capital u at time step n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use capital u at time step n plus 1
+so that's capital u at the new tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's capital u at the new tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's capital u at the new tile
+naturally natural to call that the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally natural to call that the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally natural to call that the new
+time can be computed directly from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be computed directly from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be computed directly from you
+at the old time maybe you at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the old time maybe you at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the old time maybe you at the time
+before that maybe you with the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that maybe you with the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that maybe you with the times
+before that some some in e terms its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that some some in e terms its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that some some in e terms its
+causal the the new you it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal the the new you it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal the the new you it comes
+explicitly by some formula that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly by some formula that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly by some formula that will
+construct from the previous computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct from the previous computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct from the previous computations
+so the only it's fast of course not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only it's fast of course not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only it's fast of course not only
+I not only use UN but I use F of U n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not only use UN but I use F of U n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not only use UN but I use F of U n so
+I should say from F from UN itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say from F from UN itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say from F from UN itself and
+from F of UN at time T N and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from F of UN at time T N and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from F of UN at time T N and similarly
+for earlier times but you see how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for earlier times but you see how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for earlier times but you see how fast
+that is because the only new calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because the only new calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because the only new calculation
+of F is this one the previous step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F is this one the previous step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F is this one the previous step
+produced u N and at the new step this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced u N and at the new step this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced u N and at the new step this
+step we have we plug it in to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we have we plug it in to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we have we plug it in to find out
+what the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the slope is
+and that's that maybe the expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that maybe the expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that maybe the expensive
+calculation because F could involve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because F could involve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because F could involve all
+sorts of functions all sorts of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of functions all sorts of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of functions all sorts of physical
+constants it can be complicated or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants it can be complicated or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants it can be complicated or not
+but if it is we only have to do it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it is we only have to do it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it is we only have to do it once
+here that's explicit now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's explicit now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's explicit now what's the
+opposite implicit so the point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite implicit so the point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite implicit so the point about
+implicit methods is that they they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit methods is that they they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit methods is that they they the
+the difference equation the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference equation the formula
+involves not just you n plus 1 the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves not just you n plus 1 the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves not just you n plus 1 the new
+value but also the slope at that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but also the slope at that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but also the slope at that new
+value at that new unknown value so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at that new unknown value so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at that new unknown value so it
+means that an implicit equation could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that an implicit equation could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that an implicit equation could be
+nonlinear because if f is not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear because if f is not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear because if f is not linear
+then this term could involve cosines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term could involve cosines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term could involve cosines or
+Exponential's or whatever of the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's or whatever of the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's or whatever of the unknown
+U n plus 1 so that way you can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U n plus 1 so that way you can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U n plus 1 so that way you can't do it
+as fast so this is definitely slower per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast so this is definitely slower per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast so this is definitely slower per
+step but the advantage and the reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but the advantage and the reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step but the advantage and the reason it
+gets used for stiff problems is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets used for stiff problems is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets used for stiff problems is that on
+stiff problems it will allow a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff problems it will allow a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff problems it will allow a much
+larger step so we it's this concentrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger step so we it's this concentrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger step so we it's this concentrator
+of speed versus stability these are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speed versus stability these are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speed versus stability these are less
+stable as we'll see and we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable as we'll see and we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable as we'll see and we'll have to
+see what stability means these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what stability means these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what stability means these are
+slower but more stable implicit methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but more stable implicit methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but more stable implicit methods
+okay so that's the III I didn't yet say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the III I didn't yet say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the III I didn't yet say
+what stiff is I'll say that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so explicit versus implicit u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so explicit versus implicit u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so explicit versus implicit u n
+plus one immediately or u n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one immediately or u n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one immediately or u n plus one
+only by maybe using Newton's method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by maybe using Newton's method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only by maybe using Newton's method to
+solve an equation because u n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an equation because u n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve an equation because u n plus one
+appears in a in a complicated formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in a in a complicated formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in a in a complicated formula
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we have two we have a equation to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two we have a equation to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two we have a equation to solve
+okay so now this part of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begins to identify different methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to identify different methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to identify different methods and
+I'll follow this same two column system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll follow this same two column system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll follow this same two column system
+that non-stiff versus stiff so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-stiff versus stiff so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-stiff versus stiff so this will
+be explicit and those will be implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explicit and those will be implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be explicit and those will be implicit
+okay so the one method that occurs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the one method that occurs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the one method that occurs to
+everybody right away is Euler's method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right away is Euler's method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right away is Euler's method
+and we'll see that'll be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that'll be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that'll be the first
+method we'll construct of course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we'll construct of course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we'll construct of course so
+that's a that's the first idea anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's the first idea anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's the first idea anybody
+would have it has the minimum accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have it has the minimum accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have it has the minimum accuracy
+its first order where the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first order where the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first order where the order of
+accuracy will be a issue for all methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy will be a issue for all methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy will be a issue for all methods
+and Euler has P equal one order P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Euler has P equal one order P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Euler has P equal one order P equal
+one first order so it's too it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first order so it's too it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first order so it's too it's too
+crude I mean if you were tracking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude I mean if you were tracking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude I mean if you were tracking a
+space station with Euler's method you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space station with Euler's method you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space station with Euler's method you
+would lose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lose it
+real fast or you would have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fast or you would have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real fast or you would have to take
+delta T so small that it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so small that it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so small that it would be
+impossible so Euler's method is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so Euler's method is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so Euler's method is the
+first one you think of but not the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you think of but not the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one you think of but not the one
+you finish with and similarly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finish with and similarly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finish with and similarly on the
+implicit side backward Euler we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit side backward Euler we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit side backward Euler we'll see
+is again the first implicit method you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again the first implicit method you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again the first implicit method you
+think of but in the end you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of but in the end you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of but in the end you probably
+want to do better okay so those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do better okay so those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do better okay so those those
+are two two specific methods that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two two specific methods that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two two specific methods that are
+easy to the first the first ones will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to the first the first ones will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to the first the first ones will
+write down now then come families of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down now then come families of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down now then come families of
+methods especially these Adams families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods especially these Adams families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods especially these Adams families
+so Adams Bashforth is explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Adams Bashforth is explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Adams Bashforth is explicit
+adams-moulton are implicit and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams-moulton are implicit and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams-moulton are implicit and the
+coefficients are in in books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are in in books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are in in books on
+numerical analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical analysis
+and will be on the web and I'll say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be on the web and I'll say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be on the web and I'll say more
+about them of course and see the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them of course and see the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them of course and see the first
+ones so so what adams bashforth how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so so what adams bashforth how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so so what adams bashforth how does
+it differ from adams-moulton okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differ from adams-moulton okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it differ from adams-moulton okay then
+then there's another so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another so those are
+multi-step methods number two was Multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step methods number two was Multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step methods number two was Multi
+multi step methods going to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi step methods going to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi step methods going to get more
+accurate we use more old values so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate we use more old values so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate we use more old values so
+adams-moulton and adams bashforth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams-moulton and adams bashforth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams-moulton and adams bashforth or
+especially adams bashforth would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially adams bashforth would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially adams bashforth would use
+would use several old values to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use several old values to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use several old values to get the
+order of accuracy up high okay now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of accuracy up high okay now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of accuracy up high okay now this
+third category of course actually Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third category of course actually Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third category of course actually Euler
+would be the first of the adams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the first of the adams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the first of the adams
+bashforth and backward Euler would might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashforth and backward Euler would might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashforth and backward Euler would might
+be early in adams-moulton or maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be early in adams-moulton or maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be early in adams-moulton or maybe maybe
+backward Euler is early in backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler is early in backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler is early in backward
+differences okay so what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay so what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay so what I want to say
+is ringer CUDA is like a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach to constructing methods you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to constructing methods you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to constructing methods you
+might know what some of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what some of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what some of these are
+already and it's a one-step method these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and it's a one-step method these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and it's a one-step method these
+are that's a method that just produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that's a method that just produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that's a method that just produces
+by quite a few formula by sort of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a few formula by sort of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by quite a few formula by sort of half
+steps you could say it gets to you n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you could say it gets to you n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps you could say it gets to you n
+plus 1 but it's explicit and the code in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 but it's explicit and the code in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 but it's explicit and the code in
+MATLAB the code OD 45 or maybe I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB the code OD 45 or maybe I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MATLAB the code OD 45 or maybe I should
+say OD e45 is like the workhorse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Odie's I guess I'm hoping you'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odie's I guess I'm hoping you'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Odie's I guess I'm hoping you'll try
+that you'll find OD 45 and I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find OD 45 and I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find OD 45 and I'll try to
+get onto the web but you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get onto the web but you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get onto the web but you could just
+easily discover the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily discover the sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily discover the sin
+tax to call it and apply it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to call it and apply it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax to call it and apply it to an
+equation yeah I'll get examples on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah I'll get examples on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation yeah I'll get examples on the
+web and please do example so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and please do example so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web and please do example so this is a
+very the four or five typically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very the four or five typically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very the four or five typically means
+that it's you use a fourth order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's you use a fourth order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's you use a fourth order
+runge-kutta so that's pretty accurate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runge-kutta so that's pretty accurate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runge-kutta so that's pretty accurate to
+get up to fourth order means the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to fourth order means the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to fourth order means the error
+after it after a up at time T equal once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it after a up at time T equal once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it after a up at time T equal once
+a is delta T to the fourth so by cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is delta T to the fourth so by cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is delta T to the fourth so by cutting
+delta T in half you divide the error by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T in half you divide the error by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T in half you divide the error by
+sixteen and then it also uses a fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen and then it also uses a fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteen and then it also uses a fifth
+order one and maybe it's maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one and maybe it's maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order one and maybe it's maybe I can
+point to these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to these words
+what does OD what makes OD 45 four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does OD what makes OD 45 four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does OD what makes OD 45 four five
+good successful it is that I mean how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good successful it is that I mean how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good successful it is that I mean how
+does it work it slows down or speeds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work it slows down or speeds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it work it slows down or speeds up
+it speeds up when it can it slows down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it speeds up when it can it slows down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it speeds up when it can it slows down
+when it has to and speed up means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it has to and speed up means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it has to and speed up means a
+bigger delta T slow down means a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger delta T slow down means a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger delta T slow down means a smaller
+delta T for the sake of stability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T for the sake of stability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T for the sake of stability or
+accuracy yeah yeah so so if they if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy yeah yeah so so if they if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy yeah yeah so so if they if the
+equation is suddenly doing something if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is suddenly doing something if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is suddenly doing something if
+a solution is suddenly doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution is suddenly doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution is suddenly doing something
+you know important and quick then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know important and quick then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know important and quick then
+probably at that period delta T will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at that period delta T will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at that period delta T will get
+reduced automatically by OD 45 it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced automatically by OD 45 it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced automatically by OD 45 it will
+cut it in half cut it in half again half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it in half cut it in half again half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it in half cut it in half again half
+again because it's constantly the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because it's constantly the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because it's constantly the code
+is clever good code is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clever good code is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clever good code is constantly
+estimating using internal checks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating using internal checks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating using internal checks to
+estimate what error it's making about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what error it's making about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what error it's making about
+the error just a quick word about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error just a quick word about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error just a quick word about the
+error so OD 45 it will unless you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so OD 45 it will unless you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so OD 45 it will unless you tell
+it otherwise unless you the default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it otherwise unless you the default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it otherwise unless you the default
+accuracy that it will adjust for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that it will adjust for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that it will adjust for is
+a relative so a OD 45 will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relative so a OD 45 will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relative so a OD 45 will have a
+relative accuracy so can I just squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative accuracy so can I just squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative accuracy so can I just squeeze
+in a few words of 10 to the minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few words of 10 to the minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few words of 10 to the minus 3
+it'll shoot for that and an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll shoot for that and an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll shoot for that and an absolute
+accuracy of 10 to minus 6 so it will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of 10 to minus 6 so it will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of 10 to minus 6 so it will try
+to keep the error it will plan to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the error it will plan to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the error it will plan to keep
+the error and it will tell you if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error and it will tell you if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error and it will tell you if it has
+a problem below 10 to the minus 6 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem below 10 to the minus 6 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem below 10 to the minus 6 and
+you could set that different okay I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could set that different okay I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could set that different okay I hope
+you experiment a little with OD 45 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experiment a little with OD 45 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experiment a little with OD 45 and
+you can either plot the solution some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either plot the solution some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either plot the solution some
+exponential and you I mean push it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and you I mean push it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and you I mean push it like
+let delta T be pretty big and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let delta T be pretty big and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let delta T be pretty big and see how
+where it breaks down well I guess OD 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it breaks down well I guess OD 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it breaks down well I guess OD 45
+is engineered not to break down if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engineered not to break down if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is engineered not to break down if you
+try our delta T it'll decide on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try our delta T it'll decide on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try our delta T it'll decide on what
+delta T it can do so will will also code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T it can do so will will also code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T it can do so will will also code
+just quickly some methods by ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly some methods by ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quickly some methods by ourselves
+and see for a large delta T what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see for a large delta T what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see for a large delta T what
+problems could happen okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems could happen okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems could happen okay and then
+backward this says backward differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward this says backward differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward this says backward differences
+that's the category of implicit method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the category of implicit method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the category of implicit method
+for stiff equations and backward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stiff equations and backward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for stiff equations and backward Euler
+would be the very first and OD e15 s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the very first and OD e15 s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the very first and OD e15 s is
+the code that is the most used code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that is the most used code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code that is the most used code
+perhaps for stiff equations and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps for stiff equations and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps for stiff equations and it will
+do the same thing it will vary delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing it will vary delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing it will vary delta T
+it will vary the order you open so it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will vary the order you open so it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will vary the order you open so it if
+it's if it has to slow down it may slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it has to slow down it may slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if it has to slow down it may slow
+and things are happening too quickly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things are happening too quickly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things are happening too quickly it
+may change to a low order safe secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change to a low order safe secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may change to a low order safe secure
+method when things are you know when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method when things are you know when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method when things are you know when the
+satellite is buzzing out in space and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite is buzzing out in space and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite is buzzing out in space and it
+can take giant steps or you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take giant steps or you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take giant steps or you can have
+high order AK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order AK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high order AK
+reciepe say in astronomy of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciepe say in astronomy of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciepe say in astronomy of course they
+they would go up to eighth order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go up to eighth order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would go up to eighth order and
+higher tracking estimating where stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher tracking estimating where stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher tracking estimating where stars
+would go or or planets these will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go or or planets these will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go or or planets these will do
+that automatically up to a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically up to a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically up to a certain point
+and we could write codes and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could write codes and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could write codes and of course
+people have for adams bashforth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have for adams bashforth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have for adams bashforth and
+adams-moulton varying delta t varying p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams-moulton varying delta t varying p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adams-moulton varying delta t varying p
+i guess here's a comment if i had given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess here's a comment if i had given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess here's a comment if i had given
+this lecture yesterday I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture yesterday I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture yesterday I would have
+emphasized number two adams bashforth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized number two adams bashforth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized number two adams bashforth
+and adams-moulton because books do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adams-moulton because books do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adams-moulton because books do it
+and I basically learned this subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I basically learned this subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I basically learned this subject
+from the major textbooks on Odie's but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the major textbooks on Odie's but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the major textbooks on Odie's but I
+had a conversation with one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a conversation with one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a conversation with one of the
+computational scientists in the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational scientists in the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational scientists in the math
+department and that changed the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and that changed the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and that changed the lecture
+because I learned that although books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I learned that although books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I learned that although books
+tend to I discuss those at the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to I discuss those at the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to I discuss those at the atoms
+methods in practice these these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in practice these these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in practice these these methods
+not the methods three fat Ron I coulda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the methods three fat Ron I coulda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the methods three fat Ron I coulda
+and backward differences are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and backward differences are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and backward differences are the most
+used so really and and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so really and and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so really and and and that's
+reflected in the fact that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the fact that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the fact that these two
+major codes that are available in MATLAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major codes that are available in MATLAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major codes that are available in MATLAB
+are in the number three category okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the number three category okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the number three category okay so
+now I've used the that's a picture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've used the that's a picture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've used the that's a picture with
+names but not details right I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but not details right I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but not details right I mean I
+guess and I haven't even said what stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and I haven't even said what stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and I haven't even said what stiff
+means so somewhere I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so somewhere I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so somewhere I've written
+something about stiff yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so stiff means so if I had only only e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stiff means so if I had only only e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so stiff means so if I had only only e
+to the minus T in the solution then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus T in the solution then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus T in the solution then the
+solution would decay at that rate e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would decay at that rate e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would decay at that rate e to
+the minus T the time step would adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus T the time step would adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus T the time step would adjust
+to keep it accurate and if I have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it accurate and if I have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it accurate and if I have only
+to the minus 90 90 and again that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 90 90 and again that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 90 90 and again that of
+course is a faster decay much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a faster decay much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is a faster decay much faster
+decay so the time step would adjust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so the time step would adjust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so the time step would adjust to
+be much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much smaller
+probably about $1.99 or something anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about $1.99 or something anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably about $1.99 or something anyway
+much smaller to capture the within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller to capture the within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller to capture the within each
+step the correct behavior of e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the correct behavior of e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the correct behavior of e to the
+minus 99 t and no problem so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 99 t and no problem so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 99 t and no problem so in other
+words it's not the minus 99 that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's not the minus 99 that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it's not the minus 99 that makes
+it stiff if it was only the minus 99 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stiff if it was only the minus 99 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stiff if it was only the minus 99 in
+other words if I had a equal minus 99 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I had a equal minus 99 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if I had a equal minus 99 up
+there I wouldn't call it a stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I wouldn't call it a stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I wouldn't call it a stiff
+equation what makes it stiff is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what makes it stiff is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what makes it stiff is the
+combination here where you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination here where you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination here where you see what's
+going to happen as time gets anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen as time gets anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen as time gets anywhere
+this is going to control U of T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to control U of T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to control U of T the
+decay of U of T is is going to be have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of U of T is is going to be have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of U of T is is going to be have
+that time constant 1 but this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time constant 1 but this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time constant 1 but this is going
+to control so I'll say but this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control so I'll say but this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control so I'll say but this would
+control delta T for for explicit methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I just picked minus 99 but it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just picked minus 99 but it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just picked minus 99 but it could
+have been minus 999 or far worse so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been minus 999 or far worse so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been minus 999 or far worse so it
+could be very stiff so stiff is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very stiff so stiff is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very stiff so stiff is this
+stiff equations we're kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff equations we're kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff equations we're kind of you know
+that this word stiff and identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this word stiff and identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this word stiff and identifying
+this class of problems which now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of problems which now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of problems which now is
+familiar to everybody who has to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to everybody who has to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to everybody who has to compute
+didn't come you know with gousen and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come you know with gousen and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't come you know with gousen and so
+on came much more recently but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on came much more recently but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on came much more recently but it's
+become very important now to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very important now to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very important now to distinguish
+stiff from non stiff so where does stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff from non stiff so where does stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff from non stiff so where does stiff
+problems arise well you can see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems arise well you can see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems arise well you can see how they
+arise in Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chemical processes with very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processes with very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processes with very different
+decay rates biological processes control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rates biological processes control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay rates biological processes control
+theory all sorts of cases where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory all sorts of cases where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory all sorts of cases where there's
+where there's a big dynamic range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a big dynamic range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's a big dynamic range of
+rates and they also arise in systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and they also arise in systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and they also arise in systems
+because the eigenvalues could be minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the eigenvalues could be minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the eigenvalues could be minus 1
+and minus 99 I can easily create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 99 I can easily create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 99 I can easily create a
+matrix that has those two eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has those two eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has those two eigen values
+so it would be a system let me create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a system let me create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a system let me create
+such a matrix I think probably if I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a matrix I think probably if I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a matrix I think probably if I put
+minus 50s on the diagonal that gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 50s on the diagonal that gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 50s on the diagonal that gives a
+trace sum down the diagonal is minus 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace sum down the diagonal is minus 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace sum down the diagonal is minus 100
+and that should equal the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should equal the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that should equal the sum of the
+eigenvalues so so far so good and now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so so far so good and now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so so far so good and now if
+I want these two particular numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want these two particular numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want these two particular numbers I
+could put 49 here so that matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put 49 here so that matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put 49 here so that matrix has
+those two eigen values so you see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two eigen values so you see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two eigen values so you see and
+some you see it I mean this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you see it I mean this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you see it I mean this this is the
+kind of matrix well you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matrix well you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matrix well you might say
+ill-conditioned would be a word that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-conditioned would be a word that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill-conditioned would be a word that you
+hear from matrix like this the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from matrix like this the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear from matrix like this the condition
+number is the ratio so the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is the ratio so the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is the ratio so the condition
+number of this matrix would be the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of this matrix would be the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of this matrix would be the ratio
+99 over 1 and that condition number is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 over 1 and that condition number is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 over 1 and that condition number is a
+number that MATLAB commute computes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that MATLAB commute computes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that MATLAB commute computes all
+the time every time you give it a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time every time you give it a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time every time you give it a matrix
+problem like this it's it estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like this it's it estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like this it's it estimate
+estimates not computes because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates not computes because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates not computes because the
+computing condition number requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing condition number requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing condition number requires
+solving an eigenvalue problem and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving an eigenvalue problem and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving an eigenvalue problem and it
+doesn't want to take a forever to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to take a forever to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to take a forever to do
+that exactly but it gets an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly but it gets an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly but it gets an estimate
+which shows that so that's a that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows that so that's a that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows that so that's a that's only
+a moderate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moderate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moderate
+condition number of a 99 that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number of a 99 that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition number of a 99 that's not a
+disaster but it makes the point okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster but it makes the point okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster but it makes the point okay so
+that's what stiff equations are okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what stiff equations are okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what stiff equations are okay now
+I've got one more board prepared I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one more board prepared I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got one more board prepared I won't
+do have this every day but let me use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have this every day but let me use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have this every day but let me use it
+while I got it okay oh well it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I got it okay oh well it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I got it okay oh well it's only
+prepared in the sense of telling us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared in the sense of telling us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared in the sense of telling us what
+we're going to do so this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so this is what's
+coming a construction of methods what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a construction of methods what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming a construction of methods what
+stability is about and what's convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is about and what's convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability is about and what's convergent
+so let me begin let me get oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me begin let me get oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me begin let me get oiler
+constructed today and backward Euler so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed today and backward Euler so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed today and backward Euler so
+Oilers method will be the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers method will be the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers method will be the most obvious
+method equals F at U n so in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method equals F at U n so in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method equals F at U n so in the in the
+and the easy in the model case it's a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the easy in the model case it's a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the easy in the model case it's a u
+n so that's a whaler so that that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's a whaler so that that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so that's a whaler so that that tells
+us then that we could rewrite it u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then that we could rewrite it u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then that we could rewrite it u n
+plus 1 is explicitly 1 plus a delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 is explicitly 1 plus a delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 is explicitly 1 plus a delta T
+you win right I've moved up the delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you win right I've moved up the delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you win right I've moved up the delta T
+and I moved over the UN and it's simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I moved over the UN and it's simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I moved over the UN and it's simple
+like that ok so what's the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that ok so what's the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that ok so what's the solution
+after n time steps let me stay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n time steps let me stay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after n time steps let me stay with
+Euler for a moment after n steps every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler for a moment after n steps every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler for a moment after n steps every
+step just multiplied by 1 by this growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step just multiplied by 1 by this growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step just multiplied by 1 by this growth
+factor oh let me refer to that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor oh let me refer to that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor oh let me refer to that as the
+growth factor even if it's as I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor even if it's as I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor even if it's as I hope
+smaller than 1 so u n after n steps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 so u n after n steps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 so u n after n steps is
+this thing has multiplied n times u 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has multiplied n times u 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has multiplied n times u 0
+and what is stability now stability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is stability now stability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is stability now stability is
+suppose a is negative typically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is negative typically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is negative typically that
+means that I would often Willis think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I would often Willis think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I would often Willis think of
+that model a negative so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model a negative so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model a negative so that the
+differential equation is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is completely
+stable right the e to the minus 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right the e to the minus 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable right the e to the minus 88
+the 80s or e to the 80 where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s or e to the 80 where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 80s or e to the 80 where they
+negative is is perfect question is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is is perfect question is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative is is perfect question is is
+this one perfect so stability will be is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one perfect so stability will be is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one perfect so stability will be is
+this number below one that's the test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number below one that's the test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number below one that's the test is
+that we could argue about is are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could argue about is are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could argue about is are we
+going to let it equal one maybe I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let it equal one maybe I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let it equal one maybe I'll let
+it equal so 1 plus a delta T smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal so 1 plus a delta T smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equal so 1 plus a delta T smaller
+than 1 that'll be that that'll be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 that'll be that that'll be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 that'll be that that'll be the
+stability requirement for forward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability requirement for forward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability requirement for forward Euler
+and what's the what's the what's the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the what's the what's the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the what's the what's the a
+delta T what's the boundary what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T what's the boundary what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T what's the boundary what's the
+critical value of a delta T 8 remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value of a delta T 8 remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value of a delta T 8 remember a
+negative how negative can it be or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative how negative can it be or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative how negative can it be or how
+negative can this come you see it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative can this come you see it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative can this come you see it's a
+combination a delta T so let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a delta T so let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination a delta T so let me put
+above here what the stability condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here what the stability condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above here what the stability condition
+is so the stability condition on Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the stability condition on Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the stability condition on Euler
+is going to be so do you see what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be so do you see what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be so do you see what it is
+how negative can a delta T be you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how negative can a delta T be you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how negative can a delta T be you go
+ahead you don't even have to push them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead you don't even have to push them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead you don't even have to push them
+well let's see so if how if a delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see so if how if a delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see so if how if a delta T
+and this is a negative number so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a negative number so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a negative number so this is
+dragging us down from one always right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragging us down from one always right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dragging us down from one always right a
+delta T is like a subtracting away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is like a subtracting away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T is like a subtracting away from
+one so we're like we're here with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we're like we're here with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we're like we're here with the
+one and a delta T is pulling us this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a delta T is pulling us this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a delta T is pulling us this way
+and how far at what point are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how far at what point are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how far at what point are we going
+to meet instability at yeah it when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet instability at yeah it when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet instability at yeah it when we
+hit minus one this is this is the 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit minus one this is this is the 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit minus one this is this is the 1 plus
+a delta T though I'm graphing so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta T though I'm graphing so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta T though I'm graphing so it
+starts at 1 with delta T equals 0 and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 1 with delta T equals 0 and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 1 with delta T equals 0 and as
+I increase delta T it moves this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase delta T it moves this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I increase delta T it moves this way and
+eventually it hits there and the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it hits there and the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it hits there and the limit
+will be at a delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at a delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at a delta T
+equal minus two because if ITIF it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus two because if ITIF it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus two because if ITIF it
+carries me to from from one it carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries me to from from one it carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries me to from from one it carries
+that carries me to minus one and if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries me to minus one and if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carries me to minus one and if I go
+further I'm unstable and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further I'm unstable and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further I'm unstable and you could
+easily check that oiler will blow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily check that oiler will blow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily check that oiler will blow up
+like crazy if you just go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy if you just go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy if you just go a little
+beyond that limit because you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that limit because you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that limit because you're taking
+powers of a number bigger than or below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of a number bigger than or below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of a number bigger than or below
+minus one okay so there's the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay so there's the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one okay so there's the stability
+limit for Euler and that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for Euler and that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for Euler and that's a pretty
+unpleasant restriction we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant restriction we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant restriction we will have
+other input it will have other stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other input it will have other stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other input it will have other stability
+limits we'll have some stability limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits we'll have some stability limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits we'll have some stability limits
+over here but we're looking for numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but we're looking for numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but we're looking for numbers
+better than two this adams bashforth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than two this adams bashforth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than two this adams bashforth
+will give us numbers worse than two will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us numbers worse than two will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us numbers worse than two will
+see those methods the first thing next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those methods the first thing next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those methods the first thing next
+time okay now let me just get back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay now let me just get back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay now let me just get back okay
+so if I drew a picture then let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I drew a picture then let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I drew a picture then let's see if
+I got another board here nope well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got another board here nope well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got another board here nope well if I
+drew a picture of good Euler so Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a picture of good Euler so Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a picture of good Euler so Euler
+doing its job the true solution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing its job the true solution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing its job the true solution is the
+cane like that and what does Euler do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane like that and what does Euler do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cane like that and what does Euler do
+forward Euler says it looks here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Euler says it looks here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Euler says it looks here it
+looks at the slope that's all it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the slope that's all it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the slope that's all it knows
+it goes maybe that far that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes maybe that far that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes maybe that far that's a good
+that's a small delta T that's an okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a small delta T that's an okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a small delta T that's an okay
+method oh you see it's not very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method oh you see it's not very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method oh you see it's not very accurate
+of course it's lost that it's lost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's lost that it's lost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's lost that it's lost all
+the curvature in the solution so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature in the solution so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature in the solution so this
+was the true solution e to the a T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the true solution e to the a T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the true solution e to the a T and
+this is the one plus a delta T to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one plus a delta T to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one plus a delta T to the
+power well T over delta T times well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power well T over delta T times well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power well T over delta T times well no
+this was only one step so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was only one step so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was only one step so that would be
+just one plus a delta T okay where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one plus a delta T okay where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one plus a delta T okay where the
+bad the unstable one if I just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the unstable one if I just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad the unstable one if I just try to
+draw that it the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that it the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw that it the truth
+illusion is the e to the 80 but I take I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion is the e to the 80 but I take I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion is the e to the 80 but I take I
+follow that like I start with that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that like I start with that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that like I start with that value
+and the right slope but I take too big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right slope but I take too big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right slope but I take too big a
+time step and I'm below minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step and I'm below minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time step and I'm below minus one so
+it's that that large so that was a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that that large so that was a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that that large so that was a case
+of a large delta t too large too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a large delta t too large too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a large delta t too large too large
+delta T okay now I've got one minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T okay now I've got one minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T okay now I've got one minute
+left to mention backward Euler well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to mention backward Euler well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to mention backward Euler well that
+won't take me long I'll just change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take me long I'll just change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't take me long I'll just change this
+to un plus 1 so I'm evaluating the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to un plus 1 so I'm evaluating the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to un plus 1 so I'm evaluating the slope
+at the new time so this is now backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the new time so this is now backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the new time so this is now backward
+Euler backward or implicit Euler ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler backward or implicit Euler ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler backward or implicit Euler ok so
+what that changes this equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that changes this equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that changes this equation this
+changes so let's let's find out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so let's let's find out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so let's let's find out the
+equation for for implicit boiler ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for for implicit boiler ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for for implicit boiler ok
+maybe I said said when only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I said said when only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I said said when only have one
+more moment I'll just pop it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more moment I'll just pop it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more moment I'll just pop it in this
+little corner so now here's backward oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little corner so now here's backward oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little corner so now here's backward oil
+all right you can tell me what backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can tell me what backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you can tell me what backward
+Euler is going to be so u n plus 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler is going to be so u n plus 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Euler is going to be so u n plus 1 minus
+u n over delta T is au n plus 1 so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n over delta T is au n plus 1 so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u n over delta T is au n plus 1 so let
+me collect the n plus ones so I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me collect the n plus ones so I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me collect the n plus ones so I have one
+of them and then minus a delta T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and then minus a delta T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and then minus a delta T right
+and when I bring it over to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I bring it over to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I bring it over to the left
+side and here I just have you in okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and here I just have you in okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and here I just have you in okay
+so what happens at every step now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens at every step now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens at every step now I
+divide every step is a division by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide every step is a division by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide every step is a division by this
+so I could bring this into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could bring this into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could bring this into the
+denominator so u n is that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so u n is that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator so u n is that is that
+division times u 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see the stability what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the stability what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the stability what's the
+size of this growth factor remember I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this growth factor remember I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this growth factor remember I'm
+thinking of a as a negative I'm dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a as a negative I'm dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a as a negative I'm dealing
+with a stable differential equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stable differential equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stable differential equation and
+so what's the main point about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the main point about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the main point about this
+growth factor this this ratio in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor this this ratio in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor this this ratio in
+parentheses it is if a is negative what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses it is if a is negative what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses it is if a is negative what
+do I know about that number think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know about that number think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know about that number think of a
+is -2 let's say so then I have 1 over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -2 let's say so then I have 1 over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is -2 let's say so then I have 1 over 1
+plus 2 delta T because it's minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 delta T because it's minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 delta T because it's minus a
+there and it's it's it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's it's it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's it's it's going to be
+smaller than 1 right it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 right it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than 1 right it's going to be
+stable so Euler Euler is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so Euler Euler is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so Euler Euler is actually
+absolutely stable backward Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely stable backward Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely stable backward Euler
+backward Euler is has this property of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler is has this property of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler is has this property of a
+stability there is no stability limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability there is no stability limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability there is no stability limit on
+negative a no problem or even pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative a no problem or even pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative a no problem or even pure
+imaginary a no problem always stable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary a no problem always stable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary a no problem always stable so
+that shows how implicit methods can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows how implicit methods can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows how implicit methods can be
+greatly much more stable than explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly much more stable than explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly much more stable than explicit
+just comparing backward to forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comparing backward to forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comparing backward to forward to
+backward Euler but just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler but just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Euler but just to remind you
+the price the price is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price the price is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price the price is that this
+equation has to be solved well it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to be solved well it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has to be solved well it wasn't
+any trouble in the linear case in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble in the linear case in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any trouble in the linear case in the
+linear case were just inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case were just inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case were just inverting
+inverting a matrix for a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting a matrix for a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting a matrix for a linear system
+so backward Euler for a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so backward Euler for a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so backward Euler for a linear system
+big linear system is a matrix inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big linear system is a matrix inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big linear system is a matrix inversion
+well a matrix linear system to solve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a matrix linear system to solve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a matrix linear system to solve but
+for a non-linear problem it's serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a non-linear problem it's serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a non-linear problem it's serious
+work and yet you have to do the work if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and yet you have to do the work if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and yet you have to do the work if
+the explicit method gives you such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit method gives you such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit method gives you such a
+small delta T that it's impossible to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small delta T that it's impossible to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small delta T that it's impossible to go
+with ok thanks for patience on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ok thanks for patience on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ok thanks for patience on this
+first lecture so obviously I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture so obviously I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture so obviously I'm going to
+have one more discussion of OD ease in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more discussion of OD ease in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more discussion of OD ease in
+which we construct these these methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we construct these these methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we construct these these methods
+see their stability and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their stability and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see their stability and their
+convergence and then that will be then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and then that will be then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence and then that will be then
+we move on to the PD so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hEtWqTPPXuc.txt b/hEtWqTPPXuc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90580251f1bf2a878a42a417868a49245e5a5f9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hEtWqTPPXuc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7040 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just want to remind you of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to remind you of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to remind you of the main
+facts okay so the first thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts okay so the first thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts okay so the first thing you have
+to do is because we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is because we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is because we're going to have to
+be doing it several times today that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing it several times today that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing it several times today that's
+the system we're trying to solve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we're trying to solve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system we're trying to solve and the
+first thing you have to do is find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you have to do is find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you have to do is find the
+characteristic equation which in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation which in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation which in its
+general form although this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form although this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form although this is not the
+form you should use for two-by-two is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you should use for two-by-two is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you should use for two-by-two is a
+minus lambda I equals 0 its roots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda I equals 0 its roots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda I equals 0 its roots are
+the eigenvalues and then we're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues and then we're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues and then we're the
+eigenvalues each eigenvalue you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues each eigenvalue you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues each eigenvalue you then
+have to calculate its eigenvector which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate its eigenvector which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to calculate its eigenvector which
+you do by solving the system a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do by solving the system a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do by solving the system a minus
+lambda 1 let's say x i alpha equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 let's say x i alpha equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 let's say x i alpha equals 0
+because the solution is the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solution is the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the solution is the eigenvector
+alpha 1 and then the final solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and then the final solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 and then the final solution that
+you make out of the two of them is alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make out of the two of them is alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make out of the two of them is alpha
+looks like alpha 1 times e to the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like alpha 1 times e to the lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like alpha 1 times e to the lambda
+1t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1t
+of course you do that for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you do that for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you do that for each
+eigenvalue you get the Associated eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue you get the Associated eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue you get the Associated eigen
+vector and then the general solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then the general solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and then the general solution is
+made up out of a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up out of a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up out of a linear combination of
+these guys set individual guys with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys set individual guys with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys set individual guys with
+constant coefficients ah the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients ah the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients ah the lecture
+today is devoted to the two cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is devoted to the two cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is devoted to the two cases where
+things do not go as smoothly as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do not go as smoothly as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do not go as smoothly as they
+seem to in the homework problems you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to in the homework problems you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to in the homework problems you've
+been doing up till now the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing up till now the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing up till now the first one
+will take probably most of the period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take probably most of the period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take probably most of the period so
+it deals with the car what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with the car what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deals with the car what happens when
+an eigenvalue gets repeated but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvalue gets repeated but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigenvalue gets repeated but I think
+since the situation is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the situation is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the situation is a little more
+complicated than it is where the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than it is where the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than it is where the case of
+a characteristic root gets repeated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic root gets repeated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic root gets repeated in
+the case of a second-order equation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a second-order equation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a second-order equation as
+we saw you know what to do in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw you know what to do in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw you know what to do in that case
+here there are different possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are different possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are different possibilities
+and I thought the best thing to do would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought the best thing to do would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I thought the best thing to do would
+be to illustrate them on an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to illustrate them on an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to illustrate them on an example
+okay so here's a problem that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a problem that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's a problem that came out
+of a mild nightmare but I won't bore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mild nightmare but I won't bore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mild nightmare but I won't bore you
+with the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the details
+anyway we have this circular fish tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we have this circular fish tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we have this circular fish tank
+it's a very modern fish tank it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very modern fish tank it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very modern fish tank it's
+divided into three compartments because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into three compartments because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into three compartments because
+one holds Siamese fighting fish in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one holds Siamese fighting fish in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one holds Siamese fighting fish in one
+goldfish and one they don't shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldfish and one they don't shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldfish and one they don't shouldn't
+eat each other oh I know it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat each other oh I know it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat each other oh I know it's going to
+be a simple temperature problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple temperature problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple temperature problem of the
+three actually compartments have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three actually compartments have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three actually compartments have to be
+kept at different temperatures because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept at different temperatures because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept at different temperatures because
+you know one is for tropical fish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is for tropical fish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one is for tropical fish and
+one is for artic fish and one is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for artic fish and one is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for artic fish and one is for
+everyday garden-variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday garden-variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday garden-variety
+fish but the guy forgets to turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish but the guy forgets to turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish but the guy forgets to turn on the
+heater and so the temperatures start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater and so the temperatures start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heater and so the temperatures start out
+what they're supposed to be tropical icy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're supposed to be tropical icy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're supposed to be tropical icy
+and normal but as the day wears on of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normal but as the day wears on of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and normal but as the day wears on of
+course the three compartments trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the three compartments trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the three compartments trade
+their heat and sort of tend to all end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heat and sort of tend to all end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heat and sort of tend to all end
+up at the same temperature so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the same temperature so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the same temperature so we're
+going to let X 1 X I equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let X 1 X I equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let X 1 X I equal the
+temperature in tank Oy now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in tank Oy now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in tank Oy now these are
+separated from each other by glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from each other by glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated from each other by glass
+compart by glass things everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compart by glass things everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compart by glass things everything's
+identical each has the same volume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical each has the same volume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical each has the same volume and
+the same glass partition separates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same glass partition separates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same glass partition separates of
+the mouth and no heat can escape through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth and no heat can escape through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth and no heat can escape through
+this is very well insulated with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very well insulated with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very well insulated with very
+double thick thermal pane glass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double thick thermal pane glass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double thick thermal pane glass or
+something like that sleek you can see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that sleek you can see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that sleek you can see in
+but you can he can't get out very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can he can't get out very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can he can't get out very well
+uh so he essentially is conducted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he essentially is conducted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so he essentially is conducted from
+one of these cells to the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cells to the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these cells to the other and
+let's assume that the water in each tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that the water in each tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that the water in each tank
+is kept stirred up because the fish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept stirred up because the fish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept stirred up because the fish is
+swimming around it that should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming around it that should be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming around it that should be pretty
+decent way of stirring a fish tank so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent way of stirring a fish tank so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent way of stirring a fish tank so
+the question is how do each of these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do each of these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do each of these as
+a function of time and I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time and I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time and I want to know
+how they behave over time so find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they behave over time so find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they behave over time so find these
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well we're going to find them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to find them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to find them as
+solutions to differential equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to differential equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to differential equations and
+the differential equations aren't hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equations aren't hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differential equations aren't hard
+to set up they're very much like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up they're very much like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up they're very much like the
+diffusion equation you had for homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation you had for homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation you had for homework
+or the equations we study in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the equations we study in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the equations we study in the
+beginning of the term let's do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term let's do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the term let's do one
+carefully because the others know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully because the others know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully because the others know
+exactly the same way what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way what determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way what determines the
+flow the change in temperature well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow the change in temperature well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow the change in temperature well it's
+the conductivity across the barriers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity across the barriers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity across the barriers but
+there are two barriers because heat can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two barriers because heat can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two barriers because heat can
+flow into cell this first cell both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into cell this first cell both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow into cell this first cell both from
+this guy and it can flow across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and it can flow across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and it can flow across this
+glass pane or from the other cells so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass pane or from the other cells so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass pane or from the other cells so we
+have to take account of both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take account of both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take account of both of those
+possibilities it's like in your homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities it's like in your homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities it's like in your homework
+the little diffusion cell that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little diffusion cell that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little diffusion cell that was in
+the middle could get contributions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle could get contributions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle could get contributions from
+both sides whereas the two guys on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides whereas the two guys on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides whereas the two guys on the
+end can only get contribution from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end can only get contribution from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end can only get contribution from one
+but here nobody's on the end it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here nobody's on the end it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here nobody's on the end it's a
+circular table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular table
+everyone's dining equally and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's dining equally and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's dining equally and so we
+asked everybody can get input from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked everybody can get input from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked everybody can get input from the
+other two cells so x1 prime is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two cells so x1 prime is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two cells so x1 prime is some
+constant of conductivity or times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of conductivity or times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of conductivity or times the
+temperature difference between cell 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference between cell 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference between cell 3
+tank 3 and tank 1 and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank 3 and tank 1 and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank 3 and tank 1 and then there's
+another term which comes from tank 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term which comes from tank 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term which comes from tank 2 so
+a times tank 2 minus the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times tank 2 minus the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times tank 2 minus the temperature
+difference tank 2 minus tank 1 ok let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference tank 2 minus tank 1 ok let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference tank 2 minus tank 1 ok let's
+write this out remember when we there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out remember when we there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out remember when we there'll
+be other equations too but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other equations too but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be other equations too but instead of
+doing this let's do a more careful job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let's do a more careful job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this let's do a more careful job
+with this first equation when I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this first equation when I write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this first equation when I write it
+out remember the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out remember the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out remember the important thing is
+you're going to have x1 x2 x3 down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have x1 x2 x3 down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have x1 x2 x3 down the
+left so they have to occur in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so they have to occur in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so they have to occur in the same
+order on the right in order to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on the right in order to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on the right in order to use these
+standard eigenvalue techniques so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard eigenvalue techniques so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard eigenvalue techniques so the
+coefficient of x1 is going to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of x1 is going to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of x1 is going to be minus
+ax 1 and then another minus ax 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax 1 and then another minus ax 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax 1 and then another minus ax 1 in
+other words it's going to be minus 2 ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's going to be minus 2 ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's going to be minus 2 ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the x2 term will be plus a x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the x2 term will be plus a x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the x2 term will be plus a x2
+and the x3 term will be plus a x3 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x3 term will be plus a x3 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x3 term will be plus a x3 well
+you can see that so that's the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that so that's the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that so that's the equation
+for x1 Prime in terms of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x1 Prime in terms of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for x1 Prime in terms of the other
+variables but there is no symmetric this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but there is no symmetric this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but there is no symmetric this
+symmetry there's no difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry there's no difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry there's no difference between
+this tank that tank and that tank as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tank that tank and that tank as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tank that tank and that tank as far
+as the differential equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the differential equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the differential equations are
+concerned and therefore I can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned and therefore I can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned and therefore I can get the
+equations for the other two tanks by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the other two tanks by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the other two tanks by
+just switching changing one to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switching changing one to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switching changing one to two and
+just switching the letters just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switching the letters just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just switching the letters just
+switching the subscripts so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching the subscripts so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching the subscripts so when I
+finally do it all the equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally do it all the equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally do it all the equations are
+going to be I'll write out the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I'll write out the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be I'll write out the right
+amount first out as a system x1 prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount first out as a system x1 prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount first out as a system x1 prime is
+let's take a equal one because I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a equal one because I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a equal one because I'm going
+to I'm going to want to solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to want to solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to want to solve them
+numerically and I want you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and I want you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically and I want you to be able to
+concentrate on the what's important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on the what's important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on the what's important you
+know the what's new now and not to fuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the what's new now and not to fuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the what's new now and not to fuss
+with the I don't want to have an extra a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the I don't want to have an extra a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the I don't want to have an extra a
+floating around everywhere just to with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around everywhere just to with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around everywhere just to with
+contributing nothing but a mild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing nothing but a mild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributing nothing but a mild
+confusion to the proceedings so x1 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion to the proceedings so x1 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion to the proceedings so x1 prime
+I'm going to take a equal one and simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a equal one and simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a equal one and simply
+write it - 2 X 1 plus X 2 plus X 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it - 2 X 1 plus X 2 plus X 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it - 2 X 1 plus X 2 plus X 3 and
+so now what would the equation for x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what would the equation for x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what would the equation for x2
+prime be well here x2 has plays the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime be well here x2 has plays the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime be well here x2 has plays the role
+that x1 played before and the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x1 played before and the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x1 played before and the only way
+to tell you had that x1 was the main guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you had that x1 was the main guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you had that x1 was the main guy
+here was it occurred with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was it occurred with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was it occurred with the
+coefficient negative 2 whereas the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient negative 2 whereas the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient negative 2 whereas the other
+guys occurred with coefficient 1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys occurred with coefficient 1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys occurred with coefficient 1 so that
+must be what happens here to this since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be what happens here to this since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be what happens here to this since
+x2 prime is our main man this is X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 prime is our main man this is X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 prime is our main man this is X minus
+x2 and this must be x1 plus and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and this must be x1 plus and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and this must be x1 plus and here
+plus x3 and finally the last one is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x3 and finally the last one is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x3 and finally the last one is no
+different x3 prime is x1 plus x2 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different x3 prime is x1 plus x2 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different x3 prime is x1 plus x2 and now
+it's the x3 that should get negative 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the x3 that should get negative 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the x3 that should get negative 2
+for the X for the coefficient so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X for the coefficient so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the X for the coefficient so there's
+a perfectly reasonable looking set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly reasonable looking set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly reasonable looking set of
+equations or it doesn't just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or it doesn't just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations or it doesn't just how
+reasonable they are depends upon what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable they are depends upon what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable they are depends upon what
+their characteristic polynomial turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their characteristic polynomial turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their characteristic polynomial turns
+out to be and and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be and and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be and and as I
+all the work in these problems is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the work in these problems is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the work in these problems is trying
+to find nice models where you won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find nice models where you won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find nice models where you won't have
+to use MATLAB to calculate the roots the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use MATLAB to calculate the roots the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use MATLAB to calculate the roots the
+eigenvalues the roots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues the roots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues the roots of the
+characteristic polynomial so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polynomial so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic polynomial so we have to
+now find the characteristic polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now find the characteristic polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now find the characteristic polynomial
+the matrix is the matrix that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is the matrix that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix is the matrix that we're
+talking about is the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is the matrix
+well let's right away write a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's right away write a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's right away write a minus
+lambda I I can't use the trace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I I can't use the trace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I I can't use the trace and
+determinant form for this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant form for this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant form for this equation
+because I don't have a it's not a 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have a it's not a 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have a it's not a 2 by 2
+matrix it's a 3 by 3 matrix so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a 3 by 3 matrix so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's a 3 by 3 matrix so I have to
+use the original form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the original form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the original form for the
+characteristic equation but what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation but what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation but what's this
+going to be well what is a a is minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well what is a a is minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be well what is a a is minus 2
+I'm going to leave a little space here 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave a little space here 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to leave a little space here 1
+1 1 minus 2 1 and finally 1 1 negative 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 minus 2 1 and finally 1 1 negative 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 minus 2 1 and finally 1 1 negative 2
+I subtract lambda from the main diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract lambda from the main diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I subtract lambda from the main diagonal
+minus 2 minus lambda minus 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus lambda minus 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus lambda minus 2 minus
+lambda minus 2 minus lambda now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus 2 minus lambda now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus 2 minus lambda now that
+equals 0 is the characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is the characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is the characteristic equation
+so the term with the biggest the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the term with the biggest the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the term with the biggest the most
+lambdas in it is the main diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas in it is the main diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas in it is the main diagonal
+that's always true notice now each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true notice now each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true notice now each of
+these I would be happier writing lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I would be happier writing lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I would be happier writing lambda
+plus 2 so there will be a negative sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 so there will be a negative sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 so there will be a negative sign
+negative sign negative sign the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign negative sign the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign negative sign the product
+of three negative signs is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three negative signs is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three negative signs is still a
+negative sign because that's their 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign because that's their 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sign because that's their 3 is
+an odd number so it's minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number so it's minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number so it's minus the
+principal term the product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal term the product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal term the product of these
+three is minus lambda plus 2 cubed now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is minus lambda plus 2 cubed now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is minus lambda plus 2 cubed now
+the rest of terms are going to be easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of terms are going to be easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of terms are going to be easy
+there's another term 1 times 1 times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another term 1 times 1 times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another term 1 times 1 times 1
+another term 1 times 1 times 1 so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term 1 times 1 times 1 so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term 1 times 1 times 1 so to
+that I add 2 goes 1 and 1 for those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I add 2 goes 1 and 1 for those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I add 2 goes 1 and 1 for those two
+other terms and now I have the 3 going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms and now I have the 3 going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms and now I have the 3 going
+in this direction but each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction but each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction but each one of them
+has to be prefaced with a minus sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be prefaced with a minus sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be prefaced with a minus sign so
+- what does each one come to well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what does each one come to well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what does each one come to well this
+is minus 2 minus lambda when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 2 minus lambda when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus 2 minus lambda when I multiply
+those three numbers together and so are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three numbers together and so are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those three numbers together and so are
+the other guys this is 1 times 1 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guys this is 1 times 1 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guys this is 1 times 1 times
+minus 2 minus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 minus lambda
+same thing so there are three of them -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so there are three of them -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing so there are three of them -
+because they're going this way - 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're going this way - 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're going this way - 3
+because there are three of them and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are three of them and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are three of them and what
+each one of them is is negative -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them is is negative -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them is is negative -
+negative lambda that's equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lambda that's equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lambda that's equal to zero and
+that's the characteristic equation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the characteristic equation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the characteristic equation now
+it doesn't look very promising on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look very promising on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look very promising on the
+other hand I have selected it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I have selected it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand I have selected it for the
+lecture so simple psychology should tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so simple psychology should tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so simple psychology should tell
+you that it's going to come out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it's going to come out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that it's going to come out okay
+what I'm going to do is change I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is change I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is change I'm going
+to expand this first imagine changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand this first imagine changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand this first imagine changing
+the signs I hate to have a minus sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs I hate to have a minus sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signs I hate to have a minus sign in
+front of the lambda cube so let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the lambda cube so let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the lambda cube so let's make
+this Clause and we'll make this - we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Clause and we'll make this - we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Clause and we'll make this - we'll
+make this plus I'll just change all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this plus I'll just change all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this plus I'll just change all the
+signs which is okay since it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs which is okay since it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs which is okay since it's an
+equation equals zero that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equals zero that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equals zero that doesn't change
+its roots any and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its roots any and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its roots any and now we're going to
+expand it out what is this lambda plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out what is this lambda plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand it out what is this lambda plus 2
+Q lambda cubed plus don't get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q lambda cubed plus don't get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q lambda cubed plus don't get confused
+because it's this - that will kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's this - that will kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's this - that will kill you
+when you use the binomial theorem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the binomial theorem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you use the binomial theorem if
+there's one here everybody knows what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one here everybody knows what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one here everybody knows what to
+do if there's an A there everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if there's an A there everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if there's an A there everybody knows
+what to do it's when that's a number not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do it's when that's a number not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do it's when that's a number not
+one that everybody makes mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that everybody makes mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that everybody makes mistakes
+including me so the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me so the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including me so the binomial
+coefficients are 1 3 3 1 because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are 1 3 3 1 because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients are 1 3 3 1 because it's a
+cubed I'm expanding so it's lambda cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed I'm expanding so it's lambda cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed I'm expanding so it's lambda cubed
+plus 3 times lambda squared times - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 times lambda squared times - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 3 times lambda squared times - I
+won't explain to you what I'm doing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't explain to you what I'm doing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't explain to you what I'm doing I'll
+just do it and hope that you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it and hope that you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it and hope that you all know
+what I'm doing plus 3 times lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing plus 3 times lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing plus 3 times lambda times
+2 squared plus the last term is 2 cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 squared plus the last term is 2 cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 squared plus the last term is 2 cubed
+okay and now we have the other terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we have the other terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we have the other terms so
+all that's + because I change its sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's + because I change its sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's + because I change its sign
+the next thing is negative 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is negative 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing is negative 2 and then
+the last thing is plus 3 times minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing is plus 3 times minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing is plus 3 times minus 2
+minus lambda plus 3 times minus 2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda plus 3 times minus 2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda plus 3 times minus 2 minus
+lambda let's keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what's the actual characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the actual characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the actual characteristic
+equation maybe I can finish it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maybe I can finish it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation maybe I can finish it on
+I should stay over here instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should stay over here instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should stay over here instead of
+recapping all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are we well there's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we well there's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we well there's a lot more
+work to do well let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do well let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to do well let's see if we can
+least write down the equation so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least write down the equation so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least write down the equation so what is
+it it's lambda cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's lambda cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's lambda cubed
+what's the lambda squared term it is 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the lambda squared term it is 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the lambda squared term it is 6
+and that's all there is about the lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all there is about the lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all there is about the lambda
+term well we got 12 lambda minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term well we got 12 lambda minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term well we got 12 lambda minus 3
+lambda that makes plus 9 lambda that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that makes plus 9 lambda that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda that makes plus 9 lambda that
+looks good but constants terms have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good but constants terms have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good but constants terms have a
+way of screwing everything up what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of screwing everything up what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of screwing everything up what's the
+constant term it is 8 minus 2 minus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term it is 8 minus 2 minus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term it is 8 minus 2 minus 6
+haha 0 the constant term is 0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haha 0 the constant term is 0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haha 0 the constant term is 0 that
+converts this from a hard problem to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts this from a hard problem to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts this from a hard problem to an
+easy problem okay now it's a cinch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy problem okay now it's a cinch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy problem okay now it's a cinch to
+calculate something so let's go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate something so let's go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate something so let's go to this
+board I'll continue the work over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the equation is lambda cubed plus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equation is lambda cubed plus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equation is lambda cubed plus 6
+lambda squared plus 9 lambda is 0 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared plus 9 lambda is 0 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda squared plus 9 lambda is 0 it's
+very easy to calculate the roots of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to calculate the roots of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to calculate the roots of that
+you factor it so it's lambda is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you factor it so it's lambda is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you factor it so it's lambda is a common
+factor in what's left lambda squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in what's left lambda squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in what's left lambda squared
+plus 6 lambda plus 9 that's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 lambda plus 9 that's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 lambda plus 9 that's the sort of
+thing you got all the time when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got all the time when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got all the time when you were
+studying a critical damping it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a critical damping it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a critical damping it is the
+square of lambda plus 3 lambda squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of lambda plus 3 lambda squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of lambda plus 3 lambda squared
+plus 6 lambda plus 9 equals 0 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 lambda plus 9 equals 0 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 6 lambda plus 9 equals 0 so the
+eigenvalues the roots are what well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues the roots are what well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues the roots are what well they
+are lambda equals 0 from this factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lambda equals 0 from this factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lambda equals 0 from this factor and
+then lambda equals minus 3 but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda equals minus 3 but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lambda equals minus 3 but what's
+new is that the minus 3 is a double root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is that the minus 3 is a double root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is that the minus 3 is a double root
+that's a double root now that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a double root now that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a double root now that of course
+is what's going to cause the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's going to cause the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's going to cause the trouble
+because for each one of these I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for each one of these I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for each one of these I'm
+supposed to calculate the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to calculate the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to calculate the eigenvector
+and make up the solution but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make up the solution but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make up the solution but that
+assumed that I had three things to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that I had three things to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that I had three things to get
+three different solutions are here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different solutions are here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different solutions are here I've
+only got two things it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got two things it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only got two things it's the same
+trouble we ran into when there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble we ran into when there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble we ran into when there was a
+repeated root we were studying second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated root we were studying second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated root we were studying second or
+third order equations differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order equations differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order equations differential
+equations and with it was a repeated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and with it was a repeated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and with it was a repeated the
+characteristic equation had a repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation had a repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation had a repeated
+root 9 had to go into a song-and-dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 9 had to go into a song-and-dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 9 had to go into a song-and-dance
+and stand on my head and multiply things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand on my head and multiply things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stand on my head and multiply things
+by T and so on and then talk very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T and so on and then talk very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by T and so on and then talk very hard
+arguing why that was a good thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing why that was a good thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing why that was a good thing to do
+to get the answer now I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the answer now I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the answer now I'm not going to
+do the same thing here instead I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing here instead I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing here instead I'm going
+to try to solve the problem instead okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve the problem instead okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to solve the problem instead okay
+let's get two points by at least doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get two points by at least doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get two points by at least doing
+the easy part of it lambda equals 0 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy part of it lambda equals 0 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy part of it lambda equals 0 what
+am I supposed to do with lambda equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I supposed to do with lambda equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I supposed to do with lambda equals 0
+I'm looking for the I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for the I'm looking for the
+Alpha that goes with that and I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha that goes with that and I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha that goes with that and I find
+that eigenvector by solving this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvector by solving this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigenvector by solving this system
+of equations so let's write out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations so let's write out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations so let's write out what
+that system of equations is well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system of equations is well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system of equations is well if
+lambda is 0 this isn't there it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is 0 this isn't there it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is 0 this isn't there it's just
+the matrix a times alpha equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a times alpha equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a times alpha equal
+zero and the matrix a is oh I never even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the matrix a is oh I never even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the matrix a is oh I never even
+wrote it anywhere Oh blah all right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it anywhere Oh blah all right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it anywhere Oh blah all right I
+never wrote a okay a is I thought I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never wrote a okay a is I thought I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never wrote a okay a is I thought I
+would get away without having to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get away without having to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get away without having to do it
+but you never get away with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you never get away with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you never get away with anything
+principal's wife that's a so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal's wife that's a so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal's wife that's a so if I
+subtract zero from the main diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract zero from the main diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract zero from the main diagonal
+that doesn't do a great deal to a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't do a great deal to a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't do a great deal to a and
+the resulting system of equations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting system of equations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting system of equations is
+those same things except you got the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same things except you got the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same things except you got the a
+ones are there two there's one a 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are there two there's one a 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are there two there's one a 1 minus
+2 a 2 plus a 3 equals 0 I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a 2 plus a 3 equals 0 I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a 2 plus a 3 equals 0 I'm just
+subtracting 0 for the main diagonal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting 0 for the main diagonal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting 0 for the main diagonal so
+there's nothing to do a 2 minus 2 a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to do a 2 minus 2 a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to do a 2 minus 2 a 3
+equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now ourselves to solve those of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ourselves to solve those of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ourselves to solve those of course
+we could do it how do you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it how do you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it how do you know how to
+solve the system of three linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system of three linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the system of three linear
+equations well elimination you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well elimination you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well elimination you always
+solve by elimination now we are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve by elimination now we are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve by elimination now we are much
+more sophisticated than that you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than that you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than that you all
+have pocket calculators so you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket calculators so you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket calculators so you could use
+the inverse matrix right now you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix right now you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse matrix right now you cannot
+use the inverse matrix what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the inverse matrix what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the inverse matrix what will happen
+if you punch in that mate punch in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you punch in that mate punch in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you punch in that mate punch in those
+coefficients and then punch in a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and then punch in a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and then punch in a inverse
+you don't tell it to take a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't tell it to take a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't tell it to take a inverse
+something what would what the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what would what the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what would what the answer
+will it give you zero zero zero I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it give you zero zero zero I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it give you zero zero zero I mean I
+won't know I'm sorry won't give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know I'm sorry won't give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know I'm sorry won't give you any
+answer what will it say it says I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what will it say it says I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what will it say it says I can't
+calculate the inverse to that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the inverse to that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the inverse to that matrix
+because because the whole purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the whole purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because the whole purpose of
+this exercise was to find the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise was to find the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise was to find the value of
+lambda such that this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda such that this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda such that this system of
+equations is dependent the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is dependent the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is dependent the coefficient
+determinant is zero and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is zero and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is zero and therefore the
+coefficient matrix does not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix does not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix does not have an
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+matrix you can't use that method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can't use that method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can't use that method in
+other words the inverse matrix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the inverse matrix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the inverse matrix will
+never work in these problems because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never work in these problems because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never work in these problems because the
+system of equations you will be trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations you will be trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations you will be trying
+to solve is always a non independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve is always a non independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve is always a non independent
+system and therefore it's determined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and therefore it's determined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and therefore it's determined it
+is always zero and therefore there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always zero and therefore there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always zero and therefore there is no
+inverse matrix because the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix because the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix because the determinant
+of the coefficients is zero so all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients is zero so all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficients is zero so all you
+can do is use elimination or inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use elimination or inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is use elimination or inside
+physical insight and common-sense now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical insight and common-sense now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical insight and common-sense now
+you know because I teach differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because I teach differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because I teach differential
+equations everybody assumes mistakenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations everybody assumes mistakenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations everybody assumes mistakenly
+as I think that I really know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I think that I really know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I think that I really know something
+about them so I get now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them so I get now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them so I get now and then
+graduate students not in mathematics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students not in mathematics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students not in mathematics you
+know but some obscure field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but some obscure field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but some obscure field of
+engineering or whatever drift into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or whatever drift into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering or whatever drift into my
+office and say you know I see you I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and say you know I see you I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and say you know I see you I see
+you teach differential equation so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach differential equation so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach differential equation so do
+you I've got a minute here I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I've got a minute here I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I've got a minute here I have this
+different than before I can say no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than before I can say no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than before I can say no they
+write their differential equation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write their differential equation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write their differential equation on the
+board and almost invariably it's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and almost invariably it's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and almost invariably it's nothing
+I've ever seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever seen before
+oh and they so look at me hopefully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and they so look at me hopefully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and they so look at me hopefully and
+expectantly okay so what do I ask them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectantly okay so what do I ask them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectantly okay so what do I ask them I
+don't ask them what they've tried what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask them what they've tried what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ask them what they've tried what I
+asked it is where did this come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked it is where did this come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked it is where did this come from
+what field did it come from the field it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what field did it come from the field it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what field did it come from the field it
+came from because each field has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from because each field has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from because each field has its own
+little tricks it gets the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricks it gets the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tricks it gets the same
+differential equations all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations all the time and
+has its own little tricks for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own little tricks for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own little tricks for solving
+them you should do the same thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you should do the same thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you should do the same thing here
+say well look like of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well look like of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well look like of course we can
+solve this by now probably most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this by now probably most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this by now probably most of you
+who solved it just by inspection display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solved it just by inspection display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who solved it just by inspection display
+sort of psyching out the answer but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of psyching out the answer but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of psyching out the answer but a
+better way is to say look suppose we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way is to say look suppose we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way is to say look suppose we had
+the solution what would the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution what would the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution what would the solution
+look like well it would look like a 1 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well it would look like a 1 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like well it would look like a 1 a
+2 a 3 whatever the values of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a 3 whatever the values of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a 3 whatever the values of those
+variables were which gave me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were which gave me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were which gave me the
+solutions to the equation times e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the equation times e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the equation times e to the
+0t right but what's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0t right but what's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0t right but what's this
+to the 0t is one for all time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0t is one for all time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 0t is one for all time and
+therefore this is a constant solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is a constant solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is a constant solution so
+what I'm asking is to find a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking is to find a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking is to find a constant
+solution now can i by inspection find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now can i by inspection find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now can i by inspection find a
+constant solution to this if so it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant solution to this if so it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant solution to this if so it must
+be the one well there's an obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one well there's an obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one well there's an obvious
+constant solution all the cells have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant solution all the cells have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant solution all the cells have the
+same temperature if that's the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature if that's the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same temperature if that's the truth
+there's no reason why I should ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason why I should ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason why I should ever
+change as time goes on so the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as time goes on so the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as time goes on so the physical
+problem itself suggests what the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem itself suggests what the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem itself suggests what the answer
+must be you don't have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be you don't have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be you don't have to solve
+equations so in other words any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so in other words any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so in other words any constant
+like one one one well could it be twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one one one well could it be twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one one one well could it be twenty
+twenty twenty yeah that's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty twenty yeah that's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty twenty yeah that's a constant
+multiple of 1 1 1 so that's included my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 1 1 1 so that's included my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 1 1 1 so that's included my
+basic constant solution therefore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic constant solution therefore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic constant solution therefore is
+simply 1 1 1 times e to the 0t you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 1 1 1 times e to the 0t you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 1 1 1 times e to the 0t you don't
+have to include e to the 0t because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to include e to the 0t because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to include e to the 0t because it's
+1 now just to check is 1 1 1 a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now just to check is 1 1 1 a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now just to check is 1 1 1 a solution
+of these equations certainly is 1 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these equations certainly is 1 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these equations certainly is 1 plus 1
+minus 2 is 0 in every case the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 is 0 in every case the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 is 0 in every case the equations
+are essentially the same except they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the same except they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the same except they use
+different variables ok so by inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables ok so by inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variables ok so by inspection
+or if you like by elimination but not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like by elimination but not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you like by elimination but not by
+finding the inverse matrix you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the inverse matrix you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the inverse matrix you solve
+those equations and we've got our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations and we've got our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations and we've got our first
+solution now let's go on to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now let's go on to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution now let's go on to the second
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ok for the second one we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok for the second one we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok for the second one we're going to
+have to use the eigenvalue lambda equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the eigenvalue lambda equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the eigenvalue lambda equals
+negative 3 and now what's the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 3 and now what's the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 3 and now what's the system of
+equations well now I have to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well now I have to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations well now I have to take this
+and I have to subtract negative subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to subtract negative subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to subtract negative subtract
+subtract negative 3 from the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract negative 3 from the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract negative 3 from the diagonal
+elements well minus 2 minus negative 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements well minus 2 minus negative 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements well minus 2 minus negative 3
+is plus 1 right got that so each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus 1 right got that so each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus 1 right got that so each of the
+diagonal elements after I subtract minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements after I subtract minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements after I subtract minus
+3 turns into plus 1 and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 turns into plus 1 and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 turns into plus 1 and therefore the
+system becomes that system after I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system becomes that system after I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system becomes that system after I think
+the system I have to solve is a 1 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system I have to solve is a 1 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system I have to solve is a 1 plus a
+2 plus a 3 equals 0 and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus a 3 equals 0 and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus a 3 equals 0 and what's the
+second equation that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second equation that are
+symmetry is preserved if that's what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is preserved if that's what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is preserved if that's what all
+the equations are essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations are essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations are essentially the same
+except for the names of the variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the names of the variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the names of the variables so
+they all must give you the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all must give you the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all must give you the same thing
+after I subtract minus three from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I subtract minus three from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I subtract minus three from the
+main diagonal well that's what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main diagonal well that's what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main diagonal well that's what we call a
+dependent system of equations you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent system of equations you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent system of equations you know
+all I have is the same equation repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have is the same equation repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I have is the same equation repeated
+three times repeated twice but I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times repeated twice but I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times repeated twice but I still
+have to solve it now what you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve it now what you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve it now what you see is
+that there are lots of solutions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are lots of solutions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are lots of solutions to this
+let me write down one of them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write down one of them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write down one of them for
+example suppose I made a 1 equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I made a 1 equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I made a 1 equal to 1
+and I made a 2 or 0 then a 3 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made a 2 or 0 then a 3 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I made a 2 or 0 then a 3 would be
+negative 1 so here's a solution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 so here's a solution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 so here's a solution that's
+an eigen that's the eigenvector and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen that's the eigenvector and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eigen that's the eigenvector and with
+it I can make the solution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can make the solution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I can make the solution by
+multiplying by e to the negative 3 T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by e to the negative 3 T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by e to the negative 3 T so
+there's a solution but that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution but that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a solution but that's not the
+only alpha I could have chosen suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only alpha I could have chosen suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only alpha I could have chosen suppose I
+chose this one instead suppose I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this one instead suppose I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this one instead suppose I kept
+this one but this time made a 3 0 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but this time made a 3 0 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but this time made a 3 0 well
+in that case it would be a 2 that had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it would be a 2 that had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it would be a 2 that had to
+be minus 1 now is this essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus 1 now is this essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus 1 now is this essentially
+different from now what it would still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from now what it would still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from now what it would still
+be multiplied by e to the minus 3t but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplied by e to the minus 3t but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multiplied by e to the minus 3t but
+don't be fooled by the e to the minus 3t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be fooled by the e to the minus 3t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be fooled by the e to the minus 3t
+that's our scalar that's not what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our scalar that's not what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our scalar that's not what's
+essentially what's essential is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's essential is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what's essential is the
+content of these two vectors is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of these two vectors is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of these two vectors is either
+one or multiple of the other the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or multiple of the other the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or multiple of the other the answer
+is no therefore they are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no therefore they are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no therefore they are independent
+they're pointing in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pointing in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pointing in two different
+directions in 3-space these two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in 3-space these two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in 3-space these two vectors
+and therefore I have two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I have two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I have two independent
+solutions just by picking two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions just by picking two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions just by picking two different
+vectors that solve those to equip those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that solve those to equip those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that solve those to equip those
+three equations so this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations so this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations so this is also a
+solution if I call this the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I call this the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if I call this the eigenvector
+alpha 1 then I ought to call this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 then I ought to call this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 then I ought to call this one
+the out alpha 2 now hey we can keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out alpha 2 now hey we can keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out alpha 2 now hey we can keep on
+going do this I don't know ha okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do this I don't know ha okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going do this I don't know ha okay why
+not make the first one zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make the first one zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make the first one zero and then
+negative well what would happen if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative well what would happen if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative well what would happen if I
+made the first one zero and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the first one zero and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the first one zero and then one
+and -1 the answer is this one is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and -1 the answer is this one is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and -1 the answer is this one is no
+longer independent of those two I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer independent of those two I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer independent of those two I can
+get it by taking a combination of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it by taking a combination of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it by taking a combination of those
+two do you see what combination I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do you see what combination I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two do you see what combination I should
+say this one - that one this guy - that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this one - that one this guy - that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this one - that one this guy - that
+guy gives me that guy is that right 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gives me that guy is that right 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy gives me that guy is that right 1
+minus 1 0 minus minus 1 minus 1 minus 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 minus minus 1 minus 1 minus 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 0 minus minus 1 minus 1 minus 0
+so this is not a new one it looks new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a new one it looks new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a new one it looks new
+but it's not I can get it by taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not I can get it by taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not I can get it by taking a
+linear combination of these two it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of these two it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of these two it's not
+independent of that that would be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of that that would be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of that that would be true
+for any other possible solution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other possible solution you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any other possible solution you
+could Det these equations once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Det these equations once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could Det these equations once you've
+found two solutions all the others will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found two solutions all the others will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found two solutions all the others will
+be linear combinations of them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear combinations of them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear combinations of them okay so
+we're I can't use that one it's not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I can't use that one it's not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're I can't use that one it's not new
+and the general solution therefore will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general solution therefore will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general solution therefore will
+be a combination C 1 times that 1 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination C 1 times that 1 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination C 1 times that 1 plus a
+constant times this 1 plus the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times this 1 plus the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times this 1 plus the first one
+that I found C 3 times 1 1 1 e to the 0t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found C 3 times 1 1 1 e to the 0t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I found C 3 times 1 1 1 e to the 0t
+I wish I don't have to write in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish I don't have to write in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish I don't have to write in that's
+the general solution to the system X 1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution to the system X 1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution to the system X 1 X
+2 X 3 what happens this time goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X 3 what happens this time goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 X 3 what happens this time goes to 0
+as sorry as time goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sorry as time goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sorry as time goes to infinity
+regardless of what the values of the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what the values of the C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what the values of the C's
+are of these two c's this term goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of these two c's this term goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of these two c's this term goes to 0
+that term goes to 0 and what I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term goes to 0 and what I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term goes to 0 and what I'm left
+with is a constant solution so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is a constant solution so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is a constant solution so all of
+these solutions tend to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solutions tend to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these solutions tend to the solution
+where all the cells are at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the cells are at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the cells are at the same
+temperature oh well ok now I of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature oh well ok now I of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature oh well ok now I of course
+there must be some vocabulary word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some vocabulary word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be some vocabulary word in
+this there is a - vocabulary words so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is a - vocabulary words so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is a - vocabulary words so
+this is a good I can value they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good I can value they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good I can value they're also
+bad eigenvalues this is a good repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad eigenvalues this is a good repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad eigenvalues this is a good repeated
+eigenvalue but good is not the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue but good is not the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue but good is not the official
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and eigenvalue like this which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvalue like this which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenvalue like this which is
+repeated but where you can find enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated but where you can find enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated but where you can find enough
+eigenvectors so if lambda is repeated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so if lambda is repeated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors so if lambda is repeated is
+a repeated eigenvalue it occurs multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeated eigenvalue it occurs multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a repeated eigenvalue it occurs multiple
+e in the characteristic polynomial as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in the characteristic polynomial as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e in the characteristic polynomial as a
+roof but i don't want to have but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof but i don't want to have but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof but i don't want to have but but
+you can find enough eigenvectors enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find enough eigenvectors enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find enough eigenvectors enough
+but if but all the gray matter grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if but all the gray matter grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if but all the gray matter grammar
+is already hopeless they peter water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already hopeless they peter water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already hopeless they peter water
+alright look at the but alright you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright look at the but alright you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright look at the but alright you can
+find enough independent eigenvectors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find enough independent eigenvectors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find enough independent eigenvectors to
+make up Augen vectors to make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up Augen vectors to make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up Augen vectors to make up the
+next to make up the needed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to make up the needed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to make up the needed number of
+solutions the needed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the needed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the needed number of
+independent solutions for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent solutions for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent solutions for example if
+it's repeated twice if it's repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated twice if it's repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated twice if it's repeated
+once that is it occurs doubly then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that is it occurs doubly then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that is it occurs doubly then
+somehow i got to get two solutions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow i got to get two solutions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow i got to get two solutions out
+of that as i was able to hear oh if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as i was able to hear oh if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as i was able to hear oh if it
+were repeated three if it kurds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were repeated three if it kurds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were repeated three if it kurds
+triply I got to get three solutions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triply I got to get three solutions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triply I got to get three solutions out
+of it so I would look for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so I would look for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it so I would look for three
+independent eigenvectors and hope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent eigenvectors and hope I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent eigenvectors and hope I
+could find them that's the good case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find them that's the good case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find them that's the good case
+because it tells you how to make up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you how to make up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it tells you how to make up as
+many solutions as you need and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solutions as you need and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many solutions as you need and this this
+kind of eigen of value is called in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of eigen of value is called in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of eigen of value is called in the
+literature complete it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature complete it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature complete it's called a
+complete eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how about the kind in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how about the kind in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how about the kind in which you
+can't well unfortunately all my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't well unfortunately all my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't well unfortunately all my life
+I've called it incomplete but which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've called it incomplete but which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've called it incomplete but which
+seems to be a perfectly reasonable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a perfectly reasonable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a perfectly reasonable thing
+to call it however terminology changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it however terminology changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it however terminology changes
+slowly over time the notes because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly over time the notes because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly over time the notes because I
+wrote them call it it incomplete eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote them call it it incomplete eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote them call it it incomplete eigen
+value but the accepted term nowadays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but the accepted term nowadays is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but the accepted term nowadays is
+defective you know I don't like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective you know I don't like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective you know I don't like that it
+violates the eigen values with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the eigen values with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the eigen values with
+Disabilities Act or something but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disabilities Act or something but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disabilities Act or something but but
+it's not a yes so I but I have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a yes so I but I have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a yes so I but I have to give
+it to you because that's the word I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you because that's the word I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you because that's the word I'm
+going to try to use from now on at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to use from now on at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to use from now on at least
+if I remember to use it it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I remember to use it it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I remember to use it it would be the
+word for example used in the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for example used in the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for example used in the linear
+algebra course 1806 plug plug defective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra course 1806 plug plug defective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra course 1806 plug plug defective
+otherwise so a defective eigenvalue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so a defective eigenvalue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so a defective eigenvalue is
+one where you can get one eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you can get one eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where you can get one eigenvector
+but if it's a double for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a double for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a double for example if
+you're three if it's a double I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're three if it's a double I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're three if it's a double I can
+value it's defective if you can get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's defective if you can get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's defective if you can get one
+eigenvector that goes or with it but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that goes or with it but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector that goes or with it but you
+cannot find as an independent one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find as an independent one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot find as an independent one the
+only other ones you could find are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other ones you could find are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only other ones you could find are
+multiples of the first one then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of the first one then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of the first one then you're
+really in trouble because you just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in trouble because you just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in trouble because you just don't
+have enough solutions that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough solutions that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough solutions that you're
+supposed to get out of that and you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get out of that and you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to get out of that and you got
+to do something okay so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something okay so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something okay so what you do is
+turn to problem two on your problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to problem two on your problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn to problem two on your problem set
+and solve it because that tells you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it because that tells you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve it because that tells you what
+to do and I even give you an example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and I even give you an example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and I even give you an example to
+work so B problem to that little matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so B problem to that little matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so B problem to that little matrix
+has a defective eigenvalue it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a defective eigenvalue it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a defective eigenvalue it doesn't
+look defective but you can't tell it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look defective but you can't tell it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look defective but you can't tell it is
+defective but you nonetheless will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective but you nonetheless will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective but you nonetheless will be
+able to find two solutions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find two solutions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find two solutions because
+you'll be following instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah okay now the only other thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay now the only other thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay now the only other thing I
+should tell you is the most one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should tell you is the most one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should tell you is the most one of the
+most important theorems in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important theorems in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important theorems in linear
+algebra which are totally beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which are totally beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra which are totally beyond the
+scope of this course and it's beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of this course and it's beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of this course and it's beyond the
+scope of most elementary linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of most elementary linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of most elementary linear algebra
+courses as they taught around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses as they taught around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses as they taught around the
+country but of course not at MIT but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but of course not at MIT but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but of course not at MIT but
+nonetheless is the last theorem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless is the last theorem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless is the last theorem in the
+course so that means it's vital to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so that means it's vital to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so that means it's vital to use
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+it's the theorem it goes by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the theorem it goes by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the theorem it goes by different
+names sometimes called the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names sometimes called the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names sometimes called the principal
+axis theorem sometimes it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem sometimes it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem sometimes it's called a
+spectral theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral theorem
+blah-blah-blah-blah-blah but anyway what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah-blah-blah-blah-blah but anyway what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah-blah-blah-blah-blah but anyway what
+it says is if a is a real n by n matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is symmetric nor a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is symmetric nor a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is symmetric nor a symmetric
+matrix is it's 1 the formal definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is it's 1 the formal definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is it's 1 the formal definition
+is it's equal to its transpose what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's equal to its transpose what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's equal to its transpose what that
+means is if you flip it around the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you flip it around the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if you flip it around the main
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+it looks just the same as before where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks just the same as before where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks just the same as before where
+somewhere on this board is right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on this board is right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on this board is right there
+in fact there's a symmetric matrix what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a symmetric matrix what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's a symmetric matrix what
+happened to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to it
+oh yeah right here right here was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right here right here was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah right here right here was the
+symmetric matrix I erased the one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix I erased the one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix I erased the one thing
+which I had to have okay all right fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I had to have okay all right fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I had to have okay all right fine
+minus 2 1 1 1 minus 2 1 1 1 minus 2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 1 1 1 minus 2 1 1 1 minus 2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 1 1 1 minus 2 1 1 1 minus 2 that
+was our matrix a our matrix is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our matrix a our matrix is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was our matrix a our matrix is symmetric
+because if I flip it around the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I flip it around the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I flip it around the diagonal
+it looks the same as it did before well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks the same as it did before well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks the same as it did before well
+not exactly the ones are sort of lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the ones are sort of lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the ones are sort of lying
+on their side but you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their side but you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their side but you have to take
+account of that all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of that all right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of that all right yeah
+but the 2 is our backward ok you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the 2 is our backward ok you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the 2 is our backward ok you don't
+you know what I mean to put that element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean to put that element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I mean to put that element
+there this one here that one there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this one here that one there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this one here that one there and
+that one exchange these to notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one exchange these to notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one exchange these to notice the
+diagonal elements don't all have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements don't all have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements don't all have to be
+-2 for that no matter what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 for that no matter what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 for that no matter what they were
+barely one things that are there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely one things that are there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely one things that are there the
+guys that aren't moved when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that aren't moved when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that aren't moved when you do the
+flipping and therefore there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and therefore there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping and therefore there's no
+condition on them it's these other guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on them it's these other guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on them it's these other guys
+each guy here has to use the same guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each guy here has to use the same guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each guy here has to use the same guy
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+one has to be the same as that one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to be the same as that one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has to be the same as that one and
+so on then it will be real and symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on then it will be real and symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on then it will be real and symmetric
+okay so if you have a matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have a matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have a matrix which is
+real and symmetric like the one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and symmetric like the one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and symmetric like the one we've
+been working with the theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with the theorem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with the theorem is that
+all its eigenvalues are complete that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its eigenvalues are complete that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its eigenvalues are complete that's
+a very uh novice theorem all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very uh novice theorem all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very uh novice theorem all its
+eigenvalues are automatically complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are automatically complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are automatically complete
+or complete and it's a remarkable fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or complete and it's a remarkable fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or complete and it's a remarkable fact
+that you can prove that without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can prove that without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can prove that without it
+purely generally you know with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely generally you know with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely generally you know with a certain
+amount of pure reasoning no calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of pure reasoning no calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of pure reasoning no calculation
+at all but it has to be true and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but it has to be true and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but it has to be true and it
+isn't true you'll find their whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't true you'll find their whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't true you'll find their whole
+branches have applied differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches have applied differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches have applied differential
+equation or equilibrium theory for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or equilibrium theory for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or equilibrium theory for all
+the matrices that you deal with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices that you deal with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrices that you deal with are
+always symmetric and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always symmetric and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always symmetric and therefore this
+repeated eigenvalues is not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated eigenvalues is not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated eigenvalues is not something
+you have to worry about fighting extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to worry about fighting extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to worry about fighting extra
+solutions okay well I guess that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay well I guess that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions okay well I guess that's the
+end of the first part of the lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first part of the lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first part of the lecture so
+I got a third of it Oh less left good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a third of it Oh less left good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a third of it Oh less left good
+well let's talk fast so I'd like to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's talk fast so I'd like to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's talk fast so I'd like to in
+the remaining time explain to you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining time explain to you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining time explain to you what
+to do if you will get complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you will get complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you will get complex
+eigenvalues now actually the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues now actually the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues now actually the answer is
+follow the same program in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same program in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the same program in other words
+if you solve the characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve the characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve the characteristic equation
+you've got a complex root follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a complex root follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a complex root follow the
+program calculate calculate the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program calculate calculate the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program calculate calculate the complex
+the corresponding complex eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding complex eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding complex eigenvectors
+in other words solve the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words solve the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words solve the equations
+everything will be the same except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be the same except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything will be the same except that
+the eigen vectors will turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors will turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors will turn out to be
+complex that is have complex entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that is have complex entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex that is have complex entries
+don't worry about it then form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it then form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it then form the
+solutions the solutions are now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the solutions are now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions the solutions are now going to
+look once again like alpha times e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look once again like alpha times e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look once again like alpha times e to
+the a plus bi t so this will be complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a plus bi t so this will be complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a plus bi t so this will be complex
+and that will be complex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be complex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be complex to
+this will have complex entries and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will have complex entries and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will have complex entries and then
+finally take the real and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally take the real and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally take the real and imaginary
+parts those will be real and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts those will be real and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts those will be real and they will
+give real and two solutions in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give real and two solutions in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give real and two solutions in other
+words the program is exactly what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the program is exactly what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the program is exactly what we did
+for second-order equation differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for second-order equation differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for second-order equation differential
+equations we use the complex numbers got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we use the complex numbers got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we use the complex numbers got
+complex solutions and then the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex solutions and then the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex solutions and then the very last
+step we took the real and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we took the real and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we took the real and imaginary
+parts to get to real solutions out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to get to real solutions out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to get to real solutions out of
+each complex number so I'd like to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each complex number so I'd like to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each complex number so I'd like to give
+you a simple example of working that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a simple example of working that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a simple example of working that out
+and it's the system x equals the X prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the system x equals the X prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the system x equals the X prime
+equals x plus 2 y and y prime equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x plus 2 y and y prime equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x plus 2 y and y prime equals
+minus X minus y way so uh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X minus y way so uh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X minus y way so uh because it's
+springtime even it doesn't feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springtime even it doesn't feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springtime even it doesn't feel like
+spring but it will this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring but it will this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring but it will this weekend
+oh it's getting warmer so and since when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's getting warmer so and since when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's getting warmer so and since when
+I can't do I'm too tired to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't do I'm too tired to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't do I'm too tired to make up
+problem sets for you late at night I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets for you late at night I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets for you late at night I
+watch reruns of Seinfeld I'm from New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch reruns of Seinfeld I'm from New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch reruns of Seinfeld I'm from New
+York it's just by blood stream so so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York it's just by blood stream so so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York it's just by blood stream so so of
+course the most interesting character on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the most interesting character on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the most interesting character on
+Seinfeld is George so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seinfeld is George so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seinfeld is George so we're going to
+consider Susan who's the girlfriend who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider Susan who's the girlfriend who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider Susan who's the girlfriend who
+got killed by licking envelopes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got killed by licking envelopes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got killed by licking envelopes for
+poison envelopes and George who carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison envelopes and George who carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison envelopes and George who carried
+on their love affair until Susan was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their love affair until Susan was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their love affair until Susan was
+disposed of by the writers by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposed of by the writers by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposed of by the writers by this
+strange death and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange death and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange death and we're going to
+consider X is modeling Susan's love for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider X is modeling Susan's love for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider X is modeling Susan's love for
+George sue is love for George that's X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George sue is love for George that's X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George sue is love for George that's X
+and George's love for Susan that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and George's love for Susan that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and George's love for Susan that will be
+Y now I don't mean the absolute love so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y now I don't mean the absolute love so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y now I don't mean the absolute love so
+if x and y are 0 if x and y are 0 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x and y are 0 if x and y are 0 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x and y are 0 if x and y are 0 i
+don't mean that they don't love each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean that they don't love each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean that they don't love each
+other I just mean that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I just mean that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I just mean that that's the
+equilibrium value of the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium value of the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium value of the law
+everything else is measured as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is measured as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is measured as
+departures from that so zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures from that so zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departures from that so zero zero
+represents the normal state the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the normal state the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the normal state the normal
+amount of love if love is measure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of love if love is measure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of love if love is measure I
+don't know what love units are but parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what love units are but parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what love units are but parts
+I guess and six hearts let's say now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess and six hearts let's say now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess and six hearts let's say now why
+in what sense does this model it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense does this model it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what sense does this model it well
+this is a normal equation and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a normal equation and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a normal equation and this is an
+erotic equation that's why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erotic equation that's why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erotic equation that's why this is
+George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George
+and that's that's a Susan who seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a Susan who seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's a Susan who seemed
+very normal to me yeah Susan is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very normal to me yeah Susan is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very normal to me yeah Susan is a normal
+person when Y is positive that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person when Y is positive that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person when Y is positive that means
+George seems to be loving her more today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George seems to be loving her more today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George seems to be loving her more today
+than yesterday and her natural response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than yesterday and her natural response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than yesterday and her natural response
+is to be more in love with him yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be more in love with him yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to be more in love with him yeah
+that's what most people are all right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what most people are all right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what most people are all right if
+if Y is negative you know he hey what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Y is negative you know he hey what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Y is negative you know he hey what's
+the matter with George you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter with George you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter with George you know you
+don't feel so good well she well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel so good well she well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel so good well she well maybe
+something wrong with him you know he she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with him you know he she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with him you know he she
+gets mad a little narrative and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mad a little narrative and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets mad a little narrative and this
+goes down X prime is negative on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down X prime is negative on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down X prime is negative on the
+same way why is this positive well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way why is this positive well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way why is this positive well it's
+because again it's a psychological thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it's a psychological thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it's a psychological thing
+but all the world loves a lover when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the world loves a lover when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all the world loves a lover when
+when Susan's in love she as she feels X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Susan's in love she as she feels X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Susan's in love she as she feels X
+is high that makes her feel good and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high that makes her feel good and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high that makes her feel good and you
+know she loves everything in fact not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she loves everything in fact not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she loves everything in fact not
+just George it's it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just George it's it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just George it's it's one of those
+things you will know what I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you will know what I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you will know what I'm talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+oh now George is of course is what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now George is of course is what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now George is of course is what makes
+the writers happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers happy
+George is neurotic and therefore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George is neurotic and therefore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George is neurotic and therefore and
+therefore he his he has exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore he his he has exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore he his he has exactly the
+opposite round okay he he sees one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite round okay he he sees one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite round okay he he sees one day
+he feels more in love with Susan that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he feels more in love with Susan that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he feels more in love with Susan that he
+was yesterday hey does this make him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yesterday hey does this make him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was yesterday hey does this make him
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+not at all not at all why makes y-prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all not at all why makes y-prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all not at all why makes y-prime
+more negative why because all you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative why because all you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative why because all you can
+think of is that my god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is that my god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of is that my god
+suppose I I'm aware I mean really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I I'm aware I mean really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I I'm aware I mean really in
+love with this girl but suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with this girl but suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love with this girl but suppose I'm
+bearing her you know oh my god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing her you know oh my god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing her you know oh my god
+forty years of seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty years of seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty years of seeing this
+a person did breakfast all the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person did breakfast all the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person did breakfast all the time I
+must be crazy and so so it goes down all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be crazy and so so it goes down all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be crazy and so so it goes down all
+right so here's our neurotic model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our neurotic model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here's our neurotic model and
+the question for differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question for differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question for differential equations
+is what are the solutions to that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the solutions to that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the solutions to that look
+like in other words how does in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in other words how does in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in other words how does in fact the
+love affair go now there's a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love affair go now there's a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love affair go now there's a reason why
+the writers picked that model as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers picked that model as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the writers picked that model as you'll
+see it means they were able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it means they were able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it means they were able to get a
+year's worth of episodes out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's worth of episodes out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's worth of episodes out of it and
+why is that so oh well let's solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so oh well let's solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that so oh well let's solve it
+the characteristic equation is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation is lambda
+squared the trace the matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the trace the matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the trace the matrix that
+governs this system is a equals 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs this system is a equals 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs this system is a equals 1 2
+negative 1 negative 1 right the trace of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 negative 1 right the trace of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 negative 1 right the trace of
+that matrix the sum of the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix the sum of the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix the sum of the diagonal
+elements is 0 so there's the 0 lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is 0 so there's the 0 lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is 0 so there's the 0 lambda
+here the determinant which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the determinant which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the determinant which is the
+constant term is negative 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term is negative 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant term is negative 1 minus
+negative 2 which is plus 1 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 2 which is plus 1 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 2 which is plus 1 so the
+characteristic equation by calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation by calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation by calculating
+the trace and determinant is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace and determinant is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace and determinant is lambda
+squared plus 1 equals 0 that I the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1 equals 0 that I the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus 1 equals 0 that I the eigen
+values are plus a minus I now you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are plus a minus I now you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are plus a minus I now you don't
+have to pick both of them because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick both of them because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick both of them because one
+will lead to essentially the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to essentially the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to essentially the same so
+then the negative 1 will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the negative 1 will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the negative 1 will lead to
+essentially the same solutions but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same solutions but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same solutions but with
+negative signs so either one will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative signs so either one will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative signs so either one will do
+just as when we solve second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as when we solve second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as when we solve second-order
+equations the system for finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the system for finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the system for finding the
+eigen vectors but we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors but we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors but we're going to have to
+accept the complex eigenvector what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the complex eigenvector what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the complex eigenvector what's
+the system going to be well I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system going to be well I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system going to be well I take the
+matrix and I subtract I so we'll use I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I subtract I so we'll use I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and I subtract I so we'll use I
+subtract I from the main diagonal so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract I from the main diagonal so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract I from the main diagonal so the
+system is 1 minus I times x times a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is 1 minus I times x times a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is 1 minus I times x times a 1
+plus 2 a 2 is 0 and let's for good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 a 2 is 0 and let's for good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 a 2 is 0 and let's for good
+measure write the other one down to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure write the other one down to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure write the other one down to it
+is negative a 1 plus minus 1 minus I ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative a 1 plus minus 1 minus I ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative a 1 plus minus 1 minus I ok
+minus 1 - Oy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 - Oy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 - Oy
+- is zero okay then what's the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you got the solution by the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you got the solution by the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you got the solution by the usual
+way let's take a 1 equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a 1 equal to 1 then what's a 2 a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a 1 equal to 1 then what's a 2 a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a 1 equal to 1 then what's a 2 a 2
+is 1 minus I divided by 2 from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus I divided by 2 from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 minus I divided by 2 from the first
+equation so the solution the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the solution the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so the solution the complex
+solution is 1 1 minus I over 2 times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is 1 1 minus I over 2 times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is 1 1 minus I over 2 times e
+to the I T now you have to take the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I T now you have to take the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I T now you have to take the real
+and imaginary parts of that ok now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary parts of that ok now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary parts of that ok now this
+is the only part which technically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only part which technically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the only part which technically I
+would not trust you to do without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not trust you to do without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not trust you to do without having
+someone show you to do it what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone show you to do it what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone show you to do it what do you do
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+you have to of course you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to of course you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to of course you know how to
+separate the real imaginary parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the real imaginary parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the real imaginary parts of
+that it's the first thing to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the first thing to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the first thing to separate
+the vectors I don't know how to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors I don't know how to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors I don't know how to explain
+this just watch the real part of it is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just watch the real part of it is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just watch the real part of it is 1
+1/2 the negative it should be negative 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 the negative it should be negative 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 the negative it should be negative 1
+so minus this Plus back because I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus this Plus back because I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus this Plus back because I didn't
+put it on the right side okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the right side okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on the right side okay so it's
+minus 1/2 Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 Oh
+plus I times 0 1/2 anybody want to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I times 0 1/2 anybody want to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I times 0 1/2 anybody want to fight
+1 plus I times 0 minus 1/2 plus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus I times 0 minus 1/2 plus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus I times 0 minus 1/2 plus 1/2
+times I okay so how I did that ok well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I okay so how I did that ok well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I okay so how I did that ok well
+you do these problems you do it the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these problems you do it the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do these problems you do it the same
+way but don't ask me to explain what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but don't ask me to explain what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but don't ask me to explain what I
+just did Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did Oh
+so here it's cosine T plus I sine T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's cosine T plus I sine T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it's cosine T plus I sine T and
+so the only things is to take the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only things is to take the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the only things is to take the real
+let's take big question is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take big question is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take big question is something
+wrong ok the real part so the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong ok the real part so the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong ok the real part so the real part
+will give me one solution the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me one solution the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me one solution the imaginary
+part will give me another since I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will give me another since I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part will give me another since I have a
+limited amount of time let's just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of time let's just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited amount of time let's just take
+the real calculate the real part what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real calculate the real part what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real calculate the real part what is
+it well it's this it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well it's this it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well it's this it's 1
+- 1/2 times cosine T well I squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1/2 times cosine T well I squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1/2 times cosine T well I squared is
+negative 1 so minus a0 1/2 the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 so minus a0 1/2 the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 so minus a0 1/2 the negative
+1 from the I squared times sine T now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 from the I squared times sine T now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 from the I squared times sine T now
+what solution is that that is so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what solution is that that is so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what solution is that that is so this is
+X Y so what it is is x equals take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y so what it is is x equals take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Y so what it is is x equals take the
+final step it doesn't have to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step it doesn't have to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final step it doesn't have to look like
+that x equals cosine t do you see that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x equals cosine t do you see that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x equals cosine t do you see that x
+equals cosine T plus 0 times sine T what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cosine T plus 0 times sine T what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cosine T plus 0 times sine T what
+is y y is minus 1/2 times cosine t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y y is minus 1/2 times cosine t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y y is minus 1/2 times cosine t minus
+1/2 times sine T cosine T plus sine T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 times sine T cosine T plus sine T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 times sine T cosine T plus sine T
+now you may have the pleasure of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may have the pleasure of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may have the pleasure of showing
+eliminating X limitate t you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating X limitate t you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating X limitate t you get a
+quadratic that's a quadratic polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic that's a quadratic polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic that's a quadratic polynomial
+in x and y equals 0 this is an ellipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and y equals 0 this is an ellipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and y equals 0 this is an ellipse
+as T varies you can see this repeats its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T varies you can see this repeats its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T varies you can see this repeats its
+values at intervals of 2 pi this gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at intervals of 2 pi this gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values at intervals of 2 pi this gives
+an ellipse and if you want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ellipse and if you want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ellipse and if you want to use a
+little program computer program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little program computer program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little program computer program that
+linear phase this isn't in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase this isn't in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear phase this isn't in the
+incitement but the ellipses look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incitement but the ellipses look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incitement but the ellipses look like
+this and they go around that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they go around that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they go around that way and
+that's the model of Georgian Susan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model of Georgian Susan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the model of Georgian Susan's
+love X Susan why George they go round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love X Susan why George they go round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love X Susan why George they go round
+and round in this little love circle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round in this little love circle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and round in this little love circle and
+it stretches on for 26 episodes
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hisFn3gtnpg.txt b/hisFn3gtnpg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ca84a668087ef7ba5a7f63ddaebff191fb2bd99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hisFn3gtnpg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi guys um today we're going to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi guys um today we're going to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi guys um today we're going to see how
+one can use linear algebra to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can use linear algebra to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can use linear algebra to describe
+graphs and networks in particular we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and networks in particular we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs and networks in particular we'll
+do the following problem we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following problem we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following problem we're given
+this very simple graph here with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple graph here with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple graph here with five
+nodes and six edges we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and six edges we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and six edges we've already
+labeled them and we've put directions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them and we've put directions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them and we've put directions on
+the edges and we are asked to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and we are asked to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and we are asked to write down
+the inst Matrix a and then to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inst Matrix a and then to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inst Matrix a and then to compute
+its kernel and the kernel of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its kernel and the kernel of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its kernel and the kernel of a transpose
+and finally we're asked to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we're asked to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we're asked to compute the
+trace of a transpose a I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose a I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose a I'll give you a
+few moments to uh try the pro problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few moments to uh try the pro problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few moments to uh try the pro problem on
+your own and then you'll see my take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it hello again okay so let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hello again okay so let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hello again okay so let's first
+recall what an incidence Matrix is so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what an incidence Matrix is so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall what an incidence Matrix is so in
+Matrix is supposed to encode how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is supposed to encode how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is supposed to encode how the
+nodes connect to the edges um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes connect to the edges um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes connect to the edges um in
+particular it it has as many rows as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it it has as many rows as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it it has as many rows as
+there are edges and as many columns as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are edges and as many columns as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are edges and as many columns as
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+nodes and um we fill in uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and um we fill in uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and um we fill in uh we're going
+to fill fill in the rows um and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill fill in the rows um and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill fill in the rows um and we'll
+fill them out as follows so uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill them out as follows so uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill them out as follows so uh we're
+going to use only negative one one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use only negative one one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use only negative one one and
+zero and we're going to put a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we're going to put a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we're going to put a negative
+one um in entry I and one in entry J if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um in entry I and one in entry J if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um in entry I and one in entry J if
+the edge with the corresponding Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge with the corresponding Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge with the corresponding Edge
+connects node I to node J okay let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects node I to node J okay let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects node I to node J okay let me
+just do it concretely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it concretely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it concretely
+so let's look at Edge number one so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at Edge number one so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at Edge number one so it
+corresponds to the first row it connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the first row it connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the first row it connects
+one to two so we have an negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two so we have an negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two so we have an negative one
+and a one um then Edge um number two it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a one um then Edge um number two it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a one um then Edge um number two it
+connects node two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects node two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects node two to three
+so1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so1
+one uh Edge number three connects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Edge number three connects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh Edge number three connects uh
+node one to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one to three
+so1 one and I believe you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so1 one and I believe you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so1 one and I believe you get the
+picture right so I'm just going to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right so I'm just going to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right so I'm just going to fill
+out the rest rest of the entries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the rest rest of the entries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the rest rest of the entries um
+right four is uh negative two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four is uh negative two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four is uh negative two
+um1 1 five is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well4 well4 one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well4 well4 one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well4 well4 one here and
+six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+one Okay so we've we've constructed The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Okay so we've we've constructed The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Okay so we've we've constructed The
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+a now we'll compute it its no space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now we'll compute it its no space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a now we'll compute it its no space and
+we're going to do it without performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it without performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it without performing
+any row operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row operations
+whatsoever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever so
+in order to do this it it's helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this it it's helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this it it's helpful to
+look at the graph as an electric circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the graph as an electric circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the graph as an electric circuit
+um and uh to assign to EV to each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh to assign to EV to each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh to assign to EV to each of the
+nodes an electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes an electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes an electric
+potential if we collect all the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if we collect all the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential if we collect all the electric
+potentials um in a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials um in a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials um in a vector
+X then a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then a *
+X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a
+vector with as many entries as there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with as many entries as there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with as many entries as there are
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+and gives precisely the um potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives precisely the um potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives precisely the um potential
+differences across the edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences across the edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences across the edges of the
+graph okay so then if ax is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay so then if ax is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay so then if ax is to be
+zero this means that across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this means that across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this means that across the
+graph like across all the edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like across all the edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph like across all the edges of the
+graph all potential differences are zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph all potential differences are zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph all potential differences are zero
+therefore all the potentials um at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all the potentials um at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore all the potentials um at at
+each yeah it's all the nodes needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each yeah it's all the nodes needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each yeah it's all the nodes needs to be
+equal need to be equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal need to be equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal need to be equal to a constant
+number so um therefore we conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so um therefore we conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so um therefore we conclude that
+the no space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is panned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is panned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is panned
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+one okay there are five ones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay there are five ones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay there are five ones here
+corresponding to the five notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the five notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the five notes
+now what about the no space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose adopt this this analogy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose adopt this this analogy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose adopt this this analogy with
+electric uh circuits but this time we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh circuits but this time we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric uh circuits but this time we're
+going to look at currents flowing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at currents flowing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at currents flowing um
+across the edges of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the edges of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the edges of the graph
+so uh oh and we we're going to adopt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh oh and we we're going to adopt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh oh and we we're going to adopt the
+following convention for the currents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following convention for the currents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following convention for the currents so
+a current is going to be positive if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current is going to be positive if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current is going to be positive if
+it's um if it's if it flows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um if it's if it flows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um if it's if it flows in the
+direction of the edge and negative if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the edge and negative if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the edge and negative if it
+flows in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows in the opposite
+direction right so then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so then what is
+a transpose Y where Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose Y where Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose Y where Y
+is a vector with um which which each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector with um which which each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector with um which which each of
+um whose entry is a current uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whose entry is a current uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whose entry is a current uh on the
+edge well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge well it's
+precisely um the entries of H transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely um the entries of H transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely um the entries of H transpose
+y are precisely um equal to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y are precisely um equal to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y are precisely um equal to the total
+current flowing through each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing through each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing through each of the
+nodes of the graph so uh a transpose y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of the graph so uh a transpose y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of the graph so uh a transpose y
+being equal to zero means that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero means that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to zero means that there is
+a balance in the circuit that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance in the circuit that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance in the circuit that um the
+currents that flow through into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that flow through into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents that flow through into each
+node equal the current currents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node equal the current currents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node equal the current currents that
+flow out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow out of
+it right um and it's fairly easy to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um and it's fairly easy to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right um and it's fairly easy to find
+such configuration um of currents um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such configuration um of currents um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such configuration um of currents um
+that's like that satisfy this this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like that satisfy this this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like that satisfy this this B
+like this balance equation um we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this balance equation um we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this balance equation um we do it
+by flowing uh around Loops of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by flowing uh around Loops of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by flowing uh around Loops of the graph
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+see this this graph has three Loops um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this graph has three Loops um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this graph has three Loops um
+the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this triangle up there the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle up there the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle up there the second one is
+the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square
+and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm
+just um by this this curled uh Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um by this this curled uh Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um by this this curled uh Direction
+I'm signifying which in which way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm signifying which in which way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm signifying which in which way I'm
+going to take uh I'm going to trace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take uh I'm going to trace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take uh I'm going to trace the
+loop and there is a third Loop is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and there is a third Loop is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop and there is a third Loop is um
+along the outer Contour of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the outer Contour of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the outer Contour of the
+graph but uh in fact the third one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but uh in fact the third one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but uh in fact the third one can
+be thought of as a superposition of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought of as a superposition of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thought of as a superposition of um
+these two and I'll I'll explain why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and I'll I'll explain why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two and I'll I'll explain why
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+second so let's let's figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so let's let's figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so let's let's figure out
+um yeah the configuration of of currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah the configuration of of currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah the configuration of of currents
+that that balance these Loops so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that balance these Loops so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that balance these Loops so if we
+flow a current um one from one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow a current um one from one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow a current um one from one to two
+and then flow a current of one along uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then flow a current of one along uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then flow a current of one along uh
+Edge two from two to three and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge two from two to three and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge two from two to three and then we
+flow a current of netive one mind it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow a current of netive one mind it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow a current of netive one mind it the
+direction is opposite to the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is opposite to the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is opposite to the direction
+of the loop then we're going to have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop then we're going to have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the loop then we're going to have um
+a balanced configuration of currents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balanced configuration of currents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balanced configuration of currents so
+um let me write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me write this
+down following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+configuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so
+one along Edge one one along Edge two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one along Edge one one along Edge two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one along Edge one one along Edge two
+and negative 1 along Edge three and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative 1 along Edge three and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative 1 along Edge three and the
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+zero is solution to a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is solution to a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is solution to a transpose
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what um solution we get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what um solution we get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what um solution we get by
+flowing around the loop in this Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing around the loop in this Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing around the loop in this Square
+well we get um a one along we flow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we get um a one along we flow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we get um a one along we flow a
+current of one along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of one along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current of one along
+edge4 uh current of one along H5 current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge4 uh current of one along H5 current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge4 uh current of one along H5 current
+of one along H6 and current of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one along H6 and current of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one along H6 and current of negative
+1 along Edge to so let's be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 along Edge to so let's be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 along Edge to so let's be
+careful so there was Zero then along H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful so there was Zero then along H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful so there was Zero then along H2
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+-1 uh along three zero along four 1 long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 uh along three zero along four 1 long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 uh along three zero along four 1 long
+five 1 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 1 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five 1 six
+one now we can do the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now we can do the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now we can do the same thing with
+the the big loop and produce um a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big loop and produce um a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the big loop and produce um a vector
+corresponding to it and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to it and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to it and I I
+I prompt you to do it but what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prompt you to do it but what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I prompt you to do it but what you'll
+see is that um the vector that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that um the vector that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that um the vector that you get
+is precisely a sum of these two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely a sum of these two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely a sum of these two vectors
+it's a superposition of in a way the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of in a way the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a superposition of in a way the big
+loop is a superposition of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is a superposition of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is a superposition of the small
+Loops okay so we figured out what the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops okay so we figured out what the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops okay so we figured out what the no
+space of a transpose is and now let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose is and now let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a transpose is and now let's um
+concentrate our attention on finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate our attention on finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate our attention on finding the
+trace of a transpose a I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose a I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose a I'm going to do
+it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+here so the trace of a matrix is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the trace of a matrix is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the trace of a matrix is the sum
+of its diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its diagonal
+entries and let's um and we've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and let's um and we've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and let's um and we've seen this
+many times already um that the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times already um that the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times already um that the diagonal
+entry of the diagonal entries of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the diagonal entries of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of the diagonal entries of a
+transpose a are precisely the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a are precisely the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a are precisely the magnitude
+squared of The Columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of The Columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of The Columns of a
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+the one one entry is the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one entry is the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one entry is the magnitude
+squared of the First Column the 2 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the First Column the 2 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of the First Column the 2 two
+entry is the magnitude squared of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is the magnitude squared of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry is the magnitude squared of the
+second column and so on now what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column and so on now what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column and so on now what is the
+magnitude squared of a column of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared of a column of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared of a column of an
+incidence Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence Matrix
+well each column of the incidence Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each column of the incidence Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each column of the incidence Matrix
+is either well sorry each entry in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either well sorry each entry in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either well sorry each entry in a
+column of an instance Matrix is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of an instance Matrix is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of an instance Matrix is either
+one negative one or zero so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one negative one or zero so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one negative one or zero so when we
+Square these entries we get one ones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square these entries we get one ones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square these entries we get one ones or
+zeros and we add them when we add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and we add them when we add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and we add them when we add them
+up we get precisely a number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we get precisely a number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we get precisely a number which is
+the non-trivial entries um in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-trivial entries um in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-trivial entries um in the column
+okay so the magnitude squared of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the magnitude squared of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the magnitude squared of the
+column is the number of non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is the number of non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is the number of non-trivial
+entries in it but if we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in it but if we go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in it but if we go back to the
+Matrix a and we count the number of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and we count the number of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a and we count the number of um
+non non non-zero entries these are prec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non non non-zero entries these are prec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non non non-zero entries these are prec
+this this is precisely the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is precisely the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is precisely the number of
+edges that connect with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that connect with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that connect with the
+node okay so the number of edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so the number of edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node okay so the number of edges that
+connects with each node is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with each node is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects with each node is called the
+degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the
+node in this way trace of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in this way trace of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in this way trace of a
+transpose a will be just the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a will be just the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a will be just the sum of the
+degrees um of the graph uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees um of the graph uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees um of the graph uh in the
+picture so we have um one connects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so we have um one connects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so we have um one connects uh
+one there are two edges connecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there are two edges connecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there are two edges connecting to
+one so two plus two edges connecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so two plus two edges connecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so two plus two edges connecting to
+two plus two uh sorry three edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two uh sorry three edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plus two uh sorry three edges
+connecting to two three edges connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to two three edges connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to two three edges connecting
+to three and I got a two for the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three and I got a two for the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three and I got a two for the number
+of edges connecting to four and two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges connecting to four and two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges connecting to four and two for
+the number of edges connecting to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges connecting to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges connecting to five
+so Al together we we have we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Al together we we have we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Al together we we have we get
+12 right so you see we in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 right so you see we in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 right so you see we in this problem
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+computed um certain linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed um certain linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed um certain linear algebra
+objects without performing the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects without performing the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects without performing the usual
+algebraic operations but just by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic operations but just by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic operations but just by looking
+at at the graph and seeing how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the graph and seeing how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the graph and seeing how the
+linear algebra is encoded in it I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is encoded in it I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra is encoded in it I hope
+it was somewh Illuminating uh I'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was somewh Illuminating uh I'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was somewh Illuminating uh I'll see
+you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iPWyElxtk-8.txt b/iPWyElxtk-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d678f586b4885ed5ebd20a4a4540864c20e322e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iPWyElxtk-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1000 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us now conclude with a fun problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now conclude with a fun problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now conclude with a fun problem
+which is also a little bit of a puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a little bit of a puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a little bit of a puzzle
+we are told that the king comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that the king comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that the king comes from a
+family of two children what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of two children what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of two children what is the
+probability that he's sibling it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he's sibling it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that he's sibling it's
+female well the problem is to loosely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female well the problem is to loosely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female well the problem is to loosely
+stated so we need to start by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated so we need to start by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated so we need to start by making
+some assumptions first let us assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions first let us assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assumptions first let us assume
+that we are dealing with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are dealing with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are dealing with an
+anachronistic Kingdom where boys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anachronistic Kingdom where boys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anachronistic Kingdom where boys have
+presidents in other words if the royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents in other words if the royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents in other words if the royal
+family has two children one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has two children one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family has two children one of which is
+a boy and one is a girl it is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boy and one is a girl it is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boy and one is a girl it is always the
+boy who becomes king even if the girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy who becomes king even if the girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy who becomes king even if the girl
+who was born first let us also assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was born first let us also assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was born first let us also assume
+that when a child is born it has 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a child is born it has 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when a child is born it has 50%
+probability of being a boy and 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being a boy and 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of being a boy and 50%
+probability of being a girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in addition let's assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition let's assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition let's assume that
+different children are independent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different children are independent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different children are independent as
+far as their gender is concerned okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as their gender is concerned okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as their gender is concerned okay
+given these assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these assumptions
+perhaps we can argue as follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we can argue as follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps we can argue as follows the
+king's sibling is a child which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king's sibling is a child which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king's sibling is a child which is
+independent from the king its gender is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the king its gender is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the king its gender is
+independent from the Kings turn gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the Kings turn gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the Kings turn gender
+so it's going to be a girl with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be a girl with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be a girl with
+probability 1/2 and so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2 and so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1/2 and so this is one
+possible answer to this problem is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answer to this problem is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible answer to this problem is this
+a correct answer well let's see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correct answer well let's see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a correct answer well let's see we have
+to make a more precise model so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a more precise model so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a more precise model so let's go
+ahead with it we have two children so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead with it we have two children so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead with it we have two children so
+there are four possible outcomes boy boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four possible outcomes boy boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are four possible outcomes boy boy
+boy girl girl boy and girl girl each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy girl girl boy and girl girl each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy girl girl boy and girl girl each one
+of these outcomes has probability 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these outcomes has probability 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these outcomes has probability 1/4
+according to our assumptions for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our assumptions for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our assumptions for example
+the probability of a boy followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a boy followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a boy followed by a
+boy is 1/2 times 1/2 we're we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy is 1/2 times 1/2 we're we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy is 1/2 times 1/2 we're we're also
+using independence so each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using independence so each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using independence so each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes has the same probability 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we know that there is a king so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that there is a king so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know that there is a king so
+there must be at least one boy given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be at least one boy given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be at least one boy given
+this information one of the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information one of the outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information one of the outcomes
+becomes impossible namely the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes impossible namely the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes impossible namely the outcome
+girl girl and were restricted to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl girl and were restricted to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl girl and were restricted to a
+smaller universe with only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller universe with only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller universe with only three
+possible outcomes our new universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes our new universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes our new universe is
+this green universe which includes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green universe which includes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this green universe which includes all
+outcomes that have at least one boy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that have at least one boy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that have at least one boy so
+that we can catch a king we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can catch a king we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can catch a king we should
+therefore use the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore use the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore use the conditional
+probabilities that are appropriate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that are appropriate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities that are appropriate to
+this new universe since these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new universe since these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new universe since these three
+outcomes inside the green set have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes inside the green set have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes inside the green set have equal
+and conditional probabilities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conditional probabilities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conditional probabilities they
+should also have equal conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also have equal conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also have equal conditional
+probabilities so each one of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so each one of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so each one of these three
+outcomes should have a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes should have a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes should have a conditional
+probability equal to one-third in two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to one-third in two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability equal to one-third in two of
+these outcomes the sibling is a girl and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outcomes the sibling is a girl and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these outcomes the sibling is a girl and
+therefore the conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the conditional probability
+given that there is a king and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that there is a king and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that there is a king and therefore
+given that there is a boy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that there is a boy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that there is a boy the
+conditional probability is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability is going to be
+2/3 so this is actually the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so this is actually the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so this is actually the official
+answer to this problem and this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem and this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem and this answer
+is incorrect are we satisfied with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorrect are we satisfied with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorrect are we satisfied with this
+answer maybe yes maybe no actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer maybe yes maybe no actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer maybe yes maybe no actually some
+more assumptions are needed in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more assumptions are needed in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more assumptions are needed in order to
+say that 2/3 is the correct answer let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that 2/3 is the correct answer let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that 2/3 is the correct answer let
+me state what these assumptions are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me state what these assumptions are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me state what these assumptions are we
+assume that the royal family decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the royal family decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the royal family decided to
+have exactly two children so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly two children so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly two children so the number
+two that we have here is not random it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we have here is not random it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that we have here is not random it
+was something that was predetermined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that was predetermined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that was predetermined
+once they decided to have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they decided to have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they decided to have the two
+children they had them at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children they had them at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children they had them at least one
+turned out to be a boy and that boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be a boy and that boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be a boy and that boy
+became a king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a king
+under this situation indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this situation indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this situation indeed the
+probability that the sibling of the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the sibling of the king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the sibling of the king
+is female is 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is female is 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is female is 2/3
+but these assumptions that I just stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these assumptions that I just stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these assumptions that I just stated
+are not the only possible ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the only possible ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the only possible ones
+let's consider some alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider some alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider some alternative
+assumptions for example suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions for example suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions for example suppose that the
+royal family operated as follows they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal family operated as follows they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal family operated as follows they
+decided to have children until they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to have children until they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to have children until they get
+one boy what does this tell us well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one boy what does this tell us well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one boy what does this tell us well
+since they had two children this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they had two children this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they had two children this tells
+us something that the first child was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something that the first child was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us something that the first child was a
+girl so in this case the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl so in this case the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl so in this case the probability
+that the King sibling is a girl is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the King sibling is a girl is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the King sibling is a girl is equal
+to 1 the only reason why they had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 the only reason why they had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 the only reason why they had two
+children was because the first was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children was because the first was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children was because the first was a
+girl and then the second was a boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl and then the second was a boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl and then the second was a boy
+suppose that the royal family made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the royal family made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the royal family made some
+different choices they decided to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices they decided to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices they decided to have
+children until they would get two boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children until they would get two boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children until they would get two boys
+just to be sure that the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be sure that the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be sure that the line of
+succession was secured in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession was secured in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession was secured in this case if
+we are told that there are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that there are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that there are only two
+children this means that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children this means that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children this means that there were
+exactly two boys because each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two boys because each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two boys because each one of the
+two children was a girl the royal family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children was a girl the royal family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two children was a girl the royal family
+would have continued so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have continued so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have continued so in this
+particular case the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the probability that the
+sibling is a girl is equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling is a girl is equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sibling is a girl is equal to zero and
+you can think of other scenarios as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of other scenarios as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of other scenarios as well
+that might give you different answers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might give you different answers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might give you different answers so
+2/3 is the official answer as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is the official answer as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 is the official answer as long as we
+make the precise assumptions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the precise assumptions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the precise assumptions that the
+number of children the number 2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children the number 2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of children the number 2 was
+predetermined before anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined before anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined before anything else
+happened the general moral from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the general moral from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the general moral from this
+story is that when we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that when we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story is that when we deal with
+situations that are described in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that are described in words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that are described in words
+somewhat vaguely we must be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat vaguely we must be very careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat vaguely we must be very careful
+to state whatever assumptions are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state whatever assumptions are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state whatever assumptions are being
+made and that needs to be done before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that needs to be done before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and that needs to be done before we
+are able to fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to fake
+a particular probabilistic model this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular probabilistic model this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular probabilistic model this
+process of modeling will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of modeling will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of modeling will always be
+something of an art in which judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of an art in which judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of an art in which judgment
+calls will have to be made
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ijXdeJTL6OU.txt b/ijXdeJTL6OU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d4c182c780ce2bb223704b09b5de4225f74cdfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ijXdeJTL6OU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's uh let's start um So the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's start um So the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's uh let's start um So the plan
+for today is to wrap up this growth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is to wrap up this growth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is to wrap up this growth uh
+Theory section of the of the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory section of the of the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory section of the of the course and
+um I I I want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I I want to sort of
+conclude by showing you what we can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude by showing you what we can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude by showing you what we can and
+cannot explain with the mods we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot explain with the mods we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot explain with the mods we have
+looked up to now and almost as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up to now and almost as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up to now and almost as a matter
+of accounting I will tell you what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounting I will tell you what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accounting I will tell you what do we
+need to fill which gaps do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fill which gaps do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fill which gaps do we need to
+fill in order to explain sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in order to explain sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in order to explain sort of the
+great dispersion we see in income per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great dispersion we see in income per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great dispersion we see in income per
+capita across the world um but before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita across the world um but before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita across the world um but before I
+do that I need to finish the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture and so let me let me do that H I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so let me let me do that H I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and so let me let me do that H I
+had shown you this table remember in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shown you this table remember in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had shown you this table remember in the
+in the complete model the model that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complete model the model that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complete model the model that has
+a a productivity growth unemployment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a productivity growth unemployment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a productivity growth unemployment and
+and and population growth um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and population growth um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and population growth um we
+concluded that imbalanced growth H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that imbalanced growth H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded that imbalanced growth H the
+following happened no uh obviously if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following happened no uh obviously if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following happened no uh obviously if we
+pick the right normalization the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the right normalization the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the right normalization the right
+normalization here was ER effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization here was ER effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization here was ER effective
+workers so that productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so that productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers so that productivity
+productivity times a population or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity times a population or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity times a population or
+workers and so if we normalize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and so if we normalize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and so if we normalize the
+variables by that H we get obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by that H we get obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables by that H we get obviously
+zero growth that's what it means to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero growth that's what it means to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero growth that's what it means to have
+a balanced growth in which all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balanced growth in which all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balanced growth in which all the
+relevant variables are growing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant variables are growing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant variables are growing at the
+same rate H so Capital per effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate H so Capital per effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rate H so Capital per effective
+worker will will be a state that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will will be a state that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will will be a state that's
+that's a diagram we plot remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a diagram we plot remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a diagram we plot remember the
+diagram we plot was output per effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we plot was output per effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we plot was output per effective
+worker against Capital per effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker against Capital per effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker against Capital per effective
+worker and that diagram has a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker and that diagram has a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker and that diagram has a steady
+state okay and that steady state at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay and that steady state at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay and that steady state at the
+steady state or the balance growth point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state or the balance growth point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state or the balance growth point
+then we have that H the normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that H the normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have that H the normalized
+variables grow at the rate of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables grow at the rate of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables grow at the rate of zero
+Capital per worker has to grow at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital per worker has to grow at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital per worker has to grow at the
+rate G GA because Capital per effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate G GA because Capital per effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate G GA because Capital per effective
+worker is not growing so Capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is not growing so Capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker is not growing so Capital per
+worker will be growing at the rate GA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will be growing at the rate GA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will be growing at the rate GA
+the same applies for output per worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same applies for output per worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same applies for output per worker
+output per effective worker is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per effective worker is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per effective worker is not
+growing that's balanced growth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing that's balanced growth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing that's balanced growth but
+therefore output per worker will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore output per worker will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore output per worker will be
+growing at the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the rate
+GA um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA um
+these are the exogenous drivers a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the exogenous drivers a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the exogenous drivers a you
+know output per worker we assume no a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know output per worker we assume no a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know output per worker we assume no a
+well sorry labor is is GA is exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sorry labor is is GA is exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sorry labor is is GA is exogenous
+in this model and so is GM population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model and so is GM population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model and so is GM population
+growth is some constant we take it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is some constant we take it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth is some constant we take it's not
+something we try to explain within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we try to explain within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we try to explain within the
+model okay but the two drivers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay but the two drivers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay but the two drivers of
+absolute growth will be GA and GN and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute growth will be GA and GN and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute growth will be GA and GN and so
+capital in the St state will be growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital in the St state will be growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital in the St state will be growing
+at the rate GA plus GN output will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate GA plus GN output will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate GA plus GN output will be
+growing at the rate GA plus GN so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the rate GA plus GN so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at the rate GA plus GN so that's
+balance grow okay now let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance grow okay now let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance grow okay now let me give you an
+example so you can do see that suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you can do see that suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you can do see that suppose
+that our production function is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our production function is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our production function is is this
+we call that the a cop Douglas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the a cop Douglas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that the a cop Douglas
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+function K to the 1 minus Alpha a n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function K to the 1 minus Alpha a n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function K to the 1 minus Alpha a n to
+the alpha does this function have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha does this function have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha does this function have
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+returns to scale yes the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale yes the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to scale yes the sum of the
+exponents is one okay anyways but so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents is one okay anyways but so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents is one okay anyways but so uh
+take the log of both sides the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the log of both sides the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the log of both sides the change in
+the log is the rate of growth and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log is the rate of growth and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log is the rate of growth and so you
+get that the rate of growth of output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the rate of growth of output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the rate of growth of output is
+equal to 1 minus Alpha the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus Alpha the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus Alpha the rate of
+growth of capital plus Alpha time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital plus Alpha time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital plus Alpha time the
+rate of growth of effective workers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of effective workers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of effective workers okay
+so in balanced growth GK will be growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in balanced growth GK will be growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in balanced growth GK will be growing
+at the rate GA plus GN and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate GA plus GN and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate GA plus GN and therefore
+output will also be growing at the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will also be growing at the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will also be growing at the rate
+GA plus GN okay so that's what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA plus GN okay so that's what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA plus GN okay so that's what you have
+in the table and if you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table and if you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table and if you want to look at
+a variable like this Capital per worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable like this Capital per worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable like this Capital per worker
+then output per worker then you you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then output per worker then you you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then output per worker then you you need
+G gy minus GN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G gy minus GN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G gy minus GN
+H so subtract the GN and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so subtract the GN and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so subtract the GN and you can
+subtract both sides then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract both sides then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract both sides then it's going to
+be equal to GA okay I subtract GM from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to GA okay I subtract GM from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to GA okay I subtract GM from
+the right hand side H this one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side H this one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side H this one and that
+one cancel and I get GA on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cancel and I get GA on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cancel and I get GA on the right
+hand side that's the way you use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side that's the way you use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side that's the way you use that
+expression to fill all this all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to fill all this all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression to fill all this all these
+blanks okay that's the that's St so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks okay that's the that's St so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks okay that's the that's St so I I
+think I stopped right before that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I stopped right before that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I stopped right before that this
+this slide or at this slide which is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide or at this slide which is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide or at this slide which is you
+know if I look at this the table GN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I look at this the table GN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I look at this the table GN is
+pretty easy to compute in most places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to compute in most places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to compute in most places
+there are places in the world where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places in the world where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places in the world where we
+sort of cannot even measure birth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cannot even measure birth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cannot even measure birth and
+death so it's difficult but in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so it's difficult but in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death so it's difficult but in most
+places H you can measure GN the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places H you can measure GN the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places H you can measure GN the rate of
+FR of population H quite accurately and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR of population H quite accurately and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FR of population H quite accurately and
+the question we have though is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we have though is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question we have though is how do we
+measure technological progress It's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure technological progress It's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure technological progress It's also
+easy to measure the growth in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to measure the growth in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to measure the growth in the stock
+of capital it's investment minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital it's investment minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital it's investment minus
+depreciation uh but how do we measure H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation uh but how do we measure H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation uh but how do we measure H
+GA no the rate of technological progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA no the rate of technological progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA no the rate of technological progress
+and uhh the first proposal on how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uhh the first proposal on how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uhh the first proposal on how to do
+it was also by Bob solo H that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also by Bob solo H that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also by Bob solo H that was a
+second contribution he had in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second contribution he had in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second contribution he had in this in
+growth Theory well it was also growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth Theory well it was also growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth Theory well it was also growth
+measurement how do we measure GA it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement how do we measure GA it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement how do we measure GA it
+turns out that the only way you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the only way you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the only way you're going
+to have output per capita growing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have output per capita growing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have output per capita growing over
+time outut person growing over time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time outut person growing over time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time outut person growing over time is
+due to GA so we might as well try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to GA so we might as well try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to GA so we might as well try to
+measure that since it's such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that since it's such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that since it's such an
+important variable for sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important variable for sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important variable for sort of the
+growth of er the growth of uh happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of er the growth of uh happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of er the growth of uh happiness
+if you get one indicator of happiness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get one indicator of happiness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get one indicator of happiness is
+output per C per worker well such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per C per worker well such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per C per worker well such an
+important driver we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important driver we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important driver we need to be able to
+measure it and and the basic idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it and and the basic idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it and and the basic idea that
+Bob solo had is is essentially something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob solo had is is essentially something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob solo had is is essentially something
+you could have taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have taken from
+1401 it's extremely simple it says ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 it's extremely simple it says ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 it's extremely simple it says ER
+there are some assumptions behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some assumptions behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some assumptions behind this
+but you know in in the basic competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know in in the basic competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know in in the basic competitive
+model you have that that um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you have that that um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model you have that that um you can
+compute the contribution of each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the contribution of each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the contribution of each each
+factor of production to to Output H by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of production to to Output H by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of production to to Output H by
+the payment it receives okay so under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment it receives okay so under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the payment it receives okay so under
+this assumption no suppose that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption no suppose that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption no suppose that that
+you're spending in workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending in workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending in workers
+$30,000 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 a
+year so that means in a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so that means in a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year so that means in a competitive
+equilibrium in the labor market and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the labor market and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the labor market and so
+on that the worker is contributing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that the worker is contributing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that the worker is contributing to
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+$30,000 okay I'm not going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 okay I'm not going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$30,000 okay I'm not going to deal with
+markups and things like that here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups and things like that here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markups and things like that here but
+that's a basic idea you can adjust all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a basic idea you can adjust all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a basic idea you can adjust all
+these formulas to include markups but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas to include markups but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas to include markups but
+let me not do that so that also tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not do that so that also tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not do that so that also tells
+you that if you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that if you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that if you increase
+um er employment by 10% you'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um er employment by 10% you'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um er employment by 10% you'll also
+going to increase output by 10% times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase output by 10% times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to increase output by 10% times
+whatever is the contribution of Labor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the contribution of Labor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the contribution of Labor to
+Output okay and that's what I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output okay and that's what I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output okay and that's what I have here
+the contribution of H to Output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of H to Output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of H to Output of
+adding workers is going to be that times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding workers is going to be that times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding workers is going to be that times
+Delta n i can divide by H by y both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta n i can divide by H by y both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta n i can divide by H by y both
+sides and here multiply and divide by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and here multiply and divide by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and here multiply and divide by n
+and I get that the the the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get that the the the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get that the the the rate of the
+the the rate of growth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate of growth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the rate of growth in
+output due to a a a rate of growth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output due to a a a rate of growth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output due to a a a rate of growth in
+employment is equal to the labor share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment is equal to the labor share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment is equal to the labor share
+that's called the labor share is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the labor share is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the labor share is the
+wage Bill W * n divided by total total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage Bill W * n divided by total total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage Bill W * n divided by total total
+uh Revenue uh sales and uh uh times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Revenue uh sales and uh uh times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Revenue uh sales and uh uh times the
+rate of growth of H population or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of H population or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of H population or
+workers is the same here so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers is the same here so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers is the same here so I'm going to
+call this GYN it's the rate of growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this GYN it's the rate of growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this GYN it's the rate of growth of
+output due to the rate of growth in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output due to the rate of growth in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output due to the rate of growth in
+population is equal to this this labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is equal to this this labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is equal to this this labor
+share which I'm going to call that Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share which I'm going to call that Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share which I'm going to call that Alpha
+times GM okay I can do exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times GM okay I can do exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times GM okay I can do exactly the same
+with capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with capital
+and you can do if you have more factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do if you have more factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do if you have more factor
+of production you can do the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production you can do the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production you can do the same for
+each factor of production so but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each factor of production so but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each factor of production so but in this
+simple example we have only two factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example we have only two factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example we have only two factors
+of production labor and capital so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production labor and capital so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of production labor and capital so I can
+do the same for Capital and I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same for Capital and I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same for Capital and I can say
+the contribution of of Capital Growth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of of Capital Growth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution of of Capital Growth to
+Output growth is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output growth is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Output growth is going to be equal to
+the capital share which is the compl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital share which is the compl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital share which is the compl of
+the labor share so it's it's total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor share so it's it's total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor share so it's it's total
+revenue minus the wage wage payment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue minus the wage wage payment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue minus the wage wage payment the
+wage Bill divided by total revenue h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage Bill divided by total revenue h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage Bill divided by total revenue h
+times the rate of growth of capital okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rate of growth of capital okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rate of growth of capital okay
+so the contribution of H to Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the contribution of H to Output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the contribution of H to Output
+growth of the rate of growth of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the rate of growth of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of the rate of growth of capital
+is is 1 minus Alpha which is the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is 1 minus Alpha which is the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is 1 minus Alpha which is the share
+of capital times uh the rate of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital times uh the rate of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital times uh the rate of growth
+of capital okay so that means if I sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital okay so that means if I sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital okay so that means if I sum
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+contribution of Labor and capital I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of Labor and capital I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of Labor and capital I have
+I I'm left with the residual which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm left with the residual which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm left with the residual which is
+whatever is the rate of growth I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the rate of growth I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the rate of growth I have in
+output I know how much I'm getting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I know how much I'm getting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output I know how much I'm getting from
+labor I know how much I'm getting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor I know how much I'm getting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor I know how much I'm getting for
+Capital if there is any difference it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital if there is any difference it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital if there is any difference it
+must be due to that thing I don't not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be due to that thing I don't not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be due to that thing I don't not
+observe which is technological progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe which is technological progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe which is technological progress
+okay that's the logic of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff go back for example to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff go back for example to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff go back for example to this
+production function I'm saying I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function I'm saying I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function I'm saying I know
+the contribution that K has to Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution that K has to Output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contribution that K has to Output
+growth I know the contribution that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth I know the contribution that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth I know the contribution that n
+has to Output growth well the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to Output growth well the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to Output growth well the only thing
+I'm missing is the contribution that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm missing is the contribution that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm missing is the contribution that a
+has to Output growth which say don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to Output growth which say don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to Output growth which say don't
+observe but I observe output growth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe but I observe output growth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe but I observe output growth I
+observe Capital Growth I observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe Capital Growth I observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe Capital Growth I observe
+employment growth so I can solve out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment growth so I can solve out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment growth so I can solve out
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+is the technological technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the technological technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the technological technological
+progress a growth okay and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress a growth okay and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress a growth okay and that's that's
+called it's called the solo residual by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it's called the solo residual by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it's called the solo residual by
+the way okay but that's the way the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way okay but that's the way the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way okay but that's the way the rate
+of growth of GA of a is measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth of GA of a is measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth of GA of a is measured the
+rate of growth of output minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of output minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of output minus the
+contribution to growth of er employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to growth of er employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to growth of er employment
+population and capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and capital
+any question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question about
+that no makees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no makees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no makees
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+somewhat okay good so anyway so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat okay good so anyway so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat okay good so anyway so there's
+a huge industry of measuring these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge industry of measuring these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge industry of measuring these kind
+of things of course uh let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things of course uh let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things of course uh let me give you
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+example h on how to use this accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example h on how to use this accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example h on how to use this accounting
+um so China 78 2017 that's an episode in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so China 78 2017 that's an episode in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so China 78 2017 that's an episode in
+which China was growing very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which China was growing very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which China was growing very very
+strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly
+ER on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER on
+average China grew at over 7% out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average China grew at over 7% out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average China grew at over 7% out
+progress over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress over
+7% now by the formula I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% now by the formula I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7% now by the formula I showed you
+before if I ask you the question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if I ask you the question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before if I ask you the question well
+what was behind that growth how much was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was behind that growth how much was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was behind that growth how much was
+a contribution of Labor how much was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contribution of Labor how much was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contribution of Labor how much was a
+contribution of capital and how much was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of capital and how much was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of capital and how much was
+a contribution of technological progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contribution of technological progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contribution of technological progress
+well there are some things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are some things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are some things we can
+measure fairly well population growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure fairly well population growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure fairly well population growth
+during this period in China was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period in China was around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this period in China was around
+1.7% per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7% per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7% per
+year there was a massive amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there was a massive amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year there was a massive amount of
+investment the Capital stock was growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment the Capital stock was growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment the Capital stock was growing
+at a rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate of
+99.2% per year and the residual you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.2% per year and the residual you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.2% per year and the residual you can
+compute it using the solo approach H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it using the solo approach H is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it using the solo approach H is
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+4.2% okay so that 7.2% is a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% okay so that 7.2% is a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2% okay so that 7.2% is a result of
+the weighted average of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weighted average of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weighted average of these three
+things okay so that's basic explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so that's basic explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so that's basic explanation
+of ER the growth in China during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ER the growth in China during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ER the growth in China during that
+that period now just looking at this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period now just looking at this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period now just looking at this not
+don't look at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at at the
+diagram what jumps immediately just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what jumps immediately just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what jumps immediately just if
+you just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part what jumps to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what jumps to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part what jumps to you
+immediately let me ask you differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately let me ask you differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately let me ask you differently
+does it look like balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growth do you think that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth do you think that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth do you think that that that's
+balanced growth that in other words do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced growth that in other words do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced growth that in other words do
+you think that China had a arrived to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that China had a arrived to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that China had a arrived to
+its state and and that growth is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its state and and that growth is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its state and and that growth is a
+result of what was happening in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of what was happening in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of what was happening in that
+stady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+no but what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but what is it that
+looks that tells you that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks that tells you that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks that tells you that that that's
+not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state balanc growth is when everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state balanc growth is when everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state balanc growth is when everything
+everything is growing at the same rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is growing at the same rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is growing at the same rate
+no everything you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no everything you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no everything you have you know
+meaning all the endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning all the endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning all the endogenous
+variables ER unnormalized are growing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables ER unnormalized are growing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables ER unnormalized are growing at
+the same at the same rate as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at the same rate as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at the same rate as the
+exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so what is it that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what is it that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so what is it that it would
+nearly jump to me here is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly jump to me here is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly jump to me here is say
+7.2% that's less than than the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2% that's less than than the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.2% that's less than than the rate of
+growth of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital
+so so I know that there Capital over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I know that there Capital over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I know that there Capital over
+output was Rising so that's not a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output was Rising so that's not a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output was Rising so that's not a state
+state I know that I can see it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I know that I can see it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I know that I can see it in a
+different way I know that in a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way I know that in a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way I know that in a steady
+state in balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in balanced
+growth the rate of growth of output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth the rate of growth of output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth the rate of growth of output and
+of capital should be the sum of the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital should be the sum of the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital should be the sum of the rate
+of growth of population plus the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth of population plus the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth of population plus the rate of
+technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+progress okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress okay that's
+5.9% but capital was growing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.9% but capital was growing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.9% but capital was growing at
+99.2% not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.2% not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.2% not
+5.9% so I do know that that's a period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.9% so I do know that that's a period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.9% so I do know that that's a period
+in which China was growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which China was growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which China was growing
+Beyond its steady state or balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond its steady state or balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond its steady state or balanced
+growth rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth rate of
+growth and I know more than that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and I know more than that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and I know more than that I know
+that the reason that was happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason that was happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reason that was happening is
+because there was more capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was more capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there was more capital
+accumulation than you would expect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation than you would expect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation than you would expect in
+the stady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stady
+state when are you likely to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state when are you likely to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state when are you likely to see a
+situation like that in which capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that in which capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that in which capital
+accumulation is faster than the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation is faster than the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation is faster than the rate of
+growth of capital in the St State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital in the St State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital in the St State and
+it's faster than the rate of growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's faster than the rate of growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's faster than the rate of growth of
+output that is that's a a period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that is that's a a period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that is that's a a period in
+which we have transitional growth been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have transitional growth been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have transitional growth been
+pulled you know growth above the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled you know growth above the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled you know growth above the state
+state growth is being pulled by capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state growth is being pulled by capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state growth is being pulled by capital
+accumulation when does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen do to mind first is economies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen do to mind first is economies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen do to mind first is economies are
+like transitioning from command market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transitioning from command market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like transitioning from command market
+economies I believe and also the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies I believe and also the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies I believe and also the second
+thing that comes to mind is potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes to mind is potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that comes to mind is potentially
+um um countries recovering from like War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um countries recovering from like War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um countries recovering from like War
+periods okay that's a deep deep deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods okay that's a deep deep deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods okay that's a deep deep deep
+answer I wanted something simpler which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I wanted something simpler which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I wanted something simpler which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what I I want to say so the economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I want to say so the economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I I want to say so the economy is
+not in a state state that's clear but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a state state that's clear but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a state state that's clear but
+what do we also know we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we also know we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we also know we know that the
+Capital stock is below its stady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital stock is below its stady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital stock is below its stady state
+level and that could be as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and that could be as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and that could be as a result of
+of the the things you described you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the things you described you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the things you described you had
+a war so your Capital stock was wiped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war so your Capital stock was wiped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war so your Capital stock was wiped
+out or H you had a period in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or H you had a period in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or H you had a period in which
+saving rate was very low and now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate was very low and now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate was very low and now you're
+going to high saving rate episode with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to high saving rate episode with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to high saving rate episode with
+that a lot of that is what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of that is what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of that is what happened in
+in souis Asia in particular actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in souis Asia in particular actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in souis Asia in particular actually was
+a fast increase in the rate of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast increase in the rate of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fast increase in the rate of in the
+say a sharp rise in this in the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a sharp rise in this in the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a sharp rise in this in the saving
+rate but the bottom what I so what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate but the bottom what I so what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate but the bottom what I so what I had
+in mind is for one of these reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is for one of these reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is for one of these reasons
+that's a situation where the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a situation where the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a situation where the initial
+Capital stock was below the stady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital stock was below the stady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital stock was below the stady state
+and so you have a period of transitional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a period of transitional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you have a period of transitional
+growth in which investment rate is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in which investment rate is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth in which investment rate is more
+than you need to do to maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need to do to maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need to do to maintain the
+stock of capital per effective worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of capital per effective worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of capital per effective worker
+know there's a positive gap between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a positive gap between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a positive gap between the
+the green line and the and and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line and the and and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green line and the and and the and
+the red line and that's what leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line and that's what leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line and that's what leads you
+transitional growth until you reach a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth until you reach a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth until you reach a c
+state if things do not change meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if things do not change meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state if things do not change meaning
+population growth remain the same as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth remain the same as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population growth remain the same as in
+that period and the and the the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period and the and the the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that period and the and the the rate of
+technological progress Remains the Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress Remains the Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress Remains the Same
+As in that period we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As in that period we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As in that period we know that the
+balanced growth rate of China is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced growth rate of China is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced growth rate of China is
+5.9%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.9%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.9%
+okay it's 5.9 because it's 07 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's 5.9 because it's 07 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's 5.9 because it's 07 plus
+0.42 now so so that 7.2% average there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.42 now so so that 7.2% average there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.42 now so so that 7.2% average there
+you're likely to see it and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to see it and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to see it and actually
+there's an average that has numbers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an average that has numbers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an average that has numbers like
+15 % very early on H to close to 6% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 % very early on H to close to 6% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 % very early on H to close to 6% or
+so on the last stage H so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the last stage H so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the last stage H so that's that's
+would be a stady state now that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a stady state now that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a stady state now that I think
+is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an
+overestimate because H uh we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate because H uh we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overestimate because H uh we know the
+rate of population growth is declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of population growth is declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of population growth is declining
+very rapidly in China it's turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly in China it's turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapidly in China it's turning
+negative okay so so so for the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so so so for the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so so so for the rate of
+growth of output China is going to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of output China is going to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of output China is going to is
+unless there's a big change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's a big change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there's a big change in
+technological progress in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress in the process of
+technological progress it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress it's going to be
+pretty difficult for China to grow a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty difficult for China to grow a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty difficult for China to grow a lot
+more than 5% I think going forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5% I think going forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5% I think going forward and
+that creates some problems but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates some problems but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates some problems but but
+that's what it is that's what this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is that's what this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is that's what this model
+tells you you need to change something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you need to change something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you you need to change something
+and the things you can change in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things you can change in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things you can change in this
+model are what well you could induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model are what well you could induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model are what well you could induce
+higher saving rate you would get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher saving rate you would get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher saving rate you would get more
+transitional growth out of that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth out of that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth out of that more
+capital accumulation that's costly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital accumulation that's costly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital accumulation that's costly that
+means less consumption and so on H or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means less consumption and so on H or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means less consumption and so on H or it
+could be some technological breakthrough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some technological breakthrough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some technological breakthrough
+but that's a probably would affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a probably would affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a probably would affect the
+whole world in any event but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world in any event but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole world in any event but that's the
+kind of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things you
+okay good so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that's that's
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+so is is the models we have developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is is the models we have developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is is the models we have developed
+here sort of are quite good to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sort of are quite good to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sort of are quite good to explain
+you know uh catching up processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh catching up processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh catching up processes
+catching up growth and and and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up growth and and and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up growth and and and to
+understand what are the where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what are the where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what are the where are
+economies converging o over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies converging o over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies converging o over
+time what I want to next is I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what I want to next is I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what I want to next is I I want to
+end up trying to explain remember one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up trying to explain remember one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up trying to explain remember one of
+the plots I showed you very early on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plots I showed you very early on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plots I showed you very early on is
+that there's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's great
+dispersion H in income per per person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion H in income per per person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion H in income per per person
+per capita across the world and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita across the world and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita across the world and also
+some countries are sort of not catching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries are sort of not catching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries are sort of not catching
+up and which is especially in Africa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and which is especially in Africa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and which is especially in Africa and
+so on and I want to try to understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and I want to try to understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and I want to try to understand so
+people have put lots of effort in trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have put lots of effort in trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have put lots of effort in trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+understand why do we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why do we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why do we have these
+differences and so I'm going to expand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and so I'm going to expand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and so I'm going to expand a
+little bit the model we have H to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the model we have H to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the model we have H to show
+you few things people have explored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you few things people have explored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you few things people have explored and
+and then I'm going to conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to conclude that
+those things that people have explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that people have explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that people have explored
+sort of can't explain it either and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can't explain it either and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can't explain it either and then
+as I'm going to go back sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm going to go back sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm going to go back sort of to
+growth accounting so sort of thing I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth accounting so sort of thing I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth accounting so sort of thing I did
+for China there and try to explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for China there and try to explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for China there and try to explain what
+what what seems to be ER behind all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what seems to be ER behind all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what seems to be ER behind all
+these big disparities we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big disparities we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these big disparities we have in the
+world so the first thing I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so the first thing I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so the first thing I'm going to do
+is just it's useful as an exercise even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just it's useful as an exercise even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just it's useful as an exercise even
+I'm going to start with h I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start with h I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start with h I'm going to
+modify the the solo mod a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the the solo mod a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the the solo mod a little bit so
+this is like the production function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the production function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the production function I
+showed you before but rather than having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before but rather than having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before but rather than having
+n here I'm going to have H and H is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here I'm going to have H and H is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n here I'm going to have H and H is just
+n our old n population labor for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n our old n population labor for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n our old n population labor for there
+but a scale up by this human capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a scale up by this human capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a scale up by this human capital
+Factor okay so what this says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay so what this says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay so what this says is that
+that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human
+capital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is
+really is the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is the population
+times something that controls for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something that controls for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something that controls for the
+level of schooling of that population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of schooling of that population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of schooling of that population
+okay so a big candidate for difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a big candidate for difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a big candidate for difference
+across the world is that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world is that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world is that you know that
+certain populations are far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain populations are far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain populations are far more
+educated than others so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated than others so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated than others so so
+this does exactly that s is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does exactly that s is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does exactly that s is an
+increasing function of the numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of the numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing function of the numbers of
+years of schooling and there is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling and there is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling and there is a big
+micro evidence literature trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro evidence literature trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro evidence literature trying to
+estimate what is the value of thats what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what is the value of thats what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what is the value of thats what
+is the value of an extra unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of an extra unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of an extra unit of
+schooling for a human capital and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling for a human capital and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling for a human capital and so on
+and sort of the estimate depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the estimate depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of the estimate depends on what
+kind of a schooling are we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a schooling are we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a schooling are we talking about
+is primary secondary thary whatever but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primary secondary thary whatever but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is primary secondary thary whatever but
+on average that's a number around 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average that's a number around 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average that's a number around 0.1
+okay so one extra year of schooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one extra year of schooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one extra year of schooling
+raises sort of human capital by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises sort of human capital by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises sort of human capital by about
+10% so the whole population increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% so the whole population increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% so the whole population increases
+the average by one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average by one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average by one year
+year um that adds about 10% to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um that adds about 10% to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year um that adds about 10% to human
+capital so is as if you had increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so is as if you had increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so is as if you had increased
+population by 10% so it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by 10% so it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population by 10% so it makes a
+difference now is it's pretty hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now is it's pretty hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference now is it's pretty hard to
+raise for a country one year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise for a country one year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise for a country one year of
+schooling for the average takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling for the average takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling for the average takes a lot of
+time but when you look in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but when you look in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but when you look in the
+crosssection there's huge difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection there's huge difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection there's huge difference
+across the world between numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world between numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world between numbers of
+years of schooling and that accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling and that accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling and that accounts for
+a big part of the difference in income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big part of the difference in income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big part of the difference in income
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+capita anyways so let me um do a balanc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita anyways so let me um do a balanc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita anyways so let me um do a balanc
+growth exercise with this this expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth exercise with this this expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth exercise with this this expanded
+Model H and see how far we can get so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model H and see how far we can get so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Model H and see how far we can get so so
+the first thing I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I'm going to do is I'm
+going to normalize everything by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to normalize everything by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to normalize everything by
+effective work sorry by workers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective work sorry by workers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective work sorry by workers okay so
+I'm going to divide every all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide every all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide every all the
+variables I'm going to show you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'm going to show you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I'm going to show you are
+going to be divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be divided by
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+now notice that I'm dividing by n not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that I'm dividing by n not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that I'm dividing by n not by
+a * n or a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * n or a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * n or a *
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+or so so there's a difference with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so so there's a difference with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so so there's a difference with the
+previous analysis and I I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous analysis and I I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous analysis and I I can always
+divide and the model we had I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and the model we had I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and the model we had I can always
+divide by whatever I want all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by whatever I want all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by whatever I want all my
+variables I divided by effective workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I divided by effective workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I divided by effective workers
+because I wanted to have a diagram where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to have a diagram where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I wanted to have a diagram where
+the curves were not moving around but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves were not moving around but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curves were not moving around but I
+can divide by whatever I want and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide by whatever I want and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide by whatever I want and and
+and I will divide by different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will divide by different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will divide by different things
+depending on the analysis I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the analysis I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the analysis I want to
+conduct now I know that once I divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct now I know that once I divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct now I know that once I divide by
+population only not by a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population only not by a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population only not by a times
+population and education perhaps H I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and education perhaps H I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and education perhaps H I
+cannot draw my previous diagram the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot draw my previous diagram the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot draw my previous diagram the the
+diagram with the saving uh output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram with the saving uh output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram with the saving uh output per
+per effect per worker and so on because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per effect per worker and so on because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per effect per worker and so on because
+those curves are going to be moving so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves are going to be moving so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those curves are going to be moving so
+it's not very friendly but I can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very friendly but I can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very friendly but I can divide
+by whatever I want and I had I'm I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by whatever I want and I had I'm I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by whatever I want and I had I'm I want
+to divide here by just population so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide here by just population so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide here by just population so
+little H will be simply a big H divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little H will be simply a big H divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little H will be simply a big H divided
+by n okay remember that big H was just e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n okay remember that big H was just e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n okay remember that big H was just e
+to U time n so that's that output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U time n so that's that output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U time n so that's that output per
+worker will be just the will be K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will be just the will be K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker will be just the will be K
+Capital divided by n and here is Big H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital divided by n and here is Big H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital divided by n and here is Big H
+divided by n which is little H okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n which is little H okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n which is little H okay so
+all this now is measured as output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this now is measured as output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this now is measured as output per
+worker or per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker or per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker or per
+population per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population per
+person now remember what I can do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person now remember what I can do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person now remember what I can do here
+is then I know that the rate of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then I know that the rate of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then I know that the rate of growth
+of output per person is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output per person is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output per person is going to be
+equal to 1 minus Alpha times the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus Alpha times the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus Alpha times the rate of
+growth of capital per person plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital per person plus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of capital per person plus Alpha
+time the rate of growth of a Time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the rate of growth of a Time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the rate of growth of a Time the
+rate of growth of age in which age is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of age in which age is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth of age in which age is is
+this H years of schooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H years of schooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this H years of schooling
+transformation okay now if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay now if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation okay now if you think
+about the steady state H it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the steady state H it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the steady state H it doesn't make
+any sense that GH at some point will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense that GH at some point will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense that GH at some point will
+become zero I mean we can increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become zero I mean we can increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become zero I mean we can increase
+education but at some point we cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but at some point we cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but at some point we cannot be
+all going to you know 150 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to you know 150 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to you know 150 years of
+education so that is unlike capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so that is unlike capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so that is unlike capital and
+things like that you can increase for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you can increase for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that you can increase for a
+while education but but at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while education but but at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while education but but at some point
+there's a limit I mean you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit I mean you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limit I mean you're not going
+to do a post post post post PhD blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a post post post post PhD blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a post post post post PhD blah
+blah blah okay so in the stady state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah okay so in the stady state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah okay so in the stady state we
+know that eventually in the long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that eventually in the long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that eventually in the long run
+this GH is equal to zero so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GH is equal to zero so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this GH is equal to zero so this this
+economy we expanded to include years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we expanded to include years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy we expanded to include years of
+schooling has the same sort of balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling has the same sort of balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling has the same sort of balanced
+growth characteristics of the economy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth characteristics of the economy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth characteristics of the economy I
+just showed you before okay so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you before okay so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you before okay so that that
+in that economy Capital per person will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that economy Capital per person will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that economy Capital per person will
+grow at the rate GA and output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow at the rate GA and output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow at the rate GA and output per
+person will grow at the rate GA output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will grow at the rate GA output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person will grow at the rate GA output
+will grow at the rate GA plus GN so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow at the rate GA plus GN so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will grow at the rate GA plus GN so
+exactly the same as we had before not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as we had before not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as we had before not
+not not so up to now adding human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not so up to now adding human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not so up to now adding human
+capital doesn't change our conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital doesn't change our conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital doesn't change our conclusions
+about balanced growth it will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about balanced growth it will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about balanced growth it will change
+some conclusions that are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conclusions that are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some conclusions that are important
+that's the reason I'm introducing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I'm introducing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason I'm introducing this
+variable but doesn't change this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but doesn't change this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but doesn't change this this
+conclusion so this model which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so this model which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion so this model which is a
+little expansion of the previous model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little expansion of the previous model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little expansion of the previous model
+we had has the same balanced growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had has the same balanced growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had has the same balanced growth
+characteristics as the model I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics as the model I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics as the model I show you
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so let me do a little bit of algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do a little bit of algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do a little bit of algebra
+with it h so from the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it h so from the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it h so from the capital
+accumulation equation I know that so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation equation I know that so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation equation I know that so let
+me remember the capital accumulation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remember the capital accumulation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remember the capital accumulation now
+written in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in in
+per in per per person will be H you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per in per per person will be H you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per in per per person will be H you
+know KT + one this is remember little K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know KT + one this is remember little K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know KT + one this is remember little K
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+KT equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s * y
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+minus Delta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta plus
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+t wait why do I have a Delta plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t wait why do I have a Delta plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t wait why do I have a Delta plus n
+minus plus GA there remember that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus GA there remember that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus plus GA there remember that in the
+previous mod I have a Delta plus n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous mod I have a Delta plus n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous mod I have a Delta plus n plus
+GA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there did I make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually this is a useful exercise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you remember they had a Delta plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you remember they had a Delta plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you remember they had a Delta plus n
+plus plus G there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus G there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus G there
+no what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what's
+wrong I just told you that this economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I just told you that this economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I just told you that this economy
+at least in balanced growth is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in balanced growth is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in balanced growth is exactly
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same so you make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no the reason I had the ga there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the reason I had the ga there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the reason I had the ga there is
+because I was looking at the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was looking at the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was looking at the change in
+capital per effective worker I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per effective worker I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per effective worker I'm looking
+now at the change in capital per worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the change in capital per worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the change in capital per worker
+not per effective worker so I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not per effective worker so I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not per effective worker so I don't have
+that a in the denominator so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a in the denominator so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a in the denominator so I don't
+need to account for the rate of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to account for the rate of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to account for the rate of growth
+of the denominator due to an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominator due to an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the denominator due to an increase in
+technology I don't need that so but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I don't need that so but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I don't need that so but I
+that also means well and and so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also means well and and so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also means well and and so what I
+can do is you know divide both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KT and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the rate of growth of K no is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of growth of K no is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate of growth of K no is the
+rate of growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K but in a steady state the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but in a steady state the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but in a steady state the rate of
+growth of K Capital per worker is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of K Capital per worker is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of K Capital per worker is equal
+to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GA is the rate of growth of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA is the rate of growth of Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA is the rate of growth of Technology
+that's the so this in a state state this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the so this in a state state this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the so this in a state state this
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+okay and so what I wrote there is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what I wrote there is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what I wrote there is I
+think should be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think should be exactly
+that is it yes good okay that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it yes good okay that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it yes good okay that's what I
+did and what did I do why did I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and what did I do why did I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and what did I do why did I do this
+for well because now I can you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well because now I can you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well because now I can you know you
+know that I can know I can measure Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I can know I can measure Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I can know I can measure Delta
+Del Delta is a yeah I can measure Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del Delta is a yeah I can measure Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del Delta is a yeah I can measure Delta
+I can measure n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can measure n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can measure n
+h um and I can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h um and I can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h um and I can measure
+GA so this implies that I can solve out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA so this implies that I can solve out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA so this implies that I can solve out
+in a steady state for what is the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a steady state for what is the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a steady state for what is the level
+of capital per ER effective worker okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital per ER effective worker okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital per ER effective worker okay
+that I can solve from this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can solve from this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can solve from this equation and
+it's equal to this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to this expression here
+notice a few interesting things here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a few interesting things here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a few interesting things here is
+capital per effective worker each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per effective worker each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital per effective worker each of
+them is divided by n so I can also look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is divided by n so I can also look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is divided by n so I can also look
+at Big K over a times big h no h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Big K over a times big h no h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Big K over a times big h no h is
+increasing in the saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in the saving
+rate that you already had in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that you already had in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that you already had in the model
+we discussed before if the saving rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed before if the saving rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed before if the saving rate
+is higher then the you're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher then the you're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher then the you're going to end
+up with a higher Capital ER perir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a higher Capital ER perir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a higher Capital ER perir
+effective worker ratio in yesterday's St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective worker ratio in yesterday's St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective worker ratio in yesterday's St
+is decreasing in population growth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decreasing in population growth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decreasing in population growth you
+all these things you already saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things you already saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things you already saw before
+okay so now that I have this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that I have this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that I have this expression
+for K Over H I can go back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K Over H I can go back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K Over H I can go back to my
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+function to this and sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to this and sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to this and sticking
+there this this value and I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this this value and I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this this value and I get that
+output at time T once you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at time T once you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at time T once you're in the
+balance growth path is equal to a t time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance growth path is equal to a t time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance growth path is equal to a t time
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+time K over a h to 1us Alpha just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time K over a h to 1us Alpha just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time K over a h to 1us Alpha just just
+solve for that and the point being is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for that and the point being is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for that and the point being is
+that now I can write this as YT is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I can write this as YT is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I can write this as YT is equal
+to a times e to so human capital times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a times e to so human capital times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a times e to so human capital times
+this expression here so human the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here so human the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here so human the point
+is human capital doesn't affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is human capital doesn't affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is human capital doesn't affect the
+stady state growth but it does affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state growth but it does affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state growth but it does affect
+the income per capita that you have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income per capita that you have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income per capita that you have have
+and it makes a big difference I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes a big difference I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it makes a big difference I'll show
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when people try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when people try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when people try to explain
+difference across the world they notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across the world they notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across the world they notice
+that they were missing a big component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were missing a big component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were missing a big component
+and and that big component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that big component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that big component is
+education so let's compare what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so let's compare what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so let's compare what I want
+to do next is you know I can do this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next is you know I can do this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do next is you know I can do this for
+every country in the world okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country in the world okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every country in the world okay and I
+can compare it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compare it with the
+US okay I can do this for every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US okay I can do this for every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US okay I can do this for every every
+country in the world and let's compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in the world and let's compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in the world and let's compare
+it with and I can compare it with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with and I can compare it with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with and I can compare it with any
+other country in the world but just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country in the world but just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country in the world but just you
+know let's compare it with the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's compare it with the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let's compare it with the largest
+country in the world in terms of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in the world in terms of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in the world in terms of output
+that's a us so let's let's see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a us so let's let's see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a us so let's let's see what we
+get so so I'm going to take output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so so I'm going to take output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so so I'm going to take output per
+capita in everywhere and divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita in everywhere and divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita in everywhere and divided by the
+same expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same expression for the
+US and I'm going to Define that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and I'm going to Define that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and I'm going to Define that variable
+as y i hat so for Country I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y i hat so for Country I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as y i hat so for Country I say
+Singapore okay we take output per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore okay we take output per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore okay we take output per capita
+and we divide it by output per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we divide it by output per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we divide it by output per capita
+per person in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per person in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per person in in the
+us assume big if you see is a huge if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us assume big if you see is a huge if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us assume big if you see is a huge if
+that but you can do that for you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you can do that for you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but you can do that for you know
+the US versus Singapore probably is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US versus Singapore probably is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US versus Singapore probably is not
+a crazy assumption to make H assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy assumption to make H assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy assumption to make H assume that
+they have the same rate of technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same rate of technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same rate of technological
+progress and the same technology and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and the same technology and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress and the same technology and so
+on well the same rate of technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well the same rate of technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well the same rate of technological
+progress I'm going to assume that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress I'm going to assume that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress I'm going to assume that for
+now so then this why I had a you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so then this why I had a you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so then this why I had a you can
+write this it's just a this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this it's just a this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this it's just a this for
+Singapore divided by this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore divided by this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore divided by this for the
+US it shows it turns out to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it shows it turns out to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it shows it turns out to be this
+expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so solo did something like this and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solo did something like this and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solo did something like this and said
+okay H assume that technology is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay H assume that technology is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay H assume that technology is the
+same across the world because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same across the world because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same across the world because you know
+at least for major Economist technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for major Economist technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least for major Economist technology
+sort of can be imported and and and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can be imported and and and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can be imported and and and can
+we can have the same the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have the same the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have the same the same uh
+um more or less the same technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more or less the same technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more or less the same technology
+across the world so assume that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world so assume that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world so assume that this guy
+is equal to one and that both Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one and that both Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one and that both Singapore
+and and the US have the same rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the US have the same rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the US have the same rate of
+growth okay and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth okay and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth okay and so that means
+er um that you know countries that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er um that you know countries that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er um that you know countries that have
+higher saving rate will tend to have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher saving rate will tend to have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher saving rate will tend to have we
+know that in Bal go will tend to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in Bal go will tend to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that in Bal go will tend to have
+higher output per capita so if Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher output per capita so if Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher output per capita so if Singapore
+has a higher saving rate than the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher saving rate than the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher saving rate than the US
+that will tend to give Singapore a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tend to give Singapore a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will tend to give Singapore a
+higher income per capita okay if country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher income per capita okay if country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher income per capita okay if country
+has a a higher population growth then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a higher population growth then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a a higher population growth then it
+will tend to have a lower income per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to have a lower income per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to have a lower income per
+capita and and so on so forth and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita and and so on so forth and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita and and so on so forth and so the
+question is well suppose you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well suppose you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is well suppose you make this
+Assumption of equal technology and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of equal technology and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of equal technology and take
+this take the the we can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take the the we can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this take the the we can measure the
+saving rate in different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate in different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving rate in different parts of the
+world the population rates in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the population rates in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the population rates in different
+part of the world and we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the world and we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the world and we're assuming
+that the same rate of technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same rate of technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same rate of technological
+progress everywhere how much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress everywhere how much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress everywhere how much of the
+difference we observe in income per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we observe in income per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we observe in income per
+capita across the world can be accounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita across the world can be accounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita across the world can be accounted
+by that okay so that's that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that okay so that's that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that okay so that's that was the
+first question is well suppose that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is well suppose that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is well suppose that that
+the technology is the same but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is the same but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology is the same but we
+measured all these other things saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured all these other things saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured all these other things saving
+rate population growth H common rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate population growth H common rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate population growth H common rate of
+technological progress common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological progress common
+depreciation across the world and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation across the world and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation across the world and so on
+how much can we explain of the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much can we explain of the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much can we explain of the income
+disparity and the conclusion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity and the conclusion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity and the conclusion is the
+following the conclusion of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the conclusion of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the conclusion of that
+experiment is that if that if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that if that if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is that if that if if the
+only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference
+behind PE incomes per capita were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind PE incomes per capita were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind PE incomes per capita were sort
+of years of schooling sorry a key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years of schooling sorry a key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years of schooling sorry a key thing
+that I me that I forgot to measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I me that I forgot to measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I me that I forgot to measure is
+years of schooling so know if a country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling so know if a country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling so know if a country
+has more years of schooling will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more years of schooling will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more years of schooling will tend to
+have a higher income per capita and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher income per capita and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher income per capita and so
+on so if you try to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so if you try to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so if you try to explain the
+differences in income per capita across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income per capita across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income per capita across
+the world using variables like years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world using variables like years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world using variables like years of
+schooling H difference in Saving rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling H difference in Saving rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling H difference in Saving rate
+difference in population growth and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in population growth and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in population growth and so
+on the world would be a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world would be a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world would be a lot more
+egalitarian than it actually is it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian than it actually is it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarian than it actually is it would
+look a lot more flatter okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot more flatter okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot more flatter okay so this is
+how much you can account here you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can account here you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can account here you put a
+bunch of lots of countries you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lots of countries you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lots of countries you know
+Africa and so on here and if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and so on here and if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and so on here and if you just
+stick in the in the equation their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in the in the equation their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in the in the equation their
+corresponding saving rate education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding saving rate education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding saving rate education
+levels and so on the world would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so on the world would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so on the world would be a
+lot more similar there wouldn't be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more similar there wouldn't be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more similar there wouldn't be the
+kind of disparities we see between some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disparities we see between some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disparities we see between some
+African countries and and and Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African countries and and and Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African countries and and and Singapore
+say we're talking about Singapore okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're talking about Singapore okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're talking about Singapore okay
+but the world doesn't look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world doesn't look like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world doesn't look like that
+that's the point so so if you take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point so so if you take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point so so if you take all
+these things that make a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that make a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that make a lot of sense
+education saving rate blah you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education saving rate blah you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education saving rate blah you're going
+to explain a small share of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain a small share of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain a small share of the of the
+differences in income per capita across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income per capita across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income per capita across
+the world ah sorry in this this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world ah sorry in this this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world ah sorry in this this plot
+here L is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here L is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here L is our
+n l labor is our n so this y Over N our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n l labor is our n so this y Over N our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n l labor is our n so this y Over N our
+little Y in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Y in this
+so so not so we can't get so far we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so not so we can't get so far we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so not so we can't get so far we need
+something else so what else do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so what else do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so what else do we need
+to uh to add to really explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to add to really explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to add to really explain the
+amount of disparity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of disparity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of disparity we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+well this the answer is again the solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this the answer is again the solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this the answer is again the solo
+residual it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual it turns out that the
+assumption that A's are the same across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that A's are the same across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that A's are the same across
+the world that the level and the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that the level and the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that the level and the rate of
+grows are the same around around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows are the same around around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows are the same around around the
+world is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is just
+a very bad assumption okay the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very bad assumption okay the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very bad assumption okay the level of
+Technologies are very different across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are very different across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies are very different across
+different parts of the world so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the world so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the world so the next
+step was say okay let's measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step was say okay let's measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step was say okay let's measure the
+difference in Technologies across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in Technologies across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in Technologies across the
+world and it turns out that if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it turns out that if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and it turns out that if you try
+to explain so if you go out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain so if you go out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain so if you go out there and
+you measure the level of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the level of Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the level of Technology
+across the world different places no uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world different places no uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the world different places no uh
+Zimbabwe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zimbabwe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zimbabwe
+Singapore South Korea and so on so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore South Korea and so on so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore South Korea and so on so forth
+well and then you plot that the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then you plot that the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and then you plot that the level of
+Technology the countries have visis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology the countries have visis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology the countries have visis
+their output per capita per worker you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their output per capita per worker you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their output per capita per worker you
+expain a big share of it okay so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expain a big share of it okay so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expain a big share of it okay so here is
+what you have is the relative a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is the relative a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have is the relative a so
+everything is related to the US here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is related to the US here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is related to the US here
+okay so the the a that we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the a that we measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the the a that we measure the
+level of a that we measure I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of a that we measure I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of a that we measure I don't
+remember which year was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which year was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which year was this
+19 I don't remember when it was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't matter H so if you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter H so if you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter H so if you measure the
+the relative level of technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative level of technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative level of technology in
+country ey relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country ey relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country ey relative to the
+US and then you measure the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and then you measure the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and then you measure the relative
+output per capita in that country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per capita in that country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output per capita in that country
+related to the US and forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the US and forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the US and forget about
+everything else educational so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else educational so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else educational so on so
+forth you can get a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth you can get a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth you can get a pretty good
+relationship between the two okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the two okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the two okay so
+between one one half and two third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one one half and two third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one one half and two third of
+the difference in output per worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in output per worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in output per worker
+across different countries in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different countries in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different countries in the world
+can be attributed to the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be attributed to the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be attributed to the difference in
+technology level okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology level okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology level okay so that's the
+conclusion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion that we
+have now let me revisit the the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now let me revisit the the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now let me revisit the the this
+issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of
+convergence ER and and so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence ER and and so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence ER and and so if you if you
+what you do is you take countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you take countries that
+have more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more or less the same
+a and that have more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that have more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that have more or less the same
+levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of
+education then and you look at sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education then and you look at sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education then and you look at sort of
+their their the path of their output per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their the path of their output per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their the path of their output per
+capita you get that the models we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita you get that the models we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita you get that the models we have
+been discussing here work St well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing here work St well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing here work St well okay
+so here you see that you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see that you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here you see that you know they're
+more or less growing together there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less growing together there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less growing together there are
+Wars and stuff like that here so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars and stuff like that here so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wars and stuff like that here so so
+there are great recessions and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are great recessions and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are great recessions and things
+like that but on average you see sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but on average you see sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but on average you see sort of
+the countries that that were behind sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries that that were behind sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries that that were behind sort
+of cut up and so on okay big dispers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cut up and so on okay big dispers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cut up and so on okay big dispers
+here they were all growing together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they were all growing together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they were all growing together and
+as more time passes the closer they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more time passes the closer they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as more time passes the closer they get
+to each other because you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other because you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other because you know they're
+converging these guys the US and the UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging these guys the US and the UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging these guys the US and the UK
+were already sort of very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already sort of very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were already sort of very close to the
+stady state very in 1870s while Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state very in 1870s while Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state very in 1870s while Japan
+was way behind but it was sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was way behind but it was sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was way behind but it was sort of in the
+same class of countries in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same class of countries in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same class of countries in terms of
+technology and in terms of H education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and in terms of H education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and in terms of H education
+levels and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and so
+on so it works pretty well H this is H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so it works pretty well H this is H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so it works pretty well H this is H
+for for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for more
+countries and you you plot per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and you you plot per capita
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and you you plot per capita
+income in 1870 again for countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in 1870 again for countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in 1870 again for countries that
+have similar A's and K's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar A's and K's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar A's and K's uh
+A A and H and you look at the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A A and H and you look at the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A A and H and you look at the rate of
+growth and you get exactly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and you get exactly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and you get exactly what you
+would expect countries that were further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect countries that were further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect countries that were further
+behind CAU up that's Japan very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind CAU up that's Japan very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind CAU up that's Japan very fast
+rate of growth and you get this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth and you get this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of growth and you get this very
+negative relationship okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relationship okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative relationship okay so this is
+the convergence model it works extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence model it works extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence model it works extremely
+well conditional on having the same a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well conditional on having the same a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well conditional on having the same a
+and AG so that's the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and AG so that's the contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and AG so that's the contribution of
+this lecture it tells you I already told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture it tells you I already told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture it tells you I already told
+you that this convergence model Works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this convergence model Works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this convergence model Works
+quite well the point is now that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well the point is now that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite well the point is now that it
+works very well and I had told you early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works very well and I had told you early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works very well and I had told you early
+on I think in the first lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think in the first lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I think in the first lecture on
+growth that this work very well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that this work very well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth that this work very well for
+certain kind of countries but then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of countries but then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of countries but then when
+we put all of them together there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all of them together there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all of them together there were
+some countries that were clearly off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries that were clearly off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries that were clearly off and
+they were mostly in Africa but you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were mostly in Africa but you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were mostly in Africa but you had
+countries that had low per capita income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that had low per capita income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that had low per capita income
+and they grew very little during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they grew very little during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they grew very little during that
+the sample I show you so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample I show you so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample I show you so here I'm
+refining that I'm saying okay now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining that I'm saying okay now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining that I'm saying okay now I'm
+going to tell you a little bit more what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you a little bit more what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you a little bit more what
+I mean by countries being similar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by countries being similar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by countries being similar and
+what I mean here is that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean here is that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean here is that they have
+similar A and H okay so when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar A and H okay so when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar A and H okay so when I look at
+countries that have similar A and H they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have similar A and H they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that have similar A and H they
+work the models we have discussed work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the models we have discussed work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the models we have discussed work
+extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely
+well this is over a shorter period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is over a shorter period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is over a shorter period of
+time so you have more fluctuations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you have more fluctuations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you have more fluctuations and
+more countries but still and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more countries but still and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more countries but still and you know
+you can argue that Mexico and Chile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue that Mexico and Chile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can argue that Mexico and Chile
+probably do not belong with many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do not belong with many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do not belong with many of
+these other countries but you still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other countries but you still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other countries but you still get
+this negative relationship is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative relationship is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative relationship is quite
+clear now if you don't control by A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now if you don't control by A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear now if you don't control by A and
+H you put everything together then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you put everything together then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H you put everything together then the
+plot looks like the plot I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot looks like the plot I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot looks like the plot I showed you
+earlier okay so if I control by A A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier okay so if I control by A A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier okay so if I control by A A and
+H the moles work very well if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the moles work very well if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H the moles work very well if I don't
+control for a andh then the M do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for a andh then the M do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for a andh then the M do not
+look that nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look that nice
+okay so this led to a literature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this led to a literature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this led to a literature which
+is called the conditional convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the conditional convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the conditional convergence
+literature and the idea it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and the idea it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and the idea it's almost
+accounting but the idea is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting but the idea is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting but the idea is the following
+so so the question that that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question that that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the question that that that was
+behind this literature is well why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this literature is well why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this literature is well why is it
+that we have some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some countries
+say here no that have a very low income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here no that have a very low income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here no that have a very low income
+per capita and grow very slowly that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita and grow very slowly that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per capita and grow very slowly that's a
+puzzle how can it happen that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle how can it happen that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle how can it happen that we have
+that and the the the the story but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the the the the story but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the the the the story but again
+it's more accounting than an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more accounting than an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more accounting than an explanation
+in my view is is what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view is is what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view is is what is called
+conditional convergence says for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional convergence says for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional convergence says for some
+reason probably has to be explained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason probably has to be explained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason probably has to be explained in
+terms of you know institutions political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know institutions political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of you know institutions political
+instability or whatever for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability or whatever for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability or whatever for some reason
+some countries have just lower steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries have just lower steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries have just lower steady
+state levels of Technology lower steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state levels of Technology lower steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state levels of Technology lower steady
+States because they they have lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because they they have lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States because they they have lower
+Technologies and they're stuck with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and they're stuck with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and they're stuck with
+lower Technologies and so on okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Technologies and so on okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Technologies and so on okay uh
+so so what this literature does is says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what this literature does is says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what this literature does is says
+okay let's compute the St state so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's compute the St state so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's compute the St state so let's
+accept that some countries will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that some countries will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept that some countries will have
+lower level of Technology that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level of Technology that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level of Technology that's what it
+is maybe at some point they'll flip from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe at some point they'll flip from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe at some point they'll flip from
+there but you know they have been for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you know they have been for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but you know they have been for a
+long time in in in a stock that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in in in a stock that let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in in in a stock that let's
+assume that they have have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they have have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they have have a different
+level of technology so that means let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of technology so that means let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of technology so that means let's
+compute for each country its steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for each country its steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for each country its steady
+state its own steady state using its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state its own steady state using its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state its own steady state using its own
+technology and its own level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and its own level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and its own level of
+Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so in particular this in this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in particular this in this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in particular this in this plot
+I'm going to show you er er take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you er er take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to show you er er take the
+values the value of a for 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the value of a for 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the value of a for 1970
+that's the plot I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plot I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plot I'm going to show you
+the Valu that each country had in 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Valu that each country had in 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Valu that each country had in 1970
+compute the state state level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the state state level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the state state level of output
+corresponding to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to that
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay a and over time it will be growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a and over time it will be growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a and over time it will be growing
+at GA whatever but but take the a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at GA whatever but but take the a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at GA whatever but but take the a of
+1970 compute the state value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 compute the state value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 compute the state value of
+that compare it with the current output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compare it with the current output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compare it with the current output
+over that if the current output is below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that if the current output is below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that if the current output is below
+that that means that the this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means that the this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means that the this country
+still needs to catch up have not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needs to catch up have not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still needs to catch up have not with
+respect to some Universal stady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some Universal stady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to some Universal stady state
+but with respect to its own stady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with respect to its own stady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with respect to its own stady state
+with its lower technology and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its lower technology and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its lower technology and whatever
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+then look at whether we see convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at whether we see convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at whether we see convergence
+or not and the answer is that you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and the answer is that you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and the answer is that you start
+recovering a this downward sloping curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering a this downward sloping curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering a this downward sloping curve
+so what does this say what is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this say what is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this say what is the the
+big story is telling us it's saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big story is telling us it's saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big story is telling us it's saying look
+some countries for reasons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries for reasons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries for reasons that are
+Beyond this mold just simply have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond this mold just simply have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond this mold just simply have much
+Lower State States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lower State States
+yeah they have lower Technologies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have lower Technologies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have lower Technologies they
+don't know how to use more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to use more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to use more complicated
+technology I don't know well but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I don't know well but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology I don't know well but that's
+what it is they have lower Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is they have lower Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is they have lower Technologies
+and so they have their own stady states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have their own stady states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they have their own stady states
+which can be stady states with very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be stady states with very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be stady states with very low
+levels of income per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of income per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of income per
+capita now for those countries it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita now for those countries it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita now for those countries it still
+applies and that's what this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies and that's what this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies and that's what this picture
+shows that if they are not at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that if they are not at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that if they are not at their
+state state still have lower Capital per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state state still have lower Capital per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state state still have lower Capital per
+war effect worker than they need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war effect worker than they need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war effect worker than they need to have
+in their stady state that they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their stady state that they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their stady state that they will have
+transitional growth so they will grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth so they will grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional growth so they will grow
+faster than their growth in the in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than their growth in the in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than their growth in the in in in
+in their own steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own steady
+state and that's what this picture shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that's what this picture shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that's what this picture shows
+you you know these are countries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know these are countries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know these are countries that
+that grew very little look at we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grew very little look at we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grew very little look at we have
+Japan here together with bwan I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan here together with bwan I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan here together with bwan I think
+ER and maybe Taiwan in the same in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and maybe Taiwan in the same in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and maybe Taiwan in the same in the
+same place okay so these are countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place okay so these are countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place okay so these are countries
+that still have lots of grows to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still have lots of grows to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still have lots of grows to do
+relative to their own stady State and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to their own stady State and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to their own stady State and
+they did grow a lot we know how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did grow a lot we know how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did grow a lot we know how do I
+know that well because the output I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that well because the output I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that well because the output I
+compute the output I compute relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the output I compute relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the output I compute relative to
+a steady state at the beginning of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state at the beginning of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady state at the beginning of my
+sample was much lower than one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample was much lower than one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample was much lower than one that
+means that that you're not at your St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that you're not at your St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that that you're not at your St
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+no so this variable here is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so this variable here is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so this variable here is the output
+you have at the beginning of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at the beginning of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have at the beginning of the sample
+relative to what the steady state your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what the steady state your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what the steady state your
+steady state is how do you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state is how do you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state is how do you compute the
+stady state well you input the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state well you input the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state well you input the level of
+Technology you input the saving rate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology you input the saving rate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology you input the saving rate you
+input the population growth and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the population growth and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the population growth and all
+these kind of things so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of things so you have a
+number lower than one means you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lower than one means you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number lower than one means you still
+have catching up growth to do not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have catching up growth to do not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have catching up growth to do not with
+respect to the global Universal aady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the global Universal aady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the global Universal aady
+state but with respect to your own aady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but with respect to your own aady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but with respect to your own aady
+State and when you do that you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and when you do that you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and when you do that you see that
+some countries that in the s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries that in the s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some countries that in the s in the
+total sample look like they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sample look like they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sample look like they're not
+growing and so on so forth they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and so on so forth they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and so on so forth they are
+growing they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing they're just
+growing you know relative to their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing you know relative to their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing you know relative to their own
+stady state which has little growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state which has little growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stady state which has little growth and
+it has low levels of technology and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has low levels of technology and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has low levels of technology and so
+on and so that's a conclusion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so that's a conclusion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so that's a conclusion of this
+conditional convergence literature now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional convergence literature now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional convergence literature now
+it turns out that that that the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that that that the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that that that the world
+has become very unequal also on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become very unequal also on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become very unequal also on this
+Dimension over time this this shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension over time this this shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension over time this this shows you
+the ratio of GDP per worker of the 90th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of GDP per worker of the 90th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of GDP per worker of the 90th
+percentile to the 10th percentile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile to the 10th percentile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile to the 10th percentile
+country and so you have not only big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and so you have not only big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and so you have not only big
+difference in technology across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in technology across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in technology across the
+world but also you have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but also you have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but also you have very different
+rates of growth in techn technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of growth in techn technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of growth in techn technology
+across different countries on the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different countries on the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different countries on the world
+so this difference is sort of increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this difference is sort of increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this difference is sort of increasing
+quite dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite dramatically
+okay I don't know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know what happened
+here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I mean I'm saying so the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean I'm saying so the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean I'm saying so the world
+started with with count this is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with with count this is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with with count this is telling
+you it started with countries that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it started with countries that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it started with countries that you
+know were richer than others and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know were richer than others and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know were richer than others and that
+distance has been rising over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance has been rising over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance has been rising over
+time but sort of towards the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but sort of towards the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but sort of towards the end we
+began to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I think that has a lot to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think that has a lot to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think that has a lot to do with
+China that was a poor economy that grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China that was a poor economy that grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China that was a poor economy that grew
+very fast During the period and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast During the period and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast During the period and it
+wasn't very large here so it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very large here so it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't very large here so it didn't
+matter as much but then it began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as much but then it began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter as much but then it began to
+count a lot I think I'm not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count a lot I think I'm not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count a lot I think I'm not completely
+sure that's it anyways but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's it anyways but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that's it anyways but that's the
+state of knowledge in this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of knowledge in this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of knowledge in this I mean
+obviously there's a big literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a big literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there's a big literature
+around follow of this and and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around follow of this and and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around follow of this and and very
+complex even literature but but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex even literature but but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex even literature but but there's
+we understand we know that that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand we know that that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand we know that that that we
+have a you know good ways of explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know good ways of explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know good ways of explaining
+how a country converges to its own EST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a country converges to its own EST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a country converges to its own EST
+State ER that we have very poor models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State ER that we have very poor models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State ER that we have very poor models
+certainly within economics if go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly within economics if go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly within economics if go
+to um within growth Theory per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um within growth Theory per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um within growth Theory per
+se there there a l institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se there there a l institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+se there there a l institutions and
+stuff like that explain some of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that explain some of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that explain some of that but
+we have very poor models in general H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very poor models in general H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have very poor models in general H to
+understand sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand sort of what
+gives rise to this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives rise to this big
+disparity in in the in technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity in in the in technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparity in in the in technology
+adoption and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption and so
+on so that's all that I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so that's all that I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so that's all that I want to say
+about growth the next topic is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about growth the next topic is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about growth the next topic is we're
+going to open the economy we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open the economy we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to open the economy we're going to
+go back to the type of models we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the type of models we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the type of models we had
+very early on but now in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early on but now in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early on but now in the context of
+an open economy
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iq7cPtJzgZM.txt b/iq7cPtJzgZM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c33f48addb1a86b06b090557a53c5234c541f3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iq7cPtJzgZM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+So let us explain
+what claims data is.
+
+So medical claims are generated
+when a patient visits a doctor.
+
+Medical claims include diagnosis
+code, procedures codes,
+
+as well as costs.
+
+Pharmacy claims involve drugs,
+the quantity of these drugs,
+
+the prescribing doctor, as
+well as the medication costs.
+
+Claims data are
+electronically available, they
+
+are standardized, they use
+well-established codes.
+
+However, since
+humans generate them,
+
+they are not 100% accurate.
+
+And often, under-reporting
+is common in the sense
+
+that it's a tedious job
+to record these claims,
+
+and as a result, often
+people under-report them.
+
+Also, claims for hospital
+visits can be vague.
+
+In creating a data
+set, our objective
+
+was to assess quality,
+health care quality.
+
+So we used a large health
+insurance claims database,
+
+and we randomly selected
+131 diabetes patients.
+
+The ages ranged between
+35 to 55 and the costs
+
+were in the neighborhood
+of $10,000 to $20,000.
+
+The period in which these
+claims were recorded
+
+were September 1, 2003
+to August 31, 2005.
+
+An expert physician
+reviewed the claims
+
+and wrote descriptive
+notes, like "ongoing use
+
+of narcotics"; "only on Avandia,
+not a good first choice drug";
+
+"had regular visits,
+mammogram, and immunizations";
+
+"was given home
+testing supplies".
+
+After this review,
+this expert physician
+
+rated the quality of care on a
+two-point scale, poor or good.
+
+Examples included,
+I'd say care was poor.
+
+Poorly treated diabetes.
+
+Not an eye exam, but overall
+I'd say high quality.
+
+So based on these comments,
+we extracted variables.
+
+The dependent variable
+was the quality of care.
+
+The independent variables
+involve the ongoing use
+
+of narcotics; only on Avandia,
+not a good first choice drug;
+
+had regular visits,
+mammogram, and immunizations;
+
+was given home testing supplies.
+
+Overall, the
+independent variables
+
+involved diabetes
+treatment variables,
+
+patient demographics, health
+care utilization, providers,
+
+claims, and prescriptions.
+
+The dependent variable was
+modeled as a binary variable --
+
+1 for low-quality care and
+0 for high-quality care.
+
+This is by its nature
+a categorical variable.
+
+It only takes two
+possible values.
+
+We have seen linear
+regression as a way
+
+of predicting
+continuous outcomes.
+
+Of course, we can
+utilize linear regression
+
+to predict quality of
+care here, but then we
+
+have to round the
+outcome to 0 or 1.
+
+Instead, we will
+explain in this lecture
+
+how we can use logistic
+regression, which
+
+is an extension of
+linear regression,
+
+to environments where
+the dependent variable is
+
+categorical.
+
+In our case, 0 or 1.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j-F3Sy1nxPA.txt b/j-F3Sy1nxPA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e06ee5534eafd9b15df701df54f243fb2040546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j-F3Sy1nxPA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu good evening people I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good evening people I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu good evening people I want
+to uh continue our discussion of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh continue our discussion of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh continue our discussion of the end
+of the studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studio
+era the Advent of the kind of much Freer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era the Advent of the kind of much Freer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era the Advent of the kind of much Freer
+more independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more independent
+more politically and even morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more politically and even morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more politically and even morally
+liberated movies that appear after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberated movies that appear after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberated movies that appear after the
+Hollywood dispensation has subsided uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood dispensation has subsided uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood dispensation has subsided uh
+but remember that I've also been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember that I've also been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember that I've also been
+suggesting to that even though there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting to that even though there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting to that even though there is
+there's a certain sense in which a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain sense in which a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain sense in which a kind
+of artistic Freedom was now granted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artistic Freedom was now granted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of artistic Freedom was now granted to
+directors and to and to American films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and to and to American films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors and to and to American films
+and on balance I think most view Mo most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on balance I think most view Mo most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on balance I think most view Mo most
+uh folks look most Scholars and and film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh folks look most Scholars and and film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh folks look most Scholars and and film
+Buffs looking at the 1970s would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffs looking at the 1970s would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffs looking at the 1970s would
+certainly share my sense that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly share my sense that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly share my sense that it's a
+very remarkable decade but I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very remarkable decade but I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very remarkable decade but I think they
+might also share my sense that the films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also share my sense that the films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also share my sense that the films
+had given up more than they realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had given up more than they realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had given up more than they realized
+certainly more than they were conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly more than they were conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly more than they were conscious
+of that the shift in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the shift in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the shift in the in the in the
+what we might call the media Ecology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call the media Ecology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might call the media Ecology of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+society which enabled this level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society which enabled this level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society which enabled this level of
+freedom fre for movies also carried with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom fre for movies also carried with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom fre for movies also carried with
+it a tremendous cost and remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a tremendous cost and remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a tremendous cost and remember how
+decisive the numbers are I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive the numbers are I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive the numbers are I've mentioned
+them a few times in this course at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a few times in this course at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a few times in this course at the
+height of the studio era 2third of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the studio era 2third of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the studio era 2third of the
+country is going to the movies every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is going to the movies every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is going to the movies every
+week it's an habitual experience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it's an habitual experience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it's an habitual experience for
+most Americans both adults and children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Americans both adults and children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most Americans both adults and children
+really by the time this system comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really by the time this system comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really by the time this system comes to
+an end after in this uh by the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end after in this uh by the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an end after in this uh by the time the
+movies have been as I've suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies have been as I've suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies have been as I've suggested
+several times in the course planted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in the course planted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times in the course planted by
+television as the new Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as the new Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as the new Central
+storytelling system of the society by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling system of the society by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling system of the society by
+the time that occurs at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that occurs at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that occurs at the end of the
+60s most Americans are going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s most Americans are going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s most Americans are going to the
+movies only once a once a year and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies only once a once a year and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies only once a once a year and it's
+only particular subcultures teenagers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only particular subcultures teenagers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only particular subcultures teenagers
+for example who make a regular habit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example who make a regular habit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example who make a regular habit of
+going to the movies and a good deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the movies and a good deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the movies and a good deal of
+the triviality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triviality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triviality
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+superficiality of movies of the of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficiality of movies of the of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficiality of movies of the of many
+of the box office successes of the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box office successes of the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the box office successes of the 80s
+and 90s from the American film industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90s from the American film industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 90s from the American film industry
+is a direct function of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct function of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct function of the fact that
+the audience had dwindled from the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience had dwindled from the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience had dwindled from the whole
+society to particular subsets of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society to particular subsets of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society to particular subsets of the
+society uh and the consequences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society uh and the consequences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society uh and the consequences the
+consequences for the uh nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for the uh nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for the uh nature of the
+the movie's sense of its connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie's sense of its connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie's sense of its connection to
+the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society
+are powerful are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powerful are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are powerful are
+profound well we're going to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound well we're going to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound well we're going to explore
+aspects finally our final exploration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects finally our final exploration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects finally our final exploration of
+aspects of this topic comes in tonight's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this topic comes in tonight's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of this topic comes in tonight's
+lecture and especially in the exemplary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and especially in the exemplary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and especially in the exemplary
+early 1970s film mcab and Mrs Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1970s film mcab and Mrs Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1970s film mcab and Mrs Miller
+that we're going to screen for you after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to screen for you after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to screen for you after
+my lecture I want to begin by talking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture I want to begin by talking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture I want to begin by talking a
+little bit about Robert alman's career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about Robert alman's career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about Robert alman's career
+and uh I'll actually look at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'll actually look at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I'll actually look at certain
+specific films and say a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific films and say a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific films and say a few things
+about them in a minute but first let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in a minute but first let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them in a minute but first let me
+talk about what I take to be some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what I take to be some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what I take to be some of his
+not only the only ones but some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the only ones but some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the only ones but some of his
+defining qualities as a director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining qualities as a director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining qualities as a director
+signature features of his work the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature features of his work the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature features of his work the first
+and most obvious to me is what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most obvious to me is what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most obvious to me is what we might
+call his moral skepticism he really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call his moral skepticism he really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call his moral skepticism he really is
+in some respects temperamentally an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some respects temperamentally an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some respects temperamentally an
+outsider and it's interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider and it's interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsider and it's interesting to
+speculate I think about what might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate I think about what might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate I think about what might have
+happened to Robert Alman immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Robert Alman immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to Robert Alman immensely
+gifted uh natural filmmaker had he been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted uh natural filmmaker had he been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted uh natural filmmaker had he been
+born a generation earlier and had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born a generation earlier and had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born a generation earlier and had
+actually to struggle with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to struggle with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to struggle with the
+requirements and responsibilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and responsibilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and responsibilities the
+confinements of the studio system but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinements of the studio system but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confinements of the studio system but he
+luckily for or Alman he emerges in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily for or Alman he emerges in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily for or Alman he emerges in a
+time when the tyranny of the studios and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the tyranny of the studios and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the tyranny of the studios and
+also the creative input of the studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the creative input of the studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the creative input of the studios
+has long has has has disappeared has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has long has has has disappeared has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has long has has has disappeared has
+gone away um and and and in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away um and and and in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away um and and and in that sense
+in that sense he represents a new kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense he represents a new kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense he represents a new kind
+of independent Spirit uh in film making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent Spirit uh in film making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of independent Spirit uh in film making
+and and he resembles some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he resembles some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he resembles some of the other
+directors who come of age uh at roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors who come of age uh at roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors who come of age uh at roughly
+the same time directors some of whom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time directors some of whom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time directors some of whom I
+mentioned this afternoon like Scorsese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this afternoon like Scorsese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this afternoon like Scorsese
+or Copa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Copa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Copa
+or Alan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Alan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Alan
+Pula um a second so so one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pula um a second so so one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pula um a second so so one of his
+defining qualities is a kind of moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining qualities is a kind of moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining qualities is a kind of moral
+skepticism a kind of sympathy we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism a kind of sympathy we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism a kind of sympathy we might
+call it which is connected to his what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it which is connected to his what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it which is connected to his what
+we might call his Sympathy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might call his Sympathy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might call his Sympathy for the
+marginal over and over again in alman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal over and over again in alman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal over and over again in alman's
+films we focus on either marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films we focus on either marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films we focus on either marginal
+figures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures in
+a who are part of a who are reluctantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a who are part of a who are reluctantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a who are part of a who are reluctantly
+or inadequately part of a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inadequately part of a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inadequately part of a larger
+Community um or we focus on a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um or we focus on a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community um or we focus on a community
+that itself is so dubious as a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that itself is so dubious as a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that itself is so dubious as a community
+so damaged as a community so enfeebled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so damaged as a community so enfeebled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so damaged as a community so enfeebled
+and unlike the traditional communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unlike the traditional communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unlike the traditional communities
+that it's as if the community he treats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's as if the community he treats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's as if the community he treats
+itself the Societies or groupings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the Societies or groupings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the Societies or groupings that
+he finds interesting are full of are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds interesting are full of are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he finds interesting are full of are
+also in some deep way non-traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in some deep way non-traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in some deep way non-traditional
+communities uh and in fact in mcab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities uh and in fact in mcab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities uh and in fact in mcab and
+Mrs Miller uh most of the Supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller uh most of the Supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller uh most of the Supporting
+Cast were were literally members of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cast were were literally members of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cast were were literally members of a
+commune they were members of a count of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commune they were members of a count of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commune they were members of a count of
+the counter culture uh The Ballad that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter culture uh The Ballad that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter culture uh The Ballad that
+is sung by the by by the Great ballader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sung by the by by the Great ballader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sung by the by by the Great ballader
+American singer Leonard Con in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American singer Leonard Con in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American singer Leonard Con in the
+beginning of the film would have struck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the film would have struck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the film would have struck
+knowledgeable viewers as a deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable viewers as a deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledgeable viewers as a deeply
+subversive gesture because think how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive gesture because think how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive gesture because think how
+often the Western begins with a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the Western begins with a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often the Western begins with a with
+with a with a ballad with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a ballad with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a ballad with someone
+singing b as if you know the stories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing b as if you know the stories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing b as if you know the stories of
+the West have become so mythological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West have become so mythological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West have become so mythological
+that they're part of our song tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're part of our song tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're part of our song tradition
+our musical tradition which is true as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our musical tradition which is true as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our musical tradition which is true as
+well as our narrative tradition uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as our narrative tradition uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as our narrative tradition uh and
+many many classic westerns begin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many classic westerns begin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many classic westerns begin with a
+with a with a ballot of some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a ballot of some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a ballot of some kind
+uh the Searchers has such a ballot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Searchers has such a ballot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Searchers has such a ballot in
+fact uh as I as I as I hope you noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh as I as I as I hope you noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh as I as I as I hope you noticed
+well mccab and Mrs Miller begins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mccab and Mrs Miller begins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mccab and Mrs Miller begins with
+the ballot as you'll see but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ballot as you'll see but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ballot as you'll see but it's a
+subversive ballot it's sung by a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive ballot it's sung by a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive ballot it's sung by a man
+Leonard con who's deeply associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard con who's deeply associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard con who's deeply associated with
+marijuana with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marijuana with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marijuana with the with the
+counterculture with striking out against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture with striking out against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterculture with striking out against
+Authority with writing anti-war songs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority with writing anti-war songs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority with writing anti-war songs uh
+and uh there's a kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's a kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there's a kind of of
+countercultural Ambience a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countercultural Ambience a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countercultural Ambience a kind of
+countercultural skepticism and Sympathy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countercultural skepticism and Sympathy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countercultural skepticism and Sympathy
+for the margins in nearly all of Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the margins in nearly all of Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the margins in nearly all of Robert
+alman's work uh a third quality so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's work uh a third quality so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's work uh a third quality so so
+his moral skepticism then uh could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his moral skepticism then uh could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his moral skepticism then uh could be
+said to have at least two Dimensions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to have at least two Dimensions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to have at least two Dimensions one
+is a what we might call an aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a what we might call an aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a what we might call an aesthetic
+dimension in which he is skeptical about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension in which he is skeptical about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension in which he is skeptical about
+the inherited strategies belief systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inherited strategies belief systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inherited strategies belief systems
+and even structures of earlier movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even structures of earlier movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even structures of earlier movies
+and he actually we is in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually we is in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he actually we is in that sense
+aesthetically subversive all the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically subversive all the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically subversive all the very
+subtly so as I hope you'll see see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtly so as I hope you'll see see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtly so as I hope you'll see see in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film he'll very often give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight's film he'll very often give you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film that seems on the surface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+sustain and to recreate all the classic
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+
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+conventions of the genre in which he's
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+
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+
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+working and it's only when you look a
+ 
+
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+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more closely that you realize
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although the structural elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+are there they have been perverted or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted so that so that they have in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense enacted some a kind of moral
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh migration uh and stand for virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand for in the classic genre films on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of some kind and I I think that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab and Mrs Miller demonstrates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab and Mrs Miller demonstrates this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+very dramatically although most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree the second quality of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree the second quality of his
+moral skepticism is uh would be not now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral skepticism is uh would be not now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral skepticism is uh would be not now
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to his TR to his aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to his TR to his aesthetic
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh would be more broadly associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh would be more broadly associated
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his with his with his politics with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his with his with his politics with
+his General ideological view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his General ideological view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his General ideological view of the
+world and even there especially there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and even there especially there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and even there especially there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alman styled himself a rebel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Alman styled himself a rebel uh
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+
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+even when he was successful in Hollywood
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his early in his early career when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his early in his early career when he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so Mash was a box office success in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the period of the N of the deade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the period of the N of the deade of
+1970 through 80 is probably the richest
+
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+1970 through 80 is probably the richest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 through 80 is probably the richest
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+
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+decade of alman's of alman's career uh
+ 
+
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+
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+and and and and in that time um um even
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+
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+though Alman was very
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful later he fell into disfavor
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of his career CER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of his career CER
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground in a way not either not
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+various places or making documentary
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+films other or private films that were
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not released commercially uh then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not released commercially uh then he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes he has a Resurgence later before
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+again successes involve successes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again successes involve successes at the
+box office um so so the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box office um so so the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box office um so so the the second
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+
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+aspect of his moral skepticism might be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of his moral skepticism might be
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+ align:start position:0%
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+against the Hollywood system and then
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the society now remember his subers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the society now remember his subers
+his political subversiveness comes at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his political subversiveness comes at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his political subversiveness comes at a
+time when many honorable and normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when many honorable and normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when many honorable and normal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive in some sense because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive in some sense because it was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the country was at war in a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time when the country was at war in a
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+war that many people in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war that many people in the country
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+ align:start position:0%
+thought was uh unreasonable and wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was uh unreasonable and wrong
+many people went to jail or or or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people went to jail or or or or or
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+
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+many people went to jail or or or or or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of the anti-war forces he
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical side about uh Wars in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical side about uh Wars in about
+wars of choice in foreign in foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wars of choice in foreign in foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+environments so he was both politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so he was both politically
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so he was both politically
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um culturally a skeptic and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh um culturally a skeptic and
+aesthetically a skeptic and both
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+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically a skeptic and both
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetically a skeptic and both
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities show up in his films in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities show up in his films in all
+kinds of remarkable ways uh uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of remarkable ways uh uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of remarkable ways uh uh I've
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+ align:start position:0%
+talked about how that leads to a kind of
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition of marginality and for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters who belong on the margins of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+he loved to make films often about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he loved to make films often about about
+certain kinds of uh uh human communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of uh uh human communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of uh uh human communities
+subsets of human small version of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of human small version of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of human small version of human
+society comprised entirely of Misfits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society comprised entirely of Misfits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society comprised entirely of Misfits
+and marginal characters he had a and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and marginal characters he had a and so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and he he even has a sympathy for what
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+
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+we might think of as unconventional
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think of as unconventional
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance so that you know many of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance so that you know many of the
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+ align:start position:0%
+actors and especially the secondary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and especially the secondary
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be in uh uh uh in ads for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be in uh uh uh in ads for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+grotesquery he loves the grotesque uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and he often and and and at least his
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+background characters often have a sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+background characters often have a sort
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grotesque element in them there's
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+non of the of of the of the weird and
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+matter another aspect of another thing
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining quality for Robert Alman is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining quality for Robert Alman is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially his mature films between plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and character there's a tendency in it's
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+assume a position in the foreground of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+happens next TT the sequence of events
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+those events is virtually the only
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest you have in such in in in film
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+those totally plot oriented films uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those totally plot oriented films uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those totally plot oriented films uh
+tend to have stereotyped or flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have stereotyped or flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in them but Alman even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in them but Alman even when
+he Embraces certain genre principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Embraces certain genre principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Embraces certain genre principles
+that require what looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require what looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require what looks like a
+conventional linear plot is all often
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+ align:start position:0%
+conventional linear plot is all often
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+tries to subvert the linearity of his
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+dissenting um uh nonlinear tendency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissenting um uh nonlinear tendency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissenting um uh nonlinear tendency in
+alman's work you can sense it in mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's work you can sense it in mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's work you can sense it in mcab
+and Mrs Miller although it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller although it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller although it doesn't
+emerge really totally fully until later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge really totally fully until later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge really totally fully until later
+in his career especially a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his career especially a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his career especially a little bit
+later in his career the the fullest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in his career the the fullest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in his career the the fullest
+embodiment of this non-plot principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodiment of this non-plot principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodiment of this non-plot principle of
+this preference for character over plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preference for character over plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this preference for character over plot
+I think is probably the film Nashville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is probably the film Nashville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is probably the film Nashville
+1975 uh in which you see an IM in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 uh in which you see an IM in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 uh in which you see an IM in which
+Alman displays an immense range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman displays an immense range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman displays an immense range of
+characters to us and Skips from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to us and Skips from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters to us and Skips from one
+character to another to another there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to another to another there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character to another to another there
+are certain centers of Interest they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain centers of Interest they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain centers of Interest they
+seem to have no connection to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have no connection to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to have no connection to each other
+and you sit there in the film when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sit there in the film when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sit there in the film when the
+film first came out it actually elicited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film first came out it actually elicited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film first came out it actually elicited
+a number of negative reviews from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of negative reviews from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of negative reviews from
+reviewers who were angry about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers who were angry about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers who were angry about the fact
+that it that the film took virtually its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it that the film took virtually its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it that the film took virtually its
+whole length to make clear that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole length to make clear that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole length to make clear that in fact
+there was a connection between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a connection between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a connection between these
+characters the complaint against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters the complaint against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters the complaint against the
+film was it was plotless well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was it was plotless well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film was it was plotless well that
+wasn't exactly true it wasn't plotless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't exactly true it wasn't plotless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't exactly true it wasn't plotless
+in fact all the lines of the plot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all the lines of the plot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all the lines of the plot do
+come together together toward the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together together toward the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together together toward the end of
+the film but the truth is that Alman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film but the truth is that Alman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film but the truth is that Alman is
+at least as interested in digression as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as interested in digression as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as interested in digression as
+he in as he is in linear in linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in as he is in linear in linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in as he is in linear in linear
+progression and there is a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression and there is a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progression and there is a sense in
+which his films like to pause and Savor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his films like to pause and Savor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his films like to pause and Savor
+what's going on around them and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on around them and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on around them and if you
+as you're watching mcab and Mrs Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're watching mcab and Mrs Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're watching mcab and Mrs Miller
+one of the things you might ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you might ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you might ask yourself
+what at at a certain level is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what at at a certain level is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what at at a certain level is what's the
+what's what's the through line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the through line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the through line of the
+story I mean in fact it feels when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I mean in fact it feels when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I mean in fact it feels when
+you're watching mcab and Mrs Miller as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching mcab and Mrs Miller as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching mcab and Mrs Miller as
+if it doesn't have at least conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't have at least conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't have at least conventional
+Western plot as the film goes on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western plot as the film goes on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western plot as the film goes on you
+begin to realize yes there is the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to realize yes there is the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to realize yes there is the story
+here is about the growth of this town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about the growth of this town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about the growth of this town
+it's really the it's really in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the it's really in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the it's really in that
+sense the film The the film really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the film The the film really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the film The the film really is a
+a founding myth or an ironic mocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a founding myth or an ironic mocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a founding myth or an ironic mocking
+founding myth but there's a long while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding myth but there's a long while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding myth but there's a long while
+you're watching the film you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the film you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the film you're
+interested in mcab and you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in mcab and you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in mcab and you're interested
+in some of the other minor characters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the other minor characters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some of the other minor characters in
+the town but it's hard to identify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town but it's hard to identify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town but it's hard to identify what
+the actual subject of the film is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual subject of the film is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual subject of the film is at
+first well Alman likes to leave his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well Alman likes to leave his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first well Alman likes to leave his
+audiences uh in a little bit of Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences uh in a little bit of Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences uh in a little bit of Fusion
+of that sort in words he doesn't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort in words he doesn't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort in words he doesn't like to
+he doesn't like to satisfy the narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't like to satisfy the narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't like to satisfy the narrow
+desire to have a clear linear plot uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to have a clear linear plot uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to have a clear linear plot uh he
+he prefers some principles of digression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he prefers some principles of digression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he prefers some principles of digression
+and one of the reasons that he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the reasons that he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the reasons that he does
+apart from the fact that he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the fact that he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from the fact that he wants to
+savor the experience of the world and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savor the experience of the world and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savor the experience of the world and he
+he's uh attentive to so many aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's uh attentive to so many aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's uh attentive to so many aspects of
+experience that he wants to often bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that he wants to often bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that he wants to often bring
+all of them into the film he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them into the film he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them into the film he's very
+interested in sound for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sound for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in sound for example in this
+in the in the way sound operates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the way sound operates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the way sound operates in the
+world uh and he does odd things with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh and he does odd things with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh and he does odd things with his
+sound track as you'll see in maab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound track as you'll see in maab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound track as you'll see in maab and
+Mrs Miller I'll come back to this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller I'll come back to this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller I'll come back to this in a
+minute his preoccupation then is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute his preoccupation then is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute his preoccupation then is with
+trying to create a situation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create a situation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create a situation in which
+character unfolds and he'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character unfolds and he'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character unfolds and he'll always
+sacrifice what might what what a what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice what might what what a what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrifice what might what what a what a
+more action-oriented director might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more action-oriented director might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more action-oriented director might
+think was the most important thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was the most important thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was the most important thing in
+order to explore character more fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to explore character more fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to explore character more fully
+now one one can say that one one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one one can say that one one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one one can say that one one very
+broad way of dividing narratives as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad way of dividing narratives as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad way of dividing narratives as I
+may have suggested earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have suggested earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have suggested earlier in the
+semester to you is is a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to you is is a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to you is is a distinction
+between plot driven and character-driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between plot driven and character-driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between plot driven and character-driven
+stories and one of the things one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and one of the things one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and one of the things one can
+see happening in alman's film again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see happening in alman's film again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see happening in alman's film again it's
+another marker of the fact that Alman is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another marker of the fact that Alman is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another marker of the fact that Alman is
+operating in a in a uh cinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in a in a uh cinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in a in a uh cinematic
+environment that no longer has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that no longer has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that no longer has the
+conservative aesthetic constraints that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative aesthetic constraints that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative aesthetic constraints that
+are placed upon a consensus system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placed upon a consensus system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are placed upon a consensus system so
+he's he can explore these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he can explore these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he can explore these kinds of
+possibilities more fully than than or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities more fully than than or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities more fully than than or or
+can explore them at all in fact in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explore them at all in fact in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explore them at all in fact in some
+cases he couldn't have even have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases he couldn't have even have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases he couldn't have even have looked
+down these territories look looked down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these territories look looked down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these territories look looked down
+these Pathways if he' a conventional um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways if he' a conventional um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways if he' a conventional um
+uh Studio director um so so uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Studio director um so so uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Studio director um so so uh a
+distinctive feature then of the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive feature then of the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive feature then of the way he
+works is this tension between plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is this tension between plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is this tension between plot and
+character and the and the emphasis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and the and the emphasis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and the and the emphasis that
+that Alman will almost always put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alman will almost always put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alman will almost always put on
+character the way he even subvert your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the way he even subvert your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the way he even subvert your
+interest in what is going to happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in what is going to happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in what is going to happen next
+sometime in the film and as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the film and as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime in the film and as you're
+watching mcab you might sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching mcab you might sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching mcab you might sort of think
+about that what's you don't ever feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that what's you don't ever feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that what's you don't ever feel
+that the film is flagging you always are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the film is flagging you always are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the film is flagging you always are
+interested in what happens but after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what happens but after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what happens but after a
+while you suddenly realize that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you suddenly realize that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you suddenly realize that you're
+not being carried along by the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being carried along by the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being carried along by the momentum
+of story itself in the way you are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of story itself in the way you are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of story itself in the way you are in a
+normal film or in what you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal film or in what you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal film or in what you would think
+of as a conventional film and mcab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a conventional film and mcab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a conventional film and mcab is
+only a minor version of this as I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a minor version of this as I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a minor version of this as I say
+Nashville is a much more dramatic is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville is a much more dramatic is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nashville is a much more dramatic is a
+much more dramatic instance of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more dramatic instance of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more dramatic instance of this um
+finally another distinctive not unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally another distinctive not unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally another distinctive not unique
+but distinctive feature of alman's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but distinctive feature of alman's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but distinctive feature of alman's work
+and this occurs especially uh powerfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this occurs especially uh powerfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this occurs especially uh powerfully
+as his career uh continues it's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as his career uh continues it's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as his career uh continues it's part
+it's really a kind of you can sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a kind of you can sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really a kind of you can sense it
+earlier but it actually becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but it actually becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but it actually becomes a
+dominant topic later in his career after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant topic later in his career after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant topic later in his career after
+he's very successful he has great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very successful he has great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's very successful he has great
+confidence in him by the end of his the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in him by the end of his the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence in him by the end of his the
+last decade of his life he's conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last decade of his life he's conceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last decade of his life he's conceived
+of I think as a kind of Master Movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think as a kind of Master Movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I think as a kind of Master Movie
+Maker and he finds it very easy to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maker and he finds it very easy to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maker and he finds it very easy to get
+people to appear in his films and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to appear in his films and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to appear in his films and uh
+that's where this principle comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where this principle comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where this principle comes in
+most fully he's interested in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fully he's interested in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fully he's interested in the in
+blurring the distinction between fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring the distinction between fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring the distinction between fiction
+and reality and there and and in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reality and there and and in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reality and there and and in fact in
+some of his films I think Nashville is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his films I think Nashville is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of his films I think Nashville is
+the first one in which this happens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one in which this happens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one in which this happens and
+then he he returns to this this trick or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he he returns to this this trick or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he he returns to this this trick or
+this strategy much later in his career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy much later in his career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy much later in his career
+in a whole series of films in Nashville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole series of films in Nashville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a whole series of films in Nashville
+there are some performers who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some performers who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some performers who are
+playing themselves they're not fictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing themselves they're not fictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing themselves they're not fictional
+characters uh some of some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters uh some of some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters uh some of some of them are
+famous singers and so forth and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous singers and so forth and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous singers and so forth and they
+they they appear as themselves Nashville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they appear as themselves Nashville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they appear as themselves Nashville
+is about the American Music Scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the American Music Scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the American Music Scene and
+also about the turmoil of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about the turmoil of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about the turmoil of American
+society in the 1970s uh and so many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in the 1970s uh and so many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in the 1970s uh and so many of
+the people who many of the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who many of the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who many of the people who
+appear in the film uh are playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the film uh are playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in the film uh are playing
+musicians singers and or uh songwriters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians singers and or uh songwriters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians singers and or uh songwriters
+performers uh but there are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers uh but there are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers uh but there are actually
+some real performers who are recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real performers who are recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real performers who are recognized
+by the audience because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the audience because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the audience because they're
+relatively famous who play themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively famous who play themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively famous who play themselves
+well this mingling of this or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this mingling of this or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this mingling of this or this
+blurring of the distinction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring of the distinction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring of the distinction of the
+difference between fiction and reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between fiction and reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between fiction and reality
+this this um uh mingling of fictional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this um uh mingling of fictional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this um uh mingling of fictional
+with real characters becomes a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real characters becomes a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with real characters becomes a very
+distinctive feature of alman's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive feature of alman's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive feature of alman's work
+later in his career and very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in his career and very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in his career and very quickly
+then what I'd like to do is show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'd like to do is show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'd like to do is show you a
+list of some of his films you can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of some of his films you can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of some of his films you can put
+that up now Greg um I want to say not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up now Greg um I want to say not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up now Greg um I want to say not
+something about all of them this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about all of them this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about all of them this is not
+a list a full list of his films and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list a full list of his films and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list a full list of his films and you
+can see there's a long interregnum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's a long interregnum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see there's a long interregnum of
+almost a decade where he makes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a decade where he makes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a decade where he makes some
+films I just haven't bothered to list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films I just haven't bothered to list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films I just haven't bothered to list
+them this is not a complete listing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is not a complete listing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this is not a complete listing of
+his films although I think it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his films although I think it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his films although I think it is a
+complete listing of his films made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete listing of his films made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete listing of his films made in
+the 1970s and I did that partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s and I did that partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s and I did that partly because
+I wanted you to see what a prolific and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted you to see what a prolific and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted you to see what a prolific and
+productive decade this was for Alman but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive decade this was for Alman but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive decade this was for Alman but
+also because I thought you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because I thought you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because I thought you might be
+interested in seeing how many titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing how many titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in seeing how many titles
+register with you even if you've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register with you even if you've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register with you even if you've not
+seen the films you probably have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the films you probably have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the films you probably have heard
+of some of these films because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these films because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these films because they're
+among the most Innovative and important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the most Innovative and important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the most Innovative and important
+films of the second American films of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of the second American films of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films of the second American films of
+the second half of the 20th century I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the 20th century I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second half of the 20th century I
+want to say a couple of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a couple of things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a couple of things about
+some of these films um you you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these films um you you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these films um you you've
+already seen the ending of the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen the ending of the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen the ending of the long
+goodbye and you know what a deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye and you know what a deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye and you know what a deeply
+subversive version of the detective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive version of the detective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subversive version of the detective
+genre that film is uh I want to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre that film is uh I want to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genre that film is uh I want to say a
+word about California split because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word about California split because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word about California split because in
+some ways it's a film that most fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's a film that most fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways it's a film that most fully
+embodies this principle of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies this principle of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodies this principle of being
+interested in the marginal uh California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the marginal uh California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the marginal uh California
+split is a gamblers movie and uh Elliot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split is a gamblers movie and uh Elliot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split is a gamblers movie and uh Elliot
+ghou that sort of shucking and jiving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghou that sort of shucking and jiving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghou that sort of shucking and jiving uh
+an figure of anti-heroic irony that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an figure of anti-heroic irony that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an figure of anti-heroic irony that you
+saw at the end of of uh the long goodbye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw at the end of of uh the long goodbye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw at the end of of uh the long goodbye
+is the star of California split as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the star of California split as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the star of California split as well
+and almost the entire film a large part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost the entire film a large part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost the entire film a large part
+of the film actually takes place at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film actually takes place at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film actually takes place at the
+racetrack and in gambling environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racetrack and in gambling environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racetrack and in gambling environments
+the the the climax of the film is a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the climax of the film is a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the climax of the film is a trip
+to Las Vegas where our our uh Hero has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Las Vegas where our our uh Hero has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Las Vegas where our our uh Hero has a
+tremendous run of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous run of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous run of
+luck nearly breaks the bank um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck nearly breaks the bank um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck nearly breaks the bank um and and
+uh um California split follows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um California split follows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um California split follows the
+fortunes of these two gamblers uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunes of these two gamblers uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunes of these two gamblers uh it's
+hard even fully to follow the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard even fully to follow the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard even fully to follow the the
+chronology of the film sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronology of the film sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronology of the film sometimes you
+lose sense of how many how much time has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sense of how many how much time has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sense of how many how much time has
+passed uh there are many things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed uh there are many things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed uh there are many things about
+the characters that are vague and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters that are vague and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters that are vague and and
+unclear it's also a film parenthetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear it's also a film parenthetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear it's also a film parenthetically
+show you a kind of this is a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a kind of this is a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a kind of this is a trivial
+detail but it's always struck me as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but it's always struck me as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but it's always struck me as a
+mark of of of alman's perversity every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of of of alman's perversity every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of of of alman's perversity every
+woman in the film is named Barbara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in the film is named Barbara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman in the film is named Barbara
+I I I especially noticed this because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I especially noticed this because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I especially noticed this because my
+wife is named Barbara but um it's and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife is named Barbara but um it's and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife is named Barbara but um it's and I
+think the perversity had to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the perversity had to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the perversity had to do with
+alman's idea that uh uh he I'm creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's idea that uh uh he I'm creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's idea that uh uh he I'm creating
+a kind of slice of like movie thieves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of slice of like movie thieves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of slice of like movie thieves
+like us uh is is a particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us uh is is a particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like us uh is is a particularly
+characteristic Alman Fi not only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Alman Fi not only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Alman Fi not only because
+it has a kind of plotless amorphousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a kind of plotless amorphousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a kind of plotless amorphousness
+to it when you first look at it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it when you first look at it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it when you first look at it even
+though it that it has great excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it that it has great excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it that it has great excitement
+in it and a great emphasis on character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and a great emphasis on character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and a great emphasis on character
+and a great emphasis on marginal weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a great emphasis on marginal weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a great emphasis on marginal weird
+people who sort of are not solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who sort of are not solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who sort of are not solid
+citizens in any way but it also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens in any way but it also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens in any way but it also uh
+carries another signature feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries another signature feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries another signature feature of
+alman's uh work which I did not list on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's uh work which I did not list on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's uh work which I did not list on
+on my outline and that is he was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my outline and that is he was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my outline and that is he was very
+prone to allow his actors to improvise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone to allow his actors to improvise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prone to allow his actors to improvise
+when they got in front of the camera or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they got in front of the camera or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they got in front of the camera or
+not literally when he was shooting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literally when he was shooting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not literally when he was shooting but
+they would improvise work something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would improvise work something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would improvise work something out
+he didn't work from a set script or he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't work from a set script or he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't work from a set script or he
+would allow departures from his script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow departures from his script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow departures from his script
+very that's one of very easily and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's one of very easily and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's one of very easily and
+quickly one of the reasons he loved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly one of the reasons he loved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly one of the reasons he loved to
+work with with Elliot Gould was Elliot G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with with Elliot Gould was Elliot G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with with Elliot Gould was Elliot G
+was a particularly gifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a particularly gifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a particularly gifted
+improvisational actor and and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational actor and and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisational actor and and there's a
+kind of authenticity in the performances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of authenticity in the performances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of authenticity in the performances
+in most of alman's films that partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most of alman's films that partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most of alman's films that partly
+come from the fact that he was deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the fact that he was deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the fact that he was deeply
+interested in trying to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in trying to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in trying to create an
+illusion of authenticity that was much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion of authenticity that was much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion of authenticity that was much
+more intense and much more compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intense and much more compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intense and much more compelling
+than what the traditional Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what the traditional Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what the traditional Hollywood
+movie offers he really wasn't interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie offers he really wasn't interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie offers he really wasn't interested
+in the in the uh uh fancy lighting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the uh uh fancy lighting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the uh uh fancy lighting and
+the ver and and and the very elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ver and and and the very elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ver and and and the very elaborate
+patterning uh of the Hollywood film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning uh of the Hollywood film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterning uh of the Hollywood film
+there was something he he he liked grit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something he he he liked grit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something he he he liked grit
+and dirt and and uh imperfection and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dirt and and uh imperfection and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dirt and and uh imperfection and you
+can feel these elements and uh in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel these elements and uh in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can feel these elements and uh in his
+work and you can especially feel it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you can especially feel it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you can especially feel it in
+the often in the performances of his of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the often in the performances of his of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the often in the performances of his of
+his actors who loved working the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his actors who loved working the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his actors who loved working the ones
+who liked working with them really loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who liked working with them really loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who liked working with them really loved
+it because it gave them a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it gave them a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because it gave them a significant
+creative part uh in the film itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative part uh in the film itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative part uh in the film itself so
+thieves like us as a relatively minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thieves like us as a relatively minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to Desert conventional plot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh almost in an arbitrary way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh almost in an arbitrary way
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie does is it makes you aware as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer of the of the extent to which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer of the of the extent to which uh
+a linear plot is a kind of crutch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear plot is a kind of crutch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear plot is a kind of crutch you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological and political meanings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological and political meanings of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+his movies in a way that would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you were fixated on what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you were fixated on what happens
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+next what happens next what happens next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next what happens next what happens next
+um I want to say a couple of words I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to say a couple of words I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to say a couple of words I
+I've mentioned Buffalo Bill and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned Buffalo Bill and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned Buffalo Bill and the
+Indians to you earlier and it's it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians to you earlier and it's it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians to you earlier and it's it's one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his most subversive westerns it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his most subversive westerns it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that he went back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+uh in this very creative period of his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of the genre he hadn't made made
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough fun of there aspects of he hadn't
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
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+
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+
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+destroyed all he hadn't quite ruined all
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+
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+destroyed all he hadn't quite ruined all
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+
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+
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+
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+that I'm going to refer to later when we
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+
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+that I'm going to refer to later when we
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+
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+that I have on my outline for mcab and
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+
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+that I have on my outline for mcab and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller so he wanted to return again
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller so he wanted to return again
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that of course is the film that has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that of course is the film that has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that of course is the story uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh that of course is the story uh
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+
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+about those wild west shows I spoke
+ 
+
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+about those wild west shows I spoke
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last week and it uh the episode he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatizes actually involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dramatizes actually involves a
+comical and also very disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical and also very disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical and also very disturbing
+confrontation or interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confrontation or interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between great Chief Sitting Bull and a
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+
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+drunken Buffalo Bill and an an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely corrupt drunken morally
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely corrupt drunken morally
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddled uh uh uh uh Indian hero uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muddled uh uh uh uh Indian hero uh the
+played by incidentally played by Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by incidentally played by Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by incidentally played by Paul
+Newman who had played you know upright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman who had played you know upright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman who had played you know upright
+upright Heroes uh frequently before um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright Heroes uh frequently before um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upright Heroes uh frequently before um
+and uh let me jump down a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let me jump down a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh let me jump down a little bit and
+say one word the films I've listed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one word the films I've listed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one word the films I've listed from
+88 on are are are more recent films all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+88 on are are are more recent films all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+88 on are are are more recent films all
+of them relative successes uh my view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them relative successes uh my view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them relative successes uh my view is
+that his greatest work is in the 70s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his greatest work is in the 70s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his greatest work is in the 70s but
+these later films I've listed are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these later films I've listed are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these later films I've listed are
+interesting but I wanted to say a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but I wanted to say a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but I wanted to say a word
+about Tanner and Tanner on Tanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tanner and Tanner on Tanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tanner and Tanner on Tanner
+because they show how imaginative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they show how imaginative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they show how imaginative and
+experimental he remained even in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental he remained even in his
+ 
+
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+experimental he remained even in his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+later years as a director as some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later years as a director as some of you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know Tanner is not a movie it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know Tanner is not a movie it was a
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+
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+television series and it was a very
+ 
+
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+
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+interesting television series in which
+ 
+
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+interesting television series in which
+we could see Robert Alman further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see Robert Alman further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see Robert Alman further
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this interest he had in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this interest he had in this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion between reality and fiction he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion between reality and fiction he
+uh uh uh he see I think he was he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh he see I think he was he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh he see I think he was he was
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about this in some ways he felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right about this in some ways he felt
+that partly I think he felt that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that partly I think he felt that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that partly I think he felt that uh that
+because we live in such a media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we live in such a media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we live in such a media
+saturated culture the difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated culture the difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated culture the difference and
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to exercise in our culture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to exercise in our culture this
+celebrity was always one of often one of
+
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+celebrity was always one of often one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrity was always one of often one of
+Robert alman's subplots it's a key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert alman's subplots it's a key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert alman's subplots it's a key uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in in in uh in Nashville and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in in in uh in Nashville and he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to it u in a in in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to it u in a in in a number of
+his later films as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the trick of Tanner is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the trick of Tanner is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the trick of Tanner is that it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+purports to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purports to be a
+documentary following a presidential a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary following a presidential a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentary following a presidential a
+Democratic presidential candidate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic presidential candidate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic presidential candidate in the
+Democratic primaries of what 1988 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic primaries of what 1988 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Democratic primaries of what 1988 and
+the and and he got an actor one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and he got an actor one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and and he got an actor one of his
+favorite actors he actually has a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite actors he actually has a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite actors he actually has a the
+actor this actor I think his name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor this actor I think his name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor this actor I think his name is
+Michael Murphy he has a role in mcab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Murphy he has a role in mcab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Murphy he has a role in mcab and
+Mrs Miller he's one of the he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller he's one of the he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller he's one of the he's the
+younger company representative who comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger company representative who comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger company representative who comes
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the end of the film to negotiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the end of the film to negotiate
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mcab about selling his interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mcab about selling his interest in
+the town and uh he's a wonderful actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town and uh he's a wonderful actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town and uh he's a wonderful actor
+this guy Michael Murphy and like many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy Michael Murphy and like many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy Michael Murphy and like many of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors who appear in alman's films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actors who appear in alman's films
+you have a sense if you've watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sense if you've watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a sense if you've watched
+alman's films over your over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's films over your over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's films over your over the whole
+of his career that there was a rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his career that there was a rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his career that there was a rep
+company that kept coming back to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that kept coming back to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that kept coming back to work
+with him again and again Elliot G must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him again and again Elliot G must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him again and again Elliot G must
+be in six or seven of his movies Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in six or seven of his movies Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in six or seven of his movies Michael
+Murphy in at least three or four uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy in at least three or four uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy in at least three or four uh he
+he has favorite actresses too who love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has favorite actresses too who love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has favorite actresses too who love
+to work with him I think Julie Christie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with him I think Julie Christie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with him I think Julie Christie
+is one uh the star of tonight's film uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one uh the star of tonight's film uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one uh the star of tonight's film uh
+Warren batty is another of his favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren batty is another of his favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren batty is another of his favorite
+actors although batty was such a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors although batty was such a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors although batty was such a big
+star that could generate his own films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that could generate his own films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that could generate his own films
+he didn't need Alman as much as some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't need Alman as much as some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't need Alman as much as some of
+these others um actors did uh in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these others um actors did uh in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these others um actors did uh in any
+case what what the trick of Tanner the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what what the trick of Tanner the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what what the trick of Tanner the
+strategy of Tanner the really memorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of Tanner the really memorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy of Tanner the really memorable
+thing about Tanner it was I think a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about Tanner it was I think a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about Tanner it was I think a very
+significant television event uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant television event uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant television event uh is that
+is that the fictional Tanner played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the fictional Tanner played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the fictional Tanner played by
+this guy Michael Murphy U um who and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy Michael Murphy U um who and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy Michael Murphy U um who and
+treated with complete seriousness and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with complete seriousness and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated with complete seriousness and we
+mostly saw him through the eyes of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly saw him through the eyes of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly saw him through the eyes of his
+press managers his press handlers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press managers his press handlers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press managers his press handlers so
+there was a great cynicism about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great cynicism about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a great cynicism about the
+political process uh and the gossip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political process uh and the gossip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political process uh and the gossip of
+the journalists about the presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journalists about the presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the journalists about the presidential
+cand but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cand but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cand but the
+Real Genius of Tanner was that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Genius of Tanner was that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Genius of Tanner was that we saw
+Tanner on the stump with the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner on the stump with the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner on the stump with the real
+presidential candidates and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential candidates and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential candidates and they
+cooperated the real presidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperated the real presidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperated the real presidential
+candidates cooperated in the making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates cooperated in the making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates cooperated in the making of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and there were actually scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film and there were actually scenes
+in which the fictional Tanner gets into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the fictional Tanner gets into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the fictional Tanner gets into
+a conversation with Michael Dukakis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation with Michael Dukakis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation with Michael Dukakis
+who's who's also running to be president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's also running to be president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's who's also running to be president
+there and and then there's an interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and then there's an interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and then there's an interview
+with Michael dukus in which Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Michael dukus in which Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Michael dukus in which Michael
+dukus assesses the danger that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dukus assesses the danger that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dukus assesses the danger that that
+Tanner represents to his candidacy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner represents to his candidacy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner represents to his candidacy so
+what what what when when he returned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what when when he returned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what when when he returned to
+Tanner on Tanner in 200 before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner on Tanner in 200 before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanner on Tanner in 200 before he
+elaborated this Theory now Tanner is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated this Theory now Tanner is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated this Theory now Tanner is a
+retired politician and he's helping his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired politician and he's helping his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired politician and he's helping his
+daughter who's a documentary filmmaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter who's a documentary filmmaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter who's a documentary filmmaker
+do a new political film but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a new political film but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a new political film but now it's
+about the Contemporary the the it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Contemporary the the it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Contemporary the the it was
+about the the last election about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the last election about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the last election about the
+the last or the nomination the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last or the nomination the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last or the nomination the the the
+the nomination just I guess it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nomination just I guess it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nomination just I guess it was the
+the first Bush election was what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Bush election was what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Bush election was what it was
+about and it's very interesting he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and it's very interesting he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and it's very interesting he
+brings back many of the characters well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings back many of the characters well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings back many of the characters well
+both of these texts like some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these texts like some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these texts like some of his
+other films are really preoccupied with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other films are really preoccupied with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other films are really preoccupied with
+the question of this of the Blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of this of the Blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question of this of the Blurred
+boundaries between what we between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between what we between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between what we between the
+fictional worlds we live in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictional worlds we live in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictional worlds we live in and the
+actual worlds we eat and breathe in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual worlds we eat and breathe in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual worlds we eat and breathe in uh
+and the extent to which our media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extent to which our media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extent to which our media
+saturated culture has created a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated culture has created a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturated culture has created a kind of
+virtual reality that we watch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual reality that we watch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual reality that we watch on
+television and now of course we watch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and now of course we watch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television and now of course we watch on
+our computer screens that competes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computer screens that competes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computer screens that competes with
+the actual reality we live every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual reality we live every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual reality we live every day
+well uh Alman loved playing games with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh Alman loved playing games with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh Alman loved playing games with
+that question raising questions about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question raising questions about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question raising questions about it
+and and uh the first Tanner series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the first Tanner series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh the first Tanner series is
+among other things a powerful meditation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things a powerful meditation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things a powerful meditation
+on the mendacity and the stupidity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mendacity and the stupidity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the mendacity and the stupidity of
+the political process in our country it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political process in our country it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the political process in our country it
+showed people trying to raise money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed people trying to raise money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed people trying to raise money
+candidates scrabbling to get five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates scrabbling to get five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates scrabbling to get five
+minutes in front of the uh in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in front of the uh in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in front of the uh in front of
+the news cameras just just at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news cameras just just at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news cameras just just at the moment
+when the evening news is going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the evening news is going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the evening news is going to break
+that sort of thing a very wonderfully uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing a very wonderfully uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing a very wonderfully uh
+accurate cynical account of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate cynical account of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate cynical account of American
+politics well let me turn now to mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics well let me turn now to mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics well let me turn now to mcab
+and Mrs Miller and try to concretize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller and try to concretize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller and try to concretize
+some of what I've been saying with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what I've been saying with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what I've been saying with
+specific reference to this remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reference to this remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reference to this remarkable
+film um ruin the sacred truths a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um ruin the sacred truths a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um ruin the sacred truths a line
+that I that I have plagiarized from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I have plagiarized from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I have plagiarized from the
+uh yaa literary critic and Scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yaa literary critic and Scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yaa literary critic and Scholar
+Harold Bloom who uses it to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold Bloom who uses it to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold Bloom who uses it to describe the
+Enterprise of certain Romantic Poets who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise of certain Romantic Poets who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise of certain Romantic Poets who
+were said to aim to whose aim was said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were said to aim to whose aim was said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were said to aim to whose aim was said
+in Bloom's terms uh to be to ruin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bloom's terms uh to be to ruin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Bloom's terms uh to be to ruin the
+inherited truths of the society to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited truths of the society to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited truths of the society to
+attack them to assault them and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack them to assault them and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack them to assault them and in a
+certain sense one could say that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense one could say that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense one could say that that's
+all 's ambition as well to ruin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 's ambition as well to ruin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all 's ambition as well to ruin to
+expose to undermine to to uh uh drench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose to undermine to to uh uh drench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose to undermine to to uh uh drench
+in irony uh the sacred truths that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in irony uh the sacred truths that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in irony uh the sacred truths that have
+come down to us from cinematic tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to us from cinematic tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down to us from cinematic tradition
+and maybe from our political and moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe from our political and moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe from our political and moral
+culture as well uh and we can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as well uh and we can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture as well uh and we can see this
+in many different aspects of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different aspects of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different aspects of uh of
+alman's of of alman's movie of of U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's of of alman's movie of of U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's of of alman's movie of of U of
+many of his films we feel these pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of his films we feel these pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of his films we feel these pre
+these elements but especially powerfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements but especially powerfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these elements but especially powerfully
+and especially clearly I think in mccab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially clearly I think in mccab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially clearly I think in mccab
+and Mrs Miller one might say in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller one might say in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller one might say in fact
+that the whole energy of mcab and Mrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole energy of mcab and Mrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole energy of mcab and Mrs
+Miller uh the whole energy of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller uh the whole energy of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller uh the whole energy of the film
+resides in a kind of tension or clash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides in a kind of tension or clash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides in a kind of tension or clash
+between the conventional expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the conventional expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the conventional expectations
+that we have about westerns and even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have about westerns and even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have about westerns and even the
+conventional expectations as they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional expectations as they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional expectations as they have
+been Complicated by the serious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Complicated by the serious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been Complicated by the serious and
+enlarging and already ironic westerns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarging and already ironic westerns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarging and already ironic westerns of
+the late 50s and early 60s a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 50s and early 60s a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 50s and early 60s a kind of
+tension or class between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or class between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension or class between the
+expectations we have about traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we have about traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations we have about traditional
+Western no matter how ironic they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western no matter how ironic they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western no matter how ironic they might
+have been and the gritty comical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been and the gritty comical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been and the gritty comical
+uglified and humanized reality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uglified and humanized reality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uglified and humanized reality that
+Alman actually presents us with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman actually presents us with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman actually presents us with and
+almost every element of the film has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every element of the film has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every element of the film has
+this kind of shock of recognition in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of shock of recognition in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of shock of recognition in it
+let's take the question watch watch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the question watch watch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the question watch watch for
+example how the film um how the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how the film um how the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how the film um how the film
+treats uh both the soundtrack and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats uh both the soundtrack and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats uh both the soundtrack and what
+you visually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you visually see
+um one of the thing when the film first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the thing when the film first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the thing when the film first
+came out some reviewers complained that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out some reviewers complained that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out some reviewers complained that
+they had trouble making out the dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had trouble making out the dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had trouble making out the dialogue
+and they weren't lying about this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they weren't lying about this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they weren't lying about this it's
+because when Alman takes his uh camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when Alman takes his uh camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when Alman takes his uh camera
+inside in in in inside the dingy Saloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in in in inside the dingy Saloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside in in in inside the dingy Saloon
+in which some of the action early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which some of the action early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which some of the action early in the
+film begins and to which it returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film begins and to which it returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film begins and to which it returns
+periodically as the film goes on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically as the film goes on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically as the film goes on uh
+Alman does not Tamp down the ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman does not Tamp down the ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman does not Tamp down the ambient
+noise in the bar you hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the bar you hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the bar you hear the
+conversation of other people you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation of other people you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation of other people you hear
+bodies moving you hear various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies moving you hear various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies moving you hear various kinds of
+noise and sometimes if the if the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and sometimes if the if the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and sometimes if the if the people
+who are in the foreground of the frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the foreground of the frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the foreground of the frame
+are talking in very low voices their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking in very low voices their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking in very low voices their
+voices are blotted out by the sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices are blotted out by the sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices are blotted out by the sounds
+around them and in fact alman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and in fact alman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around them and in fact alman's
+treatment of sound all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of sound all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of sound all the way through
+the film has an has a an energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film has an has a an energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film has an has a an energetic
+realism in it and it's a it's a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism in it and it's a it's a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realism in it and it's a it's a strange
+and ultimately I think very satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately I think very satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately I think very satisfying
+aspect of the film the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the film the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the film the way in which
+ultman seems to try to create a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultman seems to try to create a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultman seems to try to create a a
+grittier more accurate account of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grittier more accurate account of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grittier more accurate account of the
+way sound operates in our world I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way sound operates in our world I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way sound operates in our world I mean
+the fact is when when uh when we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is when when uh when we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact is when when uh when we're in
+in actuality and we address someone in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actuality and we address someone in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actuality and we address someone in a
+crowded room it's not quiet the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded room it's not quiet the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowded room it's not quiet the only
+thing you you can hear a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you you can hear a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you you can hear a lot of other
+Alman wants to sort of recreate that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman wants to sort of recreate that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alman wants to sort of recreate that and
+sometimes it almost seems as if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it almost seems as if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it almost seems as if that
+tendency that that digressive tendency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency that that digressive tendency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency that that digressive tendency
+that I've said is characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've said is characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've said is characteristic of
+alman's imagination uh may even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's imagination uh may even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's imagination uh may even be
+expressing itself in the way he uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing itself in the way he uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing itself in the way he uses the
+soundtrack because it's almost as if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundtrack because it's almost as if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundtrack because it's almost as if he
+the soundtrack May sometimes be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundtrack May sometimes be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soundtrack May sometimes be more
+interested in the words or sounds coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the words or sounds coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the words or sounds coming
+from the margins of the frame rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the margins of the frame rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the margins of the frame rather
+than from the center of the frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than from the center of the frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than from the center of the frame so
+there are these elements of potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these elements of potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these elements of potential
+distraction that you always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction that you always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distraction that you always have to
+contend with when you're watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend with when you're watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend with when you're watching
+alman's film uh alman's films uh um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's film uh alman's films uh um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's film uh alman's films uh um the
+same thing in a from another angle could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in a from another angle could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in a from another angle could
+also be said to be true in some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be said to be true in some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be said to be true in some degree
+of the way uh the images work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way uh the images work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way uh the images work in the
+film watch especially for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film watch especially for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film watch especially for the for the
+color palette that Alman uses he plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color palette that Alman uses he plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color palette that Alman uses he plays
+around with light and dark with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with light and dark with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with light and dark with certain
+kinds of with with a certain kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of with with a certain kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of with with a certain kind of uh
+cold uh uh uh dark damp feeling and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold uh uh uh dark damp feeling and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold uh uh uh dark damp feeling and he
+contrasts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasts that
+uh with a a a a kind of lighting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a a a a kind of lighting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a a a a kind of lighting that
+that suggests not not incredibly bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests not not incredibly bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suggests not not incredibly bright
+sunlight but a kind of nostalgic golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight but a kind of nostalgic golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight but a kind of nostalgic golden
+Sunset kind of imagery uh and and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunset kind of imagery uh and and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunset kind of imagery uh and and if you
+watch uh if you watch the film in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh if you watch the film in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch uh if you watch the film in the
+very beginning of the film one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the film one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning of the film one of the
+things that happens is that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens is that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happens is that sometimes
+this golden sort of light appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this golden sort of light appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this golden sort of light appears
+indoors and the outdoors seem gloomy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors and the outdoors seem gloomy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoors and the outdoors seem gloomy and
+dank and dark and then later in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dank and dark and then later in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dank and dark and then later in the film
+this this this uh uh division between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this uh uh division between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this uh uh division between
+light and dark uh on under goes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and dark uh on under goes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and dark uh on under goes an
+alteration and you might ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration and you might ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alteration and you might ask yourself
+why in one of the most dramatic moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in one of the most dramatic moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in one of the most dramatic moments
+toward the end of the film there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of the film there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of the film there is a a
+a group of murderers assassins sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of murderers assassins sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of murderers assassins sort of a
+ride into the town and they ride in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride into the town and they ride in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride into the town and they ride in
+accompanied by this kind of with a sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by this kind of with a sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by this kind of with a sun
+behind them accompanied by this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them accompanied by this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them accompanied by this sort of
+golden Haze that Alman has ironically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden Haze that Alman has ironically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden Haze that Alman has ironically
+associated with with comfort and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with comfort and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with comfort and and uh
+and and pleasure earlier earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and pleasure earlier earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and pleasure earlier earlier in the
+film so both in terms of the sound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so both in terms of the sound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film so both in terms of the sound and
+the image we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image we we
+we're we're we're engaged in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're engaged in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're engaged in something
+new here and maybe I also in considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new here and maybe I also in considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new here and maybe I also in considering
+the word image I should also mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word image I should also mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word image I should also mention
+alman's Montage alman's habits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's Montage alman's habits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alman's Montage alman's habits of
+editing uh he's capable of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing uh he's capable of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing uh he's capable of the most
+fluid and and uh um uh undistracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and and uh um uh undistracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid and and uh um uh undistracted
+editing if he wants to do it but he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing if he wants to do it but he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing if he wants to do it but he is
+actually F of forms of editing that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually F of forms of editing that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually F of forms of editing that are
+abrupt uh that are disconcerting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt uh that are disconcerting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt uh that are disconcerting that
+are mildly disorienting and that style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mildly disorienting and that style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mildly disorienting and that style
+is part I don't mean he does this at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part I don't mean he does this at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part I don't mean he does this at all
+moments of the film but that style I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the film but that style I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the film but that style I
+think is part or sometimes he'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is part or sometimes he'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is part or sometimes he'll use
+abrupt Cuts uh that style is part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt Cuts uh that style is part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abrupt Cuts uh that style is part of his
+uh of his art I think but it's also part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of his art I think but it's also part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of his art I think but it's also part
+of this sort of Desire not to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of Desire not to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort of Desire not to have
+things too smooth not to have things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too smooth not to have things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things too smooth not to have things too
+neat his love of the his love of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat his love of the his love of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat his love of the his love of the of
+the Apparently imperfect is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apparently imperfect is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apparently imperfect is part of
+what's is part of what's operating there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's is part of what's operating there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's is part of what's operating there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a even a third element of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even a third element of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a even a third element of what I'm
+calling his special or his new realism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling his special or his new realism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling his special or his new realism
+uh might have to do even with the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might have to do even with the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might have to do even with the way he
+treats not just the physical spaces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats not just the physical spaces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats not just the physical spaces that
+you see but even the weather watch how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see but even the weather watch how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see but even the weather watch how
+lousy the weather is in this film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy the weather is in this film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy the weather is in this film and
+how much damage it does to people what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much damage it does to people what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much damage it does to people what
+an unpleasant thing the weather actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unpleasant thing the weather actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unpleasant thing the weather actually
+is snow really matters in this film bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is snow really matters in this film bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is snow really matters in this film bad
+weather really matters in this film it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather really matters in this film it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather really matters in this film it
+affects the outcome of the plot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the outcome of the plot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the outcome of the plot in
+certain ways as you'll see so it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways as you'll see so it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways as you'll see so it so so
+this this uh this messy realism I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh this messy realism I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh this messy realism I'm
+talking about even extends to the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about even extends to the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about even extends to the way in
+which the film treats the weather as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the film treats the weather as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the film treats the weather as you
+as you'll as you'll see as the film as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll as you'll see as the film as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll as you'll see as the film as
+the film predes um the central features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film predes um the central features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film predes um the central features
+of the traditional Western the hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traditional Western the hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the traditional Western the hero
+savior figure the protagonist figure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savior figure the protagonist figure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savior figure the protagonist figure uh
+the gal from the East who is often a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gal from the East who is often a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gal from the East who is often a a
+school M Who falls in love with the hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school M Who falls in love with the hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school M Who falls in love with the hero
+uh and the idea that the Western as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the idea that the Western as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the idea that the Western as a as
+a text as I've said many times already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a text as I've said many times already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a text as I've said many times already
+is always a kind of founding story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a kind of founding story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a kind of founding story about
+the creation of a community all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of a community all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of a community all of those
+conventional structures remain in mccab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional structures remain in mccab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional structures remain in mccab
+and Mrs Miller but they're inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller but they're inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller but they're inverted
+they're weird let's take for let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're weird let's take for let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're weird let's take for let me just
+a quick example the the character played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick example the the character played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick example the the character played
+by Warren batty he's a he's he he really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Warren batty he's a he's he he really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Warren batty he's a he's he he really
+is in some sense the founder of the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense the founder of the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense the founder of the town
+uh there's a miserable mining not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a miserable mining not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a miserable mining not even a
+it's a mining camp it just has a saloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mining camp it just has a saloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mining camp it just has a saloon
+in it uh when the film opens and mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it uh when the film opens and mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it uh when the film opens and mcab
+arrives he's the great Gambler he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives he's the great Gambler he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives he's the great Gambler he's
+actually a Visionary entrepreneur in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a Visionary entrepreneur in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a Visionary entrepreneur in a
+certain way although in a very ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way although in a very ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way although in a very ironic
+sense and the story is an ironic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the story is an ironic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the story is an ironic
+entrepreneur story and a htio aler story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur story and a htio aler story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur story and a htio aler story
+this this Gambler mcab comes to town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Gambler mcab comes to town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Gambler mcab comes to town
+looks the place over gambles for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the place over gambles for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the place over gambles for a while
+with these poor with these poor slubs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these poor with these poor slubs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these poor with these poor slubs
+who are suffering on the very margins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are suffering on the very margins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are suffering on the very margins of
+civilization and then goes away and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and then goes away and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and then goes away and when
+he comes back he's bringing prostitutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes back he's bringing prostitutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes back he's bringing prostitutes
+with him this town is not built by Noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him this town is not built by Noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him this town is not built by Noble
+intentions it's built by a hormonger who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions it's built by a hormonger who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions it's built by a hormonger who
+brings a bunch of U prostitutes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a bunch of U prostitutes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings a bunch of U prostitutes into the
+town and sets up the town's first house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and sets up the town's first house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and sets up the town's first house
+of prostitution and in fact McKay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prostitution and in fact McKay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prostitution and in fact McKay
+becomes the biggest land owner and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the biggest land owner and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the biggest land owner and the
+richest man in town not be not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest man in town not be not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest man in town not be not because
+he has the entrepreneurial vision of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has the entrepreneurial vision of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has the entrepreneurial vision of an
+Andrew Carnegie although actually if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Carnegie although actually if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Carnegie although actually if we
+look closely at Andrew Carnegie's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look closely at Andrew Carnegie's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look closely at Andrew Carnegie's life
+we might find he more resembles mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might find he more resembles mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might find he more resembles mcab
+than his biographers have acknowledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than his biographers have acknowledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than his biographers have acknowledged
+right but in other words it's as if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in other words it's as if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in other words it's as if what
+M what what Alman is doing is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M what what Alman is doing is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M what what Alman is doing is he's
+telling a kind of ironic or mocking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a kind of ironic or mocking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a kind of ironic or mocking or
+anti-heroic htio algia story right and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-heroic htio algia story right and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-heroic htio algia story right and a
+and as the story unfolds something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the story unfolds something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the story unfolds something
+certain lovely things begin to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lovely things begin to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain lovely things begin to happen
+one thing that begins to happen is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that begins to happen is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that begins to happen is we
+begin to a soft or a or a or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to a soft or a or a or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to a soft or a or a or a
+vulnerable side to m to the mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable side to m to the mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable side to m to the mcab
+character and when the school M from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and when the school M from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and when the school M from the
+East figure arrives she's really from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East figure arrives she's really from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East figure arrives she's really from
+the East she's not even from the east of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East she's not even from the east of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the East she's not even from the east of
+the United States she has an English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States she has an English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States she has an English
+accent right it's Julie Christie but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent right it's Julie Christie but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent right it's Julie Christie but
+she's not a school M she's a retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not a school M she's a retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not a school M she's a retired
+ who was now who was now a manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ who was now who was now a manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ who was now who was now a manager
+of she's she she she's a she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of she's she she she's a she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of she's she she she's a she's a
+ mistress an expert in running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ mistress an expert in running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ mistress an expert in running
+ and in fact as soon as she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and in fact as soon as she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and in fact as soon as she
+arrives in town and partners with mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives in town and partners with mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives in town and partners with mcab
+mcabe really begins to make money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcabe really begins to make money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcabe really begins to make money and
+what we begin to realize is mcab really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we begin to realize is mcab really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we begin to realize is mcab really
+doesn't know what he's doing mcab had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what he's doing mcab had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know what he's doing mcab had a
+kind of vision but he doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vision but he doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of vision but he doesn't really
+even know how and there's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know how and there's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know how and there's a wonderful
+scene of over a over a over a meal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of over a over a over a meal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene of over a over a over a meal in
+which the Julie Christie character who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the Julie Christie character who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the Julie Christie character who
+wols down her food like some John Wayne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wols down her food like some John Wayne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wols down her food like some John Wayne
+character while the mcab characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character while the mcab characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character while the mcab characters
+looks very as scans at her there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very as scans at her there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very as scans at her there's a
+scene in which the Julie Christine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which the Julie Christine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which the Julie Christine in
+effect explains to mccab how little he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect explains to mccab how little he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect explains to mccab how little he
+knows about how to take care how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about how to take care how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows about how to take care how to
+manage women and then what develops is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage women and then what develops is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage women and then what develops is a
+Kind of Love Affair between mcab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind of Love Affair between mcab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind of Love Affair between mcab and
+this and this um uh prostitute uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this um uh prostitute uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this um uh prostitute uh and
+and what one begins to realize is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what one begins to realize is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what one begins to realize is first
+of all the woman is much smarter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the woman is much smarter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the woman is much smarter than
+the man and you can see her despair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man and you can see her despair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man and you can see her despair
+being generated as the story unfolds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated as the story unfolds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generated as the story unfolds and
+mcab is manipulated by other people she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab is manipulated by other people she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcab is manipulated by other people she
+knows the powerful forces that mcab will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the powerful forces that mcab will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the powerful forces that mcab will
+be up against by the end of the film and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up against by the end of the film and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be up against by the end of the film and
+she tries to discourage him and help him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tries to discourage him and help him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she tries to discourage him and help him
+but he's too caught up in his sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's too caught up in his sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's too caught up in his sort of
+Macho idea of what a man is is to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macho idea of what a man is is to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Macho idea of what a man is is to allow
+himself to see the wisdom of what she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself to see the wisdom of what she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself to see the wisdom of what she's
+saying and he's actually sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and he's actually sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and he's actually sometimes
+embarrassed by the fact that she seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed by the fact that she seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassed by the fact that she seems
+to know more than she more than he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know more than she more than he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know more than she more than he does
+uh uh well the relation between mcab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh well the relation between mcab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh well the relation between mcab and
+Mrs Miller inverts the normal love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller inverts the normal love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mrs Miller inverts the normal love
+affair relationship it shows us a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affair relationship it shows us a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affair relationship it shows us a woman
+who's stronger and smarter although also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's stronger and smarter although also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's stronger and smarter although also
+much more cynical and despairing than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more cynical and despairing than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more cynical and despairing than
+her man but McCabe's optimism and sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her man but McCabe's optimism and sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her man but McCabe's optimism and sense
+of self-confidence which he loses pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-confidence which he loses pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self-confidence which he loses pretty
+quickly uh is shown in the film to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh is shown in the film to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh is shown in the film to be a
+to be a function of his ignorance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a function of his ignorance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a function of his ignorance and
+his innocence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his innocence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his innocence
+uh so so the treatment of the love story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so the treatment of the love story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so the treatment of the love story
+and the treatment of the hero savior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treatment of the hero savior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treatment of the hero savior
+figure in the film is deeply humanizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the film is deeply humanizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in the film is deeply humanizing
+and deeply ironic they're actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeply ironic they're actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deeply ironic they're actually more
+credible psychologically complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible psychologically complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible psychologically complex
+characters these two mcab and Mrs Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters these two mcab and Mrs Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters these two mcab and Mrs Miller
+than most of their predecessors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most of their predecessors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most of their predecessors in
+earlier Western but they're also deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Western but they're also deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier Western but they're also deeply
+ironic embodiments of their much nobler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic embodiments of their much nobler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic embodiments of their much nobler
+ancestors and the same thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and the same thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and the same thing is that
+I've just been saying about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just been saying about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just been saying about about the
+hero and the heroine uh about The Love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero and the heroine uh about The Love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero and the heroine uh about The Love
+Story and the Savior story is also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story and the Savior story is also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Story and the Savior story is also true
+of the founding myth itself the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founding myth itself the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founding myth itself the name of
+this town is Presbyterian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this town is Presbyterian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this town is Presbyterian
+Church very good name isn't it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church very good name isn't it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church very good name isn't it and it
+takes its name from the steeple of An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes its name from the steeple of An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes its name from the steeple of An
+Unfinished church and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfinished church and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfinished church and I think the
+illusion to unfinished churches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion to unfinished churches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion to unfinished churches in
+earlier traditional westerns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier traditional westerns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier traditional westerns is
+certainly intentional uh it takes his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly intentional uh it takes his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly intentional uh it takes his
+name from The Unfinished from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name from The Unfinished from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name from The Unfinished from the from
+the unfinished Church in the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfinished Church in the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfinished Church in the in in the
+town and in fact as you will see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and in fact as you will see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and in fact as you will see the
+church is never finished you might watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church is never finished you might watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church is never finished you might watch
+how in the plot that works out and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in the plot that works out and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in the plot that works out and why
+it works out and what role the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works out and what role the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works out and what role the church
+and especially the minister who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the minister who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially the minister who is
+hanging out at the church plays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out at the church plays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out at the church plays in the
+outcome of the story does the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the story does the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the story does the church
+does implicitly therefore does religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does implicitly therefore does religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does implicitly therefore does religion
+play a constructive or a destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a constructive or a destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a constructive or a destructive
+role in the film I'm not giving too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the film I'm not giving too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the film I'm not giving too much
+away to tell you it's obvious it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away to tell you it's obvious it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away to tell you it's obvious it's
+obvious which answer is appropriate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which answer is appropriate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious which answer is appropriate it
+plays a destructive role just as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a destructive role just as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a destructive role just as it's
+hostile to certain political myths about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile to certain political myths about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile to certain political myths about
+the founding of the W it's West the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding of the W it's West the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding of the W it's West the film
+is also hostile to our pieties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also hostile to our pieties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also hostile to our pieties and
+complacencies about the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacencies about the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complacencies about the role of
+religious institutions in our and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious institutions in our and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious institutions in our and
+especially in the founding of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the founding of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the founding of our
+society so watch how it works itself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society so watch how it works itself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society so watch how it works itself out
+and how the U uh and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the U uh and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the U uh and how that
+traditional icon of the of of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional icon of the of of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional icon of the of of of the
+conventional Western uh has its meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Western uh has its meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Western uh has its meanings
+and it significance inverted uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it significance inverted uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it significance inverted uh and
+subverted uh in in this in this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the there's
+one crucial film conventional Western to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one crucial film conventional Western to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one crucial film conventional Western to
+which this film directly alludes I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this film directly alludes I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this film directly alludes I think
+or at least implicitly directly alludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least implicitly directly alludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least implicitly directly alludes
+uh one of it alludes to other films as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of it alludes to other films as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of it alludes to other films as
+well but there's one especially um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but there's one especially um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but there's one especially um and
+and I want to show you a show you a clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you a show you a clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you a show you a clip
+from it because it has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it because it has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it because it has its own
+distinction uh and it reminds you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh and it reminds you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh and it reminds you about
+the not only about the sort of ballad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not only about the sort of ballad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not only about the sort of ballad
+dimensions of the western but the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the western but the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the western but the but
+How stylized and and uh heroic in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How stylized and and uh heroic in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How stylized and and uh heroic in a
+certain way the conventional Western is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way the conventional Western is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way the conventional Western is
+and give it it'll be a it'll be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it it'll be a it'll be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it it'll be a it'll be a nice
+contrast with the anti-heroic qualities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with the anti-heroic qualities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with the anti-heroic qualities
+of M and Mrs Miller uh and this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M and Mrs Miller uh and this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M and Mrs Miller uh and this is a a
+scene from from the very beginning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene from from the very beginning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene from from the very beginning of a
+film made in the early 50s called High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film made in the early 50s called High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film made in the early 50s called High
+Noon starring the traditional the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noon starring the traditional the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noon starring the traditional the most
+icon the the first or second most iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon the the first or second most iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon the the first or second most iconic
+of Western Heroes if John Wayne was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Western Heroes if John Wayne was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Western Heroes if John Wayne was the
+first then Gary Cooper was the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then Gary Cooper was the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first then Gary Cooper was the second
+and this Stars Gary Cooper but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Stars Gary Cooper but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Stars Gary Cooper but the main
+reason I want you to see the film see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want you to see the film see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want you to see the film see
+this open of the film is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open of the film is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open of the film is because it's
+very important to mcab and Mrs Miller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to mcab and Mrs Miller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to mcab and Mrs Miller
+and there's no doubt that Alman expects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no doubt that Alman expects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no doubt that Alman expects
+his audience not only to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his audience not only to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his audience not only to be thinking
+about many prior westerns to contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many prior westerns to contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about many prior westerns to contrast
+with what happens in this Western but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what happens in this Western but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what happens in this Western but he
+certainly expects his audience to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly expects his audience to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly expects his audience to
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+specifically the beginning of high noon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the beginning of high noon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically the beginning of high noon
+and the way High Noon plays itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way High Noon plays itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way High Noon plays itself
+out and and perhaps per perhaps also uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and perhaps per perhaps also uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and perhaps per perhaps also uh
+um certain other uh uh westerns play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain other uh uh westerns play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um certain other uh uh westerns play
+maybe as significant almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as significant almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as significant almost as
+significant a role in the film but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant a role in the film but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant a role in the film but it's
+but but hon especially and the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but hon especially and the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but hon especially and the main
+reason that hon is so important to mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that hon is so important to mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that hon is so important to mcab
+and Mrs Miller is that it's also a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller is that it's also a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller is that it's also a a
+drama that takes place in the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama that takes place in the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama that takes place in the physical
+spaces of the Town High Noon is begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces of the Town High Noon is begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces of the Town High Noon is begins
+brilliantly uh with bad guys riding into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly uh with bad guys riding into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly uh with bad guys riding into
+town and in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town and in and
+in we hardly see the hero until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we hardly see the hero until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we hardly see the hero until the
+final images of the sequence I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final images of the sequence I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final images of the sequence I'm going
+to show you the Gary Cooper figure bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the Gary Cooper figure bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you the Gary Cooper figure bad
+guy a man a man's been released from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a man a man's been released from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy a man a man's been released from
+prison who's going to take Vengeance on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison who's going to take Vengeance on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prison who's going to take Vengeance on
+the town Marshall it's the day of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town Marshall it's the day of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town Marshall it's the day of the
+Town Marshal's wedding right when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town Marshal's wedding right when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town Marshal's wedding right when the
+bad guys are coming into town to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys are coming into town to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys are coming into town to take
+their Revenge the film itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Revenge the film itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Revenge the film itself
+incidentally is a parable of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally is a parable of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally is a parable of the
+McCarthy era of the early 1950s uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy era of the early 1950s uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McCarthy era of the early 1950s uh it's
+even like many Western and we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like many Western and we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like many Western and we've talked
+about this like many westerns it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this like many westerns it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this like many westerns it's a
+disguised form of social and political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguised form of social and political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguised form of social and political
+commentary on the present uh and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary on the present uh and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary on the present uh and in this
+case the the Marshal's endangered a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the the Marshal's endangered a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the the Marshal's endangered a lot
+of bad guys are coming after him he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bad guys are coming after him he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bad guys are coming after him he goes
+around the town asking for help to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the town asking for help to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the town asking for help to set
+up a posi to help him defend the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a posi to help him defend the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a posi to help him defend the town
+nobody wants to help him he's left on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to help him he's left on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody wants to help him he's left on
+his own and he has to fight against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own and he has to fight against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own and he has to fight against
+these guys on his own right that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys on his own right that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys on his own right that's that
+so and the the drama of the film has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the the drama of the film has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and the the drama of the film has to
+do with this where it's and and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this where it's and and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this where it's and and as
+you'll see mcab and Mrs Miller ends on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see mcab and Mrs Miller ends on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see mcab and Mrs Miller ends on a
+similar note in which mcab is up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar note in which mcab is up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar note in which mcab is up against
+a force of men far larger than he he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force of men far larger than he he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force of men far larger than he he and
+also professional Killers right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also professional Killers right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also professional Killers right and in
+that sense the end of mcab in which mcab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense the end of mcab in which mcab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense the end of mcab in which mcab
+has to the lost the whole last section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to the lost the whole last section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to the lost the whole last section
+of mcab which involves mcab defending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mcab which involves mcab defending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mcab which involves mcab defending
+himself against assassins who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself against assassins who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself against assassins who have been
+dispatched by a corporation that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched by a corporation that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispatched by a corporation that has
+tried to buy maab out and when he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to buy maab out and when he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to buy maab out and when he's
+refused to sell they' said okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to sell they' said okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to sell they' said okay we'll
+take another route we'll eliminate him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another route we'll eliminate him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another route we'll eliminate him
+right this so alman's telling the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this so alman's telling the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this so alman's telling the story
+of of capitalism at its most at its most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of capitalism at its most at its most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of capitalism at its most at its most
+aggressively evil right instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively evil right instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively evil right instead of the
+kind of fairy tales that were told about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fairy tales that were told about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fairy tales that were told about
+How the West Was Made by by a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How the West Was Made by by a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How the West Was Made by by a certain
+mythological uh uh uh optimistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythological uh uh uh optimistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythological uh uh uh optimistically
+mythological westerns um so so um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythological westerns um so so um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythological westerns um so so um what
+when mcab defends himself at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mcab defends himself at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when mcab defends himself at the very
+end against these larger forces one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end against these larger forces one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end against these larger forces one of
+the things that gives him an advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that gives him an advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that gives him an advantage
+and one of the most interesting moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the most interesting moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the most interesting moments
+in the passages in the film occurs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the passages in the film occurs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the passages in the film occurs here
+has to do with his knowledge of the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with his knowledge of the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with his knowledge of the town
+he helped build the town so he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he helped build the town so he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he helped build the town so he knows
+every nook and cranny of the town and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every nook and cranny of the town and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every nook and cranny of the town and
+he's able in part to hold his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's able in part to hold his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's able in part to hold his own
+against four other men who are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against four other men who are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against four other men who are actually
+much better with with violence than he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better with with violence than he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better with with violence than he
+is because of his knowledge of the Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of his knowledge of the Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of his knowledge of the Town
+something of that same kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that same kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that same kind of thing
+happens at the end of High Noon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end of High Noon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at the end of High Noon the
+beginning of noon is exciting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of noon is exciting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of noon is exciting because
+what it shows is the film is exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it shows is the film is exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it shows is the film is exploring
+the territory that it will later return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the territory that it will later return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the territory that it will later return
+to so so uh I'm showing it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so so uh I'm showing it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so so uh I'm showing it to you
+because I think in part it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think in part it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think in part it's interesting
+it's a nice contrast there's no question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice contrast there's no question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice contrast there's no question
+that Alman expects us to have this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alman expects us to have this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alman expects us to have this film
+in Our Minds when we're watching McCade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Our Minds when we're watching McCade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Our Minds when we're watching McCade
+okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that any of you recognize this actor his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any of you recognize this actor his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any of you recognize this actor his
+name is Le van CLE he played bad guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Le van CLE he played bad guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Le van CLE he played bad guys
+for most of his career and then with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of his career and then with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of his career and then with the
+spaghetti western came in he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti western came in he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti western came in he started
+to he was reversed and he began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to he was reversed and he began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to he was reversed and he began to
+play less evil characters but he he's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play less evil characters but he he's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play less evil characters but he he's an
+actor who was associated with evil roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who was associated with evil roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor who was associated with evil roles
+in a series of Westerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the singer is is is text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ritter iose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ritter iose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ritter iose
+you Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Mo
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+along I also wanted you to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I also wanted you to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along I also wanted you to see this
+beginning so you could hear this ballad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so you could hear this ballad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so you could hear this ballad
+and contrast it with Leonard con's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast it with Leonard con's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contrast it with Leonard con's
+stoned ARA Leonard con sounds like he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoned ARA Leonard con sounds like he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoned ARA Leonard con sounds like he's
+singing out of the counterculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing out of the counterculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing out of the counterculture
+and what's the different subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the different subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the different subject matter
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iank wa long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now only someone who had never seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now only someone who had never seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now only someone who had never seen a
+movie would fail to recognize that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie would fail to recognize that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie would fail to recognize that these
+are bad guys now how do you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bad guys now how do you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bad guys now how do you know they're
+bad guys they're unshaven they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys they're unshaven they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad guys they're unshaven they have
+black hats right there's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hats right there's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hats right there's a kind of
+implicit symbolism that the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit symbolism that the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit symbolism that the conventional
+Western even subtle ones like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western even subtle ones like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western even subtle ones like this one
+which is a grownup Western it's an adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a grownup Western it's an adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a grownup Western it's an adult
+Western still make use of Alman will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western still make use of Alman will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western still make use of Alman will
+throw all those kinds of markers out he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw all those kinds of markers out he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw all those kinds of markers out he
+thinks they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks they're
+foolish another church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+heavy-handed so you see how What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed so you see how What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed so you see how What's
+Happening Here is a kind of visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Here is a kind of visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happening Here is a kind of visit
+through the town it isn't until later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the town it isn't until later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the town it isn't until later in
+the film that you realize that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that you realize that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film that you realize that every
+space you go by should have registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you go by should have registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you go by should have registered
+with you because the later action of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you because the later action of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you because the later action of the
+film will take place on these streets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film will take place on these streets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film will take place on these streets in
+these in these barns on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in these barns on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in these barns on these
+balconies open up we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balconies open up we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balconies open up we're going to have a
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+day you in a hurry yeah I sure am you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you in a hurry yeah I sure am you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you in a hurry yeah I sure am you're
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+fool now watch this shot all right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool now watch this shot all right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool now watch this shot all right all
+right and gentlemen let us begin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and gentlemen let us begin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and gentlemen let us begin and
+there's Gary Cooper the bride and groom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Gary Cooper the bride and groom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Gary Cooper the bride and groom
+step forward who will be our hero and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward who will be our hero and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step forward who will be our hero and in
+fact he's marrying Grace Kelly who in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he's marrying Grace Kelly who in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact he's marrying Grace Kelly who in
+this film is a Quaker and guess what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film is a Quaker and guess what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film is a Quaker and guess what one
+of the climactic events in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the climactic events in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the climactic events in the film
+invol is the Quaker lady fires a gun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invol is the Quaker lady fires a gun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invol is the Quaker lady fires a gun to
+save her beloved violates her moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save her beloved violates her moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save her beloved violates her moral
+principles and kills someone to save her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and kills someone to save her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and kills someone to save her
+man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+okay now I I don't want I I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I I don't want I I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I I don't want I I don't want
+you to think that my can we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think that my can we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think that my can we have the
+lights again Greg I don't want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights again Greg I don't want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights again Greg I don't want you to
+think that I'm suggesting that high noon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I'm suggesting that high noon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I'm suggesting that high noon
+is not a remarkable movie it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a remarkable movie it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a remarkable movie it is it's
+it's one of the very very good Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the very very good Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the very very good Western
+it it has great uh uh subtlety and Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has great uh uh subtlety and Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it has great uh uh subtlety and Power
+in its own way uh but I think that Alman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its own way uh but I think that Alman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its own way uh but I think that Alman
+definitely wanted us to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wanted us to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely wanted us to think about the
+radical differences between the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical differences between the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical differences between the universe
+imagined in mcab Mrs Miller and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined in mcab Mrs Miller and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined in mcab Mrs Miller and the
+world as it's uh uh imagined in even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as it's uh uh imagined in even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as it's uh uh imagined in even
+even subtle adult 50s Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even subtle adult 50s Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even subtle adult 50s Western
+so uh many of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh many of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh many of these things are
+crystallized for us in the remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized for us in the remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallized for us in the remarkable
+conclusion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion of the
+film um and I hope that you'll pay a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and I hope that you'll pay a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film um and I hope that you'll pay a lot
+of attention to that it's an extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention to that it's an extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention to that it's an extended
+sequence and it's it's a it it operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and it's it's a it it operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and it's it's a it it operates
+according to a principle of parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a principle of parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a principle of parallel
+action the church I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the church I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action the church I mentioned earlier
+catches fire watch why it catches fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catches fire watch why it catches fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catches fire watch why it catches fire
+it's connected to the plot uh and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to the plot uh and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to the plot uh and while
+the church is burning most of the Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church is burning most of the Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the church is burning most of the Town
+gets together in a kind of comic Bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets together in a kind of comic Bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets together in a kind of comic Bucket
+Brigade to put this to to put the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigade to put this to to put the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigade to put this to to put the fire
+out uh they are partly aided by a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh they are partly aided by a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh they are partly aided by a new
+fire engine a mark of the town's growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire engine a mark of the town's growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire engine a mark of the town's growth
+right that arrives at a certain point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that arrives at a certain point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that arrives at a certain point uh
+in the history of the town the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of the town the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of the town the fire
+engine I believe arrives at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine I believe arrives at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine I believe arrives at the same
+time that Mrs Miller arrives in town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that Mrs Miller arrives in town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that Mrs Miller arrives in town
+they're both equally important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both equally important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both equally important
+historical events for the town's future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical events for the town's future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical events for the town's future
+uh but the arrival of the engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the arrival of the engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the arrival of the engine
+suggests the coming of civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests the coming of civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests the coming of civilization
+right and there's a certain sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's a certain sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's a certain sense in
+which the act the the the the fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the act the the the the fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the act the the the the fighting
+of the of the fire is actually almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the fire is actually almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the fire is actually almost
+treated like a slap event uh real film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated like a slap event uh real film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated like a slap event uh real film
+Buffs would actually recognize visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffs would actually recognize visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffs would actually recognize visual
+Illusions or references to the Keystone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusions or references to the Keystone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illusions or references to the Keystone
+Cops era uh I don't want to exaggerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cops era uh I don't want to exaggerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cops era uh I don't want to exaggerate
+this but you'll see it I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you'll see it I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you'll see it I mean there
+actually is someone carrying a bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is someone carrying a bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is someone carrying a bucket
+that has a hole in it water's falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a hole in it water's falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a hole in it water's falling
+that kind of thing and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing and they're
+incredibly ineffectual in they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly ineffectual in they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly ineffectual in they're trying
+to put out the fire I don't think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put out the fire I don't think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put out the fire I don't think they
+succeed very well the church essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed very well the church essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed very well the church essentially
+is destroyed or at least the steeple is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is destroyed or at least the steeple is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is destroyed or at least the steeple is
+destroyed but what happens nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed but what happens nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed but what happens nonetheless
+is the town has come together and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the town has come together and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the town has come together and it's
+actually a moment in which you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a moment in which you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a moment in which you actually
+feel that the town's identity is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that the town's identity is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that the town's identity is being
+forged as these desperate people the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forged as these desperate people the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forged as these desperate people the
+ and The Barbers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and The Barbers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and The Barbers and the
+respectable people and the saloon keeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable people and the saloon keeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectable people and the saloon keeper
+all get together to try to put the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get together to try to put the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get together to try to put the fire
+out so it is a moment in which the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it is a moment in which the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so it is a moment in which the town
+is really aborning right while that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really aborning right while that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really aborning right while that is
+happening mcab is being stalked by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening mcab is being stalked by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening mcab is being stalked by the
+Assassins the creator of the town the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assassins the creator of the town the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assassins the creator of the town the
+founder of the town is in a in a fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder of the town is in a in a fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founder of the town is in a in a fight
+for his life while there while this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his life while there while this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his life while there while this
+slapstick firefighting is going on watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapstick firefighting is going on watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slapstick firefighting is going on watch
+how that works itself out watch how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works itself out watch how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works itself out watch how that
+and then pay a special attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pay a special attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then pay a special attention to the
+profound disturbing ambiguities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound disturbing ambiguities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound disturbing ambiguities of the
+ending one of the reasons I admire mccab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending one of the reasons I admire mccab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending one of the reasons I admire mccab
+and Mrs Miller so much is that it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller so much is that it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mrs Miller so much is that it seems
+in many ways to satisfy the desires one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways to satisfy the desires one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways to satisfy the desires one
+has the desire one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the desire one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the desire one has
+for the trappings of a conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the trappings of a conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the trappings of a conventional
+Western they all all of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western they all all of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western they all all of the elements
+that you think of should that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think of should that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think of should that you think
+should belong to a serious Western are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should belong to a serious Western are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should belong to a serious Western are
+present but they're present in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present but they're present in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present but they're present in such
+ironized such damaged such inverted form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironized such damaged such inverted form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironized such damaged such inverted form
+that they make you rethink not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make you rethink not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they make you rethink not only
+those particular conventions but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular conventions but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular conventions but the
+larger mythological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger mythological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger mythological and
+ideological uh work that Western that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological uh work that Western that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological uh work that Western that
+the Western mythology has performed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Western mythology has performed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Western mythology has performed in
+American society up to this time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society up to this time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American society up to this time so it
+makes mccab and Mrs Miller not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes mccab and Mrs Miller not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes mccab and Mrs Miller not just a
+wonderfully entertaining film it's full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully entertaining film it's full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully entertaining film it's full
+of comic moments and Brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comic moments and Brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comic moments and Brilliant
+performances it is in its own right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances it is in its own right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances it is in its own right and
+a a great work of imaginative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a great work of imaginative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a great work of imaginative uh
+intelligence but it is an even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence but it is an even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence but it is an even larger
+thing it seems to me because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it seems to me because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it seems to me because of the
+intelligence with which it engages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence with which it engages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence with which it engages in
+this systematic conversation with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this systematic conversation with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this systematic conversation with its
+aesthetic and moral ancestry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and moral ancestry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and moral ancestry in the
+great founding story of the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great founding story of the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great founding story of the western
+which I suppose must be identified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I suppose must be identified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I suppose must be identified as
+America's most distinctive and in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's most distinctive and in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's most distinctive and in some
+ways most disturbingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways most disturbingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways most disturbingly
+revealing story about itself
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jBoDIObtJQw.txt b/jBoDIObtJQw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed59c2779117a46ad130f0ca73314ef8372a6b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jBoDIObtJQw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+my name is Rajesh and I am one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Rajesh and I am one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Rajesh and I am one of the
+cofounders of climbing X which is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofounders of climbing X which is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofounders of climbing X which is one of
+the groups co-sponsoring this event we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups co-sponsoring this event we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groups co-sponsoring this event we
+are really really happy to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really really happy to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really really happy to have a
+wonderful cast of speakers will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful cast of speakers will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful cast of speakers will be
+talking to us about how to turn some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to us about how to turn some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to us about how to turn some of
+the work that you've all done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you've all done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you've all done in the
+field into advocacy especially three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field into advocacy especially three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field into advocacy especially three
+kinds of advocacy one is you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of advocacy one is you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of advocacy one is you could say
+citizen advocacy which Nathan and Audrey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen advocacy which Nathan and Audrey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen advocacy which Nathan and Audrey
+will be talking about then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking about then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be talking about then there is
+legal advocacy which is Chris and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal advocacy which is Chris and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal advocacy which is Chris and
+advocacy by creating market solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy by creating market solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy by creating market solutions
+which will be already so I'm gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be already so I'm gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be already so I'm gonna get
+our to prove that I'm not Donald Trump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to prove that I'm not Donald Trump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our to prove that I'm not Donald Trump
+I'll start I'll stop talking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give it over to Chris was gonna talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it over to Chris was gonna talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it over to Chris was gonna talk a
+little bit about how he as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how he as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how he as an
+mit-trained chemical engineer became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit-trained chemical engineer became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit-trained chemical engineer became a
+lawyer and is now going after the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer and is now going after the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer and is now going after the bad
+guys so as rajesh said my name is Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so as rajesh said my name is Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys so as rajesh said my name is Chris
+I'm an attorney in DC I do mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an attorney in DC I do mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an attorney in DC I do mostly
+environmental work I do some some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental work I do some some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental work I do some some other
+pharmaceutical work but my backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical work but my backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical work but my backgrounds
+in chemical engineering so I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemical engineering so I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chemical engineering so I got a
+master's degree from coming from MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree from coming from MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master's degree from coming from MIT and
+Chemical Engineering and I used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemical Engineering and I used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemical Engineering and I used that
+background to evaluate chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to evaluate chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to evaluate chemical
+exposures to evaluate pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures to evaluate pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures to evaluate pharmaceutical
+exposures to review in review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures to review in review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures to review in review of
+epidemiology and and toxicology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiology and and toxicology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiology and and toxicology and
+related scientific subjects to the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related scientific subjects to the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related scientific subjects to the cases
+that I bring and as part of that I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I bring and as part of that I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I bring and as part of that I use
+the whole spectrum of scientific data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole spectrum of scientific data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole spectrum of scientific data
+some of that you know very high-tech lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that you know very high-tech lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that you know very high-tech lab
+based you know mathematical modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based you know mathematical modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based you know mathematical modeling
+obviously you know EPA type sampling but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know EPA type sampling but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know EPA type sampling but
+then I also use you know sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also use you know sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also use you know sort of the
+other end of the spectrum is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the spectrum is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end of the spectrum is more
+citizen science type data we'll start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science type data we'll start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science type data we'll start by
+talking about a few examples starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a few examples starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a few examples starting
+with photography but you know people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with photography but you know people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with photography but you know people
+don't think of photography as being data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of photography as being data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of photography as being data
+but you know the same standards apply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the same standards apply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the same standards apply in
+court whether it's a sample taken by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court whether it's a sample taken by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court whether it's a sample taken by an
+expert with multiple degrees to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert with multiple degrees to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert with multiple degrees to a
+picture taken by someone on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture taken by someone on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture taken by someone on the street
+corner and so I think photography is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and so I think photography is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner and so I think photography is a
+good starting point to talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good starting point to talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good starting point to talk about how to
+get things admitted into court and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things admitted into court and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things admitted into court and how
+you can use these types of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use these types of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use these types of information
+data to to advocate for your cause to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to to advocate for your cause to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to to advocate for your cause to
+prove a case whether it's to oppose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a case whether it's to oppose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a case whether it's to oppose a
+permit or to oppose an expansion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit or to oppose an expansion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit or to oppose an expansion of a
+facility or to generate you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility or to generate you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility or to generate you know some
+finding of liability on behalf of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding of liability on behalf of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding of liability on behalf of your
+client so we're gonna see if I can if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so we're gonna see if I can if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so we're gonna see if I can if I
+can do this with my phone and seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this with my phone and seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this with my phone and seems like
+it's working so the important thing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working so the important thing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working so the important thing when
+you start talking about scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about scientific
+evidence I get I got all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence I get I got all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence I get I got all kinds of
+questions where someone will say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where someone will say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where someone will say you
+know we're looking to fight this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're looking to fight this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're looking to fight this issue
+we want to go to court and we want our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go to court and we want our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go to court and we want our
+data to be good in court right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to be good in court right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to be good in court right so we
+want data that's the best we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want data that's the best we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want data that's the best we want it to
+be good in court and the reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good in court and the reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good in court and the reality is
+there's not there's no there's no golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not there's no there's no golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not there's no there's no golden
+rule for what's admissible in court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for what's admissible in court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for what's admissible in court
+you can have I had a case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have I had a case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have I had a case in
+Massachusetts outside Boston a PCB case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts outside Boston a PCB case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts outside Boston a PCB case
+where the EPA had done you know hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the EPA had done you know hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the EPA had done you know hundreds
+and thousands of sampling testing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of sampling testing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thousands of sampling testing you
+know where they had sampled the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they had sampled the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they had sampled the ground
+for PCBs and you know is all EPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PCBs and you know is all EPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for PCBs and you know is all EPA
+sampling it was not part of litigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling it was not part of litigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling it was not part of litigation
+wasn't done by me or my experts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't done by me or my experts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't done by me or my experts and
+despite the fact that it was EPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it was EPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that it was EPA
+sampling done by EPA methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling done by EPA methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling done by EPA methods and
+protocols the defendants still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols the defendants still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols the defendants still
+challenged the data I mean they say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged the data I mean they say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged the data I mean they say well
+it's not reliable because it was EPA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not reliable because it was EPA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not reliable because it was EPA so
+there's there's no answer that says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no answer that says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no answer that says well
+if you do a B and C you know and dot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a B and C you know and dot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do a B and C you know and dot you
+know all the I's in there that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the I's in there that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the I's in there that it will
+be admitted and I think to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be admitted and I think to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be admitted and I think to the to the
+other point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other point is
+if you haven't done a B and C you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't done a B and C you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you haven't done a B and C you still
+may get your data in front of the jury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get your data in front of the jury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may get your data in front of the jury
+or in front of the judge depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in front of the judge depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in front of the judge depending on
+you know the assessment of essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the assessment of essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the assessment of essentially
+these factors which you know the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors which you know the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these factors which you know the first
+thing is whether the data is reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is whether the data is reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is whether the data is reliable
+and repeatable so for example I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repeatable so for example I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repeatable so for example I had a
+case that I'll give you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I'll give you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that I'll give you a couple
+examples from that involved sampling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from that involved sampling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from that involved sampling for
+bacteria so it was a chicken house that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so it was a chicken house that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria so it was a chicken house that
+had discharge is going to water to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had discharge is going to water to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had discharge is going to water to the
+US it was a Clean Water Act case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it was a Clean Water Act case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it was a Clean Water Act case and
+there was a question about whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question about whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question about whether there
+was bacteria as well as some nutrients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bacteria as well as some nutrients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bacteria as well as some nutrients
+in the water so phosphorus and nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water so phosphorus and nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water so phosphorus and nitrogen
+that we're polluting the waterways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know questions that become relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know questions that become relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know questions that become relevant
+are you know is a person wearing gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know is a person wearing gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know is a person wearing gloves
+is there Sarah sterile procedures used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there Sarah sterile procedures used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there Sarah sterile procedures used
+are the are the containers that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the are the containers that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the are the containers that they're
+going to take a sample of the water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a sample of the water from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a sample of the water from
+are they sterile to begin with obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they sterile to begin with obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they sterile to begin with obviously
+if there's any question about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any question about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any question about those
+things it calls into question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it calls into question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it calls into question the
+reliability and repeatability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and repeatability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability and repeatability of the
+data so that's the first real prong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that's the first real prong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so that's the first real prong the
+second prong and this is this is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second prong and this is this is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second prong and this is this is a you
+know pretty loaded is whether it's fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty loaded is whether it's fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pretty loaded is whether it's fit
+for the intended purpose so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the intended purpose so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the intended purpose so if you're
+trying to prove for example the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove for example the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove for example the presence
+of benzene in somebody's drinking water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene in somebody's drinking water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene in somebody's drinking water
+and you have a certain test that proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a certain test that proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a certain test that proves
+that the teks benzene and maybe it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the teks benzene and maybe it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the teks benzene and maybe it gives
+it a number if if the question for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a number if if the question for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a number if if the question for the
+jury is whether there was benzene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury is whether there was benzene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury is whether there was benzene in the
+water there may be a different standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there may be a different standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water there may be a different standard
+then if the question is was there enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the question is was there enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the question is was there enough
+benzene in the water for the last 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene in the water for the last 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene in the water for the last 15
+years to give my client leukemia right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to give my client leukemia right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to give my client leukemia right
+and so there becomes this question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there becomes this question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there becomes this question about
+you know what is the purpose that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is the purpose that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is the purpose that you're
+offering the evidence for so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering the evidence for so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering the evidence for so that you
+know which then relates to this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which then relates to this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which then relates to this third
+point which is given your purpose is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is given your purpose is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is given your purpose is it
+going to assist the jury right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assist the jury right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assist the jury right so if
+that information to whatever degree it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information to whatever degree it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information to whatever degree it
+falls in that scientific rigor you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in that scientific rigor you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in that scientific rigor you know
+spectrum how is that going to help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum how is that going to help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum how is that going to help the
+jury understand so maybe we have a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury understand so maybe we have a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jury understand so maybe we have a test
+that shows the presence of benzene but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the presence of benzene but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the presence of benzene but
+we don't trust the number but we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust the number but we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't trust the number but we have an
+expert that does groundwater model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert that does groundwater model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert that does groundwater model
+that can say well we have a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can say well we have a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can say well we have a number that
+shows the presence of benzene on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the presence of benzene on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the presence of benzene on top of
+that we have an expert that modeled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an expert that modeled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an expert that modeled out
+the groundwater for the last 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groundwater for the last 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groundwater for the last 15 years
+and can show the fluctuations in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can show the fluctuations in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can show the fluctuations in those
+concentrations over the last 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations over the last 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations over the last 15 years
+the combination of which gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of which gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination of which gives you the
+juror or the judge confidence that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juror or the judge confidence that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juror or the judge confidence that there
+was in fact benzene in the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact benzene in the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact benzene in the water and
+that was within certain range that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was within certain range that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was within certain range that I
+might argue caused a person to get sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue caused a person to get sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might argue caused a person to get sick
+right so with that being said let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with that being said let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so with that being said let's see
+do I have is it going to be am i doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have is it going to be am i doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have is it going to be am i doing
+not know what I'm doing okay so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what I'm doing okay so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know what I'm doing okay so here's a
+simple example so I represent there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example so I represent there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example so I represent there's a
+lot of people in DC probably a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in DC probably a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in DC probably a lot of
+people in a lot of different cities it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in a lot of different cities it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in a lot of different cities it's
+not glamorous by any stretch but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not glamorous by any stretch but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not glamorous by any stretch but there
+are a lot of people that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of people that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of people that live in
+subsidized housing in this country that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized housing in this country that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidized housing in this country that
+is sub sub sub standard so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sub sub sub standard so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sub sub sub standard so there are
+people that whether this it's the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that whether this it's the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that whether this it's the state
+or its HUD the federal government are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its HUD the federal government are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its HUD the federal government are
+paying for them you know in a city like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for them you know in a city like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for them you know in a city like
+DC they're paying you know $1500 a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC they're paying you know $1500 a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC they're paying you know $1500 a month
+for you know a mother and her child to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know a mother and her child to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know a mother and her child to
+live in conditions that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in conditions that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in conditions that that are
+unhealthy for both the mother and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy for both the mother and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhealthy for both the mother and for
+the child and that the government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child and that the government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the child and that the government's
+putting you know paying the bill for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting you know paying the bill for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting you know paying the bill for and
+somebody is profiting from at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is profiting from at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is profiting from at the
+expense of these people living in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of these people living in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of these people living in there
+and expense of the government and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expense of the government and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expense of the government and so you
+know this is an easy example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is an easy example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is an easy example where
+someone takes a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone takes a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone takes a picture
+I picked a picture of this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked a picture of this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked a picture of this is you know
+water coming through the ceiling of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water coming through the ceiling of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water coming through the ceiling of this
+apartment where you have mold we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment where you have mold we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment where you have mold we we are
+currently I don't know why we're losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently I don't know why we're losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently I don't know why we're losing
+our picture oh there we go so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our picture oh there we go so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our picture oh there we go so we
+represent in in some cases we represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent in in some cases we represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent in in some cases we represent
+the government on what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government on what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government on what's called a
+whistleblower lawsuit where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistleblower lawsuit where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistleblower lawsuit where we're
+representing the government for against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the government for against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the government for against
+these landlords for collecting money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these landlords for collecting money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these landlords for collecting money
+from the government representing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government representing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the government representing that
+these are habitable healthy places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are habitable healthy places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are habitable healthy places that
+they're getting paid significant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting paid significant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting paid significant amount
+of money for for people to come in get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money for for people to come in get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money for for people to come in get
+sick and then end up at the emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and then end up at the emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick and then end up at the emergency
+room with asthma attacks when they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room with asthma attacks when they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room with asthma attacks when they can't
+breathe anymore because they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe anymore because they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe anymore because they've been
+living in these conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in these conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in these conditions
+I could have there's a horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have there's a horrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have there's a horrible
+situation and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and again
+you know it's sort of a simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's sort of a simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's sort of a simplified
+approach to data but in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to data but in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to data but in one of these
+apartments you you go in there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments you you go in there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartments you you go in there and there
+were so many bugs I mean you couldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so many bugs I mean you couldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so many bugs I mean you couldn't it
+was it was the craziest thing but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was the craziest thing but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was the craziest thing but a
+picture is worth a thousand words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is worth a thousand words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is worth a thousand words and
+there becomes a question like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there becomes a question like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there becomes a question like there
+would be with any data as to who took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with any data as to who took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with any data as to who took
+the picture when was it can they certify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture when was it can they certify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture when was it can they certify
+that was in the apartment that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the apartment that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the apartment that's an
+issue and at the time and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and at the time and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and at the time and you know that
+they didn't it wasn't a bunch of plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't it wasn't a bunch of plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't it wasn't a bunch of plastic
+cockroaches that they put but it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockroaches that they put but it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockroaches that they put but it was in
+fact a bunch of bugs crawling around oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a bunch of bugs crawling around oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a bunch of bugs crawling around oh
+and this is the farmer trench the ditch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the farmer trench the ditch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the farmer trench the ditch
+yeah so so the purpose here would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the purpose here would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so the purpose here would be to
+show visible evidence of mold as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show visible evidence of mold as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show visible evidence of mold as opposed
+to the farmer trenching the ditch which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the farmer trenching the ditch which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the farmer trenching the ditch which
+we'll get to but you know so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to but you know so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to but you know so you're
+gonna have a witness that comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a witness that comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a witness that comes in and
+says yeah I took that picture I took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yeah I took that picture I took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says yeah I took that picture I took it
+you know three months ago I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three months ago I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know three months ago I remember
+because it was you know two weeks after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was you know two weeks after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was you know two weeks after
+the water was dripping from the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water was dripping from the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water was dripping from the ceiling
+and here's the mold again if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the mold again if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the mold again if we were
+trying to prove a housing code violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove a housing code violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to prove a housing code violation
+the picture is probably sufficient if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is probably sufficient if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture is probably sufficient if
+we're trying to prove that somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove that somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove that somebody's
+asthma attack two weeks later was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma attack two weeks later was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asthma attack two weeks later was the
+cause what's caused by this mold that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause what's caused by this mold that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause what's caused by this mold that's
+where you get into some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get into some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get into some more
+sophisticated sampling and having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated sampling and having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated sampling and having an
+industrial hygienist come in and do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial hygienist come in and do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial hygienist come in and do some
+testing so this is another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so this is another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing so this is another type of
+litigation that I've been involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigation that I've been involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigation that I've been involved in
+for those people that that aren't aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people that that aren't aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people that that aren't aware
+a good bit of our sewage sludge human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good bit of our sewage sludge human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good bit of our sewage sludge human
+waste that we generate goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste that we generate goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste that we generate goes from the
+sewage treatment plants gets collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage treatment plants gets collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage treatment plants gets collected
+as solids and then gets sent to farms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as solids and then gets sent to farms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as solids and then gets sent to farms in
+this case it was a quote-unquote tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it was a quote-unquote tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it was a quote-unquote tree
+farm but it's sent to farms that grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm but it's sent to farms that grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm but it's sent to farms that grow
+crops and they put human waste on crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops and they put human waste on crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops and they put human waste on crops
+the the argument being that it's treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the argument being that it's treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the argument being that it's treated
+the treating is relatively minimal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treating is relatively minimal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treating is relatively minimal I
+mean they they essentially put lime in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they essentially put lime in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they essentially put lime in
+with with the with the fecal material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the with the fecal material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the with the fecal material
+and they then use it as fertilizer so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they then use it as fertilizer so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they then use it as fertilizer so as
+you can imagine it's full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine it's full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine it's full of
+pharmaceuticals it's full of industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals it's full of industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals it's full of industrial
+chemicals because the local industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals because the local industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals because the local industries
+all contribute to the sewer system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all contribute to the sewer system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all contribute to the sewer system
+there's hospital waste in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hospital waste in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hospital waste in there so
+there's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's five
+versus pathogens all these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus pathogens all these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus pathogens all these things that
+you would expect in in human feces exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect in in human feces exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect in in human feces exist
+in there and in this case this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and in this case this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and in this case this was a
+forest 1,300 acre forest that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest 1,300 acre forest that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest 1,300 acre forest that they
+spread the stuff in and my client lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread the stuff in and my client lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread the stuff in and my client lived
+in the middle of the forest she ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the forest she ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the forest she ended up
+with pulmonary fibrosis with her lungs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pulmonary fibrosis with her lungs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pulmonary fibrosis with her lungs
+that were getting scarred from repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were getting scarred from repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were getting scarred from repeated
+inflammation from breathing in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammation from breathing in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflammation from breathing in these
+these proteins and stuff and so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins and stuff and so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins and stuff and so this was
+one of her pictures of what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her pictures of what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of her pictures of what was going on
+again like not what we necessarily think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like not what we necessarily think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like not what we necessarily think
+of with respect to data but it it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with respect to data but it it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of with respect to data but it it you
+know it's it creates a compelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it creates a compelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's it creates a compelling
+picture and it's you know you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and it's you know you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and it's you know you still have
+that same standard of getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same standard of getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same standard of getting it
+admitted for the court this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted for the court this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted for the court this is the
+picture from the case that I referenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from the case that I referenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from the case that I referenced
+a little bit ago this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit ago this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit ago this is this is a
+chicken a poultry operation that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken a poultry operation that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken a poultry operation that we have
+there the we had access on public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the we had access on public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the we had access on public
+property the water keeper or the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the water keeper or the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property the water keeper or the local
+river keeper had access on public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river keeper had access on public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river keeper had access on public
+property to this drainage ditch and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to this drainage ditch and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to this drainage ditch and this
+is where we get into sort of a combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we get into sort of a combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we get into sort of a combined
+use of different different you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of different different you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of different different you know
+media or data the water keeper was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media or data the water keeper was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media or data the water keeper was able
+to come to this ditch on public property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to this ditch on public property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to this ditch on public property
+and take water samples which they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take water samples which they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take water samples which they you
+know she did I think twelve or fourteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she did I think twelve or fourteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she did I think twelve or fourteen
+times so she took water samples which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so she took water samples which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so she took water samples which
+showed high levels of bacteria fecal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed high levels of bacteria fecal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed high levels of bacteria fecal
+coliform and e-coli as well as high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coliform and e-coli as well as high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coliform and e-coli as well as high
+levels of nutrients going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of nutrients going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of nutrients going through the
+ditch across the highway and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditch across the highway and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditch across the highway and then
+eventually out into the waters of the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually out into the waters of the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually out into the waters of the US
+and what this photo actually is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this photo actually is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what this photo actually is is this
+is a photo photo from Google Earth it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a photo photo from Google Earth it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a photo photo from Google Earth it's
+just a Google Earth satellite photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a Google Earth satellite photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a Google Earth satellite photo
+another point of issue was at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point of issue was at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point of issue was at the top
+corner there there was a pile of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner there there was a pile of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner there there was a pile of some
+unknown material and we'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown material and we'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown material and we'll see a
+close-up in a later picture that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up in a later picture that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up in a later picture that sort of
+shows what some of what was going on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what some of what was going on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows what some of what was going on on
+the farm and then you have the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm and then you have the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farm and then you have the pictures
+of the chicken houses and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chicken houses and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chicken houses and then you have
+what's also a cattle operation in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's also a cattle operation in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's also a cattle operation in the in
+the bottom right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom right there
+that I'm going to show you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you another
+picture of it so again this is Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it so again this is Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it so again this is Google
+Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth
+we we went to trial in this case we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we went to trial in this case we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we went to trial in this case we got
+these pictures admitted from Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures admitted from Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures admitted from Google
+Earth and one of the things that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and one of the things that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and one of the things that we saw
+and I was deposing these the defendants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was deposing these the defendants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was deposing these the defendants
+is that the property had poultry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the property had poultry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the property had poultry
+operation that was run by well that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that was run by well that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that was run by well that was
+owned by Perdue run by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by Perdue run by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned by Perdue run by their
+quote/unquote family farmer and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote/unquote family farmer and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote/unquote family farmer and we
+believe that that was discharging into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that that was discharging into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that that was discharging into
+that drainage ditch and out to where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drainage ditch and out to where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drainage ditch and out to where we
+sampled there was also the cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled there was also the cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled there was also the cattle
+operation which had probably some impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which had probably some impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation which had probably some impact
+on the water but what was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the water but what was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the water but what was interesting
+was as part of the Clean Water Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as part of the Clean Water Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as part of the Clean Water Act
+lawsuit we had to notify them that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit we had to notify them that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit we had to notify them that we
+were planning to sue them and at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planning to sue them and at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planning to sue them and at some
+point what you see on the aerial photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what you see on the aerial photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point what you see on the aerial photo
+is you can see you know tiny there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can see you know tiny there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can see you know tiny there but
+basically the cattle were then moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the cattle were then moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the cattle were then moved
+from the cattle grazing area down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cattle grazing area down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cattle grazing area down in the
+far right if we looked on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right if we looked on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right if we looked on the previous
+photo where you see all the cattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo where you see all the cattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo where you see all the cattle
+markings from them in the two lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings from them in the two lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings from them in the two lower
+right fields to a feeder that's up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fields to a feeder that's up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right fields to a feeder that's up in
+the top there so you can see the cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top there so you can see the cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top there so you can see the cows
+parked around some hay bales or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parked around some hay bales or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parked around some hay bales or you know
+a feeder with a bunch of hay on there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeder with a bunch of hay on there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeder with a bunch of hay on there to
+to create the impression that the cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the impression that the cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the impression that the cows
+weren't just over to the far right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't just over to the far right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't just over to the far right they
+were more by this ditch even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more by this ditch even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more by this ditch even though you
+know and that's just something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that's just something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that's just something we
+randomly picked up on on Google Earth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly picked up on on Google Earth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly picked up on on Google Earth so
+when I'm in deposition with them and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm in deposition with them and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm in deposition with them and I
+asked them well where the cows hang out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them well where the cows hang out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them well where the cows hang out
+and they tell me oh they hang out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tell me oh they hang out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tell me oh they hang out all
+over the place and you know you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and you know you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place and you know you can see
+and there's there was a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there was a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's there was a whole series of
+photos as you could imagine from Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos as you could imagine from Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos as you could imagine from Google
+Earth that show that you know consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth that show that you know consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth that show that you know consistent
+with the markings you know in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the markings you know in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the markings you know in these
+areas that the cows and their feeders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that the cows and their feeders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that the cows and their feeders
+mostly are in here some in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly are in here some in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly are in here some in here and
+pretty rarely up in there and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rarely up in there and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty rarely up in there and so this is
+the aerial photograph so this is a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerial photograph so this is a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aerial photograph so this is a this
+is the pile that was at the top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pile that was at the top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pile that was at the top of that
+drainage ditch this is the ditch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drainage ditch this is the ditch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drainage ditch this is the ditch that
+was in question and so we had the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in question and so we had the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in question and so we had the Google
+Earth photos and then we also had aerial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth photos and then we also had aerial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth photos and then we also had aerial
+photos that the that the water keeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos that the that the water keeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photos that the that the water keeper
+was was able to get a you know a flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was able to get a you know a flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was able to get a you know a flight
+and take some of their own photos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take some of their own photos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take some of their own photos and
+here you had a pile which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you had a pile which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you had a pile which
+was sort of unknown what it was but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of unknown what it was but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of unknown what it was but it
+was pretty clear from these photos that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty clear from these photos that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty clear from these photos that
+the farmer had dug trenches to drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer had dug trenches to drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer had dug trenches to drain
+what was in those piles on the runoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in those piles on the runoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in those piles on the runoff
+the water that was accumulating there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that was accumulating there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that was accumulating there
+into the farm runoff into the ditches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the farm runoff into the ditches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the farm runoff into the ditches
+that then ultimately went out to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then ultimately went out to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then ultimately went out to where
+we sampled and ultimately went out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sampled and ultimately went out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sampled and ultimately went out to
+the the waters of the US so again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the waters of the US so again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the waters of the US so again you
+know what's the purpose of this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the purpose of this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's the purpose of this photo
+what's the purpose of the previous photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the purpose of the previous photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the purpose of the previous photo
+if the purpose is to show where the cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the purpose is to show where the cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the purpose is to show where the cows
+are if the purpose is to show you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if the purpose is to show you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if the purpose is to show you know
+where they are on a given date given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are on a given date given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are on a given date given the
+image date from Google Earth if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image date from Google Earth if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image date from Google Earth if the
+photo of purpose here is to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo of purpose here is to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo of purpose here is to show that
+the farmer had indeed you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer had indeed you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer had indeed you know that
+there was drainage coming from this pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was drainage coming from this pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was drainage coming from this pile
+which turned out to be it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turned out to be it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turned out to be it was actually
+sewage sludge unrelated case but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage sludge unrelated case but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage sludge unrelated case but it was
+the farmer was also stockpiling sewage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer was also stockpiling sewage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farmer was also stockpiling sewage
+sludge so it's you know material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sludge so it's you know material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sludge so it's you know material that's
+rich in nutrients as well as probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich in nutrients as well as probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich in nutrients as well as probably
+bacteria and pathogens and he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and pathogens and he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria and pathogens and he had
+trenched this so is there drainage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenched this so is there drainage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trenched this so is there drainage
+what's the material did he intend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the material did he intend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the material did he intend to
+drain this material into the ditch those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain this material into the ditch those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain this material into the ditch those
+questions I think it certainly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I think it certainly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I think it certainly is
+relevant and and fit for that purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and and fit for that purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and and fit for that purpose
+and would be helpful to the jury so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be helpful to the jury so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would be helpful to the jury so this
+is the sampling point and this became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sampling point and this became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sampling point and this became an
+issue for a couple reasons one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for a couple reasons one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue for a couple reasons one is
+whether she was trespassing two is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether she was trespassing two is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether she was trespassing two is how
+she took the samples as far as her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she took the samples as far as her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she took the samples as far as her
+sterile technique getting to the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile technique getting to the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sterile technique getting to the lab
+data that we use we had I think was 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we use we had I think was 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that we use we had I think was 14
+or 12 samples and she went through she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12 samples and she went through she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 12 samples and she went through she
+wore gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wore gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wore gloves
+she used sealed containers from the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she used sealed containers from the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she used sealed containers from the lab
+she kept them cold you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she kept them cold you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she kept them cold you know
+we she had a chain of custody from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we she had a chain of custody from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we she had a chain of custody from the
+sampling point to the to the lab and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling point to the to the lab and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling point to the to the lab and so
+all the questions where you say well do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions where you say well do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions where you say well do
+we need to hire a consultant do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to hire a consultant do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to hire a consultant do we need
+to pay somebody a lot of money to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay somebody a lot of money to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay somebody a lot of money to come
+in from another state and you know take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from another state and you know take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from another state and you know take
+a sample or is it sufficient to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample or is it sufficient to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample or is it sufficient to have
+somebody that's got you know sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's got you know sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that's got you know sort of the
+requisite training that would that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite training that would that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requisite training that would that would
+otherwise disqualify the samples so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise disqualify the samples so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise disqualify the samples so if
+she didn't know about sterile technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't know about sterile technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she didn't know about sterile technique
+or if she hadn't worn sterile gloves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if she hadn't worn sterile gloves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if she hadn't worn sterile gloves or
+protected the integrity of the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected the integrity of the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected the integrity of the sampling
+containers those would be things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers those would be things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers those would be things that
+would call into question the reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call into question the reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call into question the reliability
+of the results but the court ended up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results but the court ended up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results but the court ended up in
+the sample results didn't question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample results didn't question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample results didn't question the
+results because she was able to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results because she was able to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results because she was able to answer
+questions on her cross-exam dat she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on her cross-exam dat she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on her cross-exam dat she had
+done you know all of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you know all of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you know all of the things that
+would otherwise disqualify those results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise disqualify those results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise disqualify those results
+and so there were there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there were there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there were there was some
+question about whether there was flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about whether there was flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about whether there was flow
+that the the defendant said that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the defendant said that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the defendant said that there
+wasn't ever flow that that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't ever flow that that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't ever flow that that there was
+barely ever water here and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely ever water here and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely ever water here and so these
+pictures obviously came into play for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures obviously came into play for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures obviously came into play for
+that so this was this is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this was this is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this was this is that that
+public access point and obviously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public access point and obviously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public access point and obviously that
+was helpful for that purpose I just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was helpful for that purpose I just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was helpful for that purpose I just put
+this picture in here I think Nathan I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture in here I think Nathan I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture in here I think Nathan I
+don't know if Nathan has an interest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if Nathan has an interest I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if Nathan has an interest I
+some of the work I do on fracking and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work I do on fracking and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the work I do on fracking and I
+do a lot of work with the folks down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of work with the folks down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of work with the folks down in
+Texas and the people in Pennsylvania and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and the people in Pennsylvania and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Texas and the people in Pennsylvania and
+so this is it's difficult to see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is it's difficult to see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is it's difficult to see in this
+example I just quickly pulled it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I just quickly pulled it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I just quickly pulled it off
+YouTube but with with FLIR camera it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube but with with FLIR camera it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube but with with FLIR camera it's
+not it's not unlike in some sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not unlike in some sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not unlike in some sense a
+standard photograph which we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard photograph which we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard photograph which we've seen
+some examples of but it's an eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of but it's an eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of but it's an eighty
+thousand dollar piece of equipment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar piece of equipment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollar piece of equipment but
+with such a camera you can see emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such a camera you can see emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such a camera you can see emissions
+from this equipment that you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equipment that you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equipment that you can't see
+with the naked eye and so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the naked eye and so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the naked eye and so there's a
+piece of equipment here and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment here and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of equipment here and you can see
+all this billowing out of there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this billowing out of there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this billowing out of there which is
+primarily you know volatile organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily you know volatile organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily you know volatile organic
+chemicals things like benzene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals things like benzene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals things like benzene and
+toluene and and you name it from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toluene and and you name it from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toluene and and you name it from these
+storage tanks and so when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage tanks and so when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage tanks and so when you look at
+whether you're looking at climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at climate change
+impacts or whether you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts or whether you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts or whether you're looking at
+health and environmental impacts or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and environmental impacts or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and environmental impacts or all
+of the above you you know you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the above you you know you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the above you you know you have these
+tanks you walk up close to them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks you walk up close to them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks you walk up close to them you can
+smell them but they're they're vented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell them but they're they're vented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell them but they're they're vented to
+the atmosphere they're not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere they're not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere they're not being
+regulated and you have people typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and you have people typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and you have people typically
+with respect to fracking you have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to fracking you have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to fracking you have people
+that are living in in you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are living in in you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are living in in you know in
+conjunction with them in close proximity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with them in close proximity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjunction with them in close proximity
+you might have a swimming pool or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a swimming pool or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a swimming pool or a
+playground in somebody's side yard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground in somebody's side yard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playground in somebody's side yard
+that's you know within a few hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know within a few hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know within a few hundred
+feet of some of these tanks and so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of some of these tanks and so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet of some of these tanks and so again
+what's the purpose or is the purpose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the purpose or is the purpose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the purpose or is the purpose to
+show that in fact there are emissions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in fact there are emissions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in fact there are emissions is
+the purpose to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose to show that the
+four-year-old is having breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old is having breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-year-old is having breathing
+problems as a result of these emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as a result of these emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as a result of these emissions
+you know from my perspective if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from my perspective if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from my perspective if the
+purpose is to show emissions you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is to show emissions you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is to show emissions you have
+someone testify five minutes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone testify five minutes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone testify five minutes that's
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+you know what what the FLIR camera does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what the FLIR camera does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what the FLIR camera does
+how it does it and what it shows which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it does it and what it shows which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it does it and what it shows which I
+think would validate that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would validate that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think would validate that there are
+emissions if the purpose was to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions if the purpose was to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions if the purpose was to show
+that somebody was having breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody was having breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody was having breathing
+problems or was getting cancer from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or was getting cancer from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or was getting cancer from that
+you would probably also have for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably also have for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably also have for example
+some other grab samples some air testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other grab samples some air testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other grab samples some air testing
+that actually qualified or quantified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually qualified or quantified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually qualified or quantified
+the amounts of benzene and toluene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amounts of benzene and toluene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amounts of benzene and toluene and
+other things that are in the air that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are in the air that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that are in the air that
+would then be corroborated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be corroborated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be corroborated with this
+visual evidence that says in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual evidence that says in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual evidence that says in fact there
+is something coming from the tank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something coming from the tank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something coming from the tank and
+we're picking it up in the front yard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're picking it up in the front yard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're picking it up in the front yard of
+you know my client or the person that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my client or the person that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my client or the person that's
+complaining so I think you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining so I think you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaining so I think you know this is
+an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+unfortunately it's it's it's out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's it's it's out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's it's it's out of the
+hands financially out of the hands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands financially out of the hands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands financially out of the hands of
+most people at this point but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people at this point but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people at this point but it's a
+really powerful tool with respect to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful tool with respect to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful tool with respect to not
+just health but also climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just health but also climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just health but also climate change
+issues with methane leaks and and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with methane leaks and and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues with methane leaks and and other
+things this is an example outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is an example outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is an example outside
+Pittsburgh that I'm looking at right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh that I'm looking at right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh that I'm looking at right now
+I mean this is from modeling that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is from modeling that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is from modeling that was
+done and this is cancer risk based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and this is cancer risk based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and this is cancer risk based on
+coke emissions so I'm looking at a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke emissions so I'm looking at a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke emissions so I'm looking at a case
+around a coke plant outside Pittsburgh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a coke plant outside Pittsburgh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a coke plant outside Pittsburgh
+where you have people that are living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have people that are living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have people that are living
+you know in the shadows of this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the shadows of this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the shadows of this huge
+coke plant one of the few remaining in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke plant one of the few remaining in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke plant one of the few remaining in
+Pittsburgh and this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh and this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pittsburgh and this is sort of the
+rigorous data that's looked at you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous data that's looked at you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous data that's looked at you know
+based on air emission data and modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on air emission data and modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on air emission data and modeling
+of those emissions where you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those emissions where you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those emissions where you can see
+these huge cancer risks as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these huge cancer risks as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these huge cancer risks as a result of
+the emissions this is another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions this is another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissions this is another thing
+that's going on in that same community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on in that same community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on in that same community
+which is this is I think this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this is I think this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this is I think this is called
+I forget the name of this device but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget the name of this device but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forget the name of this device but
+it's it's one of these internet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one of these internet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's one of these internet of
+things connected devices that looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things connected devices that looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things connected devices that looks at
+air quality so is it is it lab certified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air quality so is it is it lab certified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air quality so is it is it lab certified
+data I mean it's you know this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I mean it's you know this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I mean it's you know this example
+it's a two hundred high the air quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two hundred high the air quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two hundred high the air quality
+is bad again am I trying to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad again am I trying to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad again am I trying to show that
+that half the neighborhood has asthma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half the neighborhood has asthma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half the neighborhood has asthma
+because of this or am I trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this or am I trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this or am I trying to show
+that they've decreased the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've decreased the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've decreased the property
+values because their air quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because their air quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because their air quality
+bad or am I just trying to show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad or am I just trying to show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad or am I just trying to show that the
+coke ovens are impacting the air quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke ovens are impacting the air quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke ovens are impacting the air quality
+locally and then I have the other data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally and then I have the other data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally and then I have the other data
+the previous data where I have modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous data where I have modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous data where I have modeling
+to show the real nature and extent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the real nature and extent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show the real nature and extent of
+risk and injury this is another similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and injury this is another similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and injury this is another similar
+device these are guys that I've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device these are guys that I've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device these are guys that I've talked
+to about trying to use in some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about trying to use in some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about trying to use in some of my
+cases where you know you could take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you know you could take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where you know you could take for
+a couple hundred two or three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple hundred two or three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple hundred two or three hundred
+dollars this one's called a yoo-hoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars this one's called a yoo-hoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars this one's called a yoo-hoo
+and you can you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you know you could
+distribute these throughout a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute these throughout a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute these throughout a
+neighborhood and show that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and show that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and show that for example
+you know the pattern of emissions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pattern of emissions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pattern of emissions you
+could show that the emissions are or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show that the emissions are or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show that the emissions are or the
+air pollutants are at the highest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollutants are at the highest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pollutants are at the highest level
+near the facility and decay as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the facility and decay as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the facility and decay as you get
+farther out from the facility what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out from the facility what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out from the facility what you
+might also try to show our things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also try to show our things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also try to show our things like
+the pattern of emissions so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern of emissions so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern of emissions so a lot of
+times industries will you know smart on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times industries will you know smart on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times industries will you know smart on
+their part well wait until you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their part well wait until you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their part well wait until you know
+between 2:00 and 5:00 in the morning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2:00 and 5:00 in the morning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2:00 and 5:00 in the morning to
+you know let let things fly and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let let things fly and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let let things fly and so I
+have a case in Michigan where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a case in Michigan where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a case in Michigan where you know
+the the refinery there is alleged by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the refinery there is alleged by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the refinery there is alleged by the
+people living near it to to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people living near it to to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people living near it to to you know
+between 2:00 and 5:00 in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2:00 and 5:00 in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 2:00 and 5:00 in the morning
+they smell the rotten eggs they smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they smell the rotten eggs they smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they smell the rotten eggs they smell
+the chemicals and they wake up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemicals and they wake up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemicals and they wake up with
+difficulty breathing and so again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty breathing and so again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty breathing and so again you
+put something like this you know inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something like this you know inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something like this you know inside
+your your house or just outside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your house or just outside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your house or just outside your
+house it's capturing data and the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's capturing data and the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house it's capturing data and the is the
+data being used to prove that you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data being used to prove that you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data being used to prove that you got
+lymphoma or leukemia from that or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoma or leukemia from that or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoma or leukemia from that or is it
+being used to show that you know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used to show that you know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used to show that you know every
+night between 2:00 and 4:00 you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night between 2:00 and 4:00 you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night between 2:00 and 4:00 you get a
+spike right whatever that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike right whatever that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike right whatever that number is
+it may not be scientifically credible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be scientifically credible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be scientifically credible to
+the you know Oh point zero zero but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know Oh point zero zero but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know Oh point zero zero but does
+it show that there's some pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it show that there's some pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it show that there's some pattern that
+you know or when the weather changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or when the weather changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or when the weather changes
+that you get a shift and that weather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a shift and that weather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a shift and that weather is
+consistent with winds blowing from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with winds blowing from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with winds blowing from the
+facility to your to your you know point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility to your to your you know point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility to your to your you know point
+of testing so again it really gets back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing so again it really gets back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing so again it really gets back
+to this question about whether what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this question about whether what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this question about whether what is
+it you're intending to use the data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're intending to use the data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're intending to use the data for
+this is a like two minutes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a like two minutes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a like two minutes this is
+another example that when I gave a talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example that when I gave a talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example that when I gave a talk
+with public lab that someone was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with public lab that someone was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with public lab that someone was doing
+in New York City which I thought was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City which I thought was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City which I thought was I
+thought it was really great was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was really great was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was really great was that
+they were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using
+they were giving low-income people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were giving low-income people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were giving low-income people that
+were in subsidized housing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in subsidized housing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in subsidized housing these
+connected thermometers and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected thermometers and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected thermometers and they were
+collecting data from their homes so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data from their homes so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data from their homes so that
+in the winter they could see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter they could see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the winter they could see where
+people were living in sub you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were living in sub you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were living in sub you know in
+freezing or maybe not freezing but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing or maybe not freezing but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing or maybe not freezing but but
+uninhabitable conditions in their homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninhabitable conditions in their homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uninhabitable conditions in their homes
+that were not being properly so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not being properly so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were not being properly so they're
+living in public housing or subsidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in public housing or subsidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in public housing or subsidized
+housing and they're not being treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and they're not being treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing and they're not being treated
+properly and so it's really a simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and so it's really a simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly and so it's really a simple you
+know it's just a temperature Tet with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just a temperature Tet with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's just a temperature Tet with a
+with a GPS tag that could show these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a GPS tag that could show these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a GPS tag that could show these
+homes you know and I guess a time tag as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes you know and I guess a time tag as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes you know and I guess a time tag as
+well so time and temperature essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so time and temperature essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so time and temperature essentially
+that you know we could do for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we could do for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we could do for the most
+part with our smartphones these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part with our smartphones these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part with our smartphones these days
+that setup legal arguments for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that setup legal arguments for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that setup legal arguments for these
+people to say that they're not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to say that they're not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to say that they're not being
+treated properly and that they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated properly and that they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated properly and that they need
+adequate housing so you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate housing so you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate housing so you know sort of
+bring this a little bit to a head I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this a little bit to a head I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this a little bit to a head I mean
+better better doesn't always mean more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better better doesn't always mean more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better better doesn't always mean more
+and sometimes more data even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes more data even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes more data even if it's
+qualitative data can be better to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative data can be better to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative data can be better to to
+prove a certain point depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a certain point depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a certain point depending on what
+that point is and so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is and so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is and so there's this
+balance or tension between quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance or tension between quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance or tension between quality and
+quantity of data that largely relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of data that largely relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity of data that largely relates
+back to money so you know sort of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to money so you know sort of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to money so you know sort of to
+give you an example this is this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example this is this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example this is this is that
+Coke facility in the top right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke facility in the top right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coke facility in the top right you can
+see part of it and if we were to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see part of it and if we were to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see part of it and if we were to go and
+take samples throughout the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take samples throughout the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take samples throughout the neighborhood
+you know they all cost money if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they all cost money if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they all cost money if we were
+to take them with a PhD from University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take them with a PhD from University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take them with a PhD from University
+of Pittsburgh it would cost even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pittsburgh it would cost even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pittsburgh it would cost even more
+money and so the question becomes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so the question becomes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and so the question becomes what
+is it that we are trying to prove and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that we are trying to prove and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that we are trying to prove and if
+we're trying to prove that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove that the the
+levels of air pollutants are highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of air pollutants are highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of air pollutants are highest
+near the facility and they decay as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the facility and they decay as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the facility and they decay as you
+get further away and that they spiked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get further away and that they spiked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get further away and that they spiked at
+night that that may be a certain level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that that may be a certain level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night that that may be a certain level
+of data quality might be suitable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data quality might be suitable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data quality might be suitable for
+that versus trying to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus trying to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that versus trying to prove that
+someone's lung cancer or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's lung cancer or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's lung cancer or some other
+health issues were a result of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health issues were a result of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health issues were a result of that
+exposure and I guess the converse is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and I guess the converse is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure and I guess the converse is it
+may in times and I think this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in times and I think this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may in times and I think this is a good
+example be better to have more data of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example be better to have more data of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example be better to have more data of
+an arguable lesser quality right then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arguable lesser quality right then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arguable lesser quality right then to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+you know rigorous sampling done on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know rigorous sampling done on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know rigorous sampling done on three
+houses but not to have that full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses but not to have that full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses but not to have that full
+spectrum that shows you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that shows you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that shows you know what's
+happening as you get further and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as you get further and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening as you get further and further
+away because you focused your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because you focused your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because you focused your time
+effort and ultimately your money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and ultimately your money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and ultimately your money on
+sampling those things that were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling those things that were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling those things that were that
+were you know located where you had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know located where you had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know located where you had one
+sick person and that's it then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick person and that's it then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick person and that's it then you get
+into a question okay I've got a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a question okay I've got a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a question okay I've got a great
+number outside this person's house but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number outside this person's house but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number outside this person's house but
+I'm not sure how it relates back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how it relates back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how it relates back to the
+facility and I'm not sure how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and I'm not sure how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility and I'm not sure how the
+facilities impacting everybody else in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities impacting everybody else in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities impacting everybody else in
+the neighborhood and I think that is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood and I think that is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood and I think that is so
+I think this is my last slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is my last slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is my last slide so
+obviously you know more money you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know more money you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you know more money you pay
+for people with degrees and consultants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people with degrees and consultants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people with degrees and consultants
+and for lab testing you can you can save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for lab testing you can you can save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for lab testing you can you can save
+money with some of these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money with some of these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money with some of these techniques
+citizen science some of these taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science some of these taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science some of these taking
+your own samples with the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own samples with the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own samples with the appropriate
+training and technique using some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and technique using some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and technique using some of
+these connected devices using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these connected devices using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these connected devices using some
+photography and FLIR cameras you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and FLIR cameras you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and FLIR cameras you know
+more more money doesn't always mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more money doesn't always mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more money doesn't always mean
+better but it but it tends to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it but it tends to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but it but it tends to mean
+you've got better numbers more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got better numbers more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got better numbers more precise
+numbers that are more reliable but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are more reliable but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that are more reliable but again
+the question is what is your purpose if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is your purpose if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is what is your purpose if
+your purpose is to show you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your purpose is to show you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your purpose is to show you know that
+the source of the pollution is impacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of the pollution is impacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of the pollution is impacting
+the neighborhood in a broad sense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood in a broad sense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood in a broad sense you
+can probably get by with with some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably get by with with some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can probably get by with with some you
+know data of lesser rigor and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know data of lesser rigor and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know data of lesser rigor and this
+lesser expense if you're trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser expense if you're trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesser expense if you're trying to prove
+someone's you know been exposed for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's you know been exposed for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's you know been exposed for how
+long at what level precisely to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long at what level precisely to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long at what level precisely to show
+that they got sick obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got sick obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got sick obviously the
+standard standards are increased and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard standards are increased and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard standards are increased and the
+level of you know scientific rigor is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of you know scientific rigor is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of you know scientific rigor is is
+heightened as well so I think that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened as well so I think that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heightened as well so I think that's it
+for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+and I'll pass I would call answer any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll pass I would call answer any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll pass I would call answer any
+questions I'll receive applause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the question was you know to what extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was you know to what extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was you know to what extent
+trespassing on people's land and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing on people's land and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing on people's land and and
+drones it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones it's a good question
+drones are you know for for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones are you know for for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drones are you know for for some people
+maybe not so new but as far as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not so new but as far as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not so new but as far as people
+like me a newer thing but I mean drones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me a newer thing but I mean drones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me a newer thing but I mean drones
+are a great I mean that huge like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a great I mean that huge like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a great I mean that huge like the
+aerial photos that were taken with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerial photos that were taken with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerial photos that were taken with a
+full flight you know like having to rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full flight you know like having to rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full flight you know like having to rent
+a plane and all that stuff that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane and all that stuff that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane and all that stuff that could be
+done with drones very easily get even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with drones very easily get even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with drones very easily get even
+better quality pictures drones are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better quality pictures drones are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better quality pictures drones are a
+huge huge you know benefit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge you know benefit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge you know benefit to the
+citizen science operation I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science operation I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen science operation I mean they
+have drones that can also take air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drones that can also take air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drones that can also take air
+samples and things like that so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and things like that so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and things like that so the the
+ability to get data cheaply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get data cheaply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to get data cheaply and
+efficiently and effectively is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and effectively is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and effectively is a big
+thing as far as trespassing goes I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as far as trespassing goes I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as far as trespassing goes I mean
+in in my opinion you never want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in my opinion you never want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in my opinion you never want to
+trespass you never want to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespass you never want to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespass you never want to represent
+someone who's gonna have somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's gonna have somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's gonna have somebody else
+saying well you trespassed by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well you trespassed by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well you trespassed by the same
+token I mean I have had cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token I mean I have had cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token I mean I have had cases where
+people trespass on the land and took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trespass on the land and took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trespass on the land and took a
+sample and went home and as a lawyer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and went home and as a lawyer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and went home and as a lawyer I
+have an obligation to disclose the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an obligation to disclose the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an obligation to disclose the fact
+that they took a sample the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they took a sample the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they took a sample the result of
+that sampling and aside from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sampling and aside from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sampling and aside from any
+allegations or claims of criminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegations or claims of criminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegations or claims of criminal
+trespass if the data is reliable if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespass if the data is reliable if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespass if the data is reliable if they
+can't impugn what what the person did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't impugn what what the person did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't impugn what what the person did
+that they you know somehow adulterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they you know somehow adulterated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they you know somehow adulterated
+the sample then the sample should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample then the sample should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample then the sample should be
+admissible for the purpose of showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible for the purpose of showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible for the purpose of showing
+what the sample shows right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sample shows right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sample shows right so there
+could be a dispute about whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a dispute about whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a dispute about whether there's
+some criminal trespass which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some criminal trespass which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some criminal trespass which I think
+largely there's no impact from but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely there's no impact from but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely there's no impact from but you
+know in general the answer is if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in general the answer is if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in general the answer is if you can
+do it with a drone and you can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with a drone and you can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it with a drone and you can take the
+pictures if you can get a court order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures if you can get a court order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures if you can get a court order to
+get a sample on the property that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sample on the property that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sample on the property that's a
+much better way to do it than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better way to do it than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better way to do it than
+trespassing a lot of people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing a lot of people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trespassing a lot of people don't
+understand the first thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the first thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the first thing you have to
+do is make a good case to the judge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is make a good case to the judge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is make a good case to the judge so
+judges stand between you and the jury as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges stand between you and the jury as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges stand between you and the jury as
+far as scientific evidence as far as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as scientific evidence as far as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as scientific evidence as far as any
+evidence right and so you first have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence right and so you first have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence right and so you first have to
+make a good argument to the judge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a good argument to the judge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a good argument to the judge that
+the data is reliable fit for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is reliable fit for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is reliable fit for its
+intended purpose and that will assist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended purpose and that will assist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended purpose and that will assist
+the jury what a jury will believe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jury what a jury will believe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jury what a jury will believe is
+oftentimes different than what a judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes different than what a judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes different than what a judge
+will believe so you know something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will believe so you know something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will believe so you know something like
+a FLIR camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a FLIR camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a FLIR camera
+that shows visually this stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows visually this stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows visually this stream of
+pollution coming off may be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution coming off may be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution coming off may be very
+compelling to a jury even if I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to a jury even if I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to a jury even if I'm talking
+about leukemia right it may not be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leukemia right it may not be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leukemia right it may not be very
+compelling to a judge if I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to a judge if I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling to a judge if I'm talking
+about leukemia because it doesn't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leukemia because it doesn't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leukemia because it doesn't give
+you a number it just tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number it just tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a number it just tells you that
+there's stuff coming off and I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stuff coming off and I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's stuff coming off and I have an
+expert that says that stuff is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert that says that stuff is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert that says that stuff is this
+stuff that may cause leukemia but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that may cause leukemia but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that may cause leukemia but it's
+still not you know 20 parts per billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not you know 20 parts per billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not you know 20 parts per billion
+of benzene and that's ultimately what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene and that's ultimately what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene and that's ultimately what I
+would I need to show according to most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I need to show according to most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I need to show according to most
+judges right so I think again it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges right so I think again it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges right so I think again it's it's
+a very wide spectrum it would vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wide spectrum it would vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very wide spectrum it would vary
+hugely from hugely from a judge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely from hugely from a judge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely from hugely from a judge the
+judge and there's not any one answer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge and there's not any one answer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge and there's not any one answer I
+can tell you that as far as epidemiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you that as far as epidemiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you that as far as epidemiology
+goes generally what courts require if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes generally what courts require if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes generally what courts require if I
+want to show that that an exposure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that that an exposure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show that that an exposure
+caused my clients leukemia for example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused my clients leukemia for example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused my clients leukemia for example I
+would need to have a study that showed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to have a study that showed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to have a study that showed a
+greater than two fold increased risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two fold increased risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than two fold increased risk
+right so I'm more than a doubling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm more than a doubling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm more than a doubling of the
+risk to a 95% confidence interval right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk to a 95% confidence interval right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk to a 95% confidence interval right
+so to eliminate the no risk and to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to eliminate the no risk and to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to eliminate the no risk and to be at
+least a doubling at that confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a doubling at that confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a doubling at that confidence
+interval right and that essentially goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval right and that essentially goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval right and that essentially goes
+to this argument that it's more probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this argument that it's more probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this argument that it's more probably
+than not caused by the exposure if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not caused by the exposure if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not caused by the exposure if that
+makes sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jNonxisBNlM.txt b/jNonxisBNlM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46de11e6ed3d0676870bc54a71d063f673db181f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jNonxisBNlM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's get going where were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get going where were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get going where were
+we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we
+were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all
+right we were at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we were at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we were at the
+point where we started out the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we started out the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we started out the course
+wondering about the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering about the structure of the
+atom how the electron in the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom how the electron in the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom how the electron in the nucleus
+hung together and we saw that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung together and we saw that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung together and we saw that we could
+not explain how that nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explain how that nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explain how that nucleus and
+electron hung together using classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hung together using classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hung together using classical
+ideas classical physics classical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas classical physics classical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas classical physics classical uh
+mechanics and uh classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and uh classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and uh classical
+electromagnetism and so we put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism and so we put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism and so we put that
+discussion aside and we started to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion aside and we started to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion aside and we started to talk
+about the wave particle duality of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave particle duality of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the wave particle duality of light
+and matter and we saw that both light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter and we saw that both light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter and we saw that both light
+and matter can behave as a wave or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter can behave as a wave or can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matter can behave as a wave or can
+behave as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave as a
+particle and we needed that discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and we needed that discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and we needed that discussion
+in order to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to come back to
+talk about the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the structure of the
+atom and in particular what was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and in particular what was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and in particular what was so
+important last time that we met is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important last time that we met is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important last time that we met is that
+we saw the results of an experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the results of an experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the results of an experiment the
+Davidson germer and Thompson George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davidson germer and Thompson George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davidson germer and Thompson George
+Thompson uh experiment that demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson uh experiment that demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson uh experiment that demonstrated
+that mass of particle could exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass of particle could exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass of particle could exhibit
+wavelike Behavior we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike Behavior we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike Behavior we saw the
+interference pattern of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference pattern of electrons
+reflected from a nickel single Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected from a nickel single Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected from a nickel single Crystal
+and the actual original paper that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual original paper that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual original paper that uh
+reports that result is on our website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports that result is on our website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports that result is on our website
+you're welcome to uh take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to uh take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're welcome to uh take a look at
+it but uh that really was the impetus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh that really was the impetus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh that really was the impetus
+this observation of the wav like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation of the wav like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observation of the wav like
+behavior of matter that was the impetus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of matter that was the impetus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of matter that was the impetus
+for this gentleman here Irwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this gentleman here Irwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this gentleman here Irwin
+Schrodinger in 1926 27 to write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger in 1926 27 to write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger in 1926 27 to write down an
+equation of motion for ways that is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for ways that is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for ways that is he
+thought well maybe the answer here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well maybe the answer here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought well maybe the answer here is
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+particles can behave like waves well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can behave like waves well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles can behave like waves well
+maybe we have to treat the wav likee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have to treat the wav likee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we have to treat the wav likee
+nature of particles the wav likee nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of particles the wav likee nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of particles the wav likee nature
+of electrons in particular in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in particular in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in particular in the case
+when the wavelength the deogi wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wavelength the deogi wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the wavelength the deogi wavelength
+of the particle or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle or the
+electron is comparable to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is comparable to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is comparable to the size of
+its environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its environment
+maybe in those cases we have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in those cases we have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in those cases we have to use a
+different kind of equation of motion a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of equation of motion a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of equation of motion a
+wave equation of motion and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation of motion and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation of motion and that's what
+he did so he wrote down this equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did so he wrote down this equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did so he wrote down this equation we
+briefly looked at it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly looked at it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly looked at it last
+time this equation has some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this equation has some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this equation has some kind of
+operator called the hamiltonian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator called the hamiltonian operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator called the hamiltonian operator
+it's uh got a hat on it a carrot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh got a hat on it a carrot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh got a hat on it a carrot on the
+top of it that tells us it's an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it that tells us it's an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it that tells us it's an operator
+that operates on the thing sigh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operates on the thing sigh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operates on the thing sigh that
+sigh is what's going to represent our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh is what's going to represent our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh is what's going to represent our
+particle that sigh is a wave since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that sigh is a wave since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that sigh is a wave since we're
+going to give it a functional form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a functional form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give it a functional form in
+another day or so we're going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another day or so we're going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another day or so we're going to call it
+a wave function somehow that sigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function somehow that sigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function somehow that sigh
+represents our particle exactly how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our particle exactly how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our particle exactly how it
+represents our particle is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our particle is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents our particle is something
+we're going to talk about again in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about again in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about again in a few
+days but right now the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but right now the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but right now the important thing
+is to realize that this s represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to realize that this s represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to realize that this s represents the
+presence of a particle in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a particle in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a particle in this case the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+okay and when s when H operates on S we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when s when H operates on S we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when s when H operates on S we
+get back s all right we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back s all right we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back s all right we do this
+operation and out comes s again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and out comes s again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation and out comes s again the
+original wave function but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original wave function but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original wave function but it's
+multiplied by something that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by something that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by something that something
+is the energy it's The Binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy it's The Binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the energy it's The Binding energy
+it's the energy with which the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the energy with which the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the energy with which the electron
+is bound to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound to the nucleus
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so this equation here it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this equation here it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this equation here it's an
+equation of motion this equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion this equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion this equation this
+wave equation Schrodinger's equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation Schrodinger's equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation Schrodinger's equation is
+to this new kind of mechanics called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this new kind of mechanics called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this new kind of mechanics called
+quantum mechanics like Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics like Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics like Newton's
+equations of motion and I show you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and I show you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion and I show you just
+the second law here is Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law here is Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second law here is Newton's
+equations of motion are the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion are the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion are the classical
+mechanics this equation here tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this equation here tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this equation here tells us
+how s changes with position and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how s changes with position and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how s changes with position and also
+with time all right it tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time all right it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time all right it tells us
+something about where the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about where the electron is
+and also tells us where the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also tells us where the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also tells us where the electron is
+as a function of time it's an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time it's an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time it's an equation
+of motion and this is what shoninger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and this is what shoninger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and this is what shoninger
+realized is that well maybe when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized is that well maybe when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized is that well maybe when the
+wavelength of a particle is on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of a particle is on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of a particle is on the order
+the size of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of its
+environment you have to treat it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you have to treat it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment you have to treat it with a
+different equation of motion you can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equation of motion you can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equation of motion you can no
+longer use f equal ma this classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer use f equal ma this classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer use f equal ma this classical
+equation of motion you have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion you have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion you have to use a
+different equation of motion and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equation of motion and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different equation of motion and that's
+Schrodinger's equation this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's equation this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's equation this wave
+equation all right could we di the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all right could we di the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all right could we di the front
+lights a little bit because the screen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights a little bit because the screen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights a little bit because the screen's
+just a little bit hard to see I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit hard to see I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit hard to see I think
+okay so we're going to Le let our uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to Le let our uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to Le let our uh
+electron be represented by this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron be represented by this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron be represented by this wave
+sigh all right and uh so sigh since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh all right and uh so sigh since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh all right and uh so sigh since it's
+going to be representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be representing the
+electron this s is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron this s is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron this s is going to be a
+function of some position coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some position coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some position coordinates
+and also in the broadest sense a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in the broadest sense a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in the broadest sense a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+time now we of course can label sigh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now we of course can label sigh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now we of course can label sigh in
+cartisian coordinates giving it a X Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian coordinates giving it a X Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian coordinates giving it a X Y
+and Z so if I gave you x y Y and Z for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z so if I gave you x y Y and Z for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z so if I gave you x y Y and Z for
+this electron in this kind of coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron in this kind of coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron in this kind of coordinate
+system where the nucleus is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where the nucleus is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where the nucleus is at the
+origin of the coordinate system if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of the coordinate system if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of the coordinate system if I
+gave you the X Y and Z coordinates you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the X Y and Z coordinates you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you the X Y and Z coordinates you'd
+know where the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the electron
+was but it turns out that this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but it turns out that this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was but it turns out that this problem
+of the hydrogen atom is uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen atom is uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen atom is uh really
+impossible to solve if I use a cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to solve if I use a cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to solve if I use a cartisian
+coordinate system so I'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system so I'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system so I'm going to use a
+spherical coordinate system all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinate system all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinate system all right
+how many of you are familiar and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you are familiar and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you are familiar and have
+used a spherical coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a spherical coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a spherical coordinate system
+before okay a few of you not all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay a few of you not all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay a few of you not all of you
+all right well it's not hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well it's not hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well it's not hard to
+understand and it is important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and it is important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and it is important that you
+will understand it so instead of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand it so instead of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will understand it so instead of giving
+you an X Y and Z to locate this electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an X Y and Z to locate this electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an X Y and Z to locate this electron
+this particle in space we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle in space we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle in space we're going to
+give you an R A Theta and a fi all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an R A Theta and a fi all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an R A Theta and a fi all right
+and the definitions of R Theta and F are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definitions of R Theta and F are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definitions of R Theta and F are
+the following if here's my nucleus at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if here's my nucleus at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if here's my nucleus at
+the origin and here's the electron R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and here's the electron R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and here's the electron R
+here R is the distance of that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R is the distance of that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here R is the distance of that electron
+from the nucleus it's just the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nucleus it's just the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nucleus it's just the length of
+this line right here all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line right here all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line right here all right so that's
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+coordinate a second coordinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate a second coordinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate a second coordinate is
+Theta Theta is the angle that this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Theta is the angle that this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Theta is the angle that this R
+makes right from the Z axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes right from the Z axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes right from the Z axis
+and then the third coordinate is fi fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third coordinate is fi fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the third coordinate is fi fi
+is the following if I take that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following if I take that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following if I take that electron
+and I just drop a perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just drop a perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just drop a perpendicular to the
+XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY
+plane and I then draw a line in the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and I then draw a line in the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and I then draw a line in the XY
+plane from that point of intersection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane from that point of intersection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane from that point of intersection to
+the origin well the angle that that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin well the angle that that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin well the angle that that line
+makes with the with the x- axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes with the with the x- axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes with the with the x- axis here
+that's five okay so I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five okay so I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's five okay so I'm going to give
+you an R A Theta and a f R is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an R A Theta and a f R is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an R A Theta and a f R is just the
+distance of the electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the electron from the
+nucleus Theta and F tell us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus Theta and F tell us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus Theta and F tell us something
+about the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the angular
+position and then as I said in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then as I said in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then as I said in the
+largest sense uh there's also time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest sense uh there's also time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest sense uh there's also time but
+we'll talk about time uh a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about time uh a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about time uh a little bit
+later all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+um Sai represents our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sai represents our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Sai represents our
+electron now what does the schinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now what does the schinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now what does the schinger
+equation specifically for a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation specifically for a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation specifically for a hydrogen
+atom actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom actually look
+like this H side time Z side is the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this H side time Z side is the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this H side time Z side is the kind
+of generic Schrodinger equation and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generic Schrodinger equation and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generic Schrodinger equation and now
+we got to write a specific one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to write a specific one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to write a specific one one
+specific for the hydrogen atom all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for the hydrogen atom all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for the hydrogen atom all right
+so we need to know what this is H that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to know what this is H that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to know what this is H that's
+our hamiltonian our operator all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hamiltonian our operator all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hamiltonian our operator all right
+and so the operator here for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the operator here for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the operator here for that
+hydrogen atom is this all right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom is this all right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom is this all right it's
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it
+is is essentially three second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essentially three second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essentially three second
+derivatives right three second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives right three second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives right three second
+derivatives one here is with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives one here is with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives one here is with respect to
+r a second is a second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r a second is a second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r a second is a second derivative
+effectively with respect to Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively with respect to Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively with respect to Theta and
+another one the final one is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one the final one is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one the final one is a second
+derivative with respect to five all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to five all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to five all
+right so in other words if this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words if this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in other words if this whole
+hamiltonian is operating on s what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is operating on s what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is operating on s what
+you're going to do is essentially take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is essentially take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do is essentially take
+the first derivative of s with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative of s with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative of s with respect
+to R multiply it by R SAR and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R multiply it by R SAR and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R multiply it by R SAR and then take
+the first derivative with respect to R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative with respect to R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative with respect to R
+again and multiply it by 1 / r s and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and multiply it by 1 / r s and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and multiply it by 1 / r s and add
+to that you know the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you know the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that you know the second derivative
+of s the first derivative of s with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s the first derivative of s with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s the first derivative of s with
+respect to Theta multiplied by sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Theta multiplied by sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Theta multiplied by sin Theta
+etc etc all right you don't have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc all right you don't have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc etc all right you don't have to know
+this I'm just showing this to you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm just showing this to you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm just showing this to you so you
+recognize it later on this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it later on this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize it later on this is a
+differential equation in 1803 you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in 1803 you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation in 1803 you learn
+how to solve these differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve these differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to solve these differential
+equations and then there's another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and then there's another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and then there's another very
+important term here so it's all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term here so it's all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important term here so it's all of this
+plus this U of R hey what's U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this U of R hey what's U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this U of R hey what's U of
+R potential energy of interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R potential energy of interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R potential energy of interaction and
+the potential energy of interaction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of interaction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of interaction of
+course is the kulum potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the kulum potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is the kulum potential energy
+right right here one / R dependence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right here one / R dependence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right here one / R dependence we
+talked about the Kum Force this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the Kum Force this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the Kum Force this is the
+potential energy of interaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of interaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of interaction that
+corresponds to the kolon force so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the kolon force so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the kolon force so that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+specific shrodinger equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific shrodinger equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific shrodinger equation for the
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+atom now what we've got to do is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now what we've got to do is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now what we've got to do is we have
+to solve this equation for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation for the hydrogen
+atom right and when I say solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom right and when I say solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom right and when I say solve this
+equation what I mean is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what I mean is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what I mean is we're going to
+have to find e these binding energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find e these binding energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find e these binding energies of
+the electron to the nucleus that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the nucleus that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the nucleus that's part
+of our goal when we say solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our goal when we say solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our goal when we say solve this
+differential equation is knowing what e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is knowing what e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation is knowing what e
+is is figuring out what e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is figuring out what e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is figuring out what e
+is and the and actually this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the and actually this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the and actually this is what
+we're going to do today finding those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today finding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do today finding those
+energies but then the second goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but then the second goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies but then the second goal is to
+find s right we want to find what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find s right we want to find what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find s right we want to find what is the
+functional form of sigh that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of sigh that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of sigh that represents
+the electron in the hydrogen atom there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in the hydrogen atom there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in the hydrogen atom there
+therefore we're going to want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we're going to want to find
+the wave functions for S and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions for S and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave functions for S and you know
+what those wave functions are nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those wave functions are nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those wave functions are nothing
+other than what you already sort of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than what you already sort of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than what you already sort of know
+and that is orbitals you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is orbitals you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is orbitals you know you've
+talked in high school about s orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in high school about s orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in high school about s orbitals
+and P orbitals and D orbitals hey those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P orbitals and D orbitals hey those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P orbitals and D orbitals hey those
+orbitals are nothing other than wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are nothing other than wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are nothing other than wave
+functions all right they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions all right they come from
+solving schrodingers equation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving schrodingers equation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving schrodingers equation for the
+hydrogen atom that's where they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that's where they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that's where they come
+from now specifically the orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now specifically the orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now specifically the orbital is
+something called the spatial part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the spatial part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the spatial part of the
+wave function as opposed to the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function as opposed to the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function as opposed to the spin
+part but for all intensive purposes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but for all intensive purposes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but for all intensive purposes they
+are the same all right so we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same all right so we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same all right so we're actually
+going to use these terms interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these terms interchangeably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use these terms interchangeably
+orbital wave function wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital wave function wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital wave function wave function
+orbital all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital all
+right okay the bottom line is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the bottom line is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay the bottom line is that when
+you s schinger equation for the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you s schinger equation for the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you s schinger equation for the energy
+and the wave function it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave function it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave function it makes
+predictions for the energies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the energies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the energies and the
+wave functions that agree with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions that agree with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions that agree with our
+observations as we're going to see today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations as we're going to see today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations as we're going to see today
+in particular for the case of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for the case of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for the case of The
+Binding energies of the electron to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energies of the electron to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energies of the electron to the
+nucleus right solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus right solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus right solving this
+equation um or this equation predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um or this equation predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um or this equation predicts
+having a stable hydrogen atom a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a stable hydrogen atom a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a stable hydrogen atom a hydrogen
+atom that seemingly lives forever in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that seemingly lives forever in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that seemingly lives forever in
+contrast to when we use classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to when we use classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to when we use classical
+equations of motion when we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion when we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion when we use
+classical equations of motion we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical equations of motion we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical equations of motion we got a
+hydrogen atom that lived for all of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that lived for all of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that lived for all of 10
+the minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 10
+seconds all right but here we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right but here we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right but here we finally
+have some way to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some way to understand the
+stability of the hydrogen atom it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the hydrogen atom it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of the hydrogen atom it makes
+the schinger equation makes predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schinger equation makes predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the schinger equation makes predictions
+that agree with our observations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agree with our observations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agree with our observations of the
+world we live in and therefore we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we live in and therefore we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we live in and therefore we
+believe it to to be correct all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it to to be correct all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it to to be correct all right
+that's it it agrees with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it it agrees with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it it agrees with the
+observations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that we
+make okay so uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make okay so uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make okay so uh let's
+start and we're actually not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we're actually not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and we're actually not going to
+solve the equation as I said but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation as I said but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the equation as I said but uh you
+will do so if you take 561 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do so if you take 561 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do so if you take 561 which is the
+Quantum course in chemistry or 804 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum course in chemistry or 804 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum course in chemistry or 804 I
+think it is which is a Quantum course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is which is a Quantum course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is which is a Quantum course in
+physics uh after you take differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh after you take differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh after you take differential
+equations so that you know how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so that you know how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so that you know how to solve
+the uh uh differential equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh differential equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh uh differential equations but
+we're going to write down the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write down the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write down the solution
+in particular here for E the uh binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular here for E the uh binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular here for E the uh binding
+energies of the electrons to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the electrons to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the electrons to the
+um to the nucleus okay so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the nucleus okay so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the nucleus okay so now we're
+going to need this all right so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need this all right so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need this all right so we've
+got H side equal e side and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got H side equal e side and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got H side equal e side and when we
+solve that equation we get the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that equation we get the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that equation we get the following
+expression for e the these binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for e the these binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for e the these binding
+energies e is equal to 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies e is equal to 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies e is equal to 1/
+n^2 * m e 4th over a Epsilon kn^ 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 * m e 4th over a Epsilon kn^ 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 * m e 4th over a Epsilon kn^ 2 *
+h^2 all right that's what we get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 all right that's what we get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 all right that's what we get out of
+it and there's a minus sign up in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there's a minus sign up in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there's a minus sign up in front
+now M what's m m is the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now M what's m m is the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now M what's m m is the mass of the
+electron what's e e is the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron what's e e is the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron what's e e is the charge on the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+Epsilon KN well Epsilon KN is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon KN well Epsilon KN is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon KN well Epsilon KN is this
+permitivity of vacuum that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity of vacuum that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitivity of vacuum that we talked
+about before it's really just a uh unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before it's really just a uh unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before it's really just a uh unit
+conversion factor here H Plank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor here H Plank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor here H Plank's
+constant Here Comes Plank's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Here Comes Plank's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Here Comes Plank's constant
+again it is ubiquitous it's everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it is ubiquitous it's everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it is ubiquitous it's everywhere
+okay and what we do is that we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we do is that we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we do is that we typically
+take all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all of these
+constants and group them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and group them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and group them
+together okay into another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay into another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay into another
+constant that we call the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that we call the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that we call the ridberg
+constant and we denote it as a capital R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we denote it as a capital R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we denote it as a capital R
+sub Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Capital
+H so all of that uh is equal R subh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so all of that uh is equal R subh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so all of that uh is equal R subh so
+this is over n^ 2 minus one all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is over n^ 2 minus one all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is over n^ 2 minus one all right
+and the value of r subh that rid BG's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of r subh that rid BG's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of r subh that rid BG's
+constant and this is something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is something you're
+going to need to use a lot in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to use a lot in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to use a lot in the next
+few weeks is 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks is 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks is 2.
+179 87 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+179 87 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+179 87 *
+10-8 JW all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-8 JW all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-8 JW all
+right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all
+right but you also see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you also see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you also see in this
+expression for The Binding energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for The Binding energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for The Binding energies of
+the electron to the nucleus that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the nucleus that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the nucleus that there's
+this n here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n here what's
+N N's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N N's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N N's an
+integer when you solve that differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer when you solve that differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer when you solve that differential
+equation you find that n has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you find that n has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you find that n has only
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+allowed uh certain allowed um values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed uh certain allowed um values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed uh certain allowed um values
+right n can be as low as one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right n can be as low as one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right n can be as low as one two three
+and hey n can go all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hey n can go all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hey n can go all the way up to
+Infinity n is what we call the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity n is what we call the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity n is what we call the principal
+quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number all right I'm going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right I'm going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right I'm going to explain
+that a little bit more by looking right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit more by looking right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit more by looking right
+now at an energy level diagram so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at an energy level diagram so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at an energy level diagram so that's
+the expression but now let's uh plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression but now let's uh plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression but now let's uh plot it
+out so that uh we can um thanks let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that uh we can um thanks let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so that uh we can um thanks let's
+plot it out so that we can uh understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it out so that we can uh understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it out so that we can uh understand
+what's going on here a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on here a little
+more all right so we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more all right so we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more all right so we're going to be
+plotting this expression as n goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting this expression as n goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting this expression as n goes from
+one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to
+Infinity so I have uh the energy axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so I have uh the energy axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so I have uh the energy axis
+here energy is going to be going up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here energy is going to be going up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here energy is going to be going up in
+that direction up so when n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction up so when n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction up so when n is equal to
+one well when n's equal to one The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well when n's equal to one The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well when n's equal to one The
+Binding energy of that electron to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy of that electron to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy of that electron to the
+nucleus is effectively the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is effectively the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus is effectively the ridberg
+constant here I rounded it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here I rounded it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here I rounded it off
+2.80 minus 2.18 * 10- 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.80 minus 2.18 * 10- 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.80 minus 2.18 * 10- 18
+jewles but our expression here says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewles but our expression here says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewles but our expression here says that
+there can be another binding energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be another binding energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be another binding energy of
+the electron to the nucleus it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the nucleus it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron to the nucleus it says that
+n can be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can be equal to
+two and if n is equal to two well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if n is equal to two well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if n is equal to two well then
+the energy The Binding energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy The Binding energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy The Binding energy of the
+electron is a quarter of the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a quarter of the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a quarter of the ridberg
+constant right because it's a rid birg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right because it's a rid birg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right because it's a rid birg
+constant over 2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over 2^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over 2^
+squared if n is equal to three well our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared if n is equal to three well our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared if n is equal to three well our
+expression says that the binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression says that the binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression says that the binding energy
+is minus a 9th of the red bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a 9th of the red bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus a 9th of the red bird
+constant if n is equal to 4 it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if n is equal to 4 it's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if n is equal to 4 it's minus
+the 16th of the ridberg constant n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 16th of the ridberg constant n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 16th of the ridberg constant n equal
+5 - 125 n = 6 - 136 n = 7 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 - 125 n = 6 - 136 n = 7 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 - 125 n = 6 - 136 n = 7 -
+149th all the way up to n equal infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+149th all the way up to n equal infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+149th all the way up to n equal infinity
+and you know what the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what the value of the
+binding energy is when n is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy is when n is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy is when n is equal to
+Infinity zero okay so our equation says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity zero okay so our equation says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity zero okay so our equation says
+that the electron can be bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron can be bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron can be bound to the
+hydro to the nucleus with this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro to the nucleus with this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydro to the nucleus with this much
+energy or this much energy or this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or this much energy or this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or this much energy or this much
+energy and so on but it can't be bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so on but it can't be bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so on but it can't be bound
+to the nucleus with this much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nucleus with this much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nucleus with this much energy
+somewhere in between or this much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between or this much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between or this much energy
+or that much energy it has to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that much energy it has to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that much energy it has to be exactly
+this exactly this exactly this exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly this exactly this exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exactly this exactly this exactly
+this or so on and so forth okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or so on and so forth okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or so on and so forth okay that's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+what we see here is that the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is that the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see here is that the energies
+The Binding energies of the electron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energies of the electron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energies of the electron to
+the nucleus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus are
+quantized right that that binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized right that that binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized right that that binding energy
+can only have specific allowed values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only have specific allowed values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only have specific allowed values
+right it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't have a
+Continuum uh of values for The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum uh of values for The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum uh of values for The Binding
+energy yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are identically the same size but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are identically the same size but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are identically the same size but
+remember no no remember because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember no no remember because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember no no remember because this is
+an operator right I left the hat off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator right I left the hat off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator right I left the hat off
+here remember that was a we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember that was a we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here remember that was a we took a
+second derivative of s okay so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of s okay so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of s okay so you can't
+cancel this this is an operator taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this this is an operator taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel this this is an operator taking
+the derivative of s all right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s all right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s all right so you
+can't just cancel that this isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just cancel that this isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just cancel that this isn't a
+multiply by on this side this side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by on this side this side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by on this side this side is
+right this is e time side but not over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is e time side but not over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is e time side but not over
+here that's really important yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's really important yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's really important yeah okay
+so we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have these
+quantization of the allowed uh binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the allowed uh binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of the allowed uh binding
+energies of the electron to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the electron to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the electron to the nucleus
+where did that quantization come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that quantization come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did that quantization come
+from that quantization came from solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that quantization came from solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that quantization came from solving
+the Schrodinger equation it come it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation it come it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation it come it
+drops right out of solving the asinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops right out of solving the asinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops right out of solving the asinger
+equation how does that happen well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation how does that happen well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation how does that happen well in
+differential equations as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations as you'll
+see when you solve a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you solve a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when you solve a differential
+equation what you have to do to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what you have to do to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation what you have to do to solve it
+so that it is adequately describes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it is adequately describes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it is adequately describes your
+physical situation is you ALS you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation is you ALS you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical situation is you ALS you have
+to often impose boundary conditions onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to often impose boundary conditions onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to often impose boundary conditions onto
+the problem all right and it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem all right and it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem all right and it's that
+imposition of boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition of boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposition of boundary
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+that gives you that Quant ization right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you that Quant ization right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you that Quant ization right
+that's where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it comes from
+mathematically so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically so in other words
+remember one of those angles that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one of those angles that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one of those angles that I
+showed you the FI angle you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the FI angle you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the FI angle you can see it
+would run from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would run from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would run from 0 to
+360° but you also know if you go 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° but you also know if you go 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° but you also know if you go 90
+degrees Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Beyond
+360° right suppose you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° right suppose you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° right suppose you go to
+450° well that should give you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450° well that should give you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450° well that should give you the same
+result as if you had 5 equal 90 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as if you had 5 equal 90 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result as if you had 5 equal 90 right
+so what you have to do is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have to do is you have to
+cut off your solution at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off your solution at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off your solution at
+360 degrees when you cut off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 degrees when you cut off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 degrees when you cut off that
+solution well then that gives you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well then that gives you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well then that gives you in
+these differential equations those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differential equations those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differential equations those
+boundary these uh quantization that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary these uh quantization that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary these uh quantization that's
+physically where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically where it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically where it comes from
+okay again this is not something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again this is not something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again this is not something you're
+responsible for but when you do Diffy Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for but when you do Diffy Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for but when you do Diffy Q
+later on 1803 you'll see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on 1803 you'll see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on 1803 you'll see how that
+happens all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's uh talk some more about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's uh talk some more about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's uh talk some more about these
+loud energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud energy
+levels when the electron or when n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when the electron or when n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels when the electron or when n is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+one what we say the language we use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what we say the language we use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what we say the language we use is
+that we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the hydrogen atom or we say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom or we say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom or we say that the
+electron or the hydrogen atom is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or the hydrogen atom is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or the hydrogen atom is in the
+ground ground state we call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground ground state we call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground ground state we call this the
+ground state because this is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state because this is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state because this is the lowest
+energy state right it's got the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state right it's got the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy state right it's got the most
+negative energy it's the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy it's the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy it's the lowest energy
+State we call n equal 1 the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we call n equal 1 the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State we call n equal 1 the ground state
+of the hydrogen atom or the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen atom or the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen atom or the ground state
+for the electron we use those terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron we use those terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron we use those terms of
+the electron or the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron or the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron or the hydrogen atom
+interchangeably now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably now what's the
+significance of this binding energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this binding energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this binding energy and
+this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important
+the significance is that The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance is that The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance is that The Binding
+energy is minus the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus the ionization energy
+for the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom
+because if I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I put the
+energy this energy in from here to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this energy in from here to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this energy in from here to there
+into the system well then I will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system well then I will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system well then I will be
+ripping off the electron and I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping off the electron and I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripping off the electron and I'll have a
+free electron right so the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron right so the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron right so the ionization
+energy is minus the value of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus the value of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus the value of of this
+binding energy the ionization energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy the ionization energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy the ionization energy is
+always positive The Binding energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive The Binding energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always positive The Binding energy the
+way we're going to treat this The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're going to treat this The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we're going to treat this The
+Binding energy is going to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy is going to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy is going to be negative
+because the electron is bound right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electron is bound right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electron is bound right and
+then the separated limit the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the separated limit the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the separated limit the electron
+far away from the nucleus well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the nucleus well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the nucleus well that
+energy is zero all right so the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is zero all right so the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is zero all right so the binding
+energy is minus the ionization energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus the ionization energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is minus the ionization energy or
+conversely the ionization energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely the ionization energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely the ionization energy is
+minus The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus The Binding
+energy that is the physical significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is the physical significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is the physical significance
+of these binding energies all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these binding energies all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these binding energies all right and
+when we talk about an ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about an ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about an ionization energy
+for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+atom we are typically talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom we are typically talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom we are typically talking about the
+ionization energy when the atom is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy when the atom is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy when the atom is in
+the ground state this is the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state this is the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state this is the ionization
+energy we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we're talking about
+right all right but we also said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right but we also said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right but we also said that
+the binding energy of the electron can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy of the electron can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy of the electron can
+be this this much meaning it's in the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this this much meaning it's in the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this this much meaning it's in the N
+equal 2 state right that can be possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 state right that can be possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 state right that can be possible
+also not at the same time as it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not at the same time as it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also not at the same time as it's in the
+N equal one state but you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equal one state but you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equal one state but you can have a
+hydrogen atom in a state which is the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in a state which is the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in a state which is the n
+equal 2 State what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 State what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 2 State what that means is that
+the electron is bound by less energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is bound by less energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is bound by less energy
+when that's the case we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's the case we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that's the case we talk about the
+hydrogen atom being in in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom being in in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom being in in the first
+excited state this is the ground this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state this is the ground this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state this is the ground this is
+the first excited state but n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first excited state but n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first excited state but n is equal
+to two all right in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two all right in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two all right in that case the
+electron is not as strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is not as strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is not as strongly
+bound because it's going to require less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because it's going to require less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound because it's going to require less
+energy to rip that electron off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to rip that electron off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to rip that electron off right
+The Binding energy in N equal 2 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy in N equal 2 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy in N equal 2 is just
+the ionization energy or The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy or The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy or The Binding
+energy in N equal 2 is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in N equal 2 is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in N equal 2 is minus the
+ionization energy if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy if you have the
+ionization from the if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization from the if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization from the if you have a
+hydrogen atom in the first excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in the first excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in the first excited state
+all right make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right make sense to
+you yeah okay so we can have atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah okay so we can have atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah okay so we can have atoms in
+this state too then the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state too then the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state too then the ionization
+energy is less takes less energy to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is less takes less energy to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is less takes less energy to pull
+the electron off yes please question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron off yes please question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron off yes please question
+does the iation eny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only um in everything that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um in everything that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only um in everything that we're going
+to deal with we're going to have binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with we're going to have binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with we're going to have binding
+energies that are negative okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that are negative okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that are negative okay so let's
+let's do that you can you can of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that you can you can of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that you can you can of course
+have a binding energy that's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a binding energy that's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a binding energy that's positive
+but the problem is that isn't a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is that isn't a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is that isn't a stable
+situation right right okay okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right right okay okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right right okay okay good
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay to the to the left just talk find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to the to the left just talk find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to the to the left just talk find
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you yes okay um when we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yes okay um when we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yes okay um when we're dealing with
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+solid we talk about a work function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid we talk about a work function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid we talk about a work function as
+opposed to an ionization energy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to an ionization energy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to an ionization energy when
+we're dealing with an atom or a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with an atom or a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with an atom or a molecule
+we talk about an ionization energy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about an ionization energy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about an ionization energy as
+opposed to the work function it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the work function it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the work function it's really
+the same thing okay we just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing okay we just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing okay we just you
+historically there's a reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically there's a reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically there's a reason for
+calling the ionization en off of a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the ionization en off of a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the ionization en off of a solid
+the work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay now oh one other thing I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh one other thing I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh one other thing I just
+wanted to point out again right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out again right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out again right here is
+that when n is equal to Infinity The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when n is equal to Infinity The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when n is equal to Infinity The
+Binding Energy Zero that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding Energy Zero that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding Energy Zero that's the
+ionization limit all right that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization limit all right that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization limit all right that's when
+the electron is no longer bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is no longer bound to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is no longer bound to the
+uh nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nucleus
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right now one other point here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now one other point here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now one other point here is that
+the solution to the schinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the schinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to the schinger equation
+for the hydrogen atom this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hydrogen atom this solution
+works it predicts the energy levels the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it predicts the energy levels the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it predicts the energy levels the
+allowed energy levels for any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed energy levels for any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed energy levels for any one
+electron atom all right what do I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom all right what do I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom all right what do I mean
+by one electron atom well helium plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one electron atom well helium plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one electron atom well helium plus is
+a one electron atom right because helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one electron atom right because helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one electron atom right because helium
+usually has two electrons but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has two electrons but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has two electrons but if you
+take one away you have only one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one away you have only one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one away you have only one electron
+left and so this helium plus ion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so this helium plus ion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and so this helium plus ion that's
+a one electron atom or if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one electron atom or if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one electron atom or if you want to
+say it more precisely one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it more precisely one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it more precisely one electron
+ion right or lithium double plus hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion right or lithium double plus hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion right or lithium double plus hey
+that's a one electron atom or a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one electron atom or a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one electron atom or a one
+electron uh ion because lithium usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh ion because lithium usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh ion because lithium usually
+has three electrons but if you took take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three electrons but if you took take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three electrons but if you took take
+two away and you only have one left hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two away and you only have one left hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two away and you only have one left hey
+that's a one electron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one electron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one electron atom
+uranium plus 91 is a one electron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium plus 91 is a one electron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium plus 91 is a one electron atom
+okay because you took 92 of them away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you took 92 of them away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because you took 92 of them away
+one's left that's a one electron atom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's left that's a one electron atom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's left that's a one electron atom or
+an ion and the bottom line is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion and the bottom line is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ion and the bottom line is that this
+expression for the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the energy levels
+predicts all of The Binding energies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts all of The Binding energies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts all of The Binding energies for
+one electron atoms as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron atoms as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron atoms as long as you
+remember to put in the Z squared up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to put in the Z squared up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to put in the Z squared up here
+okay for a hydrogen atom that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a hydrogen atom that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a hydrogen atom that's of
+course z equal 1 so we just have minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course z equal 1 so we just have minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course z equal 1 so we just have minus r
+subh over n^2 but for these other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh over n^2 but for these other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh over n^2 but for these other one
+electron atoms you have to have the Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atoms you have to have the Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atoms you have to have the Z in
+there the charge on the nucleus why well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the charge on the nucleus why well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the charge on the nucleus why well
+because that Z comes from the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that Z comes from the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that Z comes from the potential
+energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+interaction the Kon potential energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction the Kon potential energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction the Kon potential energy of
+interaction is the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is the charge on the
+electron times Z * Z the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times Z * Z the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron times Z * Z the charge on the
+nucleus that's where the Z comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's where the Z comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's where the Z comes from
+all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's
+important okay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay okay so
+now how do we know that the schro Ander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we know that the schro Ander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we know that the schro Ander
+equation is making predictions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is making predictions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is making predictions that
+agree with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with our
+observations well we got to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations well we got to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations well we got to do an
+experiment and the experiment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the experiment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the experiment we're
+going to do is we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to take a
+glass tube like this right we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass tube like this right we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass tube like this right we're going
+to pump it out and we're going to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pump it out and we're going to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pump it out and we're going to fill
+it with hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with hydrogen
+H2 okay and then in this glass tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 okay and then in this glass tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 okay and then in this glass tube
+there are two electrodes a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two electrodes a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two electrodes a positive
+electrode and a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and a negative
+electrode and what I'm going to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and what I'm going to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode and what I'm going to do here
+is that I'm going to crank up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm going to crank up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I'm going to crank up the
+potential difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference between these
+positive and negative electrodes higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative electrodes higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative electrodes higher
+higher higher until at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher until at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher until at a
+point we're going to have the gas break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're going to have the gas break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're going to have the gas break
+down a discharge is going to be ignited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a discharge is going to be ignited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a discharge is going to be ignited
+just like I'm going to do over here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I'm going to do over here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like I'm going to do over here all
+right did I ignite a discharge yep there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did I ignite a discharge yep there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did I ignite a discharge yep there
+it is and the gas is going to Glow we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and the gas is going to Glow we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and the gas is going to Glow we're
+going to have a plasma formed here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a plasma formed here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a plasma formed here and
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+oh and what happens in this plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and what happens in this plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and what happens in this plasma is
+that the H2 is broken down into hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the H2 is broken down into hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the H2 is broken down into hydrogen
+atoms all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms all
+right and these hydrogen atoms are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these hydrogen atoms are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these hydrogen atoms are going
+to emit radiation that's some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emit radiation that's some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emit radiation that's some of the
+radiation that you're seeing here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that you're seeing here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that you're seeing here in
+this particular particular discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular particular discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular particular discharge
+lamp we're going to take that radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp we're going to take that radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp we're going to take that radiation
+and we're going to disperse it that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to disperse it that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to disperse it that is
+we're going to send the light through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to send the light through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to send the light through a
+defraction grading this is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction grading this is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction grading this is kind of like
+the two slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two slit
+experiment and when you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and when you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and when you look at it
+you're going to see constructive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see constructive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see constructive and
+destructive interference but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive interference but when you
+look at the bright spots of constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bright spots of constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bright spots of constructive
+interference you're going to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you're going to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you're going to find that
+those bright spots now are broken down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bright spots now are broken down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bright spots now are broken down
+into different colors purple blue green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different colors purple blue green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different colors purple blue green
+Etc and that's because the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and that's because the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and that's because the different
+wavelengths of Light have different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of Light have different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths of Light have different the
+different colors of light have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors of light have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors of light have different
+wavelengths and if they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and if they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and if they have different
+wavelengths well then the points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths well then the points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths well then the points in
+space of Maximum constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of Maximum constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of Maximum constructive
+interference are going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference are going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference are going to be a little
+different and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and so we're going to
+literally separate the light out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally separate the light out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally separate the light out in
+space depending on their colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space depending on their colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space depending on their colors and
+we're going to see what colors come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see what colors come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see what colors come out
+of this okay and so now in order to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this okay and so now in order to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this okay and so now in order to help
+help you do that we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you do that we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you do that we've got some
+defraction grading glasses for you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction grading glasses for you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction grading glasses for you you
+should put them on and and look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put them on and and look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put them on and and look into
+this light and uh you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light and uh you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light and uh you will be able to
+see off to your left and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see off to your left and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see off to your left and to the
+right uh some very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh some very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh some very distinct
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you look into the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you look into the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you look into the lights
+above you can see all different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above you can see all different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above you can see all different colors
+in the white light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me grab a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right got them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right got them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right got them
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+all very good fantastic all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great all right do you see the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right do you see the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right do you see the hydrogen
+lamp I know that the the white lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp I know that the the white lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp I know that the the white lights
+above the room are more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the room are more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the room are more interesting
+because there's a a real whole rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a a real whole rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a a real whole rainbow
+there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh yeah okay I'm going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh yeah okay I'm going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh yeah okay I'm going to turn
+turn the lamp a little bit since uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the lamp a little bit since uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the lamp a little bit since uh not
+all of you if you're way on the side can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you if you're way on the side can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you if you're way on the side can
+see it all right so I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it all right so I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it all right so I'm going to start
+over here going to turn the lamp a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here going to turn the lamp a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here going to turn the lamp a bit
+all right can you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now all right you should see a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right you should see a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right you should see a bunch of
+lines here to your left and some to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here to your left and some to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here to your left and some to your
+right and then of course you'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then of course you'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then of course you'll see some
+up here but they'll probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here but they'll probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here but they'll probably be
+dispersed best to your left and to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed best to your left and to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed best to your left and to your
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+pardon can we di the baylight can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh can we dim those big lights over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can we dim those big lights over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can we dim those big lights over
+there probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all
+right okay I'm going to turn it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I'm going to turn it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay I'm going to turn it over
+here can you see it the spectrum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you see it the spectrum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can you see it the spectrum that
+you should see is what I'm showing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see is what I'm showing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see is what I'm showing on
+the on the center board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there all right you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right you see it
+pardon you have to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon you have to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon you have to look at the
+light oh thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light oh thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light oh thank you
+hey thank you very much can you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey thank you very much can you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey thank you very much can you see that
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+yeah okay I'll turn it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I'll turn it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay I'll turn it back
+there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+right all right you see the emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right you see the emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right you see the emission
+spectrum now it's a little better huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see if we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see if we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see if we can try to
+understand this uh emission spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this uh emission spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this uh emission spectrum
+that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're
+seeing what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you should
+see the brightest what you should see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the brightest what you should see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the brightest what you should see is
+a purple line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purple line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purple line
+no well let's see the purple line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well let's see the purple line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well let's see the purple line is
+actually uh rather weak I have to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh rather weak I have to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh rather weak I have to say if
+you come really close you can see it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come really close you can see it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come really close you can see it and
+you're invited to come up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're invited to come up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're invited to come up a little bit
+closer the purple Line's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weak what did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do oh I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes interference phenomenal work hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes interference phenomenal work hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes interference phenomenal work hey
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+fantastic all right so the purple line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic all right so the purple line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic all right so the purple line
+is kind of weak but the blue line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of weak but the blue line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of weak but the blue line is
+really strong right and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong right and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong right and then there's a
+green line which is also a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line which is also a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green line which is also a little bit
+weak and if you I can see because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and if you I can see because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak and if you I can see because I'm
+really close there's actually well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close there's actually well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close there's actually well I'm
+not tell you that there's a green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tell you that there's a green line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not tell you that there's a green line
+there and then there's this red line all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then there's this red line all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then there's this red line all
+right so let's see if we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see if we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's see if we can uh
+understand where these lines are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where these lines are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where these lines are coming
+from all right so what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all right so what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all right so what's happening
+is that this discharge not only does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this discharge not only does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this discharge not only does it
+pull the H2 apart break bonds make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the H2 apart break bonds make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the H2 apart break bonds make
+hydrogen atoms but it puts some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms but it puts some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms but it puts some of those
+hydrogen atoms into these excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms into these excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms into these excited
+States and so some a hydrogen atom might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so some a hydrogen atom might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so some a hydrogen atom might
+be in this excited state this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this excited state this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in this excited state this initial
+excited state high energy State and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state high energy State and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state high energy State and of
+course that's a high energy State it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a high energy State it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a high energy State it's
+unstable the system wants to relax it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable the system wants to relax it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable the system wants to relax it
+wants to relax to a lower energy State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to relax to a lower energy State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to relax to a lower energy State
+all right and when it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and when it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and when it does
+so because it's going to lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because it's going to lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because it's going to lower energy
+state it has to emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has to emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it has to emit
+radiation and that radiation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and that radiation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and that radiation is going to
+come out as a photon whose energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out as a photon whose energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out as a photon whose energy is
+exactly the energy difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the energy difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the energy difference between
+these two states that's the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two states that's the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two states that's the quantum
+nature here of the hydrogen atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature here of the hydrogen atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature here of the hydrogen atom the
+photon that comes out has to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon that comes out has to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon that comes out has to have an
+energy Delta e which is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Delta e which is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Delta e which is exactly the
+energy of the initial State minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the initial State minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the initial State minus that
+of the final State and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final State and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the final State and therefore the
+frequency of that radiation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that radiation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that radiation is going to
+have one value given by this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one value given by this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one value given by this energy
+difference divided by Plank's constant h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference divided by Plank's constant h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference divided by Plank's constant h
+so that's what's happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's happening in the
+discharge so what we've got is we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge so what we've got is we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge so what we've got is we've got
+some hydrogen atoms excited to say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hydrogen atoms excited to say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hydrogen atoms excited to say for
+example this B state which is a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this B state which is a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this B state which is a lower
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+State and so when it relaxes there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so when it relaxes there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and so when it relaxes there's a
+small energy difference between here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small energy difference between here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small energy difference between here and
+this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom
+State therefore you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State therefore you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State therefore you're going to have a
+low frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency of
+radiation if you have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation if you have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation if you have some other
+hydrogen atoms in the discharge that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms in the discharge that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms in the discharge that are
+excited to this state up here well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to this state up here well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to this state up here well this
+is a big energy difference and so Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big energy difference and so Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big energy difference and so Delta
+e is going to be large and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is going to be large and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e is going to be large and therefore
+you're going to have some radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have some radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have some radiation
+emitted that's at a high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted that's at a high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted that's at a high frequency
+because Delta e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Delta e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Delta e is
+large if it's at a high frequency it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if it's at a high frequency it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large if it's at a high frequency it's
+going to have a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a short
+wavelength these hydrogen atoms if are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength these hydrogen atoms if are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength these hydrogen atoms if are
+going to have a low frequency emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a low frequency emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a low frequency emission
+it's going to be a long wavelength all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a long wavelength all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be a long wavelength all
+right so we've got a mixture of atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got a mixture of atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got a mixture of atoms in
+this state or in this state or in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state or in this state or in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state or in this state or in any
+other states in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other states in this
+discharge now let's try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge now let's try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge now let's try to understand
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+spectrum and to do that I've drawn an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and to do that I've drawn an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and to do that I've drawn an
+energy level diagram for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level diagram for the hydrogen
+atom so here's n equal 1 State n equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so here's n equal 1 State n equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so here's n equal 1 State n equal 2
+N equal 3 n equal 4 all the way up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equal 3 n equal 4 all the way up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equal 3 n equal 4 all the way up to n
+equals z here on the top they get closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z here on the top they get closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z here on the top they get closer
+and closer together as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer together as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer together as we go
+up so this purple line it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this purple line it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so this purple line it turns out that
+that purple line or the purple color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purple line or the purple color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purple line or the purple color
+comes from from a transition made from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from from a transition made from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from from a transition made from a
+hydrogen atom in the N equal 6 state to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in the N equal 6 state to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom in the N equal 6 state to
+the N equal 2 State the final n here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N equal 2 State the final n here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N equal 2 State the final n here is
+two the Blue Line comes from a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the Blue Line comes from a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the Blue Line comes from a hydrogen
+atom that has made a transition from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that has made a transition from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom that has made a transition from n
+equal 5 also to n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 5 also to n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 5 also to n equal
+2 the blue the green line is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the blue the green line is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the blue the green line is from a
+hydrogen atom that makes a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that makes a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that makes a transition
+from Nal 4 to Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nal 4 to Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nal 4 to Nal
+2 and then the red line line from Nal 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then the red line line from Nal 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and then the red line line from Nal 3
+to Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Nal
+2 of course the transition from n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of course the transition from n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of course the transition from n equal
+3 to n equal 2 is the smallest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to n equal 2 is the smallest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 to n equal 2 is the smallest energy
+therefore it's going to be the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to be the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to be the longest
+wavelength Nal 6 to Nal 2 largest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Nal 6 to Nal 2 largest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength Nal 6 to Nal 2 largest energy
+therefore it's going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's going to have the
+smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+wavelength all right now how do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength all right now how do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength all right now how do we know
+that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+frequencies agree with what shring J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies agree with what shring J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies agree with what shring J
+predicted they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted they should be
+well to know that what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to know that what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to know that what we're going to do
+is we're going to write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to write down this
+equation here which is just telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here which is just telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here which is just telling us
+what the frequency of the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the frequency of the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the frequency of the radiation
+should be it's Delta e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it's Delta e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it's Delta e over
+H but we're going to use the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H but we're going to use the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H but we're going to use the predictions
+from the schinger equation and plug them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the schinger equation and plug them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the schinger equation and plug them
+into here to calculate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here to calculate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into here to calculate what the
+frequency should be so we were told here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency should be so we were told here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency should be so we were told here
+that the energy say of the initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy say of the initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy say of the initial State
+given by the shoing your equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the shoing your equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the shoing your equation is
+minus r subh over the initial quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r subh over the initial quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r subh over the initial quantum
+number squared we're going to plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number squared we're going to plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number squared we're going to plug that
+into there the final State well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into there the final State well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into there the final State well that's
+also the expression for the energy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the expression for the energy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the expression for the energy we're
+going to plug that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plug that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plug that into
+there we're then going to rearrange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're then going to rearrange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're then going to rearrange that
+equation so we get the frequency is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we get the frequency is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we get the frequency is the
+ridberg constant over H times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg constant over H times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg constant over H times this
+quantity 1 over N Sub f^2 - 1/ N Sub i^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 over N Sub f^2 - 1/ N Sub i^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 1 over N Sub f^2 - 1/ N Sub i^
+2 and since since I told you here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and since since I told you here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and since since I told you here that
+all of these lines the final quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these lines the final quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these lines the final quantum
+number is two we can plug that in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is two we can plug that in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is two we can plug that in and
+then we can just go in and put in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just go in and put in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can just go in and put in three
+four five six and get predictions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six and get predictions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six and get predictions for
+what new is for the frequency and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what new is for the frequency and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what new is for the frequency and what
+you would find is that the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find is that the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find is that the predictions
+that this makes the shoninger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this makes the shoninger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this makes the shoninger equation
+makes agree with the observations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes agree with the observations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes agree with the observations of the
+frequencies of these lines to one part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of these lines to one part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of these lines to one part
+and 10 the e there is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 the e there is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 the e there is really just
+remarkable agreement between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable agreement between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable agreement between the
+energies or the frequencies predicted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies or the frequencies predicted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies or the frequencies predicted by
+schinger uh equation and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger uh equation and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schinger uh equation and what we
+actually observe for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe for the hydrogen
+anom okay so here's another diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anom okay so here's another diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anom okay so here's another diagram of
+the energies of the hydrogen atom n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of the hydrogen atom n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies of the hydrogen atom n
+equal 1 Nal 2 Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 Nal 2 Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 Nal 2 Nal
+3 and the four lines that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the four lines that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and the four lines that we were
+looking at are shown right here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are shown right here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are shown right here okay
+these are the four lines here's Nal 6 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the four lines here's Nal 6 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the four lines here's Nal 6 to
+Nal 2 N = 5 to Nal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 2 N = 5 to Nal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 2 N = 5 to Nal
+2 these lines are actually called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 these lines are actually called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 these lines are actually called the
+Balmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balmer
+series I want you to note that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I want you to note that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I want you to note that there is
+also a transition from Nal 6 to n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a transition from Nal 6 to n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a transition from Nal 6 to n equal
+1 it's over here but you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's over here but you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 it's over here but you can see that
+that transition is a very high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition is a very high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transition is a very high energy
+transition that transition occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that transition occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that transition occurs in the
+ultra ultraviolet range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra ultraviolet range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra ultraviolet range of the
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+spectrum and therefore you can't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and therefore you can't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and therefore you can't see it
+but it's there right and actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there right and actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's there right and actually what
+you can see is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see is that there are
+transitions from these higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from these higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from these higher energy
+states to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to the ground
+state transitions from all of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transitions from all of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transitions from all of them to
+the ground state but they're all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state but they're all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state but they're all in the
+ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic
+spectrum that's why you can't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's why you can't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that's why you can't see that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now but those lines are called the Lyman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but those lines are called the Lyman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but those lines are called the Lyman
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+and then there are transitions here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are transitions here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are transitions here to
+the N equal 3 state right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N equal 3 state right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N equal 3 state right these
+transitions from the larger quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from the larger quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from the larger quantum
+number to n equal 3 are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to n equal 3 are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to n equal 3 are called the
+passion series they occur in the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion series they occur in the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion series they occur in the the um
+uh near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near
+infrared bracket Series in the infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared bracket Series in the infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared bracket Series in the infrared
+fund Series in the far infrared I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund Series in the far infrared I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund Series in the far infrared I got
+the backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the backwards
+um and these different series are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these different series are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and these different series are all
+labeled by the final State and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the final State and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the final State and they're
+labeled by the names of the discoverers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the names of the discoverers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by the names of the discoverers
+and the reason there's so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason there's so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason there's so many different
+discoverers is because in order to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverers is because in order to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoverers is because in order to see
+this different kinds of in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different kinds of in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different kinds of in in uh
+radiation you have to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you have to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation you have to have a different
+kind of detector and depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of detector and depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of detector and depending on what
+kind of detector an experimentalist had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of detector an experimentalist had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of detector an experimentalist had
+well that depends on uh that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that depends on uh that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that depends on uh that will
+dictate then what uh he actually can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate then what uh he actually can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate then what uh he actually can see
+what kind of radiation what of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of radiation what of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of radiation what of which
+ones of these transitions he can view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of these transitions he can view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones of these transitions he can view
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+right okay now we looked at emission but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now we looked at emission but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now we looked at emission but
+it is also possible for there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also possible for there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also possible for there to be
+absorption between these allowed states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption between these allowed states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption between these allowed states
+of a hydrogen atom that is we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hydrogen atom that is we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hydrogen atom that is we can have a
+hydrogen atom here in a low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom here in a low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom here in a low energy
+State the initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the initial State
+Isa and if there is a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isa and if there is a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isa and if there is a photon
+around whose energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around whose energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around whose energy
+matches the energy difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the energy difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the energy difference between
+these two states well then that Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two states well then that Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two states well then that Photon
+can be absorbed by the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be absorbed by the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be absorbed by the hydrogen atom
+okay so again the energy of that Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again the energy of that Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again the energy of that Photon
+has to be exactly the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be exactly the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be exactly the difference in
+energy between those two states it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between those two states it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between those two states it can't
+be a little larger if it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little larger if it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little larger if it's a little
+larger hey that Photon isn't going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger hey that Photon isn't going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger hey that Photon isn't going to be
+absorbed that's important that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed that's important that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed that's important that's the
+quantum nature again of the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum nature again of the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum nature again of the hydrogen
+atom these there are specific energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom these there are specific energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom these there are specific energies
+that are are allowed and nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are allowed and nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are allowed and nothing in
+between and then from knowing the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and then from knowing the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and then from knowing the energy
+of the photon you can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon you can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the photon you can get that
+frequency and then in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and then in the case of
+absorption the frequencies of which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption the frequencies of which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption the frequencies of which the
+frequencies of the radiation that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the radiation that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of the radiation that can be
+absorbed by a hydrogen atom are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by a hydrogen atom are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by a hydrogen atom are given by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+expression this expression differs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this expression differs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this expression differs from
+the frequencies for emission only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies for emission only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies for emission only in
+that I've reversed these two terms this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've reversed these two terms this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've reversed these two terms this
+is 1 over N Sub i^ 2 this is 1/ N Sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over N Sub i^ 2 this is 1/ N Sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over N Sub i^ 2 this is 1/ N Sub
+f^2 I've reversed them so that you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f^2 I've reversed them so that you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f^2 I've reversed them so that you come
+out with a frequency that is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a frequency that is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a frequency that is a positive
+number frequencies do have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number frequencies do have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number frequencies do have to be
+positive all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive all
+right okay so we've got two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we've got two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we've got two different
+Expressions here for the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions here for the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions here for the frequency
+depending on whether we're absorbing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether we're absorbing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether we're absorbing a
+photon or we're emitting a photon all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon or we're emitting a photon all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon or we're emitting a photon all
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions can't see anybody there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions can't see anybody there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions can't see anybody there can
+you explainity again epon Epsilon KN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explainity again epon Epsilon KN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explainity again epon Epsilon KN is
+a conversion factor for electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversion factor for electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversion factor for electrostatic
+units that is all you need at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that is all you need at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that is all you need at the moment
+all right in 802 maybe you will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in 802 maybe you will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in 802 maybe you will go
+through the unit conversion there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the unit conversion there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the unit conversion there all
+right to get you to MKS SI units right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jOLB1V0pGhU.txt b/jOLB1V0pGhU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0cd942e037660e8daccf01c589ce244ba7de2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jOLB1V0pGhU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome again everyone very nice to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome again everyone very nice to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome again everyone very nice to to
+see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and also thank you very much for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also thank you very much for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also thank you very much for doing
+the readings and putting the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings and putting the comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings and putting the comments
+and uh putting the comments on the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh putting the comments on the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh putting the comments on the notes
+I have my uh notebook here where I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my uh notebook here where I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my uh notebook here where I wrote
+down your points which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your points which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down your points which I'm going to
+cover as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover as we go along
+one small note some of them appear fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small note some of them appear fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one small note some of them appear fully
+Anonymous so I don't even know who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous so I don't even know who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anonymous so I don't even know who you
+hold them and but many of them have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold them and but many of them have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold them and but many of them have at
+least the name is visible to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the name is visible to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the name is visible to me
+so two points I think if you're not shy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two points I think if you're not shy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two points I think if you're not shy
+you can feel totally free to share with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel totally free to share with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel totally free to share with
+your classmates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your classmates
+you because a lot of your thinking is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because a lot of your thinking is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because a lot of your thinking is uh
+useful and elaborate and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and elaborate and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and elaborate and you know it's
+fun so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun so I
+unless you have a reason not to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a reason not to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have a reason not to you
+should feel free to to make it open we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to to make it open we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should feel free to to make it open we
+can establish that as the default social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish that as the default social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish that as the default social
+Norm at a very minimum I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm at a very minimum I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm at a very minimum I would
+appreciate seeing your name on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate seeing your name on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate seeing your name on the on
+the signature just uh to to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature just uh to to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature just uh to to know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh What uh we are going to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh What uh we are going to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh What uh we are going to to do
+today is to talk a bit about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to talk a bit about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is to talk a bit about uh the
+description Ray paper someone asked does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description Ray paper someone asked does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description Ray paper someone asked does
+anybody even know that paper uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody even know that paper uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody even know that paper uh so
+that's like a modern classic just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a modern classic just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a modern classic just so you
+know that's why we are teaching it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's why we are teaching it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's why we are teaching it it's
+uh and also because it's a good paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also because it's a good paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and also because it's a good paper
+but it's the paper that's probably every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the paper that's probably every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the paper that's probably every
+development Economist has read at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Economist has read at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Economist has read at a
+point or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or another
+um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+I think some of it is actually lost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some of it is actually lost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think some of it is actually lost by
+uh because what's very nice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because what's very nice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because what's very nice in this
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+is the whole generic generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whole generic generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the whole generic generally
+equilibrium use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium use
+of the capacity of the S chip capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacity of the S chip capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the capacity of the S chip capacitor
+but and in a lot of the future or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and in a lot of the future or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and in a lot of the future or uh
+sort of a side guest of the use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a side guest of the use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a side guest of the use of the
+capacity curve and development of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve and development of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve and development of the
+shape girl we think about the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape girl we think about the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape girl we think about the dynamic
+thing and we are kind of done with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we are kind of done with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we are kind of done with the
+use of escapware whereas they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of escapware whereas they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of escapware whereas they are the
+Richer use of it but this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richer use of it but this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richer use of it but this is really a
+very very well known very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well known very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well known very important
+people which is a sort of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is a sort of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is a sort of something
+common to the whole culture of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to the whole culture of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to the whole culture of the field
+uh so thank you for reading it carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so thank you for reading it carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so thank you for reading it carefully
+and for commenting on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for commenting on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for commenting on it
+so we'll go through it uh relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go through it uh relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go through it uh relatively
+rapidly so it starts with our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so it starts with our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so it starts with our friend
+capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+the capacity curve relates to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity curve relates to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity curve relates to this
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+into today's work capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's work capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into today's work capacity
+so that in itself where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in itself where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in itself where does that
+function even comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the where what's the why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the where what's the why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the where what's the why do we
+have a relationship between today's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a relationship between today's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a relationship between today's in
+common and today's work capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and then before that even it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then before that even it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then before that even it's
+already a composite function in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a composite function in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a composite function in a sense
+implicit in this assumption is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in this assumption is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in this assumption is that you
+eat what you have or at least there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat what you have or at least there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat what you have or at least there is
+not much of a choice there maybe people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much of a choice there maybe people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much of a choice there maybe people
+have to have some amount of money to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some amount of money to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some amount of money to for
+the house and for their clothes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house and for their clothes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house and for their clothes and
+everything else is being consumed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is being consumed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is being consumed or
+that choice is not really model at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice is not really model at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that choice is not really model at any
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+uh so there is a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there is a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there is a relationship between
+how much income you have and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much income you have and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much income you have and how much
+you get to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to eat
+and what is of most interest to them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is of most interest to them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is of most interest to them is
+the relationship between how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between how much you
+get to eat and how a productive you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to eat and how a productive you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to eat and how a productive you are
+and that girl is interesting because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that girl is interesting because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that girl is interesting because it
+starts you know increasing but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts you know increasing but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts you know increasing but maybe
+mildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildly
+and then what happens uh after this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens uh after this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens uh after this at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this curve
+if I were drawing on the board where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were drawing on the board where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were drawing on the board where
+would I where would I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I where would I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I where would I go
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+would go up in a steeper way so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go up in a steeper way so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go up in a steeper way so it has
+kind of a steep section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a steep section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a steep section
+and then it flattens again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it flattens again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it flattens again
+so once the kind of mechanism behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once the kind of mechanism behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once the kind of mechanism behind
+that that I have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in for this particular paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precisely so the idea is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so the idea is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so the idea is that uh
+initially the first few calories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the first few calories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the first few calories are
+needed maybe the first 1200 calories or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed maybe the first 1200 calories or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed maybe the first 1200 calories or
+so I needed just to keep your body's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I needed just to keep your body's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I needed just to keep your body's
+functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning
+and it's only after this basic need so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only after this basic need so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only after this basic need so
+that doesn't make you particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make you particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't make you particularly
+productive it's only after this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive it's only after this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive it's only after this basic
+needs are met that the future calorie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs are met that the future calorie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs are met that the future calorie
+are being translated into work capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being translated into work capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being translated into work capacity
+and physical capacity in their case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical capacity in their case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physical capacity in their case they
+have in mind people you know Harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind people you know Harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind people you know Harvest
+harvesting bushes of maize so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting bushes of maize so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvesting bushes of maize so at the
+beginning like I give you just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like I give you just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning like I give you just a little
+bit of money you can't go very far then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money you can't go very far then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of money you can't go very far then
+eventually you are fed enough the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you are fed enough the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually you are fed enough the the
+maze is translate into energy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze is translate into energy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze is translate into energy that you
+can devote to the maze harvesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can devote to the maze harvesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can devote to the maze harvesting and
+then it flattens again as you have eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it flattens again as you have eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it flattens again as you have eaten
+enough and then maybe too much or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and then maybe too much or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and then maybe too much or for
+Thanksgiving dinner or whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving dinner or whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving dinner or whatnot
+uh so many of you have asked uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so many of you have asked uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so many of you have asked uh okay
+this is this particular people is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this particular people is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this particular people is about
+nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition
+but could we think about other source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could we think about other source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could we think about other source of
+that s-shape uh coming from other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s-shape uh coming from other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that s-shape uh coming from other things
+and that's an excellent question and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an excellent question and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an excellent question and the
+answer is of course yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is of course yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is of course yes
+and and many papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and many papers
+either explicitly or implicitly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either explicitly or implicitly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either explicitly or implicitly in
+development that are searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that are searching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development that are searching for
+poverty type or persistent of poverty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type or persistent of poverty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type or persistent of poverty or
+under investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under investment
+uh try to build up a reason for Esco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to build up a reason for Esco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to build up a reason for Esco
+sometimes the scarf is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the scarf is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the scarf is a little bit
+simpler than that you could just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than that you could just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler than that you could just have
+which would work just as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would work just as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would work just as well as a
+segment that is like did then a jump and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that is like did then a jump and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment that is like did then a jump and
+then another segment that's there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another segment that's there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another segment that's there it
+doesn't have to be that so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be that so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be that so for example
+uh can you come up with any domain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you come up with any domain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can you come up with any domain uh
+where you might see a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might see a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might see a relationship
+between someone's cash in hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between someone's cash in hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between someone's cash in hand
+I'm saying cash in hand because it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying cash in hand because it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying cash in hand because it could
+be a person or it could be a form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a person or it could be a form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a person or it could be a form uh
+someone cash in hand and how productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone cash in hand and how productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone cash in hand and how productive
+they are can you think of it of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are can you think of it of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are can you think of it of another
+example where we could see this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we could see this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we could see this type of
+ship reasonably come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean maybe they need to purchase an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean maybe they need to purchase an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean maybe they need to purchase an
+expensive piece of equipment for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive piece of equipment for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive piece of equipment for them
+precisely so you could imagine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so you could imagine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so you could imagine for
+example a small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a small business
+uh they're starting their small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're starting their small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're starting their small business
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um they're making uh clothes there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're making uh clothes there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're making uh clothes there so
+they're buying some clothes they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying some clothes they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're buying some clothes they are
+sewing and they are not very productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewing and they are not very productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewing and they are not very productive
+sewing by hand and so and then they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewing by hand and so and then they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewing by hand and so and then they only
+have two hands though after a while that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two hands though after a while that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two hands though after a while that
+stops and then comes a time where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and then comes a time where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and then comes a time where they
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+either hire a second person they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either hire a second person they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either hire a second person they have to
+hire them full-time that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire them full-time that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire them full-time that would be a
+fixed cost or they could uh they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost or they could uh they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed cost or they could uh they could
+buy themselves a sewing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy themselves a sewing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy themselves a sewing machine
+and then if they manage to to to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they manage to to to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if they manage to to to get to
+this point then they would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point then they would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point then they would find
+themselves uh at a much higher level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh at a much higher level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh at a much higher level of
+investment so that's another place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so that's another place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so that's another place where
+you would find something that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find something that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would find something that wouldn't
+necessarily have this S curve but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have this S curve but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have this S curve but you
+would find themselves there I will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find themselves there I will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find themselves there I will see
+example in education for example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in education for example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in education for example where
+uh let's say adding a dynamic Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say adding a dynamic Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say adding a dynamic Dimension
+to it but parents who themselves as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but parents who themselves as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it but parents who themselves as as
+is highly educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is highly educated
+might find it much easier to help their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find it much easier to help their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find it much easier to help their
+own children at home and impart human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own children at home and impart human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own children at home and impart human
+capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital
+so that also creates a moment where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that also creates a moment where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that also creates a moment where if
+you have a secondary education yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a secondary education yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a secondary education yourself
+uh the cost of providing educa basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cost of providing educa basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cost of providing educa basic
+education to your child goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education to your child goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education to your child goes down and
+therefore the returns of any investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the returns of any investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the returns of any investment
+in that education goes up so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that education goes up so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that education goes up so that would
+create such a jump as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create such a jump as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create such a jump as well
+so that's why this shape is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why this shape is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why this shape is something
+that is of course Very Central in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of course Very Central in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is of course Very Central in a lot
+of What's Done in development as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of What's Done in development as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of What's Done in development as opposed
+to other fields where we kind of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other fields where we kind of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other fields where we kind of try to
+avoid non-convex cities they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid non-convex cities they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid non-convex cities they make
+everything a little bit more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a little bit more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything a little bit more complicated
+but of course in this case that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course in this case that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course in this case that's the
+complete complexity we're wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete complexity we're wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete complexity we're wanting to
+embrace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace
+now the moment everything is is static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the moment everything is is static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the moment everything is is static
+there is no Dynamic yet but I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Dynamic yet but I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no Dynamic yet but I go back to
+Dynamic interpretation of the of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic interpretation of the of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic interpretation of the of that
+curve uh uh very soon and that's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh uh very soon and that's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh uh very soon and that's gonna
+give you the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the uh
+the term poverty trap which was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term poverty trap which was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term poverty trap which was actually
+absent completely in the paper after one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent completely in the paper after one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent completely in the paper after one
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+now what else we can put on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what else we can put on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what else we can put on this graph
+is the what's the what's that line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the what's the what's that line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the what's the what's that line it's
+not it doesn't have to be 45 degree line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't have to be 45 degree line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it doesn't have to be 45 degree line
+it will it looks almost 45 degree line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it looks almost 45 degree line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it looks almost 45 degree line
+but what's important is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's important is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's important is that it's a
+straight line what is it representing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line what is it representing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line what is it representing in
+their world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+is this a potential Beach right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a potential Beach right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a potential Beach right that's
+that's the wage so the idea in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wage so the idea in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wage so the idea in that
+world is that the widget is a p-switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is that the widget is a p-switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is that the widget is a p-switch
+so uh if I wanted to have a higher wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if I wanted to have a higher wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if I wanted to have a higher wage
+do I move this way or that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you must towards the x-axis because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must towards the x-axis because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must towards the x-axis because the
+wedges the other way it says for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges the other way it says for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wedges the other way it says for every
+single for every single possible work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single for every single possible work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single for every single possible work
+capacity how much income you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity how much income you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity how much income you are so
+we're reading it the other way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reading it the other way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're reading it the other way that
+makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense
+and so here is a lower wage and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here is a lower wage and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here is a lower wage and here is
+uh an interesting wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an interesting wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an interesting wage
+so generally when there is a tangent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generally when there is a tangent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so generally when there is a tangent in
+an economics class we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economics class we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economics class we are trying to
+optimize something but here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize something but here I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize something but here I'm not
+optimizing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizing anything
+what's interested about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interested about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interested about what's
+interesting about this particular wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this particular wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this particular wage
+and why does it uh does it turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why does it uh does it turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why does it uh does it turn out to
+be relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is where uh average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I wouldn't characterize it quite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I wouldn't characterize it quite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I wouldn't characterize it quite that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+because it only intersects your capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only intersects your capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only intersects your capacity
+for every two points of the origin about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every two points of the origin about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every two points of the origin about
+it seems that everyone eventually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um yes and in particular what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes and in particular what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes and in particular what happens if
+the weight is any lower or any higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is any lower or any higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is any lower or any higher
+than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if it's if the wage becomes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's if the wage becomes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's if the wage becomes any
+higher than V Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than V Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than V Star
+we are going to get even more you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to get even more you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to get even more you're
+going to get you know you're in the zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you know you're in the zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you know you're in the zone
+where you are working quite a bit on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are working quite a bit on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are working quite a bit on in
+quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit
+if the wage is any lower than Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you are earning nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are earning nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are earning nothing
+so that Vistar is interesting not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Vistar is interesting not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Vistar is interesting not
+because it's representing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's representing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's representing your
+optimality or anything but because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality or anything but because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality or anything but because it is
+the smallest possible wage at which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible wage at which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest possible wage at which uh
+people in this economy can uh perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this economy can uh perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this economy can uh perform
+meaningful work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful work
+I wouldn't interpret the zero as pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't interpret the zero as pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wouldn't interpret the zero as pure
+starvation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation
+but it could be very very minimal work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be very very minimal work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be very very minimal work I
+met a guy in Indonesia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a guy in Indonesia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met a guy in Indonesia
+who described himself as being there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who described himself as being there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who described himself as being there I
+don't know whether he really was and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether he really was and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether he really was and I
+don't know whether it was but he gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it was but he gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it was but he gave me
+the whole theory of of that that he gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole theory of of that that he gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole theory of of that that he gave
+me this whole theory he explained to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this whole theory he explained to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this whole theory he explained to me
+that he was so weak that they couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was so weak that they couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was so weak that they couldn't
+really walk in the fields so he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really walk in the fields so he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really walk in the fields so he was
+mostly staying near the the pond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly staying near the the pond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly staying near the the pond
+and catching fish from the from the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catching fish from the from the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and catching fish from the from the side
+which is a low effort energy could catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a low effort energy could catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a low effort energy could catch
+some fish and then he would bring them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fish and then he would bring them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fish and then he would bring them
+home to his brother and his brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to his brother and his brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to his brother and his brother
+would feed him in exchange that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would feed him in exchange that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would feed him in exchange that's kind
+of the idea of like it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the idea of like it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the idea of like it's not just
+minimal work which gave him minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal work which gave him minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal work which gave him minimal
+feeling in exchange which kind of hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling in exchange which kind of hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling in exchange which kind of hardly
+sustained them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustained them
+so that's the that's that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the that's that's the the
+sense of that Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of that Vista
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of that Vista
+so now we can you know we are armed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can you know we are armed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can you know we are armed with
+that this is a very single person we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a very single person we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a very single person we can
+think about how the liberal Supply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how the liberal Supply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how the liberal Supply is
+going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like
+so if I had one individual and I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I had one individual and I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I had one individual and I can say
+how much does one individual work as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does one individual work as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does one individual work as a
+function of what the wage happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what the wage happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what the wage happens to be
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+uh that V Star that V Star would be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that V Star that V Star would be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that V Star that V Star would be here
+and the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that
+if the wage is any lower than Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wage is any lower than Vista
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the wage is any lower than Vista
+uh labor Supply zero I mean close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh labor Supply zero I mean close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh labor Supply zero I mean close to
+zero nobody can really do any work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nobody can really do any work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nobody can really do any work
+if the uh the wage becomes uh any higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh the wage becomes uh any higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh the wage becomes uh any higher
+than Vista then we have a proper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Vista then we have a proper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Vista then we have a proper uh
+usual labor supply curve as the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual labor supply curve as the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual labor supply curve as the wage
+increase people walk more that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase people walk more that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase people walk more that's the
+right side of the of the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the of the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the of the site
+and then what happens at Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for an individual person what would if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an individual person what would if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an individual person what would if
+the width happens to be Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width happens to be Vista
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width happens to be Vista
+uh what can what would people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what can what would people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what can what would people
+be able to do and maybe like to do or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do and maybe like to do or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do and maybe like to do or do
+utilities a bit uh in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities a bit uh in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities a bit uh in the background
+here but implicitly in this world would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but implicitly in this world would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but implicitly in this world would
+prefer to do if the wage was exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to do if the wage was exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to do if the wage was exactly
+Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry go ahead
+you had started sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had started sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had started sorry
+and what is your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah nothing different it's not a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah nothing different it's not a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah nothing different it's not a matter
+it's you you you are capable of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you you you are capable of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you you you are capable of working
+so every single individual would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every single individual would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every single individual would like to
+is possible is is working there I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible is is working there I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is possible is is working there I think
+in utility is a bit far from that world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in utility is a bit far from that world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in utility is a bit far from that world
+but uh I think in the background they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I think in the background they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I think in the background they
+mean that people would prefer to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that people would prefer to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that people would prefer to work
+and eat than to be like half dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eat than to be like half dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eat than to be like half dead
+so they're not they're different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not they're different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not they're different but
+they are capable of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are capable of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are capable of working
+so everybody is capable of working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody is capable of working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everybody is capable of working and
+then if the wage is below then they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the wage is below then they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the wage is below then they are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+the question is where they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is where they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is where they are going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+uh so if the wage that's now labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if the wage that's now labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if the wage that's now labor
+demand so lebronment is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so lebronment is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so lebronment is completely
+classical in this world if the wages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical in this world if the wages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical in this world if the wages
+goes up you want less labor or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up you want less labor or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up you want less labor or if the
+wage go up you will so something shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage go up you will so something shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage go up you will so something shift
+the labor demand what could it be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor demand what could it be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor demand what could it be in
+this agrarian economy that shifts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agrarian economy that shifts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this agrarian economy that shifts to
+liebodiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah so what what could make Walker more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what what could make Walker more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what what could make Walker more
+productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive
+in this Aquarian world uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Aquarian world uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this Aquarian world uh more
+appropriate training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate training
+yeah or simply the productivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or simply the productivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah or simply the productivity of the
+land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land
+so it could be uh just the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be uh just the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be uh just the different
+economy with better or worst land it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy with better or worst land it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy with better or worst land it
+could be the climate it could be past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the climate it could be past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be the climate it could be past
+investment right now there is no path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment right now there is no path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment right now there is no path
+but they might be a pest so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might be a pest so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they might be a pest so something
+moves the liberal Supply the lobotomy up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the liberal Supply the lobotomy up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves the liberal Supply the lobotomy up
+or down we have a quite normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down we have a quite normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down we have a quite normal
+equilibrium where everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where everybody is
+is working and what happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working and what happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working and what happens if the
+liberal demand is is there causes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal demand is is there causes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal demand is is there causes that
+dotted line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line
+uh what happened to aggregate liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened to aggregate liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what happened to aggregate liberal
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+what does it have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so if if it were zero if labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if it were zero if labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if it were zero if labor Supply
+was Zero then wages would be very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero then wages would be very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Zero then wages would be very high
+at that labor event because I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that labor event because I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that labor event because I have to
+continue that graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that graph
+so if the if very very very very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the if very very very very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the if very very very very few
+worker then wages would be very high so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker then wages would be very high so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker then wages would be very high so
+that's not an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an equilibrium
+so it's not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not zero
+yeah you're right but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're right but you have to
+rational jobs right so it has to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational jobs right so it has to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational jobs right so it has to be here
+that's the only thing that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing that's in
+equilibrium because if it's any lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because if it's any lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because if it's any lower
+the weight is a bit higher than more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is a bit higher than more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is a bit higher than more
+people would be walking that would lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be walking that would lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would be walking that would lower
+down the wage if it's any higher then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the wage if it's any higher then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the wage if it's any higher then
+labor the wage would go down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor the wage would go down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor the wage would go down and then
+nobody can work at that wage that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can work at that wage that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody can work at that wage that is
+slightly that is slightly uh lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly that is slightly uh lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly that is slightly uh lower
+therefore it has to be exactly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it has to be exactly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it has to be exactly here
+that's the equilibrium but of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equilibrium but of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equilibrium but of course in
+this world people is a worker they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world people is a worker they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world people is a worker they don't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+there's no smooth cerebral Supply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no smooth cerebral Supply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no smooth cerebral Supply and
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore
+the weeds obtained is that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weeds obtained is that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weeds obtained is that some people
+work and some people don't so here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and some people don't so here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and some people don't so here on
+this graph roughly what fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph roughly what fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph roughly what fraction of
+people have to work in order to to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to work in order to to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to work in order to to make
+this an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it one-third or is it two-thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two thirds two sets so two thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds two sets so two thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thirds two sets so two thousand
+people have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to work
+and one third don't work right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one third don't work right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one third don't work right so that's
+involuntary unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntary unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntary unemployment
+a situation where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where you have
+uh exactly identical people but the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly identical people but the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly identical people but the only
+way to sustain an equilibrium is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sustain an equilibrium is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to sustain an equilibrium is we have
+to draw a lottery between them where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a lottery between them where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw a lottery between them where
+some of them work some of them don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them work some of them don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them work some of them don't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+and then of course that continues a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course that continues a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course that continues a
+sentence in the people that you've read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in the people that you've read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in the people that you've read
+said and one is distinctly better off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and one is distinctly better off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and one is distinctly better off as
+a result so that better always slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result so that better always slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result so that better always slightly
+loose because it's not that they gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose because it's not that they gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose because it's not that they gave us
+a utility function but they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility function but they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility function but they have this
+idea that it's better to work and eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's better to work and eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's better to work and eat
+enough and be productive than to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and be productive than to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and be productive than to just be
+like half starving right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half starving right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half starving right so that's
+involuntary unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntary unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involuntary unemployment
+that stuff affects the first result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff affects the first result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff affects the first result
+our second result has yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second result has yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second result has yes
+does that mean that like a prediction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that like a prediction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that like a prediction is
+that like if there's demand shocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if there's demand shocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like if there's demand shocks in
+this kind of economy like wages should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of economy like wages should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of economy like wages should
+just stay the same exactly so in this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay the same exactly so in this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay the same exactly so in this as
+long as we are moving uh as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we are moving uh as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we are moving uh as long as we
+are moving in that zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving in that zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving in that zone
+the wage we stay the same and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage we stay the same and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage we stay the same and what the
+the impact will be felt on unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact will be felt on unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact will be felt on unemployment
+even though there is no wage rigidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there is no wage rigidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though there is no wage rigidity
+imposed by anybody it's not that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed by anybody it's not that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed by anybody it's not that there
+is a minimum wage but it's a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minimum wage but it's a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minimum wage but it's a minimum
+wage at that you have to pay in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage at that you have to pay in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage at that you have to pay in order to
+get to get a a day works out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to get a a day works out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to get a a day works out of the
+people you are hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you are hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you are hiring
+so the minimum wage is a product not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the minimum wage is a product not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the minimum wage is a product not of
+institution but of that uh peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution but of that uh peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution but of that uh peculiar
+capacity curve exactly so that produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve exactly so that produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve exactly so that produces
+that so changes in Libra demand produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so changes in Libra demand produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so changes in Libra demand produces
+changes in employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now where we get to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now where we get to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now where we get to the to the
+poverty trap idea is when we add the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap idea is when we add the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty trap idea is when we add the you
+know some heterogeneity between people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some heterogeneity between people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some heterogeneity between people
+and in particular with non-liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular with non-liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular with non-liberal
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+so non-libal income comes for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-libal income comes for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-libal income comes for example
+from earning some of the land that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earning some of the land that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earning some of the land that is
+being worked by people so people let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worked by people so people let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being worked by people so people let's
+say are not have an equal share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are not have an equal share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are not have an equal share of the
+land and then when you own the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and then when you own the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and then when you own the land
+you're getting some rent from the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting some rent from the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting some rent from the land
+and that's your non-liable income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's your non-liable income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's your non-liable income
+and what does non-labor income does to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does non-labor income does to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does non-labor income does to
+the capacity curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacity curve
+if I have more so you have a here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have more so you have a here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have more so you have a here a
+first person that has a bit of non-libal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person that has a bit of non-libal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person that has a bit of non-libal
+income uh if I give them more non-libo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income uh if I give them more non-libo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income uh if I give them more non-libo
+income where does the curve move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now that relates employment income to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that relates employment income to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that relates employment income to
+work capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh can you remind me your name uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh can you remind me your name uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh can you remind me your name uh
+Western can you uh ship left you require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western can you uh ship left you require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western can you uh ship left you require
+less component to come to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less component to come to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less component to come to the city
+exactly so we can shift left because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so we can shift left because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so we can shift left because we
+can first eat what comes out of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can first eat what comes out of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can first eat what comes out of the the
+non-labo incomes we'll have that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-labo incomes we'll have that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-labo incomes we'll have that that
+will contribute to maintain our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute to maintain our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute to maintain our basic
+metabolism and then we're good to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and then we're good to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism and then we're good to go
+with a bit less so that moves that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit less so that moves that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit less so that moves that curve
+there which means that the Vista is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which means that the Vista is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which means that the Vista is now
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+an economy-wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economy-wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economy-wide
+parameter it's an individual wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's an individual wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's an individual wide
+parameter it depends uh on the person it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it depends uh on the person it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it depends uh on the person it
+depends on how much non-liberal income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how much non-liberal income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how much non-liberal income
+they have at their disposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have at their disposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have at their disposal
+so there you can see we are getting to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you can see we are getting to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you can see we are getting to a
+poverty type in a sense because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type in a sense because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type in a sense because the
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+in non-liberal income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non-liberal income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in non-liberal income
+are being magnified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being magnified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being magnified
+by the inequality in labor income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the inequality in labor income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the inequality in labor income
+and some people pointed out any comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people pointed out any comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people pointed out any comments
+that we have anything like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have anything like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have anything like you know
+eagerness to work that would go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eagerness to work that would go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eagerness to work that would go in the
+other direction which is very much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction which is very much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction which is very much the
+classical phenomenon which is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical phenomenon which is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical phenomenon which is if you're
+rich enough you don't need to work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich enough you don't need to work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich enough you don't need to work as
+much to to earn your living so maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to to earn your living so maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to to earn your living so maybe you
+are going to not work as hard the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to not work as hard the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to not work as hard the poor
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+there are incentives to walk away High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are incentives to walk away High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are incentives to walk away High
+because they they are they they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they are they they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they are they they are they
+need the money more okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the money more okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the money more okay
+so we'll get to that angle but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get to that angle but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get to that angle but here
+notice that it's got nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's got nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's got nothing to do with
+eagerness you cannot work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eagerness you cannot work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eagerness you cannot work
+if you don't have enough to sustain your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have enough to sustain your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have enough to sustain your
+basic metabolism which means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic metabolism which means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic metabolism which means that the
+standard mechanism that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mechanism that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard mechanism that we have
+operating in a lot of our neoclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in a lot of our neoclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating in a lot of our neoclassical
+World which is uh kind of tends to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World which is uh kind of tends to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World which is uh kind of tends to bring
+to convergence between people is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convergence between people is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convergence between people is not
+operating at the lowest level of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at the lowest level of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at the lowest level of income
+in the second right hence the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second right hence the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second right hence the kind of
+the the package degree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the package degree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the package degree that
+exacerbation of pre-existing inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbation of pre-existing inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exacerbation of pre-existing inequality
+via the liberal Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the liberal Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the liberal Market
+so now you know he's like once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know he's like once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you know he's like once we have
+that in place we can say well let's rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in place we can say well let's rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in place we can say well let's rank
+people by how much land they own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by how much land they own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people by how much land they own
+and uh so people are ranked here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so people are ranked here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so people are ranked here from
+the poorest person in the economy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest person in the economy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poorest person in the economy to the
+richest person in the economy the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest person in the economy the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest person in the economy the first
+M people let's say have no land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M people let's say have no land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M people let's say have no land
+whatsoever or tiny tiny minuscule bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever or tiny tiny minuscule bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsoever or tiny tiny minuscule bit
+and then they they're linked to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they're linked to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they they're linked to their
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+okay that makes sense that's so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that makes sense that's so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that makes sense that's so very
+summarize the non-standard way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the non-standard way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize the non-standard way of
+representing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh
+um description of walls but quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um description of walls but quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um description of walls but quite
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+and now what we can say is well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we can say is well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we can say is well let's
+plot the V Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the V Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the V Star
+as a function of how much people learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of how much people learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of how much people learn
+have and therefore I'm still this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and therefore I'm still this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and therefore I'm still this is the
+same axis as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same axis as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same axis as before
+but now I'm representing the minimum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm representing the minimum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm representing the minimum uh
+wage at which people are willing to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage at which people are willing to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage at which people are willing to work
+so that's the reservation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reservation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the reservation which
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um so which one is which which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so which one is which which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so which one is which which is the
+reservation which that comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation which that comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation which that comes from the
+that comes from the capacity curve idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the capacity curve idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from the capacity curve idea
+it's the the hike up that goes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the hike up that goes like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the hike up that goes like this
+or the low curve that goes like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a higher cup why can you explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a higher cup why can you explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a higher cup why can you explain
+because once you have someone you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you have someone you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you have someone you have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so that's the Vista we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's the Vista we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's the Vista we started
+from in our first very very very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from in our first very very very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from in our first very very very first
+graph and here what happens is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and here what happens is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and here what happens is that I'm
+moving the the capacity curve to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the the capacity curve to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the the capacity curve to the
+left and then I move it and I move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then I move it and I move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and then I move it and I move it
+and move it which lowers the Vista
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it which lowers the Vista
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it which lowers the Vista
+so that's that part now this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that part now this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that part now this is what we
+have here is the eagerness to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is the eagerness to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is the eagerness to work
+as a function of uh as a function of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of uh as a function of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of uh as a function of of
+how much non-liberal income you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much non-liberal income you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much non-liberal income you have
+which is your classical thing that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is your classical thing that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is your classical thing that uh
+someone should was missing in fact it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone should was missing in fact it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone should was missing in fact it is
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh but it only kicks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it only kicks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it only kicks in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+at some point well it's it's there from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point well it's it's there from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point well it's it's there from
+the beginning if you have a few very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning if you have a few very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning if you have a few very
+very poor you'd love to work so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor you'd love to work so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor you'd love to work so your
+reservation wage is very low you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage is very low you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage is very low you you
+know you're desperate you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're desperate you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're desperate you really want to
+be doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing something
+uh and then as you become richer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then as you become richer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then as you become richer you
+already have some non-label income to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have some non-label income to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have some non-label income to go
+by uh you're not not as desperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh you're not not as desperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh you're not not as desperate
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+so that's you know that's a reduced form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know that's a reduced form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know that's a reduced form
+of some utility function where you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some utility function where you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some utility function where you also
+value Leisure somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Leisure somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Leisure somewhere in the
+background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background
+so maybe you're not working uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you're not working uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you're not working uh if the
+wage is not at least this amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage is not at least this amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage is not at least this amount and
+then this abundant and this amount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this abundant and this amount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this abundant and this amount and
+this amount and this might go up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount and this might go up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount and this might go up like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so this side of it is your standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this side of it is your standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this side of it is your standard
+labor Supply individually bar supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply individually bar supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor Supply individually bar supply
+curve uh you know working is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh you know working is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh you know working is everything
+you're thinking well you prefer to slack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking well you prefer to slack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking well you prefer to slack
+if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can
+and then of course you need to be both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you need to be both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course you need to be both
+willing and able to work in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing and able to work in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing and able to work in order to
+work which gives you your uh effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which gives you your uh effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which gives you your uh effective
+reservation wage as the the thick curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage as the the thick curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage as the the thick curve
+which is the highest of both you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the highest of both you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the highest of both you need to
+be at the same time willing to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the same time willing to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the same time willing to work and
+at the same time able to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time able to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time able to work
+why does it make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does it make sense
+so that's where we are now and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we are now and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where we are now and now we
+can do the same exercise we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same exercise we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the same exercise we did before
+which is uh to combine uh transform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh to combine uh transform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh to combine uh transform this
+this curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve of
+reservation wage to a labor supply curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage to a labor supply curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservation wage to a labor supply curve
+uh so write your standard aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so write your standard aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so write your standard aggregate
+supply aggregate demand curve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply aggregate demand curve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply aggregate demand curve as a
+function of the piece rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the piece rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the piece rate
+so I have my my demand curves they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have my my demand curves they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have my my demand curves they are
+like before nothing special about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before nothing special about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before nothing special about them
+we can also play with them in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also play with them in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also play with them in the future
+but right now we are we are happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now we are we are happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now we are we are happy with
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and then we are looking at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are looking at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are looking at what happens
+at various uh you know various possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various uh you know various possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at various uh you know various possible
+equilibrium so when the wage is very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so when the wage is very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so when the wage is very low
+very few people can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people can work
+because most people are for most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most people are for most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most people are for most people
+the reservation wage is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation wage is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservation wage is low
+uh when the wage increases we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the wage increases we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when the wage increases we can start
+bringing people once we get at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing people once we get at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing people once we get at that
+point we have a flat moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we have a flat moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we have a flat moment
+where you know here when the wage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know here when the wage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know here when the wage is
+super low none of the landless can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super low none of the landless can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super low none of the landless can do
+anywhere the wage is too low for them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere the wage is too low for them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere the wage is too low for them so
+it's not happening as we reach to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not happening as we reach to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not happening as we reach to that
+level this is the the case we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this is the the case we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this is the the case we did in
+detail at the very beginning where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at the very beginning where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail at the very beginning where we're
+gonna have some people among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some people among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some people among the
+landless who are working and some who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landless who are working and some who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landless who are working and some who
+are involuntary and employed so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involuntary and employed so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involuntary and employed so we have
+a flat segment here and then once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat segment here and then once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat segment here and then once the
+wage is any higher uh the the only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage is any higher uh the the only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage is any higher uh the the only the
+standard the labor Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard the labor Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard the labor Supply
+phenomenon kicks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon kicks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon kicks in
+ok so that gives us this kind of funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that gives us this kind of funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that gives us this kind of funny
+curve we have a Zone here if that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve we have a Zone here if that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve we have a Zone here if that's the
+if the if the labor demand is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the labor demand is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the labor demand is in this
+Zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone
+we have as we have a Zone here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have as we have a Zone here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have as we have a Zone here where the
+um you have an employment involuntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have an employment involuntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have an employment involuntary
+unemployment as defined in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment as defined in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment as defined in the first
+part of the paper which is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the paper which is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the paper which is strictly
+identical people get to work or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical people get to work or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical people get to work or not to
+work you know by Lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know by Lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know by Lottery
+when we are here you still want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are here you still want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are here you still want to call
+that and voluntary unemployment although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and voluntary unemployment although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and voluntary unemployment although
+they are not strictly an identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not strictly an identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not strictly an identical
+because one person is slightly richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one person is slightly richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one person is slightly richer
+than the other but truly the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other but truly the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other but truly the person who
+is slightly poor would very much love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly poor would very much love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slightly poor would very much love to
+work and then you could give them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then you could give them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and then you could give them you
+know they are almost identical you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are almost identical you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they are almost identical you can
+leave them just a little bit and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave them just a little bit and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave them just a little bit and they
+would be working full time and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be working full time and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be working full time and they are
+unable now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable now
+right so that's the kind of complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the kind of complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the kind of complete
+that the the description of that world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the description of that world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the description of that world
+so now we can do some little policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do some little policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can do some little policy
+experiments uh so the first one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh so the first one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh so the first one is uh
+imagine a learner form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a learner form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a learner form
+so taking some land from some people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking some land from some people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so taking some land from some people and
+giving some other people uh can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving some other people uh can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving some other people uh can you
+think of one Land Reform that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of one Land Reform that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of one Land Reform that might
+increase uh boost production that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh boost production that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh boost production that will
+increase production and reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase production and reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase production and reduce
+unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment
+and depending on which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on which you know
+depending which place you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose your level of yesterday and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your level of yesterday and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose your level of yesterday and maybe
+one that gives Land from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that gives Land from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that gives Land from the very
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so for example who do you want me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for example who do you want me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so for example who do you want me
+to so I'll just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I'll just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so I'll just uh
+you want me to take the land from whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these guys
+yeah yeah so I could take it from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I could take it from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so I could take it from them
+that would uh uh that would uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh uh that would uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would uh uh that would uh that
+would not do anything to their labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not do anything to their labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not do anything to their labor
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+but who would you give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who would you give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but who would you give it to
+to the left so suppose I'm in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left so suppose I'm in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left so suppose I'm in this
+equilibrium if I give land to them and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if I give land to them and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium if I give land to them and I
+give it to them does it necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to them does it necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to them does it necessarily
+reduce doesn't necessarily increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce doesn't necessarily increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce doesn't necessarily increase
+production reduce unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production reduce unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production reduce unemployment
+it depends how much I have to to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends how much I have to to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends how much I have to to give
+but I could uh for example if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could uh for example if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I could uh for example if I give
+some to if I take some from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some to if I take some from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some to if I take some from the
+quite poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite poor
+I I pushed them below the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I pushed them below the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I pushed them below the reservation
+which they are too poor to work they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they are too poor to work they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they are too poor to work they
+really want to work now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to work now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to work now
+and I give it to them and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give it to them and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I give it to them and then that
+makes them willing to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them willing to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them willing to work
+I took that I take that land away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took that I take that land away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I took that I take that land away from
+there that makes them willing to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that makes them willing to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that makes them willing to work
+that increases the labor Supply I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the labor Supply I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increases the labor Supply I give
+it to them that makes them able to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to them that makes them able to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to them that makes them able to work
+that increased labor supplies as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increased labor supplies as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increased labor supplies as well
+uh it's not going to make this guy happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not going to make this guy happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not going to make this guy happy
+at all but that's that's a possibility I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but that's that's a possibility I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all but that's that's a possibility I
+could take land from here suggested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take land from here suggested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take land from here suggested and
+instead of give it to the very poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of give it to the very poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of give it to the very poorest
+they could give it to the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could give it to the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could give it to the you know
+people who are just on the mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are just on the mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are just on the mountain
+I could take a lot of land from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could take a lot of land from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could take a lot of land from them
+from these guys who are distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these guys who are distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these guys who are distribute
+sufficiently that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently that nobody
+even at that labor Supply is above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at that labor Supply is above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at that labor Supply is above the
+is above the the uh has a reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the the uh has a reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is above the the uh has a reservation
+rate which that's that's too high to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which that's that's too high to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which that's that's too high to for
+the current equilibrium wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current equilibrium wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current equilibrium wage
+so you might have this type of Reform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have this type of Reform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have this type of Reform
+where you uh you know the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you uh you know the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you uh you know the classical
+trade-off between equity and efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between equity and efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between equity and efficiency
+isn't there anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there anymore
+because by redistributing you all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by redistributing you all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by redistributing you all to
+increasing productivity and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing productivity and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing productivity and that's
+something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which
+that also a team that in many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also a team that in many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also a team that in many of the
+classes we're going to find again uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we're going to find again uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes we're going to find again uh um
+but in this case coming straight from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case coming straight from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case coming straight from
+the so is it a better Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+it's on the I'm going to remove it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the I'm going to remove it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the I'm going to remove it from
+the grafted is it a power to Improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grafted is it a power to Improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grafted is it a power to Improvement
+to uh Inc to increase in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Inc to increase in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh Inc to increase in this way
+aggregate production reduce unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate production reduce unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate production reduce unemployment
+is entire to improving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entire to improving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entire to improving
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah it's the economy is efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the economy is efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the economy is efficient
+already and you can sit in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and you can sit in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and you can sit in this case
+that it's not Pareto improving because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not Pareto improving because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not Pareto improving because
+you've made someone unhappy they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made someone unhappy they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made someone unhappy they were
+perfectly happy with their land and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy with their land and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly happy with their land and
+their result in their second paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their result in their second paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their result in their second paper that
+I didn't ask you to read and is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't ask you to read and is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't ask you to read and is a bit
+obscure is to show that the economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure is to show that the economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure is to show that the economy is
+very too efficient but the intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very too efficient but the intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very too efficient but the intuition for
+why the economy Spike to efficient is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the economy Spike to efficient is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the economy Spike to efficient is no
+Market is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is missing
+you can introduce any Market you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can introduce any Market you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can introduce any Market you'd like
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it's not going to make any difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to make any difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to make any difference in
+particular what if I introduced a credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what if I introduced a credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular what if I introduced a credit
+Market what if you could borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market what if you could borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market what if you could borrow
+what if the poor people could offer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the poor people could offer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the poor people could offer to
+borrow from the rich people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from the rich people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow from the rich people
+what could what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could what
+would that work would that help in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that work would that help in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that work would that help in this
+particular setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're using that so sorry things that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using that so sorry things that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using that so sorry things that it
+would help why do you think it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help why do you think it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would help why do you think it would
+help because in that case the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help because in that case the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help because in that case the rich
+people would get it back so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would get it back so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would get it back so they
+wouldn't be angry and the poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be angry and the poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be angry and the poor people
+could work and produce more so how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work and produce more so how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could work and produce more so how would
+they get it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get it back
+well if they're borrowing from the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if they're borrowing from the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if they're borrowing from the poor
+people yeah but how from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah but how from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah but how from where
+you are boring but in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are boring but in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are boring but in this particular
+model the way it's set up where would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the way it's set up where would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the way it's set up where would
+the where would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where would the
+where would the poor paid back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from being able to be employed yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being able to be employed yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being able to be employed yes but
+what in order to be employed what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in order to be employed what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in order to be employed what do
+they need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they need to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to eat
+therefore they cannot reimburse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they cannot reimburse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they cannot reimburse
+there's nothing they can do you open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing they can do you open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing they can do you open the
+credit Market nobody is going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit Market nobody is going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit Market nobody is going to want to
+to lend because nobody can reimburse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lend because nobody can reimburse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lend because nobody can reimburse
+this is a bit of an extreme situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of an extreme situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of an extreme situation of
+course because this is a you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because this is a you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because this is a you know this
+is a static setting where you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a static setting where you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a static setting where you can't
+really invest in yourself but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really invest in yourself but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really invest in yourself but in this
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+you open the mechanic Market is open it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the mechanic Market is open it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open the mechanic Market is open it
+just turns out that nobody wants to lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turns out that nobody wants to lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just turns out that nobody wants to lend
+because nobody can reimburse because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody can reimburse because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nobody can reimburse because if
+you are able to work it is by eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are able to work it is by eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are able to work it is by eating
+everything that is that you own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is that you own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that is that you own and
+therefore you have to eat it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have to eat it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have to eat it it's not
+there anymore to give it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anymore to give it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anymore to give it back
+that's why uh that's the the sense of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh that's the the sense of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why uh that's the the sense of in
+which the economy is already efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the economy is already efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the economy is already efficient
+it is not nice but it's only efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not nice but it's only efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not nice but it's only efficient
+that's the best we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best we can do
+so that's a very powerful result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because in many cases where we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in many cases where we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in many cases where we have an
+inefficiency in the economy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency in the economy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficiency in the economy that's
+because some Market is missing somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some Market is missing somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because some Market is missing somewhere
+we can shut it down or we can open it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can shut it down or we can open it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can shut it down or we can open it up
+or something and in these cases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and in these cases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and in these cases the
+markets are there everything's there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are there everything's there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are there everything's there but
+we can't make it happen in a battery to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't make it happen in a battery to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't make it happen in a battery to
+improving way of course it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving way of course it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving way of course it doesn't
+matter you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you know the
+maybe we don't but I do Improvement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we don't but I do Improvement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we don't but I do Improvement is
+not the only criteria by which we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only criteria by which we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only criteria by which we want
+to go but this is worth pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh similarly you if you wanted to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly you if you wanted to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly you if you wanted to do a
+cash transfer to to instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfer to to instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash transfer to to instead of
+redistributing land you could that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing land you could that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing land you could that would
+get some people to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some people to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some people to work
+and that is something that again is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something that again is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something that again is you
+know our instinct is if you give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our instinct is if you give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our instinct is if you give people
+cash they're gonna stop working but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash they're gonna stop working but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash they're gonna stop working but of
+course in this world the poorest people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in this world the poorest people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in this world the poorest people
+get empowered by getting cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get empowered by getting cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get empowered by getting cash
+and that is again something which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is again something which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is again something which it's
+true with nutrition but maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with nutrition but maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true with nutrition but maybe we should
+hold this suit because there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this suit because there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold this suit because there could be
+other reason why very very poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason why very very poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason why very very poor people
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+could be empowered by getting cash so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be empowered by getting cash so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be empowered by getting cash so
+instead of making people lazy a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of making people lazy a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of making people lazy a cash
+transfer would Empower people and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer would Empower people and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer would Empower people and this
+is what it would be true if it's high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it would be true if it's high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it would be true if it's high
+enough but again the cash transfer needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but again the cash transfer needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough but again the cash transfer needs
+to be financed by something and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be financed by something and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be financed by something and here
+it's going to be financed Easier by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be financed Easier by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be financed Easier by
+taxing or by your Distributing loan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing or by your Distributing loan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxing or by your Distributing loan or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes can I think of this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can I think of this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes can I think of this already
+minimum wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage
+yes exactly do it so it's creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly do it so it's creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly do it so it's creating a
+minimum wage which is not the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage which is not the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum wage which is not the the
+capacity curve is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve is is
+leading to a minimum wage which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a minimum wage which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading to a minimum wage which doesn't
+come from institution but is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from institution but is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from institution but is an
+efficiency wage does create a honorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency wage does create a honorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency wage does create a honorable
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+exactly it does create an involuntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it does create an involuntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it does create an involuntary
+unemployment in the same way that in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment in the same way that in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment in the same way that in in
+the Mortensen pizzerias type labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mortensen pizzerias type labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mortensen pizzerias type labor
+papers that you may have seen if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that you may have seen if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers that you may have seen if you've
+done liberal Marco you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done liberal Marco you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done liberal Marco you have an
+efficiency wage not coming from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency wage not coming from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency wage not coming from that
+mechanism but coming from people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but coming from people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism but coming from people need to
+be motivated by working and you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be motivated by working and you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be motivated by working and you have an
+unvoluntary unemployment in those models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unvoluntary unemployment in those models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unvoluntary unemployment in those models
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+the mechanism is different but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism is different but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism is different but the idea
+that the wage cannot fall Beyond some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wage cannot fall Beyond some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wage cannot fall Beyond some
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+which here could be variable across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here could be variable across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here could be variable across
+people or is uh was already in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or is uh was already in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people or is uh was already in these
+models before it got into Martinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models before it got into Martinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models before it got into Martinson
+besides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides is
+the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so that's the purpose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's the purpose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so that's the purpose the
+purpose of the model is precisely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the model is precisely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of the model is precisely to
+explain why they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why they can be
+and voluntary unemployment even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voluntary unemployment even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voluntary unemployment even in
+economies with zero friction no minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies with zero friction no minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies with zero friction no minimum
+wage no institutional constraint perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage no institutional constraint perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage no institutional constraint perfect
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now someone pointed out that that so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now someone pointed out that that so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now someone pointed out that that so I
+should say something about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say something about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say something about this this
+modeling approach because a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling approach because a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling approach because a lot of you
+in your uh in your comments had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your uh in your comments had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your uh in your comments had a very
+uh well taken comments about oh what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well taken comments about oh what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well taken comments about oh what if
+what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if
+this Market was missing and that market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Market was missing and that market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Market was missing and that market
+was missing and then there was some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missing and then there was some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was missing and then there was some uh
+uh other imperfection and uh coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other imperfection and uh coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other imperfection and uh coming back
+to the discussion that we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discussion that we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the discussion that we were just
+having what is remarkable about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having what is remarkable about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having what is remarkable about this
+model is you have an in terms of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is you have an in terms of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is you have an in terms of you
+know writing paper strategy is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know writing paper strategy is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know writing paper strategy is to
+produce the maximum number of results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the maximum number of results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the maximum number of results
+with the minimum of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minimum of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the minimum of number of
+assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions
+so as an editor for example I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an editor for example I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as an editor for example I'm not a
+theorist myself but sometimes I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist myself but sometimes I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist myself but sometimes I have to
+judge Theory paper and my my Benchmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge Theory paper and my my Benchmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge Theory paper and my my Benchmark
+is to try to see if the people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to see if the people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to see if the people's
+delivers more results and assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers more results and assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivers more results and assumptions
+generally not the case so that paper has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not the case so that paper has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally not the case so that paper has
+more results than assumption and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more results than assumption and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more results than assumption and you
+really try to go to the minimum minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to go to the minimum minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really try to go to the minimum minimum
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+and then you deliver powerful results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you deliver powerful results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you deliver powerful results
+which was which you very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was which you very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was which you very nicely
+summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized
+but now that we've we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that we've we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that we've we have that
+framework we can kind of play with it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we can kind of play with it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we can kind of play with it we
+can add things to it and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add things to it and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add things to it and one of the
+things that you suggested in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you suggested in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you suggested in some of
+your comments is in for inter-family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comments is in for inter-family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your comments is in for inter-family
+gender issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender issues
+um so suppose now that you have a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so suppose now that you have a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so suppose now that you have a family
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+um how might they share resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how might they share resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how might they share resources
+uh so oh sorry I didn't have I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so oh sorry I didn't have I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so oh sorry I didn't have I don't
+have a graph suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a graph suit
+that's the cue for you to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cue for you to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cue for you to answer that
+question if you had a family of two how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you had a family of two how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you had a family of two how
+might they share the resources in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might they share the resources in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might they share the resources in the
+family yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family yes
+um one could be tempted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one could be tempted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one could be tempted to
+try to feed the person that's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to feed the person that's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to feed the person that's working
+the most amount of food so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most amount of food so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most amount of food so that the
+other one may end up undernourished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one may end up undernourished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one may end up undernourished
+because they're giving the food to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're giving the food to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're giving the food to the
+one that's actually going out to work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's actually going out to work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's actually going out to work to
+bring food to the family yes instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring food to the family yes instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring food to the family yes instead of
+dividing it equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing it equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing it equal
+and one might not only be tempted but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one might not only be tempted but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one might not only be tempted but
+that might be the only way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the only way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the only way to do it
+because depending on how much income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because depending on how much income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because depending on how much income
+there is in the family if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the family if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in the family if you try to
+share equally you might end up with not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share equally you might end up with not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share equally you might end up with not
+enough for anybody to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for anybody to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for anybody to work
+and uh someone pointed out that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh someone pointed out that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh someone pointed out that that's
+you know that becomes a gender issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that becomes a gender issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that becomes a gender issue
+maybe because uh the person who is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because uh the person who is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because uh the person who is more
+likely to go out is you know might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go out is you know might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to go out is you know might be
+the man leaving the woman behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man leaving the woman behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man leaving the woman behind
+undernourished and then a student that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undernourished and then a student that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undernourished and then a student that
+same comment is like maybe if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same comment is like maybe if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same comment is like maybe if there is
+any money left I need to go to the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money left I need to go to the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any money left I need to go to the kids
+which means that you could have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you could have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you could have in the
+same family a pretty pop you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same family a pretty pop you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same family a pretty pop you know
+well-nourished man and correctly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-nourished man and correctly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-nourished man and correctly know
+his children and very very undououraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his children and very very undououraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his children and very very undououraged
+female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female
+and then if you push that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you push that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you push that a little bit
+uh further that reasoning you end up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further that reasoning you end up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh further that reasoning you end up to
+people who are not able to work much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not able to work much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are not able to work much
+so in a family who would that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that even if you fed them enough they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you fed them enough they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you fed them enough they
+couldn't walk much besides the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the older people exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the older people exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the older people exactly
+so one Temptation and or maybe one only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one Temptation and or maybe one only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one Temptation and or maybe one only
+surviving strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surviving strategy
+would be to stop the older people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to stop the older people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to stop the older people
+and there is a paper about former Ted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a paper about former Ted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a paper about former Ted
+Miguel about Tanzania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miguel about Tanzania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miguel about Tanzania
+where it shows that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it shows that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it shows that in
+periods of droughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of droughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of droughts
+so when you can think of a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you can think of a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you can think of a period of
+drought in this in the context of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drought in this in the context of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drought in this in the context of this
+model or something that moves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or something that moves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or something that moves the
+liberal demand down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal demand down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal demand down
+putting some family under our strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some family under our strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting some family under our strain
+you start seeing a lot of witch killings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start seeing a lot of witch killings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start seeing a lot of witch killings
+so people suddenly discover that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people suddenly discover that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people suddenly discover that they
+have a witch in their midst the witch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a witch in their midst the witch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a witch in their midst the witch
+being usually an old woman who cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being usually an old woman who cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being usually an old woman who cannot
+really work more for the family and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work more for the family and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work more for the family and they
+cast out the witch or they kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast out the witch or they kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast out the witch or they kill the
+witch Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch Etc
+so that's an that's it's a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an that's it's a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an that's it's a possible
+explanation for the Resurgence of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for the Resurgence of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation for the Resurgence of which
+killings in bad times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killings in bad times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killings in bad times
+and of course it is convenient because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it is convenient because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course it is convenient because
+you can also blame the witch for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also blame the witch for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also blame the witch for the
+drought and then you know everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drought and then you know everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drought and then you know everything is
+squared and you have some rationale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you have some rationale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and you have some rationale for
+what you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are doing
+uh but that would be an explanation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that would be an explanation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that would be an explanation in
+the context of these models another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of these models another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of these models another uh
+thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that
+another paper that also a link to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper that also a link to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper that also a link to the
+gender Dynamic which is happen to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender Dynamic which is happen to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender Dynamic which is happen to all
+the moments Ali another thing that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments Ali another thing that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moments Ali another thing that can
+is true in the context of these gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true in the context of these gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true in the context of these gender
+Dynamics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or a paper from India that looks like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a paper from India that looks like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a paper from India that looks like uh
+in normal time the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal time the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in normal time the probability of
+survival for boys and girls once they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival for boys and girls once they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival for boys and girls once they're
+born are relatively similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born are relatively similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born are relatively similar
+but in drought time the mortality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in drought time the mortality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in drought time the mortality of
+girls shoots up compared to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls shoots up compared to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls shoots up compared to the other
+boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys
+and so the fact that they are similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fact that they are similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the fact that they are similar in
+normal time suggest that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal time suggest that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal time suggest that maybe the
+family is okay with keeping the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is okay with keeping the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is okay with keeping the girls
+around now that they are born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now that they are born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now that they are born
+I will discuss gender in a minute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will discuss gender in a minute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will discuss gender in a minute to the
+or not in a minute in a few months we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in a minute in a few months we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in a minute in a few months we'll
+get to gender there are a lot of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to gender there are a lot of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to gender there are a lot of issues
+about selective mortality at a selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about selective mortality at a selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about selective mortality at a selective
+abortion and mortality at right at Birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abortion and mortality at right at Birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abortion and mortality at right at Birth
+but once the girls and boys are around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once the girls and boys are around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once the girls and boys are around
+conditional being born their survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional being born their survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional being born their survival
+poverty normally or this low but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty normally or this low but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty normally or this low but when
+you get this you know extreme cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this you know extreme cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this you know extreme cases
+that's when you say okay fine I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you say okay fine I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you say okay fine I'm not
+even going to try with that girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to try with that girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to try with that girl
+so the entra family issue can can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the entra family issue can can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the entra family issue can can be
+interpreted in the context of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in the context of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted in the context of those
+mothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mothers
+uh this this paper is entirely static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this paper is entirely static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this this paper is entirely static
+and uh what's trinivas and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what's trinivas and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what's trinivas and what's
+trinivasan's first critique about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinivasan's first critique about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinivasan's first critique about this
+very static framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very static framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very static framework
+when he thinks about well you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he thinks about well you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he thinks about well you know it's
+like saying basically and voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying basically and voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like saying basically and voluntary
+unemployment is not such a big deal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment is not such a big deal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment is not such a big deal in
+this world why is it not such a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world why is it not such a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this world why is it not such a big deal
+in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um because normally contracts are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because normally contracts are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because normally contracts are one
+day so over many periods technically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so over many periods technically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so over many periods technically if
+you're happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like you say 60 of people work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you say 60 of people work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you say 60 of people work on a
+given day and everyone would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day and everyone would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given day and everyone would end up
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+yeah so it's not even I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's not even I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it's not even I don't know if
+it's the fact that normally contracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the fact that normally contracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the fact that normally contracted
+are daily but he's saying suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are daily but he's saying suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are daily but he's saying suppose
+contract could be daily then fine you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract could be daily then fine you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract could be daily then fine you're
+just walking every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walking every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walking every
+you know you're walking uh two days out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're walking uh two days out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're walking uh two days out
+it's not that uh a particular person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that uh a particular person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that uh a particular person is
+unemployed most of the time is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed most of the time is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployed most of the time is that
+everybody is unemployed from time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is unemployed from time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is unemployed from time to
+time you've seen if you've seen uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've seen if you've seen uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you've seen if you've seen uh on
+the waterfront very classic uh American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waterfront very classic uh American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waterfront very classic uh American
+Movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movie
+um against Union mostly it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um against Union mostly it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um against Union mostly it's very
+interesting for anybody interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for anybody interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for anybody interested in
+labor or in development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor or in development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor or in development
+anywhere under what I found every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere under what I found every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere under what I found every day
+there is a lottery for who not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lottery for who not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lottery for who not really a
+lottery but people show up to get work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery but people show up to get work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery but people show up to get work
+and then some do some don't but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some do some don't but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some do some don't but it's
+every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day
+so maybe you just kind of you know work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you just kind of you know work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you just kind of you know work
+itself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out
+so here of course if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here of course if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here of course if you uh
+if if we introduce some Dynamic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we introduce some Dynamic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we introduce some Dynamic to the
+model then that argument that criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then that argument that criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model then that argument that criticism
+will break down in particular suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break down in particular suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break down in particular suppose
+that how much how productive you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much how productive you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much how productive you are
+tomorrow is a function of how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is a function of how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow is a function of how much you
+eat today it's not a crazy way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat today it's not a crazy way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat today it's not a crazy way of
+thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that
+you kind of use your body by by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of use your body by by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of use your body by by not
+eating your book you know putting under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating your book you know putting under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating your book you know putting under
+stress you become more fragile then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you become more fragile then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress you become more fragile then the
+capacity curve with different nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve with different nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve with different nutrition
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+moves also left and right in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves also left and right in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves also left and right in a bit
+similarly to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly to uh to
+um the impact of of having land or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the impact of of having land or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the impact of of having land or not
+having land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having land
+and so for example for someone who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example for someone who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example for someone who is
+better nourished their capacity curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better nourished their capacity curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better nourished their capacity curve
+moves to the left so the person who got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to the left so the person who got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to the left so the person who got
+the job yesterday is also more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job yesterday is also more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job yesterday is also more likely to
+get the job tomorrow and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the job tomorrow and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the job tomorrow and so on and so
+forth so you get persistence in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so you get persistence in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so you get persistence in this
+world and of course where we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and of course where we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and of course where we need to
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+introduce this this Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this this Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this this Dynamic
+consideration and many of you pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration and many of you pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration and many of you pointed
+out in your comments is uh children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in your comments is uh children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in your comments is uh children
+investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment
+where investment in in in in utero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where investment in in in in utero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where investment in in in in utero
+nutrition and nutrition of the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition and nutrition of the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition and nutrition of the young
+child is uh something that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is uh something that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is uh something that is going to
+have impact for potentially for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have impact for potentially for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have impact for potentially for their
+for their full lives for example a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their full lives for example a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their full lives for example a paper
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+that Miguel and Michael Kramer and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Miguel and Michael Kramer and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Miguel and Michael Kramer and a
+bunch of quarters followed up kids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of quarters followed up kids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of quarters followed up kids that
+they had dewormed in when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had dewormed in when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had dewormed in when they were
+little they were not even infant they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little they were not even infant they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little they were not even infant they
+were they were you know primary school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were you know primary school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were you know primary school
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+they they were part of an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were part of an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they were part of an experiment
+when they were kids where they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were kids where they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they were kids where they were
+dewormed so they want this kind of a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dewormed so they want this kind of a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dewormed so they want this kind of a way
+of giving nutrition to people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving nutrition to people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving nutrition to people because
+the worms are fighting for your food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worms are fighting for your food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worms are fighting for your food
+um so uh while in the fast in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh while in the fast in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so uh while in the fast in their
+first paper they had showed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper they had showed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first paper they had showed that the
+warm children are less likely to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm children are less likely to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm children are less likely to have
+anemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anemia
+and they are hyped for their weak for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are hyped for their weak for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are hyped for their weak for
+height had increased suggesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height had increased suggesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height had increased suggesting the
+thing is same thing as if they had eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is same thing as if they had eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is same thing as if they had eaten
+a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better
+and in some sense they had small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense they had small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense they had small
+nutrients that were available to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients that were available to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrients that were available to their
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+so that's kind of paper one that showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of paper one that showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of paper one that showed
+that they also showed that kids were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they also showed that kids were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they also showed that kids were
+absent in school less often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent in school less often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent in school less often
+then fast forward 10 years they surveyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fast forward 10 years they surveyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fast forward 10 years they surveyed
+this people again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this people again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this people again
+and they found that they are making 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found that they are making 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they found that they are making 23
+percent higher wages if they had been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent higher wages if they had been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent higher wages if they had been uh
+dewormed two years instead of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dewormed two years instead of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dewormed two years instead of one
+because by some time everybody got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by some time everybody got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by some time everybody got into
+the deworming school so we're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deworming school so we're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deworming school so we're comparing
+two years of effective developing versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years of effective developing versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years of effective developing versus
+one 23 percent higher wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 23 percent higher wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 23 percent higher wage
+no yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they will take jobs from someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will take jobs from someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will take jobs from someone else
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah so this is wage I would wage that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is wage I would wage that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is wage I would wage that's
+income that could be wage or it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income that could be wage or it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income that could be wage or it could be
+income uh but and they they have various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income uh but and they they have various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income uh but and they they have various
+form of things but in often the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of things but in often the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of things but in often the case
+they are they are still in the eras so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are still in the eras so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are still in the eras so
+they are either doing agricultural work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are either doing agricultural work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are either doing agricultural work
+or they are doing uh how they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they are doing uh how they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they are doing uh how they are doing
+uh non you know little business working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non you know little business working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh non you know little business working
+in small business that kind of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small business that kind of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in small business that kind of a thing
+but I mean like as long as labor demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean like as long as labor demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean like as long as labor demand
+doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change
+in this particular like a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular like a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular like a particular
+example there's no nothing changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's no nothing changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's no nothing changing
+related labor to match right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related labor to match right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related labor to match right that's
+correct so it's like you would say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so it's like you would say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so it's like you would say well
+the weight is the waste they cannot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is the waste they cannot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is the waste they cannot so
+think of it it's the remember it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it it's the remember it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it it's the remember it's the
+it's the hourly wage so that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hourly wage so that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the hourly wage so that their
+productivity has gone up is the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity has gone up is the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity has gone up is the way of
+measuring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring it
+that's a good point in the pure context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point in the pure context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point in the pure context
+of my model there's no space for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my model there's no space for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my model there's no space for an
+increased wage but think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased wage but think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased wage but think of them as
+increasing more working more hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so that so this this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that so this this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that so this this the
+the impact is the the shorter the upshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact is the the shorter the upshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact is the the shorter the upshot
+is that that this invest this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that this invest this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that this invest this
+intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention
+uh has very long-term effect because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has very long-term effect because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has very long-term effect because
+it's 23 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 23 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 23 percent
+more productivity in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productivity in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productivity in every single
+presumably in every single year moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably in every single year moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably in every single year moving
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+uh so that's a large and those are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a large and those are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's a large and those are large
+increases so this is really about moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so this is really about moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases so this is really about moving
+the capacity curve left permanently yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes absolutely so once you have uh once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so once you have uh once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely so once you have uh once
+you have Dynamics then the credit Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Dynamics then the credit Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have Dynamics then the credit Market
+becomes essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes essential
+because then if you can borrow and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then if you can borrow and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then if you can borrow and if
+you can somehow commit to reimburse then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can somehow commit to reimburse then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can somehow commit to reimburse then
+you can uh you can invest in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh you can invest in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh you can invest in your own
+capacity and and move that forward oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and and move that forward oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and and move that forward oh
+um someone else could invest in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um someone else could invest in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um someone else could invest in your own
+capacity and move that forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and move that forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and move that forward so
+secondly we are like you know we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we are like you know we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we are like you know we are
+exactly in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in this world
+where we have uh where once there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have uh where once there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have uh where once there are
+dynamics then things can be done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics then things can be done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics then things can be done in
+order to reap these benefits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reap these benefits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to reap these benefits and
+institution starts to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution starts to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution starts to matter
+so for example so you said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example so you said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example so you said about
+borrowing so you could invest in your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing so you could invest in your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing so you could invest in your uh
+you could uh borrow to invest in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh borrow to invest in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could uh borrow to invest in your
+own capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own capacity
+but the labor market could also uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the labor market could also uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the labor market could also uh try
+and invest in a worker now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and invest in a worker now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and invest in a worker now
+it becomes profitable for for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes profitable for for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes profitable for for an
+employer to take someone who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer to take someone who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer to take someone who is
+undernourished feed them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undernourished feed them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undernourished feed them up
+move their capacity curve to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move their capacity curve to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move their capacity curve to the left
+and eventually reach a point where under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually reach a point where under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually reach a point where under
+current efficiency wage of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current efficiency wage of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current efficiency wage of the economy
+it's worthwhile employing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worthwhile employing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worthwhile employing them
+uh continue to move them and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continue to move them and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continue to move them and uh and and
+eventually get uh get something back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get uh get something back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get uh get something back
+in a casual labor market do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a casual labor market do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a casual labor market do they have
+any incentive to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly they don't because they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they don't because they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly they don't because they are not
+going to recover the person so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recover the person so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to recover the person so um the
+About Dre has an excellent undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+About Dre has an excellent undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+About Dre has an excellent undergraduate
+textbook uh really wonderful and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook uh really wonderful and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook uh really wonderful and it's
+actually with the encourage any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with the encourage any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with the encourage any of you
+if you're interested in in development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in in development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in in development
+at some point read it it's religious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point read it it's religious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point read it it's religious to
+the excellent book and he has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excellent book and he has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excellent book and he has an
+anecdote about his mom who was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote about his mom who was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote about his mom who was working
+with always a semric show Pooler and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with always a semric show Pooler and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with always a semric show Pooler and the
+Rickshaw Pula was very thin and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rickshaw Pula was very thin and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rickshaw Pula was very thin and it was
+very difficult for him so she fed him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for him so she fed him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult for him so she fed him
+and Etc and then the original just moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Etc and then the original just moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Etc and then the original just moved
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so that's the what would happen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the what would happen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the what would happen in a
+casual labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casual labor market
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you have the borrowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the borrowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the borrowing the
+difficulties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we'll talk about uh about that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about uh about that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about uh about that a lot
+is the limited liabilities the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limited liabilities the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the limited liabilities the you know
+you cannot take someone's last bowl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot take someone's last bowl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot take someone's last bowl of
+food away and therefore you might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food away and therefore you might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food away and therefore you might not be
+able to get the money back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the money back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the money back
+or you get into this uh long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you get into this uh long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you get into this uh long-term
+contract uh legal or illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract uh legal or illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract uh legal or illegal
+so we took now there is a lot of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took now there is a lot of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took now there is a lot of work in
+international institution about modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international institution about modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international institution about modern
+slavery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery
+which is itself a sort of Reincarnation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is itself a sort of Reincarnation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is itself a sort of Reincarnation
+of bonded labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonded labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonded labor
+so some kids for example it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some kids for example it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some kids for example it's an
+argument liberal management that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument liberal management that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument liberal management that is
+frequently found in Nepal where our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently found in Nepal where our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently found in Nepal where our
+parents literally sell a kid to uh to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents literally sell a kid to uh to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents literally sell a kid to uh to to
+a an employer who is feeding that kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an employer who is feeding that kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an employer who is feeding that kid
+enough when they are literally in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough when they are literally in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough when they are literally in order
+to then be able to to employ them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then be able to to employ them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then be able to to employ them
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+slavery is a particularly egregious form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery is a particularly egregious form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery is a particularly egregious form
+of that of that Arrangement so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that Arrangement so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that Arrangement so there is
+a a book by a four girl one economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a book by a four girl one economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a book by a four girl one economic
+historian at Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian at Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historian at Chicago
+Nobel Prize winner uh who points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize winner uh who points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize winner uh who points out
+that the slaves in the south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slaves in the south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the slaves in the south
+were actually better fed than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually better fed than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually better fed than the
+workers and the young first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and the young first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and the young first of all the
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+workers in the U.S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in the U.S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers in the U.S
+and also then you know Boys in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also then you know Boys in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also then you know Boys in London
+Poor Boys in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poor Boys in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poor Boys in London
+and the argument being that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument being that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument being that they were
+seen as worthwhile investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as worthwhile investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as worthwhile investing
+by their employer and that again would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their employer and that again would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their employer and that again would
+not be doing a static model because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be doing a static model because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be doing a static model because you
+invest in the persons he needs to he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the persons he needs to he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the persons he needs to he is
+going to eat but he's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat but he's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eat but he's not going to be
+able to work but in an area where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work but in an area where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to work but in an area where you
+can actually build that person's Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually build that person's Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually build that person's Capital
+to reduce their Vista you might it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce their Vista you might it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce their Vista you might it might
+be worth it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worth it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worth it yeah
+just to clarify um on ahmed's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to clarify um on ahmed's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to clarify um on ahmed's point
+um so the credit Market's become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the credit Market's become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the credit Market's become
+important when feeding someone actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when feeding someone actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important when feeding someone actually
+increases their productive capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases their productive capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases their productive capacity
+right rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right rather than
+so much as the curve shifting exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much as the curve shifting exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much as the curve shifting exactly
+well you can move the capacity of to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can move the capacity of to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can move the capacity of to the
+left so someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left so someone who's
+someone who's who's minimum reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's who's minimum reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's who's minimum reservation
+wage was below what would sustain them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage was below what would sustain them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage was below what would sustain them
+to work becomes able to to work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work becomes able to to work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work becomes able to to work when
+they were not before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not before
+they then get paid less and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so you need to uh you need to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you need to uh you need to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you need to uh you need to find a
+way so you continue to move it move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you continue to move it move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so you continue to move it move it
+move it move it and then there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it move it and then there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it move it and then there is some
+scope right you have some uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope right you have some uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope right you have some uh you know
+think of the the curve that we had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the the curve that we had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the the curve that we had you
+have some scope above the reservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some scope above the reservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some scope above the reservation
+which so if you have in a market it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so if you have in a market it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so if you have in a market it
+wouldn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work
+you need a because in a market they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a because in a market they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a because in a market they will
+be paid whatever is the is the going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be paid whatever is the is the going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be paid whatever is the is the going
+wage but if you have a bonded labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage but if you have a bonded labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage but if you have a bonded labor
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+you can take away what you give them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take away what you give them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take away what you give them as
+long as you give them enough that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you give them enough that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you give them enough that they
+can work at that they can work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work at that they can work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work at that they can work the
+minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+amount at that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you hit that that wrench for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you hit that that wrench for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you hit that that wrench for
+example or where someone is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or where someone is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or where someone is sufficiently
+healthy that you you heat that range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy that you you heat that range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy that you you heat that range
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+um there you are in the usual uh liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you are in the usual uh liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there you are in the usual uh liberal
+Supply Liberty and framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply Liberty and framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply Liberty and framework
+and then you're doing to them what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're doing to them what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're doing to them what I was
+doing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and uh
+in my mental and reform exercise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mental and reform exercise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mental and reform exercise of
+taking a little bit away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a little bit away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a little bit away
+from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in central to this work of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in central to this work of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in central to this work of course is
+the strip and what I really like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strip and what I really like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strip and what I really like about
+that paper is to really use it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper is to really use it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper is to really use it in the
+context of a market very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a market very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a market very simple
+framework make it work as best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework make it work as best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework make it work as best
+but what uh what a lot of people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what uh what a lot of people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what uh what a lot of people have
+done with the S chip is to think of it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the S chip is to think of it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with the S chip is to think of it a
+bit differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit differently
+and to think of it as now a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think of it as now a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think of it as now a mapping
+between income to there and income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income to there and income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income to there and income
+tomorrow or asset today and asset more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow or asset today and asset more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow or asset today and asset more
+and you could of course do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could of course do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could of course do the same
+thing with the S shape you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the S shape you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with the S shape you could say
+well I'm putting income today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm putting income today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm putting income today
+someone is going to enter income work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is going to enter income work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is going to enter income work
+uh get a a wage that way it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get a a wage that way it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get a a wage that way it's going to
+multiply the income that they made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the income that they made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the income that they made and
+then they are going to have income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are going to have income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are going to have income
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+so that creates a mapping between income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that creates a mapping between income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that creates a mapping between income
+today and income to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and income to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and income to more
+and now if we look at the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we look at the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if we look at the possible
+mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+so this is in terms of assets but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in terms of assets but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in terms of assets but that
+could that could just work with income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that could just work with income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that could just work with income
+you have the mapping between asset today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the mapping between asset today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the mapping between asset today
+I said tomorrow income today income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said tomorrow income today income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said tomorrow income today income
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+uh that's the first possibility where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the first possibility where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the first possibility where
+you know this is your new classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is your new classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is your new classical
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+where you have uh uh you know if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have uh uh you know if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have uh uh you know if you you
+have the this other Dynamic implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the this other Dynamic implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the this other Dynamic implied
+which is if you start here you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you start here you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if you start here you're gonna
+make tomorrow you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tomorrow you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tomorrow you have this
+then this move to here day after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this move to here day after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this move to here day after
+tomorrow you have this this move to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you have this this move to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you have this this move to here
+Etc we did that exercise at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc we did that exercise at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc we did that exercise at the end of
+last year so here is like your change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year so here is like your change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year so here is like your change in
+in this case assets as a function of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case assets as a function of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case assets as a function of how
+much asset you start with and this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much asset you start with and this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much asset you start with and this sort
+of the change in the uh the asset would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in the uh the asset would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in the uh the asset would
+go up if you start poor enough they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up if you start poor enough they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up if you start poor enough they go
+down if you start Rich enough so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you start Rich enough so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you start Rich enough so that
+there is only one point at which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one point at which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only one point at which it
+converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts
+now so that's your standard Evolution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that's your standard Evolution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that's your standard Evolution uh
+if there is nothing particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is nothing particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is nothing particular
+now our capacity care of situation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our capacity care of situation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our capacity care of situation was
+one where because of that fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where because of that fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where because of that fact that
+people eat all their income but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat all their income but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat all their income but the
+income doesn't make it as productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income doesn't make it as productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income doesn't make it as productive
+doesn't make it as productive doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it as productive doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it as productive doesn't
+make them as productive at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them as productive at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them as productive at the beginning
+uh the evolution depends on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the evolution depends on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the evolution depends on where you
+start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from
+so there is a low steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a low steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a low steady state
+middle statistic that's unstable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle statistic that's unstable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle statistic that's unstable we
+think unless you start exactly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think unless you start exactly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think unless you start exactly here
+you're going to move from it and a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move from it and a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to move from it and a high
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+and this possibility of multiple steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this possibility of multiple steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this possibility of multiple steady
+state is what people Loosely call as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is what people Loosely call as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is what people Loosely call as
+poverty traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+so that's one one setting that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one one setting that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one one setting that's our
+capacity curve so this is think of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve so this is think of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity curve so this is think of our
+capacity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of
+reinterpreted someone starts their day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreted someone starts their day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpreted someone starts their day
+with uh some income YT they eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh some income YT they eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh some income YT they eat
+breakfast they go to work they're paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast they go to work they're paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast they go to work they're paid
+that gives them YT plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives them YT plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives them YT plus one
+and then that's that's that so the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's that's that so the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's that's that so the this
+is sort of the dynamic version not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the dynamic version not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the dynamic version not
+dynamic in the sense of there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic in the sense of there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic in the sense of there is
+investment in the capacity curve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the capacity curve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in the capacity curve but
+it's like from today to tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like from today to tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like from today to tomorrow
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here is another example that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is another example that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here is another example that will
+produce something quite similar this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce something quite similar this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce something quite similar this is
+the one we saw with the small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we saw with the small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we saw with the small business
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+now what is a necessary condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is a necessary condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is a necessary condition for
+multiple stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is met in two of these graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is met in two of these graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is met in two of these graphs and
+not in the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in particular what what's what's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what what's what's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular what what's what's uh
+so for example suppose that I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example suppose that I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example suppose that I'm drawing
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will I have I have a convex path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I have I have a convex path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I have I have a convex path and
+will I will I have a poverty trap if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I will I have a poverty trap if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I will I have a poverty trap if I
+lose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no why why I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why why I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why why I don't have a
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+yes to the necessary condition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to the necessary condition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to the necessary condition is that
+the the curve needs to intersect the 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the curve needs to intersect the 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the curve needs to intersect the 45
+degree line from Below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line from Below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line from Below
+so either like this in real or like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either like this in real or like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either like this in real or like this
+by the jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the jump
+but I need to be an intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I need to be an intersection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I need to be an intersection of the
+45 degree line from Below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line from Below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line from Below
+you're going to find that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find that's kind of the
+name of the game in in many papers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the game in in many papers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the game in in many papers to
+find whether that exists or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find whether that exists or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find whether that exists or not
+uh so it is not necessarily or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it is not necessarily or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it is not necessarily or
+sufficient to have a convex path uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to have a convex path uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to have a convex path uh and
+in particular we could always be below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we could always be below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we could always be below
+we could always be above but but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could always be above but but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could always be above but but um
+so it is not sufficient but it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is not sufficient but it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is not sufficient but it's at
+least necessary at some point the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least necessary at some point the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least necessary at some point the uh the
+45 degree line is interacted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line is interacted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line is interacted from
+1 million so then that's where we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 million so then that's where we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 million so then that's where we get to
+the uh srinivas and second critic which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh srinivas and second critic which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh srinivas and second critic which
+is well you know fine possibly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you know fine possibly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you know fine possibly you know
+why not but is it is it empirically true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not but is it is it empirically true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not but is it is it empirically true
+that we are in situations as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are in situations as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are in situations as far as
+nutrition is concerned where your map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition is concerned where your map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition is concerned where your map
+it's not enough to have a one-to-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to have a one-to-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to have a one-to-one
+it's not enough to have a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to have a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not enough to have a mapping
+between income today and income tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income today and income tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income today and income tomorrow
+or asset to them I said to more to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or asset to them I said to more to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or asset to them I said to more to
+create a poverty trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a poverty trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a poverty trial
+and I will warn you this is a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will warn you this is a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will warn you this is a mistake
+that people always make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people always make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people always make
+so for example uh in the World Bank they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh in the World Bank they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example uh in the World Bank they
+want to say that you know treating women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that you know treating women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say that you know treating women
+poorly makes country poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly makes country poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly makes country poor
+and the argument is that women who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument is that women who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument is that women who are
+better treated takes care of their kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better treated takes care of their kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better treated takes care of their kids
+better and kids who and countries where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and kids who and countries where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and kids who and countries where
+kids are treated better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are treated better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are treated better
+you know there's more goals and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's more goals and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's more goals and more
+welfare for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare for everyone
+maybe these two parts are correct but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these two parts are correct but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these two parts are correct but it
+is not sufficient for this to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sufficient for this to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sufficient for this to create a
+poverty type because both relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type because both relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty type because both relationships
+have to be strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be strong enough
+that this mapping is actually has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this mapping is actually has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this mapping is actually has that
+convex shape at least at some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex shape at least at some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex shape at least at some place
+and in a sense this is the heart of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense this is the heart of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a sense this is the heart of the
+universe and critic is to say fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and critic is to say fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and critic is to say fine
+people on money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on money
+they use some a part of that money some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use some a part of that money some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use some a part of that money some
+of all of that money to eat and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of that money to eat and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of that money to eat and then
+that makes them more productive but how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them more productive but how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes them more productive but how
+I'm agreeing that there are this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm agreeing that there are this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm agreeing that there are this uh
+relationships so income to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a function f that's the capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function f that's the capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function f that's the capacity
+curve of a function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of a function G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of a function G
+that's the decision to consume curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the decision to consume curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the decision to consume curve of
+YT income today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but is uh is this curve such that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is uh is this curve such that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is uh is this curve such that not
+only it exists but it is convex in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it exists but it is convex in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it exists but it is convex in a
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+and what's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it needs to intersect this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to intersect this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to intersect this the the
+the the 45 degree line from below what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 45 degree line from below what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 45 degree line from below what
+does it mean the slope needs to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean the slope needs to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean the slope needs to be at
+that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+of the curve at the point where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve at the point where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve at the point where it
+intersects the 45 degree line from Below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it needs to be greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be greater than one
+so it needs to be that when y t is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to be that when y t is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it needs to be that when y t is equal
+to YT plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to YT plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to YT plus 1
+the this convoluted this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this convoluted this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this convoluted this this
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+uh in has a slope of ah greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can do some uh very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do some uh very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do some uh very simple
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+to convince yourself that this is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince yourself that this is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince yourself that this is gonna
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+If the product of the two elasticity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the product of the two elasticity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the product of the two elasticity the
+elasticity of the G curve and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of the G curve and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of the G curve and the
+elasticity of the F curve is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of the F curve is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of the F curve is greater
+than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one
+because at uh when y t is equal to YT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at uh when y t is equal to YT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at uh when y t is equal to YT
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+the the derivative of this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative of this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative of this function
+is the product of the elasticity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the elasticity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the product of the elasticity of of
+the F function and the elasticity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F function and the elasticity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F function and the elasticity of the
+G function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G function
+so now we have an empirical testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have an empirical testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have an empirical testable
+implication which is is the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication which is is the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication which is is the product of
+these two elasticity greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elasticity greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elasticity greater than one
+and what srinivasan tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what srinivasan tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what srinivasan tells us is that
+can't be true why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's making an argument about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making an argument about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's making an argument about one
+function mostly and a little bit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mostly and a little bit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function mostly and a little bit the
+other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is main empirical argument for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is main empirical argument for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is main empirical argument for why
+he doesn't believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't believe that
+yeah and she's something about how um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and she's something about how um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and she's something about how um
+the amount of money required to purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money required to purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of money required to purchase
+a sufficient number of calories is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sufficient number of calories is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sufficient number of calories is
+actually a place called compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a place called compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a place called compared to
+different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages
+should really we shouldn't really expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really we shouldn't really expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really we shouldn't really expect
+them to be such a strong relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be such a strong relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be such a strong relationship
+between exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between exactly
+what he's saying is that food is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's saying is that food is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's saying is that food is super
+cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+so the G function cannot be that steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the G function cannot be that steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the G function cannot be that steep
+because to get enough calorie you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to get enough calorie you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to get enough calorie you don't
+need that much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that much money
+so the G function is not that steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the G function is not that steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the G function is not that steep
+that's his argument that it mainly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his argument that it mainly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his argument that it mainly is
+making that is making some argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that is making some argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making that is making some argument
+about the F function which is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the F function which is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the F function which is saying
+which is uh based on this homeostasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh based on this homeostasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh based on this homeostasis
+argument that as people get used to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that as people get used to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that as people get used to not
+eating they become actually productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating they become actually productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating they become actually productive
+while not eating which I think is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not eating which I think is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while not eating which I think is a bit
+of a nonsense but yeah so he's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nonsense but yeah so he's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nonsense but yeah so he's trying to
+make arguments on both sides this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arguments on both sides this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make arguments on both sides this is not
+done in this paper but that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this paper but that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this paper but that's what he
+has in the back of his mind is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in the back of his mind is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in the back of his mind is let's
+look at the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the product of these two
+elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity
+and only if the product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the product of these two
+elasticities somewhere ideally it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities somewhere ideally it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities somewhere ideally it needs
+to be at the intersection so when YT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the intersection so when YT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at the intersection so when YT is
+equal to YT plus one but let's remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to YT plus one but let's remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to YT plus one but let's remove
+the even that thing and just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even that thing and just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even that thing and just look at the
+elasticity of uh nutrition with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of uh nutrition with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of uh nutrition with respect
+to income and then of income with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to income and then of income with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to income and then of income with
+respect to nutrition can we show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to nutrition can we show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to nutrition can we show that
+it's greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than one
+and the good thing is if you put it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing is if you put it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the good thing is if you put it this
+way well then you can look you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well then you can look you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way well then you can look you can just
+as many of you have stolen your comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many of you have stolen your comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many of you have stolen your comment
+while the data is now much better we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the data is now much better we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the data is now much better we
+don't need to argue this on first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to argue this on first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to argue this on first
+principle we can look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we can look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we can look at these
+elasticities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticities
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+we now need to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now need to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now need to pay attention
+quantitatively to the elasticity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively to the elasticity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively to the elasticity of the
+relationship between nutrition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between nutrition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between nutrition and
+income and between income and nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and between income and nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and between income and nutrition
+while keeping in mind that this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while keeping in mind that this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while keeping in mind that this by
+definition these things are endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition these things are endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition these things are endogenous
+to each other so we'll need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so we'll need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so we'll need to be
+looking a little bit uh carefully how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a little bit uh carefully how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking a little bit uh carefully how we
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's basically the three argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically the three argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically the three argument
+is making and this one is an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making and this one is an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making and this one is an argument
+about the G function this one is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the G function this one is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the G function this one is an
+argument about the F function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about the F function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about the F function
+so now let's look ah let's spend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look ah let's spend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look ah let's spend the
+first the next 15 minutes that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the next 15 minutes that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the next 15 minutes that we have
+delving into the empirics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delving into the empirics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delving into the empirics of the
+nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition
+the nutrition product productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nutrition product productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nutrition product productivity
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's actually you know I'm not as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually you know I'm not as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually you know I'm not as I said
+the description is the modern classic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description is the modern classic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description is the modern classic so
+a lot of people have tried to look into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have tried to look into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people have tried to look into
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and therefore at looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore at looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore at looking at this
+relationship between nutrition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between nutrition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between nutrition and
+productivity it's a literature that used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity it's a literature that used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity it's a literature that used
+to be extremely active and uh in uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely active and uh in uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be extremely active and uh in uh you
+know 70s and 80s and then actually came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 70s and 80s and then actually came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 70s and 80s and then actually came
+back recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back recently
+so the best descriptive evidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best descriptive evidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best descriptive evidence is
+comes from Angus d10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Angus d10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Angus d10 and
+subramanian looking at using the NSS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subramanian looking at using the NSS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subramanian looking at using the NSS
+National example Save Editor to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National example Save Editor to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National example Save Editor to look at
+calories in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories in India
+what the Nationals and it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Nationals and it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Nationals and it's worth
+looking at skimming the paper because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at skimming the paper because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at skimming the paper because
+it's difficult exercise to know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult exercise to know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult exercise to know how much
+people eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat
+what the advantage of the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the advantage of the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the advantage of the national
+sample saw verito is that they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample saw verito is that they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample saw verito is that they have a
+very very very detailed food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very detailed food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very detailed food
+questionnaire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise if the question else is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if the question else is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if the question else is not
+very detailed you get into the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very detailed you get into the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very detailed you get into the problem
+which I'll show you in a minute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll show you in a minute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll show you in a minute that
+people as they become richer not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as they become richer not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as they become richer not only
+eat more calorie but eat more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat more calorie but eat more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat more calorie but eat more expensive
+calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories
+and unless you capture that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless you capture that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unless you capture that you're going
+to mix up the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mix up the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mix up the two
+so here they are pretty convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they are pretty convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they are pretty convincing
+convinced that the that they are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that the that they are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced that the that they are able to
+really they have so much detail like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they have so much detail like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they have so much detail like
+what type of rice and what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of rice and what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of rice and what type of
+things that they can calculate use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they can calculate use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they can calculate use the
+nutrition nutrient table uh to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition nutrient table uh to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition nutrient table uh to calculate
+how much calories is in what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much calories is in what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much calories is in what people
+consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+and uh then there are no regression this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then there are no regression this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then there are no regression this
+is a non-linear regression it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-linear regression it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a non-linear regression it looks
+linear but it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear but it's actually a
+locally linear regression so you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally linear regression so you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally linear regression so you think
+of each of this point as the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of this point as the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of this point as the predicted
+from a OLS regression that's run very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a OLS regression that's run very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a OLS regression that's run very
+closely to that point with which that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely to that point with which that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely to that point with which that
+are decreasing As you move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decreasing As you move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are decreasing As you move along
+so this is a non-parametric function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a non-parametric function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a non-parametric function
+remember this isn't really descriptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this isn't really descriptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this isn't really descriptive
+because then they are not bothered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then they are not bothered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then they are not bothered at
+all about the fact that your expenditure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the fact that your expenditure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about the fact that your expenditure
+might be might be endogenous to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might be endogenous to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be might be endogenous to how much
+calories you have they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories you have they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories you have they're basically
+buying the screen with an argument this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the screen with an argument this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying the screen with an argument this
+is another universe and by the way no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another universe and by the way no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another universe and by the way no
+this was Superman they're buying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Superman they're buying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Superman they're buying this
+could give us an argument that food is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give us an argument that food is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give us an argument that food is
+cheap and therefore they are saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and therefore they are saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap and therefore they are saying we
+are not going to worry about endogenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to worry about endogenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to worry about endogenes
+fine we'll keep that for now and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine we'll keep that for now and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine we'll keep that for now and they're
+on this regression and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this regression and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this regression and you know it's
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+precisely estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely estimated
+uh you have a function you have a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a function you have a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have a function you have a line
+that's quite clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite clear
+um where do we read the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where do we read the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where do we read the elasticity of
+per calorie Capital as as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per calorie Capital as as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per calorie Capital as as a function of
+percolory this is expenditure but think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolory this is expenditure but think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolory this is expenditure but think
+of it as income for now to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as income for now to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as income for now to simplify
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+uh where how do I read the elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not asking you what it is but uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking you what it is but uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking you what it is but uh how
+would I find out what it is if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I find out what it is if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I find out what it is if you had a
+ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's something you can keep for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's something you can keep for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's something you can keep for
+your life very useful if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life very useful if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life very useful if you're going to
+learn only one thing from this class in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn only one thing from this class in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn only one thing from this class in
+a log log relationship the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log relationship the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log relationship the coefficient
+the slope is the elasticity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is the elasticity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is the elasticity you can
+prove it for yourself I make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for yourself I make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it for yourself I make my
+undergraduate do it but I think you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate do it but I think you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate do it but I think you you
+can do it as a as your own homework uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it as a as your own homework uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it as a as your own homework uh
+so the slope of that relationship is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slope of that relationship is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slope of that relationship is the
+elasticity okay and that's about 0.35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity okay and that's about 0.35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity okay and that's about 0.35
+maybe uh so that's not nothing it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh so that's not nothing it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh so that's not nothing it is you
+know it is elastic but that's not one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is elastic but that's not one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it is elastic but that's not one
+so if I want the product of mud and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want the product of mud and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want the product of mud and also
+it's not very different from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very different from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very different from a different
+places so if I want my product of my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so if I want my product of my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so if I want my product of my two
+elasticity to be one it better be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity to be one it better be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity to be one it better be that
+the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+food and productivity is super steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and productivity is super steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and productivity is super steep
+right we are not in a good shape now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we are not in a good shape now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we are not in a good shape now
+so that's the first one so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first one so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the first one so this is the
+elasticity now so what they are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity now so what they are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity now so what they are doing
+here is that they are so the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that they are so the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that they are so the nice thing
+of doing uh this locally linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing uh this locally linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing uh this locally linear
+regression is that you're estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is that you're estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is that you're estimating
+coefficient a wireless coefficient we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient a wireless coefficient we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient a wireless coefficient we
+are estimating a slope at each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are estimating a slope at each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are estimating a slope at each point
+so then you can plot this slope directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can plot this slope directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can plot this slope directly
+and then you have the elasticity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the elasticity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have the elasticity you can
+see an elasticity is mildly decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an elasticity is mildly decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an elasticity is mildly decreasing
+as people become richer but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as people become richer but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as people become richer but it is
+relatively constant and is about uh 1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively constant and is about uh 1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively constant and is about uh 1.4
+I was I was exaggerating with my 0.35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the relationship does not appear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relationship does not appear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relationship does not appear to
+be non-linear at least or non-monotonous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-linear at least or non-monotonous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-linear at least or non-monotonous
+at least in this range despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this range despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in this range despite the fact
+that it's probably an overestimate due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's probably an overestimate due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's probably an overestimate due
+to the fact that they didn't take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that they didn't take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that they didn't take into
+account reverse causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account reverse causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account reverse causality
+um I I mentioned that we need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I mentioned that we need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I mentioned that we need to be
+careful with how much uh with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with how much uh with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with how much uh with with
+not using very aggregated food data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using very aggregated food data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using very aggregated food data
+because as people become richer they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as people become richer they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as people become richer they
+will eat more expensive calorie and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eat more expensive calorie and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will eat more expensive calorie and I
+find that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that here
+they find they calculate the price per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find they calculate the price per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they find they calculate the price per
+calorie as a function of expenditure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorie as a function of expenditure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorie as a function of expenditure and
+the elasticity is about the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity is about the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity is about the same the
+elasticity of price per calorie and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of price per calorie and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of price per calorie and the
+elasticity of number of calories is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of number of calories is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of number of calories is
+about the same so if you sum the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same so if you sum the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same so if you sum the two
+hopefully as people become 10 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as people become 10 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully as people become 10 percent
+richer they eat about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer they eat about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer they eat about
+0.7.8 percent more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7.8 percent more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.7.8 percent more on the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ten percent eight percent more on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent eight percent more on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten percent eight percent more on they
+spend eight percent more on food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend eight percent more on food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend eight percent more on food
+and this eight percent is again share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this eight percent is again share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this eight percent is again share
+roughly into four percent in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly into four percent in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly into four percent in more
+expensive calories and four percent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive calories and four percent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive calories and four percent in
+more calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that success that that can't be feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that success that that can't be feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that success that that can't be feeling
+the burn of that poverty trap based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burn of that poverty trap based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burn of that poverty trap based on
+nutrition that strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition that strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition that strongly
+because otherwise within the same budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise within the same budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because otherwise within the same budget
+they would have the ability to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have the ability to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have the ability to eat
+eight plus at least eight percent more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight plus at least eight percent more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight plus at least eight percent more
+calorie and not four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorie and not four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorie and not four
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that doesn't look too good for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look too good for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look too good for that
+basic argument in the most static static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic argument in the most static static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic argument in the most static static
+level does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level does that make sense
+so I'm a little bit hostating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm a little bit hostating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm a little bit hostating the
+shrinivasan point but based on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinivasan point but based on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinivasan point but based on you know
+more more detail what we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more detail what we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more detail what we observe
+uh so that's that's uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's that's uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's that's uh that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+in India so then you know they do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India so then you know they do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in India so then you know they do the
+same thing with linear relationship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with linear relationship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with linear relationship and
+they they make the argument that I that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they make the argument that I that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they make the argument that I that
+I made uh and then very interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made uh and then very interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made uh and then very interestingly
+they use a bunch of NSS in another paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a bunch of NSS in another paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use a bunch of NSS in another paper
+they use the a bunch of NSS that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the a bunch of NSS that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use the a bunch of NSS that's
+written and dressed to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and dressed to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and dressed to look at what
+happened to this relationship over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this relationship over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to this relationship over time
+and what they find is that the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find is that the angle
+curve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve uh
+which the angle curve is the curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the angle curve is the curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the angle curve is the curve that
+links the how we call the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the how we call the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the how we call the this
+elasticity of the curve that links how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of the curve that links how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of the curve that links how
+much calories in a household consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much calories in a household consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much calories in a household consume
+with how much capital expenditure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how much capital expenditure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how much capital expenditure they
+consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+uh it it falls down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it falls down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it it falls down
+in a rural area it's larger in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rural area it's larger in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rural area it's larger in urban
+areas that makes sense if you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that makes sense if you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that makes sense if you think that
+rural people make more you know physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural people make more you know physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural people make more you know physical
+work so they need more more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so they need more more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so they need more more of the
+calories and over time it goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories and over time it goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories and over time it goes down and
+down and down you know which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and down you know which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and down you know which has a
+consequence that basically people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that basically people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence that basically people are
+swimming Upstream in terms of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming Upstream in terms of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming Upstream in terms of how many
+calories they eat so even though in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories they eat so even though in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories they eat so even though in
+India people are still many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India people are still many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India people are still many people are
+still under the West uh as the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under the West uh as the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still under the West uh as the country
+become richer and as people are poor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become richer and as people are poor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become richer and as people are poor and
+poor I read There are fewer and few are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor I read There are fewer and few are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor I read There are fewer and few are
+extremely poor people but the calorie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely poor people but the calorie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely poor people but the calorie
+consumption has not really gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption has not really gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption has not really gone up
+and why it's because people move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it's because people move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why it's because people move up
+people move down an angle cuff to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people move down an angle cuff to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people move down an angle cuff to the
+right and then they move up that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then they move up that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then they move up that angle
+cover and they at the same time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and they at the same time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover and they at the same time and the
+two things combine which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things combine which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things combine which means that
+people are not really getting out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not really getting out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are not really getting out of
+where they were in the first place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were in the first place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were in the first place and
+that's one of the kind of that's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the kind of that's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the kind of that's still a
+bit of a mystery like why why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a mystery like why why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a mystery like why why that is
+the that is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that is the case
+but again that's that suggests that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again that's that suggests that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again that's that suggests that it's
+not there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there is no
+desperation or if there is this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperation or if there is this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperation or if there is this person
+on food there are other things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on food there are other things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on food there are other things that are
+even more disparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there is an experiment in China that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an experiment in China that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an experiment in China that is
+even more extreme and for a while it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more extreme and for a while it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more extreme and for a while it had
+me thinking that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me thinking that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me thinking that maybe
+if we did this properly the elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did this properly the elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did this properly the elasticity
+goes even the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes even the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes even the other way
+so people by Rob Jensen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people by Rob Jensen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people by Rob Jensen
+which looks at an experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks at an experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks at an experiment so
+randomized experiment where they decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment where they decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized experiment where they decide
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+subsidize the staple food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize the staple food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize the staple food
+so in what case it's uh it's highest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in what case it's uh it's highest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in what case it's uh it's highest and
+in one case it's wheat to make noodles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case it's wheat to make noodles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one case it's wheat to make noodles
+so they do that in two places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do that in two places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they do that in two places
+and what they find after that what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find after that what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they find after that what they
+do is that they look at what people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that they look at what people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that they look at what people uh
+what people consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people consume
+so we start from a situation where a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from a situation where a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start from a situation where a big
+part of their food budget and a big part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their food budget and a big part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their food budget and a big part
+of their budget is a pretty poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their budget is a pretty poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their budget is a pretty poor
+household was a heisenweed and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household was a heisenweed and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household was a heisenweed and then we
+subsidize that to a large extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize that to a large extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidize that to a large extent
+and what happens when I do that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when I do that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens when I do that is that
+people are eating less rice not more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are eating less rice not more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are eating less rice not more
+rice that's the main uh that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice that's the main uh that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice that's the main uh that's what they
+really wanted to show because that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to show because that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to show because that makes
+rice the example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice the example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice the example of a
+given good and this is kind of fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given good and this is kind of fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given good and this is kind of fun to
+find a given God because maybe given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a given God because maybe given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a given God because maybe given
+good don't exist and here they find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good don't exist and here they find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good don't exist and here they find one
+so that was their main kind of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was their main kind of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was their main kind of game
+ah so you subsidize rice and people eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so you subsidize rice and people eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so you subsidize rice and people eat
+less rice why because they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rice why because they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rice why because they uh
+there is an income effect which is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an income effect which is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an income effect which is large
+enough since rice is such an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough since rice is such an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough since rice is such an important
+part of their budget uh that is uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their budget uh that is uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their budget uh that is uh that
+is more than compensate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than compensate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more than compensate for the
+substitution effect which make you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect which make you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect which make you know
+which is that rice is cheap enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that rice is cheap enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that rice is cheap enough that
+you want to have more of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have more of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have more of it
+okay so that's the game and by then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the game and by then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the game and by then and
+then what you're seeing is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're seeing is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're seeing is that what
+people eat instead is more Seafood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat instead is more Seafood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat instead is more Seafood
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+but then where it becomes even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then where it becomes even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then where it becomes even more
+striking is that overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking is that overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking is that overall
+people are in one region they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in one region they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in one region they end up
+eating fewer calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating fewer calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating fewer calories
+in the places where they are given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the places where they are given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the places where they are given a
+subsidy on the stepper ice in Hunan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy on the stepper ice in Hunan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy on the stepper ice in Hunan and
+in the other region it's just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other region it's just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other region it's just it's
+positive but insignificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and they are reducing their calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are reducing their calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are reducing their calories
+with this experiment they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this experiment they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this experiment they should be
+feeling baby yeah so exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling baby yeah so exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling baby yeah so exactly so
+so that does suggest that that's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that does suggest that that's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that does suggest that that's it's
+not that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that's it
+they can't have been funding themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't have been funding themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't have been funding themselves
+when poverty crap based on nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when poverty crap based on nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when poverty crap based on nutrition
+argument otherwise they wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument otherwise they wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument otherwise they wouldn't have
+done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well they aren't making mistakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they aren't making mistakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they aren't making mistakes and
+then they stop working all together or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they stop working all together or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they stop working all together or
+uh but that would have it would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that would have it would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that would have it would have to
+be some some something else so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some some something else so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some some something else so people
+would have to be either or completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be either or completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be either or completely
+wrong super irrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong super irrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong super irrational
+oh they actually I'm starving and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh they actually I'm starving and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh they actually I'm starving and they
+are happy to to eat something else but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy to to eat something else but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happy to to eat something else but
+what this implies is that then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this implies is that then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this implies is that then the the
+that would what would that imp that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would what would that imp that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would what would that imp that
+would imply that the elasticity of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imply that the elasticity of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would imply that the elasticity of food
+consumption with respect to income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption with respect to income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption with respect to income is
+extremely low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely low
+so far a while after seeing this paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far a while after seeing this paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far a while after seeing this paper I
+was kind of waiting to uh to see a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of waiting to uh to see a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of waiting to uh to see a more
+experimental result on the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental result on the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental result on the impact of
+income on nutrition because it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on nutrition because it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on nutrition because it has to be
+that the income effect on nutrition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the income effect on nutrition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the income effect on nutrition is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+all right otherwise it couldn't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right otherwise it couldn't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right otherwise it couldn't be that
+nutrition behaves like this given good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition behaves like this given good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition behaves like this given good
+then when you make it more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you make it more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you make it more expensive
+people eat less it has to be that income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat less it has to be that income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people eat less it has to be that income
+effect is negative and not just lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is negative and not just lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is negative and not just lower
+than we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we thought
+now there is a lot of caveat with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a lot of caveat with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a lot of caveat with this
+experiment it was very short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it was very short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it was very short-term
+uh people were given voucher for Rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people were given voucher for Rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people were given voucher for Rice
+you know maybe they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe they uh
+a long-term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long-term uh
+increase would have had very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase would have had very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase would have had very different
+status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+maybe they would they use the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they would they use the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they would they use the the
+windfall to have good food for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windfall to have good food for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windfall to have good food for a while
+and then they would go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they would go back to this
+so going back to your maybe they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to your maybe they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to your maybe they are
+making mistake maybe they're not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistake maybe they're not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making mistake maybe they're not making
+mistakes but they are taking good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes but they are taking good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes but they are taking good
+advantage of the temporary increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the temporary increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the temporary increase
+decrease in the price of price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the price of price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in the price of price
+so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but
+when I saw this paper coming and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I saw this paper coming and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I saw this paper coming and the
+detailed rice paper coming with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed rice paper coming with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed rice paper coming with the
+elasticity falling was like okay is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity falling was like okay is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity falling was like okay is it
+that they the city of food with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they the city of food with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they the city of food with respect
+of a food of calorie consumption with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a food of calorie consumption with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a food of calorie consumption with
+respect to income is really that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to income is really that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to income is really that low
+and then a bunch of people came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bunch of people came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bunch of people came up
+which had the uh possibility to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had the uh possibility to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had the uh possibility to just
+answer this question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question right
+and in particular people that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular people that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular people that you're
+going to see again when Ben talks to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see again when Ben talks to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see again when Ben talks to you
+about cash transfer which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiments based on the program give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments based on the program give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments based on the program give
+directly where people are simply dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly where people are simply dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly where people are simply dropped
+cash into their labs either as regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash into their labs either as regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash into their labs either as regular
+income or as a big lump sum it's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or as a big lump sum it's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income or as a big lump sum it's given
+to either a man or woman and it's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either a man or woman and it's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either a man or woman and it's given
+is there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there in
+larger amount of smaller amount Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amount of smaller amount Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger amount of smaller amount Etc
+the point is that that's an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that that's an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that that's an experiment
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+lasts for a longer period of time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts for a longer period of time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts for a longer period of time but
+it's important the two people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important the two people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important the two people are
+supposed to smooth it out the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to smooth it out the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to smooth it out the um
+otherwise there is a monthly income for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there is a monthly income for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there is a monthly income for
+a year and so that's really the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and so that's really the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and so that's really the ideal
+experiment to answer this question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to answer this question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to answer this question we
+can see how much uh this concept perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how much uh this concept perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how much uh this concept perhaps
+some of it was saved some of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it was saved some of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it was saved some of it was
+consumed how much this uh in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed how much this uh in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumed how much this uh in to
+calculate the elasticity I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the elasticity I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the elasticity I'm going to
+look at the impact of this transfer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the impact of this transfer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the impact of this transfer on
+overall consumption regular consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall consumption regular consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall consumption regular consumption
+not durable regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not durable regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not durable regular
+day-to-day consumption and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day consumption and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day consumption and then I'm
+going to look at the impact of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the impact of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the impact of this
+transfer on a calorie consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer on a calorie consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer on a calorie consumption
+now it's not perfect we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not perfect we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not perfect we don't have
+Caraway consumption they had a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caraway consumption they had a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caraway consumption they had a very
+broad category so it's going to be food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad category so it's going to be food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad category so it's going to be food
+consumption so you're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so you're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so you're going to have the
+sum of the quality of calories and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the quality of calories and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the quality of calories and
+quantities of calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities of calories
+but we are in a great situation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are in a great situation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are in a great situation because
+we can now so this is each type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now so this is each type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now so this is each type of
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+uh you know there is different version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know there is different version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know there is different version
+that people got this is how much their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people got this is how much their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people got this is how much their
+consumption Inc their day-to-day regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Inc their day-to-day regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Inc their day-to-day regular
+consumption of non-durable could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of non-durable could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of non-durable could
+increase this is how much their food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this is how much their food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this is how much their food
+expenditure increase or in love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure increase or in love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure increase or in love
+and so the the ratio of these two gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the ratio of these two gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the ratio of these two gives
+me the elasticity and I all lined up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the elasticity and I all lined up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the elasticity and I all lined up so
+that the 60 are pretty much all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 60 are pretty much all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 60 are pretty much all the same
+in blue and in a bed it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue and in a bed it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue and in a bed it's just a
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+elasticity calculated exactly like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity calculated exactly like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity calculated exactly like in
+written subramanian audit and press by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written subramanian audit and press by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written subramanian audit and press by
+the kernel regression for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel regression for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel regression for all of the
+things I told you about elasticity being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I told you about elasticity being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I told you about elasticity being
+endogenous it seems like so similar what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous it seems like so similar what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous it seems like so similar what
+you're getting from the various you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from the various you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting from the various you know
+the slopes you're getting by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes you're getting by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes you're getting by using the
+various treatment effects the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various treatment effects the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various treatment effects the ratio of
+their consumption uh so the the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their consumption uh so the the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their consumption uh so the the you
+could draw a line coming from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could draw a line coming from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could draw a line coming from these
+points it would be pretty well aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it would be pretty well aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points it would be pretty well aligned
+with the simple OLS lines that is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simple OLS lines that is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simple OLS lines that is simple
+or less aggression of consumption or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less aggression of consumption or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less aggression of consumption or
+food consumption and overall consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food consumption and overall consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food consumption and overall consumption
+and that gives us the elasticity so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us the elasticity so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives us the elasticity so the
+OLS elasticity is the equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS elasticity is the equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS elasticity is the equivalent of the
+descriptive work in a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive work in a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptive work in a digital
+subramanian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subramanian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subramanian
+and then that the IV elasticity is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that the IV elasticity is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that the IV elasticity is to
+think of it as a ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a ratio of the
+proportional increase in food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional increase in food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional increase in food
+consumption to the proportional increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption to the proportional increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption to the proportional increase
+in overall non-divable consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in overall non-divable consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in overall non-divable consumption
+and now you get here a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you get here a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you get here a very similar
+results and elasticities of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and elasticities of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and elasticities of food
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+uh at about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at about one
+point eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight
+again it's food consumption so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's food consumption so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's food consumption so it
+doesn't take into account the quality in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account the quality in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take into account the quality in
+increase so maybe you want and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so maybe you want and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so maybe you want and you've
+seen the same thing here that the meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the same thing here that the meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the same thing here that the meat
+and fish has larger elasticity so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fish has larger elasticity so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fish has larger elasticity so people
+substitute toward meat compared to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah serious if you look at the IV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah serious if you look at the IV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah serious if you look at the IV
+series The elasticity that well below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The elasticity that well below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series The elasticity that well below
+one so people seem to be moving a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so people seem to be moving a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so people seem to be moving a little
+bit presumably The Substitute within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit presumably The Substitute within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit presumably The Substitute within
+calories as well so you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories as well so you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories as well so you can think about
+this one divided roughly in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one divided roughly in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one divided roughly in two
+half-hubs so we are back to number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-hubs so we are back to number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-hubs so we are back to number of
+looking like little silver Romania it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like little silver Romania it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like little silver Romania it's
+not that people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that people are not
+consuming in form of food the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming in form of food the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming in form of food the transfer
+that they are getting but it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are getting but it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are getting but it's not an
+enormous elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous elasticity
+so to complete the loop I would need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to complete the loop I would need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to complete the loop I would need to
+give you uh more on the impact of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh more on the impact of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you uh more on the impact of of
+food availability and productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food availability and productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food availability and productivity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and the some of that is that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the some of that is that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the some of that is that at the
+daily level is not that high it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily level is not that high it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily level is not that high it's not
+zero but there are experiments on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but there are experiments on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but there are experiments on that
+where a new 50 worker and they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a new 50 worker and they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a new 50 worker and they produce
+tea but it's not enormous at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea but it's not enormous at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tea but it's not enormous at all
+so it is quite unlikely that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is quite unlikely that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is quite unlikely that this
+mechanism itself that is highlighted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism itself that is highlighted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism itself that is highlighted in
+the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that pertinent on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that pertinent on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that pertinent on the ground
+but we haven't lost our time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't lost our time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't lost our time because
+there is so many more potential source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so many more potential source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so many more potential source
+of this Esco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Esco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Esco
+so what we are going to do last time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are going to do last time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we are going to do last time is
+to take another attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take another attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take another attack
+there are basically two ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are basically two ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are basically two ways in which
+you could test for poverty type the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could test for poverty type the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could test for poverty type the
+first one is to take a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is to take a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is to take a particular
+mechanism so here it's the food and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so here it's the food and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so here it's the food and then
+I'm going to look at the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look at the effect of
+increment food and food on future income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment food and food on future income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment food and food on future income
+and take the product of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the product of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the product of the two
+or you could say well let me be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could say well let me be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could say well let me be more
+reduced from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced from
+and look directly at the mapping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look directly at the mapping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look directly at the mapping from
+income to income or from asset to asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to income or from asset to asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to income or from asset to asset
+and what we'll do next time is that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do next time is that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'll do next time is that go
+back to that approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that approach
+and then you know once we have if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know once we have if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know once we have if we do
+there find the S curve that interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there find the S curve that interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there find the S curve that interacts
+with the right place and you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the right place and you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the right place and you already
+know that we are going to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we are going to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we are going to find that
+because I should do that job then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I should do that job then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I should do that job then we
+have to go back and think but where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and think but where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and think but where is
+it coming from if it's not going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coming from if it's not going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coming from if it's not going for
+food which opens up all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food which opens up all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food which opens up all sorts of
+interesting possibilities including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting possibilities including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting possibilities including the
+behavioral one that you are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral one that you are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral one that you are using
+thank you very much and then we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and then we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much and then we'll see
+you on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jVKmUpaE5Bw.txt b/jVKmUpaE5Bw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e60111215d349fceee873e720bbd7841555df42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jVKmUpaE5Bw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I thought that would be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that would be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought that would be a very
+interesting way to get people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way to get people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way to get people of
+different ages different backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ages different backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ages different backgrounds
+different you know artistic abilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know artistic abilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know artistic abilities so
+I'll work together for you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll work together for you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll work together for you know a
+cultural thing that could also be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural thing that could also be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural thing that could also be a good
+uh lead into tourists learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead into tourists learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lead into tourists learning more
+about float is coming from somewhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about float is coming from somewhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about float is coming from somewhere to
+here no it's being built here made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no it's being built here made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no it's being built here made in
+here the float is built here and built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the float is built here and built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the float is built here and built
+in here exactly sending floats out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here exactly sending floats out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here exactly sending floats out
+exactly so um this whole sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so um this whole sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so um this whole sort of
+Direction that's created here is so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's created here is so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction that's created here is so that
+did you get out the door well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get out the door well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get out the door well it's a
+really big door oh it's it's 15t tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big door oh it's it's 15t tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big door oh it's it's 15t tall
+actually um so and and the area inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um so and and the area inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um so and and the area inside
+is this whole big area so there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this whole big area so there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this whole big area so there's a lot
+of room for it to be that's the float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room for it to be that's the float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room for it to be that's the float
+making yes and sort of my visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yes and sort of my visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yes and sort of my visual
+visualization of how this is work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of how this is work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of how this is work is
+sort of you know take however many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know take however many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know take however many
+months to make the float and on the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to make the float and on the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months to make the float and on the day
+that you know unveiled people would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know unveiled people would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know unveiled people would come
+and sit along here and this is a cafe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit along here and this is a cafe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit along here and this is a cafe
+Che cheer and watch and it' be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che cheer and watch and it' be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che cheer and watch and it' be you know
+they'd all come out and they'd you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd all come out and they'd you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd all come out and they'd you know
+go up North Street down hand over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up North Street down hand over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up North Street down hand over and
+come back around and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back around and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back around and this is actually
+sort of a graveyard for old old old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a graveyard for old old old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a graveyard for old old old
+floats um to send something out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats um to send something out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats um to send something out from
+here into the world and and have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the world and and have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the world and and have them
+people drawn back to it exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people drawn back to it exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people drawn back to it exactly
+so I mean can you eat here yes I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean can you eat here yes I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean can you eat here yes I was
+just about to explain and you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about to explain and you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about to explain and you can see a
+movie Jack and you can see movie yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Jack and you can see movie yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie Jack and you can see movie yes you
+do a lot um so I was imagining tourists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot um so I was imagining tourists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot um so I was imagining tourists
+are generally walking from Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally walking from Government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are generally walking from Government
+Center quy Market type areas so they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center quy Market type areas so they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center quy Market type areas so they'd
+find themselves on this ramp going up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find themselves on this ramp going up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find themselves on this ramp going up to
+my building sidewalk sort of merges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my building sidewalk sort of merges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my building sidewalk sort of merges
+gently so they'd be in there no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently so they'd be in there no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gently so they'd be in there no matter
+what little Carpenter Center little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what little Carpenter Center little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what little Carpenter Center little
+exactly uhhuh um and they would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uhhuh um and they would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uhhuh um and they would find
+themselves on this first floor well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves on this first floor well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves on this first floor well
+actually it leads them up to here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it leads them up to here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it leads them up to here which
+is the museum so right in here is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the museum so right in here is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the museum so right in here is sort
+of a museum and um they can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a museum and um they can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a museum and um they can look
+directly into the float Mak area Museum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the float Mak area Museum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly into the float Mak area Museum
+about float making just general North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about float making just general North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about float making just general North
+End culture the Arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End culture the Arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End culture the Arts
+um and so they could walk actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so they could walk actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so they could walk actually
+through where the floats are being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through where the floats are being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through where the floats are being made
+and look down and watch and come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look down and watch and come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look down and watch and come into
+more music Museum which is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more music Museum which is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more music Museum which is then
+connected to the movie theater and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the movie theater and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the movie theater and they
+can go watch talian Cinema for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go watch talian Cinema for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go watch talian Cinema for
+example um and for the people of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um and for the people of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um and for the people of the
+North End they're sort of coming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End they're sort of coming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End they're sort of coming more
+from this direction I imagined um and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this direction I imagined um and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this direction I imagined um and be
+led into this building which is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led into this building which is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led into this building which is where
+there's the wood shops and the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the wood shops and the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the wood shops and the metal
+shops and whatever metal shop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and whatever metal shop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shops and whatever metal shop right
+uhhuh which all open out into the float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh which all open out into the float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh which all open out into the float
+building into the float building areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building into the float building areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building into the float building areas
+and you can continue upstairs past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can continue upstairs past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can continue upstairs past the
+museum to the third floor where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum to the third floor where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum to the third floor where there's
+sort of a couple smaller Workshop areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a couple smaller Workshop areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a couple smaller Workshop areas
+for people who you know just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who you know just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who you know just want to
+build their own thing not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their own thing not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their own thing not necessarily
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+flo um and then on top of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flo um and then on top of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flo um and then on top of the of the
+theater on on the third floor there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater on on the third floor there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater on on the third floor there's
+the cafe onto this balcony area right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cafe onto this balcony area right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cafe onto this balcony area right in
+here exactly and then we have little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here exactly and then we have little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here exactly and then we have little
+garden areas um I was trying to as Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden areas um I was trying to as Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garden areas um I was trying to as Sarah
+probably told you there's a lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably told you there's a lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably told you there's a lack of
+light in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in this
+area so um it's a shaded Garden it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so um it's a shaded Garden it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so um it's a shaded Garden it's
+well I was trying to I Incorporated some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I was trying to I Incorporated some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I was trying to I Incorporated some
+water I was hoping maybe that would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water I was hoping maybe that would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water I was hoping maybe that would help
+I also the um the sighting for this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also the um the sighting for this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also the um the sighting for this for
+the uh arts building it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh arts building it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh arts building it was actually
+sort of a the reflecting glass I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a the reflecting glass I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a the reflecting glass I don't
+know exactly what it's called so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what it's called so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what it's called so you
+won't wouldn't be able to see him but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't wouldn't be able to see him but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't wouldn't be able to see him but it
+would hopefully be reflecting the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hopefully be reflecting the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would hopefully be reflecting the light
+that actually appears so this wood here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually appears so this wood here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually appears so this wood here
+is actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually um
+glass and um these how these came about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and um these how these came about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and um these how these came about
+actually I never I I don't quite know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I never I I don't quite know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I never I I don't quite know
+how these exact ones came about I knew I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these exact ones came about I knew I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these exact ones came about I knew I
+wanted to you know the capture the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to you know the capture the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to you know the capture the light
+that came in I wanted it to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came in I wanted it to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came in I wanted it to be sort of
+show that something was special was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that something was special was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that something was special was
+happening in here and um they're made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in here and um they're made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in here and um they're made of
+translucent material some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translucent material some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translucent material some
+copper they're obviously hung off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper they're obviously hung off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper they're obviously hung off the
+building it seems like they were coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it seems like they were coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building it seems like they were coming
+out of this building yeah they were yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this building yeah they were yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this building yeah they were yeah
+it it even in my junk model you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it even in my junk model you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it even in my junk model you can see
+I was playing with sort of direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was playing with sort of direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was playing with sort of direction of
+the tourist direction of the North End
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tourist direction of the North End
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tourist direction of the North End
+something something somewhat normal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something somewhat normal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something somewhat normal and
+then something happening so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then something happening so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then something happening so that's
+that's that's not quite as as c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not quite as as c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not quite as as c
+confluent as this this flow yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluent as this this flow yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confluent as this this flow yeah this
+one has something happening and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has something happening and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one has something happening and this one
+has something coming out of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something coming out of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something coming out of the building
+now this on the other hand seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this on the other hand seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this on the other hand seems to be
+coming out of this building like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this building like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this building like this to
+me doing now right yes and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me doing now right yes and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me doing now right yes and then there
+this fellow who didn't make it it went a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fellow who didn't make it it went a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fellow who didn't make it it went a
+long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes he I was actually trying to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he I was actually trying to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes he I was actually trying to connect
+to this street cuz I was imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this street cuz I was imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this street cuz I was imagining
+floats coming out going to hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats coming out going to hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats coming out going to hand
+over um or if not they just come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um or if not they just come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um or if not they just come out and
+go up North Street but it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up North Street but it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up North Street but it would have
+been fun to have it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fun to have it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fun to have it do
+that turn the corner well to to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turn the corner well to to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turn the corner well to to enter
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+uhhuh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh
+yeah I don't know I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't know I kept
+debating the cafe thing would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating the cafe thing would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debating the cafe thing would be a
+better draw for people to drop in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better draw for people to drop in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better draw for people to drop in and
+just have a c of coffee or see somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a c of coffee or see somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a c of coffee or see somebody
+in the thing if we're down there on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing if we're down there on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing if we're down there on that
+or down in here or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down in here or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down in here or something
+yeah I think the street level might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the street level might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the street level might be a
+terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific
+attractor and then get tables out onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor and then get tables out onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractor and then get tables out onto
+the onto the space right out here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onto the space right out here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the onto the space right out here yeah
+maybe right there yeah and my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right there yeah and my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe right there yeah and my initial
+just yeah you I was trying to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah you I was trying to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah you I was trying to connect
+art store you what do they need they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art store you what do they need they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art store you what do they need they
+need supplies right well maybe the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need supplies right well maybe the yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need supplies right well maybe the yeah
+maybe the art here you bring people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the art here you bring people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the art here you bring people
+through the whole or sell food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole or sell food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the whole or sell food and
+art I I also like the fact that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art I I also like the fact that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art I I also like the fact that you have
+as Jack has described it established a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Jack has described it established a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Jack has described it established a
+very clear relationship to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear relationship to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear relationship to this thing
+and to this thing so you have you've um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to this thing so you have you've um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to this thing so you have you've um
+you've connected yourself to the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've connected yourself to the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've connected yourself to the context
+I think you could have connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could have connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could have connected
+yourself even more strongly if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself even more strongly if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself even more strongly if you had
+expressed what is there which we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed what is there which we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed what is there which we've seen
+over there as being a dam and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there as being a dam and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there as being a dam and then you
+could have either related to it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have either related to it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have either related to it or
+decided not to relate to it but here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to relate to it but here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided not to relate to it but here I
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+know you know this is It's just coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this is It's just coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know this is It's just coming
+up to the wall and stop could those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the wall and stop could those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the wall and stop could those
+carry through into whatever this is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry through into whatever this is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry through into whatever this is or
+how how is that how is this through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how is that how is this through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how is that how is this through the
+sauce yeah yeah that's true how how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce yeah yeah that's true how how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce yeah yeah that's true how how is
+how is this thing generating that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this thing generating that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this thing generating that thing
+where's where's this coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's where's this coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's where's this coming
+from that that configuration and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that that configuration and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that that configuration and then
+this would be a wonderful connection MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a wonderful connection MH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a wonderful connection MH
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+yeah that's true I totally ignor what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's true I totally ignor what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's true I totally ignor what
+this this this seems okay to me uh I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this seems okay to me uh I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this seems okay to me uh I can
+imagine this stuff being much like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this stuff being much like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this stuff being much like this
+stuff right is that a shop at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right is that a shop at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right is that a shop at the bottom
+here or this is a just a townhouse just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or this is a just a townhouse just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or this is a just a townhouse just
+a what a townhouse uh four story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apartment just just is a kind of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment just just is a kind of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment just just is a kind of small
+small comment once sometimes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small comment once sometimes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small comment once sometimes you can
+make spaces and they're wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make spaces and they're wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make spaces and they're wonderful
+mhm and that is I I really like it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm and that is I I really like it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm and that is I I really like it but
+sometimes you have elements that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have elements that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you have elements that come
+together and make a space which I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and make a space which I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and make a space which I don't
+like to think about I don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think about I don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think about I don't like to
+think about the space that's just under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the space that's just under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the space that's just under
+there yeah yeah I I was hoping I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah yeah I I was hoping I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yeah yeah I I was hoping I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+I because initially I I wanted you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because initially I I wanted you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I because initially I I wanted you know
+this plane to be for the artists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane to be for the artists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane to be for the artists that
+are working in here and this plane to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working in here and this plane to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working in here and this plane to be
+for the tourists that are coming out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tourists that are coming out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tourists that are coming out the
+movie theater the cafe I'm just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theater the cafe I'm just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theater the cafe I'm just talking
+about the twoot high yeah exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the twoot high yeah exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the twoot high yeah exactly that
+that's one of the problem yows might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the problem yows might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the problem yows might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+yeah well I think what you've what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I think what you've what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well I think what you've what you
+you've called attention to Jack is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've called attention to Jack is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've called attention to Jack is is
+her intention of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her intention of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her intention of sort of
+identifying what's tourist space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying what's tourist space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying what's tourist space and
+what is good native space and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is good native space and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is good native space and I think
+that's good but I but I think I wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but I but I think I wish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but I but I think I wish
+there was some way that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some way that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some way that there was a
+happier way to mingle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier way to mingle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier way to mingle that's
+my yeah I mean The Simple Solution I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my yeah I mean The Simple Solution I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my yeah I mean The Simple Solution I was
+think about just you know the steps up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just you know the steps up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about just you know the steps up
+to this one and you can go across them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one and you can go across them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this one and you can go across them
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+but I just sort of left it as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just sort of left it as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just sort of left it as something
+further to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to
+explore um initially they were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore um initially they were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore um initially they were actually
+there was a greater separation but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a greater separation but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a greater separation but just
+in terms of how Heights worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how Heights worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how Heights worked out
+within the floors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the floors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the floors
+and this was getting too high and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was getting too high and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was getting too high and that
+was going to be short so that's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be short so that's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be short so that's how it
+ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up
+but yeah I love this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhm when you see this now here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm when you see this now here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm when you see this now here it's
+wonderful richness of form this seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful richness of form this seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful richness of form this seems a
+little bit modest mhm in it hasn't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit modest mhm in it hasn't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit modest mhm in it hasn't had
+quite the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the level of
+invention yeah that that this has uhhuh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention yeah that that this has uhhuh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention yeah that that this has uhhuh
+but I that might be okay okay it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I that might be okay okay it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I that might be okay okay it's kind
+of like here this is the modest brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like here this is the modest brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like here this is the modest brother
+and this is the the or sister and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the the or sister and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the the or sister and this
+is the um yeah I mean my intention was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um yeah I mean my intention was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um yeah I mean my intention was
+that you walk along you don't quite know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you walk along you don't quite know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you walk along you don't quite know
+what you're getting into then you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're getting into then you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're getting into then you're you
+know surprised when you get to this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know surprised when you get to this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know surprised when you get to this side
+and same thing that sort of is part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same thing that sort of is part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same thing that sort of is part of
+the whole it's restoring the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole it's restoring the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole it's restoring the connection
+of this yeah Fabric and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this yeah Fabric and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this yeah Fabric and then it goes
+into something a little mhm fabc I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something a little mhm fabc I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something a little mhm fabc I think
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+believable I'm not sure you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable I'm not sure you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable I'm not sure you know if I
+was doing that I might make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing that I might make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing that I might make it a little
+more like that but maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like that but maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like that but maybe not
+maybe the connection between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the connection between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the connection between this
+building and this building um in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and this building um in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building and this building um in terms
+of circulation was also very awkward um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circulation was also very awkward um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of circulation was also very awkward um
+at first especially because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first especially because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first especially because I was
+keeping it the square and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it the square and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it the square and the and the
+rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle
+um so then until I finally extended this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then until I finally extended this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so then until I finally extended this
+one to sort of uh not match but relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to sort of uh not match but relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to sort of uh not match but relate
+back to this one better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this one better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this one better the
+connection could you tell me why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection could you tell me why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection could you tell me why this is
+yellow and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not huh that's a good question that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not huh that's a good question that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not huh that's a good question that's
+simply because it fell off oh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because it fell off oh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because it fell off oh on the
+transport over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport over
+Okay so this would be yellow the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this would be yellow the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this would be yellow the yellow
+represents what's indoors exactly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents what's indoors exactly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents what's indoors exactly okay
+can I just make a couple of comments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just make a couple of comments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I just make a couple of comments on
+your drawings yes please uh they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drawings yes please uh they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your drawings yes please uh they're
+they're clear I can understand them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're clear I can understand them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're clear I can understand them and
+read them um but I think that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them um but I think that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them um but I think that they could
+be much more alive this one I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more alive this one I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much more alive this one I just
+didn't have time well I'm sure this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have time well I'm sure this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have time well I'm sure this it's
+time of in every case I like beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of in every case I like beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of in every case I like beginning
+to see people here and cars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see people here and cars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see people here and cars and
+understanding that but why don't I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that but why don't I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that but why don't I see
+people in the plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the plans
+and and more plants and Pavements this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more plants and Pavements this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more plants and Pavements this
+is a the end of a semester but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the end of a semester but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a the end of a semester but it's
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+The Slice of Life of 12 weeks or so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Slice of Life of 12 weeks or so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Slice of Life of 12 weeks or so and
+um it's about architecture but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's about architecture but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's about architecture but it's also
+just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about
+living and um before you guys all say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and um before you guys all say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living and um before you guys all say
+something I just want to say I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just want to say I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I just want to say I'm very
+proud of these people they have uh come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of these people they have uh come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of these people they have uh come
+a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+ways um some very exciting work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um some very exciting work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways um some very exciting work
+here but as I said earlier particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but as I said earlier particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but as I said earlier particularly
+in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+times what I find the most exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what I find the most exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what I find the most exciting
+thing is that they're good citizens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that they're good citizens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that they're good citizens of
+the world they're sensitive to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world they're sensitive to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world they're sensitive to each
+other and they're they've been a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're they've been a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and they're they've been a group
+if you go into that studio it vibrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into that studio it vibrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go into that studio it vibrates
+not only with Beatles but with activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with Beatles but with activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with Beatles but with activity
+and energy and that that uh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy and that that uh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and energy and that that uh that's a
+lot and um I think it's terrific at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and um I think it's terrific at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot and um I think it's terrific at this
+time and in uh the world that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in uh the world that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in uh the world that we have
+that because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because that's the
+future so I'm just asking if the members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'm just asking if the members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'm just asking if the members
+who have reviewed today would join me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have reviewed today would join me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have reviewed today would join me in
+applauding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future this is the time of the year that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future this is the time of the year that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future this is the time of the year that
+um I give out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I give out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I give out some
+awards and these awards that I give out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards and these awards that I give out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards and these awards that I give out
+are going to become more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to become more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to become more and more
+important as the years go by because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as the years go by because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as the years go by because
+they're rapidly becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rapidly becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rapidly becoming
+Antiques and I will give them out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antiques and I will give them out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Antiques and I will give them out for
+ever there are three awards that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever there are three awards that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever there are three awards that is
+given out each year there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given out each year there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given out each year there is the
+34 pencil Le award which is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 pencil Le award which is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 pencil Le award which is given to
+students who have done drawn a lot drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who have done drawn a lot drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who have done drawn a lot drawn
+well beautifully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well beautifully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well beautifully
+Etc there is the xacto knife aluminum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc there is the xacto knife aluminum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc there is the xacto knife aluminum a
+lord who's given to students who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord who's given to students who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lord who's given to students who have
+cut up a lot of things or cut their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut up a lot of things or cut their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut up a lot of things or cut their
+fingers or done an outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers or done an outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers or done an outstanding
+job and there's the yellow CR this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and there's the yellow CR this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and there's the yellow CR this is
+not right by the way there's the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right by the way there's the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right by the way there's the yellow
+CR this is buff yellow TR golden CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR this is buff yellow TR golden CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR this is buff yellow TR golden CR
+award for a student who's used the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award for a student who's used the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award for a student who's used the most
+paper and has drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and has drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and has drawn the
+most uh this year was very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh this year was very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh this year was very difficult
+because um there was so many people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um there was so many people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um there was so many people that
+I split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I split the
+awards and so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards and so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awards and so for the
+um first award which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first award which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um first award which is
+the lead pencil award it goes to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead pencil award it goes to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead pencil award it goes to two
+people this year and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people this year and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people this year and that is
+Stephanie and Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie and Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephanie and Kelly
+Gibson there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kelly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly and
+the the aluminum uh award and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the aluminum uh award and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the aluminum uh award and there's
+two of those this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of those this
+year and they go one is obvious right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and they go one is obvious right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and they go one is obvious right
+goes to Phillip and the AR one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toia and the gold praise award this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toia and the gold praise award this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toia and the gold praise award this year
+there are two of those also and they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two of those also and they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two of those also and they go
+to Joyce and Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Joyce and Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Joyce and Sarah
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um as some of you may know it's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as some of you may know it's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as some of you may know it's also the
+time of the year that I do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the year that I do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the year that I do something
+that I've started three or four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've started three or four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've started three or four years
+ago which I love to do I give a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago which I love to do I give a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago which I love to do I give a donation
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+library um which I love because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library um which I love because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library um which I love because I don't
+have to fill out any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill out any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill out any
+forms I don't have to uh do any POS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms I don't have to uh do any POS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms I don't have to uh do any POS I
+don't have to talk to anybody I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to talk to anybody I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to talk to anybody I just
+have to write a check and and call up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write a check and and call up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write a check and and call up
+this great librarian I say down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great librarian I say down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this great librarian I say down
+downstairs I say do you have a what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs I say do you have a what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs I say do you have a what's
+your best new book and he tells me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best new book and he tells me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your best new book and he tells me and
+um I buy two copies one which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I buy two copies one which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I buy two copies one which is in the
+library I think this is the fourth year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library I think this is the fourth year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library I think this is the fourth year
+I may have done this fifth year I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have done this fifth year I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I may have done this fifth year I'm not
+sure and the other one is given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and the other one is given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and the other one is given to
+someone and the reason for that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone and the reason for that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone and the reason for that is that
+our community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community
+this architectural Community is made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this architectural Community is made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this architectural Community is made up
+of the faculty it's made up of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the faculty it's made up of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the faculty it's made up of the
+students but it's also made up of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but it's also made up of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but it's also made up of the
+people that are in this room who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are in this room who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are in this room who are
+reviewing and without them um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing and without them um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewing and without them um we
+wouldn't be a better place it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a better place it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a better place it's part of
+our community it's a it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community it's a it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our community it's a it's a very
+precious thing that we have this coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious thing that we have this coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious thing that we have this coming
+together of outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together of outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together of outside
+practitioners um other teachers and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioners um other teachers and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioners um other teachers and our
+own teachers it's a wonderful thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own teachers it's a wonderful thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own teachers it's a wonderful thing and
+the best you can get is a parking ticket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can get is a parking ticket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best you can get is a parking ticket
+which Hy just told me she probably got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Hy just told me she probably got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Hy just told me she probably got
+and it's outrageous that that MIT can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's outrageous that that MIT can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's outrageous that that MIT can't
+do better than that but it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than that but it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than that but it's very very
+important for the education of people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the education of people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the education of people to
+hear your voices and so each year there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your voices and so each year there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear your voices and so each year there
+is a book and there's a front piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a book and there's a front piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a book and there's a front piece and
+there's one in the library and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one in the library and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one in the library and this is
+another one and um this one reads this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and um this one reads this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one and um this one reads this
+year presented with appreciation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year presented with appreciation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year presented with appreciation to
+Steve Emer who over the years has served
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Emer who over the years has served
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Emer who over the years has served
+as a visiting trct to the studio of Jan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a visiting trct to the studio of Jan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a visiting trct to the studio of Jan
+waler December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you that's why I ask you for a favor if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's why I ask you for a favor if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's why I ask you for a favor if
+you would stay with me so he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would stay with me so he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would stay with me so he has to
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+um well if there are like if people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if there are like if people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well if there are like if people have
+some uh remarks that they'd like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh remarks that they'd like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh remarks that they'd like to say
+um I think the students are still wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the students are still wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the students are still wake
+hope are you awake yes you are we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope are you awake yes you are we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope are you awake yes you are we'd like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+hear the the thing that I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the the thing that I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the the thing that I thought was
+most fun was that the progress from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun was that the progress from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most fun was that the progress from the
+very early the first review to now has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early the first review to now has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early the first review to now has
+been really um incredible to see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really um incredible to see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really um incredible to see because
+people have made great strides taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made great strides taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made great strides taking
+the original ideas in very abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original ideas in very abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original ideas in very abstract
+forms and things that really didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and things that really didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and things that really didn't have
+that much constraint many constraints to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much constraint many constraints to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much constraint many constraints to
+um a a project that really was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a project that really was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a a project that really was quite
+mindful of the programmatic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindful of the programmatic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mindful of the programmatic elements
+that needed to happen but mostly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to happen but mostly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to happen but mostly we're
+not bound by that in a way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bound by that in a way that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bound by that in a way that it
+really made the forms enslaved by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made the forms enslaved by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made the forms enslaved by that
+which often happens when people get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which often happens when people get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which often happens when people get you
+know too involved with the program and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know too involved with the program and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know too involved with the program and I
+thought the freshness of of that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the freshness of of that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the freshness of of that first
+exercise really carried through to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise really carried through to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise really carried through to this
+last piece which I think is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece which I think is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece which I think is really
+wonderful um so I I appla students for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um so I I appla students for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful um so I I appla students for
+being able to stick with that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to stick with that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to stick with that it was
+hard work but it was really I think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work but it was really I think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work but it was really I think well
+worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth
+it yeah I was particularly impressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I was particularly impressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I was particularly impressed
+with the J models I thought that they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the J models I thought that they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the J models I thought that they um
+in many instances we sort of emerge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many instances we sort of emerge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many instances we sort of emerge from
+the student in Intuition or synthesis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student in Intuition or synthesis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student in Intuition or synthesis of
+of the issues that come to be problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the issues that come to be problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the issues that come to be problem
+like this and um so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and um so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and um so it's a very
+empowering device I think what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering device I think what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empowering device I think what what what
+I saw a number of times though was when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw a number of times though was when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw a number of times though was when
+they moved on from the jump model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they moved on from the jump model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they moved on from the jump model to
+architecture and building uh it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and building uh it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and building uh it started
+to be like a building as a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a building as a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like a building as a building
+might be perceived and I think um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be perceived and I think um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be perceived and I think um these
+these junk models were so realizable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these junk models were so realizable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these junk models were so realizable as
+architecture at the end of the day um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at the end of the day um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture at the end of the day um
+that uh it it's very reassuring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it it's very reassuring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh it it's very reassuring and
+comforting to me that there's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comforting to me that there's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comforting to me that there's that
+sensitivity that you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity that you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity that you don't have the
+ability to maybe to transform it at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to maybe to transform it at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to maybe to transform it at this
+stage of the game or to represent it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the game or to represent it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the game or to represent it in
+two Dimensions but your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions but your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Dimensions but your
+respon were extremely sensitive and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respon were extremely sensitive and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respon were extremely sensitive and um
+and you know within those models resided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know within those models resided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know within those models resided
+the the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the power of
+architecture with time um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with time um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture with time um you know
+you'll be able to really take this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to really take this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to really take this these
+kinds of sensitive responses all really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sensitive responses all really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of sensitive responses all really
+so I I found that to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reassuring just and as pedagogically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring just and as pedagogically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring just and as pedagogically
+I've never seen this jump on before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never seen this jump on before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never seen this jump on before but
+I think they're just very veryable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're just very veryable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they're just very veryable at
+this level they should be used at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level they should be used at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level they should be used at every
+level this particular stud don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meate very ex it reminds me that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meate very ex it reminds me that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meate very ex it reminds me that I will
+never show my level one work to anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never show my level one work to anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never show my level one work to anyway
+the work that we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here chunk model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here chunk model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here chunk model
+process I think one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I think one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I think one of the most
+interesting things for me this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things for me this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things for me this semester
+has been the program and the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the program and the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been the program and the sort of
+open-ended nature of it I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended nature of it I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-ended nature of it I think one of
+the strengths of that is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strengths of that is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strengths of that is that this
+enable some of you to latch on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable some of you to latch on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable some of you to latch on things
+which may seem outlandish at the GetGo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may seem outlandish at the GetGo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may seem outlandish at the GetGo
+but they're things you personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're things you personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're things you personally
+invested in and it's led to you getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in and it's led to you getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in and it's led to you getting
+very excited about your project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about your project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about your project and
+developing some really terrific things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some really terrific things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing some really terrific things I
+for some of you the open-ended nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you the open-ended nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some of you the open-ended nature of
+it might have been something of a trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have been something of a trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might have been something of a trap
+and we got some programs that were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got some programs that were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got some programs that were a
+little all over the map or too complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little all over the map or too complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little all over the map or too complex
+or just too much going on um it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just too much going on um it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just too much going on um it's and
+it's nice and that it we wind up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice and that it we wind up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice and that it we wind up with a
+room of of very very different projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room of of very very different projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room of of very very different projects
+s of serving whose programs on the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of serving whose programs on the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of serving whose programs on the very
+specific level are quite different it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific level are quite different it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific level are quite different it's
+interesting the thing that unites them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the thing that unites them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the thing that unites them
+all is sort of the values that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is sort of the values that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is sort of the values that that you
+lay out in the beginning which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out in the beginning which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out in the beginning which is that
+it's in the community it's of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the community it's of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the community it's of the
+community it's to pull people together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it's to pull people together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community it's to pull people together
+uh it is fun to see that worked out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is fun to see that worked out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is fun to see that worked out and
+explored in so many different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in so many different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored in so many different directions
+both in the specificity of what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the specificity of what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the specificity of what goes on
+there and how they're built in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and how they're built in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and how they're built in the form
+they take um really tremendous work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take um really tremendous work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take um really tremendous work
+throughout one of the very best studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout one of the very best studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout one of the very best studios
+I've seen you also should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen you also should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen you also should be very
+correct I just like to just Echo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct I just like to just Echo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct I just like to just Echo
+just the diversity of projects given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the diversity of projects given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the diversity of projects given the
+same sight and the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sight and the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sight and the same sort of
+constraints is quite wonderful to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is quite wonderful to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints is quite wonderful to see
+I've seen those on the other sites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen those on the other sites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen those on the other sites and
+you choose different rooftops and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose different rooftops and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose different rooftops and you
+get different solutions because of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different solutions because of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different solutions because of those
+locations and you realize what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and you realize what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations and you realize what it means
+to be in different places but being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in different places but being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in different places but being in
+the same place and then choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place and then choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same place and then choosing
+something that is hopefully a passion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is hopefully a passion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is hopefully a passion of
+yours or an interest of yours it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours or an interest of yours it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours or an interest of yours it's
+something that you begin to see as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you begin to see as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you begin to see as being
+necessary for the North End U leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for the North End U leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for the North End U leads to
+those different solutions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different solutions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different solutions and the
+diversity of that makes it very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of that makes it very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of that makes it very rich
+because you can learn from each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can learn from each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can learn from each other's
+kind of different explorations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looked at each other stuff and presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at each other stuff and presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at each other stuff and presented
+each other's work at different levels um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's work at different levels um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other's work at different levels um
+that can only sort of enrich enrich this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only sort of enrich enrich this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can only sort of enrich enrich this
+process which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which I think
+terrific I me I just want to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific I me I just want to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific I me I just want to support the
+assembly mes consistently it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly mes consistently it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly mes consistently it was the
+Genesis of for almost every Friday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis of for almost every Friday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genesis of for almost every Friday and
+and you could see it in that Mile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see it in that Mile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see it in that Mile and
+that's where the formal work began and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the formal work began and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the formal work began and
+you know you say they got tempered down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say they got tempered down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say they got tempered down
+as they became buildings in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they became buildings in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they became buildings in in in the
+spectrum of where they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of where they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of where they could have
+started and where they could have ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and where they could have ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and where they could have ended
+I think that assemblage model started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that assemblage model started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that assemblage model started
+them on to a a path that you know was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on to a a path that you know was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on to a a path that you know was a
+very diverse solution and the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very diverse solution and the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very diverse solution and the program
+drove it but the the actual method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove it but the the actual method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove it but the the actual method of
+working based on interaction with pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working based on interaction with pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working based on interaction with pieces
+and then Gathering them and assembling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Gathering them and assembling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Gathering them and assembling
+them yielded just a huge array of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yielded just a huge array of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yielded just a huge array of work
+is eminently buildable unbelievably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eminently buildable unbelievably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eminently buildable unbelievably
+executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed
+eight weeks a lot of work but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight weeks a lot of work but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight weeks a lot of work but it was a
+very strong path for that started from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong path for that started from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong path for that started from
+these pretty sketch models compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pretty sketch models compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pretty sketch models compared to
+other formal ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formal ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other formal ways
+working really stands out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know is like now I want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know is like now I want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know is like now I want to run
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+iide perspectives on the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iide perspectives on the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iide perspectives on the same problem
+and I find it so helpful and so nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find it so helpful and so nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I find it so helpful and so nice to
+be able to talk to so many from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk to so many from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk to so many from
+different backgrounds that you come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different backgrounds that you come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different backgrounds that you come from
+be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+get really appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really appreciate that
+help me a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me a lot
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get so would the students join me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so would the students join me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so would the students join me and
+applauding the uh reviewers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applauding the uh reviewers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applauding the uh reviewers
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um well I'm going to miss all you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'm going to miss all you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'm going to miss all you guys
+um I would like to take you all to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would like to take you all to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would like to take you all to
+Berkeley with me and um also all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley with me and um also all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley with me and um also all the
+reviewers the whole team let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers the whole team let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewers the whole team let's just go
+it's warmer and it's nicer climate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's warmer and it's nicer climate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's warmer and it's nicer climate and
+beautiful campus uh we could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful campus uh we could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful campus uh we could have a
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+time um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um what's
+that um and um I'm sad at leaving um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and um I'm sad at leaving um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um and um I'm sad at leaving um and
+of course I have my usual fret I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I have my usual fret I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I have my usual fret I haven't
+given the grades out yet so I may give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the grades out yet so I may give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the grades out yet so I may give
+you all incomplete so we can continue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all incomplete so we can continue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all incomplete so we can continue in
+b um it's been a great Studio I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um it's been a great Studio I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um it's been a great Studio I really
+uh I I really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I really have
+uh all of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of you have
+become very real you're all very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very real you're all very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very real you're all very very
+strong people and again I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong people and again I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong people and again I just want to
+say thank you it means a lot to me
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kCPVBl953eY.txt b/kCPVBl953eY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01f9454844fd0cfd7b20ee8f29e91c44f3ff2877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kCPVBl953eY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today's lecture in today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today's lecture in today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today's lecture in today's
+lecture I want to develop several more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I want to develop several more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I want to develop several more
+formulas that will allow us to reach our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that will allow us to reach our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas that will allow us to reach our
+goal of differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of differentiating
+everything so these are derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas and they come in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and they come in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and they come in two
+flavors the first kind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specific so some specific function we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific so some specific function we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific so some specific function we're
+uh giving the derivative of and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving the derivative of and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving the derivative of and that
+would be for example uh x to the N or 1X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for example uh x to the N or 1X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be for example uh x to the N or 1X
+those are ones that we did uh a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are ones that we did uh a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are ones that we did uh a couple
+of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures
+ago and then there are General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas and the general ones don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and the general ones don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and the general ones don't
+actually give you a formula for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you a formula for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually give you a formula for a
+specific function but uh tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific function but uh tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific function but uh tell you
+something like if you take two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like if you take two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like if you take two functions
+and add them together their derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them together their derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them together their derivative
+is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum of the
+derivatives or if you multiply by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives or if you multiply by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives or if you multiply by a
+constant for example so um C * U the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for example so um C * U the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for example so um C * U the
+derivative of that is C * U Prime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that is C * U Prime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that is C * U Prime where
+C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant all right so these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right so these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right so these kinds of
+formulas uh are very useful both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh are very useful both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas uh are very useful both the
+specific and the general kind uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and the general kind uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific and the general kind uh for
+example uh they're needed so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh they're needed so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh they're needed so we need
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinds uh for pols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and more generally pretty much any set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally pretty much any set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more generally pretty much any set
+of formulas that we give you we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formulas that we give you we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formulas that we give you we'll give
+you a few functions to start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few functions to start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few functions to start out with
+and then you'll be able to generate lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll be able to generate lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll be able to generate lots
+more by these General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas so today we want to concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so today we want to concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so today we want to concentrate
+on the trig functions and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the trig functions and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the trig functions and so we have
+some we'll start out with some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas and they're going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and they're going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and they're going to be the
+formulas for the derivative of the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the derivative of the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the derivative of the S
+function and the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so that's what we'll spend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's what we'll spend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so that's what we'll spend uh
+the first part of the lecture on and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the lecture on and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the lecture on and at
+the same time I hope to get you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I hope to get you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I hope to get you very
+used to uh dealing with trig functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to uh dealing with trig functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to uh dealing with trig functions
+although that's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although that's something that you
+should uh think of as as a gradual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh think of as as a gradual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should uh think of as as a gradual
+process all right so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all right so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all right so in order to
+calculate these I'm going to start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these I'm going to start over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate these I'm going to start over
+here here and uh just start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and uh just start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and uh just start the
+calculation so here we go let's check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so here we go let's check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so here we go let's check
+what happens with the S function so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the S function so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with the S function so I
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+sin x + Delta X I subtract sin x and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin x + Delta X I subtract sin x and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin x + Delta X I subtract sin x and I
+divide by sorry let's leave a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by sorry let's leave a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by sorry let's leave a little
+space there sinx and divide by Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there sinx and divide by Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there sinx and divide by Delta
+X all right so this is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so this is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right so this is the difference
+quotient and eventually I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient and eventually I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient and eventually I'm going to
+have to take the limit as Delta X goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the limit as Delta X goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the limit as Delta X goes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero and there's really only one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's really only one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's really only one thing
+we can do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do with
+this to simplify it or change it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to simplify it or change it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to simplify it or change it and
+that is to use the sum formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to use the sum formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to use the sum formula for the
+uh s function so that's this that's sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s function so that's this that's sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh s function so that's this that's sin
+x cosine Delta X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh oh that's not what it is huh okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh that's not what it is huh okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh that's not what it is huh okay so
+what is it sin x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it sin x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it sin x
+s Delta X okay good you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Delta X okay good you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s Delta X okay good you remember
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+no oh okay so which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay all right let's take a vote is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay all right let's take a vote is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay all right let's take a vote is
+it s s or is it sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine okay so is this going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be cosine all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cosine all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cosine all right
+all right you better remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you better remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you better remember these
+formulas all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all
+right okay it turns out that it's s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay it turns out that it's s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay it turns out that it's s
+cosine all right cosine sign so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine all right cosine sign so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine all right cosine sign so here we
+go no you got to do X here s Delta X all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go no you got to do X here s Delta X all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go no you got to do X here s Delta X all
+right so now there's lots of places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now there's lots of places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now there's lots of places to
+get confused here and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused here and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused here and you're going to
+need to make sure that you get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that you get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make sure that you get it right
+all right so we're going to put those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to put those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're going to put those in
+parentheses here sin a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses here sin a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses here sin a plus
+B is sin a COS B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is sin a COS B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is sin a COS B
+plus cos a sin B all right now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos a sin B all right now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos a sin B all right now that's
+what I did over here except it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did over here except it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did over here except it was the
+letter X was a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter X was a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter X was a and the
+letter uh B was Delta X right now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh B was Delta X right now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter uh B was Delta X right now that's
+just the first part that's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first part that's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the first part that's just this
+part of the expression I still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression I still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression I still have to
+remember the minus sinx that comes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the minus sinx that comes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the minus sinx that comes at
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+sin and then I have to remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin and then I have to remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin and then I have to remember the
+denominator which is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator which is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator which is Delta
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the next thing we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next thing we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next thing we're going to do is
+we're going to try to group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try to group the
+terms and the difficulty with all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the difficulty with all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the difficulty with all such
+arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments
+is the following one any tricky limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following one any tricky limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following one any tricky limit is
+basically 0 over 0 when you set Delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 0 over 0 when you set Delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 0 over 0 when you set Delta x
+equal to 0 if I set Delta x equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 if I set Delta x equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 if I set Delta x equal to 0
+this is sinx - sinx so it's a 0 over 0o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sinx - sinx so it's a 0 over 0o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sinx - sinx so it's a 0 over 0o
+term here we have various things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here we have various things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here we have various things which
+are zero and various things which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero and various things which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero and various things which are
+non zero we must group the terms so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero we must group the terms so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non zero we must group the terms so that
+a zero stays over a zero otherwise we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero stays over a zero otherwise we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero stays over a zero otherwise we're
+going to have no hope if we get some one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no hope if we get some one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no hope if we get some one
+over zero term we'll get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero term we'll get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over zero term we'll get something
+meaningless in the limit so I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless in the limit so I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless in the limit so I claim that
+the right thing to do here is to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do here is to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do here is to notice
+I'll just point out this one thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just point out this one thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just point out this one thing is
+that the when Delta X goes to zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the when Delta X goes to zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the when Delta X goes to zero this
+cosine of 0 is one so it doesn't cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 0 is one so it doesn't cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of 0 is one so it doesn't cancel
+unless we throw in this extra sign term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we throw in this extra sign term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we throw in this extra sign term
+here so I'm going to use this common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to use this common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'm going to use this common
+factor and combine those terms so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and combine those terms so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and combine those terms so this
+is really the only thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the only thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the only thing that you're
+going to have to check in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to check in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to check in this
+particular calculation so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular calculation so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular calculation so we have the
+common factor of sinx and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor of sinx and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factor of sinx and then that
+multiplies something that will cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies something that will cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies something that will cancel
+which is cosine Delta X - 1 / Delta X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cosine Delta X - 1 / Delta X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cosine Delta X - 1 / Delta X so
+that's the first term and now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first term and now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first term and now what's
+left well there's a cosine X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left well there's a cosine X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left well there's a cosine X that
+factors out and then the other factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors out and then the other factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors out and then the other factor is
+sin Delta X over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now does anyone remember from last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does anyone remember from last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does anyone remember from last time
+what this thing goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to how many people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how many people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how many people say
+one how many people say zero all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how many people say zero all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how many people say zero all right
+all right it's zero that's my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's zero that's my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's zero that's my favorite
+number all right zero it's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right zero it's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all right zero it's the easiest
+number to deal with so this goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to deal with so this goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to deal with so this goes to zero
+and that's what happens as Delta X tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what happens as Delta X tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what happens as Delta X tends
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero now how about this one this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now how about this one this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now how about this one this one
+goes to one my second favorite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one my second favorite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one my second favorite number
+almost as easy to deal with as zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as easy to deal with as zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost as easy to deal with as zero and
+these things are are are picked for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are are are picked for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are are are picked for a
+reason they're the simplest numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're the simplest numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason they're the simplest numbers to
+deal with so Al together this thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with so Al together this thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with so Al together this thing as
+Delta X goes to zero goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I want a single person to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want a single person to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want a single person to answer
+Brave volunteer all right right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brave volunteer all right right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brave volunteer all right right back
+there cosine because this factor is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cosine because this factor is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cosine because this factor is zero
+it cancels and this Factor has a one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cancels and this Factor has a one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cancels and this Factor has a one so
+it's cosine so it's cosine X all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cosine so it's cosine X all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cosine so it's cosine X all right
+so our conclusion over here I'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our conclusion over here I'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our conclusion over here I'll put it
+in Orange is that the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Orange is that the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Orange is that the derivative of the
+sign is the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay now I still want to label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now I still want to label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now I still want to label
+these very important limit facts here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very important limit facts here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very important limit facts here
+this one we'll call a and this one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we'll call a and this one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we'll call a and this one we're
+going to call B because we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call B because we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call B because we haven't
+checked them yet I promised you I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked them yet I promised you I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked them yet I promised you I would
+do that and I'll have to do that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and I'll have to do that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and I'll have to do that this
+time so we've we're relying on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we've we're relying on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we've we're relying on those
+things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things being
+true now I'm going to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now I'm going to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now I'm going to do the same thing
+with the cosine function except in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cosine function except in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cosine function except in order
+to do it I'm going to have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I'm going to have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I'm going to have to remember
+the sum rule for cosine so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum rule for cosine so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum rule for cosine so we're going
+to do almost the same calculation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do almost the same calculation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do almost the same calculation here
+we're going to see that that will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that that will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see that that will work
+out but now you have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but now you have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but now you have to remember that
+cosine of a plus b is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of a plus b is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of a plus b is equal
+to cosine cosine no it's not cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cosine cosine no it's not cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cosine cosine no it's not cosine
+squared because they're two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because they're two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because they're two different
+quantities here it's cosine a cosine B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities here it's cosine a cosine B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities here it's cosine a cosine B
+minus here's the minus sign sin a sin B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus here's the minus sign sin a sin B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus here's the minus sign sin a sin B
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so you'll have to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll have to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you'll have to be uh
+willing to call those forth at will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to call those forth at will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to call those forth at will uh
+right now so okay so let's do the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so okay so let's do the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so okay so let's do the the
+cosine now so that's cosine x + Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine now so that's cosine x + Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine now so that's cosine x + Delta
+xus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus cosine
+x / Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x / Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x / Delta
+X okay there's the difference quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay there's the difference quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay there's the difference quotient
+for the cosine function and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cosine function and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cosine function and now I'm
+going to do the same thing I did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing I did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same thing I did before
+except I'm going to apply the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I'm going to apply the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except I'm going to apply the second
+rule that is the sum rule for cosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that is the sum rule for cosine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that is the sum rule for cosine and
+that's going to give me cosine x cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me cosine x cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me cosine x cosine
+Delta X x - sin x sin Delta X and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X x - sin x sin Delta X and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X x - sin x sin Delta X and then I
+have to remember again to subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember again to subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember again to subtract the
+cosine divided by this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine divided by this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine divided by this Delta
+X and now I'm going to regroup just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now I'm going to regroup just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and now I'm going to regroup just the
+way I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I did
+before and I get the common factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I get the common factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I get the common factor of
+cosine multiplying cosine Delta xus 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine multiplying cosine Delta xus 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine multiplying cosine Delta xus 1 /
+Delta X and here I get um the sinx but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and here I get um the sinx but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and here I get um the sinx but
+actually it's minus sin x and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's minus sin x and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's minus sin x and then I
+have sin Delta x / Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sin Delta x / Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sin Delta x / Delta
+X all right the only difference is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right the only difference is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right the only difference is this
+minus sign which I stuck inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign which I stuck inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign which I stuck inside
+there well that's not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well that's not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well that's not the only
+difference but it's a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but it's a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but it's a crucial
+difference okay again by a we get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay again by a we get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference okay again by a we get that
+this is zero as Delta X tends to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero as Delta X tends to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero as Delta X tends to zero
+and this is one those are the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one those are the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one those are the properties
+I called A and B and so the result here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called A and B and so the result here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called A and B and so the result here
+as Delta X tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta X tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta X tends to
+zero is that we get Negative sinx that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that we get Negative sinx that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is that we get Negative sinx that's
+the factor negative sinx all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor negative sinx all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor negative sinx all right so
+this guy is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sinx I'll put a little box around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too all right now these formulas take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right now these formulas take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too all right now these formulas take a
+little bit of getting used to and um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of getting used to and um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of getting used to and um but
+before I do that I'm going to explain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I'm going to explain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I'm going to explain to
+you the proofs of A and B all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the proofs of A and B all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the proofs of A and B all right so
+we'll we'll get ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get ourselves
+started by mentioning that now maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by mentioning that now maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started by mentioning that now maybe
+maybe before I do that though I I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before I do that though I I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before I do that though I I want
+to show you how A and B fit into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how A and B fit into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how A and B fit into the
+proofs of these theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of these theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of these theorems
+so let me just make some remarks here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just a remark but it's meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a remark but it's meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a remark but it's meant
+to help you to frame how these how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you to frame how these how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you to frame how these how these
+proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs
+worked so first of all I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so first of all I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked so first of all I want to point
+out that if you take the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you take the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that if you take the rate of change
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sinx well let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx well let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx well let's start with
+cosine because it's actually a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine because it's actually a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine because it's actually a little
+less obvious if I take the rate of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less obvious if I take the rate of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less obvious if I take the rate of uh
+change of cos x so in other words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of cos x so in other words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of cos x so in other words this
+derivative at xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at xal
+0 then by definition this is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then by definition this is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then by definition this is a certain
+limit as Delta X goes to zero so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as Delta X goes to zero so which
+one is it well I have to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is it well I have to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is it well I have to evaluate
+cosine at 0 plus Delta X but that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine at 0 plus Delta X but that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine at 0 plus Delta X but that's just
+Delta X and I have to subtract cosine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and I have to subtract cosine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and I have to subtract cosine at
+zero that's the base point but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the base point but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's the base point but that's
+just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+and then I have to divide by Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to divide by Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to divide by Delta X and
+lo and behold you can see that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lo and behold you can see that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lo and behold you can see that this is
+exactly the limit that we had over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the limit that we had over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the limit that we had over there
+this is the one that we know is zero by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that we know is zero by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that we know is zero by
+what we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and
+similarly if I take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I take the derivative of
+sinx at xal 0 then that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx at xal 0 then that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx at xal 0 then that's going to be
+the limit as Delta X goes to zero of sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as Delta X goes to zero of sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as Delta X goes to zero of sin
+Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+Delta X and that's because I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and that's because I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X and that's because I should be
+subtracting of 0 but s of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting of 0 but s of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting of 0 but s of 0
+is0 all right so this is going to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is0 all right so this is going to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is0 all right so this is going to be one
+by our property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B and so the remark that I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so the remark that I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so the remark that I want to make
+in addition to the to this is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the to this is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the to this is is
+something about the structure of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the structure of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the structure of these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+proofs which is the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and
+cosine at xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 give all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values of d by DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of d by DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of d by DX
+sinx d by DX cosine X so that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx d by DX cosine X so that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx d by DX cosine X so that's really
+what this argument is showing us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this argument is showing us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this argument is showing us is that
+we just need one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need one
+rate of change at one place and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change at one place and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of change at one place and then we
+work out all the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them all right so that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so that that's that's
+really the substance of this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the substance of this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the substance of this proof
+that's of course really then shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course really then shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course really then shows that
+it boils down to showing what this rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boils down to showing what this rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boils down to showing what this rate
+of change is in these two cases and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change is in these two cases and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change is in these two cases and a
+equals so now there's enough suspense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so now there's enough suspense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals so now there's enough suspense
+that we we want to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we want to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we want to make sure that we
+know that those answers are correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that those answers are correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that those answers are correct
+right I think looks like the erasers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think looks like the erasers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think looks like the erasers are
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's let's um demonstrate both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's um demonstrate both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's um demonstrate both
+of them I'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them I'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them I'll start with
+B so I need to figure out property B now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I need to figure out property B now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so I need to figure out property B now
+we only have one alternative as to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have one alternative as to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have one alternative as to a
+type of proof that we can give of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of proof that we can give of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of proof that we can give of this
+kind of result and that's because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of result and that's because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of result and that's because we
+only have one way of describing s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one way of describing s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one way of describing s and
+cosine functions that is geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine functions that is geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine functions that is geometrically
+so we have to give a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof and to write down a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and to write down a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and to write down a geometric
+proof we're going to have to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we're going to have to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we're going to have to draw a
+picture and the first step in the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the first step in the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the first step in the proof
+really is to replace this variable Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is to replace this variable Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is to replace this variable Delta
+X which is going to zero with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is going to zero with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is going to zero with another
+name which is suggestive of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name which is suggestive of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name which is suggestive of what we're
+going to do which is the letter Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do which is the letter Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do which is the letter Theta
+for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+angle okay so let's draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay so let's draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle okay so let's draw a picture of
+what it is that we're going to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we're going to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we're going to do now
+here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the
+circle and here is uh the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and here is uh the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and here is uh the origin and
+here's some little angle well I'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some little angle well I'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some little angle well I'll draw
+it a little larger so that it's visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little larger so that it's visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little larger so that it's visible
+here's Theta all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Theta all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Theta all
+right and this is the unit circle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is the unit circle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is the unit circle I
+won't write that down on here but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write that down on here but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't write that down on here but that's
+the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit
+circle and now sin Theta is this ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and now sin Theta is this ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and now sin Theta is this ver
+vertical distance here maybe I'll draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance here maybe I'll draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical distance here maybe I'll draw
+it in a different color so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a different color so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a different color so that we can
+see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it
+all okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's this distance so this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this distance so this distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's this distance so this distance is
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now almost the only other thing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now almost the only other thing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now almost the only other thing we have
+to write down in this picture to to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down in this picture to to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down in this picture to to have
+it work out is that we have to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work out is that we have to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it work out is that we have to recognize
+that when Theta is the angle that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when Theta is the angle that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when Theta is the angle that's also
+the arc length of this piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc length of this piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc length of this piece of the
+circle when measured in radians so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle when measured in radians so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle when measured in radians so this
+length here is also Arc Length whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here is also Arc Length whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here is also Arc Length whoops
+Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc
+Length Theta that little piece in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length Theta that little piece in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Length Theta that little piece in there
+so maybe I'll use a different color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'll use a different color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'll use a different color for
+that to indicate it so there's orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to indicate it so there's orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to indicate it so there's orange
+and that's this this little chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this this little chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this this little chunk
+there okay so those are the two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so those are the two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so those are the two pieces
+now in order to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um persuade you now that the limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um persuade you now that the limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um persuade you now that the limit is
+what it's supposed to be I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to be I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to be I'm going to
+extend the picture just a little bit I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the picture just a little bit I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the picture just a little bit I'm
+going to double it just for my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to double it just for my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to double it just for my own
+linguistic s so that I can tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic s so that I can tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic s so that I can tell you a
+story all right so that you'll remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story all right so that you'll remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story all right so that you'll remember
+this so I'm going to take a Theta angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm going to take a Theta angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm going to take a Theta angle
+below and I'll have another copy of sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and I'll have another copy of sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and I'll have another copy of sin
+Theta down here and now the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is
+really like a bow and it's bow string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a bow and it's bow string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a bow and it's bow string
+there all right so what we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so what we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so what we have here is
+uh a length of 2 sin Theta so maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a length of 2 sin Theta so maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a length of 2 sin Theta so maybe I'll
+write it this way 2 sin Theta I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way 2 sin Theta I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it this way 2 sin Theta I just
+doubled it and here I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underneath two whoops that's I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath two whoops that's I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath two whoops that's I got it
+backwards sorry about that trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards sorry about that trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards sorry about that trying to be
+fancy with the color chalk and I have It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy with the color chalk and I have It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy with the color chalk and I have It
+reversed here so this is not 2 sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed here so this is not 2 sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed here so this is not 2 sin Theta
+2 sin Theta is the vertical that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sin Theta is the vertical that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 sin Theta is the vertical that's the
+green so let's try that again this is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so let's try that again this is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green so let's try that again this is 2
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+Theta all right and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right and then in the
+denominator I have the Arc Length which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I have the Arc Length which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator I have the Arc Length which
+is Theta is the first half and so double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta is the first half and so double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Theta is the first half and so double
+it is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is 2
+Theta all right so if you like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right so if you like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right so if you like this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+bow and up here we have the bow string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and of course that's we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and of course that's we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and of course that's we can
+cancel the twos that's equal to sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the twos that's equal to sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the twos that's equal to sin
+Theta / Theta and so now why does this T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta / Theta and so now why does this T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta / Theta and so now why does this T
+to one as Theta goes to goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one as Theta goes to goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one as Theta goes to goes to
+zero well it's because as the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well it's because as the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well it's because as the angle
+Theta gets very small this curved piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta gets very small this curved piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta gets very small this curved piece
+looks more and more like a straight one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more and more like a straight one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more and more like a straight one
+all right and if you get very very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and if you get very very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and if you get very very close
+here the green segment and the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the green segment and the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the green segment and the orange
+segment would just merge they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment would just merge they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment would just merge they would be
+practically on top of each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically on top of each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically on top of each other and
+they have closer and closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have closer and closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have closer and closer and closer
+to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same
+length so that's that's that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so that's that's that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so that's that's that's why this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true I guess I'll articulate that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I guess I'll articulate that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I guess I'll articulate that by
+saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that
+um uh short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are
+nearly straight all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly straight all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly straight all right so that's the
+the principle that we're using or short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that we're using or short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that we're using or short
+pieces of Curves if you like are nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+straight so if you like this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle so short pieces of Curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now I also need to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I also need to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I also need to give you
+a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and that has to do with this cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that has to do with this cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that has to do with this cosine
+function here this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here this is this is the
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so I'm going to do this by flipping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do this by flipping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to do this by flipping it
+around because it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around because it turns out that this
+numerator is a negative number if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is a negative number if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is a negative number if I want
+to interpret it as a length I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret it as a length I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpret it as a length I'm going to
+want want a positive quantity so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want want a positive quantity so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want want a positive quantity so I'm
+going to write down 1us cosine thet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down 1us cosine thet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down 1us cosine thet here
+and then I'm going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to divide
+bya there all right again I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bya there all right again I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bya there all right again I'm going to
+make some kind of interpretation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some kind of interpretation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some kind of interpretation now
+this time I'm going to draw the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I'm going to draw the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time I'm going to draw the same
+sort of bow and arrow Arrangement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bow and arrow Arrangement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bow and arrow Arrangement but
+maybe I'll exaggerate it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll exaggerate it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll exaggerate it a little
+bit so here's the vertex of the sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so here's the vertex of the sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so here's the vertex of the sector
+but we'll maybe make it a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll maybe make it a little longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll maybe make it a little longer
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so here it is and here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here it is and here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here it is and here was
+that middle line which was the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle line which was the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that middle line which was the unit
+whoops okay I think I'm gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops okay I think I'm gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops okay I think I'm gonna have to
+tilt it up okay let's try from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all
+right well you know on your pencil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well you know on your pencil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well you know on your pencil and
+paper it'll look better than it does on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it'll look better than it does on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it'll look better than it does on
+my Blackboard okay so here we are here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Blackboard okay so here we are here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Blackboard okay so here we are here's
+this shape now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shape now
+this angle is supposed to be Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is supposed to be Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is supposed to be Theta and
+this angle is another Theta so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is another Theta so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is another Theta so here we
+have a length which is again Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a length which is again Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a length which is again Theta and
+another length which is Theta over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another length which is Theta over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another length which is Theta over here
+that's the same as in the other picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as in the other picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as in the other picture
+except we've we've we've exaggerated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we've we've we've exaggerated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except we've we've we've exaggerated it
+here and now we have this vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now we have this vertical line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now we have this vertical line
+which again I'm going to draw in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again I'm going to draw in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which again I'm going to draw in green
+the bow string but notice that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bow string but notice that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bow string but notice that as the
+vertex gets farther and farther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex gets farther and farther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex gets farther and farther
+away the curved line gets closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the curved line gets closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the curved line gets closer and
+closer to being a vertical line that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to being a vertical line that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to being a vertical line that's
+sort of the flip side by expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the flip side by expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the flip side by expansion of
+the the the zoom in principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the zoom in principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the zoom in principle the
+principle that that curves are nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that that curves are nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that that curves are nearly
+straight when you zoom in if you zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight when you zoom in if you zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight when you zoom in if you zoom
+out that would mean sending this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that would mean sending this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that would mean sending this vertex
+way way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way out
+somewhere um the curved line the piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um the curved line the piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere um the curved line the piece
+of the circle gets more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circle gets more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circle gets more and more
+straight and now let me show you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and now let me show you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and now let me show you where
+uh this numerator 1us cosine Theta is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this numerator 1us cosine Theta is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this numerator 1us cosine Theta is on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture so where is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so where is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so where is it
+it's well this whole distance is one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well this whole distance is one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well this whole distance is one but
+the distance from the vertex to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the vertex to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the vertex to the
+green is cosine of theta right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is cosine of theta right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is cosine of theta right because
+this is Theta so dropping down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Theta so dropping down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Theta so dropping down the
+perpendicular this distance down back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular this distance down back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular this distance down back to
+the uh origin is cosine Theta so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh origin is cosine Theta so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh origin is cosine Theta so this
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+tiny bitty segment here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bitty segment here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bitty segment here which is
+basically the gap between um the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the gap between um the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the gap between um the curve
+and the vertical segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertical segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertical segment
+so the Gap is equal to 1us cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thet all right and so now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet all right and so now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet all right and so now you can see
+that as this point gets farther away if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as this point gets farther away if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as this point gets farther away if
+this got sent off to the state center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got sent off to the state center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this got sent off to the state center
+you would hardly be able to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would hardly be able to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would hardly be able to tell the
+difference the bow string would coincide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the bow string would coincide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the bow string would coincide
+with the bow and this little gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bow and this little gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the bow and this little gap between
+the bow string and the bow would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bow string and the bow would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bow string and the bow would be
+tending to zero and that's the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tending to zero and that's the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tending to zero and that's the statement
+that this tends to zero as Theta tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this tends to zero as Theta tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this tends to zero as Theta tends
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero right the scaled version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right the scaled version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right the scaled version of that
+yeah question down here the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah question down here the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah question down here the denominator
+also tend to zero though ah the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tend to zero though ah the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tend to zero though ah the the uh
+question is doesn't the denominator also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is doesn't the denominator also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is doesn't the denominator also
+tend to zero and the answer is is yes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to zero and the answer is is yes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to zero and the answer is is yes in
+my strange analogy here with zooming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strange analogy here with zooming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my strange analogy here with zooming in
+what I did was I zoomed out the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I zoomed out the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I zoomed out the picture
+so in other words if you imagine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words if you imagine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words if you imagine so
+imagine you're you're you're taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're you're you're taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you're you're you're taking this
+and you're putting it under a microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're putting it under a microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're putting it under a microscope
+over here and you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and you're looking at
+something where Theta is getting smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where Theta is getting smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where Theta is getting smaller
+and smaller and smaller and smaller all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and smaller and smaller all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and smaller and smaller all
+right but now uh because I want my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now uh because I want my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now uh because I want my
+picture I I expanded my picture so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I I expanded my picture so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I I expanded my picture so the
+ratio is the thing that's preserved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is the thing that's preserved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is the thing that's preserved so
+if I if I make it so that this Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tiny yeah let me say this one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiny yeah let me say this one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiny yeah let me say this one more time
+I'm afraid I've I've made life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid I've I've made life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid I've I've made life
+complicated for myself um if I simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for myself um if I simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated for myself um if I simply
+let this Theta tend into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this Theta tend into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this Theta tend into
+zero that would be the same effect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that would be the same effect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that would be the same effect as
+making this closer and closer in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this closer and closer in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this closer and closer in and
+then the vertical would approach but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vertical would approach but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vertical would approach but I
+want to keep on blowing up the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep on blowing up the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep on blowing up the picture
+so that I can see the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can see the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can see the difference between
+the vertical and the curve so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical and the curve so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical and the curve so so that's
+very much like if you're on a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like if you're on a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like if you're on a video
+screen and you zoom in zoom in zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and you zoom in zoom in zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and you zoom in zoom in zoom in
+zoom in so the question is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in so the question is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in so the question is what would
+that look like that has the same effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like that has the same effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like that has the same effect
+as sending this point out farther and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sending this point out farther and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as sending this point out farther and
+farther in this in that direction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther in this in that direction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther in this in that direction in the
+to the left and so I'm just just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and so I'm just just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and so I'm just just trying
+to visualize it for you by leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize it for you by leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize it for you by leaving the
+Theta at this scale but actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta at this scale but actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta at this scale but actually the
+scale of the picture is then changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the picture is then changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of the picture is then changing
+when I do that so both Theta Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that so both Theta Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that so both Theta Theta is
+going to zero but I'm rescaling it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero but I'm rescaling it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero but I'm rescaling it so
+that it's of a size that we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's of a size that we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's of a size that we can look at
+it and then watching imagining what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then watching imagining what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then watching imagining what's
+happening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to
+it okay does that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question my question then is that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question my question then is that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question my question then is that seems
+to prove that that limit is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that that limit is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that that limit is equal to 0
+over 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 0
+uh it proves more than it's equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it proves more than it's equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it proves more than it's equal to 0
+over Z it's the ratio of this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z it's the ratio of this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Z it's the ratio of this little
+short thing to this longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short thing to this longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short thing to this longer
+thing and this is getting much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this is getting much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this is getting much much
+shorter than this total length you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than this total length you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than this total length you're
+absolutely right that we're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that we're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right that we're comparing
+two quantities which are going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantities which are going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two quantities which are going to zero
+but one of them is much smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of them is much smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of them is much smaller than the
+other in the other case we compared two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the other case we compared two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the other case we compared two
+quantities which were both going to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities which were both going to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities which were both going to zero
+and they both end up being about equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both end up being about equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both end up being about equal
+in length but here the the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in length but here the the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in length but here the the previous one
+was this green line here it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this green line here it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this green line here it's this
+little tiny bit here and it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny bit here and it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny bit here and it's way
+shorter than the than the two Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than the than the two Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than the than the two Theta
+distance all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance all
+right or Theta yeah another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Theta yeah another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or Theta yeah another
+question cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question cos
+thet is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet is the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+as cos Theta - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over so so here what I wrote is cine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so so here what I wrote is cine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so so here what I wrote is cine
+Delta xus 1 / Delta X okay and I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta xus 1 / Delta X okay and I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta xus 1 / Delta X okay and I claim
+that it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes to
+zero here I wrote of the minus that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here I wrote of the minus that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here I wrote of the minus that that
+is that is cosine Theta I I replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is cosine Theta I I replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is cosine Theta I I replaced
+Theta by a Delta X by Theta but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta by a Delta X by Theta but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta by a Delta X by Theta but then I
+wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so cosine minus Theta minus 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so cosine minus Theta minus 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so cosine minus Theta minus 1 -
+one is the negative of this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the negative of this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the negative of this all right
+and if I show that this goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I show that this goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I show that this goes to zero
+it's the same as showing the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as showing the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as showing the other one
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+zero another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh so the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh so the question is what
+about this business about Arc Length so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this business about Arc Length so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this business about Arc Length so
+the word Arc Length that that shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word Arc Length that that shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word Arc Length that that shape that
+orange shape is an arc and we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange shape is an arc and we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange shape is an arc and we're just
+talking about the length of that Arc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the length of that Arc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the length of that Arc and
+so we're calling it AR length that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're calling it AR length that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're calling it AR length that's
+what the word arc length mean it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the word arc length mean it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the word arc length mean it just
+means the length of the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is this length Theta ah okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this length Theta ah okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this length Theta ah okay so this
+is a very important point and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important point and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important point and in fact
+it's the very next point that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the very next point that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the very next point that I wanted
+to make namely notice that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make namely notice that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make namely notice that in this
+calculation it was very important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it was very important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it was very important that
+we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used
+length and that means that the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and that means that the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and that means that the way that
+we're measuring Theta is in what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring Theta is in what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're measuring Theta is in what are
+known as radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that applies to both b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that applies to both b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that applies to both b and
+a it's it's a scale change in a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's it's a scale change in a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's it's a scale change in a and
+doesn't really matter but in B it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter but in B it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter but in B it's very
+important the only way that this orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the only way that this orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the only way that this orange
+length is the comparable to this green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is the comparable to this green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is the comparable to this green
+length the vertical is comparable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the vertical is comparable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length the vertical is comparable to the
+arc is if we measure them in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc is if we measure them in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc is if we measure them in terms of
+the same notion of length if we measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same notion of length if we measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same notion of length if we measured
+them in degrees for example it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in degrees for example it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in degrees for example it would be
+completely wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong
+we divide up the uh angles into 360° and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide up the uh angles into 360° and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we divide up the uh angles into 360° and
+that's the wrong unit of measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wrong unit of measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wrong unit of measure the
+correct measure is the length along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct measure is the length along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct measure is the length along the
+unit circle which is what radians are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle which is what radians are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle which is what radians are
+and so the only this is only true this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only this is only true this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only this is only true this
+is only true here if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radians all right so again a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians all right so again a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians all right so again a little
+warning here that this is in radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now here x is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Radiance and the the the formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radiance and the the the formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radiance and the the the formulas are
+just wrong if you use other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrong if you use other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrong if you use other
+units uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so the second question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the second question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so the second question is why
+is this crazy length here one um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this crazy length here one um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this crazy length here one um and the
+the reason is that what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the relationship between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the relationship between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the relationship between this
+picture up here and this picture down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up here and this picture down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up here and this picture down
+here is that I'm drawing a a a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I'm drawing a a a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that I'm drawing a a a different
+shape namely what I'm really imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape namely what I'm really imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape namely what I'm really imagining
+here is a much much smaller Theta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a much much smaller Theta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a much much smaller Theta okay
+and then I'm blowing that up in scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm blowing that up in scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm blowing that up in scale so
+this scale of this picture down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale of this picture down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale of this picture down here is
+very different from the scale of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the scale of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the scale of the
+picture up there and if if the angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up there and if if the angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up there and if if the angle is
+very very very small then one has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very small then one has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very small then one has to be
+very very long in order for me to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long in order for me to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very long in order for me to finish
+the circle so in other words this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle so in other words this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle so in other words this is
+this length is one because I that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is one because I that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this length is one because I that's what
+I'm insisting on so I'm I'm claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm insisting on so I'm I'm claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm insisting on so I'm I'm claiming
+that that's how I Define this circle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how I Define this circle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's how I Define this circle to
+be of unit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of unit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of unit uh
+radius another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius another
+question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm having a little difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm having a little difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm having a little difficult
+conceptualizing because that as get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing because that as get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing because that as get
+smaller and smaller The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't okay um so the the question is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay um so the the question is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't okay um so the the question is uh
+it's hard to visualize this fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to visualize this fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to visualize this fact
+here okay so let me let me take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let me let me take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so let me let me take you
+through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um
+a couple of steps all right because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of steps all right because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of steps all right because I
+think probably other people are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think probably other people are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think probably other people are also
+having trouble with this visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having trouble with this visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having trouble with this visualization
+the first part of the visualization I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the visualization I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the visualization I'm
+going to try to demonstrate on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to demonstrate on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to demonstrate on this
+picture up here the first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up here the first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture up here the first part of the
+visualization is that I should think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization is that I should think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization is that I should think of
+of the beak of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beak of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beak of a
+bird closing down getting narrower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird closing down getting narrower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird closing down getting narrower and
+narrower so in other words Theta has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower so in other words Theta has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower so in other words Theta has to
+be getting the angle Theta has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting the angle Theta has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting the angle Theta has to be
+getting smaller and smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and smaller and
+smaller okay that's the first step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay that's the first step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller okay that's the first step so
+that's the process that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the process that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the process that we're talking
+about out now in order to draw that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about out now in order to draw that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about out now in order to draw that once
+Theta gets incredibly narrow in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta gets incredibly narrow in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta gets incredibly narrow in order to
+depict that I have to blow the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict that I have to blow the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict that I have to blow the whole
+picture back up in order to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture back up in order to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture back up in order to be able to
+see it otherwise it just disappears on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it otherwise it just disappears on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it otherwise it just disappears on
+me in fact in the limit theta equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in fact in the limit theta equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in fact in the limit theta equals z
+it's meaningless it's just a flat line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meaningless it's just a flat line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's meaningless it's just a flat line
+that's the whole problem with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole problem with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole problem with these
+tricky limits is they're meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky limits is they're meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky limits is they're meaningless
+right at the Z 0 level it's only just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the Z 0 level it's only just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the Z 0 level it's only just a
+little away that they're actually useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little away that they're actually useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little away that they're actually useful
+that you get useful geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get useful geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get useful geometric
+information out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of
+them so we're just a little away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we're just a little away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we're just a little away so
+that's with this picture Down Below in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with this picture Down Below in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's with this picture Down Below in
+part A is meant to be it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A is meant to be it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A is meant to be it's supposed to
+be that that Theta is open a tiny crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that that Theta is open a tiny crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that that Theta is open a tiny crack
+just a little bit and the smallest I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit and the smallest I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit and the smallest I can
+draw it on the board with where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it on the board with where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it on the board with where you can
+visualize it is using the whole length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it is using the whole length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize it is using the whole length
+of the Blackboard here for that so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Blackboard here for that so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Blackboard here for that so I've
+opened a little tiny bit and by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened a little tiny bit and by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened a little tiny bit and by the time
+we get to the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the other end of the
+Blackboard of course it's fairly wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard of course it's fairly wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard of course it's fairly wide
+but this angle Theta is a very narrow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this angle Theta is a very narrow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this angle Theta is a very narrow is
+a very small angle all right so so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small angle all right so so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small angle all right so so I'm
+trying to imagine what happens as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to imagine what happens as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to imagine what happens as this
+collapses okay now when I imagine that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses okay now when I imagine that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses okay now when I imagine that I
+have to imagine a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to imagine a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to imagine a geometric
+interpretation of both the numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of both the numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of both the numerator and
+the denominator of this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator of this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator of this quantity
+here and just see what happens now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just see what happens now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just see what happens now I
+claim the the numerator is this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the the numerator is this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the the numerator is this little
+tiny bit over here and the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit over here and the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit over here and the denominator
+is uh actually it's a half of this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh actually it's a half of this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh actually it's a half of this whole
+length here but a factor of two doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here but a factor of two doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here but a factor of two doesn't
+matter when you're seeing whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when you're seeing whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when you're seeing whether
+something tends to zero or not all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something tends to zero or not all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something tends to zero or not all right
+and I claim if you stare at this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim if you stare at this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim if you stare at this it's
+clear that this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that this is much
+than that than that uh vertical curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that than that uh vertical curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that than that uh vertical curve
+there and I'm claiming so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm claiming so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'm claiming so this is what
+you have to imagine is that as it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to imagine is that as it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to imagine is that as it gets
+smaller and smaller and smaller still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller still
+that has the same effect of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same effect of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the same effect of this thing
+going way way way farther away and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going way way way farther away and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going way way way farther away and this
+uh vertical curve getting closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertical curve getting closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertical curve getting closer and
+closer and closer to the green and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to the green and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer to the green and so
+that the gap between them gets tiny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gap between them gets tiny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gap between them gets tiny and
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+zero all right so not only does it go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so not only does it go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so not only does it go to
+zero that's not enough for us but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's not enough for us but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's not enough for us but it
+also goes to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also goes to Z
+faster than thisa goes to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than thisa goes to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than thisa goes to zero and
+that's what's over I I I hope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's over I I I hope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's over I I I hope the
+evidence is pretty strong here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is pretty strong here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is pretty strong here because
+it's so tiny already at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stage all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage all
+right we are going to move forward and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we are going to move forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we are going to move forward and
+you'll have to ponder these things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to ponder these things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to ponder these things uh
+some other time so I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other time so I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other time so I'm going to give you
+an even harder thing to visualize now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even harder thing to visualize now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even harder thing to visualize now so
+so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so be
+prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the next thing that I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next thing that I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next thing that I'd like to do
+is to give you a second proof because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you a second proof because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you a second proof because it
+really is important I think to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is important I think to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is important I think to uh to
+understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this
+particular uh fact more thoroughly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh fact more thoroughly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh fact more thoroughly and
+also to get a lot of practice with signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to get a lot of practice with signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to get a lot of practice with signs
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+cosiness so we're going to give you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness so we're going to give you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness so we're going to give you I'm
+going to give you a geometric proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a geometric proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a geometric proof of
+the formula for sign here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for sign here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for sign here for the
+derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign so here we go this is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof of this fact this is for all Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact this is for all Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this fact this is for all Theta
+all right so far we only did it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so far we only did it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so far we only did it for
+theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals
+z and now we're going to do it for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and now we're going to do it for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and now we're going to do it for all
+Theta so this is a different proof but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so this is a different proof but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so this is a different proof but
+it uses exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses exactly the same
+principles all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles all
+right so I want to do this by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to do this by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I want to do this by drawing
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+picture and the picture is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the picture is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and the picture is going to
+describe Y which is sin Theta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe Y which is sin Theta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe Y which is sin Theta which is
+the uh if you like the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position of uh some some circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion so I'm imagining that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so I'm imagining that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so I'm imagining that some
+something is going around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is going around in a
+circle right some particles going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle right some particles going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle right some particles going around
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so here's the circle here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's the circle here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here's the circle here's the
+origin this is the unit distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin this is the unit distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin this is the unit distance and
+right now it happens to be at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it happens to be at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it happens to be at this
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+P all right maybe we'll put p a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P all right maybe we'll put p a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P all right maybe we'll put p a little
+over here and here's the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and here's the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and here's the angle
+Theta all right and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right and now we're going to
+move it we're going to vary Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it we're going to vary Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it we're going to vary Theta and
+we're interested in the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the rate of change
+of Y so y is the height of P but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y so y is the height of P but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y so y is the height of P but we're
+going to move it to another location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move it to another location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move it to another location
+we'll move it along the circle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q all right so here it is here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so here it is here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so here it is here's the
+uh the thing so so how far did we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing so so how far did we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the thing so so how far did we move
+it well we moved it by an angle Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well we moved it by an angle Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well we moved it by an angle Delta
+Theta all right so we we start at Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right so we we start at Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all right so we we start at Theta
+Theta is going to be fixed in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is going to be fixed in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is going to be fixed in this
+argument and we're going to move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and we're going to move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and we're going to move a
+little bit Delta Theta and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Delta Theta and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit Delta Theta and now we're
+just going to try to figure out how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to try to figure out how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to try to figure out how far
+the thing moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing moves
+well in order to do that we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to do that we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in order to do that we've got to
+keep track of the the height the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the the height the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of the the height the
+vertical displacement here so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical displacement here so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical displacement here so we're
+going to draw this right angle here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw this right angle here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw this right angle here and
+this is the position R and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the position R and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the position R and then this
+distance here is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here is the change in
+y all right so the the picture is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so the the picture is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y all right so the the picture is we
+have something moving around a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something moving around a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something moving around a unit
+circle a point moving around a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle a point moving around a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle a point moving around a unit
+circle it starts at P it moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it starts at P it moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle it starts at P it moves to
+Q it moves from angle to angle plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it moves from angle to angle plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q it moves from angle to angle plus
+Delta Theta and the issue is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta and the issue is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta and the issue is how much
+does y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move and the formula for y is sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and the formula for y is sin Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and the formula for y is sin Theta
+so that's telling us the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's telling us the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's telling us the rate of change
+of sin Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right well so let's just try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well so let's just try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well so let's just try to
+think a little bit about about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit about about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a little bit about about what this
+is so first of all I've already said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so first of all I've already said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so first of all I've already said
+this I'm going to repeat it here deltay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to repeat it here deltay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to repeat it here deltay
+is p r it's going from p and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p r it's going from p and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p r it's going from p and going
+straight up to R that's how far Y moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up to R that's how far Y moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight up to R that's how far Y moves
+that's the change in y That's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the change in y That's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the change in y That's what I
+said up in the right hand corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said up in the right hand corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said up in the right hand corner
+there oops I said PR but I wrote PQ huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oops I said PR but I wrote PQ huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there oops I said PR but I wrote PQ huh
+all right that's not a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's not a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's not a a good
+idea all right so Delta Y is p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea all right so Delta Y is p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea all right so Delta Y is p
+r and now I want to draw the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and now I want to draw the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and now I want to draw the diagram
+again one time so here's Q here's R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one time so here's Q here's R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one time so here's Q here's R and
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and here's my triangle and now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and here's my triangle and now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and here's my triangle and now what
+I'd like to do is draw this curve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is draw this curve here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is draw this curve here
+which is the piece of the Arc of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the piece of the Arc of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the piece of the Arc of the
+circle but really what I want to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but really what I want to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle but really what I want to keep in
+mind is something that I did also in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is something that I did also in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is something that I did also in all
+these other arguments which is maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other arguments which is maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other arguments which is maybe I
+should have called this orange but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have called this orange but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have called this orange but I'm
+going to think of the straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of the straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think of the straight line
+between so it's the straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so it's the straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so it's the straight line
+approximation to the curve that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the curve that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the curve that we're
+always interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always interested
+in so the straight line is much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so the straight line is much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so the straight line is much simpler
+because that then we just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that then we just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that then we just have a
+triangle here and in fact it's a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here and in fact it's a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here and in fact it's a right
+triangle right so we have the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle right so we have the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle right so we have the geometry
+of a right triangle which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a right triangle which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a right triangle which is going to
+now let us do all of our calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now the key step is this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the key step is this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now the key step is this same
+principle that we already used which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we already used which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we already used which is
+that short pieces of curves are nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that short pieces of curves are nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that short pieces of curves are nearly
+straight so that means that this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so that means that this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so that means that this piece
+of the circular Arc here from P to Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circular Arc here from P to Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circular Arc here from P to Q is
+practically the same as the straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically the same as the straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically the same as the straight
+segment from P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment from P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment from P to
+Q all right so that's this principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so that's this principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so that's this principle
+that that uh well let's put it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh well let's put it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh well let's put it over here
+is that PQ is practically the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that PQ is practically the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that PQ is practically the same as
+the straight segment from P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight segment from P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight segment from P to
+Q so how are we going to to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so how are we going to to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so how are we going to to use that
+well we want to use that quantitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we want to use that quantitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we want to use that quantitatively
+in the following way what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way what we want to
+notice is that the distance from P to Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that the distance from P to Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that the distance from P to Q
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+approximately Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately Delta
+Theta right because the Arc Length along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right because the Arc Length along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta right because the Arc Length along
+that curve the length of the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve the length of the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve the length of the curve is
+Delta Theta so the length of the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta so the length of the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta so the length of the green
+which is PQ is is almost Delta Theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is PQ is is almost Delta Theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is PQ is is almost Delta Theta so
+this is essentially Delta Theta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially Delta Theta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially Delta Theta this
+this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now the Second Step which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the Second Step which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now the Second Step which is a
+little trickier is that we have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier is that we have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trickier is that we have to work
+out what this angle is so our goal I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this angle is so our goal I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what this angle is so our goal I'm
+going to put it one step below because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it one step below because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put it one step below because
+I'm going to put the geometric reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the geometric reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put the geometric reasoning
+in between is I need to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is I need to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is I need to figure out what
+the angle QPR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is if I can figure out what this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I can figure out what this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I can figure out what this angle
+is then I'll be able to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then I'll be able to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then I'll be able to figure out what
+this vertical distance is because I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical distance is because I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertical distance is because I'll
+know the hypotenuse and I'll know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the hypotenuse and I'll know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the hypotenuse and I'll know the
+angle so I'll be able to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so I'll be able to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so I'll be able to figure out what
+the side of the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so now let me show you why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now let me show you why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so now let me show you why that's
+possible to do so in order to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do so in order to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to do so in order to do that
+first of all I'm going to trade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I'm going to trade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I'm going to trade the
+boards and show you where the line PQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so the line PQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the line PQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the line PQ is
+here that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the whole
+thing and the key point about this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the key point about this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the key point about this line
+that I need you to realize is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need you to realize is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need you to realize is that it's
+practically uh perpendicular it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically uh perpendicular it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically uh perpendicular it's almost
+perpendicular to this to this Ray here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this to this Ray here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this to this Ray here
+all right it's not quite because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's not quite because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's not quite because because
+uh the distance between P to Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distance between P to Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distance between P to Q is
+nonzero so it isn't quite but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero so it isn't quite but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero so it isn't quite but in the
+limit it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit it's going to be
+perpendicular exactly perpendicular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular exactly perpendicular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular exactly perpendicular the
+tangent line to the circle so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line to the circle so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent line to the circle so the key
+thing that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use is
+that PQ is almost perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PQ is almost perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PQ is almost perpendicular to
+op all right the ray from the origin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op all right the ray from the origin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+op all right the ray from the origin is
+basically perpendicular to that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically perpendicular to that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically perpendicular to that green
+line and then the second thing I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then the second thing I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then the second thing I'm going
+to use is something that's obvious which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is something that's obvious which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is something that's obvious which
+is that PR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertical okay so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical okay so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical okay so those are the two
+pieces of geometry that I need to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of geometry that I need to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of geometry that I need to see
+and now notice what's happening upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now notice what's happening upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now notice what's happening upstairs
+on the picture here in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the picture here in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the picture here in the upper
+right what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I have
+is the angle Theta is the angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angle Theta is the angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angle Theta is the angle between
+the horizontal and op that's angle Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal and op that's angle Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal and op that's angle Theta
+if I rotate it by 90 de the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I rotate it by 90 de the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I rotate it by 90 de the horizontal
+becomes vertical it becomes p r and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes vertical it becomes p r and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes vertical it becomes p r and the
+other thing rotated by 90 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing rotated by 90 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing rotated by 90 degrees
+becomes the green line so the angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the green line so the angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the green line so the angle that
+I'm talking about I get by taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about I get by taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about I get by taking this
+guy and rotating it by 90 de it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and rotating it by 90 de it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and rotating it by 90 de it's the
+same angle so that means that this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same angle so that means that this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same angle so that means that this angle
+here is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is essentially
+Theta that's what this angle is let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's what this angle is let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta that's what this angle is let me
+repeat that one more time we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that one more time we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that one more time we started out
+with an angle that looks like this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an angle that looks like this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an angle that looks like this which
+is the horizontal that's the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the horizontal that's the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the horizontal that's the origin
+straight out horizontally that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight out horizontally that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight out horizontally that's the
+thing that's labeled one that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's labeled one that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's labeled one that distance
+there and then I also have the my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I also have the my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I also have the my my
+that's my right arm which is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my right arm which is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my right arm which is down here
+my left arm is pointing up and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left arm is pointing up and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my left arm is pointing up and it's
+going from the origin to uh the point P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the origin to uh the point P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the origin to uh the point P
+so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the
+horizontal uh and and the angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh and and the angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh and and the angle between
+them is Theta and now what I claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is Theta and now what I claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is Theta and now what I claim is
+that if I rotate by 90 degrees up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I rotate by 90 degrees up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I rotate by 90 degrees up like
+this without changing anything so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without changing anything so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without changing anything so that
+was what I did the horizontal will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what I did the horizontal will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what I did the horizontal will
+become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a
+vertical that's PR that's going up PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical that's PR that's going up PR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical that's PR that's going up PR
+and if I rotate op 90° that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I rotate op 90° that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I rotate op 90° that's exactly
+PQ okay so let me even well I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ okay so let me even well I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ okay so let me even well I think I
+will draw it on there one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw it on there one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw it on there one
+time and see if you can let's do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and see if you can let's do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and see if you can let's do it with
+some arrows here so I started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arrows here so I started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some arrows here so I started out with
+this and then we'll label this as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we'll label this as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we'll label this as uh
+let's see label this is orange okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see label this is orange okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see label this is orange okay so
+red to orange and then I wrote rotate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red to orange and then I wrote rotate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red to orange and then I wrote rotate by
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+90° and the red becomes this starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° and the red becomes this starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° and the red becomes this starting
+from p and the orange rotates around 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from p and the orange rotates around 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from p and the orange rotates around 90
+degrees and becomes this uh this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and becomes this uh this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and becomes this uh this thing
+here all right so this angle here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this angle here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so this angle here is the
+same as as the other one which I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as as the other one which I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as as the other one which I've just
+drawn all right different different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn all right different different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn all right different different uh
+or different Origins for the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different Origins for the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different Origins for the different
+vertices for the angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well I didn't say that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I didn't say that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I didn't say that all
+arguments were supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy all right so I claim that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy all right so I claim that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy all right so I claim that the
+conclusion is that this angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that this angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that this angle is
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+Theta and now we can finish our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and now we can finish our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and now we can finish our
+calculation because we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation because we have something
+with the hypotenuse being Delta Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hypotenuse being Delta Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hypotenuse being Delta Theta
+and the angle being Theta and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle being Theta and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle being Theta and so this
+segment here p is approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment here p is approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment here p is approximately the
+hypotenuse length to times the cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse length to times the cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse length to times the cosine of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+angle all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle all
+right and that is exactly what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is exactly what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that is exactly what we wanted
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+divide we divide by Delta Theta we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide we divide by Delta Theta we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide we divide by Delta Theta we get
+Delta y/ Delta Theta is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y/ Delta Theta is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta y/ Delta Theta is approximately
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+Theta all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta all
+right and uh that's the same thing as so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh that's the same thing as so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh that's the same thing as so
+what we want in the limit is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in the limit is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want in the limit is exactly the
+Delta Theta going to Z Delta y over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta going to Z Delta y over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta going to Z Delta y over
+Delta Theta is equal to co sin Theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta is equal to co sin Theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta is equal to co sin Theta so
+we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an
+approximation on the on a scale that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on the on a scale that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on the on a scale that we
+can visualize and in the limit the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can visualize and in the limit the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can visualize and in the limit the uh
+formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exact okay so that is a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact okay so that is a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact okay so that is a geometric
+argument for the same result namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the same result namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the same result namely that
+the derivative of s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s is
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh you will have to do some kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh you will have to do some kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh you will have to do some kinds
+of geometric proofs sometimes uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometric proofs sometimes uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometric proofs sometimes uh when
+you'll really need this is probably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll really need this is probably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll really need this is probably in
+1802 so you'll you you'll need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802 so you'll you you'll need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1802 so you'll you you'll need to make
+reasoning like this this is for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning like this this is for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning like this this is for example
+the way that you actually develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you actually develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you actually develop the
+theory of arc length and dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of arc length and dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of arc length and dealing with
+Delta x's and Delta y's is a is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x's and Delta y's is a is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x's and Delta y's is a is a is a
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+tool all right I have I have one more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool all right I have I have one more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool all right I have I have one more uh
+uh thing that I want to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing that I want to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thing that I want to talk about today
+which is some general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some general
+rules and so I'm going to we took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and so I'm going to we took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and so I'm going to we took a
+little bit more time than I expected Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time than I expected Ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more time than I expected Ed
+with this so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so what I'm going to do is
+just tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you the
+rules and we'll discuss them in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and we'll discuss them in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and we'll discuss them in a few
+days so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me tell you the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules so these were the specific ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so these were the specific ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so these were the specific ones
+and here are some general ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first one is called the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule and what it says is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and what it says is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and what it says is that if you
+take the product of two functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the product of two functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the product of two functions and
+differentiate them you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate them you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate them you get the
+derivative of one time the other plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of one time the other plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of one time the other plus
+the othertimes the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the othertimes the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the othertimes the derivative of the
+one now the way that you should remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the way that you should remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the way that you should remember
+this and the way that I'll carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the way that I'll carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the way that I'll carry out the
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+is that you should think of it as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you should think of it as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you should think of it as you
+change one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and this is a very useful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is a very useful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is a very useful way of
+thinking about differentiation when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about differentiation when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about differentiation when you
+have uh things which depend on more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh things which depend on more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh things which depend on more than
+one function so this is a this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function so this is a this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one function so this is a this is a a
+general procedure the second formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I wanted to mention is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to mention is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to mention is called the
+quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rule and that says the following that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and that says the following that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and that says the following that U
+/ V Prime has a formula as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ V Prime has a formula as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ V Prime has a formula as
+well and the formula is U Prime V minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the formula is U Prime V minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the formula is U Prime V minus
+UV Prime / V ^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV Prime / V ^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV Prime / V ^
+2 so this is our second formula let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is our second formula let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is our second formula let me
+just mention and both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention and both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention and both of them are
+extremely valuable and you'll use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely valuable and you'll use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely valuable and you'll use them
+all the time this one of course only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time this one of course only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time this one of course only
+works when V is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero all right so because we're out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so because we're out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so because we're out of
+time we're not going to prove these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're not going to prove these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're not going to prove these
+today but we will prove these next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but we will prove these next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but we will prove these next time
+and you're definitely going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're definitely going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're definitely going to be
+responsible for these kinds of proofs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kEd-WsV7ESA.txt b/kEd-WsV7ESA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2efcffe11971992d940607e22be6d8f6230b4212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kEd-WsV7ESA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+about heavy Quark effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heavy Quark effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heavy Quark effective
+Theory and we phrased several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and we phrased several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and we phrased several
+motivations for talking about heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for talking about heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for talking about heavy
+Quark effective Theory related to things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark effective Theory related to things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark effective Theory related to things
+that we hadn't seen in effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hadn't seen in effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hadn't seen in effective Theory
+yet we also said that our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we also said that our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we also said that our discussion
+here is more General than just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is more General than just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is more General than just talking
+about heavy quarks heavy quarks is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heavy quarks heavy quarks is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heavy quarks heavy quarks is our
+example but we're really thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we're really thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we're really thinking about
+having some very heavy source so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some very heavy source so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some very heavy source so you can
+think of it as either a heavy particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as either a heavy particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as either a heavy particle
+that you want to leave in the theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to leave in the theory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to leave in the theory so
+let me rewind we talked about heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me rewind we talked about heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me rewind we talked about heavy
+particles already and what we did is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles already and what we did is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles already and what we did is we
+integrated them out we got rid of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated them out we got rid of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated them out we got rid of them
+but what if you have a heavy particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if you have a heavy particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what if you have a heavy particle
+and you actually want to study it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually want to study it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually want to study it that's
+related to this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this discussion
+that's one way that that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way that that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way that that this is
+important if you have a heavy particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you have a heavy particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you have a heavy particle
+that you want to study at low energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to study at low energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to study at low energies
+or you could just have a source a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could just have a source a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could just have a source a static
+source of some uh quantum number in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of some uh quantum number in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of some uh quantum number in this
+case color and this would be the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case color and this would be the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case color and this would be the right
+way of thinking about it so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it so those are
+kind of some of the motivations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some of the motivations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some of the motivations and then
+there was also some more technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also some more technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was also some more technical
+motivations of things that we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations of things that we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations of things that we wanted to
+see with this Theory so we started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with this Theory so we started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see with this Theory so we started by
+saying it's a top down approach so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's a top down approach so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's a top down approach so we
+should be able to just take qcd and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to just take qcd and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to just take qcd and take
+the limit and expand but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and expand but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit and expand but it's a little
+more tricky than it was so far with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricky than it was so far with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricky than it was so far with like
+light cork masses for col pration Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cork masses for col pration Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light cork masses for col pration Theory
+because the mass is in the numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mass is in the numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mass is in the numerator and
+we want to take the limit that it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to take the limit that it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to take the limit that it goes
+to Infinity okay so we put a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity okay so we put a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity okay so we put a question
+mark beside this equation and we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark beside this equation and we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark beside this equation and we started
+instead thinking about expanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead thinking about expanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead thinking about expanding the
+propagator so if we write the propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator so if we write the propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator so if we write the propagator
+out for a heavy Quark you've got Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a heavy Quark you've got Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for a heavy Quark you've got Mass
+terms in the numerator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the numerator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in the numerator and the
+denominator and when you expand it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and when you expand it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and when you expand it out
+after using the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after using the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after using the equation of
+motion and expanding with p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and expanding with p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and expanding with p
+= mq V +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= mq V +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= mq V +
+K so we introduced a vector v v^2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we introduced a vector v v^2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so we introduced a vector v v^2 was
+one and then we introduce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we introduce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then we introduce some
+fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so there's M's hiding in this p as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so there's M's hiding in this p as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so there's M's hiding in this p as
+well as that P the quadratic term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as that P the quadratic term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as that P the quadratic term in the
+denominator cancels there's a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator cancels there's a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator cancels there's a linear
+term that survives there's linear terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that survives there's linear terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that survives there's linear terms
+in the numerator the linear terms give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator the linear terms give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator the linear terms give
+once I just look at what they give they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I just look at what they give they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I just look at what they give they
+give this first contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this first contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this first contribution
+and then there's some high order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some high order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some high order terms
+and we Dro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Dro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we Dro
+them okay so for the propagator we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so for the propagator we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so for the propagator we had
+no problem taking the heavy cork limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem taking the heavy cork limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem taking the heavy cork limit
+and we got out this this expression we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got out this this expression we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we got out this this expression we
+also then thought about the vertex just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then thought about the vertex just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also then thought about the vertex just
+a gluon coupling to a quark heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gluon coupling to a quark heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gluon coupling to a quark heavy
+quark and if this is the result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and if this is the result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and if this is the result in
+qcd this 1 plus v over2 is a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd this 1 plus v over2 is a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd this 1 plus v over2 is a projector
+but that means if you square it it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means if you square it it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means if you square it it get
+you get back the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back the same
+thing and we said well if there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we said well if there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we said well if there's two
+two propagators on either side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two propagators on either side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two propagators on either side of this
+thing I can think about it putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can think about it putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I can think about it putting a
+projector on either side of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector on either side of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector on either side of this thing
+and that gives you this result with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you this result with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives you this result with just
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+VM okay so the fan rule for this guy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM okay so the fan rule for this guy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM okay so the fan rule for this guy can
+be simplified by using the fact that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be simplified by using the fact that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be simplified by using the fact that on
+either side of it are sitting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of it are sitting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of it are sitting these
+projectors and if you take those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors and if you take those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors and if you take those two
+facts into account we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts into account we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts into account we can actually
+encode them in a lran we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode them in a lran we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode them in a lran we could just
+write it down see we want a lran that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down see we want a lran that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it down see we want a lran that
+gives that propagator lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives that propagator lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives that propagator lowest order
+propagator and that lowest order vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and that lowest order vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and that lowest order vertex
+and that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this
+is so the v. D has in it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the v. D has in it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the v. D has in it a
+V.A va. a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V.A va. a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V.A va. a is
+giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy so that's the va. a inside there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that's the va. a inside there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so that's the va. a inside there and
+then one over v. K that's the v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one over v. K that's the v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one over v. K that's the v.
+partial right so iv.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial right so iv.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial right so iv.
+D is I v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial I don't know which sign I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial I don't know which sign I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial I don't know which sign I'm
+using here but I think it's the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here but I think it's the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using here but I think it's the minus
+sign using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign using
+plus using minus I'll switch throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus using minus I'll switch throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus using minus I'll switch throughout
+the course and each each chapter I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and each each chapter I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and each each chapter I'll
+use a different sign convention to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different sign convention to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different sign convention to keep
+you on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on your
+toes in this chapter I will stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes in this chapter I will stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes in this chapter I will stick with
+this sign convention since the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign convention since the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sign convention since the source
+that we're using for this read for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using for this read for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using for this read for the
+reading is using this sign convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is using this sign convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is using this sign convention
+okay so this is the V.A and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the V.A and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the V.A and this is the
+v.k that we have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.k that we have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.k that we have over
+there now I've encoded the way I encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I've encoded the way I encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there now I've encoded the way I encoded
+the projection relation is I said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection relation is I said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection relation is I said let's
+work in terms of a four component field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in terms of a four component field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in terms of a four component field
+so our field QV still has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our field QV still has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our field QV still has four
+components but it satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but it satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but it satisfies this
+relation and that actually projects it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and that actually projects it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation and that actually projects it
+down onto two components we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down onto two components we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down onto two components we'll talk more
+about what the physics of this is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the physics of this is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the physics of this is in a
+minute this is very convenient when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this is very convenient when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute this is very convenient when
+talking about heavy quirks because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about heavy quirks because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about heavy quirks because you
+often want to couple heavy quirks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want to couple heavy quirks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often want to couple heavy quirks to
+light quirks and if the light quirks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light quirks and if the light quirks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light quirks and if the light quirks are
+four component Spinners it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four component Spinners it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four component Spinners it's easy to
+couple them to the heavy quirks if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple them to the heavy quirks if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple them to the heavy quirks if you
+have heavy cork fields which are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heavy cork fields which are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heavy cork fields which are four
+component Spinners so you could work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Spinners so you could work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component Spinners so you could work in
+terms of a two component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a two component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a two component
+lran that doesn't have this projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran that doesn't have this projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran that doesn't have this projection
+relation uh but for technical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh but for technical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation uh but for technical reasons
+it's better to work in terms of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to work in terms of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to work in terms of the four
+component one makes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one makes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component one makes things
+simpler so that's in some sense an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so that's in some sense an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler so that's in some sense an
+indirect derivation of the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect derivation of the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect derivation of the leading order
+HQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ
+lran is there any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran is there any questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran is there any questions about that
+what if you don't have propagator on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you don't have propagator on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you don't have propagator on the
+other side what if I don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side what if I don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side what if I don't have the
+propagator on the other side yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator on the other side yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator on the other side yeah so
+we'll talk about the Spinners in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the Spinners in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the Spinners in a
+minute but it's the same story for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but it's the same story for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but it's the same story for the
+Spinners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spinners
+that they have a projection relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a projection relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a projection relation
+which is exactly the same projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly the same projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly the same projection
+relation so whether it's an line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so whether it's an line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so whether it's an line
+sticking out or whether it's attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out or whether it's attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out or whether it's attached to
+something else it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's the
+same okay so let's now go and derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so let's now go and derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so let's now go and derive the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directly and the trick we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and the trick we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and the trick we're going to do
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+following we need to cancel out this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we need to cancel out this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we need to cancel out this m
+in the numerator and the place that m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator and the place that m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator and the place that m
+highs is in the p in this formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highs is in the p in this formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highs is in the p in this formula here
+so if we think about some field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about some field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about some field that's
+fluctuating space time we can pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating space time we can pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating space time we can pull out
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+field the analog of that big piece P if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the analog of that big piece P if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the analog of that big piece P if
+we pull out a phase factor that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull out a phase factor that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pull out a phase factor that looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let me just write this so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me just write this so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me just write this so far
+this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just
+some uh re definition of these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh re definition of these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh re definition of these objects
+on the right hand side and I'm setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and I'm setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and I'm setting
+up two objects here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two objects here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up two objects here because I
+want I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I'm going
+to break the field into these two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break the field into these two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break the field into these two pieces
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+obey different projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relations okay so if I sum these two up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations okay so if I sum these two up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations okay so if I sum these two up
+the V slashes cancel QV plus these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V slashes cancel QV plus these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the V slashes cancel QV plus these are
+just two components of the I just split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two components of the I just split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two components of the I just split
+it by two orthogonal projectors two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two orthogonal projectors two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by two orthogonal projectors two
+pieces and I've pulled out this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I've pulled out this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I've pulled out this piece
+here and the reason that I pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the reason that I pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the reason that I pulled out
+this piece here is the analog of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece here is the analog of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece here is the analog of what I
+did here with the p where I divided it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here with the p where I divided it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here with the p where I divided it
+into a big piece and a small piece this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a big piece and a small piece this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a big piece and a small piece this
+is going to take care of pulling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take care of pulling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take care of pulling out
+that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece okay so if we want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece okay so if we want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece okay so if we want to take the
+limit here in this equation we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here in this equation we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit here in this equation we should
+we've so far we've written out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've so far we've written out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've so far we've written out what the
+q's will be we also have to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q's will be we also have to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q's will be we also have to write out
+what the d slash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the d slash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the d slash is
+this so it's convenient to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's convenient to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it's convenient to do the
+following with the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following with the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following with the d
+slash break it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces a piece along V and a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces a piece along V and a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces a piece along V and a piece
+orthogonal to V so the definition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to V so the definition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to V so the definition here
+of D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D
+transverse is that it's D minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse is that it's D minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse is that it's D minus the
+piece along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V so if you like that v.d trans versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so if you like that v.d trans versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V so if you like that v.d trans versus
+zero that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean with these relations up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with these relations up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with these relations up here
+there's also another way of writing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also another way of writing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also another way of writing them
+that I should write down as well which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should write down as well which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should write down as well which
+is a little simpler if I rearrange these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little simpler if I rearrange these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little simpler if I rearrange these
+formulas I can also re write it as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas I can also re write it as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas I can also re write it as V
+slash on QV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QV and V slash on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV and V slash on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV and V slash on
+VV is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VV is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VV is minus
+BV so there's a one on this side and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BV so there's a one on this side and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BV so there's a one on this side and if
+I combine with the half and put things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I combine with the half and put things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I combine with the half and put things
+together that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get okay so let's put those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so let's put those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so let's put those things
+together into here and then we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into here and then we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together into here and then we'll be
+figure out if we can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit and The crucial thing really for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and The crucial thing really for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and The crucial thing really for
+being able to take the limit is to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take the limit is to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to take the limit is to pull
+out this phase and we'll talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this phase and we'll talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this phase and we'll talk about what
+physically is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically is happening
+there in a minute once we've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a minute once we've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in a minute once we've done the
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just plugging those pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just plugging those pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just plugging those pieces
+together we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+pull the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through so pull this this negative phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so pull this this negative phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so pull this this negative phase
+through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these
+terms with this v. D when it hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with this v. D when it hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with this v. D when it hits the
+v.x we get some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contribution and I can group it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and I can group it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and I can group it together
+with this mq term because it what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mq term because it what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this mq term because it what it
+does is it brings down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it brings down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it brings down an
+mq the D transverse gives no derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq the D transverse gives no derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq the D transverse gives no derivative
+no contribution when it hits that phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contribution when it hits that phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contribution when it hits that phase
+because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation so pulling the phase through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so pulling the phase through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so pulling the phase through
+the only term we pick up is this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term we pick up is this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only term we pick up is this minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+here and I just grouped it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I just grouped it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I just grouped it together
+sorry the only term we pick up is this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the only term we pick up is this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the only term we pick up is this V
+slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash
+here that comes from this v.d hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that comes from this v.d hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that comes from this v.d hitting
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term all right so now put these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term all right so now put these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term all right so now put these pieces
+together multiply things out and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together multiply things out and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together multiply things out and use the
+fact that I've divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I've divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I've divided
+up the field into these two pieces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the field into these two pieces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the field into these two pieces that
+have different I can I know how V slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different I can I know how V slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different I can I know how V slash
+acts on them so I can get rid of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts on them so I can get rid of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts on them so I can get rid of all the
+vs slashes by just using the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs slashes by just using the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs slashes by just using the formula
+when vus one acts on QV I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when vus one acts on QV I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when vus one acts on QV I get
+zero okay so for that term I for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so for that term I for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so for that term I for the
+term that has two qvs I just have the v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that has two qvs I just have the v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that has two qvs I just have the v
+i v.d you can also prove that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i v.d you can also prove that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i v.d you can also prove that when you
+have the QV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the QV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the QV
+and the QV bar that this term actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the QV bar that this term actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the QV bar that this term actually
+is zero and to prove that you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and to prove that you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and to prove that you basically
+use the projection relation and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the projection relation and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the projection relation and the fact
+that if I have 1 + V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have 1 + V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have 1 + V
+sl/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sl/
+two D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two D
+transverse that that can be written is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse that that can be written is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse that that can be written is
+dverse 1 minus v/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over2 again using this formula and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 again using this formula and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 again using this formula and the
+fact that gamma matric is anticommute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that gamma matric is anticommute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that gamma matric is anticommute
+and so and then 1 minus V SL over2 kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and then 1 minus V SL over2 kills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and then 1 minus V SL over2 kills
+QV and so the term a term like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV and so the term a term like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV and so the term a term like this one
+between these fields is absent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these fields is absent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these fields is absent and the
+only term with two qvs is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one likewise with bvs it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one likewise with bvs it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one likewise with bvs it's the same
+story I don't get a d transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I don't get a d transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I don't get a d transverse
+term but here the mq term does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but here the mq term does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but here the mq term does
+survive and it doubles so the V slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and it doubles so the V slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and it doubles so the V slash
+gives another minus one so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives another minus one so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives another minus one so there's two
+two mq sitting there and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mq sitting there and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mq sitting there and then there's
+the transverse ter terms and they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse ter terms and they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse ter terms and they come
+in the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cross
+terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QV BV if I have this then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV BV if I have this then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV BV if I have this then this
+projection relation won't get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection relation won't get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection relation won't get rid of it
+because if I have a 1 plus v/ over2 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have a 1 plus v/ over2 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I have a 1 plus v/ over2 on
+the right it becomes the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right it becomes the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right it becomes the correct
+projector for the other field on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector for the other field on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector for the other field on the
+left and then vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+versa okay so there's four terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so there's four terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa okay so there's four terms here
+and we've simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've simplified
+things as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as much as we
+can so now let's think about what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so now let's think about what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so now let's think about what these
+fields are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describing in particular let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing in particular let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing in particular let's think
+about what would happen if we only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen if we only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen if we only had
+external QV fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+consider only external QV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fields then we can think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields then we can think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields then we can think about what
+happens as mq goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity and if you have a term so as Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and if you have a term so as Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and if you have a term so as Q
+as M goes to Infinity nothing happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M goes to Infinity nothing happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M goes to Infinity nothing happens to
+this term we have to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term we have to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term we have to figure out what
+happens to those terms over there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to those terms over there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to those terms over there there
+but this guy here it's clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy here it's clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy here it's clear what
+happens we get a field that has a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we get a field that has a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens we get a field that has a mass
+mq and that particles are just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq and that particles are just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq and that particles are just getting
+heavier and heavier and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier and heavier and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier and heavier and they're
+decoupling when you when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupling when you when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoupling when you when you get
+particles that get heavy they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decouple so BV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple so BV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouple so BV
+decouples in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouples in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decouples in this
+limit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so
+diagrammatically can think about it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you have a QV it could switch into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have a QV it could switch into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have a QV it could switch into
+a DV with one of these d slash vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DV with one of these d slash vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DV with one of these d slash vertices
+and then back to a QV and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to a QV and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then back to a QV and this would
+give some kind of diagram from this lran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some kind of diagram from this lran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some kind of diagram from this lran
+which has external QV Fields but the BV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has external QV Fields but the BV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has external QV Fields but the BV
+field has a 1 over M type propagator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has a 1 over M type propagator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field has a 1 over M type propagator and
+so this goes like 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this goes like 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this goes like 1 over
+M and hence goes goes to zero and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and hence goes goes to zero and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and hence goes goes to zero and that's
+one way of talking about decoupling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of talking about decoupling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of talking about decoupling that
+intermediate particles of that type are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate particles of that type are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate particles of that type are
+giving diagrams that are suppressed by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving diagrams that are suppressed by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving diagrams that are suppressed by 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+M okay so and you see here sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so and you see here sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M okay so and you see here sitting
+sitting right here you see our lran that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting right here you see our lran that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting right here you see our lran that
+we want which is the QV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want which is the QV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want which is the QV
+I.D BV so if we just threw away the BV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.D BV so if we just threw away the BV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.D BV so if we just threw away the BV
+fields we would get the lran that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields we would get the lran that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields we would get the lran that we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so physically what's going on with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically what's going on with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically what's going on with these
+two Fields is that QV corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Fields is that QV corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Fields is that QV corresponds to the
+particles okay the we have a heavy Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay the we have a heavy Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay the we have a heavy Quark
+it's got particles that are of that mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got particles that are of that mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got particles that are of that mass
+and that flavor that are heavy and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that flavor that are heavy and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that flavor that are heavy and it
+has antiparticles too QV corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has antiparticles too QV corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has antiparticles too QV corresponds to
+the particles and BV corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles and BV corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles and BV corresponds to the
+anti particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flavor and by making the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and by making the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and by making the phase
+redefinition that we did we chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition that we did we chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition that we did we chose to
+focus on onell fluctuations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on onell fluctuations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on onell fluctuations that are
+close to the particles if we chosen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the particles if we chosen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the particles if we chosen the
+opposite phase plus I then we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite phase plus I then we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite phase plus I then we could
+expand about the anti particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand about the anti particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand about the anti particles and
+things would have worked out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would have worked out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would have worked out in the
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so I'll come back to that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'll come back to that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I'll come back to that a little
+bit more in a second so let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more in a second so let's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more in a second so let's have
+several discussion points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so what we did is we made a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+redefinition which we were always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition which we were always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition which we were always
+allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do y is Q me like a like aity I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do y is Q me like a like aity I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do y is Q me like a like aity I can
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive
+hity and one we're talking about heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hity and one we're talking about heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hity and one we're talking about heavy
+particles so helicity is not such a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so helicity is not such a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so helicity is not such a I
+know but it's like a one p yeah I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it's like a one p yeah I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it's like a one p yeah I'll get
+talk about in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah give me a minute and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah give me a minute and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah give me a minute and then if
+you still have a question after I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a question after I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still have a question after I talk
+about it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ask so first of all what we did here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so first of all what we did here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask so first of all what we did here was
+tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when we we make this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we we make this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we we make this type of
+redefinition and we go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition and we go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition and we go through this
+algebra it's all tree level not thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra it's all tree level not thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra it's all tree level not thinking
+about any Loops here there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any Loops here there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any Loops here there will be
+corrections to this story once we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to this story once we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to this story once we start
+talking about loops and there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about loops and there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about loops and there will be
+corrections to this story namely that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to this story namely that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to this story namely that we
+just get the same LH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the same LH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the same LH
+P once we want to take into account one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P once we want to take into account one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P once we want to take into account one
+of our M Corrections we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our M Corrections we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our M Corrections we'll come back to
+both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those
+points so both of those things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so both of those things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so both of those things to be
+discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed
+later what we do do with LH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qet is we describe correctly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qet is we describe correctly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qet is we describe correctly the
+couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluons at leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order and often what people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and often what people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and often what people are
+interested in with K mu here is K mu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in with K mu here is K mu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in with K mu here is K mu of
+order Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order Lambda
+qcd separating the scale Lambda qcd that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd separating the scale Lambda qcd that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd separating the scale Lambda qcd that
+has to do with the confinement into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the confinement into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the confinement into a
+Meson like a b Meson from the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meson like a b Meson from the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meson like a b Meson from the scale of
+the heavy quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay so the anti particles are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the anti particles are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the anti particles are being
+removed which is point number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so if you want to ask what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if you want to ask what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so if you want to ask what is it
+that we're integrating out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're integrating out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're integrating out in this
+Theory we're not integrating out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're not integrating out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're not integrating out the
+particle because we want to study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because we want to study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because we want to study it
+we're integrating out the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle it's easiest to see that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's easiest to see that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it's easiest to see that if you
+go to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame so taking V rest frame which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so taking V rest frame which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so taking V rest frame which is
+just 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 0 0
+0 just timel component then our 1 plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 just timel component then our 1 plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 just timel component then our 1 plus v
+slash becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash becomes
+a so if we have 1 plus v slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if we have 1 plus v slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so if we have 1 plus v slash
+then that's just 1 plus gamma 0/ 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's just 1 plus gamma 0/ 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's just 1 plus gamma 0/ 2 and
+if you want to talk about particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to talk about particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to talk about particles and
+anti particles the best representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti particles the best representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti particles the best representation
+to use is the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is the direct
+representation because then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles so let's take a spinner in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so let's take a spinner in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so let's take a spinner in the
+direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+representation could be part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation could be part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation could be part of a
+field could just be a spinner for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could just be a spinner for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could just be a spinner for an
+external state in the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external state in the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external state in the direct
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens is that you have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that you have the the
+guys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that
+are the particles in the upper two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the particles in the upper two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the particles in the upper two
+components and the guys that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the guys that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the guys that are the
+anti- particles in the lower two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- particles in the lower two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti- particles in the lower two
+components so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so this is
+particles this is anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles this guy's always projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this guy's always projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this guy's always projecting
+onto in the rest frame into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto in the rest frame into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto in the rest frame into the
+particles and anti particles it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and anti particles it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and anti particles it's just
+that if you write it in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write it in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you write it in other
+representations you'd have more trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations you'd have more trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations you'd have more trouble
+seeing that than in the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that than in the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that than in the direct
+representation we just have a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we just have a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we just have a zero
+okay so this is one way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is one way of thinking
+about why this project what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this project what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this project what this
+projector is doing it's getting rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector is doing it's getting rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector is doing it's getting rid of
+the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+particles so the way you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so the way you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so the way you should think
+about this physically is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this physically is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this physically is that if you're
+studying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process you're studying heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles close to their Mass shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're doing is we're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations near the heavy Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations near the heavy Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations near the heavy Mass
+mq we're perturbing about mq if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq we're perturbing about mq if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq we're perturbing about mq if you're
+perturbing about mq the antiparticles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing about mq the antiparticles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing about mq the antiparticles
+are very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very far
+away because the splitting between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because the splitting between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away because the splitting between the
+particles and the anti particles is 2 mq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the anti particles is 2 mq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and the anti particles is 2 mq
+so that's why they get integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's why in this language of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why in this language of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why in this language of being
+near mq we the anti particles are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near mq we the anti particles are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near mq we the anti particles are just
+very far away and we don't want them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away and we don't want them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away and we don't want them in
+our Theory one way of talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Theory one way of talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Theory one way of talking about that
+is par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is par
+creation so if we draw some type of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation so if we draw some type of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation so if we draw some type of time
+order peration Theory diagram for par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order peration Theory diagram for par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order peration Theory diagram for par
+creation so it's not a fan diagram but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation so it's not a fan diagram but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation so it's not a fan diagram but a
+topt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topt
+diagram just so we can talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram just so we can talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram just so we can talk about a
+definite intermediate State at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite intermediate State at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite intermediate State at a
+definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite
+time then this intermediate State here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then this intermediate State here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then this intermediate State here
+has three heavy particles and it has if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three heavy particles and it has if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has three heavy particles and it has if
+this guy has mq and this guy has mq this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has mq and this guy has mq this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has mq and this guy has mq this
+guy has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy has three
+mq so this intermediate state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is off Shell by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mq this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered peration Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram so I can talk about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so I can talk about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so I can talk about whether
+something's definitely a particle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's definitely a particle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's definitely a particle or
+definitely an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely an
+antiparticle and another way of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparticle and another way of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparticle and another way of seeing
+this 2 mq that I'm talking about is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 mq that I'm talking about is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 mq that I'm talking about is like
+just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to
+do vacuum polarization where you have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do vacuum polarization where you have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do vacuum polarization where you have 2
+mq you need 2 mq of energy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq you need 2 mq of energy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq you need 2 mq of energy to to
+fluctuate into a heavy quk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair so if you have a very light gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so if you have a very light gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair so if you have a very light gluon
+then it just doesn't have the energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just doesn't have the energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it just doesn't have the energy to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so pair creation is not part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so pair creation is not part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so pair creation is not part of
+this Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you can ask your question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can ask your question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you can ask your question if
+you're still a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still a question
+yeah all right so the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right so the thing we're
+getting rid of is the anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of is the anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of is the anti
+particle now because we're getting rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now because we're getting rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now because we're getting rid
+of the antiparticle we no longer have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antiparticle we no longer have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antiparticle we no longer have an
+Annihilation process so unlike qcd where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation process so unlike qcd where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Annihilation process so unlike qcd where
+you can have particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have particles and
+antiparticles annihilate here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparticles annihilate here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparticles annihilate here we have
+actually a conservation rule for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a conservation rule for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a conservation rule for the
+number of heavy particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we're talking here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're talking here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're talking here about
+quarks the number of heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks the number of heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks the number of heavy
+quarks is preserved and that's an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks is preserved and that's an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks is preserved and that's an extra
+extra symmetry that this theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has that qcd didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have okay so the the conservation law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so the the conservation law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so the the conservation law
+for the number of heavy quarks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of heavy quarks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the number of heavy quarks is
+U1 more generally we can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 more generally we can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 more generally we can extend
+this to something called heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry so let's since we notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so let's since we notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so let's since we notice that
+there's this conservation law let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this conservation law let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this conservation law let's
+think about what the biggest group we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the biggest group we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the biggest group we
+can come up with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it describes the symmetry of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lhq so This U1 that preserves the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhq so This U1 that preserves the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhq so This U1 that preserves the uh
+heavy quirks is a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Symmetry and depending on how many heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and depending on how many heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and depending on how many heavy
+particles we have it could be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we have it could be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we have it could be bigger
+than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+U1 so actually it's a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NH for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH for
+NH heavy quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH heavy quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NH heavy quarks
+so you could have some heavy sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have some heavy sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have some heavy sources
+that live under some group and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live under some group and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live under some group and if you
+have n types of those sources you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n types of those sources you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n types of those sources you'd have
+a un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Symmetry and the root of this is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and the root of this is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and the root of this is that we
+got rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mq mq is the thing that would break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq mq is the thing that would break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq mq is the thing that would break the
+Symmetry but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry but it
+disappeared and once it's gone it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared and once it's gone it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared and once it's gone it we
+don't care we don't it know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care we don't it know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care we don't it know whether the
+thing that was was a charm Quark we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was was a charm Quark we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that was was a charm Quark we
+don't or a a be Quark or a top Quark we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't or a a be Quark or a top Quark we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't or a a be Quark or a top Quark we
+don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see the
+flavor of the quk anymore because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of the quk anymore because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of the quk anymore because the
+mass term was what was tracking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term was what was tracking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term was what was tracking that
+flavor and now it's gone and we just end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and now it's gone and we just end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor and now it's gone and we just end
+up with this this theory that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this this theory that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this this theory that doesn't
+remember about the flavor so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about the flavor so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about the flavor so we have
+flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor
+symmetry okay so that's kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay so that's kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay so that's kind of cool
+it's an example of having an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example of having an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an example of having an effective
+Theory where there's an emergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory where there's an emergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory where there's an emergent
+symmetry symmetry that wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry symmetry that wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry symmetry that wasn't so
+apparent in the theory you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in the theory you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent in the theory you started with
+but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is
+apparent once you get to the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory the other example is spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory the other example is spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory the other example is spin
+symmetry there's actually an su2 spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry there's actually an su2 spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry there's actually an su2 spin
+symmetry because lran didn't involve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry because lran didn't involve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry because lran didn't involve any
+D slashes anymore it just became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D slashes anymore it just became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D slashes anymore it just became a
+scaler the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v.d so if we think about our heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.d so if we think about our heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v.d so if we think about our heavy
+partic so we think about a four comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic so we think about a four comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic so we think about a four comp
+component spinner two degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component spinner two degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component spinner two degrees of freedom
+have to do with particle versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with particle versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with particle versus
+antiparticle the other two have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparticle the other two have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiparticle the other two have to do
+with spin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spin a
+half and we don't care about the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and we don't care about the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and we don't care about the spin
+either because our lrange is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar okay we just had QV I v. D QV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar okay we just had QV I v. D QV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar okay we just had QV I v. D QV and
+there was no we didn't mention the v. D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no we didn't mention the v. D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no we didn't mention the v. D
+doesn't have any d slash it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any d slash it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any d slash it doesn't have
+any spin matrices in it okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any spin matrices in it okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any spin matrices in it okay so that's
+an as2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an as2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an as2
+symmetry so if we want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so if we want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so if we want to talk about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+again it's useful to think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's useful to think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's useful to think about it in
+the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest
+frame in the rest frame the heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in the rest frame the heavy cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame in the rest frame the heavy cork
+spin transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some direct
+representation which is gamma 5 gamma 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is gamma 5 gamma 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which is gamma 5 gamma 0
+gamma I is just the poly matric Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma I is just the poly matric Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma I is just the poly matric Sigma
+I and you could think of making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and you could think of making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and you could think of making a
+transformation related to this spin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation related to this spin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation related to this spin so
+the infal version of that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infal version of that transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infal version of that transformation
+would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this start with QV do a rotation ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this start with QV do a rotation ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this start with QV do a rotation ask
+does this change the lran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the statement is that the change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the statement is that the change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the statement is that the change to
+the lran that you get is just I v.g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lran that you get is just I v.g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lran that you get is just I v.g
+commutator I Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dosq but I.D is just a scalar quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosq but I.D is just a scalar quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosq but I.D is just a scalar quantity
+and just commutes through this Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just commutes through this Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just commutes through this Epsilon
+dosq okay so that's the formal statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosq okay so that's the formal statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dosq okay so that's the formal statement
+that there's a spin symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since we're using this kind of projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're using this kind of projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're using this kind of projected
+formalism you can ask the question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism you can ask the question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism you can ask the question well
+maybe this spin symmetry is mixing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this spin symmetry is mixing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this spin symmetry is mixing up
+the heavy qu components that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy qu components that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy qu components that with the
+other components that these zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components that these zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other components that these zero
+components but you can check that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but you can check that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but you can check that it
+doesn't it's actually acting within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's actually acting within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't it's actually acting within the
+sub category which is just describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub category which is just describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub category which is just describing
+the heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy
+quk so you can also check that one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quk so you can also check that one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quk so you can also check that one way
+of phrasing that is that you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phrasing that is that you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phrasing that is that you can check
+that this is true so that the rotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is true so that the rotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is true so that the rotated
+field still satisfies the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relation so it's a really this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so it's a really this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation so it's a really this is a
+rotation that's within the two component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that's within the two component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation that's within the two component
+Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace
+that are descri describing the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are descri describing the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are descri describing the physical
+degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom okay so there's this enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so there's this enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so there's this enhanced
+symmetry group of this Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can put it together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can put it together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can put it together because
+Nothing Stops us from doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing Stops us from doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nothing Stops us from doing this and
+doing this or doing a bit of both so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this or doing a bit of both so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this or doing a bit of both so we
+can build one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group so Al together you have a u to NH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so Al together you have a u to NH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so Al together you have a u to NH
+H and that's heavy Quark symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the QV field is a fundamental in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QV field is a fundamental in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the QV field is a fundamental in that
+group so you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so you talk
+of spinners that look like this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spinners that look like this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spinners that look like this with
+some number of components and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of components and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of components and this this
+guy could be for example maybe this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy could be for example maybe this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy could be for example maybe this is a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+Quark with spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and then some other component might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then some other component might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then some other component might
+be a charm cork with spin-off or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a charm cork with spin-off or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a charm cork with spin-off or
+B cork will spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cork will spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B cork will spin
+down that's what heavy cork symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's what heavy cork symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's what heavy cork symmetry
+is okay so any questions about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so any questions about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so any questions about that so
+we'll talk a bit more about what how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a bit more about what how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a bit more about what how you
+actually make predictions related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make predictions related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make predictions related to
+this heavy cork symmetry as you saw it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this heavy cork symmetry as you saw it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this heavy cork symmetry as you saw it's
+kind of emergent and so we should build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emergent and so we should build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of emergent and so we should build
+some tools for seeing what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tools for seeing what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tools for seeing what kind of
+impact that has on observables and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that has on observables and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact that has on observables and we'll
+spend a little bit of time doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a little bit of time doing that
+today before we do that let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today before we do that let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today before we do that let's continue
+our list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when we made this field red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we made this field red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we made this field red
+definition and we pulled out this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we pulled out this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we pulled out this phase
+that phase dependent on V and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase dependent on V and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phase dependent on V and we also
+stuck a label V on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck a label V on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck a label V on on the
+field so we had this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu which appeared on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu which appeared on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu which appeared on our
+field okay and that was just a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay and that was just a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay and that was just a reminder
+that we pulled out a phase and the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we pulled out a phase and the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we pulled out a phase and the phase
+depended on our choice of v and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on our choice of v and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on our choice of v and we could
+make actually different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make actually different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make actually different
+choices this VM is actually something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices this VM is actually something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices this VM is actually something
+quite useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite useful because
+it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't
+changed when you talk about low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when you talk about low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed when you talk about low energy
+qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd
+interactions so it's a conserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantity so in our notation of dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so in our notation of dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so in our notation of dividing
+up P into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up P into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up P into
+mqv plus K this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+changes so if you tickle with light GL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so if you tickle with light GL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so if you tickle with light GL
+with very soft gluons the heavy Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very soft gluons the heavy Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very soft gluons the heavy Quark
+you can't change this term but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change this term but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't change this term but you can
+change that term so the V term is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that term so the V term is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that term so the V term is not
+affected by the gluon interactions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the gluon interactions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by the gluon interactions it's
+a conserved quantity and hence having it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conserved quantity and hence having it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conserved quantity and hence having it
+as a label on our field tells us what V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a label on our field tells us what V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a label on our field tells us what V
+we're talking about basically what V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about basically what V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about basically what V
+signifies is you could talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies is you could talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies is you could talk about a
+heavy cork in its rest frame and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork in its rest frame and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork in its rest frame and then
+you could talk about tickling it or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could talk about tickling it or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could talk about tickling it or it
+could be moving with some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be moving with some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be moving with some constant
+velocity and you could talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you could talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and you could talk about in
+that moving frame tickling it and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moving frame tickling it and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that moving frame tickling it and any
+any such choice is equally valid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any such choice is equally valid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any such choice is equally valid and
+that's what V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what V is
+encoding okay but we can formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding okay but we can formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding okay but we can formulate
+tickling a heavy quirk in any in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickling a heavy quirk in any in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickling a heavy quirk in any in any
+given frame that we'd like and V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given frame that we'd like and V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given frame that we'd like and V is
+encoding that things are kind of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding that things are kind of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding that things are kind of natural
+to see in the rest frame but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in the rest frame but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in the rest frame but we don't
+have to work in the rest frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work in the rest frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to work in the rest frame and
+that's what V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what V is
+encoding okay so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding okay so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding okay so that's kind of
+different than we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before what's the power Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what's the power Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before what's the power Counting
+power counting is not so difficult here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting is not so difficult here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting is not so difficult here
+it's just power is of 1 over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q so our leading order lran had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mqs and then we could formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs and then we could formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs and then we could formulate
+Corrections that leading order and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections that leading order and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections that leading order and they
+would be suppressed by powers of 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mq so let's think about that in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq so let's think about that in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq so let's think about that in a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detail so if you take the field q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so if you take the field q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so if you take the field q
+ofx and you write out the mode expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and you write out the mode expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx and you write out the mode expansion
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field so there's this term and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so there's this term and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so there's this term and then
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+term involves the anti particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we did with the Q ofx field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did with the Q ofx field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did with the Q ofx field that's
+the full Theory field is we pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full Theory field is we pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full Theory field is we pulled out
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase and the phase that we pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and the phase that we pulled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and the phase that we pulled out
+was just something that depended on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something that depended on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something that depended on a
+fixed quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed quantity
+MV so it would come outside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so we pulled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can think about really literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about really literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about really literally
+sticking P into this formula and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking P into this formula and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking P into this formula and then
+pulling out that phase and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out that phase and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out that phase and then that
+leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves
+in QV just the E the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k.x okay so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.x okay so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.x okay so if you think about
+derivatives on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives on
+QV of X then they are scaling like k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this guy here is has no mqs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy here is has no mqs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy here is has no mqs in
+it so there's no mqs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives so if we build operators out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so if we build operators out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so if we build operators out
+of this QV field and we let derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this QV field and we let derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this QV field and we let derivatives
+act on those on that field there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on those on that field there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on those on that field there's no
+factors of the heavy cork Mass hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of the heavy cork Mass hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of the heavy cork Mass hiding
+anywhere in those derivatives that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in those derivatives that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in those derivatives that's the
+magic of making this kind of phase red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of making this kind of phase red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of making this kind of phase red
+definition that we we've made the m Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we we've made the m Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that we we've made the m Q is
+explicit by pulling that out so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit by pulling that out so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit by pulling that out so that we
+could get something remaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get something remaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get something remaining that
+doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any
+mqs since we want to count mqs we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs since we want to count mqs we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs since we want to count mqs we what
+we want to do is we want to make all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is we want to make all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is we want to make all the
+mqs very very explicit we don't want any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs very very explicit we don't want any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs very very explicit we don't want any
+to be hiding anywhere and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hiding anywhere and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hiding anywhere and that's what we
+what we were doing before with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing before with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing before with this
+field redefinition was making all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field redefinition was making all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field redefinition was making all the
+mqs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mqs
+explicit this is one example of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit this is one example of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit this is one example of why
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you
+should well it if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should well it if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should well it if you think about the
+action if you yeah if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action if you yeah if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action if you yeah if you think about
+the action and you thought about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action and you thought about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action and you thought about making
+a gauge transformation you could worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gauge transformation you could worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gauge transformation you could worry
+about making a gauge transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making a gauge transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about making a gauge transformation that
+would inject too much momentum into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would inject too much momentum into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would inject too much momentum into your
+field so they no longer describ low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so they no longer describ low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so they no longer describ low
+energy degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy degrees of
+freedom but usually people don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but usually people don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but usually people don't talk
+about that so much in HQ so we'll save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so much in HQ so we'll save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so much in HQ so we'll save
+that discussion for but we will have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion for but we will have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion for but we will have it
+so uh the coordinate x one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the coordinate x one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the coordinate x one way of
+thinking about this equation is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this equation is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this equation is that the
+coordinate X that's in QV really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X that's in QV really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate X that's in QV really
+corresponds to variations that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to variations that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to variations that are the
+low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variations so our field is doing what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so our field is doing what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations so our field is doing what we
+want it's describing low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations and that's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and that's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and that's another way of
+thinking about about what this the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about about what this the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about about what this the fact
+that there's no uh mqs in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+so if we look at subleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators and if we look at subleading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and if we look at subleading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and if we look at subleading
+lran and external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators all the powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mq are going to be explicit and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq are going to be explicit and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq are going to be explicit and that
+makes doing the power counting quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes doing the power counting quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes doing the power counting quite
+simple because we just look at them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+count so as long as we're sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so as long as we're sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so as long as we're sure that
+they're all explicit and none are hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all explicit and none are hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all explicit and none are hiding
+anywhere then it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere then it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere then it's easy to
+count there will be logs of mq hiding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count there will be logs of mq hiding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count there will be logs of mq hiding in
+Wilson coefficients but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson coefficients but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson coefficients but we're not
+counting logs if we're just counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting logs if we're just counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting logs if we're just counting
+Powers then what I said is sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so is there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so there's actually one mq that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's actually one mq that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's actually one mq that's
+hiding and we should be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding and we should be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding and we should be a little bit
+careful about it so if we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it so if we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about it so if we talk about
+States there's actually an mq hiding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's think about
+states of some particle that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of some particle that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of some particle that's
+relativistically normalized it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistically normalized it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistically normalized it could be
+a heavy Meson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavy Meson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heavy Meson
+let me just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just call it
+h and the usual normalization convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and the usual normalization convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h and the usual normalization convention
+for a relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a relativistic
+particle is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the
+states so this guy if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so this guy if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so this guy if you look at the
+dimensions of the right hand side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the right hand side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the right hand side here
+you've got minus 3+ one is min-2 so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got minus 3+ one is min-2 so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got minus 3+ one is min-2 so each
+of these is dimension minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is dimension minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is dimension minus one
+so that's one thing we can track but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one thing we can track but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one thing we can track but if
+you think about what this EP is this EP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what this EP is this EP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about what this EP is this EP
+has the m still hiding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the m still hiding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the m still hiding in
+it so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this
+EP is really the physical on shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EP is really the physical on shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EP is really the physical on shell
+energy so it's mq ^2 if this was a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so it's mq ^2 if this was a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so it's mq ^2 if this was a heavy
+hyron for example it' be mh^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyron for example it' be mh^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyron for example it' be mh^
+2 plus the three momentum squar and MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus the three momentum squar and MH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus the three momentum squar and MH
+for a heavy hyron has an mq hiding in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we have to do if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we have to do if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we have to do if we want to
+make everything explicit is use HQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make everything explicit is use HQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make everything explicit is use HQ
+States and you can think of HQ States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you can think of HQ States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and you can think of HQ States
+simply as the states that you get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as the states that you get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as the states that you get if you
+define your Quantum theor Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define your Quantum theor Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define your Quantum theor Quantum field
+Theory using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lhq so this is the mq goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhq so this is the mq goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhq so this is the mq goes to Infinity
+so it's the just the leading order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you define your states with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you define your states with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you define your states with this
+lran you can still talk about a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran you can still talk about a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran you can still talk about a bound
+State like the B mezon because the bork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State like the B mezon because the bork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State like the B mezon because the bork
+didn't go away it just became static and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go away it just became static and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go away it just became static and
+all the Dynamics of the light degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Dynamics of the light degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the Dynamics of the light degrees of
+freedom that are making it into a hadron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that are making it into a hadron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that are making it into a hadron
+are still there and they're described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still there and they're described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still there and they're described by
+a usual qcd lran so you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usual qcd lran so you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a usual qcd lran so you still have
+hadrons so you still have a b meeson but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadrons so you still have a b meeson but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadrons so you still have a b meeson but
+it's not the same because you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same because you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same because you don't have
+any m Q's they're all gone so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any m Q's they're all gone so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any m Q's they're all gone so you can't
+possibly have this formula for the HQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have this formula for the HQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have this formula for the HQ
+definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the
+state and so the way that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so the way that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and so the way that you should
+think about this is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is that the
+relativistic version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic version of the
+state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is
+related to the hqt definition by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the hqt definition by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the hqt definition by a
+formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the HQ definition is this h HV V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the HQ definition is this h HV V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the HQ definition is this h HV V
+the relativistic is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relativistic is this
+HP and there's a some normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HP and there's a some normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HP and there's a some normalization
+factor between them and as well as there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor between them and as well as there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor between them and as well as there
+can be one over M type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be one over M type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be one over M type
+corrections actually both things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections actually both things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections actually both things are
+there and if we talk about this HV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field where V is some external label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field where V is some external label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field where V is some external label
+telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling
+us the velocity and K is describing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the velocity and K is describing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the velocity and K is describing some
+residual mum of that field of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual mum of that field of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual mum of that field of that uh
+State the normalization convention would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the normalization convention would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the normalization convention would
+be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as
+follows for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HQ so I've still left it to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ so I've still left it to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HQ so I've still left it to be two
+sometimes people remove this two as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people remove this two as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people remove this two as well
+but so there's several things going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so there's several things going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so there's several things going on
+here one is that V and V Prime in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is that V and V Prime in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one is that V and V Prime in order
+for these states to have overlap we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these states to have overlap we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these states to have overlap we're
+say we're saying that you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're saying that you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're saying that you should have
+talk be talking but hadrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk be talking but hadrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk be talking but hadrons that are
+moving with the same velocity remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the same velocity remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving with the same velocity remember
+velocity is conserved so if we had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is conserved so if we had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is conserved so if we had two
+things in different sectors they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in different sectors they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in different sectors they just
+wouldn't overlap that's this chronic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't overlap that's this chronic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't overlap that's this chronic of
+Delta this Delta 3 of K minus K Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta this Delta 3 of K minus K Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta this Delta 3 of K minus K Prime is
+exactly the analog of this guy over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the analog of this guy over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the analog of this guy over here
+but now it's with the K which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's with the K which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now it's with the K which is the
+residual has no mqs and I got rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual has no mqs and I got rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual has no mqs and I got rid of the
+mq I got rid of the thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq I got rid of the thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mq I got rid of the thing in the
+numerator that was pulling out this root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator that was pulling out this root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator that was pulling out this root
+MH so there's no mqs in that formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH so there's no mqs in that formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH so there's no mqs in that formula and
+that's the right way of thinking so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right way of thinking so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right way of thinking so you
+have to remember if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember if you have some
+formula for the cross-section that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the cross-section that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the cross-section that you
+deriv with relativistic states which all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriv with relativistic states which all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriv with relativistic states which all
+all the formulas you're used to are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the formulas you're used to are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the formulas you're used to are
+derived that way you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that way you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that way you have to remember
+about that root MH when you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that root MH when you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that root MH when you're going to
+make predictions with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions with the
+hqt and the same thing actually is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hqt and the same thing actually is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hqt and the same thing actually is true
+of the Spinners there's a square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Spinners there's a square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Spinners there's a square root of
+the Quark Mass hiding and Spinners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark Mass hiding and Spinners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Quark Mass hiding and Spinners and
+you have to take care of that as well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take care of that as well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to take care of that as well I
+think I'll leave that for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll leave that for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll leave that for your
+reading okay so up to these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading okay so up to these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading okay so up to these little
+subtleties here that's all the mqs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties here that's all the mqs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties here that's all the mqs that
+you have to keep track of and once we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep track of and once we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to keep track of and once we've
+kept track of all those mqs then we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept track of all those mqs then we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept track of all those mqs then we know
+how to do the counting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory what can we do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory well one thing that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory well one thing that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory well one thing that we can do
+immediately is do some spe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this will actually show us partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will actually show us partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will actually show us partly
+what we can what kind of predictions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can what kind of predictions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can what kind of predictions we
+can make from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry so there's light quarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so there's light quarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so there's light quarks and
+gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons
+and they are still described as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are still described as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are still described as I said
+in words but now I write on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words but now I write on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in words but now I write on the
+board by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board by a
+full lqcd nothing changes there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full lqcd nothing changes there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full lqcd nothing changes there is no
+heavy Quark masses in that anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Quark masses in that anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Quark masses in that anyway so
+that doesn't nothing happens to that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't nothing happens to that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't nothing happens to that at
+least at you know for what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at you know for what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at you know for what we're talking
+about here there could be some Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here there could be some Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here there could be some Loop
+corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections
+but so if we think about mq going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so if we think about mq going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so if we think about mq going to
+Infinity we can ask what is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity we can ask what is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity we can ask what is what happens
+to these hadrons which we' I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these hadrons which we' I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these hadrons which we' I've just
+told you you can still describe by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you you can still describe by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you you can still describe by the
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you think about a q and a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about a q and a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you think about a q and a light
+Quark which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark which is a
+Meson it has the quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meson it has the quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meson it has the quantum numbers
+of the heavy quark and remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heavy quark and remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the heavy quark and remember that the
+number of heavy quarks is is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heavy quarks is is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heavy quarks is is conserved
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+limit and then it has the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and then it has the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and then it has the quantum
+numbers of the rest of the stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of the rest of the stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of the rest of the stuff which
+could be a antiquark it could be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a antiquark it could be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a antiquark it could be any
+number of QQ bar pairs because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of QQ bar pairs because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of QQ bar pairs because we don't
+know how many are there we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many are there we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many are there we have
+non-perturbative interactions and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-perturbative interactions and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-perturbative interactions and it
+could have any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gluons and generically we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and generically we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons and generically we call this
+stuff light degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff light degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff light degrees of
+freedom because that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom because that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom because that's what it
+is this is heavy this is light and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is heavy this is light and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is heavy this is light and it's
+just a bunch of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of light
+stuff okay so that's kind of how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so that's kind of how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay so that's kind of how we can
+think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the
+state it's a bunch of it's an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's a bunch of it's an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it's a bunch of it's an infinite
+number of sing Single particle States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sing Single particle States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sing Single particle States
+because it's a complicated qcd bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a complicated qcd bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a complicated qcd bound
+State and what we want to do is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and what we want to do is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and what we want to do is we want
+to sort of enumerate what symmetry can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of enumerate what symmetry can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of enumerate what symmetry can
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell
+us well since uh we have a we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us well since uh we have a we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us well since uh we have a we can think
+about total angular momentum and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about total angular momentum and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about total angular momentum and that is
+actually a good quantum number it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good quantum number it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a good quantum number it was in
+qcd and it remains true in hqt the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd and it remains true in hqt the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd and it remains true in hqt the thing
+that's new is that the heavy Quark spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new is that the heavy Quark spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new is that the heavy Quark spin
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conserved so SQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so SQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so SQ is
+conserved and that we can use to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and that we can use to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and that we can use to say
+something more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states and usually the way that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and usually the way that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and usually the way that this is
+done is by defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is by defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is by defining
+SL to be J minus SQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL to be J minus SQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL to be J minus SQ
+so if both J and SQ are good things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if both J and SQ are good things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if both J and SQ are good things to
+talk about we can also talk about SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about we can also talk about SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about we can also talk about SL
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+and if you want to think of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to think of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to think of quantum
+numbers here then j^ squ right would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here then j^ squ right would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here then j^ squ right would be
+in terms of quantum numbers some J J +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of quantum numbers some J J +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of quantum numbers some J J +
+one and so we can do the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so we can do the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and so we can do the same thing with
+SL it would be some SL SL plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL it would be some SL SL plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL it would be some SL SL plus
+one on a state with a good quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on a state with a good quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on a state with a good quantum
+numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of
+SL so if we organize things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL so if we organize things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL so if we organize things in terms of
+SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get symmetry doublets for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mesons so let's pick an SL and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons so let's pick an SL and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons so let's pick an SL and some
+parody make a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody make a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody make a little
+table if we take a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus there's two mesons that fall on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus there's two mesons that fall on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus there's two mesons that fall on
+that camp a b and a b star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+little just call it capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little just call it capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little just call it capital
+J Let Me Call It Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J J is zero and one for these guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J is zero and one for these guys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J J is zero and one for these guys so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+the scalar guy and this is a vector guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar guy and this is a vector guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalar guy and this is a vector guy
+and the parity is negative so it's a PSE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar we can keep enumerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a guy with opposite parity these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy with opposite parity these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy with opposite parity these
+guys turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys turn out to be
+heavier this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier this is the
+lightest ground state heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest ground state heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightest ground state heavy
+mesons 3 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus called B1 and B2 star all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus called B1 and B2 star all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus called B1 and B2 star all these
+things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observed and you could keep going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and you could keep going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed and you could keep going and
+you can do the same thing for Barons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the same thing for Barons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the same thing for Barons
+so if you do Barons then the spin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do Barons then the spin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do Barons then the spin of the
+light degrees of freedom are not half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light degrees of freedom are not half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light degrees of freedom are not half
+integer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer but
+integer 0 plus is just the Lambda B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer 0 plus is just the Lambda B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer 0 plus is just the Lambda B and
+then the only possible J is to add half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only possible J is to add half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the only possible J is to add half
+for the SQ so what's happening is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the SQ so what's happening is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the SQ so what's happening is this
+is SL and then remember that the lrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SL and then remember that the lrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is SL and then remember that the lrange
+and the Dynamics is independent of SQ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Dynamics is independent of SQ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Dynamics is independent of SQ so
+I can add and subtract at the SQ from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can add and subtract at the SQ from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can add and subtract at the SQ from
+this SL and I get total j of Z or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SL and I get total j of Z or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SL and I get total j of Z or one
+but the Dynamics of these mesons doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Dynamics of these mesons doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Dynamics of these mesons doesn't
+care about the heavy cork spin so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the heavy cork spin so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the heavy cork spin so that's
+why they come in a symmetry dublet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they come in a symmetry dublet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they come in a symmetry dublet so
+the heavy cork spin symmetry is relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy cork spin symmetry is relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy cork spin symmetry is relating
+things in a dublet of given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a dublet of given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a dublet of given
+SL that's how you should star just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL that's how you should star just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL that's how you should star just
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited
+um it star is just another star is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it star is just another star is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it star is just another star is just
+something you can put on the B to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can put on the B to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can put on the B to make
+it not look like a b you can put a twid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not look like a b you can put a twid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not look like a b you can put a twid
+all I mean generically it start it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I mean generically it start it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I mean generically it start it out
+as star being the vector star is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as star being the vector star is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as star being the vector star is like
+kind of a notation for vectors but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a notation for vectors but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a notation for vectors but then
+of course here b0 star is a scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here b0 star is a scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course here b0 star is a scaler
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we have the Lambda B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have the Lambda B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we have the Lambda B and
+then here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigmas so that's telling us that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas so that's telling us that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas so that's telling us that we're
+already making some predictions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already making some predictions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already making some predictions about
+mesons and just and Barons for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons and just and Barons for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesons and just and Barons for that
+matter just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter just from
+symmetry now if you want to really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry now if you want to really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry now if you want to really make
+predictions you like to look at a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions you like to look at a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions you like to look at a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+Dynamics and for that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and for that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics and for that there's something
+that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of
+cool called using a coant representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool called using a coant representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool called using a coant representation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+fields so I want to show you how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so I want to show you how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so I want to show you how that
+works so we're going to see how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we're going to see how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so we're going to see how to make
+heavy cork symmetry predictions by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork symmetry predictions by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork symmetry predictions by
+building up some object that has good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up some object that has good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up some object that has good
+transformation properties and this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties and this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties and this is in
+general something that's a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general something that's a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general something that's a more General
+lesson if you have a symmetry and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson if you have a symmetry and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson if you have a symmetry and you
+want to make some predictions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make some predictions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make some predictions that are
+just based on that symmetry then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on that symmetry then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on that symmetry then you
+want want to think about how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want want to think about how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want want to think about how things
+transform and you can do tricks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and you can do tricks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and you can do tricks like the
+ones I'm going to show you so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I'm going to show you so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I'm going to show you so we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encode heavy Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode heavy Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode heavy Quark
+symmetry in objects with nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in objects with nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in objects with nice
+transformation properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the moral of this story is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral of this story is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral of this story is that it's
+much easier to take traces than to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to take traces than to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to take traces than to think
+about uh kch Gordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+sure the way you've done it so far uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the way you've done it so far uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure the way you've done it so far uh
+when you throw in this V like should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you throw in this V like should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you throw in this V like should I
+that um that you've broken the res yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that you've broken the res yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that you've broken the res yeah
+angular momentum is conserved it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is conserved it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum is conserved it's the
+boosts that are broken but we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosts that are broken but we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosts that are broken but we'll talk
+about we're going to come to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're going to come to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we're going to come to that in a
+minute yeah yeah but the Ang good I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute yeah yeah but the Ang good I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute yeah yeah but the Ang good I mean
+good co question related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good co question related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good co question related to this
+discussion is the angle momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is the angle momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is the angle momentum is
+actually conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so rather than try to make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so rather than try to make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so rather than try to make this a
+kind of dir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dir
+deration I'm going to just tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration I'm going to just tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deration I'm going to just tell you the
+answer and then we'll talk about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then we'll talk about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then we'll talk about its
+properties so I'm going to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so I'm going to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so I'm going to write down a
+field that annihilates the Meson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that annihilates the Meson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that annihilates the Meson
+dublet for the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mesons q is the heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor
+PV mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV mu
+star Q is something that annihilates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Q is something that annihilates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Q is something that annihilates a
+vector B Star type Meson the Q could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B Star type Meson the Q could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector B Star type Meson the Q could be
+charm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm as
+well and PV without the MU is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and PV without the MU is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and PV without the MU is
+annihilating the B mezon if Q was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B this is the
+flavor which you can think of is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor which you can think of is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor which you can think of is for
+this discussion bottom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charm and so this guy's a byy spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's got the indices of QQ bar but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the indices of QQ bar but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got the indices of QQ bar but it's
+turned a vector a vector uh field and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned a vector a vector uh field and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned a vector a vector uh field and a
+pseudoscalar field into a by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscalar field into a by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscalar field into a by
+spinner this thing here this 1 plus v SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner this thing here this 1 plus v SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinner this thing here this 1 plus v SL
+over2 is projecting out the heavy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 is projecting out the heavy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 is projecting out the heavy uh
+Quark degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom this is a vector so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom this is a vector so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom this is a vector so this is like
+something that if you acted on a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that if you acted on a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that if you acted on a state
+would get replaced by the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get replaced by the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get replaced by the polarization
+Epsilon S isus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon S isus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon S isus
+one and v. Epsilon is z so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and v. Epsilon is z so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and v. Epsilon is z so that means
+that V do this guy is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is
+pseudoscalar so this is the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscalar so this is the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscalar so this is the vector
+meeson this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pseudoscalar so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscalar so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudoscalar so what are the
+transformation properties of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties of this so
+it's a b spinner if you do a lorence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation it transforms like a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it transforms like a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation it transforms like a b
+spinner should under Lance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so spinner Lorent transformation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so spinner Lorent transformation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so spinner Lorent transformation and
+V Prime is transformation of V and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime is transformation of V and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Prime is transformation of V and X
+Prime is the transformation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is the transformation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is the transformation of
+X so that's how we want it to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's how we want it to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so that's how we want it to transform
+we want something that has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something that has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want something that has this
+transforming like this Q QQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming like this Q QQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming like this Q QQ
+bar it's a we've got V slash on HV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar it's a we've got V slash on HV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar it's a we've got V slash on HV
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+HV that's one way of writing this 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV that's one way of writing this 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV that's one way of writing this 1 plus
+v over 2 HV is equal to hvv and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v over 2 HV is equal to hvv and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v over 2 HV is equal to hvv and that
+says that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+antiquark so that's good we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark so that's good we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark so that's good we can also
+just by look studying the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by look studying the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by look studying the properties of
+this thing work out that HV V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing work out that HV V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing work out that HV V
+slash is actually minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash is actually minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash is actually minus
+HB that done that one's not something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HB that done that one's not something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HB that done that one's not something we
+built in that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome so you could work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so you could work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so you could work this out
+though I won't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I won't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I won't go through
+it you just push it through to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you just push it through to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you just push it through to the other
+side and you can figure out that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you can figure out that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you can figure out that that's
+true so we'll use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so we'll use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so we'll use it
+but it's not something that directly was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not something that directly was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not something that directly was
+it's an outcome of putting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an outcome of putting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an outcome of putting things
+together not so much something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together not so much something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together not so much something that we
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+in if we talk about heavy quark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if we talk about heavy quark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in if we talk about heavy quark and
+light Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetries so SQ cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so SQ cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so SQ cross
+SL then it's a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half under that so if we work in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half under that so if we work in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half under that so if we work in the
+rest frame which is this VR which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero then you have if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you have if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you have if you think about
+doing a symmetry transformation you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a symmetry transformation you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a symmetry transformation you get
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+commutator and basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator and basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator and basically what
+happens is that you would get you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that you would get you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that you would get you have
+two sets of of you have a byy spinner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of of you have a byy spinner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets of of you have a byy spinner so
+you have two parts of the spinner that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two parts of the spinner that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two parts of the spinner that
+are corresponding to the heavy quark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are corresponding to the heavy quark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are corresponding to the heavy quark and
+two parts that are corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts that are corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts that are corresponding to the
+light Quark the heavy Quirk part is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Quark the heavy Quirk part is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light Quark the heavy Quirk part is on
+the left so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the light Clark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the light Clark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the light Clark
+part is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's the spin Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the spin Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the spin Transformations
+and this is the right spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the right spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the right spin
+transformation for something that's spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for something that's spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for something that's spin
+a half where the sigma 4x4 is the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half where the sigma 4x4 is the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half where the sigma 4x4 is the usual
+spin Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just say a bit more about heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say a bit more about heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say a bit more about heavy
+cork spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry which is part of our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry which is part of our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry which is part of our discussion
+there so HV is transforming if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so HV is transforming if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so HV is transforming if you do a
+heavy cor spin symmetry transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cor spin symmetry transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cor spin symmetry transformation
+is transforming on the left that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transforming on the left that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transforming on the left that's what
+I I just was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just was
+discussing and if you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing and if you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing and if you do some
+transformation parameterized by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation parameterized by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation parameterized by some
+Theta which I just dot into the S over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which I just dot into the S over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which I just dot into the S over
+there then this is the way you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then this is the way you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then this is the way you would
+think about make what the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about make what the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about make what the transformation
+gives so you could take this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives so you could take this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives so you could take this and you
+could plug in our HV field and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could plug in our HV field and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could plug in our HV field and then just
+do the direct algebra with all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the direct algebra with all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the direct algebra with all those
+with the gamma and the gamma 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gamma and the gamma 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the gamma and the gamma 5 and
+simplify this thing down and work out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this thing down and work out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this thing down and work out a
+transformation for Delta PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for Delta PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation for Delta PV
+V and Delta PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star and what you'd find is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy in the rest frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in the rest frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in the rest frame
+here everything in the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything in the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everything in the rest
+frame is that and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is that and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame is that and this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+Theta cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta cross
+DVR star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+halfa D the R so if you talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfa D the R so if you talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfa D the R so if you talk about the
+Transformations under heavy cork spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations under heavy cork spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations under heavy cork spin
+symmetry of the states these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the states these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of the states these are
+actually getting mixed up into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting mixed up into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting mixed up into each
+other and that's what we already were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that's what we already were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and that's what we already were
+saying before when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying before when we were talking about
+spectroscopy that spin symmetry was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy that spin symmetry was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy that spin symmetry was
+relating the two This Is Us now seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating the two This Is Us now seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating the two This Is Us now seeing
+that very explicitly that if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very explicitly that if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very explicitly that if you make a
+heavy cork spin symmetry transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork spin symmetry transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork spin symmetry transformation
+the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector
+guy so this guy should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so this guy should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy so this guy should have a
+star and the scaler guy get mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and the scaler guy get mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and the scaler guy get mixed
+up and that's what spin symmetry allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and that's what spin symmetry allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and that's what spin symmetry allows
+you to do is relate anything any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is relate anything any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is relate anything any
+statements about the B to statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about the B to statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about the B to statements
+about the B Star it's one thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the B Star it's one thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the B Star it's one thing it
+allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to
+do so the power of this hvr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so the power of this hvr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so the power of this hvr
+thing is that it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us to make heavy Quark spin symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to make heavy Quark spin symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to make heavy Quark spin symmetry
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easily because we've encoded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily because we've encoded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily because we've encoded the
+Symmetry in this object kind of like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry in this object kind of like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry in this object kind of like our
+spal on analysis we'll be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spal on analysis we'll be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spal on analysis we'll be able to use
+similar types of ideas to make S spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar types of ideas to make S spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar types of ideas to make S spin
+symmetry predictions easy with this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry predictions easy with this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry predictions easy with this guy
+so let me give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so an example is talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so an example is talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so an example is talking about
+heavy cork Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy cork Decay
+constants and we can think about basons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and we can think about basons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and we can think about basons
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+dmon and correspondingly B stars and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmon and correspondingly B stars and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dmon and correspondingly B stars and D
+Stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so think of the Q field here that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of the Q field here that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of the Q field here that I'm
+writing as a full qcd field and the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as a full qcd field and the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as a full qcd field and the P
+field here with momentum P it's either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field here with momentum P it's either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field here with momentum P it's either a
+b meeson or a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meeson and if just by Lorent symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeson and if just by Lorent symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeson and if just by Lorent symmetry
+much like one works out for the pon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like one works out for the pon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like one works out for the pon one
+can write down a result that just Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down a result that just Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write down a result that just Falls
+from Loren and variance and parity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Loren and variance and parity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Loren and variance and parity for
+what the result for this coefficient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the result for this coefficient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the result for this coefficient is
+because you also have to use time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversal and you could also write the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal and you could also write the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal and you could also write the p
+as MP * V if you want to make explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as MP * V if you want to make explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as MP * V if you want to make explicit
+that there's some velocity that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some velocity that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some velocity that this
+thing that this p^ squ squares to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this p^ squ squares to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that this p^ squ squares to the
+mass of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of that
+state so the this guy here is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the this guy here is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the this guy here is some
+Dimension one constant and if we just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension one constant and if we just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension one constant and if we just in
+qcd do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other
+guy which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which is the
+vector we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector we can do the same
+game here we have to get a polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game here we have to get a polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game here we have to get a polarization
+on the right hand side there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side there has to be
+linear in the polarization that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the polarization that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the polarization that's the
+statement about a vector and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about a vector and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about a vector and because of
+parity it's not the gamma mu gamma 5 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity it's not the gamma mu gamma 5 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity it's not the gamma mu gamma 5 but
+the gamma mu that comes in because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma mu that comes in because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamma mu that comes in because we
+have spin one instead of spin zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spin one instead of spin zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spin one instead of spin zero so
+there's some extra minus one from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some extra minus one from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some extra minus one from that
+so instead of so we have a gamma mu here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of so we have a gamma mu here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of so we have a gamma mu here
+and this this is how we can parameterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is how we can parameterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is how we can parameterize
+the Matrix element and this guy here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix element and this guy here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix element and this guy here if
+we work out the dimensions it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work out the dimensions it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work out the dimensions it would be
+Dimension two so just in qcd it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension two so just in qcd it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension two so just in qcd it looks
+like we have these two things FP and FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have these two things FP and FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we have these two things FP and FP
+star that are different but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that are different but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star that are different but we know
+heavy Quark symmetry relates the p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Quark symmetry relates the p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy Quark symmetry relates the p and
+the P star so they actually should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P star so they actually should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P star so they actually should be
+related so you could ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so you could ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so you could ask the question
+how are they related work it out and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they related work it out and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are they related work it out and if
+I asked you that question the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you that question the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you that question the way to
+work it out which I'll show you is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out which I'll show you is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out which I'll show you is to
+use this HB field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's two things we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two things we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two things we have to
+work out we have to we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out we have to we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out we have to we're going to use
+the hvv field I'll show you how we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hvv field I'll show you how we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hvv field I'll show you how we also
+have to think about these currents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about these currents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about these currents that
+I've talked about here and writing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about here and writing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about here and writing them
+in terms of the QV field so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the QV field so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the QV field so let's do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first so that's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just replace our field by the QV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field now if I just want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now if I just want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now if I just want to make a
+statement about heavy Quark symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about heavy Quark symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about heavy Quark symmetry
+then I can look at how this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can look at how this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can look at how this guy
+transforms under heavy cork symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms under heavy cork symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms under heavy cork symmetry
+because I know how QV transforms under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know how QV transforms under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know how QV transforms under
+heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just went like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d and so what I'd like to do is I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and so what I'd like to do is I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d and so what I'd like to do is I'd like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+encode in a general object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much as we did in Carl pupation Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we did in Carl pupation Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as we did in Carl pupation Theory
+I'd like to encode in a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to encode in a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to encode in a general
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object
+that involves the HV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the HV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves the HV
+field something that has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field something that has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field something that has the same
+transformation properties as this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties as this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation properties as this these
+current this current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much in the same way we could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the same way we could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the same way we could think
+about lift putting connecting currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lift putting connecting currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lift putting connecting currents
+that transformed in a certain way to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformed in a certain way to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transformed in a certain way to a
+caral theory we're doing the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caral theory we're doing the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caral theory we're doing the same thing
+with heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quarks so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks so let's
+pretend in order to do this we instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend in order to do this we instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend in order to do this we instead
+of thinking about covariant we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about covariant we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about covariant we want to
+think about invariance so pretend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about invariance so pretend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about invariance so pretend that
+the RO structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RO structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RO structure
+transforms such that we cancel that D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms such that we cancel that D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms such that we cancel that D
+then we have an invariant we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an invariant we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have an invariant we can think
+about building invariance out of the HV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building invariance out of the HV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about building invariance out of the HV
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's very simple because if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very simple because if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very simple because if we think
+about that gamma time HV is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant you only have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant you only have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant you only have to think about
+one HP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one HP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one HP
+field because of the number of heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because of the number of heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field because of the number of heavy
+corks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preserved okay so we know there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved okay so we know there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved okay so we know there's only
+one and then the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then the other thing that
+transforms is to gamma and so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms is to gamma and so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms is to gamma and so that we
+can form an invariant which is gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H so then if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so then if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H so then if you look
+at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then the the
+sandwiching with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy the indices of so this guy's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the indices of so this guy's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the indices of so this guy's got a
+vector index and this guy's got a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector index and this guy's got a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector index and this guy's got a scalar
+index but that's all encoded in our HV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index but that's all encoded in our HV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index but that's all encoded in our HV
+field right it's got indices for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right it's got indices for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right it's got indices for those
+fields so we're basically constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so we're basically constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so we're basically constructing
+things if we're just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if we're just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if we're just basically
+constructing if we've already accounted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing if we've already accounted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing if we've already accounted
+for the indices here on the on the Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the indices here on the on the Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the indices here on the on the Le
+hand side of the equation then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the equation then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the equation then we're
+just constructing things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constructing things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just constructing things that are
+scalers so lent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+covariance requires us to take a trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance requires us to take a trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance requires us to take a trace
+to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaler and so we basically have Trace we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler and so we basically have Trace we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler and so we basically have Trace we
+can put anything we like here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put anything we like here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put anything we like here and then
+we have gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have gamma
+HV this is like the qcd stuff and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV this is like the qcd stuff and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV this is like the qcd stuff and then
+the heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heavy cork
+part so we just have to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so we just have to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so we just have to write down the
+most General X that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and there's not that much we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and there's not that much we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and there's not that much we can
+do because there's not that many vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because there's not that many vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because there's not that many vectors
+available to us so one there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us so one there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us so one there's two
+things that we can do we can write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can do we can write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can do we can write down
+something that just is a diagonal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just is a diagonal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that just is a diagonal or
+something that's a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's a v
+slash but then we can simplify this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash but then we can simplify this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash but then we can simplify this guy
+because HV V slash is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because HV V slash is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because HV V slash is minus
+HV see I can take this and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV see I can take this and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV see I can take this and this is a
+trace so I can move it over to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace so I can move it over to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace so I can move it over to the other
+side of the trace and if it's a v slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the trace and if it's a v slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the trace and if it's a v slash
+on the other side of the trace then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the trace then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of the trace then I
+can use this formula and so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this formula and so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use this formula and so these two
+guys here actually just become after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys here actually just become after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys here actually just become after
+taking that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that into
+account one thing which I'll just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account one thing which I'll just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account one thing which I'll just call
+a so there's basically a unique thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so there's basically a unique thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so there's basically a unique thing
+that we can write down for the X after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can write down for the X after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can write down for the X after
+we use all the Symmetry properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use all the Symmetry properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use all the Symmetry properties of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+HV we only have one thing and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV we only have one thing and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HV we only have one thing and so then
+you can just work out what that Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just take the trace and you get a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take the trace and you get a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just take the trace and you get a and
+you get minus i v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus i v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus i v
+mu PV or you get PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu PV or you get PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu PV or you get PV
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+mu and this is what you get if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and this is what you get if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and this is what you get if you have
+gamma mu gamma 5 and this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma mu gamma 5 and this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma mu gamma 5 and this is what you
+get if you have gamma mu and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you have gamma mu and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you have gamma mu and if you have
+the other way so for gamma mu you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way so for gamma mu you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way so for gamma mu you don't
+get any pseudoscalar and for gamma mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any pseudoscalar and for gamma mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any pseudoscalar and for gamma mu
+gamma 5 you don't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector so the way that you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so the way that you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so the way that you should think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this is that in the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element and only in The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and only in The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and only in The Matrix
+element but between these ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but between these ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but between these ground state
+mesons I can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think that I made some connection that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I made some connection that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I made some connection that
+looks like as follows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like as follows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like as follows that
+Q gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q gamma
+HV sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QV is a over2 times this trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV is a over2 times this trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QV is a over2 times this trace
+of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HB if I'm in The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HB if I'm in The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HB if I'm in The Matrix
+element and then I know how to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then I know how to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and then I know how to take
+Matrix elements with these fields cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements with these fields cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix elements with these fields cuz
+they're the fields that actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the fields that actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the fields that actually are
+annihilating those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating those
+States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so
+then Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Q
+Bar gamma mu gamma 5 capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q now I'm using hqt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q now I'm using hqt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q now I'm using hqt
+States that's what they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's what they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States that's what they're actually
+annihilating HQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating HQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilating HQ
+States and I just use the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I just use the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and I just use the formula that
+I've derived over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I get these two results so for HQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get these two results so for HQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get these two results so for HQ
+States I have only one constant a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I have only one constant a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I have only one constant a that's
+because heavy cor symmetry related to De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because heavy cor symmetry related to De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because heavy cor symmetry related to De
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants and if I look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and if I look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and if I look at all the
+dimensions of the things on the on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the things on the on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the things on the on this
+side and count them up I find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and count them up I find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and count them up I find that the
+dimensions here are such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions here are such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions here are such that this
+should be something that's Lambda qcd to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be something that's Lambda qcd to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be something that's Lambda qcd to
+the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then I can try to go back and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I can try to go back and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I can try to go back and to
+connect to my Decay constants what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to my Decay constants what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to my Decay constants what this
+a is and that's we know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is and that's we know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is and that's we know how to do that
+because I told you how to connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I told you how to connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I told you how to connect the
+states and I we talked about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and I we talked about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and I we talked about how to
+connect the currents which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the currents which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect the currents which is very
+simple these states here are Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple these states here are Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple these states here are Dimension
+minus three Hales that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three Hales that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three Hales that's basically what
+leads to the different power on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the different power on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the different power on the
+right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand
+side so connect the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so connect the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so connect the states
+that gives some extra factors of me of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives some extra factors of me of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives some extra factors of me of
+Meson masses and we find that FP is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meson masses and we find that FP is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meson masses and we find that FP is this
+Universal constant a over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal constant a over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal constant a over square root
+MP and FP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP and FP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP and FP
+star is this a times the squ root of MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is this a times the squ root of MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is this a times the squ root of MP
+star and then we're getting correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and then we're getting correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and then we're getting correctly
+the dimension two and the dimension one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension two and the dimension one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension two and the dimension one
+quantities in terms of one universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities in terms of one universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities in terms of one universal
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+okay so you can make predictions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can make predictions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can make predictions from
+this so for example you could take FB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for example you could take FB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so for example you could take FB
+and you could say how big should FB be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could say how big should FB be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could say how big should FB be
+well it should be by dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it should be by dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it should be by dimensional
+analysis now that we've figured out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis now that we've figured out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis now that we've figured out how
+to do dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do dimensional
+analysis it should be of this size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it should be of this size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it should be of this size and
+that gives you something that's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you something that's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you something that's not too
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+off or you could take FB over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or you could take FB over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off or you could take FB over
+FD and you could predict because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FD and you could predict because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FD and you could predict because
+actually we don't care whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't care whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we don't care whether it's a
+charm Quirk or a B me or a B Quark the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm Quirk or a B me or a B Quark the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm Quirk or a B me or a B Quark the a
+here didn't care about the flavor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here didn't care about the flavor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here didn't care about the flavor of the
+p and the P Star State so everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the P Star State so everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and the P Star State so everything I
+said here could apply equally well to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here could apply equally well to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here could apply equally well to B
+States or G states so if we make so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or G states so if we make so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States or G states so if we make so the
+only thing that place that it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that place that it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that place that it's coming
+in is when we have this explicit square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is when we have this explicit square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is when we have this explicit square
+root here and if just by power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root here and if just by power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root here and if just by power counting
+we could say FB over FD is like MD over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say FB over FD is like MD over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say FB over FD is like MD over
+MB which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MB which is about
+6 okay so these are predictions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay so these are predictions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 okay so these are predictions that we
+can make based on Symmetry and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make based on Symmetry and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make based on Symmetry and then if
+you have a prediction based on symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a prediction based on symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a prediction based on symmetry
+you could also talk about symmetry viol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also talk about symmetry viol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also talk about symmetry viol
+in Corrections and people do that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Corrections and people do that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Corrections and people do that kind
+of thing to make you know a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing to make you know a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing to make you know a is the
+lowest order prediction but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order prediction but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order prediction but you could
+talk about violating it with some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about violating it with some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about violating it with some higher
+order A's and those type of things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order A's and those type of things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order A's and those type of things are
+done the real place that this gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the real place that this gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the real place that this gives a
+lot of power I have to mention although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of power I have to mention although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of power I have to mention although
+we'll not talk about it in detail is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll not talk about it in detail is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll not talk about it in detail is
+when you look at semileptonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at semileptonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at semileptonic
+decays so if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so if you look at the
+semileptonic decay of a transition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semileptonic decay of a transition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semileptonic decay of a transition of a
+bmon into a d or a bmon into a d star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bmon into a d or a bmon into a d star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bmon into a d or a bmon into a d star
+then you can again use all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can again use all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can again use all these
+symmetry tricks and again use this HV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry tricks and again use this HV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry tricks and again use this HV
+field and some of the reading will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and some of the reading will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and some of the reading will talk
+about this these weak decays if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this these weak decays if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this these weak decays if you were
+to enumerate the number of form factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enumerate the number of form factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enumerate the number of form factors
+you'd have in qcd you'd have six form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors and in once you go over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and in once you go over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and in once you go over to the
+heavy cork limit there's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's actually normalized too because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually normalized too because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually normalized too because
+it's related to a conserve charge have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to a conserve charge have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to a conserve charge have a
+spin symmetry to relate it you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin symmetry to relate it you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin symmetry to relate it you can use
+your heavy cork spin symmetry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heavy cork spin symmetry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heavy cork spin symmetry to
+actually relate it to the just a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relate it to the just a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually relate it to the just a the
+operator that counts the number of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that counts the number of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that counts the number of B
+quarks so these form factors you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks so these form factors you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks so these form factors you don't
+know anything about their normal their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about their normal their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about their normal their
+normalization and there's six of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and there's six of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and there's six of them
+take this limit you get one and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this limit you get one and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this limit you get one and it's
+normalized it's kind of nice it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it's kind of nice it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized it's kind of nice it's called
+the isar wise function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why did I say that so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why did I say that so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why did I say that so for example
+imagine that I was to have done this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I was to have done this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that I was to have done this for
+not the p and the P star but for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the p and the P star but for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the p and the P star but for these
+other things that I was calling B 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that I was calling B 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that I was calling B 0 and
+B1 or B1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 or B1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 or B1 and
+B2 then when I would go through it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 then when I would go through it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 then when I would go through it I
+would have not used the HV field I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have not used the HV field I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have not used the HV field I would
+have had to build a field that has those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to build a field that has those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to build a field that has those
+guys in it which would have spin one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in it which would have spin one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys in it which would have spin one and
+spin two and that would be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin two and that would be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin two and that would be a different
+Matrix element I could still do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element I could still do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element I could still do the
+whole same story but it really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole same story but it really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole same story but it really this
+formula this particular version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this particular version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula this particular version of the
+current is only true for these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is only true for these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is only true for these states
+and for other states you'd have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for other states you'd have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for other states you'd have to use a
+different version that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meant any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+so I want to just in the remaining few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just in the remaining few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to just in the remaining few
+minutes get started on something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes get started on something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes get started on something else
+that I'd like to talk about which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to talk about which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd like to talk about which is
+related to the question that we left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the question that we left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the question that we left
+aside and that is what about alpha s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Corrections and there's a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and there's a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and there's a couple things
+here that are interesting but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are interesting but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that are interesting but basically
+it boils down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boils down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boils down
+to we've already seen how to do matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we've already seen how to do matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we've already seen how to do matching
+and re normalization grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and re normalization grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and re normalization grouping
+Evolution but now we have these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution but now we have these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution but now we have these extra
+labels and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels and so we can
+ask what impact is having labels on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what impact is having labels on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what impact is having labels on that
+whole story of matching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story of matching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story of matching and
+normalization group Evolution what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group Evolution what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group Evolution what
+impact does it have and we'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact does it have and we'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact does it have and we'll say that
+there are examples where it does have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so HQ radi of Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you like we're just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like we're just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you like we're just thinking about
+the re normalization as we should for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization as we should for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization as we should for
+any effective Theory think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effective Theory think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effective Theory think about what's
+the re normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization
+structure and since it's a top down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and since it's a top down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and since it's a top down we
+can also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also think about
+matching so we should think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so we should think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so we should think about
+renormalization of L we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of L we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization of L we should think
+about renormalization of external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about renormalization of external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about renormalization of external
+currents like the ones we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents like the ones we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents like the ones we were talking
+about over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about over
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we
+match our a full Theory current the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match our a full Theory current the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match our a full Theory current the way
+that you should think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should think about what's
+happening from matching is that there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening from matching is that there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening from matching is that there'll
+be some Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient that's generated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that's generated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that's generated by
+radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections
+so once we think about adding Alphas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we think about adding Alphas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we think about adding Alphas
+corrections to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections to our
+story The there could be rative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story The there could be rative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story The there could be rative
+Corrections in larians we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections in larians we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections in larians we'll talk about
+that but there also are non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there also are non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but there also are non-trivial
+rative Corrections here in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rative Corrections here in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rative Corrections here in the in the
+currents where the they get multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents where the they get multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents where the they get multiplied
+by something that depends on Virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something that depends on Virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by something that depends on Virtual
+interactions having to do with anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions having to do with anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions having to do with anti
+particles that we're integrating out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that we're integrating out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that we're integrating out
+that just affects these currents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just affects these currents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just affects these currents the
+current relations by multiplying them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current relations by multiplying them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current relations by multiplying them by
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+yeah so the first thing that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first thing that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the first thing that actually
+differs and it's because again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs and it's because again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs and it's because again there's
+no anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no anti
+particles that changes the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that changes the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that changes the nature of
+loop diagrams is the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop diagrams is the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop diagrams is the wave function
+normalization so we have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so we have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so we have to go through
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so if we do field renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so if we do field renormalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so if we do field renormalization
+it's the same kind of story as it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kind of story as it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same kind of story as it is in
+qcd we have to consider this diagram but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd we have to consider this diagram but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd we have to consider this diagram but
+we have to calculate it now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to calculate it now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to calculate it now in
+hqt so let there be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hqt so let there be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hqt so let there be some
+external I'll call it P I should call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external I'll call it P I should call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external I'll call it P I should call it
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K there'll be some Loop momentum and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K there'll be some Loop momentum and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K there'll be some Loop momentum and we
+have Q Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Q Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Q Plus
+K if we use dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regularization and this Loop integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and this Loop integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization and this Loop integral
+looks like this so using msar there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so using msar there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this so using msar there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+usual msar type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual msar type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual msar type
+factors and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and then there's the
+relativistic propagator which I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic propagator which I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic propagator which I'm using
+F engage so it's just q^2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F engage so it's just q^2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F engage so it's just q^2 and then
+there's the heavy Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagator which would look like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator which would look like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator which would look like that so
+the loop integral that I have to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop integral that I have to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop integral that I have to do here
+wouldn't have two relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have two relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have two relativistic
+propagators it has one heavy cork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators it has one heavy cork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators it has one heavy cork
+propagator and one relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and one relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and one relativistic
+propagator and it will give something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and it will give something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and it will give something
+different and we'll talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and we'll talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and we'll talk about it in
+more detail next time about evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail next time about evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail next time about evaluating
+this Loop integral so I wanted to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop integral so I wanted to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop integral so I wanted to do one
+Loop integral for you and basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop integral for you and basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop integral for you and basically the
+way I'm going to talk about these the re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to talk about these the re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to talk about these the re
+normalizations and matching is I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizations and matching is I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizations and matching is I'll do
+this Loop integral for you so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop integral for you so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Loop integral for you so you have
+some idea what would be involved if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea what would be involved if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea what would be involved if I
+was asking you to do them yourself which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking you to do them yourself which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was asking you to do them yourself which
+I don't think I'm going to do and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm going to do and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I'm going to do and then
+I'll just be quoting results for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just be quoting results for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just be quoting results for you and
+telling you kind of how the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you kind of how the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you kind of how the structure of
+the theory looks what and where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory looks what and where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory looks what and where the
+corrections are going and talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections are going and talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections are going and talking about
+more the important things that come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the important things that come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the important things that come out
+of the results rather than dwelling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results rather than dwelling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the results rather than dwelling on
+calculational details but we will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculational details but we will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculational details but we will talk
+about one calculation because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one calculation because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one calculation because there's
+one trick that you should know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick that you should know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trick that you should know if you
+ever encounter an integral of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever encounter an integral of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever encounter an integral of this type
+since it's different than just using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's different than just using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it's different than just using a
+fan parameter trick and that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan parameter trick and that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan parameter trick and that difference
+comes about because this guy's linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about because this guy's linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about because this guy's linear in
+the loop momentum and this guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop momentum and this guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop momentum and this guy's
+quadratic you have to know how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic you have to know how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic you have to know how to deal
+with that so we'll talk about that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so we'll talk about that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so we'll talk about that next
+time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kHPWYeJ1ISI.txt b/kHPWYeJ1ISI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e499bf09c0f90e6975f8f1ada8e51ff17ed207eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kHPWYeJ1ISI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the students in junior lab come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the students in junior lab come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the students in junior lab come
+in with some experience on how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with some experience on how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with some experience on how to use
+equipment basic equipment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment basic equipment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment basic equipment like
+oscilloscopes voltmeters function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscopes voltmeters function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscopes voltmeters function
+generators things like that some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators things like that some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators things like that some of them
+have never seen those things before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never seen those things before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never seen those things before so
+there's a learning curve in fact there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a learning curve in fact there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a learning curve in fact there's
+many learning curves there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many learning curves there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many learning curves there's a
+multi-dimensional learning surface now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional learning surface now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional learning surface now
+all of these skills no one of them is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these skills no one of them is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these skills no one of them is is
+very difficult but having to learn many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult but having to learn many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult but having to learn many
+of them simultaneously is is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them simultaneously is is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them simultaneously is is one of the
+challenges we hear from students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we hear from students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges we hear from students
+consistently that they have to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently that they have to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently that they have to have to
+get through so again we spend about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through so again we spend about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through so again we spend about the
+first month of the course with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first month of the course with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first month of the course with a lot of
+really directed small tasks just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really directed small tasks just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really directed small tasks just to get
+people over the hump in these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over the hump in these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people over the hump in these you know
+many small but but multiple tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many small but but multiple tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many small but but multiple tasks that
+they knew that they all need to learn
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ka0HFtUAxZg.txt b/ka0HFtUAxZg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70fa1934e940d071635aab406da32fdaf9c9f790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ka0HFtUAxZg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's get started guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we were right at the last slide of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were right at the last slide of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were right at the last slide of the
+class seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i brought a few more of those printouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought a few more of those printouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i brought a few more of those printouts
+in case you weren't here last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you weren't here last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you weren't here last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+but this is the very last one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the very last one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the very last one and then
+we'll do class eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by endogenous activity we generally mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by endogenous activity we generally mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by endogenous activity we generally mean
+in neurons we mean neurons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neurons we mean neurons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neurons we mean neurons that are
+generating rhythmic changes in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating rhythmic changes in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating rhythmic changes in potential
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means if you were recording the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if you were recording the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if you were recording the
+membrane potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane potential
+you would see it doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a certain period and it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain period and it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain period and it would have
+a regular rhythm usually wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular rhythm usually wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular rhythm usually wouldn't have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+but generally it's a single rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally it's a single rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally it's a single rhythm
+this has been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been studied
+most extensively in invertebrate animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most extensively in invertebrate animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most extensively in invertebrate animals
+where it was discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was
+this can happen without any action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can happen without any action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can happen without any action
+potentials just slow potentials in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials just slow potentials in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials just slow potentials in the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the
+potential difference is great enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference is great enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference is great enough to
+cause the threshold to be reached at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the threshold to be reached at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the threshold to be reached at the
+axon hillock then you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon hillock then you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon hillock then you will get
+spike potentials one or you could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike potentials one or you could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike potentials one or you could get
+more than one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assuming the period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the period is
+longer than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the
+refractory period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+this kind of endogenous activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of endogenous activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of endogenous activity
+generated by a single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by a single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by a single cell
+we know it is because you can isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it is because you can isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it is because you can isolate
+the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell
+and still get the potential change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still get the potential change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still get the potential change is
+generated by specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular engines in the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular engines in the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular engines in the membrane
+so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are
+proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that are
+causing this oscillation and potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing this oscillation and potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing this oscillation and potential
+we call those places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call those places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call those places
+we call such a place a pacemaker locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call such a place a pacemaker locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call such a place a pacemaker locus
+so i put the plural up here pacemaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i put the plural up here pacemaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i put the plural up here pacemaker
+load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load
+low c or loki if you're classical latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such endogenous activity can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such endogenous activity can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such endogenous activity can be
+entrained and you can shift the phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrained and you can shift the phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrained and you can shift the phase of
+the activity depending on inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity depending on inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activity depending on inputs to the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+and in fact this kind of activity is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this kind of activity is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact this kind of activity is the
+basis for what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for what we call
+our biological clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our biological clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our biological clock
+okay and we'll talk about that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll talk about that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we'll talk about that when we
+talk about sleep and waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll say only one other thing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say only one other thing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll say only one other thing and that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that at least from a theoretical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least from a theoretical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least from a theoretical point
+of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view
+you could imagine a single cell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine a single cell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could imagine a single cell or
+perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps
+a group of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of cells
+generating activity like this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating activity like this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating activity like this could
+generate any temporal pattern whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any temporal pattern whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate any temporal pattern whatsoever
+from a theoretical point of view why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a theoretical point of view why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a theoretical point of view why do
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+just from the mathematics of fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the mathematics of fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the mathematics of fourier
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+okay you can represent any waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can represent any waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can represent any waveform
+arbitrary waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary waveform
+by a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a series of
+sine potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine potentials
+of different phases and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different phases and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different phases and different
+amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're on to the next class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're on to the next class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're on to the next class and
+we're going to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start talking about
+multi-cellular organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-cellular organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-cellular organisms
+and their evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i'm going to say about evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to say about evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to say about evolution
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+pretty speculative but it's based on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty speculative but it's based on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty speculative but it's based on a
+lot of comparisons of different animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of comparisons of different animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of comparisons of different animals
+across many phyla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many phyla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many phyla
+we'll start by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start by talking about
+intercellular conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercellular conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercellular conduction
+in these very simple multicellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these very simple multicellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these very simple multicellular
+organisms the stenophores and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the stenophores and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms the stenophores and
+challengerades philanterates are animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challengerades philanterates are animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challengerades philanterates are animals
+like hydra the hollow animals who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydra the hollow animals who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hydra the hollow animals who have
+gelatinous animals stenophores are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelatinous animals stenophores are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelatinous animals stenophores are also
+like similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like similar
+even more primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more primitive
+and that leads to a generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads to a generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leads to a generalized
+conception of the cns that will allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of the cns that will allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of the cns that will allow us
+to define basic terms that will we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define basic terms that will we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define basic terms that will we will
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+throughout the term the next term also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term the next term also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the term the next term also
+and then we'll start talking about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start talking about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start talking about our
+own phylum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own phylum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own phylum
+i'll present what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll present what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll present what
+is really the simplest creature in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the simplest creature in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the simplest creature in our
+phylum amphioxus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phylum amphioxus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phylum amphioxus
+and we'll go through the simple body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through the simple body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go through the simple body
+plan of that animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of that animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan of that animal
+and then finally we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we'll talk about the
+elaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaboration
+of what we call the neural 2 of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call the neural 2 of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call the neural 2 of our
+central nervous system as it appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system as it appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system as it appears in
+the embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look
+at many different creatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at many different creatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at many different creatures
+as was done by george parker at yale in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as was done by george parker at yale in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as was done by george parker at yale in
+the early part of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see
+steps to a nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to a nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to a nervous system
+sponges are a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponges are a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponges are a simple
+multicellular animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular animal
+that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+contractile cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're like muscle cells but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're like muscle cells but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're like muscle cells but they're
+directly responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly responsive
+to stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stimuli
+not all of them but they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them but they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them but they have these
+little openings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and around them they have cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around them they have cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around them they have cells that
+will respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will respond
+by contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contraction
+to things in the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things in the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things in the environment
+they also are able to conduct more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also are able to conduct more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also are able to conduct more
+widely within the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely within the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely within the organism
+among contractual cells which we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among contractual cells which we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among contractual cells which we would
+call myoid conduction like muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call myoid conduction like muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call myoid conduction like muscles
+or if it's neuroid conduction if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's neuroid conduction if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's neuroid conduction if it's
+conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some
+intermediate cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate cell
+you find that in sponges there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that in sponges there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that in sponges there's also
+some evidence that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some evidence that these
+connections that look like synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that look like synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections that look like synaptic
+connections are plastic they're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are plastic they're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are plastic they're changing
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+i've lost track of that the paper i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've lost track of that the paper i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've lost track of that the paper i read
+that but i i hope i can find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but i i hope i can find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but i i hope i can find that
+because it was it was pretty interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was it was pretty interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was it was pretty interesting
+because it would show that plasticity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would show that plasticity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would show that plasticity in
+fact is very primitive property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is very primitive property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is very primitive property
+of nervous systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nervous systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nervous systems
+okay so let's talk about intercellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about intercellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about intercellular
+conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we'll look at parker's work a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at parker's work a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at parker's work a little bit
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is from the nauta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the nauta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the nauta
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+when he reprints or gets this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he reprints or gets this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he reprints or gets this from
+took the figure from parker's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the figure from parker's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the figure from parker's work
+parker saw these three basic stages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parker saw these three basic stages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parker saw these three basic stages to
+a real nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the sea anemones were sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sea anemones were sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sea anemones were sort of a
+plant-like animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant-like animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant-like animal
+they have sensory cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sensory cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have sensory cells
+so they're like our primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're like our primary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're like our primary sensory
+neurons and they have contractual cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and they have contractual cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and they have contractual cells
+they have muscle cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have muscle cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have muscle cells
+and they directly connect with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they directly connect with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they directly connect with each
+other so it's like a one cell nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so it's like a one cell nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so it's like a one cell nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a real doorbell arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real doorbell arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real doorbell arrangement
+in the jellyfishes some jellyfishes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the jellyfishes some jellyfishes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the jellyfishes some jellyfishes have
+something pretty similar but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty similar but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretty similar but they have
+an intervening neuron which we will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intervening neuron which we will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intervening neuron which we will call
+a motor neuron because it's directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motor neuron because it's directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motor neuron because it's directly
+connected to a contractual cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a contractual cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a contractual cell
+an output cell that results in movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without any intervening cells but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any intervening cells but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any intervening cells but many
+jellyfishes and the mollusks also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in between
+the primary sensory neuron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sensory neuron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary sensory neuron and the
+contractile then the motor neuron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractile then the motor neuron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractile then the motor neuron that
+causes the muscle cells to contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the muscle cells to contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the muscle cells to contract
+those are intermediate neurons and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are intermediate neurons and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are intermediate neurons and we'll
+call that the intermediate network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the intermediate network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that the intermediate network
+and that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that idea
+leads to a generalized conception of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a generalized conception of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to a generalized conception of the
+nervous system and i admit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and i admit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system and i admit this is
+inspired by the reflex model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by the reflex model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by the reflex model
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but it's very useful for talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very useful for talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very useful for talking about
+the nervous system i don't know if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system i don't know if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nervous system i don't know if your
+printout shows this very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we have there at the top i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have there at the top i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have there at the top i'm
+showing an epithelium the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing an epithelium the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing an epithelium the surface of the
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i've taken a section of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've taken a section of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've taken a section of it
+and some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those
+cells in that epithelium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in that epithelium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in that epithelium
+are sensory cells they're specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sensory cells they're specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sensory cells they're specialized
+for detecting something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for detecting something in the
+environment and i've shown little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and i've shown little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and i've shown little
+sensory hairs protruding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory hairs protruding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory hairs protruding
+when the hair gets bent it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hair gets bent it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the hair gets bent it's going to
+respond fire action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond fire action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond fire action potentials
+so those are primary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are primary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are primary sensory neurons
+okay that's what that says there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they connect
+with the secondary sensory cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the secondary sensory cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the secondary sensory cells and
+those secondary sensory cells are inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those secondary sensory cells are inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those secondary sensory cells are inside
+what we're going to call central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to call central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to call central nervous
+system i've shown there at the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system i've shown there at the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system i've shown there at the left
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cns
+is all those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all those cells
+not including the muscle cells and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not including the muscle cells and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not including the muscle cells and not
+including the primary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the primary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the primary sensory neurons
+okay everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these these are the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these these are the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these these are the secondary
+sensory cells that i'm marking here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the spinal cord we find in what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spinal cord we find in what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spinal cord we find in what we
+call the dorsal horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the dorsal horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the dorsal horn
+we also find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also find them
+in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to
+head receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head receptors
+those are the secondary sensory cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the secondary sensory cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the secondary sensory cells
+they're really part of the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really part of the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really part of the intermediate
+network but we're giving them we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but we're giving them we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but we're giving them we're
+singling them out separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singling them out separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singling them out separate them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at the bottom
+these cells are the motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are the motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are the motor neurons
+which we define with the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we define with the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we define with the previous slide
+as those cells that are connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those cells that are connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as those cells that are connected to the
+the out the more they contract the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out the more they contract the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out the more they contract the cells
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+they may be connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be connected
+to an intervening cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the gut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gut
+or to a gland tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to a gland tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to a gland tissue
+okay that's a separate part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a separate part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a separate part of our
+nervous system peripheral nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system peripheral nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system peripheral nervous system
+the autonomic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic nervous system
+so you can have two kinds of more basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have two kinds of more basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have two kinds of more basic
+kinds of motor neurons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in every case the axon goes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in every case the axon goes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in every case the axon goes out of
+the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central nervous system
+that's the defining feature of the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the defining feature of the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the defining feature of the motor
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+a neuron in the cns with an axon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuron in the cns with an axon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neuron in the cns with an axon that
+goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out
+and causes action of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and causes action of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and causes action of some sort
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so everything else here and i've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything else here and i've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything else here and i've only
+shown a few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown a few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown a few of them
+are part of that intervening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of that intervening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of that intervening
+intermediate network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate network
+i've only shown a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've only shown a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've only shown a few
+but in fact that of course is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that of course is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact that of course is the most
+numerous type of neuron the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous type of neuron the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerous type of neuron the great
+intermediate network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate network
+and those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those cells
+have local connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or they might have connections through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might have connections through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they might have connections through
+distant parts of the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant parts of the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant parts of the intermediate
+network like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network like this one
+okay it's going to some other place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to some other place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to some other place
+and then there are other connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are other connections
+coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from
+the place like the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place like the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place like the brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the nature of the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the nature of the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the nature of the intermediate
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes we call those motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call those motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call those motor neurons
+the final common path it was called that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final common path it was called that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final common path it was called that
+by sharington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sharington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by sharington
+the great physiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great physiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great physiologist
+in the years around 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the years around 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the years around 1900
+i remember he worked on cat spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember he worked on cat spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember he worked on cat spinal cord
+worked out reflex properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out reflex properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out reflex properties
+and many properties of synapses in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many properties of synapses in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many properties of synapses in fact
+without directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without directly
+seeing them or recording from neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them or recording from neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them or recording from neurons
+directly on a singly he didn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on a singly he didn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on a singly he didn't use
+microelectrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why did he call it the final common path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did he call it the final common path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did he call it the final common path
+why would he use such a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+in the reflex model if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflex model if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reflex model if you're going to
+move it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it all
+you've got to go through a motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to go through a motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to go through a motor neuron
+so all that activity in the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that activity in the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that activity in the nervous
+system won't do anything for you in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system won't do anything for you in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system won't do anything for you in the
+way of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of action
+unless you go through a motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you go through a motor neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you go through a motor neuron
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relatively small numbers of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small numbers of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small numbers of motor
+neurons and huge numbers of intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and huge numbers of intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and huge numbers of intermediate
+network neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network neurons
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+probably 10 to the 12th from the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the motor neurons are only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motor neurons are only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the motor neurons are only a few
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they're still the final common path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just go over these terms we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just go over these terms we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just go over these terms we've
+defined now prime you should know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined now prime you should know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined now prime you should know these
+terms primary sensory and also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms primary sensory and also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms primary sensory and also in the
+list that i posted on the web for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that i posted on the web for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that i posted on the web for the
+flash cube program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash cube program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash cube program
+primary sensory neurons secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neurons secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sensory neurons secondary
+sensory neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neuron
+the interneuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interneuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interneuron
+the motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are
+the secondary sensory neuron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary sensory neuron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary sensory neuron and
+interneuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneuron
+and motor neuron are all in the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor neuron are all in the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motor neuron are all in the cns
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are all cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the cns if we see groups of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the cns if we see groups of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the cns if we see groups of cells
+that are obviously sort of separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are obviously sort of separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are obviously sort of separate from
+others because they look different we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others because they look different we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others because they look different we'll
+call them cell groups sometimes we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them cell groups sometimes we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them cell groups sometimes we call
+them nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them nuclei
+so the term nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the term nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the term nucleus
+plural nuclei is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural nuclei is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural nuclei is used
+in a couple different ways it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple different ways it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple different ways it can be
+we're talking about a cell then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a cell then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a cell then it
+leaves the cell but it can mean a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the cell but it can mean a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves the cell but it can mean a group
+of cells in the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells in the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells in the central nervous system
+okay you have to get used to these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to get used to these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have to get used to these terms
+whereas if we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if we're talking about the
+peripheral nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nervous system
+we don't call collections of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't call collections of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't call collections of cells
+nuclei we call them ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we call them ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we call them ganglia
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the dorsal root ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's many of them next to the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many of them next to the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many of them next to the spinal
+cord dorsal root ganglia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord dorsal root ganglia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord dorsal root ganglia
+are clumps of cells of the peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clumps of cells of the peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are clumps of cells of the peripheral
+nervous system in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secondary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory neurons
+are those interneurons that are directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those interneurons that are directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are those interneurons that are directly
+connected to primary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to primary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to primary sensory neurons
+okay so we've separated them because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've separated them because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've separated them because of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sometimes we talk about tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we talk about tertiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we talk about tertiary
+sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+for the next one in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next one in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next one in line
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the axons
+we also have names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have names
+the next three names on the right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three names on the right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three names on the right there
+in the peripheral nervous system we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the peripheral nervous system we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the peripheral nervous system we'll
+talk about nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about nerves
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+but usually in the central nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually in the central nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but usually in the central nervous
+system we don't talk about nerves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we don't talk about nerves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we don't talk about nerves okay
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+the bundles of axons within the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bundles of axons within the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bundles of axons within the central
+nervous system were referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system were referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system were referred to as
+tracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracts
+or fasciculi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the singular would be fasciculus for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular would be fasciculus for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular would be fasciculus for a
+ribbon of fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a funiculus there's various terms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funiculus there's various terms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a funiculus there's various terms okay
+they come from the latin greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from the latin greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from the latin greek
+so don't be surprised when you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't be surprised when you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't be surprised when you see a
+number of terms that are more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms that are more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of terms that are more or less
+synonymous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous in
+neuroanatomy i'll try to define them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy i'll try to define them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy i'll try to define them
+when we encounter them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we encounter them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we encounter them
+these are the ones i'd like to learn now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the last two terms there the notochord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two terms there the notochord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two terms there the notochord
+and the neural tube now apply to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neural tube now apply to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the neural tube now apply to our
+phylum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phylum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phylum
+the chordata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chordata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chordata
+the chordate phylum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chordate phylum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chordate phylum
+and that's what we'll talk about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we'll talk about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we'll talk about now
+we'll go over the body plan of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go over the body plan of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go over the body plan of the
+amphioxus i've drawn him here as if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxus i've drawn him here as if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxus i've drawn him here as if he's
+transparent showing two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent showing two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent showing two things
+his nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his nervous system
+and the notochord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notochord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the notochord
+the notochord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord
+the name means sharp at both ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name means sharp at both ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name means sharp at both ends
+because you can see it doesn't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see it doesn't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see it doesn't have an
+obvious head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of
+members of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the
+chordate phylum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chordate phylum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chordate phylum
+have a dorsal nerve cord that's above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dorsal nerve cord that's above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a dorsal nerve cord that's above
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+cartilaginous rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilaginous rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilaginous rod
+along the dorsal side of the organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the dorsal side of the organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the dorsal side of the organism
+the notochord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's the cns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the cns
+which in the embryo is a neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the embryo is a neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in the embryo is a neural tube
+tube of neurons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube of neurons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube of neurons okay
+let's look at now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at now
+we'll just make a cross section through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just make a cross section through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just make a cross section through
+him here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transverse section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through amphioxus and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the notochord here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notochord here
+and you see the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the uh
+the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+little space in the middle is fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space in the middle is fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space in the middle is fluid
+filled that's the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically neurons you know forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically neurons you know forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically neurons you know forming a
+tube around the fluid space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube around the fluid space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube around the fluid space
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+peripheral nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral nerves
+sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory
+come in through dorsal roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in through dorsal roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in through dorsal roots
+just like they do in the mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at least it's mostly sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there are motor neurons within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are motor neurons within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are motor neurons within that
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+neural tube that send axons out and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube that send axons out and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube that send axons out and go
+to the muscle cells in the body of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscle cells in the body of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the muscle cells in the body of the
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the law of roots applies pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the law of roots applies pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the law of roots applies pretty much
+to this simple creature to accept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this simple creature to accept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this simple creature to accept it
+in any one segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any one segment
+there's only one dorsal dorsal root on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one dorsal dorsal root on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one dorsal dorsal root on
+one side and eventual root on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and eventual root on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and eventual root on the other
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas
+all the mammals have these are in pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mammals have these are in pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the mammals have these are in pairs
+so every time there's one on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time there's one on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time there's one on one side
+there's also one on the other side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the very simplest type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the very simplest type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the very simplest type of
+central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central nervous system
+in a chordate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chordate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a chordate
+that's what gets elaborated in evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it gets elaborated because of behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets elaborated because of behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets elaborated because of behavioral
+demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i want to talk about well then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk about well then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to talk about well then what
+are the priorities what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the priorities what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the priorities what are the
+behavioral priorities that caused all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral priorities that caused all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral priorities that caused all
+this evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evolution
+because that's important to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's important to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's important to understand
+because they result in the progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they result in the progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they result in the progressive
+evolutionary changes in mineral tube h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary changes in mineral tube h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary changes in mineral tube h
+general elliot wrote a very challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general elliot wrote a very challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general elliot wrote a very challenging
+phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase
+in his book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his book on
+brain evolution he said every brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain evolution he said every brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain evolution he said every brain
+system grows logically from the tube he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system grows logically from the tube he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system grows logically from the tube he
+meant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that
+under the behavioral demands that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the behavioral demands that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the behavioral demands that
+animals were faced with once you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals were faced with once you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals were faced with once you had
+that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some
+simple central nervous system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple central nervous system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple central nervous system that
+neural tube in the primitive chordates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube in the primitive chordates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube in the primitive chordates
+the rest was sort of inevitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to try to follow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try to follow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try to follow that
+logic just for fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many of you have studied evolution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have studied evolution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have studied evolution a
+little bit we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes of change in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of change in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of change in the way
+descendants function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descendants function
+and the way their bodies and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way their bodies and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way their bodies and various
+organs look and function and the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs look and function and the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs look and function and the changes
+occur because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur because of
+natural selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural selection
+as defined originally by darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as defined originally by darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as defined originally by darwin
+because certain genotypes produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because certain genotypes produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because certain genotypes produce more
+offspring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offspring
+than others and so the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others and so the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others and so the genes
+increase in some genes increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in some genes increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in some genes increase in
+frequency and others disappear or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and others disappear or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and others disappear or
+decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+that's the way evolution works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way evolution works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way evolution works
+the changes are genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes are genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes are genetic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they result from genetic variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they result from genetic variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they result from genetic variations
+and genetic variations are enhanced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and genetic variations are enhanced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and genetic variations are enhanced by
+sexual selection um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual selection um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual selection um
+and it involves of course the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves of course the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves of course the chance
+resorting of genes and expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorting of genes and expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorting of genes and expression of
+those genes so you get more variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes so you get more variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes so you get more variation in
+the phenotype that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get more
+changes in a species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in a species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in a species
+just by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by the
+selection from the variation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection from the variation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection from the variation that's
+already there in the genotype so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there in the genotype so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there in the genotype so that's
+what i call rapid evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i call rapid evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i call rapid evolution
+but you also get of course gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also get of course gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also get of course gene
+mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've
+students have argued with me when i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have argued with me when i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students have argued with me when i say
+that results in slower evolution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in slower evolution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that results in slower evolution it's
+slower in the sense that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower in the sense that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower in the sense that they don't
+occur very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur very often
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you already have a lot of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you already have a lot of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you already have a lot of variation
+in genes you will get selection among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genes you will get selection among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genes you will get selection among
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+currently by what's happening now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently by what's happening now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently by what's happening now
+to get gene mutations to have an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get gene mutations to have an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get gene mutations to have an effect
+that of course requires reproduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course requires reproduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of course requires reproduction and
+since they don't occur very often it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they don't occur very often it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they don't occur very often it
+will take longer of course a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take longer of course a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take longer of course a gene
+mutation most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation most of them
+are not adaptive and won't lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not adaptive and won't lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not adaptive and won't lead to
+anything occasionally one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything occasionally one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything occasionally one of them
+is preserved because it does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved because it does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved because it does something
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and occasionally it does something big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and occasionally it does something big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and occasionally it does something big
+in a hurry okay when it does occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+remember that it's function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that it's function
+including behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including behavior
+i said behavior i should have used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said behavior i should have used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said behavior i should have used the
+broader term function before as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader term function before as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader term function before as the
+driver of evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and functional changes result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and functional changes result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and functional changes result
+in this process of successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this process of successive
+elaborations of the basic plan of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations of the basic plan of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations of the basic plan of the
+neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tube
+in its simplest form as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its simplest form as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its simplest form as we see
+illustrated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by
+this little creature amphioxus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little creature amphioxus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little creature amphioxus
+so what are those behavioral demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are those behavioral demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are those behavioral demands
+this is the way i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way i'm going to
+characterize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize them
+first of all there's an ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's an ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all there's an ongoing
+background support and i'll define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background support and i'll define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background support and i'll define that
+in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+survival and reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and reproduction
+is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical
+it's often what's talked about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often what's talked about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often what's talked about when we
+talk about evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about evolution
+and for these things to work you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these things to work you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for these things to work you need
+along with them the sensory and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with them the sensory and motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with them the sensory and motor
+interfaces with the outside world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces with the outside world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces with the outside world so
+let's go over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go over these
+the ongoing background support by this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ongoing background support by this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ongoing background support by this i
+mean the internal environment has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the internal environment has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the internal environment has to be
+kept stable and as demands changed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept stable and as demands changed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept stable and as demands changed there
+will be changes in the demands on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be changes in the demands on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be changes in the demands on the
+systems that do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that do that
+what do we mean by internal environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean by internal environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean by internal environment
+in us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in us
+what's your internal environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your internal environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your internal environment
+your blood the trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood the trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your blood the trigger
+electrolytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytes
+okay salts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is stability in space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is stability in space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is stability in space that's
+something else that's background it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's background it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's background it's
+happening all the time there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all the time there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all the time there are
+functions supported by our reflexes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions supported by our reflexes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions supported by our reflexes we
+sometimes call it the mantle of reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call it the mantle of reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes call it the mantle of reflexes
+because we wear it like a cloak it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wear it like a cloak it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wear it like a cloak it's
+happening all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all the time
+you know i'm not thinking about it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm not thinking about it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm not thinking about it here
+but i'm being kept upright i maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm being kept upright i maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm being kept upright i maintain
+some stability in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stability in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stability in space
+if i lose that i stumble and fall okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i lose that i stumble and fall okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i lose that i stumble and fall okay
+something goes wrong with that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong with that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something goes wrong with that system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it means much more than just maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means much more than just maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means much more than just maintaining
+balance but it's still a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but it's still a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance but it's still a kind of
+background support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background support
+for the other functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the other functions
+survival and reproduction the big things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and reproduction the big things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival and reproduction the big things
+it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves
+motivational systems that cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational systems that cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational systems that cause
+an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal
+to approach or avoid things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-predator behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior
+to avoid predators you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid predators you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid predators you need
+animals have evolved all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have evolved all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have evolved all kinds of
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+patterns of behavior specific sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of behavior specific sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of behavior specific sense
+sensory abilities motor abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feeding and drinking is necessary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and drinking is necessary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and drinking is necessary of
+course to maintain life so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to maintain life so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to maintain life so there's a
+that's the second big demand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second big demand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second big demand in
+evolution these of course are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution these of course are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution these of course are all
+simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that also involves of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that also involves of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that also involves of course
+approaching avoidance mechanisms mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching avoidance mechanisms mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching avoidance mechanisms mostly
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+but avoidance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but avoidance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but avoidance to
+things that are bad for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are bad for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are bad for us
+reproductive behavior of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive behavior of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive behavior of course is
+critical or we can't evolve at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they say we evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say we evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say we evolve
+we we survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we survive
+in order to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we evolve
+to pass on genes not to be happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass on genes not to be happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass on genes not to be happy
+e.o wilson says we didn't evolve to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.o wilson says we didn't evolve to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.o wilson says we didn't evolve to be
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+we involved to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we involved to reproduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we involved to reproduce
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that explains some of the conflicts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains some of the conflicts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains some of the conflicts we
+go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through
+and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the an interface with endocrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the an interface with endocrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the an interface with endocrine
+regulatory mechanisms in order for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms in order for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory mechanisms in order for these
+functions to work okay it's most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to work okay it's most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to work okay it's most obvious
+for reproductive behavior but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reproductive behavior but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reproductive behavior but it's
+it's true for other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true for other kinds of
+behavior as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior as well
+and at a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a higher level
+animals have to have built-in goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have to have built-in goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals have to have built-in goal
+hierarchies and of course later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies and of course later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchies and of course later
+added to that are cognitive functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to that are cognitive functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to that are cognitive functions
+that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to
+a higher level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level of
+setting of priorities but by here i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of priorities but by here i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting of priorities but by here i mean
+things are built in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are built in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are built in like
+fleeing from predators gets priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing from predators gets priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing from predators gets priority
+over eating and drinking an animal can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over eating and drinking an animal can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over eating and drinking an animal can
+be eating or drinking it detects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eating or drinking it detects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be eating or drinking it detects a
+predator everything has to stop because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator everything has to stop because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predator everything has to stop because
+surviving is the most critical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although i don't know what if he wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i don't know what if he wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although i don't know what if he wants
+to die happy you might keep eating but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die happy you might keep eating but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die happy you might keep eating but
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+now the interface is for me out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interface is for me out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the interface is for me out with the
+outside world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside world
+we talked a little bit about sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a little bit about sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked a little bit about sensory
+analysis and motor coordination before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and motor coordination before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and motor coordination before
+but beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but beyond
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have also evolved systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also evolved systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have also evolved systems
+for anticipating what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anticipating what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anticipating what we're going to
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our expectancies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectancies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our expectancies
+remember we talked about the model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about the model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about the model of
+the world that's really evolved out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that's really evolved out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that's really evolved out of
+our sensory systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sensory systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sensory systems
+we also evolved mechanisms for not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also evolved mechanisms for not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also evolved mechanisms for not just
+doing actions but planning them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing actions but planning them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing actions but planning them
+anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+achieving our goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving our goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving our goals
+by planning them and these are what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by planning them and these are what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by planning them and these are what we
+call our cognitive abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we're going to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to go to the
+nervous system what did that what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system what did that what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system what did that what did
+all those things those were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things those were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things those were the
+behavioral demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral demands
+as i'm summarizing them for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm summarizing them for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i'm summarizing them for you
+what did it lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did it lead to
+the sensory analyzing mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory analyzing mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory analyzing mechanisms
+corresponding motor apparatus it led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding motor apparatus it led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding motor apparatus it led to
+ways to relate the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to relate the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to relate the two
+that some anatomists have simply called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some anatomists have simply called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some anatomists have simply called
+the correlation centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also led to elaboration of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also led to elaboration of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also led to elaboration of complex
+programs for goal directed activities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for goal directed activities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for goal directed activities we
+talked i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked i mentioned
+fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+instinctive action patterns but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctive action patterns but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinctive action patterns but of
+course we have many learned action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have many learned action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we have many learned action
+patterns as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns as well
+we also have systems for modulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have systems for modulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have systems for modulating
+other brain systems in response to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other brain systems in response to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other brain systems in response to our
+needs visceral social needs those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs visceral social needs those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs visceral social needs those are
+motivational systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational systems
+and finally systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally systems for
+modeling the world so we can anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the world so we can anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the world so we can anticipate
+and plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm just trying to get you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just trying to get you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just trying to get you to think
+about why the cns evolved the way it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why the cns evolved the way it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why the cns evolved the way it did
+what does it accomplish for an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it accomplish for an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it accomplish for an organism
+and how is this expressed in the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is this expressed in the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how is this expressed in the basic
+organization the cns so that's last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization the cns so that's last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization the cns so that's last
+thing is what i want to go through with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what i want to go through with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is what i want to go through with
+you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now
+my way of looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my way of looking at this
+so we start with amphioxus at the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with amphioxus at the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with amphioxus at the far
+left the neural tube simple neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the neural tube simple neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the neural tube simple neural tube
+remember he's sharp at both ends he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he's sharp at both ends he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he's sharp at both ends he
+doesn't even have a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even have a head
+well very early in evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well very early in evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well very early in evolution
+worm-like creatures develop forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm-like creatures develop forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm-like creatures develop forward
+locomotion and that led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion and that led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion and that led to the
+development of head receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of head receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of head receptors
+and so i'm showing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+olfactory olfactory at the front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory olfactory at the front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory olfactory at the front end
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+i have a one by it because it's we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a one by it because it's we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a one by it because it's we call
+it the first cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the first cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the first cranial nerve
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i also show their visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also show their visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also show their visual
+somatosensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatosensory
+i have a 5 2 because the optic nerve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a 5 2 because the optic nerve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a 5 2 because the optic nerve is
+the second in mammals some other sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second in mammals some other sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second in mammals some other sensory
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+the cranial nerve innervating our face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cranial nerve innervating our face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cranial nerve innervating our face
+is cranial nerve 5.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cranial nerve 5.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cranial nerve 5.
+and then i also put the vestibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i also put the vestibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i also put the vestibular
+system some stability in space is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system some stability in space is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system some stability in space is so
+important as part of the eighth cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as part of the eighth cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as part of the eighth cranial
+nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve
+okay and i've also shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i've also shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i've also shown
+that that led very early to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that led very early to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that led very early to
+enlargements these specialized head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements these specialized head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargements these specialized head
+receptors cause enlargements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors cause enlargements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors cause enlargements
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+rostral end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral end
+rostral means towards the rostrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral means towards the rostrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral means towards the rostrum
+towards the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the front
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+cobble means towards the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobble means towards the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobble means towards the tail
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at the rostral end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the rostral end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the rostral end
+we have enlargements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enlargements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have enlargements
+and initially they're very simple i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially they're very simple i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and initially they're very simple i've
+labeled them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled them here
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the fm is the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and sometimes these are called n c as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes these are called n c as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes these are called n c as
+the chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chord
+or spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spinal cord
+here i'm just using the english not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm just using the english not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i'm just using the english not the
+latin i'll use the latin later you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin i'll use the latin later you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin i'll use the latin later you
+practically have to know some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically have to know some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically have to know some of these
+things or you can't understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or you can't understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or you can't understand what
+you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading
+okay but for right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but for right now
+we'll just be admit we call these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just be admit we call these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just be admit we call these the
+primary brain vesicles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary brain vesicles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary brain vesicles
+the enlargements of the neural tube at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enlargements of the neural tube at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enlargements of the neural tube at
+the fluid-filled center okay fore-brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid-filled center okay fore-brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid-filled center okay fore-brain
+and midbrain hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and midbrain hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and midbrain hybrid
+that happened very early with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened very early with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened very early with the
+evolution of head receptors and forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of head receptors and forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of head receptors and forward
+locomotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the head receptors caused this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the head receptors caused this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the head receptors caused this were
+part of the the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the evolution
+in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain
+we also of course had the developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also of course had the developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also of course had the developed
+means of controlling those receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of controlling those receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of controlling those receptors
+controlling the body controlling body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the body controlling body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the body controlling body
+posture all that evolved along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture all that evolved along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture all that evolved along with
+four locomotion and head receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four locomotion and head receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four locomotion and head receptors
+and here i'm just summarizing what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm just summarizing what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm just summarizing what i
+just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+adding a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a little bit
+telling you what's in the hind brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what's in the hind brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what's in the hind brain and
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+sensory side motor side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory side motor side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory side motor side
+and then the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the forebrain
+olfaction and the endocrine and visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfaction and the endocrine and visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfaction and the endocrine and visceral
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+okay in early evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in early evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in early evolution
+these things occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's look
+slightly later stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly later stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly later stage
+i just want i'm separating it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want i'm separating it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want i'm separating it this way
+in order to emphasize certain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to emphasize certain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to emphasize certain points
+that i want you to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want you to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want you to remember
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+of some of these sensory analyzers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these sensory analyzers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these sensory analyzers
+especially in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of course occurred in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course occurred in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course occurred in
+other areas too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other areas too
+but first let's just talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just talk about the
+hindbrain sensory analyzers including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain sensory analyzers including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain sensory analyzers including
+the medicine street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medicine street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medicine street
+receptors of the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors of the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors of the face
+but also taste ability vestibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also taste ability vestibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also taste ability vestibular
+ability auditory electro reception which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability auditory electro reception which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability auditory electro reception which
+we don't have but some animals do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have but some animals do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have but some animals do
+okay this all involved inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this all involved inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this all involved inputs to the
+hind brain and i'm showing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here i'm showing one organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here i'm showing one organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here i'm showing one organ
+it sort of represents the cochlea or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of represents the cochlea or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of represents the cochlea or the
+vestibular apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular apparatus
+and i'm showing an innervated biocranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing an innervated biocranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm showing an innervated biocranial
+nerve going into the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve going into the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve going into the hindbrain
+and i'm also showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm also showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm also showing
+the input from the trigeminal nerve it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from the trigeminal nerve it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input from the trigeminal nerve it's
+called trigeminal because it has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called trigeminal because it has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called trigeminal because it has three
+main branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main branches
+go to different parts of the face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to different parts of the face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to different parts of the face and
+i'm showing it as a cranial nerve coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing it as a cranial nerve coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing it as a cranial nerve coming
+into the hybrid and there is a ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hybrid and there is a ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hybrid and there is a ganglion
+for both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of those
+where the primary sensory neurons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the primary sensory neurons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the primary sensory neurons are
+located outside the cns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the idea here is expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea here is expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea here is expansion
+okay expansion of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay expansion of the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay expansion of the hindbrain
+let's look at how i know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how i know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at how i know that
+let's look at a few brains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a few brains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a few brains
+okay of animals where the expansion has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of animals where the expansion has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of animals where the expansion has
+gone to an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to an extreme
+okay we're going to look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to look at these
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals
+i'll look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll look at a
+fish without so much expansion first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish without so much expansion first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish without so much expansion first the
+freshwater muni and then we'll look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshwater muni and then we'll look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freshwater muni and then we'll look at a
+buffalo fish that has a huge bagel lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffalo fish that has a huge bagel lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffalo fish that has a huge bagel lobe
+that's 10th cranial nerve because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 10th cranial nerve because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 10th cranial nerve because he's
+got a specialized palatal organ that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a specialized palatal organ that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a specialized palatal organ that he
+can sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sense
+things in the water that he's filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the water that he's filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the water that he's filtering
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+his mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mouth
+and going out his gills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going out his gills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going out his gills
+the catfish that not only has the vagal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catfish that not only has the vagal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catfish that not only has the vagal
+lobe but he has another lobe there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe but he has another lobe there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe but he has another lobe there in
+the hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hind
+because he's got another specialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's got another specialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's got another specialization
+which i'll define for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll define for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll define for you
+in his seventh cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his seventh cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his seventh cranial nerve
+okay he's got taste senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he's got taste senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he's got taste senses
+they're normally innervated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normally innervated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normally innervated by the
+seventh cranial nerve as well uh as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh cranial nerve as well uh as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh cranial nerve as well uh as well
+as the ninth and tenth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ninth and tenth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ninth and tenth
+but the seventh is the critical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the seventh is the critical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the seventh is the critical thing
+here because it expands in the catfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it expands in the catfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it expands in the catfish
+and distributes over the whole body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distributes over the whole body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distributes over the whole body so
+it results in changes so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it results in changes so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it results in changes so here's the
+monayah very simple brain where you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monayah very simple brain where you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monayah very simple brain where you see
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
+expansions so here you have the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions so here you have the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansions so here you have the cord
+here you have the hindbrain here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the hindbrain here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have the hindbrain here you
+have the midbrain here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the midbrain here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the midbrain here you have the
+forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look at the buffalo fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the buffalo fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the buffalo fish
+what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+that's the hinge brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hinge brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the hinge brain
+part of it here's the cord there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it here's the cord there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it here's the cord there's the
+hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain
+this is also hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also hindbrain
+here's the midbrain up here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the midbrain up here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the midbrain up here here's the
+little forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little forebrain
+you just see the unbrain part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see the unbrain part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see the unbrain part of it
+because the queen brain is hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the queen brain is hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the queen brain is hidden
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what has happened well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what has happened well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what has happened well
+there's been a sensory analyzer that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a sensory analyzer that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a sensory analyzer that has
+they needed more apparatus to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed more apparatus to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed more apparatus to do the
+analysis of the water that's coming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the water that's coming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the water that's coming the
+taste in the water that's coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste in the water that's coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste in the water that's coming through
+the mouth so the apparatus expanded it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth so the apparatus expanded it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouth so the apparatus expanded it
+developed more machinery like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed more machinery like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed more machinery like in the
+telephone company with all the relay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company with all the relay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company with all the relay
+racks for handling the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racks for handling the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racks for handling the inputs and
+outputs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just like the phrenologist said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like the phrenologist said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like the phrenologist said
+things get bigger when they're you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get bigger when they're you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get bigger when they're you need
+more function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+at least when we take it to an extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least when we take it to an extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least when we take it to an extreme
+now here's the catfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the catfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the catfish
+who does have the vega low but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does have the vega low but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does have the vega low but it's not
+as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's also got another big bulge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also got another big bulge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also got another big bulge
+in fact it's even bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's even bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's even bigger
+we call it the facial nerve because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the facial nerve because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the facial nerve because it's
+connected to the facial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the facial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the facial nerve
+okay now why did the catfish have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why did the catfish have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now why did the catfish have that
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+here's a picture of one of the the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of one of the the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of one of the the small
+catfish and it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catfish and it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catfish and it shows
+the seventh crate you see the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh crate you see the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh crate you see the brain
+there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is brain
+and in black there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in black there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in black there
+is the seventh cranial nerve and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the seventh cranial nerve and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the seventh cranial nerve and its
+ganglion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ganglion okay
+normally the seventh cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the seventh cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the seventh cranial nerve
+innervates our tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates our tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates our tongue
+taste receptors in the tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste receptors in the tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste receptors in the tongue
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also controls
+on the motor side much more facial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the motor side much more facial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the motor side much more facial
+muscles and everything we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and everything we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and everything we're only
+talking about the sensory side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the sensory side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the sensory side here
+but in the catfish that's expanded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the catfish that's expanded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the catfish that's expanded and
+distributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributes
+throughout the body including these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little
+what we call whiskers and the catfish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call whiskers and the catfish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call whiskers and the catfish
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+marbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles
+okay they're innovative they have taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're innovative they have taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're innovative they have taste
+receptors on them okay so this animal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors on them okay so this animal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors on them okay so this animal is
+an animal in his feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal in his feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal in his feeding
+makes special use of taste and so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes special use of taste and so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes special use of taste and so he's
+expanded the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's why he's developed an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why he's developed an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why he's developed an
+expansion of the that part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the that part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the that part of the
+hindbrain getting that nerve's input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue
+still dealing now with forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still dealing now with forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still dealing now with forebrain
+midbrain and hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and hindbrain
+what caused the forebrain to begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what caused the forebrain to begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what caused the forebrain to begin to
+expand we'll deal with forebrain also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand we'll deal with forebrain also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand we'll deal with forebrain also
+deal with midbrain okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with midbrain okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with midbrain okay
+but first let's deal with the expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's deal with the expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's deal with the expansion
+of the forebrain because of the adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forebrain because of the adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forebrain because of the adaptive
+value of the olfactory sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the olfactory sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the olfactory sense for
+approach and avoidance functions feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and avoidance functions feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and avoidance functions feeding
+mating behavior predator avoidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating behavior predator avoidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating behavior predator avoidance
+the outputs to locomotion of course were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs to locomotion of course were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outputs to locomotion of course were
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+and these links were made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these links were made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these links were made by the
+midbrain as i've shown there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain as i've shown there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain as i've shown there
+here's the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is all for brain you see the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all for brain you see the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all for brain you see the old
+fact here's the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact here's the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact here's the olfactory
+receptors this is our efflectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors this is our efflectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors this is our efflectory
+epithelium the primary sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium the primary sensory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium the primary sensory neurons
+are sitting there sending their axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting there sending their axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting there sending their axons
+into the olfactory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+a little protrusion of the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little protrusion of the forebrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little protrusion of the forebrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there in the midbrain there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there in the midbrain there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there in the midbrain there were
+neurons receiving some of the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons receiving some of the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons receiving some of the output of
+cells that connected to that olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that connected to that olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that connected to that olfactory
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+and the midbrain cells then has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the midbrain cells then has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the midbrain cells then has
+descending connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending connections
+to hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hindbrain
+which then of course reaches spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then of course reaches spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then of course reaches spinal cord
+enables the animal to escape or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables the animal to escape or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables the animal to escape or to
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if olfaction hadn't evolved at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if olfaction hadn't evolved at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if olfaction hadn't evolved at the
+very end like that it would have led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end like that it would have led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very end like that it would have led to
+a different kind of expansion but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of expansion but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of expansion but that's
+how it happened and it's very ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it happened and it's very ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it happened and it's very ancient
+and once it happened it was maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it happened it was maintained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once it happened it was maintained
+in evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we've talked about how sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've talked about how sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've talked about how sensory
+analyzing mechanisms can expand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing mechanisms can expand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing mechanisms can expand you
+always get some corresponding changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get some corresponding changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get some corresponding changes in
+the motor apparatus let's talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor apparatus let's talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motor apparatus let's talk a little
+bit about the correlation centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the correlation centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the correlation centers
+between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them
+you need them to maintain stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need them to maintain stability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need them to maintain stability in
+space for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for example
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+be able it led to evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able it led to evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able it led to evolution of
+structures like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures like
+parts of the cerebellum the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the cerebellum the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the cerebellum the midbrain
+tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum
+and other groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other groups
+in the brain that i mentioned there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain that i mentioned there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain that i mentioned there
+we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show
+the ones we think of mostly or whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cerebellum that braintacked him okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there i'm showing in the moon eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there i'm showing in the moon eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there i'm showing in the moon eye
+again i'm showing the midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm showing the midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'm showing the midbrain and
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the midbrain expanded one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain expanded one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain expanded one of the reasons
+it expanded is it had a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expanded is it had a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expanded is it had a special
+connection to the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm not saying that that's how vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that that's how vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that that's how vision
+initially evolved in fact it came as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially evolved in fact it came as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially evolved in fact it came as an
+outgrowth of the twin brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the first connection that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first connection that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first connection that became
+really large was the connection to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large was the connection to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large was the connection to the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+auditory also provided input to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory also provided input to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory also provided input to the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain
+and that gave big advantages for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that were better than olfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were better than olfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were better than olfaction
+in many ways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways for
+detecting predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good for early warning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for early warning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good for early warning and
+anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating
+bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad things
+okay so anti-predator behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anti-predator behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so anti-predator behavior
+very early depended on visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early depended on visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early depended on visual and
+auditory connections to the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory connections to the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory connections to the midbrain
+tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum
+it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also
+the tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectum
+was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was involved in
+turning of the head and eye so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning of the head and eye so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning of the head and eye so it
+took on a wider role than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took on a wider role than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took on a wider role than just
+anti-predator behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator behavior
+became important in approaching things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became important in approaching things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became important in approaching things
+to orienting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although we think it evolved mainly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we think it evolved mainly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we think it evolved mainly as
+sort of an early early worrying system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i have a couple this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a couple this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a couple this is just the
+introduction to the fifth part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving
+evolution of fine control of movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of fine control of movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of fine control of movements
+and manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and manipulation
+where you had evolution of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had evolution of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had evolution of certain
+cortical functions and cerebellum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical functions and cerebellum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical functions and cerebellum but
+early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+something very interesting happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting happened to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+forebrain that was dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain that was dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain that was dominated by
+olfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other sensory inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moved in also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved in also
+because you see olfaction was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see olfaction was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you see olfaction was doing
+something really important for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really important for the
+animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the forebrain was doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain was doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain was doing that
+the midbrain was doing most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain was doing most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain was doing most of the
+visual things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual things
+but the midbrain had its connections too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the midbrain had its connections too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the midbrain had its connections too
+and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them
+went forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went forward
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by way of the tween brain evaded invaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of the tween brain evaded invaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of the tween brain evaded invaded
+that in brain structure which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in brain structure which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in brain structure which was
+initially olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially olfactory
+so we talked about an invasion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about an invasion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about an invasion of the
+non-olfactory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-olfactory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-olfactory input
+which led to the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led to the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which led to the neocortex
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the factory cortex is not neocortex it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory cortex is not neocortex it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factory cortex is not neocortex it's
+a more primitive kind of cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that really oversimplifies how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that really oversimplifies how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that really oversimplifies how it
+happened because the really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because the really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened because the really two
+structures that evolve there the corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that evolve there the corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that evolve there the corpus
+triado and the cortex and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triado and the cortex and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triado and the cortex and we'll be
+talking about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now i'm showing some expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm showing some expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm showing some expansion of
+the cerebellum as well as it gets now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum as well as it gets now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cerebellum as well as it gets now
+these distant receptors the vision some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distant receptors the vision some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distant receptors the vision some
+are sensory auditory in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sensory auditory in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sensory auditory in addition to
+the sense that was most important early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that was most important early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that was most important early
+on in cerebellar evolution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in cerebellar evolution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in cerebellar evolution the
+vestibular sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular sense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so changes are happening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so changes are happening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so changes are happening in the
+cerebellum as well as in other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum as well as in other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum as well as in other parts of
+the brain as these head receptors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain as these head receptors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain as these head receptors are
+elaborated and their analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated and their analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated and their analyzing
+mechanisms are elaborated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are elaborated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are elaborated
+so let's talk about some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about some of these other
+things i mentioned as drivers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i mentioned as drivers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i mentioned as drivers of
+evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+complex programs for goal directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex programs for goal directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex programs for goal directed
+activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're calling those remember i call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling those remember i call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling those remember i call them
+fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns
+and i i think we've already mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i think we've already mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i think we've already mentioned
+some of the examples in humans where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples in humans where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples in humans where
+they're not quite the same as reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite the same as reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite the same as reflexes
+which are simpler usually segmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simpler usually segmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are simpler usually segmental
+whereas the fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the fixed action patterns
+involve a much wider part of the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a much wider part of the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a much wider part of the nervous
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a simple
+fixed action pattern that i've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action pattern that i've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action pattern that i've probably
+done about 50 times since i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done about 50 times since i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done about 50 times since i've been
+standing up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up here
+swallowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing
+it has its own input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has its own input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has its own input
+you're not always aware of it but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not always aware of it but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not always aware of it but when
+you swallow you are stimulating the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you swallow you are stimulating the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you swallow you are stimulating the very
+back of the tongue behind a little roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the tongue behind a little roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the tongue behind a little roll
+it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can
+be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined
+you take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a little
+take your finger and slide it back you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your finger and slide it back you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your finger and slide it back you
+won't swallow until all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't swallow until all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't swallow until all of a sudden
+you'll reach a point where you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll reach a point where you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll reach a point where you'll
+trigger that fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger that fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger that fixed action pattern
+of course you've got the finger in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you've got the finger in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you've got the finger in your
+mouth so you'll gag but actually you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth so you'll gag but actually you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth so you'll gag but actually you're
+trying to swallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to swallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to swallow
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+every time you swallow you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you swallow you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you swallow you're not
+voluntarily swallowing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily swallowing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily swallowing you're
+voluntarily moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily moving
+producing that stimulus in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that stimulus in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing that stimulus in the back of
+your mouth and that makes that triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouth and that makes that triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mouth and that makes that triggers
+the fixed action pattern involving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed action pattern involving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed action pattern involving at
+least 20 different muscle groups it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 20 different muscle groups it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 20 different muscle groups it's a
+very complex pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complex pattern
+what are other fixed action patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are other fixed action patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are other fixed action patterns of
+humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm doing one of them right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing one of them right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing one of them right now
+i'm walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm walking
+you say but you learn to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say but you learn to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say but you learn to walk
+well actually if no one had ever taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually if no one had ever taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually if no one had ever taught
+me i would still walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i would still walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i would still walk
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we say we're teaching our kids to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we're teaching our kids to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say we're teaching our kids to walk
+but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually
+they're walking on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're walking on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're walking on their own
+you just encourage them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just encourage them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just encourage them
+but if you never encourage them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you never encourage them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you never encourage them they
+would still walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still walk
+okay it's a fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a fixed action pattern
+i'm not saying it doesn't it doesn't end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it doesn't it doesn't end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying it doesn't it doesn't end
+up a little bit different from person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit different from person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit different from person to
+person because of learning but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person because of learning but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person because of learning but in fact
+that's a pretty small effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty small effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty small effect
+in fact there's certain characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's certain characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there's certain characteristics
+of the way people walk that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way people walk that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way people walk that are
+inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited
+and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you
+if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know
+the father and you've never seen the son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father and you've never seen the son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the father and you've never seen the son
+and then you meet him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you meet him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you meet him
+you might so you might think when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might so you might think when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might so you might think when you
+see him from a distance by the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him from a distance by the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him from a distance by the way he
+moves that it's the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves that it's the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves that it's the father
+because he has he's inherited these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has he's inherited these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he has he's inherited these
+movement patterns or fixed action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement patterns or fixed action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement patterns or fixed action
+patterns inherited action patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns inherited action patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns inherited action patterns and
+they are they do evolve a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they do evolve a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they do evolve a little bit
+differently but mostly the same from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but mostly the same from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently but mostly the same from
+startle is another one it's we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startle is another one it's we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startle is another one it's we often
+call the startle response a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the startle response a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the startle response a reflex
+but in fact it could be caused called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it could be caused called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it could be caused called a
+simple fixed action pattern because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple fixed action pattern because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple fixed action pattern because it
+does involve widely different areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does involve widely different areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does involve widely different areas of
+the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in fact a loud clap like that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact a loud clap like that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact a loud clap like that if
+it's loud enough i saw movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's loud enough i saw movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's loud enough i saw movements
+throughout the from about a third of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the from about a third of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the from about a third of you
+and i clap my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i clap my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i clap my hands
+uh if it was really loud your knees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it was really loud your knees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if it was really loud your knees
+would buckle well that's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buckle well that's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buckle well that's quite a
+distance from the input through the ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the input through the ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the input through the ears
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+to part of the spinal cord that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to part of the spinal cord that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to part of the spinal cord that's
+controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the
+the leg flexors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg flexors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leg flexors
+okay smiling is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay smiling is another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay smiling is another one
+we define simple stimuli that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define simple stimuli that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we define simple stimuli that will
+generally elicit smiling in infants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally elicit smiling in infants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally elicit smiling in infants
+it appears very early infants also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears very early infants also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it appears very early infants also make
+a grimace that looks like a smile when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grimace that looks like a smile when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grimace that looks like a smile when
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+feel odd in their intestines and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel odd in their intestines and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel odd in their intestines and so
+people often say look he's smiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often say look he's smiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often say look he's smiling
+okay but there are many fixed action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are many fixed action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but there are many fixed action
+patterns like that and there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like that and there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like that and there's there's a
+long list of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these things also lead to structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things also lead to structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these things also lead to structural
+elaborations the hindbrain and spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations the hindbrain and spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborations the hindbrain and spinal
+cord especially but then you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord especially but then you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord especially but then you also have
+motivational control in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational control in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational control in fact the
+ethologists often define the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethologists often define the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethologists often define the fixed
+action pattern as different from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern as different from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern as different from a
+reflex in that mode there's motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex in that mode there's motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex in that mode there's motivational
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+that's different okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motivation does can modulate threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation does can modulate threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation does can modulate threshold
+for reflexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reflexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reflexes
+okay but fixed action patterns in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but fixed action patterns in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but fixed action patterns in fact
+when motivation is very very high the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when motivation is very very high the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when motivation is very very high the
+threshold becomes so low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold becomes so low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold becomes so low
+that they will just some of them anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will just some of them anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will just some of them anyway
+will be generated without any noticeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be generated without any noticeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be generated without any noticeable
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then finally we have reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally we have reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then finally we have reward
+driven learning and habit formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven learning and habit formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven learning and habit formation
+involving a corpus triadomineal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a corpus triadomineal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a corpus triadomineal cortex
+that are linked linked to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linked linked to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linked linked to our
+motivational system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll talk about these last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about these last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll talk about these last few
+things next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mBcLRGuAFUk.txt b/mBcLRGuAFUk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37461b4d603b4e0bbc9e69cd6235cdc4b1066697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mBcLRGuAFUk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the previous video was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the previous video was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the previous video was about
+positive definite matrices this video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices this video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite matrices this video is
+also linear algebra a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also linear algebra a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also linear algebra a very interesting
+way to break up a matrix called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to break up a matrix called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to break up a matrix called the
+singular value decomposition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition and
+everybody says SVD for singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says SVD for singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says SVD for singular value
+decomposition and what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and what is that
+factoring what are the three pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring what are the three pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring what are the three pieces of
+the SVD so this the fact is every matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD so this the fact is every matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD so this the fact is every matrix
+rectangular every matrix factors into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular every matrix factors into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular every matrix factors into
+these are the three pieces u Sigma V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three pieces u Sigma V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three pieces u Sigma V
+transpose that people use those letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that people use those letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that people use those letters
+for the three factors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three factors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the three factors okay
+the factor U is an orthogonal matrix an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor U is an orthogonal matrix an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor U is an orthogonal matrix an
+orthogonal matrix the factor Sigma in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix the factor Sigma in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrix the factor Sigma in
+the middle is a diagonal matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle is a diagonal matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle is a diagonal matrix the
+factor V transpose on the right is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor V transpose on the right is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor V transpose on the right is also
+an orthogonal matrix so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal matrix so I have
+orthogonal diagonal orthogonal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal diagonal orthogonal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal diagonal orthogonal or
+physically rotation stretching rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically rotation stretching rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically rotation stretching rotation
+now we have seen three factors for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have seen three factors for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have seen three factors for a
+matrix V lambda V inverse what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix V lambda V inverse what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix V lambda V inverse what's the
+difference what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference what's the difference between
+this SVD this this and the V lambda V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SVD this this and the V lambda V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this SVD this this and the V lambda V
+transpose V inverse V lambda V inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V inverse V lambda V inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose V inverse V lambda V inverse
+for diagonalizing other matrices so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diagonalizing other matrices so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diagonalizing other matrices so the
+lambda is diagonal and the Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is diagonal and the Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is diagonal and the Sigma is
+diagonal but they're different the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but they're different the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal but they're different the key
+point is I now have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I now have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is I now have two different
+matrices not just V and V inverse but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices not just V and V inverse but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices not just V and V inverse but
+two different matrices but the new great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different matrices but the new great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different matrices but the new great
+advantages they are orthogonal matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages they are orthogonal matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages they are orthogonal matrices
+both of them so by going to and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them so by going to and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them so by going to and and they
+can I can do it for rectangular matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can do it for rectangular matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can do it for rectangular matrices
+also eigen values really worked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also eigen values really worked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also eigen values really worked for
+square matrices now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrices now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square matrices now we
+earlier we have two we have a input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we have two we have a input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we have two we have a input
+matrix and an output matrix and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and an output matrix and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and an output matrix and those
+spaces m and n can have different have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces m and n can have different have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces m and n can have different have
+different dimensions so by allowing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions so by allowing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dimensions so by allowing two
+separate bases we get rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate bases we get rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate bases we get rectangular
+matrices we get at way and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we get at way and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices we get at way and we get
+orthogonal factors with again a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal factors with again a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal factors with again a diagonal
+and this is called these numbers Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called these numbers Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called these numbers Sigma
+instead of eigen values are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of eigen values are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of eigen values are called
+singular values so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so these are the
+singular values these are the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values these are the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values these are the singular
+vectors the right singular vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the right singular vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the right singular vectors and
+the left singular vectors that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left singular vectors that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left singular vectors that's the
+statement of the factorization but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the factorization but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the factorization but we
+have to think a little bit what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think a little bit what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think a little bit what are
+those factors what are the can we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors what are the can we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those factors what are the can we see
+how why this works so I want that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why this works so I want that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why this works so I want that and
+let me do as you see this coming I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do as you see this coming I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do as you see this coming I'll
+look at a transpose a I like a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a transpose a I like a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a transpose a I like a transpose
+a okay so a transpose will be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so a transpose will be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so a transpose will be I
+transpose this V Sigma transpose u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this V Sigma transpose u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose this V Sigma transpose u
+transpose right that's a transpose and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right that's a transpose and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose right that's a transpose and I
+multiply by a u Sigma V transpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a u Sigma V transpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by a u Sigma V transpose and
+what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have
+well I've got six matrices but u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've got six matrices but u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've got six matrices but u
+transpose u in here is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose u in here is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose u in here is the identity
+because U is an orthogonal matrix so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U is an orthogonal matrix so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U is an orthogonal matrix so I
+really have just the V on one side a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have just the V on one side a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have just the V on one side a
+Sigma transpose Sigma that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma transpose Sigma that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma transpose Sigma that will be
+diagonal and a V transpose on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and a V transpose on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and a V transpose on the right
+oh this I recognize this I recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this I recognize this I recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this I recognize this I recognize
+here is a single V a diagonal matrix a V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a single V a diagonal matrix a V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a single V a diagonal matrix a V
+transpose what I'm showing you here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what I'm showing you here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what I'm showing you here what
+we reached is the eigenvalue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reached is the eigenvalue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reached is the eigenvalue the
+diagonalization the usual eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization the usual eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization the usual eigenvalues
+are in here and the eigenvectors are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in here and the eigenvectors are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in here and the eigenvectors are in
+here but the matrix is a transposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the matrix is a transposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but the matrix is a transposing
+once again a was rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again a was rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again a was rectangular
+completely general and we couldn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely general and we couldn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely general and we couldn't see
+perfect results but when we went to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect results but when we went to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect results but when we went to a
+transpose a that gave us a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a that gave us a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a that gave us a positive
+semi-definite matrix symmetric for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite matrix symmetric for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite matrix symmetric for sure
+its eigenvectors will be orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvectors will be orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its eigenvectors will be orthogonal
+that's how I know this V matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I know this V matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I know this V matrix the
+eigenvectors for this symmetric matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors for this symmetric matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors for this symmetric matrix
+are orthogonal and the eigenvalues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal and the eigenvalues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal and the eigenvalues are
+positive and they're the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and they're the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and they're the squares of the
+singular value so this is telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value so this is telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value so this is telling me
+that the lambdas for a transpose a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lambdas for a transpose a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lambdas for a transpose a are
+the Sigma Squared's for s for a for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma Squared's for s for a for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma Squared's for s for a for a
+itself lambda is the same lambda for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself lambda is the same lambda for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself lambda is the same lambda for a
+transpose a is Sigma squared for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a is Sigma squared for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a is Sigma squared for the
+matrix a all right well that tells me V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a all right well that tells me V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a all right well that tells me V
+that tells me Sigma and you disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me Sigma and you disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me Sigma and you disappear
+here because u transpose U was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because u transpose U was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because u transpose U was the
+identity it just went away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it just went away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it just went away
+how would I get hold of you well here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I get hold of you well here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I get hold of you well here's
+one way to see it I multiply a times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to see it I multiply a times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to see it I multiply a times a
+transpose in that order in that order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose in that order in that order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose in that order in that order so
+now I have u Sigma V transpose times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have u Sigma V transpose times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have u Sigma V transpose times the
+transpose which is the V Sigma transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which is the V Sigma transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which is the V Sigma transpose
+u transpose I'm having a lot of fun here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u transpose I'm having a lot of fun here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u transpose I'm having a lot of fun here
+with transposes but V transpose V is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transposes but V transpose V is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with transposes but V transpose V is now
+the identity in the middle so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity in the middle so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity in the middle so what do I
+learn here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn here
+I learned that U is the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned that U is the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learned that U is the eigenvector
+matrix for a a transpose so these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for a a transpose so these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix for a a transpose so these have
+the same eigen values a times B has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigen values a times B has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigen values a times B has the
+same eigen values as B times a in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eigen values as B times a in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eigen values as B times a in this
+case out here same eigen values this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case out here same eigen values this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case out here same eigen values this has
+eigen vectors V this has eigen vectors U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors V this has eigen vectors U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors V this has eigen vectors U
+and those are the V and the U in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the V and the U in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are the V and the U in the
+singular value decomposition well I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition well I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition well I have
+to show you an example I have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you an example I have to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you an example I have to show
+you an example and an application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example and an application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example and an application and
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+sit ok so here's an example suppose a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit ok so here's an example suppose a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit ok so here's an example suppose a I
+make it a square matrix - 2 - 1 1 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a square matrix - 2 - 1 1 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a square matrix - 2 - 1 1 not
+symmetric certainly not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric certainly not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric certainly not positive
+definite I wouldn't use the word because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite I wouldn't use the word because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite I wouldn't use the word because
+that matrix is not symmetric but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix is not symmetric but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix is not symmetric but it's
+got an SVD 3 factors and I work them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an SVD 3 factors and I work them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an SVD 3 factors and I work them out
+this is the orthogonal matrix I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the orthogonal matrix I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the orthogonal matrix I have to
+divide by square root of 5 to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by square root of 5 to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by square root of 5 to make it
+unit vectors you oh that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors you oh that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vectors you oh that's not going to
+work how about that the two columns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how about that the two columns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work how about that the two columns are
+orthogonal and that's a perfectly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and that's a perfectly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and that's a perfectly good
+you and then in the Sigma I got well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then in the Sigma I got well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then in the Sigma I got well
+that's a oh I did want one in one I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a oh I did want one in one I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a oh I did want one in one I did
+want one in one yes oh yes so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one in one yes oh yes so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want one in one yes oh yes so I have a
+singular matrix determinant zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrix determinant zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrix determinant zero
+singular matrix so my eigen values will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrix so my eigen values will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular matrix so my eigen values will
+be zero and it turns out square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and it turns out square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and it turns out square root of
+10 is that right is the other eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is that right is the other eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 is that right is the other eigen
+value for that other singular value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for that other singular value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for that other singular value for
+this guy and now I'll put in the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and now I'll put in the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy and now I'll put in the V
+transpose matrix which is 1 1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose matrix which is 1 1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose matrix which is 1 1 and 1
+minus 1 is it and those have length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is it and those have length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is it and those have length
+square root of 2 which I have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 which I have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 which I have to divide
+by well I didn't do that so smoothly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by well I didn't do that so smoothly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by well I didn't do that so smoothly but
+the result is clear u Sigma V transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is clear u Sigma V transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is clear u Sigma V transpose
+so here's the signal and the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the signal and the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the signal and the singular
+values of this matrix are square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this matrix are square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this matrix are square root of
+10 and then 0 because it's a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and then 0 because it's a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and then 0 because it's a singular
+matrix and the eigen vectors well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the eigen vectors well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the eigen vectors well the
+singular vectors of the matrix are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors of the matrix are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors of the matrix are the
+left singular vectors and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left singular vectors and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left singular vectors and the right
+singular vectors okay that looks good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors okay that looks good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular vectors okay that looks good to
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+uh-uh and now the application to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-uh and now the application to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-uh and now the application to finish
+a first application is well very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first application is well very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first application is well very
+important all the time in this century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all the time in this century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all the time in this century
+we're getting matrices with data in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting matrices with data in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting matrices with data in them
+maybe in life sciences we test a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in life sciences we test a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in life sciences we test a bunch
+of samples people for genes so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of samples people for genes so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of samples people for genes so I have a
+my data comes somehow I have a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data comes somehow I have a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data comes somehow I have a gene
+expression matrix I have samples people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression matrix I have samples people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression matrix I have samples people
+people 1 2 3 in those columns and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people 1 2 3 in those columns and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people 1 2 3 in those columns and I have
+in this in the rows let me say 4 rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the rows let me say 4 rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the rows let me say 4 rows
+I have genes what gene expressions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have genes what gene expressions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have genes what gene expressions that
+would be completely normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be completely normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be completely normal
+a rectangular matrix because the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular matrix because the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rectangular matrix because the number
+of people in the number of genes is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in the number of genes is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in the number of genes is not
+the same and in reality those are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and in reality those are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and in reality those are both
+very very big numbers so I have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very big numbers so I have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very big numbers so I have a large
+matrix and out of it I want to and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and out of it I want to and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and out of it I want to and each
+number in the matrix is telling me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the matrix is telling me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the matrix is telling me how
+much the gene is expressed by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the gene is expressed by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the gene is expressed by that
+person we may be searching for genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we may be searching for genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we may be searching for genes
+causing some disease so we take several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing some disease so we take several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing some disease so we take several
+people some well some with the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some well some with the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people some well some with the disease
+we check on the genes we get a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check on the genes we get a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we check on the genes we get a big
+matrix and we look to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we look to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we look to understand
+something out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out of it
+what can we understand what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we understand what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we understand what are we
+looking for we're looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for we're looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for we're looking for the
+correlation the connection between some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation the connection between some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation the connection between some
+combination maybe of genes and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination maybe of genes and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination maybe of genes and some
+we're looking for a gene people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for a gene people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for a gene people
+connection here but it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here but it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection here but it's not going to be
+person number one we're not looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person number one we're not looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person number one we're not looking for
+one person we're looking to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person we're looking to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person we're looking to find a
+mixture of those people so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of those people so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of those people so we're going
+to have sort of an eigen sample eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have sort of an eigen sample eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have sort of an eigen sample eigen
+people oh that's a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people oh that's a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people oh that's a terrible
+i ghen person would be better so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ghen person would be better so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ghen person would be better so I think
+we I think I'm seeing an eigen person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think I'm seeing an eigen person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I think I'm seeing an eigen person
+let me see where I were going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see where I were going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see where I were going to put
+this so so yeah I think my matrix would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so yeah I think my matrix would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so yeah I think my matrix would
+be written oh here's a main point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written oh here's a main point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written oh here's a main point that
+just as I see in this example it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as I see in this example it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as I see in this example it's the
+first vector and the first vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first vector and the first vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first vector and the first vector and
+the biggest Sigma that are all important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest Sigma that are all important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest Sigma that are all important
+well in that example the other Sigma was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that example the other Sigma was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in that example the other Sigma was
+zero nothing but in this example I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nothing but in this example I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nothing but in this example I'll
+probably have three different Sigma's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have three different Sigma's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have three different Sigma's
+but the largest Sigma the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the largest Sigma the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the largest Sigma the the first
+either u1 and the v1 it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either u1 and the v1 it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either u1 and the v1 it's that
+combination that I want I want you 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that I want I want you 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination that I want I want you 1
+Sigma 1 V 1 transpose that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 V 1 transpose that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 V 1 transpose that the first
+eigenvector of a transpose a and of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of a transpose a and of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of a transpose a and of a a
+transpose and the first thing you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the first thing you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and the first thing you the
+biggest singular value that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest singular value that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest singular value that's the
+information that's that's the best sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's that's the best sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's that's the best sort
+of put together person eigen person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put together person eigen person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put together person eigen person
+combination of these people and the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these people and the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these people and the best
+combination of genes that has the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of genes that has the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of genes that has the in
+statistics I would say the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics I would say the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics I would say the greatest
+variance in ordinary English I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in ordinary English I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in ordinary English I would say
+the most information the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most information the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most information the most
+information in this big matrix is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in this big matrix is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in this big matrix is in
+this very special matrix with only Rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very special matrix with only Rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very special matrix with only Rank
+1 only a single column repeated a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 only a single column repeated a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 only a single column repeated a single
+row repeated and a number Sigma 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row repeated and a number Sigma 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row repeated and a number Sigma 1 the
+number that tells me that because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that tells me that because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that tells me that because you
+remember you as a unit vector V is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you as a unit vector V is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you as a unit vector V is a
+unit vector it's that number Sigma one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector it's that number Sigma one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector it's that number Sigma one
+that's selling me so it's like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's selling me so it's like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's selling me so it's like that that
+unit vector times that number key number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector times that number key number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector times that number key number
+times that unit vector yes this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that unit vector yes this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that unit vector yes this I'm
+talking here about principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here about principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking here about principal component
+analysis I'm looking for the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm looking for the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm looking for the principal
+component this part principal component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this part principal component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component this part principal component
+and Al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Al
+a big a big application in applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big a big application in applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big a big application in applied
+statistics you know in in large drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you know in in large drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics you know in in large drug
+large-scale drug tests statisticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale drug tests statisticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large-scale drug tests statisticians
+really have a central place here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a central place here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a central place here and and
+and this is on the research side to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is on the research side to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is on the research side to find
+the get the information out of a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get the information out of a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the get the information out of a big
+sample okay so so you one is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so so you one is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so so you one is sort of a
+combination of people v1 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of people v1 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of people v1 is a
+combination of genes Sigma one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of genes Sigma one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of genes Sigma one is the
+biggest number I can get so that's PCA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest number I can get so that's PCA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest number I can get so that's PCA
+all coming from the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all coming from the singular value
+decomposition thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mPCTR32vxWo.txt b/mPCTR32vxWo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c09430105a25e2cb29e05e72d33f96e2522ad17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mPCTR32vxWo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu one of the ways to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one of the ways to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu one of the ways to think
+about the American Musical uh agenda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the American Musical uh agenda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the American Musical uh agenda is
+to recognize that it's a distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize that it's a distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recognize that it's a distinctive
+maybe even a unique American form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a unique American form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even a unique American form and
+with the American and with the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the American and with the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the American and with the western
+movie the two most distinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the two most distinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie the two most distinctive
+contributions that Hollywood has made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that Hollywood has made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions that Hollywood has made to
+the uh art of movie making listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh art of movie making listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh art of movie making listen to
+this entry on musicals the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entry on musicals the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entry on musicals the very
+beginning of the entry on musicals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the entry on musicals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the entry on musicals from
+the Oxford companion to film the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oxford companion to film the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Oxford companion to film the history
+of the screen musical is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen musical is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the screen musical is essentially
+that of the American Musical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the American Musical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the American Musical the
+outstanding examples of the genre have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding examples of the genre have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding examples of the genre have
+been made in Hollywood and only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made in Hollywood and only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made in Hollywood and only the
+American industry has consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American industry has consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American industry has consistently
+produced musicals throughout the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced musicals throughout the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced musicals throughout the sound
+era the book was written just uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era the book was written just uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era the book was written just uh the
+book was published in the early 70s just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was published in the early 70s just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book was published in the early 70s just
+as movies Hollywood movies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as movies Hollywood movies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as movies Hollywood movies were
+undergoing the transformation I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing the transformation I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing the transformation I've
+alluded to uh indeed with the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to uh indeed with the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alluded to uh indeed with the Western
+the musical could be claimed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical could be claimed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical could be claimed as
+Hollywood's outstanding contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood's outstanding contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood's outstanding contribution to
+the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of
+Cinema so that's a good context for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema so that's a good context for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema so that's a good context for
+thinking both about The Westerns we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking both about The Westerns we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking both about The Westerns we'll
+be talking about in the next two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about in the next two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about in the next two weeks
+and about the musicals we're talk we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the musicals we're talk we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about the musicals we're talk we're
+thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+week perhaps before we go any further it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week perhaps before we go any further it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week perhaps before we go any further it
+would be useful for me to U uh give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be useful for me to U uh give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be useful for me to U uh give a
+very quick talk about the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick talk about the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quick talk about the problem of
+definition because there is music in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because there is music in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because there is music in all
+almost all films uh how do we how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all films uh how do we how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all films uh how do we how do we
+uh distinguish a musical a true musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distinguish a musical a true musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distinguish a musical a true musical
+from a film that contains music and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a film that contains music and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a film that contains music and the
+simplest answer is also the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest answer is also the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest answer is also the most obvious
+one we would Embrace a definition I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we would Embrace a definition I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we would Embrace a definition I
+think that would say that a film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would say that a film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would say that a film in
+which song and dance are so essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which song and dance are so essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which song and dance are so essential
+that to remove them would leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to remove them would leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to remove them would leave
+virtually nothing means you're watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually nothing means you're watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually nothing means you're watching
+a musical and that would distinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musical and that would distinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a musical and that would distinguish it
+then from many many films in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from many many films in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from many many films in which
+musical elements may be present even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical elements may be present even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical elements may be present even
+musical performances may be present but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical performances may be present but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical performances may be present but
+they are not at the very essence of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not at the very essence of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not at the very essence of what
+the film is and the film is not ENT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is and the film is not ENT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film is and the film is not ENT the
+film is not entirely dependent upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is not entirely dependent upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is not entirely dependent upon
+those elements right so a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements right so a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements right so a simple
+straightforward definition one way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward definition one way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward definition one way we
+can measure the significance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the significance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure the significance the
+centrality of the musical to and also of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality of the musical to and also of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrality of the musical to and also of
+the western because the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western because the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western because the numbers are
+slight somewhat similar for the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight somewhat similar for the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight somewhat similar for the Western
+uh uh the centrality of the musical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the centrality of the musical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh the centrality of the musical to
+the studio system is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio system is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio system is to look at the
+numbers and uh between 1927 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh between 1927 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and uh between 1927 and
+1947 all just over 900 films musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1947 all just over 900 films musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1947 all just over 900 films musical
+films were made that's an Aston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were made that's an Aston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were made that's an Aston
+approximately 48 films a year that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 48 films a year that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 48 films a year that's
+roughly 10 % of the total production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 % of the total production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 % of the total production of
+movies during that period were musicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies during that period were musicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies during that period were musicals
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one of the things that shows of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is how steady the audience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is how steady the audience for
+musicals were were how stable the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicals were were how stable the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicals were were how stable the system
+became relatively quickly uh uh allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became relatively quickly uh uh allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became relatively quickly uh uh allowing
+for the elaboration and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the elaboration and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the elaboration and and and and
+repetition of the Fuller exploration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of the Fuller exploration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of the Fuller exploration of
+this particular uh genre of movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh genre of movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular uh genre of movie and
+you can see you can recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you can recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you can recognize the
+decline too there are people who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline too there are people who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline too there are people who would
+argue that the musical in its exuberance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the musical in its exuberance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the musical in its exuberance
+and the American Musical especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the American Musical especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the American Musical especially in
+its exuberance and optimism represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its exuberance and optimism represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its exuberance and optimism represented
+some essentially a pre-war value and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some essentially a pre-war value and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some essentially a pre-war value and and
+there are people who say well uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who say well uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people who say well uh after
+the war the musical began a decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war the musical began a decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the war the musical began a decline
+there are other explanations for why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other explanations for why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other explanations for why the
+musical began its Decline and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical began its Decline and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical began its Decline and the
+primary one is the one I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary one is the one I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary one is the one I've already
+implied the studio system was breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied the studio system was breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied the studio system was breaking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the captive audience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the captive audience of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of people who went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of people who went
+to the movies every week was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movies every week was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movies every week was
+disappearing uh but in the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing uh but in the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing uh but in the period
+between 1949 and and 19 1958 a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1949 and and 19 1958 a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1949 and and 19 1958 a much
+briefer period only 23 films a year were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefer period only 23 films a year were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefer period only 23 films a year were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+made they were still a significant
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+tremendous Decline and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous Decline and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous Decline and then in the
+period between 59 and 1980 only seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period between 59 and 1980 only seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period between 59 and 1980 only seven
+films that could be named Musicals A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that could be named Musicals A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that could be named Musicals A
+year the genre is virtually uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year the genre is virtually uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year the genre is virtually uh not
+exactly extinct but it's now a specialty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly extinct but it's now a specialty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly extinct but it's now a specialty
+item and musicals continue to be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and musicals continue to be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item and musicals continue to be made
+but they are but they are hardly part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are but they are hardly part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are but they are hardly part of
+the regular Fair of movie of movie goers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular Fair of movie of movie goers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular Fair of movie of movie goers
+so we can think of the musical as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think of the musical as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think of the musical as one of
+the distin distinctive uh expressions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distin distinctive uh expressions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distin distinctive uh expressions of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hollywood studio era and and in its
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their optimism and in their in maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+in even in their relative reluctance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in their relative reluctance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in even in their relative reluctance to
+engage directly with political and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage directly with political and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage directly with political and
+social questions they express a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social questions they express a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social questions they express a certain
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+value or or or or a certain perspective
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particularly illuminates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particularly illuminates the
+remarkable uh uh entertainment industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable uh uh entertainment industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable uh uh entertainment industry
+that Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Hollywood
+became I want to just say a very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became I want to just say a very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became I want to just say a very few
+words about the dominant themes in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about the dominant themes in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about the dominant themes in these
+films uh uh there are what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh uh there are what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films uh uh there are what you might
+expect from this combination of music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from this combination of music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from this combination of music
+and comedy uh one recurring topic is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comedy uh one recurring topic is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comedy uh one recurring topic is the
+theme of show business right many films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of show business right many films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of show business right many films
+have as many musical films have as their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many musical films have as their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many musical films have as their
+plot there's a kind of sub genre of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot there's a kind of sub genre of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot there's a kind of sub genre of
+musical films devoted to the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films devoted to the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films devoted to the question of
+putting on a show right and the drama of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on a show right and the drama of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on a show right and the drama of
+the of this subcategory of musicals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of this subcategory of musicals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of this subcategory of musicals is
+you begin at the beginning with the cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin at the beginning with the cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin at the beginning with the cast
+being assembled and you watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being assembled and you watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being assembled and you watch the
+difficulties the internal and public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties the internal and public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties the internal and public
+public difficulties that the show has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public difficulties that the show has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public difficulties that the show has
+getting on the boards right and one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on the boards right and one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on the boards right and one very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+common this is derived in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common this is derived in some sense
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from forms of from forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a from forms of from forms of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical performance that existed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical performance that existed on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadway before they migrated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadway before they migrated to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood before they before they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted and adapted by Hollywood so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopted and adapted by Hollywood so and
+and what's embedded in this show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's embedded in this show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's embedded in this show
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+business theme for example are larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business theme for example are larger
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and one of them is the theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes and one of them is the theme of
+community in other words uh uh you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in other words uh uh you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in other words uh uh you'll
+see and you'll see a very concrete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you'll see a very concrete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and you'll see a very concrete and
+dramatic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic um
+um articulation or dramatization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um articulation or dramatization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um articulation or dramatization of
+these principles in Singing in the Rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles in Singing in the Rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles in Singing in the Rain
+this evening all of the film all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening all of the film all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening all of the film all of the
+themes I'm talking about now you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes I'm talking about now you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themes I'm talking about now you you you
+will find I think expressed dramatized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find I think expressed dramatized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find I think expressed dramatized
+with great Authority and and um wit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great Authority and and um wit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great Authority and and um wit in
+in Singing in the Rain so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Singing in the Rain so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Singing in the Rain so the idea is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this putting on of a show means
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+
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+that this putting on of a show means
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+what is discovered in the tensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is discovered in the tensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is discovered in the tensions and
+problems that begin to develop there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that begin to develop there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that begin to develop there are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have to do if we jump down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have to do if we jump down
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in my categories to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in my categories to the next one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+next one to class or position you can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+see that in some sense the theme of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+the relative questions of hierarchy as
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+against questions of talent right and
+ 
+
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+what's right other words I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's right other words I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's right other words I'm the
+important singer but my but but but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important singer but my but but but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important singer but my but but but my
+understudy has the better voice what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understudy has the better voice what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understudy has the better voice what's
+the tension there what's going to happen
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+ align:start position:0%
+the tension there what's going to happen
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you'll see how this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you'll see how this
+with wonderful comic energy plays itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wonderful comic energy plays itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wonderful comic energy plays itself
+out in Singing in the Rain uh but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in Singing in the Rain uh but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in Singing in the Rain uh but what I
+want you to recognize as embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to recognize as embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to recognize as embedded in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theme is what we not only what I'm
+calling the theme of community or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the theme of community or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+theme of class right social class or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of class right social class or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of class right social class or or
+or social hierarchy or social position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or social hierarchy or social position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or social hierarchy or social position
+uh and the tension between uh individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the tension between uh individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the tension between uh individual
+talent and social position which is
+
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+talent and social position which is
+ 
+
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+talent and social position which is
+repeatedly expresses itself at least
+
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+repeatedly expresses itself at least
+ 
+
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+repeatedly expresses itself at least
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+
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+implicitly in these music what does this
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+
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+
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+have at some level a kind of implicit
+
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+have at some level a kind of implicit
+ 
+
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+have at some level a kind of implicit
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+
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+political subject matter that they that
+ 
+
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+
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+they that that they're often about
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy or about how to get along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy or about how to get along and
+in fact during the recent uh crisis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact during the recent uh crisis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact during the recent uh crisis in
+uh most recent crisis of uh partisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most recent crisis of uh partisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most recent crisis of uh partisan
+disagreement in Congress I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement in Congress I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement in Congress I was thinking
+gee if I could send them a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee if I could send them a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gee if I could send them a couple of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
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+them maybe they could get along too
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too hopeful an idea but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+is a political Dimension uh to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a political Dimension uh to the to
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+
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+the to the drama even to the confined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama of putting on a show that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+very good musicals bring to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good musicals bring to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good musicals bring to the surface
+uh another central theme is the one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another central theme is the one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another central theme is the one I
+skipped over the conflict often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped over the conflict often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped over the conflict often
+attention or a conflict between high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention or a conflict between high and
+ 
+
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+popular culture with Hollywood and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture with Hollywood and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular culture with Hollywood and the
+musical film almost always standing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical film almost always standing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the popular as against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the popular as against the
+mor abund and and uh pretentiously u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mor abund and and uh pretentiously u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mor abund and and uh pretentiously u u
+uh scleratic uh old-fashioned uh older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scleratic uh old-fashioned uh older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scleratic uh old-fashioned uh older
+forms uh and they often create a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh and they often create a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms uh and they often create a kind of
+cartoon of the older forms in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the older forms in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon of the older forms in order to
+celebrate their own energy but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate their own energy but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate their own energy but this
+tension is a recurring one in musicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is a recurring one in musicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is a recurring one in musicals
+and you'll see you'll see versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see you'll see versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see you'll see versions of
+these themes in both the musicals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these themes in both the musicals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these themes in both the musicals that
+are on our uh roster for this evening uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on our uh roster for this evening uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on our uh roster for this evening uh
+finally implicit in what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally implicit in what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally implicit in what I've been
+saying is the is the theme of convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is the is the theme of convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is the is the theme of convention
+and restraint versus spontaneity energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restraint versus spontaneity energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and restraint versus spontaneity energy
+what we think of as the natural and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of as the natural and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we think of as the natural and I'll
+say more about this tonight when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about this tonight when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about this tonight when we talk
+about the dance sequences and singing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dance sequences and singing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dance sequences and singing in
+the rain but at the moment just let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain but at the moment just let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rain but at the moment just let me
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the extent to which this
+ 
+
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+emphasize the extent to which this
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+
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+principle of a kind of conflict between
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+
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+principle of a kind of conflict between
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is handed down what is conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is handed down what is conventional
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is expected and what is uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is expected and what is uh uh
+dictated by your spontaneous needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by your spontaneous needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictated by your spontaneous needs
+desires uh sense of joy is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires uh sense of joy is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desires uh sense of joy is a is a
+constant source of tension and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant source of tension and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant source of tension and and and
+energy in uh in in in many many musicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in uh in in in many many musicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in uh in in in many many musicals
+and is one of the central organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is one of the central organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is one of the central organizing
+principles of singing in the rain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of singing in the rain and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of singing in the rain and
+we'll come back to that tonight when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that tonight when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that tonight when we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk more fully about that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk more fully about that film
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'd like to do with the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'd like to do with the time I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left is try to illustrate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have left is try to illustrate in a
+certain way two different things uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way two different things uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way two different things uh and
+they're partly in Conflict but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're partly in Conflict but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're partly in Conflict but they're
+the kinds of and and therefore in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of and and therefore in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of and and therefore in some
+sense I'm simplifying but it's but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I'm simplifying but it's but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I'm simplifying but it's but it's
+an intellectually justifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intellectually justifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intellectually justifiable
+simplification what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification what I want to do
+simultaneously is give you a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously is give you a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously is give you a kind of
+brief sense of the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief sense of the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief sense of the history of the
+musical but also a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical but also a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical but also a sense of the
+different flavors within the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flavors within the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flavors within the broad
+category of the musical that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of the musical that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of the musical that might be
+possible this is obviously an impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is obviously an impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is obviously an impossible
+task in 30 minutes or so but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task in 30 minutes or so but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task in 30 minutes or so but we're going
+to accomplish it any way in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish it any way in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish it any way in a very
+reduced and and uh U crystallized way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and and uh U crystallized way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced and and uh U crystallized way I
+think as you might imagine the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as you might imagine the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as you might imagine the central
+impetus for the musical occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impetus for the musical occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impetus for the musical occurred
+technologically with the Advent of sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically with the Advent of sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically with the Advent of sound
+right as soon as sound became possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as soon as sound became possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as soon as sound became possible
+people were thinking ah we can sing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were thinking ah we can sing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were thinking ah we can sing in
+the movies uh music is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies uh music is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies uh music is going to be
+important in the movies and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the movies and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the movies and of course
+that was in fact the case the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in fact the case the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in fact the case the very first
+sound film The Jazz Singer was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film The Jazz Singer was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound film The Jazz Singer was about
+singing it had 10 interpolated songs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing it had 10 interpolated songs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing it had 10 interpolated songs in
+it and only two lines of dialogue in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and only two lines of dialogue in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and only two lines of dialogue in it
+Al Jolson the famous uh uh uh blackface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al Jolson the famous uh uh uh blackface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al Jolson the famous uh uh uh blackface
+performer played a a performer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer played a a performer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer played a a performer in
+blackface a Jew actually a white band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackface a Jew actually a white band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackface a Jew actually a white band
+who played uh a black in most famously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played uh a black in most famously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who played uh a black in most famously
+in in in uh on stage in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh on stage in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh on stage in this particular
+film he plays a religious family's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he plays a religious family's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film he plays a religious family's the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the son of a religious family of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the son of a religious family of a
+Jewish Family who who wants to sing Jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish Family who who wants to sing Jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jewish Family who who wants to sing Jazz
+not to be a caner in the synagogue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be a caner in the synagogue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be a caner in the synagogue and
+his father's very very angry at him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father's very very angry at him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his father's very very angry at him
+because he thinks he's betraying and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he thinks he's betraying and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he thinks he's betraying and can
+you see embedded there is the theme of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see embedded there is the theme of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see embedded there is the theme of a
+certain sense High religious culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense High religious culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense High religious culture
+versus popular culture in the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus popular culture in the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus popular culture in the very first
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that might have that interpolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that might have that interpolated
+music that theme is already present uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that theme is already present uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music that theme is already present uh
+and the the uh in in 1928 jolon again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the uh in in 1928 jolon again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the uh in in 1928 jolon again
+appeared in a s in a in a in a in a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in a s in a in a in a in a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared in a s in a in a in a in a uh a
+film called the singing fool that made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called the singing fool that made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called the singing fool that made a
+great success and and what Then followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success and and what Then followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great success and and what Then followed
+in in 1929 were a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 1929 were a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 1929 were a whole series of
+musical films of films that Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films of films that Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films of films that Incorporated
+music including in 1929 a film called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music including in 1929 a film called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music including in 1929 a film called
+the Broadway Melody of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broadway Melody of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broadway Melody of
+1929 uh and it contained a backstage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 uh and it contained a backstage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 uh and it contained a backstage
+story like the one I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story like the one I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story like the one I've already
+described about two sisters from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described about two sisters from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described about two sisters from
+Vaudeville who try to reach Broadway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vaudeville who try to reach Broadway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vaudeville who try to reach Broadway and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+star on Broadway uh and and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star on Broadway uh and and therefore
+the putting on of a show is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the putting on of a show is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the putting on of a show is one of the
+implicit subjects but this form of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit subjects but this form of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit subjects but this form of of
+early musical was derived from Broadway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early musical was derived from Broadway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early musical was derived from Broadway
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very direct way and it often did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very direct way and it often did
+not have a coherent plot it was often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a coherent plot it was often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a coherent plot it was often uh
+it it it often involved a series of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it often involved a series of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it often involved a series of of
+of song of of singing and dancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of song of of singing and dancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of song of of singing and dancing
+numbers uh interspersed with comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh interspersed with comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh interspersed with comic
+dialogue of some kind a literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue of some kind a literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue of some kind a literally a
+review not a play right uh and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review not a play right uh and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review not a play right uh and then some
+some versions of the review began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versions of the review began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some versions of the review began to
+have uh more systematic plots talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh more systematic plots talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh more systematic plots talking
+linking this animated I think generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking this animated I think generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking this animated I think generated
+by this theme of putting on a of putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this theme of putting on a of putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this theme of putting on a of putting
+on a play and the Broadway Melody of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a play and the Broadway Melody of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a play and the Broadway Melody of
+1929 was an astonishing success it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 was an astonishing success it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 was an astonishing success it was
+partly because it was the most fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it was the most fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it was the most fully
+success Mo most fully musicalized film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success Mo most fully musicalized film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success Mo most fully musicalized film
+up to that time and uh uh it it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that time and uh uh it it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that time and uh uh it it it it
+was so popular it was incidentally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so popular it was incidentally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so popular it was incidentally the
+songs written for it were written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs written for it were written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs written for it were written by
+herb nasio Brown and Arthur freed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herb nasio Brown and Arthur freed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herb nasio Brown and Arthur freed the
+two people who are at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people who are at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people who are at the center of
+Singing in the Rain nasio Brown's songs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singing in the Rain nasio Brown's songs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singing in the Rain nasio Brown's songs
+are in Singing in the Rain and Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Singing in the Rain and Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Singing in the Rain and Arthur
+freed of course is the great executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed of course is the great executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed of course is the great executive
+producer responsible for more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer responsible for more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer responsible for more of the
+great musicals in the Hollywood era than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great musicals in the Hollywood era than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great musicals in the Hollywood era than
+any other figure so they begin even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other figure so they begin even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other figure so they begin even
+early that early at the very earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early that early at the very earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early that early at the very earliest
+stages of the medium's history um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of the medium's history um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of the medium's history um and so
+then uh the Broadway Melody became was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the Broadway Melody became was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the Broadway Melody became was
+so popular and so successful that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so popular and so successful that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so popular and so successful that in
+1930 70 new musicals were produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 70 new musicals were produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930 70 new musicals were produced
+mostly in imitation uh and and the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in imitation uh and and the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly in imitation uh and and the film
+won an Oscar for for uh best film so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won an Oscar for for uh best film so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won an Oscar for for uh best film so it
+it's it it immediately established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it immediately established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it it immediately established
+musical films films with music song and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films films with music song and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films films with music song and
+singing and dancing in them as a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing and dancing in them as a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing and dancing in them as a central
+category most early Musical were reviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category most early Musical were reviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category most early Musical were reviews
+of this sort very early ones uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort very early ones uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sort very early ones uh they
+combined they used Broadway Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined they used Broadway Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined they used Broadway Hollywood
+Vaudeville and radio Stars Incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vaudeville and radio Stars Incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vaudeville and radio Stars Incorporated
+them in R lavish musical numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in R lavish musical numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in R lavish musical numbers
+interspersed with sketches and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interspersed with sketches and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interspersed with sketches and again
+they were not necessarily coherent plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not necessarily coherent plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not necessarily coherent plots
+and some of them most of them didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them most of them didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of them most of them didn't
+even attempt to present a coherent plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even attempt to present a coherent plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even attempt to present a coherent plot
+this kind of film more coherently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of film more coherently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of film more coherently
+plotted remained a subcategory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted remained a subcategory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted remained a subcategory of
+musicals all the way through the musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicals all the way through the musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicals all the way through the musical
+the history of musicals and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of musicals and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of musicals and that's
+why that's why want to qualify the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why want to qualify the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that's why want to qualify the idea
+that I'm giving you a history I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm giving you a history I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm giving you a history I am
+giving you a kind of history but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a kind of history but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a kind of history but it's a
+complicated history because the forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated history because the forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated history because the forms
+I'm talking about don't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about don't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about don't completely
+disappear and get supplanted by the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and get supplanted by the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and get supplanted by the more
+advanced forms they live together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced forms they live together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced forms they live together
+simultaneously and the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and the question of
+whether one is a more advanced form than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one is a more advanced form than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one is a more advanced form than
+another might be debatable although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another might be debatable although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another might be debatable although I
+think there are distinctions as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are distinctions as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are distinctions as you'll
+see that do suggest that there's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that do suggest that there's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that do suggest that there's a kind
+of progression and increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of progression and increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of progression and increasing
+understanding of what it would mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it would mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it would mean to
+make a musical film that was truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a musical film that was truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a musical film that was truly
+coherent um that wasn't simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent um that wasn't simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent um that wasn't simply
+presenting us with the joy of song and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting us with the joy of song and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting us with the joy of song and
+dance uh in a in in in a way unconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance uh in a in in in a way unconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance uh in a in in in a way unconnected
+to story or character um um but but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to story or character um um but but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to story or character um um but but it
+remained a subcategory this this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained a subcategory this this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained a subcategory this this um
+review remained a subcategory of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review remained a subcategory of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review remained a subcategory of of uh
+musical films all the way through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films all the way through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical films all the way through the
+history and of the of the form and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and of the of the form and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and of the of the form and in
+1946 one of the most remarkable versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 one of the most remarkable versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 one of the most remarkable versions
+of this was made it was called zigfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was made it was called zigfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was made it was called zigfield
+Foles and again it was based on on a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foles and again it was based on on a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foles and again it was based on on a it
+was a film about a nostalgic film about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a film about a nostalgic film about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a film about a nostalgic film about
+a Broadway phenomenon but it was a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Broadway phenomenon but it was a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Broadway phenomenon but it was a a
+fully integrated um film of a form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully integrated um film of a form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully integrated um film of a form that
+was popular in the United States but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was popular in the United States but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was popular in the United States but
+even much more popular in Europe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even much more popular in Europe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even much more popular in Europe the
+stage Operetta it was a it was like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Operetta it was a it was like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Operetta it was a it was like it
+wasn't a full Opera it was often a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a full Opera it was often a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a full Opera it was often a a a
+kind of smaller comic drama that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of smaller comic drama that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of smaller comic drama that
+involves singing and dancing they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves singing and dancing they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves singing and dancing they were
+called operettas because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called operettas because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called operettas because they were
+understood to be smaller versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood to be smaller versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood to be smaller versions of
+Opera more amusing less demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera more amusing less demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera more amusing less demanding
+versions of Opera I suppose less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Opera I suppose less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of Opera I suppose less
+pretentious and and tragic versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretentious and and tragic versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretentious and and tragic versions of
+Opera uh and and uh there were a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera uh and and uh there were a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Opera uh and and uh there were a number
+of European directors who who uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of European directors who who uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of European directors who who uh when
+they immigrated to the United States um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they immigrated to the United States um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they immigrated to the United States um
+um uh brought their distinctive feel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh brought their distinctive feel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh brought their distinctive feel to
+the making of early musicals and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of early musicals and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the making of early musicals and some of
+the most powerful artistically powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most powerful artistically powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most powerful artistically powerful
+early musicals fell into the category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early musicals fell into the category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early musicals fell into the category
+not of the review but of the Operetta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of the review but of the Operetta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not of the review but of the Operetta
+and I want to show you one version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you one version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to show you one version of
+such a of such a uh uh film uh uh now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a of such a uh uh film uh uh now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a of such a uh uh film uh uh now uh
+one of my favorite passages from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite passages from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my favorite passages from from
+the great director Ruben Mulan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great director Ruben Mulan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great director Ruben Mulan in
+1932 uh a passage from the SC a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 uh a passage from the SC a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1932 uh a passage from the SC a scene
+from love me tonight made in 1932 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from love me tonight made in 1932 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from love me tonight made in 1932 it's a
+long sequence I may have to skip some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sequence I may have to skip some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sequence I may have to skip some of
+it uh but let me set it up for you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but let me set it up for you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but let me set it up for you in
+this film Maurice chavalier uh who whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film Maurice chavalier uh who whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this film Maurice chavalier uh who whose
+English is so terrible that you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is so terrible that you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English is so terrible that you'll have
+trouble understanding him is French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble understanding him is French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble understanding him is French
+accent is so deep at this point he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent is so deep at this point he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent is so deep at this point he
+became much better at English because as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became much better at English because as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became much better at English because as
+some of you I hope realize he became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you I hope realize he became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you I hope realize he became a
+great star in the english- speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great star in the english- speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great star in the english- speaking
+world as well as in France but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as well as in France but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as well as in France but in this
+in this film he's this is one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this film he's this is one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this film he's this is one of his
+earliest films if not his first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films if not his first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films if not his first uh
+English film and and uh he plays even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English film and and uh he plays even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English film and and uh he plays even
+though he's very well-dressed here he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he's very well-dressed here he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though he's very well-dressed here he
+plays a working man a middle class A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a working man a middle class A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a working man a middle class A
+Tailor he plays a tailor uh and he owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tailor he plays a tailor uh and he owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tailor he plays a tailor uh and he owns
+a tailor shop in Paris and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor shop in Paris and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tailor shop in Paris and in this
+opening scene uh one of the men uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening scene uh one of the men uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening scene uh one of the men uh uh
+that he one of the aristocrats who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he one of the aristocrats who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he one of the aristocrats who who
+whose clothing he he he makes uh comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose clothing he he he makes uh comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose clothing he he he makes uh comes
+in to be fitted out for his wedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to be fitted out for his wedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to be fitted out for his wedding
+outfit and Maurice sh does so the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit and Maurice sh does so the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outfit and Maurice sh does so the plot
+of the film depends upon the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film depends upon the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film depends upon the fact that
+Maurice chaler this middle class Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice chaler this middle class Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice chaler this middle class Taylor
+who's trying to make a living in Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to make a living in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's trying to make a living in Paris
+in his shop uh is brought into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his shop uh is brought into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his shop uh is brought into the uh
+Ambit of an aristocratic family of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambit of an aristocratic family of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambit of an aristocratic family of a
+royal family and because there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal family and because there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal family and because there is an
+aristocrat who who who who uh for whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocrat who who who who uh for whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocrat who who who who uh for whom
+Maurice chaler has made a great many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice chaler has made a great many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maurice chaler has made a great many
+suits who owes him money and Maurice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits who owes him money and Maurice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suits who owes him money and Maurice
+chases him to his castle in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chases him to his castle in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chases him to his castle in the country
+trying to find uh trying to recover his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find uh trying to recover his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find uh trying to recover his
+money and romantic entanglements ensue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and romantic entanglements ensue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and romantic entanglements ensue
+and and and the larger part of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the larger part of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the larger part of the film
+actually involves a romance across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves a romance across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually involves a romance across
+social class between this Parisian tayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social class between this Parisian tayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social class between this Parisian tayor
+and a princess played by Janette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a princess played by Janette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a princess played by Janette
+McDonald one of the great musical stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald one of the great musical stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald one of the great musical stars
+of the studio of the studio era uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studio of the studio era uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the studio of the studio era uh so
+here is the a scene from very early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the a scene from very early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the a scene from very early in
+love me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me
+tonight all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you make it any louder can you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you make it any louder can you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you make it any louder can you hear
+it you make a work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you make a work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you make a work
+of your sweetheart oh it's like poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your sweetheart oh it's like poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your sweetheart oh it's like poetry
+in a book oh how beautiful I look the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a book oh how beautiful I look the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a book oh how beautiful I look the L
+song of the needle United with the thre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song of the needle United with the thre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song of the needle United with the thre
+the Romance of the Caesar so CL and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Romance of the Caesar so CL and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Romance of the Caesar so CL and I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+win he said is romantic my face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win he said is romantic my face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win he said is romantic my face is
+glowing I'm energetic the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glowing I'm energetic the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glowing I'm energetic the art of
+sewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewing
+poetic of romance I don't give atit if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic of romance I don't give atit if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetic of romance I don't give atit if I
+don't get rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get rich
+a who has no custom it's like a s no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a who has no custom it's like a s no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a who has no custom it's like a s no one
+will trust them but there is Magic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will trust them but there is Magic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will trust them but there is Magic in
+the music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Let Me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Let Me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Let Me
+isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't
+Roman soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman soon
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+found isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found isn't
+Roman I sit around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman I sit around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roman I sit around
+myub the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+floor me every hour she get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor me every hour she get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor me every hour she get the
+second and when I take a shower he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and when I take a shower he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and when I take a shower he can
+scrub my back he's de romantic on a moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrub my back he's de romantic on a moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrub my back he's de romantic on a moon
+C me onion soup K are romantic would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C me onion soup K are romantic would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C me onion soup K are romantic would you
+freeze it one second a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze it one second a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze it one second a very quick
+observation I can't interrupt too often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation I can't interrupt too often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation I can't interrupt too often
+because I have a lot of Clips to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a lot of Clips to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a lot of Clips to show
+you and they're more important than my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they're more important than my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they're more important than my
+commentary uh but let me remind you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary uh but let me remind you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary uh but let me remind you that
+even at this very early a stage in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at this very early a stage in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at this very early a stage in the
+history of the musical look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the musical look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the musical look at how
+visually sophisticated M Mulan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually sophisticated M Mulan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually sophisticated M Mulan is
+because you're and pay attention as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're and pay attention as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're and pay attention as the
+film as the sequence goes on but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as the sequence goes on but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as the sequence goes on but look at
+how he's working with the mirrors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he's working with the mirrors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he's working with the mirrors here
+and how it's doubling uh what what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it's doubling uh what what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it's doubling uh what what it
+does to your sense of perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to your sense of perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to your sense of perspective and
+your sense of the environment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sense of the environment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sense of the environment of the
+shop this is a visually sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop this is a visually sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop this is a visually sophisticated
+very thoughtful artistically manipulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thoughtful artistically manipulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thoughtful artistically manipulated
+camera and it's mulan's work so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and it's mulan's work so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and it's mulan's work so very
+early in the history of the music we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the history of the music we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in the history of the music we're
+already getting visually subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+effects that we all do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we all do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects that we all do
+France isn't P Rom man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France isn't P Rom man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France isn't P Rom man
+isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+romantic a very catchy strain isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+romantic oh I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic oh I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+romantic oh I forgot
+my oh thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+much goodbye romantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no I need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air and last I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and last I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and last I got
+a railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a railroad
+station not too fast I hate to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I think I'll take that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that's Janette McDonald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have the lights also thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have the lights also thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have the lights also thank you
+all right I I hope you enjoyed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I I hope you enjoyed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I I hope you enjoyed that
+lovely sequence it's called that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely sequence it's called that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely sequence it's called that that
+device is called a passal song uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is called a passal song uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is called a passal song uh I've
+written it on the board and you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it on the board and you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it on the board and you can and
+but and I won't say more about how witty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and I won't say more about how witty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and I won't say more about how witty
+and wonderful the film is except to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful the film is except to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wonderful the film is except to
+suggest that apart from its wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that apart from its wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that apart from its wonderfully
+amusing and witty qualities I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing and witty qualities I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amusing and witty qualities I hope you
+implicitly recognized why I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly recognized why I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly recognized why I took the
+time to describe the plot to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to describe the plot to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to describe the plot to you because
+what does the music do what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the music do what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the music do what does this
+song do in this early part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song do in this early part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song do in this early part of the
+film it predicts the plot it predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it predicts the plot it predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it predicts the plot it predicts
+the story it carries the story Into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story it carries the story Into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story it carries the story Into the
+countryside to the very castle where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside to the very castle where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countryside to the very castle where the
+plot will take Maurice from Paris later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot will take Maurice from Paris later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot will take Maurice from Paris later
+in the story and not only that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the story and not only that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the story and not only that what is
+dramatized by the way in which this song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized by the way in which this song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized by the way in which this song
+moves from Taylor to aristocratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from Taylor to aristocratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from Taylor to aristocratic
+well-dressed man to composer artist to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-dressed man to composer artist to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-dressed man to composer artist to
+to to cab driver to Soldier to Gypsy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cab driver to Soldier to Gypsy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cab driver to Soldier to Gypsy to
+princess Janette and and also that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess Janette and and also that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+princess Janette and and also that it
+covers physical territory as well as but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers physical territory as well as but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers physical territory as well as but
+it crosses social barriers it crosses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses social barriers it crosses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses social barriers it crosses it
+it crosses it crosses particular social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses it crosses particular social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it crosses it crosses particular social
+classes it crosses differences of gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it crosses differences of gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes it crosses differences of gender
+right it crosses ethnic difficult what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it crosses ethnic difficult what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it crosses ethnic difficult what
+does it say about music music creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say about music music creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say about music music creates
+Community Music is democratic music can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Music is democratic music can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Music is democratic music can
+overcome barriers which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome barriers which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome barriers which is going to be
+ultimately the message of the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the message of the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the message of the film
+itself so it's an immensely subtle uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's an immensely subtle uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's an immensely subtle uh uh
+Crystal moment in the film and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal moment in the film and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal moment in the film and it has
+all kinds of powerful thematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of powerful thematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of powerful thematic
+implications for later in the film apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for later in the film apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for later in the film apart
+from the fact that it's a wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that it's a wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that it's a wonderfully
+Rich introduction to the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich introduction to the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich introduction to the primary
+character and to the joys of Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and to the joys of Music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and to the joys of Music
+reality is however that until the Advent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is however that until the Advent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality is however that until the Advent
+in in something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in something like
+19333 uh of of um uh work by Busby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19333 uh of of um uh work by Busby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19333 uh of of um uh work by Busby
+Berkeley the great choreographer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley the great choreographer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley the great choreographer and
+director uh working at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director uh working at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director uh working at this stage
+primarily for the Warner Brothers studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily for the Warner Brothers studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily for the Warner Brothers studio
+uh did we begin to see forms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did we begin to see forms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did we begin to see forms of the
+movie forms of film forms of Cinema that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie forms of film forms of Cinema that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie forms of film forms of Cinema that
+that were uniquely adapted to the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were uniquely adapted to the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were uniquely adapted to the nature
+of mus of of of of Music itself that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mus of of of of Music itself that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mus of of of of Music itself that is
+to say Busby Berkeley became uh uh part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say Busby Berkeley became uh uh part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say Busby Berkeley became uh uh part
+became a legend in Hollywood for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a legend in Hollywood for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a legend in Hollywood for the
+immense extravagance and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense extravagance and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense extravagance and and
+elaborateness of his dance numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborateness of his dance numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborateness of his dance numbers and
+of his production numbers right uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his production numbers right uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his production numbers right uh they
+were an elaboration of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an elaboration of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were an elaboration of something that
+was popular on in the Broadway Theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was popular on in the Broadway Theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was popular on in the Broadway Theater
+before the the Advent of movies but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the the Advent of movies but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the the Advent of movies but what
+Berkeley did was take this tendency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley did was take this tendency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley did was take this tendency of
+the Broadway Theater and cinematix it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broadway Theater and cinematix it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Broadway Theater and cinematix it in
+a certain way uh and uh um we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way uh and uh um we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way uh and uh um we could get
+a we can get some sense of what Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can get some sense of what Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can get some sense of what Berkeley
+was like what Berkeley's work is like by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what Berkeley's work is like by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what Berkeley's work is like by
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+
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+
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+linked to rhythms of Music um uh so he
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+linked to rhythms of Music um uh so he
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+
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+Singing in the Rain tonight that
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+Singing in the Rain tonight that
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+disadvantages to the Berkeley strategy
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+
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+of films that had stories and characters
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+of films that had stories and characters
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+
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+and one of the issues in his films were
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+musical numbers uh uh audiovisual
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+experiences and I I'll show let me just
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+show you one uh that that will give you
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+deeply Camp deeply campy about Busby
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+deeply Camp deeply campy about Busby
+Berkeley's choreography uh and he re
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+
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+he reveled in these kinds of gestures
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+he reveled in these kinds of gestures
+but here is one of the most famous of
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+but here is one of the most famous of
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+or ridiculous of these kinds of gestures
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+from a a film Berkeley made in 1933
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+from a a film Berkeley made in 1933
+ 
+
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+from a a film Berkeley made in 1933
+called 42nd
+
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+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
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+ 
+ 
+
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+ 
+street when she passes by she's ay
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+street when she passes by she's ay
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+
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+street when she passes by she's ay
+little cutie she's been
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+little cutie she's been
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+little cutie she's been
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+[Music]
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+[Music]
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+[Music]
+space dick po one of the great
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+and musicals and serious
+[Music]
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+ 
+ 
+
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+F you when the mo is in the sky tell me
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+
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+what am I to do to St
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+
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+what am I to do to St
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+I ha i'
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+keep
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+B in
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+ 
+ 
+
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+maybe I'm young and healthy have you
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+ 
+ 
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+ 
+got have you in my heart I'm young
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+got have you in my heart I'm young
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+got have you in my heart I'm young
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+[Music]
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+I I keep
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+I I keep
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+away my nature I'm full of vitamin A I'm
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+away my nature I'm full of vitamin A I'm
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+away my nature I'm full of vitamin A I'm
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+young and healthy so let's be
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+young and healthy so let's be
+bold toe maybe we will be
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+tooy and you
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+[Music]
+ 
+
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+[Music]
+my heart I'm and healthy and so are
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+my heart I'm and healthy and so are
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+my heart I'm and healthy and so are
+[Music]
+
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+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
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+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you be
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+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+la
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+la
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+la
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
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+the Berkeley Top Shot
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+the Berkeley Top Shot
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+see how he's moved to a kind of
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+abstraction here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
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+[Applause]
+ 
+
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+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
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+ 
+you think there might be something
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+you think there might be something
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+you think there might be something
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+almost grotesque about those final
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+almost grotesque about those final
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+images on the other hand can you also
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+images on the other hand can you also
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+see how in a system that is censored uh
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+
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+see how in a system that is censored uh
+in which women are not allowed to be
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+in which women are not allowed to be
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+
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+in which women are not allowed to be
+seen on on a bed with at without one
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+seen on on a bed with at without one
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+seen on on a bed with at without one
+foot at least on the on on the floor in
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+foot at least on the on on the floor in
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+which there is a kind of sexual energy
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+which there is a kind of sexual energy
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+which there is a kind of sexual energy
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+running through this kind of this kind
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+ align:start position:0%
+of display as well uh we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of display as well uh we're we're
+running out of time and I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time and I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running out of time and I have another
+even more magnificent sequence to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more magnificent sequence to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more magnificent sequence to show
+you to finish out this attempt to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to finish out this attempt to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to finish out this attempt to give
+you at least a quick flavor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least a quick flavor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at least a quick flavor of the
+varieties of experience available in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties of experience available in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varieties of experience available in the
+musical before we look at a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical before we look at a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical before we look at a fully
+integrated musical this evening with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated musical this evening with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated musical this evening with
+singing in the rain and let me say very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing in the rain and let me say very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing in the rain and let me say very
+quickly then to jump to the bottom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly then to jump to the bottom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly then to jump to the bottom the
+final aspect of this is what Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final aspect of this is what Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final aspect of this is what Arthur
+freed and his cohorts articulated as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed and his cohorts articulated as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed and his cohorts articulated as the
+idea of a musical that would integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a musical that would integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a musical that would integrate
+sufficiently music and dance with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently music and dance with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently music and dance with
+character and story in a way that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and story in a way that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and story in a way that would
+be coherent and the musicals made under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coherent and the musicals made under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coherent and the musicals made under
+Arthur Freed's Direction often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur Freed's Direction often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arthur Freed's Direction often called
+the freed unit at MGM tried to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freed unit at MGM tried to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freed unit at MGM tried to satisfy
+this Criterion they were in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Criterion they were in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Criterion they were in many ways
+more coherent in terms of the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coherent in terms of the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more coherent in terms of the relation
+between the singing and the dancing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the singing and the dancing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the singing and the dancing and
+the story than the earlier forms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story than the earlier forms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story than the earlier forms were
+although they were often less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were often less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were often less
+imaginatively expressive in some CA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively expressive in some CA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively expressive in some CA in
+in some cases although this is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases although this is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases although this is not true
+I think of singing in the rain but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of singing in the rain but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of singing in the rain but but
+there's a uh but there is a another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh but there is a another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh but there is a another
+stage to mention in this development or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage to mention in this development or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage to mention in this development or
+Evolution and it's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and it's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and it's one of the most
+important in the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in the history of the
+Hollywood musical it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood musical it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood musical it has to do with the
+partnership between Fred EST stair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership between Fred EST stair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership between Fred EST stair and
+Ginger Rogers mostly at the RKO Studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginger Rogers mostly at the RKO Studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginger Rogers mostly at the RKO Studios
+they made nine films together between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made nine films together between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made nine films together between
+1933 and 1939 at RKO and they introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 and 1939 at RKO and they introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1933 and 1939 at RKO and they introduced
+another element into the musical uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another element into the musical uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another element into the musical uh uh
+uh film that is then I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film that is then I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh film that is then I think
+Incorporated in C certain degrees uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in C certain degrees uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in C certain degrees uh in
+a certain degree in the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain degree in the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain degree in the so-called
+integrated musical of MGM so my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated musical of MGM so my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated musical of MGM so my last
+example this afternoon comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this afternoon comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this afternoon comes from the
+great uh uh a stare Rogers uh musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh uh a stare Rogers uh musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh uh a stare Rogers uh musical
+Top Hat uh and let me set the stage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top Hat uh and let me set the stage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Top Hat uh and let me set the stage for
+you get ready to show it Krist because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get ready to show it Krist because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get ready to show it Krist because
+we're running out of time uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running out of time uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running out of time uh the
+situation is this and and even it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is this and and even it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is this and and even it
+dramatizes even more fully uh the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizes even more fully uh the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizes even more fully uh the idea
+that there are potentially sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are potentially sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are potentially sexual
+tension sexual themes embedded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension sexual themes embedded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension sexual themes embedded in the
+experience of watching a a song and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of watching a a song and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of watching a a song and
+dance musical uh this what the aair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance musical uh this what the aair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance musical uh this what the aair
+Rogers musicals brought to the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers musicals brought to the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers musicals brought to the table
+that had not been there before was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had not been there before was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had not been there before was a
+What What In some sense a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What What In some sense a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What What In some sense a kind of
+psychological element in even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological element in even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological element in even though the
+in the estere Rogers films the singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the estere Rogers films the singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the estere Rogers films the singing
+and dancing was still in some sense much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dancing was still in some sense much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dancing was still in some sense much
+more Central to the film than the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Central to the film than the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Central to the film than the rest
+of the story and the stories were often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story and the stories were often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story and the stories were often
+thin what they did introduced was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin what they did introduced was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin what they did introduced was an
+individu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individu
+right in the buby Berkeley numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the buby Berkeley numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the buby Berkeley numbers you
+can see the women are all the characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the women are all the characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the women are all the characters
+in fact are are hard to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact are are hard to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact are are hard to differentiate
+from the from the uh from the backdrop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the uh from the backdrop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from the uh from the backdrop
+or from the curtains they are they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the curtains they are they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from the curtains they are they are
+objectified in a certain way they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectified in a certain way they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectified in a certain way they become
+especially when he gets going they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when he gets going they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when he gets going they
+become parts of an abstract pattern in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become parts of an abstract pattern in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become parts of an abstract pattern in
+the in the EST Rogers films EST and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the EST Rogers films EST and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the EST Rogers films EST and
+Rogers characters are deeply sharply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers characters are deeply sharply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers characters are deeply sharply
+individuated and certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuated and certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuated and certain kinds of
+psychological themes begin to enter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological themes begin to enter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological themes begin to enter in
+in this clip you're going to see now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this clip you're going to see now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this clip you're going to see now a
+fairly characteristic one and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly characteristic one and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly characteristic one and probably
+the single most famous dance number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single most famous dance number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single most famous dance number in
+the studio of the history of the studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio of the history of the studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studio of the history of the studio
+era a dance number called based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era a dance number called based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era a dance number called based on the
+song cheek to cheek Danced by estaran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song cheek to cheek Danced by estaran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song cheek to cheek Danced by estaran
+Rogers um um in the in in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers um um in the in in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers um um in the in in in this
+sequence uh the the uh we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh the the uh we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh the the uh we are in a
+setting that's worth mentioning to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that's worth mentioning to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting that's worth mentioning to you
+we're on board a cruise ship uh wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on board a cruise ship uh wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on board a cruise ship uh wealthy
+Americans are there right it's wealthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans are there right it's wealthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans are there right it's wealthy
+people Aristocrats uh uh uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Aristocrats uh uh uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Aristocrats uh uh uh the the the
+the the aair and Rogers characters have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the aair and Rogers characters have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the aair and Rogers characters have
+met earlier uh and they haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met earlier uh and they haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met earlier uh and they haven't really
+hit it off right and the Rogers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it off right and the Rogers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it off right and the Rogers
+character the woman thinks that Fred EST
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the woman thinks that Fred EST
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the woman thinks that Fred EST
+stair is a uh is an immoral man that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stair is a uh is an immoral man that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stair is a uh is an immoral man that he
+that he that that that he that he that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he that that that he that he that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he that that that he that he that
+he commits infidelities against his wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he commits infidelities against his wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he commits infidelities against his wife
+and she's under the mistaken impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's under the mistaken impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she's under the mistaken impression
+that the woman he's with is his wife so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the woman he's with is his wife so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the woman he's with is his wife so
+what happens in the sequence essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the sequence essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the sequence essentially
+is that in front of what she believes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in front of what she believes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in front of what she believes to
+be his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be his
+wife he asks her to dance he asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife he asks her to dance he asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife he asks her to dance he asked
+Rogers to dance with her and then to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers to dance with her and then to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rogers to dance with her and then to her
+surprise A's apparent wife says oh go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise A's apparent wife says oh go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise A's apparent wife says oh go
+ahead I'd love to see you two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I'd love to see you two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I'd love to see you two together
+and she says well I me and and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she says well I me and and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she says well I me and and so what
+when the film when when the dance begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the film when when the dance begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the film when when the dance begins
+you can she's sort of resistant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can she's sort of resistant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can she's sort of resistant right
+she thinking ah this is dis she goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she thinking ah this is dis she goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she thinking ah this is dis she goes
+along with it but she but she feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it but she but she feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with it but she but she feels
+there's something wrong about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something wrong about it and
+then as the dance goes on you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as the dance goes on you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as the dance goes on you can see
+her resistance begin to break down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her resistance begin to break down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her resistance begin to break down and
+you can see her the dance becoming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see her the dance becoming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see her the dance becoming more
+and more mutual and you can see her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more mutual and you can see her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more mutual and you can see her
+enthusiasm for the dance increase uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for the dance increase uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for the dance increase uh and
+think about what the dance first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the dance first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the dance first of all
+how how how profound and Brilliant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how profound and Brilliant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how profound and Brilliant the
+this dance is as a as an embodiment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dance is as a as an embodiment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dance is as a as an embodiment of
+mutuality and collaboration because one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutuality and collaboration because one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutuality and collaboration because one
+of the reasons Rogers was so remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons Rogers was so remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons Rogers was so remarkable
+was that she was that she was capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that she was that she was capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that she was that she was capable of
+dancing at the same complex astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing at the same complex astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing at the same complex astonishing
+level as Fred EST stair himself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as Fred EST stair himself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as Fred EST stair himself and
+there's a it's an image of mutuality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it's an image of mutuality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a it's an image of mutuality and
+of collaborative Artistry that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collaborative Artistry that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collaborative Artistry that's very
+remarkable but it's also a metaphor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable but it's also a metaphor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable but it's also a metaphor for
+other kinds of mutual interactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of mutual interactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of mutual interactions that
+are physical and I hope you will pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are physical and I hope you will pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are physical and I hope you will pay
+attention to that subtext as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to that subtext as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to that subtext as you're
+watching this remark markable sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this remark markable sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this remark markable sequence
+the fact that Rogers begins in an act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Rogers begins in an act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Rogers begins in an act
+hostile re resistant and yields slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile re resistant and yields slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostile re resistant and yields slowly
+is a key to the energy we see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Ginger Rogers you robbed me of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Ginger Rogers you robbed me of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Ginger Rogers you robbed me of the
+pleasure of introducing you to you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure of introducing you to you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure of introducing you to you've
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+me now remember ginger is mistaken about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now remember ginger is mistaken about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now remember ginger is mistaken about
+this Fred's not really married to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fred's not really married to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Fred's not really married to her
+and of course that's a typical Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's a typical Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's a typical Hollywood
+trick because we're able to enjoy the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because we're able to enjoy the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick because we're able to enjoy the s
+of of of infidelity and of the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of infidelity and of the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of infidelity and of the idea of
+straying from your wife but it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straying from your wife but it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straying from your wife but it isn't
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true I don't know what I do without her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I don't know what I do without her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I don't know what I do without her
+oh that's sweet of you darling but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's sweet of you darling but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's sweet of you darling but you
+two run along and dance and don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two run along and dance and don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two run along and dance and don't give
+me another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought it's what I'm afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's what I'm afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it's what I'm afraid
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+of I imagine a very brave person yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I imagine a very brave person yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I imagine a very brave person yes I
+have tremendous admiration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her you see how the misunderstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her you see how the misunderstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her you see how the misunderstanding
+adds tremendous Sexual Energy wit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scene well mag doesn't care I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene well mag doesn't care I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene well mag doesn't care I certainly
+don't ither know why all I know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ither know why all I know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ither know why all I know is that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+heaven I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven I'm in
+heaven and my my heart that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven and my my heart that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaven and my my heart that I can
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seem and pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem and pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem and pay
+ATT I'm going to do a terrible damage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATT I'm going to do a terrible damage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATT I'm going to do a terrible damage to
+this keep watching as I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this keep watching as I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this keep watching as I'm talking
+imagine you hearing the song right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you hearing the song right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you hearing the song right but
+because we're running out of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're running out of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're running out of time I
+don't want to lose our energy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to lose our energy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to lose our energy and I
+don't want to keep you over so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to keep you over so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to keep you over so this
+dance continues as you'll see it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance continues as you'll see it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance continues as you'll see it's quite
+a long sequence and he's singing to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long sequence and he's singing to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long sequence and he's singing to her
+in his REI really not a very good singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his REI really not a very good singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his REI really not a very good singer
+is he it doesn't seem to matter but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he it doesn't seem to matter but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he it doesn't seem to matter but but
+one of the things you should watch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you should watch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you should watch is
+the way they move out of a crowded space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they move out of a crowded space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they move out of a crowded space
+into a more private space and what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more private space and what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more private space and what and
+how the intimacy of their con how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the intimacy of their con how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the intimacy of their con how the
+dance partly stops for a moment then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance partly stops for a moment then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance partly stops for a moment then it
+resumes and then they move they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes and then they move they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resumes and then they move they they
+they they move as you'll see in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they move as you'll see in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they move as you'll see in this in
+the sequence they they move into a space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence they they move into a space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence they they move into a space
+that's completely private and her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely private and her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's completely private and her and
+you can as you if you watch her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as you if you watch her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as you if you watch her
+expression you can also see that she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you can also see that she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression you can also see that she's
+beginning to yield that she's beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to yield that she's beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to yield that she's beginning
+to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become
+enthusiastic right okay put the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic right okay put the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic right okay put the sound
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+onen my heart soul that I can hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onen my heart soul that I can hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onen my heart soul that I can hardly
+speak and I seem to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and I seem to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak and I seem to find
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+when dancing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when dancing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when dancing to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a second my final comment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second my final comment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second my final comment we're
+coming to near near the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to near near the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to near near the end of this
+sequence although it will extend I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence although it will extend I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence although it will extend I want
+you to hear the music too but watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to hear the music too but watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to hear the music too but watch
+especially the way the intensity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the way the intensity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the way the intensity of this
+picks up and then re and and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up and then re and and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks up and then re and and then and
+then subsides ask yourself what rhythms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then subsides ask yourself what rhythms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then subsides ask yourself what rhythms
+are being implicitly dramatized here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being implicitly dramatized here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being implicitly dramatized here and
+then why at the very end it's time for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why at the very end it's time for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then why at the very end it's time for a
+cigarette okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigarette okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BL
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mjwQTL6G8Fs.txt b/mjwQTL6G8Fs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77c104acaba266888dbba7fcda28c56ea7291ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mjwQTL6G8Fs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now that we know all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now that we know all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now that we know all about
+how lasers work we're ready to ask some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how lasers work we're ready to ask some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how lasers work we're ready to ask some
+very important questions for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important questions for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important questions for example
+what is the nature of laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the nature of laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the nature of laser
+light here's some questions what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here's some questions what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light here's some questions what is the
+wavelength is the light tunable in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is the light tunable in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is the light tunable in in
+wavelength is the output or the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is the output or the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is the output or the spectrum
+of the output is it single frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output is it single frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output is it single frequency is
+it multiple frequencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the output
+columnated can it be columnated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated can it be columnated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated can it be columnated
+defraction limit is it focusable to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction limit is it focusable to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction limit is it focusable to a
+small spot or a defraction limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small spot or a defraction limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small spot or a defraction limited
+spot is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarized how much power do we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized how much power do we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized how much power do we get out
+of the laser is it continuous power or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the laser is it continuous power or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the laser is it continuous power or
+or pulse P now these are all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pulse P now these are all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pulse P now these are all very
+important questions and we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important questions and we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important questions and we should have
+answers for all these questions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers for all these questions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers for all these questions now
+we're going to illustrate as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to illustrate as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to illustrate as many of
+these properties as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these properties as
+possible the only problem is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the only problem is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible the only problem is that I
+can't use use the same laser to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use use the same laser to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use use the same laser to
+illustrate all these properties I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate all these properties I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate all these properties I'd like
+to use a variety of lasers that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a variety of lasers that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a variety of lasers that we can
+lay our hands on to illustrate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay our hands on to illustrate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay our hands on to illustrate these
+properties for example we'll use helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for example we'll use helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for example we'll use helium
+neon lasers to illustrate some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon lasers to illustrate some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon lasers to illustrate some basic
+properties then we'll go on use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties then we'll go on use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties then we'll go on use a
+tunable die laser to to uh show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable die laser to to uh show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable die laser to to uh show how
+tunable some lasers uh can be and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable some lasers uh can be and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable some lasers uh can be and so on
+so first we're going to start with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to start with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we're going to start with very
+simple property which is is the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple property which is is the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple property which is is the laser
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+polarized so we're going to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized so we're going to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized so we're going to start with a
+helium neon laser over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium neon laser over
+here with external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with external
+mirrors and the amplifier a helium neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and the amplifier a helium neon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors and the amplifier a helium neon
+amplifier here in the in the middle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier here in the in the middle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier here in the in the middle so
+what I'll do first is turn it on turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do first is turn it on turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do first is turn it on turn
+this laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this laser
+on and uh here's the output from uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and uh here's the output from uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and uh here's the output from uh from
+the from the laser I'm going to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the laser I'm going to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the laser I'm going to reflect
+it by this mirror and then this mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this mirror and then this mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this mirror and then this mirror
+is the output here and then the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output here and then the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the output here and then the output
+goes onto onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen so let's now look at that spot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so let's now look at that spot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen so let's now look at that spot on
+the output in uh in closeup and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in uh in closeup and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output in uh in closeup and then I
+will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put
+a a polarizer here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a polarizer here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a polarizer here in the
+way of the of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the of the light
+beam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and
+uh and see whether indeed the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and see whether indeed the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and see whether indeed the light is
+uh is Blain polarized so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is Blain polarized so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is Blain polarized so what I'm going
+to do here's the polarizer and the arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here's the polarizer and the arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do here's the polarizer and the arrow
+indicates that the transmission axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the transmission axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the transmission axis of
+the polarizer is along the vertical now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer is along the vertical now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer is along the vertical now
+if we see that when I'm along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see that when I'm along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see that when I'm along the
+vertical here the spot has maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical here the spot has maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical here the spot has maximum
+intensity but as I rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity but as I rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity but as I rotate the
+transmission axis of the polarizer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer you
+see that the light gets gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the light gets gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the light gets gets
+extinguished here I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished here I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished here I go back
+to Vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Vertical
+polarization light has a maximum and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization light has a maximum and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization light has a maximum and I
+go to to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to to to the
+orthogonal position and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal position and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal position and the
+light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is
+extinguished so all this says that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished so all this says that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished so all this says that very
+simply that the the light from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that the the light from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply that the the light from this
+laser is plain polarized simple as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is plain polarized simple as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is plain polarized simple as that
+now you may wonder why is it plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may wonder why is it plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may wonder why is it plain
+polarized well the answer is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized well the answer is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized well the answer is that in
+this particular laser we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular laser we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular laser we
+have the mirrors mounted outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mirrors mounted outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mirrors mounted outside the
+discharge tube and the discharge tube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube and the discharge tube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube and the discharge tube is
+terminated by windows that are placed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated by windows that are placed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated by windows that are placed at
+brw's angle and you may recollect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brw's angle and you may recollect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brw's angle and you may recollect that
+at Brewster's angle only certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brewster's angle only certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Brewster's angle only certain
+polarizations have zero loss as they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations have zero loss as they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations have zero loss as they go
+through the windows but the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the windows but the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the windows but the the
+orthogonal polarization to that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal polarization to that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal polarization to that has a
+lot of loss and therefore will not lays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of loss and therefore will not lays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of loss and therefore will not lays
+because we don't have enough gain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have enough gain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have enough gain to
+make those uh polarizations lays so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those uh polarizations lays so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those uh polarizations lays so in
+this cas case the uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cas case the uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cas case the uh it's the
+polarization in the vertical plane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization in the vertical plane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization in the vertical plane that
+actually suffers no loss as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually suffers no loss as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually suffers no loss as it goes
+through the Brewster Windows because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Brewster Windows because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Brewster Windows because the
+way the tube is oriented and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the tube is oriented and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the tube is oriented and that's why
+the output is PL plain polarized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is PL plain polarized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is PL plain polarized and
+plain polarized in in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain polarized in in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain polarized in in the vertical
+plane all right let's now take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane all right let's now take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane all right let's now take a look at
+another helium neon laser the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another helium neon laser the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another helium neon laser the one that
+we have over over here me just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over over here me just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have over over here me just take this
+mirror Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror Mount
+out and I'll turn this one off and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I'll turn this one off and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I'll turn this one off and turn
+the this little one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this little one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this little one
+on so here we are here's the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so here we are here's the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so here we are here's the output of
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+laser and then again just like before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and then again just like before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser and then again just like before we
+put it onto onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we look at it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closeup as I put the polarizer here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeup as I put the polarizer here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeup as I put the polarizer here in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way now we're ready to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now we're ready to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now we're ready to look at the
+polarization of the light coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the light coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the light coming out
+from from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from this
+laser now you can see when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser now you can see when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser now you can see when the
+transmission axis is in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis is in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis is in the in the
+vertical plane we have a lot of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical plane we have a lot of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical plane we have a lot of light
+now as I rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as I rotate
+the transmission axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmission axis of the
+polarizer I find small changes but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer I find small changes but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer I find small changes but not
+not a lot and in fact when I go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot and in fact when I go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot and in fact when I go to the
+orthogonal position I find that I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal position I find that I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal position I find that I cannot
+extinguish extinguish the uh the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish extinguish the uh the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish extinguish the uh the beam
+the light here we go back to Vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light here we go back to Vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light here we go back to Vertical
+polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization
+and now to horizontal polarization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to horizontal polarization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to horizontal polarization and
+indeed there small changes but but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there small changes but but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed there small changes but but not
+huge like in the other laser where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge like in the other laser where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge like in the other laser where we
+indeed extinguished all the light when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed extinguished all the light when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed extinguished all the light when
+we went to horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to horizontal
+polarization so the conclusion here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization so the conclusion here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization so the conclusion here is
+that for this laser with internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this laser with internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this laser with internal
+mirrors the light is not plain polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors the light is not plain polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors the light is not plain polarized
+question is what is the polarization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the polarization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the polarization of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+light is it unpolarized this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is it unpolarized this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is it unpolarized this is
+circularly polarized and what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized and what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circularly polarized and what have you
+and I want you to to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to to think about
+that but the only difference then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the only difference then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the only difference then
+between this laser and the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this laser and the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this laser and the previous one
+is the fact that the previous one had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that the previous one had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fact that the previous one had
+external mirrors and bruer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external mirrors and bruer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external mirrors and bruer
+windows and this one here has no windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and this one here has no windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows and this one here has no windows
+and the mirrors are are just attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mirrors are are just attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mirrors are are just attached to
+the to the discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the discharge
+to now in the in the next demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now in the in the next demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now in the in the next demonstration
+we're going to look at the Spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the Spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the Spectrum of
+laser light from from the one with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light from from the one with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser light from from the one with with
+internal mirrors and the one one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal mirrors and the one one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal mirrors and the one one from
+external memories and we'll see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memories and we'll see what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external memories and we'll see what we
+can learn from that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mlPLLXHZ8_U.txt b/mlPLLXHZ8_U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a5a47c6fe0f89f7d7469c5683e76191d5ad1c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mlPLLXHZ8_U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's finish the proof that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's finish the proof that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's finish the proof that we
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+started at the end of the lecture last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the end of the lecture last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started at the end of the lecture last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+i usually don't end lectures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually don't end lectures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i usually don't end lectures in the
+middle of a proof but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a proof but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a proof but
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+this lecture in the lecture before will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture in the lecture before will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture in the lecture before will
+come to you at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to you at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to you at the same time
+i didn't feel so bad about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't feel so bad about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't feel so bad about it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+we're trying to prove this theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove this theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove this theorem that
+if there's a rational number so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a rational number so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a rational number so that
+it's equal to the supremum of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to the supremum of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to the supremum of this set
+then x is bigger than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x is bigger than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then x is bigger than or equal to one
+and its square gives me two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its square gives me two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its square gives me two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so far what we've shown is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far what we've shown is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far what we've shown is that
+if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+an element a rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element a rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element a rational number
+that is given by the supremum then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given by the supremum then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is given by the supremum then it's
+bigger than or equal to one and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to one and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to one and x
+squared has to be bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared has to be bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared has to be bigger than or equal
+to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+and so now we would like to show that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we would like to show that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we would like to show that in
+fact x squared equals 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact x squared equals 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact x squared equals 2.
+okay now since x squared is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now since x squared is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now since x squared is bigger than
+or equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to 2
+it's either equal to 2 or bigger than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either equal to 2 or bigger than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either equal to 2 or bigger than 2
+and we want to show that the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that the second
+possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+is not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not possible
+okay so we're gonna prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna prove that the
+second possibility is not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possibility is not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possibility is not possible
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+by contradiction so let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction so let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction so let's assume
+uh that the thing that we say cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the thing that we say cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the thing that we say cannot
+happen does happen and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen does happen and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen does happen and we're gonna
+derive a false statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a false statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a false statement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find h
+this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be
+x squared minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus 2
+over 2x all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2x all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2x all right and so
+note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a couple of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things that
+since x squared is bigger than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x squared is bigger than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x squared is bigger than 2
+this implies h is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies h is bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies h is bigger than zero
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+implies x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies x minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies x minus h
+is less less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less less than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less less than x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what is the contradiction going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the contradiction going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the contradiction going to be
+it's going to be that this element x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be that this element x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be that this element x
+minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h
+is in fact an upper bound for uh the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact an upper bound for uh the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact an upper bound for uh the set
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+and this will contradict the fact that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will contradict the fact that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will contradict the fact that x
+is the supremum in other words it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the supremum in other words it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the supremum in other words it's the
+least upper bound for the set e there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound for the set e there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound for the set e there's
+no upper bound for e that can be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no upper bound for e that can be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no upper bound for e that can be less
+than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an upper bound for this set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let's take a look at x minus h squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this is equal to x squared minus 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is equal to x squared minus 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is equal to x squared minus 2x
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+plus h squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now just given by if we just plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just given by if we just plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just given by if we just plug in
+what h is this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what h is this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what h is this is equal to
+x squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x squared minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus 2
+so that's putting h in and then the 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's putting h in and then the 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's putting h in and then the 2x
+here cancels with the 2x there so i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cancels with the 2x there so i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cancels with the 2x there so i just
+get x squared minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x squared minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get x squared minus 2
+plus h squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus h squared
+which equals 2 plus h squared now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2 plus h squared now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2 plus h squared now
+remember h is a positive number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember h is a positive number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember h is a positive number so
+2 plus a positive number this is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus a positive number this is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus a positive number this is bigger
+than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so x minus h squared is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so x minus h squared is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so x minus h squared is bigger than
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i want to show uh i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to show uh i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to show uh i'm going to
+use this to show that x minus h is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to show that x minus h is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to show that x minus h is an
+upper bound for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound for e
+so let q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let q
+b and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared is
+less than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i have q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have q squared
+is less than 2 which is less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 2 which is less than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 2 which is less than x
+minus h squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus h squared
+by what we just proved here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let
+me write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write this out
+or just summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just summarize
+that what we proved here was x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we proved here was x minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we proved here was x minus h
+squared is bigger than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is bigger than 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is bigger than 2.
+so we have q squared is less than 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have q squared is less than 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have q squared is less than 2 is
+less than x minus h squared so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than x minus h squared so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than x minus h squared so that
+means 0 is bigger than x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 0 is bigger than x minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means 0 is bigger than x minus h
+squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus
+q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+q squared is less than this so then if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared is less than this so then if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared is less than this so then if i
+just subtract it i get this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just subtract it i get this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just subtract it i get this inequality
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that implies that 0 is bigger than now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that 0 is bigger than now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies that 0 is bigger than now
+this is the difference of two squares so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difference of two squares so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the difference of two squares so
+i can write this as x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this as x minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this as x minus h
+plus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i just write out what x minus h is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just write out what x minus h is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just write out what x minus h is
+using the definition of h this is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of h this is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of h this is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x squared plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared plus 2
+over 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2x
+plus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus q
+over x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x minus h
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+q okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q okay
+now the product of these two numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the product of these two numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the product of these two numbers is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+this number is positive because q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is positive because q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is positive because q is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means their sum is positive so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means their sum is positive so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means their sum is positive so i
+have something positive times this so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something positive times this so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something positive times this so i
+can divide by this positive thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide by this positive thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide by this positive thing and
+keep the inequality so that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the inequality so that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the inequality so that implies that
+0 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is less than
+x minus h minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+q is less than x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is less than x minus h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is less than x minus h
+all right so we started off with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we started off with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we started off with an
+element of e an arbitrary element of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of e an arbitrary element of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of e an arbitrary element of e
+and we proved that q is less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that q is less than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved that q is less than x
+minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus for all q and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus for all q and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus for all q and e
+q is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is less than
+x minus h which implies that x minus h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an upper bound
+for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me keep that board for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep that board for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me keep that board for now
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+while i write the last uh sentence or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i write the last uh sentence or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while i write the last uh sentence or so
+of this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+stated that x minus h is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated that x minus h is an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated that x minus h is an upper bound
+for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for e
+which implies since x is the supremum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies since x is the supremum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies since x is the supremum of
+e it should be less than or equal to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e it should be less than or equal to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e it should be less than or equal to all
+upper bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies h is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies h is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies h is less than or equal to
+0 but this is a direct contradiction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but this is a direct contradiction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but this is a direct contradiction to
+h being a positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h being a positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h being a positive number
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+the false statement we ultimately prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false statement we ultimately prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the false statement we ultimately prove
+okay but the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x squared is bigger than two you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x squared is bigger than two you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x squared is bigger than two you can
+find a lower bound i mean an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lower bound i mean an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a lower bound i mean an upper bound
+which is strictly smaller than x which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is strictly smaller than x which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is strictly smaller than x which
+con contradicts the fact that x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con contradicts the fact that x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con contradicts the fact that x is the
+greatest lower bound for e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound for e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound for e
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but remember what was our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember what was our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember what was our original
+assumption to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this line of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this line of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this line of reasoning
+that was that x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that x squared is
+bigger than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that concludes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+this was a statement about just if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a statement about just if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a statement about just if i
+have some element that's a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some element that's a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some element that's a rational
+number and it's equal to the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's equal to the supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and it's equal to the supremum
+then its square has to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then its square has to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then its square has to be two
+now i'm going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to prove that
+basically no such element uh exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no such element uh exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no such element uh exists
+and therefore that the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore that the rational numbers
+do not have the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have the least upper bound
+property which was the discussion above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which was the discussion above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which was the discussion above
+um those two lines in that circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those two lines in that circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those two lines in that circle
+on that board up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that board up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that board up there so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what's theorem we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set e
+as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+rational numbers such that q is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers such that q is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers such that q is bigger
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+q squared is less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bounded above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum
+in cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cube
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i'm not just saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this set e sits inside my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this set e sits inside my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this set e sits inside my
+kind of ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ordered
+set which is my universe q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is my universe q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which is my universe q
+i'm not saying that it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying that it doesn't have a
+supremum in e i'm saying it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum in e i'm saying it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum in e i'm saying it doesn't have
+a supremum in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supremum in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supremum in the universe
+where it sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it sits
+okay and therefore the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore the rational numbers
+do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the least upper bound property because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property because
+this set is a set which is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is a set which is bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is a set which is bounded above
+and has no supremum in q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has no supremum in q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has no supremum in q
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+the first uh thing i want to show is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh thing i want to show is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh thing i want to show is
+that this set e is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+above um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+q b and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q b and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q b and e
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+q squared is less than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared is less than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q squared is less than two
+which is less than four so this tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than four so this tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than four so this tells me
+four minus q squared is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minus q squared is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four minus q squared is positive
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+tells me 2 minus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me 2 minus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me 2 minus q
+times 2 plus q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 plus q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 2 plus q
+is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since 2 is positive and q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since 2 is positive and q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since 2 is positive and q is
+positive 2 plus q is positive so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 2 plus q is positive so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 2 plus q is positive so i can
+divide both sides of this inequality by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides of this inequality by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide both sides of this inequality by
+this 2 plus q without changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 plus q without changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 plus q without changing the
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies i'm just going to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies i'm just going to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies i'm just going to flip
+this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+for all q and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all q and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all q and e
+q is less than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is less than 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is less than 2.
+okay so 2 is an upper bound for the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 2 is an upper bound for the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 2 is an upper bound for the set
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that proves that the set e is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves that the set e is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves that the set e is bounded
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i'm going to prove that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to prove that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'm going to prove that no
+supreme exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme exists
+by using the previous theorem which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the previous theorem which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the previous theorem which says
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+i have a supremum then its square must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a supremum then its square must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a supremum then its square must
+be 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the soup of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the soup of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the soup of e
+does not exist and we do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist and we do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not exist and we do this by
+contradiction now i know it seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction now i know it seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction now i know it seems like a
+lot of the proofs we're doing are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the proofs we're doing are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the proofs we're doing are by
+contradiction this should not give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction this should not give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction this should not give you
+the impression that all proofs should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impression that all proofs should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impression that all proofs should be
+done by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by contradiction
+many proofs that you will do in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many proofs that you will do in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many proofs that you will do in uh
+homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework
+can be done directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done directly
+okay meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay meaning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+not by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by contradiction
+for example this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this first
+little proof that e is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little proof that e is bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little proof that e is bounded above
+this is a direct um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a direct um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a direct um
+proof meaning i proved directly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof meaning i proved directly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof meaning i proved directly that
+it's bounded above i do not assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded above i do not assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded above i do not assume that
+it's not bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not bounded above
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+arrive at a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+you know it is proof by contradiction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is proof by contradiction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is proof by contradiction is
+very tempting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tempting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tempting because
+it at least gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at least gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at least gets you
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+somewhere if you can assume not then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere if you can assume not then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere if you can assume not then you
+get to the next step which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next step which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the next step which
+you know this assumption implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this assumption implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this assumption implies
+something else and hopefully you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and hopefully you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and hopefully you can
+keep going until you arrive at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going until you arrive at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going until you arrive at something
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+but many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many
+uh theorems that you want to prove can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theorems that you want to prove can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theorems that you want to prove can
+be done directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done directly
+all right but not this one now we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but not this one now we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but not this one now we show
+the supremum of the set does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum of the set does not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum of the set does not exist
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my contradiction
+so we will assume that such a supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will assume that such a supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will assume that such a supreme
+does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose the supreme exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose the supreme exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose the supreme exists
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call it x all right so x is the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it x all right so x is the supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it x all right so x is the supremum
+of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so by the previous theorem since x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the previous theorem since x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by the previous theorem since x
+is an element of the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element of the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an element of the rational numbers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which whose square gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which whose square gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which whose square gives me
+who's this which is the supremum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's this which is the supremum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's this which is the supremum of this
+set then x is bigger than or equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then x is bigger than or equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set then x is bigger than or equal to 1
+and its square is 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is bigger than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and x squared equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two okay in fact x has to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay in fact x has to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay in fact x has to be bigger than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+cannot equal one because the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot equal one because the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot equal one because the square
+would give me one not two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me one not two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me one not two
+all right so i can i can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i can i can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i can i can make that
+statement that x is in fact bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that x is in fact bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that x is in fact bigger than
+one not just bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since x is a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x is a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since x is a rational
+there exists m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists m
+in natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in natural numbers
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m is bigger than n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is bigger than n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is bigger than n
+and x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m over n
+okay so that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that just
+that's what it means for x to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means for x to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means for x to be a
+rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number
+and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+it to be bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an n
+such that n times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that n times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that n times x
+is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a natural number
+all right just multiplying through by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just multiplying through by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right just multiplying through by n
+that means that n times x is equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that n times x is equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that n times x is equal to m
+which is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let s
+be the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set
+of natural numbers so that when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural numbers so that when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of natural numbers so that when i
+multiply x by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k i get a natural number and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i get a natural number and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k i get a natural number and so what
+we've shown just based on our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown just based on our assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown just based on our assumption
+is that s is non-empty right because n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that s is non-empty right because n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that s is non-empty right because n
+is an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is a subset of natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a subset of natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a subset of natural numbers
+so by the well ordering property of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this set s has a least element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll call
+k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0
+ns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what i'm going to show is that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to show is that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to show is that in fact
+this little guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little guy
+k0 is not in fact the least element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0 is not in fact the least element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0 is not in fact the least element of
+this set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set s
+all right which would contradict exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right which would contradict exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right which would contradict exactly
+how it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's defined
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to find k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find k1
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+a 0x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0x
+minus k0 and note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an integer why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integer why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integer why because
+k 0 times x so k 0 is in the set s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 times x so k 0 is in the set s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 times x so k 0 is in the set s
+meaning k 0 times x is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning k 0 times x is a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning k 0 times x is a natural number
+so it's an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an integer
+k 0 is a natural number so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 is a natural number so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 is a natural number so the
+difference of two integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of two integers
+is again an integer all right so k 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again an integer all right so k 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again an integer all right so k 0 is
+a natural number k 0 times x is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural number k 0 times x is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural number k 0 times x is a
+natural number so the difference of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number so the difference of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number so the difference of two
+natural numbers gives me an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers gives me an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers gives me an integer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but in fact it's a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural number
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so far we have that k1 is a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far we have that k1 is a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far we have that k1 is a natural
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to prove that k1 is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to prove that k1 is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to prove that k1 is actually
+less than k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since x squared equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's write it this way since x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write it this way since x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write it this way since x
+squared is equal to 2 this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to 2 this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to 2 this implies
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4 minus x squared is positive i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 minus x squared is positive i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 minus x squared is positive i mean i
+just wrote down 2. 4 minus x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote down 2. 4 minus x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote down 2. 4 minus x squared is
+just 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 2.
+so this tells me taking the difference 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells me taking the difference 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells me taking the difference 2
+minus x times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x times 2
+plus x is positive 2 and x are positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x is positive 2 and x are positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x is positive 2 and x are positive
+so i can divide this inequality through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can divide this inequality through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can divide this inequality through
+by this term and maintain the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this term and maintain the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this term and maintain the inequality
+which implies 2 minus x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x is less than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is less than 2.
+okay so x is less than 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+k1 which remember is k0 times x minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 which remember is k0 times x minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 which remember is k0 times x minus 1
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+k0 so k0 is a natural number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0 so k0 is a natural number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0 so k0 is a natural number it's
+positive x minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive x minus 1
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded by 2 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 2 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 2 minus 1
+equals k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals k0
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what we've shown is so far is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've shown is so far is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we've shown is so far is that
+this number k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a natural number
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's less than k zero so i guess i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than k zero so i guess i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than k zero so i guess i don't
+have to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this
+positive part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's remember what k 0 was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's remember what k 0 was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's remember what k 0 was supposed to
+be k 0 is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be k 0 is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be k 0 is supposed to be
+the smallest element of this set s it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest element of this set s it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest element of this set s it's
+the smallest natural number so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest natural number so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest natural number so that when
+i multiply it by x i get another natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i multiply it by x i get another natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i multiply it by x i get another natural
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+from this k 0 i constructed a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this k 0 i constructed a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this k 0 i constructed a new
+natural number called k 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is less than k zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than k zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is less than k zero
+and it's a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a natural number
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+here comes the fun part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we compute
+what x times k 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x times k 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x times k 1 is
+this is by definition x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x times k 0 minus k 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times k 0 minus k 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times k 0 minus k 0
+this is equal to x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to x squared
+k 0 minus x times k 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 minus x times k 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0 minus x times k 0
+which equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals 2
+k 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x times k 0 because x squared equals 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this last part this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this last part this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this last part this is equal to
+k 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k 0
+plus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k0 minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k0 which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's a natural number that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a natural number that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a natural number that's a
+natural number this natural number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number this natural number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number this natural number is
+bigger than this natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than this natural number
+therefore their difference is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore their difference is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore their difference is again a
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+so this says that x times k1 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says that x times k1 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says that x times k1 is a
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and k 1 is less than k 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k 1 is less than k 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k 1 is less than k 0
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+implies k 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies k 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies k 0
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the least element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least element
+in s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the fact that it is the least element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that it is the least element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fact that it is the least element
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we've shown is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've shown is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that
+this set e has a supremum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set e has a supremum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set e has a supremum in
+the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers
+then we arrive at a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we arrive at a contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we arrive at a contradiction
+okay so our original assumption must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our original assumption must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our original assumption must be
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+thus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soup e does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this proof is maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this proof is maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this proof is maybe a
+little different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different than
+if you've seen a proof of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen a proof of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen a proof of uh
+the fact that the square root of two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the square root of two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the square root of two is
+not a rational number you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a rational number you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a rational number you know there's
+a different proof that maybe is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different proof that maybe is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different proof that maybe is a little
+bit simpler but you know this one uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit simpler but you know this one uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit simpler but you know this one uses
+ordering instead to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering instead to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering instead to prove it
+which i thought was pretty cool and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i thought was pretty cool and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i thought was pretty cool and it's
+originally due to dedicant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discussed
+one aspect of the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect of the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one aspect of the real numbers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was in that theorem that i stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in that theorem that i stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in that theorem that i stated
+earlier which i'll restate in this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier which i'll restate in this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier which i'll restate in this in a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute
+namely that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set that has the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that has the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that has the least upper bound
+property okay so i stated that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so i stated that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so i stated that as a
+theorem i'm not going to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem i'm not going to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem i'm not going to prove that
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+we just want to understand exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to understand exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to understand exactly what
+these what sets the real numbers apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one aspect of that there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one aspect of that there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one aspect of that there were two
+things one is that it's an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is that it's an ordered field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one is that it's an ordered field
+and two is that it has the least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two is that it has the least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two is that it has the least upper
+bound property so we've now discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property so we've now discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property so we've now discussed
+what the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the least upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the least upper bound property
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we just need to fill in one other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to fill in one other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to fill in one other part
+about the real numbers which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real numbers which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the real numbers which is
+uh the fact that it's an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that it's an ordered field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that it's an ordered field
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as i said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said before
+q is also an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is also an ordered field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is also an ordered field
+r is not special in that respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is not special in that respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is not special in that respect
+but as the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as the theorem
+stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+middle of the last lecture that r is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the last lecture that r is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the last lecture that r is in
+fact the unique ordered field with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the unique ordered field with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the unique ordered field with the
+least upper bound property remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound property remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least upper bound property remember
+we've just proven that q does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just proven that q does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just proven that q does not have
+the least upper bound property so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property so in
+some sense q is missing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense q is missing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense q is missing stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it's missing stuff it's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's missing stuff it's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's missing stuff it's missing
+square roots of 2 which is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of 2 which is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots of 2 which is kind of an
+algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic
+thing namely i can't solve the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing namely i can't solve the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing namely i can't solve the equation
+x squared minus 2 equals 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus 2 equals 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared minus 2 equals 0 and the
+rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+and the fact that it's missing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's missing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that it's missing that you
+know you have this kind of algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have this kind of algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have this kind of algebraic
+defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect
+manifests itself in this fact that q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself in this fact that q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifests itself in this fact that q is
+also missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also missing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+things with respect to an order okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with respect to an order okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with respect to an order okay
+so q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q
+in short this is me saying that q has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short this is me saying that q has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short this is me saying that q has
+holes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes all right
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most basic statement one can make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic statement one can make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most basic statement one can make uh
+about r but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about r but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about r but
+um and perhaps you heard in high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and perhaps you heard in high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and perhaps you heard in high school
+calculus and you're hearing repeated now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and you're hearing repeated now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and you're hearing repeated now
+but in a nutshell i mean you know q has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a nutshell i mean you know q has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a nutshell i mean you know q has
+holes and r does not but this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and r does not but this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes and r does not but this means
+something very specifically that r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very specifically that r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very specifically that r
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+the least upper bound property and q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property and q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property and q
+does not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not okay
+all right so uh let me talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh let me talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh let me talk about what
+um ordered fields are so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ordered fields are so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ordered fields are so first off
+i need to define what a field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a set f is a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it has two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to put a dot here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put a dot here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to put a dot here in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+times basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times basically
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+you have a list of properties that hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a list of properties that hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a list of properties that hold
+with respect to these operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to these operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to these operations
+okay the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first uh
+is with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with respect to
+so this is plus this is times this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is plus this is times this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is plus this is times this is
+addition multiplication okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition multiplication okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition multiplication okay so the
+first condition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first condition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first condition is that
+this set is closed with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is closed with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is closed with respect to
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sums so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so
+if x y is an f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x y is an f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x y is an f
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x plus y is an f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+operation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+addition should be commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commutativity i hope that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutativity i hope that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutativity i hope that's how you
+spell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this means that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that for all
+x y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x y and
+f x plus y equals y plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a condition that for all x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a condition that for all x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a condition that for all x y
+z and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and f
+if i add x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add x
+and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+and then add z this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add z this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add z this is equal to
+adding x to the sum of y and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fourth is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth is that we have
+what's called an identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an identity
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an additive identity element there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive identity element there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive identity element there
+exists an element which i'll label 0 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an element which i'll label 0 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an element which i'll label 0 in
+this set f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set f
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and f 0 plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f 0 plus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f 0 plus x
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have
+additive inverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive inverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive inverses
+namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and f there exists an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f there exists an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f there exists an element
+which i call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i call
+which i label minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i label minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i label minus x
+and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+such that x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that x plus
+minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero
+okay so these are the conditions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the conditions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the conditions on
+addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition
+that should be satisfied for a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's about addition so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's about addition so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's about addition so the
+conditions for multiplication are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for multiplication are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for multiplication are
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+namely it needs to be closed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely it needs to be closed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely it needs to be closed with
+respect to multiplication so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to multiplication so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to multiplication so
+if x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x y
+is in f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in f
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x times y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is in f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplication should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication should also be
+commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just going to abbreviate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to abbreviate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to abbreviate that
+commutative as com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative as com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative as com
+for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x
+y and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and f
+x times y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times y
+equals y times x we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y times x we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y times x we also have
+associativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's not shorten it by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x y
+z and f i multiply x times y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and f i multiply x times y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and f i multiply x times y and then
+multiply it by z it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by z it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by z it's the same as
+taking x and multiplying it by y times z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fourth property is uh the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth property is uh the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth property is uh the existence of
+a multiplicative identity there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplicative identity there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplicative identity there exists
+an element which i label as 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element which i label as 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element which i label as 1
+in the set f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that for all x and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all x and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all x and f
+1 times x equals x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i also have
+uh multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiplicative
+inverses for nonzero elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses for nonzero elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses for nonzero elements
+for all x and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f
+take away zero so for everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away zero so for everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away zero so for everything in the
+field that's non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's non-zero
+there exists an element which i call x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an element which i call x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an element which i call x
+to the minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 1
+and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+x times x to the minus 1 equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times x to the minus 1 equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times x to the minus 1 equals 1.
+okay now these are statements about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these are statements about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now these are statements about the
+two operations there's one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations there's one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations there's one last
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the definition
+that connects the two and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the distributive law namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributive law namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distributive law namely that
+for all x y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x y z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x y z
+and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y times z this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y times z this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y times z this is
+x times z plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times z plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times z plus
+y times z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y times z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y times z
+okay so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all these
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+so a field is a set with two operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a field is a set with two operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a field is a set with two operations
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+and dot meaning multiplication and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dot meaning multiplication and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dot meaning multiplication and these
+two operations need to satisfy all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations need to satisfy all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two operations need to satisfy all of
+these conditions for my set to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions for my set to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions for my set to be called
+a field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field okay
+so the clearest example is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+with the usual plus and minus i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual plus and minus i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual plus and minus i mean
+plus in multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus in multiplication
+define as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define as you
+learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what's a non-example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the integers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the integers so
+the integers come with plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers come with plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers come with plus and
+multiplication however it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication however it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication however it doesn't
+satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of
+inverses of multiplicative inverses m5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of multiplicative inverses m5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of multiplicative inverses m5
+but it does satisfy everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does satisfy everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it does satisfy everything else
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+one would call z what's uh called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commutative commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ring commutative because multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring commutative because multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring commutative because multiplication
+is also commutative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also commutative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also commutative
+but a ring in general does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a ring in general does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a ring in general does not
+necessarily have to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to satisfy
+a multiplication uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication uh
+being commutative for example the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being commutative for example the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being commutative for example the set of
+say two by two matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a ring
+what's an example of another what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example of another what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's an example of another what's a
+another example of a field what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of a field what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of a field what we have
+kind of maybe i should have given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe i should have given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe i should have given this
+one first z2 which is the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first z2 which is the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first z2 which is the simplest
+field there is is just the element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field there is is just the element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field there is is just the element of
+two it's just a set of two elements zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's just a set of two elements zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's just a set of two elements zero
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+where i need to define what one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i need to define what one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i need to define what one plus one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one plus one defined to be zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and
+one plus one is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus one is zero
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+yeah that's it i mean zero times zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's it i mean zero times zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's it i mean zero times zero
+would be zero zero times one would be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero zero times one would be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero zero times one would be 0
+0 plus 0 would be 0 and that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus 0 would be 0 and that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus 0 would be 0 and that gives you
+all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+rules you need to know to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules you need to know to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules you need to know to be able to
+define multiplication and addition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define multiplication and addition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define multiplication and addition on
+this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set
+of these two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two elements
+this is a field because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a field because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a field because
+um what is the inverse of one well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the inverse of one well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is the inverse of one well it's
+just one okay and you can check that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one okay and you can check that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one okay and you can check that if
+i define addition by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define addition by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i define addition by this
+uh rule along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rule along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rule along with the
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+other rules that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these
+defining plus and multiplication this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining plus and multiplication this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining plus and multiplication this
+way satisfies all the conditions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way satisfies all the conditions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way satisfies all the conditions of
+being a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a field
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a more non-trivial example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would be let's say z3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be let's say z3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be let's say z3
+this is a set 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a set 0
+1 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2.
+only now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only now
+the arithmetic so this i didn't use such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic so this i didn't use such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic so this i didn't use such
+a fancy word here uh but arithmetic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fancy word here uh but arithmetic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fancy word here uh but arithmetic is
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+uh mod 3 here here it was mod 2 meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mod 3 here here it was mod 2 meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mod 3 here here it was mod 2 meaning
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+if i want to add two elements i add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to add two elements i add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to add two elements i add them
+and then i take the remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sum
+after dividing by three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+addition is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mod 3. so if something is a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 3. so if something is a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 3. so if something is a multiple of
+3 then i equate it to 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 then i equate it to 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 then i equate it to 0.
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+1 plus 2 which gives me 3 it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 2 which gives me 3 it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 2 which gives me 3 it's a
+multiple of 3. this is defined to be 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 3. this is defined to be 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 3. this is defined to be 0.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 times 2 which equals 4 which equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times 2 which equals 4 which equals 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times 2 which equals 4 which equals 3
+plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+multiples of 3 or 0 so that gives me 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 3 or 0 so that gives me 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of 3 or 0 so that gives me 1.
+in particular this tells me that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this tells me that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular this tells me that in this
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+2 times two equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times two equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times two equals one
+so the multiplicative inverse of two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the multiplicative inverse of two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the multiplicative inverse of two is
+given by itself two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by itself two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by itself two
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and uh a times b equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a times b equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a times b equals
+let's say d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say d
+mod 3. all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's another example of a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there
+in fact if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you take
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+mod p where p is a prime you get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod p where p is a prime you get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod p where p is a prime you get another
+field you get a finite field so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you get a finite field so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you get a finite field so these
+are examples of what are called finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of what are called finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of what are called finite
+fields because exactly that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields because exactly that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields because exactly that they are
+fields and they have finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and they have finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and they have finite number of
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+based on just these assumptions that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on just these assumptions that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on just these assumptions that uh
+you assume your field to satisfy i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume your field to satisfy i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume your field to satisfy i mean
+for it to be a field you can prove kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be a field you can prove kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be a field you can prove kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple algebra statements that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra statements that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple algebra statements that you've
+ever known simply from these axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever known simply from these axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever known simply from these axioms
+of fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example let me just give you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let me just give you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let me just give you kind
+of the silliest uh example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the silliest uh example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the silliest uh example of a
+statement you can prove just using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you can prove just using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you can prove just using these
+elements i mean these axioms you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements i mean these axioms you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements i mean these axioms you can
+prove the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all x and f if f is so f is a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f if f is so f is a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all x and f if f is so f is a field
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so f throughout will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is a field then for all x and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is a field then for all x and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is a field then for all x and f
+0 times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times x
+is 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.
+ok all we know about 0 is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok all we know about 0 is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok all we know about 0 is that when you
+add it to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to x
+you get x back actually this should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get x back actually this should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get x back actually this should have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+yeah yeah this should this is wrong this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this should this is wrong this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah this should this is wrong this
+should have been x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sure there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure there's no other
+errors i don't think there are this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors i don't think there are this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors i don't think there are this is
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+danger about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger about
+not being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being able to
+lecture in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in person
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+errors on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors on the board
+persist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist
+um okay so you can prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you can prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you can prove this
+blockbuster theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockbuster theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockbuster theorem
+just using these axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using these axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using these axioms
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a
+quick proof of this if x is in f then 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+0 times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times x
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+the additive inverse of 0 times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse of 0 times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse of 0 times x
+because that's just the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just the definition of
+the additive inverse every element has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse every element has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse every element has
+an additive inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive inverse
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+0 is equal to 0 plus 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times x plus again the additive inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x plus again the additive inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x plus again the additive inverse
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+and now i use the distributive law this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i use the distributive law this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i use the distributive law this
+is 0 times x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 times x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 times x plus
+0 times x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 times x plus
+the additive inverse of 0 times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse of 0 times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse of 0 times x
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that cancels with that and i get 0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancels with that and i get 0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancels with that and i get 0 times
+x so i started off with 0 and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so i started off with 0 and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so i started off with 0 and i
+arrived at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at
+it's equal to 0 times x all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to 0 times x all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to 0 times x all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can prove other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can prove other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can prove other
+simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um
+algebraic statements using these axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic statements using these axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic statements using these axioms
+as well i think it'll put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i think it'll put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well i think it'll put in the
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll just state you can also prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just state you can also prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just state you can also prove
+things like if i want to look at minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if i want to look at minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like if i want to look at minus x
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to the additive inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the additive inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the additive inverse of
+one times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one times x
+okay i mean this is like you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean this is like you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i mean this is like you know it's
+not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um
+terribly interesting at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly interesting at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly interesting at the start
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+you know essentially some some very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know essentially some some very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know essentially some some very deep
+theorems in algebra that you learn at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in algebra that you learn at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in algebra that you learn at a
+another point in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another point in your life
+but that won't be in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually today is probably all we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually today is probably all we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually today is probably all we're
+going to talk about fields which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about fields which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about fields which are
+algebraic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know algebraic things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know algebraic things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know algebraic things are
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to me you know nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you know nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you know nice
+because somehow you always deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow you always deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow you always deal with
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+so how hard could it be to prove two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how hard could it be to prove two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how hard could it be to prove two
+things are equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equal to each other
+yet analysis deals a lot with inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet analysis deals a lot with inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet analysis deals a lot with inequality
+um which somehow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which somehow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which somehow is
+um much more subtle but that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much more subtle but that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um much more subtle but that's just a
+little bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bias
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is what a field is a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what a field is a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what a field is a field
+is just again this set that has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just again this set that has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just again this set that has these
+two operations what is an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+a field first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an ordered set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordered set
+but it can't just you know you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can't just you know you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can't just you know you can't
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+two different structures on your field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different structures on your field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different structures on your field
+and them not interact for that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and them not interact for that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and them not interact for that to be
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+algebraic structure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order on the field are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on the field are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order on the field are
+cohabitating nicely meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabitating nicely meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabitating nicely meaning
+you have two conditions for all x y z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two conditions for all x y z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two conditions for all x y z
+and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is less than y then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x plus z is less than y plus z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one other condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is positive or x if x is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is positive or x if x is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is positive or x if x is bigger
+than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero
+and y is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y is bigger than zero
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x times y is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times y is bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x times y is bigger than zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i just use that terminology anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just use that terminology anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just use that terminology anyways
+right now but for an ordered field f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if an element is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an element is bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an element is bigger than zero
+then we call it positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or if it's bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if it's bigger than or equal to zero
+we say x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and respectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and respectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and respectively
+non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so non-negative if x is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-negative if x is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so non-negative if x is bigger than or
+equal to 0 positive of x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 positive of x is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 positive of x is positive
+bigger than 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 0.
+and then likewise with negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then likewise with negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then likewise with negative and
+non-positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so the the most basic example again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the most basic example again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the most basic example again
+is q q is an ordered field all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is q q is an ordered field all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is q q is an ordered field all right
+with the usual order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the usual order
+and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the
+usual algebraic structure on cue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual algebraic structure on cue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual algebraic structure on cue
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what is not an example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of the
+two fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i wrote down just a minute a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and non-example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh this field here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this field here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this field here
+zero one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know if i put an order on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i put an order on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i put an order on this
+either zero is less than one or one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero is less than one or one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either zero is less than one or one is
+less than zero so remember order does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero so remember order does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero so remember order does
+not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to
+you know necessarily correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know necessarily correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know necessarily correspond to the
+fact that that zero you connect to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that zero you connect to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that zero you connect to zero
+and the integers and that one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integers and that one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integers and that one you
+connect to one and the integers i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to one and the integers i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to one and the integers i mean
+these are just two elements of a set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just two elements of a set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just two elements of a set and
+an order would be saying either that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order would be saying either that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order would be saying either that
+element is less than that element or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is less than that element or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is less than that element or
+that element is less than that element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element is less than that element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that element is less than that element
+so let's consider either cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider either cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's consider either cases and
+suppose we have that order on this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have that order on this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have that order on this set
+and show that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it's not
+it does not turn this set into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not turn this set into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not turn this set into an
+ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then either
+0 is less than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is less than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is less than 1
+or 1 is less than 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's do the first case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if zero is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if zero is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if zero is less than one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if i add one to each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 plus 0 would give me 1 1 plus 1 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 0 would give me 1 1 plus 1 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 0 would give me 1 1 plus 1 would
+be 0 and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not so less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not so less than
+1 plus 1. so it does not satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1. so it does not satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus 1. so it does not satisfy
+the first property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i have an order on z2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have an order on z2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have an order on z2 uh
+two possibilities either zero is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities either zero is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities either zero is less
+than one or one is less than zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one or one is less than zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one or one is less than zero if
+zero is less than one then by half by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than one then by half by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is less than one then by half by
+the definition of addition on this set i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of addition on this set i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of addition on this set i
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+if i add one to zero i get one if i add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add one to zero i get one if i add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i add one to zero i get one if i add
+one to one i get zero and therefore if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one i get zero and therefore if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one i get zero and therefore if i
+were to add one to both sides i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to add one to both sides i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to add one to both sides i would
+not get a true inequality because i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get a true inequality because i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get a true inequality because i'm
+assuming zero is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming zero is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming zero is less than one
+so this condition number one does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this condition number one does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this condition number one does not
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+for this order and neither does it hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this order and neither does it hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this order and neither does it hold
+for choosing one is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the same logic then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one plus one
+is not less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this set is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this set is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this set is not
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this field cannot be turned into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field cannot be turned into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field cannot be turned into an
+ordered field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered field and
+essentially the same thing that i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing that i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same thing that i've
+done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here
+shows that you cannot have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finite ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in general there are no finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general there are no finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general there are no finite
+ordered fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now just like we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+the blockbuster statement that zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockbuster statement that zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockbuster statement that zero
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+anything in the field equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the field equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in the field equals zero
+we can also prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also prove
+all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+manipulations of inequalities that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations of inequalities that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations of inequalities that you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simply from again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply from again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply from again
+these axioms about it an order field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axioms about it an order field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these axioms about it an order field
+being a field and also satisfying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a field and also satisfying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a field and also satisfying these
+two inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean these two
+conditions here for it to be an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here for it to be an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions here for it to be an ordered
+field so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f is an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is an element of f and x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is an element of f and x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is an element of f and x is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies
+its additive inverse is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and vice versa okay if x is less than 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa okay if x is less than 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa okay if x is less than 0
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x is positive
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+you know i know it's tempting to to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i know it's tempting to to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i know it's tempting to to kind
+of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think
+well yeah just multiply this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah just multiply this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah just multiply this inequality
+by minus one to get this inequality um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus one to get this inequality um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus one to get this inequality um
+but remember this is really a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember this is really a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember this is really a statement
+about the additive inverse of x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the proof is not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if x is positive
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i could write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's 0 is less than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then by property number 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by property number 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by property number 1
+i can add anything to both sides and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can add anything to both sides and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can add anything to both sides and get
+the same inequality and preserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same inequality and preserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same inequality and preserve the
+inequality therefore minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality therefore minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality therefore minus x
+plus 0 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 0 is less than
+the additive inverse of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the additive inverse of x
+plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x
+now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that 0 is the additive identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that 0 is the additive identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that 0 is the additive identity
+a4 the left side is going to be minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a4 the left side is going to be minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a4 the left side is going to be minus x
+and by the definition of the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the definition of the additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the definition of the additive
+inverse of x the right hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of x the right hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of x the right hand side is
+going to be 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 0.
+okay and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's going in here is this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a 4 and a 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this previous statement is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this previous statement is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this previous statement is by
+1 in this definition before and i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in this definition before and i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 in this definition before and i'm not
+going to prove um this statement as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove um this statement as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove um this statement as well
+it's the same essentially the same proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same essentially the same proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same essentially the same proof
+i add minus x to both sides and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add minus x to both sides and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add minus x to both sides and use
+which i can do by one and then i use a4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can do by one and then i use a4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i can do by one and then i use a4
+and a5 to conclude that x is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that minus x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just say see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say see
+proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+1.1.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+q is an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is an ordered field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is an ordered field
+and as i stated in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i stated in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i stated in um
+before about r r will also r is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about r r will also r is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about r r will also r is also an
+ordered field um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered field um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered field um
+but it has the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has the least upper bound
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+so maybe you are asking yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you are asking yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you are asking yourself
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how about uh some sort of greatest lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about uh some sort of greatest lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about uh some sort of greatest lower
+bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property
+you know the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the least upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the least upper bound property
+is about soups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about soups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about soups
+can we make a similar property about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make a similar property about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we make a similar property about
+imps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imps
+are there sets that have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there sets that have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there sets that have uh
+you know the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the least upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the least upper bound property
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+don't have say a greatest lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have say a greatest lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have say a greatest lower bound
+property meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property meaning
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know does there exist uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know does there exist uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know does there exist uh
+something has the greatest lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has the greatest lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has the greatest lower bound
+property if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+non-empty set which is bounded below has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty set which is bounded below has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty set which is bounded below has
+an infimum that's kind of what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infimum that's kind of what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infimum that's kind of what i'm
+referring to even though i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to even though i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to even though i haven't
+written it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it down
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay what is that leading up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is that leading up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is that leading up to
+in the setting of ordered fields there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting of ordered fields there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the setting of ordered fields there
+really is no difference between a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is no difference between a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is no difference between a least
+upper bound property and a greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property and a greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property and a greatest
+lower bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound property
+if i have an ordered field which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have an ordered field which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have an ordered field which
+satisfies the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the least upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the least upper bound property
+then it also satisfies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it also satisfies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it also satisfies a
+greatest lower bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest lower bound property
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+i'll state as a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll state as a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll state as a theorem
+then we'll proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the least upper bound
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i'm going to prove that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to prove that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm going to prove that it has
+if you like a greatest lower lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like a greatest lower lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like a greatest lower lower bound
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a is a subset of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is non-empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and f meaning a has an infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f meaning a has an infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f meaning a has an infimum
+in the set f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the proof of this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof of this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof of this is basically
+in some sense we kind of did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we kind of did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense we kind of did
+something similar when we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar when we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar when we proved that
+that one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one set
+given by all the minus one minus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by all the minus one minus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by all the minus one minus two
+minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three
+had the greatest upper bound property or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the greatest upper bound property or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the greatest upper bound property or
+the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound property
+by taking its minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking its minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking its minus
+and then using in a sense the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using in a sense the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then using in a sense the greatest
+lower bound property of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound property of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound property of the natural
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+this well ordering principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well ordering principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well ordering principle
+to conclude that that set had the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude that that set had the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude that that set had the least
+upper bound property and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property and that's what
+we're going to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do here
+is we're going to take a set which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to take a set which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to take a set which is
+bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded below
+take its minus if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its minus if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its minus if you like
+which is now bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now bounded above
+take the soup of that set which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the soup of that set which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the soup of that set which we can
+do and show that that's the infimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and show that that's the infimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and show that that's the infimum of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me write over here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write over here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write over here this is
+it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be
+you know not part of the proof but kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not part of the proof but kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not part of the proof but kind
+of some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll draw it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is the real number line which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the real number line which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is the real number line which it is
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+part of the statement about the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the statement about the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the statement about the real
+numbers is that it's the unique ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is that it's the unique ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is that it's the unique ordered
+field with the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with the least upper bound
+property but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property but um
+don't worry about that for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about that for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about that for now
+let's imagine we have a set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for now i'll draw it like it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now i'll draw it like it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now i'll draw it like it's an
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+which is bounded below okay so it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded below okay so it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded below okay so it stops
+after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some
+point and it's there's nothing there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's there's nothing there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and it's there's nothing there so
+it's bounded below then if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded below then if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded below then if i look at
+minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here i'm drawing 0. if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm drawing 0. if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here i'm drawing 0. if i look at
+minus a which is the set of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a which is the set of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a which is the set of elements
+uh the set of the additive inverses of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the set of the additive inverses of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the set of the additive inverses of a
+i now have a set which is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now have a set which is bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i now have a set which is bounded above
+so if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is a
+lower bound for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for a
+then minus b will be an upper bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus b will be an upper bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus b will be an upper bound for
+minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+and therefore minus a has at least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore minus a has at least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore minus a has at least upper
+bound which in this picture i'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which in this picture i'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which in this picture i'm drawing
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then
+my goal is then to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here let's go back to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here let's go back to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here let's go back to b
+here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a
+here's now minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's now minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's now minus x
+to show that minus x is an infimum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that minus x is an infimum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that minus x is an infimum of a
+right so that's that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's that's the basic
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition
+on why this holds we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why this holds we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on why this holds we're using
+the ordered field property to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordered field property to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ordered field property to be able to
+take minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take minuses
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's where the field property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the field property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the field property is
+coming in and that minuses although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and that minuses although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and that minuses although we
+didn't prove this it is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't prove this it is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't prove this it is one of those
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially we did prove this that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we did prove this that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we did prove this that if i
+have something positive and i multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something positive and i multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something positive and i multiply
+it through by minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through by minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through by minus one
+using this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as well
+then that reverses the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that reverses the inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that reverses the inequality
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um but again it's these are short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again it's these are short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but again it's these are short
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+unless i'm telling you to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless i'm telling you to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless i'm telling you to prove a
+certain inequality a simple inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain inequality a simple inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain inequality a simple inequality
+statement like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement like
+of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this type
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+feel fr you know just freely use kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel fr you know just freely use kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel fr you know just freely use kind of
+the inequality facts that you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality facts that you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality facts that you remember
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+um high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um high school
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and just know that these persist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just know that these persist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just know that these persist for
+ordered fields with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered fields with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered fields with the least
+ordered fields in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered fields in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered fields in general
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's turn this intuition into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn this intuition into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's turn this intuition into a
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose a so i'm not stating it here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a so i'm not stating it here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a so i'm not stating it here but
+f is an ordered field with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an ordered field with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is an ordered field with the least
+upper bound property i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property i'll
+go ahead and state it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and state it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and state it um
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an ordered
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let a be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let a be
+subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+a not equal to empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then that means there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means there exists
+an element b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element b
+and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b is less than or equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that for all a and capital a b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all a and capital a b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all a and capital a b is
+less than or equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so i mean the proof is essentially there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean the proof is essentially there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean the proof is essentially there
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+you just need to turn it into english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to turn it into english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to turn it into english
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we're in massachusetts if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in massachusetts if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're in massachusetts if you're
+a different country you turn into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different country you turn into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different country you turn into the
+language that's spoken there you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's spoken there you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that's spoken there you just
+need to turn it into into written word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to turn it into into written word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to turn it into into written word
+so there exists a lower bound for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists a lower bound for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there exists a lower bound for a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me just note another set called minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just note another set called minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just note another set called minus
+which i'll label minus a this is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll label minus a this is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll label minus a this is the set
+of all elements in f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all elements in f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all elements in f
+of the form minus uh the additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form minus uh the additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the form minus uh the additive
+inverses of a as a is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of a as a is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses of a as a is in
+capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital a
+all right so it's the additive inverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's the additive inverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's the additive inverses
+of all elements in capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that
+i have for all a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have for all a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have for all a and a
+b is less than or equal to a implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all a
+and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a
+minus a is less than or equal to minus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because multiplying through by -1 flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because multiplying through by -1 flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because multiplying through by -1 flips
+the inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that implies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implies so
+minus b is bigger than or equal to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b is bigger than or equal to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus b is bigger than or equal to every
+element of minus a so that implies b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound
+for the set minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+minus a is a non-empty subset of f which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a is a non-empty subset of f which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a is a non-empty subset of f which
+is bounded above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded above
+therefore it has a supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it has a supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it has a supremum
+thus there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus there exists
+an x and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an x and f
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x equals soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals soup
+of this set minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+because we're assuming the least upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming the least upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're assuming the least upper
+bound property that every non-empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property that every non-empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound property that every non-empty set
+which is bounded above has a supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded above has a supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bounded above has a supremum
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm going to show this guy x is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show this guy x is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to show this guy x is in fact
+the infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum
+of this set a or minus x is the infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set a or minus x is the infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set a or minus x is the infimum
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the fact that x is the supremum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that x is the supremum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fact that x is the supremum of
+minus a implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a implies that
+for all a and capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all a and capital a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all a and capital a
+minus a is less than or equal to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a is less than or equal to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a is less than or equal to x
+because x is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because x is supposed to be
+uh the least upper bound so it's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the least upper bound so it's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the least upper bound so it's in fact
+an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means that for all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that for all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that for all a
+and a again just flipping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a again just flipping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a again just flipping the
+inequalities minus x is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities minus x is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities minus x is less than or
+equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a
+which implies minus x is a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies minus x is a lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies minus x is a lower bound
+for capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now have to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have to show
+that minus x is the greatest lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus x is the greatest lower bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus x is the greatest lower bound
+of a if i take any other lower bound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a if i take any other lower bound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a if i take any other lower bound of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+minus x is bigger than or equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x is bigger than or equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x is bigger than or equal to that
+lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now show
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+let's call it something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if y
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+y is less than or equal to minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is less than or equal to minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is less than or equal to minus x
+and then that concludes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that concludes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that concludes the proof
+showing that minus x is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that minus x is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that minus x is in fact the
+infimum of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum of a
+and therefore a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a has
+uh an infimum we've actually identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an infimum we've actually identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an infimum we've actually identified
+what the infimum is it's the soup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the infimum is it's the soup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the infimum is it's the soup of
+minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let y be a lower bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then exactly how i showed this for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exactly how i showed this for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then exactly how i showed this for this
+single lower bound that i had for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lower bound that i had for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lower bound that i had for a
+you can verify this again just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can verify this again just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can verify this again just go
+through the argument and replace b with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the argument and replace b with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the argument and replace b with
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+then minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus y
+is an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just look at the picture you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the picture you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the picture you know
+replace b with y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus a
+which implies since x is a supremum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies since x is a supremum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies since x is a supremum of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since x is a supremum of minus a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since x is a supremum of minus a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since x is a supremum of minus a it's
+the least upper bound so it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound so it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least upper bound so it has to be
+less than or equal to minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and flipping the inequality again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flipping the inequality again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flipping the inequality again on
+that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y is less than or equal to minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and which is what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and which is what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and which is what we wanted to
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the imp of a exists and we've in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imp of a exists and we've in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imp of a exists and we've in fact
+showed that it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the soup of minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in an ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not only with the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only with the least upper bound
+property not only does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not only does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property not only does
+every set which is bounded above have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every set which is bounded above have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every set which is bounded above have a
+supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supremum
+every set which is bounded below has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every set which is bounded below has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every set which is bounded below has an
+end femur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end femur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end femur
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we move on
+and not talk about generalities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not talk about generalities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not talk about generalities but
+we're just going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to focus on
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r the set of real numbers and i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the set of real numbers and i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the set of real numbers and i'm just
+going to again state this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to again state this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to again state this theorem
+about the existence of r and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the existence of r and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the existence of r and its
+properties so just to bring this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so just to bring this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties so just to bring this all
+back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing exactly
+what r is or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what r is or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what r is or what
+separates it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from q is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from q is that
+so there exists a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the least upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the least upper bound property
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+containing q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing q
+okay and this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we denote by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so q does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q does
+just to bring this back so we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to bring this back so we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to bring this back so we started
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+in ancient times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ancient times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ancient times
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+you know the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the natural numbers
+we moved to the integers so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved to the integers so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we moved to the integers so that we can
+take additive inverses although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take additive inverses although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take additive inverses although they
+didn't call them that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't call them that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't call them that but
+and we wanted 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted 0
+and then we moved to the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we moved to the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we moved to the rational
+numbers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because
+we didn't have ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know solve the equation 2x plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know solve the equation 2x plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know solve the equation 2x plus 1
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so we moved on from q to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we moved on from q to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we moved on from q to r
+essentially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially because
+we can't solve the equation x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't solve the equation x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't solve the equation x squared
+minus 2 equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2 equals 0
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+inability to solve x squared minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to solve x squared minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to solve x squared minus 2
+equals 0 although an algebraic fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means that q is incomplete as an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that q is incomplete as an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that q is incomplete as an ordered
+set okay it does not have this least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay it does not have this least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set okay it does not have this least
+upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know what characterizes the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what characterizes the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what characterizes the real
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+it is an ordered field containing q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an ordered field containing q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an ordered field containing q
+and it's the unique one with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the unique one with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the unique one with the least
+upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+should be kind of in quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kind of in quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kind of in quotes
+um because unique up to what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because unique up to what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because unique up to what's called
+isomorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism
+isomorphism is is a fancy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism is is a fancy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isomorphism is is a fancy way
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know saying what you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know saying what you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know saying what you call
+apples i call manzanas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+okay so this is what r is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what r is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what r is it's the
+unique ordered field with the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique ordered field with the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique ordered field with the least
+upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound
+property containing q and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property containing q and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property containing q and um
+from so i'm not going to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so i'm not going to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so i'm not going to prove this
+theorem the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the way you
+usually prove this theorem you construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually prove this theorem you construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually prove this theorem you construct
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+either as what are called dedican cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+as equivalence classes of koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalence classes of koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equivalence classes of koshi
+sequences we'll talk about koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we'll talk about koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences we'll talk about koshi
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+soon ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+i'm more interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm more interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm more interested in
+you know proving properties about r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know proving properties about r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know proving properties about r
+and then going on to functions on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going on to functions on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then going on to functions on our
+limits uh which is what analysis is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits uh which is what analysis is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits uh which is what analysis is is
+the study of limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of limits
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+rather than get tied up in in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than get tied up in in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than get tied up in in really
+non-analytic facts uh you know algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-analytic facts uh you know algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-analytic facts uh you know algebraic
+facts and trying to construct this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and trying to construct this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts and trying to construct this this
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+uh the actual field so we're just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the actual field so we're just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the actual field so we're just gonna
+take this as a given and now we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this as a given and now we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this as a given and now we're gonna
+go from here and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from here and start
+proving facts about real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving facts about real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving facts about real numbers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+where q failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first fact is that there exists a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first fact is that there exists a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first fact is that there exists a unique
+element in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in r
+such that r is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and r squared equals 2. so we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r squared equals 2. so we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r squared equals 2. so we saw before
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if i replace this with q rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i replace this with q rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i replace this with q rational number
+that's false okay there does not exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false okay there does not exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false okay there does not exist a
+rational number whose square is 2. but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number whose square is 2. but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number whose square is 2. but
+in the real numbers there does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and right now maybe you're tempted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now maybe you're tempted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now maybe you're tempted to
+just say yeah you said r equal to square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say yeah you said r equal to square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say yeah you said r equal to square
+root of 2. well what is square root of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2. well what is square root of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2. well what is square root of 2
+you know i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean
+how do you come up with that guy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you come up with that guy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you come up with that guy so we
+have to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with
+some element of r whose square is 2. now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element of r whose square is 2. now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some element of r whose square is 2. now
+we basically did that a minute ago in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically did that a minute ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically did that a minute ago in
+the rational numbers and kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers and kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers and kind of the
+same proof works here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof works here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same proof works here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let e
+be the set of all x's in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of all x's in r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the set of all x's in r
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is positive
+and x squared is less than 2. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x squared is less than 2. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x squared is less than 2. so
+earlier in the lecture and at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the lecture and at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the lecture and at the end of
+the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture
+we had q here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had q here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had q here right
+well the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+proof basically and what we did earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof basically and what we did earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof basically and what we did earlier
+then e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a bounded is bounded above by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bounded is bounded above by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bounded is bounded above by two
+so r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r
+which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+soup e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup e
+tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in r so i have this set it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in r so i have this set it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in r so i have this set it's bounded
+above by two i mean we did the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above by two i mean we did the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above by two i mean we did the proof
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+by the least upper bound property of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the least upper bound property of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the least upper bound property of r
+the supremum exists okay call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum exists okay call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum exists okay call this
+element little r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the same proof i'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same proof i'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the same proof i'm not going to do
+it again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again because
+we've already done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done it
+and all you need to do is replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you need to do is replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you need to do is replace
+our cues with ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shows r is bigger than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows r is bigger than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows r is bigger than or equal to one
+in fact it's bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's bigger than one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+r squared equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared equals two
+okay so there does exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of r
+which is positive and whose square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive and whose square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is positive and whose square is
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i will prove that it's unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i want to prove that r is unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+if i take if there's some other element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take if there's some other element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take if there's some other element
+in capital r that satisfies these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capital r that satisfies these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capital r that satisfies these two
+inequalities then it must be equal to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities then it must be equal to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities then it must be equal to my
+original r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original r
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+our tilde is in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our tilde is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tilde is bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tilde is bigger than zero
+and r tilde squared equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r tilde squared equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r tilde squared equals two
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since their square is the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since their square is the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since their square is the same number
+namely 2 0 is equal to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely 2 0 is equal to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely 2 0 is equal to r
+tilde minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde minus r
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+r tilde plus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tilde plus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tilde plus r
+r tilde minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tilde minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tilde minus r
+now both r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now both r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now both r
+and r tilde are positive so r plus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r tilde are positive so r plus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r tilde are positive so r plus r
+tilde is positive in particular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde is positive in particular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde is positive in particular it's
+non-zero so since it's a field i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero so since it's a field i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero so since it's a field i can
+therefore divide or multiply both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore divide or multiply both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore divide or multiply both sides
+by the additive inverse of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the additive inverse of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the additive inverse of this thing
+and arrive at 0 is equal to r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrive at 0 is equal to r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrive at 0 is equal to r
+tilde minus r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde minus r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde minus r or
+r equals r tilde so there exists only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equals r tilde so there exists only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equals r tilde so there exists only
+one element in the real numbers which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element in the real numbers which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element in the real numbers which is
+positive and whose square is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'll put it on the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely that so this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that so this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that so this shows
+what square root of two exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what square root of two exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what square root of two exists
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can
+then show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+cube root of 2 exists in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll not prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll not prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll not prove this
+but you can show in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can show in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can show in general
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if
+x is in r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is in r
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x to the 1 over x 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i should say x is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so where q failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where q failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where q failed
+r succeeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r succeeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r succeeds
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's doing this or the fact that it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing this or the fact that it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing this or the fact that it does
+succeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you know not coming from an algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not coming from an algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not coming from an algebraic
+property of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of r
+it's coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming from
+this property about its order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property about its order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property about its order
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+we'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mps0Zsi0-vU.txt b/mps0Zsi0-vU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8948f4cbd6a2a71c98a51b99bb7e468e289a2277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mps0Zsi0-vU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you uh good afternoon my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you uh good afternoon my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you uh good afternoon my name is
+Shen banery I'm one of the nine students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shen banery I'm one of the nine students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shen banery I'm one of the nine students
+part of this class group that has worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class group that has worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class group that has worked
+on a series of Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a series of Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a series of Economic Development
+proposals for the Northend before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for the Northend before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for the Northend before we
+begin I just wanted to introduce my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin I just wanted to introduce my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin I just wanted to introduce my
+colleague Annis who is from mit's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Annis who is from mit's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Annis who is from mit's open
+courseware open coare is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware open coare is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware open coare is a great
+resource that MIT developed a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that MIT developed a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that MIT developed a few years
+ago to take some of the ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago to take some of the ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago to take some of the ideas are
+generated in our classes and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in our classes and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in our classes and make them
+available to the world through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the world through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to the world through the
+worldwide web it's a great way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web it's a great way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web it's a great way this
+particular class has been able to assist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class has been able to assist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular class has been able to assist
+other similar communities across the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other similar communities across the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other similar communities across the US
+and so I just want to let you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just want to let you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I just want to let you know that
+filming is taking place right now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming is taking place right now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming is taking place right now if
+anyone would like not to be a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone would like not to be a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone would like not to be a part of
+the film could they let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film could they let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film could they let us know
+preferbly now and we'll make sure not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferbly now and we'll make sure not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferbly now and we'll make sure not to
+capture you um as a part of the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture you um as a part of the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture you um as a part of the record
+of this meeting we have some bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this meeting we have some bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this meeting we have some bags
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+alternatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but if anybody has any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if anybody has any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if anybody has any other
+concerns or questions please feel free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or questions please feel free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or questions please feel free
+to ask either me or Alice about that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask either me or Alice about that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask either me or Alice about that um
+so I guess the first thing I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the first thing I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I guess the first thing I wanted to
+say is thank you really for coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is thank you really for coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is thank you really for coming out
+this afternoon I'm glad the impending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon I'm glad the impending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon I'm glad the impending
+snowstorm did not come very early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowstorm did not come very early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowstorm did not come very early and
+it's just wonderful to see all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just wonderful to see all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just wonderful to see all of you
+here many of us have been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here many of us have been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here many of us have been in
+conversation for a long time time now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation for a long time time now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation for a long time time now
+over these last three months and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these last three months and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over these last three months and I just
+wanted to say that on behalf of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say that on behalf of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say that on behalf of all the
+students we have really enjoyed and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students we have really enjoyed and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students we have really enjoyed and got
+a lot out of this process working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot out of this process working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot out of this process working with
+the community and talking to the leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and talking to the leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community and talking to the leaders
+and representatives of a very variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representatives of a very variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representatives of a very variety of
+agencies and private sector firms not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and private sector firms not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and private sector firms not
+just in the North End in Springfield but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the North End in Springfield but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the North End in Springfield but
+really in the region as at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the region as at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the region as at the level of
+the state so thank you and thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state so thank you and thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state so thank you and thank you for
+sharing your sense of dedication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your sense of dedication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your sense of dedication and
+concern for this particular Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for this particular Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern for this particular Community
+it's been inspirational for us as um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been inspirational for us as um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been inspirational for us as um a
+bunch of second year students who in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of second year students who in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of second year students who in
+about 6 months time will graduate and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6 months time will graduate and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6 months time will graduate and go
+into the real world of community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real world of community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the real world of community
+Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic
+Development um there are a few things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development um there are a few things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development um there are a few things on
+the agenda for today that I want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agenda for today that I want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agenda for today that I want to um
+make you aware of we want to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you aware of we want to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you aware of we want to very
+quickly lay out some of the findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly lay out some of the findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly lay out some of the findings
+that we came in uh came across very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we came in uh came across very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we came in uh came across very
+early in our research process for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in our research process for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in our research process for this
+project particularly through interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project particularly through interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project particularly through interviews
+and meetings with stakeholders in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meetings with stakeholders in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meetings with stakeholders in the
+community and in Springfield and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and in Springfield and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and in Springfield and we want
+to move from there to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from there to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move from there to our
+recommendations and spend some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and spend some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and spend some time
+talking about how we think Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how we think Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how we think Economic
+Development initiatives can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development initiatives can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development initiatives can be
+implemented in this particular Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in this particular Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in this particular Community
+given the resources and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the resources and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the resources and some of the
+constraints that we all are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that we all are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that we all are very
+familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar
+with uh what we want to end this meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh what we want to end this meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh what we want to end this meeting
+with though is a real sense of agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with though is a real sense of agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with though is a real sense of agreement
+uh amongst ourselves on how to to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amongst ourselves on how to to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amongst ourselves on how to to move
+forward we have a list of suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward we have a list of suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward we have a list of suggested
+action items that we think the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action items that we think the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action items that we think the campus
+committee could address some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee could address some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee could address some of them
+even as early as your next meeting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as early as your next meeting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even as early as your next meeting in
+January and uh what I hope we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and uh what I hope we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and uh what I hope we will be
+able to do by the end of our meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do by the end of our meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do by the end of our meeting
+today is talk about that and decide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is talk about that and decide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is talk about that and decide if
+those steps are indeed reasonable or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are indeed reasonable or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those steps are indeed reasonable or not
+I just also want to let you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just also want to let you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just also want to let you know that
+we've left copies of a feedback form um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've left copies of a feedback form um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've left copies of a feedback form um
+in front of all the seats of this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of all the seats of this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of all the seats of this table
+if anyone doesn't have a do let us know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone doesn't have a do let us know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone doesn't have a do let us know
+we'll get you a copy it will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get you a copy it will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get you a copy it will be very
+useful for you to share some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for you to share some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for you to share some of your
+reactions and Reflections to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and Reflections to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and Reflections to what we
+present um and if you could just jop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present um and if you could just jop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present um and if you could just jop
+them down as you hear things or as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down as you hear things or as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down as you hear things or as you
+have questions and then if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions and then if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have questions and then if you could
+hand them to us by the end of the day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them to us by the end of the day uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them to us by the end of the day uh
+that would be very useful by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very useful by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very useful by the end of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+presentation do not have to feel obliged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation do not have to feel obliged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation do not have to feel obliged
+to identify yourself or your agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify yourself or your agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify yourself or your agency
+however uh just one request to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however uh just one request to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however uh just one request to my
+colleagues each of them when they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues each of them when they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues each of them when they come
+up here introduce themselves and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here introduce themselves and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here introduce themselves and at the
+end of this presentation when we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this presentation when we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this presentation when we sort of
+talk about the action items and clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the action items and clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the action items and clarify
+any of the questions or comments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the questions or comments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the questions or comments that
+you have if you could do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you could do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you could do the same
+introduce yourself and tell us where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce yourself and tell us where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce yourself and tell us where
+you're from so again my name is shiban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from so again my name is shiban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're from so again my name is shiban
+banagi I'm one of the nine students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banagi I'm one of the nine students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banagi I'm one of the nine students and
+the first thing I wanted to do was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I wanted to do was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing I wanted to do was to
+ask Alice to uh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about you're doing Anna's doing it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're doing Anna's doing it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you're doing Anna's doing it is um
+uh sorry ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry ask
+Anna Anna Bley to come up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna Anna Bley to come up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna Anna Bley to come up into
+this sorry okay we've only been together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry okay we've only been together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sorry okay we've only been together
+for a year and a half my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year and a half my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a year and a half my name is
+Anna and I will I just want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna and I will I just want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anna and I will I just want to take a
+few minutes to talk about uh how we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to talk about uh how we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes to talk about uh how we came
+to this place where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today okay uh our work this semester has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay uh our work this semester has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today okay uh our work this semester has
+fits into the broader 2003 strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into the broader 2003 strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits into the broader 2003 strategic
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+I um that you had uh and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um that you had uh and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um that you had uh and you see the
+four targeting goals that you laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four targeting goals that you laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four targeting goals that you laid out
+were lifelong learning Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lifelong learning Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were lifelong learning Economic
+Development which brings us here health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development which brings us here health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development which brings us here health
+and safety our mission this semester our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and safety our mission this semester our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and safety our mission this semester our
+work was to develop an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was to develop an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was to develop an economic
+development plan for the North End and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development plan for the North End and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development plan for the North End and
+we were asked to include two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were asked to include two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were asked to include two very
+specific requirements uh one was to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific requirements uh one was to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific requirements uh one was to use
+a population based approach this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population based approach this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a population based approach this is the
+type of approach That Neon is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of approach That Neon is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of approach That Neon is very
+successful use in the north vent and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful use in the north vent and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful use in the north vent and the
+second requirement we had for this plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second requirement we had for this plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second requirement we had for this plan
+given to us was to include concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us was to include concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us was to include concrete
+actionable steps which this group can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable steps which this group can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionable steps which this group can
+appreciate uh and we appreciate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate uh and we appreciate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate uh and we appreciate the the
+necessity of those types of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of those types of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity of those types of steps
+because that is what mov process forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is what mov process forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that is what mov process forward
+so we've tried to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've tried to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've tried to do
+that given this task this Mission we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given this task this Mission we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that given this task this Mission we
+began to amass research uh and gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to amass research uh and gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to amass research uh and gather
+different types of information one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of information one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of information one of
+the types of information we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of information we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of information we've done is
+is quantitative information gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quantitative information gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quantitative information gathering
+and Analysis which have included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Analysis which have included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Analysis which have included
+employment Labor Market analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment Labor Market analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment Labor Market analyses
+Commercial market analyses and property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial market analyses and property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commercial market analyses and property
+surveys we have also as many of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys we have also as many of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys we have also as many of you in
+the room been subjected to uh over 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room been subjected to uh over 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room been subjected to uh over 40
+interviews with stakeholders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with stakeholders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews with stakeholders and
+interested party representatives from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested party representatives from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested party representatives from
+the city from local Regional agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city from local Regional agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city from local Regional agencies
+that deal with business Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deal with business Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that deal with business Economic
+Development Workforce issues we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development Workforce issues we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development Workforce issues we've also
+talked with schools and Bas state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with schools and Bas state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked with schools and Bas state in
+addition these individual or small group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition these individual or small group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition these individual or small group
+interviews we've also had four focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews we've also had four focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews we've also had four focused
+groups with the help of neon staff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups with the help of neon staff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups with the help of neon staff and
+Community residents where we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community residents where we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community residents where we've talked
+about business issues we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about business issues we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about business issues we've talked about
+unemployment issues and again thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment issues and again thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment issues and again thanks to
+the ti efforts of neon we've been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ti efforts of neon we've been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ti efforts of neon we've been able
+to collect over 100 responses from North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect over 100 responses from North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect over 100 responses from North
+End Community members uh regarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End Community members uh regarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End Community members uh regarding
+different employment and business issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survey so we had this large in amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey so we had this large in amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey so we had this large in amount of
+information those of you that were with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information those of you that were with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information those of you that were with
+us in November your campus committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in November your campus committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in November your campus committee
+meeting remember we came to you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting remember we came to you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting remember we came to you with
+some initial findings with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial findings with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial findings with some
+recommendations and the three sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and the three sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and the three sort of
+common uh streams of Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh streams of Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh streams of Economic
+Development thought you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development thought you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development thought you see here
+business development Workforce in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development Workforce in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development Workforce in real
+estate we were proposing that we pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate we were proposing that we pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate we were proposing that we pursue
+a two track economic development plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two track economic development plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two track economic development plan
+addressing Workforce and real estate as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing Workforce and real estate as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing Workforce and real estate as
+a result of our meeting in November this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of our meeting in November this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of our meeting in November this
+group discussions both there immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group discussions both there immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group discussions both there immediately
+afterward you asked us to continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward you asked us to continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward you asked us to continue with
+our Workforce Development work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Workforce Development work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Workforce Development work but
+instead to pursue Business Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead to pursue Business Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead to pursue Business Development
+is our second track of that plan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our second track of that plan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our second track of that plan and
+that is precisely what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done I'm John I know my own name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm John I know my own name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm John I know my own name I
+think uh how long have you been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh how long have you been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh how long have you been
+together involv that information at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together involv that information at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together involv that information at the
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+time we'd like to segue now into how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'd like to segue now into how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'd like to segue now into how we
+really build a coherent strategy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really build a coherent strategy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really build a coherent strategy um
+towards the goal of Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the goal of Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the goal of Economic Development
+the economic development for the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic development for the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic development for the North
+End specifically around Workforce and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End specifically around Workforce and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End specifically around Workforce and
+Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Development so the question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development so the question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development so the question is what
+programmatic activities are required in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic activities are required in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic activities are required in
+the community towards again greater goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community towards again greater goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community towards again greater goal
+of economic development that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic development that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economic development that is
+CommunityWide first looking at Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CommunityWide first looking at Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CommunityWide first looking at Workforce
+Development uh employer involvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development uh employer involvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development uh employer involvement in
+training curriculums and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training curriculums and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training curriculums and this is
+happening in some places but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in some places but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in some places but really
+across all areas really I mean it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all areas really I mean it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all areas really I mean it's a
+very sensible thing need employers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensible thing need employers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensible thing need employers
+involved in veloping the curricula to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in veloping the curricula to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in veloping the curricula to
+train people who are going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train people who are going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train people who are going to work
+towards those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards those
+positions second uh is the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions second uh is the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions second uh is the integration
+of skills and Workforce training now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skills and Workforce training now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of skills and Workforce training now in
+this sense uh vertical and horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense uh vertical and horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sense uh vertical and horizontal
+integration which sorry is a bit Jing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which sorry is a bit Jing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which sorry is a bit Jing uh
+vertical means really taking one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical means really taking one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical means really taking one person
+one participant through the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one participant through the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one participant through the different
+levels of training whereas horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of training whereas horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of training whereas horizontal
+means connecting across skills so ESL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means connecting across skills so ESL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means connecting across skills so ESL is
+tied to job placement but again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to job placement but again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to job placement but again these
+things are interconnected and not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are interconnected and not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are interconnected and not really
+not disperate um as in some cases they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not disperate um as in some cases they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not disperate um as in some cases they
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+are and third is an adult Outreach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and third is an adult Outreach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and third is an adult Outreach
+capacity uh as we're sitting in a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity uh as we're sitting in a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity uh as we're sitting in a school
+right now there for youth there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there for youth there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there for youth there is this
+built-in mechanism with which is school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in mechanism with which is school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built-in mechanism with which is school
+to do some Outreach or through which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some Outreach or through which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some Outreach or through which to
+do Outreach for adults that's a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Outreach for adults that's a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Outreach for adults that's a bit more
+of a challenge uh and I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a challenge uh and I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a challenge uh and I think that's a
+real programmatic activity that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real programmatic activity that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real programmatic activity that needs
+that needs to happen in the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to happen in the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needs to happen in the North
+End i' like to read a quote um as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End i' like to read a quote um as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End i' like to read a quote um as you'll
+see our our friendly Springfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our our friendly Springfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see our our friendly Springfield
+Workforce training professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce training professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce training professional
+represented by a circle in a triangle um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a circle in a triangle um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a circle in a triangle um
+we we as we said we talked to so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we as we said we talked to so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we as we said we talked to so many
+people um and we pulled out a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and we pulled out a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um and we pulled out a couple
+qust that we think are real emblematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qust that we think are real emblematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qust that we think are real emblematic
+of um of of people's senses of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of of people's senses of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of of people's senses of of
+economic development in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development in the community
+and this one is uh there are too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is uh there are too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is uh there are too many
+providers all with all with their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers all with all with their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers all with all with their own
+funding not talking to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding not talking to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding not talking to each other and
+there isn't enough government money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't enough government money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't enough government money to
+cover the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the local
+needs what what this shows is that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs what what this shows is that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs what what this shows is that c
+technical assistance work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical assistance work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical assistance work for
+development services existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development services existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development services existence
+neighborhood the question is really how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood the question is really how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood the question is really how
+to connect them how to connect them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect them how to connect them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect them how to connect them to
+each other and how to connect them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and how to connect them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and how to connect them to
+potential potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+participants in business development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in business development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in business development
+again what are what are the kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what are what are the kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what are what are the kind of the
+programmatic needs for again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic needs for again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic needs for again
+CommunityWide Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CommunityWide Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CommunityWide Economic
+Development first is North End specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development first is North End specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development first is North End specific
+business opportunities and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business opportunities and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business opportunities and these are
+opportunities for both existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for both existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for both existing
+businesses and potential businesses talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and potential businesses talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses and potential businesses talk
+to a lot um a lot of really aspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot um a lot of really aspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot um a lot of really aspiring
+kind of entrepreneurs in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of entrepreneurs in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of entrepreneurs in the community
+as well as existing entrepreneurs uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as existing entrepreneurs uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as existing entrepreneurs uh and
+I'll say their their growth is stunted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say their their growth is stunted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say their their growth is stunted
+but there are obstacles to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are obstacles to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are obstacles to their
+development Focus North End Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Focus North End Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development Focus North End Business
+Outreach uh this means businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach uh this means businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach uh this means businesses
+talking to one another and service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to one another and service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to one another and service
+providers for businesses talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers for businesses talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers for businesses talking to
+their constituents and again this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their constituents and again this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their constituents and again this goes
+both ways it means business owners going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways it means business owners going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways it means business owners going
+upwards to to assistance providers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards to to assistance providers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards to to assistance providers and
+assistance providers going down to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance providers going down to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance providers going down to level
+of business owners and again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business owners and again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of business owners and again just
+creating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this
+interconnectedness there is Main Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectedness there is Main Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectedness there is Main Street
+business cooperation uh a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cooperation uh a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cooperation uh a lot of people
+in this room have talked about really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room have talked about really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room have talked about really
+the desire to create on Main Street a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desire to create on Main Street a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desire to create on Main Street a
+real commercial thriving Corridor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real commercial thriving Corridor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real commercial thriving Corridor and
+lots of things go into go into a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things go into go into a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of things go into go into a program
+like that and I think number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and I think number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and I think number one is
+creating greater cooperation among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating greater cooperation among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating greater cooperation among the
+businesses that are there and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that are there and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses that are there and I think
+that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty
+self-evident and finally is community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident and finally is community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident and finally is community
+control of of property uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of of property uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of of property uh again
+something that that many people in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that many people in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that many people in this
+room have expressed as a major concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room have expressed as a major concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room have expressed as a major concern
+how does how does the community how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does how does the community how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does how does the community how do
+people who are really matter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really matter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really matter in the
+community get involed involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community get involed involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community get involed involved in
+planning and development um how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and development um how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and development um how do you
+take control of the physical assets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take control of the physical assets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take control of the physical assets of
+the community um and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community um and that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community um and that's something
+that is really critical it's a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really critical it's a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really critical it's a long-term
+Economic Development uh and again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development uh and again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development uh and again this
+was somewhat periphery to our mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somewhat periphery to our mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somewhat periphery to our mission
+but we tried to address it somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we tried to address it somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we tried to address it somewhat
+especially in kind of long-term vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in kind of long-term vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in kind of long-term vision
+for how you can begin to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you can begin to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how you can begin to think about
+that and a second quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a second quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and a second quote from
+conveniently an aspiring Northend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently an aspiring Northend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently an aspiring Northend
+entrepreneur and though the symbol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur and though the symbol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur and though the symbol is
+the same this is not the same person as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same this is not the same person as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same this is not the same person as
+the other quote just to be clear um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quote just to be clear um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quote just to be clear um I
+don't know how things work here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how things work here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how things work here I don't
+know how how to start a business I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how to start a business I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how to start a business I don't
+know anything if there was an assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything if there was an assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything if there was an assistance
+person at neon I would even pay for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at neon I would even pay for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person at neon I would even pay for this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+assistance so again the idea that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance so again the idea that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance so again the idea that there
+is there is desire out there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is desire out there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is desire out there there are
+people who are looking to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are looking to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are looking to start
+businesses there are people looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses there are people looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses there are people looking to
+expand their current businesses and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand their current businesses and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand their current businesses and they
+all just just don't necessarily know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just just don't necessarily know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just just don't necessarily know how
+to go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so to meet these programmatic needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so to meet these programmatic needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so to meet these programmatic needs
+which we just identified in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just identified in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we just identified in the
+community for economic development how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for economic development how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for economic development how
+do we go about doing that I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we go about doing that I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we go about doing that I think this
+is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really
+uh a Crux of a lot of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Crux of a lot of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a Crux of a lot of what we're
+recommending and that is we need a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending and that is we need a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending and that is we need a core
+staff devoted to economic development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff devoted to economic development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff devoted to economic development in
+the North End specifically that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North End specifically that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North End specifically that are
+working on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issues I think again just to re the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues I think again just to re the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues I think again just to re the key
+is that they're dedicated there's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're dedicated there's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're dedicated there's we
+found a lot of people as a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a lot of people as a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found a lot of people as a lot of people
+in this room a lot of people outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room a lot of people outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room a lot of people outside
+this room are working on issues either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room are working on issues either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room are working on issues either
+around Economic Development or critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Economic Development or critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Economic Development or critical
+to Economic Development they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Economic Development they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Economic Development they're not
+coordinated and they're not housed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated and they're not housed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinated and they're not housed um
+they're they're they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're not
+interconnected in a matter that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected in a matter that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected in a matter that really
+gets to some of the root of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to some of the root of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to some of the root of what are the
+issues in the North End uh they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the North End uh they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the North End uh they might be
+Springfield wide they might be Regional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield wide they might be Regional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Springfield wide they might be Regional
+uh they might be looking at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they might be looking at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they might be looking at just
+Workforce Development or just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development or just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development or just some
+issues for business but there isn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for business but there isn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for business but there isn't this
+interconnectedness that is again sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectedness that is again sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectedness that is again sorry
+to repeat myself to solely focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat myself to solely focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat myself to solely focus on
+economic development for the North End
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development for the North End
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development for the North End
+um and also critically that is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also critically that is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and also critically that is that that
+there is not this core staff that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not this core staff that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is not this core staff that is
+responsive to the needs of the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the needs of the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the needs of the community
+as we all know you know things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we all know you know things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we all know you know things on the
+ground change constantly and without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground change constantly and without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground change constantly and without
+this professional staff that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this professional staff that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this professional staff that is
+constantly their mission is solely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly their mission is solely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly their mission is solely
+Economic Development there is it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development there is it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development there is it's just
+impossible I mean people have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible I mean people have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible I mean people have too many
+other things going on in their everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things going on in their everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things going on in their everyday
+lives uh in their Workforce lives to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives uh in their Workforce lives to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives uh in their Workforce lives to to
+be attuned to the changing realities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attuned to the changing realities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attuned to the changing realities on
+the ground um and to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground um and to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground um and to really be
+responsive to what EIC development needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to what EIC development needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to what EIC development needs
+of the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the community
+are uh just to kind of flush out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh just to kind of flush out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh just to kind of flush out what
+this means a little bit again planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means a little bit again planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means a little bit again planning
+across organizations so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across organizations so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across organizations so this is really
+leveraging resources to bridge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging resources to bridge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging resources to bridge uh
+creating Bridges across organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating Bridges across organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating Bridges across organizations
+and as we all know in our work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we all know in our work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we all know in our work I mean
+we're all sitting here people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all sitting here people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all sitting here people from
+different organizations by working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organizations by working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organizations by working
+together you really do leverage your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you really do leverage your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you really do leverage your uh
+your resources and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your resources and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your resources and your
+capacities uh and Resident uh resident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities uh and Resident uh resident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities uh and Resident uh resident
+Outreach um I think we're going to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach um I think we're going to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach um I think we're going to set
+going to talk a bit more about kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a bit more about kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk a bit more about kind of
+the models that that we see to to ACH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models that that we see to to ACH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models that that we see to to ACH
+achieve these ends but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these ends but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve these ends but it's really
+looking at a person Byers case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a person Byers case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a person Byers case
+management not just um we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management not just um we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management not just um we're going to do
+some Workforce training with them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Workforce training with them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Workforce training with them but
+segueing that into maybe business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segueing that into maybe business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segueing that into maybe business
+development but really taking people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but really taking people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but really taking people
+vertically through a hierarchy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically through a hierarchy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically through a hierarchy and
+staying with them in case management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying with them in case management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying with them in case management
+approach uh and with that we'll turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh and with that we'll turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh and with that we'll turn
+over to Seth who's going to discuss more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Seth who's going to discuss more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to Seth who's going to discuss more
+how we're going thinking about flushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going thinking about flushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going thinking about flushing
+out these capacities in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more thanks thanks John uh my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thanks thanks John uh my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thanks thanks John uh my name is
+Seth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seth
+pipin in this group of course and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipin in this group of course and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipin in this group of course and uh so
+as John just explained these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as John just explained these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as John just explained these uh
+programmatic needs and the consequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic needs and the consequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic needs and the consequent
+institutional needs to execute on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional needs to execute on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional needs to execute on these
+programs I'm going to get more into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I'm going to get more into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I'm going to get more into the
+specifics of what we're saying when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of what we're saying when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics of what we're saying when we
+talk about institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about institutional
+capacity first of all what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity first of all what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity first of all what I want to say
+is that when we were thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we were thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when we were thinking about the
+subject of institutional capacity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of institutional capacity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of institutional capacity in the
+North End we realized there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End we realized there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End we realized there are two
+great examples that are very applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great examples that are very applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great examples that are very applicable
+to the issue of economic development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the issue of economic development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the issue of economic development
+that can be brought to bear more on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be brought to bear more on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be brought to bear more on that
+topic that is the campus committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that is the campus committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic that is the campus committee
+itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and
+neon now what we have in the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon now what we have in the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon now what we have in the campus
+committee is actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee is actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee is actually a pretty
+extraordinary Confluence of groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary Confluence of groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary Confluence of groups
+because they are such different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are such different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are such different types
+they're in different sectors and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in different sectors and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in different sectors and they're
+on different scales we have local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different scales we have local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different scales we have local
+Grassroots social service agencies at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grassroots social service agencies at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grassroots social service agencies at
+the same table as large local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same table as large local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same table as large local
+corporations government agencies emplo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations government agencies emplo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations government agencies emplo
+uh Economic Development commissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Economic Development commissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Economic Development commissions and
+they're all speaking together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all speaking together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all speaking together and
+they're all working towards coherence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all working towards coherence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all working towards coherence on
+ideas about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about this
+community so the result that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so the result that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community so the result that we have
+here is a productive collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a productive collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a productive collaborative
+dialogue secondly neon is also important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue secondly neon is also important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue secondly neon is also important
+to highlight how that's the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight how that's the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to highlight how that's the product of
+collaboration in the gr we have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration in the gr we have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration in the gr we have five
+organizations coming together to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations coming together to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations coming together to form
+one Outreach group to serve all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Outreach group to serve all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Outreach group to serve all of their
+missions not only that it does TH so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions not only that it does TH so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions not only that it does TH so
+through an Innovative strategy that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an Innovative strategy that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an Innovative strategy that has
+been proven to have very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proven to have very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been proven to have very important
+effects having the rate of uninsured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects having the rate of uninsured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects having the rate of uninsured
+residents in the area so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in the area so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents in the area so what we have
+are two primary lessons from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two primary lessons from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two primary lessons from these
+groups one of collaboration bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups one of collaboration bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups one of collaboration bringing
+greater results than individual efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater results than individual efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater results than individual efforts
+and the other being a case-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other being a case-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other being a case-based
+approach producing significant results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach producing significant results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach producing significant results
+in a community that in other context is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a community that in other context is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a community that in other context is
+considered isolated so what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered isolated so what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered isolated so what we want to
+do in terms of talking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of talking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in terms of talking about these
+institutional capacities is apply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional capacities is apply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional capacities is apply these
+lessons to an Institutional Arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to an Institutional Arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lessons to an Institutional Arrangement
+that we're proposing to you so if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're proposing to you so if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're proposing to you so if we can
+move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is our basic overview map of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our basic overview map of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our basic overview map of this
+institutional what we're saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional what we're saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional what we're saying is that
+there needs to be a John dedicated Core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be a John dedicated Core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there needs to be a John dedicated Core
+Staffing to this topic where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing to this topic where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Staffing to this topic where are
+professionals with training in Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals with training in Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals with training in Economic
+Development and their job task is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and their job task is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and their job task is to
+think about economic development in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about economic development in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about economic development in
+North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North
+andw they in a sense will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andw they in a sense will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andw they in a sense will be
+operationalizing the mission of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalizing the mission of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operationalizing the mission of the
+Kanas commit and carrying out the vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kanas commit and carrying out the vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kanas commit and carrying out the vision
+of this group giving that in return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this group giving that in return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this group giving that in return
+there's there's this implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's this implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's this implementation of
+what's talked about here what's brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's talked about here what's brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's talked about here what's brought
+about in this very diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this very diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this very diverse
+dialogue to carry out those plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue to carry out those plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue to carry out those plans
+they're going to work with employers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to work with employers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to work with employers and
+service providers as well as neon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service providers as well as neon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service providers as well as neon the
+reason we break out neon is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we break out neon is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we break out neon is that we're
+saying for every activity that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for every activity that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for every activity that this
+staff carries out there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff carries out there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff carries out there's going to be an
+Outreach component whether that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach component whether that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach component whether that's
+Workforce Development or Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development or Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development or Business
+Development or some other theme that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development or some other theme that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development or some other theme that the
+organization takes on in the future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization takes on in the future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization takes on in the future so
+so in terms of neon part of this staff's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of neon part of this staff's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of neon part of this staff's
+initial Mission we're recommending is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Mission we're recommending is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Mission we're recommending is to
+fulfill the original goal of neon to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill the original goal of neon to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfill the original goal of neon to be
+a staff of at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staff of at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staff of at least
+10 that can really undertake a fullon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that can really undertake a fullon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 that can really undertake a fullon
+case-based approach throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case-based approach throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case-based approach throughout the
+neighborhood and in return what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and in return what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and in return what we have
+is this feedback that is so crucial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this feedback that is so crucial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this feedback that is so crucial to
+the implementation of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of economic
+development in this area information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in this area information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development in this area information
+from the people on the ground who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the people on the ground who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the people on the ground who are
+the beneficiaries of this and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beneficiaries of this and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beneficiaries of this and that's
+integrated into the planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into the planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated into the planning
+process and brought to bear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and brought to bear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and brought to bear with
+Partners who come to the table give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners who come to the table give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners who come to the table give
+support to a North End wide agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support to a North End wide agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support to a North End wide agenda
+donate their time their thought their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate their time their thought their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate their time their thought their
+effort to collaborating and in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to collaborating and in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to collaborating and in turn
+receive information resources from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive information resources from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive information resources from this
+staff that's both in the form of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff that's both in the form of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff that's both in the form of human
+and Financial Resources through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Financial Resources through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Financial Resources through the
+planning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning of
+things now so this is sort of a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now so this is sort of a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now so this is sort of a static
+representation of the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the institutional
+relationship on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship on the next
+slide this is an outline of how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this is an outline of how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide this is an outline of how these
+relationships work over time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships work over time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships work over time to
+accomplish the goals that you've asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the goals that you've asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the goals that you've asked
+us to suggest how to accomplish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to suggest how to accomplish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to suggest how to accomplish it
+starts with convening the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with convening the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with convening the service
+providers that's a first step to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers that's a first step to bring
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+
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+providers that's a first step to bring
+everyone together with the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone together with the goal of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone together with the goal of
+saying what's needed here where are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what's needed here where are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what's needed here where are you
+short on funds where are you unable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short on funds where are you unable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short on funds where are you unable to
+find out where your beneficiaries are or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where your beneficiaries are or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out where your beneficiaries are or
+what's unclear to you about their needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's unclear to you about their needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's unclear to you about their needs
+or um what are perplexities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um what are perplexities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um what are perplexities of
+increasing success rates of your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing success rates of your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing success rates of your program
+those identified needs will be brought
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+those identified needs will be brought
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+those identified needs will be brought
+to be on the Outreach efforts of an
+
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+to be on the Outreach efforts of an
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+
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+to be on the Outreach efforts of an
+expanded meal so this organization will
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+expanded meal so this organization will
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+
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+expanded meal so this organization will
+go out into the community and ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out into the community and ask the
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+
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+go out into the community and ask the
+questions necessary to solve some of
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+questions necessary to solve some of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions necessary to solve some of
+these riddles or hopefully solve some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riddles or hopefully solve some of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riddles or hopefully solve some of
+these riddles that exist within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riddles that exist within the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these riddles that exist within the
+confines of the service agency walls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confines of the service agency walls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confines of the service agency walls to
+go to the households of these people and
+
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+go to the households of these people and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the households of these people and
+ask where are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask where are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask where are their
+gaps this will have a dual result of
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+ align:start position:0%
+gaps this will have a dual result of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps this will have a dual result of
+increasing participation
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+ align:start position:0%
+increasing participation
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing participation
+and also getting information on reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also getting information on reasons
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+
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+and also getting information on reasons
+for
+
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+for
+ 
+
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+for
+nonparticipation which is important
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+ align:start position:0%
+nonparticipation which is important
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+because that gives the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that gives the information
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that gives the information
+necessary to create an adaptation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to create an adaptation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to create an adaptation of the
+programs to meet the North End specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs to meet the North End specific
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs to meet the North End specific
+needs the needs of this community that
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+needs the needs of this community that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs the needs of this community that
+are specific to its space its population
+
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+are specific to its space its population
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+
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+are specific to its space its population
+and its history that's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its history that's going to come
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its history that's going to come
+from the Outreach and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Outreach and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Outreach and that's going to
+help service providers adapt their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help service providers adapt their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help service providers adapt their
+programs to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs to better
+results so we'll have increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so we'll have increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so we'll have increased
+participation and adapted curriculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and adapted curriculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation and adapted curriculum
+that is owned by the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is owned by the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is owned by the North
+after that's accomplished you can carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that's accomplished you can carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that's accomplished you can carry
+out an impact evaluation put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an impact evaluation put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an impact evaluation put into
+numbers what are the differences now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what are the differences now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what are the differences now
+that you've harmonized all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've harmonized all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've harmonized all these
+different efforts and brought in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different efforts and brought in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different efforts and brought in the
+citizen feedback on how the programs are
+
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+citizen feedback on how the programs are
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen feedback on how the programs are
+designed you can start to say how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed you can start to say how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed you can start to say how many
+more people are working how many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people are working how many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people are working how many more
+people are starting businesses what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting businesses what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are starting businesses what are
+the numbers on this and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers on this and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers on this and that is the
+basis for producing a case to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for producing a case to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for producing a case to have a
+greater aggregate amount of resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater aggregate amount of resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater aggregate amount of resources
+coming to the community than was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the community than was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the community than was here
+before that can lead to a fundraising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that can lead to a fundraising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that can lead to a fundraising
+strategy with private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy with private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy with private
+foundations that ultimately as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations that ultimately as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations that ultimately as I said
+increases the total resources and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the total resources and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the total resources and before
+I move on I want to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move on I want to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move on I want to mention that
+something that's important to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's important to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's important to our
+recommendations is that we think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations is that we think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations is that we think there
+should be an explicit relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an explicit relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an explicit relationship
+between this professional staff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this professional staff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this professional staff and
+local corporate Community benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local corporate Community benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local corporate Community benefits
+boards because this is economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards because this is economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards because this is economic
+development and local companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and local companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and local companies
+corporations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations are
+necessary to collaborate on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to collaborate on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to collaborate on this and
+these Community benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Community benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Community benefits
+programs are directly pertinent and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are directly pertinent and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are directly pertinent and in
+fact their whole goal is to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact their whole goal is to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact their whole goal is to get this
+kind of feedback that the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feedback that the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feedback that the system is
+being so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being so
+Prov so this is in case I didn't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov so this is in case I didn't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prov so this is in case I didn't make it
+clear um and I also wanted to check uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um and I also wanted to check uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear um and I also wanted to check uh I
+sort of laid out a lot of steps here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of laid out a lot of steps here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of laid out a lot of steps here a
+lot of relationships so I just if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of relationships so I just if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of relationships so I just if if you
+all can nod or shake your heads if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all can nod or shake your heads if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all can nod or shake your heads if this
+all seems coherent in if I can move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seems coherent in if I can move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seems coherent in if I can move on
+or if I should step back a little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I should step back a little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if I should step back a little and
+review how this all adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review how this all adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review how this all adds
+up can you clarify who the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up can you clarify who the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up can you clarify who the service
+providers that you're referencing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers that you're referencing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providers that you're referencing are
+yes um well I'll give examples and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um well I'll give examples and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um well I'll give examples and this
+can be applied to other thematic areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied to other thematic areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied to other thematic areas
+but within the Workforce Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but within the Workforce Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but within the Workforce Development
+area area you have training agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area area you have training agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area area you have training agencies
+some of them are members of the campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are members of the campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are members of the campus
+committee such as the grey house so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee such as the grey house so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee such as the grey house so
+organizations like that would come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like that would come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations like that would come to
+the table and say these are where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and say these are where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and say these are where people
+are coming in maybe we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in maybe we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in maybe we don't know
+certain things about where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things about where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things about where they're
+moving on to we don't have the City to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to we don't have the City to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to we don't have the City to
+track that we want to know that and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that we want to know that and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track that we want to know that and talk
+to other service providers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other service providers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other service providers but
+also there will be gaps that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there will be gaps that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also there will be gaps that will be
+filled by some service providers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled by some service providers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled by some service providers at the
+table but what we're also saying is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but what we're also saying is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but what we're also saying is some
+information that everyone wants will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that everyone wants will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that everyone wants will not
+be held by anyone at the table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be held by anyone at the table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be held by anyone at the table and
+that's when community outreach be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when community outreach be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when community outreach be
+utilized so these service providers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized so these service providers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilized so these service providers are
+the actual agencies providing services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual agencies providing services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual agencies providing services
+to the beneficiaries social service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beneficiaries social service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beneficiaries social service
+programs is that more is that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is that more is that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs is that more is that what you
+were talking about or you mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Social Service organizations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Service organizations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Service organizations and
+economic development Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic development Workforce
+Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development
+organizations yeah that would shift I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations yeah that would shift I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations yeah that would shift I I
+think my classmates are agree with me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my classmates are agree with me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my classmates are agree with me on
+this that would shift from initiative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that would shift from initiative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that would shift from initiative to
+initiative so this Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative so this Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative so this Economic Development
+staff is going to according to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is going to according to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff is going to according to its
+capacity you know work on a theme such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you know work on a theme such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity you know work on a theme such
+as Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Workforce
+Development and business development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and business development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development and business development and
+others so when you talk say Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so when you talk say Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so when you talk say Workforce
+Development it will bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development it will bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development it will bring
+trainers to the table as well as broadb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainers to the table as well as broadb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainers to the table as well as broadb
+Social Service organizations in so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Service organizations in so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Service organizations in so far
+as they have efforts that apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they have efforts that apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they have efforts that apply to
+Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Development so we're saying this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development so we're saying this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development so we're saying this should
+be the mission of these efforts um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the mission of these efforts um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the mission of these efforts um I
+don't think I need to uh read it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I need to uh read it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I need to uh read it out
+loud for you um so this you know stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud for you um so this you know stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud for you um so this you know stands
+for itself and we're saying that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for itself and we're saying that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for itself and we're saying that this is
+sort of the concretizing statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the concretizing statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the concretizing statement
+that's a summation of all of these that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a summation of all of these that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a summation of all of these that
+we recommending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does this mean in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean in terms of the
+structure of the organization itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the organization itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the organization itself
+we're saying that the best mechanism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that the best mechanism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that the best mechanism to
+carry out these goals is an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out these goals is an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out these goals is an organization
+it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a
+501c3 nonprofit organization we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+501c3 nonprofit organization we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+501c3 nonprofit organization we have a
+tentative title of Wente the bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentative title of Wente the bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tentative title of Wente the bridge
+because this is a bridging effort across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a bridging effort across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a bridging effort across
+Social Service Agency efforts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Service Agency efforts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Service Agency efforts in the
+North End we're saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End we're saying that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North End we're saying that this
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+has its own board of directors it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own board of directors it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own board of directors it has an
+executive director and a program manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director and a program manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director and a program manager
+the executive director of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive director of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive director of course is
+accountable to the vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable to the vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable to the vision and
+overarching efforts of the group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching efforts of the group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching efforts of the group and the
+program manager assists the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program manager assists the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program manager assists the executive
+director in this this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director in this this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director in this this is not the
+long-term Staffing structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Staffing structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Staffing structure of the
+organization what we're saying instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what we're saying instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what we're saying instead
+is that this organization should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this organization should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this organization should be
+started with this stff structure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this stff structure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this stff structure it
+should answer directly to the northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should answer directly to the northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should answer directly to the northern
+campus committee as in some way as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus committee as in some way as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus committee as in some way as an
+Advisory Board uh it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisory Board uh it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisory Board uh it depends on the
+specifics or the kind of you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics or the kind of you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics or the kind of you really want
+to set up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up for
+this and it'll have horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it'll have horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and it'll have horizontal
+relationships with other social service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with other social service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships with other social service
+agencies and with neon which we gave uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and with neon which we gave uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and with neon which we gave uh
+special presence on this slide because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special presence on this slide because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special presence on this slide because
+as I said previously we believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said previously we believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said previously we believe that
+every Economic Development effort that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Economic Development effort that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Economic Development effort that's
+undertaken by this should involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken by this should involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaken by this should involve
+Outreach so neon is for all intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach so neon is for all intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach so neon is for all intents
+purposes always in there but a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes always in there but a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes always in there but a separate
+distinct organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the resource needs of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the resource needs of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the resource needs of this
+group we're saying this 501c3 will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're saying this 501c3 will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group we're saying this 501c3 will have
+a startup phase of 5 years and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup phase of 5 years and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a startup phase of 5 years and at the
+beginning we'll have staff salaries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we'll have staff salaries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we'll have staff salaries and
+overhead means of $120 $180,000 range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead means of $120 $180,000 range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead means of $120 $180,000 range
+for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two
+staff now this staff their their seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff now this staff their their seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff now this staff their their seed
+funding will come from whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding will come from whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding will come from whatever
+Community corporate Community benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community corporate Community benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community corporate Community benefits
+programs can be solicited for assistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs can be solicited for assistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs can be solicited for assistance
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+this and in those 5 years the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in those 5 years the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and in those 5 years the initial
+two staff will be working on ramping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two staff will be working on ramping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two staff will be working on ramping up
+the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program
+to get the support necessary through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the support necessary through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the support necessary through
+private Foundation grants to expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Foundation grants to expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private Foundation grants to expand the
+staff and to fulfill the long-term goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and to fulfill the long-term goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and to fulfill the long-term goals
+of this organization and for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this organization and for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this organization and for the time
+being we recommend that it be located on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being we recommend that it be located on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being we recommend that it be located on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+campus so what we have here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus so what we have here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus so what we have here is an
+outline of the institution its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the institution its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of the institution its
+relationship to other institutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to other institutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to other institutions and
+what's going to come next is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to come next is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to come next is we're going
+to have the remainder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the remainder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the remainder of the
+presentation be outlining specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation be outlining specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation be outlining specific
+programs that start to become feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that start to become feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that start to become feasible
+when you have an institution like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an institution like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have an institution like this
+specific IDE and suggestions we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific IDE and suggestions we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific IDE and suggestions we have for
+how this can be applied to meeting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this can be applied to meeting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this can be applied to meeting the
+goals set out by the cus Comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals set out by the cus Comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals set out by the cus Comm
+so is is your are you saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is is your are you saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is is your are you saying that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+is solely an economic development organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solely an economic development organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is solely an economic development organ
+is this just solely an economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this just solely an economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this just solely an economic
+development or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development or is
+this brother well it depends on you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brother well it depends on you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brother well it depends on you I
+mean I guess we should say it's solely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess we should say it's solely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess we should say it's solely
+Economic Development contingent upon how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development contingent upon how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development contingent upon how
+broad a definition of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad a definition of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad a definition of economic
+development accept and maybe maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development accept and maybe maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development accept and maybe maybe in
+further elaboration on that should come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further elaboration on that should come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further elaboration on that should come
+into discussion at the end because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into discussion at the end because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into discussion at the end because some
+of the programs will help you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the programs will help you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the programs will help you see what
+we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the
+bread and there were two staff you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and there were two staff you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread and there were two staff you said
+like a like an an executive type person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like an an executive type person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a like an an executive type person
+and then a program director program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a program director program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a program director program
+director and you're going to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director and you're going to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director and you're going to tell us
+about the programs yes that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the programs yes that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the programs yes that's what's
+okay got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um there are just uh a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um there are just uh a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um there are just uh a couple of
+things I wanted to iterate from se's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to iterate from se's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I wanted to iterate from se's
+presentation uh the organization would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh the organization would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation uh the organization would
+be its own Standalone 501c3 we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be its own Standalone 501c3 we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be its own Standalone 501c3 we looked at
+a variety of organizational models we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of organizational models we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of organizational models we
+thought that given the broad objectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that given the broad objectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that given the broad objectives
+laid out in some of the programmatic IES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out in some of the programmatic IES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid out in some of the programmatic IES
+that I'm going to just talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to just talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to just talk about in a
+second the best implementation vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the best implementation vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the best implementation vehicle
+would be an independent entity that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an independent entity that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an independent entity that very
+much like the campus committee would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the campus committee would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like the campus committee would not
+be exclusively identified with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exclusively identified with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exclusively identified with one
+particular agency but would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular agency but would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular agency but would have the
+broad support of the entire Community as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad support of the entire Community as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad support of the entire Community as
+well as corporations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as corporations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as corporations that are
+headquartered in Springfield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquartered in Springfield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headquartered in Springfield and
+Regional Economic Development agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional Economic Development agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regional Economic Development agencies
+that exist either of in western Mass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist either of in western Mass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist either of in western Mass or
+some of the new by state entities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the new by state entities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the new by state entities like
+find Planning Commission um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Planning Commission um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find Planning Commission um just to
+flush out some of the things as we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush out some of the things as we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush out some of the things as we start
+getting into the programmatic areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the programmatic areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the programmatic areas that
+Jeff uh you brought up headed by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff uh you brought up headed by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff uh you brought up headed by an
+executive director whose responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director whose responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director whose responsibility
+obviously is to give leadership and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is to give leadership and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously is to give leadership and
+shape to that organization and assisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to that organization and assisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape to that organization and assisted
+by a program manager who will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a program manager who will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a program manager who will actually
+be the one running uh not individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one running uh not individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the one running uh not individual
+service oriented programs but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service oriented programs but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service oriented programs but I think
+assisting and collaborating with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting and collaborating with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assisting and collaborating with some of
+the employers and training providers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employers and training providers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employers and training providers and
+say the area of Workforce Development as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the area of Workforce Development as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the area of Workforce Development as
+an example and creating uh the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and creating uh the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and creating uh the material
+necessary to document the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to document the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to document the impact of
+these programs as a way of raising more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs as a way of raising more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs as a way of raising more
+funds one of the issues that we kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds one of the issues that we kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds one of the issues that we kept
+confronting as we interviewed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronting as we interviewed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronting as we interviewed um
+professionals and and service providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals and and service providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionals and and service providers
+in Springfield as a whole and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Springfield as a whole and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Springfield as a whole and it's
+really a no-brainers that where resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a no-brainers that where resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a no-brainers that where resource
+constraint and obviously one of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and obviously one of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and obviously one of the ways
+of resolving that is to document the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resolving that is to document the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resolving that is to document the
+impact of a particular program and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a particular program and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a particular program and so
+the program manager would really assist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program manager would really assist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program manager would really assist
+with that and I would differentiate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and I would differentiate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and I would differentiate that
+role a little bit from the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role a little bit from the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role a little bit from the executive
+director who for example we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who for example we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who for example we're
+recommending would sit on the B State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending would sit on the B State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommending would sit on the B State
+Medical Center's Community benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Center's Community benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Center's Community benefits
+advisory Council every hospital within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory Council every hospital within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisory Council every hospital within
+the B State Health System has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B State Health System has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B State Health System has a
+community benefits advisory Council and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community benefits advisory Council and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community benefits advisory Council and
+files a community benefit report as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files a community benefit report as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files a community benefit report as a
+part of the public record every year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the public record every year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the public record every year and
+we think that it would be an excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that it would be an excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that it would be an excellent
+achievement for this community to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement for this community to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement for this community to have
+an experienced Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experienced Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experienced Economic Development
+professional on that board giving voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional on that board giving voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional on that board giving voice
+for the community on that board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the community on that board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the community on that board and
+being able to shape some of the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to shape some of the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to shape some of the ways in
+which this excellent and buring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this excellent and buring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this excellent and buring
+partnership between the community and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership between the community and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership between the community and B
+State can uh provide additional jobs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can uh provide additional jobs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State can uh provide additional jobs and
+additional uh opportunities for growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh opportunities for growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh opportunities for growth
+and and and Vibrance in the community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and Vibrance in the community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and Vibrance in the community so
+I just want to lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to lay out
+um what the areas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the areas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the areas for
+um for for program review and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for program review and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for program review and
+collaboration led by this new agency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration led by this new agency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration led by this new agency the
+bridge organization we're calling apped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge organization we're calling apped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge organization we're calling apped
+uh will cover in the register of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will cover in the register of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will cover in the register of
+Business Development um it will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business Development um it will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business Development um it will be to
+try and create a pushard program as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and create a pushard program as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and create a pushard program as well
+as a technical assistance Hub and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a technical assistance Hub and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a technical assistance Hub and
+perhaps over a longer Horizon begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps over a longer Horizon begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps over a longer Horizon begin to
+address the question of Land Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the question of Land Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the question of Land Development
+and property control particular with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and property control particular with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and property control particular with an
+eye towards commercial properties and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye towards commercial properties and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye towards commercial properties and or
+income earning properties in General on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income earning properties in General on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income earning properties in General on
+the workforce side it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce side it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce side it's about
+producing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing um
+more well defined ESL programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well defined ESL programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more well defined ESL programs that
+serve the particular needs of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the particular needs of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve the particular needs of this
+community rather than just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community rather than just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community rather than just look at the
+Puerto Rican Community as an aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rican Community as an aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Puerto Rican Community as an aggregate
+for the entire region or the state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire region or the state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the entire region or the state or
+even at the Springfield level sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the Springfield level sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the Springfield level sort of
+addressing some of the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing some of the particular
+difficulties That Neon for example has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties That Neon for example has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties That Neon for example has
+well documented that are specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well documented that are specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well documented that are specific to
+this uh neighborhood um provide training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh neighborhood um provide training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh neighborhood um provide training
+for people to get Healthcare sector jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to get Healthcare sector jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to get Healthcare sector jobs
+and uh assist some of the excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh assist some of the excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh assist some of the excellent
+initiatives that have already taken foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives that have already taken foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives that have already taken foot
+in this community around school to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this community around school to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this community around school to work
+transition and Youth Development um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and Youth Development um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and Youth Development um
+we've thought of some of the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought of some of the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought of some of the ways in
+which each of these prongs will play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which each of these prongs will play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which each of these prongs will play
+themselves out and how that program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves out and how that program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves out and how that program
+manager led by an exec director will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager led by an exec director will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager led by an exec director will
+give shape to it and I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give shape to it and I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give shape to it and I just wanted to
+ask Ana and then am to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Ana and then am to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask Ana and then am to talk about this
+time I actually know what I'm saying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I actually know what I'm saying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I actually know what I'm saying uh
+ask haa and Amy to talk about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask haa and Amy to talk about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask haa and Amy to talk about that in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detail my name is Han I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail my name is Han I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail my name is Han I'm going to talk
+about the three components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the three components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the three components of the
+business development program that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development program that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business development program that we
+have the first component is a push card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first component is a push card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first component is a push card
+program this is low risk low cost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this is low risk low cost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program this is low risk low cost a
+retail program that we want to offer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail program that we want to offer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail program that we want to offer to
+informal businesses to start their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal businesses to start their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal businesses to start their
+businesses as well as formal bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses as well as formal bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses as well as formal bus
+business and store stor fronts to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and store stor fronts to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and store stor fronts to expand
+their businesses what we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their businesses what we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their businesses what we're thinking
+about is U starting this by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is U starting this by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is U starting this by having
+probably the organization that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the organization that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the organization that we're
+we're suggesting being being the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suggesting being being the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suggesting being being the lead
+organization to Le push cards to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to Le push cards to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization to Le push cards to the to
+these informal businesses and starts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these informal businesses and starts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these informal businesses and starts and
+we're going through mainly um two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through mainly um two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through mainly um two phases
+of this pushard program the first phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pushard program the first phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pushard program the first phase
+is the the more stabilizing one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the more stabilizing one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the more stabilizing one we're
+suggesting having in of the in the camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting having in of the in the camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting having in of the in the camp
+in front of the campus and having non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the campus and having non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the campus and having non
+food items depending on what businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food items depending on what businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food items depending on what businesses
+can can offer and what are the need of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can offer and what are the need of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can offer and what are the need of u
+h some some Target population like based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h some some Target population like based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h some some Target population like based
+residents uh we suggest that we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents uh we suggest that we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents uh we suggest that we start
+with non food items like flowers jewelry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non food items like flowers jewelry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with non food items like flowers jewelry
+handicrafts and then once we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handicrafts and then once we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handicrafts and then once we're
+stabilized we can expand we can expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized we can expand we can expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilized we can expand we can expand
+by going more to food uh food items and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going more to food uh food items and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going more to food uh food items and
+this needs more for logistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this needs more for logistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this needs more for logistical
+complications because of the pring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications because of the pring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications because of the pring
+process but also we can expect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but also we can expect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but also we can expect to the
+Bas supply loation in North Ministry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas supply loation in North Ministry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas supply loation in North Ministry so
+what does the push card offer us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the push card offer us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the push card offer us it's
+mainly it it it eliminates a barrier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly it it it eliminates a barrier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly it it it eliminates a barrier for
+informal businesses to start and also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal businesses to start and also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal businesses to start and also it
+it allows the formal businesses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows the formal businesses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows the formal businesses to
+expand and to reach larger audience as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and to reach larger audience as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand and to reach larger audience as
+important it gives life to the streate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it gives life to the streate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it gives life to the streate
+of ministry Ministry it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ministry Ministry it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ministry Ministry it it's just
+evidence tangible evidence very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence tangible evidence very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence tangible evidence very quick
+tangible evidence that there is a life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible evidence that there is a life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible evidence that there is a life
+and for Outsiders as well as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Outsiders as well as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for Outsiders as well as for the
+community members themselves that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community members themselves that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community members themselves that there
+there's hope that things can be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hope that things can be going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's hope that things can be going on
+pretty in one manner the other um thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty in one manner the other um thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty in one manner the other um thing
+that we're talking about is technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about is technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about is technical
+assistant help and what we found through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant help and what we found through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant help and what we found through
+interviews and focusing groups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews and focusing groups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviews and focusing groups that
+there are a human resources with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a human resources with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a human resources with
+technical assistance provide um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical assistance provide um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical assistance provide um that
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+that are available for for businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available for for businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available for for businesses
+and there is a human dist in demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a human dist in demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a human dist in demand for
+for these resources however we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these resources however we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these resources however we found
+that many informal businesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many informal businesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many informal businesses and
+businesses are not aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses are not aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses are not aware of the
+existence and availability of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and availability of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and availability of these
+resources so how can we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so how can we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources so how can we make the
+connection between these two and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between these two and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between these two and what
+we're suggesting in is having technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suggesting in is having technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suggesting in is having technical
+assistance Hub where a parttime staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance Hub where a parttime staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance Hub where a parttime staff
+member can not we we're not looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member can not we we're not looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member can not we we're not looking for
+providing technical assistance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing technical assistance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing technical assistance to
+business we're looking to providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business we're looking to providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business we're looking to providing
+information and referral to businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and referral to businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and referral to businesses
+where to go and how to go and how and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go and how to go and how and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go and how to go and how and
+also how to organize between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how to organize between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how to organize between these
+technical assistance agencies just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical assistance agencies just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical assistance agencies just for
+for little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little
+networking so this definitely eliminates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking so this definitely eliminates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking so this definitely eliminates
+a barrier to enter the market and or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrier to enter the market and or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrier to enter the market and or to
+do better in the market for for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better in the market for for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better in the market for for all
+businesses the third program that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses the third program that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses the third program that we're
+thinking about is a property control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is a property control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is a property control and
+development need just to say Ministry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development need just to say Ministry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development need just to say Ministry
+specifically it has serious problems sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it has serious problems sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically it has serious problems sub
+standards uh properties as well as V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards uh properties as well as V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards uh properties as well as V
+Properties and this mean insecurity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties and this mean insecurity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Properties and this mean insecurity at
+least in perception and this is serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in perception and this is serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in perception and this is serious
+problem that many property many business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that many property many business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that many property many business
+owners suffer from so what we need as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners suffer from so what we need as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners suffer from so what we need as
+say that we need to revise the zoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we need to revise the zoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we need to revise the zoning
+what what this community needs now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this community needs now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this community needs now what
+what are the demands and what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the demands and what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the demands and what what's
+available so also need Al reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so also need Al reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so also need Al reasoning
+rethinking based on the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethinking based on the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethinking based on the community
+current Community needs this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Community needs this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Community needs this is very
+long vision and it's beyond the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vision and it's beyond the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long vision and it's beyond the scope of
+our mandate our work to to H go into reg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mandate our work to to H go into reg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mandate our work to to H go into reg
+study about this however we suggest two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study about this however we suggest two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study about this however we suggest two
+things the first is exploring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the first is exploring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the first is exploring the
+opportunity of having MIT class next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of having MIT class next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of having MIT class next
+year to do this Rous study about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to do this Rous study about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to do this Rous study about about
+the real estate and the thing second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real estate and the thing second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real estate and the thing second
+thing is forming campus committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is forming campus committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is forming campus committee
+working group for for property control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working group for for property control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working group for for property control
+and this uh working group can H decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh working group can H decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this uh working group can H decide
+who should take the lead in property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who should take the lead in property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who should take the lead in property
+control should it be the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control should it be the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control should it be the organization
+that we're suggesting to to create or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're suggesting to to create or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're suggesting to to create or
+should it be any other institution H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be any other institution H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be any other institution H
+either existing or new or new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either existing or new or new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either existing or new or new
+institution and I cannot emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution and I cannot emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution and I cannot emphasize
+enough that this uh whoever takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that this uh whoever takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that this uh whoever takes the
+lead uh should should should um organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead uh should should should um organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead uh should should should um organize
+well to take benefit of the numerous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to take benefit of the numerous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to take benefit of the numerous uh
+and resources available to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources available to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources available to improve
+substandard housing and properties on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substandard housing and properties on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substandard housing and properties on
+the national state and state and Inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national state and state and Inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national state and state and Inter
+and sorry federal state as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry federal state as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sorry federal state as well
+privately and publicly available there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately and publicly available there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately and publicly available there's
+need to approve the townscapes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to approve the townscapes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to approve the townscapes there
+might be chances to use the historic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be chances to use the historic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be chances to use the historic
+buildings in the Main Street and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in the Main Street and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in the Main Street and of
+course there's definite need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's definite need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's definite need for
+resoning and rethinking Al use this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resoning and rethinking Al use this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resoning and rethinking Al use this will
+eliminate the barriers for many bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the barriers for many bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the barriers for many bus
+owners to ENT the market but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners to ENT the market but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners to ENT the market but it will
+also provide uh to the business owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provide uh to the business owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provide uh to the business owners
+current business owners stability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current business owners stability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current business owners stability in
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+businesses I'm going to talk about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses I'm going to talk about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses I'm going to talk about our
+proposed strategies for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed strategies for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed strategies for dealing with
+Workforce Development um and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development um and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development um and the first
+one is dealing with um English as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is dealing with um English as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is dealing with um English as you
+know the language barrier is a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the language barrier is a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the language barrier is a major
+challenge to people to getting Northend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to people to getting Northend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to people to getting Northend
+residents to be participating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents to be participating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residents to be participating in the
+workforce and also using training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and also using training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workforce and also using training
+programs so to address this like to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so to address this like to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs so to address this like to in
+the short term focus on using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short term focus on using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short term focus on using the
+resources that already exist at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that already exist at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that already exist at the
+campus to focus on ESL classes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus to focus on ESL classes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus to focus on ESL classes for
+particular groups of people for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular groups of people for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular groups of people for example
+men also working people who already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men also working people who already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men also working people who already have
+a job to kind of get them to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job to kind of get them to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a job to kind of get them to the next
+run of the ESL and the training ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run of the ESL and the training ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run of the ESL and the training ladder
+and also very basic English it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also very basic English it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also very basic English it's very
+vocationally focused from the start so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocationally focused from the start so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocationally focused from the start so
+separating people that for example want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating people that for example want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating people that for example want
+to learn English to be able to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn English to be able to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn English to be able to help
+their kids with their homework from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids with their homework from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids with their homework from
+people who are really learning English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really learning English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are really learning English
+starting in the beginning that want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the beginning that want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in the beginning that want to
+eventually go into um Workforce training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually go into um Workforce training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually go into um Workforce training
+and into jobs and in the medium term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into jobs and in the medium term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and into jobs and in the medium term we
+want to build on the incredible success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build on the incredible success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build on the incredible success
+That Neon has had in case-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That Neon has had in case-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That Neon has had in case-based
+management in the healthcare realm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management in the healthcare realm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management in the healthcare realm and
+bring that into language learning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that into language learning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring that into language learning so
+that each language learner would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each language learner would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each language learner would have a
+case manager who would help them through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case manager who would help them through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case manager who would help them through
+the ESL process from ESL through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ESL process from ESL through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ESL process from ESL through
+Workforce Development training through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development training through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce Development training through
+job and up through a couple bring as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and up through a couple bring as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and up through a couple bring as the
+job L realizing that the ESL and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job L realizing that the ESL and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job L realizing that the ESL and
+language learning process is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learning process is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learning process is not
+something that can happen like in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can happen like in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can happen like in one
+course or even in two or three courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or even in two or three courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or even in two or three courses
+but it's it's a process going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a process going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a process going to take
+several years to get people up to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years to get people up to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several years to get people up to where
+they can really participate bu in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really participate bu in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can really participate bu in in the
+job market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job market
+and through all of this um neon can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through all of this um neon can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and through all of this um neon can be
+can be developing a lot of data and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be developing a lot of data and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be developing a lot of data and a
+lot of input that can form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of input that can form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of input that can form a
+comprehensive strategy that this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive strategy that this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive strategy that this new
+organization can Implement towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization can Implement towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization can Implement towards
+eliminating literacy and and dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating literacy and and dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating literacy and and dealing
+with these barriers to barriers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these barriers to barriers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these barriers to barriers to
+English language learning in the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language learning in the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English language learning in the North
+End and also this data would provide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End and also this data would provide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+End and also this data would provide um
+a really strong argument they could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really strong argument they could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really strong argument they could use
+to leverage to get more resources from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leverage to get more resources from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leverage to get more resources from
+funders in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future secondly we'd of course like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future secondly we'd of course like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future secondly we'd of course like to
+focus on Healthcare careers Healthcare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on Healthcare careers Healthcare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on Healthcare careers Healthcare
+is a growing sector not just a Bas state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a growing sector not just a Bas state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a growing sector not just a Bas state
+but also in the regional and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the regional and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also in the regional and the state
+and the national economy and jobs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the national economy and jobs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the national economy and jobs in the
+healthc care industry pay a living wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care industry pay a living wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc care industry pay a living wage
+they're rewarding they help serve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rewarding they help serve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rewarding they help serve the
+community and they do have a recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and they do have a recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and they do have a recognized
+job ladder of increasing responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job ladder of increasing responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job ladder of increasing responsibility
+and increasing wages in order to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increasing wages in order to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increasing wages in order to and
+there also a lot of a lot of existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also a lot of a lot of existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also a lot of a lot of existing
+training programs at um at STI ncdi all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs at um at STI ncdi all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training programs at um at STI ncdi all
+kinds of all kinds of training providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of all kinds of training providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of all kinds of training providers
+um in Springfield already but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Springfield already but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Springfield already but a lot of
+them recruit mainly through um through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them recruit mainly through um through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them recruit mainly through um through
+schools through programs focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools through programs focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools through programs focusing on
+people that are coming out of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are coming out of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are coming out of high
+school so we'd like to do two things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so we'd like to do two things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school so we'd like to do two things to
+kind of better the connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of better the connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of better the connections between
+um these existing training organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these existing training organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these existing training organizations
+and the North End residents first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the North End residents first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the North End residents first of all
+um the campus could look at recruiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the campus could look at recruiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the campus could look at recruiting
+the recruiters for these organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recruiters for these organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recruiters for these organizations
+that usually go to the different high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually go to the different high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually go to the different high
+schools and try to get them focused in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and try to get them focused in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and try to get them focused in
+on the adult Market of people that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the adult Market of people that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the adult Market of people that could
+be working in those jobs through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in those jobs through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working in those jobs through the
+campus and also again talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and also again talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and also again talking about the
+casebase approach which would be people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casebase approach which would be people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casebase approach which would be people
+through ESL hopefully through Workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ESL hopefully through Workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through ESL hopefully through Workforce
+Development programs from their way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development programs from their way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development programs from their way and
+then up into the job ladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up into the job ladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up into the job ladder
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+thirdly um of course um investment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly um of course um investment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly um of course um investment in
+Youth and education is kind of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Youth and education is kind of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Youth and education is kind of the most
+fundamental form of Economic Development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental form of Economic Development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental form of Economic Development
+and there are also already a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also already a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are also already a lot of um
+there are already a lot of initiatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are already a lot of initiatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are already a lot of initiatives
+on the table from neon and new North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table from neon and new North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table from neon and new North
+about putting together mentorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting together mentorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about putting together mentorship
+programs for middle school students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for middle school students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for middle school students and
+also internship programs for high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also internship programs for high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also internship programs for high school
+students um for Youth Development and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um for Youth Development and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um for Youth Development and to
+and to bring them you know kind of into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to bring them you know kind of into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to bring them you know kind of into
+the workforce and kind of exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce and kind of exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workforce and kind of exploring
+different possibilities and we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities and we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possibilities and we'd like to
+kind of you know build on energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know build on energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of you know build on energy that's
+already there by suggesting some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there by suggesting some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there by suggesting some some
+programmatic ways that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic ways that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmatic ways that that that that
+program can come about for example just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can come about for example just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program can come about for example just
+looking at different Innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different Innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at different Innovative
+strategies that similar program similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that similar program similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies that similar program similar
+Community to the North End has use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community to the North End has use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community to the North End has use
+involving technology and ways to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving technology and ways to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving technology and ways to get
+kids involved and kids excited and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids involved and kids excited and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids involved and kids excited and then
+also kind of just give some strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of just give some strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also kind of just give some strategies
+for dealing with large corporations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with large corporations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with large corporations and
+funders and just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funders and just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funders and just kind of
+organizationally setting those programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizationally setting those programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizationally setting those programs
+up and then also connecting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then also connecting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then also connecting those
+internships and those jobs to to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internships and those jobs to to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internships and those jobs to to more
+fully to the regional economy and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully to the regional economy and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully to the regional economy and to
+jobs that those those students would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that those those students would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that those those students would
+want to pursue after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pursue after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pursue after they
+graduate so um so now take back to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate so um so now take back to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate so um so now take back to to
+then and we'll talk about how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and we'll talk about how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and we'll talk about how to how to
+implement and steps for this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement and steps for this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement and steps for this this is
+what you really came for right um well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really came for right um well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really came for right um well I
+I I just wanted to say there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wanted to say there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just wanted to say there's sort of
+three things that have come up I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things that have come up I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things that have come up I think
+recurrently through this presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrently through this presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrently through this presentation
+and that have really sort of driven us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that have really sort of driven us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that have really sort of driven us
+as we've um thought about how to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've um thought about how to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've um thought about how to uh
+prepare an economic development plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare an economic development plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare an economic development plan for
+this community one is the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community one is the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community one is the importance of
+Outreach and having having doorto door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach and having having doorto door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outreach and having having doorto door
+contact with individual residents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with individual residents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with individual residents and
+households in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in this
+community I can't even begin to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community I can't even begin to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community I can't even begin to express
+how impressed we have all been by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how impressed we have all been by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how impressed we have all been by the
+work that neon has done in these years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that neon has done in these years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that neon has done in these years
+and we think that is an excellent model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think that is an excellent model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think that is an excellent model
+for taking on not just the ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking on not just the ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for taking on not just the ways in which
+this community has been plagued by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community has been plagued by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this community has been plagued by
+health problems but then also addressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health problems but then also addressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health problems but then also addressing
+economic and income uh disparities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and income uh disparities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and income uh disparities that
+that residents in this neighborhood are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that residents in this neighborhood are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that residents in this neighborhood are
+are really victims of I think the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really victims of I think the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really victims of I think the second
+thing that has driven asses and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has driven asses and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has driven asses and again
+this comes out of our perception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out of our perception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes out of our perception and
+understanding of neon is that every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of neon is that every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of neon is that every time
+agencies in this city and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies in this city and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies in this city and specifically
+even in this neighborhood have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in this neighborhood have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in this neighborhood have
+collaborated the benefits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated the benefits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated the benefits of the
+community have been tremendous the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community have been tremendous the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community have been tremendous the
+reduction of the uninsured rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of the uninsured rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of the uninsured rate for
+example what has been begun to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what has been begun to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what has been begun to happen
+around incarceration transition these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around incarceration transition these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around incarceration transition these
+are National models and these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are National models and these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are National models and these are things
+that the community should hold their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the community should hold their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the community should hold their
+head up proud and and be proud of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head up proud and and be proud of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head up proud and and be proud of and
+and and the the third thing really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the third thing really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the third thing really is
+that this engagement as a class has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this engagement as a class has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this engagement as a class has been
+very useful not just to nine of us but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful not just to nine of us but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful not just to nine of us but I
+think for years now for the MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for years now for the MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for years now for the MIT students
+who have come through this program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have come through this program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have come through this program and
+we thought that it was very important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that it was very important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that it was very important to
+build some kind of continuity rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some kind of continuity rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build some kind of continuity rather
+than just have us come in for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just have us come in for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just have us come in for a few
+weeks suggest a few things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks suggest a few things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks suggest a few things and then
+leave take up a lot of your time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave take up a lot of your time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave take up a lot of your time and
+then probably leave you hanging with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably leave you hanging with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then probably leave you hanging with
+very little and so what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little and so what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little and so what we wanted to
+make sure was that we were going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure was that we were going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure was that we were going to
+leave you this time with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you this time with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you this time with an
+implementation for heo that would build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation for heo that would build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation for heo that would build
+continuity based on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity based on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity based on some of the
+recommendations we've made today but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations we've made today but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations we've made today but
+then also between classes offered by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also between classes offered by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also between classes offered by MIT
+and perhaps even other institutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps even other institutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps even other institutions that
+the campus and Community collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus and Community collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campus and Community collaborate
+with in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the
+future um this was of course the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um this was of course the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future um this was of course the idea of
+el quente and to make it happen I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+el quente and to make it happen I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+el quente and to make it happen I I have
+to confess I come out of a architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confess I come out of a architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confess I come out of a architecture
+and construction management background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construction management background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and construction management background
+this sort of was the the most intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of was the the most intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of was the the most intuitive
+way for me to express how to uh set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for me to express how to uh set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for me to express how to uh set
+deadlines for um those of us who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines for um those of us who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines for um those of us who want to
+see this come together uh I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this come together uh I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this come together uh I don't want
+to go down each individual line I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down each individual line I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go down each individual line I just
+want to bring your attention to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring your attention to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring your attention to a few
+things that I hope we'll get to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I hope we'll get to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I hope we'll get to talk
+about during the Q&A that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about during the Q&A that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about during the Q&A that's going to
+come up in like one minute the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in like one minute the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up in like one minute the most
+important thing obviously is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing obviously is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing obviously is to get
+professional legal counsel um we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional legal counsel um we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional legal counsel um we have
+within the nine of us and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the nine of us and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the nine of us and then also
+drawing from Cesar call and James some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from Cesar call and James some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing from Cesar call and James some
+experience and exposure with how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and exposure with how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and exposure with how
+nonprofit organizations are organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit organizations are organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit organizations are organized
+and how they are Incorporated and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they are Incorporated and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they are Incorporated and how
+they of comply with tax requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they of comply with tax requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they of comply with tax requirements
+we're not experts and we recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not experts and we recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not experts and we recognize that
+and we urge you to by the time you meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we urge you to by the time you meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we urge you to by the time you meet
+in January have interviewed and decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in January have interviewed and decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in January have interviewed and decided
+upon a law firm that can provide some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a law firm that can provide some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon a law firm that can provide some
+kind of pro bono Council on this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pro bono Council on this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pro bono Council on this issue
+and help you get to the point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help you get to the point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help you get to the point where you
+need to be where you actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be where you actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be where you actually have a
+stand low in 550 1c3 there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand low in 550 1c3 there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand low in 550 1c3 there are other
+things that come out of that again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come out of that again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that come out of that again the
+first few campus committee meetings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few campus committee meetings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few campus committee meetings in
+the new year I think to spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new year I think to spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new year I think to spend time
+drafting up the statutes the bylaws the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafting up the statutes the bylaws the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafting up the statutes the bylaws the
+Articles of Incorporation that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles of Incorporation that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Articles of Incorporation that will
+govern aente deciding what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern aente deciding what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern aente deciding what the
+accountability structure is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability structure is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountability structure is what the
+reporting procedures are I are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting procedures are I are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting procedures are I are very
+important and I think that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and I think that there are a
+lot of different directions that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different directions that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different directions that can
+take obviously again the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take obviously again the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take obviously again the advantage of
+having started with the discussion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having started with the discussion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having started with the discussion with
+the lawyer is you can get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lawyer is you can get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lawyer is you can get get
+professional advice you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional advice you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional advice you can have
+framework for that that's legally sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for that that's legally sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for that that's legally sound
+and that gives shape to the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives shape to the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives shape to the way in which
+you think this organization can be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this organization can be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think this organization can be most
+responsive and responsible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and responsible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive and responsible to the
+community um and then finally I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and then finally I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community um and then finally I hope
+that at the very latest by the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the very latest by the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the very latest by the middle of
+next year um having gone through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year um having gone through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year um having gone through the
+process of drafting up uh the Articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of drafting up uh the Articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of drafting up uh the Articles
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Incorporation this organization will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporation this organization will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporation this organization will be
+ready to file for its Federal tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to file for its Federal tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to file for its Federal tax
+exemption that process in itself quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption that process in itself quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exemption that process in itself quite
+lengthy it can take anywhere between 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy it can take anywhere between 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengthy it can take anywhere between 3
+to 6 months and it produces something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 6 months and it produces something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 6 months and it produces something of
+a constraint on how to recruit staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint on how to recruit staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint on how to recruit staff
+particularly those first two positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly those first two positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly those first two positions
+that we hope we funded uh through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hope we funded uh through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we hope we funded uh through some
+seed money for Community benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed money for Community benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed money for Community benefits
+programs um I would say that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs um I would say that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs um I would say that there's
+some flexibility though here one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flexibility though here one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flexibility though here one of the
+options that we've considered it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that we've considered it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that we've considered it's not
+really choked up on this bar chart but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really choked up on this bar chart but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really choked up on this bar chart but
+some of the options that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the options that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the options that we've
+considered would be to actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered would be to actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered would be to actually have
+like a fiscal conduit or fiduciary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fiscal conduit or fiduciary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a fiscal conduit or fiduciary
+something similar to the tites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to the tites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar to the tites
+foundation if any of you are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation if any of you are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation if any of you are familiar
+with that organization that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that organization that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that organization that actually
+provides a number of support services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a number of support services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a number of support services
+including uh uh a tax exempt status to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh uh a tax exempt status to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh uh a tax exempt status to a
+fledging organization helps with payroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fledging organization helps with payroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fledging organization helps with payroll
+helps with guiding staty compliance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps with guiding staty compliance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps with guiding staty compliance and
+again I think a professional Council on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think a professional Council on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I think a professional Council on
+this matter will be much more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matter will be much more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matter will be much more useful
+than we can we can really only direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we can we can really only direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we can we can really only direct
+you to the question that we know need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the question that we know need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to the question that we know need to
+be answered so U the option of of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be answered so U the option of of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be answered so U the option of of going
+through something like the ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something like the ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through something like the ties
+Foundation is that you can actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation is that you can actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation is that you can actually have
+your executive staff brought on board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your executive staff brought on board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your executive staff brought on board
+earlier than the say fall of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than the say fall of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than the say fall of
+2006 and with that begin the fundraising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and with that begin the fundraising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and with that begin the fundraising
+plan and the program development plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and the program development plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan and the program development plan
+much earlier but if that doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much earlier but if that doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much earlier but if that doesn't seem
+like a viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a viable
+alternative I think that what we find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative I think that what we find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative I think that what we find is
+that by the uh summer of uh 07 we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the uh summer of uh 07 we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by the uh summer of uh 07 we can
+meet and sort of enjoy a good feta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and sort of enjoy a good feta right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet and sort of enjoy a good feta right
+here and say wow we've come a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say wow we've come a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and say wow we've come a long way
+we now have a COR professional staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a COR professional staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have a COR professional staff
+that's going to address uh some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to address uh some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to address uh some of the
+most important issues that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important issues that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important issues that this
+community has been grappling with for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community has been grappling with for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community has been grappling with for a
+long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's
+it uh I just wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I just wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh I just wanted to say
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+I just wanted to say that we are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to say that we are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to say that we are really
+really very grateful to all of you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very grateful to all of you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very grateful to all of you and
+particularly to Neon I'm so sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to Neon I'm so sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly to Neon I'm so sorry that
+the staff is not here with us they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff is not here with us they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the staff is not here with us they were
+not just our client group they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just our client group they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just our client group they were
+colleagues and friends and they took us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and friends and they took us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and friends and they took us
+into their homes and they gave us plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their homes and they gave us plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into their homes and they gave us plan
+and gave us plan and that's an ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave us plan and that's an ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gave us plan and that's an ongoing
+joke most of it at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke most of it at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke most of it at my
+expense but it's it's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense but it's it's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense but it's it's been a
+tremendously warm reception for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously warm reception for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously warm reception for all of
+us and we're very grateful for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and we're very grateful for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and we're very grateful for that and
+uh we're quite an nor so I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're quite an nor so I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're quite an nor so I just want to
+open up for questions and some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up for questions and some time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up for questions and some time to
+reflect on the things we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the things we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the things we've talked about
+and hopefully clarify some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recommendations I want to thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations I want to thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations I want to thank you
+folks for coming to us for participating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks for coming to us for participating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks for coming to us for participating
+with us and for bringing up a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us and for bringing up a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us and for bringing up a million
+questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that
+we uh maybe had thought about and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh maybe had thought about and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh maybe had thought about and put
+away maybe hadn't even thought about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away maybe hadn't even thought about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away maybe hadn't even thought about and
+and stirred up a lot of the stuff that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stirred up a lot of the stuff that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stirred up a lot of the stuff that U
+we needed stirred up and now it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed stirred up and now it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we needed stirred up and now it seems to
+me that what we have to do is U look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that what we have to do is U look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that what we have to do is U look at
+what you said and uner it in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said and uner it in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said and uner it in other words
+organize it and put it into action and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it and put it into action and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize it and put it into action and
+for this we thank you very much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think I think the I think the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I think the I think the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I think the I think the heart
+of everything you've brought to us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything you've brought to us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything you've brought to us um
+has to do with uh the first part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with uh the first part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with uh the first part and
+that is getting started on a new um on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is getting started on a new um on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is getting started on a new um on a
+new way of doing doing business and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way of doing doing business and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new way of doing doing business and that
+is uh having some type of organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh having some type of organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh having some type of organizing
+principles around that we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles around that we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles around that we can start
+building on so that there's energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on so that there's energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building on so that there's energy and
+vitality and action that keeps on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitality and action that keeps on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitality and action that keeps on going
+um I and and from my experience with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I and and from my experience with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I and and from my experience with all
+of us the question of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us the question of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us the question of of of
+501c3 uh is a critical question I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+501c3 uh is a critical question I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+501c3 uh is a critical question I don't
+think that actually if we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that actually if we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that actually if we brought
+together all of the important people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all of the important people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all of the important people
+that we had to bring together we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to bring together we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to bring together we would
+know that that's what we wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's what we wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's what we wanted to do
+and I think that that is really the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that is really the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that is really the next
+discussion there are there are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion there are there are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion there are there are probably
+other ways and as a matter of fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways and as a matter of fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways and as a matter of fact the
+question of legal uh legal help um would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of legal uh legal help um would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of legal uh legal help um would
+be very beneficial or or some other kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very beneficial or or some other kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very beneficial or or some other kind
+of help that could help figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of help that could help figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of help that could help figure out what
+are the possibilities of bringing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possibilities of bringing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possibilities of bringing this
+together how do we take all the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how do we take all the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together how do we take all the people
+who have a stake in this and who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have a stake in this and who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have a stake in this and who want to
+participate in this and who want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this and who want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in this and who want to make
+it go forward and figure out the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go forward and figure out the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go forward and figure out the very
+best way for us in particular to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way for us in particular to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way for us in particular to move
+ahead and it may be a 501c3 it may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and it may be a 501c3 it may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and it may be a 501c3 it may not
+be um and I'd like to know what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um and I'd like to know what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um and I'd like to know what actually
+all the options are and uh how we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the options are and uh how we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the options are and uh how we could
+organize ourselves to take the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize ourselves to take the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize ourselves to take the next step
+but the next step is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting getting someone who who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting getting someone who who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting getting someone who who's
+basically their sole responsibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically their sole responsibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically their sole responsibility is
+to move this work forward um we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this work forward um we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move this work forward um we even
+have people in our community who we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people in our community who we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people in our community who we have
+people in our community who are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in our community who are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in our community who are doing
+this and if we can f figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if we can f figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and if we can f figure out how to
+make it all a coordinated effort um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it all a coordinated effort um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it all a coordinated effort um then
+I think that we're really um ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that we're really um ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that we're really um ready to
+jump off into the next phase of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump off into the next phase of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump off into the next phase of this so
+I I want to thank you so much for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to thank you so much for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to thank you so much for all of
+the questions and all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions and all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions and all the things that
+you've raised with us have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've raised with us have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've raised with us have have
+stimulated all kinds of thoughts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated all kinds of thoughts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated all kinds of thoughts and
+energy and activity you know so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and activity you know so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and activity you know so we're
+very grateful thank you I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very grateful thank you I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very grateful thank you I just wanted to
+say um for the convenience of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um for the convenience of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um for the convenience of open
+course and some of us who have not had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and some of us who have not had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and some of us who have not had
+the chance to meet you be very nice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance to meet you be very nice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance to meet you be very nice if
+you could introduce yourself me agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could introduce yourself me agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could introduce yourself me agency
+affiliated with closely and also just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated with closely and also just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affiliated with closely and also just to
+reiterate that this is not the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate that this is not the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reiterate that this is not the end of
+our engagement even as a class we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our engagement even as a class we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our engagement even as a class we are
+finalizing a formal report that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalizing a formal report that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalizing a formal report that
+describes a lot of what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a lot of what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a lot of what we talked about
+in much greater detail and lays the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much greater detail and lays the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much greater detail and lays the case
+about why this particular arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this particular arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this particular arrangement
+for example with a little more evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with a little more evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with a little more evidence
+that we were able to present given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were able to present given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were able to present given time
+constraints today um so especially since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints today um so especially since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints today um so especially since
+we have held back on finalizing that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have held back on finalizing that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have held back on finalizing that so
+we heard from you I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard from you I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard from you I think it's very
+important to get as many reactions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to get as many reactions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to get as many reactions out
+on the table and also at the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table and also at the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table and also at the end of that
+as Peter began the meeting by saying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Peter began the meeting by saying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Peter began the meeting by saying to
+really get a sense of what the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get a sense of what the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get a sense of what the next step
+for this group is because I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this group is because I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this group is because I think if
+there's some consensus and commitment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some consensus and commitment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some consensus and commitment to
+that today uh we would like to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today uh we would like to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today uh we would like to be able
+to brandish that on the first page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brandish that on the first page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to brandish that on the first page of
+the report so it's there to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the report so it's there to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the report so it's there to remind you
+of all ours of the day and night
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nhAfQ_551xo.txt b/nhAfQ_551xo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29f1c6aafe9c623232647c9ab76bbfec0f04e87a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nhAfQ_551xo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+multiple beam interference using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple beam interference using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple beam interference using a
+cavity with curved mirrors the setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity with curved mirrors the setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity with curved mirrors the setup is
+here we have have the uh smaller laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have have the uh smaller laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have have the uh smaller laser
+because this laser can give us single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this laser can give us single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this laser can give us single
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+operation uh the beam from the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh the beam from the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh the beam from the laser
+goes through this uh brag cell acting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this uh brag cell acting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this uh brag cell acting as
+a as an isolator and and the light after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as an isolator and and the light after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as an isolator and and the light after
+the BR cell is over here gets reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BR cell is over here gets reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the BR cell is over here gets reflected
+by this mirror into a polarizer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this mirror into a polarizer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this mirror into a polarizer which
+I'll explain the reason for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain the reason for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain the reason for a little
+later here's the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later here's the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later here's the output of the
+polarizer uh going getting reflected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer uh going getting reflected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer uh going getting reflected by
+this mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror
+here into into the cavity so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into into the cavity so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into into the cavity so let's look
+at the cavity right now it's made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cavity right now it's made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cavity right now it's made out of
+two Hefty mirror mounts because we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Hefty mirror mounts because we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Hefty mirror mounts because we need
+good stability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stability the
+mirrors uh have the same radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors uh have the same radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors uh have the same radius of
+curvature of 25 cm one of the mirrors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of 25 cm one of the mirrors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of 25 cm one of the mirrors is
+mounted on a p Electric Crystal over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on a p Electric Crystal over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on a p Electric Crystal over
+here and the adjustment to to the mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the adjustment to to the mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the adjustment to to the mirror
+mounts are over here using these knobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounts are over here using these knobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounts are over here using these knobs
+here now if we come around from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now if we come around from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now if we come around from the
+other side we can see that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we can see that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we can see that we have a
+differential screw over here that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential screw over here that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential screw over here that would
+enable us to adjust the spacing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to adjust the spacing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable us to adjust the spacing between
+the two mirrors right now the spacing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two mirrors right now the spacing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two mirrors right now the spacing is
+about 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 23
+cm while the r of curvature of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm while the r of curvature of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm while the r of curvature of each
+mirror is 20 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is 20 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror is 20 5
+cm the um this laser uh has uh is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm the um this laser uh has uh is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm the um this laser uh has uh is is a
+special one we've used before operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special one we've used before operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special one we've used before operates
+at two frequencies sometimes more but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two frequencies sometimes more but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two frequencies sometimes more but uh
+right now let's look at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's look at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's look at the two
+frequencies the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the two
+frequencies oscillate with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies oscillate with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies oscillate with different
+polarizations orthogonal polarizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations orthogonal polarizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizations orthogonal polarizations
+so that by using the polarizer over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that by using the polarizer over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that by using the polarizer over
+here we can select then either one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can select then either one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can select then either one of
+the two frequencies so that the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two frequencies so that the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two frequencies so that the output
+then that we can inject into the cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that we can inject into the cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that we can inject into the cavity
+uh can be single frequency if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be single frequency if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be single frequency if we want
+more than one frequency then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one frequency then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one frequency then we just
+simply rotate the polar polarizer by 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotate the polar polarizer by 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotate the polar polarizer by 45°
+and then we can pick off both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can pick off both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can pick off both
+frequencies now the uh cavity then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies now the uh cavity then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies now the uh cavity then uh
+the output of the cavity is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the cavity is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the cavity is over here
+and we're going to expand it by the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to expand it by the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to expand it by the lens
+by this lens here and then onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this lens here and then onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this lens here and then onto the
+screen now since the laser is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now since the laser is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen now since the laser is pretty
+weak we're going to have to dim the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak we're going to have to dim the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak we're going to have to dim the room
+lights to look at the output transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights to look at the output transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights to look at the output transmitted
+through the cavity so now we'll dim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cavity so now we'll dim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cavity so now we'll dim the
+lights and see what we can see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen and here we are on the screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and here we are on the screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and here we are on the screen and
+what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can
+see is all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is all sorts
+of interesting uh patterns they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting uh patterns they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting uh patterns they're going
+a little fast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little fast right
+now but I can slow them down just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I can slow them down just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I can slow them down just a
+little bit here we are these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here we are these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit here we are these are the
+transverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transverse
+modes or radial modes of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes or radial modes of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes or radial modes of the of the
+resonator what I'm doing now is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator what I'm doing now is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator what I'm doing now is changing
+the horizontal alignment of the mirrors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal alignment of the mirrors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal alignment of the mirrors
+and you can see the shapes of the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the shapes of the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the shapes of the modes
+vary from a few spots to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spots here we are some very pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots here we are some very pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots here we are some very pretty
+patterns and let me see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and let me see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and let me see if I
+can uh scan by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hand here we are I'm scanning my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here we are I'm scanning my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand here we are I'm scanning my hand
+holding the pants for a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty
+one lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spots here's a 01 or one Zer depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots here's a 01 or one Zer depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots here's a 01 or one Zer depending
+on how you read these modes me bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you read these modes me bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you read these modes me bring it
+again one with the two spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another
+one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now what I'm going to do is turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now what I'm going to do is turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now what I'm going to do is turn the
+scan back on again and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan back on again and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan back on again and then I'm going to
+change the alignment so we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the alignment so we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the alignment so we can look at
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+patterns here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns here we
+are another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another
+set go to do a vertical misalignment now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set go to do a vertical misalignment now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set go to do a vertical misalignment now
+you see that the spots are rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the spots are rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the spots are rearranged
+slightly let me separate them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly let me separate them a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly let me separate them a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more again let me switch off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scan and scan my hand slowly again now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and scan my hand slowly again now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan and scan my hand slowly again now I
+see this two spots have reoriented them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this two spots have reoriented them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this two spots have reoriented them
+s respect to the vertical Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s respect to the vertical Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s respect to the vertical Direction
+while before they were in horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before they were in horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before they were in horizontal
+Direction now we get some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now we get some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction now we get some other
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+patterns isn't interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one I'm going to turn the scan back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to turn the scan back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm going to turn the scan back on
+again and I'm going to now align so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I'm going to now align so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I'm going to now align so that
+we can get the symmetrical patterns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the symmetrical patterns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the symmetrical patterns the
+patterns that look the same both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the horizontal and vertical directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal and vertical directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal and vertical directions
+here we are I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close close to that let me turn the scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close close to that let me turn the scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close close to that let me turn the scan
+off and bring them in by my hand you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and bring them in by my hand you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and bring them in by my hand you can
+see now the pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's
+another there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the another lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the another lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the another lower
+one and here's the lowest auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's the lowest auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's the lowest auto
+mode so-call TM 0000 mode with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so-call TM 0000 mode with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so-call TM 0000 mode with the
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spot and here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and here the
+the high order ones now I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high order ones now I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high order ones now I'm going to put
+this can back on again and just adjust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can back on again and just adjust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can back on again and just adjust
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+alignment and see what we can get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and see what we can get for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment and see what we can get for
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spots let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separate let theote some more we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate let theote some more we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate let theote some more we can
+really get extremely high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get extremely high order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get extremely high order
+modes this way here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are turn the scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turn the scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are turn the scan
+off bring them in by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I think we've seen probably enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think we've seen probably enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I think we've seen probably enough
+of these modes in the next part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these modes in the next part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these modes in the next part of
+demonstration we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration we're going
+to put a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a photo
+detector and look at the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and look at the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and look at the output of the
+photo detector and we'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo detector and we'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo detector and we'll see that the
+resonant conditions for each High auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant conditions for each High auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonant conditions for each High auto
+mode is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different just before we saw the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just before we saw the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just before we saw the modes
+on the screen the modes of the resonator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen the modes of the resonator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen the modes of the resonator
+with curved mirrors on the screen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curved mirrors on the screen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curved mirrors on the screen as a
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+of the the tuning of the resonator now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the tuning of the resonator now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the tuning of the resonator now
+we're going to look at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the output
+transmitted through the cavity on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through the cavity on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted through the cavity on a
+photo photo detector that is associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo photo detector that is associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo photo detector that is associated
+with the different transverse modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the different transverse modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the different transverse modes of
+the resonator and the setup is here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resonator and the setup is here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resonator and the setup is here the
+output of the resonator then uh is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the resonator then uh is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the resonator then uh is uh
+reflected by this mirror onto a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror onto a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected by this mirror onto a photo
+detector and the output of the photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and the output of the photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and the output of the photo
+detector is displayed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscilloscope so we're going to see both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope so we're going to see both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope so we're going to see both
+the the uh uh the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh uh the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh uh the transmission
+associated with the transverse modes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the transverse modes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the transverse modes and
+also I'm going to adjust the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'm going to adjust the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I'm going to adjust the length of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+resonator by means of this translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator by means of this translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator by means of this translation
+stage driven by this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage driven by this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage driven by this differential
+screw so now let's look at the let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw so now let's look at the let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw so now let's look at the let's
+look at the scope see what we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the scope see what we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the scope see what we can see
+at the scope we can see there lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scope we can see there lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the scope we can see there lots of
+modes lots of resonances associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes lots of resonances associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes lots of resonances associated with
+the transverse modes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse modes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transverse modes of the
+resonator also we see that the mod's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator also we see that the mod's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator also we see that the mod's
+shifting around and a simple excuse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting around and a simple excuse for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting around and a simple excuse for
+the shifting around is due to the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifting around is due to the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shifting around is due to the air
+currents in the resonator so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in the resonator so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in the resonator so I'm going
+to reduce this by placing a tube over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce this by placing a tube over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce this by placing a tube over
+the light in the resonator so here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light in the resonator so here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light in the resonator so here is a
+simple tube and if I'm lucky I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tube and if I'm lucky I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple tube and if I'm lucky I can do it
+on camera if I'm not we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera if I'm not we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on camera if I'm not we have
+to go back and fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it here is the tube one end of the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is the tube one end of the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is the tube one end of the tube
+and here is okay now that I've have got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is okay now that I've have got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is okay now that I've have got
+the tube in place let's go back and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube in place let's go back and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube in place let's go back and look
+at the the oscilloscope and you can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the oscilloscope and you can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the oscilloscope and you can can
+see that the modes are not moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the modes are not moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the modes are not moving around
+uh as much as before let me just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as much as before let me just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as much as before let me just remind
+you that the free spectral range is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the free spectral range is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the free spectral range is from
+here to here the free spect range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here the free spect range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here the free spect range of the
+resonator is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator is is this
+much the length of the cavity right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the length of the cavity right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the length of the cavity right now
+is about 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 23
+cm and remember that the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and remember that the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and remember that the radius of
+curvature of the mirror of each mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the mirror of each mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the mirror of each mirror
+is 25 cm so now what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+approach 25 cm I want to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach 25 cm I want to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach 25 cm I want to change the
+spacing now so that I can approach 25 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing now so that I can approach 25 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing now so that I can approach 25 cm
+which is the radius of curvature of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the radius of curvature of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the radius of curvature of each
+mirror and that's the confocal condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and that's the confocal condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and that's the confocal condition
+now as you can see on the scope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can see on the scope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you can see on the scope the
+modes are now blending into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are now blending into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are now blending into each
+other in fact you can't even distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in fact you can't even distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in fact you can't even distinguish
+them and as I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and as I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and as I keep
+going as I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going as I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going as I keep
+getting closer and closer to the uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer to the uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer to the uh let
+me make DC adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here on the scope as I get closer closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the scope as I get closer closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the scope as I get closer closer
+to confocal they're really blending into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confocal they're really blending into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confocal they're really blending into
+each other and they're getting very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they're getting very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they're getting very big
+I have to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sensitivity then as I approach the con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity then as I approach the con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity then as I approach the con
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call again is saturating so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call again is saturating so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call again is saturating so let me just
+do one more adjustment and here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more adjustment and here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one more adjustment and here we
+are we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we see
+that we get only one resonance and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get only one resonance and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get only one resonance and don't
+forget that the free spectral range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that the free spectral range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget that the free spectral range is
+from here to here so we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here so we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here so we get this
+additional resonance in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional resonance in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional resonance in the middle of
+the free Spectrum range which I leave to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free Spectrum range which I leave to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free Spectrum range which I leave to
+you uh to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh to figure out
+now so when we are conf focal then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so when we are conf focal then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so when we are conf focal then we
+have uh we have all the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we have all the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we have all the modes
+coalescing and we also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing and we also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalescing and we also have the
+appearance of an additional mode in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of an additional mode in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of an additional mode in the
+middle of the free spectral range and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the free spectral range and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the free spectral range and
+then if I go now and make the cavity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I go now and make the cavity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I go now and make the cavity
+longer again you see that as I go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer again you see that as I go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer again you see that as I go away
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+confocal condition the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal condition the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal condition the other
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+the let me bring up the sensitivity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me bring up the sensitivity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me bring up the sensitivity you
+can see now that the modes start to pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see now that the modes start to pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see now that the modes start to pile
+up on the other side of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the other side of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the other side of the of the
+resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as shown so what we've seen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown so what we've seen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown so what we've seen in this
+little demonstration is that the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little demonstration is that the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little demonstration is that the various
+radial modes appear at different lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial modes appear at different lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial modes appear at different lengths
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+resonator and we saw that when we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator and we saw that when we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonator and we saw that when we made
+the length of the resonator equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the resonator equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the resonator equal to the
+radius of curvature which is the con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of curvature which is the con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of curvature which is the con
+focal condition we saw that the modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal condition we saw that the modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal condition we saw that the modes
+coalesced into two peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesced into two peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalesced into two peaks
+and uh the spacing between the Peaks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the spacing between the Peaks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the spacing between the Peaks is
+half the free spectral range and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the free spectral range and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the free spectral range and let's
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+scope here we are this is the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope here we are this is the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope here we are this is the free
+spectr range of the cavity and and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectr range of the cavity and and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectr range of the cavity and and when
+we are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at
+confocal the we have the appearance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal the we have the appearance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confocal the we have the appearance of
+this speak here which means that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speak here which means that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speak here which means that all the
+modes have coales into into just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes have coales into into just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes have coales into into just two
+peaks and we leave that for you as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and we leave that for you as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and we leave that for you as an
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+to explain why this has happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why this has happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain why this has happened in the
+next demonstration we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next demonstration we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next demonstration we're going to show
+how a cavity like this with curved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a cavity like this with curved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a cavity like this with curved
+mirrors can be used to analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors can be used to analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors can be used to analyze the
+spectrum of laser light
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nqqYjtK1zIk.txt b/nqqYjtK1zIk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dc48288311f6ef267962f243bc5017035eec1a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nqqYjtK1zIk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll create a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll create a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll create a basic
+scatter plot using ggplot let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot using ggplot let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot using ggplot let's start by
+reading in our data we'll be using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in our data we'll be using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading in our data we'll be using the
+same data set we used during week one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data set we used during week one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data set we used during week one
+who dot CSV so let's call it who and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who dot CSV so let's call it who and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who dot CSV so let's call it who and use
+the read csv function to read in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read csv function to read in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read csv function to read in the
+data file who CSV make sure you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file who CSV make sure you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file who CSV make sure you're in
+the directory containing this file first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory containing this file first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory containing this file first
+now let's take a look at the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at the structure
+of the data using the STR function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data using the STR function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data using the STR function we
+can see that we have a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that we have a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that we have a hundred and
+ninety four observations or countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety four observations or countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety four observations or countries
+and thirteen different variables the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thirteen different variables the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thirteen different variables the
+name of the country the region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the country the region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the country the region the
+countries in the population and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the population and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries in the population and
+thousands the percentage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands the percentage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands the percentage of the
+population under 15 or over 60 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under 15 or over 60 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under 15 or over 60 the
+fertility rate or average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate or average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility rate or average number of
+children per woman the life expectancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children per woman the life expectancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children per woman the life expectancy
+in years the child mortality rate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in years the child mortality rate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in years the child mortality rate which
+is the number of children who die by age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of children who die by age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of children who die by age
+five per 1000 births the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five per 1000 births the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five per 1000 births the number of
+cellular subscribers per 100 population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular subscribers per 100 population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular subscribers per 100 population
+the literacy rate among adults older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literacy rate among adults older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literacy rate among adults older
+than 15 the gross national income per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15 the gross national income per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15 the gross national income per
+capita the percentage of male children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita the percentage of male children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita the percentage of male children
+enrolled in primary school and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in primary school and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled in primary school and the
+percentage of female children enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of female children enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of female children enrolled
+in primary school in week one the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in primary school in week one the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in primary school in week one the very
+first plot we made in our was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plot we made in our was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plot we made in our was a
+scatterplot of fertility rate versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterplot of fertility rate versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatterplot of fertility rate versus
+gross national income let's make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross national income let's make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross national income let's make this
+plot again just like we did in week one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot again just like we did in week one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot again just like we did in week one
+so we'll use the plot function and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll use the plot function and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll use the plot function and give
+us the first variable who dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the first variable who dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the first variable who dollar sign
+gni and then give us the second variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni and then give us the second variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni and then give us the second variable
+who dollar sign fertility rate this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who dollar sign fertility rate this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who dollar sign fertility rate this plot
+shows us that a higher fertility rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us that a higher fertility rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us that a higher fertility rate is
+correlated with a lower income now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with a lower income now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with a lower income now let's
+redo the scatter plot but this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the scatter plot but this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the scatter plot but this time
+using ggplot we'll see how ggplot can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ggplot we'll see how ggplot can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using ggplot we'll see how ggplot can be
+used to make more visually appealing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make more visually appealing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to make more visually appealing and
+complex scatter plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scatter plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scatter plots
+first we need to install and load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need to install and load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we need to install and load the
+ggplot2 package so first type install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot2 package so first type install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot2 package so first type install
+dot packages and in parenthesis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot packages and in parenthesis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot packages and in parenthesis in
+quotes ggplot2 when the Korean Mir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes ggplot2 when the Korean Mir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes ggplot2 when the Korean Mir
+window pops up make sure to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window pops up make sure to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window pops up make sure to pick a
+location near you then as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location near you then as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location near you then as soon as the
+package is done installing and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package is done installing and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package is done installing and you're
+back at the blinking cursor load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the blinking cursor load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at the blinking cursor load the
+package with the library function now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package with the library function now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package with the library function now
+remember we need at least three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we need at least three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we need at least three things
+to create a plot using ggplot data an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a plot using ggplot data an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a plot using ggplot data an
+aesthetic mapping of variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic mapping of variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic mapping of variables in the
+data frame to visual output and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame to visual output and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame to visual output and a
+geometric object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric object
+so first let's create the ggplot object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's create the ggplot object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first let's create the ggplot object
+with the data and the aesthetic mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data and the aesthetic mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data and the aesthetic mapping
+we'll save it to the variable scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll save it to the variable scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll save it to the variable scatter
+plot and then use the ggplot function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and then use the ggplot function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and then use the ggplot function
+where the first argument is the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first argument is the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first argument is the name of
+our data set who which specifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data set who which specifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data set who which specifies the
+data to use and the second argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to use and the second argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to use and the second argument is
+the aesthetic mapping AES in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aesthetic mapping AES in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aesthetic mapping AES in parentheses
+we have to decide what we want on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decide what we want on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to decide what we want on the
+x-axis and what we want on the y-axis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and what we want on the y-axis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and what we want on the y-axis we
+want the x-axis to be G and I and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the x-axis to be G and I and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the x-axis to be G and I and we
+want the y-axis to be fertility rate go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the y-axis to be fertility rate go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the y-axis to be fertility rate go
+ahead and close both sets of parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and close both sets of parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and close both sets of parentheses
+and hit enter now we need to tell ggplot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit enter now we need to tell ggplot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit enter now we need to tell ggplot
+what geometric objects to put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what geometric objects to put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what geometric objects to put in the
+plot we could use bars lines points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot we could use bars lines points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot we could use bars lines points or
+something else this is a big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else this is a big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else this is a big difference
+between ggplot and regular plotting in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ggplot and regular plotting in R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between ggplot and regular plotting in R
+you can build different types of graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build different types of graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build different types of graphs
+by using the same ggplot object there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the same ggplot object there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the same ggplot object there's
+no need to learn one function for bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to learn one function for bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no need to learn one function for bar
+graphs a completely different function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs a completely different function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs a completely different function
+for line graphs etc so first let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for line graphs etc so first let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for line graphs etc so first let's just
+create a straightforward scatter plot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a straightforward scatter plot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a straightforward scatter plot so
+the geometry we want to add is points we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry we want to add is points we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry we want to add is points we
+can do this by typing the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this by typing the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this by typing the name of our
+ggplot object scatter plot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot object scatter plot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot object scatter plot and then
+adding the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the function
+geom underscore point and empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geom underscore point and empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geom underscore point and empty
+parentheses if you had enter you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses if you had enter you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses if you had enter you should
+see a new plot in the graphics window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a new plot in the graphics window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a new plot in the graphics window
+that looks similar to our original plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks similar to our original plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks similar to our original plot
+but there are already a few nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are already a few nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are already a few nice
+improvements one is that we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements one is that we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements one is that we don't have
+the data set name with a dollar sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set name with a dollar sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set name with a dollar sign in
+front of the label on each axis just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the label on each axis just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the label on each axis just the
+variable name another is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name another is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable name another is that we have
+these nice grid lines in the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice grid lines in the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice grid lines in the background
+and solid points that pop out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid points that pop out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid points that pop out from the
+background we could have made a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we could have made a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background we could have made a line
+graph just as easily by changing point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph just as easily by changing point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph just as easily by changing point
+to line so in your R console hit the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line so in your R console hit the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to line so in your R console hit the up
+arrow and then just delete point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and then just delete point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and then just delete point and
+type line and hit enter now you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type line and hit enter now you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type line and hit enter now you can see
+a line graph in the graphics window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line graph in the graphics window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line graph in the graphics window
+however a line doesn't really make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a line doesn't really make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a line doesn't really make sense
+for this particular plot so let's switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular plot so let's switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this particular plot so let's switch
+back to our points just by hitting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our points just by hitting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our points just by hitting the
+up arrow twice and hitting Enter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow twice and hitting Enter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow twice and hitting Enter in
+addition to specifying that the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to specifying that the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to specifying that the geometry
+you want is points we can add other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is points we can add other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is points we can add other
+options like the color shape and size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options like the color shape and size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options like the color shape and size of
+the points let's redo our plot with blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points let's redo our plot with blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points let's redo our plot with blue
+triangles instead of circles to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles instead of circles to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles instead of circles to do that
+go ahead and hit the up arrow in your R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and hit the up arrow in your R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and hit the up arrow in your R
+console and then in the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and then in the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+console and then in the empty
+parentheses for G on point we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses for G on point we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses for G on point we're going
+to specify some properties of the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify some properties of the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify some properties of the points
+we want the color to be equal to blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the color to be equal to blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the color to be equal to blue
+the size to equal 3 will make the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size to equal 3 will make the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size to equal 3 will make the points
+a little bigger and the shape equals 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bigger and the shape equals 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bigger and the shape equals 17
+this is the shape number corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the shape number corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the shape number corresponding
+to triangles if you hit enter you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to triangles if you hit enter you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to triangles if you hit enter you should
+now see in your plot blue triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see in your plot blue triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see in your plot blue triangles
+instead of black dots let's try another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of black dots let's try another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of black dots let's try another
+option hit the up arrow again and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option hit the up arrow again and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option hit the up arrow again and change
+blue to dark red and change shape to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue to dark red and change shape to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue to dark red and change shape to
+eight now you should see dark red stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight now you should see dark red stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight now you should see dark red stars
+there are many different colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different colors and
+shapes that you can specify we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes that you can specify we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes that you can specify we've
+provided some information in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided some information in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided some information in the text
+below this video now let's add a title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this video now let's add a title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below this video now let's add a title
+to the plot you can do that by hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plot you can do that by hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plot you can do that by hitting
+the up arrow and then at the very end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and then at the very end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and then at the very end of
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+add GG title and then in parentheses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add GG title and then in parentheses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add GG title and then in parentheses in
+quotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotes
+the title you want to give your plot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title you want to give your plot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title you want to give your plot in
+our case we'll call it fertility rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we'll call it fertility rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case we'll call it fertility rate
+versus gross national income if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus gross national income if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus gross national income if you look
+at your plot again you should now see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your plot again you should now see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your plot again you should now see
+that it has a nice title at the top now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a nice title at the top now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a nice title at the top now
+let's save our plot to a file we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's save our plot to a file we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's save our plot to a file we can do
+this by first saving our plot to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by first saving our plot to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by first saving our plot to a
+variable so when you're our console hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so when you're our console hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so when you're our console hit
+the up arrow and scroll to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and scroll to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and scroll to the beginning
+of the line before scatter plot type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line before scatter plot type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the line before scatter plot type
+fertility gni plot equals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility gni plot equals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertility gni plot equals and then
+everything else this will save our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else this will save our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else this will save our
+scatter plot to the variable fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot to the variable fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot to the variable fertility
+gni plot now let's create a file we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni plot now let's create a file we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni plot now let's create a file we want
+to save our plot to we can do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save our plot to we can do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save our plot to we can do that with
+the PDF function and then in parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF function and then in parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PDF function and then in parenthesis
+in quotes type the name you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quotes type the name you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quotes type the name you want your
+file to have we'll call it my plot PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file to have we'll call it my plot PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file to have we'll call it my plot PDF
+now let's just print our plot to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just print our plot to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just print our plot to that
+file with the print function so print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file with the print function so print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file with the print function so print
+and then the name of your plot fertility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the name of your plot fertility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the name of your plot fertility
+gni plot and lastly we just have to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni plot and lastly we just have to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gni plot and lastly we just have to type
+DV dot off empty parentheses to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV dot off empty parentheses to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV dot off empty parentheses to close
+the file now if you look at the folder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file now if you look at the folder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file now if you look at the folder
+where who CSV is you should see another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where who CSV is you should see another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where who CSV is you should see another
+file called my plot PDF containing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file called my plot PDF containing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file called my plot PDF containing the
+plot we made in the next video we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot we made in the next video we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot we made in the next video we'll see
+how to create more advanced scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to create more advanced scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to create more advanced scatter
+plots using GG plot
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nx6NnzIGrKE.txt b/nx6NnzIGrKE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0244c21c9087a475d3106312afc3d4febf7298d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nx6NnzIGrKE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2272 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: By way of review,
+we're going to
+
+start off with loops.
+
+So, what are two loops that
+we've covered in lecture or
+
+two types of loops?
+
+AUDIENCE: FOR and WHILE.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+FOR and WHILE.
+
+I'm going to start with WHILE
+loops because that's what I
+
+have first.
+
+Can someone walk me through the
+syntax of a WHILE loop?
+
+AUDIENCE: WHILE condition.
+
+PROFESSOR: WHILE condition and
+what type is this condition?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And then I have--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: And then a block
+of code, indicated by
+
+indentation.
+
+OK.
+
+Next question is, what
+does this code do?
+
+AUDIENCE:Executes the loop and
+returns Boolean values.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+That's a little bit
+too high level.
+
+Specifically, what does
+this loop do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Prints the even
+numbers from 2 to 10.
+
+PROFESSOR: Perfect.
+
+That's exactly the kind of
+comment we're looking for.
+
+When you're doing your problem
+sets or you're just coding in
+
+general, you want to have a
+comment that describes in an
+
+abstract way what's going on
+in the chunks of code.
+
+You don't want to have
+a comment that says
+
+assigns 2 to a.
+
+Continues looping
+until a is 10.
+
+Comments like that aren't really
+helpful because you can
+
+get that by reading the code.
+
+So that's exactly right.
+
+It's perfect.
+
+I don't have candy to
+pass out, though.
+
+Next question is what's the
+decrementing function?
+
+The way to think of a
+decrementing function is that
+
+it's a statement that moves
+the loop closer to
+
+termination.
+
+In this case--
+
+AUDIENCE: 10 minus a.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, 10 minus
+a or a plus equal 2.
+
+As we're incrementing a, we're
+getting closer and closer to
+
+10 and that's going to cause
+us to kick out of the loop.
+
+Next thing.
+
+Is a a good variable name?
+
+The answer is no, otherwise,
+I wouldn't have asked it.
+
+But a better variable name
+might be even_number.
+
+Because, instead of just a being
+an integer, now we know
+
+what it's supposed to represent
+in the code.
+
+And it becomes clearer when we
+go to execute it or run it.
+
+For loops, same thing.
+
+Could someone walk me through
+the syntax for a FOR loop?
+
+And first question, does this
+loop do the same thing as a
+
+WHILE loop?
+
+If this is our WHILE
+loop, does this
+
+loop do the same thing?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Let's see.
+
+The WHILE loop printed out 4,
+6,8,10 and 12; this is going
+
+to print out, 8 and 10.
+
+The reason is where we have
+the increment, right?
+
+If we had done this, they would
+print out both the same.
+
+A little aside.
+
+That was a bug I just caught.
+
+Someone walk me through the
+syntax for a FOR loop.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: A FOR keyword and
+then what do we have here?
+
+A variable of some sort.
+
+Then we have in keyword and then
+we have this thing here.
+
+We're going to get to tuples
+in a second, but this is a
+
+tuple literal.
+
+And for FOR loops, a FOR loop
+requires something that is
+
+enumerable, which means that we
+can take one element after
+
+the other and assign it
+to the variable i.
+
+FOR loops iterate over
+enumerable items.
+
+Thank you.
+
+That's exactly what I
+was talking about.
+
+If I'm speaking too low, just
+jack your thumbs up.
+
+This construction is
+inconvenient though.
+
+If we wanted to list all
+the numbers that
+
+we wanted to print--
+
+2 to 10 is not too hard.
+
+But let's say we wanted
+all the even numbers
+
+between 2 and 100.
+
+I don't want to have to write
+out all 50 of those.
+
+So we get to the
+range function.
+
+You've seen this before.
+
+We just haven't ever
+explained it.
+
+All the range function does is
+it takes between one and three
+
+parameters and returns
+a list of integers.
+
+So let's say that I pass
+it one parameter.
+
+I'm going to give it
+the integer 100.
+
+This is going to give
+me nothing because I
+
+didn't print it out.
+
+This is going to give
+me integers 0 to 99.
+
+If I give it two parameters,
+what it's going
+
+to do is give me?
+
+The integers between
+1 and 100.
+
+In this case, it starts off
+at 1 and it gets to 99.
+
+One important point is that
+when you give it two
+
+parameters, the first one is
+inclusive and the second
+
+parameter is exclusive.
+
+Does everyone follow that?
+
+Finally, the third form is
+with three parameters.
+
+I have a start, an end, start
+inclusive, end exclusive, and
+
+then a step.
+
+This will give me all the odd
+numbers between 1 and 100.
+
+We can also go in reverse.
+
+If I want to go count down from
+100 to 1, I can give it a
+
+negative step.
+
+If you want help on using the
+range function, there's a
+
+handy command called help,
+which you can type in the
+
+interactive prompt.
+
+This gives you the syntax
+for using range.
+
+You can do this for any
+function in Python.
+
+It's going to tell you,
+here's the name.
+
+Here's a parameter start.
+
+Here's a parameter stop.
+
+Here's a parameter step.
+
+This little arrow here means
+this is what it returns, a
+
+list of integers.
+
+When you type help and you see
+one of these square brackets
+
+that means the perimeter
+is optional.
+
+A start is optional.
+
+Step is optional.
+
+Stop, we always have a stop.
+
+We always know when we're
+stopping a range.
+
+That's why we can pass one,
+two, or three parameters.
+
+Is anyone confused on that?
+
+AUDIENCE: If you only put stop,
+it will start with 0?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+If you only put one parameter,
+then it will start from 0.
+
+So the start is implicit.
+
+Are we good on this?
+
+So, we can code our FOR loop
+like that, which for five
+
+numbers is not too inconvenient,
+or is
+
+convenient.
+
+But if we have 500 numbers, it
+makes it a lot easier to just
+
+change one end point than
+it is to type in
+
+500 numbers, right?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you create
+a range for floats?
+
+So let's say you want to
+do it by float size?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a good question.
+
+We should try it.
+
+Why don't we give it a shot?
+
+The question was can we make
+a range of floats?
+
+Let's try 1.02 to 10.0.
+
+It'll give us an
+answer, right?
+
+But it also gives
+us a warning.
+
+It says that an integer
+argument is expected.
+
+Let's say I do this.
+
+Will this work?
+
+What's it's going to
+do is it's going to
+
+truncate the floats.
+
+It's going to truncate the start
+to 1 and it's going to
+
+truncate the end to 10.
+
+Then it'll just return the
+integers as required.
+
+So you can, but it doesn't
+work the way
+
+you think it would.
+
+Moving on, you hit tuples
+in lecture this week.
+
+So we're done with the
+old review stuff.
+
+Can anyone tell me
+what a tuple is?
+
+It's a non-scalar data type
+that can hold many items.
+
+What does non-scalar mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's multiple elements
+that you can search
+
+individually.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a field that
+you can hold only
+
+one value at a time.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're both right.
+
+A scalar can hold only one
+element at a time.
+
+A non-scalar can hold more than
+one element at a time.
+
+Tuples are actually the
+second scalar data
+
+type that we've seen.
+
+A string is the first.
+
+A string can have multiple
+characters.
+
+Tuples are flexible.
+
+We can have tuples of numbers.
+
+This syntax, the parentheses
+with a set of elements
+
+separated by commas,
+this is the literal
+
+syntax for a tuple.
+
+All we're saying is that my
+tuple of numbers has the
+
+approximation of
+pi, 2, 1, -100.
+
+We can have tuples of strings.
+
+We can have tuples of anything,
+but you'll get to
+
+that in a second.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you mix the data
+types inside of that?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, we're going
+to get to that.
+
+The question was, can
+you mix data types?
+
+The answer is yes.
+
+We'll get to that in a second.
+
+To access individual elements
+of a tuple, we do something
+
+called indexing.
+
+We specify an index by--
+
+if I have tuple_of_numbers, my
+variable name, I have a left
+
+square bracket and a right
+square bracket, and I have an
+
+integer in between.
+
+This would give me the item
+in the tuple that
+
+exists at index 0.
+
+Tuples are indexed starting at
+0 and in increments of 1.
+
+When I say tuple_of_numbers[0],
+what
+
+should this print out?
+
+AUDIENCE: 3.14159.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+It will print out 3.14159.
+
+Now if I change this to 1,
+what will this print out?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+It doesn't matter what data type
+is contained in tuple.
+
+If it's string, it'll just print
+out whatever's here,
+
+which is 'what'.
+
+You can also use negative
+indices.
+
+Negative indices tell Python
+that I want to go to one past
+
+the end of the tuple.
+
+In this case, tuple_of_
+strings, I'm out here
+
+somewhere, and then walk
+back 1, or however
+
+many the integer is.
+
+I have here tuple_of_strings
+minus 1.
+
+Python's going to go to
+somewhere around here and then
+
+walk back one and
+give me 'name'.
+
+Now what if I do minus 3?
+
+What's that going
+to print out?
+
+Is.
+
+Let's see who is paying
+attention.
+
+What's this going to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: My name,
+or name, rather?
+
+PROFESSOR: Remember we index
+tuples at 0, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's going
+to give an error.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+It's going to tell us
+index out of range.
+
+We have four elements in
+tuple strings 0, 1, 2,
+
+3, oops, we're off.
+
+You can get outside of a
+tuple and get an error.
+
+To avoid that--
+
+sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: The thing is when you
+said for tuple_of_numbers,
+
+you said 1 and 3.141, number,
+which would technically be 0
+
+in this case, wouldn't it?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I switched it.
+
+AUDIENCE: You switched it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Just to make you feel better--
+
+AUDIENCE: I see it now.
+
+PROFESSOR: You got it?
+
+OK.
+
+It's always possible that
+I made an error.
+
+In your code, in order to avoid
+that, you can check
+
+yourself by getting the length
+of tuple_of_numbers.
+
+So there's a function len.
+
+It's going to tell us that
+
+tuple_of_numbers has 6 elements.
+
+We can count them:
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+
+What's the last index
+of this tuple?
+
+5, right?
+
+Back to your question, tuples
+can hold different data types.
+
+They can hold data types that
+are different from each other.
+
+I'm wording that improperly.
+
+So, here we have a float
+and three strings.
+
+This is a heterogeneous
+data structure.
+
+A homogeneous data structure
+would be one that you would
+
+say only hold ints only
+holds floats.
+
+But tuples are very flexible.
+
+So, we have a float here
+and some strings.
+
+Then you could also
+have tuples that
+
+contain other tuples.
+
+In this case, how many
+elements does
+
+tuple_of_tuples have?
+
+AUDIENCE: 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: 3.
+
+The first element is a tuple,
+the second element is 'got',
+
+and the third element
+is 'real'.
+
+What should this print out?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I had to sanitize that quote.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why does it print
+out the strings?
+
+PROFESSOR: Python's behavior,
+when it sees a tuple data type
+
+and you call it with the print
+statement, is it represents as
+
+a string a tuple the
+way you would
+
+literally write out a tuple.
+
+'Stuff, just' is a tuple
+with the two
+
+strings 'stuff' and 'just'.
+
+Python is going to print out the
+literal representation of
+
+that tuple.
+
+Another way to try and explain
+it, let's say that I print out
+
+the entire tuple.
+
+What should this look like?
+
+Well, It's going to be
+just the literal
+
+representation of the tuple.
+
+What does it mean for the data
+type to be immutable?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can't change it.
+
+You can't add another
+element to it?
+
+PROFESSOR: You can't
+change it.
+
+If I try to change the first
+element of tuple_of_numbers,
+
+it's going to tell me
+it doesn't support--
+
+or Python's going to tell me
+it doesn't support item
+
+assignment.
+
+You'll see this error.
+
+Tuples support something called
+slicing, which means
+
+that if I have a
+tuple_of_numbers
+
+and I give it a--
+
+where I normally put just a
+single integer for an index,
+
+if I give it a start index and
+an end index, separated by
+
+this colon, Python's going to
+get the item at index 1 to
+
+whatever this end element
+is minus 1.
+
+It helps if I just
+print it out.
+
+To make it a little bit
+easier to follow.
+
+I've said I've told Python that
+I want a slice out of
+
+this tuple from 1 to 3.
+
+What Python's going to go do is
+look into tuple_of_numbers.
+
+This is element 0.
+
+This is index 1; it's
+going to pull in 2.
+
+This is index 2; i it's
+going to pull in 1.
+
+Then 3--
+
+in Python, we go 1 past the end
+of the range that we want.
+
+It's going to return
+a tuple of 2, 1.
+
+This is slicing a tuple.
+
+Anyone confused by that?
+
+No?
+
+Wow.
+
+There are many different ways
+that we can slice a tuple.
+
+We can have an implicit start.
+
+If you see this, where there's
+no number before the colon,
+
+that tells Python start
+at index 0.
+
+Then, in complimentary fashion,
+if you see this,
+
+where you have an integer on the
+left side and nothing on
+
+the right side, it tells Python
+go from index 1 all the
+
+way to the end of the tuple.
+
+What happens is I do this?
+
+What's that telling
+Python to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It looks redundant but it will
+become important to us when we
+
+get to lists and something
+called aliasing.
+
+What this does is it tells
+Python to take a slice that is
+
+the entire tuple.
+
+Then when we do these
+slices, we can also
+
+use negative indices.
+
+This is going to tell Python
+to go from 0 to the last
+
+element minus 1.
+
+It'll look like that.
+
+Everyone following?
+
+We good?
+
+AUDIENCE: It was minuses
+from the end--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: --of the tuple?
+
+PROFESSOR: Okay.
+
+I wonder if this would work?
+
+I don't know.
+
+No, it has unexpected
+behavior.
+
+I don't know why.
+
+I'll have to look that up.
+
+Tuples are also--
+
+we already said earlier
+that they were
+
+enumerable items, right?
+
+So we can use a FOR
+loop with them.
+
+If I want to print out all the
+numbers in tuple_of_numbers, I
+
+have my FOR loop, my variable,
+in, and then
+
+my enumerable object.
+
+OK?
+
+I have a question now.
+
+Who thinks this will work?
+
+We know that tuples
+are immutable.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+But you have to change
+the inside.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+It's going to work.
+
+I still have print up here.
+
+What I'm doing is I'm taking
+tuple_of_numbers and I'm
+
+printing before.
+
+Then what I'm doing here is
+I'm telling Python to take
+
+this tuple and this tuple and
+add them together and reassign
+
+it back to tuple_of_numbers.
+
+So, It looks like I'm
+modifying the tuple.
+
+But in reality, what's
+happening is I'm
+
+creating a new tuple.
+
+Let's say I have ton here.
+
+Ton is short for
+tuple_of_numers.
+
+Originally, it's telling Python
+that some chunk of
+
+memory has a tuple
+of 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
+When I say a statement like
+ton equal ton plus another
+
+tuple, what it's telling Python
+to do is create another
+
+chunk of memory that includes
+ton, whatever's in ton, and
+
+the other tuple.
+
+Then this assignment statement
+tells Python that ton now
+
+points to this new object.
+
+You had a question?
+
+AUDIENCE:Does Python have
+a garbage collector?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's an advanced
+question.
+
+The question was, does Python
+have a garbage collector to
+
+discard this memory that's
+no longer being used.
+
+The answer is yes.
+
+If you don't know what a garbage
+collector is, don't
+
+worry about it.
+
+You don't need to.
+
+But to answer your question,
+yes, it does.
+
+I don't want to get
+too far into it.
+
+Does everyone follow that?
+
+That also is going to be
+important when we get to lists
+
+and aliasing, that type of
+object creation modification.
+
+We won't get to that
+for a while.
+
+Everyone's good with this?
+
+I can move on?
+
+All right.
+
+Python has what some might
+consider a wart,
+
+when it comes to tuples.
+
+That is when you want to create
+a tuple with a single
+
+element in it.
+
+People just starting out with
+Python would sometimes mistake
+
+the tuple literal of a single
+element to be this: So,
+
+parenthesis with a
+single integer.
+
+The problem is that parentheses
+are the grouping
+
+operatorS in Python,
+but they're also
+
+used for making tuples.
+
+They serve a dual purpose.
+
+What Python will say is, oh,
+I've got a number between two
+
+parentheses.
+
+Well, this person really wants
+this integer to have high
+
+precedence.
+
+We're going to make an integer
+50 and assign it to oopsie.
+
+But it's not what we want.
+
+We want a tuple with
+50 as one element.
+
+The way you do that is you have
+a lone comma after the
+
+first element.
+
+If we run this and we look at
+what it prints out, you see
+
+that oopsie has the integer 50,
+which is not what we want.
+
+We want what's in onesie.
+
+Anyone confused by that?
+
+We're zooming along here.
+
+Strings, they're actually
+a lot like tuples.
+
+They're immutable.
+
+You can't change them.
+
+They're non-scalar.
+
+They have multiple characters
+within them.
+
+If I printed out-- everyone's
+seen this--
+
+I can get to individual
+characters.
+
+If I want to get to the first
+character in name, I use 0.
+
+If I want to get to the second
+character, I can use 1.
+
+Then of course they're
+immutable, so that's going to
+
+tell me that I can't do that.
+
+They also support iteration.
+
+So, if I want to print out all
+the letters in name, one on
+
+each line, I can do this.
+
+Not too useful, but it works.
+
+You looked confused.
+
+AUDIENCE: How did that happen?
+
+PROFESSOR: How did
+that happen?
+
+So, name is a string.
+
+Follow that?
+
+String is just a bunch
+of characters.
+
+It is enumerable, meaning that
+we can go one character at a
+
+time through the string.
+
+That's what the FOR loop does.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do spaces count
+as characters?
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+The question was do spaces
+count as characters.
+
+The answer is yes, they do.
+
+If I write spaces there and I
+run this again, as I iterate
+
+through the string, I get a
+space where I'm supposed to.
+
+Is everyone good with this?
+
+OK.
+
+Like tuples, you can
+take slices.
+
+That's going to give me 'it'.
+
+Strings also have
+many functions.
+
+This is an incomplete list of
+functions that you can use on
+
+string objects.
+
+I can make everything uppercase,
+lowercase.
+
+I can also find characters.
+
+What find does is it
+finds the index of
+
+the left-most character.
+
+If I want to find i, it returns
+1, because i is at
+
+index 1 in the string.
+
+I could also do something
+like this.
+
+I can find an entire string.
+
+'tch', the substring,
+starts at index 2.
+
+AUDIENCE: What does it return
+if it can't find it?
+
+PROFESSOR: If it doesn't
+find it--
+
+let's put in garbage--
+
+you get negative 1.
+
+We can also call a
+replace function.
+
+If I want to replace
+m with p--
+
+it doesn't make sense
+anymore--
+
+I can do that.
+
+The question is, how would I use
+this to change the string?
+
+Think back to how we
+modified the tuple.
+
+We created a new object and
+then we assigned it to a
+
+variable of the same name.
+
+If I know that replace is going
+to return a string with
+
+m replaced, I can do that.
+
+Does everyone follow that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is the version
+that that
+
+captures your string function?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a good question.
+
+That also gives me a perfect
+opportunity to demonstrate
+
+another command that you'll
+find helpful.
+
+If you're working with an object
+like string, you can
+
+use a command in the interactive
+editor called dir.
+
+If you type dir str, it's going
+to return all of the
+
+symbols that exist within
+the str object.
+
+You can also type help str, and
+it will give you a nicer
+
+version of this.
+
+AUDIENCE: In this case, the
+first character indicates what
+
+you're trying to replace and
+the second is what you're
+
+replacing it with?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+We can do help str replace,
+and it'll tell us.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So it did one.
+
+And then the count in this
+case would be if you had
+
+multiple instances?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So like if you had your name
+a couple times, you could
+
+replace it a few times.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+If I were particularly
+narcissistic that day, I could
+
+replace it multiple times.
+
+So let's demonstrate
+that because some
+
+people might be confused.
+
+Let's say, I want
+to replace t.
+
+I'm going to replace
+it with r.
+
+Whoops.
+
+Well, why didn't it replace
+these to t's here?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+In strings, you differentiate
+between
+
+lowercase and uppercase.
+
+If I wanted to get the behavior
+that I was hoping
+
+for, I could do it this way.
+
+Now I have something that's
+not even remotely
+
+looking like English.
+
+Or, I could do something
+like this.
+
+I'm going to make everything
+lowercase, and
+
+then replace the t.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's
+pretty exact that
+
+you have to be, lower--
+
+PROFESSOR: Remember what I said
+first recitation that
+
+computers will do exactly what
+you tell them to do and
+
+nothing more or less.
+
+There we go.
+
+AUDIENCE: It's good though.
+
+It figured out [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Python is a
+very nice language.
+
+It's one of my favorite
+languages right now.
+
+Because, it's not as fussy as
+some other languages, like
+
+MATLAB or C or C++ or TCL.
+
+Anyone of those.
+
+Is everyone good on strings?
+
+I can move on?
+
+Just remember, if you need help
+on any of these commands,
+
+just remember you have the help
+command at your disposal.
+
+AUDIENCE: It'll automatically
+default to do everything,
+
+unless you tell it something to
+do like two of the letters.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+We didn't demonstrate that.
+
+Demonstrations are worth
+a thousand words.
+
+If I wanted to, for whatever
+reason, only replace the first
+
+two t's, I could tell it to only
+replace two t's within
+
+the string.
+
+It leaves the other t alone.
+
+AUDIENCE: How would you pick
+out the last field?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a good question.
+
+I don't have a ready
+answer for you.
+
+You see these functions with
+r in front of them?
+
+The string object often has
+functions that will start from
+
+the right side as opposed
+to the left side.
+
+The find command I showed you
+has an rfind command as well.
+
+This guy right here.
+
+I'm pointing on if there is
+the analog to replace.
+
+Can I get back to you?
+
+I don't want to spend all our
+time searching for this and
+
+then fail spectacularly.
+
+I'll get back to you on that.
+
+Is it possible?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Is there a one-liner function?
+
+I can't tell you
+at the moment.
+
+But again, that's why you
+have dir and help.
+
+You can find this
+out on your own.
+
+Next thing, BREAK.
+
+We're done with strings.
+
+We're done with tuples.
+
+We're still working on loops.
+
+Everyone's seen this function
+before, right?
+
+This is our find-the-cube-ro
+ot-of-a-perfect-cube function.
+
+If I give it 27, and I tell
+Python to stop printing my
+
+name, that's what this does.
+
+As a toy example to illustrate
+the BREAK statement--
+
+first of all, can someone tell
+me in English what the BREAK
+
+statement does?
+
+AUDIENCE: Would it just
+stop the program.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, It doesn't stop
+the program, but it kicks
+
+you out of the loop.
+
+We can rewrite the cube root
+program to work like this.
+
+Instead of our stopping criteria
+being answer cubed
+
+less than the absolute value
+of the number, we're just
+
+going to tell the FOR loop to
+go from a range 0 to the
+
+absolute value of the
+input plus 1.
+
+Why do we have the
+plus 1 there?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it goes to the
+absolute value of x.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Because, otherwise, it would
+go to 1 before the absolute
+
+value of x.
+
+Then we break out of this loop,
+if answer cubed is equal
+
+to absolute value of x.
+
+As soon as we see that it's
+equal to x, we're going to
+
+call BREAK.
+
+That's going to immediately kick
+us out to here, without
+
+executing any more
+of the FOR loop.
+
+Do people understand that?
+
+Are people good with that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does it break you
+of the innermost loop? or
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Good question.
+
+Does it break you out
+of the innermost
+
+loop or all the loops?
+
+The answer is the
+innermost loop.
+
+When he says innermost,
+what he's talking
+
+about are nested loops.
+
+Let's say I have something
+like this.
+
+I'm creating on the fly
+now, so excuse my
+
+inability to type.
+
+What is this going to do?
+
+This is an example
+of a nested loop.
+
+We have an outer loop
+here, then we have
+
+an inner loop here.
+
+All the outer loop is doing is
+it's going from the integers
+
+0, 1, 2, 3 to 9.
+
+And then we have an inner loop,
+which looks like it
+
+should go from the integers
+10 to 100.
+
+But we have the statement
+in here if j mod 2--
+
+that's what the percent
+sign is, modulus--
+
+is equal to 0.
+
+What we're saying is if j is
+evenly divisible by 2, we're
+
+going to break.
+
+Now, the question is--
+
+this is obviously going
+to break when j is 10.
+
+This loop is going
+to execute once.
+
+The question is does it print
+out only one set of i,j
+
+values, or does it
+print out 10?
+
+I'm getting to the answer
+to this question.
+
+If BREAK statement breaks out
+of all the loops, then we
+
+would only see one printout
+of i and j.
+
+But if it only breaks out of
+this inner loop, then we
+
+should see 10, followed
+by 'here'.
+
+So it breaks out of
+the inner loop.
+
+Long answer, but
+demonstration.
+
+Is anyone confused by that?
+
+Is so, anyone too
+shy to admit it?
+
+There's office hours.
+
+Or, you can talk to
+me afterwards.
+
+PROFESSOR: Now we're going to
+get to functions, which are
+
+triple underlined and circled
+over here because they're
+
+extraordinarily important
+for you to understand.
+
+Can someone wing it and
+tell me what they
+
+think a function is?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's a snippet of code
+that takes some input,
+
+does something to it, and
+returns some output.
+
+PROFESSOR: Perfect.
+
+It's a bit of code.
+
+It's named, so you
+can refer to it.
+
+It takes input, does something
+with it, and returns
+
+something, some value.
+
+The way that we define a
+function in Python is like so.
+
+Let's say I have a
+function cube.
+
+It consists of a few parts.
+
+We've got the DEF keyword.
+
+We've got a name, cube.
+
+The name should be meaningful
+for functions.
+
+Like variables, the name should
+mean something So, this
+
+would be a bad name
+for this function.
+
+You want it to be meaningful.
+
+It has a set of parameters.
+
+In this case, it only
+has one parameter.
+
+This is what we pass to the
+function when we call it.
+
+We'll talk about that
+in another second.
+
+It has this string.
+
+This is called a doc string.
+
+It's the specification
+for this function.
+
+When you write functions, it's
+good to have this string here.
+
+What it allows you to do is
+describe what the function
+
+does, what it expects for
+input, and what it
+
+gives you as output.
+
+In this case, it's
+very simple.
+
+This is the body of
+the function.
+
+Again we denote the block
+by indenting.
+
+All it does is it takes a
+number, which is passed into
+
+it and raises it to
+the third power.
+
+This RETURN statement tells
+Python to send that back to
+
+whoever called the function.
+
+As an example if this working,
+let's look at
+
+this line of code.
+
+What it's doing is--
+
+we've seen the print
+statement, so we
+
+know what it does.
+
+It's going to name cube and
+it's going to call it.
+
+Python knows it's calling it
+because it's got the name of
+
+the function with the
+input parameters.
+
+So, 3 is being passed to cube
+to be, well, cubed.
+
+What's going on here is that
+Python is breaking out of its
+
+normal flow of execution,
+sending 3, calling it number
+
+in the function, and then
+raising it to the third power.
+
+If we run this, we see 27.
+
+We can pass it any number
+that we want.
+
+Is anyone confused by this?
+
+AUDIENCE: The things you're
+running between quotation
+
+marks, doesn't that kind of--
+
+PROFESSOR: They don't
+do anything.
+
+The question was, this string
+here between the quotation
+
+marks, this doesn't
+do anything.
+
+No, this is a comment.
+
+This is so that you can tell
+yourself, six months down the
+
+road, what you were thinking.
+
+Or so that you could tell
+another programmer what this
+
+function does.
+
+It's a way of documenting
+your code.
+
+AUDIENCE: So cube in this
+case is something that
+
+is built to go around.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+This is just a toy example.
+
+I wanted to keep it simple.
+
+I'm illustrating concepts.
+
+It wouldn't be too hard
+just to do this.
+
+I'm going to move on.
+
+Everyone's good with
+functions?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Can you say x equals number--
+
+can you keep the number, and
+just keep the number, and just
+
+make it into a variable without
+the RETURN function.
+
+Do you have to use the RETURN
+function on that?
+
+PROFESSOR: I was just
+getting to that.
+
+The question is, do you have
+to use a RETURN function.
+
+The answer is well, it depends
+on what you want to do.
+
+So, let's take a look
+at a new function.
+
+Can someone tell me
+what this does?
+
+First, what does the
+function do?
+
+Or what is it supposed to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Takes the number
+and doubles it.
+
+PROFESSOR: You got that by
+reading the writing on the
+
+wall, right?
+
+Really, it's too easy.
+
+In the body of the function,
+all it does is it creates a
+
+new variable, answer, and it
+assigns number times 2 to it.
+
+What's going to print
+out here?
+
+Why don't we run it and see?
+
+That's not doing
+what we wanted.
+
+When you don't have a RETURN
+statement, Python returns
+
+implicitly none to whoever
+calls the function.
+
+Ok.
+
+In this case, this function
+obviously doesn't have a
+
+RETURN statement Python
+says, OK.
+
+I'm just going to return none.
+
+Whatever work it did in the
+function is lost in this case.
+
+To get the right functionality,
+we have to add
+
+a RETURN statement.
+
+And it works.
+
+Was that what you
+were getting at?
+
+OK.
+
+Anyone confused?
+
+Can I move on?
+
+Functions have something
+called variable scope.
+
+I apologize for the punning.
+
+I was getting tired
+when I wrote this.
+
+In this chunk of code,
+I define a
+
+global variable, all_hope.
+
+I also define a function that
+takes a parameter, variables.
+
+It says it steals all the
+variables, but I don't know
+
+how it does that
+in a computer.
+
+It doesn't return anything.
+
+In the body of the function,
+I create another variable,
+
+called my_variable, and
+I assign it a string.
+
+I'm not actually returning
+anything right because I've
+
+said I'm not returning
+anything.
+
+All this is doing is it's
+just printing stuff out.
+
+It's printing out what the
+parameter passed into it was.
+
+It's printing out variables.
+
+It's printing out all_hope,
+which is a global variable
+
+that we define up here.
+
+It's printing out my_variable,
+which is a local variable in
+
+the function.
+
+Down here I'm defining a
+variable, old_meme_is_old.
+
+I'm calling the function.
+
+It does what we expect
+it to do.
+
+What I want to illustrate,
+though is what
+
+happens if I do this?
+
+As you might expect,
+it's going to give
+
+me an error, right?
+
+The reason is that my_variable
+has local scope to this
+
+function, all
+_your_vars_are_belong_to_us.
+
+Is anyone confused by this?
+
+No one's confused by this?
+
+OK.
+
+Let's try something else.
+
+Let's not do that.
+
+If I run this code, we can tell
+from the function that
+
+it's taking one parameter.
+
+It's incrementing
+that parameter.
+
+It's incrementing this
+global int that
+
+we've defined up here.
+
+It's returning the parameter
+that it's just incremented.
+
+Erase my corny humor.
+
+The question now is, let's say
+that I have a variable y, and
+
+I give it a value of 10.
+
+I'm being completely
+arbitrary.
+
+If I call the variable, inc_it,
+on y, first of all,
+
+what's going to print?
+
+If I print out the value of
+y, what's going to print?
+
+We want to run it.
+
+Uh-oh, I'm failing.
+
+I'm stepping on myself here.
+
+This is why you don't debug
+code on the fly.
+
+If I have a global variable and
+I need to reference it, I
+
+use a global keyword.
+
+You should never have
+to do this.
+
+Ink_it is going to
+return 11, right?
+
+Because it's taken y, which
+is 10, and it's called x
+
+equal x plus 1.
+
+Then it's returned this x.
+
+If I look at what y is, after
+I've run this, y is still 10.
+
+This is because when we've
+passed in x here and we've
+
+called x equal x plus 1, it's
+actually shadowing itself.
+
+It's overriding what's in
+the local parameter.
+
+But it's not overriding the
+actual variable, y.
+
+We'll get more into
+this later on.
+
+The important thing to
+understand in this case is
+
+that the changes that you make
+to this parameter stay within
+
+the function.
+
+We good?
+
+All right.
+
+I need to move pretty quickly
+now to gotchas.
+
+I guarantee you someone's going
+to make this mistake.
+
+Print is not RETURN.
+
+When you call print
+print_is_not_return, it's
+
+going to call this function.
+
+It will print out this
+string, but it's not
+
+returning the string.
+
+What it's returning
+is none, because
+
+there's no return statement.
+
+That's where this
+none comes from.
+
+RETURN is not print.
+
+So, if I say print this return
+value, it will print this; it
+
+will return a string.
+
+But if I just call this, it's
+not going to print it again.
+
+It's going to print nothing.
+
+You'll just have to
+make the mistake.
+
+One thing to be careful
+of in Python--
+
+remember I said everything
+is an object?
+
+Functions are no different.
+
+Functions are objects.
+
+If you just reference the
+function's name, cube, which
+
+is not defined now, it's going
+to print something out that
+
+looks like that.
+
+This is what the object
+looks like to Python.
+
+In order to call it, you have
+to have the parentheses with
+
+the parameters.
+
+Python's not going
+to complain.
+
+Some programming languages
+will complain.
+
+Python won't.
+
+It's possible when you're
+running your code, if you're
+
+trying to call a function and
+you forget the parentheses,
+
+and Python's just not
+complaining, it will merrily
+
+do what you tell it to do.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry,
+can you speak up?
+
+AUDIENCE: Print q open
+parentheses [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Is x defined?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/o2Vlt1avXCs.txt b/o2Vlt1avXCs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..960fecd0cb51f0e0c353cd146475f2f47cc6bdbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/o2Vlt1avXCs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2822 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to lecture
+
+number two.
+
+In this lecture, I would like to
+discuss some basic concepts
+
+of finite element analysis with
+regard to the analysis of
+
+continuous systems.
+
+We discussed in the first
+lecture already some basic
+
+concepts of analysis of
+discrete systems.
+
+However, in actuality, in the
+analysis of a complex system,
+
+we are dealing with a continuous
+system, and there
+
+are some additional basic
+concepts that are used in
+
+analysis of continuous
+systems, using
+
+finite element methods.
+
+And those additional concept
+that are used, I want to
+
+discuss in this lecture.
+
+Well, when we talk about the
+analysis of a continuous
+
+system, we can analyze that
+system via a differential
+
+formulation or a variational
+formulation.
+
+If we use a differential
+formulation or variational
+
+formulation, of course we obtain
+continuous variables,
+
+and we have an infinite number
+of state variables, or rather,
+
+if we talk about displacements,
+a U
+
+displacement, for example, of a
+rod, as I will be discussing
+
+just now, we will have infinite
+values of that
+
+displacement along the rod.
+
+In the differential formulation
+or the variational
+
+formulation, we would have to
+solve for that continuous
+
+variable along the rod.
+
+Well, we will also notice that
+in the analysis of a complex
+
+system, we cannot solve the
+differential equations that we
+
+are arriving at directly,
+and we have to resort
+
+to numerical methods.
+
+Now, some concepts that have
+been used for a long time are
+
+the weighted residual methods.
+
+These have been used by
+Galerkin least squares
+
+approaches to solve the
+differential equations that
+
+govern the equilibrium motion
+of the system approximately.
+
+In the variational formulation,
+the Ritz method
+
+has been used for quite
+a long time.
+
+These are classical techniques,
+therefore,
+
+weighted residual method
+and the Ritz method.
+
+And what I want to show to you
+in this lecture is how the
+
+finite element method is really
+an extension off these
+
+methods, or how this method, the
+finite element method, is
+
+related to these classical
+techniques.
+
+Well, when we talk about the
+differential formulation, we
+
+are looking at the differential
+equilibrium, or
+
+the equilibrium of
+a differential
+
+element of the system.
+
+Now, I want to show to you the
+basic ideas of a differential
+
+formulation by looking at,
+or analyzing, this rod.
+
+Here we have a rod that is fixed
+at the left-hand side,
+
+on rollers.
+
+x is a variable along the rod.
+
+u is the displacement of that
+rod into this direction.
+
+The rod is subjected, as shown
+here, to a load , R0
+
+at its right end.
+
+Notice that in this analysis, we
+assume that plane sections
+
+remain plane.
+
+In other words, a section that
+was originally there at time t
+
+greater than 0 has
+moved to here.
+
+And this movement here is
+the u displacement.
+
+But notice that the vertical
+section here remains vertical
+
+during the motion.
+
+So at every section, we have
+only 1 degree of freedom.
+
+There's no rotation
+of that section.
+
+However, this one degree
+of freedom, u, varies
+
+continuously along the rod.
+
+Therefore, the rod itself has
+really an infinite number of
+
+degrees of freedom.
+
+For this very simple
+system, we could
+
+obtain an exact solution.
+
+However, I want to show you how
+we proceed in analyzing
+
+this rod via differential
+formulation, a variational
+
+formulation, and so on,
+simply as an example.
+
+Therefore, the basic ideas,
+really, that I will be putting
+
+forth to you, that I will be
+discussing with you, are
+
+really the important things that
+I want to expose to you.
+
+It's not the analysis of this
+very specific problem.
+
+It's really the basic idea that
+I want to clarify to you
+
+by looking at this
+one problem.
+
+Well, for this problem here,
+the governing differential
+
+equation of motion
+is shown here.
+
+Notice u once again is the
+displacement of a section.
+
+That is, this displacement here
+at that coordinate x.
+
+c is given here as square root E
+over rho, where E is Young's
+
+modulus of the material,
+rho is the mass
+
+density of the material.
+
+t, of course, is the
+time variable.
+
+Notice the cross-sectional
+area a here, I have also
+
+written down here.
+
+This cross-sectional area
+cancels out on both sides, as
+
+you will see just now.
+
+Now this question here is
+obtained in the differential
+
+formulation by looking at the
+equilibrium of an element.
+
+And we might consider this to be
+the element that I will now
+
+focus our attention on.
+
+Here we have that element
+drawn again.
+
+This element here of length dx
+is subjected at its left side,
+
+because x comes from here as a
+variable and brings us up to
+
+this station.
+
+At the left side here, the
+element is subjected to sigma,
+
+the stress sigma.
+
+At the right side, we have
+the stress sigma plus
+
+partial d sigma dx.
+
+This here really means nothing
+else than a d sigma, an
+
+increment in the sigma.
+
+Well, the equilibrium
+requirement for this element
+
+here is now that the force on
+this side here, that is, sigma
+
+times a on this side, which is
+actually this one here, I
+
+should have pointed
+to this one--
+
+and this force here, which is
+the force on the right side.
+
+If we subtract these two forces,
+that must be equal to
+
+the force applied.
+
+Or rather, the d'Alembert
+force.
+
+Notice that if we look at this
+element, there's a force on
+
+the right, there's a
+force on the left.
+
+And this being the force on the
+right, let's call that,
+
+say, R1, and let's
+call that R2.
+
+So I put here R1,
+I put here R2.
+
+And R1 minus R2 must be equal to
+the d'Alembert force, which
+
+is due to the inertia
+of the material.
+
+This is the basic Newton's
+law applied to this
+
+differential element.
+
+Now, if we referred back to
+how we proceeded in the
+
+analysis of a discrete system,
+we really proceeded in exactly
+
+the same way.
+
+But our element then was a
+discrete element, a discrete
+
+spring element.
+
+We now use the same concept, but
+apply those concepts to a
+
+differential element.
+
+So this is the equilibrium
+equation of the element.
+
+The constitutive relation
+is given here--
+
+that the stress is equal
+to e, the Young's
+
+Modulus, times the strain.
+
+This is the strain.
+
+And notice once again, since we
+are considering sections to
+
+be remaining plane, and simply
+move horizontally, the only
+
+strain that we're talking
+about is this one.
+
+If we combine these two
+equations here, we directly
+
+obtain that equation here.
+
+Notice as I mentioned earlier,
+a cancels out.
+
+If a is constant, that's why
+a does not enter into this
+
+equation, and this substitution
+for sigma into
+
+here gives us the second
+derivative here.
+
+Of course, this part here
+cancels out that part there,
+
+and that second derivative
+is this one here.
+
+The E brought over to this
+side gives us a 1 over c
+
+squared, where c, once again,
+is defined as shown here.
+
+The important point, really, is
+that we are looking here in
+
+the differential formulation at
+a differential element of
+
+length dx at a particular
+station x.
+
+That we're looking at this
+element and we establish the
+
+equilibrium requirement
+of that element.
+
+R1 minus R2 shall be equal to
+the mass of the element times
+
+the acceleration.
+
+We also introduced a
+constitutive relation.
+
+So far, clearly, we have used
+two conditions for the
+
+solution of the problem.
+
+The first one is the equilibrium
+condition.
+
+The second is the constitutive
+condition, or constitutive
+
+requirement.
+
+We have to ask ourselves,
+where do we satisfy the
+
+compatibility condition?
+
+Because there are always these
+three conditions that we have
+
+to satisfy.
+
+Well, the compatibility
+condition is satisfied by
+
+solving this differential
+equation for this rod, and
+
+obtaining a u that
+is continuous.
+
+In other words, a u that tells
+that all the sections have
+
+remained together.
+
+We did not cut that bar apart.
+
+In the discrete system analysis
+of the spring system
+
+of lecture 1, if you were to
+think back to it, we had to
+
+satisfy the compatibility
+condition explicitly, in
+
+establishing the equilibrium
+equations, because we had to
+
+make sure that all the springs
+remain attached to the carts.
+
+Here we satisfy the
+compatibility condition by
+
+solving this equation
+for a continuous u.
+
+Well, the boundary conditions,
+of course,
+
+also have to be stated.
+
+And here we have a boundary
+condition on the
+
+left end of the rod.
+
+Remember, please, that the rod
+is fixed at its left end, so
+
+we have this condition here,
+and clearly u must be 0 for
+
+all times t at x equals 0.
+
+At the right end, we
+apply a load R0.
+
+And there we have, this being
+here the area times the stress
+
+at x equals L, E
+times a du dx.
+
+Notice that E du dx is, of
+course, the stress, and so we
+
+have here this total force
+at the right end
+
+being equal to R0.
+
+We also have initial conditions
+for the solution of
+
+this equation that I showed to
+you, this equation here.
+
+We have to have two spatial
+conditions, two boundary
+
+conditions, one at the left
+and one at the right end.
+
+The ones that I just
+showed to you.
+
+We also have to have to have two
+initial conditions, one on
+
+the displacement and one
+on the velocity.
+
+Well, their initial conditions,
+in this particular
+
+example, might be
+as shown here.
+
+At time 0, all of the
+displacement are 0.
+
+And at time 0, all
+the velocities
+
+along the rod are 0.
+
+So the basic differential
+equation given here, once
+
+again, plus these boundary
+conditions, plus these initial
+
+conditions, define the
+complete problem.
+
+I also like to point out here
+that this boundary condition
+
+here, which does not involve any
+derivative, is called an
+
+essential, or displacement
+boundary condition.
+
+An essential boundary condition
+because it does not
+
+involve any derivative when,
+and this is important, the
+
+highest derivative in this
+differential equation is 2.
+
+The right-hand side boundary
+condition is called a natural
+
+force boundary condition.
+
+It's really involving forces.
+
+And it involves, as a highest
+derivative, a derivative of
+
+order 1 when the differential
+equation here involves as the
+
+highest derivative a derivative
+of order 2.
+
+So in general--
+
+and this is a very
+important point--
+
+we can say the following.
+
+If the highest order of the
+spatial derivative in the
+
+problem governing differential
+equation is 2m, in our case, m
+
+is equal to 1 for our problem.
+
+The highest order of the spacial
+derivative in the
+
+essential boundary condition
+is m minus 1.
+
+In other words, in this
+case, of order 0.
+
+The highest order the spatial
+derivative in the natural
+
+boundary conditions that I just
+discussed is 2m minus 1,
+
+which is 1 in our
+particular case.
+
+Then if we talk about this
+problem, we talk about a C m
+
+minus 1 variational problem.
+
+It will become apparent
+to you later on why we
+
+call it this way.
+
+C m minus 1 means continuity
+of order m minus 1.
+
+In fact, in the Ritz analysis
+that we will be performing
+
+later on, that I will discuss
+with you later on, we find
+
+that we need, in the solution of
+that kind of problem, only
+
+continuity in the Ritz functions
+of order m minus 1.
+
+Well, let us now look at the
+variational formulation.
+
+I mentioned earlier that we have
+two different approaches.
+
+The first approach is a
+differential formulation, the
+
+second approach is the
+variational formulation.
+
+The variational formulation
+operates in much the same way
+
+as I introduced it
+to you for the
+
+analysis of discrete systems.
+
+We talk about pi a functional,
+being equal to the strain
+
+energy minus the potential
+of the loads.
+
+Now for the rod, the strain
+energy is given here.
+
+Notice this is 1/2 times the
+stress times the strain, and
+
+integrated over the total volume
+of the element, or of
+
+the rod, I should rather say.
+
+The total potential of the
+loads is given here.
+
+I could have written it this
+way, with a minus out there
+
+and a plus in there--
+
+same thing.
+
+This, then, is really nothing
+other than the loads
+
+multiplied by the total
+displacement.
+
+And of course, there's an
+integration involved here,
+
+because the body forces, the
+body loads that I introduced
+
+here, fB, are varying along
+the length of the rod.
+
+I introduce these fB body forces
+because I want to use,
+
+later on, the d'Alembert
+principle, put these, in other
+
+words, equal to minus the
+acceleration forces, and can
+
+directly apply what I discussed
+now, also to the
+
+dynamic analysis of this rod,
+which we considered in the
+
+differential formulations.
+
+Together with stating pi as
+shown here, we also have to
+
+state the left-hand boundary
+condition, which is an
+
+essential boundary condition.
+
+We have to list all the
+essential boundary conditions
+
+here, or the displacement
+boundary conditions.
+
+Essential and displacement
+mean the same
+
+thing, in that sense.
+
+Well, then we invoke the
+stationality of pi.
+
+We are saying that del pi shall
+be equal to 0 for any
+
+arbitrary variations of u that
+satisfy, however, the
+
+essential boundary conditions.
+
+This boundary condition here.
+
+So this has to hold, this
+statement shall hold, for any
+
+arbitrary variations in u.
+
+However, del u 0 shall be 0,
+that satisfy, in other words,
+
+the essential boundary
+condition.
+
+Well, if we apply this variation
+on pi, we obtain
+
+directly this result here.
+
+Notice that this part here is
+obtained by applying the
+
+variation on this part here.
+
+The variation operator operates,
+del operates, much
+
+in the same way as a
+differential operator.
+
+So this tool cancels this at
+1/2, and we are left with EA
+
+del u del x times the variation
+on del u del x.
+
+And that is given right there.
+
+The variation on this part here
+gives us simply a del u
+
+times fB, and a del uL times R.
+Of course, uL is equal to
+
+is the displacement at x equal
+to L. And this is, therefore,
+
+the final result.
+
+Now if we look at this, we
+recognize, really, that this
+
+is the principle of virtual
+displacement.
+
+It's a principle of virtual
+displacement
+
+governing the problem.
+
+In general, we can write this
+principle as follows.
+
+Notice that here, we have
+variations in strains, which
+
+is that part there.
+
+The real stresses are given
+there, which are those.
+
+And here we have variations in
+displacement, those operating
+
+on the body forces.
+
+There, there.
+
+Notice, I sum here over all
+body forces in general.
+
+We have three components
+in fB--
+
+the x, y, and z component.
+
+So I list these components in
+a vector that I call fB.
+
+Similarly, of course, we have
+three displacement components
+
+that appear here in this vector
+U. Tau in general has 6
+
+components.
+
+Del epsilon also has
+6 components.
+
+Putting their transpose on the
+del epsilon vector means that
+
+we're summing the
+product of the
+
+strains times these stresses.
+
+Similarly, we are summing
+here the product of the
+
+displacement components times
+the force components.
+
+We also have here
+a contribution
+
+due to surface forces.
+
+fS are the surface forces.
+
+3 components, again, these are
+the variations in the surface
+
+displacement.
+
+So this part here, del uLR,
+really corresponds to this
+
+part here, involving
+surface forces.
+
+So the surface forces read
+again, and the variations in
+
+the surface displacements,
+are those here.
+
+Now notice that this principle
+here, or this equation, I
+
+should rather say, once again
+has to be satisfied for any
+
+arbitrary variations in
+displacements that satisfy the
+
+essential boundary conditions.
+
+For the problem of the rod,
+these del u's have to satisfy
+
+the condition that the variation
+at the left-hand
+
+boundary on u is 0, because
+that is the
+
+essential boundary condition.
+
+Also, of course, notice that
+this variation in the u's
+
+corresponds to these variations
+in the strains.
+
+In other words, these strains
+here are obtained from the
+
+variations in the
+displacement.
+
+That's important.
+
+They are linked together.
+
+So if we impose certain
+variations in the
+
+displacement, we have to impose
+here the corresponding
+
+variations in strains.
+
+Of course, these variations in
+the displacements give us also
+
+variations in surface
+displacement.
+
+So these here are again
+linked up with that.
+
+Later on in our formulation of
+the finite element method, we
+
+will write the variations in
+the strains here as virtual
+
+strains, arbitrary
+virtual strains.
+
+And we are talking about the
+strain vector with a
+
+bar on top of it.
+
+Similarly, a bar here, a
+bar here, instead of
+
+the variation sign.
+
+However, the meaning is
+quite identical--
+
+what we are saying here, and
+this is the principle of
+
+virtual displacement that we
+will be talking about later
+
+on, when we formulate the finite
+element equations, what
+
+we are saying here really is
+that this equation has to be
+
+satisfied for any arbitrary
+virtual displacements and
+
+corresponding virtual strains.
+
+However, the virtual
+displacements have to satisfy
+
+the displacement boundary
+conditions, the essential
+
+boundary conditions.
+
+Well, from this, or rather that,
+which of course these
+
+equations are completely
+equivalent, we
+
+can go one step further.
+
+And if we go one step further,
+by applying integration by
+
+parts and recognizing that this
+part here is completely
+
+equal to that, by that I mean
+taking the variation on the
+
+derivative of x is the same as
+taking the sorry... by taking
+
+variation on the derivative of
+u with respect to x, that is
+
+completely identical to first
+taking the variation on u, and
+
+then taking the differentiation
+of that
+
+variation on u with
+respect to x.
+
+Well, if we recognize that
+these two things are
+
+identical, then using
+integration by parts on this
+
+equation here, which means,
+really, on that equation here,
+
+for the special case of
+the rod that we're now
+
+considering, we directly obtain
+this equation here.
+
+The integration by parts is
+performed by integrating this
+
+relation here first, and notice
+that if we do integrate
+
+this, we want to lower the
+differentiation of the virtual
+
+part here and increase the order
+of differentiation on
+
+this part here.
+
+And that then directly gives
+us these two terms
+
+and that term here.
+
+If we then also list this part
+here together with what we
+
+obtain from that part, we
+directly obtain this equation
+
+here, and we proceed similarly
+for the coefficients of del
+
+uL, and we obtain
+this part here.
+
+So this equation here is
+obtained by simply using
+
+integration by parts on, I
+repeat, this equation here.
+
+We have not used
+any assumption.
+
+All we did is a mathematical
+manipulation of this equation
+
+in a different form.
+
+And this is the new form
+that we obtained.
+
+Del u0, of course, is the
+variation of u at x equals 0.
+
+Now when we look at this
+relation, we can extract now
+
+the differential equation of
+equilibrium and the natural or
+
+force boundary conditions.
+
+How do we extract them?
+
+Well, the first point is that
+I mentioned already earlier,
+
+this part here is 0, because
+del u0 is imposed to be 0.
+
+So that part is 0.
+
+We can strike it out directly.
+
+Now when we look at this part
+here and that part here and
+
+recognize that del u is now
+arbitrary, we can directly
+
+extract the relation that this
+must be 0 and that must be 0.
+
+How this is done?
+
+Well, first of all, we
+recognize that this
+
+integration here really goes
+from 0 plus to L minus, if you
+
+want to be really exact.
+
+Because at the boundary, we have
+the boundary conditions.
+
+Of course, this 0 plus means it
+is infinitesimally close to
+
+0, and L minus, we are
+integrating up to a distance
+
+infinitesimally small to
+actually L. So putting the 0
+
+plus and L minus here is just
+for conceptual understanding
+
+really necessary.
+
+Well, if we then impose the
+following variations, say that
+
+del uL is 0, is exactly 0,
+then this part is out.
+
+And then we only have to
+look at this part.
+
+Now we can apply any arbitrary
+variation on u from 0 to L
+
+minus, and this, then, this
+total integration, must be
+
+equal to 0.
+
+It must satisfy the
+0 condition.
+
+And that can only be true when
+this part here, what is in the
+
+brackets, is 0.
+
+Because if this is not 0, I can
+always select a certain
+
+delta u which, when multiplied
+by that and integrated as
+
+shown here--
+
+remember, this part
+is not there--
+
+will not give us 0.
+
+So therefore, this
+part must be 0.
+
+And that is our first condition,
+which is the
+
+equilibrium condition of
+a differential element.
+
+It's the equilibrium condition
+of a differential element.
+
+Now, if we say, let us look at
+the right-hand side boundary,
+
+and put del u0 everywhere along
+the length of the rod,
+
+except at x equals exactly L.
+Then this part would be 0, and
+
+this part here is non-zero,
+provided--
+
+or rather, this part
+would be present.
+
+And the only way that this part
+can be 0, as it must be,
+
+is that this part here, the
+coefficient on del uL, is
+
+actually 0.
+
+So this way, we have extracted
+two points, two conditions.
+
+This part must be 0 and
+that part must be 0.
+
+We extract these conditions
+by looking at specific
+
+variations on u.
+
+First we look at the variation
+on u where del uL is 0, and
+
+otherwise arbitrary from
+x equals 0 to L minus.
+
+And then we can directly
+conclude this must be 0, and
+
+second time around, we say,
+let del u equal 0 from x
+
+equals 0 to L minus, which makes
+all of this integral 0,
+
+and we can focus all our
+attention on this part here,
+
+and we directly can conclude
+that this part now
+
+must also be 0.
+
+So this way, then, we extracted
+the differential
+
+equation of equilibrium and
+the natural boundary
+
+conditions.
+
+Very important.
+
+Differential equation of
+equilibrium and the natural
+
+boundary condition.
+
+And now we really recognize.
+
+of course, that if we put fB
+equal to the d'Alembert force,
+
+or minus the d'Alembert force,
+equal to this right-hand side,
+
+substitute from here back into
+there, cancel out A, we
+
+directly obtain this
+differential equation.
+
+Notice that c is E divided
+by rho square root
+
+E divided by rho.
+
+Now, the important point really
+is that by having
+
+started off with this pi
+functional and that condition,
+
+this condition also, and that
+the variations on u at x
+
+equals 0 shall be identically
+0, we directly can extract
+
+from this pi functional the
+differential equation of
+
+equilibrium and the natural
+boundary conditions.
+
+The natural boundary conditions,
+in fact, are
+
+contained right in there.
+
+That's where the natural
+boundary conditions appear.
+
+The essential boundary
+conditions are there, and have
+
+to be satisfied by
+the variations.
+
+So in general, then, we find
+the following points.
+
+The important points are that
+by invoking del pi equals 0
+
+and using the essential boundary
+conditions only, we
+
+generate the principle of
+virtual displacement, an
+
+extremely important fact.
+
+And this will be the starting
+equation that we will be using
+
+to generate our finite element
+equations later on.
+
+We also can extract the
+problem governing
+
+differential equation.
+
+Therefore, the problem governing
+differential
+
+equation is contained in the
+principle of virtual
+
+displacement, and this one is
+contained in del pi equals 0,
+
+in the del pi equals
+0 condition.
+
+Of course also satisfying the
+essential boundary condition.
+
+We also can extract the natural
+boundary conditions.
+
+So these are also contained,
+in essence, in pi, and as I
+
+showed to you, they're contained
+really in w.
+
+That's where they appear.
+
+Now in the derivation of the
+problem governing differential
+
+equation, we used integration
+by parts.
+
+And the highest spatial
+derivative in
+
+pi is of order m.
+
+We used integration by parts m
+times, and what we're finding
+
+is that the highest spatial
+derivative in the problem
+
+governing differential
+equation is then 2m.
+
+And this then puts together the
+complete structure of the
+
+equations that we're
+talking about.
+
+Here I have another view graph
+that summarizes the
+
+process once more.
+
+We are starting with the total
+potential pi of the system
+
+being equal to the strain
+energy minus the total
+
+potential of the loads.
+
+We're using this condition and
+the essential boundary
+
+condition--
+
+very important--
+
+to generate the principle
+of virtual displacement.
+
+At this stage, we can solve the
+problem, and we will do so
+
+by using finite element
+methods.
+
+We can, however, also go on from
+the principle of virtual
+
+displacement using integration
+by parts, and then we would
+
+derive the differential equation
+of equilibrium and
+
+the natural boundary
+conditions.
+
+We can solve the problem.
+
+Well, we can solve the problem
+at this level really only when
+
+we can solve the differential
+equation of equilibrium,
+
+subject to the natural
+boundary conditions.
+
+And that we can really only do
+for very simple systems.
+
+Therefore, this process here,
+from here onward, can really
+
+be followed only for relatively
+simple systems.
+
+For complex systems, shell
+structures, complicated shell
+
+beam structures, plane stress
+systems, real engineering
+
+structural analysis systems,
+this is not possible, and we
+
+stop right there, and we solve
+our problem this way, using
+
+finite element methods.
+
+Now, the one important point,
+however, I want to make once
+
+more clear--
+
+when we proceed this way, we are
+deriving the differential
+
+equation of equilibrium for
+each differential element.
+
+And this means that when we go
+this route for the simple
+
+systems that we can go this
+route, we satisfy the
+
+equilibrium condition on each
+differential element.
+
+However, when we go this route,
+we will find that we
+
+only satisfy the equilibrium
+conditions in a global sense,
+
+in an integrated sense, using
+finite element methods, and
+
+that to actually satisfy the
+equilibrium conditions in a
+
+local sense, meaning for each
+differential element, we have
+
+to use many elements, and only
+then, of course, our finite
+
+element solution will converge
+to the solution that we would
+
+have obtained solving the
+differential equation of
+
+equilibrium.
+
+Therefore, when we start from
+the principle of virtual
+
+displacement, if we, as I will
+show you, use many elements,
+
+we really obtain the same
+solution as here.
+
+However, if we do not use
+many elements, if we
+
+use a coarse mesh--
+
+we will talk about a coarse
+mesh later on--
+
+then we will see that we only
+satisfy the equilibrium
+
+conditions in a global sense for
+the complete structure, in
+
+an integrated sense for the
+complete structure.
+
+For each finite element, we will
+satisfy the equilibrium
+
+conditions, but we will not
+satisfy the equilibrium
+
+conditions accurately for each
+differential element--
+
+dx, dy, dz being arbitrarily
+small--
+
+in the continuous body.
+
+That will become clearer, then,
+when we actually go
+
+through an example.
+
+Now I mentioned earlier that
+a whole class of classical
+
+methods are the weighted
+residual methods.
+
+In the weighted residual
+methods, we proceed in the
+
+following way.
+
+We consider the steady state
+problem, which is given here,
+
+with these boundary
+conditions.
+
+Now this operator L2m
+phi equals R--
+
+this L2m is the operator that
+governs the problem.
+
+Like in our particular rod
+problem, L2m would be equal to
+
+delta u delta x squared.
+
+So the highest derivative in
+this spacial operator being
+
+2m, in this case, 2,
+for our example.
+
+The boundary conditions can
+be written this way.
+
+And the basic step, then, in the
+weighted residual and the
+
+Ritz analysis is to assume a
+solution all of this form,
+
+where phi bar gives us the
+assumed solution ai are
+
+parameters that are unknown,
+and fi are bases functions.
+
+These are functions that
+have to be assumed.
+
+Well, there is, of course,
+considerable concern on what
+
+kind of functions to choose.
+
+In the weighted residual method,
+these functions here,
+
+if you directly operate on this
+equation here, should
+
+satisfy all boundary
+conditions.
+
+Notice that in the weighted
+residual method, here I'm
+
+really talking about going on
+this view graph through the
+
+differential equations of
+equilibrium and natural
+
+boundary conditions, deriving
+them, if you want, via this
+
+route, and then trying to
+solve the problem here
+
+numerically.
+
+We will actually, as I said
+earlier, in the finite element
+
+process, go this route, but we
+can also go that route with
+
+the weighted residual methods.
+
+In fact, there is a close
+relationship between using
+
+weighted residual methods at
+this level and the Ritz method
+
+at that level, the way I will
+be describing it later on.
+
+But in the weighted residual
+method, this is the
+
+assumption.
+
+And then if we look at this
+equation here, we can
+
+construct an error
+R, substituting
+
+from here into there.
+
+And that capital R error is
+given by this equation.
+
+Notice that this is, of course,
+our trial function
+
+that we have.
+
+And if the right-hand side is 0,
+everywhere over the domain,
+
+then of course our error would
+be 0, and we would have solved
+
+our equation that we're
+looking at here.
+
+That is the equation
+we want to solve.
+
+Since if all of these functions
+fi satisfy all of
+
+the boundary conditions, then
+we are satisfying these
+
+equations, and all we have to
+worry about further is to
+
+satisfy this equation.
+
+If R is 0, we would also satisfy
+the differential
+
+equation of equilibrium,
+and we would have,
+
+in fact, the solution.
+
+However, that, of course, would
+be a very lucky choice
+
+on the fi functions.
+
+In general, R will not
+be identically 0
+
+all over the domain.
+
+In fact, how much R, or how
+close R will be to 0 will of
+
+course depend on the ai.
+
+And this is then basically
+our objective, namely, to
+
+calculate ai values that are
+making this R, this left-hand
+
+side capital R, as close
+as possible to 0.
+
+And that can be achieved
+via the
+
+Galerkin method, for example.
+
+This is the basic process.
+
+Here we're substituting the R.
+These are the trial functions,
+
+and we're integrating the
+product of these over the
+
+total domain.
+
+The domain here, in the case
+of our rod, would simply be
+
+the volume of the rod.
+
+This is the mechanism that
+generates to us n equations in
+
+the trial parameters ai.
+
+In another approach, the least
+squares method, we would
+
+operate on the square of the
+error, and minimize the square
+
+of the error when integrated
+over the total domain with
+
+respect to the trial
+parameters ai.
+
+That again gives us n equations,
+and we set up these
+
+n equations just as we're
+doing here, to
+
+solve for the ai.
+
+Knowing, then, the ai, we can
+back substitute into this
+
+assumption here, and now
+we have our approximate
+
+solution, phi bar.
+
+If the trial functions have been
+selected to satisfy the
+
+boundary conditions, then of
+course phi bar will satisfy
+
+the boundary conditions.
+
+However, what phi bar will not
+satisfy exactly is this
+
+equation here.
+
+However, we have minimized the
+error in the satisfaction of
+
+this equation in some sense
+using the Galerkin method or
+
+the least squares method.
+
+These methods can also be
+extended when the fi trial
+
+functions do not satisfy all
+of the boundary conditions,
+
+namely, not the natural
+boundary conditions.
+
+They can be extended to their
+places, but classically, they
+
+have been used with trial
+functions that satisfy all
+
+boundary conditions.
+
+When we were to extend the
+Galerkin method for the case
+
+where the trial functions do
+not satisfy the natural
+
+boundary conditions, then we
+really talk basically about
+
+already a Ritz analysis, and
+that is the next procedure
+
+that I want to introduce
+to you.
+
+Now of course, if we wanted to
+really start deriving the Ritz
+
+method from the Galerkin
+approach--
+
+in other words, if we wanted to
+derive this Ritz analysis
+
+method from the Galerkin
+approach, we would have to
+
+extend, first of all, this
+Galerkin approach to include
+
+the natural boundary conditions,
+and then we would
+
+have to perform integrations on
+this equation, and we would
+
+obtain the Ritz analysis
+method.
+
+The actual way of starting, of
+introducing the Ritz analysis
+
+method, is to introduce
+it as a separate tool.
+
+And it is introduced in
+the following way.
+
+Let pi be the functional of the
+C m minus 1 variational
+
+problem that is equivalent to
+the differential formulation
+
+that we talked about earlier.
+
+Now, the differential
+formulation that I talked
+
+about here is this one.
+
+That's a differential
+formulation.
+
+And as an example once again,
+the operator L2m is del 2 u
+
+del x squared.
+
+There's a constant here.
+
+We could also put an EA
+in front here, but
+
+that only is a constant.
+
+It doesn't change the character
+of the operator.
+
+But this is basically the
+operator for the problem that
+
+we considered, and of course,
+our boundary conditions are
+
+also there.
+
+So if we have a pi functional
+that is equivalent to the
+
+differential formulation given
+in those two equations that I
+
+just pointed out to you again,
+then in the Ritz method, we
+
+substitute the trial functions,
+phi bar--
+
+let us look at them again,
+these are the trial
+
+functions--
+
+into pi, and we generate n
+simultaneous equations for the
+
+parameters that appear in this
+assumption here by invoking
+
+the stationality of pi.
+
+Notice that by invoking that
+del pi is 0, we really say
+
+that del pi ai is 0 for all i.
+
+And that gives us the condition
+which we used to set
+
+up the individual equations
+that we need to set up to
+
+solve for the trial
+parameters ai.
+
+Well, let us look at some
+of the properties.
+
+The trial functions used in the
+Ritz analysis need only
+
+satisfy the essential boundary
+conditions, an extremely
+
+important fact.
+
+In the classical weighted
+residual method, as I pointed
+
+out, the trial function should
+satisfy all boundary
+
+conditions.
+
+Therefore, they can be very
+difficult to choose.
+
+In the Ritz analysis method,
+we only need to satisfy the
+
+essential boundary conditions.
+
+The application of del pi
+equals 0 generates the
+
+principle of virtual
+displacement.
+
+I mentioned that to you
+earlier already.
+
+And therefore, in effect, we use
+in the Ritz analysis this
+
+principle of virtual
+displacement.
+
+By invoking del pi equals 0,
+we minimize basically the
+
+violation of the internal
+equilibrium requirements and
+
+the violation of the natural
+boundary conditions.
+
+Well, remember that invoking
+del pi equal to 0 and then
+
+using integration by parts, we
+actually generate, we could
+
+generate the differential
+equations of equilibrium and
+
+the natural boundary conditions
+the way I've shown
+
+it to you, for the simple
+bar structure.
+
+Now, what I'm saying here is
+that we do not want to
+
+generate these differential
+equations of equilibrium and
+
+natural boundary conditions.
+
+However, please recognize that
+they are contained in the
+
+equation del pi equals 0.
+
+Therefore, by substituting our
+trial functions, we violate
+
+the internal equilibrium
+requirements and the natural
+
+boundary conditions, but
+we will see that we are
+
+minimizing that violation in
+these conditions here.
+
+Also, we will see that we
+generate a symmetric
+
+coefficient matrix, and K and
+the governing equations then,
+
+our KU equals R, that
+we want to solve.
+
+And that is really the basis of
+the finite element method
+
+for the analysis of continuous
+systems.
+
+Let me now go in detail
+through an example.
+
+Here we have is simple bar
+structure which has an area 1
+
+square centimeter from A to B,
+and from B to C, B being this
+
+point here where the
+area changes and C
+
+being that point there.
+
+From B to C, we have
+a varying area.
+
+This variation in the
+area is shown here.
+
+It's 1 plus y/40 squared is the
+area at any station y, y
+
+being measured from point
+B, as you can see here.
+
+The length here is
+100 centimeters.
+
+This length is 80 centimeters.
+
+The structure is subjected to
+a load of 100 newtons here.
+
+Notice that this arrow really
+lies on top of that dashed
+
+line we just separated out for
+you to understand that there
+
+is this arrow.
+
+So this is the load
+applied at the
+
+mid-line of this structure.
+
+We assume once again for the
+structure also that there is
+
+only the following displacement
+mechanism.
+
+If a section was originally
+there, and it is a vertical
+
+section to the midline, then
+it has moved over, and I
+
+grossly exaggerate now, to this
+position, where this is
+
+the displacement that we're
+talking about u.
+
+Grossly exaggerated,
+of course.
+
+So we're having a bar structure
+subjected to a
+
+concentrated load fixed
+at the left end.
+
+And our objective now is to
+solve this structure, to solve
+
+for the unknown displacement u,
+being 0 here, of course as
+
+a function of x, when
+this structure is
+
+subjected to that load.
+
+Well, in the calculation of
+this example, I want to
+
+display to you as many
+of the concepts
+
+that we just discussed.
+
+Here we have pi being equal
+to this value here.
+
+The strain energy
+is given here.
+
+Notice this is 1/2 times the
+stress times the strain
+
+integrated over the volume
+of the structure.
+
+The integration goes from 0 to
+180, because that is the
+
+length of that structure.
+
+The total potential of the
+external load is 100, which is
+
+the intensity of the load times
+the displacement at x
+
+equal to 180... at
+x equal to 180.
+
+Well, the essential boundary
+condition is that u is
+
+0 at x equals 0.
+
+I'd like to now consider
+two different cases
+
+for the Ritz analysis.
+
+In the case one I want to use a
+function that spans u, which
+
+spans continuously--
+
+and let me draw it out here--
+
+from u, from x equals
+0, to x equals 180.
+
+That is the endpoint.
+
+So here we have this function,
+this part here and that part
+
+there, these are the two trial
+parameters that we
+
+want to solve for.
+
+And we will select them, we will
+calculate them, rather,
+
+using the Ritz analysis.
+
+Case two, I also use trial
+functions, but notice now that
+
+I'm performing the following.
+
+We have a domain AB--
+
+let me go back once more--
+
+a domain AB, and a domain BC.
+
+And I want to now use one
+function for AB and one
+
+function for BC.
+
+The AB function is simply this
+one here, a linear variation
+
+up to this point.
+
+Now notice that UB is our
+trial parameter--
+
+that's the one we don't know,
+our trial function parameter.
+
+x/100 is simply is the function
+
+that I'm talking about.
+
+And notice that this function
+only is applicable for this
+
+domain where, let me put down
+here the length that is x
+
+equal to 100, and this is
+here x equal to 180.
+
+Now for this part here, I
+use this function here.
+
+Now notice what this
+function does.
+
+Well, if we look at this part
+here in front, it involves uB,
+
+which is also there,
+and it involves uC.
+
+uB, by the way, is the physical
+displacement right
+
+here into this direction.
+
+Of course, I'm plotting u
+upwards here to be able to
+
+show it to you.
+
+But the displacement, uB, is the
+displacement of this point
+
+B to the right.
+
+uC is the displacement of this
+point C to the right.
+
+Then we recognize that this part
+here corresponds really
+
+to a variation such as that.
+
+Notice when x is equal to 100,
+which is that point, this
+
+function here is 1.
+
+When x is equal to 180, which is
+that point there, this part
+
+is equal to 0, because 180 minus
+100 is 80, divided by 80
+
+is 1, and 1 minus 1 is 0.
+
+So this dashed line
+corresponds to
+
+this function here.
+
+Let me put a dashed line
+underneath there.
+
+Well, if we now look at this
+part here, we notice that this
+
+part is 0, or this trial
+function here is 0 at this
+
+point B. And it varies linearly
+like that across,
+
+where this part here, of
+course, denotes uC.
+
+That is this one here, solid
+black line, and here also,
+
+solid black line.
+
+Now the superposition of both
+these functions, the dashed
+
+blue and the solid black line,
+give us this function here.
+
+So the actual function that I'm
+talking about is a linear
+
+variation along here, and a
+linear variation along here,
+
+where I plot it vertically
+up here--
+
+uB and uC here.
+
+Now, this is a specific case
+that I want to draw your
+
+attention on, because this
+really corresponds, as we
+
+shall see, to a true finite
+element analysis.
+
+And the reason for it is that
+we're talking about one domain
+
+here and another domain there.
+
+And both of these domains are
+identified as finite elements.
+
+Well, the first step now is
+to use pi, invoke the
+
+stationality condition as we did
+earlier, and this gives us
+
+the principle of virtual
+displacement.
+
+I mentioned it earlier
+already.
+
+Our virtual strains are here.
+
+The stresses are here.
+
+The virtual work is
+on this side.
+
+I discussed it earlier
+already.
+
+We do not want to go
+now via this route.
+
+We first of all want to now
+obtain the exact solution.
+
+The exact solution is obtained
+by using integration by parts
+
+on delta pi, being, of course,
+equal to 0, and extracting the
+
+differential equation of
+equilibrium for each
+
+differential element
+in this structure.
+
+This means that if we are
+talking here about the
+
+differential element
+equilibrium of each
+
+differential element dx long
+anywhere along the structure,
+
+in other words, the equilibrium
+of typically an
+
+element like that.
+
+That is a differential equation
+of equilibrium.
+
+And we also, of course, have
+the natural boundary
+
+conditions.
+
+We can also derive the natural
+boundary conditions.
+
+The solution to this is obtained
+by integration, and
+
+this is the solution given.
+
+Well, the stresses, then, of
+course are obtained by
+
+differentiation of the u's to
+get strains, and multiplying
+
+those by E, and these are
+the stresses in the bar.
+
+These are the exact stresses
+in the bar that satisfy the
+
+differential equations of
+equilibrium and the natural
+
+boundary conditions.
+
+This is the exact solution of
+this bar problem, the way I
+
+have formulated it.
+
+Now will perform our
+Ritz analysis.
+
+In case one, we use
+pi equal to this.
+
+Notice that I have substituted
+now our trial functions
+
+corresponding to case one
+into the functional pi.
+
+That gives us this term, that
+term here, and that term here.
+
+Notice that I have broken up the
+integration from 0 to 100,
+
+and 100 to 180, because the area
+changes from over this
+
+length here, and only for that
+reason, really, I have broken
+
+up the integrations.
+
+Now this is pi.
+
+And if we now invoke, we can
+integrate this out, and then
+
+invoke that del pi
+shall be 0, we
+
+obtain this set of equations.
+
+We solve for a1 and a2,
+substitute back into our
+
+assumption that we had earlier,
+and we got this u.
+
+Notice that of course this u
+displacement does satisfy the
+
+essential boundary conditions.
+
+It does satisfy the
+essential boundary
+
+conditions at x equals 0.
+
+You can just substitute x equals
+0, and you would see
+
+that u is 0.
+
+It does not satisfy, however,
+the natural boundary condition
+
+at x equal to 180.
+
+Sigma is given here, obtained
+by calculating the strains
+
+from here and multiplying
+by E--
+
+this is our approximate solution
+to the problem.
+
+We are satisfying the
+compatibility conditions,
+
+because the bar has
+remained together.
+
+No material has been
+cut away from it.
+
+Also, we are satisfying the
+constitutive relations, but we
+
+do not satisfy the internal
+equilibrium on a differential
+
+local elements sense.
+
+We do not satisfy the
+differential equilibrium, and
+
+we do not satisfy the natural
+boundary conditions.
+
+But we satisfy them in
+an approximate sense.
+
+Case two.
+
+Here now we're talking about
+our two linear functions.
+
+And here we naturally integrate
+from 0 to 100 for
+
+the first linear function, and
+from 100 to 180 for the second
+
+linear function.
+
+Notice this is, again, the area,
+and notice that this is
+
+here the strain squared.
+
+It's strain squared here because
+our E is out there,
+
+which would give
+us the stress.
+
+And the area here, of course,
+is equal to 1, which we did
+
+not write down.
+
+The important point is that this
+is now our pi for these
+
+two functions.
+
+We again invoke del
+pi equal to 0.
+
+We obtain now this
+set of equations.
+
+We are solving from this
+set of equations uB
+
+and uC, given here.
+
+Having got uB and uC, of
+course we now have the
+
+complete displacements along the
+bar, because we only need
+
+to substitute back into our
+original approximations that
+
+we looked at earlier.
+
+Let me just get them
+once more here.
+
+We had them here.
+
+If we now substitute from
+uB and uC into these two
+
+equations, we have the complete
+
+displacement solution.
+
+Of course, this is
+an approximate
+
+displacement solution.
+
+And similarly, our stresses
+are approximate.
+
+Now on these last few graphs,
+I have plotted the solution.
+
+And notice that this is
+here the direction x.
+
+Here we have the point B, here
+we have the point C, here we
+
+have the point A. Our exact
+solution, which satisfies the
+
+constitutive relations,
+compatibility relations, and
+
+the differential equations of
+equilibrium, and all bounded
+
+conditions, is the
+solid line here.
+
+Our solution one, case one, Ritz
+analysis, is the dashed
+
+line here, and the solution
+two is this dashed dotted
+
+line, down there.
+
+Notice that we are quite close
+in our Ritz analysis to the
+
+exact solution in the
+displacement.
+
+However, the strains and
+stresses are obtained by the
+
+differentiation of these
+displacement solutions, and
+
+here I show to you the
+calculated stresses.
+
+Again, point A here, point
+B here, point C there.
+
+The important point
+is the following.
+
+In the exact solution, we have
+the stress of 100 in domain
+
+AB, and then we have
+this curve here, a
+
+very high slope there.
+
+And in our solution one, we had
+this variation in stress.
+
+Notice that it goes continuously
+over the complete
+
+domain, because our assumed
+displacement function was
+
+continuous also over this
+domain, and its first
+
+derivative was continuous over
+this complete domain.
+
+So that's why our solution one
+is continuous there, and in
+
+fact, we're seeing just the
+straight line there, because
+
+our displacement approximation
+was parabolic.
+
+Our solution two is exact
+here, 100, and very
+
+approximate here for
+the displacement.
+
+But notice that at the midpoint
+between B and C, we
+
+get very good results.
+
+Now the important point really
+is shown here on
+
+the last view graph.
+
+We note that in this last
+analysis, we use trial
+
+functions that do not satisfy
+the natural boundary
+
+condition, and I'm talking now
+about the piecewise linear
+
+functions, in other words, from
+A to B and B to C each,
+
+just a straight line.
+
+We use trial functions that
+do not satisfy the natural
+
+boundary conditions.
+
+The trial functions themselves
+are continuous, but the
+
+derivatives are discontinuous
+at point B. Notice our
+
+stresses here are discontinuous
+at point B.
+
+For a cm minus 1 variational
+problem, the way I've defined
+
+it, we only need continuity in
+the m minus first derivatives
+
+of the functions.
+
+In this problem, m is 1, and
+therefore we only need
+
+continuity in the functions
+themselves, and not in any
+
+derivatives, because we only
+need continuity in the m minus
+
+first derivative.
+
+The domains A and B and B and C
+are finite elements, and in
+
+actuality, we've performed a
+finite element analysis.
+
+This is all I wanted to
+say in this lecture.
+
+Thank you for your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oQqskrRWGco.txt b/oQqskrRWGco.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db8f034f9782587d5c69ceb0b30e1da34bf90fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oQqskrRWGco.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so far we've defined work in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've defined work in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've defined work in one
+dimension but let's consider the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but let's consider the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but let's consider the path of
+a particle in more than one dimension on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle in more than one dimension on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle in more than one dimension on
+this screen it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this screen it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this screen it looks like a
+two-dimensional path and here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional path and here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional path and here's our
+particle and what we'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and what we'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and what we'd like to do is
+define the concept of work for this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the concept of work for this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the concept of work for this type
+of path now let's say that this instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of path now let's say that this instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of path now let's say that this instant
+our particle is experiencing a force F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particle is experiencing a force F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particle is experiencing a force F
+and the particle is being displaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particle is being displaced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particle is being displaced by a
+distance D s which is always tangent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D s which is always tangent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D s which is always tangent to
+the path and what we'd like to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path and what we'd like to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path and what we'd like to do now is
+talk about the work done for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the work done for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the work done for this
+particle now what we'd like to first say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now what we'd like to first say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle now what we'd like to first say
+is what we're going to do is imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do is imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do is imagine
+that we're gonna break the path down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna break the path down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna break the path down
+into a bunch of small intervals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of small intervals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of small intervals and
+let's call this the J the point and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the J the point and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the J the point and the
+J plus 1 point then our particle will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus 1 point then our particle will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J plus 1 point then our particle will
+start at J and will displace it Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at J and will displace it Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at J and will displace it Delta s
+J to the J plus 1 position on the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J to the J plus 1 position on the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J to the J plus 1 position on the path
+and here let's denote the force by FJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here let's denote the force by FJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here let's denote the force by FJ
+and now what we'd like to do is define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we'd like to do is define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we'd like to do is define
+the work for this particular section now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work for this particular section now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work for this particular section now
+our concept of work is the force in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concept of work is the force in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concept of work is the force in the
+direction of the displacement so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the displacement so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the displacement so what
+I'd like to do is I'd like to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is I'd like to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is I'd like to define the
+quantity F J and I'll put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity F J and I'll put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity F J and I'll put a little
+parentheses upstairs a parallel lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses upstairs a parallel lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses upstairs a parallel lines
+upstairs this is the component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs this is the component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs this is the component of the
+force F J in the direction of Delta s J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F J in the direction of Delta s J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force F J in the direction of Delta s J
+now the way we denote that is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way we denote that is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way we denote that is we can
+then say that if I take the dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say that if I take the dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then say that if I take the dot product
+of F J dot Delta s J this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F J dot Delta s J this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of F J dot Delta s J this is the
+component of the force in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the force in the direction
+of the motion because remember our dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motion because remember our dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motion because remember our dot
+product if we call this angle theta J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if we call this angle theta J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product if we call this angle theta J is
+taking how much of one vector is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking how much of one vector is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking how much of one vector is in the
+direction of the other times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the other times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the other times the
+magnitude of that displacement and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that displacement and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of that displacement and again
+when we write that component in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write that component in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we write that component in
+notation if we call this angle theta J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation if we call this angle theta J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation if we call this angle theta J
+we know that that's the magnitude of F J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that that's the magnitude of F J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that that's the magnitude of F J
+times sine of cosine of theta J now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of cosine of theta J now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sine of cosine of theta J now
+because this is the amount of force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the amount of force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the amount of force in
+the direction of the motion that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the motion that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the motion that's how
+we've defined work done and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined work done and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined work done and we'll
+symbolize the work done in taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolize the work done in taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolize the work done in taking the
+particle from J - J plus 1 by the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from J - J plus 1 by the symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from J - J plus 1 by the symbol
+W J and now this is a scalar quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W J and now this is a scalar quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W J and now this is a scalar quantity
+and when we want to find the total work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we want to find the total work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we want to find the total work
+what we have to add up is from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to add up is from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to add up is from some
+initial point to some final point how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point to some final point how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point to some final point how
+much work is being done in taking our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is being done in taking our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is being done in taking our
+particle from the initial position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from the initial position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from the initial position to
+the final position and it's just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final position and it's just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final position and it's just the sum
+for all of these J's and let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these J's and let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of these J's and let's say we
+have n of them of WJ and right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n of them of WJ and right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n of them of WJ and right now we're
+going to call this W is just that scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this W is just that scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this W is just that scalar
+sum and that's equal to the sum j goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and that's equal to the sum j goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and that's equal to the sum j goes
+from 1 to N of F J dot Delta s J so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to N of F J dot Delta s J so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to N of F J dot Delta s J so now
+we'll use the vector dot product because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the vector dot product because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the vector dot product because
+we already know that this is how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know that this is how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know that this is how much of
+the force is in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is in the direction of the
+motion however this answer depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion however this answer depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion however this answer depends on
+how fine we broke up this path and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fine we broke up this path and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fine we broke up this path and what
+we've seen many times now is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen many times now is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen many times now is that the
+actual work that we want let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual work that we want let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual work that we want let's write
+this as n because it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as n because it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as n because it depends on the
+number of paths is the limit as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths is the limit as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of paths is the limit as n goes
+to infinity of this sum of scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of this sum of scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of this sum of scalar
+amounts of work now when we take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of work now when we take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of work now when we take that
+limit as n goes to infinity of this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of this sum
+J equals 1 to N of F J dot Delta s J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals 1 to N of F J dot Delta s J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals 1 to N of F J dot Delta s J
+this quantity is formally what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is formally what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is formally what we mean
+by a line integral and we denote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a line integral and we denote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a line integral and we denote that
+with a new notation we'll denote a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new notation we'll denote a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new notation we'll denote a line
+from our initial to final and it's a dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our initial to final and it's a dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our initial to final and it's a dot
+product of the force dotted into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the force dotted into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the force dotted into the
+small displace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small displace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small displace
+now whenever we see the dot product in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whenever we see the dot product in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whenever we see the dot product in
+an integral that distinguishes it from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral that distinguishes it from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral that distinguishes it from a
+normal integral because and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal integral because and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal integral because and this is what
+we call a line integral now again why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a line integral now again why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a line integral now again why
+did we switch from our Delta s s to DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we switch from our Delta s s to DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we switch from our Delta s s to DS
+is because when we take the limit as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because when we take the limit as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because when we take the limit as n
+goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity
+our grid becomes finer and finer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grid becomes finer and finer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grid becomes finer and finer and
+finer until we're shrinking down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer until we're shrinking down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finer until we're shrinking down to a
+point where we can just talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we can just talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where we can just talk about the
+differential displacement DS and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential displacement DS and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential displacement DS and the
+force acting on a point and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force acting on a point and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force acting on a point and that's what
+our line integral is now what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our line integral is now what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our line integral is now what we'll
+learn neck next is how to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn neck next is how to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn neck next is how to calculate this
+line integral for a number of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral for a number of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral for a number of important
+physical examples that occur in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical examples that occur in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical examples that occur in our
+interest in mechanics
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oRK2jN3yqOI.txt b/oRK2jN3yqOI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a7b74f3d674eaa07ff8fcda7c6107cb04b9c2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oRK2jN3yqOI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh thank you ladies and gentlemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh thank you ladies and gentlemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh thank you ladies and gentlemen
+my name is Mark Roberti I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Mark Roberti I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is Mark Roberti I'm going to be
+moderating this session I'm from RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderating this session I'm from RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderating this session I'm from RFID
+Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal
+um you you've already met all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you've already met all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you've already met all of our
+panelists so we have Simon Langford from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists so we have Simon Langford from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists so we have Simon Langford from
+uh Walmart Claus garbish from DHL dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Walmart Claus garbish from DHL dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Walmart Claus garbish from DHL dick
+cwell from julette PNG and Mike Rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cwell from julette PNG and Mike Rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cwell from julette PNG and Mike Rose
+from J&J so the purpose of this panel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from J&J so the purpose of this panel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from J&J so the purpose of this panel is
+to uh try to crystallize some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh try to crystallize some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh try to crystallize some of the
+ideas that have been discussed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that have been discussed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that have been discussed over the
+past two days and try to help you to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past two days and try to help you to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past two days and try to help you to uh
+begin thinking about how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin thinking about how we can
+facilitate collaboration between uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate collaboration between uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate collaboration between uh uh
+the companies that are using RFID and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies that are using RFID and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies that are using RFID and
+the researchers who are investigating uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers who are investigating uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the researchers who are investigating uh
+various aspects of deploying RFID so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of deploying RFID so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of deploying RFID so I I
+I'll throw it out to uh to to any of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll throw it out to uh to to any of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll throw it out to uh to to any of our
+panelists um what's the primary role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists um what's the primary role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists um what's the primary role
+that you see the academic or would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see the academic or would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see the academic or would like
+to see the academic Community playing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the academic Community playing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the academic Community playing in
+terms terms of helping you and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms terms of helping you and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms terms of helping you and and and
+your sector your industry at large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sector your industry at large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sector your industry at large uh
+achieve uh the level of adoption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve uh the level of adoption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve uh the level of adoption that
+you're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hoping to
+achieve well I think one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve well I think one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve well I think one thing that
+occurred to me um in the morning session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me um in the morning session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me um in the morning session
+was not only the ability to to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not only the ability to to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not only the ability to to do the
+research but the ability to to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but the ability to to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but the ability to to share
+that research across a broader Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research across a broader Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research across a broader Community
+um I find in the conferences that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I find in the conferences that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I find in the conferences that I
+attend uh people are very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend uh people are very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend uh people are very interested in
+what I have to say what others have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to say what others have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have to say what others have to
+say which you says to me that um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which you says to me that um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which you says to me that um um
+there's a great need for coordinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great need for coordinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great need for coordinating
+that research synergizing that research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research synergizing that research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research synergizing that research
+and I think it's it's great that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's it's great that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's it's great that this
+community is coming together to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is coming together to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community is coming together to try to
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+that I think the other area too that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think the other area too that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think the other area too that I
+think this is you know great two-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is you know great two-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is you know great two-day
+session I I think we're caught up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session I I think we're caught up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session I I think we're caught up in
+responding to the needs of our customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to the needs of our customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to the needs of our customers
+The Regulators whatever wherever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Regulators whatever wherever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Regulators whatever wherever we
+might be and I I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and I I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and I I think that the
+important role that the um the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role that the um the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role that the um the research
+commity plays is what's coming next so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commity plays is what's coming next so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commity plays is what's coming next so
+you know we're working on today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're working on today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're working on today's
+problem in my organization what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in my organization what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in my organization what we need
+to be looking at is where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at is where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at is where where the
+future might take us and that's where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future might take us and that's where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future might take us and that's where I
+think it's invaluable to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's invaluable to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's invaluable to have the
+academic help and support I would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic help and support I would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic help and support I would that
+also I think it's important that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I think it's important that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I think it's important that the
+academic world actually um is in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic world actually um is in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic world actually um is in uh
+step with the end users and by that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step with the end users and by that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step with the end users and by that what
+I mean is that um they learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is that um they learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean is that um they learning
+alongside us as we uh pilot as we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside us as we uh pilot as we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside us as we uh pilot as we learn
+as we uh grow our deployments and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we uh grow our deployments and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we uh grow our deployments and so the
+the business areas we're trying to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business areas we're trying to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business areas we're trying to or
+the business issues we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business issues we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business issues we're trying to
+solve uh they're fully versed in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh they're fully versed in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh they're fully versed in those
+and we're not sort of creating sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not sort of creating sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not sort of creating sort of
+isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated
+camps okay and from my point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps okay and from my point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camps okay and from my point of view
+when we are doing the test we are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are doing the test we are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we are doing the test we are always
+having some challenges and uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some challenges and uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some challenges and uh that the
+academic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic uh
+uh Community is taking up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Community is taking up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Community is taking up these
+challenges like we were mentioning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges like we were mentioning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges like we were mentioning uh
+these metal and fluid problems or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metal and fluid problems or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these metal and fluid problems or what
+is the right uh the right technology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right uh the right technology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right uh the right technology for
+item uh for item tagging is this HF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh for item tagging is this HF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item uh for item tagging is this HF is
+this UHF so there to get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this UHF so there to get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this UHF so there to get the right
+answers that we go forward with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that we go forward with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that we go forward with our
+testing uh with our customers that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh with our customers that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing uh with our customers that we do
+there the right steps in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the right steps in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the right steps in the future
+right um there was some talk earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there was some talk earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um there was some talk earlier
+about uh incremental change Bill brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh incremental change Bill brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh incremental change Bill brought
+up versus radical change do you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up versus radical change do you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up versus radical change do you see the
+academic Community sort of focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic Community sort of focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic Community sort of focusing on
+the incremental change or should they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental change or should they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental change or should they be
+more focused on what's potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more focused on what's potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more focused on what's potentially
+transformative in your businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative in your businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative in your businesses
+combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the
+two I think I think they have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I think I think they have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I think I think they have to look at
+a combination of the two I mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the two I mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of the two I mean we're
+still at the very very beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at the very very beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still at the very very beginning of
+implementing this technology and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this technology and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing this technology and we have
+some very basic fundamental um questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very basic fundamental um questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very basic fundamental um questions
+to to to solve shaving a a couple cents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to solve shaving a a couple cents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to solve shaving a a couple cents
+off of a tag price is very meaningful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a tag price is very meaningful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of a tag price is very meaningful in
+getting us to the next incremental step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us to the next incremental step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us to the next incremental step
+versus having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus having
+it okay I I I think what's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I I I think what's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I I I think what's also
+interesting if you equate it to the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you equate it to the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you equate it to the web
+you know if you go back where it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go back where it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go back where it all
+started sorry are these mics working I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started sorry are these mics working I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started sorry are these mics working I
+know if they're working May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're working May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're working May
+yeah okay you if you put it to the web I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay you if you put it to the web I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay you if you put it to the web I
+think we're missing here with RFID yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're missing here with RFID yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're missing here with RFID yet
+is is uh the killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh the killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh the killer
+application and we have to create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and we have to create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and we have to create some
+consumer draw on this uh right now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer draw on this uh right now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer draw on this uh right now it's
+all very supply chain focused very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very supply chain focused very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very supply chain focused very
+interesting but the reality is is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but the reality is is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but the reality is is when
+you look at the internet you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the internet you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the internet you look at the
+worldwide web it really didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web it really didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web it really didn't get
+interesting until the consumer got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting until the consumer got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting until the consumer got
+engaged in it so I I see RFID the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in it so I I see RFID the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in it so I I see RFID the same
+way that's why I was particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's why I was particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's why I was particularly
+excited about some of the work that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about some of the work that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about some of the work that's
+going on in Korea you start seeing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in Korea you start seeing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in Korea you start seeing some
+where may be in the future you go aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where may be in the future you go aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where may be in the future you go aha
+that makes some sense and they can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some sense and they can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes some sense and they can start
+taking that back to our brand teams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that back to our brand teams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that back to our brand teams and
+building that to Future design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that to Future design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that to Future design of
+products so I I support you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I I support you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so I I support you know the
+academic you know dick statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic you know dick statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic you know dick statement of
+working on both but I'm really looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on both but I'm really looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on both but I'm really looking
+for transformational ideas and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transformational ideas and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transformational ideas and and that
+and that's our view within the RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our view within the RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our view within the RFID
+effort within Johnson and Johnson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort within Johnson and Johnson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort within Johnson and Johnson is
+trying to look through it and how may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look through it and how may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to look through it and how may
+transform our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform our
+business is there a danger though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is there a danger though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is there a danger though that
+academics will go off and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics will go off and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics will go off and sort of
+explore uh p in the sky potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore uh p in the sky potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore uh p in the sky potential
+applications that really don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that really don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that really don't have any
+relevance or you know wind up not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance or you know wind up not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevance or you know wind up not being
+practical I think that's where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical I think that's where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical I think that's where you know
+what dick was saying about a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dick was saying about a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dick was saying about a little bit
+of both that at least that the feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both that at least that the feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both that at least that the feature
+on the ground that you can understand um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground that you can understand um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ground that you can understand um
+our current processes and how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current processes and how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current processes and how we're
+trying to evolve and really when is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evolve and really when is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to evolve and really when is the
+The Tipping Point when we can take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Tipping Point when we can take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Tipping Point when we can take those
+transformational changes uh without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational changes uh without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformational changes uh without
+disrupting the workflow and pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting the workflow and pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupting the workflow and pattern of
+of the Associates on the ground right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Associates on the ground right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Associates on the ground right
+Simon I know you you've worked uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon I know you you've worked uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon I know you you've worked uh
+closely with with Bill at at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with with Bill at at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely with with Bill at at the
+University of Arkansas uh any thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Arkansas uh any thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Arkansas uh any thoughts
+on that collaboration and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that collaboration and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that collaboration and and and the
+benefits that that your compan has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that that your compan has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits that that your compan has
+received from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received from that
+work lots of benefits um in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work lots of benefits um in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work lots of benefits um in terms of
+that working relationship it's been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that working relationship it's been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that working relationship it's been very
+much a two-way street and um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a two-way street and um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a two-way street and um you know
+not just uh giving a uh prospectus or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh giving a uh prospectus or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just uh giving a uh prospectus or or
+a piece of work or research for for bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of work or research for for bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of work or research for for bill
+and his team to to go and look at uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his team to to go and look at uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his team to to go and look at uh but
+also uh to to get those ideas coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh to to get those ideas coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also uh to to get those ideas coming
+back to us and those challenges and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to us and those challenges and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to us and those challenges and uh
+those questions of why do you do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions of why do you do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those questions of why do you do it this
+way why not this way currently with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way why not this way currently with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way why not this way currently with with
+systems you're already have in place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you're already have in place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you're already have in place uh
+but um you know that that two-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know that that two-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um you know that that two-way
+dialogue and uh regular updates and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and uh regular updates and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and uh regular updates and you
+know I think Bill would agree both him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think Bill would agree both him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think Bill would agree both him
+and his team have have uh benefited from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his team have have uh benefited from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his team have have uh benefited from
+on on the ground working the process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the ground working the process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the ground working the process in
+our stores in our distribution centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stores in our distribution centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stores in our distribution centers
+understanding our current situation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding our current situation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding our current situation uh
+and where we want to move to whether be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we want to move to whether be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we want to move to whether be
+pie in the sky or blue sky blue sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie in the sky or blue sky blue sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie in the sky or blue sky blue sky
+stuff uh but those iterative steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh but those iterative steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff uh but those iterative steps to
+get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us
+there do any of the other panelists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do any of the other panelists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do any of the other panelists have
+any experience with uh the academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any experience with uh the academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any experience with uh the academic
+Community I know dick you worked closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community I know dick you worked closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community I know dick you worked closely
+with the Auto ID center in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Auto ID center in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Auto ID center in the early
+days um any thoughts on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days um any thoughts on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days um any thoughts on this
+collaboration how important it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration how important it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration how important it is and
+and where it should go well we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it should go well we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it should go well we we've
+worked very closely really from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very closely really from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked very closely really from the
+early days of the Auto ID center with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of the Auto ID center with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days of the Auto ID center with
+MIT part of it is our proximity across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT part of it is our proximity across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT part of it is our proximity across
+the river um um not only is there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river um um not only is there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the river um um not only is there the
+ability to stretch the mind and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to stretch the mind and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to stretch the mind and bring
+real creative academic thinking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real creative academic thinking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real creative academic thinking but
+there's a um there's a a point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a um there's a a point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a um there's a a point of
+Independence I mean we deal with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence I mean we deal with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence I mean we deal with many
+many technology vendors all of whom are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many technology vendors all of whom are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many technology vendors all of whom are
+trying to sell us stuff and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell us stuff and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sell us stuff and that's
+valuable um uh Partnerships but having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable um uh Partnerships but having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable um uh Partnerships but having
+an independent third party who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent third party who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an independent third party who's
+academically grounded who can come who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academically grounded who can come who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academically grounded who can come who
+can look at a uh a business problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at a uh a business problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at a uh a business problem a
+supply chain issue and engineer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain issue and engineer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain issue and engineer a
+solution and come back to you with data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and come back to you with data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and come back to you with data
+it it adds a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it adds a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it adds a certain amount of
+credibility to help us with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility to help us with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility to help us with our
+management and also I think make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and also I think make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and also I think make
+industry comfortable with um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclusions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions okay
+um you've heard uh some of the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've heard uh some of the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've heard uh some of the papers
+that have been presented today I wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been presented today I wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been presented today I wonder
+if the panel could give uh some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the panel could give uh some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the panel could give uh some sort of
+General thoughts about um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General thoughts about um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General thoughts about um the the
+research that you heard about is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that you heard about is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that you heard about is it is
+it practical is it productive are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it practical is it productive are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it practical is it productive are the
+things you would like to see being done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would like to see being done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you would like to see being done
+that aren't being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done what I heard over the last few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what I heard over the last few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what I heard over the last few days
+I thought it was very worthwhile I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was very worthwhile I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was very worthwhile I
+thought the the research seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the the research seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the the research seems to be
+very very practical uh very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very practical uh very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very practical uh very well
+oriented to the issues that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented to the issues that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented to the issues that we have
+within our industry of trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our industry of trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within our industry of trying to figure
+out the the right approach for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the the right approach for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the the right approach for for
+tagging of our products the um effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging of our products the um effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagging of our products the um effect of
+various material types and on RF I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various material types and on RF I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various material types and on RF I think
+I I think all it's very well-directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think all it's very well-directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think all it's very well-directed
+research I think it was an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I think it was an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research I think it was an interesting
+uh point you know I think maybe Simon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh point you know I think maybe Simon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh point you know I think maybe Simon
+you may have raised in your presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have raised in your presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have raised in your presentation
+around you know can we ever get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know can we ever get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know can we ever get to
+replacing EAS tags with RFID be great to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing EAS tags with RFID be great to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing EAS tags with RFID be great to
+get an answer on that right so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer on that right so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer on that right so I mean
+just some some basic stuff like that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some basic stuff like that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some some basic stuff like that I
+think that's that's very very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's very very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's that's very very basic
+applied research that's needed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied research that's needed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied research that's needed right
+okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts okay uh Mike you mentioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts okay uh Mike you mentioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts okay uh Mike you mentioned uh
+uh during your presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during your presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh during your presentation
+that there's a need particularly in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a need particularly in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a need particularly in in
+the pharmaceutical industry for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmaceutical industry for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmaceutical industry for the
+whole industry to move forward that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole industry to move forward that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole industry to move forward that it's
+not you can't have track and Trace if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can't have track and Trace if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can't have track and Trace if if
+if the the Distributors don't do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the Distributors don't do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the the Distributors don't do it but
+the retailers and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailers and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retailers and the and the
+manufacturers do is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers do is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers do is there any
+opportunity for Industries to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for Industries to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for Industries to come
+together to to support larger scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to to support larger scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to to support larger scale
+projects such as uh the pro promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects such as uh the pro promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects such as uh the pro promise
+project that that Dimitri uh presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that that Dimitri uh presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that that Dimitri uh presented
+um it seems to me there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to me there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it seems to me there's there's
+there's a lot of research to be done uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research to be done uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of research to be done uh
+um and it and it would be helpful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it and it would be helpful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it and it would be helpful if
+there were some some way of funding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some some way of funding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some some way of funding that
+and organizing that yeah I I I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organizing that yeah I I I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and organizing that yeah I I I think um
+I think what we all struggle with is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what we all struggle with is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what we all struggle with is uh
+when you bring in a new technology how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bring in a new technology how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you bring in a new technology how
+do you adopt it within the industry so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you adopt it within the industry so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you adopt it within the industry so I
+think somewhere we we need help uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think somewhere we we need help uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think somewhere we we need help uh from
+Academia and how best to adopt RFID in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia and how best to adopt RFID in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia and how best to adopt RFID in
+the industry um so yeah I think some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry um so yeah I think some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry um so yeah I think some of
+those larger efforts are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those larger efforts are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those larger efforts are very important
+to be funded absolutely are there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be funded absolutely are there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be funded absolutely are there uh
+industry organizations that that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry organizations that that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry organizations that that could
+potentially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially um
+you know drum up some funding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drum up some funding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drum up some funding for
+members that that you know that could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members that that you know that could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members that that you know that could go
+into that kind of thing well if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that kind of thing well if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that kind of thing well if I'm
+speaking specifically around um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking specifically around um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking specifically around um you know
+Healthcare and and specifically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare and and specifically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Healthcare and and specifically for
+pharmaceutical you know Healthcare is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical you know Healthcare is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical you know Healthcare is
+very complicated there's various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated there's various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated there's various
+segments even within Healthcare but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments even within Healthcare but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments even within Healthcare but we
+just talk at at pharmaceutical right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk at at pharmaceutical right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk at at pharmaceutical right now
+and see Ted nodding up there uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see Ted nodding up there uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see Ted nodding up there uh you know
+uh we're each uh members of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're each uh members of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're each uh members of various
+industry associations so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry associations so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry associations so the
+manufacturers are represented by Pharma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are represented by Pharma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers are represented by Pharma
+and bio uh wholesalers by hdma you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bio uh wholesalers by hdma you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bio uh wholesalers by hdma you have
+the the chain drugstores uh by ncds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chain drugstores uh by ncds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the chain drugstores uh by ncds and
+chpa I think so there's a wide variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chpa I think so there's a wide variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chpa I think so there's a wide variety
+of associations out there so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of associations out there so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of associations out there so you know
+that that's that's another Avenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's another Avenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's another Avenue
+certainly to to reach out for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly to to reach out for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly to to reach out for for
+funding because um right now as as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding because um right now as as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding because um right now as as we
+look at trying to adopt RFID with within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at trying to adopt RFID with within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at trying to adopt RFID with within
+the pharmaceutical uh supply chain it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmaceutical uh supply chain it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pharmaceutical uh supply chain it's
+an area that as we talk within our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area that as we talk within our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area that as we talk within our
+associations we recognize that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations we recognize that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associations we recognize that we need
+other help and it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other help and it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other help and it's not just the
+association so Academia Academia plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association so Academia Academia plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association so Academia Academia plays a
+role in that absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in that absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in that absolutely
+right is there a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is there a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is there a um
+I I think the problem that that I see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the problem that that I see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the problem that that I see is
+you know if you want to develop say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want to develop say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want to develop say a
+good item level tag and you want to fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good item level tag and you want to fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good item level tag and you want to fund
+that research um you put a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research um you put a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research um you put a lot of money
+into that you work with a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that you work with a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that you work with a research
+department and then your entire industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and then your entire industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department and then your entire industry
+your competitors all get the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competitors all get the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competitors all get the benefits of
+that so how do we sort of overcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how do we sort of overcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so how do we sort of overcome that
+that problem and I'm talking my example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and I'm talking my example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and I'm talking my example
+is farmer but I think it applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is farmer but I think it applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is farmer but I think it applies to
+Logistics or retail or other other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics or retail or other other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics or retail or other other areas
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well well I you know I'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well I you know I'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well I you know I'll take the
+discussion away from from Pharma I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion away from from Pharma I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion away from from Pharma I I
+think what we're looking here regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we're looking here regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we're looking here regardless
+of the industry the adoption of RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industry the adoption of RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the industry the adoption of RFID
+it's um the only Power in it is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um the only Power in it is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um the only Power in it is if you
+have a large Network that can adopt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large Network that can adopt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large Network that can adopt it
+so there's a huge Network effect towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a huge Network effect towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a huge Network effect towards
+the adoption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adoption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adoption of
+RFID U so when you get to to areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID U so when you get to to areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID U so when you get to to areas
+around um the tag and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um the tag and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um the tag and some of the
+supporting Network infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting Network infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting Network infrastructure
+required to communicate that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to communicate that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to communicate that information
+not quite so sure that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite so sure that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite so sure that that's a
+competitive Advantage um I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive Advantage um I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive Advantage um I think it's
+the actual use of that information uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual use of that information uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual use of that information uh
+maybe design of new products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe design of new products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe design of new products and
+services off of of that common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services off of of that common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services off of of that common
+infrastructure that become uh areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that become uh areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that become uh areas
+where we start to differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we start to differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we start to differentiate
+ourselves from from each other yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves from from each other yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves from from each other yeah I
+think clus mentioned uh in in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think clus mentioned uh in in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think clus mentioned uh in in our
+discussion earlier earlier today U about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion earlier earlier today U about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion earlier earlier today U about
+collaborating and working within EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating and working within EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating and working within EPC
+Global and uh you know agreeing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and uh you know agreeing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global and uh you know agreeing on the
+direction and and where we need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and and where we need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and and where we need to to
+have detailed research uh whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have detailed research uh whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have detailed research uh whether that
+be on item level you know as we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on item level you know as we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on item level you know as we move
+forward or not uh but but I think then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or not uh but but I think then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or not uh but but I think then
+that that group of end users coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that group of end users coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that group of end users coming
+together and uh that that collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and uh that that collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and uh that that collaboration
+has worked great so far and has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has worked great so far and has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has worked great so far and has has
+really moved us on a pace and made sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moved us on a pace and made sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moved us on a pace and made sure
+that the technology that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the technology that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the technology that's been
+developed is applicable and and will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed is applicable and and will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed is applicable and and will be
+deployed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed and
+used and I think we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and I think we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and I think we have a
+responsibility as uh big global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility as uh big global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility as uh big global
+companies to move it forward because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to move it forward because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to move it forward because we
+see so many advantages but I would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so many advantages but I would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so many advantages but I would not
+say that on the long run it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that on the long run it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that on the long run it is a
+competitive Advantage you may be a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive Advantage you may be a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive Advantage you may be a an
+early starter and uh you want that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early starter and uh you want that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early starter and uh you want that all
+the others follow you because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others follow you because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others follow you because you
+believe uh in their technology and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh in their technology and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe uh in their technology and uh
+therefore I think uh we as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I think uh we as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I think uh we as the the
+bigger global companies we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger global companies we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger global companies we have to go
+forward we have to show there as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward we have to show there as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward we have to show there as an
+example and then the others will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then the others will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and then the others will follow
+right Claus you're you're sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Claus you're you're sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Claus you're you're sort of in the
+middle of the supply chain and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the supply chain and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the supply chain and we we
+often hear about the benefits for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often hear about the benefits for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often hear about the benefits for the
+retailer we hear about the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer we hear about the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailer we hear about the benefits of
+the manufacturer are there benefits for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer are there benefits for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturer are there benefits for
+the logistics provider and and are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logistics provider and and are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logistics provider and and are there
+applications where you see uh work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where you see uh work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where you see uh work you
+know where you can work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you can work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where you can work with the
+research Community to drive some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Community to drive some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Community to drive some of the
+benefits for the logistics providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits for the logistics providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits for the logistics providers
+yeah I see it very strongly in in parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see it very strongly in in parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see it very strongly in in parts
+which I have not mentioned today uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have not mentioned today uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have not mentioned today uh I
+would say the asset tracking uh for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the asset tracking uh for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the asset tracking uh for our
+containers in the uh if you go there on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers in the uh if you go there on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers in the uh if you go there on
+the SE Freight side or on the uh for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SE Freight side or on the uh for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SE Freight side or on the uh for our
+freight part this is one of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freight part this is one of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freight part this is one of the uh the
+very important things and in the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important things and in the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important things and in the supply
+chain we have advantages as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain we have advantages as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain we have advantages as well the
+only thing what I was mentioning was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing what I was mentioning was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing what I was mentioning was
+that it might be that the retail side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be that the retail side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be that the retail side
+has more advantages if it is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more advantages if it is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has more advantages if it is fully
+deployed and and fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed and and fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed and and fully
+implemented right the um uh when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented right the um uh when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented right the um uh when the
+internet came along companies found some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet came along companies found some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet came along companies found some
+new business opportunities uh um new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business opportunities uh um new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business opportunities uh um new
+business models that hadn't existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models that hadn't existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models that hadn't existed
+before are are there going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before are are there going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before are are there going to be some
+new business models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business models for
+RFID uh and and should the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID uh and and should the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID uh and and should the research
+community be looking at at those as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community be looking at at those as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community be looking at at those as well
+and and I'll just give you a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'll just give you a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I'll just give you a potential
+example as a as a uh Logistics provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as a as a uh Logistics provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as a as a uh Logistics provider
+you're collecting a lot of data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're collecting a lot of data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're collecting a lot of data you
+could be aggregating that data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be aggregating that data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be aggregating that data and
+somehow perhaps using selling that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow perhaps using selling that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow perhaps using selling that data
+to to whoever would get value out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to whoever would get value out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to whoever would get value out of it
+do you see opportunities like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see opportunities like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see opportunities like that and
+and and would you like to see academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and would you like to see academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and would you like to see academic
+Community the academic Community looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community the academic Community looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community the academic Community looking
+at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those
+opportunities yeah I think uh we are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities yeah I think uh we are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities yeah I think uh we are as
+Logistics provider uh in in the past we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics provider uh in in the past we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics provider uh in in the past we
+were only carrying goods parcels and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only carrying goods parcels and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only carrying goods parcels and and
+pallets and so on and today I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets and so on and today I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallets and so on and today I think we
+have another uh we carry more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another uh we carry more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another uh we carry more
+informations and uh we see in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informations and uh we see in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informations and uh we see in this new
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+uh Fields where we can uh find new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fields where we can uh find new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Fields where we can uh find new
+products and where we may be that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and where we may be that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and where we may be that we can
+store all the informations and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the informations and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the informations and that we
+are uh a mediator between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh a mediator between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh a mediator between our
+customers so there are we see their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers so there are we see their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers so there are we see their
+chances uh that we we get their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances uh that we we get their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances uh that we we get their new
+products and where we can find new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and where we can find new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and where we can find new
+products MH yeah one thing that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products MH yeah one thing that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products MH yeah one thing that that I
+ever see with in J&J is uh an RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see with in J&J is uh an RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever see with in J&J is uh an RFID
+incubator fund and um it's it's a pot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator fund and um it's it's a pot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incubator fund and um it's it's a pot of
+money that we put together uh last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that we put together uh last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that we put together uh last year
+we fund it again for this year and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fund it again for this year and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fund it again for this year and we'll
+see how long we can continue this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how long we can continue this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how long we can continue this this
+uh pot of funding and the idea is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pot of funding and the idea is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pot of funding and the idea is is to
+help us to to think differently about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us to to think differently about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us to to think differently about
+this um technology think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um technology think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um technology think
+transformationally um and and so yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformationally um and and so yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformationally um and and so yes I
+you know I I think there could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I think there could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I think there could be some
+some new business models popping out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new business models popping out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new business models popping out of
+this um some of the work that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um some of the work that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um some of the work that we've done
+internal at J&J tells us that that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal at J&J tells us that that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal at J&J tells us that that could
+be the case so be some exciting areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case so be some exciting areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case so be some exciting areas
+here I think we're just starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think we're just starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think we're just starting to
+scratch the surface with some very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch the surface with some very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch the surface with some very basic
+applications if I use the display uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if I use the display uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications if I use the display uh
+examples from from this morning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from from this morning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples from from this morning from
+from Proctor um you know that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Proctor um you know that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Proctor um you know that's very
+basic stuff it's just knowing that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff it's just knowing that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic stuff it's just knowing that your
+display went out onto the sales floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display went out onto the sales floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display went out onto the sales floor
+once that display is on the sales floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that display is on the sales floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that display is on the sales floor
+it opens up a whole new um set of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opens up a whole new um set of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it opens up a whole new um set of of
+opportunities to to understand how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to to understand how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to to understand how the
+consumer approaches that display how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer approaches that display how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer approaches that display how
+fast does the merchandise sell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast does the merchandise sell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast does the merchandise sell what
+locations in the store sell better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in the store sell better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations in the store sell better than
+others there's a tremendous amount of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others there's a tremendous amount of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others there's a tremendous amount of of
+data and information and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and information and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and information and then you can
+take it to the next level of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to the next level of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to the next level of actually
+starting to have an interactive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to have an interactive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to have an interactive uh
+experience with the consumer that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the consumer that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the consumer that's all
+Green Field Innovation once we lay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Field Innovation once we lay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Field Innovation once we lay the
+basic pipe to uh to establish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic pipe to uh to establish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic pipe to uh to establish the
+technology right okay i' like to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right okay i' like to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology right okay i' like to go back
+to Simon's comment about working uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Simon's comment about working uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Simon's comment about working uh
+through EPC Global and and uh um making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through EPC Global and and uh um making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through EPC Global and and uh um making
+sure that the research is on track with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the research is on track with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the research is on track with
+where the industry is going um H H how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the industry is going um H H how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the industry is going um H H how
+do the people in the audience sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the people in the audience sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the people in the audience sort of
+participate in that can they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in that can they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in that can they get
+involved with the bag meetings um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the bag meetings um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved with the bag meetings um you
+know is there a potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is there a potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is there a potential for
+um opportunities for for for perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um opportunities for for for perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um opportunities for for for perhaps
+ancillary meetings around the bags where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary meetings around the bags where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary meetings around the bags where
+maybe they're not involved in the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're not involved in the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're not involved in the bag
+meetings but then come in afterwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings but then come in afterwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings but then come in afterwards and
+and and and contribute I I think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and contribute I I think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and contribute I I think a lot
+of people are struggling with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are struggling with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are struggling with you know
+they're reading what's going on from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reading what's going on from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reading what's going on from the
+outside and they're and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and they're and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and they're and they're not
+really able to to jump in mark one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really able to to jump in mark one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really able to to jump in mark one the
+that and working with EPC Global I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and working with EPC Global I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and working with EPC Global I'm a
+tri shair uh of the healthcare and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri shair uh of the healthcare and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tri shair uh of the healthcare and life
+science business Action Group and we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science business Action Group and we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science business Action Group and we not
+to get into the detailed structure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the detailed structure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get into the detailed structure we
+actually have one work group that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have one work group that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have one work group that's
+that's focused on R&D and uh we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's focused on R&D and uh we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's focused on R&D and uh we would
+welcome um some participation from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome um some participation from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome um some participation from um
+you know the various Auto ID labs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the various Auto ID labs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the various Auto ID labs to
+participate directly on that team um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate directly on that team um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate directly on that team um it
+it frankly it's a team that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it frankly it's a team that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it frankly it's a team that is is
+looking at some longer range areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some longer range areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some longer range areas of
+opportunity but we would really could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity but we would really could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity but we would really could
+use the the help from from folks from M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the help from from folks from M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the help from from folks from M
+my and any other Auto I do lab okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and any other Auto I do lab okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my and any other Auto I do lab okay well
+that's good to hear um what what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to hear um what what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to hear um what what about
+the the sensitivity around um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensitivity around um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sensitivity around um your
+business processes and what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business processes and what you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business processes and what you're doing
+so um you you know if the academics come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you you know if the academics come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you you know if the academics come
+in do they need to sign ndas is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do they need to sign ndas is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in do they need to sign ndas is is that
+an issue how does that relate to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue how does that relate to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue how does that relate to you
+know if they're going to produce a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're going to produce a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're going to produce a paper
+or some some some publication uh how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some some publication uh how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some some some publication uh how do
+we manage that sensitivity so that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we manage that sensitivity so that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we manage that sensitivity so that we're
+we're getting work done but we're not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting work done but we're not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting work done but we're not uh
+compromising a company's uh proprietary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising a company's uh proprietary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising a company's uh proprietary
+Secrets any any academic institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrets any any academic institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrets any any academic institution
+that does work with with Proctor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does work with with Proctor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does work with with Proctor will
+sign an NDA but you know the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign an NDA but you know the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign an NDA but you know the value of
+having an academic institution do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an academic institution do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an academic institution do that
+work is after the the the work is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is after the the the work is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is after the the the work is done
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+proprietary uh information or connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary uh information or connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proprietary uh information or connection
+can be called out of it it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be called out of it it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be called out of it it can be
+genericized it could be combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genericized it could be combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genericized it could be combined with
+other companies data that's uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies data that's uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies data that's uh that
+they're also working on and uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also working on and uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also working on and uh an
+academic white paper that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic white paper that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic white paper that's very
+compelling that sends a message uh to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling that sends a message uh to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling that sends a message uh to um
+uh the industry can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the industry can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the industry can be
+published exactly the same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published exactly the same situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published exactly the same situation
+from our perspective okay um I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our perspective okay um I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our perspective okay um I'd like to
+open it up to the audience uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up to the audience uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open it up to the audience uh this is a
+chance to to uh ask uh some of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to uh ask uh some of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to to uh ask uh some of the the
+leaders in in the RFID sector questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in in the RFID sector questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders in in the RFID sector questions
+so if you've got a question come on down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got a question come on down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've got a question come on down
+and uh and fire away I know everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and fire away I know everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and fire away I know everybody's
+a little bit tired after two days but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit tired after two days but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit tired after two days but
+Steve go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve go
+ahead I have a question that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I have a question that's that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I have a question that's that's uh
+uh that's something that an area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's something that an area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's something that an area that
+that we've been working on but uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been working on but uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been working on but uh with
+this notion that we now have a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that we now have a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that we now have a common
+XML representation of something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML representation of something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML representation of something right
+now now part of our challenge as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now part of our challenge as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now part of our challenge as as
+Industries is to work out how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries is to work out how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries is to work out how we
+communicate this and in the XML World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate this and in the XML World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate this and in the XML World
+those of us who live in web services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who live in web services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who live in web services and
+we started out this whole convocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out this whole convocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started out this whole convocation
+with Steve brat saying well remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Steve brat saying well remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Steve brat saying well remember
+it's not so much an internet of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so much an internet of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so much an internet of things
+as things connecting to the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things connecting to the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as things connecting to the internet
+from the worldwide webs consortium's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the worldwide webs consortium's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the worldwide webs consortium's
+point of view right so many of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view right so many of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view right so many of the many
+of the uh the Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the Technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the Technologies and
+opportunities for data sharing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for data sharing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for data sharing that
+we've talked about over the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about over the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about over the last two
+days rely on a a multi-point on a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days rely on a a multi-point on a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days rely on a a multi-point on a you
+know something like a web services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like a web services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like a web services
+transport presented the notion of a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport presented the notion of a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport presented the notion of a of
+Google capabilities and so on but all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google capabilities and so on but all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google capabilities and so on but all of
+our all of our Legacy transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our all of our Legacy transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our all of our Legacy transaction
+systems the businesses that we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the businesses that we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the businesses that we run
+together traditionally the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together traditionally the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together traditionally the way in which
+we've shared data traditionally those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shared data traditionally those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shared data traditionally those of
+us who who've done that successfully has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who who've done that successfully has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who who've done that successfully has
+been in point-to-point EDI protocols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in point-to-point EDI protocols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in point-to-point EDI protocols and
+there there's the larger I mean when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's the larger I mean when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's the larger I mean when we
+talk about what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what are some of the
+underlying Trends around us this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying Trends around us this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying Trends around us this notion
+of moving to Services oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving to Services oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of moving to Services oriented
+architectures and something is many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and something is many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectures and something is many of
+us have have initiatives inside our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have have initiatives inside our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us have have initiatives inside our
+companies but when we get down to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies but when we get down to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies but when we get down to supply
+chains we're still still used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains we're still still used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains we're still still used to
+Connecting Point to Point so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecting Point to Point so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connecting Point to Point so when I
+connect for data even if it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect for data even if it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect for data even if it's the same
+XML schema it's a separate it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML schema it's a separate it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML schema it's a separate it's a
+separate call setup and a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate call setup and a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate call setup and a separate
+protocol if I'm connecting with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol if I'm connecting with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol if I'm connecting with the with
+one retailer or another and I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one retailer or another and I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one retailer or another and I I just
+wondered uh from your perspectives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered uh from your perspectives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondered uh from your perspectives of
+how how you're moving with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how you're moving with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how you're moving with your
+organizations to this world of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to this world of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations to this world of machine
+readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable
+content um and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content um and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content um and and uh
+where where you saw yourselves in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you saw yourselves in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you saw yourselves in that
+process and uh whether there were roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh whether there were roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and uh whether there were roles
+for Academia to play to to assist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Academia to play to to assist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Academia to play to to assist in
+making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition in terms of where the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in terms of where the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in terms of where the data
+resides then I think the the data will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides then I think the the data will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resides then I think the the data will
+still reside with in our case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reside with in our case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still reside with in our case with
+Walmart and uh with the uh hold of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart and uh with the uh hold of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart and uh with the uh hold of that
+data uh and so I think it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and so I think it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh and so I think it's difficult to
+get away from that that point of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from that that point of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away from that that point of point
+and uh even on sort of track and Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh even on sort of track and Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh even on sort of track and Trace
+uh then using the on to to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then using the on to to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then using the on to to find out
+where that that case or or that batch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that that case or or that batch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that that case or or that batch of
+product uh has actually been seen last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh has actually been seen last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product uh has actually been seen last
+and uh but I still think you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but I still think you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but I still think you're going to
+get to a stage where you you're then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a stage where you you're then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a stage where you you're then
+going into point to point uh connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into point to point uh connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into point to point uh connections
+to to retrieve that information and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to retrieve that information and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to retrieve that information and more
+detailed information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information
+um yeah I think the challenge that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think the challenge that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah I think the challenge that you
+articulate there Steve is is based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate there Steve is is based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate there Steve is is based upon
+our businesses between J&J and Walmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our businesses between J&J and Walmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our businesses between J&J and Walmart
+it's not J&J and the community large you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not J&J and the community large you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not J&J and the community large you
+know and and so I think there however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and so I think there however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and and so I think there however
+there are mechanisms that we could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mechanisms that we could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are mechanisms that we could could
+um posit that allow us to more open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um posit that allow us to more open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um posit that allow us to more open up
+the way we exchange data so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we exchange data so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we exchange data so even though
+the business arrangements are oneon-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business arrangements are oneon-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business arrangements are oneon-one
+and the data appears to be exchanged one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data appears to be exchanged one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data appears to be exchanged one
+to one or will exchange one to one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one or will exchange one to one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one or will exchange one to one there
+could be some common mechanisms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some common mechanisms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some common mechanisms that are
+used to exchange it across the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to exchange it across the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to exchange it across the community
+because I I can't see nature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I can't see nature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I can't see nature of a
+business changing you know our this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business changing you know our this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business changing you know our this is
+in this cases it's SS on the panel with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cases it's SS on the panel with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cases it's SS on the panel with
+Walmart it's not with 55 other retailers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart it's not with 55 other retailers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart it's not with 55 other retailers
+we're talking to to sign Bigg opport is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking to to sign Bigg opport is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking to to sign Bigg opport is
+is to have a a common format so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have a a common format so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have a a common format so when you
+you pull various data from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull various data from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull various data from from
+different retailers that it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different retailers that it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different retailers that it's in the
+same format and then you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same format and then you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same format and then you can just
+machine to machine handle that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to machine handle that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to machine handle that in the
+same way which uh is less of a burden on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way which uh is less of a burden on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way which uh is less of a burden on
+on the supplier or whoever is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supplier or whoever is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supplier or whoever is making
+that query um and I think there is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that query um and I think there is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that query um and I think there is is
+then the the big Advantage I think where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the big Advantage I think where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the big Advantage I think where
+Academia can play a role is once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia can play a role is once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia can play a role is once you
+have that common format is to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that common format is to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that common format is to do some
+modeling and and demonstrate uh uses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and and demonstrate uh uses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and and demonstrate uh uses of
+the data that can go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that can go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that can go beyond
+point-to-point exchange um uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-to-point exchange um uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point-to-point exchange um uh you know
+maybe it's a discovery mechanism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a discovery mechanism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a discovery mechanism that
+has something to do with counterfeiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with counterfeiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with counterfeiting
+and authentication I don't I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authentication I don't I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authentication I don't I don't know
+but you know show uh use use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know show uh use use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know show uh use use the
+academic research to show how it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic research to show how it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic research to show how it can be
+done and then industry will will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then industry will will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then industry will will follow
+and I guess building on that dick it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess building on that dick it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess building on that dick it's
+it's really some of the triggers what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really some of the triggers what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really some of the triggers what
+triggers are you're looking for not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers are you're looking for not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers are you're looking for not just
+on on track and Trace but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on track and Trace but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on track and Trace but on
+replenishment and and out of stocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replenishment and and out of stocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replenishment and and out of stocks and
+things like that what are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that what are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that what are the key
+triggers that you would want to to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers that you would want to to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers that you would want to to then
+uh build algorithms and uh some logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build algorithms and uh some logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh build algorithms and uh some logic
+within your systems that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your systems that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your systems that instead of
+having to troll through masses of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to troll through masses of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to troll through masses of data
+manually uh you you're really then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually uh you you're really then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually uh you you're really then just
+working by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exceptions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions okay
+question hello my name is homing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question hello my name is homing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question hello my name is homing I'm
+from China so actually a look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China so actually a look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from China so actually a look at your
+full here I all know you have big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full here I all know you have big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full here I all know you have big
+business in China like Walmart you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in China like Walmart you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business in China like Walmart you are
+going to purchase stuff from China and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to purchase stuff from China and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to purchase stuff from China and
+you open more and more stores in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open more and more stores in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open more and more stores in China
+DL you know really famous in China so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL you know really famous in China so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DL you know really famous in China so uh
+but look at you know something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at you know something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but look at you know something you know
+China from the IID industry and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China from the IID industry and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China from the IID industry and you know
+infrastructure is very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is very different from
+the states and from from Europe because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and from from Europe because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states and from from Europe because
+it's really backward this so my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really backward this so my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really backward this so my my
+question is that do you have a uh like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that do you have a uh like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that do you have a uh like a
+special strategies for the alpha the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special strategies for the alpha the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special strategies for the alpha the
+adoption for your company in special for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption for your company in special for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption for your company in special for
+China or you will say that China will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China or you will say that China will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China or you will say that China will be
+one you know just a part of the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know just a part of the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know just a part of the global
+strategies so you know and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so you know and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies so you know and also the
+second question is is I'm doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is is I'm doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second question is is I'm doing some
+research work for IID in China so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research work for IID in China so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research work for IID in China so do you
+have any request or something we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any request or something we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any request or something we may
+have we can do for you because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we can do for you because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we can do for you because we know
+China and we know IID technology to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and we know IID technology to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and we know IID technology to see
+whether we can serve for know do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can serve for know do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we can serve for know do some
+research works for you these global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research works for you these global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research works for you these global
+companies to have some suitable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to have some suitable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to have some suitable things
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+China okay I think there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China okay I think there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China okay I think there's a huge
+opportunity for China to LEAP fr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for China to LEAP fr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for China to LEAP fr
+a whole generation of Legacy systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole generation of Legacy systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole generation of Legacy systems
+that that Exist Elsewhere in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Exist Elsewhere in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Exist Elsewhere in the world
+um and be a real innovator which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and be a real innovator which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and be a real innovator which of
+course would be led by people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself from our point of view we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself from our point of view we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself from our point of view we are
+working at the moment on one trial which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at the moment on one trial which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at the moment on one trial which
+we call China Europe and this is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call China Europe and this is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call China Europe and this is on the
+fashion side where we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion side where we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion side where we have one
+manufacturer who is sourcing in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer who is sourcing in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer who is sourcing in China
+and we want to bring these stuff into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to bring these stuff into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to bring these stuff into
+Europe and we want to do it first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and we want to do it first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and we want to do it first uh
+with RFID so this is uh the first trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RFID so this is uh the first trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RFID so this is uh the first trial
+where we want to go uh outside of Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to go uh outside of Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we want to go uh outside of Europe
+and try the overall supply chain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try the overall supply chain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try the overall supply chain but
+this is only on a on a fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only on a on a fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only on a on a fashion
+trial in terms of uh how we operate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial in terms of uh how we operate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial in terms of uh how we operate our
+business uh and in China is that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh and in China is that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh and in China is that uh we
+we try to have a a level set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to have a a level set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to have a a level set of uh
+applications or systems and so that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or systems and so that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications or systems and so that any
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+um if we make a change in any country we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we make a change in any country we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we make a change in any country we
+can very quickly roll up benefit to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very quickly roll up benefit to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very quickly roll up benefit to to
+all our countries um and so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our countries um and so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our countries um and so in in
+respect of that of your first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect of that of your first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect of that of your first question
+um we would treat it treat China as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we would treat it treat China as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we would treat it treat China as any
+other country in terms of internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country in terms of internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country in terms of internal
+systems but I think it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but I think it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but I think it's important that
+uh we can all uh work towards a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can all uh work towards a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can all uh work towards a common
+standard for RFID that uh will mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for RFID that uh will mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for RFID that uh will mean that
+whether uh we're operating internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh we're operating internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether uh we're operating internally
+with systems or importing uh goods from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with systems or importing uh goods from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with systems or importing uh goods from
+China that those products are are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China that those products are are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China that those products are are able
+to be read whether they they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be read whether they they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be read whether they they're going to
+Europe the US South America it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe the US South America it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe the US South America it can be
+read around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read around the
+world if you're looking for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if you're looking for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if you're looking for a single
+application for research one that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for research one that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application for research one that would
+be particularly gerine to my company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly gerine to my company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be particularly gerine to my company is
+counterfeiting and authentication the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeiting and authentication the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeiting and authentication the
+ability to have a more reliable way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to have a more reliable way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to have a more reliable way to
+to screen products and and know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to screen products and and know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to screen products and and know what's
+real and what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and what's not
+okay actually uh just one uh we are do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually uh just one uh we are do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually uh just one uh we are do
+you do really working on the anti issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do really working on the anti issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do really working on the anti issues
+and we joined the uh European committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we joined the uh European committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we joined the uh European committee
+um project for the C bridge and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um project for the C bridge and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um project for the C bridge and we
+actually specially working for an for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specially working for an for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually specially working for an for
+that thank you okay Harold yes hello um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thank you okay Harold yes hello um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thank you okay Harold yes hello um
+we've been meeting with uh certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been meeting with uh certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been meeting with uh certain
+manufacturers which have been strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers which have been strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers which have been strongly
+asked to um add RFID technology to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to um add RFID technology to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to um add RFID technology to their
+shipments uh that are going to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments uh that are going to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shipments uh that are going to certain
+Distribution Center or certain retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution Center or certain retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution Center or certain retail
+stores in the United States uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in the United States uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stores in the United States uh the uh
+the manufacturers that we met said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturers that we met said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manufacturers that we met said that
+they would be complying with the Mandate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be complying with the Mandate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be complying with the Mandate
+uh however they were not always very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however they were not always very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however they were not always very
+happy to do it um some of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to do it um some of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to do it um some of them that
+we've met said that um they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've met said that um they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've met said that um they don't really
+see any short-term benefit in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any short-term benefit in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any short-term benefit in in in
+doing that uh at the present moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that uh at the present moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that uh at the present moment
+they're trying to take a look at where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to take a look at where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to take a look at where
+the ROI would be they think there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ROI would be they think there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ROI would be they think there is an
+Roi but they don't know for sure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi but they don't know for sure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi but they don't know for sure and
+their answer to us was when we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their answer to us was when we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their answer to us was when we started
+asking them questions we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them questions we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them questions we're going to go
+ahead with this because we have to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead with this because we have to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead with this because we have to so
+and we've met other retailers afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've met other retailers afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've met other retailers afterwards
+who think that uh the whole Walmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think that uh the whole Walmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think that uh the whole Walmart
+initiative is a great idea and they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative is a great idea and they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative is a great idea and they'd
+also like to do the same thing but their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like to do the same thing but their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like to do the same thing but their
+suppliers are probably going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers are probably going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers are probably going to give
+them some push back to implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some push back to implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them some push back to implementing the
+RF id technology so my question would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF id technology so my question would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF id technology so my question would be
+what would be some of the best practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be some of the best practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be some of the best practices
+that you've encountered or developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've encountered or developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've encountered or developed in
+order to help the suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to help the suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to help the suppliers
+manufacturers uh implement the RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers uh implement the RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers uh implement the RFID
+technology couple of points I would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology couple of points I would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology couple of points I would make
+and I reference this earlier in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I reference this earlier in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I reference this earlier in my
+presentation is uh an educational piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is uh an educational piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is uh an educational piece
+U educating and sharing as as dick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U educating and sharing as as dick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U educating and sharing as as dick
+mentioned of uh whether internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned of uh whether internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned of uh whether internally
+you're working uh on on white papers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working uh on on white papers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working uh on on white papers or
+with the academic world working on white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the academic world working on white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the academic world working on white
+papers and uh and re resarch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and uh and re resarch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and uh and re resarch and
+development to share that with the wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to share that with the wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to share that with the wider
+community and and that's what we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and that's what we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and and that's what we try to
+do to to collaborate with our suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to to collaborate with our suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to to collaborate with our suppliers
+uh when we've asked our suppliers to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we've asked our suppliers to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we've asked our suppliers to to
+join us on our initiative um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join us on our initiative um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join us on our initiative um it's not
+been okay you tag these products or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been okay you tag these products or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been okay you tag these products or all
+these these SKS in your portfolio and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these SKS in your portfolio and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these SKS in your portfolio and uh
+if you you think back to to Dick's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you think back to to Dick's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you think back to to Dick's
+presentation this morning about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation this morning about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation this morning about his
+Advantage products and and Jet Gillette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage products and and Jet Gillette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage products and and Jet Gillette
+and PNG uh had both independently looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PNG uh had both independently looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and PNG uh had both independently looked
+at their portfolio and and chosen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their portfolio and and chosen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their portfolio and and chosen the
+the products that were right to tag uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products that were right to tag uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products that were right to tag uh
+and and there's one company now PNG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's one company now PNG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's one company now PNG
+looking at the right products that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the right products that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the right products that
+deliver Roi in the short term uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver Roi in the short term uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver Roi in the short term uh but
+looking at those next products that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those next products that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those next products that are
+just on the brink of of delivering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the brink of of delivering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the brink of of delivering a
+positive Roi and how do we go get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Roi and how do we go get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Roi and how do we go get those
+into the into the program as well and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the program as well and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the program as well and it
+may be cost it may be technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be cost it may be technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be cost it may be technology
+developments but I think it's incumbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments but I think it's incumbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments but I think it's incumbent
+on us all to to share information um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on us all to to share information um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on us all to to share information um and
+you know where we're finding uh positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where we're finding uh positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where we're finding uh positive
+Roi and business cases to to to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi and business cases to to to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roi and business cases to to to share
+those and that'll be different for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and that'll be different for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those and that'll be different for every
+company depending how they set up uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company depending how they set up uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company depending how they set up uh how
+mature their systems are and uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature their systems are and uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature their systems are and uh really
+the same answer to to the gentleman from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer to to the gentleman from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer to to the gentleman from
+China um where some smaller companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um where some smaller companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China um where some smaller companies
+have got uh older systems then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got uh older systems then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got uh older systems then there's
+an opportunity for them to Leap Frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for them to Leap Frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for them to Leap Frog
+their competition as well if I may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their competition as well if I may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their competition as well if I may have
+a follow-up question um companies like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follow-up question um companies like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follow-up question um companies like
+Proctor and Gamble and and Gillette are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble and and Gillette are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proctor and Gamble and and Gillette are
+definitely seeing advantages to our ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely seeing advantages to our ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely seeing advantages to our ID
+from the presentation that we saw today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the presentation that we saw today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the presentation that we saw today
+so according to you what would explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so according to you what would explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so according to you what would explain
+that some of the manufacturers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the manufacturers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the manufacturers are
+seeing advantages and are going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing advantages and are going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing advantages and are going forward
+with the RFID initiative whereas others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the RFID initiative whereas others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the RFID initiative whereas others
+will probably give more push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably give more push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably give more push
+back I think it comes down to taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I think it comes down to taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back I think it comes down to taking a
+hard look at your business if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard look at your business if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard look at your business if you look
+at PNG for example um you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PNG for example um you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at PNG for example um you know very
+efficient company um but but yet they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient company um but but yet they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient company um but but yet they've
+still identified and I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still identified and I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still identified and I don't want to
+speak to you but internal uh benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to you but internal uh benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to you but internal uh benefits
+and and collabor benefits um and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and collabor benefits um and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and collabor benefits um and that's
+a very efficient company and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient company and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient company and as a
+technology matures and we get into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology matures and we get into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology matures and we get into other
+areas that will only go from strength to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that will only go from strength to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that will only go from strength to
+strength and you know we we've not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and you know we we've not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength and you know we we've not just
+got uh our top 100 and the the supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh our top 100 and the the supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh our top 100 and the the supplies
+that are going live uh during this month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going live uh during this month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going live uh during this month
+but we've also got volunteers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've also got volunteers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've also got volunteers don't
+forget you know we we have uh over 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget you know we we have uh over 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget you know we we have uh over 60
+volunteers now in the program and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers now in the program and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers now in the program and uh you
+know those those companies just haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those those companies just haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those those companies just haven't
+volunteered just for the heck of it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteered just for the heck of it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteered just for the heck of it uh
+they see real value and a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see real value and a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see real value and a lot of those
+companies getting real value out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies getting real value out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies getting real value out of it
+and knowing that where we are today in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowing that where we are today in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowing that where we are today in
+you know uh a number of DCs a handful of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh a number of DCs a handful of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh a number of DCs a handful of
+DCs and stores aligned to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCs and stores aligned to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCs and stores aligned to those
+DCS yes we're we're all investing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCS yes we're we're all investing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DCS yes we're we're all investing in the
+technology today uh but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology today uh but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology today uh but we're going to
+reach a Tipping Point very quickly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a Tipping Point very quickly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a Tipping Point very quickly where
+we start to get that critical mass yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to get that critical mass yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start to get that critical mass yeah
+I think our observation around Roi you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think our observation around Roi you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think our observation around Roi you
+can't expect an Roi right away on this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't expect an Roi right away on this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't expect an Roi right away on this I
+think there's a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a fair amount of
+experimentation and design of experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation and design of experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentation and design of experiment
+that's required to figure out where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required to figure out where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's required to figure out where the
+ROI is so um you know my advice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROI is so um you know my advice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROI is so um you know my advice to
+anyone getting into this don't expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone getting into this don't expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone getting into this don't expect a
+real quick Roi right now because you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick Roi right now because you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick Roi right now because you you
+have to understand what products like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what products like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to understand what products like
+you know dick went through the selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dick went through the selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know dick went through the selection
+of products it's a very important step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products it's a very important step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products it's a very important step
+to go through um and and also you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through um and and also you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through um and and also you then
+you adjust your your focus as you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust your your focus as you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adjust your your focus as you learn
+more and more about it so I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more about it so I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more about it so I I think
+we're very close to Simon's Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very close to Simon's Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very close to Simon's Point
+getting to the Tipping Point on this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the Tipping Point on this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to the Tipping Point on this but
+to to the observations that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the observations that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the observations that you're
+hearing and comments you're hearing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and comments you're hearing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing and comments you're hearing from
+some manufacturers they're very real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manufacturers they're very real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manufacturers they're very real
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+I I can't deny that but I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't deny that but I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I can't deny that but I I think that
+they have to do is understand they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do is understand they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do is understand they have
+to go in with a little bit of an R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in with a little bit of an R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go in with a little bit of an R&D
+based approach and they're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approach and they're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based approach and they're going to have
+to invest a bit and they may not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest a bit and they may not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest a bit and they may not see
+that return right away but they will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that return right away but they will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that return right away but they will see
+it down the road and the question comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down the road and the question comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down the road and the question comes
+in is if you're going to play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is if you're going to play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is if you're going to play the game
+do you want to sit in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to sit in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to sit in this in the
+sideline and and watch the game Ur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideline and and watch the game Ur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sideline and and watch the game Ur and
+not participate or do you want to get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participate or do you want to get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not participate or do you want to get on
+the field and practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and practice and
+participate I I would reinforce what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate I I would reinforce what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate I I would reinforce what
+what Mike said um if you believe RFID is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mike said um if you believe RFID is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mike said um if you believe RFID is
+going to happen and I think 99.9 9% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and I think 99.9 9% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and I think 99.9 9% of
+the people believe that then why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people believe that then why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people believe that then why don't
+you want to get in the game and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get in the game and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get in the game and help
+help shape the future in the process um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help shape the future in the process um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help shape the future in the process um
+learn together with your retail partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn together with your retail partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn together with your retail partner
+and create a a strong partnership that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create a a strong partnership that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create a a strong partnership that
+you know takes the focus away from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know takes the focus away from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know takes the focus away from you
+know the the day in grind of price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the day in grind of price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the day in grind of price and
+promotion and negotiation and and begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion and negotiation and and begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotion and negotiation and and begin
+to to plan a future that uh is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to plan a future that uh is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to plan a future that uh is going to
+benefit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit you
+both okay question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay question here
+hi my name is Alonso Gutierrez from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Alonso Gutierrez from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi my name is Alonso Gutierrez from the
+University of Wisconsin in Madison my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Wisconsin in Madison my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Wisconsin in Madison my
+question is is related to the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is related to the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is related to the impact of
+our FID in core management information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our FID in core management information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our FID in core management information
+systems like U manufacturing resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like U manufacturing resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like U manufacturing resource
+plan in MRP and DRP the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in MRP and DRP the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in MRP and DRP the distribution
+resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource
+planning uh those systems which let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning uh those systems which let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning uh those systems which let's
+say that we could consider core but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we could consider core but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we could consider core but also
+may consider legacy type of systems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may consider legacy type of systems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may consider legacy type of systems with
+related to new technologies are based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to new technologies are based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to new technologies are based on
+basically inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically inventory
+levels and and if we say that R RFID is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and and if we say that R RFID is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and and if we say that R RFID is
+bringing a new paradigm where planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing a new paradigm where planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing a new paradigm where planning
+should be done based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be done based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be done based on
+velocity meaning velocity speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity meaning velocity speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity meaning velocity speed and
+direction those are terms that MRP and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction those are terms that MRP and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction those are terms that MRP and
+DRP don't know don't understand uh so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRP don't know don't understand uh so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DRP don't know don't understand uh so my
+question is uh do you see those systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh do you see those systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is uh do you see those systems
+resilient enough to absorb these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient enough to absorb these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient enough to absorb these new
+Concepts or they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts or they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts or they have to be
+revamped if so when do you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happening one thing I mentioned earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening one thing I mentioned earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening one thing I mentioned earlier
+is is sort of I think there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of I think there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sort of I think there's a lot of
+lot to learn still on replenishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to learn still on replenishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to learn still on replenishment
+systems and that that's one area that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that that's one area that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and that that's one area that uh
+Academia can help with as to really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia can help with as to really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Academia can help with as to really what
+does RFID and the data EPC data mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does RFID and the data EPC data mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does RFID and the data EPC data mean to
+to replenishment for example and uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replenishment for example and uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replenishment for example and uh our
+distribution methods and you know as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution methods and you know as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution methods and you know as I
+said earlier we don't know what we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier we don't know what we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said earlier we don't know what we don't
+know and as we start to to peel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and as we start to to peel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and as we start to to peel the
+layers of the onion and and and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the onion and and and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of the onion and and and look
+further into the data there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further into the data there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further into the data there are more
+Wows and and ahas along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wows and and ahas along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wows and and ahas along the
+way Proctor and Gamble believes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Proctor and Gamble believes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Proctor and Gamble believes very
+strongly in a in a consumer-driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly in a in a consumer-driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly in a in a consumer-driven
+supply network and RFID is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply network and RFID is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply network and RFID is going to be a
+huge enabler to get that real demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge enabler to get that real demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge enabler to get that real demand
+signal that can then be worked back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that can then be worked back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that can then be worked back
+Upstream eventually to to Factory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream eventually to to Factory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upstream eventually to to Factory um
+and um it infrastructure and it systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it infrastructure and it systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it infrastructure and it systems
+are going to are going to have to evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to are going to have to evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to are going to have to evolve
+to accommodate it U but I'm not smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate it U but I'm not smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accommodate it U but I'm not smart
+enough to tell you how that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to tell you how that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to tell you how that's actually
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+happen Okay question here yeah um given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay question here yeah um given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay question here yeah um given
+that your companies have been studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your companies have been studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your companies have been studying
+RFID business models for some time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID business models for some time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID business models for some time and
+you've crunched through the numbers um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've crunched through the numbers um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've crunched through the numbers um I
+had a question related to item level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a question related to item level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a question related to item level and
+smart shelves um we've all talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart shelves um we've all talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart shelves um we've all talked about
+the 5cent tag for a number of years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5cent tag for a number of years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5cent tag for a number of years but
+I was wondering if there's a sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was wondering if there's a sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was wondering if there's a sort of an
+an equivalent price point for readers U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent price point for readers U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent price point for readers U
+that you'd like to mention um either per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to mention um either per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd like to mention um either per
+reader or per linear foot on of shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space in terms of readers on shelves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in terms of readers on shelves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in terms of readers on shelves and
+that sort of thing that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing that that's that's
+not really anything we've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really anything we've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really anything we've looked at
+right now you know we've been looking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you know we've been looking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you know we've been looking in
+the supply chain case and pallet um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain case and pallet um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supply chain case and pallet um I
+think as as we get to that stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as as we get to that stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as as we get to that stage
+uh I don't believe you're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't believe you're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't believe you're going to need
+readers on every single shelf in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers on every single shelf in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers on every single shelf in the
+store um I think there will be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um I think there will be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store um I think there will be different
+ways and you know we started to to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and you know we started to to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and you know we started to to look
+at outer stocks uh using case level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at outer stocks uh using case level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at outer stocks uh using case level
+information um some people said well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um some people said well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um some people said well how
+can you do that surely you need to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do that surely you need to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do that surely you need to be at
+the item level and um you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item level and um you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item level and um you know we we
+sort of walked through our process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of walked through our process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of walked through our process and
+shared that with the industry as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that with the industry as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared that with the industry as to how
+you can affect the customer shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can affect the customer shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can affect the customer shopping
+experience at case level without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at case level without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at case level without going
+to the item um and that surprised quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the item um and that surprised quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the item um and that surprised quite
+a few people and I think there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people and I think there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people and I think there there are
+still more things there that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still more things there that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still more things there that we can do
+with case than than we know today um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with case than than we know today um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with case than than we know today um but
+um in terms of reader prices in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of reader prices in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of reader prices in general
+I would like to see those uh fall in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to see those uh fall in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to see those uh fall in in
+line with how Tech prices have falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with how Tech prices have falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with how Tech prices have falling
+over the the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+months just uh I'll add a comment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months just uh I'll add a comment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months just uh I'll add a comment to
+that Mid West Veo those gentlemen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mid West Veo those gentlemen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mid West Veo those gentlemen here
+uh they're Smart Systems they developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're Smart Systems they developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're Smart Systems they developed
+a uh a networking architecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a networking architecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a networking architecture that
+allows one reader to control many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows one reader to control many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows one reader to control many
+antennas so you don't necessarily have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas so you don't necessarily have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas so you don't necessarily have
+to have a reader on every shelf you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a reader on every shelf you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a reader on every shelf you just
+put the antennas in and then you cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the antennas in and then you cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the antennas in and then you cycle
+through the antennas and read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the antennas and read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the antennas and read the
+inventory so it's a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory so it's a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory so it's a possible
+solution I have a question Steve's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I have a question Steve's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution I have a question Steve's
+question whether it's so I I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether it's so I I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether it's so I I understand
+business is always going to be beer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is always going to be beer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business is always going to be beer to
+beer Johnson and Johnson Walmart but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer Johnson and Johnson Walmart but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer Johnson and Johnson Walmart but if
+you look at the supply chain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the supply chain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the supply chain the
+movement of the RFI Ted merchandise it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the RFI Ted merchandise it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the RFI Ted merchandise it's
+going through let's say wart DL and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through let's say wart DL and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through let's say wart DL and then
+Johnson and Johnson that's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson and Johnson that's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Johnson and Johnson that's just one
+chain and wart is simultaneous having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and wart is simultaneous having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and wart is simultaneous having
+many suppliers and Johnson and Johnson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many suppliers and Johnson and Johnson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many suppliers and Johnson and Johnson
+is supplying to many recal so uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supplying to many recal so uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supplying to many recal so uh and
+Simon say they are always going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon say they are always going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon say they are always going to keep
+their own data they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own data they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own data they're not going to
+surrender the data so given those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrender the data so given those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrender the data so given those
+constraints uh how will this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh how will this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints uh how will this kind of
+Google thing happen uh because Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google thing happen uh because Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google thing happen uh because Google
+here has is a spider that it visits all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has is a spider that it visits all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has is a spider that it visits all
+the webites are willing to publish those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the webites are willing to publish those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the webites are willing to publish those
+data so I put it another way you see EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I put it another way you see EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so I put it another way you see EPC
+as a uh data Clearing House of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a uh data Clearing House of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a uh data Clearing House of all the
+potential traces of data or also do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential traces of data or also do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential traces of data or also do you
+see other companies or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other companies or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other companies or other
+organizations that can if they follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that can if they follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that can if they follow
+let's say epc's standard they can set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say epc's standard they can set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say epc's standard they can set up
+their own data wearing house uh Clearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own data wearing house uh Clearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own data wearing house uh Clearing
+House sorry uh and so that to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House sorry uh and so that to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+House sorry uh and so that to achieve
+the sort of overall holistic view of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of overall holistic view of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of overall holistic view of of
+Trace traceability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I certainly see it as a a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly see it as a a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly see it as a a distributed
+Network the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network the data
+residing our data is held by USS um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residing our data is held by USS um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residing our data is held by USS um but
+I think we need to take a step back as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to take a step back as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we need to take a step back as
+well as to what business problem are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as to what business problem are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as to what business problem are we
+trying to solve where where do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve where where do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve where where do we want
+to get to uh how do we want to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to uh how do we want to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to uh how do we want to work in
+the future and then design applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and then design applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and then design applications
+and systems around that and meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems around that and meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems around that and meeting
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+needs yeah and it's you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs yeah and it's you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs yeah and it's you know your
+question about how will this Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how will this Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about how will this Google
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+be implemented I I don't know that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be implemented I I don't know that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be implemented I I don't know that I
+have a brain big enough to figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a brain big enough to figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a brain big enough to figure that
+one out I'm sorry um but I I think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out I'm sorry um but I I think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one out I'm sorry um but I I think to
+assignment's point uh we we believe in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment's point uh we we believe in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment's point uh we we believe in a
+distributed architecture around this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed architecture around this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed architecture around this um
+to think that it's all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that it's all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that it's all going to be
+centralized in one place and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized in one place and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized in one place and one
+Clearing House um if Google could pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearing House um if Google could pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clearing House um if Google could pull
+it off you they be willing to entertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off you they be willing to entertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off you they be willing to entertain
+it but I'm not so sure yet that I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I'm not so sure yet that I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I'm not so sure yet that I see
+that and envision that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and envision that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and envision that right
+now actually my opinion my opinion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually my opinion my opinion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually my opinion my opinion is
+it's it's not Google right but I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not Google right but I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not Google right but I but
+Google like it but what about uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google like it but what about uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google like it but what about uh the the
+issue specifically to the Pharma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue specifically to the Pharma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue specifically to the Pharma
+industry where you've got track and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry where you've got track and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry where you've got track and
+Trace you may have the FDA that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace you may have the FDA that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace you may have the FDA that needs to
+go and get data you you may need um um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and get data you you may need um um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and get data you you may need um um a
+customs official that needs to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customs official that needs to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customs official that needs to go and
+get data on a on a shipment um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data on a on a shipment um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get data on a on a shipment um there's
+got to be somebody who's going to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be somebody who's going to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be somebody who's going to hold
+those e pedigrees and and guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those e pedigrees and and guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those e pedigrees and and guarantee that
+they're secure so that that data can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're secure so that that data can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're secure so that that data can be
+recovered isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovered isn't there
+well that that's that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's that's a very
+interesting question it's still being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question it's still being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question it's still being
+sorted out with the regulations um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted out with the regulations um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted out with the regulations um so I
+think it's it's a little difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's a little difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's it's a little difficult to
+presuppose what the FDA may want to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuppose what the FDA may want to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuppose what the FDA may want to do I
+mean they they commented about how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they commented about how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they commented about how they
+may want to dip in and access this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to dip in and access this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may want to dip in and access this
+information um but even if they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um but even if they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um but even if they do that
+today if they want to access information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if they want to access information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if they want to access information
+and say Johnson Johnson they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say Johnson Johnson they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say Johnson Johnson they have to
+subpoena us for that information so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpoena us for that information so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subpoena us for that information so the
+question comes in is all just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question comes in is all just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question comes in is all just because
+magically we're now producing pedigrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically we're now producing pedigrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically we're now producing pedigrees
+does all of a sudden this open up access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all of a sudden this open up access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all of a sudden this open up access
+to everyone um not so sure that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone um not so sure that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everyone um not so sure that that's
+realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic
+right okay question here I'm Diego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay question here I'm Diego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay question here I'm Diego
+clavan faculty at MIT um so it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clavan faculty at MIT um so it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clavan faculty at MIT um so it seems to
+me that RFID is currently in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that RFID is currently in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that RFID is currently in the uh
+adoption phase so the next St stage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption phase so the next St stage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoption phase so the next St stage the
+next stage would be business processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage would be business processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage would be business processes
+and so forth and then even further would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and then even further would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and then even further would
+be business applications so my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be business applications so my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be business applications so my question
+is have you started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have you started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have you started thinking about
+business applications and by that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business applications and by that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business applications and by that I mean
+for example by using RFID data to say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example by using RFID data to say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example by using RFID data to say uh
+improve replenishment strategies improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve replenishment strategies improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve replenishment strategies improve
+forecasting uh say uh promotions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting uh say uh promotions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasting uh say uh promotions and so
+forth even with respect to marketing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth even with respect to marketing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth even with respect to marketing for
+example and I kind of related similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I kind of related similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I kind of related similar
+question is that um so RFID will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that um so RFID will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that um so RFID will
+definitely put say less stress on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely put say less stress on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely put say less stress on
+planning because the supply chain will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning because the supply chain will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning because the supply chain will
+become more event driven because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more event driven because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become more event driven because it's
+you know RFID it's about real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know RFID it's about real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know RFID it's about real time
+information so when do you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so when do you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so when do you see this
+transition sort of or gradual transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition sort of or gradual transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition sort of or gradual transition
+from planning more to being you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from planning more to being you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from planning more to being you know
+event driven more responsive agile uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event driven more responsive agile uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event driven more responsive agile uh
+Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply
+chains i' say moving into that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains i' say moving into that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains i' say moving into that next
+phase we're right on the cusp of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we're right on the cusp of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we're right on the cusp of of
+taking that next step uh with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that next step uh with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking that next step uh with some of
+our key key trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key key trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our key key trading
+partners I mean I guess the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners I mean I guess the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners I mean I guess the question is
+you know have you started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have you started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have you started thinking about
+you know the next step which is business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the next step which is business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the next step which is business
+applications for absolutely yes and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for absolutely yes and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications for absolutely yes and uh
+involving you know various parts of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving you know various parts of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving you know various parts of our
+business uh as well as our trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh as well as our trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh as well as our trading
+partners and uh whether that be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and uh whether that be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners and uh whether that be on
+accounts payable uh to to look at proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts payable uh to to look at proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts payable uh to to look at proof
+of deliveries and how how that would all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deliveries and how how that would all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deliveries and how how that would all
+work and and how we can evolve and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and and how we can evolve and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and and how we can evolve and and
+work differently and smarter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work differently and smarter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work differently and smarter in the
+future to how do we replenish and uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future to how do we replenish and uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future to how do we replenish and uh how
+do we really work by exception but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we really work by exception but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we really work by exception but
+automate everything else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate everything else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automate everything else in the
+background using EPC data uh so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background using EPC data uh so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background using EPC data uh so I think
+there's there's a lot of work there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of work there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of work there
+still to be done uh lots of ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to be done uh lots of ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to be done uh lots of ideas and
+lots of input from from lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of input from from lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of input from from lots of people
+and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different
+organizations once the T reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations once the T reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations once the T reader
+infrastructure is in place on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is in place on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure is in place on on
+whatever scale um uh business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever scale um uh business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever scale um uh business
+applications are going to come very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are going to come very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are going to come very very
+quickly and exponentially because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and exponentially because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and exponentially because as you
+prove value it's just going to be get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove value it's just going to be get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove value it's just going to be get
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+value thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+youzy hello I'm Antonio Ry with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youzy hello I'm Antonio Ry with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youzy hello I'm Antonio Ry with the
+University of Parma Italy we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Parma Italy we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Parma Italy we have
+carried out my question is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out my question is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out my question is especially
+for the manufacturers but also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the manufacturers but also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the manufacturers but also for
+Walmart uh we have carried out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart uh we have carried out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart uh we have carried out a
+research in Italy to assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in Italy to assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in Italy to assess the
+potential of FID and MPC Global Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of FID and MPC Global Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of FID and MPC Global Network
+on the fast moving consumer goods and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fast moving consumer goods and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fast moving consumer goods and we
+came out with the one conclusion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with the one conclusion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with the one conclusion was
+that uh one possibility to cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh one possibility to cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh one possibility to cover the
+cost of tagging old pallets and cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of tagging old pallets and cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of tagging old pallets and cases
+could be found in the reduction of stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be found in the reduction of stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be found in the reduction of stock
+levels and I've heard a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and I've heard a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and I've heard a lot about
+reducing AO stocks but nothing very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing AO stocks but nothing very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing AO stocks but nothing very few
+has been mentioned about the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been mentioned about the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been mentioned about the reduction
+of stocks and I'm talking of both CYO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stocks and I'm talking of both CYO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stocks and I'm talking of both CYO
+stocks level and safety Safety stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks level and safety Safety stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks level and safety Safety stock
+levels Safety stock because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels Safety stock because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels Safety stock because of the
+visibility and psychos stock levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and psychos stock levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility and psychos stock levels
+because of the possibility to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the possibility to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the possibility to adopt
+trans shipment uh strategies I I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans shipment uh strategies I I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans shipment uh strategies I I'm just
+wondering whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering whether the
+manufacturers here here so Gillette and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers here here so Gillette and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers here here so Gillette and
+J&J have benefit from those uh stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J&J have benefit from those uh stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J&J have benefit from those uh stock
+reduction from weeks to to to days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from weeks to to to days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from weeks to to to days
+because of the visibilities if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the visibilities if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the visibilities if they
+quantify the the reduction in and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the the reduction in and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify the the reduction in and uh
+finally if they've been able to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if they've been able to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if they've been able to adopt
+trash shipment and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash shipment and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash shipment and P
+in inventory pulling strategies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inventory pulling strategies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inventory pulling strategies because
+of this V visibility through the EPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this V visibility through the EPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this V visibility through the EPC
+Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global
+Network I think one of the reasons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network I think one of the reasons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network I think one of the reasons you
+don't see a lot of emphasis being put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a lot of emphasis being put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see a lot of emphasis being put on
+inventory reduction right now is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory reduction right now is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory reduction right now is we
+don't have absolute confidence in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have absolute confidence in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have absolute confidence in what
+our in stock position is um accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in stock position is um accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in stock position is um accurate
+bookstock if you will and accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstock if you will and accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookstock if you will and accurate
+location of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of of the
+merchandise that is beginning to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchandise that is beginning to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchandise that is beginning to happen
+we are beginning to identify real out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are beginning to identify real out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are beginning to identify real out of
+stock levels and beginning to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock levels and beginning to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock levels and beginning to put in
+place uh new processes to to be in stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh new processes to to be in stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh new processes to to be in stock
+um more often and be able to locate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more often and be able to locate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um more often and be able to locate
+inventory to keep the shelves filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory to keep the shelves filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory to keep the shelves filled
+once that happens and we have confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that happens and we have confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that happens and we have confidence
+in our in stock position then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our in stock position then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our in stock position then you're
+going to find that uh there's more um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that uh there's more um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that uh there's more um uh
+appetite for lowering Safety stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite for lowering Safety stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetite for lowering Safety stock and
+and reducing inventory yeah I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing inventory yeah I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing inventory yeah I I would
+say those areas you identified are ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those areas you identified are ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say those areas you identified are ones
+that we're very interested in we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very interested in we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're very interested in we're
+monit but it's very early stage um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monit but it's very early stage um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monit but it's very early stage um so
+but they are key areas that we'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are key areas that we'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are key areas that we'd say
+yeah this could make some sense for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this could make some sense for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this could make some sense for us
+it could justify our approach here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could justify our approach here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could justify our approach here and
+could justify the expense of tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could justify the expense of tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could justify the expense of tagging
+product so they are two key areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so they are two key areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so they are two key areas that
+we're certainly focused on yeah fact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're certainly focused on yeah fact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're certainly focused on yeah fact and
+you can see it on on fashion they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it on on fashion they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it on on fashion they do it
+and they because there the stock due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they because there the stock due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they because there the stock due to
+the uh to the the short season uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the the short season uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the the short season uh there
+it is worthwhile uh to do it with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is worthwhile uh to do it with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is worthwhile uh to do it with with
+tax fully and then you can get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax fully and then you can get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax fully and then you can get these
+what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have
+mentioned the talk r d okay question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the talk r d okay question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the talk r d okay question
+here yeah I have a question on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I have a question on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah I have a question on your
+slides and also on your colleague slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and also on your colleague slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and also on your colleague slides
+the word privacy occurred and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word privacy occurred and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word privacy occurred and the
+question I have I mean MIT says or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have I mean MIT says or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I have I mean MIT says or in
+most and many papers the kill function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and many papers the kill function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and many papers the kill function
+is the ultimate answer to solve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ultimate answer to solve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ultimate answer to solve all
+those privacy problems some research I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those privacy problems some research I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those privacy problems some research I
+did also proposes that um in at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did also proposes that um in at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did also proposes that um in at least in
+Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany
+75% of um consumers rather want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% of um consumers rather want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75% of um consumers rather want to have
+chips killed um at the retail store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips killed um at the retail store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips killed um at the retail store
+instead of using a privacy enhancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a privacy enhancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a privacy enhancing
+technology now the question I have is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology now the question I have is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology now the question I have is do
+you think that killing the chip at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that killing the chip at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that killing the chip at the
+store exit will be the answer to privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store exit will be the answer to privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store exit will be the answer to privacy
+do you think that's realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no uh I think as Simon said earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh I think as Simon said earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh I think as Simon said earlier
+education is going to be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is going to be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education is going to be the the
+major um opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major um opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major um opportunity
+to um dispel concerns about privacy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um dispel concerns about privacy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um dispel concerns about privacy uh
+then uh respect of of of guidelines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh respect of of of guidelines uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh respect of of of guidelines uh
+for the the safe and responsible use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the safe and responsible use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the safe and responsible use of
+the of the technology you the kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the technology you the kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the technology you the kill
+function as it becomes techn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as it becomes techn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as it becomes techn
+technologically available is a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically available is a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically available is a a a
+necessary um um right of of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary um um right of of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary um um right of of every
+consumer I think what we will find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer I think what we will find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer I think what we will find is
+the educated consumer who has the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated consumer who has the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the educated consumer who has the option
+to kill or not kill is not going to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill or not kill is not going to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kill or not kill is not going to kill
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tag and also some somebody I forget who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and also some somebody I forget who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and also some somebody I forget who
+it was forgive me mentioned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was forgive me mentioned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was forgive me mentioned about
+through that education and and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that education and and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that education and and through
+people uh using the technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh using the technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh using the technology and
+touching the technology um will transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the technology um will transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching the technology um will transfer
+to a a consumer pull that they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a a consumer pull that they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a a consumer pull that they want to
+use a technology for for things either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a technology for for things either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a technology for for things either
+in their home or for returns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their home or for returns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their home or for returns and
+warranty information that type of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty information that type of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty information that type of thing
+and they're huge benefits for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're huge benefits for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're huge benefits for for
+consumers and rather than kill tags then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and rather than kill tags then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and rather than kill tags then
+I know through some of the working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know through some of the working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know through some of the working
+groups the hardware Action Group uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the hardware Action Group uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the hardware Action Group uh
+they're looking to to reduce for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking to to reduce for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking to to reduce for example
+uh the read range so a tag that may read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the read range so a tag that may read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the read range so a tag that may read
+5 to 10 ft today to reduce that read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 10 ft today to reduce that read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 to 10 ft today to reduce that read
+range to to contact and so for privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range to to contact and so for privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range to to contact and so for privacy
+if there's any concerns in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any concerns in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's any concerns in the in the
+consumer's mind about privacy and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer's mind about privacy and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer's mind about privacy and they
+would normally want that that killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally want that that killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would normally want that that killed
+then to reduce that read rate uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to reduce that read rate uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to reduce that read rate uh to
+contact still allows that customer to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact still allows that customer to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact still allows that customer to to
+return that product uh to to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that product uh to to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return that product uh to to look at the
+warranty information that the retailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty information that the retailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warranty information that the retailer
+and so we can service them and still add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can service them and still add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can service them and still add
+all those benefits but that's all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those benefits but that's all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those benefits but that's all all
+for the future but as dick said the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the future but as dick said the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the future but as dick said the key
+thing is education and why we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is education and why we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is education and why we're using
+it and and what's on the tag and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and what's on the tag and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and and what's on the tag and what's
+not on the tag about personal identif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the tag about personal identif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the tag about personal identif
+buil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buil
+information thank you okay doesn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information thank you okay doesn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information thank you okay doesn't it
+also depend on the category of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depend on the category of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depend on the category of products
+so if it's close I may not want a tag in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's close I may not want a tag in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's close I may not want a tag in
+my clothes I may either want to cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my clothes I may either want to cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my clothes I may either want to cut it
+off if it's on a hang tag or kill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off if it's on a hang tag or kill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off if it's on a hang tag or kill it
+whereas if it's on I don't know um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's on I don't know um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's on I don't know um you
+know my television I might want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my television I might want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my television I might want to keep
+it so that if my television's stolen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that if my television's stolen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that if my television's stolen I
+could possibly recover it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly recover it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly recover it if it's
+found I think you're I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found I think you're I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found I think you're I think you're
+right I think that different products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that different products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I think that different products
+are going to have a greater or lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have a greater or lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have a greater or lesser
+likelihood to want to have the tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood to want to have the tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood to want to have the tag
+removed but um I think as as Simon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed but um I think as as Simon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed but um I think as as Simon
+points out as the as the benefits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out as the as the benefits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out as the as the benefits of the
+tag uh and and keeping the tag are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag uh and and keeping the tag are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag uh and and keeping the tag are more
+understood by consumers and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood by consumers and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood by consumers and they don't
+fear invasion of privacy because read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear invasion of privacy because read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear invasion of privacy because read
+range is not that um large um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is not that um large um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is not that um large um they're
+going to it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to it's not going to be
+necessarily something they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily something they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily something they're very
+interested in spending the time to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in spending the time to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in spending the time to to
+disable remove because it's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disable remove because it's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disable remove because it's really not
+an issue in their life in fact it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue in their life in fact it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue in their life in fact it's uh
+it's something that's going to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's going to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's going to give them
+more more opportunities uh to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more opportunities uh to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more opportunities uh to interact
+with the product uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the product uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the product uh after
+purchase okay I promise this is my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase okay I promise this is my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase okay I promise this is my last
+question um if R RFID can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um if R RFID can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um if R RFID can have the
+potential to help Walmart better manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to help Walmart better manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to help Walmart better manage
+their inventory reduce out of stocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their inventory reduce out of stocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their inventory reduce out of stocks and
+Etc other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc other
+benefits then could the same be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits then could the same be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits then could the same be true for
+their manufacturers could their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manufacturers could their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their manufacturers could their
+manufacturers if they ask their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers if they ask their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers if they ask their
+suppliers to incorporate R ID could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers to incorporate R ID could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers to incorporate R ID could they
+also better manage their production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also better manage their production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also better manage their production
+inventory and their own processes do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and their own processes do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory and their own processes do you
+see this happening where the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this happening where the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this happening where the technology
+will diffuse throughout the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will diffuse throughout the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will diffuse throughout the supply chain
+in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction I don't want to speak for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I don't want to speak for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I don't want to speak for the
+manufacturers but but certainly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers but but certainly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers but but certainly you know
+if if there are benefits from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there are benefits from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there are benefits from our
+suppliers to to ourselves and to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers to to ourselves and to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers to to ourselves and to the end
+consumer then uh Sur there are benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer then uh Sur there are benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer then uh Sur there are benefits
+all the way up the supply chain and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up the supply chain and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up the supply chain and uh
+you know with the session previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the session previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with the session previously
+about packaging and uh the cot tags and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about packaging and uh the cot tags and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about packaging and uh the cot tags and
+inlays to be incorporated into packaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlays to be incorporated into packaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inlays to be incorporated into packaging
+um you know how can we better manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how can we better manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how can we better manage
+that that packaging that raw material um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that packaging that raw material um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that packaging that raw material um
+in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the
+process right now we're very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right now we're very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process right now we're very much
+focused on working on the the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on working on the the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on working on the the consumer
+uh side with the retailers and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh side with the retailers and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh side with the retailers and then also
+in this whole area of patient safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole area of patient safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole area of patient safety
+there are two uh areas of focus over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two uh areas of focus over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two uh areas of focus over
+time you see it expanding from there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see it expanding from there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see it expanding from there so
+yes you know we could see it where as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you know we could see it where as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you know we could see it where as we
+receive Goods we may want to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive Goods we may want to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive Goods we may want to have it
+tagged as well but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged as well but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged as well but we're not going to
+put in a mandate to say well everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a mandate to say well everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a mandate to say well everything
+has to tag product that's coming into us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to tag product that's coming into us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to tag product that's coming into us
+you know we're not going we're not at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going we're not at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going we're not at a
+point where that makes sense for us okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where that makes sense for us okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where that makes sense for us okay
+but this was a two-part question so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was a two-part question so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this was a two-part question so um
+so so if the suppliers are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if the suppliers are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if the suppliers are going to
+incorporate that into their product line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into their product line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into their product line
+eventually the products that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the products that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the products that have the
+packages that have have RFID are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages that have have RFID are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages that have have RFID are not
+only going to go towards Walmart but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to go towards Walmart but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to go towards Walmart but
+also their other buyers their other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also their other buyers their other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also their other buyers their other
+clients so perhaps other retailers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients so perhaps other retailers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients so perhaps other retailers
+because they're receiving packages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're receiving packages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're receiving packages that
+have RFID will simply be putting readers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have RFID will simply be putting readers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have RFID will simply be putting readers
+and antennas in order to benefit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antennas in order to benefit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and antennas in order to benefit from
+the chip that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip that's already
+there do you see this happening and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you see this happening and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there do you see this happening and if
+that's the case how can Walmart keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case how can Walmart keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case how can Walmart keep
+their Advance their competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Advance their competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Advance their competitive
+Advantage I would say that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage I would say that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage I would say that's a good
+thing today there product there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing today there product there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing today there product there's
+product flowing uh here in the US that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product flowing uh here in the US that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product flowing uh here in the US that
+is is Flowing to us as part of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Flowing to us as part of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is Flowing to us as part of uh a
+manufacturers tagging initiative that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers tagging initiative that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers tagging initiative that is
+Flowing to other region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing to other region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flowing to other region
+retailers um whether they choose to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers um whether they choose to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retailers um whether they choose to use
+it and take advantage uh that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and take advantage uh that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and take advantage uh that's that's
+up to that individual retailer but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that individual retailer but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that individual retailer but you
+know we talk about adoption and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we talk about adoption and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we talk about adoption and one of
+the questions earlier was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions earlier was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the questions earlier was about
+competitive advantage and sharing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantage and sharing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive advantage and sharing and
+not sharing information and we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sharing information and we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sharing information and we're all
+about adoption and driving adoption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adoption and driving adoption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adoption and driving adoption and
+sharing that information how you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing that information how you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing that information how you choose
+to use that data internally that's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that data internally that's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that data internally that's up to
+individual companies then that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual companies then that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual companies then that's where
+you get your competitive Advantage but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your competitive Advantage but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your competitive Advantage but
+in terms of broadscale adoption and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of broadscale adoption and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of broadscale adoption and uh
+you know receiving product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know receiving product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know receiving product and
+Distributing product then they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing product then they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distributing product then they're the
+Givens it's then how you use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Givens it's then how you use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Givens it's then how you use that
+intelligently within your your own four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently within your your own four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligently within your your own four
+worlds thank you okay got time for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds thank you okay got time for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worlds thank you okay got time for one
+more question then we're going to wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more question then we're going to wrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more question then we're going to wrap
+it up question is about the security of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up question is about the security of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up question is about the security of
+RFID before the point of sales do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID before the point of sales do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID before the point of sales do you
+think it's a concern uh for suppliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a concern uh for suppliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a concern uh for suppliers
+manufacturers and retailers that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers and retailers that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers and retailers that if the
+the truck that you ship your products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck that you ship your products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck that you ship your products
+are scanned by um malicious reader say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scanned by um malicious reader say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are scanned by um malicious reader say
+byy um thief or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byy um thief or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byy um thief or your
+competitor is it really concern or uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor is it really concern or uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitor is it really concern or uh if
+it is uh what can be done to to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh what can be done to to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is uh what can be done to to solve
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem I think one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think one of the the
+discussions in the hls uh working group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in the hls uh working group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions in the hls uh working group
+is is around security um and encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is around security um and encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is around security um and encryption
+of of data that um in the general throws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of data that um in the general throws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of data that um in the general throws
+of things in terms of privacy um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in terms of privacy um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in terms of privacy um then
+somebody standing outside a store trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody standing outside a store trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody standing outside a store trying
+to read product and determine if if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read product and determine if if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read product and determine if if what
+a person is is carrying then obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person is is carrying then obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person is is carrying then obviously
+that's not viable it's it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not viable it's it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not viable it's it's just a
+number and they' have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and they' have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and they' have to have the
+database to go along with that to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to go along with that to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to go along with that to to
+tell what that consumer has but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what that consumer has but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what that consumer has but uh you
+know in terms of uh within the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of uh within the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in terms of uh within the supply
+chain um then uh looking at how we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain um then uh looking at how we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain um then uh looking at how we uh
+secure that merchandise and uh encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure that merchandise and uh encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure that merchandise and uh encrypt
+those those tags so can handle properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those tags so can handle properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those tags so can handle properly
+I don't know if you to com yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you to com yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if you to com yeah so I
+think Simon right you know look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Simon right you know look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Simon right you know look at it
+and say well we want to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well we want to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well we want to use the
+technology technology to secure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology technology to secure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology technology to secure the
+supply chain but at the same time if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain but at the same time if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain but at the same time if we
+put it on there it could be red so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on there it could be red so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it on there it could be red so there
+may be more easily ident ified so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more easily ident ified so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be more easily ident ified so there
+has to be some sort of mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be some sort of mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be some sort of mechanism of
+which we can either allow people to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can either allow people to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can either allow people to to
+read it but then don't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but then don't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it but then don't get the
+information about what that product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what that product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about what that product is
+or you know or there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know or there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know or there's some sort of
+encrytion me mechanism so we we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrytion me mechanism so we we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrytion me mechanism so we we you know
+we're working through a way of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working through a way of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working through a way of how to
+sort this through but that it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort this through but that it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort this through but that it's been
+identified in healthcare and life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in healthcare and life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified in healthcare and life
+science business Action Group is an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science business Action Group is an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science business Action Group is an area
+where um some some uh companies have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um some some uh companies have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um some some uh companies have
+have expressed some concerned around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expressed some concerned around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have expressed some concerned around
+this um the reality is though if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the reality is though if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the reality is though if you
+look at the technology today is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the technology today is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the technology today is it
+exists if you're trying to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists if you're trying to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists if you're trying to read it
+through the back of a truck if the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the back of a truck if the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the back of a truck if the truck
+do is all shut be kind of hard but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is all shut be kind of hard but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is all shut be kind of hard but I
+think that's our experience I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's our experience I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's our experience I mean you
+would confirm that when he sign um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would confirm that when he sign um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would confirm that when he sign um but
+on the other hand we do have to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we do have to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand we do have to be um
+Vigilant and making sure that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vigilant and making sure that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vigilant and making sure that we just
+don't um through the enabling of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um through the enabling of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um through the enabling of new
+technology open up a whole another um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology open up a whole another um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology open up a whole another um
+area of of weakness so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of of weakness so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of of weakness so that that's
+that's a very hot topic of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very hot topic of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very hot topic of discussion
+right now and uh just quick follow uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and uh just quick follow uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and uh just quick follow uh do
+you think the uh the current gen two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the uh the current gen two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the uh the current gen two
+class one Tech is ready ready to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one Tech is ready ready to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class one Tech is ready ready to be
+deployed broadly in the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed broadly in the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed broadly in the supply chain
+before you know the answer for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know the answer for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know the answer for my
+previous question is answered I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous question is answered I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous question is answered I mean is
+um for sure the before the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sure the before the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for sure the before the security
+problem can be um you know um surely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be um you know um surely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be um you know um surely
+solved do you think the Gen to class one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved do you think the Gen to class one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved do you think the Gen to class one
+ATT can be broadly deployed is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concern there are some uh security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern there are some uh security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern there are some uh security
+features built into Gen 2 whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features built into Gen 2 whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features built into Gen 2 whether
+they're uh robust enough to to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh robust enough to to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh robust enough to to uh
+satisfy some of the the the concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy some of the the the concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy some of the the the concerns
+that the B referred to that would SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the B referred to that would SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the B referred to that would SE
+from the requirements you know I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the requirements you know I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the requirements you know I I would
+say that you know it's a step forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know it's a step forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know it's a step forward
+with with those security features buil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with those security features buil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with those security features buil
+in but you know I I think we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but you know I I think we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but you know I I think we're looking
+at gen to also for other reasons not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at gen to also for other reasons not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at gen to also for other reasons not
+just for security purposes if anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for security purposes if anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for security purposes if anything I
+think we're all hoping and I think our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're all hoping and I think our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're all hoping and I think our
+tests are showing it that um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are showing it that um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests are showing it that um we're
+getting some benefits of of uh improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some benefits of of uh improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting some benefits of of uh improved
+read rates and readability so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read rates and readability so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read rates and readability so you know
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again with any new technology it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with any new technology it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with any new technology it it
+opens up a new potential area that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up a new potential area that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens up a new potential area that needs
+to be secured so we we need to to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be secured so we we need to to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be secured so we we need to to be
+vigilant about that uh through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilant about that uh through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigilant about that uh through our
+business practices we just can't always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business practices we just can't always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business practices we just can't always
+look at the technology providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the technology providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the technology providing
+security as well I think you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security as well I think you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security as well I think you have to
+look at the business practices the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the business practices the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the business practices the way
+the products are handled there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products are handled there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products are handled there's a whole
+host of issues that are wrapped around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host of issues that are wrapped around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host of issues that are wrapped around
+it not just the techn technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not just the techn technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it not just the techn technical
+issues right okay that's all we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues right okay that's all we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues right okay that's all we have
+time for ladies and Gentlemen please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for ladies and Gentlemen please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for ladies and Gentlemen please
+join me in thanking our distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join me in thanking our distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join me in thanking our distinguished
+panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i' like to hand it back to Steve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i' like to hand it back to Steve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i' like to hand it back to Steve for
+some closing remarks well again so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closing remarks well again so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closing remarks well again so thank
+everyone all of you very much for coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone all of you very much for coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone all of you very much for coming
+there's some cabs out front I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some cabs out front I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some cabs out front I know
+people have to rush off to the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to rush off to the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to rush off to the airport
+uh just a reminder everyone is invited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a reminder everyone is invited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just a reminder everyone is invited
+to uh the May 1st next RFID academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the May 1st next RFID academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the May 1st next RFID academic
+convocation will want to open this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convocation will want to open this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convocation will want to open this up
+we've initiated sessions on sort of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've initiated sessions on sort of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've initiated sessions on sort of on
+the model of what of the discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of what of the discussions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of what of the discussions
+that have happened over the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have happened over the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have happened over the last two
+days on the Auto ID Labs website site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days on the Auto ID Labs website site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days on the Auto ID Labs website site
+feel free to share that with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to share that with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to share that with your
+colleagues uh we'll open we're opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues uh we'll open we're opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues uh we'll open we're opening
+this up Beyond just this immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up Beyond just this immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up Beyond just this immediate
+academic group to uh to vendors as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic group to uh to vendors as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic group to uh to vendors as well
+and looking for opportunities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking for opportunities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking for opportunities to
+collaborate thank you all very much for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate thank you all very much for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate thank you all very much for
+coming
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oZnCOIbesiA.txt b/oZnCOIbesiA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93d420acc1340d944aee420965112c71fb748106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oZnCOIbesiA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay ready for uh the lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay ready for uh the lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay ready for uh the lease
+squares lecture lecture 11 um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares lecture lecture 11 um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares lecture lecture 11 um and uh
+homework is just being posted on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is just being posted on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework is just being posted on the web
+it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be
+due it's really to help you PR practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due it's really to help you PR practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due it's really to help you PR practice
+get some uh experience uh on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some uh experience uh on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some uh experience uh on these
+sections uh for the first exam that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections uh for the first exam that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections uh for the first exam that's
+Tuesday evening so eight days away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday evening so eight days away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday evening so eight days away so
+the homework will be due the day after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework will be due the day after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homework will be due the day after
+so and and actually we'll try try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and actually we'll try try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and actually we'll try try to
+move the review session to Monday next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the review session to Monday next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the review session to Monday next
+week so you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so you can ask
+any questions about the homework or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the homework or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the homework or any
+review material so okay so that's all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review material so okay so that's all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review material so okay so that's all a
+week away and this week we get two great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week away and this week we get two great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week away and this week we get two great
+examples uh Le squares is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh Le squares is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh Le squares is the one that
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+today but could I first because I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but could I first because I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but could I first because I keep
+learning more and I've got your mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more and I've got your mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more and I've got your mat lab
+homeworks to return I keep sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks to return I keep sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks to return I keep sort of
+learning a little more from your mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little more from your mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a little more from your mat lab
+results and I think because we spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and I think because we spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and I think because we spoke
+about it it would be worth speaking just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it would be worth speaking just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it would be worth speaking just
+a little more so if I'm I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more so if I'm I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more so if I'm I'm going to
+take 10 minutes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 10 minutes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take 10 minutes about
+this convection diffusion equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convection diffusion equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this convection diffusion equation in
+which I put in a a coefficient d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I put in a a coefficient d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I put in a a coefficient d a
+diffusivity just to help get the units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity just to help get the units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity just to help get the units
+right so this this is your example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this is your example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this this is your example and
+it had the it had D equal one of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had the it had D equal one of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had the it had D equal one of course
+okay well first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well first I
+realized that later in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that later in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that later in the book
+I completely forgot that I discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I completely forgot that I discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I completely forgot that I discussed
+this problem uh about page 509 I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem uh about page 509 I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem uh about page 509 I think I
+discussed it a little bit and uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it a little bit and uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it a little bit and uh just
+just because uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because uh it's
+worth since we invested a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth since we invested a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth since we invested a little time
+it's a little bit more we'll pay off so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more we'll pay off so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit more we'll pay off so
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+uh the point is here we have convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point is here we have convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point is here we have convection
+competing with diffusion and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with diffusion and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with diffusion and always
+there's some non-dimensional number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some non-dimensional number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some non-dimensional number here
+it's called the pekay number actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the pekay number actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the pekay number actually
+there's an accent on one of those e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an accent on one of those e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an accent on one of those e
+pekay number uh which measures the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pekay number uh which measures the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pekay number uh which measures the ratio
+the import importance of convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the import importance of convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the import importance of convection
+relative to diffusion so it's V times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to diffusion so it's V times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to diffusion so it's V times a
+length scale in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale in the
+problem divided by D so then that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem divided by D so then that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem divided by D so then that has
+the same units as that it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same units as that it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same units as that it's the the
+result is dimensionless it's maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is dimensionless it's maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is dimensionless it's maybe you
+know the Reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the Reynolds number
+this is very like the Reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very like the Reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very like the Reynolds number
+which also measures in the Navia Stokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also measures in the Navia Stokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also measures in the Navia Stokes
+equation the the importance of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the the importance of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the the importance of uh
+convection advection and diffusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection advection and diffusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection advection and diffusion and
+um there in that equation um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there in that equation um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there in that equation um the
+velocity V that's a nonlinear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V that's a nonlinear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V that's a nonlinear equation
+nav stes it's tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nav stes it's tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nav stes it's tremendously
+important uh and many codes to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh and many codes to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh and many codes to solve it
+lots of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of discussion
+Theory still not complete uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory still not complete uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory still not complete uh in that
+problem the V is U the it's nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the V is U the it's nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the V is U the it's nonlinear
+and the the term there that we we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the term there that we we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the term there that we we took
+as a constant as a given constant V it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a constant as a given constant V it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a constant as a given constant V it's
+the same as U so in the Reynolds number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as U so in the Reynolds number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as U so in the Reynolds number
+this would be U the a typical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be U the a typical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be U the a typical uh
+velocity U times a length typical length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity U times a length typical length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity U times a length typical length
+scale which would be like one in our 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which would be like one in our 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale which would be like one in our 0
+to one problem divided by by the by D or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one problem divided by by the by D or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one problem divided by by the by D or
+mu or new whatever number we use okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu or new whatever number we use okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu or new whatever number we use okay so
+it's like the Reynolds number and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the Reynolds number and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the Reynolds number and then
+uh it's turned out for this problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's turned out for this problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's turned out for this problem that
+people also use a a number that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also use a a number that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also use a a number that gets
+called the cell cell pay number where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cell cell pay number where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cell cell pay number where
+the length is taken to be this half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length is taken to be this half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length is taken to be this half the
+cell size deltax over two let me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell size deltax over two let me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell size deltax over two let me call
+that number P so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number P so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number P so that's
+p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and
+what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my
+point is that this equation is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that this equation is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that this equation is important
+enough to sort of see a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to sort of see a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to sort of see a little more
+about it than just the numbers that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it than just the numbers that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it than just the numbers that come
+out uh so the mat lab homework which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so the mat lab homework which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh so the mat lab homework which you
+did really well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did really well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did really well uh
+did uh set up uh finite differences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh set up uh finite differences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh set up uh finite differences for
+this right uh and it um and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right uh and it um and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right uh and it um and then and
+found the igen values and solutions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the igen values and solutions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the igen values and solutions what
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+yeah it's the I values I want to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the I values I want to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's the I values I want to say a
+little more about okay right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about okay right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about okay right because you
+set up a you set up a uh Matrix K Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a you set up a uh Matrix K Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a you set up a uh Matrix K Over
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+x^2 and V times the center difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and V times the center difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and V times the center difference
+over Delta X and I guess I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X and I guess I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Delta X and I guess I call
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+whole com that combination L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole com that combination L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole com that combination L and
+asked you about the igen values of L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you about the igen values of L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you about the igen values of L and
+I don't and you printed them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't and you printed them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't and you printed them out
+correctly but there's there's more there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but there's there's more there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but there's there's more there
+than than I think we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than I think we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than I think we have
+understood and I want to make some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and I want to make some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and I want to make some more
+comments about that because it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about that because it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about that because it's quite
+important and the comments are clearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the comments are clearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the comments are clearest
+if I just reduce to n equal 2 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just reduce to n equal 2 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just reduce to n equal 2 so that
+Matrix well the off diagonal part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well the off diagonal part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well the off diagonal part of
+that Matrix had some number B and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix had some number B and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Matrix had some number B and some
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+c actually we could figure out what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c actually we could figure out what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c actually we could figure out what what
+was the b in this th this produced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the b in this th this produced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the b in this th this produced a
+minus1 2 minus one right so part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 2 minus one right so part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 2 minus one right so part of the
+B was the minus1 over Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B was the minus1 over Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B was the minus1 over Delta
+x^2 and then from this was a plus v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and then from this was a plus v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 and then from this was a plus v and
+a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one
+over well it's a center difference so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well it's a center difference so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over well it's a center difference so I
+should divide by 2 Delta X is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should divide by 2 Delta X is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should divide by 2 Delta X is that right
+is that what the the a typical off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what the the a typical off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what the the a typical off
+diagonal thing that in the in the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal thing that in the in the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal thing that in the in the Matrix
+that you displayed that's what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you displayed that's what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you displayed that's what's coming
+from the off diagonal of K and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the off diagonal of K and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the off diagonal of K and this is
+what's coming from the from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming from the from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming from the from the center
+difference C and then what would this C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference C and then what would this C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference C and then what would this C
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+be well the C is below the diagonal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well the C is below the diagonal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well the C is below the diagonal so
+it's also that -1/ Delta x^2 but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also that -1/ Delta x^2 but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also that -1/ Delta x^2 but now
+this is a this is a difference so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a difference so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a difference so it's
+going to be a minus right this was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a minus right this was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a minus right this was I
+think those would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think those would have been
+your uh entries for B and C okay so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh entries for B and C okay so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh entries for B and C okay so can
+we just think first what are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just think first what are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just think first what are the igen
+values of that matrix it's a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that matrix it's a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of that matrix it's a 2X two
+simple problem the the trace is 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem the the trace is 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple problem the the trace is 0 plus
+0 so that the I values will be a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so that the I values will be a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so that the I values will be a plus
+minus pair because they have to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pair because they have to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus pair because they have to add to
+zero and I think that's the plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I think that's the plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I think that's the plus minus
+pair you get and that's just check what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you get and that's just check what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair you get and that's just check what
+what's our other check they they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our other check they they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our other check they they will
+add to zero the plus the square root and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero the plus the square root and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to zero the plus the square root and
+minus the square root and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the square root and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the square root and the and the
+product of the two igen values Lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the two igen values Lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the two igen values Lambda 1
+* Lambda 2 will be we have a one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Lambda 2 will be we have a one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Lambda 2 will be we have a one of them
+is plus one with a minus so it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus one with a minus so it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus one with a minus so it would be
+minus BC and that's correctly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determinant so it's good these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so it's good these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant so it's good these are the
+correct Dion values okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct Dion values okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct Dion values okay now
+let me ask you about the signs of B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you about the signs of B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you about the signs of B and
+C if B and C have the same signs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if B and C have the same signs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if B and C have the same signs like
+maybe even equal one one what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even equal one one what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even equal one one what are the
+igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen
+values so so in the in that symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so so in the in that symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so so in the in that symmetric
+case if B and C are equal the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if B and C are equal the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if B and C are equal the igen
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values
+are right here if B and C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right here if B and C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right here if B and C are
+equal say equal to one the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal say equal to one the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal say equal to one the igen values
+are plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plus and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are plus and minus
+one but what if the signs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what if the signs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but what if the signs are
+opposite Everything Changes what if B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite Everything Changes what if B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite Everything Changes what if B is
+one and C is minus one that that Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and C is minus one that that Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and C is minus one that that Matrix
+would then be a 90° rotation it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be a 90° rotation it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then be a 90° rotation it would be
+anti-symmetric if B was one and C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric if B was one and C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric if B was one and C was
+minus one and what what our formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and what what our formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and what what our formula is
+still correct but what does it give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still correct but what does it give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still correct but what does it give
+us if B is 1 and C is minus one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if B is 1 and C is minus one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if B is 1 and C is minus one this is
+that what have I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what have I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what have I got
+here I've got I so the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got I so the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got I so the igen values
+change from plus and minus one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from plus and minus one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from plus and minus one in the
+symmetric case to plus and minus I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case to plus and minus I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case to plus and minus I in
+the anti- symmetric case and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti- symmetric case and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti- symmetric case and I think
+that's what you guys saw on at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you guys saw on at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you guys saw on at a certain
+at a certain level of V I hope you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain level of V I hope you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain level of V I hope you did
+because that was the like the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the like the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was the like the point
+about igen values now you may say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about igen values now you may say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about igen values now you may say what
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+diagonal well I claim diagonal is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal well I claim diagonal is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal well I claim diagonal is very
+simple what's the diagonal let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what's the diagonal let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple what's the diagonal let me just
+change to add some now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to add some now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to add some now I'm going to
+allow myself a diagonal and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow myself a diagonal and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow myself a diagonal and I'm just
+going to change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change what
+happens if I have a and a same entry on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I have a and a same entry on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I have a and a same entry on
+the diagonal what are the igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal what are the igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal what are the igen values
+now you know this is just like a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know this is just like a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know this is just like a great
+chance to do some Basic igen Value stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do some Basic igen Value stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to do some Basic igen Value stuff
+what are the igen values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen values of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the igen values of that
+Matrix well I've added a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well I've added a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix well I've added a times the
+identity I've just shifted that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I've just shifted that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I've just shifted that matrix
+by a so the igen values all shift by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a so the igen values all shift by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a so the igen values all shift by a
+so the igen values are now A plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the igen values are now A plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the igen values are now A plus and
+minus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so
+no no big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no big
+deal but so you see that the a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but so you see that the a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal but so you see that the a is
+actually not important not not the not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not important not not the not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not important not not the not
+the key to this uh question of are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to this uh question of are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to this uh question of are they
+real or do they go complex they're real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or do they go complex they're real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or do they go complex they're real
+so the I Val of this are real when B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the I Val of this are real when B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the I Val of this are real when B and
+C have the same sign if B and C have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C have the same sign if B and C have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C have the same sign if B and C have the
+same sign I have a square root no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign I have a square root no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sign I have a square root no
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+when B and C have opposite sign what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when B and C have opposite sign what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when B and C have opposite sign what do
+I get when B and C have opposite sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when B and C have opposite sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when B and C have opposite sign
+I'm taking the square root of a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking the square root of a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking the square root of a negative
+number and I've gone complex do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I've gone complex do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I've gone complex do you see
+that the the the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the change
+from real igen values which gives a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real igen values which gives a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real igen values which gives a nice
+curve to complex IG values which gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to complex IG values which gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to complex IG values which gives a
+very bumpy curve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bumpy curve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very bumpy curve for the
+solution uh is just just happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh is just just happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh is just just happens
+when like for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when like for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when like for example
+B so is it B that's going to go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so is it B that's going to go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so is it B that's going to go to zero
+maybe and then beyond that so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and then beyond that so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and then beyond that so so this
+sign is is is well this sign is for sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is is is well this sign is for sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is is is well this sign is for sure
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+right so C is staying negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so C is staying negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so C is staying negative and
+originally for a little for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally for a little for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally for a little for a little
+Delta x b is also negative yeah it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x b is also negative yeah it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x b is also negative yeah it it's
+yeah what's happening here I think yep I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's happening here I think yep I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's happening here I think yep I
+think this looks okay so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this looks okay so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this looks okay so I think that
+the transition that you I hope observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition that you I hope observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition that you I hope observed
+is comes when B hits zero when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comes when B hits zero when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is comes when B hits zero when when the
+combination of v and Delta X is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of v and Delta X is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of v and Delta X is such
+that at b equals Zer we switch from real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at b equals Zer we switch from real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at b equals Zer we switch from real
+igen values to complex igen values okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values to complex igen values okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values to complex igen values okay
+and when is b equals z well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when is b equals z well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when is b equals z well I
+just that's when this negative guy off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's when this negative guy off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's when this negative guy off
+the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonal
+is it just exactly cancels this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just exactly cancels this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it just exactly cancels this one so
+so B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B is
+zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when
+what so if if this equals this 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so if if this equals this 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so if if this equals this 1 over
+Delta x^2 is equal to V over 2 Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x^2 is equal to V over 2 Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x^2 is equal to V over 2 Delta X
+that may multiply both sides by Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may multiply both sides by Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may multiply both sides by Delta
+x^2 so that I have a nice one there Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so that I have a nice one there Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so that I have a nice one there Del
+multiplying by Delta x^2 we'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by Delta x^2 we'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by Delta x^2 we'll put a
+Delta X up here and what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X up here and what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X up here and what have we
+discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+this is why I wanted you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I wanted you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I wanted you to see
+it that the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that the transition
+comes when thec lay number is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes when thec lay number is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes when thec lay number is one so
+that peklay number that cell peklay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peklay number that cell peklay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that peklay number that cell peklay
+number is exactly the point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is exactly the point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is exactly the point that we
+observed of transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed of transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed of transition
+from uh uh real igen values to complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh uh real igen values to complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh uh real igen values to complex
+igen values and that was that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and that was that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and that was that's the
+transition so it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so it's that
+combination this is the peklay number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination this is the peklay number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination this is the peklay number
+cell peklay number it's that combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell peklay number it's that combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell peklay number it's that combination
+P cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P cell
+maybe yeah so this is like just we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah so this is like just we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yeah so this is like just we've
+we've we've uh done the computations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've uh done the computations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've uh done the computations and
+now we gradually get back to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we gradually get back to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we gradually get back to the to the
+meaning and uh I I just wanted to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and uh I I just wanted to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and uh I I just wanted to take
+this step back to the meaning to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step back to the meaning to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this step back to the meaning to see
+when those numbers start going complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those numbers start going complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those numbers start going complex
+you may have noticed or you may not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have noticed or you may not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have noticed or you may not have
+noticed that it'll happen when one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that it'll happen when one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that it'll happen when one of
+those when that upper diagonal changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when that upper diagonal changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when that upper diagonal changes
+sign now you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign now you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign now you could say
+okay that's the igen values what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the igen values what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the igen values what's the
+consequences for the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences for the shape of the
+solution well I haven't figured all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well I haven't figured all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution well I haven't figured all that
+out I'd be happy to have some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'd be happy to have some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I'd be happy to have some more
+thoughts about that but what you noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about that but what you noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about that but what you noticed
+I think in the computations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the computations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in the computations is
+when uh if if uh V got too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh if if uh V got too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh if if uh V got too
+big so that the that that P was bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so that the that that P was bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so that the that that P was bigger
+than one if V got too big so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one if V got too big so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one if V got too big so we were
+convection was dominating and our Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection was dominating and our Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection was dominating and our Delta
+X was not small enough to deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X was not small enough to deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X was not small enough to deal with it
+you should have seen the points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have seen the points on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have seen the points on the
+discrete values were oscillating instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete values were oscillating instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete values were oscillating instead
+of a proper smooth I mean the the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proper smooth I mean the the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proper smooth I mean the the proper
+with a large V the correct solution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a large V the correct solution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a large V the correct solution I
+think goes is practically nothing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think goes is practically nothing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think goes is practically nothing for
+here and then it goes this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it goes this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it goes this is a really
+large V take V equal to a TH or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large V take V equal to a TH or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large V take V equal to a TH or
+something it climbs up like mad here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it climbs up like mad here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it climbs up like mad here's
+the halfway point where the load is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halfway point where the load is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the halfway point where the load is and
+then it do goes along here and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it do goes along here and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it do goes along here and then it
+climbs down like mad to satisfy the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbs down like mad to satisfy the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbs down like mad to satisfy the the
+boundary condition I didn't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition I didn't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition I didn't know that
+that's what would happen for large V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what would happen for large V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what would happen for large V
+okay I'm just what I'm saying is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just what I'm saying is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm just what I'm saying is and
+undoubtedly it could be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly it could be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly it could be understood
+physically so I guess what I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically so I guess what I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically so I guess what I'm saying is
+there just more good stuff in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just more good stuff in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just more good stuff in any
+computation than uh than uh the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation than uh than uh the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation than uh than uh the pure
+than purely the numbers and this is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than purely the numbers and this is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than purely the numbers and this is part
+of the good stuff in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good stuff in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good stuff in that
+example okay I hope you like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay I hope you like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay I hope you like that
+because I mean here you did the work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean here you did the work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I mean here you did the work but
+but then to understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then to understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then to understand it
+is is frankly still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is frankly still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is frankly still
+underway more more thinking to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway more more thinking to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underway more more thinking to to do
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+back to Le squares okay here's today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lecture so remember where we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so remember where we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so remember where we started
+last time Au you equal B last time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time Au you equal B last time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time Au you equal B last time I
+wrote F I regret it terribly I can't fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote F I regret it terribly I can't fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote F I regret it terribly I can't fix
+it but it's B I want B there to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's B I want B there to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's B I want B there to be the
+right hand side okay and I jumped to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side okay and I jumped to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side okay and I jumped to the
+equation that determines the best U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that determines the best U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that determines the best U
+there's no exact U because we've got too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no exact U because we've got too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no exact U because we've got too
+many equations right you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equations right you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equations right you remember the
+setup we have too many equations there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we have too many equations there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup we have too many equations there's
+noise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the
+measurements and uh we can't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and uh we can't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and uh we can't get the
+error down to zero there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error down to zero there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error down to zero there's some
+error and the best you was given by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and the best you was given by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and the best you was given by that
+equation and we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we want to say
+why and understand it from two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and understand it from two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and understand it from two or three
+two or three ways calculus geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three ways calculus geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three ways calculus geometry
+everything can I first because I love my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can I first because I love my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can I first because I love my
+little framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little framework
+here fit it in because it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fit it in because it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here fit it in because it's quite
+important that this example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that this example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that this example and then
+others fit in so so U is our unknown as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others fit in so so U is our unknown as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others fit in so so U is our unknown as
+always then the Matrix a in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always then the Matrix a in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always then the Matrix a in the problem
+produces an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+au now two things to notice about e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au now two things to notice about e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au now two things to notice about e
+which that's the same letter I used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that's the same letter I used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that's the same letter I used for
+elongation here it's standing for error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation here it's standing for error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation here it's standing for error
+two things to notice one is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things to notice one is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things to notice one is that the
+source term which is B comes in at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source term which is B comes in at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source term which is B comes in at this
+point of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the of the
+framework and and when when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and and when when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework and and when when we had
+external forces on ma on Springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on ma on Springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on ma on Springs and
+Mass on masses it came in at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass on masses it came in at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass on masses it came in at this point
+we had an F there now so that's why I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an F there now so that's why I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had an F there now so that's why I'd
+like to keep those two separate the B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to keep those two separate the B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to keep those two separate the B's
+are like voltage sources they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like voltage sources they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like voltage sources they come in
+here the fs will be like current sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the fs will be like current sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the fs will be like current sources
+they'll come in there oh it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll come in there oh it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll come in there oh it's actually
+it's beautiful yeah yeah okay one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful yeah yeah okay one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beautiful yeah yeah okay one more
+thing to notice a is coming with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice a is coming with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to notice a is coming with a minus
+sign in mechanics in masses and springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in mechanics in masses and springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in mechanics in masses and springs
+we had e equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had e equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had e equal
+Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au
+here it's natural to work with this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's natural to work with this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's natural to work with this the
+error or the residual B minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or the residual B minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or the residual B minus
+Au and it will that minus sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and it will that minus sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au and it will that minus sign is
+natural in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural in
+physics and in uh yeah electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and in uh yeah electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and in uh yeah electrical
+engineering and hydraulics you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and hydraulics you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and hydraulics you know
+flow where is that minus sign coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where is that minus sign coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where is that minus sign coming
+from in flow well flow goes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from in flow well flow goes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from in flow well flow goes from the
+higher point to the lower High Vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher point to the lower High Vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher point to the lower High Vol
+higher voltage to the lower voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltage to the lower voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher voltage to the lower voltage and
+and it that usually produces that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it that usually produces that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it that usually produces that minus
+sign no no big deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign no no big deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign no no big deal of
+course okay now so that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay now so that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course okay now so that step
+is fine with the framework what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine with the framework what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine with the framework what do we
+expect in this what do we expect in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in this what do we expect in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in this what do we expect in that
+middle step so what what's our name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle step so what what's our name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle step so what what's our name for
+the Matrix that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix that goes
+there everybody's got to know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everybody's got to know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there everybody's got to know this
+framework C right only I've been taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework C right only I've been taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework C right only I've been taking
+unweighted leas squares so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted leas squares so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted leas squares so for
+unweighted leas squares c will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted leas squares c will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unweighted leas squares c will be the
+identity and C doesn't show in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and C doesn't show in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and C doesn't show in our
+equations so C is the identity when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so C is the identity when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so C is the identity when
+there no when there are no weights when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no when there are no weights when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no when there are no weights when
+all the equations are equally reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the equations are equally reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the equations are equally reliable
+and and that's pretty common of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's pretty common of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's pretty common of
+course but not not always and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but not not always and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but not not always and we'll
+think okay there is a waiting so so w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay there is a waiting so so w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay there is a waiting so so w is
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+C is weighted errors you could say uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is weighted errors you could say uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is weighted errors you could say uh so
+the letter W comes up appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter W comes up appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the letter W comes up appropriately
+again weighted errors and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again weighted errors and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again weighted errors and then what's
+the good waiting let's show May I stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good waiting let's show May I stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good waiting let's show May I stay
+with with c equal the identity for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with c equal the identity for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with c equal the identity for the
+moment unweighted Le squares because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment unweighted Le squares because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment unweighted Le squares because
+that's by far the most common and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by far the most common and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by far the most common and then
+and then W and E are the same C is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then W and E are the same C is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then W and E are the same C is the
+identity and finally there's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and finally there's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and finally there's the last
+step in our framework where we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in our framework where we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in our framework where we always
+expect to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see a
+transpose and we do and we have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and we do and we have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and we do and we have to say
+why so that's where I left it last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so that's where I left it last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so that's where I left it last time
+that that this was the picture this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this was the picture this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this was the picture this is
+the equation if I had a matrix C it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation if I had a matrix C it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation if I had a matrix C it
+would go there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go there and there
+right because I'd have B minus Au and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'd have B minus Au and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'd have B minus Au and
+then I'd apply C before a transpose so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd apply C before a transpose so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd apply C before a transpose so C
+would slip in there before a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would slip in there before a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would slip in there before a transpose
+on both sides so that would with the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides so that would with the C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides so that would with the C's
+there that would be the weighted uh Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that would be the weighted uh Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that would be the weighted uh Le
+squares equation you see that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares equation you see that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares equation you see that it would
+be a transpose CA instead of a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a transpose CA instead of a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a transpose CA instead of a transpose
+a but still the main facts are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but still the main facts are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a but still the main facts are there
+okay so where does the equation come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where does the equation come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where does the equation come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+all right so One Source One one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so One Source One one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so One Source One one way to
+get the equation is from calculus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the equation is from calculus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the equation is from calculus from
+minimizing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimizing take set a derivative to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing take set a derivative to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing take set a derivative to zero
+calculus and what's the quantity we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and what's the quantity we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and what's the quantity we're
+minimizing we're we're minimizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing we're we're minimizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing we're we're minimizing that
+that squared error because this is least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared error because this is least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squared error because this is least
+squares we're me we're we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares we're me we're we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares we're me we're we're we're
+minimizing this e transpose e the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this e transpose e the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing this e transpose e the length
+of V ^ 2 the sum of the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V ^ 2 the sum of the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of V ^ 2 the sum of the squares of the
+errors which is B minus Au U transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors which is B minus Au U transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors which is B minus Au U transpose
+B-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B-
+Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au
+again I could say where to slip in the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I could say where to slip in the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I could say where to slip in the C
+Matrix if there was one it would go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if there was one it would go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix if there was one it would go in
+there C would go in there C would go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there C would go in there C would go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there C would go in there C would go in
+there there'd be a c in the equation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there'd be a c in the equation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there'd be a c in the equation but
+let's let's uh keep C to be the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's uh keep C to be the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's uh keep C to be the identity
+okay so I minimize it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I minimize it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I minimize it's a
+quadratic it's got 's time U's so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic it's got 's time U's so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic it's got 's time U's so so
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+degree and what's the coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and what's the coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and what's the coefficient in
+that second degree part well the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second degree part well the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second degree part well the second
+degree part is coming from Au transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree part is coming from Au transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree part is coming from Au transpose
+AU from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AU from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AU from
+this right this times this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right this times this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right this times this is going to
+be linear this times this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear this times this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear this times this is going to be
+linear this that times that is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear this that times that is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear this that times that is just
+going to be a constant it its derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a constant it its derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a constant it its derivative
+is zero but this times this is alog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero but this times this is alog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero but this times this is alog
+together that times that is the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that times that is the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that times that is the U
+transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a
+transpose Au U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Au U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Au U
+right so that's the the quadratic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the the quadratic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the the quadratic part
+and my only point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my only point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my only point
+is it's like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's like our
+old uh it's like our stiffness Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh it's like our stiffness Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh it's like our stiffness Matrix
+we're seeing the the the Matrix in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing the the the Matrix in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing the the the Matrix in here
+is a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose
+a in other words when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in other words when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in other words when I do
+calculus and uh maybe I I I'd prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and uh maybe I I I'd prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and uh maybe I I I'd prefer to
+see something than just compute away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something than just compute away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something than just compute away
+take derivatives mechanically so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives mechanically so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivatives mechanically so I'm
+going to leave that which is done in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave that which is done in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to leave that which is done in in
+the text the setting finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text the setting finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text the setting finding the
+derivative setting to zero and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative setting to zero and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative setting to zero and what does
+it give it gives us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give it gives us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give it gives us our
+equation okay so that that equation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so that that equation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so that that equation will
+come when I set the derivatives of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come when I set the derivatives of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come when I set the derivatives of this
+thing to zero so that's one totally okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to zero so that's one totally okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to zero so that's one totally okay
+approach but I like to see a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but I like to see a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but I like to see a picture
+with it okay so I hope that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it okay so I hope that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it okay so I hope that's all right
+to take the second approach is to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the second approach is to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the second approach is to see
+why you know why is a transpose W equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know why is a transpose W equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you know why is a transpose W equals
+Zer why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer why is
+that what's going on in that key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's going on in that key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's going on in that key step
+this is always the key step this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always the key step this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is always the key step this is like
+the setup step this is the waiting step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup step this is the waiting step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the setup step this is the waiting step
+with constants coming in and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constants coming in and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constants coming in and here's the
+key step okay so let's see that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step okay so let's see that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step okay so let's see that all
+right so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my
+picture all right I I'll let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all right I I'll let me draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture all right I I'll let me draw
+that picture again okay my picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture again okay my picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that picture again okay my picture is
+that uh oh and I had my my example had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh oh and I had my my example had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh oh and I had my my example had
+um was in three dimensions so m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was in three dimensions so m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was in three dimensions so m equal
+three three I've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three I've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three I've got three
+equations a The Matrix a oh I'm afraid I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a The Matrix a oh I'm afraid I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations a The Matrix a oh I'm afraid I
+don't remember what it was but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what it was but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember what it was but I think
+it was something like 11 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something like 11 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was something like 11 one
+013 was that maybe it just to connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+013 was that maybe it just to connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+013 was that maybe it just to connect to
+last time and what I'm now calling B was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and what I'm now calling B was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and what I'm now calling B was
+the vector one two 3 was it or was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector one two 3 was it or was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector one two 3 was it or was it
+not it was 012 maybe that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it was 012 maybe that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it was 012 maybe that's right
+okay and what was the point if I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what was the point if I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what was the point if I draw
+the vector B it goes there somewhere B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B it goes there somewhere B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector B it goes there somewhere B
+if I draw the First Column of a it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I draw the First Column of a it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I draw the First Column of a it goes
+here somewhere if I draw this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere if I draw this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here somewhere if I draw this second
+column of a it goes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a it goes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of a it goes there
+somewhere and if I combine if I draw all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and if I combine if I draw all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere and if I combine if I draw all
+combinations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these
+columns all combinations of that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns all combinations of that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns all combinations of that vector
+and that Vector what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Vector what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that Vector what do I
+get I get a plane I get a plane there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get a plane I get a plane there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get a plane I get a plane there it
+is that's a plane that's the plane this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's a plane that's the plane this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's a plane that's the plane this
+is from column one here's column two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from column one here's column two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from column one here's column two
+this plane is the column plane or column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane is the column plane or column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane is the column plane or column
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+it's the column space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the column space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the column space of
+a because it comes from The Columns of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because it comes from The Columns of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because it comes from The Columns of a
+now what's the point about this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the point about this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the point about this plane
+the point is that if B is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that if B is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that if B is on the
+plane then I'm golden if B is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then I'm golden if B is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then I'm golden if B is on the
+plane then B is a combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then B is a combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then B is a combination of the
+columns that's what's that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that's what's that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns that's what's that's what the
+plane is and and I have a solution to Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is and and I have a solution to Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is and and I have a solution to Au
+U equal B so so B on the plane B on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equal B so so B on the plane B on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U equal B so so B on the plane B on the
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+means Au U equal B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solvable and it could happen of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable and it could happen of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable and it could happen of course
+like perfect measurements but we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfect measurements but we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfect measurements but we can't
+expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect
+it when we have three measurements or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we have three measurements or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when we have three measurements or
+100 measurements or 10,000 measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 measurements or 10,000 measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 measurements or 10,000 measurements
+we can't expect Perfection so usually B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't expect Perfection so usually B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't expect Perfection so usually B
+will be off the plane okay now what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be off the plane okay now what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be off the plane okay now what what
+happen s when B is off the plane let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen s when B is off the plane let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen s when B is off the plane let me
+just complete that picture and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complete that picture and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just complete that picture and you know
+what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming
+the we have the if we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have the if we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we have the if we're going to
+get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know
+Au or Au hat is going to be on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au or Au hat is going to be on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au or Au hat is going to be on the plane
+so I'm look I'm looking for the best you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm look I'm looking for the best you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm look I'm looking for the best you
+hat I'm looking for can I just erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat I'm looking for can I just erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat I'm looking for can I just erase
+this to make space for what you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make space for what you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make space for what you know I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+draw here are these little columns let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw here are these little columns let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw here are these little columns let
+me put them there okay what am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put them there okay what am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put them there okay what am I going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+draw the projection the projection I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the projection the projection I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the projection the projection I'm
+going to draw what's the projection the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw what's the projection the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw what's the projection the
+projection is the nearest point that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is the nearest point that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is the nearest point that is
+in the plane to the B that's not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane to the B that's not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane to the B that's not in the
+plane so here's the projection p d d d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so here's the projection p d d d d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so here's the projection p d d d d
+i drop down this thing there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drop down this thing there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drop down this thing there's the
+projection P Little P that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection P Little P that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection P Little P that's the
+projection of B onto the plane I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of B onto the plane I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of B onto the plane I I think
+your your mind says yeah that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mind says yeah that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mind says yeah that's the
+right choice and you want to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right choice and you want to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right choice and you want to tell me
+what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+is that is the part that we can't deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is the part that we can't deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is the part that we can't deal
+with the part we can't improve we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the part we can't improve we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the part we can't improve we can
+we've made it as small as we could and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made it as small as we could and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made it as small as we could and
+it's e that's the error E and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's e that's the error E and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's e that's the error E and this is
+the this p is the best guy that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this p is the best guy that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this p is the best guy that is in
+the plane there's do you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane there's do you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane there's do you see that this
+is the this is the picture you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the picture you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the picture you you you
+get an actual picture of what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an actual picture of what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an actual picture of what's going on
+you're splitting B the the measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're splitting B the the measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're splitting B the the measurements
+into the part you can deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the part you can deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the part you can deal with the
+projection the Au hat that is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection the Au hat that is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection the Au hat that is in the
+column space it is a combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space it is a combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space it is a combination of the
+columns those points do lie on a line if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns those points do lie on a line if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns those points do lie on a line if
+I'm doing straight line fitting and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing straight line fitting and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing straight line fitting and the
+part that you can't deal with the E the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you can't deal with the E the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that you can't deal with the E the
+difference B minus Au which is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference B minus Au which is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference B minus Au which is not in
+the plane and now I'm still looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and now I'm still looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and now I'm still looking for
+the equations right I've just named some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations right I've just named some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations right I've just named some
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+but I haven't got an equation for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't got an equation for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I haven't got an equation for that
+projection and where where do I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and where where do I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and where where do I so
+what's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key
+fact what's the key fact in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what's the key fact in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what's the key fact in this picture
+that tells that's going to lead me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells that's going to lead me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells that's going to lead me
+to an equation for p and E and no and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an equation for p and E and no and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an equation for p and E and no and U
+hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat and
+everything the key fact is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the key fact is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the key fact is that that
+dotted line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted line
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+perpendicular perpend pendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular perpend pendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular perpend pendicular to the
+plane if I'm looking for the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane if I'm looking for the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane if I'm looking for the closest
+point everybody knows project that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point everybody knows project that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point everybody knows project that's
+what projection involves go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what projection involves go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what projection involves go
+perpendicular this is a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular this is a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular this is a right
+angle that that e is perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that that e is perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle that that e is perpendicular to
+the whole plane not only perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole plane not only perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole plane not only perpendicular
+to P it's perpendicular to everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P it's perpendicular to everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P it's perpendicular to everybody in
+that plane right it's I'm dropping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane right it's I'm dropping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane right it's I'm dropping the
+perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the
+plane do you accept that cuz if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane do you accept that cuz if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane do you accept that cuz if you do
+we're through we just write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through we just write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're through we just write down the
+equations for perpendicular and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for perpendicular and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for perpendicular and we've
+got what we want from the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what we want from the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what we want from the picture
+instead of from a calculation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of from a calculation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of from a calculation okay
+so what's the what's the idea so e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the what's the idea so e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the what's the idea so e is
+perpendicular to the First Column so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the First Column so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the First Column so let
+me just so B is not b in the plane we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just so B is not b in the plane we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just so B is not b in the plane we
+would be golden let's suppose we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be golden let's suppose we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be golden let's suppose we're
+we're not in the plane so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in the plane so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not in the plane so now we have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+90° angle this perpendicular projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° angle this perpendicular projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° angle this perpendicular projection
+uh and I want to say that this tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I want to say that this tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I want to say that this tells me
+that the First Column I better name the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the First Column I better name the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the First Column I better name the
+columns can I just call this column A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns can I just call this column A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns can I just call this column A1
+that that First Column is A1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that First Column is A1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that First Column is A1 and the
+second column is A2 so those two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column is A2 so those two columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second column is A2 so those two columns
+whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they
+are are the guys that whose combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the guys that whose combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the guys that whose combinations
+give us the plane and it's the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the plane and it's the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the plane and it's the plane
+that we're per we're projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're per we're projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're per we're projecting
+onto it's the plane of all combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto it's the plane of all combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto it's the plane of all combinations
+that that comes up here here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that comes up here here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that comes up here here okay so
+what's this 90° angle it says that A1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this 90° angle it says that A1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this 90° angle it says that A1 is
+perpendicular to P right no sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to P right no sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to P right no sorry
+what's say that right for me the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's say that right for me the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's say that right for me the first
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+says that A1 and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that A1 and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that A1 and what are
+perpendicular e thank you e so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular e thank you e so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular e thank you e so the first
+equation says that A1 transpose e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says that A1 transpose e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation says that A1 transpose e is
+zero and the second equation says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the second equation says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the second equation says that
+A2 transpose Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 transpose Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 transpose Z is
+zero those are my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations okay you're I have to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay you're I have to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay you're I have to convert
+those now into Matrix language because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those now into Matrix language because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those now into Matrix language because
+those are I've done them two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are I've done them two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are I've done them two
+separate Vector I mean Vector language I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Vector I mean Vector language I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Vector I mean Vector language I
+want to get into Matrix language but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into Matrix language but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into Matrix language but I
+it's easy to do here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to do here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to do here I
+have look if I have two equations let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have look if I have two equations let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have look if I have two equations let's
+let's get a matrix here this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get a matrix here this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get a matrix here this this this
+this is saying this is the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying this is the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying this is the same thing as
+saying oh what what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh what what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying oh what what's it
+saying what A1 transpose and A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what A1 transpose and A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what A1 transpose and A2
+transpose what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what are
+those they they're the rows of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they they're the rows of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those they they're the rows of a
+transpose so the Matrix way to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the Matrix way to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the Matrix way to say that
+is a transpose E equals z in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose E equals z in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose E equals z in other words
+this is saying both at once right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying both at once right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying both at once right the
+first row of a transposed time e gives Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of a transposed time e gives Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row of a transposed time e gives Z
+the second row of a transpose time Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row of a transpose time Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row of a transpose time Z is
+z so it's a transpose E equals 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so it's a transpose E equals 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so it's a transpose E equals 0 which
+is what we wanted in this in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we wanted in this in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we wanted in this in this case
+where W and E are the same because C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where W and E are the same because C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where W and E are the same because C is
+the identity okay and let's and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity okay and let's and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity okay and let's and let's
+just go one step further and see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go one step further and see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go one step further and see a
+that's a transpose B minus a you hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a transpose B minus a you hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a transpose B minus a you hat is
+zero remember that that's this zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero remember that that's this zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero remember that that's this zero
+stands for Z 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I I wanted to put the two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I wanted to put the two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I I wanted to put the two equations
+together so I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I've got
+two two components on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two components on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two components on the right hand
+side and then I just plugged in what B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then I just plugged in what B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then I just plugged in what B
+is and now everybody sees it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now everybody sees it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and now everybody sees it right
+everybody sees that we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sees that we've got the
+picture this 90° angle it was the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this 90° angle it was the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this 90° angle it was the key to
+these equations right to because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations right to because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations right to because if I
+put put a transpose a you had onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put a transpose a you had onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put a transpose a you had onto the
+other side I've got exactly the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side I've got exactly the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side I've got exactly the normal
+equations that I wanted okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that I wanted okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that I wanted okay and you
+know it's we're taking the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's we're taking the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's we're taking the time
+to see the picture and the and the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the picture and the and the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the picture and the and the form
+of the equations uh then I can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equations uh then I can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equations uh then I can plug in
+the numbers but uh the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers but uh the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers but uh the the the the
+thinking is where the equations come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is where the equations come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is where the equations come
+from okay so that we we're there all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so that we we're there all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so that we we're there all
+right uh now what to do next we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh now what to do next we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh now what to do next we now
+we've understood where the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've understood where the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've understood where the equations
+come from I didn't go through the steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from I didn't go through the steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from I didn't go through the steps
+of taking the derivatives but they that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking the derivatives but they that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking the derivatives but they that
+would work or this picture let me I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work or this picture let me I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work or this picture let me I love
+this picture let me stay with that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture let me stay with that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture let me stay with that a
+little bit longer what is you hat can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer what is you hat can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer what is you hat can I
+just go over here to say okay what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go over here to say okay what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go over here to say okay what are
+the what are the uh what have we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the uh what have we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what are the uh what have we got
+here it's it's we we started with au U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's we we started with au U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's it's we we started with au U
+equal B so and then we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B so and then we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal B so and then we got the
+projection was a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection was a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection was a you
+hat but now what is you hat I I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but now what is you hat I I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat but now what is you hat I I'm just
+going to do just assemble things here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do just assemble things here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do just assemble things here uh
+U hat we figured out by the 90° angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U hat we figured out by the 90° angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U hat we figured out by the 90° angle
+comes from this equation which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this equation which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this equation which is that
+equation which is a transpose a u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a transpose a u equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is a transpose a u equal
+a transpose B the central equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose B the central equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transpose B the central equation
+okay that's the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the central
+equation okay now tell me what you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay now tell me what you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay now tell me what you plug
+in you hat here so I get a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you hat here so I get a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you hat here so I get a formula for
+the projection while while we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection while while we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection while while we're doing
+all this stuff we might just as well put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff we might just as well put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff we might just as well put
+those two pieces together and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pieces together and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two pieces together and have a
+formula for the projection so it's a * U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the projection so it's a * U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the projection so it's a * U
+hat I hope you like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat I hope you like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat I hope you like this
+formula it's kind of goofy looking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's kind of goofy looking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's kind of goofy looking but
+it it's uh you'll remember it okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's uh you'll remember it okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's uh you'll remember it okay what
+is you hat the whole point is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you hat the whole point is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you hat the whole point is that this
+Matrix is good it's Square it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is good it's Square it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix is good it's Square it's
+symmetric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric it's
+invertible we'll have a another word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible we'll have a another word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible we'll have a another word
+about that and I now I'll invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it times a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it times a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it times a transpose
+B that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B that's
+the that's the goofy formula that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the goofy formula that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's the goofy formula that I
+wanted you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to
+see the projection of a vector B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the projection of a vector B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the projection of a vector B
+onto these Columns of a comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto these Columns of a comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto these Columns of a comes from
+applying this Matrix you could say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this Matrix you could say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this Matrix you could say like
+sometimes I call it the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fouras now it's worth looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouras now it's worth looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouras now it's worth looking at that
+Matrix that I'll I'll often I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that I'll I'll often I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that I'll I'll often I'll call
+that that Matrix capital P it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Matrix capital P it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that Matrix capital P it's the
+projection Matrix I you give me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix I you give me any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix I you give me any
+Vector B I multiply by this Matrix and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector B I multiply by this Matrix and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector B I multiply by this Matrix and I
+get the projection okay it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the projection okay it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the projection okay it's it's just
+worth seeing what this Matrix P this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth seeing what this Matrix P this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth seeing what this Matrix P this
+this these four a is uh you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these four a is uh you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these four a is uh you know what
+what's going what are projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going what are projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going what are projection
+matrices like okay now first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices like okay now first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices like okay now first of
+all when I have an inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all when I have an inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all when I have an inverse of a
+product any reasonable person would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product any reasonable person would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product any reasonable person would say
+Okay split that into a inverse time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay split that into a inverse time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay split that into a inverse time a
+transpose inverse and simplify the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose inverse and simplify the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose inverse and simplify the whole
+thing and what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and what will happen
+it's not going to be legal but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be legal but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be legal but let's
+just pretend if it if I split this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend if it if I split this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pretend if it if I split this into
+a inverse time a transpose inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse time a transpose inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse time a transpose inverse and
+simplify what do I get for p do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify what do I get for p do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify what do I get for p do you see
+it I'll get a and if I if I try to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll get a and if I if I try to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll get a and if I if I try to split
+this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what do I have here I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do I have here I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what do I have here I've got the
+identity that's the identity that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's the identity that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that's the identity that's the
+identity the result is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that doesn't look good right we didn't p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look good right we didn't p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't look good right we didn't p
+is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the same as
+P this Matrix cannot be split into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this Matrix cannot be split into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P this Matrix cannot be split into these
+two pieces that's a is rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces that's a is rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces that's a is rectangular
+that's its problem so this this is if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's its problem so this this is if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's its problem so this this is if a
+was Square oh yeah think about the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Square oh yeah think about the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Square oh yeah think about the case
+when a is square suppose m equals n that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a is square suppose m equals n that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a is square suppose m equals n that
+that case will be included here if m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case will be included here if m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case will be included here if m
+equals n and my Matrix is square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n and my Matrix is square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals n and my Matrix is square and
+invertible and golden then all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible and golden then all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible and golden then all this
+works the projection is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the projection is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the projection is the identity
+Matrix and what's what's with my picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and what's what's with my picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and what's what's with my picture
+what's my picture look like in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my picture look like in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my picture look like in the case
+where a is a square Matrix give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a is a square Matrix give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a is a square Matrix give it a
+give it another column fit this thing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it another column fit this thing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it another column fit this thing by
+a quadratic so that that if I if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic so that that if I if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic so that that if I if I was
+fitting instead of by a straight line by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting instead of by a straight line by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting instead of by a straight line by
+a quadratic it turns out I'd have 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic it turns out I'd have 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quadratic it turns out I'd have 0
+squared 1 squar and 3 squared in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 squar and 3 squared in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared 1 squar and 3 squared in that
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd have a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd have a 3X3
+Matrix it comes out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it comes out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix it comes out to be
+invertible now what's going on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible now what's going on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible now what's going on now
+what's my problem Au U equal B now m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my problem Au U equal B now m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my problem Au U equal B now m is
+now suddenly m is still three but now n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly m is still three but now n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suddenly m is still three but now n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+three what B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three what B
+is and what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what happened to the
+plane B is in there and now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane B is in there and now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane B is in there and now what's
+there it's now God it's now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's now God it's now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's now God it's now the
+combinations of what where did why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of what where did why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of what where did why did
+that plane come in that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane come in that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane come in that was the
+combinations of two columns but now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of two columns but now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of two columns but now I've
+got three the combinations of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three the combinations of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three the combinations of three
+columns those three columns of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns those three columns of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns those three columns of an
+invertible Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible Matrix is
+what it's are you with me the columns if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's are you with me the columns if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's are you with me the columns if
+if I have a 3X3 invertible Matrix these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a 3X3 invertible Matrix these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a 3X3 invertible Matrix these
+three columns independed pointing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns independed pointing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns independed pointing off
+different directions not in a plane then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions not in a plane then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions not in a plane then
+when I take the combin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the combin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I take the combin
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+get I get R3 I get the whole space I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get R3 I get the whole space I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I get R3 I get the whole space I get
+everybody every Vector including this B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody every Vector including this B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody every Vector including this B
+and any other B you want to suggest will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other B you want to suggest will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other B you want to suggest will
+be a combination of these three guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination of these three guys so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a combination of these three guys so
+what's my picture here my picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my picture here my picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my picture here my picture is
+that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane
+grew to be the whole Space so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew to be the whole Space so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew to be the whole Space so what's the
+projection of B on onto the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of B on onto the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of B on onto the whole
+space b itself and what's the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space b itself and what's the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space b itself and what's the error
+zero good yeah so that's the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero good yeah so that's the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero good yeah so that's the the the
+nice case that's the standard case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice case that's the standard case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice case that's the standard case that
+we've thought about in the past when m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about in the past when m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about in the past when m
+equal m okay and that's in that case p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m okay and that's in that case p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m okay and that's in that case p
+is the identity and all that' be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity and all that' be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity and all that' be all
+true but normally it's not now so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but normally it's not now so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but normally it's not now so I want
+to come back to this P just to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to this P just to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to this P just to mention
+an important fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important fact about
+p and it comes again from the picture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and it comes again from the picture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and it comes again from the picture so
+this is a projection this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a projection this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a projection this is what I'm
+calling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the
+projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection
+matrix it's the Matrix that does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's the Matrix that does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's the Matrix that does the
+projection and there it is Four A's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and there it is Four A's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection and there it is Four A's in a
+row that multiplies B now here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that multiplies B now here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row that multiplies B now here's my
+little question so you know linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question so you know linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question so you know linear
+algebra is just full of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is just full of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is just full of these different
+kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+matrices you know rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you know rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices you know rotations
+Reflections symmetric matrices Markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections symmetric matrices Markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections symmetric matrices Markoff
+matrices it's just every problem has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's just every problem has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's just every problem has
+matrices now here we have a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices now here we have a projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices now here we have a projection
+Matrix now what I want to know is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now what I want to know is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix now what I want to know is what
+happens if I project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I project
+again if I take the vector B any Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I take the vector B any Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I take the vector B any Vector
+b i project it and then I project again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i project it and then I project again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b i project it and then I project again
+so project twice and just tell me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so project twice and just tell me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so project twice and just tell me you
+know what will happen suppose I take I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what will happen suppose I take I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what will happen suppose I take I'm
+back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this
+picture I Project B to p and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I Project B to p and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture I Project B to p and now I
+project again where do I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project again where do I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project again where do I go
+same place right once I'm in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place right once I'm in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place right once I'm in the plane
+the projection stays right where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection stays right where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection stays right where it is
+so what does that tell me that tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that tell me that tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that tell me that tells me
+that p^ sared on B is the same as p on b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that p^ sared on B is the same as p on b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that p^ sared on B is the same as p on b
+p^ s is if I project twice no change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^ s is if I project twice no change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^ s is if I project twice no change
+it's the same as projecting once so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as projecting once so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as projecting once so the
+projection Matrix has the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix has the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix has the property that
+p^2 is p and actually we should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 is p and actually we should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 is p and actually we should be able
+to see it if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see it if I
+if I uh write out this whole miserable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I uh write out this whole miserable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I uh write out this whole miserable
+thing twice so now I'm going to be up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice so now I'm going to be up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice so now I'm going to be up to
+eight A's uh sorry about this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight A's uh sorry about this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight A's uh sorry about this but I
+promise not to do p cubed okay a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise not to do p cubed okay a * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise not to do p cubed okay a * a
+transpose a inverse time a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a inverse time a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a inverse time a transpose
+that's one p I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again there's the second P so that's p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's the second P so that's p^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's the second P so that's p^
+s do you see anything good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s do you see anything good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s do you see anything good
+there you see in here a transpose a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see in here a transpose a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you see in here a transpose a that
+combination and that combination there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that combination there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and that combination there
+this this is just cancels that to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just cancels that to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is just cancels that to give
+the identity and what am I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity and what am I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity and what am I left
+with I'm left with a the inverse time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm left with a the inverse time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I'm left with a the inverse time a
+transpose which was exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which was exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose which was exactly
+P the the algebra is just coming along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the the algebra is just coming along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P the the algebra is just coming along
+with the understanding that we we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the understanding that we we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the understanding that we we know
+okay so that's the that's the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the that's the projection
+Matrix so so this is the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so so this is the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so so this is the theory of
+projections in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections in a
+nutshell in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell in a
+nutshell this is projections onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell this is projections onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell this is projections onto the
+column space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column space of a
+now I have to remind you about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to remind you about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to remind you about one
+little math Point not so little I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little math Point not so little I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little math Point not so little I guess
+how could I say little for math right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could I say little for math right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could I say little for math right
+okay is a transpose a invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is a transpose a invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is a transpose a invertible
+we're plowing along as if it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plowing along as if it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plowing along as if it is that's
+going to be our assumption but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our assumption but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our assumption but but
+what's the condition for a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the condition for a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the condition for a transpose a
+to be invertible and and which allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invertible and and which allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be invertible and and which allows
+all this to work when is a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this to work when is a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this to work when is a transpose a
+invertible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible
+okay so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is like
+the what I'm doing here now is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what I'm doing here now is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what I'm doing here now is I'm
+separating the positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the positive definite
+one when a transpose a is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when a transpose a is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one when a transpose a is positive
+definite the the good normal case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite the the good normal case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite the the good normal case when
+we all our equations work from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all our equations work from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all our equations work from the
+semi-definite one where we overlooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite one where we overlooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite one where we overlooked
+the fact that a transpose a where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a transpose a where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that a transpose a where the
+somehow the experiment wasn't well set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the experiment wasn't well set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the experiment wasn't well set
+up we we got an A transpose a that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we we got an A transpose a that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we we got an A transpose a that that
+is is singular and just to see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is singular and just to see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is singular and just to see when
+could that happen Okay let let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that happen Okay let let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could that happen Okay let let me just
+remind you I wish I could oh I I I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you I wish I could oh I I I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you I wish I could oh I I I this
+is this is important why don't I give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is important why don't I give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is important why don't I give it
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space it's it's really straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's it's really straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's it's really straightforward
+let me just go through those steps again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just go through those steps again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just go through those steps again
+so I if if I have if if if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I if if I have if if if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I if if I have if if if it's not
+invertible if if some a transpose Au U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if if some a transpose Au U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible if if some a transpose Au U
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero this is always the risk that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is always the risk that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is always the risk that we
+have to check out and be sure we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check out and be sure we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to check out and be sure we don't
+have and and understand so if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and understand so if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and and understand so if a
+transpose a u is zero then that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a u is zero then that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a u is zero then that would
+lead us I could take I could multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us I could take I could multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us I could take I could multiply
+both sides by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+transpose you transpose zero right safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you transpose zero right safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose you transpose zero right safe
+multiply whatever that U might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply whatever that U might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply whatever that U might be
+multiply both sides by U transpose but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by U transpose but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both sides by U transpose but
+what is U transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is U transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is U transpose
+zero zero nothing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero nothing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero nothing there
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+what now how do I understand this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now how do I understand this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now how do I understand this guy
+well you remember the key everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you remember the key everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you remember the key everybody
+remembers the key you look at that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers the key you look at that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers the key you look at that thing
+and you say hey that's if I put put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say hey that's if I put put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say hey that's if I put put in
+parentheses in the right place that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses in the right place that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses in the right place that's
+the length of au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so that's the small trick that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that's the small trick that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so that's the small trick that is
+multiplying by U transpose and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by U transpose and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by U transpose and then
+seeing what you've got that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you've got that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you've got that we've done
+and and you're you should know it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're you should know it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you're you should know it and
+now if the length squared is zero what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the length squared is zero what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if the length squared is zero what
+does that tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Au if I have a vector here whose length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au if I have a vector here whose length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au if I have a vector here whose length
+is zero that Vector must be zero Z zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that Vector must be zero Z zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero that Vector must be zero Z zero
+Vector is the only one who for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is the only one who for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is the only one who for which the
+sum of the squares will give zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares will give zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the squares will give zero
+okay and if Au is zero I could multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if Au is zero I could multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if Au is zero I could multiply
+both sides by a transpose and C complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by a transpose and C complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by a transpose and C complete
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+loop actually I thought of that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop actually I thought of that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop actually I thought of that when I
+was swimming this morning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was swimming this morning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was swimming this morning that
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+uh just to see once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to see once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to see once again
+when it's sort of interesting then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's sort of interesting then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's sort of interesting then a
+transpose Au U equals z which is the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Au U equals z which is the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Au U equals z which is the bad
+thing we want to we hope we don't deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to we hope we don't deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we want to we hope we don't deal
+with and when does it happen it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and when does it happen it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and when does it happen it happens
+when Au is zero yeah so uh and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Au is zero yeah so uh and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Au is zero yeah so uh and so what
+we our assumption always has to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our assumption always has to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our assumption always has to be this
+that there aren't any 's except the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there aren't any 's except the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there aren't any 's except the zero
+Vector of course that's always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of course that's always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of course that's always going to
+happen but we we always have to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but we we always have to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but we we always have to assume
+that Au is never zero that that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Au is never zero that that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Au is never zero that that that the
+that the col this so so we have to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the col this so so we have to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the col this so so we have to avoid
+this So to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this So to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this So to
+avoid to avoid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid to avoid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid to avoid that
+assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume a
+has a has this is the key word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+columns since this is a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns since this is a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns since this is a combination of
+the columns independent columns means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns independent columns means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns independent columns means
+what it means that the only combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means that the only combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means that the only combination
+of the columns to give zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the columns to give zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the columns to give zero
+is the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero
+combination so did I have independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so did I have independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination so did I have independent
+columns over here I sure did that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns over here I sure did that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns over here I sure did that column
+and that column were off in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that column were off in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that column were off in different
+directions they were independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions they were independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions they were independent and
+that's why I knew we were fine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I knew we were fine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I knew we were fine a
+transpose a was Zero I don't even I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a was Zero I don't even I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a was Zero I don't even I
+would have to really struggle to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to really struggle to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to really struggle to find uh
+um well I'd have to think a bit to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'd have to think a bit to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I'd have to think a bit to find
+an example where where we run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where where we run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where where we run into
+trouble yeah the these squares uh well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble yeah the these squares uh well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble yeah the these squares uh well I
+I certainly could in in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly could in in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I certainly could in in many
+applications but the straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but the straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but the straightforward
+applications of fitting a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of fitting a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of fitting a straight line
+a is going to be a column Vector of ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be a column Vector of ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is going to be a column Vector of ones
+and a column Vector of times and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a column Vector of times and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a column Vector of times and those
+are different directions and and uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different directions and and uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different directions and and uh no
+problem okay so that's a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so that's a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so that's a transpose a
+okay what else to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what else to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what else to do with
+uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic what do because there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic what do because there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic what do because there's a whole
+world of estimation I mean statistics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of estimation I mean statistics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of estimation I mean statistics is
+is behind is is looking over our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behind is is looking over our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is behind is is looking over our
+shoulder I guess really we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder I guess really we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder I guess really we should
+realize that a statistician is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that a statistician is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that a statistician is saying
+yeah I know that but and then going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I know that but and then going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I know that but and then going on
+and what is that guy what more does he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is that guy what more does he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is that guy what more does he
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+say Okay so there you've got the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay so there you've got the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay so there you've got the central
+ideas I guess the statistician comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I guess the statistician comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I guess the statistician comes in
+in this this this is where that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this this this is where that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this this this is where that's the
+statistical constant now that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical constant now that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical constant now that's the
+constant where and what do statisticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant where and what do statisticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant where and what do statisticians
+compute they they say you've got uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute they they say you've got uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute they they say you've got uh
+errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors
+right and of course in any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course in any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course in any particular
+case we don't know what that error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we don't know what that error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we don't know what that error is
+otherwise we could take it out and we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we could take it out and we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we could take it out and we be
+we'd get exact solution we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get exact solution we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd get exact solution we don't know
+what the error is what is reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the error is what is reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the error is what is reasonable
+to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about
+errors okay we're doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay we're doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors okay we're doing a little
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know somehow that error that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow that error that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somehow that error that particular
+error of the exact of the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of the exact of the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error of the exact of the experiment
+that we happened to run and if we ran it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we happened to run and if we ran it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we happened to run and if we ran it
+again we'd get a different error those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'd get a different error those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'd get a different error those
+those errors come out of some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those errors come out of some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those errors come out of some sort of
+error population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error population
+like dark matter or something right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dark matter or something right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dark matter or something right uh
+just like a bunch of errors are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a bunch of errors are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a bunch of errors are out
+there noise and what could we reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there noise and what could we reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there noise and what could we reasonably
+assume about that we know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume about that we know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume about that we know about the
+noise we could assume that it's average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise we could assume that it's average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise we could assume that it's average
+is zero mean zero so statisticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero mean zero so statisticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero mean zero so statisticians
+always just that just resets the meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just that just resets the meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always just that just resets the meter
+right if you had a meter that was all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you had a meter that was all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you had a meter that was all or
+a clock that was always three minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock that was always three minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clock that was always three minutes
+ahead like this one you would reset it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead like this one you would reset it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead like this one you would reset it
+and I will'll do that one day okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will'll do that one day okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will'll do that one day okay so
+you'd reset to get the average zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd reset to get the average zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd reset to get the average zero okay
+but that doesn't mean every error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean every error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't mean every error is
+zero right that just means the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that just means the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right that just means the average
+error is zero so what's the other number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is zero so what's the other number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is zero so what's the other number
+what's the other number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other number that
+statisticians live on it's the deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians live on it's the deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians live on it's the deviation
+or its Square which is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its Square which is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its Square which is called the
+variance right variance so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right variance so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance right variance so that's the
+thing that that uh you could assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that uh you could assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that that uh you could assume that
+the errors have mean zero and have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the errors have mean zero and have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the errors have mean zero and have some
+variance you could suppose that you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance you could suppose that you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance you could suppose that you knew
+something about the variance you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the variance you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the variance you don't
+know the individual errors but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the individual errors but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the individual errors but you know
+whether the errors are like on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the errors are like on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the errors are like on a on a
+you know or very small or close or close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or very small or close or close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or very small or close or close
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+or a large so this is a small variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a large so this is a small variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a large so this is a small variance
+so one over Sigma is sort of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one over Sigma is sort of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one over Sigma is sort of that
+distance one over Sigma here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance one over Sigma here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance one over Sigma here this is a
+large variance where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large variance where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large variance where
+we uh you know the the error the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh you know the the error the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh you know the the error the
+magnitude of the error could be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the error could be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the error could be much
+larger from this so that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger from this so that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger from this so that those are the
+two numbers mean zero that leaves us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers mean zero that leaves us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers mean zero that leaves us
+just one number and the variance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one number and the variance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one number and the variance the
+standard deviation Sigma or the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation Sigma or the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation Sigma or the variance
+Sigma squared okay one Mo moment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared okay one Mo moment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squared okay one Mo moment on
+these squares okay how how oh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares okay how how oh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares okay how how oh let
+me let me just say what the waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just say what the waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me just say what the waiting
+Matrix would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix would
+be and then I can tell you in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then I can tell you in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and then I can tell you in a moment
+why and what what would the waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and what what would the waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why and what what would the waiting
+Matrix be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix be if
+our three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our three
+equations you know that came from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you know that came from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you know that came from one
+measurement and this came from a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and this came from a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and this came from a second
+measurement this came from a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement this came from a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement this came from a third
+measurement if they came from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement if they came from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement if they came from different
+meter readers with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter readers with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter readers with different
+variances suppose then the the right C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances suppose then the the right C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances suppose then the the right C
+Matrix will be a diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will be a diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix will be a diagonal matrix
+beautiful and what sits up there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and what sits up there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and what sits up there what
+sits there what sits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits there what sits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits there what sits
+there you know we we don't have spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know we we don't have spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know we we don't have spring
+constants anymore we have statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants anymore we have statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants anymore we have statistics
+constants and what's the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and what's the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and what's the number that
+goes there it's it's that one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there it's it's that one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there it's it's that one is the
+third guy so it It's associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third guy so it It's associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third guy so it It's associated with the
+third measurement it's the it's one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third measurement it's the it's one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third measurement it's the it's one over
+Sigma 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 3
+S that's what those are the numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S that's what those are the numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S that's what those are the numbers that
+go on the diagonal the inverses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on the diagonal the inverses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on the diagonal the inverses of the
+variances and just to see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and just to see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and just to see that that
+makes sense if that number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if that number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense if that number is
+unreliable if it has a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable if it has a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable if it has a large
+variance then I want to give it little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance then I want to give it little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance then I want to give it little
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+right and this so so when I when I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this so so when I when I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this so so when I when I if
+that if this third meter is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this third meter is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this third meter is very
+unreliable I'm not going to throw it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable I'm not going to throw it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable I'm not going to throw it out
+entirely but I know that its variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but I know that its variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely but I know that its variance is
+large and therefore I'll weight that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and therefore I'll weight that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and therefore I'll weight that
+equation uh only a little with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh only a little with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh only a little with a small
+weight suppose Sigma 2 so this guy is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight suppose Sigma 2 so this guy is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight suppose Sigma 2 so this guy is 1
+over Sigma 2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Sigma 2^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Sigma 2^
+2 suppose this is an extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 suppose this is an extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 suppose this is an extremely
+reliable meter that measurement has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable meter that measurement has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable meter that measurement has
+little little expected error then I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little expected error then I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little expected error then I want
+to weight it heavily so it has a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight it heavily so it has a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight it heavily so it has a small
+Sigma 2 and that gives it a large weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 and that gives it a large weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 2 and that gives it a large weight
+so th those are the and and sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th those are the and and sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th those are the and and sigma 1
+similarly so that's the waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly so that's the waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly so that's the waiting
+for the case the case that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case the case that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case the case that you can
+actually hope to use in practice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hope to use in practice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hope to use in practice that
+I'll just mention that statisticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention that statisticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention that statisticians
+would also say wait a minute measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also say wait a minute measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also say wait a minute measurement
+two and measurement three might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and measurement three might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and measurement three might be
+interconnected they might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected they might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected they might not be
+independent there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent there might be a
+co-variance and then that gets them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance and then that gets them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance and then that gets them into
+more L more great linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more L more great linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more L more great linear algebra
+actually but if I want a diagonal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but if I want a diagonal matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually but if I want a diagonal matrix
+C that's the case when my measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the case when my measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's the case when my measurements
+are independent and basically I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and basically I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent and basically I'm I'm
+I'm I'm whitening the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm whitening the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm whitening the
+system I'm making the system white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'm making the system white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I'm making the system white
+making it all equal variances by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it all equal variances by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it all equal variances by
+rescaling by by weighting the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling by by weighting the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling by by weighting the equations
+okay thanks uh Wednesday is the next big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks uh Wednesday is the next big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thanks uh Wednesday is the next big
+example of the framework with B E and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the framework with B E and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the framework with B E and F
+see you then now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ogbjia9gp34.txt b/ogbjia9gp34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e6022410ddf5d9e91eb9f45549517822563a82f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ogbjia9gp34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15186 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right. Today we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right. Today we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right. Today we go
+back to fun with hardness proofs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to fun with hardness proofs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to fun with hardness proofs in
+games. Uh it's been a while since we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Uh it's been a while since we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Uh it's been a while since we've
+done many games and puzzles. So uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done many games and puzzles. So uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done many games and puzzles. So uh today
+we're going to talk mostly about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk mostly about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk mostly about this
+one paper which has a ton of results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper which has a ton of results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper which has a ton of results in
+it uh by Giovani Vigluetta. Uh gaming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh by Giovani Vigluetta. Uh gaming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh by Giovani Vigluetta. Uh gaming is
+a hard job but someone has to do it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard job but someone has to do it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard job but someone has to do it. And
+it has uh what's particularly cool about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has uh what's particularly cool about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has uh what's particularly cool about
+this paper is it shows a bunch of meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is it shows a bunch of meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is it shows a bunch of meta
+theorems which you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems which you can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems which you can think of as
+general techniques for proving hardness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general techniques for proving hardness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general techniques for proving hardness.
+And I'm going to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to talk about uh
+essentially two main uh meta theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two main uh meta theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially two main uh meta theorems
+although there'll be a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there'll be a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there'll be a few different
+versions. One for NP hardness and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions. One for NP hardness and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions. One for NP hardness and one
+for pspace hardness. And this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pspace hardness. And this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pspace hardness. And this will be
+our first real Pace hardness proof other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first real Pace hardness proof other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first real Pace hardness proof other
+than lecture one. Uh and the proofs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lecture one. Uh and the proofs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lecture one. Uh and the proofs here
+aren't very hard and the fun part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very hard and the fun part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't very hard and the fun part is
+applying them to various games and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying them to various games and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying them to various games and they
+apply to a lot of different games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, meta theorem we're using here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, meta theorem we're using here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, meta theorem we're using here in
+a in a somewhat vague sense. This won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a somewhat vague sense. This won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a somewhat vague sense. This won't
+be a formal theorem because it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a formal theorem because it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a formal theorem because it's hard to
+state all of the assumptions you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state all of the assumptions you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state all of the assumptions you need
+about your game, but it's sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your game, but it's sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your game, but it's sort of think
+of it as a roughly true theorem. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a roughly true theorem. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a roughly true theorem. Uh,
+we're not going to state all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to state all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to state all the
+assumptions you need, but uh, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you need, but uh, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you need, but uh, the
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+setup for metaorem one is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for metaorem one is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup for metaorem one is that you have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+player or paper calls it an avatar, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player or paper calls it an avatar, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player or paper calls it an avatar, you
+know, little guy walking around. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, little guy walking around. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, little guy walking around. Um,
+you're traversing a 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment, so not allowed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment, so not allowed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment, so not allowed to have
+crossovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers
+uh from a given start location.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh given that setup, if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh given that setup, if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh given that setup, if you have two
+features in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in your
+game, one is called location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traversal and the other is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and the other is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and the other is called
+single-use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths, then your game is NP hard. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths, then your game is NP hard. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths, then your game is NP hard. That's
+the meta theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meta theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meta theorem.
+So, uh, location traversal means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, location traversal means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, location traversal means that
+there are some locations on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some locations on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some locations on the board
+that you have to visit, uh, in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to visit, uh, in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to visit, uh, in order to
+win the level. So, there's no target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the level. So, there's no target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win the level. So, there's no target
+location. Your goal is to visit all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location. Your goal is to visit all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location. Your goal is to visit all of
+the locations. Once you do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations. Once you do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations. Once you do that,
+potentially you win. Or maybe there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially you win. Or maybe there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially you win. Or maybe there is
+also a target location you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a target location you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a target location you have to get
+to at the end. But question, planer mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at the end. But question, planer mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at the end. But question, planer mean
+you're on a plane or like a planer graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a plane or like a planer graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a plane or like a planer graph
+kind of environment? Uh, either way, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of environment? Uh, either way, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of environment? Uh, either way, you
+could be sort of in a grid, you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be sort of in a grid, you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be sort of in a grid, you could be
+in a planer graph. Um, it's vague. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a planer graph. Um, it's vague. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a planer graph. Um, it's vague. So,
+but the goal is two dimensional. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the goal is two dimensional. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the goal is two dimensional. So the
+point is we don't need we'll don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we don't need we'll don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is we don't need we'll don't need
+crossovers for this reduction. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers for this reduction. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossovers for this reduction. Um and so
+location traversal you have to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location traversal you have to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location traversal you have to visit
+certain locations single-use paths you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain locations single-use paths you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain locations single-use paths you
+can only use them once. So once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use them once. So once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only use them once. So once you
+traver they're traversible but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traver they're traversible but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traver they're traversible but once you
+traverse them once they're no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse them once they're no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse them once they're no longer
+traversible. Um so from this you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversible. Um so from this you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversible. Um so from this you can get
+NB hardness. Any guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB hardness. Any guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB hardness. Any guesses
+how what should I reduce from? Hamilton.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what should I reduce from? Hamilton.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what should I reduce from? Hamilton.
+Hamiltonity. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All pads are single use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All pads are single use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All pads are single use.
+Uh no, not all pads are single use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh no, not all pads are single use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh no, not all pads are single use.
+Although it will work here. Um the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although it will work here. Um the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although it will work here. Um the idea
+is that you mark some pads as single use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you mark some pads as single use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you mark some pads as single use
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+not. Uh so reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Uh so reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. Uh so reduction
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+planer let's say max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hamiltonity and so the idea is whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonity and so the idea is whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonity and so the idea is whenever
+I have a vertex in my Hamiltonian graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a vertex in my Hamiltonian graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a vertex in my Hamiltonian graph
+I'm going to turn that into uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn that into uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn that into uh a
+location that must be traversed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we want to visit all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to visit all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to visit all the
+vertices. So there you go. That's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So there you go. That's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So there you go. That's where
+to put them. And whenever I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge, I'm going to convert that into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, I'm going to convert that into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, I'm going to convert that into a
+single-use path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And because I'm maximum degree three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because I'm maximum degree three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because I'm maximum degree three and
+each of these edges is single use once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these edges is single use once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these edges is single use once I
+use one of the edges and it becomes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of the edges and it becomes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one of the edges and it becomes it
+disappears. And then I use another edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears. And then I use another edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears. And then I use another edge
+and I get the the treat that was in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the the treat that was in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the the treat that was in that
+node. Um and then I use another edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node. Um and then I use another edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node. Um and then I use another edge and
+that disappears. Uh it's a really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disappears. Uh it's a really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disappears. Uh it's a really bad
+idea for me to use the third edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for me to use the third edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for me to use the third edge
+because then I'm trapped there forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I'm trapped there forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then I'm trapped there forever.
+So I would have had to have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would have had to have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I would have had to have already
+solved the puzzle. I would have had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the puzzle. I would have had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the puzzle. I would have had to
+already get all of the vertices before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already get all of the vertices before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already get all of the vertices before
+going here. So there was no reason to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here. So there was no reason to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going here. So there was no reason to to
+traverse that edge. Therefore, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse that edge. Therefore, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse that edge. Therefore, you're
+effectively doing a Hamiltonian path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing a Hamiltonian path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively doing a Hamiltonian path
+from the given start position which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the given start position which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the given start position which we
+know how to reduce from Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to reduce from Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to reduce from Hamiltonian
+cycle. And because we can do planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. And because we can do planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. And because we can do planer
+graphs, it's a planer setup. Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs, it's a planer setup. Max degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs, it's a planer setup. Max degree
+3 is critical for not being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is critical for not being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is critical for not being able to
+revisit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit a
+vertex. Okay. Uh we've seen a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. Okay. Uh we've seen a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. Okay. Uh we've seen a very
+similar proof to this back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar proof to this back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar proof to this back in the
+Hamiltonisticity lecture, but uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonisticity lecture, but uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonisticity lecture, but uh there
+the assumption was that there was a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption was that there was a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption was that there was a time
+limit plus collectibles plus uh location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit plus collectibles plus uh location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit plus collectibles plus uh location
+traversal. Um this is another way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal. Um this is another way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal. Um this is another way to do
+the same kind of proof. Uh and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of proof. Uh and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of proof. Uh and it makes
+it a little easier to be convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little easier to be convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little easier to be convinced that
+your proofs work perfectly because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proofs work perfectly because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proofs work perfectly because with
+time limits you're very sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time limits you're very sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time limits you're very sensitive to
+timing. Every edge has to be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing. Every edge has to be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing. Every edge has to be exactly the
+same length. here uh we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length. here uh we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same length. here uh we're adding
+single-use paths instead of that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-use paths instead of that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-use paths instead of that to
+force the force you to finish the level.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the force you to finish the level.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the force you to finish the level.
+Uh the claim is also it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the claim is also it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the claim is also it makes the
+puzzles more fun. So that's of course up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles more fun. So that's of course up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles more fun. So that's of course up
+to interpretation but at the very least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpretation but at the very least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interpretation but at the very least
+uh using this proof we can get a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using this proof we can get a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using this proof we can get a whole
+bunch more games that we haven't seen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch more games that we haven't seen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch more games that we haven't seen.
+So one of them uh is Boulder Dash. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of them uh is Boulder Dash. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of them uh is Boulder Dash. How
+many people have played Boulder Dash?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have played Boulder Dash?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have played Boulder Dash?
+Let's say yeah only not very many. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say yeah only not very many. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say yeah only not very many. Uh I
+used to play this in uh C64 days. Come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to play this in uh C64 days. Come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to play this in uh C64 days. Come
+64. you are walking around uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64. you are walking around uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64. you are walking around uh these
+boulders, you can hold them up, but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulders, you can hold them up, but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulders, you can hold them up, but as
+soon as you let go, they fall and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you let go, they fall and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you let go, they fall and if
+they fall on you, you die. So, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall on you, you die. So, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fall on you, you die. So, you don't
+want that to happen. And the goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to happen. And the goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to happen. And the goal is to
+collect all the diamonds roughly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all the diamonds roughly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all the diamonds roughly and
+then to get it to a target location.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to get it to a target location.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to get it to a target location.
+There's some weird physics about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some weird physics about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's some weird physics about how
+boulders fall. Uh but um basically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulders fall. Uh but um basically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulders fall. Uh but um basically here
+are the two gadgets. Uh location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two gadgets. Uh location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the two gadgets. Uh location
+traversal, you just put a diamond there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal, you just put a diamond there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal, you just put a diamond there
+and then you have to get it. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to get it. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to get it. Um and then
+this is a single-use path. Uh the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single-use path. Uh the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a single-use path. Uh the idea
+is you can come from either side, push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can come from either side, push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can come from either side, push
+that this out of the way, the boulder is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this out of the way, the boulder is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this out of the way, the boulder is
+then in the way. So if you then tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the way. So if you then tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the way. So if you then tried to
+traverse it, uh you can't can't turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse it, uh you can't can't turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse it, uh you can't can't turn it
+around the corner, so you get stuck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the corner, so you get stuck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the corner, so you get stuck.
+Okay. So once you have those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So once you have those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So once you have those two
+gadgets, you get an NP hardness proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets, you get an NP hardness proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets, you get an NP hardness proof.
+So Boulder Dash is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Boulder Dash is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Boulder Dash is NP
+hard. Uh LoadRunner. How many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Uh LoadRunner. How many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Uh LoadRunner. How many people
+have played Loadrunner? Few more. I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played Loadrunner? Few more. I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played Loadrunner? Few more. I used
+to play these in uh uh some I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play these in uh uh some I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play these in uh uh some I think
+Apple 2e days or something. Um, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple 2e days or something. Um, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple 2e days or something. Um, but I
+think well it was originally C64 again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well it was originally C64 again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well it was originally C64 again.
+Uh, so you have this guy who walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so you have this guy who walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so you have this guy who walks
+around, has to collect all the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, has to collect all the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, has to collect all the parts
+again, these these things. And the fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, these these things. And the fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, these these things. And the fun
+thing about load runners, you can dig a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about load runners, you can dig a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about load runners, you can dig a
+hole and then the monsters fall in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and then the monsters fall in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and then the monsters fall in.
+They'll drop their diamond if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll drop their diamond if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They'll drop their diamond if they have
+one. Um, and they might be able to climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um, and they might be able to climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um, and they might be able to climb
+back out. Eventually that square will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out. Eventually that square will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back out. Eventually that square will
+refill. Uh, so it's a timed thing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refill. Uh, so it's a timed thing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refill. Uh, so it's a timed thing. And
+so based on that kind of physics, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so based on that kind of physics, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so based on that kind of physics, we can
+build the two gadgets. Again, you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the two gadgets. Again, you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the two gadgets. Again, you put
+gold wherever you want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold wherever you want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold wherever you want to make the
+thing. Um, and this is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Um, and this is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Um, and this is a single
+traversal gadget. Uh, this is after it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal gadget. Uh, this is after it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal gadget. Uh, this is after it's
+been traversed once. You get stuck in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been traversed once. You get stuck in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been traversed once. You get stuck in
+the hole. Uh, but if there's a monster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole. Uh, but if there's a monster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole. Uh, but if there's a monster
+there, you can actually stand on it, dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, you can actually stand on it, dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, you can actually stand on it, dig
+the hole, let the guy fall. This will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole, let the guy fall. This will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole, let the guy fall. This will
+regenerate. Uh, this guy's stuck, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate. Uh, this guy's stuck, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate. Uh, this guy's stuck, but
+now you cannot traverse this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you cannot traverse this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you cannot traverse this thing.
+There's no jumping in this game. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no jumping in this game. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no jumping in this game. So, you
+can't go, you can't jump uh over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go, you can't jump uh over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go, you can't jump uh over there.
+You have to do uh get to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to do uh get to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to do uh get to the other side
+by falling. And that's only possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by falling. And that's only possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by falling. And that's only possible in
+the initial configuration. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial configuration. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial configuration. So,
+LoadRunner is np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LoadRunner is np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LoadRunner is np
+hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard.
+Questions? Um, cool. Uh, also Legend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions? Um, cool. Uh, also Legend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions? Um, cool. Uh, also Legend of
+Zelda 2, Adventures of Link is NP hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zelda 2, Adventures of Link is NP hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zelda 2, Adventures of Link is NP hard.
+Um, on the one hand, we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, on the one hand, we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, on the one hand, we have uh
+single-use paths illustrated on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-use paths illustrated on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-use paths illustrated on the left
+and location traversal. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and location traversal. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and location traversal. We're going to
+do by keys. If you get enough keys, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by keys. If you get enough keys, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by keys. If you get enough keys, you
+can open enough doors. At the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open enough doors. At the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open enough doors. At the end of the
+puzzle, there's going to be a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle, there's going to be a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle, there's going to be a whole
+bunch of doors. Uh, let me get this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of doors. Uh, let me get this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of doors. Uh, let me get this one
+going again. Uh for single traversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going again. Uh for single traversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going again. Uh for single traversal
+paths, they're actually these bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths, they're actually these bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths, they're actually these bridges
+that disappear after you traverse them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disappear after you traverse them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disappear after you traverse them.
+So you can do some amount of jumping,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can do some amount of jumping,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can do some amount of jumping,
+but uh if you make it really long, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you make it really long, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh if you make it really long, you
+will be prevented from retraversing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be prevented from retraversing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be prevented from retraversing that
+that path. So we're going to put a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path. So we're going to put a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path. So we're going to put a key
+at each vertex and then at some at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each vertex and then at some at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each vertex and then at some at some
+finishing location, we'll have uh end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing location, we'll have uh end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing location, we'll have uh end
+doors, one for each vertex. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors, one for each vertex. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors, one for each vertex. And that
+should that should do Zelda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that should do Zelda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that should do Zelda
+2. Uh okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Uh okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. Uh okay so that
+is metatheorem one. Um I want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is metatheorem one. Um I want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is metatheorem one. Um I want to tell
+you about a slight variation on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about a slight variation on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about a slight variation on this
+meta theorem and then another result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta theorem and then another result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta theorem and then another result
+based on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so Metathem 2 is uh same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so Metathem 2 is uh same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so Metathem 2 is uh same kind of
+setup. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so slightly different
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I'll keep a little bit of suspense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll keep a little bit of suspense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'll keep a little bit of suspense
+about why we care about this. uh instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why we care about this. uh instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why we care about this. uh instead
+of single-use paths, suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single-use paths, suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of single-use paths, suppose that you
+could build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build
+um tokens, which are things you can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tokens, which are things you can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tokens, which are things you can pick
+up, and for this reduction, let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, and for this reduction, let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, and for this reduction, let's say
+you can only pick up one at a time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only pick up one at a time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only pick up one at a time,
+though it won't matter. Uh and toll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it won't matter. Uh and toll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it won't matter. Uh and toll
+roads, where you have to pay with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads, where you have to pay with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads, where you have to pay with a
+token in order to traverse the edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token in order to traverse the edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token in order to traverse the edge.
+This essentially can be used to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This essentially can be used to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This essentially can be used to simulate
+a single-use path, but it's slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single-use path, but it's slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single-use path, but it's slightly
+different perspective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspective.
+um and that you can visit an edge if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that you can visit an edge if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that you can visit an edge if you
+uh well what we're going to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well what we're going to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well what we're going to imagine
+doing is putting tokens at the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is putting tokens at the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is putting tokens at the vertices
+but just one at each vertex. When you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just one at each vertex. When you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just one at each vertex. When you
+pick up that token you can then traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that token you can then traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up that token you can then traverse
+one of the incident edges. Uh so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the incident edges. Uh so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the incident edges. Uh so again
+uh every edge will become a toll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+road and every vertex will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road and every vertex will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road and every vertex will become a
+location traversal point that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location traversal point that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location traversal point that has to be
+traversed and it will become have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed and it will become have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed and it will become have one
+token and so you can use the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token and so you can use the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token and so you can use the same kind
+of proof it's just so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof it's just so different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof it's just so different
+perspective on the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on the same kind of
+thing and we can use this to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we can use this to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and we can use this to prove that
+Pac-Man is NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pac-Man is NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pac-Man is NP
+hard this is the motivation so uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this is the motivation so uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard this is the motivation so uh again
+you have to get all the dots in Pac-Man.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get all the dots in Pac-Man.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to get all the dots in Pac-Man.
+So you in particular have to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you in particular have to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you in particular have to get that
+one. When you get that one, uh this edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. When you get that one, uh this edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. When you get that one, uh this edge
+becomes traversible. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes traversible. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes traversible. So this is a
+somewhat generalized version of Tetris.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat generalized version of Tetris.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat generalized version of Tetris.
+You have lots of houses for the ghosts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have lots of houses for the ghosts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have lots of houses for the ghosts.
+Lots of ghosts obviously. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of ghosts obviously. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of ghosts obviously. Uh the
+algorithms that the ghosts follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that the ghosts follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms that the ghosts follow
+doesn't doesn't matter too much. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't matter too much. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't doesn't matter too much. The
+only constraint is that ghosts change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only constraint is that ghosts change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only constraint is that ghosts change
+direction if and only if the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if and only if the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if and only if the state
+changes. uh like you turn them into I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. uh like you turn them into I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. uh like you turn them into I
+forget the names of all the modes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the names of all the modes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the names of all the modes but
+you turn them into the blue mode or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn them into the blue mode or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn them into the blue mode or they
+turn back then they will switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back then they will switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back then they will switch
+direction in their tunnel and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in their tunnel and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in their tunnel and that is
+the only setting in which ghosts will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only setting in which ghosts will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only setting in which ghosts will
+actually change d uh will reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change d uh will reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change d uh will reverse
+direction double back on themselves they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction double back on themselves they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction double back on themselves they
+never double back otherwise. Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never double back otherwise. Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never double back otherwise. Uh, and
+given that setup, if we make these edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that setup, if we make these edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that setup, if we make these edges
+really long, we can make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long, we can make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long, we can make sure that the
+ghosts always stay within their edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghosts always stay within their edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghosts always stay within their edge
+because you're basically alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're basically alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're basically alternating
+between switching the state, turning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between switching the state, turning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between switching the state, turning the
+directions of the ghosts, traversing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of the ghosts, traversing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of the ghosts, traversing an
+edge, and then doing it again and again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, and then doing it again and again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, and then doing it again and again.
+So, that the ghosts always sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that the ghosts always sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that the ghosts always sort of go
+back and forth. If you happen to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. If you happen to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. If you happen to capture
+one, it doesn't really change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, it doesn't really change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, it doesn't really change its
+location much because it just goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location much because it just goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location much because it just goes back
+to the house. Um, but you obviously need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the house. Um, but you obviously need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the house. Um, but you obviously need
+one of these in your possession. You you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these in your possession. You you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these in your possession. You you
+end up using the token right away to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using the token right away to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up using the token right away to
+traverse one of the incident edges. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse one of the incident edges. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse one of the incident edges. So
+you can actually get across but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get across but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually get across but it's
+long enough so by the time you cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough so by the time you cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough so by the time you cross
+over uh the ghosts have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh the ghosts have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over uh the ghosts have
+reset. So that is meta theorem 2 applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset. So that is meta theorem 2 applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset. So that is meta theorem 2 applied
+to Pac-Man in case you were wondering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pac-Man in case you were wondering.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pac-Man in case you were wondering.
+Uh this is I think quite clever to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is I think quite clever to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is I think quite clever to get
+uh these things to work out. Okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these things to work out. Okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these things to work out. Okay so um
+np hardness we're used to that. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np hardness we're used to that. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np hardness we're used to that. Um the
+next meta theorems are about ppace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next meta theorems are about ppace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next meta theorems are about ppace
+hardness. And before I get there, I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. And before I get there, I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. And before I get there, I need
+to tell you a little bit about uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a little bit about uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you a little bit about uh some
+basic pspace hard problems like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic pspace hard problems like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic pspace hard problems like we have
+SAT and Hamiltonity for uh for NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAT and Hamiltonity for uh for NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAT and Hamiltonity for uh for NP
+hardness. For pspace hardness, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. For pspace hardness, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. For pspace hardness, there are
+a couple of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of natural
+problems. First, let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. First, let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. First, let me remind you
+because it was lecture one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was lecture one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was lecture one that I
+defined pspace. Uh these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined pspace. Uh these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined pspace. Uh these are all
+problems solvable in polinomial space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're measuring space instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're measuring space instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're measuring space instead of
+time. Uh this is contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh this is contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh this is contained in
+exponential time. Uh because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time. Uh because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential time. Uh because there are
+at most exponentially many states of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most exponentially many states of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most exponentially many states of a
+polomial space machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial space machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial space machine.
+um and it's contains NP in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's contains NP in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's contains NP in particular
+every NP problem can be run can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every NP problem can be run can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every NP problem can be run can be
+simulated on a pspace computer uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated on a pspace computer uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated on a pspace computer uh just
+by trying all possible options for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trying all possible options for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by trying all possible options for the
+guess but backtracking and throwing away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but backtracking and throwing away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but backtracking and throwing away
+the information from the other guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information from the other guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information from the other guess
+paths and just keeping one bit of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and just keeping one bit of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths and just keeping one bit of state
+which is did I find a yes solution yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is did I find a yes solution yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is did I find a yes solution yet
+uh so you can turn any np machine into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can turn any np machine into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you can turn any np machine into a
+pspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace
+machine uh so somewhere in between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh so somewhere in between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine uh so somewhere in between uh
+the other fun fact is that it equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other fun fact is that it equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other fun fact is that it equals
+nondeterministic polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space uh so non-deterministic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh so non-deterministic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh so non-deterministic in the
+sense of np if you add guessing to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of np if you add guessing to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of np if you add guessing to a
+pspace machine that doesn't help you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace machine that doesn't help you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace machine that doesn't help you um
+you can always simulate it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always simulate it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always simulate it with a
+deterministic machine at most blowing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine at most blowing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine at most blowing up
+the space by a fact by a square so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space by a fact by a square so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space by a fact by a square so if
+you had s space before you have s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had s space before you have s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had s space before you have s
+squared space after and it that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared space after and it that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared space after and it that is
+closed under polinomials are closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under polinomials are closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under polinomials are closed
+under squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under squaring
+uh so this is especially useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is especially useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is especially useful for
+showing that a lot of games are in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that a lot of games are in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that a lot of games are in P
+space it's a lot easier usually to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's a lot easier usually to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's a lot easier usually to give
+a non-deterministic polinomial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic polinomial space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-deterministic polinomial space
+algorithm you have the freedom to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you have the freedom to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you have the freedom to guess
+whenever you like just like uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you like just like uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you like just like uh with
+proving containment in NP and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving containment in NP and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving containment in NP and if you
+prove containment in np space you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove containment in np space you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove containment in np space you are
+also proving containment in pspace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proving containment in pspace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proving containment in pspace this
+is called savages theorem okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called savages theorem okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called savages theorem okay so that
+was just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just some
+recall from lecture one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from lecture one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall from lecture one
+um and now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and now let's talk about
+some sort of base problems peacepace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of base problems peacepace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of base problems peacepace
+complete problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete problems
+that we can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from. Um I would say the most obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Um I would say the most obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Um I would say the most obvious
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+to simulate a polomial space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithm. Uh you can relax it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Uh you can relax it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. Uh you can relax it slightly
+to say simulate a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say simulate a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say simulate a linear
+space algorithm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or touring machine if you prefer that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or touring machine if you prefer that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or touring machine if you prefer that.
+Uh, of course if you are pspace complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, of course if you are pspace complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, of course if you are pspace complete
+if you can simulate all algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can simulate all algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can simulate all algorithms that
+run in polinomial space and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in polinomial space and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in polinomial space and there are
+some proofs that work that way. Uh, take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proofs that work that way. Uh, take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some proofs that work that way. Uh, take
+some simple model of a computer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple model of a computer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simple model of a computer like
+touring machine typically uh like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machine typically uh like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touring machine typically uh like you're
+reading and writing cells on a tape uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and writing cells on a tape uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and writing cells on a tape uh
+and you're doing whatever you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're doing whatever you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're doing whatever you can do in
+that linear amount of space uh and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear amount of space uh and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that linear amount of space uh and just
+simulate those transitions one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate those transitions one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate those transitions one at a
+time. Uh, but it's usually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh, but it's usually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh, but it's usually pretty
+tedious to do that. I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious to do that. I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious to do that. I don't think we
+will see any proofs directly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see any proofs directly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see any proofs directly of
+simulating uh a touring machine. A more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating uh a touring machine. A more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating uh a touring machine. A more
+usually a simpler way to go is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a simpler way to go is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a simpler way to go is uh
+problem called qat. Um it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called qat. Um it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called qat. Um it's actually
+usually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called
+qbf uh and sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbf uh and sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbf uh and sometimes called
+tqbf and occasionally called qat. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf and occasionally called qat. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tqbf and occasionally called qat. But
+I'm growing on the name qat uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm growing on the name qat uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm growing on the name qat uh because
+we can specify things. It's consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can specify things. It's consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can specify things. It's consistent
+with our naming terminology. We can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our naming terminology. We can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our naming terminology. We can say
+Q3AT. We can say Q1 and 3 setat. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3AT. We can say Q1 and 3 setat. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q3AT. We can say Q1 and 3 setat. We can
+say planer Qat whereas QBF usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say planer Qat whereas QBF usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say planer Qat whereas QBF usually
+people mean Q3 set I guess but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mean Q3 set I guess but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people mean Q3 set I guess but this is a
+little more explicit what kind of set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more explicit what kind of set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more explicit what kind of set we
+want. Um so we're adding the letter Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Um so we're adding the letter Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Um so we're adding the letter Q
+which is quantified. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quantified. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is quantified. Um
+so the general problem is given a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general problem is given a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the general problem is given a fully
+quantified boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula you want to know decide is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true that's the T in TQBF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's the T in TQBF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that's the T in TQBF
+if you prefer that term. Um, so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer that term. Um, so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer that term. Um, so for
+example, here is a quantified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula. Uh, took me a little thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. Uh, took me a little thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. Uh, took me a little thinking
+to come up one that is actually true uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up one that is actually true uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up one that is actually true uh
+in a not quite trivial way. Um, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a not quite trivial way. Um, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a not quite trivial way. Um, so this
+is a two- set formula. So in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two- set formula. So in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a two- set formula. So in particular
+you can read this as x implies y and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read this as x implies y and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read this as x implies y and y
+implies x. So this and we're saying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies x. So this and we're saying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies x. So this and we're saying for
+every x there is a y such that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every x there is a y such that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every x there is a y such that this is
+satisfied and that's true namely y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and that's true namely y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied and that's true namely y
+equals x would be the correct choice. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x would be the correct choice. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals x would be the correct choice. Uh
+but it's not totally obvious given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not totally obvious given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not totally obvious given that
+formula that it's true and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that it's true and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that it's true and in general
+given such a formula probably not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given such a formula probably not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given such a formula probably not with
+two sat in here but other with threes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sat in here but other with threes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sat in here but other with threes
+formula is going to be pspace complete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is going to be pspace complete.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is going to be pspace complete.
+Uh to contrast with SAT essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh to contrast with SAT essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh to contrast with SAT essentially
+there are a bunch of there exists at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of there exists at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of there exists at the
+beginning. Uh with Qat you can have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Uh with Qat you can have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Uh with Qat you can have for
+alls in addition to exists. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alls in addition to exists. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alls in addition to exists. That's
+that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're
+changing. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. Um
+and we can simplify things a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can
+assume uh pex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh pex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh pex
+form which just means that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which just means that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which just means that all the
+quantifiers are in the beginning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers are in the beginning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers are in the beginning and
+then we have a threes formula or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a threes formula or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have a threes formula or
+whatever. Um and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Um and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever. Um and we can
+assume that uh we alternate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh we alternate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that uh we alternate the
+quantifiers alternate between for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers alternate between for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers alternate between for all
+and there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh just by adding in extra dummies if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just by adding in extra dummies if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just by adding in extra dummies if we
+happen to use a bunch of foralls in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to use a bunch of foralls in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to use a bunch of foralls in a
+row or a bunch of their exists in a row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a bunch of their exists in a row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or a bunch of their exists in a row.
+But really the hard case is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But really the hard case is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But really the hard case is when you
+have lots of both and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of both and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of both and they are
+interwoven. So it's not enough to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interwoven. So it's not enough to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interwoven. So it's not enough to look
+at in at formulas that have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in at formulas that have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at in at formulas that have a bunch of
+foralls and then a bunch of exists. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foralls and then a bunch of exists. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foralls and then a bunch of exists. You
+have to think about the case where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the case where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about the case where there
+are lots of alternations between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of alternations between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of alternations between the
+two. Um we'll talk more about that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Um we'll talk more about that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Um we'll talk more about that when
+we get to two-player games because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to two-player games because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to two-player games because that
+relates to two-player games. But for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to two-player games. But for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates to two-player games. But for now
+uh we're going to stick to one player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to stick to one player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to stick to one player
+games and this is just something we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and this is just something we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and this is just something we need
+to simulate by our single player. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate by our single player. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simulate by our single player. Um
+and so now the question is what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the question is what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now the question is what should
+what forms can this formula take because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what forms can this formula take because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what forms can this formula take because
+we have lots of forms of SAT that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of forms of SAT that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have lots of forms of SAT that we
+know are hard and pretty much all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are hard and pretty much all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are hard and pretty much all of
+them remain hard in this setting as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them remain hard in this setting as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them remain hard in this setting as well
+when you add in the quantifiers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add in the quantifiers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add in the quantifiers.
+uh and in fact there is a Schaefer style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact there is a Schaefer style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in fact there is a Schaefer style
+dichotomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem like we had with SAT and NP. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem like we had with SAT and NP. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem like we had with SAT and NP. Um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+basically this quantified SAT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this quantified SAT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this quantified SAT is
+polomial if and only if the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial if and only if the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial if and only if the types of
+clauses you allow are all horn clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses you allow are all horn clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses you allow are all horn clauses
+or all dual horn clauses or all two set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all dual horn clauses or all two set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all dual horn clauses or all two set
+clauses or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses or
+uh a system of linear equalities mod xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a system of linear equalities mod xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a system of linear equalities mod xor
+and xnor uh equality constraints. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and xnor uh equality constraints. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and xnor uh equality constraints. Um
+those could all be solved before. they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those could all be solved before. they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those could all be solved before. they
+can still be solved in this setting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be solved in this setting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be solved in this setting in
+polinomial time even with alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time even with alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time even with alternating
+quantifiers. So that's cool. However, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers. So that's cool. However, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers. So that's cool. However, it
+is no longer polomial time if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer polomial time if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no longer polomial time if your
+clauses are satisfied when you set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses are satisfied when you set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses are satisfied when you set the
+variables all true or all false. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all true or all false. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables all true or all false. Uh
+because we have these for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have these for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have these for all
+quantifiers now being all true is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers now being all true is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers now being all true is not
+not the panacea that it was before. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the panacea that it was before. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the panacea that it was before. Um
+so that's one case and otherwise you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one case and otherwise you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one case and otherwise you are
+pspace complete. All other versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace complete. All other versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace complete. All other versions of
+set are pspace complete. Sorry, of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set are pspace complete. Sorry, of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set are pspace complete. Sorry, of q
+set. So it's almost the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So it's almost the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set. So it's almost the same as the
+shaer theorem, but there's one case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaer theorem, but there's one case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaer theorem, but there's one case that
+differs. It's hard whereas it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs. It's hard whereas it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs. It's hard whereas it wasn't
+before. Uh so that's cool for general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh so that's cool for general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh so that's cool for general
+uh from a formula perspective. uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a formula perspective. uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from a formula perspective. uh but we
+of course typically care about planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course typically care about planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course typically care about planer
+bipartite graphs expressing those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graphs expressing those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite graphs expressing those uh
+clauses and their variables and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses and their variables and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses and their variables and good
+news is everything works as before. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is everything works as before. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is everything works as before. Uh
+so planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so planer
+qat and planer one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qat are hard planer not all equal qat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qat are hard planer not all equal qat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qat are hard planer not all equal qat is
+also going to be easy uh like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be easy uh like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be easy uh like it was
+before. Um but planer qat uh we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Um but planer qat uh we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Um but planer qat uh we can use
+the usual crossover gadget. what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual crossover gadget. what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual crossover gadget. what that
+crossover gadget does um I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover gadget does um I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover gadget does um I mean it
+forces some variables to be the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces some variables to be the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces some variables to be the same but
+it also creates new variables and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also creates new variables and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also creates new variables and those
+variables need to be quantified. All you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables need to be quantified. All you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables need to be quantified. All you
+need to do to simulate our old proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to simulate our old proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to simulate our old proof is
+put a whole bunch of existential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a whole bunch of existential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a whole bunch of existential
+quantifiers at the end of the quantifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers at the end of the quantifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers at the end of the quantifier
+list. So for every new variable you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list. So for every new variable you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list. So for every new variable you
+create you put there exists at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create you put there exists at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create you put there exists at the end
+for those variables and we know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those variables and we know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those variables and we know those
+variables are forced to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are forced to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are forced to be equal to
+other copies of variables uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other copies of variables uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other copies of variables uh that are
+given to us. And so uh it simulates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us. And so uh it simulates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us. And so uh it simulates the
+old uh planer SAT proof but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh planer SAT proof but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old uh planer SAT proof but in a
+quantified setting. And that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified setting. And that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantified setting. And that was
+actually done by Likenstein in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done by Likenstein in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done by Likenstein in the
+original planer SAT paper. Uh it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original planer SAT paper. Uh it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original planer SAT paper. Uh it also
+talked about planer Q set. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about planer Q set. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about planer Q set. Um and then
+once you have this problem is hard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have this problem is hard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have this problem is hard the
+same reduction we had for one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reduction we had for one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same reduction we had for one and three
+qat also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qat also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qat also just
+works. So uh with the same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So uh with the same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. So uh with the same same
+idea. So there are some base problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So there are some base problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So there are some base problems.
+Now we can do some reductions. Um, first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can do some reductions. Um, first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can do some reductions. Um, first
+I we'll prove a meta theorem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we'll prove a meta theorem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we'll prove a meta theorem and then
+we'll apply that meta theorem to a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll apply that meta theorem to a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll apply that meta theorem to a bunch
+of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+games, one player games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+um for meta next meta theorem uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for meta next meta theorem uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for meta next meta theorem uh we're
+going to have a similar setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a similar setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a similar setup
+uh we're traversing a planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're traversing a planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're traversing a planer
+environment but this time we are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but this time we are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment but this time we are given
+um a start location and a destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh because we're no longer going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we're no longer going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we're no longer going to have
+the location traversal goal. We need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location traversal goal. We need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location traversal goal. We need to
+add a some kind of goal otherwise you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a some kind of goal otherwise you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a some kind of goal otherwise you've
+solved the game by starting. So, um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the game by starting. So, um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the game by starting. So, um so
+it's a path traversal. Get from A to B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a path traversal. Get from A to B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a path traversal. Get from A to B.
+And uh what we're going to need is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh what we're going to need is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh what we're going to need is uh a
+door plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door plus
+uh pressure plate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so the idea is that there is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the idea is that there is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so the idea is that there is a an
+obstacle a door which is either open or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle a door which is either open or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle a door which is either open or
+closed and there's a pressure plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and there's a pressure plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and there's a pressure plate
+where if you step on uh a pressure plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you step on uh a pressure plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you step on uh a pressure plate
+marked open. So you're walking along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked open. So you're walking along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked open. So you're walking along
+here, you step on this square um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you step on this square um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you step on this square um that
+will open this door and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will open this door and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will open this door and make it
+traversible. uh as you go across it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversible. uh as you go across it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversible. uh as you go across it that
+you're forced to open the door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to open the door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to open the door and
+there's going to be another pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be another pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be another pressure
+plate marked closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate marked closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate marked closed
+uh which as you traverse it you step on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which as you traverse it you step on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which as you traverse it you step on
+that plate it forces the door to close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plate it forces the door to close.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plate it forces the door to close.
+So in order to get to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to get to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in order to get to the other side
+here usually this is in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here usually this is in some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here usually this is in some kind of
+tunnel. So in order to get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel. So in order to get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel. So in order to get from this
+side to this side you must close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to this side you must close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to this side you must close this
+door and we have more than one. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and we have more than one. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and we have more than one. So there
+are many such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doors say a b c um and this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors say a b c um and this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors say a b c um and this is going to
+say open a this is going to say close b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say open a this is going to say close b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say open a this is going to say close b
+uh and we can furthermore assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can furthermore assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we can furthermore assume that
+there's exactly one open and exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one open and exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one open and exactly one
+close for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close for each
+door. Okay so maybe I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. Okay so maybe I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. Okay so maybe I should have
+written a here. So this is the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a here. So this is the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written a here. So this is the complete
+story for A and there's a similar open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for A and there's a similar open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story for A and there's a similar open
+and close for B and open and close for C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close for B and open and close for C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and close for B and open and close for C
+and otherwise you can just walk around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise you can just walk around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise you can just walk around
+and your goal is to get to destination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal is to get to destination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your goal is to get to destination.
+Sounds pretty simple and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds pretty simple and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sounds pretty simple and this is a very
+powerful meta theorem. This is pspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful meta theorem. This is pspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful meta theorem. This is pspace
+complete. This applies to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. This applies to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. This applies to a lot of
+games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, but before I get to what games it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but before I get to what games it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but before I get to what games it
+applies to, uh, let's prove that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to, uh, let's prove that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to, uh, let's prove that this is
+indeed pspace complete by a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed pspace complete by a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed pspace complete by a reduction
+from Q three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Q three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Q three
+set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, we won't even need planer here. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we won't even need planer here. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, we won't even need planer here. Uh,
+because we won't need planer because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we won't need planer because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we won't need planer because we
+can open doors kind of remotely. When I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open doors kind of remotely. When I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can open doors kind of remotely. When I
+step on this button, which could be far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step on this button, which could be far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step on this button, which could be far
+far away, I open this door. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away, I open this door. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away, I open this door. So
+effectively the connections in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the connections in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the connections in the
+between variables and clauses can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between variables and clauses can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between variables and clauses can be
+crossing. Uh there's no restriction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing. Uh there's no restriction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing. Uh there's no restriction on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So uh you're going to see a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So uh you're going to see a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So uh you're going to see a few
+different proofs like this. uh we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proofs like this. uh we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proofs like this. uh we'll see
+others in in future lectures but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in in future lectures but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others in in future lectures but uh this
+is a typical prototype for how to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a typical prototype for how to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a typical prototype for how to reduce
+from Q3 set uh you have your start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Q3 set uh you have your start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Q3 set uh you have your start
+location you have your finish location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you have your finish location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location you have your finish location
+your goal is to traverse this thing sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is to traverse this thing sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal is to traverse this thing sort
+of like a circuit um and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a circuit um and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a circuit um and then you have
+these blocks which represent quantifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks which represent quantifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks which represent quantifiers
+we'll talk about those in a moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about those in a moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about those in a moment in
+the end you exit here and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you exit here and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end you exit here and you have to
+satisfy this formula in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this formula in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this formula in order to get
+through if you get through then you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if you get through then you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if you get through then you are
+able to enter this uh quantifier gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to enter this uh quantifier gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to enter this uh quantifier gadget
+and these are kind of in a nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are kind of in a nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are kind of in a nested
+structure. You can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. You can think of this
+quantifier gadget as calling this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier gadget as calling this one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier gadget as calling this one uh
+by traversing this path you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by traversing this path you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by traversing this path you're
+recursively calling the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively calling the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively calling the rest of the
+formula and then this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and then this is sort of the
+return value. Yes, I did it. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value. Yes, I did it. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return value. Yes, I did it. I
+succeeded. I got a yes. Um and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded. I got a yes. Um and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded. I got a yes. Um and when you
+do that, so for the existential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, so for the existential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, so for the existential
+quantifier, what this is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier, what this is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier, what this is essentially
+doing is say, okay, uh I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is say, okay, uh I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is say, okay, uh I don't know what
+X is going to be. I'm going to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is going to be. I'm going to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is going to be. I'm going to let the
+player decide between two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player decide between two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player decide between two different
+paths. set X to true or set X to false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths. set X to true or set X to false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths. set X to true or set X to false.
+So there'll be two ways to go here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there'll be two ways to go here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there'll be two ways to go here and
+then you'll exit along the same path,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll exit along the same path,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll exit along the same path,
+but X will be set one way or the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X will be set one way or the other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but X will be set one way or the other.
+Recursively, you want that formula to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recursively, you want that formula to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recursively, you want that formula to be
+true. If that happens, then the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. If that happens, then the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. If that happens, then the player
+will be able to come back here. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to come back here. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to come back here. And if
+you successfully set the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you successfully set the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you successfully set the rest of the
+things true, if you set the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things true, if you set the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things true, if you set the rest of the
+formula to be true, then it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to be true, then it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to be true, then it means the
+overall formula is true because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall formula is true because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall formula is true because you just
+wanted to check that there was at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to check that there was at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to check that there was at least
+one setting for X that made it true. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one setting for X that made it true. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one setting for X that made it true. And
+so this is just a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a direct
+connection. Okay. Okay, on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. Okay. Okay, on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. Okay. Okay, on the other
+hand, uh for the universal quantifier,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, uh for the universal quantifier,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, uh for the universal quantifier,
+this is a little bit trickier and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit trickier and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit trickier and it's
+drawn at a very high level here. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn at a very high level here. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn at a very high level here. Um you
+need to check both settings of Y. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check both settings of Y. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check both settings of Y. So
+what you're going to end up doing is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to end up doing is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to end up doing is as
+if you enter this gadget, uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enter this gadget, uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enter this gadget, uh you're
+first going to set Y to true and exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to set Y to true and exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first going to set Y to true and exit
+out here. Um and then recursively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. Um and then recursively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. Um and then recursively the
+rest must be better be true. If it is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest must be better be true. If it is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest must be better be true. If it is,
+you come back here. Uh when you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back here. Uh when you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back here. Uh when you come
+back here, you mark the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here, you mark the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here, you mark the fact that you
+got one setting correct. Then you set Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one setting correct. Then you set Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one setting correct. Then you set Y
+to false or the other setting. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to false or the other setting. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to false or the other setting. Um and
+then you go out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go out here
+again and if the formula is again true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and if the formula is again true,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and if the formula is again true,
+you'll be able to come back and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to come back and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to come back and if
+you've accumulated sort of two correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've accumulated sort of two correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've accumulated sort of two correct
+answers internal to this gadget, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers internal to this gadget, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers internal to this gadget, you
+know that the overall formula is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the overall formula is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the overall formula is true
+with a universal quantifier here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a universal quantifier here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a universal quantifier here and
+then you'll be able to return out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be able to return out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be able to return out to the
+next to the caller. So that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the caller. So that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the caller. So that's sort of
+the recursive algorithm view of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive algorithm view of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive algorithm view of what's
+going on here. Uh let's do that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here. Uh let's do that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here. Uh let's do that with
+pressure plates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates.
+So it looks a little bit messy, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it looks a little bit messy, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it looks a little bit messy, but the
+idea is very simple. It's implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is very simple. It's implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is very simple. It's implementing
+exactly what I said. First, these clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I said. First, these clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I said. First, these clause
+gadgets, these are three setat clauses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets, these are three setat clauses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets, these are three setat clauses.
+And what we're going to do is just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we're going to do is just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what we're going to do is just have
+three doors, and you have to, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doors, and you have to, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three doors, and you have to, this is
+drawn in the reverse order of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in the reverse order of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in the reverse order of what it
+should be. It's going right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. It's going right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. It's going right to left
+usually, but it also works in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually, but it also works in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually, but it also works in the other
+direction. If the if any of these doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. If the if any of these doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. If the if any of these doors
+is open, you can get to the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open, you can get to the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open, you can get to the other side.
+And in order to get through all of them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in order to get through all of them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in order to get through all of them,
+all the clauses must be satisfied. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the clauses must be satisfied. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the clauses must be satisfied. So
+that's the three set part. really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the three set part. really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the three set part. really easy
+in this setting uh where door open means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting uh where door open means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this setting uh where door open means
+that the variable is set true. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variable is set true. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variable is set true. In fact,
+we will have both an XI and an XI bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have both an XI and an XI bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have both an XI and an XI bar
+door and so you use the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and so you use the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door and so you use the corresponding
+uh literals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh literals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh literals
+there. Um cool. So now uh this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um cool. So now uh this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um cool. So now uh this is an
+existential quantifier the easier case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential quantifier the easier case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential quantifier the easier case
+to think about. So let's say we come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about. So let's say we come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about. So let's say we come in
+from the left as in here that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left as in here that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the left as in here that's coming
+into this part of the gadget. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this part of the gadget. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this part of the gadget. And we
+have we have to give the player a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have to give the player a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have to give the player a
+choice. They can either take the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. They can either take the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. They can either take the top
+path or the bottom path. Now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path or the bottom path. Now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path or the bottom path. Now there's a
+worry that maybe you go a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry that maybe you go a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry that maybe you go a little bit
+this way and then double back. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and then double back. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and then double back. But
+that's not going to be possible. We need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be possible. We need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be possible. We need
+to argue that. So uh and negative means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that. So uh and negative means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to argue that. So uh and negative means
+close and positive means open. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and positive means open. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and positive means open. So if I
+come in here, the first thing I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in here, the first thing I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in here, the first thing I do is
+close the a door. Uh, that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the a door. Uh, that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the a door. Uh, that's going to
+prevent me from later coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent me from later coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent me from later coming back
+through this way. I can only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this way. I can only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this way. I can only have one
+door for each button, but I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door for each button, but I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door for each button, but I want a
+variable, a literal to be able to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable, a literal to be able to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable, a literal to be able to appear
+in many clauses. So, in fact, I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many clauses. So, in fact, I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many clauses. So, in fact, I'm going
+to have several copies of X here. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have several copies of X here. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have several copies of X here. So,
+this is the first the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first the first uh
+occurrence of X1 bar, the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of X1 bar, the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of X1 bar, the first
+occurrence of X2 bar, and so on. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of X2 bar, and so on. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of X2 bar, and so on. I want
+to open all of those doors so I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open all of those doors so I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open all of those doors so I can use
+individual uh copies of the variable up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh copies of the variable up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh copies of the variable up
+there. And then I'm going to close all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then I'm going to close all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then I'm going to close all
+of the positive versions of X. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positive versions of X. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the positive versions of X. This
+corresponds to setting X to false. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to setting X to false. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to setting X to false. And
+then at the very end I open the B door,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the very end I open the B door,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at the very end I open the B door,
+which lets me go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lets me go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lets me go through
+here. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um,
+and since the reason you can't mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the reason you can't mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the reason you can't mess up
+this gadget is if I went part way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget is if I went part way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget is if I went part way and
+then doubled back, I would immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then doubled back, I would immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then doubled back, I would immediately
+close the B door, which means I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the B door, which means I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the B door, which means I can't
+really exit this way, which means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exit this way, which means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exit this way, which means I'm
+going to have to go all the way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go all the way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to go all the way through
+here and and reset all of the variables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and reset all of the variables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and and reset all of the variables.
+This is exactly the complement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is exactly the complement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is exactly the complement of this
+and so um exactly one of these will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um exactly one of these will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um exactly one of these will be
+fully traversed the other one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully traversed the other one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully traversed the other one will be
+nullified and then uh that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nullified and then uh that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nullified and then uh that corresponds
+to existential quantifier question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to existential quantifier question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to existential quantifier question the
+doors start in a closed state let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors start in a closed state let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors start in a closed state let's say
+all the doors start in the closed state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the doors start in the closed state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the doors start in the closed state
+although I don't think can you close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't think can you close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't think can you close
+things more than once uh yeah sorry it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more than once uh yeah sorry it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more than once uh yeah sorry it's
+one important thing is if you click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important thing is if you click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important thing is if you click on
+open when it's already open nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open when it's already open nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open when it's already open nothing
+happens if you click on close when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you click on close when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you click on close when it's
+already closed nothing happens so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already closed nothing happens so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already closed nothing happens so you
+can close multip multiple times. Um, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can close multip multiple times. Um, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can close multip multiple times. Um, it
+doesn't make it more closed. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it more closed. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it more closed. It's just
+closed. Stepping on the closed and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. Stepping on the closed and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. Stepping on the closed and then
+going back and opening B seems to work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and opening B seems to work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and opening B seems to work.
+So, you could do some of this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could do some of this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could do some of this and then
+double back. You're right. B will open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double back. You're right. B will open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double back. You're right. B will open
+up again. But by traversing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again. But by traversing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again. But by traversing all of
+these, you undo all the things you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, you undo all the things you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these, you undo all the things you did
+up there because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there because these are
+complimentary. So, you fully traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary. So, you fully traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary. So, you fully traverse
+one as the last thing you did. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as the last thing you did. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as the last thing you did. That's
+going to be the one that sticks. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the one that sticks. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the one that sticks. Yeah.
+So, that's pretty nice. Um, and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's pretty nice. Um, and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's pretty nice. Um, and on the
+other hand, here is a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, here is a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand, here is a universal
+quantifier. Not that much harder. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier. Not that much harder. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifier. Not that much harder. Uh,
+but this is essentially there's one door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is essentially there's one door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is essentially there's one door
+inside here which is keeping track of am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here which is keeping track of am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here which is keeping track of am
+I going through this for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going through this for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I going through this for the second
+time. Uh, so in this case there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh, so in this case there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Uh, so in this case there's no
+choice. We just have to try both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. We just have to try both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. We just have to try both
+settings. So the first thing we do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. So the first thing we do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings. So the first thing we do is
+set X to be uh true. That's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X to be uh true. That's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X to be uh true. That's this
+setting. And we also open door. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. And we also open door. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. And we also open door. Oh,
+sorry. We close door D. Oh, right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. We close door D. Oh, right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. We close door D. Oh, right.
+Sorry. Your other question is do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Your other question is do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Your other question is do the
+door start open or closed? I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door start open or closed? I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door start open or closed? I don't think
+it matters because we have these closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters because we have these closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters because we have these closed
+things in the beginning. It essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the beginning. It essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the beginning. It essentially
+everything gets closed at the beginning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets closed at the beginning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets closed at the beginning.
+So here we're going to close D which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're going to close D which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're going to close D which is
+our final exit. That's where we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final exit. That's where we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final exit. That's where we want to
+get. So that's going to be hard. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. So that's going to be hard. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. So that's going to be hard. We have
+to get to the open D spot. Um then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the open D spot. Um then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the open D spot. Um then we
+set X to our setting. Uh then we open A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X to our setting. Uh then we open A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X to our setting. Uh then we open A.
+And now we're allowed to go here. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're allowed to go here. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're allowed to go here. Um you
+could try to go this way, but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to go this way, but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to go this way, but it's just
+going to close a couple doors. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close a couple doors. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close a couple doors. So
+doesn't really help you. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help you. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help you. So, we
+recursively call the thing with X true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively call the thing with X true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively call the thing with X true
+if it comes back with the thing being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes back with the thing being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes back with the thing being
+satisfied. Uh, we can't go through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied. Uh, we can't go through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied. Uh, we can't go through here
+because D is closed. Uh, so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because D is closed. Uh, so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because D is closed. Uh, so we're going
+to have to go through here. We open B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to go through here. We open B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to go through here. We open B.
+We could immediately go through B. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could immediately go through B. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could immediately go through B. We
+immediately close B. So that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately close B. So that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately close B. So that's like
+that's a one-way gadget. Um, now we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-way gadget. Um, now we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one-way gadget. Um, now we set
+X to false, the opposite of this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to false, the opposite of this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to false, the opposite of this thing.
+Um, and we can't go backwards because B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we can't go backwards because B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we can't go backwards because B
+is closed. Now we open D. So, if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed. Now we open D. So, if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed. Now we open D. So, if we can
+get through again, we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through again, we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through again, we'll be able to
+exit. We can't immediately turn back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit. We can't immediately turn back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit. We can't immediately turn back
+because again B is closed. We open C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again B is closed. We open C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again B is closed. We open C,
+visit C, close C. So, another oneway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit C, close C. So, another oneway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit C, close C. So, another oneway
+gadget. And we also close A to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget. And we also close A to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget. And we also close A to prevent
+other weird things from happening. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other weird things from happening. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other weird things from happening. So,
+now uh we go through again. If we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we go through again. If we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh we go through again. If we get
+back with D open, then we can return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with D open, then we can return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with D open, then we can return and
+we're happy. Okay. And this gadget in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy. Okay. And this gadget in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy. Okay. And this gadget in
+the actual construction, keep in mind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual construction, keep in mind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual construction, keep in mind uh
+what's happening here is we are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here is we are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening here is we are making
+an exponential length puzzle. the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential length puzzle. the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential length puzzle. the the
+length of a solution is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a solution is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a solution is going to be
+exponential because you have to try both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential because you have to try both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential because you have to try both
+settings of all the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings of all the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings of all the universal
+quantifiers. So any gadget is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers. So any gadget is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers. So any gadget is going to
+be visited many many many times but each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be visited many many many times but each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be visited many many many times but each
+time we're completely resetting X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're completely resetting X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're completely resetting X
+resetting X again and then returning. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resetting X again and then returning. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resetting X again and then returning. Uh
+so we'll revisit we'll reset X to f uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll revisit we'll reset X to f uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll revisit we'll reset X to f uh
+to true and then later to false and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true and then later to false and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true and then later to false and so
+on. But we are checking all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. But we are checking all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. But we are checking all the possible
+assignments for here and we're letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments for here and we're letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments for here and we're letting
+the player nondeterministically guess an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player nondeterministically guess an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player nondeterministically guess an
+assignment for the existential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment for the existential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment for the existential
+quantifiers. Um so that is pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers. Um so that is pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifiers. Um so that is pressure
+plates in the abstract pacebased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates in the abstract pacebased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates in the abstract pacebased
+completeness. Sorry for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness. Sorry for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness. Sorry for another
+question. Um in our usual sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um in our usual sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Um in our usual sense of
+reduction usually think of a polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction usually think of a polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction usually think of a polomial
+size thing that we make. Good. Yeah. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size thing that we make. Good. Yeah. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size thing that we make. Good. Yeah. uh
+I didn't mention it but uh there I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't mention it but uh there I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't mention it but uh there I mean
+there are different notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are different notions of
+reductions for ppace completeness but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions for ppace completeness but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions for ppace completeness but
+for the most part we will just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part we will just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part we will just use the
+same notion of reduction we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notion of reduction we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notion of reduction we did before
+which is uh the running time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the running time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh the running time of the
+reduction should be polinomial time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction should be polinomial time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction should be polinomial time so
+here we're given a formula which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're given a formula which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're given a formula which is
+expressed in this kind of succinct form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in this kind of succinct form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in this kind of succinct form
+and we're producing a level which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're producing a level which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're producing a level which is
+whose size is polomial in that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose size is polomial in that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose size is polomial in that now the
+actual execution of the game uh the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual execution of the game uh the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual execution of the game uh the sort
+of the trace of what happened or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace of what happened or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trace of what happened or the
+certificate that is solvable that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that is solvable that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that is solvable that has
+exponential length but we're not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential length but we're not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential length but we're not talking
+about NP here so we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about NP here so we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about NP here so we don't need
+polinomial certificates but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial certificates but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial certificates but the
+reduction itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction itself is
+polinomial and again of course you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and again of course you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and again of course you need
+to preserve the yes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve the yes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve the yes no
+answer so that's our notion of reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so that's our notion of reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so that's our notion of reduction
+question is there a way to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there a way to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there a way to make this
+reduction work where you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction work where you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction work where you just have
+toggle plates rather than so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle plates rather than so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle plates rather than so that
+they're not marked with open or closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not marked with open or closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not marked with open or closed
+but just change the state of the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I think let's come back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think let's come back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think let's come back to your
+question. Uh I have a proof that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Uh I have a proof that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Uh I have a proof that does
+essentially that. I was wondering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that. I was wondering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that. I was wondering the
+same thing but I'm not totally sure. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but I'm not totally sure. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but I'm not totally sure. Uh
+so let's come back to that and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come back to that and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come back to that and try to
+figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the
+answer. Uh so this applies to many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Uh so this applies to many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Uh so this applies to many many
+many games. Um here is an example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many games. Um here is an example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many games. Um here is an example of an
+RPG, one of the earliest Eye of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPG, one of the earliest Eye of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPG, one of the earliest Eye of the
+Beholder. I think it's officially D&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beholder. I think it's officially D&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beholder. I think it's officially D&D
+licensed. Uh it has a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed. Uh it has a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed. Uh it has a small number of
+pressure plates. Here you are. Uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates. Here you are. Uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates. Here you are. Uh you
+touch the pressure plate and this door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch the pressure plate and this door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch the pressure plate and this door
+opens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens.
+Tada. Um not a I mean we don't know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tada. Um not a I mean we don't know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tada. Um not a I mean we don't know to
+what extent these things exist but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent these things exist but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent these things exist but uh
+reasonable to assume you have this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to assume you have this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to assume you have this kind
+of infrastructure and then pace complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infrastructure and then pace complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of infrastructure and then pace complete
+even back in the early 90s. Um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even back in the early 90s. Um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even back in the early 90s. Um a lot of
+firstperson shooters have pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstperson shooters have pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstperson shooters have pressure
+plates. Uh, Doom doesn't have literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates. Uh, Doom doesn't have literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates. Uh, Doom doesn't have literal
+pressure plates, but it has triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates, but it has triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates, but it has triggers
+just like walls that if you walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like walls that if you walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like walls that if you walk through
+them, something happens. A block can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, something happens. A block can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, something happens. A block can
+appear or a monster can appear. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear or a monster can appear. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear or a monster can appear. If you
+make a block appear, that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a block appear, that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a block appear, that will
+essentially close a door. If you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially close a door. If you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially close a door. If you make a
+block disappear, which is also possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block disappear, which is also possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block disappear, which is also possible
+in the general script editor, then uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the general script editor, then uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the general script editor, then uh,
+yeah, you can do all this in Doom. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you can do all this in Doom. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you can do all this in Doom. Uh,
+Quake is the first one I know that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quake is the first one I know that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quake is the first one I know that has
+actual physical representations of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual physical representations of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual physical representations of a
+pressure plate. You touch this. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plate. You touch this. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plate. You touch this. It's a
+little hard to see, but this drawbridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see, but this drawbridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see, but this drawbridge
+is opening. Um and uh a little more far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is opening. Um and uh a little more far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is opening. Um and uh a little more far
+adventure games. Um it's hard to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure games. Um it's hard to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure games. Um it's hard to define
+the generalization of an adventure game,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalization of an adventure game,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generalization of an adventure game,
+but one definition is that there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one definition is that there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one definition is that there's this
+uh an an older engine for adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an an older engine for adventure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an an older engine for adventure
+games called Scum for all the old Sierra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games called Scum for all the old Sierra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games called Scum for all the old Sierra
+games. Originally, this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Originally, this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Originally, this is I think
+stands for uh Maniac Mansion. That was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for uh Maniac Mansion. That was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for uh Maniac Mansion. That was
+the original game they wrote it for. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original game they wrote it for. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original game they wrote it for. But
+if you've ever played Monkey Island or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever played Monkey Island or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever played Monkey Island or
+Space Quest 12, which that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Quest 12, which that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Quest 12, which that doesn't
+exist, but there was Space Quest 4 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist, but there was Space Quest 4 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist, but there was Space Quest 4 where
+they time travel to the future and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they time travel to the future and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they time travel to the future and play
+Space Quest 12. Um, that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Quest 12. Um, that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space Quest 12. Um, that's a very good
+game by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game by the
+way. Uh, these are a lot of these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Uh, these are a lot of these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Uh, these are a lot of these are
+actually freely available now. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually freely available now. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually freely available now. Um, and
+anyway, it's an engine. It has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, it's an engine. It has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, it's an engine. It has a very
+restricted set of scripting languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted set of scripting languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted set of scripting languages
+and in particular it lets you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular it lets you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular it lets you do
+effectively the style of pressure plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the style of pressure plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the style of pressure plate
+things where if you talk to someone then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where if you talk to someone then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where if you talk to someone then
+they make you go to a new place and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make you go to a new place and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make you go to a new place and they
+open up some other traversal options or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up some other traversal options or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up some other traversal options or
+vice versa. So uh you have to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa. So uh you have to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa. So uh you have to take this
+a little bit liberally but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit liberally but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit liberally but you can
+essentially implement uh these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially implement uh these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially implement uh these kinds of
+things because you have rooms uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you have rooms uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you have rooms uh here
+you don't even need plerarity um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even need plerarity um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even need plerarity um and you
+can implement pressure plates so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement pressure plates so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can implement pressure plates so that's
+cool. um a little more literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. um a little more literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. um a little more literally
+pressure plates. Uh Prince of Persia,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates. Uh Prince of Persia,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates. Uh Prince of Persia,
+one of the first platform uh PC video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first platform uh PC video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first platform uh PC video
+games, I guess. Uh I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, I guess. Uh I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, I guess. Uh I don't know the
+exactly the right qualifiers. This I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right qualifiers. This I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right qualifiers. This I
+think uh they even did motion capture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh they even did motion capture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh they even did motion capture.
+It's one of the first instances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one of the first instances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one of the first instances of
+motion capture for video games uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion capture for video games uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion capture for video games uh in
+very early days of graphics. Uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early days of graphics. Uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early days of graphics. Uh and you
+see in particular this was a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in particular this was a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in particular this was a pressure
+plate literally that opens up that door.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate literally that opens up that door.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate literally that opens up that door.
+Um so that's pretty cool. Uh, one catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that's pretty cool. Uh, one catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so that's pretty cool. Uh, one catch
+is that pressure plates in this game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that pressure plates in this game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that pressure plates in this game you
+can jump. So maybe you skip a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can jump. So maybe you skip a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can jump. So maybe you skip a pressure
+plate. Um, but if you put a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate. Um, but if you put a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate. Um, but if you put a pressure
+plate on the top of a ledge that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate on the top of a ledge that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate on the top of a ledge that you
+have to climb up, that will force you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to climb up, that will force you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to climb up, that will force you to
+touch it. So that's uh, Prince of Persia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch it. So that's uh, Prince of Persia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch it. So that's uh, Prince of Persia
+Pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pace
+complete. Uh, all of these games pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. Uh, all of these games pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. Uh, all of these games pretty
+much are in ppace uh, because the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much are in ppace uh, because the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much are in ppace uh, because the state
+of the game is some polomial space thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game is some polomial space thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game is some polomial space thing
+which things have been pressed or opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things have been pressed or opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which things have been pressed or opened
+or closed. I mean the the total space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or closed. I mean the the total space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or closed. I mean the the total space of
+the game is usually polinomial. Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is usually polinomial. Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is usually polinomial. Each
+thing has some at most linear number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has some at most linear number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has some at most linear number of
+bits of state. So the um overall thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of state. So the um overall thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of state. So the um overall thing
+is polinomial or I say constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polinomial or I say constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polinomial or I say constant number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+bits. It doesn't matter. I get to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. It doesn't matter. I get to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits. It doesn't matter. I get to take a
+log. Um and so you're just traversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log. Um and so you're just traversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log. Um and so you're just traversing
+this giant state machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this giant state machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this giant state machine.
+uh but because to store the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but because to store the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but because to store the current
+state of the game only requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the game only requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the game only requires
+polinomial space and at best you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space and at best you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial space and at best you're
+making a non-deterministic choice at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a non-deterministic choice at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a non-deterministic choice at
+each step of whether I push this button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step of whether I push this button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step of whether I push this button
+or that button or wait uh as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that button or wait uh as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that button or wait uh as long as you
+discretize time you get an easy np space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize time you get an easy np space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretize time you get an easy np space
+algorithm for pretty much all single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for pretty much all single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for pretty much all single
+player video games not quite all but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player video games not quite all but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player video games not quite all but all
+the ones I've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones I've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones I've talked about
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+cool so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that
+is meta theorem 3 Uh but this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meta theorem 3 Uh but this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meta theorem 3 Uh but this issue of
+um having to force someone to pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having to force someone to pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um having to force someone to pressure
+play a pressure plate is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a pressure plate is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a pressure plate is a little bit
+restrictive and that you can definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive and that you can definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive and that you can definitely
+get rid of. Um and this is what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of. Um and this is what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of. Um and this is what uh
+Giovanni calls buttons and meta theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giovanni calls buttons and meta theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giovanni calls buttons and meta theorem
+4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If instead of doors and pressure plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead of doors and pressure plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If instead of doors and pressure plates
+you have doors and buttons, uh you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have doors and buttons, uh you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have doors and buttons, uh you get
+pspace completeness. Now, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace completeness. Now, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace completeness. Now, this is a
+little bit more restrictive in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more restrictive in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more restrictive in that
+we're going to allow a button uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow a button uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow a button uh
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh say open or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close three
+doors. So, pressing one button has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors. So, pressing one button has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors. So, pressing one button has a
+bulk effect. It affects three things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk effect. It affects three things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk effect. It affects three things at
+once. Uh this has since been improved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Uh this has since been improved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. Uh this has since been improved by
+two down to two but that hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two down to two but that hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two down to two but that hasn't been
+published yet. So uh I am going to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published yet. So uh I am going to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published yet. So uh I am going to cover
+the published version which is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the published version which is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the published version which is this one
+where you manipulate three doors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you manipulate three doors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you manipulate three doors for
+every button that you press. And here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every button that you press. And here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every button that you press. And here
+we're drawing it with the buttons on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing it with the buttons on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're drawing it with the buttons on the
+sides of the walls. There are many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the walls. There are many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the walls. There are many of
+course physical manifestations of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course physical manifestations of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course physical manifestations of this.
+And the proof is a reduction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the proof is a reduction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the proof is a reduction from
+pressure plates. Question. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates. Question. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plates. Question. Uh the
+buttons are allowed to close one door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons are allowed to close one door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons are allowed to close one door
+and open another. Yes. So you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open another. Yes. So you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and open another. Yes. So you can see
+that here. One button will close some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here. One button will close some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here. One button will close some
+doors, open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors, open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors, open
+others. And what this this is one gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. And what this this is one gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. And what this this is one gadget
+just uh here's the gadget in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh here's the gadget in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh here's the gadget in the top
+left and this is a sample execution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and this is a sample execution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and this is a sample execution
+going left or right. This simulates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left or right. This simulates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left or right. This simulates a
+pressure plate. Um and in this case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plate. Um and in this case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plate. Um and in this case you
+can enter from the left and go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enter from the left and go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can enter from the left and go to the
+right or vice versa. Although in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or vice versa. Although in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or vice versa. Although in the
+proof we actually only need one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we actually only need one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof we actually only need one of those
+traversals. So you could just stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals. So you could just stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversals. So you could just stick with
+the top half of the gadget. Um, so, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half of the gadget. Um, so, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half of the gadget. Um, so, uh,
+and the white means open, the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the white means open, the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the white means open, the black
+means closed here. So, the initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means closed here. So, the initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means closed here. So, the initial state
+is supposed to be A's open, B's closed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be A's open, B's closed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be A's open, B's closed,
+C is closed. So, you come in here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is closed. So, you come in here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is closed. So, you come in here, you
+want to, if you want to traverse, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to, if you want to traverse, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to, if you want to traverse, you
+have to hit one of these buttons. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hit one of these buttons. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to hit one of these buttons. Let's
+say you hit the top one. Uh, and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you hit the top one. Uh, and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you hit the top one. Uh, and we're
+going to do this plus or minus X, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this plus or minus X, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this plus or minus X, which
+is the actual thing you wanted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual thing you wanted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual thing you wanted this
+pressure plate to do. Open or close door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plate to do. Open or close door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure plate to do. Open or close door
+X. If this was an open for X, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. If this was an open for X, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. If this was an open for X, there
+would be a plus X here. Uh, but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a plus X here. Uh, but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a plus X here. Uh, but then
+also we will close the door. We just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will close the door. We just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we will close the door. We just
+came through and open the door to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came through and open the door to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came through and open the door to go to
+the next spot. Then you go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next spot. Then you go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next spot. Then you go to the next
+spot. Let's say you press the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. Let's say you press the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. Let's say you press the bottom
+button. Um, and here you cuz that opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. Um, and here you cuz that opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button. Um, and here you cuz that opens
+C. You want to go forward. So it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. You want to go forward. So it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. You want to go forward. So it's the
+only one that opens C. This one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that opens C. This one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that opens C. This one would
+have closed C. Uh, but and we also close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have closed C. Uh, but and we also close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have closed C. Uh, but and we also close
+D and open B, which gets us to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and open B, which gets us to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and open B, which gets us to the next
+stage. And say we press this button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. And say we press this button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. And say we press this button
+because this is the only one that opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the only one that opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is the only one that opens
+D. Uh, then we close C and open A. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. Uh, then we close C and open A. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. Uh, then we close C and open A. The
+point of that is to reset the gadget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that is to reset the gadget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of that is to reset the gadget to
+its original state of open, close,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original state of open, close,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original state of open, close,
+closed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed,
+open. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. And
+uh and then along the way, we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then along the way, we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then along the way, we also
+activated X in the way that we wanted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated X in the way that we wanted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated X in the way that we wanted it
+to be activated. So uh that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be activated. So uh that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be activated. So uh that was pretty
+easy. Now we have buttons which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. Now we have buttons which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy. Now we have buttons which you can
+press or not. Uh but when you press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press or not. Uh but when you press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press or not. Uh but when you press
+them, it activates three things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, it activates three things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, it activates three things at
+once. And this also exists in many video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. And this also exists in many video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. And this also exists in many video
+games. Here were a few that I found. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Here were a few that I found. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Here were a few that I found. Um,
+we have uh the original Tomb Raider, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh the original Tomb Raider, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh the original Tomb Raider, and
+I think all the Tomb Raiders probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all the Tomb Raiders probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all the Tomb Raiders probably
+have some notion of switch, which opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some notion of switch, which opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some notion of switch, which opens
+in this case one door, but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case one door, but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case one door, but you can
+imagine generalizing to more doors. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine generalizing to more doors. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine generalizing to more doors. Uh,
+we have Sonic the Hedgehog here. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Sonic the Hedgehog here. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Sonic the Hedgehog here. When
+you press that button, it opens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you press that button, it opens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you press that button, it opens that
+door. Uh, you can use that to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. Uh, you can use that to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. Uh, you can use that to simulate
+the same effect. And this game, Lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect. And this game, Lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect. And this game, Lost
+Vikings, which I barely remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vikings, which I barely remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vikings, which I barely remember
+playing, but I do remember, uh, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing, but I do remember, uh, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing, but I do remember, uh, in
+particular that the main character here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that the main character here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that the main character here
+is called Eric the Swift.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Eric the Swift.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Eric the Swift.
+So, uh, and you see him pressing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, and you see him pressing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, and you see him pressing a
+button, which in this case actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button, which in this case actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button, which in this case actually
+opens two doors. Uh, so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens two doors. Uh, so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens two doors. Uh, so that's pretty
+compelling. Um, and in general, tons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling. Um, and in general, tons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling. Um, and in general, tons of
+video, I mean, almost every video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I mean, almost every video game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I mean, almost every video game
+has with some puzzle element has buttons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has with some puzzle element has buttons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has with some puzzle element has buttons
+in it. So, you now you know a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it. So, you now you know a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it. So, you now you know a ton of
+video games that are pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games that are pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video games that are pace
+complete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Questions? All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions? All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions? All right. So
+um the next meta theorem is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next meta theorem is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the next meta theorem is going to be
+a a specific kind of implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a specific kind of implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a specific kind of implementation of
+that same construction. Um it's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same construction. Um it's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same construction. Um it's a more
+of a physical realization of a door.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a physical realization of a door.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a physical realization of a door.
+It's a a door that can be open or closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a a door that can be open or closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a a door that can be open or closed
+and it has various ways to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has various ways to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has various ways to interact with
+that door. Um if it's open you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door. Um if it's open you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that door. Um if it's open you can
+traverse through it. If you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse through it. If you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse through it. If you go through
+the claws connection you are forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claws connection you are forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claws connection you are forced to
+close the door uh in which case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the door uh in which case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the door uh in which case you
+can't traverse it. If you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't traverse it. If you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't traverse it. If you go through the
+open connection, you can either just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open connection, you can either just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open connection, you can either just go
+through or you can open the door if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or you can open the door if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or you can open the door if you
+want. Um that doesn't really you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Um that doesn't really you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Um that doesn't really you don't
+need this connection, but a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this connection, but a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need this connection, but a lot of
+gadgets will end up doing that. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets will end up doing that. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets will end up doing that. So this
+is just one bit of state doors open or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one bit of state doors open or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one bit of state doors open or
+closed. Uh and we can simulate this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. Uh and we can simulate this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed. Uh and we can simulate this kind
+of thing uh or simulate the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing uh or simulate the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing uh or simulate the previous
+type of pressure plates. Um, if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of pressure plates. Um, if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of pressure plates. Um, if you have
+a door and an open pressure plate and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a door and an open pressure plate and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a door and an open pressure plate and a
+closed pressure plate, we're just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed pressure plate, we're just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed pressure plate, we're just sort
+of remapping that into this gadget, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remapping that into this gadget, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of remapping that into this gadget, uh,
+with when you go through the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when you go through the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when you go through the open
+traversal, uh, that's just visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal, uh, that's just visiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal, uh, that's just visiting
+here. Um, and when you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, and when you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um, and when you go through the
+traverse connection, that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse connection, that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traverse connection, that's going
+through the door. And when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the door. And when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the door. And when you go
+through the close connection, uh, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the close connection, uh, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the close connection, uh, that's
+visiting that pressure plate, vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting that pressure plate, vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting that pressure plate, vice
+versa. So you can take the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. So you can take the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. So you can take the previous
+reduction translate it into this view.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction translate it into this view.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction translate it into this view.
+Of course you're going to end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course you're going to end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course you're going to end up with
+crossings and it will be kind of ugly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings and it will be kind of ugly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings and it will be kind of ugly
+but you can do this. So as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do this. So as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can do this. So as long as you
+have a crossover gadget doors this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crossover gadget doors this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a crossover gadget doors this is
+called a door gadget uh by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a door gadget uh by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a door gadget uh by themselves
+are pspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pspace
+complete. So we'll call this meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. So we'll call this meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. So we'll call this meta
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5. I mean this is very similar to meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. I mean this is very similar to meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5. I mean this is very similar to meta
+theorem 3 just like two and one were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 3 just like two and one were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem 3 just like two and one were
+very similar but just give it another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but just give it another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar but just give it another
+name doors plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crossover rp space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover rp space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover rp space
+complete. So this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. So this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. So this is sort of a
+reinterpretation if you will of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpretation if you will of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinterpretation if you will of the
+original vigleta paper. Vigleta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original vigleta paper. Vigleta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original vigleta paper. Vigleta is a
+co-author but this was uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author but this was uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-author but this was uh this is the
+Nintendo games paper. Uh so this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo games paper. Uh so this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo games paper. Uh so this is you
+can think of as a simplification of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of as a simplification of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of as a simplification of that
+previous meta theorem with pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous meta theorem with pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous meta theorem with pressure
+plates and then that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates and then that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates and then that has been
+implemented in even more games than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in even more games than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented in even more games than
+you've seen so far. Um so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen so far. Um so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen so far. Um so one of the
+first ones we did was Legend of Zelda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones we did was Legend of Zelda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones we did was Legend of Zelda
+Link to the Past.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link to the Past.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link to the Past.
+Um so uh a few things going on here. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh a few things going on here. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh a few things going on here. Uh
+but this is basically the door gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is basically the door gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is basically the door gadget
+and then you're done. Um there are lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're done. Um there are lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're done. Um there are lots
+of ways to do crossovers in Zelda.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to do crossovers in Zelda.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to do crossovers in Zelda.
+That's not too hard. We showed a hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not too hard. We showed a hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not too hard. We showed a hook
+shot version some time ago. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot version some time ago. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot version some time ago. Um, but
+anyway, uh, so there are these notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, uh, so there are these notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, uh, so there are these notion of
+doors in Zelda. These are currently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors in Zelda. These are currently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doors in Zelda. These are currently in
+the closed state. When you walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed state. When you walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed state. When you walk through
+this in the open state, you'd come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the open state, you'd come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the open state, you'd come out
+on the other side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side.
+Um, and so in particular, the traversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so in particular, the traversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so in particular, the traversal
+is going to be whether this door is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be whether this door is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be whether this door is
+currently open. Now, in getting back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently open. Now, in getting back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently open. Now, in getting back to
+the question, in Zelda, uh, Link to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question, in Zelda, uh, Link to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question, in Zelda, uh, Link to the
+Past, you only have toggles. If I press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Past, you only have toggles. If I press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Past, you only have toggles. If I press
+this button, all the doors labeled one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button, all the doors labeled one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this button, all the doors labeled one
+switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch
+state. But you can't jump and then land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. But you can't jump and then land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. But you can't jump and then land
+on the thing again. In this case, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thing again. In this case, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the thing again. In this case, you
+are falling down. Drawing isn't clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are falling down. Drawing isn't clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are falling down. Drawing isn't clear.
+This is the 2D drawing of falling down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the 2D drawing of falling down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the 2D drawing of falling down a
+tunnel. And then the only thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel. And then the only thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunnel. And then the only thing you can
+do is walk down and then you hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is walk down and then you hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is walk down and then you hit a
+teleport and you immediately go here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport and you immediately go here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleport and you immediately go here. So
+this is one way to get traversals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to get traversals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way to get traversals to
+work by preventing backtracking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by preventing backtracking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by preventing backtracking.
+uh sort of ma getting toggles to work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of ma getting toggles to work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of ma getting toggles to work by
+preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing
+backtracking. So uh the intent of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking. So uh the intent of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking. So uh the intent of this
+gadget is there are doors labeled one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget is there are doors labeled one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget is there are doors labeled one
+and two and it should always be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and it should always be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and it should always be exactly
+one of those is closed. Either the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is closed. Either the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those is closed. Either the one
+is closed or the two is closed but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed or the two is closed but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed or the two is closed but not
+both. Um and in Zelda all the games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. Um and in Zelda all the games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. Um and in Zelda all the games are
+initially closed. So this is annoying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially closed. So this is annoying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially closed. So this is annoying.
+Uh so we have to build this initialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have to build this initialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so we have to build this initialize
+gadget uh through all of the these doors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget uh through all of the these doors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget uh through all of the these doors
+where you come in here. Uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you come in here. Uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you come in here. Uh this is the
+end. You can only go from these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. You can only go from these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. You can only go from these are
+oneway teleporters. You can't go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway teleporters. You can't go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneway teleporters. You can't go up
+here. So you have to go here, toggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So you have to go here, toggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So you have to go here, toggle
+two, then go to this teleporter, go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, then go to this teleporter, go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, then go to this teleporter, go
+here. This is a block. So you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is a block. So you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is a block. So you have to go
+over this way. You go you we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this way. You go you we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this way. You go you we're going to
+chain all these gadgets together through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain all these gadgets together through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain all these gadgets together through
+these initialized paths so that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these initialized paths so that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these initialized paths so that all of
+the doors are initially in the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doors are initially in the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doors are initially in the closed
+state with one closed and two open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with one closed and two open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with one closed and two open.
+And then there's a crystal something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's a crystal something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's a crystal something
+that you break and it flips. All of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you break and it flips. All of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you break and it flips. All of
+these blue blocks become these and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blue blocks become these and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blue blocks become these and all
+of these become blue blocks and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these become blue blocks and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these become blue blocks and that
+only happens once. So now basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happens once. So now basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only happens once. So now basically the
+initialized paths are destroyed. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized paths are destroyed. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized paths are destroyed. So now
+think of this as being untraversible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as being untraversible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as being untraversible and
+this is traversible. Okay. So um now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is traversible. Okay. So um now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is traversible. Okay. So um now if
+the door is open, door number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door is open, door number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door is open, door number one is
+open then we can traverse it. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open then we can traverse it. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open then we can traverse it. That's
+cool. Uh let's look at the closed path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Uh let's look at the closed path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Uh let's look at the closed path.
+So the closed path exactly one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the closed path exactly one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the closed path exactly one of these
+is going to be open. Um so if the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be open. Um so if the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be open. Um so if the door
+was already closed that means two will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already closed that means two will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already closed that means two will
+be open. We go down here we teleport to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open. We go down here we teleport to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open. We go down here we teleport to
+here and then uh again because uh two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then uh again because uh two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then uh again because uh two is
+the only thing open. We go out through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing open. We go out through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing open. We go out through
+the clause the closed exit. On the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause the closed exit. On the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clause the closed exit. On the other
+hand uh if the door was open and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh if the door was open and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh if the door was open and we're
+trying to close it we have to be forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to close it we have to be forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to close it we have to be forced
+to close it. Indeed, we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close it. Indeed, we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close it. Indeed, we'll go through
+door one. Can't go through door two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door one. Can't go through door two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door one. Can't go through door two.
+We'll go down here. We'll toggle door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll go down here. We'll toggle door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll go down here. We'll toggle door
+one. Now door one is closed. Uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Now door one is closed. Uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Now door one is closed. Uh and so
+is two. We'll teleport to here. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two. We'll teleport to here. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two. We'll teleport to here. And now
+we are remember this is blocked now. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are remember this is blocked now. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are remember this is blocked now. Now
+we're forced to switch two as well. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forced to switch two as well. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forced to switch two as well. So
+we're effectively simulating the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're effectively simulating the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're effectively simulating the effect
+of doing two doors uh with one choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing two doors uh with one choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing two doors uh with one choice of
+a thing. First we flip one, then we flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing. First we flip one, then we flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing. First we flip one, then we flip
+two, then we teleport here, then we one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, then we teleport here, then we one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, then we teleport here, then we one
+was open, we flipped everything. Now two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open, we flipped everything. Now two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open, we flipped everything. Now two
+is open and we go out through the close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open and we go out through the close.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open and we go out through the close.
+So in both cases we exit through close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in both cases we exit through close.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in both cases we exit through close.
+Yeah. How do you sure ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. How do you sure ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. How do you sure ensure that the
+blocks only get flipped once? Cuz the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks only get flipped once? Cuz the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks only get flipped once? Cuz the
+crystals can be hit as many times as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals can be hit as many times as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals can be hit as many times as you
+want, right? Uh okay. So I'd forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, right? Uh okay. So I'd forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, right? Uh okay. So I'd forgotten
+that detail. Um essentially we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that detail. Um essentially we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that detail. Um essentially we want to
+just put a one-way gadget. So when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a one-way gadget. So when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put a one-way gadget. So when you
+hit the crystal, I mean either you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the crystal, I mean either you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the crystal, I mean either you hit
+it or you don't, but if you hit it, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you don't, but if you hit it, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or you don't, but if you hit it, then
+we have a cliff that you fall off of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a cliff that you fall off of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a cliff that you fall off of and
+visit the rest of the game. So you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the rest of the game. So you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the rest of the game. So you can't
+go back and flip the crystal. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and flip the crystal. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and flip the crystal. If you
+don't flip the crystal, then the gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't flip the crystal, then the gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't flip the crystal, then the gadget
+will break in other ways. If you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break in other ways. If you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will break in other ways. If you if you
+didn't flip everything, you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't flip everything, you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't flip everything, you won't be
+able to traverse again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to traverse again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to traverse again.
+Yeah, I should have that drawn, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I should have that drawn, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I should have that drawn, but I
+don't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't.
+So, okay. So, there's just one crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, there's just one crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, there's just one crystal
+and it's hidden in the in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hidden in the in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hidden in the in between the
+initializer and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializer and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initializer and the rest of the
+traversal. Okay. Um, so what haven't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal. Okay. Um, so what haven't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal. Okay. Um, so what haven't we
+done? The open case. So, maybe we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done? The open case. So, maybe we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done? The open case. So, maybe we come
+in the open door. And here we have a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open door. And here we have a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the open door. And here we have a um
+well, we're not going to have a choice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we're not going to have a choice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we're not going to have a choice.
+Either it's already open, then we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Either it's already open, then we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Either it's already open, then we'll go
+through here, teleport to here, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here, teleport to here, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here, teleport to here, and we
+can go through the one, and we're out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through the one, and we're out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through the one, and we're out.
+Uh or it's closed, in which case two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or it's closed, in which case two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or it's closed, in which case two is
+open, then we can't go here. So, we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open, then we can't go here. So, we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open, then we can't go here. So, we go
+down here, we toggle one, we toggle two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, we toggle one, we toggle two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, we toggle one, we toggle two,
+and uh then we go out here, and now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we go out here, and now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh then we go out here, and now one
+is open. So, it's kind of cool. We when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open. So, it's kind of cool. We when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open. So, it's kind of cool. We when
+we're going through open, we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through open, we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through open, we know that
+we'll end up opened, and so we we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up opened, and so we we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up opened, and so we we'll go
+out the open. When we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the open. When we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the open. When we go through the
+closed traversal, we know we will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed traversal, we know we will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed traversal, we know we will end up
+closed and so we will always go out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and so we will always go out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed and so we will always go out the
+closed exit. And traverse is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed exit. And traverse is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed exit. And traverse is just
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+separate. Cool. So this is a door uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate. Cool. So this is a door uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate. Cool. So this is a door uh in
+link to the past.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah and so that's a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's a good example of
+toggles and you can imagine setting if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggles and you can imagine setting if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggles and you can imagine setting if
+you again have sufficient crossovers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again have sufficient crossovers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you again have sufficient crossovers and
+so on forced I think you could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on forced I think you could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on forced I think you could argue
+this is more generally letting you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more generally letting you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more generally letting you deal
+with toggles as long as you can right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with toggles as long as you can right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with toggles as long as you can right
+next to a toggle put a after traversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to a toggle put a after traversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to a toggle put a after traversing
+it you essentially have or say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you essentially have or say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you essentially have or say you have
+a one-way gadget before and after it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-way gadget before and after it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-way gadget before and after it in
+a certain sense here in Zelda there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense here in Zelda there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sense here in Zelda there's
+only two levels so we can't make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two levels so we can't make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two levels so we can't make you
+fall off another cliff. But it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off another cliff. But it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off another cliff. But it's the
+same thing with the teleporter. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with the teleporter. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with the teleporter. Um, we
+have a one way right before it, one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one way right before it, one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one way right before it, one way
+right after it. You can only hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after it. You can only hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after it. You can only hit it
+once, then you're essentially doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once, then you're essentially doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once, then you're essentially doing
+toggles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool. All right. Um, next one is Donkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. All right. Um, next one is Donkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. All right. Um, next one is Donkey
+Kong Country. Uh, this is a recall of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Country. Uh, this is a recall of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Country. Uh, this is a recall of
+the physics of Donkey Kong. Um, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of Donkey Kong. Um, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of Donkey Kong. Um, you can
+jump around and kill enemies and stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump around and kill enemies and stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump around and kill enemies and stuff.
+Um, but the main goal is to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but the main goal is to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but the main goal is to get to
+destination other than points. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination other than points. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination other than points. They're
+these bees which kill you if you touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bees which kill you if you touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bees which kill you if you touch
+them. They're ropes and things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. They're ropes and things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. They're ropes and things you can
+climb. And they're also barrels which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb. And they're also barrels which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb. And they're also barrels which
+you can throw at things. Um but uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can throw at things. Um but uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can throw at things. Um but uh and
+there are three main Donkey Kong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main Donkey Kong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main Donkey Kong
+countries, one, two, and three. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries, one, two, and three. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries, one, two, and three. Um and
+they each add an additional feature, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each add an additional feature, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they each add an additional feature, but
+they none of them share that feature. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they none of them share that feature. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they none of them share that feature. So
+there are three different pace hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three different pace hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three different pace hardness
+proofs, each with an additional feature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs, each with an additional feature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs, each with an additional feature.
+Um so let me tell you, this is Donkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let me tell you, this is Donkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so let me tell you, this is Donkey
+Kong Country 1. Let me tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Country 1. Let me tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Country 1. Let me tell you the
+notation. We have these bees which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. We have these bees which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. We have these bees which are
+stationary. So those serve as obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary. So those serve as obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary. So those serve as obstacles
+you can't touch. Then there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't touch. Then there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't touch. Then there are these
+bees highlighted in red. They're not red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees highlighted in red. They're not red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees highlighted in red. They're not red
+bees. That's different. Uh but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees. That's different. Uh but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees. That's different. Uh but they are
+moving according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving according to this
+arrow. Uh so the imagine this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow. Uh so the imagine this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow. Uh so the imagine this whole
+thing shifting over to here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing shifting over to here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing shifting over to here and then
+shifting all the way over to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting all the way over to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting all the way over to here and
+back and forth. And this is naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. And this is naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. And this is naturally
+occurring in Donkey Kong Country. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in Donkey Kong Country. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring in Donkey Kong Country. You
+have bees which have some uh horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bees which have some uh horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bees which have some uh horizontal
+path that they traverse. Uh, but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that they traverse. Uh, but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that they traverse. Uh, but we're
+gonna generalize a little bit and allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna generalize a little bit and allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna generalize a little bit and allow
+the bees to move different amounts. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees to move different amounts. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees to move different amounts. This
+one only moves a little bit back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only moves a little bit back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only moves a little bit back and
+forth. Uh, I guess it's between here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh, I guess it's between here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. Uh, I guess it's between here and
+here. All right. So, uh, then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. So, uh, then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. So, uh, then there's
+this additional feature, which is this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional feature, which is this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this additional feature, which is this,
+uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh,
+tire. And the tire, if you land on it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire. And the tire, if you land on it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tire. And the tire, if you land on it,
+you basically bounce back up very high.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically bounce back up very high.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically bounce back up very high.
+And that's going to be annoying. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's going to be annoying. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's going to be annoying. Uh,
+from the traversal standpoint, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the traversal standpoint, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the traversal standpoint, we're
+going to be in this barrel. It's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in this barrel. It's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in this barrel. It's going
+to shoot us. We're forced to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot us. We're forced to shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shoot us. We're forced to shoot
+straight down. If we hit this thing, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down. If we hit this thing, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down. If we hit this thing, we
+are basically stuck in this connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically stuck in this connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically stuck in this connected
+component. There's bees everywhere. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. There's bees everywhere. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. There's bees everywhere. We
+can't get out. Okay. On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get out. Okay. On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get out. Okay. On the other hand,
+if the tire were up here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the tire were up here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the tire were up here,
+uh then if we shoot down, uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then if we shoot down, uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then if we shoot down, uh we can
+wait, we can time it right, uh wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait, we can time it right, uh wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait, we can time it right, uh wait for
+the bees to be going to the right here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees to be going to the right here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees to be going to the right here,
+and then we can run down here and fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can run down here and fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can run down here and fall
+down and go through the traverse out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and go through the traverse out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and go through the traverse out.
+Okay? Because of these bees, which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because of these bees, which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Because of these bees, which are
+going to go at most over to here, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go at most over to here, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go at most over to here, we
+can't go out through the open setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go out through the open setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go out through the open setting
+from traverse. But if we come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from traverse. But if we come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from traverse. But if we come from the
+open setting, because these bees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open setting, because these bees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open setting, because these bees are
+going to go away over here, we can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go away over here, we can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go away over here, we can run
+over and push the tire up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and push the tire up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and push the tire up to this
+position. So if you land on it, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So if you land on it, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So if you land on it, you
+bounce. But if you come from the side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce. But if you come from the side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce. But if you come from the side,
+you can push the tire uh however much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can push the tire uh however much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can push the tire uh however much
+you want. So that will be pushing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want. So that will be pushing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want. So that will be pushing it
+into the open state. And these bees will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the open state. And these bees will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the open state. And these bees will
+go right up to here. And that's as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right up to here. And that's as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right up to here. And that's as far
+as we can push it right on that ledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can push it right on that ledge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we can push it right on that ledge.
+Uh because you don't want it to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because you don't want it to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh because you don't want it to fall
+down the ledge, which also happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the ledge, which also happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the ledge, which also happens in
+Donkey Kong physics. Okay, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donkey Kong physics. Okay, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donkey Kong physics. Okay, so that's
+open. You don't have to open, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. You don't have to open, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. You don't have to open, but you
+can. Now, close. You have to close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. Now, close. You have to close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. Now, close. You have to close the
+door. And this corresponds to coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. And this corresponds to coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. And this corresponds to coming
+through here. If there was a tire here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here. If there was a tire here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here. If there was a tire here,
+if we were in the open state, we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were in the open state, we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were in the open state, we have to
+push the tire off of the edge here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the tire off of the edge here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the tire off of the edge here and
+and then it will roll down to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will roll down to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it will roll down to that
+position. Um, and if we time it right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Um, and if we time it right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Um, and if we time it right,
+the bees will be right over here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees will be right over here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bees will be right over here. And
+then we can jump around, uh, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can jump around, uh, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can jump around, uh, you can
+climb the rope. And if you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb the rope. And if you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb the rope. And if you're really
+fast for climbing the rope, and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast for climbing the rope, and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast for climbing the rope, and these
+bees are really slow rather, um, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees are really slow rather, um, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bees are really slow rather, um, then
+you can go over here. This might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go over here. This might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go over here. This might not be
+to scale. Maybe you want to widen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale. Maybe you want to widen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale. Maybe you want to widen the
+section here so that you have more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section here so that you have more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section here so that you have more time
+to climb the rope. But that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to climb the rope. But that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to climb the rope. But that's just
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+factors. Either you allow me to slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. Either you allow me to slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. Either you allow me to slow
+down bees or you stretch this diagram a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down bees or you stretch this diagram a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down bees or you stretch this diagram a
+little bit. Okay, so that's close. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Okay, so that's close. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Okay, so that's close. In
+order to get from here to here, you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get from here to here, you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get from here to here, you must
+push the tire off the edge and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the tire off the edge and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the tire off the edge and then it
+will roll to exactly there, preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will roll to exactly there, preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will roll to exactly there, preventing
+you from traversal. So that's a door.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from traversal. So that's a door.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from traversal. So that's a door.
+Donkey Kong Country 1 is pspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donkey Kong Country 1 is pspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Donkey Kong Country 1 is pspace
+complete. What about Donkey Kong Country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. What about Donkey Kong Country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. What about Donkey Kong Country
+2? It has no tires, but it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2? It has no tires, but it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2? It has no tires, but it has the
+balloon. The balloon um if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon. The balloon um if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon. The balloon um if you're
+normally it goes balloons go down as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally it goes balloons go down as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally it goes balloons go down as you
+might know from gravity. Uh but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know from gravity. Uh but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know from gravity. Uh but if you
+have these air currents, the balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these air currents, the balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these air currents, the balloon
+will rise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will rise.
+Um, and when you're on the balloon, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and when you're on the balloon, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and when you're on the balloon, you
+can use it as sort of a ledge. It may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it as sort of a ledge. It may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use it as sort of a ledge. It may
+still go down, but you can control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go down, but you can control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go down, but you can control
+whether it falls to the left or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it falls to the left or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it falls to the left or to the
+right according to whether you press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to whether you press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to whether you press
+left or right on the controller. Uh, so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right on the controller. Uh, so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right on the controller. Uh, so,
+uh, this is actually the closed state.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, this is actually the closed state.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, this is actually the closed state.
+Again, there are these bees. Um, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, there are these bees. Um, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, there are these bees. Um, they're
+moving a little bit, but if you time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little bit, but if you time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little bit, but if you time it
+right, you can get down here, but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you can get down here, but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, you can get down here, but if you
+land on the balloon, there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the balloon, there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land on the balloon, there's no way to
+get beyond this barrel, and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beyond this barrel, and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get beyond this barrel, and so you're
+stuck. Um, if the balloon is out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Um, if the balloon is out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Um, if the balloon is out of the
+way, it will end up being here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, it will end up being here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, it will end up being here at
+position A. Then when you shoot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position A. Then when you shoot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position A. Then when you shoot from
+this barrel, uh, you end up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrel, uh, you end up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this barrel, uh, you end up in this
+barrel and you get to traverse out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel and you get to traverse out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel and you get to traverse out. So
+that's good. Again, these barrels are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good. Again, these barrels are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good. Again, these barrels are is
+a force shot. So you can't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force shot. So you can't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force shot. So you can't make any
+decision at those types of barrels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision at those types of barrels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision at those types of barrels.
+Okay, good. Uh, so the idea with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Uh, so the idea with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Uh, so the idea with the
+open claws is that you would um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open claws is that you would um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open claws is that you would um there's
+a little bit of rope here. So, you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of rope here. So, you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of rope here. So, you would
+climb this rope, jump when the bees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb this rope, jump when the bees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb this rope, jump when the bees are
+over to the right a little bit, they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right a little bit, they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right a little bit, they get
+over to here. Uh, then go on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here. Uh, then go on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here. Uh, then go on this
+balloon, push it over to the left here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon, push it over to the left here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon, push it over to the left here,
+and then jump back out and grab the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then jump back out and grab the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then jump back out and grab the the
+rope and and leave. Okay? And if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope and and leave. Okay? And if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope and and leave. Okay? And if you get
+the the balloon to here, it will settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the balloon to here, it will settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the balloon to here, it will settle
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+position. So, that you've successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So, that you've successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. So, that you've successfully
+opened the gadget even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened the gadget even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened the gadget even though you
+couldn't get here from there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get here from there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't get here from there.
+On the other hand, the close is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, the close is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, the close is going to
+force you to reset that. So, we get shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you to reset that. So, we get shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you to reset that. So, we get shot
+over this way, shot down here. Now, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this way, shot down here. Now, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this way, shot down here. Now, it
+could be we just get shot, shot, shot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be we just get shot, shot, shot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be we just get shot, shot, shot.
+We're and we're out. But if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're and we're out. But if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're and we're out. But if there was a
+balloon here, uh we will land on it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon here, uh we will land on it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloon here, uh we will land on it. And
+then we have to in order to get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to in order to get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have to in order to get to this
+barrel or the next one, we have to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel or the next one, we have to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel or the next one, we have to push
+the balloon over. Then we can go here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon over. Then we can go here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon over. Then we can go here uh
+or go here and we'll end up getting shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go here and we'll end up getting shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or go here and we'll end up getting shot
+to this position and out. But because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this position and out. But because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this position and out. But because of
+these air currents, the balloon will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these air currents, the balloon will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these air currents, the balloon will go
+up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to
+here in Donkey Kong physics. Uh, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Donkey Kong physics. Uh, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in Donkey Kong physics. Uh, and so
+when you do close, you're forced to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do close, you're forced to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do close, you're forced to put
+the balloon back here, which is annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon back here, which is annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balloon back here, which is annoying
+for traversal. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for traversal. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for traversal. So that's a
+door question. Is there a reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door question. Is there a reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door question. Is there a reason you
+need a little zigzag in these at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little zigzag in these at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little zigzag in these at the
+top?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top?
+Uh, why do we need the zigzag? I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, why do we need the zigzag? I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, why do we need the zigzag? I don't
+remember. I was wondering that as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. I was wondering that as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember. I was wondering that as well.
+Um, yeah. I think I mean what it does do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. I think I mean what it does do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. I think I mean what it does do
+is force a particular sort of timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is force a particular sort of timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is force a particular sort of timing
+maybe about whether it's to the left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about whether it's to the left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe about whether it's to the left or
+to the right, but not sure. I'll bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right, but not sure. I'll bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right, but not sure. I'll bet
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason. Uh, but this figure was drawn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Uh, but this figure was drawn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Uh, but this figure was drawn by
+Giovani. Uh, cool. What about Donkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giovani. Uh, cool. What about Donkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Giovani. Uh, cool. What about Donkey
+Kong Country 3? Well, Donkey Kong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Country 3? Well, Donkey Kong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kong Country 3? Well, Donkey Kong
+Country 3 has neither balloons nor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country 3 has neither balloons nor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Country 3 has neither balloons nor
+tires, but it has tracking barrels. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires, but it has tracking barrels. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tires, but it has tracking barrels. The
+T on it. Uh, so tracking barrels, uh, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T on it. Uh, so tracking barrels, uh, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T on it. Uh, so tracking barrels, uh, if
+you land in one, uh, you can then slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you land in one, uh, you can then slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you land in one, uh, you can then slide
+it left or right, uh, and when you leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it left or right, uh, and when you leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it left or right, uh, and when you leave
+it, you always get shot up. Um, and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you always get shot up. Um, and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you always get shot up. Um, and even
+if you jump out and then say go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you jump out and then say go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you jump out and then say go over
+here and fall, the tracking barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and fall, the tracking barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and fall, the tracking barrel
+tracks you. So, if you're coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks you. So, if you're coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks you. So, if you're coming from
+traversal and you get shot down here, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and you get shot down here, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversal and you get shot down here, if
+the tracking barrel is out of the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracking barrel is out of the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracking barrel is out of the way,
+then I traverse, then I'm forced to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I traverse, then I'm forced to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I traverse, then I'm forced to go
+down here and leave via the close exit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and leave via the close exit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here and leave via the close exit,
+which is not what I want. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not what I want. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not what I want. I want to
+leave according to the traversal exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave according to the traversal exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave according to the traversal exit
+exit. Now, this has some leakage, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit. Now, this has some leakage, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit. Now, this has some leakage, but
+you can show this leakage is okay. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show this leakage is okay. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show this leakage is okay. Uh,
+you can go from traverse in to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from traverse in to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from traverse in to close
+out, but that won't end up helping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, but that won't end up helping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, but that won't end up helping you
+uh because you were already closed, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you were already closed, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because you were already closed, so
+you knew you could already get to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew you could already get to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew you could already get to close
+out. So this is the closed state. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So this is the closed state. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So this is the closed state. When
+the tracker barrel is over here, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracker barrel is over here, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tracker barrel is over here, this is
+the open state. When we're in the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open state. When we're in the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open state. When we're in the open
+state, we come through traverse. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, we come through traverse. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, we come through traverse. We can
+jump out and leave here. So that's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump out and leave here. So that's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump out and leave here. So that's good.
+Um on the other hand, if we come via the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um on the other hand, if we come via the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um on the other hand, if we come via the
+open position, uh we can go down get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open position, uh we can go down get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open position, uh we can go down get
+shot down here. Um and if the barrel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot down here. Um and if the barrel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot down here. Um and if the barrel was
+there, we're going to have to move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, we're going to have to move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, we're going to have to move it
+over to here. I guess we don't have to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here. I guess we don't have to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to here. I guess we don't have to.
+We could leave it there, but we are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could leave it there, but we are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could leave it there, but we are able
+to bring the the barrel over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the the barrel over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring the the barrel over here and
+leave through open. Now we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave through open. Now we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave through open. Now we're in the
+open state. That's good. Uh on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open state. That's good. Uh on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open state. That's good. Uh on the other
+hand, if we come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, if we come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, if we come from
+close, if it's currently open, we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close, if it's currently open, we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close, if it's currently open, we will
+be shot into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shot into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shot into the
+barrel. And then to get over here, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel. And then to get over here, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel. And then to get over here, we
+have to bring the barrel over here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring the barrel over here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring the barrel over here,
+putting it into the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it into the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it into the closed
+state. Now, this is the relevant part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Now, this is the relevant part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Now, this is the relevant part
+where the tracking hurts you. You go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tracking hurts you. You go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tracking hurts you. You go in
+here. You'd like to just jump out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You'd like to just jump out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. You'd like to just jump out and
+get out here, but because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out here, but because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out here, but because it's a
+tracking barrel, if you jump out here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking barrel, if you jump out here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking barrel, if you jump out here,
+the barrel will come over anyway. even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel will come over anyway. even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrel will come over anyway. even
+though you don't go back into it. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you don't go back into it. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you don't go back into it. So, if
+you leave through the close exit, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave through the close exit, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave through the close exit, you
+have to bring the barrel over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring the barrel over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to bring the barrel over to the
+right. So, that forces the close,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, that forces the close,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, that forces the close,
+preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing
+traversal. That's Donkey Kong Country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3. But,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3. But,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3. But,
+uh, there's one Nintendo game that rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, there's one Nintendo game that rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, there's one Nintendo game that rules
+them all, and that is Super Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all, and that is Super Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all, and that is Super Mario
+Brothers. And for the first time we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers. And for the first time we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers. And for the first time we are
+uh announcing a peacebased completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh announcing a peacebased completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh announcing a peacebased completeness
+result for Super Mario Brothers. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for Super Mario Brothers. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for Super Mario Brothers. This is
+uh so the Nintendo paper and uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the Nintendo paper and uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the Nintendo paper and uh another
+paper by Giovani which I will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Giovani which I will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Giovani which I will talk about
+next uh was prevented at fun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh was prevented at fun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh was prevented at fun with
+algorithms this earlier this summer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this earlier this summer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this earlier this summer uh
+two people were there um and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people were there um and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people were there um and then we
+started talking oh we should really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking oh we should really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking oh we should really
+prove Mario Brothers is also a pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove Mario Brothers is also a pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove Mario Brothers is also a pace
+complete. So this is our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. So this is our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete. So this is our current
+reduction. Um you may recall another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. Um you may recall another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction. Um you may recall another
+crossover gadget that involved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover gadget that involved uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover gadget that involved uh
+invincibility stars or mushrooms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invincibility stars or mushrooms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invincibility stars or mushrooms or
+something. Those are consumables. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Those are consumables. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Those are consumables. We
+can't afford consumables in a pspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford consumables in a pspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't afford consumables in a pspace
+reduction because we have to visit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction because we have to visit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction because we have to visit the
+same thing many times. But using Mario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing many times. But using Mario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing many times. But using Mario
+physics, we designed this crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics, we designed this crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics, we designed this crossover
+where every you're going to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every you're going to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every you're going to be small
+Mario throughout this uh reduction. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario throughout this uh reduction. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario throughout this uh reduction. If
+you come up here and you run, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up here and you run, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up here and you run, you will
+fall here. And if you come over there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall here. And if you come over there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall here. And if you come over there,
+you run, you fall here. But you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run, you fall here. But you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run, you fall here. But you can't
+jump around and land here. You'll end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump around and land here. You'll end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump around and land here. You'll end up
+down here. And that's larger than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. And that's larger than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. And that's larger than your
+jump distance. Okay. So, as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump distance. Okay. So, as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump distance. Okay. So, as long as you
+can't glitch through walls, uh, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't glitch through walls, uh, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't glitch through walls, uh, this is
+a valid crossover, and it's reusable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid crossover, and it's reusable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid crossover, and it's reusable.
+It's a one-way crossover. You can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a one-way crossover. You can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a one-way crossover. You can only
+go from up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from up to
+down. Um, okay. Uh, now the door. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Um, okay. Uh, now the door. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Um, okay. Uh, now the door. The
+door is a little bit weird. Um, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door is a little bit weird. Um, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door is a little bit weird. Um, but it
+has actually been built by modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually been built by modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has actually been built by modifying
+the, um, Super Mario Brothers ROM, so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, um, Super Mario Brothers ROM, so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, um, Super Mario Brothers ROM, so it
+does exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist.
+Um, in in the physics of the real Mario,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in in the physics of the real Mario,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in in the physics of the real Mario,
+uh, we're going to make this is doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, we're going to make this is doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, we're going to make this is doesn't
+have to be unit length, but you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be unit length, but you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be unit length, but you this is
+a fire bar, which is normally rotating,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire bar, which is normally rotating,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fire bar, which is normally rotating,
+but if it has size one, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it has size one, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it has size one, it doesn't
+really do much rotating. So, these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much rotating. So, these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do much rotating. So, these are
+things you're not allowed to touch. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're not allowed to touch. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you're not allowed to touch. Um,
+and uh, you can act, the version we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh, you can act, the version we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh, you can act, the version we
+implemented has fire bars. The those do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented has fire bars. The those do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented has fire bars. The those do
+exist in the ROM, but uh, even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the ROM, but uh, even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the ROM, but uh, even if you
+have fire bars that are much bigger, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fire bars that are much bigger, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fire bars that are much bigger, you
+can still do all the things you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do all the things you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do all the things you need to
+do in this gadget. is just a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this gadget. is just a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this gadget. is just a lot harder
+to do correctly. I was trying it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do correctly. I was trying it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do correctly. I was trying it earlier
+today. Um, so, uh, and then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Um, so, uh, and then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. Um, so, uh, and then we have this
+guy. Um, I forget what they're called,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. Um, I forget what they're called,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. Um, I forget what they're called,
+but they're dropped by the cloud thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're dropped by the cloud thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're dropped by the cloud thing
+in the sky. Uh, you can also create them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky. Uh, you can also create them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sky. Uh, you can also create them
+at the beginning of the level, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the level, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the level, even
+though that doesn't appear in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that doesn't appear in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though that doesn't appear in the the
+true levels. Uh, you can make a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true levels. Uh, you can make a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true levels. Uh, you can make a new
+level that has these guys initially. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that has these guys initially. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that has these guys initially. Um,
+you it'll just be the case that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it'll just be the case that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it'll just be the case that there's
+also a cloud floating around at the top,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a cloud floating around at the top,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a cloud floating around at the top,
+but if you shield from that, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you shield from that, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you shield from that, you're
+okay. Um, so there's one of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Um, so there's one of these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Um, so there's one of these guys
+and he can basically be walking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he can basically be walking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he can basically be walking back
+here, back and forth here or over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, back and forth here or over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, back and forth here or over here.
+Uh, so and you can flip that by if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so and you can flip that by if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so and you can flip that by if you
+hit this this block with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this this block with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit this this block with the right
+timing, uh, this guy will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing, uh, this guy will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing, uh, this guy will end up
+bouncing and and walking over here. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing and and walking over here. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing and and walking over here. In
+practice, you have to hit it a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, you have to hit it a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, you have to hit it a few
+times. Sometimes he'll walk back over,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. Sometimes he'll walk back over,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. Sometimes he'll walk back over,
+but if you get the direction that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get the direction that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you get the direction that he's
+facing right, he'll jump up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing right, he'll jump up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing right, he'll jump up and then
+keep going and then he'll be over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going and then he'll be over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going and then he'll be over on the
+other side. Okay? Uh, but you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. Okay? Uh, but you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. Okay? Uh, but you can't just
+reach everything here. If you're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach everything here. If you're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach everything here. If you're on the
+open side, you can hit him if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open side, you can hit him if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open side, you can hit him if you want
+and put him over there. That's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put him over there. That's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put him over there. That's going to
+be the open uh setting. The traversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the open uh setting. The traversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the open uh setting. The traversal
+requires you to go through this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to go through this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to go through this way
+without the ability to hit this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the ability to hit this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the ability to hit this thing.
+And so if there if the spiny guy is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if there if the spiny guy is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if there if the spiny guy is over
+on the left, uh you will die guaranteed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left, uh you will die guaranteed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left, uh you will die guaranteed.
+We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We
+checked. Um and otherwise you jump uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked. Um and otherwise you jump uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked. Um and otherwise you jump uh if
+he's not there. If it's on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not there. If it's on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not there. If it's on the right
+side, then you can traverse. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, then you can traverse. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, then you can traverse. So this is
+the open state that's drawn. And so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open state that's drawn. And so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open state that's drawn. And so this
+is the tricky part. We need something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tricky part. We need something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the tricky part. We need something
+that's untraversible by the player, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's untraversible by the player, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's untraversible by the player, but
+traversible by the monster. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversible by the monster. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversible by the monster. And this
+could be a fire bar that's rotating. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a fire bar that's rotating. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a fire bar that's rotating. If
+you time it right, you can still rush by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you time it right, you can still rush by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you time it right, you can still rush by
+it. Uh, and of course, close. Close. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh, and of course, close. Close. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh, and of course, close. Close. We
+need to force this guy to be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to force this guy to be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to force this guy to be on the
+other side. And so, we do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. And so, we do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side. And so, we do the same thing
+that we did on the left to go through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did on the left to go through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did on the left to go through to
+close. Just like on the left, this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close. Just like on the left, this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close. Just like on the left, this guy
+has to be on the other side. So, first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be on the other side. So, first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be on the other side. So, first
+you can knock him over to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can knock him over to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can knock him over to the other
+side, and then you can go back and jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, and then you can go back and jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, and then you can go back and jump
+through there. So, Super Mario Brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there. So, Super Mario Brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through there. So, Super Mario Brothers
+is peace space complete. Yeah. What was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peace space complete. Yeah. What was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is peace space complete. Yeah. What was
+the advantage of the rotating fireball?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of the rotating fireball?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of the rotating fireball?
+Oh, um, it's more naturally occurring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, um, it's more naturally occurring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, um, it's more naturally occurring.
+In real Mario, there are rotating fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In real Mario, there are rotating fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In real Mario, there are rotating fire
+bars. There's never this single fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars. There's never this single fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars. There's never this single fire
+just floating in midair. Fire bars can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just floating in midair. Fire bars can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just floating in midair. Fire bars can
+float in midair. But, um, in in reality,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float in midair. But, um, in in reality,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float in midair. But, um, in in reality,
+uh, or in all the levels that exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, or in all the levels that exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, or in all the levels that exist in
+Super Mario Brothers, fire bars are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Mario Brothers, fire bars are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super Mario Brothers, fire bars are a
+fixed length. Um, we have six fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed length. Um, we have six fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed length. Um, we have six fire
+things or whatever. Uh, but in the ROM,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or whatever. Uh, but in the ROM,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things or whatever. Uh, but in the ROM,
+it has fe support for making fire bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fe support for making fire bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has fe support for making fire bars
+of arbitrary length or up to some size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrary length or up to some size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arbitrary length or up to some size.
+So, you can make this in the ROM or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you can make this in the ROM or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you can make this in the ROM or you
+can have it rotating and then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have it rotating and then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have it rotating and then it's a
+more intense experience. Why are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intense experience. Why are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intense experience. Why are there
+like bars in the little block you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bars in the little block you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bars in the little block you're
+hitting? Yeah. Um, that's dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting? Yeah. Um, that's dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting? Yeah. Um, that's dealing with
+glitches. Yeah. Is the shell guy dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches. Yeah. Is the shell guy dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches. Yeah. Is the shell guy dropped
+by the cloud thing? I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cloud thing? I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the cloud thing? I don't know the
+game. Oh, and in the game the the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Oh, and in the game the the cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Oh, and in the game the the cloud
+is up there and every few seconds he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up there and every few seconds he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up there and every few seconds he
+throws one and it falls in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws one and it falls in some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws one and it falls in some kind of
+random spot and then he's he traverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random spot and then he's he traverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random spot and then he's he traverses
+left and right like a regular turtle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right like a regular turtle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right like a regular turtle.
+Um, but you in this we're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you in this we're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you in this we're assuming that
+you can uh have him initially appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh have him initially appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can uh have him initially appear
+there. So he's not thrown by the cloud.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So he's not thrown by the cloud.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So he's not thrown by the cloud.
+There will also be a cloud throwing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There will also be a cloud throwing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There will also be a cloud throwing the
+spiny guys, but uh we get to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiny guys, but uh we get to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiny guys, but uh we get to we're
+assuming that this guy can just be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this guy can just be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that this guy can just be there
+from the beginning. So it it drops more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning. So it it drops more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning. So it it drops more
+than one. Oh yeah, it per it drops one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one. Oh yeah, it per it drops one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one. Oh yeah, it per it drops one
+and then drops another and drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then drops another and drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then drops another and drops
+another. I think it's unlimited. I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. I think it's unlimited. I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. I think it's unlimited. I mean,
+there might be a practical limit given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a practical limit given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a practical limit given
+by the the memory of an NES, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the memory of an NES, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the memory of an NES, which is
+pretty small, but I think it limits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small, but I think it limits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small, but I think it limits to
+like eight creatures on screen at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like eight creatures on screen at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like eight creatures on screen at once
+or something, but we're generalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something, but we're generalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something, but we're generalizing
+that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as
+well. Other questions? Okay. Uh, I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Other questions? Okay. Uh, I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Other questions? Okay. Uh, I have
+one more proof I want to cover. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more proof I want to cover. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more proof I want to cover. Um, and
+this is the other Giovani paper in fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the other Giovani paper in fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the other Giovani paper in fun
+with algorithms this year. Uh, and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with algorithms this year. Uh, and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with algorithms this year. Uh, and it's
+about Lemmings. Uh, if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Lemmings. Uh, if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Lemmings. Uh, if you haven't
+played Lemmings, it's sort of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Lemmings, it's sort of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Lemmings, it's sort of the first
+real-time strategy game. So, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time strategy game. So, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time strategy game. So, you have
+these characters which appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters which appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characters which appear
+periodically. Then you can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically. Then you can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodically. Then you can click on
+characters and make them do different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and make them do different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and make them do different
+things. You can make them build bridges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You can make them build bridges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. You can make them build bridges.
+You can make them dig horizontally. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can make them dig horizontally. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can make them dig horizontally. You
+can make them dig vertically. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make them dig vertically. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make them dig vertically. Um, and so
+going through that again here, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that again here, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through that again here, we're
+making this guy climb and then digging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this guy climb and then digging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this guy climb and then digging
+down and then uh digging left and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then uh digging left and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then uh digging left and then
+digging down and then make him dig left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging down and then make him dig left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digging down and then make him dig left
+to switch directions and then make him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch directions and then make him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch directions and then make him
+dig down again and then build bridge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig down again and then build bridge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig down again and then build bridge and
+dig through. This is I think level two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig through. This is I think level two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig through. This is I think level two
+or something. It's quite challenging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something. It's quite challenging.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something. It's quite challenging.
+Um, and your goal is to get as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and your goal is to get as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and your goal is to get as many
+lemmings as possible to the exit. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings as possible to the exit. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings as possible to the exit. And
+the way you do it is you select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do it is you select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you do it is you select the
+ability you want and then you click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you want and then you click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability you want and then you click on
+the lemming that you want to do it on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemming that you want to do it on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lemming that you want to do it on.
+and otherwise they are walking around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise they are walking around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and otherwise they are walking around.
+So, how many people have played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how many people have played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how many people have played
+lemmings? Yeah, this is more popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings? Yeah, this is more popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings? Yeah, this is more popular
+one. If you haven't played, you should.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. If you haven't played, you should.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. If you haven't played, you should.
+It's really hard though. Um, I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really hard though. Um, I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really hard though. Um, I was
+reading Wikipedia, Sarah, one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading Wikipedia, Sarah, one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading Wikipedia, Sarah, one of your
+favorite authors, Terry Patchet, uh, was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite authors, Terry Patchet, uh, was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite authors, Terry Patchet, uh, was
+playing lemmings. He wrote a book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing lemmings. He wrote a book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing lemmings. He wrote a book that
+is clearly inspired by lemmings and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly inspired by lemmings and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clearly inspired by lemmings and then
+he said he had to delete lemmings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he had to delete lemmings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said he had to delete lemmings from
+his computer and overwrite it in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his computer and overwrite it in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his computer and overwrite it in order
+to stop uh, playing. It was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop uh, playing. It was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop uh, playing. It was so
+addictive. There are a bunch of levels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addictive. There are a bunch of levels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addictive. There are a bunch of levels.
+It's fun. And by now, I mean, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's fun. And by now, I mean, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's fun. And by now, I mean, there are
+many free versions as well that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many free versions as well that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many free versions as well that have
+duplicated the Lemmings physics and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated the Lemmings physics and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated the Lemmings physics and so
+on with new levels and you there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with new levels and you there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with new levels and you there are
+level editors and all that good stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level editors and all that good stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level editors and all that good stuff.
+So, you might expect this game is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you might expect this game is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you might expect this game is pretty
+hard. Uh here we're going to prove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Uh here we're going to prove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Uh here we're going to prove uh
+ppace hardness. Um there was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppace hardness. Um there was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppace hardness. Um there was the first
+paper by Graham Cormode um which showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Graham Cormode um which showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Graham Cormode um which showed
+NP hardness um and conjectured pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hardness um and conjectured pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP hardness um and conjectured pace
+hardness. So this was the results before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. So this was the results before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness. So this was the results before
+but in particular even if you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular even if you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular even if you assume
+there so there all these abilities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there all these abilities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so there all these abilities I
+haven't defined all of them I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined all of them I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't defined all of them I'll I'll
+show you just a few of them if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just a few of them if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just a few of them if they're
+unlimited normally you're given a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited normally you're given a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited normally you're given a limit
+to how many uh you have but even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how many uh you have but even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how many uh you have but even when
+they're unlimited and you have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unlimited and you have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're unlimited and you have arbitrary
+time the game is still in pspace uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the game is still in pspace uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the game is still in pspace uh
+because again the state is uh polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again the state is uh polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again the state is uh polomial
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+bits okay uh there's another thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay uh there's another thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits okay uh there's another thing I
+didn't mention which is hazards uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mention which is hazards uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't mention which is hazards uh these
+are traps if you if your lemming goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traps if you if your lemming goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traps if you if your lemming goes
+there you die. So those are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you die. So those are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you die. So those are also
+important for some of the proofs. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for some of the proofs. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for some of the proofs. Um and
+so Graham showed that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Graham showed that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Graham showed that if you have
+diggers and a time bound then you get NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diggers and a time bound then you get NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diggers and a time bound then you get NP
+with timebound you actually get NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with timebound you actually get NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with timebound you actually get NP
+completeness. Uh and you can convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness. Uh and you can convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness. Uh and you can convert
+that into other abilities but um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into other abilities but um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into other abilities but um the
+more interesting new results are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting new results are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting new results are this
+one. We're going to focus on this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We're going to focus on this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We're going to focus on this column
+which is given builders and bashers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given builders and bashers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is given builders and bashers
+uh either unlimited or given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either unlimited or given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh either unlimited or given an
+exponential number of them because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential number of them because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential number of them because we
+need to run for exponential time um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run for exponential time um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to run for exponential time um and
+hazards and just one lemming the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards and just one lemming the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazards and just one lemming the game is
+pspace complete. Uh, another result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace complete. Uh, another result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pspace complete. Uh, another result in
+the same paper that might interest you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same paper that might interest you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same paper that might interest you,
+uh, but we're no longer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, but we're no longer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, but we're no longer in the
+approximation section is APX hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation section is APX hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation section is APX hardness
+for any ability you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any ability you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any ability you
+want. Uh, and a polomial number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Uh, and a polomial number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want. Uh, and a polomial number of
+lemmings and time and hazards. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings and time and hazards. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings and time and hazards. And it's
+based on this weird thing about hazards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this weird thing about hazards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this weird thing about hazards.
+If you have many lemmings go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have many lemmings go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have many lemmings go through a
+trap at once, then only one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap at once, then only one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trap at once, then only one of them
+dies. So the trap has to activate and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies. So the trap has to activate and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies. So the trap has to activate and it
+takes a certain amount of time. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a certain amount of time. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a certain amount of time. So if
+they're really bunched up, then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really bunched up, then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really bunched up, then they
+most of them can get through. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them can get through. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them can get through. So you can
+use that to um to reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to um to reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that to um to reduce the number of
+lemmings and you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings and you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings and you're trying to
+approximate how many lemmings get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate how many lemmings get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate how many lemmings get
+through. Okay, so that's fun, but uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. Okay, so that's fun, but uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through. Okay, so that's fun, but uh I I
+don't have those pictures here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have those pictures here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have those pictures here because
+the pace hardness is kind of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace hardness is kind of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace hardness is kind of the more
+impressive technical thing and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive technical thing and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive technical thing and uh it's
+already quite complicated. So, um, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already quite complicated. So, um, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already quite complicated. So, um, in
+order to really get this proof right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to really get this proof right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to really get this proof right,
+um, Giovanni went through an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, Giovanni went through an incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, Giovanni went through an incredible
+effort of documenting lemming physics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of documenting lemming physics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of documenting lemming physics,
+uh, at a pixel by pixel level because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, at a pixel by pixel level because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, at a pixel by pixel level because it
+is pretty weird, especially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty weird, especially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty weird, especially when you
+start using the bridge building. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using the bridge building. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start using the bridge building. If
+you've ever played this game, it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever played this game, it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever played this game, it will
+stop at kind of weird moments. Uh, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at kind of weird moments. Uh, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop at kind of weird moments. Uh, so
+here is the physics of what happens. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the physics of what happens. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the physics of what happens. In
+general, the lemming is represented by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, the lemming is represented by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, the lemming is represented by a
+pin right under its left foot. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin right under its left foot. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin right under its left foot. I don't
+know, maybe it's the right foot. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe it's the right foot. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe it's the right foot. Um and
+uh that pin should always be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that pin should always be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that pin should always be on the
+ground. It's not on the ground the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground. It's not on the ground the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground. It's not on the ground the
+lemming will fall. Falls too far it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemming will fall. Falls too far it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemming will fall. Falls too far it
+dies. But that's not relevant here. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies. But that's not relevant here. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies. But that's not relevant here. Uh
+so the the general walking this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the general walking this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the general walking this is all
+lemmings start as walkers. And what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings start as walkers. And what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemmings start as walkers. And what they
+do is basically move left to right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is basically move left to right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is basically move left to right.
+There's an animation but mostly this pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an animation but mostly this pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an animation but mostly this pin
+is moving one pixel to the right at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving one pixel to the right at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving one pixel to the right at a
+time. And so it's visiting these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so it's visiting these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so it's visiting these things.
+Once it sees, oh, there's no longer an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once it sees, oh, there's no longer an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once it sees, oh, there's no longer an
+obstacle beneath me. I'm gonna fall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle beneath me. I'm gonna fall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle beneath me. I'm gonna fall this
+amount and then I will fall one pixel at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and then I will fall one pixel at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and then I will fall one pixel at
+a time until I hit the ground. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time until I hit the ground. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time until I hit the ground. So
+there's a gap here that won't be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap here that won't be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a gap here that won't be that
+won't be important here, but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be important here, but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be important here, but these are
+the real physics. If I hit a step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real physics. If I hit a step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real physics. If I hit a step and
+this is at most 8 pixels up, then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at most 8 pixels up, then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at most 8 pixels up, then I will
+rise up and go over. Okay, but if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise up and go over. Okay, but if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise up and go over. Okay, but if I have
+too big a step, more than eight pixels,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big a step, more than eight pixels,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big a step, more than eight pixels,
+then I will when I hit the wall, I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will when I hit the wall, I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will when I hit the wall, I will
+switch directions. So in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch directions. So in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch directions. So in this case,
+he'll hit here and then climb back up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll hit here and then climb back up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll hit here and then climb back up.
+Okay, that is the regular walker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that is the regular walker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that is the regular walker
+physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics.
+Um, now we're going to use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now we're going to use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, now we're going to use two
+abilities. One is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities. One is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities. One is called
+basher and um there's some animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basher and um there's some animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basher and um there's some animations
+here of what happens with bashers. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what happens with bashers. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what happens with bashers. Uh,
+in general it's horizontal digging, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it's horizontal digging, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it's horizontal digging, but
+it's kind of weird horizontal digging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of weird horizontal digging.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of weird horizontal digging.
+Uh, there's this particular pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, there's this particular pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, there's this particular pattern that
+you dig which ends up uh tunneling a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig which ends up uh tunneling a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dig which ends up uh tunneling a big
+uh horizontal rectangle more or less.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh horizontal rectangle more or less.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh horizontal rectangle more or less.
+But the way it tells whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the way it tells whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the way it tells whether it's
+finished is it looks at these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished is it looks at these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished is it looks at these four
+positions right in front of the dig uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions right in front of the dig uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions right in front of the dig uh
+mask. And if at least one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask. And if at least one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask. And if at least one of them is
+solid, you will keep digging. If they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid, you will keep digging. If they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid, you will keep digging. If they're
+all empty, you will stop digging. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all empty, you will stop digging. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all empty, you will stop digging. That's
+important because we need to see exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because we need to see exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because we need to see exactly
+when these things uh stop happening.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these things uh stop happening.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these things uh stop happening.
+Then you return to being a walker. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you return to being a walker. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you return to being a walker. So if
+everything is normal, you just uh dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is normal, you just uh dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is normal, you just uh dig
+through here. That position was when all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here. That position was when all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here. That position was when all
+four were empty. One was empty, but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four were empty. One was empty, but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four were empty. One was empty, but then
+all four were empty. And so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four were empty. And so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four were empty. And so then you
+stop digging, keep walking. Okay? Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop digging, keep walking. Okay? Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop digging, keep walking. Okay? Okay,
+but there's also this notion of steel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also this notion of steel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also this notion of steel.
+Any pixel can be marked as steel. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any pixel can be marked as steel. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any pixel can be marked as steel. It's a
+separate independent bit. Usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate independent bit. Usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate independent bit. Usually
+there's some graphics to indicate you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some graphics to indicate you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some graphics to indicate you're
+steel, but here we're going to use blue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, but here we're going to use blue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, but here we're going to use blue.
+And there's this one steel check. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's this one steel check. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's this one steel check. And if
+the that position is steel, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that position is steel, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that position is steel, you'll
+immediately stop digging or you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately stop digging or you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately stop digging or you will
+stop digging when that star position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop digging when that star position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop digging when that star position
+hits a steel pixel. So, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits a steel pixel. So, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits a steel pixel. So, we're going to
+use that in the proof. Uh but that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that in the proof. Uh but that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that in the proof. Uh but that's how
+bashers work. Um next we have builders.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashers work. Um next we have builders.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashers work. Um next we have builders.
+Uh these are building the staircases. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these are building the staircases. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh these are building the staircases. Um
+and there's this subtlety that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this subtlety that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this subtlety that the
+solidity check are these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidity check are these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidity check are these three
+points. If any of them is solid, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. If any of them is solid, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. If any of them is solid, we'll
+stop digging. And I uh and if this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop digging. And I uh and if this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop digging. And I uh and if this one's
+solid, you'll also switch directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid, you'll also switch directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid, you'll also switch directions.
+There's also a limited number of stairs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also a limited number of stairs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also a limited number of stairs,
+but that because you can only fit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that because you can only fit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that because you can only fit so
+many in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many in this little
+bag. Uh that won't matter for the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag. Uh that won't matter for the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag. Uh that won't matter for the proof.
+We're always going to stop um before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're always going to stop um before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're always going to stop um before we
+hit the I don't know 15 stairs or so, 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the I don't know 15 stairs or so, 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the I don't know 15 stairs or so, 10
+stairs, something like that. Uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs, something like that. Uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stairs, something like that. Uh so you
+can see it in action here. You place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it in action here. You place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it in action here. You place the
+step. It's it's right you actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. It's it's right you actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step. It's it's right you actually the
+initial step overlaps your feet by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial step overlaps your feet by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial step overlaps your feet by two
+pixels. Um and then you do this offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels. Um and then you do this offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels. Um and then you do this offset
+of two two to the right, one up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two two to the right, one up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two two to the right, one up until
+you hit something like that. And then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit something like that. And then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit something like that. And then in
+that case, you turn around because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case, you turn around because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case, you turn around because you
+hit the wall, so to speak. But notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the wall, so to speak. But notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the wall, so to speak. But notice
+there's this big gap here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this big gap here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this big gap here.
+Okay. Uh so now we want to use uh meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so now we want to use uh meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so now we want to use uh meta
+theorem five. We want to build a door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem five. We want to build a door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem five. We want to build a door
+and crossover. I guess I don't know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crossover. I guess I don't know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crossover. I guess I don't know if I
+have the I do have the crossover here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the I do have the crossover here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the I do have the crossover here.
+It's not so hard. Uh first we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not so hard. Uh first we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not so hard. Uh first we just need
+to be able to like move lemmings around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to like move lemmings around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to like move lemmings around
+and they move in a very simple way. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they move in a very simple way. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they move in a very simple way. So
+yeah. How did he check all these pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. How did he check all these pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. How did he check all these pixel
+things?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things?
+Um it's a good question. I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a good question. I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's a good question. I think uh
+definitely one thing he did is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one thing he did is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely one thing he did is look at
+one of the clones of lemmings and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the clones of lemmings and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the clones of lemmings and read
+the source code. Uh how that clone was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source code. Uh how that clone was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source code. Uh how that clone was
+done to mimic exactly the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to mimic exactly the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to mimic exactly the original
+Lemmings. I'm not sure. Uh so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemmings. I'm not sure. Uh so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lemmings. I'm not sure. Uh so I don't
+know whether this has been compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether this has been compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether this has been compared
+against disassembled original Lemmings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against disassembled original Lemmings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against disassembled original Lemmings
+code or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code or
+what worth I'll follow up with him. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what worth I'll follow up with him. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what worth I'll follow up with him. I
+was talking to him earlier today. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking to him earlier today. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking to him earlier today. Um
+okay so uh we are only going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we are only going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh we are only going to give the
+player the ability to do builders or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the ability to do builders or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player the ability to do builders or
+bashers. Um, and we want to prevent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashers. Um, and we want to prevent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashers. Um, and we want to prevent the
+player from doing builders in random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player from doing builders in random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player from doing builders in random
+places. So these red things are traps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. So these red things are traps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. So these red things are traps.
+If you ever at any point decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you ever at any point decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you ever at any point decide to
+become a builder, you will elevate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a builder, you will elevate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a builder, you will elevate your
+your dot will not be here. Your dot will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dot will not be here. Your dot will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dot will not be here. Your dot will
+be above and then it will be touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be above and then it will be touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be above and then it will be touching
+the trap and then you die. So these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trap and then you die. So these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trap and then you die. So these red
+things are prevent to prevent you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are prevent to prevent you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are prevent to prevent you from
+building anywhere. Uh, you also can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building anywhere. Uh, you also can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building anywhere. Uh, you also can't
+bash anywhere. Uh, because let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bash anywhere. Uh, because let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bash anywhere. Uh, because let's say
+this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all
+steel. Okay. Uh or actually I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel. Okay. Uh or actually I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel. Okay. Uh or actually I think the
+whole background here is steel except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole background here is steel except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole background here is steel except in
+specific places in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific places in the
+gadget. Uh so this is a small thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget. Uh so this is a small thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget. Uh so this is a small thing.
+This basically lets us ascend slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This basically lets us ascend slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This basically lets us ascend slightly
+because lemmings only like to go left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lemmings only like to go left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lemmings only like to go left
+and right and there's no jump ability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and there's no jump ability.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right and there's no jump ability.
+Um you we we want to be able to make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you we we want to be able to make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you we we want to be able to make our
+wires go we want to be able to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires go we want to be able to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires go we want to be able to you know
+build a graph. So this will let us go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a graph. So this will let us go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a graph. So this will let us go up
+a little bit. This will let us go down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. This will let us go down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. This will let us go down a
+little bit. This will let us change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. This will let us change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. This will let us change
+directions and going up. Change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and going up. Change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and going up. Change
+directions and going down. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and going down. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and going down. This is a
+crossover because lemmings will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover because lemmings will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover because lemmings will just
+proceed to the right. there's no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to the right. there's no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to the right. there's no way to
+make them change direction unless they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them change direction unless they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them change direction unless they
+hit something. Okay, so that's basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit something. Okay, so that's basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit something. Okay, so that's basic
+lemming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemming
+driving. Uh we also need these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving. Uh we also need these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving. Uh we also need these are not
+explicitly stated in the meta theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly stated in the meta theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly stated in the meta theorem.
+You see here the weakness or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see here the weakness or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see here the weakness or the
+vagueness of the meta theorem. We need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness of the meta theorem. We need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness of the meta theorem. We need
+the ability for the player to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability for the player to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability for the player to choose
+whether lemmings go one way or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether lemmings go one way or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether lemmings go one way or another
+way. Need that for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Need that for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Need that for example in the
+existential quantifier. But in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential quantifier. But in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existential quantifier. But in general
+we were kind of assuming that the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were kind of assuming that the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were kind of assuming that the player
+has this kind of agency to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of agency to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this kind of agency to choose
+directions of lemmings. So for that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of lemmings. So for that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of lemmings. So for that we
+need a kind of fork gadget and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a kind of fork gadget and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a kind of fork gadget and you can
+either do a build immediately followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do a build immediately followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either do a build immediately followed
+by uh a bash or you can do a bash in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh a bash or you can do a bash in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh a bash or you can do a bash in
+order to get down. Uh so if I do a build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get down. Uh so if I do a build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get down. Uh so if I do a build
+and then a bash I will stop building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bash I will stop building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bash I will stop building and
+then just make one step because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just make one step because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just make one step because if I
+made a second step I would die from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a second step I would die from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a second step I would die from the
+traps. Uh that will let me choose to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps. Uh that will let me choose to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps. Uh that will let me choose to go
+to the top path or even if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top path or even if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top path or even if this is
+already there I could bash it away or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there I could bash it away or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there I could bash it away or if
+it isn't there just wait and then I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't there just wait and then I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't there just wait and then I will
+go down here. Okay. So no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down here. Okay. So no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down here. Okay. So no matter what
+the state of this gadget is, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of this gadget is, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of this gadget is, I can
+either take the top path or go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either take the top path or go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either take the top path or go down to
+the bottom path because here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom path because here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom path because here I have
+unlimited bashes and and builds. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited bashes and and builds. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited bashes and and builds. So
+those are the two states. Uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two states. Uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two states. Uh this is the
+non uh steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non uh steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non uh steel
+part we need that uh for the bash to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we need that uh for the bash to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part we need that uh for the bash to
+succeed. Um so it it lets it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed. Um so it it lets it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed. Um so it it lets it ends up
+bashing, but uh because there's it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashing, but uh because there's it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashing, but uh because there's it's all
+empty here, you immediately stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty here, you immediately stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty here, you immediately stop
+bashing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bashing.
+Okay, that's the fork. And finally, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the fork. And finally, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's the fork. And finally, the
+door. So, um, if the door was open, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. So, um, if the door was open, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. So, um, if the door was open, you
+go through it. If it's closed, you die.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it. If it's closed, you die.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through it. If it's closed, you die.
+Even if you try to build a bridge. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if you try to build a bridge. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if you try to build a bridge. If I
+go this way, I can either fall down or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way, I can either fall down or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way, I can either fall down or I
+could bash it away and then open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bash it away and then open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could bash it away and then open the
+door. But I still fall to the bottom. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. But I still fall to the bottom. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door. But I still fall to the bottom. If
+I come from here with a closed door,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come from here with a closed door,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I come from here with a closed door,
+fine, I can exit. Uh, if it's an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine, I can exit. Uh, if it's an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine, I can exit. Uh, if it's an open
+door, I'm in uh I better build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door, I'm in uh I better build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door, I'm in uh I better build this
+thing. If I build too far, I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. If I build too far, I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. If I build too far, I'm in
+trouble. But if I build just once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. But if I build just once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. But if I build just once and
+then immediately bash, then I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then immediately bash, then I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then immediately bash, then I will get
+to the right. What did I just do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right. What did I just do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right. What did I just do in
+rapid fire? That was the close path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid fire? That was the close path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid fire? That was the close path
+where I must put this back in in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I must put this back in in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I must put this back in in order
+to survive. Uh the open I had a choice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive. Uh the open I had a choice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive. Uh the open I had a choice.
+I could bash it. In either case, I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could bash it. In either case, I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could bash it. In either case, I end
+up to the open exit. And for traversal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the open exit. And for traversal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the open exit. And for traversal,
+it you will only survive if this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you will only survive if this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you will only survive if this is not
+there and you get out. Okay, so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you get out. Okay, so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you get out. Okay, so lots of
+crossing paths. But uh you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing paths. But uh you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing paths. But uh you can see why
+you need this pixel by pixel analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need this pixel by pixel analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need this pixel by pixel analysis to
+really be sure that this gadget does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be sure that this gadget does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be sure that this gadget does
+exactly what you want. And that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you want. And that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you want. And that is a
+door for lemmings and therefore lemmings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door for lemmings and therefore lemmings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door for lemmings and therefore lemmings
+is pspace complete. Pretty pretty epic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pspace complete. Pretty pretty epic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pspace complete. Pretty pretty epic.
+And that's all for today. Yay video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's all for today. Yay video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's all for today. Yay video
+games.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oqOtuChgsz4.txt b/oqOtuChgsz4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d02d495832c5ac003e10009b63e9871b1873441f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oqOtuChgsz4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so hi everyone today i'm gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so hi everyone today i'm gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so hi everyone today i'm gonna be
+talking about the ongoing efforts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the ongoing efforts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the ongoing efforts to
+modernize the columbia river treaty sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernize the columbia river treaty sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernize the columbia river treaty sort
+of the agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the agenda
+um the columbia river treaty was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the columbia river treaty was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the columbia river treaty was
+originally signed in 1961 so i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally signed in 1961 so i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally signed in 1961 so i'm going
+to go through the historical context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the historical context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the historical context
+that led to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that led to that
+signature talk about the 1961 treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature talk about the 1961 treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature talk about the 1961 treaty
+negotiations and outcomes and then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations and outcomes and then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations and outcomes and then i'm
+also going to talk about the ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to talk about the ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to talk about the ongoing
+case for modernization and the ongoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for modernization and the ongoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for modernization and the ongoing
+treaty negotiation process so covering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty negotiation process so covering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty negotiation process so covering a
+lot of time periods here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time periods here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time periods here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so a little bit of sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little bit of sort of a
+geographical overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographical overview
+the columbia river basin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columbia river basin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columbia river basin
+is over 250 000 square miles which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over 250 000 square miles which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is over 250 000 square miles which is
+larger than the entire area of france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the entire area of france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the entire area of france
+the basin includes more than half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basin includes more than half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basin includes more than half of
+washington and oregon almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington and oregon almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington and oregon almost all of
+idaho and parts of montana nevada utah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idaho and parts of montana nevada utah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idaho and parts of montana nevada utah
+and wyoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wyoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wyoming
+and approximately 15 of the basin is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approximately 15 of the basin is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approximately 15 of the basin is in
+the canadian province of british
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian province of british
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian province of british
+columbia where the columbia river which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia where the columbia river which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia where the columbia river which
+you can see here on this map in purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here on this map in purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here on this map in purple
+originates um and then in southeastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates um and then in southeastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originates um and then in southeastern
+washington the columbia river meets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington the columbia river meets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington the columbia river meets the
+snake river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake river
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+together that feeds into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that feeds into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that feeds into
+the pacific ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pacific ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pacific ocean
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the united states and canada have a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states and canada have a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states and canada have a long
+history of bilateral cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of bilateral cooperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of bilateral cooperation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they share the longest international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share the longest international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share the longest international
+border between two countries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border between two countries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border between two countries and
+um there are sort of bilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are sort of bilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are sort of bilateral
+negotiations date back for centuries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations date back for centuries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations date back for centuries um
+as far as water diplomacy goes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as water diplomacy goes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as water diplomacy goes the
+origin of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin of this
+is the 1909 boundary waters treaty which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 1909 boundary waters treaty which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the 1909 boundary waters treaty which
+was signed to kind of come up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was signed to kind of come up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was signed to kind of come up with an
+approach for preventing and resolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for preventing and resolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach for preventing and resolving
+disputes over the use of shared waters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes over the use of shared waters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes over the use of shared waters
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it was it established an international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it established an international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was it established an international
+joint commission to help the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint commission to help the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint commission to help the two
+countries carry out its provisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries carry out its provisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries carry out its provisions and
+at the time um disputes over water most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time um disputes over water most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time um disputes over water most
+notably on the niagara river and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably on the niagara river and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notably on the niagara river and the
+east coast um we're already creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast um we're already creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast um we're already creating
+tension along the border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension along the border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension along the border
+um so the treaty provided this framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the treaty provided this framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the treaty provided this framework
+to deal with these disputes um it held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these disputes um it held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these disputes um it held
+its first meeting in in 1912 and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first meeting in in 1912 and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first meeting in in 1912 and it has
+worked over the last century plus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked over the last century plus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked over the last century plus to
+resolve more than 100 matters raised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve more than 100 matters raised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve more than 100 matters raised by
+the two federal governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two federal governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two federal governments
+so the columbia river treaty more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the columbia river treaty more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the columbia river treaty more
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+came about um during this era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about um during this era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came about um during this era of
+hydropower expansion in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydropower expansion in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydropower expansion in the united
+states and canada which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and canada which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and canada which is sort of
+symbolized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolized
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the 1930s with the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s with the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s with the construction of
+the grand coulee dam in in washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand coulee dam in in washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grand coulee dam in in washington
+um and during about a 20-year period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and during about a 20-year period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and during about a 20-year period
+more than a dozen large dams were built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a dozen large dams were built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a dozen large dams were built
+in the columbia river basin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the columbia river basin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the columbia river basin
+mostly for hydroelectric power purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for hydroelectric power purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for hydroelectric power purposes
+they also benefited flood control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also benefited flood control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also benefited flood control
+navigation and other irrigation projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation and other irrigation projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation and other irrigation projects
+um the construction of these dams had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the construction of these dams had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the construction of these dams had
+and continues to have a negative impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continues to have a negative impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continues to have a negative impact
+on the ecosystems of the basin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ecosystems of the basin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ecosystems of the basin for
+example the completion of the grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the completion of the grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the completion of the grand
+coulee dam eliminated salmon runs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulee dam eliminated salmon runs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulee dam eliminated salmon runs from
+the mainstream columbia river and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mainstream columbia river and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mainstream columbia river and its
+tributaries in british columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tributaries in british columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tributaries in british columbia
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the specific impis for the columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific impis for the columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific impis for the columbia
+river treaty was a major flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river treaty was a major flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river treaty was a major flood
+in 1948 the river was abnormally high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1948 the river was abnormally high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1948 the river was abnormally high
+due to deep snowfall and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to deep snowfall and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to deep snowfall and large
+rainstorms and it breached a dike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainstorms and it breached a dike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainstorms and it breached a dike in
+vancouver oregon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancouver oregon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vancouver oregon which is
+an industrial suburb outside of portland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industrial suburb outside of portland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an industrial suburb outside of portland
+and the town was completely submerged um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the town was completely submerged um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the town was completely submerged um
+18 000 residents were displaced 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 000 residents were displaced 51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 000 residents were displaced 51
+people were killed and the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were killed and the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were killed and the estimated
+property damage was over 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property damage was over 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property damage was over 100 million
+dollars so you can see here on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so you can see here on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so you can see here on the right
+a picture of the town right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of the town right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of the town right after the
+flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood
+um so the original treaty emerged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the original treaty emerged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the original treaty emerged in
+response to these two sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to these two sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to these two sort of
+one trend of hydropower development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trend of hydropower development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one trend of hydropower development and
+then the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the specific
+flood control needs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood control needs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood control needs um
+that were raised by the the vanport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were raised by the the vanport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were raised by the the vanport
+flood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flood so
+agreeing to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing to agree
+in 1944
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1944
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1944
+canada and the u.s had requested that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada and the u.s had requested that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada and the u.s had requested that
+the ijc determine whether a greater use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ijc determine whether a greater use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ijc determine whether a greater use
+than is now being made um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is now being made um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is now being made um
+of the waters of the columbia river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waters of the columbia river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the waters of the columbia river
+system would be feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would be feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would be feasible and
+advantageous and then four years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous and then four years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantageous and then four years later
+after the van port flood detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the van port flood detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the van port flood detailed
+studies began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies began
+and what followed was 11 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what followed was 11 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what followed was 11 years of
+discussions and analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions and analysis
+two requests by the u.s for approval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two requests by the u.s for approval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two requests by the u.s for approval of
+the libby dam in montana which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the libby dam in montana which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the libby dam in montana which is
+pictured behind me my virtual background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured behind me my virtual background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured behind me my virtual background
+um two proposals by columbia river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two proposals by columbia river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two proposals by columbia river
+companies to build canadian dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to build canadian dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to build canadian dams
+committee hearings in the us senate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee hearings in the us senate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee hearings in the us senate and
+the canadian parliament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian parliament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian parliament
+and a gradual acceptance by the us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a gradual acceptance by the us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a gradual acceptance by the us of
+the idea of sharing downstream u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of sharing downstream u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of sharing downstream u.s
+hydroelectric benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectric benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectric benefits
+so 11 years of negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 11 years of negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 11 years of negotiations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another
+round of formal negotiations begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of formal negotiations begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round of formal negotiations begin
+february of 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+february of 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+february of 1960
+and then ultimately the columbia river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately the columbia river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ultimately the columbia river
+treaty is signed by president eisenhower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty is signed by president eisenhower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty is signed by president eisenhower
+and prime minister diefenbaker in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prime minister diefenbaker in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prime minister diefenbaker in
+january 17 1961.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+january 17 1961.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+january 17 1961.
+um the us senate approved it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the us senate approved it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the us senate approved it almost
+immediately but ratification took an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately but ratification took an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately but ratification took an
+additional three years in canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional three years in canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional three years in canada
+largely due to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely due to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely due to um
+british columbia needing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british columbia needing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british columbia needing to
+negotiate with the canadian federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate with the canadian federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate with the canadian federal
+government to clarify issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to clarify issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to clarify issues of
+authority and responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and responsibility
+so that was sort of the original round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was sort of the original round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was sort of the original round
+of negotiation processes um and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negotiation processes um and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of negotiation processes um and the
+treaty as it emerged has two primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty as it emerged has two primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty as it emerged has two primary
+focuses hydroelectric power and flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses hydroelectric power and flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses hydroelectric power and flood
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+the terms of the tree specified that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of the tree specified that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of the tree specified that
+canada would provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada would provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada would provide
+about 15 million acre feet of storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 million acre feet of storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 million acre feet of storage
+usable for improving the flow of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable for improving the flow of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable for improving the flow of the
+columbia river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river
+this is really for flood control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really for flood control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really for flood control
+purposes to minimize downstream flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to minimize downstream flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes to minimize downstream flood
+damages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damages
+in both the us and canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the us and canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both the us and canada
+and as compensation the u.s made three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as compensation the u.s made three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as compensation the u.s made three
+lump sum payments totaling 64.4 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump sum payments totaling 64.4 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lump sum payments totaling 64.4 million
+dollars to canada when the dams were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to canada when the dams were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to canada when the dams were
+completed and that amount was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed and that amount was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed and that amount was based on
+an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate
+of um half of the present value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um half of the present value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um half of the present value of
+future u.s flood damages prevented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future u.s flood damages prevented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future u.s flood damages prevented
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the operation of the um columbia retreat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of the um columbia retreat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of the um columbia retreat
+storage creates hydropower benefits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage creates hydropower benefits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage creates hydropower benefits in
+both countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both countries
+and the crt requires that the downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crt requires that the downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the crt requires that the downstream
+power benefits in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power benefits in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power benefits in the u.s
+due to the operation of the canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the operation of the canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the operation of the canadian
+storage be shared equally between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage be shared equally between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage be shared equally between the
+two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two countries
+this is known as the canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as the canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is known as the canadian
+entitlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entitlement
+and under the terms of the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under the terms of the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under the terms of the treaty
+canada can opt to sell the entitlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada can opt to sell the entitlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada can opt to sell the entitlement
+back to buyers in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to buyers in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to buyers in the u.s
+and actually to pay for construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually to pay for construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually to pay for construction of
+the dams british columbia sold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dams british columbia sold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dams british columbia sold the
+canadian entitlement to a consortium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canadian entitlement to a consortium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canadian entitlement to a consortium of
+utilities in the us for 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities in the us for 30 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities in the us for 30 years
+beginning in 1964.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in 1964.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in 1964.
+um so the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the treaty
+really is sort of premised on this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is sort of premised on this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is sort of premised on this idea
+of mutual gains to both countries both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mutual gains to both countries both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mutual gains to both countries both
+in terms of flood control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of flood control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of flood control and
+hydroelectricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectricity
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+there were also sort of losses created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were also sort of losses created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were also sort of losses created
+most notably the treaty made no explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most notably the treaty made no explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most notably the treaty made no explicit
+provision for other values such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision for other values such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision for other values such as
+water flow benefits for salmon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water flow benefits for salmon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water flow benefits for salmon and
+steelheads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steelheads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steelheads or
+continuing to exacerbate these ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to exacerbate these ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to exacerbate these ecosystem
+problems created by this era of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems created by this era of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems created by this era of
+hydropower expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydropower expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydropower expansion
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three
+here you can see a map of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see a map of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see a map of all of the
+dams in this in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dams in this in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dams in this in the system
+um the three dams in canada up here can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the three dams in canada up here can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the three dams in canada up here can
+you see my mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my mouse
+um in purple and the libby dam in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in purple and the libby dam in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in purple and the libby dam in
+montana so those are the four dams that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana so those are the four dams that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+montana so those are the four dams that
+were built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were built
+as a result of the columbia river treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of the columbia river treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of the columbia river treaty
+but the the consequences of the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the consequences of the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the consequences of the treaty
+affect the entire hydroelectric power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the entire hydroelectric power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the entire hydroelectric power
+generation across the entire um basin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation across the entire um basin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation across the entire um basin so
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+very very involved um even though there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very involved um even though there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very involved um even though there
+were only three dams actually generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only three dams actually generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were only three dams actually generated
+as a result of the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of the treaty
+um so the treaty has been sort of widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the treaty has been sort of widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the treaty has been sort of widely
+regarded as an example of successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as an example of successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as an example of successful
+cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation
+and successful trans boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successful trans boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and successful trans boundary
+negotiations really built on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations really built on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations really built on this
+foundation of mutual gains in 2011 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of mutual gains in 2011 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation of mutual gains in 2011 when
+the renegotiation process began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the renegotiation process began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the renegotiation process began
+the british columbia um government came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the british columbia um government came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the british columbia um government came
+out with a statement saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a statement saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with a statement saying that the
+columbia river is known throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river is known throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river is known throughout the
+world as one of the most successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as one of the most successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as one of the most successful
+models of a transboundary water treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of a transboundary water treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of a transboundary water treaty
+other countries see the agreement as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries see the agreement as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries see the agreement as a
+benchmark on cooperation to create and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark on cooperation to create and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark on cooperation to create and
+share benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share benefits
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i thought that was sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought that was sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought that was sort of an
+interesting statement and while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statement and while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statement and while the
+treaty did authorize this equal sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty did authorize this equal sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty did authorize this equal sharing
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+additional hydropower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hydropower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional hydropower
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+results from additional water storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from additional water storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from additional water storage
+and coordinated water releases um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coordinated water releases um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coordinated water releases um there
+were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also
+the negative impacts of the dams weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative impacts of the dams weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative impacts of the dams weren't
+necessarily equally shared by the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equally shared by the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily equally shared by the two
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+um so the united states had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the united states had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the united states had
+fairly significant adverse impacts on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly significant adverse impacts on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly significant adverse impacts on on
+fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish
+and salmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and salmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and salmon
+habitat and some losses of land but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat and some losses of land but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat and some losses of land but in
+canada as a result of the three dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada as a result of the three dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada as a result of the three dams
+that were constructed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were constructed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were constructed um
+there was major flooding and dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was major flooding and dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was major flooding and dislocation
+of entire communities so canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entire communities so canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entire communities so canada
+although they were ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were ultimately
+compensated for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for it
+uh did have sort of more significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did have sort of more significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh did have sort of more significant
+negative impacts as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impacts as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impacts as a result
+of the treaties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treaties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treaties
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the case for modernization um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for modernization um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for modernization um the
+columbia river treaty has no expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river treaty has no expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river treaty has no expiration
+date um but 2024 is significant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date um but 2024 is significant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date um but 2024 is significant um
+because it is the earliest that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the earliest that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the earliest that the
+terms of the treaty can be terminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the treaty can be terminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the treaty can be terminated
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so without renegotiation also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so without renegotiation also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so without renegotiation also in
+addition to the termination provision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the termination provision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the termination provision
+without renegotiation the flood control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without renegotiation the flood control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without renegotiation the flood control
+provisions will shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions will shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions will shift
+um so this presents an opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this presents an opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this presents an opportunity for
+the united states and canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states and canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states and canada
+um as well as other stakeholders on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as other stakeholders on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as well as other stakeholders on both
+sides of the border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of the border
+to reconsider the scope of the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconsider the scope of the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconsider the scope of the treaty
+and evaluate its effectiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate its effectiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate its effectiveness
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and i think within a water diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think within a water diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think within a water diplomacy
+framework the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework the fact that this
+renegotiation process is baked into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation process is baked into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation process is baked into the
+initial agreement is a strength um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial agreement is a strength um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial agreement is a strength um
+we can talk about whether like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about whether like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about whether like the
+60-year timeline is too long but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60-year timeline is too long but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60-year timeline is too long but i think
+it is interesting that none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is interesting that none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is interesting that none of the
+original negotiators expected that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original negotiators expected that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original negotiators expected that the
+original agreement would last forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original agreement would last forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original agreement would last forever
+um but at the same time this has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but at the same time this has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but at the same time this has also
+introduced some measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced some measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced some measure of
+conflict i guess um because everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict i guess um because everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict i guess um because everyone
+wants the treaty to be updated in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants the treaty to be updated in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants the treaty to be updated in a way
+that reflects their priorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects their priorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reflects their priorities
+and values um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and values um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and values um so
+thinking about modernization uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about modernization uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about modernization uh which is
+the word being used by the negotiators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word being used by the negotiators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word being used by the negotiators
+there's sort of five main issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of five main issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of five main issues that
+that have been raised during these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been raised during these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been raised during these
+ongoing conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing conversations
+um this is not an exact an exhaustive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not an exact an exhaustive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not an exact an exhaustive
+list lots of other things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list lots of other things have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list lots of other things have been
+brought up as well but i think it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up as well but i think it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up as well but i think it sort
+of summarizes the most significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summarizes the most significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summarizes the most significant
+arguments so i'm going to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so i'm going to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments so i'm going to walk through
+each of these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these five
+um so first as i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first as i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first as i mentioned
+issue number one is that 2024 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue number one is that 2024 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue number one is that 2024 um
+the current flood risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flood risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current flood risk management
+provisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions
+change to a less defined approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to a less defined approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to a less defined approach and
+instead of canada providing a set amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of canada providing a set amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of canada providing a set amount
+of flood control every year it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flood control every year it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flood control every year it will be
+as an on an on-call basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an on an on-call basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an on an on-call basis
+and the u.s will pay on an annual basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s will pay on an annual basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s will pay on an annual basis
+based on how much flood risk has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how much flood risk has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on how much flood risk has been
+assessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is sort of the core part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the core part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sort of the core part of the
+original treaty and it will expire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original treaty and it will expire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original treaty and it will expire
+unless measures are taken to renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless measures are taken to renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless measures are taken to renew
+or modify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or modify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or modify it
+and in addition it is the earliest date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition it is the earliest date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition it is the earliest date
+at which the treaty can be terminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the treaty can be terminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which the treaty can be terminated
+provided that either canada or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that either canada or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that either canada or the
+united states provides 10 years written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states provides 10 years written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states provides 10 years written
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+um no one has provided this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no one has provided this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no one has provided this so the
+treaty will not be determined in or be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty will not be determined in or be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty will not be determined in or be
+terminated in 2024
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated in 2024
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminated in 2024
+um but it it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it it sort of
+catalyzed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+era of renegotiations beginning around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of renegotiations beginning around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of renegotiations beginning around
+2011 2012.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 2012.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2011 2012.
+that's issue one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's issue one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's issue one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+issue number two is that since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue number two is that since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue number two is that since the
+original treaty negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original treaty negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original treaty negotiation
+process in the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the 1960s
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+stakeholders outside of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders outside of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders outside of the main
+negotiating parties have argued that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating parties have argued that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating parties have argued that the
+treaty neglects ecosystem needs so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty neglects ecosystem needs so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty neglects ecosystem needs so the
+renegotiation process has opened the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation process has opened the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation process has opened the
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+for a variety of environmental advocates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of environmental advocates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of environmental advocates
+in particular the dams built as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the dams built as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the dams built as a result
+of the treaty have altered the river's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treaty have altered the river's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the treaty have altered the river's
+ecology and contributed to the decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and contributed to the decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology and contributed to the decline
+of salmon fisheries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of salmon fisheries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of salmon fisheries so
+in a 1995
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 1995
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 1995
+opinion on the impacts of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on the impacts of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion on the impacts of the entire
+columbia river power system on salmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river power system on salmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river power system on salmon
+noaa the national oceanographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noaa the national oceanographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noaa the national oceanographic
+association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association
+had set flow objectives at each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set flow objectives at each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set flow objectives at each of the
+columbia river bays and dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river bays and dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columbia river bays and dams
+in the last 20 years the spring target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 20 years the spring target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 20 years the spring target
+has been missed roughly 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been missed roughly 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been missed roughly 20
+27 percent of the time so 27 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 percent of the time so 27 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 percent of the time so 27 time
+there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not
+adequate flow at these dams for salmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate flow at these dams for salmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate flow at these dams for salmon
+to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass
+um and in the initial studies about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the initial studies about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in the initial studies about
+renegotiation the u.s and canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation the u.s and canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation the u.s and canadian
+entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities
+didn't address any of these ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't address any of these ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't address any of these ecosystem
+needs they only addressed updating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs they only addressed updating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs they only addressed updating the
+power and flood control agreements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and flood control agreements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and flood control agreements
+although subsequent documents have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although subsequent documents have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although subsequent documents have
+addressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed
+incorporating more ecosystem-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating more ecosystem-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating more ecosystem-based
+function requirements so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function requirements so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function requirements so you can see
+here on this map on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this map on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this map on the right
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+salmon passages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salmon passages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salmon passages
+and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where
+the dams have prevented any kind of fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dams have prevented any kind of fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dams have prevented any kind of fish
+migration so everything north almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration so everything north almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration so everything north almost
+everything north of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything north of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything north of
+the canadian border there the salmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian border there the salmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian border there the salmon
+habitat has been completely destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat has been completely destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habitat has been completely destroyed
+um and in particular groups that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular groups that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in particular groups that have
+been harmed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been harmed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been harmed by
+the original treaty and who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original treaty and who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original treaty and who have
+advocated consistently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocated consistently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocated consistently
+for um considering salmon habitats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um considering salmon habitats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um considering salmon habitats are
+the canadian first nations in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian first nations in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canadian first nations in the united
+states native american tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states native american tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states native american tribes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you can see here on the right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here on the right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here on the right um
+the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the historical
+land of the yakima umatilla nes pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of the yakima umatilla nes pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land of the yakima umatilla nes pearson
+warm springs tribes who have formed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm springs tribes who have formed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm springs tribes who have formed a
+coalition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coalition
+to advocate for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advocate for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advocate for um
+incorporating ecosystem functions in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating ecosystem functions in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating ecosystem functions in in
+the modernized treaty and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modernized treaty and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modernized treaty and that that
+group came out with a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group came out with a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group came out with a statement
+recently that said that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently that said that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently that said that any
+modifications to the treaty must ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the treaty must ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the treaty must ensure
+full engagement and consent from tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full engagement and consent from tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full engagement and consent from tribes
+and first nations and be in alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first nations and be in alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first nations and be in alignment
+with articulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with articulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with articulate
+articulated indigenous governance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated indigenous governance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated indigenous governance
+principles so they're advocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles so they're advocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles so they're advocating
+essentially for expanding the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for expanding the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for expanding the formal
+negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation
+team to include representatives from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to include representatives from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to include representatives from
+native american tribes and first nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+stakeholders sort of responding to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders sort of responding to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders sort of responding to these
+needs on both sides have identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs on both sides have identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs on both sides have identified
+ecosystem functions as a key component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem functions as a key component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem functions as a key component
+of a modernized treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a modernized treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a modernized treaty
+the u.s came out and said that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s came out and said that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s came out and said that there's
+an opportunity for inclusion of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for inclusion of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for inclusion of certain
+additional ecosystem operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ecosystem operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional ecosystem operations
+and the bc side the british columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bc side the british columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bc side the british columbia
+side said basically the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side said basically the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side said basically the exact same
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+um there is certainly a lack of clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is certainly a lack of clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is certainly a lack of clarity
+about what exactly ecosystem functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what exactly ecosystem functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what exactly ecosystem functions
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+uh it's sort of become a buzzword within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of become a buzzword within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of become a buzzword within
+this negotiation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negotiation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negotiation process
+um and a lot of uh stakeholders trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of uh stakeholders trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of uh stakeholders trying
+to advocate for clarifying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advocate for clarifying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to advocate for clarifying and
+determining what exactly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what exactly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining what exactly are
+we thinking about when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thinking about when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thinking about when we're talking
+about ecosystem functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ecosystem functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ecosystem functions
+and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally
+um the terms of the canadian entitlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the terms of the canadian entitlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the terms of the canadian entitlement
+have led to conditions that disadvantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have led to conditions that disadvantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have led to conditions that disadvantage
+u.s electricity consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s electricity consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s electricity consumers
+because the canadian entitlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the canadian entitlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the canadian entitlement
+specifies that all power generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies that all power generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies that all power generated
+downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream
+would be split evenly among the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be split evenly among the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be split evenly among the united
+states and canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although the energy market has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the energy market has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the energy market has changed
+considerably since 1964.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably since 1964.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably since 1964.
+so the original economic assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original economic assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original economic assumptions
+were based on forecasts of declining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based on forecasts of declining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were based on forecasts of declining
+downstream power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream power
+but these proved to be incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these proved to be incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these proved to be incorrect
+and so the the power sharing agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the power sharing agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the power sharing agreement
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately
+been more favorable to canada than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more favorable to canada than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been more favorable to canada than to
+the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us
+and um the u.s entity has proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the u.s entity has proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the u.s entity has proposed
+rebalancing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalancing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalancing the
+power benefits to better reflect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power benefits to better reflect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power benefits to better reflect the
+actual value of the coordinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value of the coordinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value of the coordinated
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+um however some northwest politicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however some northwest politicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um however some northwest politicians
+believe that the terms of the treaty are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the terms of the treaty are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the terms of the treaty are
+beyond repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond repair
+and uh introduced a bipartisan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh introduced a bipartisan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh introduced a bipartisan
+resolution in the united states house of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution in the united states house of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution in the united states house of
+representatives calling for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives calling for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives calling for its
+termination um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination um
+well this seems unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this seems unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this seems unlikely
+uh it is another sticking point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is another sticking point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it is another sticking point in the
+renegotiation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um formal negotiations opened on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um formal negotiations opened on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um formal negotiations opened on
+may 30th in 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may 30th in 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may 30th in 2018
+um and in june 20th 2020 the 10th round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in june 20th 2020 the 10th round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in june 20th 2020 the 10th round
+of treaty negotiations occurred via web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treaty negotiations occurred via web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treaty negotiations occurred via web
+conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference
+um and at the conclusion of those most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and at the conclusion of those most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and at the conclusion of those most
+recent conversations the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent conversations the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent conversations the two sides
+released almost identical press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released almost identical press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released almost identical press
+statements which i've excerpted on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements which i've excerpted on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements which i've excerpted on this
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+due to the confidential nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the confidential nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the confidential nature of the
+cross-border negotiations the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border negotiations the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-border negotiations the specific
+details of canada's initial proposal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of canada's initial proposal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of canada's initial proposal and
+of the us framework that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the us framework that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the us framework that they're
+referencing here aren't have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing here aren't have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing here aren't have not been
+made public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made public
+um and this lack of information has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this lack of information has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this lack of information has been
+really frustrating to the numerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating to the numerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frustrating to the numerous
+stakeholders who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders who
+regard modernizing the treatment treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard modernizing the treatment treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard modernizing the treatment treaty
+is essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essential
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in 2018
+a coalition of 31 non-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coalition of 31 non-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coalition of 31 non-profit
+organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations
+sent a letter to the u.s entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent a letter to the u.s entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent a letter to the u.s entity
+advocating for among other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating for among other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocating for among other things
+the expansion of the u.s negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the u.s negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion of the u.s negotiating
+team to include a broader range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to include a broader range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team to include a broader range of
+stakeholders and greater transparency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and greater transparency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders and greater transparency in
+the negotiation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiation process
+so i'll talk a little bit about like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk a little bit about like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll talk a little bit about like how
+the negotiations actually work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiations actually work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiations actually work um
+each side is represented by an entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side is represented by an entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side is represented by an entity
+and the u.s entity is made up of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s entity is made up of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s entity is made up of the
+state department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state department
+the bonneville power administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonneville power administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonneville power administration
+which covers multiple states in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which covers multiple states in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which covers multiple states in the
+pacific northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacific northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacific northwest
+and the northwest division of the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the northwest division of the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the northwest division of the u.s
+army corps of engineers and the canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army corps of engineers and the canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army corps of engineers and the canadian
+entity is um represented by the canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity is um represented by the canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity is um represented by the canadian
+department of foreign affairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of foreign affairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of foreign affairs
+trade and development um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and development um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade and development um
+and the bc hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bc hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bc hydro
+power authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power authority
+and so these are the sort of formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are the sort of formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are the sort of formal
+negotiators but in addition to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators but in addition to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators but in addition to those
+teams there are numerous other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams there are numerous other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams there are numerous other
+stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders
+who are not formally involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not formally involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not formally involved in the
+negotiation process but have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation process but have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation process but have
+um claims to the basin so these include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um claims to the basin so these include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um claims to the basin so these include
+for example states and their legislators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example states and their legislators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example states and their legislators
+a large assortment of ngos and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large assortment of ngos and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large assortment of ngos and other
+non-profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profits
+public utility districts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public utility districts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public utility districts
+and tribes in both the united states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tribes in both the united states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tribes in both the united states and
+canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+as far as like thinking about what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as like thinking about what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as like thinking about what comes
+next and trying to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and trying to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and trying to imagine
+sort of how this treaty might resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how this treaty might resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how this treaty might resolve
+um as i said the negotiations are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i said the negotiations are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as i said the negotiations are still
+very much in progress and there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in progress and there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much in progress and there's not a
+ton of information about how things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of information about how things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ton of information about how things have
+been evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been evolving
+that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said
+there seems to be a consensus emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be a consensus emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there seems to be a consensus emerging
+around how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around how
+they can leverage the treaty to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can leverage the treaty to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can leverage the treaty to address
+ecosystem functions and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem functions and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem functions and other
+environmental concerns such as climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns such as climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental concerns such as climate
+change um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a
+a priority for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priority for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priority for
+many of the non-formal stakeholders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the non-formal stakeholders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the non-formal stakeholders and
+has that has been reflected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that has been reflected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that has been reflected in
+statements made by the u.s and canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements made by the u.s and canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements made by the u.s and canadian
+entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities
+there are lots of stakeholders who all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of stakeholders who all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of stakeholders who all
+have various views about how the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have various views about how the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have various views about how the treaty
+should be modernized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be modernized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be modernized
+and there are even some stakeholders who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are even some stakeholders who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are even some stakeholders who
+believe that a formal treaty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that a formal treaty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that a formal treaty is
+unnecessary so i think there is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary so i think there is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary so i think there is sort of
+a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more
+i think it's unlikely that that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's unlikely that that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's unlikely that that actually
+emerges as an option um but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges as an option um but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges as an option um but there's a
+question of whether the two sides could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether the two sides could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether the two sides could
+cooperate on flood control without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate on flood control without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate on flood control without a
+formal treaty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal treaty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal treaty um
+or whether you know good good treaties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether you know good good treaties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether you know good good treaties
+make good neighbors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good neighbors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make good neighbors so
+that's where that's where we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that's where we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that's where we're at
+thank you all for listening yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all for listening yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you all for listening yeah
+okay thank you jimmy for excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you jimmy for excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank you jimmy for excellent
+presentation i think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation i think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation i think it's really
+nice the way that you have presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice the way that you have presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice the way that you have presented
+it's really on the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really on the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really on the food
+so now i would like to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i would like to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i would like to um
+yeah ask mushroom flora to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ask mushroom flora to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ask mushroom flora to make the
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments
+and yeah then we can discuss further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah then we can discuss further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah then we can discuss further
+so what do you think will be the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think will be the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you think will be the biggest
+biggest challenge to overcome from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge to overcome from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge to overcome from the
+government side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government side
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think it's sort of this fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's sort of this fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's sort of this fundamental
+question if the treaty that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if the treaty that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if the treaty that they have
+has basically worked for 60 years um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has basically worked for 60 years um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has basically worked for 60 years um and
+people have been pretty happy with it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been pretty happy with it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been pretty happy with it on
+both sides the us feels like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides the us feels like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides the us feels like they're
+overpaying for power but that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpaying for power but that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpaying for power but that's sort of
+been the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the main
+objection to the treaty as it currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection to the treaty as it currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection to the treaty as it currently
+stands however i think there is a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands however i think there is a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands however i think there is a fairly
+broad consensus that the treaty should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad consensus that the treaty should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad consensus that the treaty should
+be the scope of the treaty should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the scope of the treaty should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the scope of the treaty should be
+expanded to include all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded to include all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded to include all of these
+ecosystems not all of these ecosystem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems not all of these ecosystem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems not all of these ecosystem
+services but certain ecosystem services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services but certain ecosystem services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services but certain ecosystem services
+relating to salmon fisheries and climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to salmon fisheries and climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to salmon fisheries and climate
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+and i think figuring out i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think figuring out i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think figuring out i think the
+biggest challenge for the government is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge for the government is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest challenge for the government is
+figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out
+to what extent are we going to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent are we going to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what extent are we going to transform
+this treaty that has basically worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treaty that has basically worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treaty that has basically worked
+for 60 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 60 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 60 years
+and and sort of brought in the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sort of brought in the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and sort of brought in the scope of
+these negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negotiations
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+i think is just sort of a slippery slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is just sort of a slippery slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think is just sort of a slippery slope
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and is this treaty as you know even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this treaty as you know even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is this treaty as you know even the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+vehicle for having those conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for having those conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle for having those conversations
+about transboundary environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transboundary environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transboundary environmental
+concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns
+i don't i don't know i'm i'm not sure i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i don't know i'm i'm not sure i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i don't know i'm i'm not sure i
+actually have an answer to that one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have an answer to that one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have an answer to that one um
+yeah i think that's the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think that's the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think that's the biggest
+challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+uh i'm also thinking something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm also thinking something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm also thinking something that
+since the climate changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the climate changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the climate changes in the
+climate change is very much in the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is very much in the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change is very much in the issue
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+help me understand this because i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me understand this because i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me understand this because i'm not
+that much familiar with the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much familiar with the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much familiar with the us
+government system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government system
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i was thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking that
+for example the last government of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the last government of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the last government of the
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as far my understanding goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far my understanding goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far my understanding goes
+not really very supportive of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really very supportive of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really very supportive of the
+measures to be taken taking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures to be taken taking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures to be taken taking about the
+climate change and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and everything
+and i know that like in the us there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that like in the us there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know that like in the us there is
+spoiler system like once the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiler system like once the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoiler system like once the government
+changes almost a major portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes almost a major portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes almost a major portion of the
+administration changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration changes
+so with this shift of administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this shift of administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this shift of administration
+do you think like that will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think like that will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think like that will have a
+significant effect on making the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect on making the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant effect on making the future
+decisions on this treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on this treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions on this treaty
+and if yes then how that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if yes then how that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if yes then how that might
+end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+yeah i think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think um
+i would i would venture yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would i would venture yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would i would venture yes
+i think that even under the trump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that even under the trump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that even under the trump
+administration climate change still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration climate change still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administration climate change still
+featured in this treaty because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured in this treaty because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured in this treaty because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if for example there is less snow melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example there is less snow melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for example there is less snow melt
+or less snow accumulation because of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less snow accumulation because of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less snow accumulation because of a
+changing climate that has serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing climate that has serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing climate that has serious
+impacts on you know u.s hydroelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts on you know u.s hydroelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts on you know u.s hydroelectric
+power generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power generation and
+the economy of the pacific northwest i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy of the pacific northwest i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy of the pacific northwest i
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+40 percent of washington electricity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 percent of washington electricity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 percent of washington electricity is
+is hydroelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hydroelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hydroelectric
+so if there's less water there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's less water there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's less water there's less
+power and that's quite devastating um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and that's quite devastating um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and that's quite devastating um to
+the northwest economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northwest economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the northwest economy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to that extent i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that extent i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that extent i think
+it sort of impacts the potential impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of impacts the potential impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of impacts the potential impacts
+of climate change on this treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of climate change on this treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of climate change on this treaty
+had already been taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had already been taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had already been taken into
+consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration
+whether under the current administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether under the current administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether under the current administration
+that might be expanded to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be expanded to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be expanded to include
+sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more
+comprehensive environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive environmental
+values um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values um
+it seems possible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems possible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems possible um
+i also think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also think that
+this treaty is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treaty is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treaty is not a
+major foreign policy priority for either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major foreign policy priority for either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major foreign policy priority for either
+government um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's kind of skated under the radar a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of skated under the radar a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of skated under the radar a
+little bit and during like some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and during like some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and during like some of the
+there were 10 rounds of negotiations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 10 rounds of negotiations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 10 rounds of negotiations and
+then some it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some it kind of
+was put on hold during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put on hold during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put on hold during the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+changing government so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing government so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing government so i think
+well whether it will be picked up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whether it will be picked up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whether it will be picked up with
+sort of more focus on environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more focus on environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more focus on environmental
+concerns i think remains to be seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns i think remains to be seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns i think remains to be seen
+actually both the questions came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both the questions came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually both the questions came from
+my experience as a government officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience as a government officer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my experience as a government officer
+because in our case in the u.s or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in our case in the u.s or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in our case in the u.s or in
+most of the developed countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the developed countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the developed countries
+generally what i see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what i see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what i see that
+although the government's change but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the government's change but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the government's change but the
+national policies and the national goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national policies and the national goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national policies and the national goals
+more or less remain same very minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less remain same very minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less remain same very minor
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+unless like some drastic medicines taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless like some drastic medicines taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless like some drastic medicines taken
+but in this part of the world government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this part of the world government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this part of the world government
+changes the whole thing falls apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the whole thing falls apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the whole thing falls apart and
+you start from you so which is why i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start from you so which is why i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start from you so which is why i was
+trying to actually understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to actually understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to actually understand
+this thing so that i can actually design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so that i can actually design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing so that i can actually design
+my my uh my presentation and paper from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my uh my presentation and paper from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my uh my presentation and paper from
+that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person
+thank you very much it was an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much it was an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much it was an amazing
+presentation and i loved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks mushroom
+flora do you have any feedback or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora do you have any feedback or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora do you have any feedback or
+question for gemma yeah yeah i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for gemma yeah yeah i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for gemma yeah yeah i really
+really enjoyed this presentation great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed this presentation great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed this presentation great
+job um i appreciate your use of graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job um i appreciate your use of graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job um i appreciate your use of graphics
+i think you know making a presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know making a presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you know making a presentation
+is um you know good presentation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know good presentation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know good presentation is
+always not as easy as it seems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always not as easy as it seems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always not as easy as it seems um
+so yeah overall i think i learned a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah overall i think i learned a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah overall i think i learned a lot
+it was very easy to follow um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very easy to follow um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very easy to follow um i
+definitely had a couple points that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely had a couple points that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely had a couple points that i
+would consider as like further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider as like further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider as like further
+considerations like not really necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations like not really necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations like not really necessary
+but things that came to mind while i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things that came to mind while i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things that came to mind while i was
+listening to the presentation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the presentation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the presentation so
+um i'll run through and you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'll run through and you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'll run through and you can either
+respond or not respond to each one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond or not respond to each one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond or not respond to each one so
+the first one is um are there still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is um are there still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is um are there still
+opportunities for further hydro power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for further hydro power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for further hydro power
+expansion along the columbia river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion along the columbia river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion along the columbia river
+because you mentioned that flooding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you mentioned that flooding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you mentioned that flooding is
+still a priority but i know in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a priority but i know in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a priority but i know in a lot of
+parts of the world hydropower expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world hydropower expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world hydropower expansion
+is really diminishing because we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really diminishing because we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really diminishing because we're just
+utilizing everything that we can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so in my understanding there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in my understanding there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in my understanding there is not
+there are no opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no opportunities for
+additional dam construction there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dam construction there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional dam construction there are
+opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for
+greater efficient like greater electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater efficient like greater electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater efficient like greater electric
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+some dams have been identified as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dams have been identified as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dams have been identified as
+potential targets for removal which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential targets for removal which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential targets for removal which
+would then catalyze additional needs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then catalyze additional needs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then catalyze additional needs on
+the existing dams for flood for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing dams for flood for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existing dams for flood for all
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah those are right that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are right that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are right that those are the
+categories yeah um yeah and so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories yeah um yeah and so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories yeah um yeah and so then the
+next one um so you talked about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one um so you talked about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one um so you talked about this a
+little bit especially at the end but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit especially at the end but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit especially at the end but um
+i was wondering like how climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was wondering like how climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was wondering like how climate change
+might exacerbate the water resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might exacerbate the water resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might exacerbate the water resources in
+the future and like i guess specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and like i guess specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future and like i guess specifically
+if certain stakeholders should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if certain stakeholders should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if certain stakeholders should be
+included so you already mentioned a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so you already mentioned a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included so you already mentioned a lot
+of stakeholders that are not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stakeholders that are not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stakeholders that are not being
+included um but it would be interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included um but it would be interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included um but it would be interesting
+if like ecologists either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like ecologists either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like ecologists either
+like representing the like two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like representing the like two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like representing the like two countries
+or some kind of neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some kind of neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some kind of neutral
+ecology representation to be included in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology representation to be included in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecology representation to be included in
+the negotiations to really advocate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiations to really advocate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negotiations to really advocate for
+these environmental needs and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these environmental needs and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these environmental needs and not just
+the wants of the two countries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wants of the two countries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wants of the two countries like
+economically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically or
+technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+that's a that's a great question um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a great question um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's a great question um i
+think one of the suggestions that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the suggestions that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the suggestions that has
+emerged in recent years is officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged in recent years is officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged in recent years is officially
+adding noaa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding noaa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding noaa
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+um u.s entity team to have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um u.s entity team to have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um u.s entity team to have a better
+advocate for sort of environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for sort of environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocate for sort of environmental
+impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts
+in that formal body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that formal body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that formal body
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that is one of the things or like other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one of the things or like other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one of the things or like other
+sort of representatives from the us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of representatives from the us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of representatives from the us
+department of the interior that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of the interior that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department of the interior that could
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+be more of a voice for environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more of a voice for environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more of a voice for environmental
+concerns compared to like the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns compared to like the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns compared to like the power
+administrations who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrations who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrations who have
+sort of clear expertise on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of clear expertise on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of clear expertise on the
+hydroelectric side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectric side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroelectric side
+um but aren't necessarily equipped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but aren't necessarily equipped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but aren't necessarily equipped to
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+you know salmon habitats and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know salmon habitats and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know salmon habitats and things like
+that so that's one of the strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's one of the strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's one of the strategies
+that has been proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been proposed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+has not happened yet awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not happened yet awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not happened yet awesome
+um okay so the next thing is about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the next thing is about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so the next thing is about so
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+did a good job of explaining the gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a good job of explaining the gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a good job of explaining the gains
+and losses from the treaties point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losses from the treaties point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losses from the treaties point of
+view like which parties were suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view like which parties were suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view like which parties were suffering
+and which ones were really experiencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones were really experiencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which ones were really experiencing
+gain but it'd be interesting to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain but it'd be interesting to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain but it'd be interesting to learn
+more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about
+like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how
+this treaty was successful in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treaty was successful in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this treaty was successful in terms of
+negotiation so not just the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation so not just the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation so not just the effects of
+the treaty itself but also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty itself but also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty itself but also like
+um if people are saying that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if people are saying that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if people are saying that this is
+like the model negotiation treaty it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the model negotiation treaty it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the model negotiation treaty it's
+i'm sure it's not just because of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure it's not just because of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure it's not just because of what
+the treaty was able to achieve but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty was able to achieve but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty was able to achieve but also
+like how the treaty was negotiated i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how the treaty was negotiated i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how the treaty was negotiated i
+think that's like one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's like one of the most
+interesting things about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about your
+presentation is that it basically refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is that it basically refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation is that it basically refers
+to no animosity between the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no animosity between the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to no animosity between the countries
+like it took a really really long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it took a really really long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it took a really really long time
+like decades of negotiations but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like decades of negotiations but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like decades of negotiations but like
+almost nowhere in your presentation did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nowhere in your presentation did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost nowhere in your presentation did
+you mention like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mention like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mention like
+well they like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they like really
+you know like got stuck on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like got stuck on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like got stuck on this one
+issue or they couldn't move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue or they couldn't move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue or they couldn't move forward
+because like this one party was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like this one party was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like this one party was like
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um cooperating and i i don't know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cooperating and i i don't know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cooperating and i i don't know i
+think it'd be interesting to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'd be interesting to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'd be interesting to understand
+like why why is that like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why is that like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why why is that like it's
+must have like something to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have like something to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have like something to do with the
+negotiations and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations and then also
+probably the conditions of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the conditions of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the conditions of what's
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+yeah that's a great point i have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great point i have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a great point i have not
+really built that in but i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really built that in but i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really built that in but i think that's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+that yeah that's super helpful i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's super helpful i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah that's super helpful i'm
+definitely gonna do that yeah i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely gonna do that yeah i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely gonna do that yeah i think
+like an easy way is like looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an easy way is like looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an easy way is like looking at the
+bruno verdini's 12 steps and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bruno verdini's 12 steps and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bruno verdini's 12 steps and just
+checking off like which ones seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking off like which ones seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking off like which ones seem to be
+fulfilled and then which ones don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled and then which ones don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilled and then which ones don't
+because i imagine many are checked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i imagine many are checked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i imagine many are checked and
+then that's why it was exactly but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's why it was exactly but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's why it was exactly but um
+yeah no it was really interesting i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it was really interesting i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it was really interesting i
+think it's like a big shift from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like a big shift from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like a big shift from the
+case that i'm working on where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that i'm working on where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that i'm working on where like
+basically the governments hate each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the governments hate each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the governments hate each
+other and like that's why nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and like that's why nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and like that's why nothing is
+able to get forward and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get forward and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get forward and i think
+it's just um it's interesting to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just um it's interesting to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just um it's interesting to see how
+long the timeline is even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the timeline is even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the timeline is even if the
+governments don't hate each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments don't hate each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments don't hate each other
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+i was thinking i was thinking a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking i was thinking a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was thinking i was thinking a lot of
+that a lot about that after listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot about that after listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot about that after listening to
+who's name's case last week um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's name's case last week um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's name's case last week um
+and like the two they kind of arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the two they kind of arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like the two they kind of arrived
+the us and canada kind of arrived at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us and canada kind of arrived at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the us and canada kind of arrived at the
+negotiating people with this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating people with this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiating people with this idea of
+neutral gains in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral gains in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral gains in mind
+and the treaty emerged from that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treaty emerged from that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the treaty emerged from that and it
+wasn't it's not that the treaty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it's not that the treaty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it's not that the treaty is
+enabling an effective diplomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling an effective diplomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabling an effective diplomatic
+relationship the treaty is the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the treaty is the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the treaty is the result of
+an effective diplomatic relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective diplomatic relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective diplomatic relationship
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so how that kind of differs and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how that kind of differs and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how that kind of differs and and how
+that might be leveraged for a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be leveraged for a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be leveraged for a sort of
+more comprehensive and forward-looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comprehensive and forward-looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comprehensive and forward-looking
+um document going going forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um document going going forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um document going going forward so
+yeah that's great thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's great thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's great thank you so much
+definitely yeah no um i'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely yeah no um i'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely yeah no um i'm just trying to
+see okay so the last thing that i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so the last thing that i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see okay so the last thing that i had
+was i mean you mentioned this as one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i mean you mentioned this as one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i mean you mentioned this as one of
+your open questions but like it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your open questions but like it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your open questions but like it's really
+interesting what the consequences for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what the consequences for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting what the consequences for
+the different stakeholders would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different stakeholders would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different stakeholders would be if
+the treaty was terminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty was terminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty was terminated
+um i think like it seems like everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think like it seems like everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think like it seems like everyone's
+on the same page that like this treaty's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page that like this treaty's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same page that like this treaty's
+working it's good but then it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it's good but then it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it's good but then it's really
+weird that like they're unable to extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird that like they're unable to extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird that like they're unable to extend
+the treaty it seems like mainly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty it seems like mainly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treaty it seems like mainly just
+because people are dragging their feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are dragging their feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are dragging their feet
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+yeah it seems like in most cases if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it seems like in most cases if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it seems like in most cases if the
+treaty went away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty went away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty went away
+um stakeholders would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stakeholders would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um stakeholders would
+have some kind of loss um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of loss um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some kind of loss um but
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah thanks for a very constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thanks for a very constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thanks for a very constructive
+suggestion so any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion so any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion so any other
+suggestions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions from
+um aaron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aaron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um aaron or
+cassian or s9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+yeah i i would like to ask one thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i would like to ask one thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i i would like to ask one thing um
+maybe master does top on it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe master does top on it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe master does top on it you
+mentioned five area of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned five area of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned five area of new
+um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah
+renegotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation
+process so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so um
+and um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so
+what are the disagreement um among these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the disagreement um among these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the disagreement um among these
+um areas that you mentioned among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um areas that you mentioned among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um areas that you mentioned among the
+two parties between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties between
+canada and u.s is there kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada and u.s is there kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada and u.s is there kind of
+who are you able to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you able to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you able to explore
+the disagreement among the parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disagreement among the parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disagreement among the parties
+for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those
+areas that that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that that can
+a negotiation might stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negotiation might stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negotiation might stack
+i think one of the things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think one of the things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think one of the things that's
+interesting about this case is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this case is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this case is that the
+disagreement isn't necessarily between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement isn't necessarily between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement isn't necessarily between
+the two entities but also between all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two entities but also between all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two entities but also between all of
+these sort of peripheral or not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of peripheral or not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of peripheral or not even
+peripheral like they're deeply involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral like they're deeply involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peripheral like they're deeply involved
+they're just not part of the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not part of the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not part of the formal
+process so one of the things that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so one of the things that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so one of the things that's been
+so interesting looking through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interesting looking through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interesting looking through all of
+the documents that have been or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents that have been or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the documents that have been or the
+statements that have been put out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that have been put out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements that have been put out by the
+us and canada is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and canada is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and canada is how
+identical they are so they kind of they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they are so they kind of they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical they are so they kind of they
+after each round of negotiations they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after each round of negotiations they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after each round of negotiations they
+put up these statements they're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up these statements they're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up these statements they're like oh
+we made so much progress like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made so much progress like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made so much progress like we
+responded to their framework we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to their framework we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to their framework we
+responded to their framework like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to their framework like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to their framework like things
+are moving right along and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving right along and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving right along and all of the
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+complexity seems to be driven by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity seems to be driven by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity seems to be driven by these
+other actors who are pushing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actors who are pushing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other actors who are pushing for
+change so i'm not sure if there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so i'm not sure if there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so i'm not sure if there's like
+necessarily a ton of disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a ton of disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a ton of disagreement
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+two countries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two countries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two countries um
+around say like the inclusion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around say like the inclusion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around say like the inclusion of
+indigenous peoples and the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous peoples and the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous peoples and the negotiation
+process like i think both countries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like i think both countries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like i think both countries are
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to
+um expand the scope of the treaty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expand the scope of the treaty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um expand the scope of the treaty to
+think about how those those tribes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how those those tribes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how those those tribes have
+been harmed over the last 60 years um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the the conflict then is like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the conflict then is like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the conflict then is like how
+does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+collaborative treaty mechanism respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative treaty mechanism respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative treaty mechanism respond
+to the needs of these stakeholders on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the needs of these stakeholders on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the needs of these stakeholders on
+both sides of the border does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of the border does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides of the border does that
+answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah well thanks uh so the second issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well thanks uh so the second issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well thanks uh so the second issue
+that um i wanted to mention that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um i wanted to mention that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um i wanted to mention that um
+uh you mentioned climate sense is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mentioned climate sense is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mentioned climate sense is one of
+the future aspect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future aspect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future aspect that
+need to be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be considered
+so is there any study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there any study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there any study that
+can provide details what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide details what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can provide details what are the
+expected impacts of the climate sense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected impacts of the climate sense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected impacts of the climate sense is
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh future flooding or is it uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh future flooding or is it uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh future flooding or is it uh the
+impact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the
+on on energy uh hydropower generation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on energy uh hydropower generation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on energy uh hydropower generation so
+i think if you can mention those impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if you can mention those impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if you can mention those impact
+i think then then it could be much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think then then it could be much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think then then it could be much more
+i think your succession could be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think your succession could be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think your succession could be much
+more uh solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh solid
+yes i think i left that up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think i left that up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i think i left that up for
+complexity's sake here but i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity's sake here but i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity's sake here but i think the
+main concern is sort of this shift from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main concern is sort of this shift from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main concern is sort of this shift from
+a basin that's driven by snow melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basin that's driven by snow melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basin that's driven by snow melt
+um to a basin that's driven by rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to a basin that's driven by rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to a basin that's driven by rain
+uh and as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as that
+like as there is less snowball and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as there is less snowball and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as there is less snowball and more
+rain the kind of flood control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain the kind of flood control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain the kind of flood control
+mechanisms change as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms change as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms change as well as the
+potential like management of hydropower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential like management of hydropower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential like management of hydropower
+over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time so
+yes i do have sources for that and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i do have sources for that and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i do have sources for that and i
+will include those in my final case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will include those in my final case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will include those in my final case
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jim i i've mentioned to you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jim i i've mentioned to you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jim i i've mentioned to you a couple
+times along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times along the way
+um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+it's invisible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's invisible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's invisible
+but the states and the provincial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the states and the provincial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the states and the provincial
+governments in canada are in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments in canada are in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments in canada are in fact uh
+very much calling the shots yeah and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much calling the shots yeah and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much calling the shots yeah and uh
+they're not officially part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not officially part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not officially part of the
+entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the
+u.s entity is led by the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s entity is led by the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s entity is led by the state
+department because allegedly this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department because allegedly this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department because allegedly this is an
+international negotiation and the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international negotiation and the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international negotiation and the state
+department has no relationships with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department has no relationships with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department has no relationships with the
+governors of all those states no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governors of all those states no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governors of all those states no
+long-standing working relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing working relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-standing working relationships
+which has caused some severe difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has caused some severe difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has caused some severe difficulty
+for those governors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those governors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those governors
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be
+i don't you don't have to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't you don't have to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't you don't have to do this but
+you might want to imagine as a last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to imagine as a last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to imagine as a last
+little piece of your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of your paper
+what it might be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it might be like
+and how helpful it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how helpful it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how helpful it might be
+to imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine a
+second track of negotiations convened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second track of negotiations convened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second track of negotiations convened
+by the u.s governors and the provincial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the u.s governors and the provincial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the u.s governors and the provincial
+leadership in bc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership in bc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leadership in bc
+with first nations and tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first nations and tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with first nations and tribes
+they would have enormous credibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have enormous credibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have enormous credibility
+they said we're getting together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we're getting together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we're getting together because
+we are convinced that the future of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are convinced that the future of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are convinced that the future of this
+agreement whether it's strengthened or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement whether it's strengthened or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement whether it's strengthened or
+renewed or replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed or replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renewed or replaced
+this it needs to take account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it needs to take account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it needs to take account
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+changing conditions from 60 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing conditions from 60 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing conditions from 60 years ago
+and we feel those when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we feel those when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we feel those when we have
+responsibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities
+and if they were to organize a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they were to organize a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they were to organize a set of
+sessions with ngos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions with ngos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions with ngos
+and find this on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find this on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find this on their own
+the state department i promise you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state department i promise you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state department i promise you would
+come the same way that the canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come the same way that the canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come the same way that the canadian
+agencies would show up but they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies would show up but they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies would show up but they wouldn't
+be there in their official capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in their official capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there in their official capacity
+and if they just took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they just took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if they just took
+three or four questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four questions
+maybe even two or three questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even two or three questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even two or three questions
+that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not
+addressed for the future in the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed for the future in the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed for the future in the existing
+treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty
+and and laid out substantively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and laid out substantively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and laid out substantively
+agreements they might reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements they might reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreements they might reach
+the same way that bruno described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that bruno described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that bruno described
+local officials on both sides of the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local officials on both sides of the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local officials on both sides of the u.s
+mexico border initiating their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico border initiating their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico border initiating their own
+conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations
+trying to come up with what they'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with what they'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to come up with what they'd like
+to see as jointly beneficial elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see as jointly beneficial elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see as jointly beneficial elements of
+a future supplementary agreement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future supplementary agreement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a future supplementary agreement which
+then became the basis of what the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became the basis of what the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then became the basis of what the u.s
+government negotiated i think the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government negotiated i think the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government negotiated i think the same
+thing could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing could happen
+yeah and and i i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and i i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and i i think it's
+i think the two big differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the two big differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the two big differences between
+then and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and now
+are that there were enormous number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that there were enormous number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that there were enormous number of
+positive benefits to be shared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive benefits to be shared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive benefits to be shared in the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and so they were getting together i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they were getting together i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they were getting together i
+agree that everyone who pointed out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that everyone who pointed out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that everyone who pointed out they
+start with friendly relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with friendly relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with friendly relationships
+matters but when the actual negotiator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters but when the actual negotiator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters but when the actual negotiator
+sat down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down
+okay how much flood control are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much flood control are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how much flood control are you
+going to give me well how much money are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me well how much money are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me well how much money are
+you going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to give me
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+that was the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the negotiation
+whereas now it's okay what restrictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas now it's okay what restrictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas now it's okay what restrictions
+are we going to impose what dams are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to impose what dams are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to impose what dams are we
+going to take down who's going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take down who's going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take down who's going to build
+the new flood control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new flood control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new flood control
+systems if you take down existing dams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems if you take down existing dams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems if you take down existing dams
+to make salmon uh migration possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make salmon uh migration possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make salmon uh migration possible
+it's not all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all about
+allocating gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocating gains
+that's one big difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one big difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one big difference
+the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is
+nobody had those concerns about salmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had those concerns about salmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had those concerns about salmon
+and climate and other natural resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate and other natural resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and climate and other natural resource
+questions and ecological concerns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and ecological concerns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and ecological concerns the
+way we do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we do now
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's not represented well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not represented well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not represented well
+in the entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the entities
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+but the concerns are there but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concerns are there but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concerns are there but the
+entities can't really negotiate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities can't really negotiate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities can't really negotiate them
+very well so i think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so i think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so i think if you
+if you look at what was what's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at what was what's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at what was what's different
+in big ways between then and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in big ways between then and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in big ways between then and now
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+response to that that would be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that that would be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to that that would be most
+effective in the short term is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in the short term is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in the short term is to have a
+different track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different track
+of local and non-governmental and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local and non-governmental and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of local and non-governmental and
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+negotiators generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiators generate
+some of the elements of a supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsidiary version or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary version or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidiary version or
+addition to the existing agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think governors the governors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think governors the governors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think governors the governors in
+those states have been tracking every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states have been tracking every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states have been tracking every
+move in the state department i mean my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the state department i mean my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the state department i mean my
+engagement in this case i think i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement in this case i think i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement in this case i think i
+mentioned happened when i was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned happened when i was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned happened when i was doing
+training for the state department and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for the state department and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for the state department and
+the two guys who were appointed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two guys who were appointed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two guys who were appointed by the
+state department to lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state department to lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state department to lead
+these conversations who had zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conversations who had zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conversations who had zero
+zero background in anything northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero background in anything northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero background in anything northwest
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canada
+absolutely just thrown into this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely just thrown into this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely just thrown into this and
+they were saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were saying so
+we got a problem these governors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a problem these governors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a problem these governors are
+telling us that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling us that they
+want to want to say what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to want to say what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to want to say what should happen
+and we don't know how should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know how should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't know how should we
+negotiate that that was the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate that that was the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate that that was the question
+they're asking is how should we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking is how should we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're asking is how should we do this
+negotiation with these governors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation with these governors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation with these governors who
+don't have any official role while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any official role while we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any official role while we're
+trying to negotiate with the canadians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to negotiate with the canadians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to negotiate with the canadians
+that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was
+the conversation and i i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation and i i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conversation and i i don't think
+they figured it out and i think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured it out and i think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they figured it out and i think there's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+enormous pressure coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous pressure coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous pressure coming
+on the us government uh from the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the us government uh from the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the us government uh from the states
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+a thing i've been trying to untangle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing i've been trying to untangle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing i've been trying to untangle is
+the relationship of state governments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship of state governments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship of state governments to
+their representatives back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their representatives back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their representatives back to the
+federal government because so many state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government because so many state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government because so many state
+representatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representatives and
+senators from the northwest states have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senators from the northwest states have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senators from the northwest states have
+come out with various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out with various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out with various
+you know official statements on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know official statements on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know official statements on their
+perspective on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on these
+renegotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiations
+and like what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like what you know
+how are the washington senators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are the washington senators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are the washington senators
+coordinating with the washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with the washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinating with the washington
+governor to get things back to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor to get things back to the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor to get things back to the state
+department like trying to tease off all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department like trying to tease off all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department like trying to tease off all
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+they're not they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not they're not
+that's for sure that's we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for sure that's we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for sure that's we're trying to
+make political capital on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make political capital on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make political capital on the
+legislative side the key is to governors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative side the key is to governors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative side the key is to governors
+the key is the the governors have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is the the governors have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key is the the governors have the
+access to the white house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the white house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the white house
+yeah the governors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the governors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the governors
+only care later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care later
+about getting the senate to ratify any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting the senate to ratify any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting the senate to ratify any
+change in the treaty between now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the treaty between now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the treaty between now and
+then the house of representatives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the house of representatives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the house of representatives the
+governors don't care to talk to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governors don't care to talk to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governors don't care to talk to them
+there's nothing they're going to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing they're going to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing they're going to do for
+this so my sense is that when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so my sense is that when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so my sense is that when you see
+state legislators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislators
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+congressional legislators from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressional legislators from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressional legislators from the
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+making noise about this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making noise about this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making noise about this issue
+it's political self-promotion to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's political self-promotion to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's political self-promotion to try to
+gain some advantage from all of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain some advantage from all of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain some advantage from all of this but
+it isn't because they expect to be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't because they expect to be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't because they expect to be part
+of solving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving it
+got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it
+that's good to know that's helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to know that's helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to know that's helpful
+but it is wonderful to have somebody say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is wonderful to have somebody say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is wonderful to have somebody say
+there's a successful treaty i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a successful treaty i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a successful treaty i think
+that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great
+a successful water treaty between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a successful water treaty between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a successful water treaty between two
+countries wonderful it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries wonderful it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries wonderful it's basically
+worked the way it was supposed to for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked the way it was supposed to for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked the way it was supposed to for a
+long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time
+and we have you know we have parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have you know we have parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have you know we have parallel
+negotiations after 50 years in latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations after 50 years in latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiations after 50 years in latin
+america we didn't spend much time on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america we didn't spend much time on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america we didn't spend much time on it
+but there are negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are negotiations
+um between different countries in latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between different countries in latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between different countries in latin
+america where treaties that existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america where treaties that existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america where treaties that existed
+over shared waters for 50 years are up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over shared waters for 50 years are up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over shared waters for 50 years are up
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can't
+just extend the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extend the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just extend the treaty
+everything has changed so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has changed so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything has changed so much
+but nobody knows well but we've had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody knows well but we've had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nobody knows well but we've had this
+treaty in 50 years it's worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty in 50 years it's worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty in 50 years it's worked
+why should we mess with it well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should we mess with it well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should we mess with it well because
+the conditions have all changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions have all changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions have all changed
+but that doesn't that doesn't translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't that doesn't translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't that doesn't translate
+into a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a specific
+strategy for how to do the negotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for how to do the negotiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for how to do the negotiation
+in my view if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my view if
+if there is anything we've learned it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is anything we've learned it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is anything we've learned it's
+that you need to get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to get all the
+stakeholders i mean aaron's one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders i mean aaron's one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders i mean aaron's one of his
+four conclusions you need to get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four conclusions you need to get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four conclusions you need to get all the
+stakeholders into the story well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders into the story well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders into the story well you
+can't do that in an official treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that in an official treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that in an official treaty
+negotiate renegotiation so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate renegotiation so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate renegotiation so you have to
+run a parallel effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a parallel effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a parallel effort
+and get the other stakeholders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the other stakeholders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the other stakeholders
+into the substance of what should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the substance of what should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the substance of what should the
+new agreement say and why and and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new agreement say and why and and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new agreement say and why and and as
+bruno shown if you can get agreement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bruno shown if you can get agreement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bruno shown if you can get agreement at
+the next level down from the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level down from the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level down from the national
+government on the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government on the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government on the two sides
+and you have real players with stakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have real players with stakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have real players with stakes
+and they stay this is what we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they stay this is what we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they stay this is what we think
+whether it's you're changing the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's you're changing the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's you're changing the treaty
+you're extending it with the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're extending it with the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're extending it with the new
+supplementary terms however you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary terms however you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary terms however you're doing
+it here's the substance and we all agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here's the substance and we all agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here's the substance and we all agree
+with it and we'll all support it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that that for me is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that for me is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that for me is how the
+what a diplomacy framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a diplomacy framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a diplomacy framework
+meshes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meshes
+with the political reality of the treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the political reality of the treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the political reality of the treaty
+renegotiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think
+presentations was terrific it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations was terrific it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations was terrific it's a
+it's such an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such an interesting
+circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance
+i don't think you can conclude anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think you can conclude anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think you can conclude anything
+at this stage but i think you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage but i think you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage but i think you can say
+as you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have
+look this is a problem sweetie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is a problem sweetie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look this is a problem sweetie
+renegotiation treaty extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation treaty extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renegotiation treaty extension
+here's what they face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what they face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what they face
+here's what how they got into it here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what how they got into it here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what how they got into it here's
+what they're trying um maybe they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying um maybe they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying um maybe they could
+try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try this
+but i i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i i don't think
+anyone could hold you or anyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone could hold you or anyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone could hold you or anyone else
+to trying to come up with a conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to come up with a conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to come up with a conclusion
+about any thing in this case at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any thing in this case at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any thing in this case at this
+stage of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the game
+i think we're at the lessons learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're at the lessons learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're at the lessons learning
+phase then we're at the lessons learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase then we're at the lessons learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase then we're at the lessons learned
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+maybe in a few years someone can update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a few years someone can update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe in a few years someone can update
+it i hope so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i hope so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it i hope so
+we're giving you a paper to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving you a paper to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving you a paper to start with
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah so thanks zimmer again for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so thanks zimmer again for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so thanks zimmer again for for the
+presentation also thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation also thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation also thanks
+for the presentation so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the presentation so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the presentation so on
+next week we will have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we will have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week we will have um
+uh last two cases uh by mass roof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last two cases uh by mass roof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh last two cases uh by mass roof and
+flora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flora
+and as as i already mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as i already mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as i already mentioned that the
+deadline for submission is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline for submission is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline for submission is on
+21st of may so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st of may so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st of may so
+yeah we are expecting more much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we are expecting more much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we are expecting more much more
+massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive
+presentation and also much more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and also much more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and also much more the
+final piece of your work in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final piece of your work in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final piece of your work in the next
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+and um as as i already mentioned that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um as as i already mentioned that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um as as i already mentioned that uh
+please do us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do us
+provide your feedback by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide your feedback by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide your feedback by
+may 24th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may 24th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may 24th
+i guess you already yeah on the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you already yeah on the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you already yeah on the whole
+course yeah for the whole course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah for the whole course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah for the whole course
+as you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you already
+add a footnote to what adam has said at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a footnote to what adam has said at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a footnote to what adam has said at
+the outset mit has this online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outset mit has this online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outset mit has this online
+uh give it a rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give it a rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give it a rating
+uh here's a set of questions uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a set of questions uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's a set of questions uh and then
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+they say what the average score was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what the average score was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say what the average score was on
+each question by averaging across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each question by averaging across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each question by averaging across
+whoever happened to answer uh i do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever happened to answer uh i do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever happened to answer uh i do not
+find this system helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this system helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this system helpful
+um i've never learned anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've never learned anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've never learned anything
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+device and i have always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and i have always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and i have always
+asked people to please just send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked people to please just send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked people to please just send a
+paragraph something what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph something what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph something what do you think
+the strengths and weaknesses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strengths and weaknesses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strengths and weaknesses of the
+course are and what idea do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are and what idea do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are and what idea do you have
+about something we could do to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something we could do to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something we could do to improve
+it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+in a conversational just rough draft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conversational just rough draft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conversational just rough draft
+email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email
+that's how i learn stuff about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i learn stuff about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i learn stuff about what we
+do in the course and how to improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the course and how to improve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the course and how to improve it
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+yes mit would like you to please fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes mit would like you to please fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes mit would like you to please fill
+out the formal evaluation form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the formal evaluation form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the formal evaluation form and
+we'll live with whatever the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll live with whatever the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll live with whatever the numerical
+score is whatever that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is whatever that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score is whatever that means
+but um we really would like to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we really would like to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um we really would like to learn
+something from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from you
+um no we we made a decision to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no we we made a decision to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no we we made a decision to have
+guest presenters particular guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest presenters particular guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guest presenters particular guest
+presenters did we make good choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenters did we make good choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenters did we make good choices
+did we give them good advice about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we give them good advice about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we give them good advice about how
+to structure what they were presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to structure what they were presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to structure what they were presenting
+uh anna mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anna mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh anna mesh
+and i tried to provide the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tried to provide the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tried to provide the water
+diplomacy framework in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy framework in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomacy framework in some more
+expository way at the outset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expository way at the outset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expository way at the outset
+we ask everyone to pick a case and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask everyone to pick a case and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask everyone to pick a case and write
+a case we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case we use the
+aquapedia frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquapedia frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquapedia frame
+so that people have some common device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people have some common device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that people have some common device
+because it's worth it because we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's worth it because we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's worth it because we put
+publish your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish your
+your paper in the aquapedia i mean so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper in the aquapedia i mean so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper in the aquapedia i mean so we
+make a bunch of decisions those could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bunch of decisions those could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bunch of decisions those could
+all be different yeah and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be different yeah and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all be different yeah and and also
+last thing i would like to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing i would like to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing i would like to mention that
+last year two students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year two students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year two students
+so one of the students was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the students was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the students was able to
+submit their final paper into a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit their final paper into a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit their final paper into a journal
+article so it's already submitted in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article so it's already submitted in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article so it's already submitted in one
+of the journal article another student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the journal article another student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the journal article another student
+is still working on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still working on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still working on that
+and another student was able to publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another student was able to publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another student was able to publish
+their article in a newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their article in a newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their article in a newspaper
+so this kind of things as these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of things as these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of things as these are the
+practical things so all these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical things so all these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical things so all these are the
+possibilities that you can do and i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that you can do and i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that you can do and i am
+happy to support you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to support you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to support you
+so yeah this i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this i think is
+yeah it's very practical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's very practical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's very practical so
+it's very encouraging to us that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very encouraging to us that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very encouraging to us that there's
+pure acceptance and excitement about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure acceptance and excitement about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure acceptance and excitement about the
+things that are produced in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are produced in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are produced in the course
+so we tell the stories of people whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we tell the stories of people whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we tell the stories of people whose
+papers became theses or dissertations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers became theses or dissertations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers became theses or dissertations or
+their papers became articles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their papers became articles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their papers became articles in
+peer-reviewed journals or their papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-reviewed journals or their papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-reviewed journals or their papers
+turned into op-eds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into op-eds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into op-eds um
+this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all
+um for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for us
+one indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one indicator
+that people getting something out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people getting something out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people getting something out of the
+thinking reading writing listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking reading writing listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking reading writing listening
+talking that happens in the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking that happens in the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking that happens in the course so
+um we hope you'll think of a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we hope you'll think of a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we hope you'll think of a way
+to capitalize on all the work you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capitalize on all the work you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capitalize on all the work you did
+uh in some other outlets if you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some other outlets if you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some other outlets if you can and
+we'll help we'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll help we'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll help we'll help
+some cases it takes another year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases it takes another year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases it takes another year
+to deal with the journal that wants more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the journal that wants more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with the journal that wants more
+elaboration and we will we'll be glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaboration and we will we'll be glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaboration and we will we'll be glad
+online to help you if you want to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to help you if you want to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to help you if you want to follow
+up on any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on any of this
+is there any other specific issue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any other specific issue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any other specific issue that
+you would like to mention maybe for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to mention maybe for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to mention maybe for the
+final paper or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final paper or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final paper or other
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i think everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think everybody's
+just doing wonderful work and we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing wonderful work and we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing wonderful work and we're very
+excited about the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the products
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+we'll see everybody next week for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see everybody next week for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see everybody next week for the
+yeah we'll sit last go at this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll sit last go at this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we'll sit last go at this yeah
+so all right bye see you next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/otGGuHt36XA.txt b/otGGuHt36XA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..873d81d7319450556afc7c8a27626b180df55cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/otGGuHt36XA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that we've described the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've described the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've described the
+displacement of our object remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of our object remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of our object remember that
+our displacement vector Delta R in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our displacement vector Delta R in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our displacement vector Delta R in this
+time interval was X of t plus t minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval was X of t plus t minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval was X of t plus t minus X
+of T I hat which we denoted as Delta X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T I hat which we denoted as Delta X I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T I hat which we denoted as Delta X I
+hat now let's just remind ourselves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat now let's just remind ourselves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat now let's just remind ourselves that
+this distance here that's Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here that's Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance here that's Delta X and
+this whole distance from here over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole distance from here over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole distance from here over to
+there that's what we mean by X of T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's what we mean by X of T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's what we mean by X of T plus
+delta T and now what we'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and now what we'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and now what we'd like to do is
+describe what we call average velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what we call average velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what we call average velocity
+and our average velocity depends on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our average velocity depends on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our average velocity depends on our
+time interval so this is for a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval so this is for a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval so this is for a time
+interval T to T plus delta T well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval T to T plus delta T well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval T to T plus delta T well the
+person has displaced a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has displaced a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has displaced a certain amount of
+vector Delta R and our definition for V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Delta R and our definition for V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector Delta R and our definition for V
+average it's a vector quantity so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's a vector quantity so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's a vector quantity so we'll
+write the average we'll use three bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the average we'll use three bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the average we'll use three bars
+to indicate a definition it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate a definition it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate a definition it is the
+displacement during a time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement during a time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement during a time interval
+delta T so as a vector we have Delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so as a vector we have Delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T so as a vector we have Delta x
+over delta T I hat and this component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T I hat and this component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over delta T I hat and this component
+here is what we call the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what we call the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is what we call the component of
+the average velocity so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity so this is the
+component of the average velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again is before this component can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again is before this component can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again is before this component can
+be positive zero or negative depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive zero or negative depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive zero or negative depending
+on the sign of Delta X and the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sign of Delta X and the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sign of Delta X and the key point
+here is that average velocity depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that average velocity depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that average velocity depends on
+whatever time interval you're referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever time interval you're referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever time interval you're referring
+to so that's our definition of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that's our definition of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that's our definition of average
+velocity and now what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and now what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and now what we want to do is
+consider what happens in the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens in the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what happens in the limit as
+delta T becomes smaller and smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T becomes smaller and smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T becomes smaller and smaller and
+smaller and that will enable us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and that will enable us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and that will enable us to
+introduce our concept of instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our concept of instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce our concept of instantaneous
+velocity
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/owkMzpN8WDc.txt b/owkMzpN8WDc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3e08d226017763a9ef1f97c052f89ac5fe85d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/owkMzpN8WDc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back to recitation. In this
+video, I want us to work on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I want us to work on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, I want us to work on some
+problems looking at integrals that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems looking at integrals that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems looking at integrals that may
+converge or diverge. So, these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge or diverge. So, these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge or diverge. So, these are
+improper integrals. And we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper integrals. And we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improper integrals. And we want to know
+uh if each of the integrals below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if each of the integrals below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if each of the integrals below
+converges or diverges. And if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges or diverges. And if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges or diverges. And if they
+converge, I want you to compute them. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge, I want you to compute them. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge, I want you to compute them. I
+want you to actually evaluate it. find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to actually evaluate it. find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to actually evaluate it. find a
+number that that that is the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that that that is the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that that that is the area under
+the curve. So that's really remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve. So that's really remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve. So that's really remember
+what the integral is. So we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the integral is. So we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the integral is. So we should be
+able to find actually uh the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find actually uh the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find actually uh the finite
+number that represents that. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that represents that. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that represents that. So there
+are three of them. The first one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three of them. The first one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three of them. The first one is the
+integral from 0 to infinity of cosine x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to infinity of cosine x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to infinity of cosine x
+dx. The second one is the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. The second one is the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. The second one is the integral from
+0 to 1 of natural log x / x^ 12 dx. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 of natural log x / x^ 12 dx. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to 1 of natural log x / x^ 12 dx. So
+that's just<unk> x remember down there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just<unk> x remember down there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just<unk> x remember down there.
+And the third one is the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third one is the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the third one is the integral from
+minus1 to 1 of x^ the minus 2/3 dx. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to 1 of x^ the minus 2/3 dx. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to 1 of x^ the minus 2/3 dx. So
+why don't you take a while to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you take a while to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you take a while to work on
+this? Pause the video and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Pause the video and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Pause the video and when you're
+feeling good about your answers, bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling good about your answers, bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling good about your answers, bring
+the video back up. I'll be back to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video back up. I'll be back to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video back up. I'll be back to then
+to show you how I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them. Okay, welcome back. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Okay, welcome back. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Okay, welcome back. Well,
+hopefully you were able to answer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you were able to answer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you were able to answer these
+questions. So they the question again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So they the question again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. So they the question again
+was that we wanted to know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we wanted to know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that we wanted to know if the
+following interval in intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following interval in intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following interval in intervals
+integrals converged or diverged and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals converged or diverged and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals converged or diverged and and
+then I wanted us to actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wanted us to actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I wanted us to actually compute
+them if they converged. So again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they converged. So again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they converged. So again we're
+going to start with the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with the integral of
+cosine x dx. Then we'll look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x dx. Then we'll look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x dx. Then we'll look at the
+integral of natural log x over roo<unk>x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of natural log x over roo<unk>x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of natural log x over roo<unk>x
+dx. And then we'll look at the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. And then we'll look at the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. And then we'll look at the integral
+from minus1 to 1 of x^us 2/3 dx. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus1 to 1 of x^us 2/3 dx. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus1 to 1 of x^us 2/3 dx. So
+let's look at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and I'll rewrite it up here. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'll rewrite it up here. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'll rewrite it up here. So we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Okay. And this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. And this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. And this is kind of
+interesting because maybe this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because maybe this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because maybe this this is a
+little bit different than um than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than um than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different than um than what
+you have seen previously in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen previously in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen previously in the way of
+saying this is potentially improper. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is potentially improper. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this is potentially improper. Um
+because cosine x certainly doesn't blow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine x certainly doesn't blow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine x certainly doesn't blow
+up anywhere, right? It's it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anywhere, right? It's it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up anywhere, right? It's it's bounded
+between minus1 and one. So the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus1 and one. So the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus1 and one. So the function
+itself is not blowing up. But let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not blowing up. But let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not blowing up. But let's look
+at actually what we what we get when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at actually what we what we get when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at actually what we what we get when we
+try and evaluate this. So if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and evaluate this. So if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and evaluate this. So if we take
+this this integral we we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this integral we we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this integral we we know the
+anti-derivative of cosine is negative no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of cosine is negative no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of cosine is negative no
+it's just s sorry it's just sinx right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just s sorry it's just sinx right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just s sorry it's just sinx right
+the derivative of s is cosine so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s is cosine so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of s is cosine so we get
+sinx and what we're supposed to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and what we're supposed to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and what we're supposed to do is
+we're supposed to take let me rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to take let me rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to take let me rewrite
+that x that's horrible we're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x that's horrible we're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x that's horrible we're supposed to
+take the limit as b goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the limit as b goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the limit as b goes to infinity of
+sinx evaluated from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx evaluated from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx evaluated from zero to
+b right and so this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b right and so this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b right and so this is pretty
+straightforward again now wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward again now wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward again now wants the
+limit as b goes to infinity of sin b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as b goes to infinity of sin b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as b goes to infinity of sin b
+because sine of 0 is zero. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sine of 0 is zero. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sine of 0 is zero. And now
+here's where we run into trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we run into trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we run into trouble because
+this limit doesn't exist, right? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit doesn't exist, right? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this limit doesn't exist, right? Because
+as b goes to infinity, sin b s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as b goes to infinity, sin b s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as b goes to infinity, sin b s the
+function sinx. So now it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sinx. So now it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function sinx. So now it's really the
+function s b is now the variable if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s b is now the variable if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function s b is now the variable if we
+think about it that way. As b goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it that way. As b goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it that way. As b goes to
+infinity, s is going to oscillate as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity, s is going to oscillate as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity, s is going to oscillate as it
+always does between minus1 and one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always does between minus1 and one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always does between minus1 and one. And
+it's going to continue to do that. it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to continue to do that. it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to continue to do that. it's
+not going to approach a certain value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to approach a certain value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to approach a certain value
+and stay arbitrarily close to that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay arbitrarily close to that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay arbitrarily close to that value
+as you as B goes off to infinity. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as B goes off to infinity. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as B goes off to infinity. So
+this limit does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exist. And maybe what's informative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist. And maybe what's informative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist. And maybe what's informative is
+to think about how could this happen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how could this happen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how could this happen as
+an integral if we know that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral if we know that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral if we know that the the
+integral we're looking for is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we're looking for is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we're looking for is really the
+area signed area under the curve. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area signed area under the curve. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area signed area under the curve. So let
+me explain briefly what's happening. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain briefly what's happening. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me explain briefly what's happening. Let
+me just draw a quick picture of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just draw a quick picture of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just draw a quick picture of cosine
+and explain briefly what's happening. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explain briefly what's happening. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explain briefly what's happening. So
+cosine starts off starts off like this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine starts off starts off like this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine starts off starts off like this,
+right? So what happens if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what happens if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So what happens if I want to
+integrate cosine x from 0 to infinity? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate cosine x from 0 to infinity? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate cosine x from 0 to infinity? I
+first pick up this much area. Sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pick up this much area. Sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first pick up this much area. Sorry,
+this graph's a little sloped. I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph's a little sloped. I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph's a little sloped. I realize
+I pick up this much area and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick up this much area and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick up this much area and that's all
+positive. And then as I keep moving over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. And then as I keep moving over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive. And then as I keep moving over
+here to here, I pick up the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here, I pick up the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here, I pick up the same amount
+of area, but it's negative. So once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area, but it's negative. So once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of area, but it's negative. So once I
+get to here, my my integral it's zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to here, my my integral it's zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to here, my my integral it's zero,
+right? The area above and the area below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The area above and the area below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? The area above and the area below
+are equal. So then I I start the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal. So then I I start the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal. So then I I start the process
+again with the value zero. And so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the value zero. And so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the value zero. And so I
+accumulate some negative area and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate some negative area and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate some negative area and then
+over here it's the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's the same amount of
+positive area and it kills it off. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive area and it kills it off. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive area and it kills it off. So I
+I start off I have some positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start off I have some positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I start off I have some positive value
+and then it becomes less positive, goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes less positive, goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it becomes less positive, goes
+to zero. Then I get some negative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. Then I get some negative value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero. Then I get some negative value
+accumulated. Then it comes up and goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated. Then it comes up and goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated. Then it comes up and goes
+to zero again. So the point is as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero again. So the point is as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero again. So the point is as I'm
+moving off to infinity, the area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving off to infinity, the area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving off to infinity, the area is
+oscillating and the area remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating and the area remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating and the area remember is
+actually what the value of of sign is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the value of of sign is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the value of of sign is at
+that point. The area from of under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. The area from of under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point. The area from of under the
+curve from zero to any any value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve from zero to any any value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve from zero to any any value for
+cosine x is the value of s at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x is the value of s at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine x is the value of s at that
+point. That's what we're seeing here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. That's what we're seeing here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. That's what we're seeing here. So
+the the point is that this integral even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that this integral even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the point is that this integral even
+though cosine x is a bounded function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though cosine x is a bounded function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though cosine x is a bounded function
+the area is accumulating then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area is accumulating then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area is accumulating then
+disappearing then becoming negative then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing then becoming negative then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing then becoming negative then
+disappearing then accumulating then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing then accumulating then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing then accumulating then
+disappearing. So there's no value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing. So there's no value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing. So there's no value that
+it's approaching. It's varying between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approaching. It's varying between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approaching. It's varying between
+all these values over and over again. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these values over and over again. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these values over and over again. So
+this is a weird one maybe where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a weird one maybe where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a weird one maybe where the
+integral doesn't exist, but it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral doesn't exist, but it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral doesn't exist, but it actually
+it doesn't exist there. So hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't exist there. So hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't exist there. So hopefully
+that makes sense and even though it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense and even though it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense and even though it's a
+little different, you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different, you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different, you understand the
+idea. So now I'm gonna going to go to B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So now I'm gonna going to go to B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. So now I'm gonna going to go to B.
+So what is B?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is B?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is B?
+It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the
+integral from 0 to 1 of ln x over x^ 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 of ln x over x^ 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 of ln x over x^ 12
+dx. Okay. And what I what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Okay. And what I what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Okay. And what I what I want to
+point out is we probably want to see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is we probably want to see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is we probably want to see why
+is this improper? Well, at at one, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this improper? Well, at at one, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this improper? Well, at at one, we
+don't have a problem because natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a problem because natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a problem because natural log
+of one is zero and we can put a one down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is zero and we can put a one down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is zero and we can put a one down
+here and nothing bad happens. At zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and nothing bad happens. At zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and nothing bad happens. At zero,
+we have a problem. Natural log of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a problem. Natural log of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a problem. Natural log of zero
+actually doesn't exist. It's the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't exist. It's the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't exist. It's the limit
+as as x goes to zero of natural log x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as x goes to zero of natural log x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as x goes to zero of natural log x is
+minus infinity. and then natural log or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity. and then natural log or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity. and then natural log or
+sorry natural log zero evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry natural log zero evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry natural log zero evaluated
+evaluating square root x at zero gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating square root x at zero gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating square root x at zero gives
+you zero. So we have something going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero. So we have something going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you zero. So we have something going to
+minus infinity in the numerator and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity in the numerator and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity in the numerator and zero
+in the denominator as we're as we're and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator as we're as we're and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator as we're as we're and
+we're trying to integrate that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to integrate that function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to integrate that function
+as it goes towards that value. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes towards that value. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it goes towards that value. So we
+have to figure out kind of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out kind of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out kind of what's going
+on here. So let's let's not uh worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here. So let's let's not uh worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here. So let's let's not uh worry
+about the bounds at the moment. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bounds at the moment. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bounds at the moment. Those
+are obviously going to be important at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously going to be important at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously going to be important at
+the end. But let's figure out what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end. But let's figure out what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end. But let's figure out what we
+get as an anti-derivative for this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as an anti-derivative for this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as an anti-derivative for this.
+Okay? And we're not we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And we're not we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And we're not we don't have to
+worry about the constant. remember uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the constant. remember uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the constant. remember uh in
+the anti-derivative because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative because we're going
+to evaluate. So what's the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate. So what's the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate. So what's the best way to
+attack this one? Well, probably you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this one? Well, probably you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack this one? Well, probably you
+should see that you've got a natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see that you've got a natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see that you've got a natural log
+and you've got a power of x. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a power of x. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got a power of x. So this is
+really set up to do an integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really set up to do an integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really set up to do an integration by
+parts because remember natural log likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts because remember natural log likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts because remember natural log likes
+you like to take derivatives of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to take derivatives of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to take derivatives of natural
+log and powers of x are happy to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and powers of x are happy to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and powers of x are happy to be
+integrated or to take derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated or to take derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated or to take derivatives of
+them. The only power of x that's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. The only power of x that's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. The only power of x that's maybe a
+little bit annoying to to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit annoying to to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit annoying to to uh to
+integrate is x to the minus one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate is x to the minus one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate is x to the minus one because
+it's integral is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's integral is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's integral is because it's
+anti-derivative is natural log instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative is natural log instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative is natural log instead
+of like another power of x. But this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like another power of x. But this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like another power of x. But this one
+is not that case. So it's it's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that case. So it's it's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that case. So it's it's looking
+good for an integration by parts. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for an integration by parts. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for an integration by parts. So
+again we said for integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we said for integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we said for integration by parts
+natural log you love to take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log you love to take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log you love to take its
+derivative. So we're going to let u be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So we're going to let u be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So we're going to let u be
+natural log of x and u prime be 1 /x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of x and u prime be 1 /x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of x and u prime be 1 /x.
+And then v prime is x to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then v prime is x to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then v prime is x to the minus
+one/2. Right? This is x to the 1/2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/2. Right? This is x to the 1/2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/2. Right? This is x to the 1/2 in
+the denominator. So v prime is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator. So v prime is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator. So v prime is actually
+x to the minus 1/2. So v is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the minus 1/2. So v is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the minus 1/2. So v is going to be
+x to the 1/2 with a correction factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/2 with a correction factor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/2 with a correction factor.
+So it's going to need a two in front. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to need a two in front. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's going to need a two in front. I
+believe let me double check. Derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe let me double check. Derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe let me double check. Derivative
+of this is 12 * 2 is 1 x to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is 12 * 2 is 1 x to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is 12 * 2 is 1 x to the minus
+one half. So I'm doing okay. So now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half. So I'm doing okay. So now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half. So I'm doing okay. So now what
+do I get when I want to when I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get when I want to when I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I get when I want to when I want to
+take the integral? I take uv. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral? I take uv. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral? I take uv. So it's
+going to be 2 x to the 12 ln x and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 x to the 12 ln x and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 x to the 12 ln x and then
+now I'm going to put in the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to put in the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to put in the bounds
+evaluated from 0 to 1 minus the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated from 0 to 1 minus the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated from 0 to 1 minus the integral
+of v u prime. So v is uh x^ the 12 and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v u prime. So v is uh x^ the 12 and u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v u prime. So v is uh x^ the 12 and u
+prime is x to the minus1 really it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is x to the minus1 really it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is x to the minus1 really it's 1
+/x and so I'm going to keep the two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x and so I'm going to keep the two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x and so I'm going to keep the two in
+front integral from 0 to 1 x^ the 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front integral from 0 to 1 x^ the 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front integral from 0 to 1 x^ the 1/2
+overx is x^us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx is x^us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx is x^us
+one2. This will be nice because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2. This will be nice because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2. This will be nice because we've
+already taken an anti-derivative once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken an anti-derivative once.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken an anti-derivative once.
+So we know what we get. All right. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know what we get. All right. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know what we get. All right. Now,
+this one we'll have to look at because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we'll have to look at because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one we'll have to look at because
+notice that as x goes to zero, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that as x goes to zero, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that as x goes to zero, we have
+to figure out if this has a limit. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out if this has a limit. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out if this has a limit. Okay,
+we have to figure out if this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to figure out if this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to figure out if this has a
+limit. And we'll probably need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. And we'll probably need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. And we'll probably need to use
+lial's rule to do that. So let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lial's rule to do that. So let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lial's rule to do that. So let's let's
+finish this part up first. So I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this part up first. So I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish this part up first. So I'll just
+keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. 0 to one, that's a zero. and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. 0 to one, that's a zero. and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. 0 to one, that's a zero. and then
+minus okay x to the minus 1/2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay x to the minus 1/2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay x to the minus 1/2 is
+anti-derivative was 2 x^ the 1/2 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative was 2 x^ the 1/2 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative was 2 x^ the 1/2 so I
+have another two so I get a four x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another two so I get a four x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another two so I get a four x to
+the 12 evaluated from 0 to one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 evaluated from 0 to one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 12 evaluated from 0 to one so this
+is easy because here I just get uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy because here I just get uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy because here I just get uh four
+right this this part right here will eva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this part right here will eva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this this part right here will eva
+when I evaluate it I'll just get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I evaluate it I'll just get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I evaluate it I'll just get four
+and the minus sign in front so this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus sign in front so this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus sign in front so this part
+is just neg4 because at x equal one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just neg4 because at x equal one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just neg4 because at x equal one I
+get one and at x equals z I get zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one and at x equals z I get zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one and at x equals z I get zero so
+that's fine this part's fine this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine this part's fine this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine this part's fine this part
+when I put in one for x. Notice what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put in one for x. Notice what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put in one for x. Notice what
+happens. I get a one here. Natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. I get a one here. Natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. I get a one here. Natural log
+of one is zero. And so I get I get zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is zero. And so I get I get zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one is zero. And so I get I get zero.
+And so the question really is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the question really is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the question really is what is
+the limit as x goes to zero of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to zero of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as x goes to zero of this
+quantity. I know right here again I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. I know right here again I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. I know right here again I have
+a minus4 here. And then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus4 here. And then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus4 here. And then the question is
+what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have
+here? It could blow up still. It could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? It could blow up still. It could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? It could blow up still. It could
+diverge. We're going to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge. We're going to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge. We're going to see what
+happens. So let me let me just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. So let me let me just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. So let me let me just put a
+line. It's the same problem, but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. It's the same problem, but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. It's the same problem, but I want
+to distinguish for us. So we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish for us. So we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish for us. So we're actually
+wanting to find the limit as b goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to find the limit as b goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to find the limit as b goes to 0
+of 2 b to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 b to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 b to the
+12 natural log b right that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 natural log b right that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 natural log b right that's what we're
+interested in that's the only part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that's the only part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that's the only part we
+don't yet understand so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yet understand so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't yet understand so let's see what
+happens well if I want to make this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well if I want to make this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well if I want to make this into
+a lial's rule thing right now I have 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lial's rule thing right now I have 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lial's rule thing right now I have 0
+times negative infinity so to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times negative infinity so to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times negative infinity so to put it
+into a form I recognize I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a form I recognize I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a form I recognize I'm going to
+rewrite this this is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this this is actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this this is actually equal to
+the limit as b goes to zero. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as b goes to zero. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as b goes to zero. I'm going
+to keep the natural log b up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the natural log b up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the natural log b up here and
+I'm going to write this as b to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write this as b to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write this as b to the
+minus one/2 in the denominator. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one/2 in the denominator. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one/2 in the denominator. Let's
+make sure we understand what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we understand what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we understand what just
+happened. I had a b to the 1/2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. I had a b to the 1/2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. I had a b to the 1/2 in the
+numerator. If I put it to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator. If I put it to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator. If I put it to the minus
+one/2 in the denominator, it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/2 in the denominator, it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/2 in the denominator, it's still
+it's still equal to the same thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still equal to the same thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still equal to the same thing,
+right? B to the minus one/2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? B to the minus one/2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? B to the minus one/2 in the
+denominator is equal to b to the 1/2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is equal to b to the 1/2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is equal to b to the 1/2 in
+the numerator. Okay? really I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator. Okay? really I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator. Okay? really I'm taking
+one over this and then I'm dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over this and then I'm dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over this and then I'm dividing by
+it somehow. I mean that's that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow. I mean that's that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somehow. I mean that's that's the way
+you want to think about it. You want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about it. You want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about it. You want to
+think about saying I'm taking one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about saying I'm taking one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about saying I'm taking one over
+this and I'm taking it in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm taking it in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I'm taking it in the numerator
+and the denominator. So I end up with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the denominator. So I end up with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the denominator. So I end up with it
+just here. I might that might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here. I might that might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just here. I might that might have been
+confusing. The real point is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. The real point is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. The real point is this
+quantity one over this quantity is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity one over this quantity is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity one over this quantity is equal
+to that quantity. And now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that quantity. And now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that quantity. And now what's the
+what's the point? Why' I bother to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point? Why' I bother to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the point? Why' I bother to do
+that? As b goes to zero this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? As b goes to zero this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? As b goes to zero this goes to
+negative infinity and this goes to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity and this goes to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative infinity and this goes to uh
+infinity. Right? So now I have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Right? So now I have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. Right? So now I have something
+where I can apply lial's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can apply lial's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I can apply lial's
+rule. So this is the limit as b goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. So this is the limit as b goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule. So this is the limit as b goes to
+zero. Derivative of natural log of b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Derivative of natural log of b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Derivative of natural log of b is
+1 over b. So I get 2 over b in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over b. So I get 2 over b in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over b. So I get 2 over b in the
+numerator. Derivative of b to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator. Derivative of b to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator. Derivative of b to the minus
+one2 is - one2 b to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 is - one2 b to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 is - one2 b to the
+minus3s. There's a lot of denominators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3s. There's a lot of denominators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus3s. There's a lot of denominators
+in the numerator and denominator. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator and denominator. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator and denominator. So
+let's simplify this. That's the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify this. That's the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify this. That's the limit as
+b goes to zero. Okay, what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b goes to zero. Okay, what do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b goes to zero. Okay, what do we get
+here? We have 2 * minus one2 in the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? We have 2 * minus one2 in the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? We have 2 * minus one2 in the or
+two divided by minus 1/2. So I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two divided by minus 1/2. So I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two divided by minus 1/2. So I'm going
+to get a -4 from this part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a -4 from this part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a -4 from this part the
+coefficients. Then I have a b to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. Then I have a b to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients. Then I have a b to the
+minus1 up here / a b to the minus3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 up here / a b to the minus3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 up here / a b to the minus3
+halves. That's actually going to be a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves. That's actually going to be a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves. That's actually going to be a b
+to the three halves divided by b. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three halves divided by b. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the three halves divided by b. That's
+going to be b to the 1/2. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be b to the 1/2. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be b to the 1/2. That's
+algebra. You can check it if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. You can check it if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. You can check it if you need
+to. I mean, you should have gotten this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. I mean, you should have gotten this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. I mean, you should have gotten this,
+but if you didn't get this, check again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you didn't get this, check again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you didn't get this, check again.
+Let me make sure I get it again. B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me make sure I get it again. B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me make sure I get it again. B to
+the three halves / B B to the 12. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three halves / B B to the 12. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three halves / B B to the 12. Oh,
+and that equals zero because it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equals zero because it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equals zero because it was the
+limit as B goes to zero of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as B goes to zero of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as B goes to zero of this
+quantity. Now, I've just got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. Now, I've just got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity. Now, I've just got a
+continuous function. Um, I am notice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function. Um, I am notice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function. Um, I am notice I
+didn't actually I kind of cheated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually I kind of cheated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't actually I kind of cheated a
+little bit because I just wrote limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because I just wrote limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because I just wrote limit as
+B goes to zero, but I'm always doing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B goes to zero, but I'm always doing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B goes to zero, but I'm always doing as
+B goes to zero from the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B goes to zero from the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B goes to zero from the right hand side
+because I'm starting at one. So, you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm starting at one. So, you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm starting at one. So, you may
+have seen this. This 0 plus means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this. This 0 plus means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen this. This 0 plus means I'm
+only interested as b goes to zero from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested as b goes to zero from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested as b goes to zero from
+above zero. Okay, I didn't write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above zero. Okay, I didn't write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above zero. Okay, I didn't write that
+in. But notice our our integral was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. But notice our our integral was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. But notice our our integral was
+between zero and one. So it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one. So it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one. So it only
+mattered values to the right of zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered values to the right of zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mattered values to the right of zero. So
+this this function is defined to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this function is defined to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this function is defined to the
+right of zero. So I can I can just I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of zero. So I can I can just I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of zero. So I can I can just I can
+just evaluate there. Just plug it in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just evaluate there. Just plug it in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just evaluate there. Just plug it in.
+It's continuous. And so I can just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's continuous. And so I can just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's continuous. And so I can just say
+ah at zero it equals zero. So now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah at zero it equals zero. So now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah at zero it equals zero. So now let's
+go back to where we were. What were we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to where we were. What were we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to where we were. What were we
+doing here? we were taking this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here? we were taking this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here? we were taking this whole
+piece was to come back in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece was to come back in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece was to come back in here and
+figure out what this value was. We knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this value was. We knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this value was. We knew
+at one we got zero and now we know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one we got zero and now we know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one we got zero and now we know at
+zero we also get zero. So that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we also get zero. So that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we also get zero. So that question
+mark I can replace by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark I can replace by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark I can replace by a
+zero and I get 0 minus 4. So the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I get 0 minus 4. So the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I get 0 minus 4. So the actual
+answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4.
+Okay, we have one more. What's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we have one more. What's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we have one more. What's the last
+one? The last one, let me write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? The last one, let me write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? The last one, let me write it down
+over here again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again.
+the integral from minus1 to 1 of x^ -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus1 to 1 of x^ -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from minus1 to 1 of x^ -
+2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3
+dx. Now this is interesting because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Now this is interesting because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Now this is interesting because this
+you actually saw an example kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually saw an example kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually saw an example kind of like
+this in in the lecture that it's at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in the lecture that it's at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in the lecture that it's at at
+this end point it's fine. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end point it's fine. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end point it's fine. You can
+evaluate the function at that end point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function at that end point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function at that end point.
+At this end point it's fine. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At this end point it's fine. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At this end point it's fine. You can
+evaluate the function there. So it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function there. So it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the function there. So it looks
+good at the end points. But the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the end points. But the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at the end points. But the point is
+that at x equals 0 because this minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at x equals 0 because this minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at x equals 0 because this minus
+power is putting your x in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is putting your x in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is putting your x in the
+denominator you actually your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator you actually your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator you actually your your
+function is blowing up it has a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is blowing up it has a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is blowing up it has a vertical
+asmtote at x equals 0. So what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtote at x equals 0. So what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asmtote at x equals 0. So what we want
+to do is we want to we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we want to we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we want to we have this
+strategy for these problems. It's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for these problems. It's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for these problems. It's to
+split it up into two parts -1 to 0 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into two parts -1 to 0 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into two parts -1 to 0 of
+x^us 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^us 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^us 2/3
+dx plus the integral from 0 to 1 of x^us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx plus the integral from 0 to 1 of x^us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx plus the integral from 0 to 1 of x^us
+2/3 dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 dx.
+Now the point is that now the only place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the point is that now the only place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the point is that now the only place
+where I have a vertical asmtote I see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I have a vertical asmtote I see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I have a vertical asmtote I see it
+as an end point on both of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an end point on both of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an end point on both of these and
+this is again just this this good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again just this this good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again just this this good thing
+we have an additive property for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an additive property for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an additive property for these
+integrals that the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that the sum of these two
+integrals is going to equal this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is going to equal this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is going to equal this one
+here as long as you know as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as you know as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as long as you know as long as
+these are converging uh then I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are converging uh then I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are converging uh then I can say
+if this converges and this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this converges and this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this converges and this converges
+then their sum converges to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then their sum converges to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then their sum converges to this one
+here. Okay so that's really um what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay so that's really um what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay so that's really um what I'm
+trying to exploit here. Now, what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to exploit here. Now, what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to exploit here. Now, what is an
+anti-der what is the anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-der what is the anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-der what is the anti-derivative
+here for x to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for x to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for x to the minus
+2/3? This is going to be again I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3? This is going to be again I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3? This is going to be again I'm going
+to write something down and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write something down and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write something down and then I'm
+going to check it. I think it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check it. I think it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check it. I think it should be
+5/3 x^ 5/3 and then I have to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/3 x^ 5/3 and then I have to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5/3 x^ 5/3 and then I have to multiply
+by 3 fths. Let's double check. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3 fths. Let's double check. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 3 fths. Let's double check. This is
+where I always might make mistakes. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I always might make mistakes. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I always might make mistakes. If I
+take the derivative of 5/3* 35ths gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of 5/3* 35ths gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative of 5/3* 35ths gives
+me a 1. 5/3 minus 1 is 5/3 minus 3/3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a 1. 5/3 minus 1 is 5/3 minus 3/3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a 1. 5/3 minus 1 is 5/3 minus 3/3 and
+that's 2/3. And that's wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2/3. And that's wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2/3. And that's wrong.
+So, right, because I went too big. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, right, because I went too big. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, right, because I went too big. It's
+supposed to be 1/3. I knew I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be 1/3. I knew I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be 1/3. I knew I was going
+to make a mistake, right? I'm supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mistake, right? I'm supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mistake, right? I'm supposed
+to add one to minus 2/3. That's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add one to minus 2/3. That's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add one to minus 2/3. That's just
+1/3. And so, I should have a three in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3. And so, I should have a three in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3. And so, I should have a three in
+front. So, for those of you who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. So, for those of you who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. So, for those of you who were
+saying, "She's making a mistake." I was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, "She's making a mistake." I was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying, "She's making a mistake." I was.
+Okay. X to the 1/3. So, I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. X to the 1/3. So, I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. X to the 1/3. So, I take the
+derivative times three, I get a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative times three, I get a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative times three, I get a one
+there. Subtract one, I get minus 2/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Subtract one, I get minus 2/3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Subtract one, I get minus 2/3.
+So, now I'm in business. Okay. And now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now I'm in business. Okay. And now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now I'm in business. Okay. And now I
+just need to evaluate that here, here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to evaluate that here, here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to evaluate that here, here,
+if I can. And then another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can. And then another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can. And then another one
+here from 0 to one. And the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from 0 to one. And the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from 0 to one. And the good news is
+x to the 1/3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the 1/3 is
+continuous at at all these points. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at at all these points. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous at at all these points. It's
+continuous across negative 1 0 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous across negative 1 0 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous across negative 1 0 0 and
+one. So I can actually just evaluate. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So I can actually just evaluate. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So I can actually just evaluate. I
+don't have to worry. There is a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry. There is a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry. There is a value
+for the function there. It's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function there. It's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function there. It's continuous
+through all these points. So I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these points. So I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all these points. So I can just
+evaluate them. So let's see what I get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them. So let's see what I get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them. So let's see what I get.
+I get 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 3 *
+0 and then I get minus uh 3 * 1 so I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and then I get minus uh 3 * 1 so I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and then I get minus uh 3 * 1 so I get
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+-3 plus 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 plus 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-3 plus 3 *
+1 and then minus 3 * 0 okay so 3 * 0 - 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then minus 3 * 0 okay so 3 * 0 - 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then minus 3 * 0 okay so 3 * 0 - 3
+* 3 so that's a three plus three and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 3 so that's a three plus three and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 3 so that's a three plus three and I
+get six okay and what's the picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six okay and what's the picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six okay and what's the picture of
+this well you should look think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you should look think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you should look think about
+what the picture of x to the minus 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the picture of x to the minus 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the picture of x to the minus 2/3
+looks like and you should notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and you should notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and you should notice that
+across zero it's even right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across zero it's even right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across zero it's even right so it's
+actually going to have um it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have um it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have um it's going to
+look the same on the left hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same on the left hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the same on the left hand side and
+the right hand side so if I had wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side so if I had wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side so if I had wanted
+to I could have just found the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I could have just found the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I could have just found the value of
+say this integral I like positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this integral I like positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this integral I like positive
+numbers better the integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers better the integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers better the integral from 0 to
+one of this function multiplied it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this function multiplied it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of this function multiplied it by
+two and it would have given me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it would have given me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it would have given me the
+actual value because it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value because it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value because it's exactly the
+same function to the right of zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function to the right of zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same function to the right of zero and
+to the left of zero it's a reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of zero it's a reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left of zero it's a reflection
+across the y- ais you get the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the y- ais you get the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the y- ais you get the same value
+there so you actually would have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you actually would have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you actually would have gotten
+three for this multiply by two and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for this multiply by two and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three for this multiply by two and you
+get the value. If this one had diverged,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value. If this one had diverged,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value. If this one had diverged,
+that one also would have had to diverge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one also would have had to diverge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one also would have had to diverge
+and the whole thing would have diverged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing would have diverged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing would have diverged
+and that's because of the symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of the symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because of the symmetry of
+the function over zero. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function over zero. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function over zero. So I'm going to
+just briefly me review what we did and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly me review what we did and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly me review what we did and
+then we'll be done. So we come back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be done. So we come back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be done. So we come back over
+here. I gave you three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I gave you three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I gave you three
+integrals. We wanted to see if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. We wanted to see if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals. We wanted to see if they
+converged or diverged, right? I and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged or diverged, right? I and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged or diverged, right? I and if
+they converged, find what they were. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converged, find what they were. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converged, find what they were. So
+the first one was cosineex and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was cosineex and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was cosineex and we found
+that that diverged for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that diverged for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that diverged for a different
+reason than what we've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason than what we've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason than what we've seen before
+because as as x goes to infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as as x goes to infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as as x goes to infinity the
+problem is the areas are varying up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the areas are varying up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is the areas are varying up and
+down and they're they're bounded always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and they're they're bounded always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and they're they're bounded always
+but the area under the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the area under the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the area under the curve is
+constantly changing and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing and it's not
+converging to a a fixed value. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to a a fixed value. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converging to a a fixed value. It's
+varying between minus1 and one over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying between minus1 and one over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying between minus1 and one over and
+over again. And then b we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again. And then b we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again. And then b we had this
+integral from 0 to 1 natural log x over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 natural log x over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 natural log x over
+rootx dx. And the the point here was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootx dx. And the the point here was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rootx dx. And the the point here was a
+little more complicated. So let me come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated. So let me come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated. So let me come
+to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that
+one. We used an integration by parts. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We used an integration by parts. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We used an integration by parts. We
+had an integral that converged easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an integral that converged easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an integral that converged easily
+because it was this was a this was uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was this was a this was uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was this was a this was uh an
+easy improper integral to determine. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy improper integral to determine. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy improper integral to determine. And
+then we had this other thing that we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had this other thing that we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we had this other thing that we now
+had to evaluate it and you wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to evaluate it and you wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to evaluate it and you wound up
+having to use lial's rule to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to use lial's rule to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to use lial's rule to evaluate
+it. And but then you're able to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And but then you're able to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And but then you're able to show
+that this using li's rule the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this using li's rule the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this using li's rule the this
+actually has a value at each endpoint a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a value at each endpoint a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a value at each endpoint a
+finite value at each endpoint. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite value at each endpoint. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite value at each endpoint. It
+converges then to zero as you as when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges then to zero as you as when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges then to zero as you as when
+you put in these bounds and and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in these bounds and and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in these bounds and and then you
+have a fixed value for this one when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed value for this one when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed value for this one when you
+take that integral and so you ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that integral and so you ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that integral and so you ended up
+with another integral that was improper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another integral that was improper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another integral that was improper
+but you could show it converged and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could show it converged and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could show it converged and then
+you could use li's rule to find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use li's rule to find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could use li's rule to find what
+happened at these end points and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at these end points and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at these end points and you get
+a value of minus4 and then the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of minus4 and then the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of minus4 and then the third
+one was this integral minus1 to 1 x^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was this integral minus1 to 1 x^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was this integral minus1 to 1 x^
+theus 2/3 dx and the point I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus 2/3 dx and the point I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theus 2/3 dx and the point I wanted to
+make there is that just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make there is that just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make there is that just because the
+function is well behaved near the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is well behaved near the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is well behaved near the end
+points doesn't mean that it's still, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points doesn't mean that it's still, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points doesn't mean that it's still, you
+know, everything's hunky dory. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, everything's hunky dory. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, everything's hunky dory. You have
+to be careful and you have to check at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful and you have to check at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be careful and you have to check at
+places where the value of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the value of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where the value of the function
+is going off to infinity. So in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going off to infinity. So in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going off to infinity. So in the
+second case, the the left endpoint posed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case, the the left endpoint posed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case, the the left endpoint posed
+a problem and everything else was fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and everything else was fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and everything else was fine.
+In this case, the left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, the left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, the left and right
+endpoints are both fine, but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints are both fine, but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints are both fine, but in the
+middle there's a problem. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's a problem. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle there's a problem. And so you
+split it up into its two pieces so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into its two pieces so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up into its two pieces so that
+you have the end points uh now of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the end points uh now of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the end points uh now of these
+two new integrals represent where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two new integrals represent where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two new integrals represent where the
+problem might happen. and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might happen. and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem might happen. and then you do
+your your uh find your anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uh find your anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your uh find your anti-derivative
+and evaluate and see if you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate and see if you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate and see if you can get
+something that converges. So that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that converges. So that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that converges. So that's uh
+that's the idea of these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of these types of
+problems. So hopefully that was helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So hopefully that was helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So hopefully that was helpful
+and I think that's where I'll stop.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pTh8f0mWu1k.txt b/pTh8f0mWu1k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1f63495c16959d7e58b25d89febc3620f80be84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pTh8f0mWu1k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1455 @@
+Good morning, class.  Nice to see you here,   
+
+you loyal holdouts, the stalwarts who haven't gone home early for  
+
+Thanksgiving.  You recall that last time we were talking about the  
+
+Matevoidic system,  and much of the rationale for  
+
+studying it stems from two reasons.  First of all, it recapitulates in a  
+
+formal sense what happens during embryogenesis,   
+
+i.e. one has relatively undifferentiated stem cells which  
+
+are able to differentiate into a number of different directions by  
+
+committing themselves to either the myeloid or lymphoid compartment,   
+
+and then going down yet other pathways, more detailed pathways to  
+
+generate a whole variety of cell types.   
+
+Secondly, we really understand the differentiation pathways of  
+
+Matevoisis better than we understand any tissue in the body,   
+
+in no small part because it's much easier to study the soluble cells in  
+
+the blood and in the immune system than it is to study how these  
+
+processes happen in normal tissues.  But having said that,   
+
+I want to emphasize the fact that in each of our tissues there are  
+
+oligopotential stem cells.  When I say oligopotential I mean  
+
+they can go down several different pathways.  Recall up there on that  
+
+diagram we talked about pluripotential which means multiple,   
+
+and today we're going to talk a bit about todipotential stem cells,   
+
+which are able to disperse descendants into all the different  
+
+differentiation lineages in the body.   
+
+At the end of our last lecture,  we were focusing on the red blood  
+
+cells.  And this is sometimes called erythropoiesis,   
+
+which is to say the process by which red blood cells are generated.   
+
+We mentioned the concept of homeostasis, and homeostasis just  
+
+refers to the fact that all of these systems are in very delicate balance  
+
+so that the body can respond to the physiologic needs of the organism at  
+
+any one point in time.  We talked about the fact that for  
+
+example when there's a massive infection in the body,   
+
+then the homeostatic mechanisms allow an increase in these kinds of  
+
+immune cells in order to encounter the infection.   
+
+And at the end of our last lecture,  we were talking about this specific  
+
+branch, and how in fact homeostasis is maintained there.   
+
+And what we see here is a series of committed progenitors.   
+
+So when I talk about committed progenitors I'm referring to cells  
+
+that have already made the commitment to go down one  
+
+or another pathway.  They're not yet fully differentiated.   
+
+As you can see here,  we have first forming cells and  
+
+colony forming cells.  We don't need to remember all the  
+
+different abbreviations except to say that these cells here are in a  
+
+relative undifferentiated state.  And the only end stage  
+
+differentiation comes at the very end here when we get to red blood  
+
+cells.  We said in general that it's the case that most highly  
+
+differentiated cells are post-mitotic, which is to say  
+
+they're never going to reenter into the growth and division cycle of the  
+
+cell that we talked about earlier in the semester.   
+
+And that's obviously dictated here by the fact that this erythrocyte  
+
+lacks a nucleus,  i.e. during the final stage of  
+
+differentiation,  in addition to accumulating large  
+
+amounts of hemoglobin in its cytoplasm, this cell actually pops  
+
+out its nucleus,  and that obviously represents an  
+
+irrevocable change in that cell can never again enter into growth  
+
+and division cycle.  The immediate precursor of an  
+
+erythrocyte is often called an erythroblast.  And the term blast  
+
+here refers to a cell of embryonic appearance.  Blast is used often to  
+
+indicate, we'll mention that again shortly, a cell which looks very  
+
+primitive, and embryonic,  and undifferentiated.  And that ends  
+
+up going into an erythrocyte,  which we said is actually a synonym  
+
+for a red blood cell, an RBC, a red blood cell.   
+
+And we talked about the fact that this progression is actually  
+
+maintained and furthered by the stimulus of the compound called  
+
+erythropoietin.  So, we're using some of the same  
+
+words over and over again.  And erythropoietin is essentially a  
+
+growth factor which stimulates the end stage differentiation of the  
+
+erythroblast into the erythrocyte.   
+
+Epo, as erythropoietin's often abbreviated, is actually made in the  
+
+kidneys.  And it's made in the kidneys in response to the  
+
+physiological stimulus of hypoxia.  Hypoxia means inadequate  
+
+oxygenation of the tissues.  You might ask, well, why is red  
+
+blood cell contractions controlled,  as they are, in the kidney?   
+
+And the fact is,  we don't really know why evolution  
+
+has chosen the kidney as the site of monitoring the degree of oxygenation  
+
+of the blood.  And in response to hypoxia, it begins to crank out  
+
+erythropoietin,  or Epo.  You can think of  
+
+erythropoietin as an extracellular liggon just like a growth factor.   
+
+It has its own cognate receptor on the surface of the erythroblast,   
+
+and when Epo released by the kidney hits an erythroblast in the context  
+
+of the bone marrow,  it actually has two effects.   
+
+It happens to be the case that roughly even 95% of the erythroblast  
+
+that are made routinely are forced to go into apitosis under routine  
+
+conditions.  So,  this is an enormously wasteful  
+
+system, i.e. as every moment we speak, 90 or 95% of the erythroblast  
+
+that have come into existence in your bone marrow apitose.   
+
+They never go into end stage differentiation.   
+
+But when Epo is around,  Epo provides a strong anti-apoptotic  
+
+signal to the red blood saves some and maybe even all of the  
+
+erythroblasts from their normal fate of undergoing apitosis.   
+
+So here, if we imagine there are actually two fates,   
+
+one is to become an erythrocyte,  and the other is to apitose, where  
+
+the aptisosis is paradoxically enough the dominant fate of the cell,   
+
+the moment that an Epo comes on the scene, it blocks this alternative  
+
+fate, allowing these cells to mature.  Epo at the same time stimulates the  
+
+erythroblast to differentiate.  Now, you might as yourself the  
+
+question, why is there this enormously inefficient process?   
+
+An enormous effort is made to crank out large, astronomical numbers of  
+
+erythroblasts,  and yet most of them are wasted even  
+
+before they've had a chance to undergo end stage differentiation.   
+
+And the rationale here is as follows.  This is a terrific system  
+
+for rapidly ramping up the level of red blood cells in your circulation  
+
+because here, within a matter of a day or two, one can crank up,   
+
+actually in a matter of hours,  you can crank up the rate of  
+
+production of red blood cells by maybe even a factor of ten.   
+
+Instead of having 90% of the erythroblast apitose,   
+
+let's say 0% of them do so,  and therefore, instead of having 10%  
+
+of the erythroblasts becoming red blood cells, 100% of them will do so.   
+
+And therefore,  you have the virtually miraculous  
+
+response that if you go from here high up in the rocky mountains at  
+
+ten or 12,000 feet,  within a matter of two or three days,   
+
+your red blood cell concentration actually has compensated,   
+
+has risen up to create the oxygen caring capacity that enables you to  
+
+deal with the thin oxygen,  with the low oxygen tension that's  
+
+present at high altitudes.  Now, having said that,   
+
+the fact is that there is an Epo receptor on the surface of the  
+
+erythroblast, and what we see there is the following.   
+
+Let's talk about the erythroblast and just blow it up a little bit.   
+
+So, here's the erythroblast.  That's the undifferentiated  
+
+precursor.  And by the way,  the erythroblast is actually still a  
+
+white blood cell.  Often we call a white blood cell a  
+
+leukocyte.  You may know that gluco means white.  So,   
+
+a leukocyte, it's still white.  And after the erythropotent  
+
+impinges on it,  one of the things it starts doing is  
+
+to make the hemoglobin,  which turns it into a red blood cell.   
+
+At this stage, it's still white.  On the surface of the erythroblast  
+
+are these Epo receptors.  I'll just abbreviate them like this,   
+
+Epo receptor, and once it binds the liggon Epo just like the growth  
+
+factor receptors,  we talked early in the receptors  
+
+signals are sent into the erythroblast to stimulate both  
+
+differentiation and to prevent the initiation of the cell suicide  
+
+program that we call apitosis.  Interestingly, one of the things  
+
+that happens normally is the following, that when these signals  
+
+come in, there is an enzyme called a phosphotase which is attracted  
+
+to the receptor.  The Epo receptor works like a  
+
+tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor that we talked about  
+
+earlier in the semester.  And here, we have an enzyme,   
+
+a phosphotase, which actually counteracts the function of the  
+
+tyrosine kinases.  So, after the Epo receptor has  
+
+bound its liggon,  here's the plasma membrane,   
+
+it has a whole series of I'll draw Y here for tyrosine.   
+
+It has a whole series of phosphates attached to it because of the  
+
+actions of tyrosine kinase enzymes that are associated with its  
+
+cytoplasmic domain indirect analogy to what we talked about in the case  
+
+of growth factor receptors.  But, one of the things that happens  
+
+is that this phosphotase,  which removes phosphates, then gloms  
+
+onto the receptor like this.  It grabs hold of some of these  
+
+tyrosine kinases.  And what this phosphotase does is  
+
+reach around.  It reaches around and it begins to prune off all of these  
+
+phosphates because that's what a phosphate does.   
+
+It cuts away all the phosphates,  thereby directly reversing the  
+
+previous actions of the tyrosine kinase that led to the formation of  
+
+these phosphates,  and that in turn allows downstream  
+
+signaling to occur.  This is obviously a functional  
+
+negative feedback loop,  i.e. whenever there is an agonist  
+
+you want an antagonist.  Whenever there's a stimulus which  
+
+is induced in the body,  there has to be an inhibitory signal,   
+
+and this is part of the whole issue of homeostasis,   
+
+the balance between forward and backward.  Interestingly enough,   
+
+there's a family in Finland, I believe, which has a mutant receptor.   
+
+And their mutant receptor lacks this tyrosine.   
+
+And what happens as a consequence is that that particular tyrosine  
+
+doesn't get phosphorolated.  Because that tyrosine doesn't get  
+
+phosphorolated,  the phosphotase cannot be attracted  
+
+to the receptor because there isn't a tyrosine there.   
+
+There's some other amino acid residue.  I don't know what it is.   
+
+It's not important, but it's not a tyrosine.  And this cannot happen  
+
+because they don't have this tyrosine.  This phosphotase could  
+
+not be attracted to the receptor to shut it down as it normally  
+
+would be.  So normally homeostasis is  
+
+imbalanced, and several members of this family have become Olympic  
+
+cross-country ski winners.  They've become Olympic champions.   
+
+Why?  Because their Epo receptor's hyperactive.  Because the Epo  
+
+receptor's hyperactive,  they have higher than normal levels  
+
+of red blood cells in the circulation, and this clearly allows  
+
+them to function better in cross country skiing,   
+
+which as you know is a really physically demanding task.   
+
+Again, I'm not saying this is a good thing for them necessarily.   
+
+There are other things in life besides, believe it or not,   
+
+winning cross country Olympic competitions because as I mentioned  
+
+last time, having too many red blood cells in your circulation,   
+
+there's a downside to it which is that you have a much greater  
+
+tendency to have occlusions,  to have blood clots in your  
+
+circulation which obviously is not a very good thing to have.   
+
+ Oh, so is there a threshold of Epo  
+
+receptor activation before phosphotase shuts it down?   
+
+These things are not really well understood, are not well studied.   
+
+The fact is, you might be able to say we should make a mathematical  
+
+model of all of these different circuitry.  But the fact is if you  
+
+want to make a mathematical model,  you have to know some of the  
+
+constants.  You have to know some of the parameters, the binding  
+
+constants.  And in fact, for most of the  
+
+signaling interactions,  no one's ever really studied them in  
+
+such great detail.  So, one really doesn't know how  
+
+much phosphate you need here before the phosphotase becomes really  
+
+active.  And so,  there's not a really good  
+
+mathematical model of this feedback loop, even though we know without  
+
+any doubt that it exists.  So, I want to get into other issues  
+
+that are related to the whole issue of accumulated differentiation  
+
+traits as one moves down this pathway.   
+
+Again, we've used this as a model for how differentiation takes place  
+
+in the entire body.  The faith that's been implicit in  
+
+this kind of scheme for the last 20 or 30 years is that this acquisition  
+
+of different kinds of phenotypes is not accompanied by genetic changes,   
+
+that is, in the genomes of these cells.  I.e. one can accomplish  
+
+these different kinds of differentiation not by rearranging  
+
+genes but just by rearranging transcriptional programs,   
+
+and that the DNA sequence of these cells as they proliferate and  
+
+differentiate is fully unchanged.  And that's a matter of faith  
+
+because you could say to me,  how do you know that it's really  
+
+true.  The fact is that people have looked at genes in many kinds of  
+
+cell types, but it's essentially impossible, or it has been at least  
+
+until recently,  to preclude the possibility that as  
+
+cells move down these differentiation pathways,   
+
+they begin to change the nucleotide sequences of different  
+
+ones of their genes.  In fact, I've already told you about  
+
+one instance where that's clearly the case.  And that is in the  
+
+differentiation of the B cells of the immune system,   
+
+which happen to be right up here on this chart, because as you recall  
+
+from our discussion vis-ā-vis immunology, the B cells actually do  
+
+rearrange their genes in order to cobble together DNA sequences that  
+
+together are able to enable them to make antibodies that are able to  
+
+react to specific antigens.  So there, there's no doubt at all  
+
+that there's a somatic rearrangement of the genes, somatic meaning it's  
+
+not a germ line change.  It's happening in the soma outside  
+
+of the germ line.  There's a somatic mutation.   
+
+It's not a mutation that's deleterious, but rather is directed  
+
+towards a physiologically normal and desirable end point.   
+
+But for example, how do you know that when you remember things in the  
+
+brain, part of the memory does not derive from changing the DNA  
+
+sequence and different neurons in the brain?   
+
+What's the molecular basis of memory?  Could it be that each time we learn  
+
+some things that there are different nucleotide sequences,   
+
+critical nucleotide sequences,  that are changed in neurons in the  
+
+brain, and that those nucleotide sequence changes represent an  
+
+important basis for ensuring that memory is retained over decades of  
+
+time.  Or, rather than having genetic changes in the brain,   
+
+might it all be epigenetic, i.  . all the other changes that happen  
+
+to the cell besides changing DNA sequences in the chromosomal DNA.   
+
+So, here we're dealing with the dialectic between epigenetic and  
+
+genetic.  And,  have we talked about DNA methylation  
+
+here?  Yes, so we talked about DNA methylation, and do you recall or  
+
+having discussed the fact that when DNA gets methylated,   
+
+that suppresses the transcription of a gene.   
+
+But that doesn't change the nucleotide sequence,   
+
+and that methylation configuration of a gene can be passed to one cell  
+
+generation to the next.  It's heritable, but it's not  
+
+genetic in the strictest sense of the term, i.e.   
+
+it doesn't involve a change in nucleotide sequence,   
+
+which is what we want to limit this term to referring.   
+
+So, epigenic can represent all the changes in the cell including DNA  
+
+methylation, alterations in transcription,   
+
+and all other downstream events that result in changes in the cell.   
+
+And how can one address this?  Well,  there are different ways of  
+
+addressing this question or addressing the possibility that in  
+
+fact there are changes in the nucleotide sequence of the gene.   
+
+One way to do this is the following.  And that is to take cells from an  
+
+early embryo, and here we see an early vertebrate embryo.   
+
+This looks really more like a frog embryo or a slightly different shape,   
+
+and here we see an early embryo.  It's after a blastula.  It's called  
+
+a blastocyst.  Here again we have the word blast.   
+
+How about one question per lecture?  We have to have some equity here.   
+
+Other people can ask questions.  It's good to ask questions,   
+
+but how about one per lecture; that's fair, equitable.   
+
+All right, so here's an early vertebrate embryo.   
+
+Here we see the blastocyst.  This comes after the earlier stages  
+
+in the embryo,  and here we see the inner cell mass.   
+
+And as it turns out, the inner cell mass is going to be the precursor of  
+
+many of the tissues of the ultimately arising embryo.   
+
+And here, one can do an interesting experiment.  One can take cells out  
+
+of the inner cell mass.  And one can begin to propagate them  
+
+in culture.  And what one ends up with is embryonic stem cells.   
+
+And the intrinsic interest of embryonic stem cells is manifold.   
+
+For one thing, you can take embryonic stem cells and you can  
+
+genetically alter them.  You can put a new gene in,   
+
+in the case of a mouse, or you can take another gene out.   
+
+And then what you can do is you can inject the genetically altered  
+
+embryonic stem cell into the blastocyst of another embryo.   
+
+So let's say we take the cells out of the inner cell mass.   
+
+We develop embryonic stem cells.  We can call them ES cells.  That's  
+
+what they're called in the trade,  ES cells.  We take them out.  We can  
+
+propagate them in culture.  And then, what we can find is we'll  
+
+put a genetic marker in those ES cells.  Let's say we put in those  
+
+embryonic stem cells the marker for the gene beta-galactosidase.   
+
+And beta-galactosidase in the presence of a proper indicator,   
+
+if you put a proper indicator and make a cell turn blue.   
+
+So now we have an ES cell line that produces the beta-galactosidase  
+
+enzyme.  The beta-galactosidase enzyme beta-gal itself has no effect  
+
+on the biology of the cells.  It's only a marker.  And now,   
+
+we take those ES cells, and we inject them into another embryo,   
+
+a wild type embryo that lacks this beta-gal marker.   
+
+And what we can see is that we inject the ES cells into this  
+
+blastocyst.  The injected ES cells will now insinuate themselves,   
+
+will now intrude into the massive cells in this embryo into which we  
+
+injected the ES cells,  and they will become part of the  
+
+entire embryo genesis that follows.  I.e. soon these foreign ES cells  
+
+will weasel their way into this inner cell mass.   
+
+And they will become established and become functionally equivalent to  
+
+the inner cell mass cells that were resident there prior to this  
+
+injection.  And what you can do then is follow the subsequent fate of,   
+
+in this case, a mouse.  And what will happen often is that you can  
+
+find blue cells all over the mouse sometimes in the paws,   
+
+sometimes in the coat.  Let's imagine that the hair would turn  
+
+blue, which in fact is not the case.  But let's imagine the hair would  
+
+turn blue.  So here's the mouse,   
+
+happy because it's part of an important experiment.   
+
+And what you'll sometimes see is that, well, remember that art was  
+
+not my forte.  Anyhow,  here you might see stripes of blue  
+
+cells on the skin.  The hair won't turn blue actually,   
+
+but the skin may if you give it the proper indicator.   
+
+And what this indicates is that in this case, the cells that were  
+
+injected into the blastocyst could become part of lineages which  
+
+committed themselves to becoming skin cells.   
+
+Or, the cells in the brain might be blue.  Or, the cells in the gut  
+
+might be blue.  Or under certain conditions,   
+
+the cells in the intestine might be blue.  In telling you that,   
+
+I mean to indicate that the cells that we injected into this  
+
+blastocyst, which carry beta-gal were totipotent.   
+
+They could create all the tissues of the mouse under the proper  
+
+conditions.  The proper conditions are obviously being put into this  
+
+very special environment in which all kinds of differentiation  
+
+inducing signals,  which we don't really understand,   
+
+can induce this cell to commit itself to enter into one or another  
+
+differentiation lineage.  And in principal, you can make a  
+
+whole organism out of an ES cell.  ES cell has as much plasticity, as  
+
+much flexibility, as a fertilized egg.   
+
+It has not yet lost the ability to make all the parts of the body.   
+
+On some occasions, the ES cell will even get into the gonads of the  
+
+mouse, which are down here somewhere.  And if that's so,   
+
+if the ES cell which you injected has been able to seed the formation  
+
+of these cells down here,  then what will happen is that either  
+
+the sperm or the egg coming from this mouse will now transmit  
+
+the blue gene.  And now, in the next generation,   
+
+all of the mice will inherit the blue beta-galactosidase gene in all  
+
+of their cells because now this will have entered into the germ line.   
+
+If these blue cells happen to colonize the testes,   
+
+the ovary, or the testes,  then these blue cells will become  
+
+ancestors to the sperm or the egg.  And now, in the next generation,   
+
+mice will inherit a blue gene in all of their cells.   
+
+And now this mouse is really happy because it's now part of an  
+
+extremely important experiment because now all of its cells will  
+
+become blue, having inherited them as part of the oocyte which led to  
+
+its formation.  In this kind of an animal,   
+
+we call this animal a kind of a chimera.  Chimera is a mythical  
+
+beast which is,  let's say, half human and half horse  
+
+or something like that.  Or a chimera means it has  
+
+genetically different parts in it.  That is not to say that these parts  
+
+carrying the blue gene are necessarily defective,   
+
+they're just genetically different,  one from the other.  But they can  
+
+participate in embryogenesis in a fashion that's indistinguishable  
+
+from the non-blue cells.  They just do everything they're  
+
+supposed to do,  and they pretend as if they were in  
+
+this embryo from the get go,  from the very beginning, from the  
+
+moment of fertilization.  So they are totipotent.   
+
+There's an alternative experiment you can do, and you can take the ES  
+
+cells, and you can inject them under the skin of a mouse,   
+
+let's say.  So now, you're putting them in a very unfamiliar  
+
+environment.  And what you see then on many occasions is you can  
+
+actually get a tumor.  You can get what's called an  
+
+embryonal carcinoma.    
+
+Now you'll say,  well, so what?  That's not so  
+
+interesting.  But it's very interesting.  Why?   
+
+Because if you look at the genome of those embryonal carcinoma cells  
+
+which we can call EC cells if you want, those cells are genetically  
+
+full wild type.  And yet, we're getting a tumor here.   
+
+So, it means that these cells,  which have been placed in a fully  
+
+unfamiliar environment under the skin or in the belly of a mouse will  
+
+begin to form a tumor.  And in fact, they represent the  
+
+only type of cell that we know about where a cell having a wild type  
+
+genome can actually give you a tumor.   
+
+As you sensed from our previous discussions, all other kinds of  
+
+human cancer cells we know about have to have mutant genes in order  
+
+for them to grow as a malignancy.  These cells are fully wild type and  
+
+can grow as an embryonal carcinoma.  They are very primitive.  These  
+
+cells have quite a bit of autonomy.  They're not so responsive to all  
+
+the growth factors that normally are required by many cells throughout  
+
+the soma of an animal throughout the tissues.   
+
+So this allows us to begin to move on and ask other kinds of questions.   
+
+For example, you can take these embryonal carcinoma cells.   
+
+You put them in a Petri dish,  and you can actually induce them to  
+
+differentiate into different cell types in vitro.   
+
+How can you do that?  Well, we're just beginning to learn  
+
+how to do that.  We don't really know how to do that.   
+
+But, if you give them the right cocktail of growth factors,   
+
+they might begin to form muscle cells.  If you give them another  
+
+cocktail of growth factors,  they might begin to give pancreatic  
+
+eyelid cells that form insulin,  or in this case cartilage cells.   
+
+And presumably, the cocktail of growth factors you're providing each  
+
+one of these cells with in vitro,  i.e. in the Petri dish, is mimicking  
+
+the growth factor environment that each of these cell types is  
+
+experiencing within the embryo.  In other words,   
+
+cells in different parts of the embryo experience different  
+
+combinations of growth factors that persuade them to commit themselves  
+
+to becoming these kind of cells,  these kind of cells, and these kind  
+
+of cells.  And therefore,  one of the promises of embryonic  
+
+stem cell research is the possibility of being able to  
+
+regenerate different kinds of tissues in a fashion that I just  
+
+showed you here.  But this whole experiment in the  
+
+case of human beings is ethically extremely controversial.   
+
+Why?  Because the experiment starts out making these ES cells here,   
+
+and if we want to start out with an early embryo like this,   
+
+start out with a blastocyst,  in the case of a human blastocyst,   
+
+this human blastocyst has the potential under the proper  
+
+conditions of becoming a newborn human being.  And therefore,   
+
+we have this enormous ethical conflict in this country.   
+
+Is this blastocyst already a human being?  Can you already afford to  
+
+truncate the life of this blastocyst at this stage of development,   
+
+and in so doing, are you actually extinguishing human life,   
+
+or is this organism, if you want to call it that, already still much too  
+
+primitive to consider it to be equal to human life?   
+
+And here, I would not,  unlike my political views,   
+
+be forward enough to venture an opinion because it's really  
+
+something that no one really can argue about in any objective way.   
+
+It's all a matter of opinion.  Is this a human being already,   
+
+or is it simply an inanimate cluster,  a clump of cells?   
+
+Now, in principal,  how could we do this?   
+
+How could we actually create this kind of tissue therapy?   
+
+Because the fact is, as you get older, your tissues start falling  
+
+apart.  You haven't experienced that.   
+
+But I have.  And the fact is that even if you try to stay in shape,   
+
+things just start falling apart.  And the older you get,   
+
+the more they fall apart.  Even people who eat well,   
+
+which I do, and exercise well,  which I don't, even they fall apart.   
+
+And so the question is, are there way of replacing and repairing  
+
+tissue?  And this would,  in principal, represent one such  
+
+strategy because it means that you could possibly inject replacement  
+
+cells into an agent tissue and generate cells which could then  
+
+restore and regeneration function which has somehow inevitably  
+
+deteriorated over the decades.  Well, that raises the question of  
+
+how you can actually get a blastocyst, how you can make a  
+
+blastocyst like this.  To state an obvious thing which you  
+
+might already have intuited,  let's say you had such cells  
+
+differentiated from various cell types that you want to inject into  
+
+somebody's muscle or into their liver if they had diabetes and had  
+
+lost their beta cells,  or into their cartilage if they  
+
+banged up their knee during basketball practice or something  
+
+like that, or jogging,  which is allegedly good for you.   
+
+Who knows?  How could you deal with that?  Well, the fact is,   
+
+let's imagine there were such a blastocyst which we'd produce in  
+
+this fashion that we differentiated like this.   
+
+OK, this is now the sequence of events.  There's an important  
+
+consideration we have to take into account, and that is if this  
+
+blastocyst came from a different person than you,   
+
+and we induced these cells to differentiate,   
+
+and we injected those differentiation cells into your  
+
+muscle, things wouldn't work.  Why?  Because these cells, if the  
+
+blastocyst originated in a different person than yourself would be  
+
+genetically different from you,  and would be recognized as foreign  
+
+tissue by your immune system.  So even though you were getting an  
+
+injection of cells which could regenerate your muscle perfectly  
+
+well, those cells would never be given a chance to establish  
+
+themselves and to thrive,  and to reconstruct the tissue simple  
+
+because the immune system would regard those cells as being  
+
+foreigners and would go after them hammer and tongs trying to get rid  
+
+of them in the same way it tries to get rid of all kinds of foreign  
+
+invaders.  I.e.  the only way you could avoid it is  
+
+if this blastocyst was genetically identical to you.   
+
+But how can you make a blastocyst which is genetically identical to  
+
+you?  Well, I'm glad I asked that question.  That's really the big  
+
+challenge we have here because we don't want to create a situation  
+
+where we have to restore somebody's tissues, but the only way we can  
+
+restore them is to leave them immunosuppressed for the rest of  
+
+their lives.  When I say immunosuppressed I mean we have to  
+
+prevent their immune system from attacking all of these cells that  
+
+we've injected in them,  these foreign cells, in the same way  
+
+that we have to suppress the immune system of any person who has  
+
+received a graft from another individual including often bone  
+
+marrow transplants.  In all cases, we have at least for a  
+
+while to prevent their immune system from attacking and eliminating these  
+
+engrafted cells.  And this is where the whole strategy  
+
+comes for the whole process of cloning.  You may recall the case of  
+
+Dolly about five years ago,  and let's remember what happened  
+
+here because this would a momentous experiment in mammalian biology.   
+
+It asked the question, really, if you take cells from a somatic tissue,   
+
+from here, or here,  or here, are those cells,   
+
+in principal, still totipotent,  i.e. is the nucleus, is the genome  
+
+of those cells totipotent,  or has the genome, the chromosomal  
+
+complement of cells in their cells undergone some kind of irrevocable,   
+
+irreversible change, which precludes those cells from ever  
+
+becoming totipotent?  Well, in fact,   
+
+if you take mammary epithelial cells from the breast of a human being or  
+
+from the breast of a ewe and you put them into the blastocyst,   
+
+nothing's going to happen.  Those introduced mammary epithelial  
+
+cells will not be able to establish themselves in the blastocyst.   
+
+And, we will not be able to insinuate themselves amidst the  
+
+inner cell mass,  and they will not be able to  
+
+participate in embryogenesis.  So therefore, the epigenetic program  
+
+in these somatic cells seems to be irrevocably set to preclude the  
+
+participation of the already differentiated mammary epithelial  
+
+cells in subsequent embryogenesis.  Therefore, you could not do this  
+
+experiment all over again of introducing cells into the inner  
+
+cell mass as I just described over here, injecting them into this.   
+
+But still, that doesn't answer the question.  The issue is not whether  
+
+the mammary epithelial cell is irrevocably committed to being a  
+
+mammary epithelial cell.  The issue: is its genome capable  
+
+under the proper circumstances of becoming an early embryonic cell.   
+
+And therefore, what was done is the following.  One took mammary  
+
+epithelial cells,  in this case from Dolly's quote  
+
+unquote "mother,  one prepared nuclei from these  
+
+cells, taking them out of the cytoplasm, and then one got  
+
+fertilized eggs or eggs that have been induced to become.   
+
+So here's an oocyte.  An oocyte is an unfertilized egg.   
+
+In principle, you can activate an oocyte by putting a sperm in,   
+
+or in fact it's actually better if you take the oocyte and you fool it  
+
+into thinking it's become fertilized by treating it with different salts,   
+
+high potassium concentration, and so forth.   
+
+And that will induce the egg to say I've been fertilized.   
+
+I better start embryogenesis.  But what you do in this case is the  
+
+following.  The egg has its own haploid nucleus here,   
+
+and you can take a little needle.  And, you suck that nucleus right  
+
+out of the egg.  So, you've enucleated it.   
+
+That's what you've done, and now the egg is enucleate.   
+
+It doesn't have a nucleus in it.  But keep in mind,   
+
+much of what happens during early embryogenesis is programmed not only  
+
+by the genes but by all array of cytoplasmic proteins that are  
+
+present throughout the egg,  and which play critical roles in  
+
+determining the subsequent course of embryogenesis.   
+
+So now what you can do is you inject into this enucleate oocyte  
+
+the nucleus of a mammary epithelial cell.   
+
+The mammary epithelial cell is obviously highly differentiated.   
+
+It's there to make milk.  We'll call it an MEC if you want,   
+
+and you put that in there, and under certain circumstances,   
+
+and then you can treat this with a little bit of salt to mimic the  
+
+physiological stimulus that comes after the sperm hits the egg.   
+
+And now this egg will think it's been fertilized.   
+
+And now it will begin to divide.  But keep in mind, the genome of  
+
+this quote unquote "unfertilized egg" has come not from the sperm and  
+
+the preexisting nucleus of the egg.  It's come because the nucleus has  
+
+been injected from a mammary epithelial cell.   
+
+An experience over the last 30 years had indicated that this will  
+
+never work.  But finally somebody in Scotland, a man named Ian Wilmouth  
+
+tinkered enough with the conditions of these cells that he could  
+
+actually get it to work not so often,  maybe one, or two,   
+
+or three times out of 100 tries.  But on those conditions,   
+
+this thing would begin to divide.  The nucleus would begin to divide  
+
+its diploid.  Keep in mind that when a sperm comes into an egg,   
+
+the egg is haploid.  The sperm is haploid.  Together they make a  
+
+diploid genome.  This introduced genomus diploid,   
+
+and the question is, the critical question is, can the genes in this  
+
+introduced nucleus totally rearrange their transcriptional program so  
+
+that even though these genes might all be intact in terms of nucleotide  
+
+sequence, can the entire infinitely complex array of DNA associated  
+
+proteins,  I.e. the proteins that constitute  
+
+the chromatin which is not only the histones but also the transcription  
+
+factors, the TF's,  can they all jump on and jump off as  
+
+they should to mimic and replicate the spectrum of transcription  
+
+factors that is normally present shortly after an egg is fertilized?   
+
+If they can do that,  then this embryo can begin to  
+
+replicate, and can ultimately develop into a complete embryo.   
+
+If they can't, then embryogenesis is going to be truncated shortly  
+
+thereafter maybe at the two cell stage, at the four cell stage,   
+
+at the 16 cell stage, but shortly thereafter, not because of the DNA  
+
+sequences being defective,  but because the spectrum of  
+
+transcription factors is up and down regulates certain genes is in fact  
+
+not been able to re-assort themselves in response to what?   
+
+Initially, in response to the signals coming from the cytoplasm  
+
+because one might imagine,  correctly so, that the nucleus in  
+
+here is getting signals from the cytoplasm telling it,   
+
+in effect, telling this nucleus,  you should behave functionally as if  
+
+you were the nucleus of a fertilized egg.  In other words,   
+
+the environment of proteins here is influencing the behavior  
+
+of this nucleus.  That goes backwards to our normal  
+
+way of thinking because keep in mind our normal vectoral way of thinking  
+
+is that the nucleus is influencing the cytoplasm.   
+
+That's the direction of information flow.  But here,   
+
+we're having a different situation.  Here, the cytoplasm is telling this  
+
+injected nucleus,  well, you used to be a mammary  
+
+epithelial cell nucleus,  but now you've got to take on a  
+
+different job.  And we're going to force you to do  
+
+so.  And to the extent that happens,   
+
+then in principle, one can end up having a normal embryo.   
+
+And, it happened actually on rare occasion that this worked.   
+
+Here they used actual electrical stimulus rather than salt to get the  
+
+nucleus to divide.  This electrical stimulus,   
+
+again, was to mimic the stimulus that the sperm entering the egg  
+
+normally provides,  thereby activating the egg and  
+
+forcing the entire fertilized egg to proliferate.   
+
+And so, once this starts developing,  let's say, the blastocyst stage,   
+
+here we have a blastocyst.  You can see the inner cell mass  
+
+once again here.  This can be transferred into a  
+
+pseudo-pregnant ewe.  Pseudo-pregnant means you take a  
+
+female ewe and you inject it with a series of hormones that persuade her  
+
+reproductive system including prolactin, and progesterone,   
+
+or estrogen, persuade her reproductive system,   
+
+her uterus, that she's pregnant.  You inject this early embryo into  
+
+her, and this early embryo will then implant into the wall of her uterus  
+
+and begin to develop.  And if it all works well,   
+
+you get a Dolly is born.  You get a new sheep coming out of this.   
+
+It doesn't work so often, one,  two, three, four times after out of  
+
+a hundred, and very often in the great majority of cases,   
+
+there are mis-births, mis-carriages,  which happen in the middle of  
+
+embryogenesis.  So, almost in the great majority of  
+
+cases, this fails.  Somehow, the reprogramming of this  
+
+nucleus, which is what we're talking about, reprogramming it in terms of  
+
+its transcriptional program,  goes awry.  And therefore, bad  
+
+things happen.  The fact that on a rare occasion  
+
+gets and succeeds here already is extremely interesting because it  
+
+proves irrevocably that the genome of a mammary epithelial cell is in  
+
+principle competent to program entire embryonic development.   
+
+And that means that during the development of Dolly's mother,   
+
+we'll put her up here, as she developed from one cell into 1,   
+
+00 or 10,000 billion cells, as that development occurred the DNA  
+
+sequences that went from the fertilized egg to her didn't really  
+
+change.  I.e. the DNA sequences that were in one of her mammary  
+
+epithelial cells were intact,  and as capable in principle of  
+
+launching the full-fledged development as would be  
+
+a fertilized egg.  And that is one of the proofs,   
+
+by the way, that in fact differentiation does not involve,   
+
+with some rare exceptions,  alterations in DNA sequence.   
+
+This, in turn, ends up being connected with the whole issue of  
+
+embryonic stem cells.  Let's say that I wanted to have my  
+
+muscles regenerated,  although they're still pretty good.   
+
+So, I take a skin cell of mine, and I inject the skin cell.   
+
+I take the nucleus out,  and I inject it into an oocyte.   
+
+And then I let the oocyte develop up to this stage.   
+
+And I don't put the oocyte back into a sheep or another woman,   
+
+although I could in principle.  I actually take the cells out of the  
+
+inner cell mass.  Those are ES cells,   
+
+and I begin to use them to regenerate my muscles to do this  
+
+strategy.  So,  the cells are, in this case,   
+
+not used for reproductive cloning,  which is what this is here.   
+
+They're used for therapeutic cloning,  where instead of taking these cells  
+
+and the ES cells and allowing them to form a whole embryo,   
+
+they're used to form a cell line of ES cells from the blastocyst from  
+
+the inner cell mass.  What we talked about before,   
+
+here you see the blastocyst with the inner cell mass here.   
+
+You see it again.  But now,  rather than allowing this blastocyst  
+
+to continue development,  we simply extract cells from it and  
+
+again create ES cells.  I could create therefore in  
+
+principle, ES cells,  which are genetically identical to  
+
+all the cells in my body,  and any one of you could as well.   
+
+And here, there's not only one, but there's two ethical complications.   
+
+First of all, here we're starting human life with the intent of  
+
+truncating it very early,  and secondly, where are the oocytes  
+
+going to come from?  Well, you could say you can get  
+
+them from some women,  but producing oocytes from a human  
+
+female isn't so easy.  You have to inject her with all  
+
+kinds of stimulatory hormones,  choreogramatatrophic hormones.  It's  
+
+an unpleasant procedure.  Usually women are paid $5,   
+
+00 or $10,000 to produce some oocytes.  Well,   
+
+you say, that's OK,  but is that OK?  I don't know.   
+
+Is it OK to pay a woman to donate her oocytes to make herself into an  
+
+oocyte factory?  I don't know.  You have to judge.   
+
+I think there's arguments both for and against it.   
+
+Clearly, any one of us would be extraordinarily naīve if we thought  
+
+that this was a procedure which had no ethical encumbrances in it.   
+
+And, you have to think about them for yourself.  Still,   
+
+the potentials are enormous,  and therefore the question exists.   
+
+Will there be ways in the future of taking differentiated cells from  
+
+one's tissue, and in fact using them in these ways to make ES cells  
+
+without having to go through an oocyte, and without having the  
+
+potential of creating human life.  The alternative to this has been to  
+
+do the following,  to go into our normal tissues and  
+
+pull out adult stem cells.  What do I mean by adult stem cells?   
+
+These are not stem cells that are totipotent.  These are stem cells  
+
+which are in my muscles and regenerating muscle mass,   
+
+which happens believe it or not.  These are stem cells which might be  
+
+in my skin and are continually regenerating skin cells.   
+
+Keep in mind that in the maintenance of all our normal tissues there are  
+
+stem cells whose configuration can formally be depicted like this with  
+
+the transit amplifying cells we talked about before.   
+
+And maybe, if one took the stem cells out of an adult tissue right  
+
+here, if we had a way of extracting them, those could be propagated in  
+
+vitro, and then injected back in.  Those are so-called adult stem  
+
+cells.  And the individuals who are against  
+
+this kind of manipulation of human embryos and so forth say that adult  
+
+stem cells are really the solution.  You take stem cells out of a  
+
+person's tissue,  you expand them.  Ex vivo means out  
+
+of the body, in vitro,  and then you use them.  You inject  
+
+them into somebody's tissue to regenerate their tissue.   
+
+There's only one problem with that.  It's ethically far less encumbered  
+
+obviously, but it doesn't work that well.  In fact,   
+
+some people think it hardly works at all, that the exceptions are really  
+
+rather far and few between.  And so, this issue will long be or  
+
+continue to be debated.  But it obviously represents a very  
+
+new and exciting area of biomedical research.  And interestingly enough,   
+
+it impinges as well in a fully unexpected way on cancer because  
+
+this whole paradigm of stem cells,  it turns out, also applies to cancer  
+
+cells.  If you were to have asked me two or  
+
+three years ago,  what did the cells in the tumor look  
+
+like?  I would draw a picture like this, that these are a series of  
+
+exponentially growing cells so that all the cancer cells,   
+
+all the neoplastic cells in the tumor mass are biologically  
+
+equivalent to one another.  They all have the same mutant  
+
+genome, and they all are capable of multiplying exponentially.   
+
+But it turns out that work in the Matavoidic system on Matevoidic  
+
+tumors like leukemias,  and now on breast cancers,   
+
+yields a very different results,  because it turns out that the way  
+
+that the tumors are organized looks like this.  The tumors also are  
+
+organized in this hierarchical array just like normal tissue.   
+
+How do we know that?  Again,  I'm glad I asked that question.   
+
+Because if you take these cells out of the tumor and put them in another  
+
+mouse, let's say,  you get a new tumor.   
+
+These cells are tumorogenic,  I.e. they concede a new tumor.   
+
+If you take these cells out of the tumor, they have the same mutant  
+
+genome.  They constitute the bulk,  the vast mass of the cancer cells in  
+
+a tumor.  You put these into a mouse,  and they're non-tumorogenic.   
+
+And, in some kinds of tumors,  the tumorogenic cells can represent  
+
+only 1 or 2% of the total mass of cancer cells in the tumor.   
+
+And from this,  we begin to realize that you look  
+
+inside tumors: the tumors deviate minimally from the organization of  
+
+normal tissue.  They also depend on self-renewing  
+
+stem cells which can make transit amplifying cells and can give end  
+
+stage cells, which although they're neoplastic, have many of the  
+
+differentiated characteristics of the normal tissue from which they  
+
+arose.  And this has enormous implications for,   
+
+for example, therapies against tumors.   
+
+If you ask somebody,  how do you develop and how you judge  
+
+the success of an anticancer treatment?  You talk to somebody  
+
+like from the pharmaceutical industry.  And let's say that's easy.   
+
+If you have a new drug,  and that drug reduces the mass of a  
+
+tumor by 50%, that means that you've done something really good.   
+
+But let's look what's going on here.  If these cells are 99% of the tumor  
+
+in terms of the mass and these cells are 1% of the tumor,   
+
+let's say you've invented a new drug which wipes out all of these cells  
+
+but doesn't touch these cells.  The bulk of the tumor has shrunk and  
+
+everybody will say,  eureka, we've succeeded in curing  
+
+cancer.  But keep in mind that the self-renewing capacity of the tumor  
+
+rests in these cells.  And if these cells are allowed to  
+
+survive, then they'll start proliferating again and regenerate  
+
+the entire tumor mass.  And you won't really know that you  
+
+had any success because these cells look like all the other tumor cells  
+
+under the microscope.  But biologically, they're very  
+
+different.  And therefore,  the future of cancer therapy,   
+
+and it will take five or ten years to do this, has to begin to focus on  
+
+getting rid of these self-renewing stem cells which create this  
+
+enormous regenerative capacity on the part of tumors.   
+
+See you next Monday.  Have a great vacation.   
+
+Eat much turkey, and get some exercise, and don't smoke.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pgjBwhb7A28.txt b/pgjBwhb7A28.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97faf0a75de5b751130785bf58818cd32d795d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pgjBwhb7A28.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hey today we want to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hey today we want to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hey today we want to focus
+just on the hippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the hippocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just on the hippocampal
+formation these are a couple terms I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation these are a couple terms I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation these are a couple terms I
+want to make sure you're understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're understanding
+the way I've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I've been using
+them whenever we talk about the lyic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them whenever we talk about the lyic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them whenever we talk about the lyic
+system we're talking about structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're talking about structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we're talking about structures
+closely connected to the hypothalamus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected to the hypothalamus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely connected to the hypothalamus so
+similarly in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in the end
+brain the lyic te enlon always means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the lyic te enlon always means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain the lyic te enlon always means the
+end brain structure is strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain structure is strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain structure is strongly
+connected to the hypothalamus it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the hypothalamus it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the hypothalamus it doesn't
+mean they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're not
+interconnected uh they usually are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected uh they usually are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected uh they usually are but
+what they have most in common is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have most in common is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have most in common is their
+connections with the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when we use the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we use the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we use the term
+pallum it always means the word means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum it always means the word means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum it always means the word means a
+cloak or mantle so it's similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloak or mantle so it's similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloak or mantle so it's similar to the
+meaning of Cortex which means bark the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of Cortex which means bark the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of Cortex which means bark the
+bark of a tree is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cortex so all the cortical structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so all the cortical structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so all the cortical structures of
+the in brain are included and the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in brain are included and the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in brain are included and the medial
+pallum includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum includes the
+hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus
+okay the medial pal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the medial pal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the medial pal
+of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the
+embryo and it's still called medial pum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo and it's still called medial pum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo and it's still called medial pum
+in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many
+of non- mamalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+animals when we talk about basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals when we talk about basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals when we talk about basil
+forbrain okay and we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain okay and we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain okay and we'll talk more about
+that uh when we talk about amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh when we talk about amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh when we talk about amydala
+2 uh we don't talk about we don't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh we don't talk about we don't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 uh we don't talk about we don't call
+it the pallum even at the base there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the pallum even at the base there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the pallum even at the base there
+where the Factory tubal is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Factory tubal is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Factory tubal is somewhat
+cortical like we we just call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical like we we just call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical like we we just call it the
+basil forbrain or parts of the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil forbrain or parts of the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil forbrain or parts of the ventral
+striatum okay and you'll see that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum okay and you'll see that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum okay and you'll see that in the
+way I label the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I label the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I label the the
+pictures okay and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures okay and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures okay and these are the
+functional topics we'll be paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional topics we'll be paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional topics we'll be paying
+attention to spatial memory play cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to spatial memory play cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to spatial memory play cells
+and head Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and head Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and head Direction
+cells we'll talk about a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells we'll talk about a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells we'll talk about a little bit
+about uh synaptic change especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh synaptic change especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh synaptic change especially
+synaptic enhancement and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic enhancement and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic enhancement and information
+storage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and
+campus and a little bit about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and a little bit about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus and a little bit about some of
+the neurotransmitters involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitters involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurotransmitters involved
+especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially
+acetycholine and the way they change for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetycholine and the way they change for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetycholine and the way they change for
+example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in
+sleep compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep compared to
+waking all right so first of all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waking all right so first of all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waking all right so first of all you
+need to know differences between play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know differences between play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know differences between play
+cells and head Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and head Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and head Direction
+cells how are such cells defined well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells how are such cells defined well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells how are such cells defined well
+they're defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're defined by
+electrophysiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiologists
+okay and this is a point as I did for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a point as I did for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is a point as I did for
+the auditory system also if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system also if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system also if I wanted to
+talk about function I had to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about function I had to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about function I had to refer to
+physiological studies as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological studies as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological studies as well as
+anatomical studies in fact I can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical studies in fact I can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical studies in fact I can't make
+sense of the anatomical Pathways without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the anatomical Pathways without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the anatomical Pathways without
+that physiological information as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physiological information as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physiological information as well
+as some information from ablation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some information from ablation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some information from ablation
+studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior so we we knew about plac cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so we we knew about plac cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior so we we knew about plac cells
+long before we knew about head Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before we knew about head Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before we knew about head Direction
+cells but it was only when work on head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but it was only when work on head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but it was only when work on head
+Direction cells began to appear which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction cells began to appear which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction cells began to appear which
+you know less than two decades ago that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less than two decades ago that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know less than two decades ago that
+we began to understand more about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pathways so we'll learn about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways so we'll learn about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways so we'll learn about the
+pathways whereby the shifts in head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways whereby the shifts in head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways whereby the shifts in head
+direction are signal to the Endra in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction are signal to the Endra in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction are signal to the Endra in
+hippocampus and why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and why that's
+important and when we talk about Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and when we talk about Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and when we talk about Place
+cells we'll I will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells we'll I will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells we'll I will try to
+remember I not sure if I answered these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I not sure if I answered these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I not sure if I answered these
+questions in the slides but I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the slides but I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the slides but I'll try to
+remember to do it but it is in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to do it but it is in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to do it but it is in the book
+the differences between dorsal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between dorsal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences between dorsal and
+vental hippocampus it's quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental hippocampus it's quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental hippocampus it's quite important
+the basic difference is that in the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic difference is that in the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic difference is that in the more
+ventral hippocampus which in humans is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral hippocampus which in humans is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral hippocampus which in humans is
+the more anterior hippocampus because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more anterior hippocampus because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more anterior hippocampus because of
+the shift of hippocampus into the temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift of hippocampus into the temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift of hippocampus into the temple
+lobe uh the connections to the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe uh the connections to the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe uh the connections to the amydala
+are strong not true for the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strong not true for the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strong not true for the dorsal
+hippocampus and the place cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the place cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and the place cells
+represent larger places okay then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent larger places okay then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent larger places okay then in the
+dorsal of the campus okay so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal of the campus okay so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal of the campus okay so this is an
+illustration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of
+physiological from a physiological study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological from a physiological study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological from a physiological study
+of play cells uh where they record from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play cells uh where they record from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play cells uh where they record from
+a number of different neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different neurons in the
+hippocampal formation usually they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation usually they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation usually they're
+recording from dorsal hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from dorsal hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from dorsal hippocampus
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+when we say dorsal and ventral we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say dorsal and ventral we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say dorsal and ventral we're
+usually talking about a rat or a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talking about a rat or a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talking about a rat or a mouse
+or a hamster usually it's rats and mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a hamster usually it's rats and mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a hamster usually it's rats and mice
+that are used in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used in these
+studies each of these little squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies each of these little squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies each of these little squares
+represents a room where the the rat can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a room where the the rat can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a room where the the rat can
+run around and he can see overhead he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run around and he can see overhead he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run around and he can see overhead he
+can see where he is uh with regard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see where he is uh with regard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see where he is uh with regard to
+other things in that room but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in that room but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in that room but remember
+that's a whole room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a whole room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a whole room
+okay uh Now Matt is often using a Runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh Now Matt is often using a Runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh Now Matt is often using a Runway
+and recording Place cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recording Place cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recording Place cells
+represent places the rat can be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent places the rat can be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent places the rat can be on the
+runway but here when the rat moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway but here when the rat moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway but here when the rat moves
+around the room you can see that many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room you can see that many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room you can see that many of
+these cells are only active they're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are only active they're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are only active they're when
+they're very active he colors the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very active he colors the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very active he colors the area
+in red okay if it's dark blue it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red okay if it's dark blue it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red okay if it's dark blue it means
+it's not active at all so these are play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not active at all so these are play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not active at all so these are play
+cells cells that are active when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells cells that are active when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells cells that are active when the
+animal is one particular place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is one particular place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal is one particular place that
+means not where he's looking but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not where he's looking but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not where he's looking but where
+the animal is located okay that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal is located okay that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal is located okay that's what a
+play cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play cell
+is and uh you can see some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh you can see some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and uh you can see some of them are
+very broadly tuned some of them are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broadly tuned some of them are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very broadly tuned some of them are very
+precisely tuned represent a tiny little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely tuned represent a tiny little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely tuned represent a tiny little
+area uh they tend to find these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh they tend to find these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area uh they tend to find these very
+dorsally in the hippocampus that is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally in the hippocampus that is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsally in the hippocampus that is at
+the septal end of the hippocampus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the septal end of the hippocampus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the septal end of the hippocampus the
+one closest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one closest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one closest to the
+septum and there are some cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum and there are some cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum and there are some cells that
+they don't know what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what they're doing
+because they're not responding to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay some of them may be in fact head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of them may be in fact head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of them may be in fact head
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay
+so when we deal with head Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we deal with head Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we deal with head Direction
+cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in the
+system this is how we Define it here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is how we Define it here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is how we Define it here's a
+rat okay and here his we look at how his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat okay and here his we look at how his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat okay and here his we look at how his
+body axis is a line that's this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body axis is a line that's this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body axis is a line that's this line
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the angle here Theta is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle here Theta is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle here Theta is the the
+angle of the animal from some Landmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the animal from some Landmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the animal from some Landmark
+that the rat is using to orient himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rat is using to orient himself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rat is using to orient himself
+okay we do the same thing even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we do the same thing even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we do the same thing even when
+you're not aware of the landmark you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not aware of the landmark you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not aware of the landmark you're
+using we always do this okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using we always do this okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using we always do this okay so we have
+a sense where we are with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense where we are with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense where we are with respect to
+things in the environments usually sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the environments usually sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the environments usually sense
+by the visual system and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the visual system and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the visual system and there's
+specific structures in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific structures in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific structures in the
+uh not in the hippocampus itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in the hippocampus itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in the hippocampus itself but
+but and usually not in visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and usually not in visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and usually not in visual cortex
+itself there's not many projections from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there's not many projections from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself there's not many projections from
+primary visual cortex into the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary visual cortex into the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary visual cortex into the system
+but there are from other areas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are from other areas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are from other areas that
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+landmarks okay so Theta is angle we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks okay so Theta is angle we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks okay so Theta is angle we call
+it allocentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allocentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allocentric
+Direction not the direction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction not the direction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction not the direction where
+something is located with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is located with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is located with respect to the
+head that's e entric Direction This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that's e entric Direction This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head that's e entric Direction This is
+allocentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocentric
+Direction okay and now if he turns his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and now if he turns his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay and now if he turns his
+head by this amount Delta Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head by this amount Delta Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head by this amount Delta Theta
+okay then this allocentric direction can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then this allocentric direction can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then this allocentric direction can
+be corrected if the animal now if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be corrected if the animal now if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be corrected if the animal now if the
+what what's of Interest here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's of Interest here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's of Interest here
+is what places is he headed towards with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what places is he headed towards with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what places is he headed towards with
+respect to the landmark okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the landmark okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the landmark okay so this
+then is the corrected allocentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the corrected allocentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the corrected allocentric
+Direction it changes all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it changes all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction it changes all the time
+depending on is how his head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on is how his head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on is how his head is
+turned okay okay so these are the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned okay okay so these are the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned okay okay so these are the things
+you need to knowe understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to knowe understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to knowe understand what's
+going on now here's the the figure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on now here's the the figure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on now here's the the figure we
+saw before of the P Pape circuit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before of the P Pape circuit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before of the P Pape circuit okay
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+the whole hippocampal formation the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole hippocampal formation the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole hippocampal formation the part
+that papes was familiar with would all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that papes was familiar with would all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that papes was familiar with would all
+be included here in the dash line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included here in the dash line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be included here in the dash line uh
+hippocampus itself and subiculum next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus itself and subiculum next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus itself and subiculum next to
+it and then the dentate gyrus at the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then the dentate gyrus at the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then the dentate gyrus at the at
+the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end okay
+now changes in head Direction and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now changes in head Direction and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now changes in head Direction and this
+we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked
+about uh they're signal by vular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh they're signal by vular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh they're signal by vular and
+probably proprioceptive systems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably proprioceptive systems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably proprioceptive systems in the
+brain stem they come in from the by way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem they come in from the by way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem they come in from the by way
+of the T the so-called tegmental nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T the so-called tegmental nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T the so-called tegmental nuclei
+of they're named after good named them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they're named after good named them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of they're named after good named them
+so they're often called the tegmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're often called the tegmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're often called the tegmental
+nucle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle
+Gooden uh in the colrain they go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gooden uh in the colrain they go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gooden uh in the colrain they go to the
+mammary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary
+bodies and in the diagram that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and in the diagram that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and in the diagram that's this
+pathway here's the tegmental nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway here's the tegmental nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway here's the tegmental nuclei
+here's the connection to mammary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the connection to mammary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the connection to mammary
+body okay so what's the mammary body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay so what's the mammary body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body okay so what's the mammary body
+doing well the information to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well the information to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing well the information to the m
+mamary body is coming from hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamary body is coming from hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamary body is coming from hippocampus
+here that is constantly giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is constantly giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is constantly giving the
+mamary body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamary body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamary body
+information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta
+okay so the information from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the information from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the information from the
+tegmental nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tegmental nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tegmental nuclei
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+is changes that activity to theta plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changes that activity to theta plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changes that activity to theta plus
+Delta Theta and that's the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta and that's the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta and that's the information
+on head Direction signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on head Direction signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on head Direction signal
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+goes up to the singulate cortex through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to the singulate cortex through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to the singulate cortex through
+the anterior nuclei the thalamus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anterior nuclei the thalamus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anterior nuclei the thalamus this is
+the mamal thalamic track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said the relevance of course is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the relevance of course is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the relevance of course is that the
+place of the animal in his internal map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of the animal in his internal map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of the animal in his internal map
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh he is anticipating changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he is anticipating changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he is anticipating changes in
+position by those changes in head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position by those changes in head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position by those changes in head
+Direction so basically what I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so basically what I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so basically what I think is
+happening is that every time you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that every time you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that every time you turn
+your head or an animal turns his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head or an animal turns his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head or an animal turns his head
+you know you're aware of the places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're aware of the places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're aware of the places in
+that direction and those places are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and those places are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction and those places are
+associated with memories so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with memories so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with memories so you're
+constantly that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly that is
+happening through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening through these
+connections to the hippocampus through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the hippocampus through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to the hippocampus through
+these paralic areas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paralic areas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paralic areas to
+neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I point out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I point out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I point out here
+that we've only characterized the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've only characterized the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've only characterized the head
+Direction cells there are other axons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction cells there are other axons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction cells there are other axons in
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways
+uh that are not we don't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are not we don't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are not we don't fully
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+and it also raises the question what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also raises the question what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also raises the question what's
+the H hippocampus sending to other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H hippocampus sending to other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H hippocampus sending to other parts
+of the hypothalamus I point out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hypothalamus I point out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hypothalamus I point out here
+that connections going to the sepal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connections going to the sepal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that connections going to the sepal area
+to other parts of the hypothalamus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other parts of the hypothalamus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other parts of the hypothalamus in
+addition to this larger connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this larger connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to this larger connection to
+the namal body so we know the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the namal body so we know the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the namal body so we know the major
+input to the Nary bodies concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the Nary bodies concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the Nary bodies concerns
+allocentric head Direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocentric head Direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocentric head Direction okay
+uh it may alter motivational States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may alter motivational States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may alter motivational States
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+the memories being activated about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memories being activated about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memories being activated about those
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+places and uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's go back and talk about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go back and talk about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go back and talk about here
+we're talking about Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about Place
+memories but earlier in early on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories but earlier in early on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories but earlier in early on in the
+book I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I talked
+about two major links between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two major links between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two major links between the
+factory inputs and motor outputs both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory inputs and motor outputs both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory inputs and motor outputs both of
+which were plastic they represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were plastic they represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were plastic they represented
+different kinds of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of learning
+okay two major links between all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two major links between all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two major links between all this
+was before the evolution of visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before the evolution of visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before the evolution of visual and
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+inputs uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs uh into the
+inbr so through the vental and brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbr so through the vental and brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbr so through the vental and brain
+which has become the corpet Statum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has become the corpet Statum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has become the corpet Statum and
+basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil
+forbrain uh that was one route and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain uh that was one route and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain uh that was one route and we
+know that that's responsible for habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's responsible for habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's responsible for habits
+and early on they were old factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early on they were old factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early on they were old factory
+habits responses to different Factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits responses to different Factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+habits responses to different Factory
+cues but there were also inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues but there were also inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues but there were also inputs to the
+pum major the main part of the pallum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pum major the main part of the pallum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pum major the main part of the pallum
+was the medial pallum of the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the medial pallum of the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the medial pallum of the dorsal
+embran in fact the rest of it what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran in fact the rest of it what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embran in fact the rest of it what we
+call dorsal cortex in primitive animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call dorsal cortex in primitive animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call dorsal cortex in primitive animals
+is really equivalent to parahippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really equivalent to parahippocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really equivalent to parahippocampal
+regions in mammals and and the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in mammals and and the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in mammals and and the major
+output of those areas is to the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of those areas is to the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of those areas is to the medial
+pum so the medial pum was really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pum so the medial pum was really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pum so the medial pum was really the
+dominant palal structure dorsally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant palal structure dorsally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant palal structure dorsally
+okay and even even in advanced Maman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and even even in advanced Maman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and even even in advanced Maman
+brains if you look at gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains if you look at gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains if you look at gene expression
+studies there are genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies there are genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies there are genes that are
+expressed in both the entire neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in both the entire neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in both the entire neocortex
+and medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pallum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum
+and that medial pum of course became the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that medial pum of course became the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that medial pum of course became the
+hippocampal formation and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal formation and we know that
+that it's concerned with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's concerned with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's concerned with a very
+different kind of memory not the habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of memory not the habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of memory not the habits
+that the Statum is involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Statum is involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Statum is involved with
+but memory for places initially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolution well this just takes that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution well this just takes that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution well this just takes that same
+outline and amplifies it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline and amplifies it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline and amplifies it a little
+bit that medial pallum projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that medial pallum projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that medial pallum projects
+through the into the ventral striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the into the ventral striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the into the ventral striatum
+but also direct to the hypothalamus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also direct to the hypothalamus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also direct to the hypothalamus and
+also the epithalamus those links were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the epithalamus those links were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the epithalamus those links were
+classed too the habits were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classed too the habits were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classed too the habits were different
+concern associating place with good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern associating place with good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern associating place with good or
+bad consequences of approaching those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad consequences of approaching those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad consequences of approaching those
+places okay and when when I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places okay and when when I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places okay and when when I talked about
+these EV major evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these EV major evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these EV major evolutionary
+steps uh I mentioned early expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh I mentioned early expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps uh I mentioned early expansion of
+the embran both trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embran both trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the embran both trial and
+paleo and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+showed two main Pathways going codly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed two main Pathways going codly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed two main Pathways going codly
+from the AL factory system one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the AL factory system one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the AL factory system one of them
+goes to the base of the brain here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the base of the brain here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the base of the brain here that
+would be equivalent in modern mammals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equivalent in modern mammals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equivalent in modern mammals to
+the pathway to the the olfactory tubal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway to the the olfactory tubal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway to the the olfactory tubal
+which is the very ventral most part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the very ventral most part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the very ventral most part of
+the ventral Statum and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral Statum and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral Statum and the other one
+goes up to the Pall and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to the Pall and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to the Pall and that would be
+equivalent to old factory projections to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to old factory projections to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to old factory projections to
+at the cample formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cample formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the cample formation
+they exist even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they exist even in
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+uh in hamsters I've traced Pathways from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in hamsters I've traced Pathways from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in hamsters I've traced Pathways from
+the olfactory bulb to the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory bulb to the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the olfactory bulb to the very
+anteriormost part of the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteriormost part of the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anteriormost part of the hippocampus
+it's called the hippocampal rudiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the hippocampal rudiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the hippocampal rudiment
+that is H actually joins with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is H actually joins with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is H actually joins with the
+septum and uh the olfactory bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum and uh the olfactory bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum and uh the olfactory bulb
+projects directly to it so you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects directly to it so you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects directly to it so you can find
+remnants of these early Pathways and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of these early Pathways and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of these early Pathways and we
+already talked about old factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about old factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about old factory
+projections and I talked about how old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and I talked about how old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections and I talked about how old
+factory bulb dominated the whole Pion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory bulb dominated the whole Pion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory bulb dominated the whole Pion
+and they say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say in
+hagfish and sea and the Sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hagfish and sea and the Sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hagfish and sea and the Sea
+lery all right let's look at that medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lery all right let's look at that medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lery all right let's look at that medial
+pallum in these animals the shark the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum in these animals the shark the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum in these animals the shark the
+lungfish the bullfrog and marsupial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungfish the bullfrog and marsupial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lungfish the bullfrog and marsupial
+there only one mammal I picked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only one mammal I picked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only one mammal I picked the
+marsupial here because he doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsupial here because he doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsupial here because he doesn't have a
+corpus Clum so he's most similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus Clum so he's most similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus Clum so he's most similar to the
+these other animals and the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other animals and the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other animals and the way the
+cortex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is
+arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and I just look at the major change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just look at the major change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just look at the major change
+in the configuration of the medial palum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the configuration of the medial palum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the configuration of the medial palum
+in those animals the shark lungfish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those animals the shark lungfish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those animals the shark lungfish and
+bullfrog we call them our primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrog we call them our primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrog we call them our primitive
+vertebrates and then the hippocampus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates and then the hippocampus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebrates and then the hippocampus of
+mammals okay and we could say birds as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals okay and we could say birds as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals okay and we could say birds as
+well but things have evolved quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but things have evolved quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but things have evolved quite
+differently in the end bran as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in the end bran as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in the end bran as you know
+in birds so I'll be focusing on mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in birds so I'll be focusing on mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in birds so I'll be focusing on mammals
+more but here it is I colored it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but here it is I colored it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but here it is I colored it in in
+pink from the studies that I was take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink from the studies that I was take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink from the studies that I was take
+using uh and here you see the dominance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh and here you see the dominance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh and here you see the dominance
+in size of the medial Pion compared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size of the medial Pion compared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in size of the medial Pion compared with
+the rest of the dorsal cortex this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the dorsal cortex this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the dorsal cortex this is
+old factory cortex out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory cortex out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory cortex out
+here that's lateral lateral pallum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's lateral lateral pallum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's lateral lateral pallum okay
+that's olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's olfactory
+cortex this is a stotle structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex this is a stotle structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex this is a stotle structure here
+and this is the sepal area so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the sepal area so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the sepal area so there's
+the medial pallum of a shark spiny dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial pallum of a shark spiny dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial pallum of a shark spiny dog
+fish is a very small shark okay and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish is a very small shark okay and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish is a very small shark okay and here
+in an African lung fish again if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an African lung fish again if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an African lung fish again if you
+look at the well this is actually olda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the well this is actually olda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the well this is actually olda
+Factory bulb here but if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory bulb here but if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factory bulb here but if you look at
+this level uh where you're behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level uh where you're behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level uh where you're behind the
+old factory bulb here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory bulb here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old factory bulb here you have the
+dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal
+pallum this is olfactory cortex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum this is olfactory cortex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum this is olfactory cortex the
+lateral pum this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral pum this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral pum this is
+stotal okay and there's the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotal okay and there's the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stotal okay and there's the medial
+pallum you'll see it here it's thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum you'll see it here it's thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallum you'll see it here it's thicker
+it's more differentiated than the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more differentiated than the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more differentiated than the rest
+and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's a
+bullfrog it's even more striking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrog it's even more striking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfrog it's even more striking how
+thick the medial palum is here compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick the medial palum is here compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick the medial palum is here compared
+to the rest of the the the nonolfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the the the nonolfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the the the nonolfactory
+pum and by the way in the bullfrog that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pum and by the way in the bullfrog that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pum and by the way in the bullfrog that
+medial pum does get some Direct olda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial pum does get some Direct olda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial pum does get some Direct olda
+Factory inputs but much of it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not uh the same is true of this dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the same is true of this dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh the same is true of this dorsal
+cortex gets a little old factory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex gets a little old factory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex gets a little old factory input
+directly out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now here is the Virginia aasum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here is the Virginia aasum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here is the Virginia aasum so
+now we're talking about mammals a mammal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're talking about mammals a mammal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're talking about mammals a mammal
+without any Corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any Corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any Corpus
+colos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colos
+uh you would think he's a natural split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would think he's a natural split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would think he's a natural split
+brain animal but in fact he isn't at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain animal but in fact he isn't at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain animal but in fact he isn't at all
+just the fact that he doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that he doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that he doesn't have a
+corpus scos doesn't mean a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus scos doesn't mean a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus scos doesn't mean a whole lot
+because the axom still go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the axom still go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the axom still go from one
+hemisphere to the other how do they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere to the other how do they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere to the other how do they get
+there any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know if you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're looking
+at say areas next to the primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say areas next to the primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say areas next to the primary visual
+areas and even the striad cortex has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and even the striad cortex has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and even the striad cortex has
+some accents that go across the Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some accents that go across the Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some accents that go across the Clos
+them the ones representing the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the ones representing the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the ones representing the vertical
+Meridian but how do they get there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meridian but how do they get there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meridian but how do they get there in
+the osum how do they cross to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the osum how do they cross to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the osum how do they cross to the other
+side they go all the way forward into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they go all the way forward into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side they go all the way forward into
+the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anterior
+commissure the structure in the basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissure the structure in the basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissure the structure in the basil
+forbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain
+okay ventral to most of the sep area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ventral to most of the sep area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ventral to most of the sep area
+that's where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they
+cross so the anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so the anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross so the anterior
+commer it's all it's huge all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commer it's all it's huge all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commer it's all it's huge all of these
+areas this is all commer Aon here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas this is all commer Aon here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas this is all commer Aon here it's
+so huge it's not that big in in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so huge it's not that big in in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so huge it's not that big in in any of
+the non mamalian in any of the mamalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non mamalian in any of the mamalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non mamalian in any of the mamalian
+animals except the this the the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marsupiales okay so here's the neocortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsupiales okay so here's the neocortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsupiales okay so here's the neocortex
+up here you follow it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you follow it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here you follow it around
+through a cortical area with fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a cortical area with fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a cortical area with fewer
+layers the singulate cortex is also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers the singulate cortex is also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers the singulate cortex is also got
+that very prominent layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very prominent layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very prominent layer
+too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay
+and then right here you're suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right here you're suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right here you're suddenly
+through some transitional areas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some transitional areas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some transitional areas here
+you're in hippocampal formation and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in hippocampal formation and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in hippocampal formation and if
+you follow the hippocampus around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow the hippocampus around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow the hippocampus around in
+cross-section you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section you
+come to the dentate gyrus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the dentate gyrus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the dentate gyrus and the
+dentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate
+gyrus here at this level AB buts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyrus here at this level AB buts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyrus here at this level AB buts the
+septum this is the septal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area the only way you see that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the only way you see that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area the only way you see that in the
+the labs we the the animals we study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labs we the the animals we study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labs we the the animals we study in
+the lab the m in the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab the m in the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab the m in the rat
+primarily um is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily um is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily um is to look at the
+hippocampal rudiment which you find just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal rudiment which you find just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal rudiment which you find just
+above the Corpus kosum but around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the Corpus kosum but around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the Corpus kosum but around the
+front of the colos you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the colos you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the colos you'll see that
+structure coming down joining with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure coming down joining with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure coming down joining with the
+septum the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum the same
+way it's just much clear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's just much clear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's just much clear in the
+marsupial where we can see it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsupial where we can see it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marsupial where we can see it much
+further anteriorly also now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further anteriorly also now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further anteriorly also now the
+hippocampus does get a lot bigger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus does get a lot bigger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus does get a lot bigger in
+this animal if you go codly because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal if you go codly because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this animal if you go codly because it's
+it's it's become much larger larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's become much larger larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's become much larger larger
+posteriorly when it where it's near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriorly when it where it's near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posteriorly when it where it's near the
+visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas
+okay I already pointed out how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I already pointed out how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I already pointed out how important
+visual landmarks are to the functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual landmarks are to the functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual landmarks are to the functioning
+of that major function of the hipocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that major function of the hipocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that major function of the hipocampal
+formation responding to differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation responding to differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation responding to differently
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+places okay the importance of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places okay the importance of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places okay the importance of visual
+information has led to most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has led to most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has led to most of the
+expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of the
+hippocampus next to the visual areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus next to the visual areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus next to the visual areas
+okay so here it is in a rat where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it is in a rat where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here it is in a rat where you
+see the here they cut out cortex in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the here they cut out cortex in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the here they cut out cortex in this
+drawing to show the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing to show the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing to show the hippocampus
+underneath and they're showing that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and they're showing that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath and they're showing that if
+you make a cut across the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a cut across the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make a cut across the longitudinal
+axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the
+hippocampus you see there you always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus you see there you always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus you see there you always get
+a slice that contains the same circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice that contains the same circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice that contains the same circuit
+and we're going to go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to go through that
+circuit in more detail in a minute so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in more detail in a minute so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit in more detail in a minute so if
+you look at it dorsally if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it dorsally if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it dorsally if you want to
+get at the hippocampus you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the hippocampus you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get at the hippocampus you have to go
+cut a window through the cortex through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a window through the cortex through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a window through the cortex through
+the neocortex okay you expose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex okay you expose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neocortex okay you expose the
+hippocampus underneath you don't just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus underneath you don't just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus underneath you don't just go
+through and expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and expose
+Salam you have to go through the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salam you have to go through the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salam you have to go through the cortex
+and this is just a drawing of that blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a drawing of that blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a drawing of that blown
+it up okay and here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up okay and here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up okay and here this is a
+reconstruction of the hamster that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction of the hamster that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction of the hamster that I did
+and here you see a dorsal view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see a dorsal view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see a dorsal view of the
+hemisphere and there's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and there's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and there's where the
+hippocampus is and then in Orange I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus is and then in Orange I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus is and then in Orange I show
+the axons coming from hippocampus going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons coming from hippocampus going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axons coming from hippocampus going
+into the fornex this is The Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fornex this is The Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fornex this is The Columns of
+the fornex where they then come down go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fornex where they then come down go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fornex where they then come down go
+through the Cobble into the sepal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Cobble into the sepal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the Cobble into the sepal area
+on their way to the mamory bodies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their way to the mamory bodies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their way to the mamory bodies of
+hpms and they're also show show accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpms and they're also show show accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpms and they're also show show accents
+Crossing from one hippocampus to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing from one hippocampus to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing from one hippocampus to the
+other the hippocampal commer so here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the hippocampal commer so here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the hippocampal commer so here in
+the side view there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side view there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side view there's
+the fat cigar of the hippocampus or fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat cigar of the hippocampus or fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fat cigar of the hippocampus or fat
+banana if you will ventral hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana if you will ventral hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banana if you will ventral hippocampus
+dorsal hippocampus here are the fornex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal hippocampus here are the fornex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal hippocampus here are the fornex
+fibers coming out of the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming out of the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers coming out of the hippocampus
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+from the subiculum which we'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the subiculum which we'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the subiculum which we'll see in
+the way it looks in the cell stain which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it looks in the cell stain which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it looks in the cell stain which
+is part really part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part really part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part really part of the
+hippocampus and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and then there's the
+bend this is going around the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend this is going around the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend this is going around the internal
+capsule okay so the internal capsule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule okay so the internal capsule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capsule okay so the internal capsule
+fibroids that connect Thalamus with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroids that connect Thalamus with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroids that connect Thalamus with
+cortex are coming through here so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex are coming through here so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex are coming through here so there
+it goes it's forming this column compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes it's forming this column compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes it's forming this column compact
+column of fibers that you can follow all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of fibers that you can follow all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of fibers that you can follow all
+the way to the mammary bodies there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the mammary bodies there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the mammary bodies there at
+the cadle in of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cadle in of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cadle in of the
+hypothalamus so this of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so this of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so this of course is
+underneath this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this
+is in the hemisphere this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the hemisphere this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the hemisphere this is in the
+branstone down here and this just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branstone down here and this just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branstone down here and this just shows
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+a someone's imagination more than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a someone's imagination more than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a someone's imagination more than an
+actual reconstruction of where that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reconstruction of where that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual reconstruction of where that is
+in the rat R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rat R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rat R
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and here they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here they call
+this this the this is the uh temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this the this is the uh temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this the this is the uh temporal
+end you could call it the amygdalar end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you could call it the amygdalar end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you could call it the amygdalar end
+because it's the amygdalus that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the amygdalus that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the amygdalus that's right
+there okay that's here and the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that's here and the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that's here and the this is
+the temple end and the hamster and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temple end and the hamster and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temple end and the hamster and this
+is they call it the sepal end closest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they call it the sepal end closest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they call it the sepal end closest to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+septum because the septum you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum because the septum you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum because the septum you see is
+right there this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there this is all
+septum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+septum
+there's the sepal area here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the sepal area here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the sepal area here and I
+show some of the axons that are leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some of the axons that are leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some of the axons that are leaving
+the rest of the we call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the we call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the we call this the
+precommissural forx fornex the aons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precommissural forx fornex the aons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precommissural forx fornex the aons that
+leave the main bundle of the fornex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the main bundle of the fornex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the main bundle of the fornex
+columns and connect mainly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and connect mainly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and connect mainly with the
+sepal area and other structures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepal area and other structures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepal area and other structures in
+the in the basil forebrain region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we want to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we want to identify the
+major sub regions of the hippocampus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major sub regions of the hippocampus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major sub regions of the hippocampus and
+the adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacent
+structures and look at the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and look at the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and look at the pattern of
+interconnectivity that everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectivity that everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectivity that everybody in the
+Tona galb knows about because they study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tona galb knows about because they study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tona galb knows about because they study
+it um and they look at changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and they look at changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and they look at changes in the
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+synapses and uh these different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses and uh these different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses and uh these different regions
+which you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you see
+here are labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are labeled
+ca1 CA C A2 ca3 and these Loosely packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca1 CA C A2 ca3 and these Loosely packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca1 CA C A2 ca3 and these Loosely packed
+cells here ca4 and then dentate gyrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here ca4 and then dentate gyrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here ca4 and then dentate gyrus
+whenever you cut this is a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you cut this is a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you cut this is a horizontal
+section of a rat and wherever you cut if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of a rat and wherever you cut if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of a rat and wherever you cut if
+you're cutting across the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cutting across the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're cutting across the long
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+meaning this way this way this way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning this way this way this way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning this way this way this way this
+way as long as you cut that way across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as long as you cut that way across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as long as you cut that way across
+the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long
+axis you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you're going to get
+sections that have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that have this
+appearance okay so you see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance okay so you see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance okay so you see the same
+basic circuit at all these levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic circuit at all these levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic circuit at all these levels and
+we'll follow that circuit but what first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll follow that circuit but what first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll follow that circuit but what first
+what does CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does CA
+mean coru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean coru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean coru
+ammonis the Horn of Ammon Ammon was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonis the Horn of Ammon Ammon was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonis the Horn of Ammon Ammon was a
+Greek god I'm sorry the Egyptian god the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek god I'm sorry the Egyptian god the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek god I'm sorry the Egyptian god the
+Sun God okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun God okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun God okay and uh
+he carried a horn so these names come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he carried a horn so these names come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he carried a horn so these names come
+from mythology in this case Egyptian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mythology so it means the Horn of Ammon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology so it means the Horn of Ammon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology so it means the Horn of Ammon
+and nowadays students that do research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowadays students that do research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nowadays students that do research
+on it sometimes don't even know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it sometimes don't even know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it sometimes don't even know who
+Ammon was but unless they read my book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ammon was but unless they read my book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ammon was but unless they read my book
+okay but C they certainly know what ca1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but C they certainly know what ca1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but C they certainly know what ca1
+2 three and four are and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 three and four are and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 three and four are and what the
+dentate gyrus is okay but notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate gyrus is okay but notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate gyrus is okay but notice
+if you start here at the dentate gyus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start here at the dentate gyus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start here at the dentate gyus in
+you go ca4 down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ca4 down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ca4 down to
+ca1 which ends right here and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca1 which ends right here and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca1 which ends right here and then the
+configuration of cells changes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of cells changes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of cells changes this is
+called the subiculum where the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the subiculum where the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the subiculum where the cells
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+broader uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader uh
+layer it's really part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it's really part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer it's really part of the
+hippocampus but it's where the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus but it's where the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus but it's where the cells are
+broader well most of the output into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader well most of the output into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader well most of the output into the
+fornex going to the malary bodies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex going to the malary bodies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex going to the malary bodies is
+actually coming from this area from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from this area from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually coming from this area from the
+subiculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you keep going now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you keep going now you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you keep going now you get
+additional layers this is the pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subiculum this cortex and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum this cortex and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum this cortex and then you get
+and they they do name sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they do name sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they do name sometimes
+additional areas like parasubiculum Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional areas like parasubiculum Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional areas like parasubiculum Pro
+subiculum okay you don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum okay you don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum okay you don't need to know
+all that subiculum presubiculum then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that subiculum presubiculum then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that subiculum presubiculum then
+then you get to the entorhinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to the entorhinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get to the entorhinal
+area entorhinal area is well known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area entorhinal area is well known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area entorhinal area is well known to
+physiologists who study the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologists who study the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologists who study the system
+because it is the major bridge between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neocortex association areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex association areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex association areas of
+neocortex okay the major paralympic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex okay the major paralympic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex okay the major paralympic area
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ental okay and that's the major root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ental okay and that's the major root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ental okay and that's the major root
+especially this one through the dentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this one through the dentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially this one through the dentate
+gyrus but it also connects directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyrus but it also connects directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyrus but it also connects directly to
+the subiculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you look at question three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you look at question three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you look at question three
+here I'm asking what's the the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm asking what's the the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm asking what's the the name of
+the major afron input Pathway to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major afron input Pathway to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major afron input Pathway to the
+mamalian hippocampus where does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamalian hippocampus where does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mamalian hippocampus where does it
+originate that would be the pathway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate that would be the pathway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate that would be the pathway you
+should describe okay the one from inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should describe okay the one from inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should describe okay the one from inter
+rinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rinal
+area that goes through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way into the dentate gyus it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the dentate gyus it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into the dentate gyus it actually
+seems to pen this is actually a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to pen this is actually a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to pen this is actually a a
+deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+uh deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deep
+sulkus okay but in evolution accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulkus okay but in evolution accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulkus okay but in evolution accents
+have actually crossed directly there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually crossed directly there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually crossed directly there so
+we call it the perforant path because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the perforant path because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the perforant path because it
+perforates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perforates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perforates
+what is actually peel surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually peel surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is actually peel surface of the
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's look at that circuit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at that circuit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's look at that circuit but
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+then what's the difference in location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the difference in location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's the difference in location
+of the hippocampus and large primates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hippocampus and large primates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hippocampus and large primates
+and this location in the rat because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this location in the rat because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this location in the rat because
+I've been stressing here the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been stressing here the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been stressing here the rat
+okay if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you look at
+human they've shown the hippocampus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human they've shown the hippocampus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human they've shown the hippocampus in
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red
+here the temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the temporal
+end and this would be the sepal end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and this would be the sepal end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and this would be the sepal end and
+notice that now what is ventral in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that now what is ventral in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that now what is ventral in the
+rat is really anterior in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat is really anterior in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat is really anterior in the human
+because of this shift into the temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this shift into the temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this shift into the temple
+L of the prim primarily visual areas now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of the prim primarily visual areas now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of the prim primarily visual areas now
+there's auditory cortex here too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's auditory cortex here too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's auditory cortex here too but
+this is all visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all visual
+cortex this is stri area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex this is stri area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex this is stri area
+here and then the the areas next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the the areas next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the the areas next to
+stride V2 V3 V4 and then you get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stride V2 V3 V4 and then you get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stride V2 V3 V4 and then you get into
+infratemporal areas all along here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infratemporal areas all along here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infratemporal areas all along here this
+is all visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the hippocampus can be followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the hippocampus can be followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the hippocampus can be followed
+all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down
+here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this
+equivalent equivalent to the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent equivalent to the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent equivalent to the ventral
+hippocampus the anterior hippocampus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus the anterior hippocampus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus the anterior hippocampus in
+the primates the large primates is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primates the large primates is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primates the large primates is the
+part nearest the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part nearest the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part nearest the amydala
+there and this is where the play cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this is where the play cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this is where the play cells
+are quite large this is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite large this is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite large this is equivalent to
+more dorsal hippocampus they show it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dorsal hippocampus they show it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dorsal hippocampus they show it I
+think it's probably a little too narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably a little too narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably a little too narrow
+there okay because it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay because it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay because it's actually pretty
+substantial in humans that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial in humans that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial in humans that's where you
+get the smaller play cells okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the smaller play cells okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the smaller play cells okay and I
+said what the hippocamp or rudiment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what the hippocamp or rudiment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said what the hippocamp or rudiment here
+I've redone this just to emphasize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've redone this just to emphasize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've redone this just to emphasize a
+little bit the hippocamp rudiment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the hippocamp rudiment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit the hippocamp rudiment this
+is hippocampus continually all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hippocampus continually all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hippocampus continually all the way
+at the very right above the colos all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very right above the colos all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very right above the colos all
+the way here to the seal nuclei you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here to the seal nuclei you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way here to the seal nuclei you can
+follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+hippocampus so you see the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus so you see the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus so you see the hippocampus
+is the medial pum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the medial pum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the medial pum
+everywhere for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for the
+entire so everywhere in neocortex if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire so everywhere in neocortex if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire so everywhere in neocortex if you
+follow it immediately you come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it immediately you come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it immediately you come to
+hyppocampus it's just that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyppocampus it's just that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyppocampus it's just that it's very
+small except when you're near the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small except when you're near the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small except when you're near the visual
+area is cod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so we've answered number six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've answered number six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've answered number six
+Here and Now I want to describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here and Now I want to describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here and Now I want to describe that
+circuit that begins in the ental card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that begins in the ental card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that begins in the ental card
+can be followed through the hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be followed through the hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be followed through the hippocampus
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+subiculum and it's from there as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum and it's from there as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum and it's from there as I
+mentioned that the major output to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that the major output to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that the major output to the
+mammary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary
+bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starts uh and then we want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh and then we want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts uh and then we want to answer
+this where where do where can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where where do where can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where where do where can
+physiologist get the changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologist get the changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologist get the changes in the
+synapse that we call long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse that we call long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse that we call long-term
+potentiation just by rapidly stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiation just by rapidly stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiation just by rapidly stimulating
+the pathway actually they get it every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway actually they get it every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway actually they get it every
+at every APS through this pathway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every APS through this pathway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every APS through this pathway so
+here I've taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've taken a
+picture drawn from GOI material by Ramon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture drawn from GOI material by Ramon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture drawn from GOI material by Ramon
+kahal and I'm picturing that pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal and I'm picturing that pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kahal and I'm picturing that pathway
+because I colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I colored
+in uh axons that he had numbered but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh axons that he had numbered but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh axons that he had numbered but he
+hadn't colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't colored
+them uh beginning with axon coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh beginning with axon coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh beginning with axon coming out
+of the white matter here it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the white matter here it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the white matter here it's actually
+originated in the ental cortex which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated in the ental cortex which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originated in the ental cortex which is
+out out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out out
+here off to the right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here off to the right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here off to the right so this is the
+first axon in the pathway coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first axon in the pathway coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first axon in the pathway coming from
+ental cortex here's this is perforant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ental cortex here's this is perforant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ental cortex here's this is perforant
+pathway coming directly into the dentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway coming directly into the dentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway coming directly into the dentate
+gyus where the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus where the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus where the axons
+then travel parallel to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then travel parallel to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then travel parallel to the surface
+after they enter and terminate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they enter and terminate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after they enter and terminate on
+dendrites of the dentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites of the dentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites of the dentate
+gyus then I show a dentate gyus cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus then I show a dentate gyus cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus then I show a dentate gyus cell
+here that's getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's getting that
+input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and
+I'm I'm showing it for this one so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm showing it for this one so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm showing it for this one so here
+the inputs coming into the dendrites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs coming into the dendrites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs coming into the dendrites
+here's the axon of the dentate gyus cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the axon of the dentate gyus cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the axon of the dentate gyus cell
+that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can
+follow travels through the dendritic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow travels through the dendritic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow travels through the dendritic
+layer of the the campus and it synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the the campus and it synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the the campus and it synapses
+on the ca3 neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ca3 neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ca3 neurons
+this is ca3 ca4 is in this region the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ca3 ca4 is in this region the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ca3 ca4 is in this region the
+highis of the dentate gyrus that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highis of the dentate gyrus that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highis of the dentate gyrus that's not
+where they terminate they terminate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they terminate they terminate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they terminate they terminate on
+ca3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca3
+primarily okay and then the cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily okay and then the cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily okay and then the cells in
+ca3 Project the axon number three they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca3 Project the axon number three they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca3 Project the axon number three they
+project to cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to cells in
+ca1 like this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca1 like this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca1 like this cell
+here and notice that that that axon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice that that that axon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice that that that axon has
+a branch that goes right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch that goes right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a branch that goes right into the
+fornex so areas other than the subiculum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex so areas other than the subiculum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex so areas other than the subiculum
+here do project into the fornex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do project into the fornex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here do project into the fornex
+including the ca3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the ca3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the ca3
+cells so then here's so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so then here's so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so then here's so this would be
+the third axon in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third axon in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third axon in that
+pathway through the uh hippocampus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway through the uh hippocampus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway through the uh hippocampus from
+the ca3 cell to a ca1 cell which I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ca3 cell to a ca1 cell which I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ca3 cell to a ca1 cell which I show
+here I'm not saying that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not saying that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm not saying that it doesn't
+terminate on other cells here too I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate on other cells here too I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate on other cells here too I'm
+showing one of them here to show an axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing one of them here to show an axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing one of them here to show an axon
+and kahal simply drew the output going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kahal simply drew the output going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kahal simply drew the output going
+into the fim of the fornex in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fim of the fornex in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the fim of the fornex in other
+words two axons go out through the Forex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words two axons go out through the Forex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words two axons go out through the Forex
+but now we know that it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we know that it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we know that it also
+connects I drew it in purple because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects I drew it in purple because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects I drew it in purple because it
+wasn't in kah's original it goes to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't in kah's original it goes to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't in kah's original it goes to a
+subiculum cell which then has an axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum cell which then has an axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum cell which then has an axon
+going in to the fmria and in fact these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in to the fmria and in fact these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in to the fmria and in fact these
+cells provide the majority of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells provide the majority of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells provide the majority of those
+output axons that go to the mamary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output axons that go to the mamary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output axons that go to the mamary
+bodies but you see it's fairly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies but you see it's fairly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies but you see it's fairly complex
+even in these simple GGI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in these simple GGI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in these simple GGI
+drawings and I had to draw this one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings and I had to draw this one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings and I had to draw this one in
+because it didn't stain as well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't stain as well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't stain as well in the
+GGI stain kahal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GGI stain kahal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GGI stain kahal was
+using uh so he didn't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh so he didn't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh so he didn't see that
+pathway all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and remember I said if you cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember I said if you cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember I said if you cut
+across the long axis as you see there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the long axis as you see there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the long axis as you see there
+you always see that pathway and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always see that pathway and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always see that pathway and here
+they've drawn it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've drawn it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've drawn it again
+okay uh some of these drawings that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh some of these drawings that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh some of these drawings that you
+see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in
+textbooks uh they show these aons go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks uh they show these aons go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks uh they show these aons go
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+in like they show this one going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like they show this one going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like they show this one going into
+the Forex they show this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forex they show this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forex they show this one
+similarly but now we know even more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly but now we know even more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly but now we know even more of
+them come from the subiculum and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come from the subiculum and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come from the subiculum and this is
+known from experimental work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known from experimental work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known from experimental work you
+sometimes Miss some major things when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Miss some major things when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes Miss some major things when
+you just use GOI okay you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use GOI okay you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just use GOI okay you need to do
+experement where you label Pathways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experement where you label Pathways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experement where you label Pathways and
+Trace them the Imaging methods too live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace them the Imaging methods too live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trace them the Imaging methods too live
+Imaging would miss all that too so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging would miss all that too so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging would miss all that too so we
+know this from experimental tracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this from experimental tracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this from experimental tracing
+studies and then so you can characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then so you can characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies and then so you can characterize
+the pathway as I've shown at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway as I've shown at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathway as I've shown at the bottom
+here the dentate gyus cells with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dentate gyus cells with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the dentate gyus cells with their
+dendrites getting input from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites getting input from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites getting input from different
+parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the
+uh the through the perforant pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the through the perforant pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the through the perforant pathway
+different parts of the aninal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the aninal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the aninal cortex
+this is the lateral perforant pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lateral perforant pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the lateral perforant pathway
+the medial perent pathway coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial perent pathway coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial perent pathway coming from
+different parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of
+the lateral and medial parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral and medial parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral and medial parts of the
+interrenal cortex they project then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrenal cortex they project then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrenal cortex they project then to
+dendrites in the ca3 region and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites in the ca3 region and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites in the ca3 region and then
+this collateral anyway the Schaffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collateral anyway the Schaffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collateral anyway the Schaffer
+collateral named after of course a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral named after of course a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral named after of course a guy
+named Schaffer and it's projecting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Schaffer and it's projecting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Schaffer and it's projecting to
+dandrites of ca1 which then projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandrites of ca1 which then projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dandrites of ca1 which then projects to
+subiculum cells as you see here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum cells as you see here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subiculum cells as you see here and
+that's shows an output the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shows an output the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shows an output the angular
+bundle going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle going into
+the the Forex and onto the Nary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Forex and onto the Nary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Forex and onto the Nary
+bodies okay and I point out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies okay and I point out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies okay and I point out here that
+long-term potentiation can occur at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term potentiation can occur at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term potentiation can occur at each
+of those synapses this synapse this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those synapses this synapse this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those synapses this synapse this
+synapse this synapse and this Sy they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse this synapse and this Sy they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse this synapse and this Sy they've
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+each each connection separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each connection separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each connection separately
+in places like the tagawa lab they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places like the tagawa lab they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in places like the tagawa lab they tend
+to focus on certain ones and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on certain ones and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on certain ones and they're
+finding some of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions different components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions different components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions different components of the
+hippocampus but a lot of that is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus but a lot of that is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus but a lot of that is still
+up in the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we know about ltp but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know about ltp but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know about ltp but if you
+think of more broadly in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of more broadly in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of more broadly in terms of
+function what we call behaviorally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what we call behaviorally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what we call behaviorally
+Behavioral Studies call our memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral Studies call our memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral Studies call our memories
+what kind of memory are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of memory are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of memory are we talking
+about it's not the kind of habit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's not the kind of habit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's not the kind of habit
+memories that we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+striatum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum
+when we talk about long-term memory yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about long-term memory yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about long-term memory yes
+uh how is that different from I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how is that different from I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how is that different from I mean I
+have long-term memories uh learning how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long-term memories uh learning how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have long-term memories uh learning how
+to manipulate a pencil too isn't that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manipulate a pencil too isn't that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manipulate a pencil too isn't that a
+long-term memory is that hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cample what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample what
+kind it's a St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's a St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind it's a St
+memory okay in terms of the anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay in terms of the anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay in terms of the anatomy
+that's a stotal memory learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a stotal memory learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a stotal memory learning how to
+write a bike learning a sport you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bike learning a sport you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bike learning a sport you know
+these actions where you don't remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actions where you don't remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these actions where you don't remember a
+specific time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific time and
+place you remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you remember a
+movement so whenever you're learning any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so whenever you're learning any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so whenever you're learning any
+movement you know I'm not saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement you know I'm not saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement you know I'm not saying that
+right at the beginning M there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning M there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning M there aren't
+multiple types of memory involved but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple types of memory involved but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple types of memory involved but
+someone with hippocamp lesion some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with hippocamp lesion some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with hippocamp lesion some like
+Henry M who had major hipocampal damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry M who had major hipocampal damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry M who had major hipocampal damage
+he couldn't form normal long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he couldn't form normal long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he couldn't form normal long-term
+memories but you could teach him sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories but you could teach him sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories but you could teach him sensory
+motor habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor habits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor habits
+okay simply reward him repeatedly he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simply reward him repeatedly he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simply reward him repeatedly he
+wouldn't remember being in the learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't remember being in the learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't remember being in the learning
+situation he wouldn't remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation he wouldn't remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation he wouldn't remember the
+teacher but he would gain those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+skills that's one of the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that's one of the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that's one of the types of
+research that's clearly separated these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that's clearly separated these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that's clearly separated these
+two two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two kinds of
+memory and it's the statom that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and it's the statom that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and it's the statom that's the
+main brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main brain
+areas okay that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay that that
+happens now there's a pathway where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now there's a pathway where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now there's a pathway where the
+subcortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+projections go to and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections go to and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections go to and from the
+hippocampus that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothalamus and it uses the cocolon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and it uses the cocolon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and it uses the cocolon as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+neurotransmitter it's a neuromodulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter it's a neuromodulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter it's a neuromodulator
+major neurom modulator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major neurom modulator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major neurom modulator in the
+hippocampus it's this pathway from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus it's this pathway from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus it's this pathway from the
+sepal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepal area
+here back to the hippocampus and I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I show Pathways going from HP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I show Pathways going from HP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I show Pathways going from HP
+cample formation to the septum and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample formation to the septum and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample formation to the septum and I
+show this cocoline pathway going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this cocoline pathway going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this cocoline pathway going from
+sep hippocampus that's the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep hippocampus that's the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sep hippocampus that's the answer to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+question okay and this is from on human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay and this is from on human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay and this is from on human
+and I know these human things are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know these human things are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I know these human things are a
+little more confusing but this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more confusing but this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more confusing but this is what
+you get in medical school texts so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in medical school texts so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in medical school texts so I
+show them once in a while this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them once in a while this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them once in a while this is the
+sepal area shown here this is the arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepal area shown here this is the arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sepal area shown here this is the arch
+the arch of fornication remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch of fornication remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arch of fornication remember the the
+fornex arch of the fornex fibers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex arch of the fornex fibers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fornex arch of the fornex fibers and
+there in purple I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in purple I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in purple I've
+drawn the acetycholine accents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the acetycholine accents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the acetycholine accents that
+project right into the hippocampus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project right into the hippocampus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project right into the hippocampus and
+then there are Pathways going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are Pathways going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are Pathways going
+back directly to the septum from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back directly to the septum from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back directly to the septum from the
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+hippocampus and from the SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and from the SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and from the SE
+ and then this this diagram also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and then this this diagram also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and then this this diagram also
+shows this major input from inter rinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows this major input from inter rinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows this major input from inter rinal
+area it's getting cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's getting cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's getting cortical
+inputs into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hippocampus you get other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus you get other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus you get other kinds of
+plasticity the most one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity the most one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity the most one of the most
+dramatic kinds of clal sprouting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic kinds of clal sprouting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic kinds of clal sprouting that's
+been seen in the adult brain occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen in the adult brain occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been seen in the adult brain occurs in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hippocampus and I can characterize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and I can characterize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus and I can characterize it
+like this well let's look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this well let's look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this well let's look at this one
+first okay here are some cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay here are some cells in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first okay here are some cells in the
+dentate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dentate
+gyrus here's a a box each of that box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyrus here's a a box each of that box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyrus here's a a box each of that box
+corresponds to these boxes and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to these boxes and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to these boxes and here I
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+inputs coming from other parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming from other parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming from other parts of the
+hippocampus these are association areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus these are association areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampus these are association areas
+okay now the interal cortex that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the interal cortex that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the interal cortex that
+projects up here okay so what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects up here okay so what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects up here okay so what happens if
+we remove all the aninal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove all the aninal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remove all the aninal
+projections you get collateral sprouting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections you get collateral sprouting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections you get collateral sprouting
+of these other axom coming down here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other axom coming down here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other axom coming down here and
+so I show in red the sprouting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I show in red the sprouting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I show in red the sprouting that
+occurs major sprouty it's a huge change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs major sprouty it's a huge change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs major sprouty it's a huge change
+in the projection so if you look here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the projection so if you look here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the projection so if you look here
+here's the terminations of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the terminations of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the terminations of this is that
+imagine the dentate gyus cell here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the dentate gyus cell here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the dentate gyus cell here and
+here it's dendr okay in every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's dendr okay in every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's dendr okay in every one of
+these boxes so here's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes so here's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes so here's all the
+uh input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh input
+from ental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ental
+cortex and here's where the association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and here's where the association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and here's where the association
+accents terminate so we get rid of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents terminate so we get rid of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents terminate so we get rid of all
+of these that's what's shown here all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these that's what's shown here all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these that's what's shown here all of
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+eliminated here's what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated here's what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated here's what happens to the
+association ACC and that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association ACC and that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association ACC and that's what I'm
+showing here okay huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here okay huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here okay huge amount of
+sprouting and it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting and it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprouting and it's not just the
+association area accents that Sprout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association area accents that Sprout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association area accents that Sprout
+other systems also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems also
+Sprout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sprout
+okay so it's very dramatic adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's very dramatic adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's very dramatic adult
+plasticity and now people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity and now people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity and now people that have
+studied plasticity after um for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied plasticity after um for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied plasticity after um for in
+physiological situations changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological situations changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological situations changes in
+synaps are beginning to find anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaps are beginning to find anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaps are beginning to find anatomical
+changes also so it's not only after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes also so it's not only after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes also so it's not only after
+these drastic lesions that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drastic lesions that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drastic lesions that you get
+anatomical change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+campus okay and then I you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus okay and then I you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus okay and then I you should go
+through this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this in the
+book it goes through this amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it goes through this amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book it goes through this amazing
+finding that we have a lot of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that we have a lot of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding that we have a lot of memory
+consolidation consolidation of long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation consolidation of long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation consolidation of long-term
+memories for things that happen during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories for things that happen during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories for things that happen during
+the day Consolidated largely during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day Consolidated largely during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day Consolidated largely during the
+night and I'm pointing out how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and I'm pointing out how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and I'm pointing out how the
+levels of these modulators change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of these modulators change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of these modulators change
+changes and waking slow wave sleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and waking slow wave sleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and waking slow wave sleep and
+rapid eye movement or dream sleep here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid eye movement or dream sleep here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid eye movement or dream sleep here's
+the acceed of colding levels then rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceed of colding levels then rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceed of colding levels then rapid
+eye movement levels are quite High even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement levels are quite High even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye movement levels are quite High even
+higher than in waking but in slow W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than in waking but in slow W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than in waking but in slow W
+sleep they're very low and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep they're very low and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep they're very low and this is the
+period where you get that consolidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where you get that consolidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period where you get that consolidation
+happening and the reason that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and the reason that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and the reason that people
+that have woven these the theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have woven these the theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have woven these the theories
+trying to explain why this occurs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain why this occurs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain why this occurs we
+know it occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you think it's because during slow wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's because during slow wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's because during slow wave
+sleep there's a lot more flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep there's a lot more flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep there's a lot more flow of
+information from hippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures these are the hippocampal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures these are the hippocampal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures these are the hippocampal
+structures back to Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay showing it here whereas with high a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay showing it here whereas with high a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay showing it here whereas with high a
+levels the same pathways are active but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the same pathways are active but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the same pathways are active but
+much less so with the uh with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less so with the uh with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less so with the uh with that
+modulator present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulator present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulator present
+and a lot more the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot more the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot more the flow
+from from neocortex to hippocampus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from neocortex to hippocampus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from neocortex to hippocampus is
+still strong but the flow back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still strong but the flow back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still strong but the flow back to the
+cortex is stronger during slow wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is stronger during slow wav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is stronger during slow wav
+Streep which could explain some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streep which could explain some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Streep which could explain some of that
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+consolidation a lot of the it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation a lot of the it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation a lot of the it is
+retained in the hippocampus itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained in the hippocampus itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retained in the hippocampus itself
+initially but the hippocampus doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but the hippocampus doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially but the hippocampus doesn't
+have the capacity to retain all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the capacity to retain all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the capacity to retain all our
+long-term Memories Forever it's stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Memories Forever it's stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Memories Forever it's stored
+in the neocortex and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neocortex and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the neocortex and we know that
+from studies of electrical stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from studies of electrical stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from studies of electrical stimulation
+of the human brain during n surgery from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human brain during n surgery from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human brain during n surgery from
+studies of damage and uh in cortex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of damage and uh in cortex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of damage and uh in cortex in
+neocortex okay and this is just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex okay and this is just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex okay and this is just shows
+you another way people have represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another way people have represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another way people have represented
+these Pathways between interal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways between interal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways between interal cortex
+and hippocampal formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so neocortex to hippocampus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so neocortex to hippocampus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so neocortex to hippocampus is
+critical and the whole way this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and the whole way this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and the whole way this thing
+works and we know that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and we know that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and we know that both
+theoretically and from actual anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and from actual anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and from actual anatomical
+studies of various mammals and I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of various mammals and I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of various mammals and I've just
+given you various pictures here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you various pictures here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you various pictures here if you
+see some humans some of you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some humans some of you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some humans some of you will be
+interested in the way it looks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the way it looks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the way it looks in
+imaging this just shows where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging this just shows where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging this just shows where the
+amydala is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amydala is there
+and here you see both the amydala the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see both the amydala the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you see both the amydala the
+almond shape right here and hippocampus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond shape right here and hippocampus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almond shape right here and hippocampus
+in A sagittal view in an MRI skin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in A sagittal view in an MRI skin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in A sagittal view in an MRI skin the
+Radiologists become very Adept at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radiologists become very Adept at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Radiologists become very Adept at
+finding all these structures even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding all these structures even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding all these structures even with
+the lower resolution you get in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower resolution you get in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower resolution you get in these
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+images but what we'll do next time I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images but what we'll do next time I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images but what we'll do next time I'll
+just review at the beginning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just review at the beginning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just review at the beginning the
+hippocampal stuff but I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal stuff but I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hippocampal stuff but I don't want to
+spend a lot of time on it I will post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on it I will post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time on it I will post
+these slides early uh so we can study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides early uh so we can study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these slides early uh so we can study
+more the amydala here and its importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the amydala here and its importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the amydala here and its importance
+in this whole system and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole system and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole system and then the
+structures in the in the basil forbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the in the basil forbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the in the basil forbrain
+interiorly that the amydala is strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interiorly that the amydala is strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interiorly that the amydala is strongly
+connected to okay so I'll post all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to okay so I'll post all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to okay so I'll post all these
+online um but I'll also also post that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um but I'll also also post that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online um but I'll also also post that
+next the next classes things just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next classes things just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the next classes things just to
+make sure we can get through it during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we can get through it during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we can get through it during
+the class okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/prmIRgNoexo.txt b/prmIRgNoexo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87694016e3b0d2526434b79f5a88830ff4bd2f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prmIRgNoexo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+PROFESSOR JOEL
+SCHINDALL: This course
+
+represents one of
+four courses that
+
+are given in the Gordon
+Leadership Program.
+
+We have a course on engineering
+innovation and design,
+
+a course on engineering
+leadership, a course on people
+
+and organizations, which talks
+about how to work effectively
+
+within a company, and of
+course on project engineering,
+
+which teaches them how to use
+the same tools and skills they
+
+learned when they assemble
+electronic systems to assemble
+
+the management system
+that it takes in order
+
+to run a complicated program.
+
+When we got funding for
+the Gordon MIT Engineering
+
+Leadership Program,
+we got together
+
+with a number of
+industry leaders,
+
+actually quite a large
+number of industry leaders,
+
+to look at what was
+engineering leadership
+
+and what were they looking for
+in the successful engineers
+
+within their companies.
+
+About 3/4 of the topics
+had to do with leadership--
+
+decision-making, advocacy,
+cross-cultural communication--
+
+but about a quarter
+of the topics
+
+that they really
+were looking for had
+
+to do with good
+engineering designers.
+
+And they were talking
+not just about being
+
+skilled in the
+craft, but actually
+
+looking at the world in a
+way where they realized what
+
+was wanted and
+needed, what was it
+
+the people who are using
+this product might require,
+
+and they actually came up with
+elegant, innovative designs.
+
+They observed that
+a small portion
+
+of the engineers that they hired
+seemed to have that ability,
+
+and a much larger
+portion of them
+
+would do competent
+design work, but just
+
+didn't pick up on the kinds
+of breakthrough designs
+
+that the smaller group could do.
+
+Rather than teach the
+students the design skills
+
+of a particular
+engineering discipline,
+
+we work to teach the students
+to think like designers--
+
+to be able to get
+outside the problem
+
+itself and look at what is
+the purpose of this project
+
+or product or process?
+
+What function does it serve?
+
+What is the need that is
+required out in the world?
+
+And how can I innovatively
+and creatively use the tools
+
+that I have learned
+in order to design,
+
+invent, produce, and
+implement something
+
+that will satisfy this need?
+
+So we put together
+a course which
+
+is a combination of
+10 design principles,
+
+Socratic inquiry, and the
+students themselves being
+
+engaged in design
+projects, and supported
+
+by some student
+teaching assistants,
+
+which engages and
+provokes the students
+
+to develop these
+kinds of abilities
+
+and causes them to
+leave the course not so
+
+much with a specific
+body of knowledge--
+
+we don't actually care
+whether they continue
+
+doing that specific
+design project--
+
+but what we want them to do--
+and they do, in fact, they
+
+can't avoid it-- is to apply
+this way of thinking to the way
+
+that they go about
+solving future problems.
+
+I actually had a
+career in industry
+
+after graduating
+from MIT, 35 years
+
+in aerospace and
+telecommunications,
+
+but I couldn't resist
+the opportunity
+
+to come back and
+give back by helping
+
+MIT's young students develop the
+kind of attitude and behavior
+
+that is necessary to be
+effective as an engineer today.
+
+PROFESSOR BLADE KOTELLY: We're
+successful if a student exits
+
+the course having
+completely changed
+
+the way they think
+about the world.
+
+And I know that sounds
+like a strange thing.
+
+And what we mean, is
+that hopefully they
+
+see everything differently.
+
+When they're walking
+down the street
+
+and they pass a door
+handle, they think,
+
+why is the door handle
+designed that way?
+
+Does it communicate effectively
+to me to know how to use it?
+
+What about other people?
+
+Would they understand
+how to use it?
+
+What's the material made
+of, which material's
+
+involved in that door handle?
+
+How has it been used?
+
+Is it smudged?
+
+Is it clear?
+
+Is it clear against
+the background?
+
+Hopefully, they see
+everything differently
+
+in the vast interconnectedness
+of everything in the world.
+
+And the fact that
+everything we do
+
+is ultimately in
+service to people.
+
+So if you're making a
+part for space station,
+
+it might have to be replaced
+by someone or diagnosed,
+
+so that is in service to people.
+
+People to operate
+a bigger system
+
+that can tell us more
+about how we live.
+
+So if they walk out of the
+class being able to do that,
+
+we're successful.
+
+PROFESSOR JOEL
+SCHINDALL: One way
+
+in which I like to
+challenge the students
+
+at the end of the course
+is to point out to them
+
+that the course
+is not ending now.
+
+It's beginning now.
+
+We actually gave them
+the instruction set
+
+and the way of thinking.
+
+Their job now is to
+go out into the world
+
+and to use that
+thinking in order
+
+to be more effective designers.
+
+And here's a gotcha.
+
+Once your eyes are open to that,
+as has happened in this class,
+
+you can't stop doing it.
+
+So a year from now, or two
+years from now, or five years
+
+from now, I expect
+to hear back from you
+
+that you faced or
+came up with some kind
+
+of a creative solution to
+a longstanding problem.
+
+And I'm going to take great
+satisfaction in the fact
+
+that you came up
+with that solution,
+
+but some of the tools and the
+ways of looking at the world
+
+that we discussed
+in this class will
+
+have been the enabling or
+the facilitating factor
+
+in your effectiveness
+of doing that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q-9YlXesHtI.txt b/q-9YlXesHtI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82690c40e2aebf63b4e86cba2558e4ae634cbe27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q-9YlXesHtI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right. Right. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right. Right. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mmit.edu. All right. Right. So, I
+guess I should start. Um, so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I should start. Um, so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I should start. Um, so I think
+last time we were talking about cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were talking about cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we were talking about cell
+structure and cell geometry and I got as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and cell geometry and I got as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and cell geometry and I got as
+far as putting this image here up. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as putting this image here up. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as putting this image here up. Uh,
+and I talked a little bit about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I talked a little bit about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I talked a little bit about how this
+works and I was going to go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and I was going to go over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and I was going to go over it
+again and then write the notes down uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then write the notes down uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and then write the notes down uh,
+today. So, we'll start from there. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. So, we'll start from there. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. So, we'll start from there. So,
+we're going to do a little bit more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a little bit more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a little bit more on
+cell structure today. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell structure today. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell structure today. We're going to
+talk about some topological laws for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some topological laws for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about some topological laws for
+cellular materials for polyhedral cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular materials for polyhedral cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular materials for polyhedral cells
+and then we'll start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll start talking about
+modeling um honeycomb materials and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling um honeycomb materials and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling um honeycomb materials and talk
+about how we look at the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we look at the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we look at the mechanical
+properties of honeycombs. So I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of honeycombs. So I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of honeycombs. So I think
+where we left off last time was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time was we
+started talking about mean intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about mean intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about mean intercept
+length. So the idea is is that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. So the idea is is that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. So the idea is is that with
+hello hello um if you have a honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello hello um if you have a honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello hello um if you have a honeycomb
+it's it's fairly easy to define the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly easy to define the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fairly easy to define the cell
+shape in terms of the ratio of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape in terms of the ratio of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape in terms of the ratio of the cell
+edge lengths H over L and the angle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge lengths H over L and the angle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge lengths H over L and the angle that
+the inclined cell wall is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclined cell wall is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inclined cell wall is to the
+vertical one but for a foam it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical one but for a foam it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical one but for a foam it's a
+little more difficult and what people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more difficult and what people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more difficult and what people do
+is they measure this mean intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they measure this mean intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they measure this mean intercept
+length. So last time I I talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. So last time I I talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. So last time I I talked about it
+briefly. So the idea is you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly. So the idea is you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly. So the idea is you take an
+image of the structure you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the structure you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the structure you're interested
+in. you you sort of uh draw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. you you sort of uh draw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. you you sort of uh draw out the
+outline of a planer surface and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of a planer surface and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline of a planer surface and then you
+put on that a test circle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on that a test circle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on that a test circle and you
+superimpose on a test circle equidistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose on a test circle equidistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimpose on a test circle equidistant
+parallel lines. So say we start off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines. So say we start off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines. So say we start off at
+theta equals 0. We then count how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0. We then count how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals 0. We then count how many
+times the cell walls intercept those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cell walls intercept those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cell walls intercept those
+lines and we get a um number of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and we get a um number of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and we get a um number of cells
+per unit length and that gives us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length and that gives us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit length and that gives us an
+intercept length for that orientation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept length for that orientation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept length for that orientation.
+Then we rotate it around a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we rotate it around a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we rotate it around a little bit
+say 5 degrees or something. uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 5 degrees or something. uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 5 degrees or something. uh we
+measure a new intercept length for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a new intercept length for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a new intercept length for that
+orientation and we keep doing it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and we keep doing it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and we keep doing it all the
+way around 180° and then you get um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around 180° and then you get um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around 180° and then you get um then
+what you do is you plot those points. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you plot those points. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you plot those points. If
+I can find my little pointer, we plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find my little pointer, we plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find my little pointer, we plot
+those points and it it'll form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points and it it'll form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points and it it'll form an
+ellipse and the major and minor axes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse and the major and minor axes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse and the major and minor axes of
+the ellipse correspond to the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipse correspond to the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellipse correspond to the principal
+dimensions of the cells on that plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the cells on that plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the cells on that plane.
+And then you can do the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you can do the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you can do the same for
+perpendicular planes and form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular planes and form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular planes and form an
+ellypoid and you can get the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid and you can get the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid and you can get the three
+principal dimensions. You can also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal dimensions. You can also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal dimensions. You can also get
+the orientation of the cells by getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the cells by getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of the cells by getting
+the orientation of this ellipse or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of this ellipse or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orientation of this ellipse or the
+ellipsoid in in three dimensions. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid in in three dimensions. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipsoid in in three dimensions. So let
+me just write down some notes that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write down some notes that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write down some notes that kind
+of summarize all of that. So I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summarize all of that. So I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of summarize all of that. So I'm going
+to say that for foams we characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that for foams we characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that for foams we characterize
+the cell shape and orientation by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell shape and orientation by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell shape and orientation by using
+these mean intercept mean intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mean intercept mean intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these mean intercept mean intercept
+blanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we consider a circular test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area on a plain section.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you want to use a circle and not say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you want to use a circle and not say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you want to use a circle and not say
+a square or rectangle because if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square or rectangle because if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square or rectangle because if you had
+a square then you'd have different total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square then you'd have different total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square then you'd have different total
+lengths of line depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of line depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of line depending on what
+orientation you took it. So you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation you took it. So you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation you took it. So you want to
+use a circular test um section and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a circular test um section and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a circular test um section and then
+you draw equidistant parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines. So for example, you might start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. So for example, you might start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. So for example, you might start
+at theta equals to 0 and then you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at theta equals to 0 and then you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at theta equals to 0 and then you count
+the number of intercepts of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of intercepts of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of intercepts of the cell
+walls with the lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if we say that n c is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we say that n c is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we say that n c is the number of
+cells per unit length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line then we can get the intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line then we can get the intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line then we can get the intercept
+length for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length for that
+orientation say for theta equals to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation say for theta equals to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation say for theta equals to zero
+it works out to 1.5 over nc. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works out to 1.5 over nc. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works out to 1.5 over nc. So it's not
+just one over NC because you may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one over NC because you may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one over NC because you may not be
+cutting the cell, you know, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the cell, you know, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the cell, you know, you're
+cutting the cell, say you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the cell, say you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the cell, say you've got a
+threedimensional cell like this, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional cell like this, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional cell like this, you're
+cutting it at different places along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting it at different places along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting it at different places along
+here. So people have worked out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So people have worked out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So people have worked out the
+stereology of that and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereology of that and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereology of that and there's a
+constant um that's 1.5 that fits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um that's 1.5 that fits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um that's 1.5 that fits into
+there. So then you just repeat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So then you just repeat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So then you just repeat that
+process uh for different increments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh for different increments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh for different increments of
+theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you increment theta by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount something like say 5° and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount something like say 5° and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount something like say 5° and then
+you repeat that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process and then you plot a polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram of the intercept lengths versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta and you then fit an ellipse to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and you then fit an ellipse to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and you then fit an ellipse to the
+point points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you did it in 3D, you'd have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ellypoid. And then the principal axes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid. And then the principal axes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid. And then the principal axes of
+the ellypoid are the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellypoid are the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ellypoid are the principal
+dimensions of the um cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the orientation of the ellipsoid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the orientation of the ellipsoid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the orientation of the ellipsoid is
+the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells. Hello.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you can write the equation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ellypoid. So it would be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid. So it would be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellypoid. So it would be something like
+a x1 2ar plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x1 2ar plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a x1 2ar plus b
+x2 plus c x3 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 plus c x3 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 plus c x3 2 +
+2d x1 x2 + 2 e x1 x3 + 2 f x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d x1 x2 + 2 e x1 x3 + 2 f x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d x1 x2 + 2 e x1 x3 + 2 f x2
+x3 and that would all equal one. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 and that would all equal one. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 and that would all equal one. And you
+can write those coefficients as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix. And if you do that, the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And if you do that, the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And if you do that, the first
+three ABC are the diagonals and EF DEF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ABC are the diagonals and EF DEF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ABC are the diagonals and EF DEF
+are the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonals. And you can also represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals. And you can also represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals. And you can also represent
+this as a tensor. And if you do, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a tensor. And if you do, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a tensor. And if you do, it's
+called the fabric tensor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+fabric I think they use that term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric I think they use that term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric I think they use that term for
+other types of materials. It says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of materials. It says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other types of materials. It says
+something about the orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the orientation of the
+material. And if you have this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And if you have this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And if you have this matrix
+here, if D, E, and F are all zero, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, if D, E, and F are all zero, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, if D, E, and F are all zero, then
+A, B, and C are the principal dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, B, and C are the principal dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, B, and C are the principal dimensions
+of the cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if all nondiagonal elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero then a, b and c are the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensions. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, are we good with how this works? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, are we good with how this works? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, are we good with how this works? So,
+it's kind of a crank and churn kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a crank and churn kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a crank and churn kind of
+thing, but it gives you a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but it gives you a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but it gives you a way of
+characterizing the cell shape and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the cell shape and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing the cell shape and the
+orientation of the cells in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oops. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the next thing I wanted to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next thing I wanted to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the next thing I wanted to talk about
+was the connectivity of the cells. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the connectivity of the cells. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the connectivity of the cells. So
+imagine we have an array of cells. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have an array of cells. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have an array of cells. And
+if we have an array, we have vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an array, we have vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have an array, we have vertices
+that are connected by edges and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected by edges and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are connected by edges and edges
+surround faces. And the faces enclose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround faces. And the faces enclose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround faces. And the faces enclose
+the cells. And there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells. And there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells. And there's something called
+the edge connectivity, which is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge connectivity, which is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge connectivity, which is usually
+given the symbol z. and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the symbol z. and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the symbol z. and that's the
+number of edges that meet at a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges that meet at a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges that meet at a vertex
+and there's a face connectivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a face connectivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a face connectivity and
+that's the number of faces that meet at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of faces that meet at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of faces that meet at
+an edge and um it's very common for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge and um it's very common for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge and um it's very common for
+honeycombs to be three connected so z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs to be three connected so z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs to be three connected so z is
+three and it's common for foams to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it's common for foams to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it's common for foams to be
+four connected and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four connected and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four connected and there's some
+topological laws that are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological laws that are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topological laws that are kind of
+interesting and so we'll we'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so we'll we'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and so we'll we'll get into
+those um after this bit on connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um after this bit on connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um after this bit on connectivity
+so for the connectivity we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the connectivity we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the connectivity we have
+vertices which are connected by edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which surround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faces which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enclose cells. So we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose cells. So we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose cells. So we're going to talk
+about the vertices, the edges, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vertices, the edges, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the vertices, the edges, the
+faces, and the cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the edge
+connectivity Z E is the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity Z E is the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity Z E is the number of edges
+that meet at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertex. And for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+honeycomb, say a hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+honeycomb, z is three. So I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, z is three. So I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, z is three. So I have a
+little honeycomb here. If we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little honeycomb here. If we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little honeycomb here. If we look at the
+number of edges, there's three edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges, there's three edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges, there's three edges
+connected a vertex. So z is three. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected a vertex. So z is three. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected a vertex. So z is three. And
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foam, z is typically four. So I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam, z is typically four. So I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam, z is typically four. So I'll just
+say typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and if I go back let's see if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if I go back let's see if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if I go back let's see if I go
+back if you look at these sketches here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you look at these sketches here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if you look at these sketches here
+of the rhombic docahedra and the tetraky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rhombic docahedra and the tetraky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the rhombic docahedra and the tetraky
+decahedra if you look at the tetraky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decahedra if you look at the tetraky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decahedra if you look at the tetraky
+decahedra you can see the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decahedra you can see the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decahedra you can see the number of
+edges so here's one edge here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so here's one edge here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so here's one edge here's another
+one here there's another one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here there's another one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here there's another one here and
+there's another one here so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one here so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one here so that's the
+four edges that are meeting at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four edges that are meeting at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four edges that are meeting at that
+vertex there so if you look at a arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex there so if you look at a arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex there so if you look at a arrays
+of cells, you can convince yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells, you can convince yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells, you can convince yourself that
+Z is typically four for a foam. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is typically four for a foam. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is typically four for a foam. And then
+we also have the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connectivity Z F and that's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity Z F and that's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity Z F and that's the number
+of faces that meet at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edge. And that's typically three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. And that's typically three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. And that's typically three for
+foams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So again, if you look at these pictures,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, if you look at these pictures,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, if you look at these pictures,
+you can you can sort of see how the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can sort of see how the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can sort of see how the face
+connectivity is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity is is
+three. Uh so if you look at this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Uh so if you look at this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Uh so if you look at this bottom
+one here, there's faces here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here, there's faces here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here, there's faces here and then
+there's another face.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another face.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another face.
+Um, let's see if we can. It's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see if we can. It's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see if we can. It's kind of
+hard to show. If you look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show. If you look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to show. If you look at this one
+here, there's this cell. There's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, there's this cell. There's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, there's this cell. There's that
+face there. And then there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face there. And then there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face there. And then there's another one
+coming out of the page, I think. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the page, I think. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the page, I think. Okay.
+So, that's connectivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the next thing are some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next thing are some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next thing are some of these
+topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laws. So the first one I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. So the first one I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. So the first one I'm going to talk
+about is called Oilers's law. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is called Oilers's law. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is called Oilers's law. Remember
+Oiler from Buckling? Same guy. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler from Buckling? Same guy. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler from Buckling? Same guy. Um so
+Oiler's law relates the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler's law relates the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler's law relates the number of
+vertices and faces and cells and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and faces and cells and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and faces and cells and edges
+for a large array of cells. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a large array of cells. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a large array of cells. So we can
+relate the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges. So I'm going to call that E. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So I'm going to call that E. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So I'm going to call that E. Um
+let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V
+faces F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops and cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and cells
+C that total number is related by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that total number is related by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that total number is related by
+Oilers's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers's
+law for a large aggregate of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in 2D oiler's law is that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in 2D oiler's law is that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in 2D oiler's law is that the total
+number of faces minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of faces minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of faces minus the number of
+edges plus the number of vertices is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges plus the number of vertices is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges plus the number of vertices is
+equal to one. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3D you just add a minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you just add a minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you just add a minus the number of
+cells in front. So minus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in front. So minus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in front. So minus the number of
+cells plus the number of faces minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells plus the number of faces minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells plus the number of faces minus the
+number of edges plus the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges plus the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges plus the number of
+vertices is equal to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there's some interesting things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's some interesting things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's some interesting things you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+uh figure out using Oilers's law. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figure out using Oilers's law. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figure out using Oilers's law. And
+one of the things I wanted to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I wanted to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things I wanted to look at
+was if we had an irregular honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if we had an irregular honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was if we had an irregular honeycomb
+that was three connected. So, say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was three connected. So, say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was three connected. So, say we
+have a honeycomb that's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a honeycomb that's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a honeycomb that's not just a
+regular hexagonal honeycomb or not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hexagonal honeycomb or not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular hexagonal honeycomb or not even
+one that's got repeating hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's got repeating hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's got repeating hexagonal
+cells, but say we had a honeycomb where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, but say we had a honeycomb where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, but say we had a honeycomb where
+some of the cells had um five sides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cells had um five sides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the cells had um five sides to
+them, some of them had seven, some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, some of them had seven, some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, some of them had seven, some of
+them had six. Uh you can ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them had six. Uh you can ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them had six. Uh you can ask what's the
+average number of sides per face? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of sides per face? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of sides per face? And
+you can use Oilers's law to figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use Oilers's law to figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use Oilers's law to figure that
+out. So, we're going to look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So, we're going to look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So, we're going to look at an
+irregular threeconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular threeconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular threeconnected
+honeycomb. Uh let's see, maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. Uh let's see, maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. Uh let's see, maybe I can
+start that up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when I say irregular, I mean we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I say irregular, I mean we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I say irregular, I mean we've
+got cells with different numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides. So we have an irregular Whoops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So we have an irregular Whoops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So we have an irregular Whoops.
+Okay, great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is three connected. Then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is three connected. Then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is three connected. Then what is
+the average number of sides per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+face and I'm going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nbar. So we're told that it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbar. So we're told that it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nbar. So we're told that it's three
+connected. So that's saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. So that's saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. So that's saying that the
+edge connectivity is three. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge connectivity is three. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge connectivity is three. So there's
+three edges come into each vertex. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges come into each vertex. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges come into each vertex. So
+imagine that you had just a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you had just a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you had just a regular
+hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal
+honeycomb like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb like
+this. Here's our vertex here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Here's our vertex here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Here's our vertex here. And
+there's our kind of three edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our kind of three edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our kind of three edges that
+come into it. And each vertex is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into it. And each vertex is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into it. And each vertex is going
+to have half of each edge, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have half of each edge, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have half of each edge, right?
+Because the next vertex, each edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the next vertex, each edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because the next vertex, each edge is
+shared between two vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between two vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared between two vertices.
+So if z is equal to three then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if z is equal to three then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if z is equal to three then the
+number of edges per vertex is 3 over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges per vertex is 3 over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges per vertex is 3 over2
+because each edge is shared between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices and I'm also going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and I'm also going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and I'm also going to define
+something I'm going to call fn and FM FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm going to call fn and FM FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I'm going to call fn and FM FN
+is going to be the number of faces with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the number of faces with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the number of faces with
+N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides. So I could have some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So I could have some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So I could have some number of
+the cells have six sides, some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells have six sides, some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells have six sides, some number
+have five sides, some number have seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five sides, some number have seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five sides, some number have seven
+sides. So these are um fn is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So these are um fn is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So these are um fn is the number
+of faces with some particular number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of faces with some particular number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of faces with some particular number of
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+n. So if we have fn is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So if we have fn is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So if we have fn is the number of
+faces with n sides then if I sum up n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces with n sides then if I sum up n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces with n sides then if I sum up n *
+fn and divide it by two that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn and divide it by two that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn and divide it by two that's the
+number of edges. So imagine I have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. So imagine I have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. So imagine I have all
+these faces I take n * fn. So say we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these faces I take n * fn. So say we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these faces I take n * fn. So say we had
+four five-sided faces that would be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five-sided faces that would be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five-sided faces that would be um
+four of those. There'd be 20 edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of those. There'd be 20 edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of those. There'd be 20 edges
+associated with that 20 sides. Then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that 20 sides. Then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that 20 sides. Then I
+have some number of six-sided some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some number of six-sided some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some number of six-sided some
+number of sevensided. I add them all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sevensided. I add them all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sevensided. I add them all up
+and I have to divide by two to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to divide by two to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to divide by two to get the
+number of edges because each um edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges because each um edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges because each um edge
+separates two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faces. Okay. And then I can use Oilers's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. Okay. And then I can use Oilers's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. Okay. And then I can use Oilers's
+law.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I can say f minus e plus v is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can say f minus e plus v is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can say f minus e plus v is going
+to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal
+1. And here I've got f minus e plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And here I've got f minus e plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And here I've got f minus e plus I
+can put v here. v is going to be 2/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e. So I've got that. So that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e. So I've got that. So that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e. So I've got that. So that's the same
+as f minus 1/3 of e is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1. Like that. And then for E, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Like that. And then for E, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. Like that. And then for E, I can
+substitute this thing here in. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this thing here in. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute this thing here in. So that
+gives me F minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me F minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me F minus
+1/3 of the sum of N * FN / 2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 of the sum of N * FN / 2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 of the sum of N * FN / 2 is equal to
+1. And then what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And then what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. And then what I'm going to do is
+multiply everything by six. So I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply everything by six. So I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply everything by six. So I can get
+rid of my denominator here. So 6f minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of my denominator here. So 6f minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of my denominator here. So 6f minus
+sum of n fn is going to be six. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of n fn is going to be six. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of n fn is going to be six. And then
+I'm going to divide that through by f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide that through by f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide that through by f.
+So that's 6 minus sum of n fn / f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's 6 minus sum of n fn / f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's 6 minus sum of n fn / f is
+equal to 6 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 6 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 6 /
+f. And then if I let f go to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. And then if I let f go to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. And then if I let f go to a large
+number, so say I've got a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, so say I've got a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, so say I've got a large
+aggregate of cell, I've got lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of cell, I've got lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate of cell, I've got lots of
+faces, I'm going to let f become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large. So if f becomes large, then 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. So if f becomes large, then 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. So if f becomes large, then 6
+over f is going to tend to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rubber.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F is like the total number of faces, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is like the total number of faces, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is like the total number of faces, not
+the total number of faces per cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of faces per cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of faces per cell.
+F is the total number of faces. And FN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is the total number of faces. And FN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is the total number of faces. And FN
+is the number of faces with N side. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of faces with N side. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of faces with N side. So
+you've got some number with five sides,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some number with five sides,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some number with five sides,
+some number with six, some number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number with six, some number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number with six, some number with
+seven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're almost at the end here. Um so 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're almost at the end here. Um so 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're almost at the end here. Um so 6
+/ s f goes to zero. And so that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ s f goes to zero. And so that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ s f goes to zero. And so that says
+that the sum of n * fn over f is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of n * fn over f is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum of n * fn over f is equal
+to six. And that just is n bar. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six. And that just is n bar. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six. And that just is n bar. That is
+the average number of sides per face.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of sides per face.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average number of sides per face.
+This is your kind of your total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is your kind of your total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is your kind of your total number
+of sides in the whole thing. And you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sides in the whole thing. And you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sides in the whole thing. And you're
+dividing by the total number of faces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the total number of faces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the total number of faces.
+So that's that is the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that is the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that is the average number of
+sides per face.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what this is saying is if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this is saying is if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what this is saying is if you have a
+three connected honeycomb the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three connected honeycomb the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three connected honeycomb the average
+number of sides per face is always six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sides per face is always six.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sides per face is always six.
+So that if you introduce a cell with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that if you introduce a cell with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that if you introduce a cell with
+five sides somewhere you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five sides somewhere you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five sides somewhere you have to
+introduce a cell with seven sides so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a cell with seven sides so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a cell with seven sides so
+that they compensate and you come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they compensate and you come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they compensate and you come back
+out to six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I have a little soap bubble picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I have a little soap bubble picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I have a little soap bubble picture
+here that kind of illustrates that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that kind of illustrates that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that kind of illustrates that. So
+here we have a soap honeycomb. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a soap honeycomb. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a soap honeycomb. So, you
+can make these just by putting two glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make these just by putting two glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make these just by putting two glass
+sheets close together with a soap um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets close together with a soap um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets close together with a soap um
+bubble froth in between them. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble froth in between them. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble froth in between them. And you
+can kind of see in this picture here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see in this picture here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see in this picture here,
+they've numbered how many sides each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've numbered how many sides each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've numbered how many sides each
+cell or each face has. So, here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or each face has. So, here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell or each face has. So, here's one
+with five. Here's one with seven. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five. Here's one with seven. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with five. Here's one with seven. And
+I'm not going to add these up al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to add these up al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to add these up al
+together, but you can kind of see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, but you can kind of see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, but you can kind of see that
+the fives and the sevens kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fives and the sevens kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fives and the sevens kind of
+compensate for each other and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for each other and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for each other and that the
+average uh works out to about six. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh works out to about six. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average uh works out to about six. And
+this is true for a large aggregate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for a large aggregate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for a large aggregate of
+cells. So, if you only have a few, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. So, if you only have a few, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. So, if you only have a few, it's
+not going to work out perfectly. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work out perfectly. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work out perfectly. You
+need to have a large aggregate to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a large aggregate to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a large aggregate to have
+it to work. Yeah. And that like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to work. Yeah. And that like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to work. Yeah. And that like five
+seven balance doesn't have to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven balance doesn't have to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven balance doesn't have to be like
+touching, right? No. Overall. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching, right? No. Overall. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching, right? No. Overall. Yeah.
+Overall, you know, you could have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overall, you know, you could have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Overall, you know, you could have one
+with four sides and you'd need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four sides and you'd need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with four sides and you'd need two
+sevens or one eight or something, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens or one eight or something, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens or one eight or something, but
+you need to have that balance out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have that balance out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have that balance out and
+match up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay. So, that's the Oiler law.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, that's the Oiler law.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, that's the Oiler law.
+Now there's a couple more of these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's a couple more of these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there's a couple more of these kinds
+of things. There's something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. There's something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. There's something called the
+abav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law. And so the above weir is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. And so the above weir is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. And so the above weir is sort of
+related to the oiler because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the oiler because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the oiler because it's
+looking at this idea that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this idea that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this idea that if you have a
+three connected honeycomb, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three connected honeycomb, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three connected honeycomb, if you
+introduce a five-sided cell, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a five-sided cell, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a five-sided cell, you have to
+introduce a a sevensided cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a a sevensided cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a a sevensided cell to
+compensate. And what Abuav noticed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate. And what Abuav noticed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate. And what Abuav noticed was
+that generally uh cells with more sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally uh cells with more sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally uh cells with more sides
+than average have neighbors with fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average have neighbors with fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average have neighbors with fewer
+sides than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see. So we'll say the introduction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. So we'll say the introduction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. So we'll say the introduction of a
+five sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell requires the introduction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell requires the introduction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell requires the introduction of a
+sevensided cell and I'll just put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevensided cell and I'll just put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevensided cell and I'll just put this
+is all for a threeconnected net three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all for a threeconnected net three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all for a threeconnected net three
+connected honeycomb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that generally cells with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that generally cells with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that generally cells with more
+sides than average have neighbors with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides than average have neighbors with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides than average have neighbors with
+fewer sides than average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in 3D that you say the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in 3D that you say the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in 3D that you say the same thing
+about the faces. The cells that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the faces. The cells that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the faces. The cells that have
+more faces than average have neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more faces than average have neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more faces than average have neighbors
+with fewer faces than average. So Avo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer faces than average. So Avo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fewer faces than average. So Avo
+made observations of this and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made observations of this and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made observations of this and there was
+Dennis Weir made a proof of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the equation that they came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the equation that they came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the equation that they came up with
+relates the number the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the number the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates the number the average number of
+sides in the cells surrounding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides in the cells surrounding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides in the cells surrounding a
+candidate cell. Let's see. Am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate cell. Let's see. Am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate cell. Let's see. Am I going to
+be able to put it in here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to put it in here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to put it in here?
+Maybe. So say you have a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell and say it has n sides. So you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and say it has n sides. So you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and say it has n sides. So you look
+at one particular cell and you say count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one particular cell and you say count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one particular cell and you say count
+up it's got n sides around it. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's got n sides around it. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's got n sides around it. And then
+you count up the number of sides of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count up the number of sides of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count up the number of sides of all
+the cells surrounding it. It has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells surrounding it. It has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells surrounding it. It has n
+neighbors because it has n sides. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors because it has n sides. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors because it has n sides. So
+then the average number of um sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the average number of um sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the average number of um sides of
+the n neighbors is called m bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n neighbors is called m bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n neighbors is called m bar.
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insides. So then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insides. So then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insides. So then the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides
+of its in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors
+is mbar and mar is equal to 5 + 6 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mbar and mar is equal to 5 + 6 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mbar and mar is equal to 5 + 6 over
+n for a 2D honeycomb kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+structure. Okay, so that's the abav weir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law. And then there's one more of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. And then there's one more of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. And then there's one more of these
+things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the last one's called Lewis's rule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And Lewis looked at biological cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Lewis looked at biological cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And Lewis looked at biological cells and
+2D cell patterns. And he found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D cell patterns. And he found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D cell patterns. And he found that the
+area of the cell varied linear linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the cell varied linear linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the cell varied linear linearly
+with the number of the sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and He found just an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and He found just an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and He found just an empirical
+relationship that looks like this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that looks like this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship that looks like this. And
+I'll say what everything is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute. So he found that the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. So he found that the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. So he found that the area of a
+cell with n sides, that's a n was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell with n sides, that's a n was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell with n sides, that's a n was
+linearly rated related to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly rated related to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly rated related to the number of
+sides. So that's n over here. N's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So that's n over here. N's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So that's n over here. N's just a
+constant. And a n bar is the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And a n bar is the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And a n bar is the area of the
+um cell with the average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cell with the average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cell with the average number of
+sides. So here a n is the area of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So here a n is the area of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So here a n is the area of cells
+with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides and a n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar and then n is just a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And he found that for 2D cells um n was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he found that for 2D cells um n was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he found that for 2D cells um n was
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two. And if you look at voronoi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And if you look at voronoi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And if you look at voronoi
+honeycombs, remember last time we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, remember last time we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, remember last time we talked
+about those voronoi honeycombs, uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those voronoi honeycombs, uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those voronoi honeycombs, uh you
+can show that this holds for voronoi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that this holds for voronoi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that this holds for voronoi
+honeycombs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then you can write a 3D version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you can write a 3D version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you can write a 3D version of
+this as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as well.
+And in 3D it's the volume and the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in 3D it's the volume and the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in 3D it's the volume and the faces
+instead of the areas and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the areas and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the areas and the number of
+sides. So you can say that the um volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So you can say that the um volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. So you can say that the um volume
+of the cells with f faces relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells with f faces relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells with f faces relative to
+the volumes of the cells with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes of the cells with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes of the cells with the
+average number of faces they vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of faces they vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average number of faces they vary
+linearly with the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with the number of
+faces. So there's sort of an exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. So there's sort of an exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces. So there's sort of an exactly
+analogous expression here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And here this f knot is another constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here this f knot is another constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here this f knot is another constant
+and in 3D it's it's about equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 3D it's it's about equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in 3D it's it's about equal to
+three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three.
+So these are all just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are all just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are all just kind of
+interesting topological rules um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topological rules um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topological rules um that
+are sort of nice to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Basic question in two dimensions. face.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basic question in two dimensions. face.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basic question in two dimensions. face.
+What does that So, let me put up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that So, let me put up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does that So, let me put up my
+little slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little slides
+again. Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Oops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Oops.
+Let's So, say we have some honeycombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's So, say we have some honeycombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's So, say we have some honeycombs
+like this. Then, um, say we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Then, um, say we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Then, um, say we look at this
+guy. So, that's a vertex there. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. So, that's a vertex there. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. So, that's a vertex there. That's
+an edge. And this thing in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge. And this thing in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge. And this thing in the middle
+here is the face. So, in 2D, the face in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the face. So, in 2D, the face in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the face. So, in 2D, the face in
+the cell is kind of the same thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is kind of the same thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is kind of the same thing,
+right? And then that's edge. uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then that's edge. uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And then that's edge. uh it's not
+quite like if I count up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like if I count up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like if I count up the number of
+edges I say you know one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I say you know one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges I say you know one two three four
+five I count those up like that but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I count those up like that but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I count those up like that but if I
+say sides of you know a face say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sides of you know a face say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sides of you know a face say that's
+a face or it's a cell I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face or it's a cell I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a face or it's a cell I would say that
+had six sides right so um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had six sides right so um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had six sides right so um you know
+typically when people say it has a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when people say it has a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when people say it has a cell
+or a face has so many sides they count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a face has so many sides they count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a face has so many sides they count
+up how many all around it but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how many all around it but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up how many all around it but because
+each side is or each edge is shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side is or each edge is shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each side is or each edge is shared
+between two faces the number of edges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two faces the number of edges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two faces the number of edges is
+actually half that right? Because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually half that right? Because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually half that right? Because you
+know there's oops you know there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's oops you know there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's oops you know there's one
+edge but if I count up the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but if I count up the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but if I count up the number of
+sides for this face and I count up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides for this face and I count up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides for this face and I count up the
+number of sides for that face I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sides for that face I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sides for that face I'm
+counting that twice. Here we go. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting that twice. Here we go. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting that twice. Here we go. Okay.
+So it's a little bit so I try to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a little bit so I try to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a little bit so I try to say
+edges when I'm talking about adding them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges when I'm talking about adding them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges when I'm talking about adding them
+all up and I try to say sides when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up and I try to say sides when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up and I try to say sides when I'm
+talking about you know here's a face.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know here's a face.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you know here's a face.
+How many sides does it have? Okay. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many sides does it have? Okay. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many sides does it have? Okay. It's
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+confusing. Um anybody else the ratio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. Um anybody else the ratio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing. Um anybody else the ratio the
+What is nar?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is nar?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is nar?
+Uh, n bar kn. Did I put an n bar kn? Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, n bar kn. Did I put an n bar kn? Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, n bar kn. Did I put an n bar kn? Oh,
+that's a that's where I didn't I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's where I didn't I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that's where I didn't I didn't
+erase this enough. There you go. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this enough. There you go. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erase this enough. There you go. It's
+just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot.
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chalk. So, we've been talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk. So, we've been talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk. So, we've been talking about the
+structure of the honeycombs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the honeycombs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the honeycombs and the
+foams. And what we ultimately want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams. And what we ultimately want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams. And what we ultimately want to do
+is be able to model the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be able to model the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is be able to model the mechanical
+behavior or the thermal behavior, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or the thermal behavior, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior or the thermal behavior, some
+sort of behavior of the cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behavior of the cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of behavior of the cellular
+material. And for looking at mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And for looking at mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And for looking at mechanical
+behavior, there's three main approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior, there's three main approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior, there's three main approaches
+that people take. So you have to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people take. So you have to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people take. So you have to model
+the structure somehow. So there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure somehow. So there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure somehow. So there's three
+main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approaches. And the first one is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches. And the first one is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches. And the first one is to use
+a unit cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit cell.
+So, say for example for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+honeycombs, if you have a hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, if you have a hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, if you have a hexagonal
+honeycomb, you would just use that unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, you would just use that unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, you would just use that unit
+hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell. And that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. And that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. And that's what we're going to do
+probably starting later on today. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably starting later on today. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably starting later on today. So,
+for the hexagonal honeycomb, it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hexagonal honeycomb, it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the hexagonal honeycomb, it's kind
+of obvious. You you would use a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious. You you would use a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious. You you would use a unit
+cell. The thing's periodic. You figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. The thing's periodic. You figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. The thing's periodic. You figure
+out how that unit cell behaves, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how that unit cell behaves, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how that unit cell behaves, you're
+you're all set. uh for a foam there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all set. uh for a foam there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're all set. uh for a foam there's
+not so obvious a unit cell to use but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious a unit cell to use but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so obvious a unit cell to use but
+the thing uh people have used different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing uh people have used different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing uh people have used different
+things but one of the common ones they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but one of the common ones they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but one of the common ones they
+use is a tetraky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decahedron so the nice thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decahedron so the nice thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decahedron so the nice thing about the
+tetraky decahedron is it packs to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetraky decahedron is it packs to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetraky decahedron is it packs to fill
+space so it's a repeating single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so it's a repeating single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so it's a repeating single cell
+packs to fill space but in fact real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packs to fill space but in fact real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packs to fill space but in fact real
+foams aren't tetraky decahedron so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams aren't tetraky decahedron so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams aren't tetraky decahedron so this
+is a bit of an idealization so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of an idealization so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of an idealization so we'll
+just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Foam cells are not tetraky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deahedra. Okay, so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deahedra. Okay, so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deahedra. Okay, so that's one
+approach and then a second approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and then a second approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and then a second approach is
+to use something called dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use something called dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use something called dimensional
+analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in dimensional analysis, what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in dimensional analysis, what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in dimensional analysis, what what
+you want to do here with this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do here with this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do here with this technique
+is model the mechanisms of deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is model the mechanisms of deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is model the mechanisms of deformation
+and failure in the structure, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and failure in the structure, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and failure in the structure, but you
+don't necessarily represent the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily represent the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily represent the cell
+geometry exactly. And so what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry exactly. And so what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry exactly. And so what you do is
+you say one thing is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say one thing is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say one thing is proportional to
+another and there's some constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and there's some constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and there's some constant of
+proportionality and you just wrap all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality and you just wrap all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionality and you just wrap all of
+those constants of pro proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constants of pro proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those constants of pro proportionality
+up at the end. So for instance, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the end. So for instance, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the end. So for instance, when
+people look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people look at
+foams, the geometry of the foams is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams, the geometry of the foams is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams, the geometry of the foams is kind
+of complicated. There's cells with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated. There's cells with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of complicated. There's cells with
+different number of faces. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of faces. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of faces. There's
+different sizes of cells. It's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes of cells. It's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes of cells. It's kind of a
+mess. So we could just say the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess. So we could just say the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess. So we could just say the geometry
+is complex and it's difficult to model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And with dimensional analysis instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And with dimensional analysis instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And with dimensional analysis instead
+what we do is we model the deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we model the deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do is we model the deformation
+mechanisms and failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and failure
+mechanisms. And you can get quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms. And you can get quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms. And you can get quite a bit
+out of just modeling those.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So when we look at modeling foams, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we look at modeling foams, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we look at modeling foams, we're
+going to do this and you'll see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and you'll see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and you'll see how it
+works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then the third method is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the third method is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the third method is to use
+finite element analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a numerical
+technique and it's a very standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and it's a very standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and it's a very standard
+numerical technique and one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical technique and one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical technique and one of the nice
+things about this is you can apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this is you can apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this is you can apply it to
+random structures. So for example, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random structures. So for example, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random structures. So for example, those
+voronoid structures we saw, if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voronoid structures we saw, if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voronoid structures we saw, if you want
+to try to see, say you had a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to see, say you had a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to see, say you had a certain
+amount of material and you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of material and you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of material and you had a
+honeycomb that was a regular hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb that was a regular hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb that was a regular hexagonal
+honeycomb, you had the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, you had the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, you had the same amount of
+material and you put it in a voronoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you put it in a voronoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and you put it in a voronoid
+honeycomb and you want to know how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and you want to know how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb and you want to know how does
+having a random material affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a random material affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a random material affect the
+properties relative to the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties relative to the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties relative to the uniform
+material, you could figure that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, you could figure that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, you could figure that out
+using finite element analysis. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using finite element analysis. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using finite element analysis. So you
+can apply it to random structures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And another thing you can do with finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another thing you can do with finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another thing you can do with finite
+element analysis uh and people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element analysis uh and people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element analysis uh and people in the
+orthopedics end of the world often do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedics end of the world often do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthopedics end of the world often do
+this if you're interested in tbacular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're interested in tbacular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're interested in tbacular
+bone that porous type of bone I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone that porous type of bone I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone that porous type of bone I showed
+you the first day uh people can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the first day uh people can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the first day uh people can take
+microcomputed tomography images of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcomputed tomography images of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcomputed tomography images of
+tbacular bone and they get a file which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone and they get a file which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbacular bone and they get a file which
+basically says every voxil says if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says every voxil says if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says every voxil says if it's
+solid or it's void and you can use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid or it's void and you can use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid or it's void and you can use those
+files as input to a finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files as input to a finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files as input to a finite element
+analysis and so you can analyze exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so you can analyze exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so you can analyze exactly
+how a piece of tacular bone would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a piece of tacular bone would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a piece of tacular bone would
+deform. So it's nice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform. So it's nice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform. So it's nice for
+that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, one of the things we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the things we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the things we're going to
+talk about later is um we'll look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about later is um we'll look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about later is um we'll look at the
+structure of tbacular bone and the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of tbacular bone and the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of tbacular bone and the sort
+of mechanics of tacular bone. And I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanics of tacular bone. And I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanics of tacular bone. And I'll
+show you some results that a former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some results that a former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some results that a former
+student of mine did uh where we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student of mine did uh where we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student of mine did uh where we look at
+say you have a a sort of intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a a sort of intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a a sort of intact
+structure of a certain density and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a certain density and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a certain density and then
+you reduce the density by thinning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the density by thinning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the density by thinning the
+cell walls or you reduce the density by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls or you reduce the density by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls or you reduce the density by
+removing cell walls because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing cell walls because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing cell walls because in
+osteoporosis sometimes the walls resorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis sometimes the walls resorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osteoporosis sometimes the walls resorb
+altogether and you can see what residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether and you can see what residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether and you can see what residual
+strength you would have for some given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength you would have for some given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength you would have for some given
+amount of density loss. So it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of density loss. So it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of density loss. So it's it's
+good for looking at that kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for looking at that kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for looking at that kind of a
+thing. You can also use it for looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You can also use it for looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. You can also use it for looking
+at local effects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you can look at defects for instance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can look at defects for instance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can look at defects for instance.
+So if you think of the tracular bone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you think of the tracular bone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you think of the tracular bone and
+having missing trabaculi um that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having missing trabaculi um that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having missing trabaculi um that would
+be a defect in the structure. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a defect in the structure. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a defect in the structure. You can
+look at that. Uh you can look at size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects. So when we were studying some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects. So when we were studying some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects. So when we were studying some
+of those metal foams, some of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those metal foams, some of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those metal foams, some of them have
+very large cells. And if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large cells. And if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large cells. And if you have a
+small sample relative to the cell size,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sample relative to the cell size,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sample relative to the cell size,
+you may only have four or five cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may only have four or five cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may only have four or five cells
+across the dimension. When where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the dimension. When where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the dimension. When where you've
+cut the cells, you've got edges that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the cells, you've got edges that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the cells, you've got edges that are
+less constrained than in the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less constrained than in the bulk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less constrained than in the bulk of the
+material because at the at the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because at the at the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material because at the at the outer
+edge, you've cut them. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, you've cut them. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, you've cut them. They're not
+connected to anything else. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to anything else. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to anything else. And so you
+can look at edge effects that relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at edge effects that relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at edge effects that relate to
+the um size effects um in in foams as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um size effects um in in foams as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um size effects um in in foams as
+well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are basically the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are basically the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are basically the three
+approaches that people use for modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that people use for modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that people use for modeling
+cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular
+materials. And what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. And what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. And what we're going to do is
+we're going to start with looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with looking at
+honeycombs. And we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs. And we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs. And we're going to look at
+these hexagonal kind of honeycombs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hexagonal kind of honeycombs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hexagonal kind of honeycombs like
+this. And one reason to start with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And one reason to start with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And one reason to start with them
+is that they have this unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have this unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they have this unit cell
+structure. And if you can analyze how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And if you can analyze how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And if you can analyze how
+that unit cell deforms and fails, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit cell deforms and fails, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit cell deforms and fails, you
+can say something about the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say something about the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say something about the whole
+structure. And it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And it turns out that the
+honeycombs, they deform and fail by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, they deform and fail by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs, they deform and fail by the
+same mechanisms as the foams. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mechanisms as the foams. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mechanisms as the foams. So if you
+can understand sort of this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand sort of this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand sort of this simple
+structure, it gives you a lot of insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, it gives you a lot of insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure, it gives you a lot of insight
+into how the foams behave. So if I, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how the foams behave. So if I, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how the foams behave. So if I, you
+know, if I deform this a little bit, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if I deform this a little bit, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if I deform this a little bit, the
+cell walls bend. And you can show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls bend. And you can show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls bend. And you can show that
+if you deform this guy a little bit, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you deform this guy a little bit, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you deform this guy a little bit, the
+cell walls bend. And so you can learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls bend. And so you can learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls bend. And so you can learn a
+lot by looking at the honeycombs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by looking at the honeycombs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by looking at the honeycombs and
+then sort of applying that to the foams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of applying that to the foams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of applying that to the foams.
+So we're going to start off. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to start off. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to start off. So that's
+the end of the section on sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the section on sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the section on sort of the
+structure of the cellular materials. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the cellular materials. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the cellular materials. And
+now we're going to look at modeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at modeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at modeling the
+mechanical properties. And we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties. And we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical properties. And we're going
+to start with the honeycombs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with the honeycombs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with the honeycombs and then
+we're going to do foams. So when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do foams. So when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do foams. So when we talk
+about the honeycombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the honeycombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the honeycombs
+um you know we've got this hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we've got this hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we've got this hexagonal
+structure here and we're going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and we're going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and we're going to call
+properties in this plane the inplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in this plane the inplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in this plane the inplane
+properties. So if I load it this way on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So if I load it this way on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So if I load it this way on
+or that way on, those are in plane. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that way on, those are in plane. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that way on, those are in plane. And
+if I load it that way on, those are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I load it that way on, those are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I load it that way on, those are out
+of plane. So think of the cells are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane. So think of the cells are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plane. So think of the cells are in
+the plane and the prismatic direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and the prismatic direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and the prismatic direction is
+the out of plane. And clearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane. And clearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of plane. And clearly the
+honeycombs are going to have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs are going to have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs are going to have similar
+properties this way and that way, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this way and that way, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties this way and that way, but
+they're going to have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have very different
+properties that way. Okay. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that way. Okay. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that way. Okay. So we're
+going to start with the inplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with the inplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with the inplane
+behavior.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the honeycombs have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the honeycombs have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the honeycombs have these
+prismatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells and they're widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and they're widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and they're widely
+available in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in different
+materials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials as
+polymers, metals,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ceramics, and they're used in a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramics, and they're used in a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramics, and they're used in a variety
+of applications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of applications.
+ations. So, one of the most common is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations. So, one of the most common is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations. So, one of the most common is to
+use them in sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them in sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them in sandwich
+panels. So, I brought a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels. So, I brought a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels. So, I brought a couple of
+sandwich panels with me today. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich panels with me today. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich panels with me today. So,
+here's a couple of sandwich panels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a couple of sandwich panels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a couple of sandwich panels that
+have honeycomb cores. This one's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have honeycomb cores. This one's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have honeycomb cores. This one's an
+aircraft flooring panel. It's got carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft flooring panel. It's got carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft flooring panel. It's got carbon
+fiber faces and a sort of Nomx um core,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber faces and a sort of Nomx um core,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber faces and a sort of Nomx um core,
+honeycomb core. And this is an aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb core. And this is an aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb core. And this is an aluminum
+honeycomb. It's got aluminum honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. It's got aluminum honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. It's got aluminum honeycomb
+core and then aluminum faces. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and then aluminum faces. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and then aluminum faces. And it's
+kind of amazing how stiff that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing how stiff that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of amazing how stiff that little
+panel is. And each, you know, each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is. And each, you know, each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is. And each, you know, each of
+the pieces is really not that stiff at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces is really not that stiff at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces is really not that stiff at
+all, but the thing put together is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, but the thing put together is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, but the thing put together is quite
+stiff. And we'll talk more about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff. And we'll talk more about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff. And we'll talk more about that
+when we get to sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to sandwich
+panels. Okay? So, it's used in sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels. Okay? So, it's used in sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels. Okay? So, it's used in sandwich
+panels. They're used for energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absorption. So, you know, sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. So, you know, sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption. So, you know, sometimes
+you'll see there's some natural disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there's some natural disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see there's some natural disaster
+area and they fly in helicopters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and they fly in helicopters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and they fly in helicopters and
+they drop big sort of crates of supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they drop big sort of crates of supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they drop big sort of crates of supplies
+and they'll have it like a pallet with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll have it like a pallet with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll have it like a pallet with a
+big crate thing. often they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big crate thing. often they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big crate thing. often they have a
+honeycomb, like a metal honeycomb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, like a metal honeycomb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, like a metal honeycomb that
+is kind of oriented this way. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of oriented this way. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of oriented this way. So the
+pallet would be like this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet would be like this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet would be like this and the
+honeycomb's like that. Um, and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb's like that. Um, and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb's like that. Um, and the idea
+is that when they drop it, they don't,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when they drop it, they don't,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when they drop it, they don't,
+you know, they they sort of bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they they sort of bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, they they sort of bring it
+down as close as they can and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as close as they can and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as close as they can and then the
+honeycomb absorbs some of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb absorbs some of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb absorbs some of the energy
+from the impact. And they're also used,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the impact. And they're also used,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the impact. And they're also used,
+I think sometimes in in car bumpers. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think sometimes in in car bumpers. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think sometimes in in car bumpers. So
+they're used for energy absorption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for energy absorption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're used for energy absorption and
+they're used as carriers for catalysts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the catalytic converter in your car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the catalytic converter in your car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the catalytic converter in your car
+is looks like this. This is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looks like this. This is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is looks like this. This is kind of the
+material that's used in the catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's used in the catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that's used in the catalytic
+converter in your car. And the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter in your car. And the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter in your car. And the way that
+works is the cell walls here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is the cell walls here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is the cell walls here are
+actually porous and they're coated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually porous and they're coated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually porous and they're coated in
+the platinum which is the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platinum which is the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platinum which is the um the
+catalyst. And half of the cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst. And half of the cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst. And half of the cells are
+blocked off on this end. So every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked off on this end. So every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked off on this end. So every other
+cell on this end is blocked off. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell on this end is blocked off. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell on this end is blocked off. And
+then every other cell over here, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every other cell over here, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then every other cell over here, the the
+opposite ones are blocked off. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite ones are blocked off. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite ones are blocked off. And so
+the gas is forced down a channel, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas is forced down a channel, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas is forced down a channel, but
+then through the wall and then out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then through the wall and then out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then through the wall and then out the
+next channel. And that's um where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next channel. And that's um where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next channel. And that's um where the
+reaction actually occurs is in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction actually occurs is in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction actually occurs is in the cell
+wall. So they're used as carriers there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall. So they're used as carriers there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall. So they're used as carriers there.
+And some natural materials also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some natural materials also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some natural materials also have a
+cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure, have a honeycomb structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for example, things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, things like
+woods and cork have a have a honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods and cork have a have a honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woods and cork have a have a honeycomb
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too. So I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. So I said the
+mechanisms of of deformation and failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of of deformation and failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms of of deformation and failure
+in the hexagonal honeycombs parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hexagonal honeycombs parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hexagonal honeycombs parallel
+those in foams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we can learn a lot about foams by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can learn a lot about foams by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can learn a lot about foams by
+understanding the honeycombs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the honeycombs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the honeycombs and then
+similarly the mechanisms of deformation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the mechanisms of deformation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the mechanisms of deformation.
+formation and failure in triangular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and failure in triangular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and failure in triangular or
+triangulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulated
+honeycombs parallel those in the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+materials. So remember I brought those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. So remember I brought those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. So remember I brought those
+lattice materials in the sort of truss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice materials in the sort of truss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice materials in the sort of truss
+type materials. The triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type materials. The triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type materials. The triangular
+honeycombs have a behavior similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs have a behavior similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs have a behavior similar to
+those lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lattice
+materials. Okay, so let me scoot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Okay, so let me scoot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Okay, so let me scoot over
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so let me scoot out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Okay. So here's our kind of hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's our kind of hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's our kind of hexagonal
+geometry. This is kind of an idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. This is kind of an idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. This is kind of an idealized
+geometry here. And as we talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry here. And as we talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry here. And as we talked about in
+the section on the structure, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the section on the structure, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the section on the structure, we're
+going to call these vertical walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call these vertical walls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call these vertical walls.
+We're going to say they have a length h.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to say they have a length h.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to say they have a length h.
+The inclined walls have a length L. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The inclined walls have a length L. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The inclined walls have a length L. The
+wall thickness is T. And there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall thickness is T. And there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall thickness is T. And there's going
+to be an angle between the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an angle between the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an angle between the horizontal
+and that inclined wall of theta. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that inclined wall of theta. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that inclined wall of theta. And I'm
+going to define three axes here. An X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define three axes here. An X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define three axes here. An X1
+and X2 and an X3 axis. So the X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X2 and an X3 axis. So the X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and X2 and an X3 axis. So the X1 X2
+plane is the in plane and X3 is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is the in plane and X3 is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is the in plane and X3 is out of
+plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane.
+Okay. So So if we load our honeycomb up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So So if we load our honeycomb up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So So if we load our honeycomb up,
+we get stress strain curves that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get stress strain curves that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get stress strain curves that look
+like this. So the ones on the left here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So the ones on the left here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So the ones on the left here
+over here, these three are all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, these three are all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here, these three are all in
+compression. And the ones on the right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. And the ones on the right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. And the ones on the right,
+these three are all in tension. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three are all in tension. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three are all in tension. Okay. So
+let's talk about the compression ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the compression ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the compression ones
+first. And let's start at the top. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And let's start at the top. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And let's start at the top. This
+is an elastic material. So like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an elastic material. So like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an elastic material. So like one of
+these rubber honeycombs. This would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rubber honeycombs. This would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these rubber honeycombs. This would be a
+material that yields plastically. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that yields plastically. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that yields plastically. So
+like an aluminum honeycomb. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an aluminum honeycomb. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an aluminum honeycomb. And this
+would be a honeycomb that yield that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a honeycomb that yield that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a honeycomb that yield that
+fails in a brittle manner like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails in a brittle manner like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails in a brittle manner like one of
+those ceramic honeycombs. Okay. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ceramic honeycombs. Okay. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those ceramic honeycombs. Okay. So if we
+go up to the elastoic one up here, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to the elastoic one up here, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to the elastoic one up here, if I
+compress it, I get a linear elastic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it, I get a linear elastic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it, I get a linear elastic part
+first and then at some point I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then at some point I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then at some point I get a
+stress plateau where the stress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau where the stress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau where the stress is
+almost constant for strains that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost constant for strains that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost constant for strains that are
+quite large and then finally the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large and then finally the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite large and then finally the stress
+starts to rise quite sharply at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to rise quite sharply at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to rise quite sharply at the end
+here. So the strain here goes from zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So the strain here goes from zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So the strain here goes from zero
+to one. So that's a strain of 100%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. So that's a strain of 100%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one. So that's a strain of 100%.
+You've completely flattened the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've completely flattened the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You've completely flattened the thing
+there. So that's a large strain. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So that's a large strain. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So that's a large strain. So
+initially when we're loading it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially when we're loading it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially when we're loading it up to
+smaller strains like this, we got linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller strains like this, we got linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller strains like this, we got linear
+elastic behavior and these cell walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic behavior and these cell walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic behavior and these cell walls
+bend. And you can relate the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend. And you can relate the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend. And you can relate the modulus
+here. Oops, my little arrow go. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oops, my little arrow go. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oops, my little arrow go. You can
+relate this Young's modulus here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate this Young's modulus here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate this Young's modulus here to the
+bending of those cell walls. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of those cell walls. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending of those cell walls. And we're
+going to I don't know if we'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I don't know if we'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to I don't know if we'll finish
+that today, but we'll start that today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today, but we'll start that today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today, but we'll start that today.
+Um then oops, lost my arrow. Where'd my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then oops, lost my arrow. Where'd my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um then oops, lost my arrow. Where'd my
+arrow go? There we are. Um then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow go? There we are. Um then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow go? There we are. Um then at the
+stress plateau here that plateau is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau here that plateau is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau here that plateau is
+related to collapse of the cells. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to collapse of the cells. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to collapse of the cells. So if
+I have my little rubber honeycomb and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my little rubber honeycomb and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have my little rubber honeycomb and I
+load it at some point the cell walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load it at some point the cell walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load it at some point the cell walls
+buckle. So you see how they've buckled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle. So you see how they've buckled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckle. So you see how they've buckled
+there and that stress plateau I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that stress plateau I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that stress plateau I can I
+can smush that to quite large strains at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can smush that to quite large strains at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can smush that to quite large strains at
+a roughly constant stress. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roughly constant stress. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roughly constant stress. Okay. So
+what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+here is that we're buckling the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we're buckling the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we're buckling the cells
+and as we go along here the buckling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we go along here the buckling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we go along here the buckling
+deformation gets bigger and bigger. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation gets bigger and bigger. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation gets bigger and bigger. And
+then if I if I smush it and I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I if I smush it and I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I if I smush it and I've I've
+got it kind of like that, at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it kind of like that, at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it kind of like that, at some point
+it becomes much harder to press it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes much harder to press it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes much harder to press it
+together again because the cell walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again because the cell walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together again because the cell walls
+are now touching each other and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now touching each other and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now touching each other and they're
+pressing against themselves. And to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing against themselves. And to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing against themselves. And to get
+a certain amount of strain, it gets much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of strain, it gets much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of strain, it gets much
+more difficult to do that. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to do that. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to do that. And the
+stress required to do that gets much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress required to do that gets much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress required to do that gets much
+bigger. And that's what leads to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. And that's what leads to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger. And that's what leads to this
+last piece of the stress strain curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece of the stress strain curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last piece of the stress strain curve
+here, which is called densification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is called densification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, which is called densification
+because you've you've almost eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've you've almost eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've you've almost eliminated
+the pores. it's it's hard to eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pores. it's it's hard to eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pores. it's it's hard to eliminate
+them entirely, but the paracity has gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them entirely, but the paracity has gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them entirely, but the paracity has gone
+way down by the time you're up there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down by the time you're up there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down by the time you're up there.
+So, this type of stress strain curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this type of stress strain curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this type of stress strain curve
+where you've got linear elasticity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got linear elasticity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got linear elasticity and
+then a stress plateau and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a stress plateau and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a stress plateau and then the
+densification is classic for compressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification is classic for compressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification is classic for compressive
+behavior of cellular materials. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of cellular materials. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of cellular materials. So,
+elastoic ones will have a plateau that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastoic ones will have a plateau that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastoic ones will have a plateau that's
+related to elastic buckling. Oops, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to elastic buckling. Oops, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to elastic buckling. Oops, now
+I've lost my arrow again. There we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost my arrow again. There we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've lost my arrow again. There we go.
+Um, if we had a metal honeycomb, we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if we had a metal honeycomb, we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if we had a metal honeycomb, we'd
+again have linear elasticity related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have linear elasticity related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again have linear elasticity related to
+cell wall bending. This plateau here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall bending. This plateau here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell wall bending. This plateau here
+would be related to yielding of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be related to yielding of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be related to yielding of the cell
+walls. So say we had an aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls. So say we had an aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls. So say we had an aluminum
+honeycomb, the aluminum could yield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, the aluminum could yield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, the aluminum could yield and
+that would again cause this stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would again cause this stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would again cause this stress
+plateau and then we get densification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau and then we get densification.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau and then we get densification.
+If I had a brittle honeycomb like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I had a brittle honeycomb like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I had a brittle honeycomb like the
+ceramic one, we'd have initial linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic one, we'd have initial linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic one, we'd have initial linear
+elasticity. Then you've got a stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity. Then you've got a stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity. Then you've got a stress
+plateau. There's kind of a lot of up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau. There's kind of a lot of up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau. There's kind of a lot of up and
+down here. And the serrated nature is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. And the serrated nature is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. And the serrated nature is in
+is related to the fracture of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the fracture of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the fracture of individual
+cell walls. So it goes up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls. So it goes up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls. So it goes up and down
+because when you break a cell wall, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you break a cell wall, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you break a cell wall, the
+wall the stress drops off and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the stress drops off and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall the stress drops off and then the
+other cell walls will try to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cell walls will try to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cell walls will try to pick the
+stress up again. And so each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress up again. And so each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress up again. And so each one of
+those little up and downs corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little up and downs corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little up and downs corresponds to
+breaking a cell wall. But if you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking a cell wall. But if you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking a cell wall. But if you kind of
+took an average of that, you could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an average of that, you could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an average of that, you could see
+there's a stress plateau and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a stress plateau and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a stress plateau and then
+there's a densification regime. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a densification regime. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a densification regime. So in
+compression, the shape of the curves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression, the shape of the curves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression, the shape of the curves is
+very similar and the mechanism of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar and the mechanism of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar and the mechanism of the
+plateau varies a little bit. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau varies a little bit. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau varies a little bit. So let's
+see if I can write some of that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in compression we can say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in compression we can say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in compression we can say we have
+three regimes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior. So we've got the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. So we've got the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. So we've got the linear
+elastic regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initially and we're going to see that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and we're going to see that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and we're going to see that's
+related to cell wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bending. Hello. Thanks. And then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending. Hello. Thanks. And then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending. Hello. Thanks. And then we've
+got a stress plateau.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And for elastoic materials that's caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for elastoic materials that's caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for elastoic materials that's caused
+by buckling of the walls. For metals it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by buckling of the walls. For metals it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by buckling of the walls. For metals it
+would be caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be caused by
+yielding. And for ceramics it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding. And for ceramics it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding. And for ceramics it would be
+caused by a brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crushing. And then we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing. And then we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing. And then we've got
+densification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's related to the cell walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+touching. And if we increase the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching. And if we increase the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching. And if we increase the ratio
+of the thickness of the cell walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thickness of the cell walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thickness of the cell walls
+relative to their length, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to their length, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to their length, we're going to
+increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the
+stiffness. So the Young's modulus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness. So the Young's modulus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiffness. So the Young's modulus of the
+honeycomb, the stress plateau I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, the stress plateau I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, the stress plateau I'm going
+to call sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call sigma
+star. And we decrease the strain at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. And we decrease the strain at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. And we decrease the strain at
+which that densification occurs, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that densification occurs, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that densification occurs, which
+I'm going to call epsilon d. So you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call epsilon d. So you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call epsilon d. So you see
+over on the right hand side of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right hand side of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on the right hand side of these
+plots here that strain there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots here that strain there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots here that strain there is the
+densification strain epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's in in uh compression and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's in in uh compression and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's in in uh compression and these
+materials are very often loaded in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are very often loaded in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are very often loaded in in
+compression. In tension, we still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. In tension, we still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression. In tension, we still get
+linear elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear elasticity
+initially and that's going to again be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and that's going to again be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and that's going to again be
+related to bending of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walls. But if we look at the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plateau, if you look at these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau, if you look at these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau, if you look at these three
+curves here on the right, the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves here on the right, the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves here on the right, the stress
+plateau only exists if the material has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau only exists if the material has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plateau only exists if the material has
+a yield point and you get some plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yield point and you get some plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yield point and you get some plastic
+yielding there. If you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding there. If you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding there. If you have an
+elastimer, if I pull on this, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastimer, if I pull on this, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastimer, if I pull on this, you don't
+get buckling in tension. So you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get buckling in tension. So you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get buckling in tension. So you're not
+going to get a stress plateau in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a stress plateau in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a stress plateau in
+tension. And for a brittle material like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. And for a brittle material like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. And for a brittle material like
+one of those brittle honeycombs, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those brittle honeycombs, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those brittle honeycombs, if you
+pull that in tension, you would just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that in tension, you would just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that in tension, you would just get
+a crack propagate and the thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crack propagate and the thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crack propagate and the thing would
+break into two pieces. And so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break into two pieces. And so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break into two pieces. And so you don't
+get a a stress plateau there. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a stress plateau there. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a a stress plateau there. So the
+stress plateau in tention only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau in tention only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress plateau in tention only
+exists if the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yields so you don't get any buckling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields so you don't get any buckling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields so you don't get any buckling in
+tension. And for a brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. And for a brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. And for a brittle
+honeycomb, you would just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fracture. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These inclined walls are going to bend.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These inclined walls are going to bend.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These inclined walls are going to bend.
+We're going to we're going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to we're going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to we're going to see that
+in more gory detail in one minute if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more gory detail in one minute if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more gory detail in one minute if you
+can wait one minute. Okay. Okay. So, are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait one minute. Okay. Okay. So, are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can wait one minute. Okay. Okay. So, are
+we good with the stress drain curves?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we good with the stress drain curves?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we good with the stress drain curves?
+Yeah, this is more like an abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, this is more like an abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, this is more like an abstract
+question, but is it possible to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, but is it possible to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, but is it possible to design
+them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so
+that you get collapse this way when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get collapse this way when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get collapse this way when you
+pull on them, which will give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on them, which will give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on them, which will give you more
+of a plateau region?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plateau region?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plateau region?
+Um, I haven't seen that, but maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I haven't seen that, but maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I haven't seen that, but maybe maybe
+I maybe it's possible. I don't know. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I maybe it's possible. I don't know. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I maybe it's possible. I don't know. I
+don't I don't think so, but maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't think so, but maybe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't think so, but maybe.
+Anybody else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. So, here's some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, here's some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, here's some um
+photographs of honeycombs. So, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of honeycombs. So, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of honeycombs. So, there's
+these ones are white, but these ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are white, but these ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ones are white, but these ones are
+just the same. So, most of them are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same. So, most of them are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same. So, most of them are just
+a regular hexagonal honeycomb, and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular hexagonal honeycomb, and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regular hexagonal honeycomb, and one
+of them is this funny shaped honeycomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is this funny shaped honeycomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is this funny shaped honeycomb
+here. These two guys at the top, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. These two guys at the top, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. These two guys at the top, these
+two here are unloaded. And then the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here are unloaded. And then the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here are unloaded. And then the rest
+of them have some loading. So, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have some loading. So, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have some loading. So, if you
+look at this one down here, so here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one down here, so here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this one down here, so here I'm
+taking the honeycomb and I'm loading it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the honeycomb and I'm loading it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the honeycomb and I'm loading it.
+This is the X1 direction that way on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the X1 direction that way on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the X1 direction that way on.
+And if you look very carefully, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you look very carefully, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you look very carefully, you can
+see what happens is these vertical walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens is these vertical walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens is these vertical walls
+just move sideways. They just kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move sideways. They just kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move sideways. They just kind of go
+with the sound effects. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sound effects. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sound effects. And then the
+um I can't help making the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't help making the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can't help making the sound
+effects. And then these guys here bend.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects. And then these guys here bend.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects. And then these guys here bend.
+Okay. So this guy here, it's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this guy here, it's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this guy here, it's maybe a
+little hard to see it on the image, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see it on the image, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see it on the image, but
+it's actually a little bit bent there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a little bit bent there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a little bit bent there.
+So that's loading it this way on. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's loading it this way on. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's loading it this way on. And
+then similarly, if I take it and I load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly, if I take it and I load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then similarly, if I take it and I load
+it that way on, that's the X2 direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way on, that's the X2 direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that way on, that's the X2 direction.
+And now these guys here, the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now these guys here, the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now these guys here, the vertical
+guys are just going to compress a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are just going to compress a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are just going to compress a
+little, but these guys here, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little, but these guys here, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little, but these guys here, the
+inclined guys are still going to bend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined guys are still going to bend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined guys are still going to bend a
+little bit. And I've got some schematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. And I've got some schematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. And I've got some schematics
+that's going to show that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to show that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to show that a little bit
+better. And then if I shear it, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. And then if I shear it, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. And then if I shear it, if I
+took it like this and I, you know, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it like this and I, you know, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it like this and I, you know, I
+can't do it because my hands aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it because my hands aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it because my hands aren't
+glued to the rubber, but if I could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued to the rubber, but if I could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glued to the rubber, but if I could sort
+of, you know, shear it this way on, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, shear it this way on, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of, you know, shear it this way on, then
+you would get, oops, this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get, oops, this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get, oops, this kind of
+deformation here. And that also involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation here. And that also involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation here. And that also involves
+bending. You can imagine these guys here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending. You can imagine these guys here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending. You can imagine these guys here
+would bend if I do that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bend if I do that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bend if I do that to
+them. And then the buckling deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And then the buckling deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And then the buckling deformation
+looks like this. If I scooch that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. If I scooch that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. If I scooch that like
+that, it should look kind of like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it should look kind of like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it should look kind of like that
+picture there. Okay. So that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture there. Okay. So that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture there. Okay. So that's kind of
+what the deformation looks like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the deformation looks like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the deformation looks like for
+these sorts of honeycombs. So these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of honeycombs. So these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of honeycombs. So these were
+elastimemer rubbers. Uh these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastimemer rubbers. Uh these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastimemer rubbers. Uh these are just
+some images from an aluminum honeycomb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some images from an aluminum honeycomb.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some images from an aluminum honeycomb.
+So here's the top one's the undeformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the top one's the undeformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the top one's the undeformed
+honeycomb. The middle one's loading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. The middle one's loading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. The middle one's loading it
+in the one direction from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the one direction from left to right
+and the bottom one's loading it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom one's loading it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom one's loading it in the
+two direction top and bottom like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two direction top and bottom like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two direction top and bottom like that.
+Okay. So, you can imagine that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you can imagine that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, you can imagine that you've
+got a little, you know, you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little, you know, you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little, you know, you've got
+little cell walls. If you load it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cell walls. If you load it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cell walls. If you load it up
+high enough, those walls are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough, those walls are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough, those walls are going to
+yield. And we're going to see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield. And we're going to see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield. And we're going to see that the
+yielding in the walls uh causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding in the walls uh causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yielding in the walls uh causes the
+formation of something called plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of something called plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of something called plastic
+hinges. And the walls can rotate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges. And the walls can rotate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges. And the walls can rotate and
+they give produce these kind of shapes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give produce these kind of shapes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give produce these kind of shapes.
+Okay. So then this is um sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then this is um sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then this is um sort of a
+schematic stress strain curve here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic stress strain curve here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic stress strain curve here and
+this is showing what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is showing what happens if you
+increase the thickness of the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the thickness of the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the thickness of the walls
+relative to the length or you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the length or you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the length or you increase
+the relative density increase the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density increase the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density increase the volume
+fraction of solids and this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of solids and this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of solids and this kind of
+shows the different regimes. So over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the different regimes. So over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the different regimes. So over
+here well let's first of all start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let's first of all start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well let's first of all start with
+the different relative density. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different relative density. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different relative density. So this
+one here is the lowest relative density.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is the lowest relative density.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is the lowest relative density.
+Then this is higher and higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this is higher and higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then this is higher and higher and
+higher. And not too surprisingly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher. And not too surprisingly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher. And not too surprisingly the
+more you increase the density the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you increase the density the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you increase the density the more
+material you've got the stiffer it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you've got the stiffer it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you've got the stiffer it is.
+the stronger it's going to be. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger it's going to be. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger it's going to be. And the
+more material you've got, the sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more material you've got, the sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more material you've got, the sooner
+it's going to densify. If you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to densify. If you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to densify. If you've got
+more solid in here, you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more solid in here, you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more solid in here, you're going to
+reach that densification strain at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach that densification strain at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach that densification strain at a
+smaller number. Okay? So, so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number. Okay? So, so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller number. Okay? So, so that the
+the shape of the curves looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the curves looks like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the curves looks like this.
+And you can define these three kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can define these three kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can define these three kind of
+regimes. So, everything in here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes. So, everything in here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes. So, everything in here is
+linear elastic. Everything in this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear elastic. Everything in this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear elastic. Everything in this big
+sort of envelope here is the plateau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of envelope here is the plateau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of envelope here is the plateau
+region. And everything up here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. And everything up here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region. And everything up here is this
+densification region. So, this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification region. So, this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densification region. So, this is just
+kind of a bigger picture kind of plot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bigger picture kind of plot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bigger picture kind of plot.
+Okay. Okay. So, let me scoot through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, let me scoot through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So, let me scoot through all
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+that. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All
+right. Okay. Where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Where are
+we? Chalk. There we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, I think I mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I think I mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I think I mentioned this
+before, but let me just go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but let me just go over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, but let me just go over it
+again. So, there's three kind of types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So, there's three kind of types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So, there's three kind of types
+of things that affect the properties,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that affect the properties,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that affect the properties,
+the mechanical properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical properties of the
+honeycombs. And probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs. And probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycombs. And probably the most
+important thing is the relative density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is the relative density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is the relative density
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+honeycomb. So, remember we said this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. So, remember we said this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb. So, remember we said this was
+the same as the volume fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the volume fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the volume fraction of
+solids. And for a hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids. And for a hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids. And for a hexagonal
+honeycomb, you can show that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, you can show that's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb, you can show that's equal to
+the thickness to length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness to length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness to length
+ratio time h + 2 / 2 cos theta * h + sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio time h + 2 / 2 cos theta * h + sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio time h + 2 / 2 cos theta * h + sin
+theta. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. And if you
+have regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hexagons, so h over l is equal to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagons, so h over l is equal to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagons, so h over l is equal to one.
+All the lengths, all the sides are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the lengths, all the sides are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the lengths, all the sides are of
+equal length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal length.
+and theta is equal to 30°. The relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta is equal to 30°. The relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta is equal to 30°. The relative
+density is u what is it 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over<unk>3* t over l. So it just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk>3* t over l. So it just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk>3* t over l. So it just goes
+linearly with t over the thickness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with t over the thickness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with t over the thickness to
+the length ratio of the walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length ratio of the walls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length ratio of the walls.
+So it depends on how much solid you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it depends on how much solid you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it depends on how much solid you've
+got, depends on the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties. So the Young's modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So the Young's modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties. So the Young's modulus of
+the solid, a yield strength if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid, a yield strength if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid, a yield strength if it's a
+metal, some sort of fracture strength if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal, some sort of fracture strength if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal, some sort of fracture strength if
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+brittle. It also depends on the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle. It also depends on the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle. It also depends on the cell
+geometry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we
+can describe with H over L and theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe with H over L and theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe with H over L and theta.
+Okay. So if we think of a a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here, that's our edge length H. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that's our edge length H. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, that's our edge length H. That's
+our edge length L. That's our angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our edge length L. That's our angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our edge length L. That's our angle
+theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta.
+There's the cell wall thickness T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the cell wall thickness T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the cell wall thickness T and
+then we've got some set of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got some set of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got some set of solid
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Okay, so that's kind of the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, so that's kind of the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay, so that's kind of the setup
+and we're going to define X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to define X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to define X1 X2
+axes like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we're going to make a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to make a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to make a few
+assumptions just to make life a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions just to make life a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions just to make life a little
+bit simpler.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit simpler.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit simpler.
+So we're going to assume that T over L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to assume that T over L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to assume that T over L
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+small. So that also means the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So that also means the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. So that also means the relative
+density is small. And what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is small. And what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is small. And what that means is
+that we're going to be able to neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be able to neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be able to neglect
+axial and shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deformations. So you can imagine if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformations. So you can imagine if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformations. So you can imagine if I
+have a thin wall and I'm applying loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thin wall and I'm applying loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thin wall and I'm applying loads
+that produce moments and produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produce moments and produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produce moments and produce
+bending. If the wall's very thin, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending. If the wall's very thin, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending. If the wall's very thin, um,
+then the axial and the shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the axial and the shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the axial and the shear
+deformations are going to be small. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformations are going to be small. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformations are going to be small. I'm
+also going to assume the deformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to assume the deformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to assume the deformations
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small. And what that means is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. And what that means is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. And what that means is that I'm
+going to neglect any changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to neglect any changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to neglect any changes in the
+geometry of the cell during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the cell during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the cell during the
+deformation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'm going to assume that the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to assume that the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to assume that the cell
+wall is linear elastic and isotropic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we're going to start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to start off with
+looking at inplane behavior. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at inplane behavior. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at inplane behavior. And we're
+going to start with the elastic modul.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with the elastic modul.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with the elastic modul.
+And if we look at the elastic modul,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we look at the elastic modul,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we look at the elastic modul,
+we're going to be talking about Hook's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about Hook's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about Hook's
+law. And Hook's law and the elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. And Hook's law and the elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law. And Hook's law and the elastic
+behavior of the material can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the material can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the material can be
+described by a set of elastic constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a set of elastic constants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a set of elastic constants.
+And if you recall the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you recall the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you recall the number of
+independent elastic constants, how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent elastic constants, how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent elastic constants, how many
+constants you need to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants you need to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants you need to describe the
+material depends on its symmetry. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material depends on its symmetry. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material depends on its symmetry. And
+these materials are orthotropic. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials are orthotropic. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials are orthotropic. So the
+the regular hexagonal um honeycomb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular hexagonal um honeycomb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regular hexagonal um honeycomb is
+actually transversely isotropic. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transversely isotropic. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually transversely isotropic. But
+imagine that H was not equal to L. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that H was not equal to L. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that H was not equal to L. Then
+it would be orthotropic. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be orthotropic. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be orthotropic. Remember
+orthotropic means that you can rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthotropic means that you can rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthotropic means that you can rotate
+the structure 180° about three mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure 180° about three mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure 180° about three mutually
+perpendicular axes and the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular axes and the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular axes and the structure
+looks the same. So if I take this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the same. So if I take this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the same. So if I take this and I
+do that, it looks the same. And if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, it looks the same. And if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that, it looks the same. And if I do
+that, it looks the same. If I, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it looks the same. If I, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, it looks the same. If I, you know,
+no matter how I rotate this about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how I rotate this about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how I rotate this about three
+mutually perpendicular axes, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually perpendicular axes, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually perpendicular axes, the
+structure remains unchanged. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remains unchanged. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure remains unchanged. So it's
+orthotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to write down Hook's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to write down Hook's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to write down Hook's law
+for our orthotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our orthotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our orthotropic
+material and then we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then we'll talk about the
+constants that we're going to work out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is Hook's law for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is Hook's law for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is Hook's law for our
+orthotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material. And uh let me just remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And uh let me just remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And uh let me just remind you
+what our notation is here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So epsilon 1 is epsilon 1. epsilon 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So epsilon 1 is epsilon 1. epsilon 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So epsilon 1 is epsilon 1. epsilon 2 is
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+22. epsilon 3 is epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22. epsilon 3 is epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22. epsilon 3 is epsilon
+33. Epsilon 4 is gamma 2 3. Epsilon 5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33. Epsilon 4 is gamma 2 3. Epsilon 5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33. Epsilon 4 is gamma 2 3. Epsilon 5 is
+gamma 13. And epsilon 6 is gamma 1 2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 13. And epsilon 6 is gamma 1 2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 13. And epsilon 6 is gamma 1 2. So
+these are the normal strains here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the normal strains here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the normal strains here.
+epsilon 1 2 and three. And these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 2 and three. And these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 2 and three. And these are the
+shear strains here. Epsilon 4 5 and six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear strains here. Epsilon 4 5 and six.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shear strains here. Epsilon 4 5 and six.
+And you remember there's this convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you remember there's this convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you remember there's this convention
+where the subscripts add up to nine. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the subscripts add up to nine. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the subscripts add up to nine. So
+four + 2 + 3 is 9. 5 + 1 plus 3 is 9. 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four + 2 + 3 is 9. 5 + 1 plus 3 is 9. 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four + 2 + 3 is 9. 5 + 1 plus 3 is 9. 6
+plus 1 plus 2 is 9. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 plus 2 is 9. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 plus 2 is 9. And then the
+stresses are a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing. So sigma 1, sigma 2 and sigma 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So sigma 1, sigma 2 and sigma 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So sigma 1, sigma 2 and sigma 3
+are the normal stresses. And then sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the normal stresses. And then sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the normal stresses. And then sigma
+4, sigma 5 and sigma 6 are the shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stresses. Okay, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. And for the in plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And for the in plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And for the in plane
+moduli, so we're talking about the x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli, so we're talking about the x1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli, so we're talking about the x1 x2
+plane, there's four independent elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, there's four independent elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, there's four independent elastic
+constants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we could think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could think of it as
+E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1
+E2 a plus ratio one two and a sheer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 a plus ratio one two and a sheer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2 a plus ratio one two and a sheer
+modulus in the one two plane. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus in the one two plane. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus in the one two plane. Okay. And
+the compliance matrix is symmetric. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliance matrix is symmetric. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliance matrix is symmetric. So
+there's the reciprocal relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the reciprocal relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the reciprocal relationship
+between the modul and the posance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratios. Let's see. Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then the notation I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the notation I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the notation I'm going to use
+for posum's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio. I'm going to say that UI J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. I'm going to say that UI J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. I'm going to say that UI J is
+minus the ratio of the strain in the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ratio of the strain in the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the ratio of the strain in the J
+direction divided by the strain in the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction divided by the strain in the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction divided by the strain in the I
+direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what we're going to do next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we're going to do next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we're going to do next is
+we're going to calculate um some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate um some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate um some of the
+elastic moduli. I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic moduli. I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic moduli. I'm going to show you
+the derivation for E1 star and U12 star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation for E1 star and U12 star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivation for E1 star and U12 star
+and you can get the other two in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the other two in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the other two in a
+similar way. So I'm not going to do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way. So I'm not going to do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar way. So I'm not going to do all
+of them but next time we'll do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but next time we'll do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but next time we'll do the
+derivations for the Young's modulus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations for the Young's modulus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations for the Young's modulus and
+the posson's ratio. Okay? And then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posson's ratio. Okay? And then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posson's ratio. Okay? And then when
+we we're going to talk about the out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going to talk about the out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're going to talk about the out of
+plane direction later and we'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane direction later and we'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane direction later and we'll get the
+moduli for the out of plane direction as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli for the out of plane direction as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli for the out of plane direction as
+well. Okay. So I think I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Okay. So I think I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Okay. So I think I'm going to stop
+there for today and then we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for today and then we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for today and then we'll start
+doing the derivations next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qHPp458m1cs.txt b/qHPp458m1cs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5204a35f8e73c3cbb7be5a84bae333e61dd8b32d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qHPp458m1cs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you guys don't remember me I'm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys don't remember me I'm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you guys don't remember me I'm one
+of your TAS I'm Tina number three that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your TAS I'm Tina number three that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your TAS I'm Tina number three that's
+what I call myself I'm Kayne and I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call myself I'm Kayne and I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call myself I'm Kayne and I'll be
+teaching your lesson today because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching your lesson today because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching your lesson today because well
+mics in Russia so yeah yeah so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mics in Russia so yeah yeah so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mics in Russia so yeah yeah so I know
+you guys had your first exam a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys had your first exam a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys had your first exam a couple of
+days ago how did that go okay sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days ago how did that go okay sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days ago how did that go okay sounds
+good alright so we will talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good alright so we will talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good alright so we will talk about it
+but because you guys just had a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you guys just had a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because you guys just had a super
+kind of intense exam we just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intense exam we just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intense exam we just want to
+give you guys a break so today I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you guys a break so today I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you guys a break so today I'll be
+teaching you guys a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you guys a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you guys a little bit of
+nuclear energy so this lesson won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy so this lesson won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy so this lesson won't be
+super in-depth there won't be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super in-depth there won't be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super in-depth there won't be a lot of
+crazy intense math actually there won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy intense math actually there won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy intense math actually there won't
+be any crazy intense not because we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any crazy intense not because we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any crazy intense not because we just
+want to give you guys a break you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you guys a break you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you guys a break you guys
+are gonna be starting up full cycle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be starting up full cycle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna be starting up full cycle on
+Friday with really cool topics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday with really cool topics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday with really cool topics like
+stopping power so for now it's just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power so for now it's just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping power so for now it's just kind
+of like it's a very expression over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's a very expression over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's a very expression over a
+couple fun facts I'm a couple guys might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple fun facts I'm a couple guys might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple fun facts I'm a couple guys might
+already know some of the concepts I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know some of the concepts I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know some of the concepts I'm
+mentioning because you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning because you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning because you guys are
+intelligent people but I walked into MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent people but I walked into MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent people but I walked into MIT
+not knowing a single thing about nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing a single thing about nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing a single thing about nuclear
+energy and I was like I wish someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I was like I wish someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I was like I wish someone
+could have told me these things um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have told me these things um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have told me these things um so
+that's what I want to do for you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to do for you today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to do for you today
+okay so I'm going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to be talking about
+kind of like the functionality and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the functionality and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the functionality and the
+benefits and the problems associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and the problems associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and the problems associated
+nuclear but first let's start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear but first let's start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear but first let's start with a
+very brief history in a nutshell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief history in a nutshell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief history in a nutshell so
+between 1895 to 1945 that's one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1895 to 1945 that's one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1895 to 1945 that's one really
+cool people were developing nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool people were developing nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool people were developing nuclear
+science so people like Madame Curie or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so people like Madame Curie or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science so people like Madame Curie or
+like Fermi etc they were all designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Fermi etc they were all designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Fermi etc they were all designing
+this nuclear science like they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nuclear science like they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nuclear science like they were
+developing it which is pretty cool most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing it which is pretty cool most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing it which is pretty cool most
+of this development happened between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this development happened between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this development happened between
+1939 to 1945 doesn't really want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 to 1945 doesn't really want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1939 to 1945 doesn't really want to take
+a gander as to why why will it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gander as to why why will it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gander as to why why will it yeah
+exactly but what field in Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but what field in Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly but what field in Manhattan
+Project which is what war - yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project which is what war - yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project which is what war - yeah exactly
+so World War two was happening during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so World War two was happening during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so World War two was happening during
+those times and they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times and they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times and they were trying to
+develop the atom bomb which is why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the atom bomb which is why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop the atom bomb which is why the
+majority of nuclear science was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of nuclear science was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of nuclear science was
+developed between these like five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed between these like five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed between these like five or six
+years then 1945 to 1960 they entered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then 1945 to 1960 they entered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years then 1945 to 1960 they entered a
+phase of like well the war's over now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of like well the war's over now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of like well the war's over now at
+what do we do with ourselves so luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with ourselves so luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do with ourselves so luckily
+they decided to redirect this science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to redirect this science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to redirect this science
+into using it for energy and harnessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into using it for energy and harnessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into using it for energy and harnessing
+it in a controlled fashion so mainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a controlled fashion so mainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a controlled fashion so mainly the
+focus was actually for naval submarines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus was actually for naval submarines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus was actually for naval submarines
+but they often realized like we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they often realized like we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they often realized like we can use
+this for like energy as well free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for like energy as well free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for like energy as well free
+electricity as well so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity as well so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity as well so there's a lot of
+really cool things that happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool things that happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool things that happened in
+between these years so in 1951 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these years so in 1951 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these years so in 1951 the first
+nuclear reactor to produce electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor to produce electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor to produce electricity
+was the experimental breeder reactor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the experimental breeder reactor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the experimental breeder reactor the
+Eevee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eevee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eevee
+one was developed and designed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was developed and designed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was developed and designed and
+operated and actually kind of worked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated and actually kind of worked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operated and actually kind of worked it
+was created by Argonne National Labs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created by Argonne National Labs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created by Argonne National Labs
+which is in Idaho and they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in Idaho and they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in Idaho and they actually
+still exist so if you want to go work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exist so if you want to go work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still exist so if you want to go work
+there this summer you totally can boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this summer you totally can boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this summer you totally can boom
+and then in 1953 President Eisenhower he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in 1953 President Eisenhower he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in 1953 President Eisenhower he
+created something called atoms for peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created something called atoms for peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created something called atoms for peace
+so this is just a program that advocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a program that advocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a program that advocated
+using nuclear for things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nuclear for things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nuclear for things that were
+peaceful such as electricity instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful such as electricity instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaceful such as electricity instead of
+like nuclear weapons and stuff also 1953
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nuclear weapons and stuff also 1953
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like nuclear weapons and stuff also 1953
+was the creation of mark 1 so mark 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the creation of mark 1 so mark 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the creation of mark 1 so mark 1 is
+the first prototype naval reactor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first prototype naval reactor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first prototype naval reactor that
+was created it was created in a March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created it was created in a March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created it was created in a March
+and then finally in 1954 the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally in 1954 the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally in 1954 the first
+nuclear-powered submarine the USS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear-powered submarine the USS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear-powered submarine the USS
+Nautilus was launched and it's up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nautilus was launched and it's up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nautilus was launched and it's up and
+running so lots of cool things happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so lots of cool things happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running so lots of cool things happened
+between this time but the real heyday of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this time but the real heyday of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this time but the real heyday of
+nuclear was actually between 1960 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear was actually between 1960 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear was actually between 1960 to
+1975 so during the span of 15 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 so during the span of 15 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 so during the span of 15 or so
+years this was like the real commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this was like the real commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years this was like the real commercial
+energy boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy boom
+people like Westinghouse were creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Westinghouse were creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Westinghouse were creating
+nuclear reactors I think the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors I think the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors I think the first one
+was called Anki Rho is a 250 megawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called Anki Rho is a 250 megawatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called Anki Rho is a 250 megawatt
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+nuclear power plant which is like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant which is like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant which is like not
+insignificant for like a time like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant for like a time like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificant for like a time like the
+70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s
+so other different companies and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other different companies and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so other different companies and other
+different countries were doing this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries were doing this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries were doing this as
+well basically there was this huge boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically there was this huge boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well basically there was this huge boom
+and nuclear energy so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nuclear energy so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nuclear energy so if you look at
+this little chart over here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chart over here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chart over here this is
+nuclear reaction reaction construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction reaction construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction reaction construction
+throughout the years so if you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the years so if you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the years so if you look in
+this little chunk you can see what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chunk you can see what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little chunk you can see what a
+massive peak there was this is like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive peak there was this is like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive peak there was this is like when
+everyone was building nuclear reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was building nuclear reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was building nuclear reactors
+people thought oh super Jazzy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought oh super Jazzy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought oh super Jazzy and
+everyone's tried to jump on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's tried to jump on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's tried to jump on that
+unfortunately all good things have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately all good things have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately all good things have to
+come to an end though from 1975 to 2002
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to an end though from 1975 to 2002
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to an end though from 1975 to 2002
+which is about this chunk over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about this chunk over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about this chunk over here you
+can see a massive decline and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a massive decline and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see a massive decline and then you
+can see that nothing really happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that nothing really happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that nothing really happens
+between the 90s in the 2000s other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the 90s in the 2000s other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the 90s in the 2000s other than
+the fact that we were all born but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we were all born but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we were all born but no
+new nuclear reactors were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nuclear reactors were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nuclear reactors were being
+commissioned during this time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned during this time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned during this time and then
+today we're kind of I say we're back but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're kind of I say we're back but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're kind of I say we're back but
+basically we're entering what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're entering what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're entering what people
+like to call a nuclear Renaissance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call a nuclear Renaissance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call a nuclear Renaissance which
+is between like this chunk over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between like this chunk over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between like this chunk over here you
+can see that there's been a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's been a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that there's been a slight
+increase in nuclear reactors being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in nuclear reactors being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in nuclear reactors being
+produced but basically there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but basically there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced but basically there's been a
+whole new push for creating more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new push for creating more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new push for creating more
+advanced reactors and currently China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced reactors and currently China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced reactors and currently China
+India and South Korea they are the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and South Korea they are the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and South Korea they are the main
+like players in this game so China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like players in this game so China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like players in this game so China
+itself has 32 offer directors operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has 32 offer directors operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has 32 offer directors operating
+at the moment and they have 20 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment and they have 20 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment and they have 20 more
+Commission like literally right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission like literally right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission like literally right now
+which is kind of insane Sam do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of insane Sam do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of insane Sam do you guys
+have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about
+this alright so what causes like nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alright so what causes like nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alright so what causes like nuclear
+resurgence this is a perfect time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurgence this is a perfect time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurgence this is a perfect time to
+talk about why nuclear power school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about why nuclear power school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about why nuclear power school
+again you guys probably know this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you guys probably know this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you guys probably know this but
+the main reason is sustainability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason is sustainability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reason is sustainability so
+right now we've entered a phase in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we've entered a phase in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we've entered a phase in time
+where people are started to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are started to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people are started to realize that
+we've done damage to our environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done damage to our environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done damage to our environment and
+we gotta fix this so global warming is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gotta fix this so global warming is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gotta fix this so global warming is a
+thing I promise you it's actually saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I promise you it's actually saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I promise you it's actually saying
+and basically we're looking for a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically we're looking for a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically we're looking for a way to
+produce electricity without creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce electricity without creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce electricity without creating
+such a large carbon footprint so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a large carbon footprint so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a large carbon footprint so if you
+look at this chart over here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this chart over here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this chart over here you can see
+that this is where nuclear lies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where nuclear lies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where nuclear lies in the
+amount of carbon that it produces per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of carbon that it produces per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of carbon that it produces per
+what's a unit per gigawatt hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a unit per gigawatt hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a unit per gigawatt hour of
+electricity when you look at that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity when you look at that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity when you look at that in
+comparison to a coal and natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to a coal and natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to a coal and natural gas
+which is our two primary sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our two primary sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our two primary sources of
+energy at the moment you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the moment you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at the moment you can see that
+this is definitely more attractive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely more attractive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely more attractive so
+the statistic is actually that nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistic is actually that nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistic is actually that nuclear
+creates 75 times less carbon emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates 75 times less carbon emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates 75 times less carbon emission
+then coal does and 35 times less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coal does and 35 times less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then coal does and 35 times less than
+natural gas does which is incredible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas does which is incredible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas does which is incredible and
+amazing so that's the main reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so that's the main reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing so that's the main reason why
+we're going for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going for nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going for nuclear
+well there's out there kind of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's out there kind of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's out there kind of other
+kinds of really good reasons one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of really good reasons one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of really good reasons one is the
+amounts power output you guys actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts power output you guys actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts power output you guys actually
+calculated this yourself and pset1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this yourself and pset1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this yourself and pset1 you
+know just how much power or energy comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just how much power or energy comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just how much power or energy comes
+out from one fission reaction um so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from one fission reaction um so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from one fission reaction um so just
+so you guys can double check to be got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys can double check to be got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys can double check to be got
+that statistic right and a piece set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistic right and a piece set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statistic right and a piece set it
+turns out that you 35 40 3.5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you 35 40 3.5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that you 35 40 3.5 million
+times more energy than burning one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more energy than burning one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more energy than burning one
+kilogram of coal does um so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of coal does um so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram of coal does um so you can see
+that you definitely need a lot less fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you definitely need a lot less fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you definitely need a lot less fuel
+in a nuclear reactor than you do in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nuclear reactor than you do in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nuclear reactor than you do in a
+normal like coal burning reactor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal like coal burning reactor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal like coal burning reactor and
+then finally the last thing would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally the last thing would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally the last thing would be
+energy security um so one of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security um so one of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy security um so one of the good
+things about nuclear is I can serve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about nuclear is I can serve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about nuclear is I can serve as a
+good base load source of energy so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good base load source of energy so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good base load source of energy so if
+you're working the energy sector you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working the energy sector you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working the energy sector you
+probably see this chart all the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see this chart all the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably see this chart all the time of
+like time verses like energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like time verses like energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like time verses like energy that's
+being consumed and it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being consumed and it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being consumed and it's kind of like
+fluctuating like little mass that stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating like little mass that stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating like little mass that stays
+like fairly constant about at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fairly constant about at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fairly constant about at certain
+times of the day like you need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the day like you need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of the day like you need more
+energy than usual so this is just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than usual so this is just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than usual so this is just kind
+of like the energy demand during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the energy demand during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the energy demand during the day
+that's what this chart kind of crudely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this chart kind of crudely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this chart kind of crudely
+depicts so nuclear power is able just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts so nuclear power is able just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicts so nuclear power is able just to
+provide a good base load source that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a good base load source that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a good base load source that
+means like it can provide constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like it can provide constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like it can provide constant
+energy at a really high level all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at a really high level all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy at a really high level all the
+time so this is why we kind of want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is why we kind of want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so this is why we kind of want to
+replace coal and natural gas with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace coal and natural gas with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace coal and natural gas with
+nuclear because it can take this role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear because it can take this role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear because it can take this role
+other alternative forms of energy might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternative forms of energy might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other alternative forms of energy might
+be better for the environment it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better for the environment it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better for the environment it might
+be safer and things like that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safer and things like that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be safer and things like that but it's
+not really able to do this so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really able to do this so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really able to do this so for
+example if you want to replace all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to replace all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you want to replace all the
+coal burning fire plants with solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal burning fire plants with solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal burning fire plants with solar
+panels if it's not sunny that day you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels if it's not sunny that day you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels if it's not sunny that day you're
+kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like
+look right like you can't produce energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right like you can't produce energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right like you can't produce energy
+if it's not something outside somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not something outside somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not something outside somewhere
+for wind if it's not windy outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wind if it's not windy outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for wind if it's not windy outside
+you're not getting any electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting any electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting any electricity
+luckily for nuclear it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily for nuclear it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily for nuclear it doesn't have to
+rely on any of these factors you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on any of these factors you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on any of these factors you can
+continuously produce energy right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously produce energy right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously produce energy right so you
+guys have any questions about what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions about what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions about what I've
+mentioned awesome so now we'll talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned awesome so now we'll talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned awesome so now we'll talk a
+little bit about reactor types I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about reactor types I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about reactor types I'm just
+telling you guys about some of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you guys about some of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you guys about some of the main
+ones and how they work so how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and how they work so how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and how they work so how people
+like to divide up the reactor types is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to divide up the reactor types is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to divide up the reactor types is
+in generations so generation one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in generations so generation one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in generations so generation one which
+is all the way over there that refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the way over there that refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the way over there that refers to
+the like the trial reactors these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the trial reactors these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like the trial reactors these are
+the ones that didn't really produce all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that didn't really produce all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that didn't really produce all
+that much electricity at all they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much electricity at all they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much electricity at all they're
+more of proofs look they're more proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of proofs look they're more proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of proofs look they're more proof
+of concept kind of things um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concept kind of things um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concept kind of things um so that
+would be like the mark one that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the mark one that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like the mark one that I want
+you to guys earlier now we move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to guys earlier now we move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to guys earlier now we move on to
+generation two so generation two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation two so generation two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation two so generation two is
+actually what most of us reactors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what most of us reactors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what most of us reactors like
+the category that most u.s. reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the category that most u.s. reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the category that most u.s. reactors
+fall into so these were developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into so these were developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into so these were developed
+between like the seventies and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like the seventies and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between like the seventies and like the
+80s ish and these are the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s ish and these are the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80s ish and these are the ones that are
+functioning mostly today and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning mostly today and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning mostly today and then we
+have generation 3 3 + & 4 so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have generation 3 3 + & 4 so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have generation 3 3 + & 4 so these are
+the new types of reactors that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new types of reactors that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new types of reactors that people
+are trying to build to create several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to build to create several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to build to create several
+improvements but we'll talk about them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements but we'll talk about them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements but we'll talk about them a
+little bit more later so I want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more later so I want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more later so I want to start
+off with light water reactors because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with light water reactors because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with light water reactors because
+well these are the reactors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are the reactors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these are the reactors that are
+most common in the United States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common in the United States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common in the United States so
+light water reactors are LWR s are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors are LWR s are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors are LWR s are
+mostly broken up into two sub categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly broken up into two sub categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly broken up into two sub categories
+boiling water reactors and pressurized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling water reactors and pressurized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling water reactors and pressurized
+water reactors so how you guys can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactors so how you guys can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water reactors so how you guys can think
+about reactors is that honestly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reactors is that honestly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reactors is that honestly they're
+just kind of glorified steam turbines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of glorified steam turbines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of glorified steam turbines
+that's what that's what they're doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what they're doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what they're doing so
+let's start with boiling water reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with boiling water reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with boiling water reactors
+so boiling water reactors or PWRs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boiling water reactors or PWRs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so boiling water reactors or PWRs
+comprise about 21% of you reactors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise about 21% of you reactors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise about 21% of you reactors that
+are located and working in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located and working in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located and working in the United
+States so it's a really really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so it's a really really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so it's a really really simple
+mechanism and we can walk through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and we can walk through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and we can walk through that
+right now so over here this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so over here this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so over here this little
+nubbin right over here so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nubbin right over here so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nubbin right over here so this is the
+fuel core so this is what the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel core so this is what the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel core so this is what the inside of
+a fuel core looks like that picture over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fuel core looks like that picture over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fuel core looks like that picture over
+there um so the fuel core is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so the fuel core is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um so the fuel core is basically
+just a bunch of rods of like uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of rods of like uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a bunch of rods of like uranium
+sometimes it's clad in something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's clad in something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's clad in something like
+zirconium and there's also control rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconium and there's also control rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zirconium and there's also control rods
+to help slow down the process so uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help slow down the process so uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help slow down the process so uranium
+undergoes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes what
+yassuh fission so what gets released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yassuh fission so what gets released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yassuh fission so what gets released
+during a vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a vision
+and cool and neutrons awesome so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cool and neutrons awesome so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cool and neutrons awesome so those
+three things are all like flying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things are all like flying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things are all like flying around
+inside the reactor core at the moment as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the reactor core at the moment as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the reactor core at the moment as
+the uranium undergoes fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uranium undergoes fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uranium undergoes fission
+so the isotopes we just kind of let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the isotopes we just kind of let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the isotopes we just kind of let them
+be like I don't I'm not completely sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like I don't I'm not completely sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like I don't I'm not completely sure
+what we do with and we might folk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do with and we might folk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do with and we might folk to
+them out but I think they just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out but I think they just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out but I think they just kind of
+hang out there the heat obviously goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out there the heat obviously goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang out there the heat obviously goes
+to create power talked about in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create power talked about in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create power talked about in just a
+second but the neutrons come flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but the neutrons come flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but the neutrons come flying
+around so those other neutrons can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so those other neutrons can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so those other neutrons can
+stimulate other fuse other efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate other fuse other efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate other fuse other efficient and
+the control rods are there to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control rods are there to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control rods are there to prevent
+like to make sure that there's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make sure that there's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make sure that there's not too
+many fission's happening at the troll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fission's happening at the troll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fission's happening at the troll
+rod at a certain time i and the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod at a certain time i and the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod at a certain time i and the fuel
+core at a certain time so anyway going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core at a certain time so anyway going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core at a certain time so anyway going
+back to the heat so the heat that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the heat so the heat that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the heat so the heat that gets
+created during these nuclear fission's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created during these nuclear fission's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created during these nuclear fission's
+that goes and heats up the water so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes and heats up the water so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes and heats up the water so this
+is just one loop of water basically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one loop of water basically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one loop of water basically so
+the water flows through the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water flows through the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water flows through the core and
+heats it up it creates steam so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats it up it creates steam so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats it up it creates steam so the
+steam goes and spins the turbine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam goes and spins the turbine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam goes and spins the turbine the
+turbine create electricity and it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine create electricity and it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine create electricity and it comes
+back and gets recognized that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and gets recognized that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and gets recognized that's
+literally it that's all that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally it that's all that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally it that's all that happens
+during a PWR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a PWR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a PWR
+yeah that's that's actually just it so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's actually just it so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's that's actually just it so a
+cool thing about the BWR is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about the BWR is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about the BWR is because it's
+so simple it's also incredibly well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple it's also incredibly well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so simple it's also incredibly well not
+incredibly what is the cheapest option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly what is the cheapest option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly what is the cheapest option
+out there for creating nuclear power I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for creating nuclear power I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for creating nuclear power I'm
+one of the downsides it's just that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the downsides it's just that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the downsides it's just that it
+might not be as energy efficient as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be as energy efficient as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be as energy efficient as it
+possibly could be or not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly could be or not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly could be or not be able to
+create as much power as I possibly could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create as much power as I possibly could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create as much power as I possibly could
+if it was a core technology but yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a core technology but yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a core technology but yeah oh
+and another downside is that because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another downside is that because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another downside is that because we
+have the nuclear material interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the nuclear material interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the nuclear material interacting
+with the water and so this is a coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the water and so this is a coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the water and so this is a coolant
+pump right I mean this is the core tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump right I mean this is the core tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump right I mean this is the core tube
+so this is basically connected to a lake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically connected to a lake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically connected to a lake
+or an ocean or some other source of cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an ocean or some other source of cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an ocean or some other source of cold
+water and that runs through the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that runs through the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that runs through the primary
+loop to cool down the water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to cool down the water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to cool down the water and
+reconnect it to steam if there ever is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect it to steam if there ever is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnect it to steam if there ever is a
+breach between these two the chances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breach between these two the chances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breach between these two the chances of
+leaking nuclear material into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking nuclear material into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking nuclear material into the
+environment exists like it's not high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment exists like it's not high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment exists like it's not high
+per se but with me wrs there is a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se but with me wrs there is a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se but with me wrs there is a higher
+chance of leaking radioactive material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of leaking radioactive material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of leaking radioactive material
+into the varmint so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the varmint so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the varmint so that's one of the
+downsides that BW RS um do you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downsides that BW RS um do you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downsides that BW RS um do you guys have
+any questions about this awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this awesome
+um so I just want to show you guys this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just want to show you guys this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just want to show you guys this
+picture again because here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture again because here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture again because here's the
+underside of a PWR I make it sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underside of a PWR I make it sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underside of a PWR I make it sound like
+it's super simple and like a walk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super simple and like a walk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's super simple and like a walk in the
+park but this is actually the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park but this is actually the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park but this is actually the amount of
+technology that goes into one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that goes into one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that goes into one of these
+reactors like look at all those wires I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like look at all those wires I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like look at all those wires I
+don't even know what they all do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what they all do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know what they all do but
+it's kind of insane so yeah so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of insane so yeah so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of insane so yeah so the next
+kind of reactor that falls under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reactor that falls under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reactor that falls under the
+light water reactor category is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactor category is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactor category is the
+pressurized water reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized water reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized water reactors
+so PWRs are actually more more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so PWRs are actually more more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so PWRs are actually more more important
+if you lo the BW RS so remember BW o RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lo the BW RS so remember BW o RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lo the BW RS so remember BW o RS
+comprise about 21% of the reactors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise about 21% of the reactors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise about 21% of the reactors in
+the United States on PWRs comprise about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States on PWRs comprise about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States on PWRs comprise about
+60% of the reactors in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of the reactors in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60% of the reactors in the United States
+but they are functionally essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are functionally essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are functionally essentially
+the same and it's just slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and it's just slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same and it's just slightly more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+um so over here we have our fuel core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so over here we have our fuel core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so over here we have our fuel core
+again and again it's all it's doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again it's all it's doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again it's all it's doing is
+heating up water with its fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up water with its fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up water with its fission
+reactions but this time this water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but this time this water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but this time this water is
+pressurized so does anyone know why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized so does anyone know why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurized so does anyone know why you
+would want to pressurize the water yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to pressurize the water yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to pressurize the water yeah
+yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+so when you increase the pressure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you increase the pressure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you increase the pressure you're
+also increasing the boiling point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also increasing the boiling point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also increasing the boiling point of the
+water and that allows you to function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that allows you to function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that allows you to function at
+even higher temperatures than if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher temperatures than if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even higher temperatures than if you're
+working with a BWR which gives you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a BWR which gives you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with a BWR which gives you more
+energy efficiency you guys will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficiency you guys will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficiency you guys will learn
+all about that into 805 by the way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about that into 805 by the way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about that into 805 by the way so
+yeah so it heats up this pressurized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it heats up this pressurized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it heats up this pressurized
+water and this pressurized water goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and this pressurized water goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and this pressurized water goes
+into a second loop which again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a second loop which again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a second loop which again just
+heats up water that creates into steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up water that creates into steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heats up water that creates into steam
+that sends a turbine that crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sends a turbine that crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sends a turbine that crazy
+electricity it gets me condensed etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity it gets me condensed etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity it gets me condensed etc and
+that's again all that there really is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again all that there really is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again all that there really is so
+one of the upsides of using a PWRs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the upsides of using a PWRs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the upsides of using a PWRs like
+I mentioned the higher efficiency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the higher efficiency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned the higher efficiency but
+also the chance of leaking nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the chance of leaking nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the chance of leaking nuclear
+material into the environment becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material into the environment becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material into the environment becomes
+mitigated because you have two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated because you have two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated because you have two separate
+loops with the nuclear fuel being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops with the nuclear fuel being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops with the nuclear fuel being more
+isolated from the environment um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated from the environment um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated from the environment um if
+there is a breach between like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a breach between like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a breach between like the
+condenser loop and the secondary loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser loop and the secondary loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser loop and the secondary loop
+not a big deal like nothing really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal like nothing really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a big deal like nothing really bad
+happens you'd have to have breaches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you'd have to have breaches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you'd have to have breaches in
+both the loops which is very unlikely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the loops which is very unlikely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the loops which is very unlikely to
+happen yeah so do you guys have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah so do you guys have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen yeah so do you guys have any
+questions about those two yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not completely sure but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not completely sure but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not completely sure but if you
+google it you should be able to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it you should be able to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google it you should be able to find it
+really easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those next pictures again just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those next pictures again just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those next pictures again just to
+show you that like I make it sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that like I make it sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that like I make it sound
+really simple and like a walk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple and like a walk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple and like a walk in the
+park but it's really not there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park but it's really not there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+park but it's really not there's a lot
+going on so this picture over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so this picture over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so this picture over here is
+basically just showing that there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just showing that there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just showing that there are a
+lot of redundancy systems inside these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of redundancy systems inside these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of redundancy systems inside these
+reactors like we don't just have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like we don't just have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors like we don't just have one
+single primary loop and if it fails it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single primary loop and if it fails it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single primary loop and if it fails it
+fails we actually have four at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails we actually have four at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails we actually have four at the same
+time and this is just called the N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is just called the N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and this is just called the N minus
+2 redundancy something like that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 redundancy something like that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 redundancy something like that so the
+next kind is something much cooler oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kind is something much cooler oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kind is something much cooler oh
+it's called a heavy water reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a heavy water reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a heavy water reactor
+actually it's just a little bit cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's just a little bit cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's just a little bit cooler
+but the main heavy water reactor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main heavy water reactor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main heavy water reactor that
+everyone can kind of think of on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can kind of think of on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can kind of think of on their
+minds is can do which is the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds is can do which is the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds is can do which is the one that's
+located in Canada the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in Canada the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in Canada the only difference
+between heavy water reactors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between heavy water reactors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between heavy water reactors and the
+light water reactors I mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors I mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors I mentioned before
+is that it uses heavy water instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it uses heavy water instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it uses heavy water instead of
+light water does anyone know what heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water does anyone know what heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water does anyone know what heavy
+water is yeah exactly so it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is yeah exactly so it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is yeah exactly so it's just a
+terraeum oxide so remember I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terraeum oxide so remember I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terraeum oxide so remember I'm sorry
+this might seem a name but this is water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might seem a name but this is water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might seem a name but this is water
+right um and this is heavy water where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and this is heavy water where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and this is heavy water where
+the dia is just a hydrogen with two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dia is just a hydrogen with two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dia is just a hydrogen with two two
+atomic particles instead so one proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic particles instead so one proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic particles instead so one proton
+and one Neutron so the reason why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one Neutron so the reason why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one Neutron so the reason why they
+decide to use heavy water instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to use heavy water instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to use heavy water instead of
+light water is because heavy water has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water is because heavy water has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water is because heavy water has a
+much lower absorption cross-section than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower absorption cross-section than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower absorption cross-section than
+light water does um so what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water does um so what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water does um so what this means
+is that when neutrons are flying around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when neutrons are flying around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when neutrons are flying around
+in the reactor like there is a chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactor like there is a chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactor like there is a chance of
+it hitting a fission product and under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hitting a fission product and under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hitting a fission product and under a
+piece of fissionable material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of fissionable material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of fissionable material and
+undergoing fission but there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing fission but there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing fission but there's also a
+chance that the water that surrounds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the water that surrounds it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that the water that surrounds it
+will absorb that Neutron so if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will absorb that Neutron so if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will absorb that Neutron so if that
+Neutron gets pulled out of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron gets pulled out of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron gets pulled out of the system
+you're not able to create any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not able to create any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not able to create any more
+fission's this is actually kind of a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission's this is actually kind of a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission's this is actually kind of a bad
+thing because the whole point of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because the whole point of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because the whole point of a
+nuclear reactor is to create heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor is to create heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor is to create heat
+envisioned so we don't want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioned so we don't want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioned so we don't want them to
+neutrons to be absorbed you can see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons to be absorbed you can see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons to be absorbed you can see if
+you look at those statistics um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at those statistics um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at those statistics um you can
+see that the absorption cross section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the absorption cross section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the absorption cross section of
+h2 our deuterium is like point zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 our deuterium is like point zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 our deuterium is like point zero zero
+zero five two barns in comparison to h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five two barns in comparison to h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero five two barns in comparison to h1
+which is 0.33 two barns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0.33 two barns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0.33 two barns
+so I'm bad at math but I think it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm bad at math but I think it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm bad at math but I think it's like
+680 times less right maybe anyway so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+680 times less right maybe anyway so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+680 times less right maybe anyway so you
+can see why deuterium would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see why deuterium would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see why deuterium would be a good
+option for this so because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for this so because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option for this so because it's
+absorbing less there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing less there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing less there is
+because it has a chance of absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a chance of absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has a chance of absorbing
+less neutrons as it undergoes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less neutrons as it undergoes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less neutrons as it undergoes its
+processes um you're actually able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um you're actually able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um you're actually able to use
+a lower enriched uranium which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower enriched uranium which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower enriched uranium which is really
+great because that lowers fuel cost yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because that lowers fuel cost yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because that lowers fuel cost yeah
+but the main downside of this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main downside of this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main downside of this is that
+even though you're lowering your fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're lowering your fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you're lowering your fuel
+costs deuterium is really expensive it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs deuterium is really expensive it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs deuterium is really expensive it's
+about a thousand or so dollars per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand or so dollars per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a thousand or so dollars per
+kilogram which is kind of ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram which is kind of ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram which is kind of ridiculous
+because a kilogram of water is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a kilogram of water is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a kilogram of water is really
+not much at all you know so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much at all you know so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much at all you know so even though
+your counter you act like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counter you act like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counter you act like you're
+counteracting the lowered fuel cost with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteracting the lowered fuel cost with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteracting the lowered fuel cost with
+a higher water cost also because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher water cost also because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher water cost also because your
+act you're using your reactor with lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act you're using your reactor with lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act you're using your reactor with lower
+in rich uranium you actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rich uranium you actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rich uranium you actually have to
+change out your feel more often that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change out your feel more often that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change out your feel more often that
+fuel gets spent more quickly I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel gets spent more quickly I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel gets spent more quickly I'll
+describe that in just a second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that in just a second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that in just a second and
+therefore you just have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you just have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you just have to keep
+replacing it more often than you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing it more often than you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing it more often than you would
+for a normal weight light water reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a normal weight light water reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a normal weight light water reactor
+um questions about this one oh I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions about this one oh I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions about this one oh I forgot
+to mention but aside from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention but aside from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention but aside from that
+everything else with the heavy water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else with the heavy water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else with the heavy water
+reactors and the PWRs they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and the PWRs they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and the PWRs they're the same
+mechanisms and then finally we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and then finally we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms and then finally we're going
+to move on to breeder reactors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to breeder reactors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move on to breeder reactors so
+breeder reactors are a really cool idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeder reactors are a really cool idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeder reactors are a really cool idea
+and they were most popular between like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were most popular between like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were most popular between like
+the 50s and the 60s ish at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s and the 60s ish at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50s and the 60s ish at the very
+beginning of creating nuclear reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of creating nuclear reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of creating nuclear reactors
+so what breeder reactors are or again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what breeder reactors are or again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what breeder reactors are or again
+there's some sure the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sure the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sure the same thing as
+light water reactors I mentioned to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors I mentioned to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactors I mentioned to you
+guys before but instead now there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys before but instead now there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys before but instead now there's two
+little chunks of extra material so do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chunks of extra material so do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little chunks of extra material so do
+you guys know what the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know what the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know what the difference is
+between fits all for Tahoe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fits all for Tahoe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between fits all for Tahoe and
+fissionable materials cool all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable materials cool all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable materials cool all right so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's start with the Samba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with the Samba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's start with the Samba
+turn so fizzy material is basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn so fizzy material is basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn so fizzy material is basically just
+the material that has build me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that has build me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that has build me to
+undergo fission with a thermal Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically when the thermal Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when the thermal Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when the thermal Neutron
+gets absorbed by this fissionable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets absorbed by this fissionable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets absorbed by this fissionable
+material it's going to undergo a fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's going to undergo a fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material it's going to undergo a fission
+um makes a lot of sense right so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um makes a lot of sense right so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um makes a lot of sense right so do you
+guys happen to remember what the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys happen to remember what the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys happen to remember what the energy
+of a thermal Neutron is you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a thermal Neutron is you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a thermal Neutron is you guys
+calculated this in pset 1 huh lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this in pset 1 huh lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated this in pset 1 huh lower than
+that yeah a point ot5 easy like super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah a point ot5 easy like super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah a point ot5 easy like super
+letter do and while we're at it how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter do and while we're at it how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter do and while we're at it how do
+you calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what some constant time Steve go shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some constant time Steve go shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some constant time Steve go shoot
+so main example with the fissile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so main example with the fissile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so main example with the fissile
+material would be u-235 and plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material would be u-235 and plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material would be u-235 and plutonium
+239 there's four in total but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 there's four in total but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 there's four in total but those are
+the two most important ones so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most important ones so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two most important ones so this is
+the main fuel that is inside a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main fuel that is inside a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main fuel that is inside a nuclear
+reactor but it's not all just u-235 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor but it's not all just u-235 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor but it's not all just u-235 like
+you guys have heard of oh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have heard of oh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have heard of oh what's
+called enrichment right like in Richmond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called enrichment right like in Richmond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called enrichment right like in Richmond
+is basically the amount of DES all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the amount of DES all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the amount of DES all
+material versus the amount of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material versus the amount of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material versus the amount of other
+fissionable material so moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable material so moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable material so moving on to
+fissionable material so Fischer I'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable material so Fischer I'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable material so Fischer I'm on
+terrible fissionable material is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible fissionable material is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible fissionable material is just
+material that is able to undergo fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that is able to undergo fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that is able to undergo fission
+after the absorption absorption of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the absorption absorption of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the absorption absorption of a
+more energetic Neutron um so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energetic Neutron um so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energetic Neutron um so that's all
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's all it is so an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all it is so an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's all it is so an example of
+fissionable material that's inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable material that's inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissionable material that's inside the
+other reactors at the same time is u-238
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reactors at the same time is u-238
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reactors at the same time is u-238
+so if it u-238 absorbs a thermal Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it u-238 absorbs a thermal Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it u-238 absorbs a thermal Neutron
+it's probably gonna do much but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably gonna do much but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably gonna do much but if it
+absorbs a neutron of about like I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs a neutron of about like I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs a neutron of about like I would
+say like 2 MeV then it's more willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like 2 MeV then it's more willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like 2 MeV then it's more willing to
+undergo a fission and then finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a fission and then finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a fission and then finally we
+have fertile material so for a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fertile material so for a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fertile material so for a time
+material is the basis for breeder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is the basis for breeder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material is the basis for breeder
+reactors but fertile material is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors but fertile material is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors but fertile material is just
+material that absorbs a neutron and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that absorbs a neutron and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that absorbs a neutron and then
+is able to become a piece of fissile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to become a piece of fissile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to become a piece of fissile
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for our purposes the main types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our purposes the main types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our purposes the main types of
+fertile material we use are u-238 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile material we use are u-238 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertile material we use are u-238 and
+thorium-232 so if you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorium-232 so if you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorium-232 so if you look at these
+processes you can see that you - they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can see that you - they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can see that you - they're
+a absorbs a neutron becomes you 239
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a absorbs a neutron becomes you 239
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a absorbs a neutron becomes you 239
+undergoes a beta decay to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a beta decay to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a beta decay to come to
+neptunium and undergoes one more beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neptunium and undergoes one more beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neptunium and undergoes one more beta
+decay to become the beautiful plutonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay to become the beautiful plutonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay to become the beautiful plutonium
+239 if we start with thorium 232 instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 if we start with thorium 232 instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+239 if we start with thorium 232 instead
+absorbs a neutron becomes thorium 233
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs a neutron becomes thorium 233
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs a neutron becomes thorium 233
+undergoes a beta decay to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a beta decay to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes a beta decay to come
+protactinium becomes uranium 233 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protactinium becomes uranium 233 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protactinium becomes uranium 233 which
+is another sound material by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another sound material by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another sound material by the way
+through a series of beta decays mom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of beta decays mom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of beta decays mom so
+that's what breeder reactors are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what breeder reactors are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what breeder reactors are doing
+they're adding extra chunks of uranium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're adding extra chunks of uranium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're adding extra chunks of uranium
+238 and extra chunks of thorium 232 into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 and extra chunks of thorium 232 into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+238 and extra chunks of thorium 232 into
+the reactor so if one of the neutrons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor so if one of the neutrons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor so if one of the neutrons so
+imagine okay if you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay if you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine okay if you're looking at the
+little fuel core there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fuel core there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little fuel core there's a bunch of
+neutrons are flying around and he other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are flying around and he other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons are flying around and he other
+isotopes and things like that so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes and things like that so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes and things like that so some of
+the neutrons will go and create other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons will go and create other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons will go and create other
+visions with the material that's hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions with the material that's hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visions with the material that's hanging
+out in the red but other neutrons might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the red but other neutrons might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the red but other neutrons might
+escape and when they escape instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape and when they escape instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape and when they escape instead of
+going into the water and dissipating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the water and dissipating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the water and dissipating and
+never to be seen again or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never to be seen again or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never to be seen again or being
+reflected the instead create more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected the instead create more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected the instead create more
+fissile material um so you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissile material um so you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fissile material um so you can I
+understand why this is a kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this is a kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this is a kind of an
+attractive idea is that you're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive idea is that you're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive idea is that you're creating
+your own fuel you're able to work at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own fuel you're able to work at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own fuel you're able to work at a
+higher fuel efficiency um because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher fuel efficiency um because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher fuel efficiency um because you
+don't need to add in as much fissile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to add in as much fissile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to add in as much fissile
+materials that's you would for a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that's you would for a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that's you would for a normal
+light water reactor so people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactor so people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light water reactor so people were
+really fascinated with this idea like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinated with this idea like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fascinated with this idea like I
+said in the 50s and 60s because back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the 50s and 60s because back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the 50s and 60s because back in
+the day they legitimately thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day they legitimately thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day they legitimately thought that
+we would run out of u-235 but luckily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would run out of u-235 but luckily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would run out of u-235 but luckily in
+the 16 we we discovered that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 16 we we discovered that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 16 we we discovered that we have a
+lot more uranium ore than we thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more uranium ore than we thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more uranium ore than we thought we
+did we're probably not gonna run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we're probably not gonna run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we're probably not gonna run out
+anytime soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime soon
+and after that discovery people were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that discovery people were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that discovery people were not
+nearly as interested in breeder reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as interested in breeder reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as interested in breeder reactors
+the reason being is that one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being is that one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason being is that one because
+there's just this extra material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this extra material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just this extra material that's
+hanging out this extra material could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out this extra material could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out this extra material could be
+more fissile material I creates more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fissile material I creates more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fissile material I creates more
+reactions it's not nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions it's not nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions it's not nearly as
+energy-efficient my part of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy-efficient my part of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy-efficient my part of power
+efficient and it's also slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and it's also slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and it's also slightly more
+expensive because you're not being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive because you're not being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive because you're not being able
+to be power efficient and it also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be power efficient and it also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be power efficient and it also is
+better on paper than ever is in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on paper than ever is in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better on paper than ever is in reality
+so on paper you're like oh this is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on paper you're like oh this is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on paper you're like oh this is great
+because I can just create more fissile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can just create more fissile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can just create more fissile
+materials I never need to add more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials I never need to add more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials I never need to add more this
+is never really truly sustainable they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never really truly sustainable they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never really truly sustainable they
+always have to keep adding more fissile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to keep adding more fissile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to keep adding more fissile
+materials because it's not as perfect as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials because it's not as perfect as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials because it's not as perfect as
+I want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it to be
+any questions about these things cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about these things cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about these things cool
+beans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beans
+and then finally we're gonna move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we're gonna move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we're gonna move on to
+generation four reactors so generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation four reactors so generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation four reactors so generation
+four reactors are all the new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four reactors are all the new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four reactors are all the new kind of
+reactors that people want to build so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that people want to build so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that people want to build so
+the primary objective for these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary objective for these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary objective for these new
+designs of reactors like the ones I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs of reactors like the ones I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs of reactors like the ones I just
+told you guys about they're all good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you guys about they're all good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you guys about they're all good and
+well but we want to make them better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but we want to make them better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but we want to make them better
+right we want to make them cleaner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to make them cleaner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we want to make them cleaner and
+safer and more cost-effective keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer and more cost-effective keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer and more cost-effective keep them
+robust yet sustainable and also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust yet sustainable and also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust yet sustainable and also make
+them more resistant to people being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more resistant to people being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them more resistant to people being able
+to divert materials into creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divert materials into creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divert materials into creating
+nuclear weapons um so yeah so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons um so yeah so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons um so yeah so here are
+the six kinds of generation form reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six kinds of generation form reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six kinds of generation form reactor
+types that were deemed to be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that were deemed to be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types that were deemed to be the the
+most the most promising so there's gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the most promising so there's gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the most promising so there's gas
+cooled fast reactors LED cool fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled fast reactors LED cool fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled fast reactors LED cool fast
+reactors molten salt reactors sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors molten salt reactors sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors molten salt reactors sending
+cool fast reactors high temperature part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool fast reactors high temperature part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool fast reactors high temperature part
+of very high temperature gas reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very high temperature gas reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very high temperature gas reactors
+and supercritical water cooled reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supercritical water cooled reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supercritical water cooled reactors
+so I'm gonna be honest with you guys I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna be honest with you guys I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna be honest with you guys I
+don't know all that much about these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all that much about these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know all that much about these and
+I don't want to like spew out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to like spew out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to like spew out
+information that might potentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might potentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that might potentially be
+false so if you guys aren't interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so if you guys aren't interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false so if you guys aren't interested
+one you can talk to other lab members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can talk to other lab members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can talk to other lab members
+people in this department I know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this department I know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this department I know they're
+mostly Mike's group actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly Mike's group actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly Mike's group actually a lot of
+people Mike's coop are working on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Mike's coop are working on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Mike's coop are working on what
+one salt reactors so you guys can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one salt reactors so you guys can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one salt reactors so you guys can like
+go ahead and ask them off that or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and ask them off that or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and ask them off that or if you
+understand you can read more about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you can read more about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you can read more about them
+with this hyperlink that I included over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this hyperlink that I included over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this hyperlink that I included over
+here hopefully he will post the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here hopefully he will post the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here hopefully he will post the slides
+online and you guys can just click it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and you guys can just click it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online and you guys can just click it
+and there's a awesome source all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a awesome source all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a awesome source all about
+these different kinds of reactors any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different kinds of reactors any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different kinds of reactors any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm pretty sure that they're just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure that they're just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure that they're just kind
+of proof of concept stage right now like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof of concept stage right now like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof of concept stage right now like
+there aren't any that are producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any that are producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't any that are producing
+electricity and like in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and like in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and like in the United
+States at least good question all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at least good question all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States at least good question all right
+so all the things that we've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the things that we've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all the things that we've mentioned
+before that like how great nuclear yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that like how great nuclear yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that like how great nuclear yes
+and all the cool applications of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the cool applications of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the cool applications of it and
+how simple and easy reactors are why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how simple and easy reactors are why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how simple and easy reactors are why
+aren't we using more of it so currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we using more of it so currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we using more of it so currently
+in the u.s. there's only 99 operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. there's only 99 operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s. there's only 99 operating
+reactors that are producing electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that are producing electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors that are producing electricity
+which makes up about 19 percent or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes up about 19 percent or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes up about 19 percent or about
+20 percent of the total electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent of the total electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 percent of the total electricity
+output in the United States the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the United States the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the United States the main
+players are still you would imagine coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are still you would imagine coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are still you would imagine coal
+and natural gas so this is actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and natural gas so this is actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and natural gas so this is actually even
+worse in other in the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in other in the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse in other in the rest of the world
+and the rest of the world there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the world there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of the world there's only
+about 440 reactors federal power three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 440 reactors federal power three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 440 reactors federal power three
+countries it produces only fourteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it produces only fourteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it produces only fourteen
+percent of the global electricity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the global electricity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the global electricity so
+these proportions are pretty low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proportions are pretty low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proportions are pretty low and
+you're wondering like why aren't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wondering like why aren't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wondering like why aren't we
+using more nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more nuclear power
+what exactly is holding us back so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is holding us back so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly is holding us back so it
+turns out that the main things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the main things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the main things that are
+holding us back is just social social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding us back is just social social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding us back is just social social
+economic and therefore like government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and therefore like government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and therefore like government
+has a tense to start using nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tense to start using nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tense to start using nuclear power
+or more often so the main reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more often so the main reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more often so the main reason why
+we're a little bit hesitant to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little bit hesitant to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a little bit hesitant to start
+using more nuclear power is because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more nuclear power is because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using more nuclear power is because of
+safety issues so nuclear weak none of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety issues so nuclear weak none of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety issues so nuclear weak none of us
+could argue that nuclear is like 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that nuclear is like 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that nuclear is like 100
+percent safe it actually does have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent safe it actually does have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent safe it actually does have some
+dangers associated with it which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers associated with it which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangers associated with it which is why
+it's so important that we're doing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so important that we're doing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so important that we're doing what
+we're doing but if you guys look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing but if you guys look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing but if you guys look at this
+chart that I showed you guys in like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that I showed you guys in like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart that I showed you guys in like the
+first or second slide um you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second slide um you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or second slide um you'll notice
+that there are these events um listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are these events um listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are these events um listed
+above what are these words Three Mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above what are these words Three Mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above what are these words Three Mile
+Island Chernobyl Fukushima what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island Chernobyl Fukushima what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island Chernobyl Fukushima what are they
+yeah so there's some of our biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's some of our biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's some of our biggest
+nuclear accidents that we've experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear accidents that we've experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear accidents that we've experienced
+through history and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through history and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through history and you can see that
+after a nuclear accident you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a nuclear accident you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a nuclear accident you can see a
+pretty steep decline and the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty steep decline and the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty steep decline and the amount of
+nuclear reactors that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors that are being
+commissioned so this is especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned so this is especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned so this is especially
+noticeable at Three Mile Island which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable at Three Mile Island which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticeable at Three Mile Island which is
+essentially the first nuclear reactor as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the first nuclear reactor as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the first nuclear reactor as
+an accident that we all had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident that we all had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident that we all had to go
+through and you can see that after Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you can see that after Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you can see that after Three
+Mile Island you can see this massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island you can see this massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island you can see this massive
+steep like this massive decline in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep like this massive decline in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep like this massive decline in the
+amount of nuclear actors being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of nuclear actors being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of nuclear actors being
+commissioned this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned this is probably
+causational we can pretty much assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causational we can pretty much assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causational we can pretty much assume
+that and then you can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you can see that in
+chernobyl once you know what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl once you know what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl once you know what happened
+you can see like this also another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see like this also another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see like this also another
+massive decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive decline
+and again a Fukushima once again like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again a Fukushima once again like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again a Fukushima once again like
+the amount of reactors being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of reactors being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of reactors being
+commissioned after the accident just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned after the accident just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned after the accident just
+declines dramatically so I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines dramatically so I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines dramatically so I'm assuming
+you guys probably don't know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably don't know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably don't know exactly
+what happened during each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened during each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened during each of these
+accents like you probably know that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents like you probably know that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents like you probably know that they
+exist but like what happened during them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but like what happened during them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist but like what happened during them
+so if you do know sorry but if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do know sorry but if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do know sorry but if you don't
+know you're about to know home so Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're about to know home so Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're about to know home so Three
+Mile Island which is the first one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island which is the first one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island which is the first one it
+happened in 1979 on March 28th so Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in 1979 on March 28th so Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in 1979 on March 28th so Three
+Mile Island reactor is a PWR located in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island reactor is a PWR located in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island reactor is a PWR located in
+Pennsylvania so during this time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania so during this time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania so during this time it
+underwent a core meltdown so the cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent a core meltdown so the cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwent a core meltdown so the cause
+of this is just the fact that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is just the fact that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is just the fact that there was
+some kind of mechanical or electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mechanical or electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of mechanical or electrical
+system that prevented coolant water from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that prevented coolant water from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that prevented coolant water from
+being pumped into the primary system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pumped into the primary system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pumped into the primary system so
+because there wasn't enough water coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there wasn't enough water coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there wasn't enough water coming
+to cool up the core the core began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool up the core the core began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool up the core the core began to
+overheat so as the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheat so as the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheat so as the temperature of the
+core Rises the pressure also Rises so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Rises the pressure also Rises so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core Rises the pressure also Rises so
+they notice this and they're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they notice this and they're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they notice this and they're like oh
+shoot we got to fix that so luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot we got to fix that so luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot we got to fix that so luckily
+there is like a little emergency valve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like a little emergency valve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like a little emergency valve
+that you can see in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see in this little
+animation gets opened up and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation gets opened up and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation gets opened up and pressure
+gets released so that's all good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets released so that's all good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets released so that's all good and
+well um but unfortunately after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um but unfortunately after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um but unfortunately after the
+pressures release you should close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures release you should close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures release you should close the
+valve again and continue operation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve again and continue operation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve again and continue operation but
+it became stuck so this valve became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became stuck so this valve became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it became stuck so this valve became
+stuck and they didn't realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck and they didn't realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck and they didn't realize that
+became stuck because their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became stuck because their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became stuck because their their
+equipment and their instrument ation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and their instrument ation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment and their instrument ation
+wasn't able to take that so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to take that so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't able to take that so they
+continue operating again but this style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue operating again but this style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue operating again but this style
+was open um so there's actually water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open um so there's actually water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was open um so there's actually water
+that was getting leaked out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was getting leaked out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was getting leaked out of this
+primary this primary loop so because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary this primary loop so because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary this primary loop so because the
+water was getting leaked they noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was getting leaked they noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was getting leaked they noticed
+that oh shoot the pressure is dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh shoot the pressure is dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh shoot the pressure is dropping
+well what do you do when the pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do you do when the pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do you do when the pressures
+dropping apparently you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping apparently you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping apparently you have to make
+sure that there's not enough there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there's not enough there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that there's not enough there's not
+too many vibrations I could damage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many vibrations I could damage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many vibrations I could damage the
+reactors so they shut off the coolant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors so they shut off the coolant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors so they shut off the coolant
+pumps so well they lower the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps so well they lower the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumps so well they lower the operation
+of the quota pumps so now there's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quota pumps so now there's water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quota pumps so now there's water
+leaking out so the core is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking out so the core is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaking out so the core is getting
+hotter but then they also took out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter but then they also took out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter but then they also took out the
+water that's usually used to cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's usually used to cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that's usually used to cool the
+reactor core so again it's also getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor core so again it's also getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor core so again it's also getting
+hotter so this combination events led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter so this combination events led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotter so this combination events led to
+a core meltdown so the core amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a core meltdown so the core amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a core meltdown so the core amount of
+town um that's never a good thing by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town um that's never a good thing by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town um that's never a good thing by the
+way um so yeah and yeah so the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so yeah and yeah so the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so yeah and yeah so the core
+meltdown the reactor wasn't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltdown the reactor wasn't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meltdown the reactor wasn't able to
+operate anymore but luckily at Three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate anymore but luckily at Three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate anymore but luckily at Three
+Mile Island there was containment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island there was containment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mile Island there was containment that
+prevented radioactive isotopes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented radioactive isotopes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevented radioactive isotopes from
+leaving the system so they actually took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the system so they actually took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the system so they actually took
+a brief survey when I'd be surfing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief survey when I'd be surfing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief survey when I'd be surfing I was
+probably a long long experience but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a long long experience but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a long long experience but I
+realized that the two million people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that the two million people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that the two million people who
+are around two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are around two
+Island at the time within like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island at the time within like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island at the time within like a
+two-mile radius or like like maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-mile radius or like like maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-mile radius or like like maybe like
+a 30-mile radius or something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30-mile radius or something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 30-mile radius or something more like
+that they realized that they didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they realized that they didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they realized that they didn't get
+much dose at all they collected about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dose at all they collected about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much dose at all they collected about a
+total of one milligram more dose than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of one milligram more dose than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of one milligram more dose than
+usual so to put that in perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual so to put that in perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual so to put that in perspective and
+x-rays six mil around so really nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays six mil around so really nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays six mil around so really nothing
+that bad happened at Three Mile Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad happened at Three Mile Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad happened at Three Mile Island
+other than they had to shut it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than they had to shut it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than they had to shut it down and
+they had to do expensive repairs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to do expensive repairs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to do expensive repairs but
+people weren't hurt the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't hurt the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't hurt the environment
+wasn't damaged it wasn't that bad of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't damaged it wasn't that bad of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't damaged it wasn't that bad of a
+situation I think the effect was bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I think the effect was bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation I think the effect was bigger
+and concept than it was in actual damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concept than it was in actual damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concept than it was in actual damage
+um questions about Three Mile Island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions about Three Mile Island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um questions about Three Mile Island
+accident alrighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident alrighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident alrighty
+the next reactor accident the Big Kahuna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next reactor accident the Big Kahuna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next reactor accident the Big Kahuna
+I like to call it is Chernobyl so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to call it is Chernobyl so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to call it is Chernobyl so on
+April 25th 1986 RBMK reactor that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 25th 1986 RBMK reactor that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April 25th 1986 RBMK reactor that was
+located in Ukraine exploded so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in Ukraine exploded so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in Ukraine exploded so what they
+were doing at Chernobyl during the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing at Chernobyl during the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing at Chernobyl during the time
+of this explosion is that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this explosion is that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this explosion is that they were
+actually running ironically enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running ironically enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually running ironically enough
+safety tests oh they're running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety tests oh they're running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety tests oh they're running the
+reactor low power to see how it behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor low power to see how it behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor low power to see how it behaves
+so at low power I don't think they quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at low power I don't think they quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at low power I don't think they quite
+realized this but the coolant pumps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized this but the coolant pumps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized this but the coolant pumps in
+the reactor we're also powered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor we're also powered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor we're also powered by the
+nuclear reactor being generated so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor being generated so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactor being generated so if
+they were burning this at low power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were burning this at low power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were burning this at low power the
+coolant pumps weren't getting enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant pumps weren't getting enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant pumps weren't getting enough
+energy to properly cool the fuel core so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to properly cool the fuel core so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to properly cool the fuel core so
+that was unfortunate and they realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was unfortunate and they realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was unfortunate and they realized
+that this is a bad thing so the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a bad thing so the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a bad thing so the reactor
+start to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to go
+supercritical so one they realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical so one they realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical so one they realize that
+the reactor was creating a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor was creating a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor was creating a lot more
+fission's than it should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission's than it should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fission's than it should have been
+creating they decide to insert the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating they decide to insert the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating they decide to insert the
+control rods so thank goodness we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control rods so thank goodness we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control rods so thank goodness we have
+these high absorption control rods to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high absorption control rods to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these high absorption control rods to
+slow things down right for some reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow things down right for some reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow things down right for some reason I
+don't not completely share why they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't not completely share why they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't not completely share why they did
+this but rpm chains they have graphite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but rpm chains they have graphite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but rpm chains they have graphite
+tips control rods so as they lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips control rods so as they lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips control rods so as they lower the
+control rods into the water this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control rods into the water this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control rods into the water this
+graphite tip which doesn't effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite tip which doesn't effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite tip which doesn't effectively
+absorb neutrons it displaced a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb neutrons it displaced a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb neutrons it displaced a little
+bit too much water that was necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too much water that was necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit too much water that was necessary
+and that cost the first explosion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cost the first explosion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that cost the first explosion so
+what's super duper critical it caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's super duper critical it caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's super duper critical it caused
+the first explosion that renoble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first explosion that renoble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first explosion that renoble
+oh by the way um then for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way um then for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way um then for some reason
+like a couple minutes later there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a couple minutes later there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a couple minutes later there's a
+second explosions they're not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second explosions they're not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second explosions they're not completely
+sure why the second explosion happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure why the second explosion happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure why the second explosion happened
+to the state we can't really pinpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the state we can't really pinpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the state we can't really pinpoint
+why it could have been like building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it could have been like building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it could have been like building up
+helium or just a ton of other fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium or just a ton of other fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium or just a ton of other fission
+reactions but there's a second explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but there's a second explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions but there's a second explosion
+that actually just blew this entire core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually just blew this entire core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually just blew this entire core
+apart so that kind of stunk but it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so that kind of stunk but it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart so that kind of stunk but it did
+sum up the whole reaction because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up the whole reaction because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum up the whole reaction because the
+super critical mass was all blown apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super critical mass was all blown apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super critical mass was all blown apart
+and it was no longer supercritical it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was no longer supercritical it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was no longer supercritical it
+was fine the whole debacle stopped but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fine the whole debacle stopped but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was fine the whole debacle stopped but
+unfortunately there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there
+was a lot of radioactive radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of radioactive radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of radioactive radioactive
+isotopes being spent in environment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes being spent in environment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes being spent in environment um
+first of all Chernobyl didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all Chernobyl didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all Chernobyl didn't have the
+same kind of containment the Three Mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of containment the Three Mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of containment the Three Mile
+Island had so this these isotopes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island had so this these isotopes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island had so this these isotopes are
+just able to go everywhere and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just able to go everywhere and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just able to go everywhere and also the
+second explosion had a lot of steam with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second explosion had a lot of steam with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second explosion had a lot of steam with
+it that carry these isotopes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that carry these isotopes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that carry these isotopes even
+further than they probably should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than they probably should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than they probably should have
+gone um so if you're looking at the sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone um so if you're looking at the sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone um so if you're looking at the sad
+statistics of Chernobyl it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of Chernobyl it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics of Chernobyl it turned out
+that 28 highly exposed reactor staff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 28 highly exposed reactor staff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 28 highly exposed reactor staff and
+emergency workers died from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency workers died from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency workers died from this
+radiation or from thermal burns during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation or from thermal burns during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation or from thermal burns during
+this time and officials also believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time and officials also believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time and officials also believe
+that there's about seventy thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's about seventy thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's about seventy thousand
+seven thousand cases of thyroid cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven thousand cases of thyroid cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven thousand cases of thyroid cancer
+that occurred because of Chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred because of Chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred because of Chernobyl
+they're pretty sure I was Chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty sure I was Chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty sure I was Chernobyl
+because these are all cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are all cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are all cases that
+happened and people who are less than 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and people who are less than 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and people who are less than 18
+years old so you guys know that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old so you guys know that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old so you guys know that no one
+really lives near Chernobyl at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lives near Chernobyl at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really lives near Chernobyl at the
+moment um it's kind of been deemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um it's kind of been deemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um it's kind of been deemed
+unlivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlivable
+because these radioactive isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these radioactive isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these radioactive isotopes
+literally went everywhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally went everywhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally went everywhere in this
+environment like it was in the water it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like it was in the water it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment like it was in the water it
+was in the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the plant
+it's not safe to live there it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not safe to live there it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not safe to live there it's a
+pretty radioactive environment luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty radioactive environment luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty radioactive environment luckily
+we see that there are animals coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that there are animals coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that there are animals coming
+back now if you look on National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now if you look on National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now if you look on National
+Geographic calm there's like little deer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geographic calm there's like little deer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geographic calm there's like little deer
+roaming around Chernobyl um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaming around Chernobyl um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roaming around Chernobyl um but it's
+been about like how long has it been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about like how long has it been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about like how long has it been
+like 3040 years people are advised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3040 years people are advised to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3040 years people are advised to
+live here still search for noble was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live here still search for noble was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live here still search for noble was
+terrible questions yeah oh yeah sorry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible questions yeah oh yeah sorry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible questions yeah oh yeah sorry so
+um you guys will learn all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you guys will learn all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you guys will learn all about
+criticality in a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticality in a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticality in a little bit but
+basically when I say supercritical it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when I say supercritical it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically when I say supercritical it
+just means that there's way too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that there's way too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that there's way too many
+fission reactions happening yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I might have skipped to detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I might have skipped to detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I might have skipped to detail
+it wasn't being cooled enough so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't being cooled enough so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't being cooled enough so the
+water was evaporating and then it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was evaporating and then it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water was evaporating and then it became
+supercritical because they're not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical because they're not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical because they're not enough
+neutrons were being slowed down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons were being slowed down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons were being slowed down and
+absorbed my bad I'm sorry good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed my bad I'm sorry good all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed my bad I'm sorry good all right
+so the next reactor accident um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next reactor accident um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next reactor accident um that we
+were all alive for which is cool oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all alive for which is cool oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all alive for which is cool oh and
+what's Fukushima Daiichi so if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Fukushima Daiichi so if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's Fukushima Daiichi so if we could
+she would ITA happened in 2011 on March
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would ITA happened in 2011 on March
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would ITA happened in 2011 on March
+11th and Fukushima died Luka Shima is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th and Fukushima died Luka Shima is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11th and Fukushima died Luka Shima is in
+Japan so these reactors these are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan so these reactors these are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan so these reactors these are I
+think these are pressurized water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are pressurized water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these are pressurized water
+reactors yeah I think so um so following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors yeah I think so um so following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors yeah I think so um so following
+a major earthquake the generators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major earthquake the generators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major earthquake the generators that
+um pardon yeah so following a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pardon yeah so following a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pardon yeah so following a major
+earthquake the things that were cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake the things that were cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake the things that were cooling
+the core they broke I think they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core they broke I think they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core they broke I think they're just
+like power generators on the side that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like power generators on the side that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like power generators on the side that
+did um yeah they broke the coolant pumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um yeah they broke the coolant pumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did um yeah they broke the coolant pumps
+so there wasn't enough water being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there wasn't enough water being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there wasn't enough water being able
+to go to the field course this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the field course this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to the field course this is a very
+similar problem as you can see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problem as you can see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problem as you can see that in
+all these instances of the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these instances of the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these instances of the reactor
+incidents it's just kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents it's just kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents it's just kind of like the
+fuel core was misbehaving and we weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel core was misbehaving and we weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel core was misbehaving and we weren't
+able to get enough coolant water to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get enough coolant water to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get enough coolant water to it
+so following the earthquake these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so following the earthquake these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so following the earthquake these
+coolant pumps broke they're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant pumps broke they're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolant pumps broke they're like oh
+that's ok what we can do is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ok what we can do is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ok what we can do is we have
+backup generators to continue running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup generators to continue running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup generators to continue running
+the pumps it'll be all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumps it'll be all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pumps it'll be all okay
+nothing will happen we're all good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will happen we're all good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing will happen we're all good and
+then a tsunami hit so it's a 15-foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a tsunami hit so it's a 15-foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a tsunami hit so it's a 15-foot
+tsunami I think I think that 15 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsunami I think I think that 15 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsunami I think I think that 15 meter
+tsunami oh good gosh Oh so 15 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsunami oh good gosh Oh so 15 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsunami oh good gosh Oh so 15 meter
+tsunami hit and it broke the generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsunami hit and it broke the generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tsunami hit and it broke the generators
+and then at that point they're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that point they're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at that point they're like oh
+no so they had no other done see factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so they had no other done see factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so they had no other done see factors
+to continue pumping cool water into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue pumping cool water into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue pumping cool water into the
+fuel core so again there wasn't enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel core so again there wasn't enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel core so again there wasn't enough
+water in the core it became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the core it became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water in the core it became
+supercritical it began to melt so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical it began to melt so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercritical it began to melt so the
+fuel rods began to melt but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel rods began to melt but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel rods began to melt but this is
+actually another additional bad thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another additional bad thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually another additional bad thing so
+the water was evaporating critics team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water was evaporating critics team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water was evaporating critics team
+they're so Konya the fuel rods were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so Konya the fuel rods were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so Konya the fuel rods were
+coated with surco diem so what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated with surco diem so what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated with surco diem so what you guys
+might not know is that one zirconium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know is that one zirconium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know is that one zirconium and
+steam interact with each other that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam interact with each other that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam interact with each other that's
+not a good thing it starts to explode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good thing it starts to explode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good thing it starts to explode so
+the as you can see the reactors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as you can see the reactors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as you can see the reactors at
+Fukushima Daiichi began to explode there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fukushima Daiichi began to explode there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fukushima Daiichi began to explode there
+was radioactive radioactive isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was radioactive radioactive isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was radioactive radioactive isotopes
+being spread out all around the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being spread out all around the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being spread out all around the country
+you guys probably saw the lovely flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably saw the lovely flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys probably saw the lovely flow
+charts of like the radioactivity flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts of like the radioactivity flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts of like the radioactivity flowing
+out from Japan and making it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from Japan and making it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from Japan and making it to
+California and contaminating your fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and contaminating your fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and contaminating your fish
+and stuff like that but luckily no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that but luckily no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that but luckily no one
+was directly hurt by burns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was directly hurt by burns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was directly hurt by burns or
+radioactive exposure alright questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive exposure alright questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive exposure alright questions
+about Fukushima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so aside from these safety issues um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aside from these safety issues um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so aside from these safety issues um
+these safety issues that happen they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these safety issues that happen they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these safety issues that happen they get
+elevated in the news quite a lot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated in the news quite a lot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated in the news quite a lot so
+these are mainly the things that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mainly the things that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are mainly the things that people
+who don't really have any background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't really have any background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't really have any background in
+nuclear energy hear about nuclear energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy hear about nuclear energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear energy hear about nuclear energy
+they're like oh shoot well this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh shoot well this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like oh shoot well this thing is
+going to explode every twenty years like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explode every twenty years like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explode every twenty years like
+why do we keep using this reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we keep using this reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we keep using this reactor
+accidents are actually pretty rare like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents are actually pretty rare like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents are actually pretty rare like
+if you think about it it's been about 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it it's been about 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it it's been about 60
+or 70 years we have 440 reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 70 years we have 440 reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 70 years we have 440 reactors
+happening other countries there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening other countries there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening other countries there's three
+main accidents have happened but because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main accidents have happened but because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main accidents have happened but because
+these are the things that people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that people get
+ingrained into their mind thank you news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingrained into their mind thank you news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingrained into their mind thank you news
+stations people think that nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations people think that nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations people think that nuclear
+reactors are incredibly dangerous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors are incredibly dangerous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors are incredibly dangerous and
+that's why we have the social hesitancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have the social hesitancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have the social hesitancy
+which is why we aren't able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we aren't able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we aren't able to get
+enough government funding and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough government funding and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough government funding and which is
+why there's all these bureaucracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's all these bureaucracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's all these bureaucracy
+loopholes to jump through which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loopholes to jump through which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loopholes to jump through which is why
+nuclear power isn't more of a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power isn't more of a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power isn't more of a thing
+makes sense yeah another issue that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense yeah another issue that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense yeah another issue that's
+associated with nuclear power is nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with nuclear power is nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with nuclear power is nuclear
+waste so what in the world do we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste so what in the world do we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste so what in the world do we do with
+it so first of all the main thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so first of all the main thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so first of all the main thing in
+nuclear waste is spent fuel so like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear waste is spent fuel so like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear waste is spent fuel so like I
+mentioned you guys the spent fuel rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you guys the spent fuel rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you guys the spent fuel rods
+are made out of uranium oxide but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made out of uranium oxide but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made out of uranium oxide but after
+undergoing a much officiants these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a much officiants these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a much officiants these
+Urania these uranium particles get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urania these uranium particles get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Urania these uranium particles get
+transformed into other isotopes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into other isotopes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed into other isotopes that
+aren't fishable or fertile or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't fishable or fertile or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't fishable or fertile or even
+remotely bizarre right so we eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely bizarre right so we eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remotely bizarre right so we eventually
+have to replace them and add a new rods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to replace them and add a new rods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to replace them and add a new rods
+and this is a process that happens every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a process that happens every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a process that happens every
+late 12 or so years I'm not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 12 or so years I'm not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 12 or so years I'm not completely
+sure and let statistic but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and let statistic but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and let statistic but the main
+issue is like what do we do with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is like what do we do with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is like what do we do with all
+this material so the mysterious material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material so the mysterious material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material so the mysterious material
+that comes out is pretty radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out is pretty radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out is pretty radioactive
+it's also incredibly hot so it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also incredibly hot so it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also incredibly hot so it can be
+dangerous if someone decides to they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous if someone decides to they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous if someone decides to they
+come and eat it oh so that's why we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and eat it oh so that's why we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and eat it oh so that's why we got
+to figure out a way to dispose it so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out a way to dispose it so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out a way to dispose it so the
+primary way of disposing of this spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary way of disposing of this spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary way of disposing of this spent
+fuel is putting it into spent fuel pools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel is putting it into spent fuel pools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel is putting it into spent fuel pools
+so spent fuel pools are just giant tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spent fuel pools are just giant tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so spent fuel pools are just giant tanks
+the water that exists at the reactor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that exists at the reactor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water that exists at the reactor so
+these tanks of water are mixed with I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tanks of water are mixed with I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tanks of water are mixed with I
+believe it's boron which is the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's boron which is the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's boron which is the neutron
+absorber let me simply just put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber let me simply just put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber let me simply just put the
+spent fuel rods all the way at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent fuel rods all the way at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent fuel rods all the way at the
+bottom of the pool so this pool is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the pool so this pool is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the pool so this pool is that
+like 20 meters high I think and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 meters high I think and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 20 meters high I think and this is
+actually a really good solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really good solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really good solution because
+the water in the pool it cools down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water in the pool it cools down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water in the pool it cools down the
+reactor rods um and also prevents a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor rods um and also prevents a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor rods um and also prevents a lot
+of neutrons from escaping because water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neutrons from escaping because water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neutrons from escaping because water
+is a really great neutron moderator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really great neutron moderator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really great neutron moderator you
+guys all know this I'm gonna turn down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all know this I'm gonna turn down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys all know this I'm gonna turn down
+it's actually fairly safe apparently you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly safe apparently you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly safe apparently you
+can go swimming on the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go swimming on the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go swimming on the top of the
+reactor so that fuel pool and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so that fuel pool and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so that fuel pool and you'll be
+okay I'm not be exposed to too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not be exposed to too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not be exposed to too much
+radiation if you want so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation if you want so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation if you want so yeah
+so this is the main solution that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the main solution that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the main solution that people
+have been using for years but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been using for years but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been using for years but they
+realize that this isn't super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this isn't super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this isn't super
+sustainable because the amount of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable because the amount of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable because the amount of space
+that we have and they spent fuel pools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have and they spent fuel pools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have and they spent fuel pools
+is not infinite like we have way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not infinite like we have way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not infinite like we have way too
+much spent fuel to be able to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much spent fuel to be able to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much spent fuel to be able to just
+continue to store it and they spent fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to store it and they spent fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to store it and they spent fuel
+pools so like shoot kind of find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools so like shoot kind of find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pools so like shoot kind of find another
+solution so the next solution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the next solution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the next solution was
+something called dry cask storage so dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called dry cask storage so dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called dry cask storage so dry
+cask storage is just a way to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cask storage is just a way to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cask storage is just a way to keep this
+spent fuel surrounded by an inert gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent fuel surrounded by an inert gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent fuel surrounded by an inert gas so
+and it's held inside a cask a cache just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's held inside a cask a cache just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's held inside a cask a cache just
+being probably like a steel drum that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being probably like a steel drum that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being probably like a steel drum that's
+like bolted and welded shut and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bolted and welded shut and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bolted and welded shut and there's
+additional pieces of shielding around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pieces of shielding around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional pieces of shielding around it
+like cement and then etc so there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cement and then etc so there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cement and then etc so there's just
+like gigantic tanks basically that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gigantic tanks basically that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gigantic tanks basically that are
+sitting outside so they just put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting outside so they just put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting outside so they just put them
+outside the reactor as you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the reactor as you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the reactor as you can see it's
+just it looks like it's sitting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it looks like it's sitting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it looks like it's sitting in a
+parking lot outside the reactor and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot outside the reactor and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot outside the reactor and so
+this is a okay solution um so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a okay solution um so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a okay solution um so basically
+what they do is they take the spent fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they take the spent fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they take the spent fuel
+let it sit in their pool for about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit in their pool for about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it sit in their pool for about a
+year or so maybe two or three years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so maybe two or three years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year or so maybe two or three years and
+then they're able to take it out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're able to take it out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're able to take it out because
+at that point it's significantly less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point it's significantly less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point it's significantly less
+radioactive because you know you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive because you know you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive because you know you guys
+know how to calculate this - you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to calculate this - you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to calculate this - you guys
+know like the half-life of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like the half-life of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like the half-life of different
+isotopes you see that the radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes you see that the radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes you see that the radioactivity
+declines at a certain point it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines at a certain point it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines at a certain point it's also
+more cool now so they can put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cool now so they can put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cool now so they can put them in
+these tanks so they let these tanks hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tanks so they let these tanks hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tanks so they let these tanks hang
+outside and this is an OK solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and this is an OK solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and this is an OK solution
+except for the fact that again we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that again we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the fact that again we just
+have to weigh too much spent fuel to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to weigh too much spent fuel to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to weigh too much spent fuel to be
+able to do this it turns out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this it turns out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do this it turns out that if you
+were to just keep all the spec filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just keep all the spec filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just keep all the spec filled
+that we create in fuel cast it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we create in fuel cast it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we create in fuel cast it would
+take about 300 acres away and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 300 acres away and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take about 300 acres away and which is
+absolutely a main and obviously no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely a main and obviously no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely a main and obviously no one
+wants to take up that brief a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to take up that brief a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to take up that brief a little
+side note when I was googling like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side note when I was googling like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side note when I was googling like
+images of dry cask storage I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of dry cask storage I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of dry cask storage I was looking
+for the different types well I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the different types well I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the different types well I thought
+particularly disturbing was that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly disturbing was that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly disturbing was that there's
+only two types listed vertical storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two types listed vertical storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two types listed vertical storage
+and horizontal storage like there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horizontal storage like there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horizontal storage like there's no
+other solutions other than these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solutions other than these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solutions other than these are
+giant tanks anyway so people realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant tanks anyway so people realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant tanks anyway so people realize
+that we need to figure out yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to figure out yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to figure out yet another
+way to dispose of the spent fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to dispose of the spent fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to dispose of the spent fuel
+hopefully a way that doesn't get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a way that doesn't get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a way that doesn't get in the
+way of people with backyards so their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of people with backyards so their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of people with backyards so their
+idea was something called deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was something called deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was something called deep
+geological repositories their deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological repositories their deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological repositories their deep
+geologic repositories literally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologic repositories literally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologic repositories literally just
+means that they want to bury the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they want to bury the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they want to bury the nuclear
+waste very deep into the ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste very deep into the ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste very deep into the ground and
+never be able to retrieve it again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to retrieve it again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be able to retrieve it again so
+the main push this was well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main push this was well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main push this was well first of all
+it's a permanent method disposal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a permanent method disposal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a permanent method disposal they
+hope to put it in the ground never have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to put it in the ground never have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to put it in the ground never have
+to think about again so therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about again so therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about again so therefore the
+regions that they choose to bury in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that they choose to bury in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions that they choose to bury in the
+ground have to fulfill a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground have to fulfill a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground have to fulfill a lot of
+criterion so this criterion includes not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion so this criterion includes not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion so this criterion includes not
+having a lot of seismic activity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of seismic activity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a lot of seismic activity because
+we are keeping this nuclear waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are keeping this nuclear waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are keeping this nuclear waste
+underground in these cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground in these cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground in these cow
+for thousands of years if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years if there is a
+huge earthquake those casts break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge earthquake those casts break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge earthquake those casts break
+radiation gets everywhere that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation gets everywhere that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation gets everywhere that's
+obviously not a good thing so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not a good thing so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously not a good thing so you know
+make sure that doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that doesn't happen
+lost have to make sure that there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost have to make sure that there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost have to make sure that there's not
+a lot of water that leaks through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of water that leaks through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of water that leaks through
+because the water can carry the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the water can carry the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the water can carry the radio
+actually I radio I said may be isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I radio I said may be isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I radio I said may be isotopes
+and carry them into the vironment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carry them into the vironment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carry them into the vironment which
+is something else that we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something else that we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something else that we don't want to
+do a lot of guys chuckled when you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of guys chuckled when you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of guys chuckled when you saw
+me you come mountain so Yucca Mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you come mountain so Yucca Mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you come mountain so Yucca Mountain
+is like the primary push by the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the primary push by the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the primary push by the United
+States to find a deep geological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States to find a deep geological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States to find a deep geological
+repository somewhere in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository somewhere in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository somewhere in the United
+States so we can deal with our fuel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so we can deal with our fuel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so we can deal with our fuel so
+in 2002 the main push for this began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 the main push for this began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 the main push for this began
+they spent a lot of money they spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent a lot of money they spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent a lot of money they spent
+like billions of dollars finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like billions of dollars finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like billions of dollars finding the
+perfect location to put our spent fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect location to put our spent fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect location to put our spent fuel
+they had like nine different locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like nine different locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had like nine different locations
+they finally narrowed it down to Yucca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they finally narrowed it down to Yucca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they finally narrowed it down to Yucca
+Mountain they're like yes this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountain they're like yes this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountain they're like yes this is the
+one and they started like digging down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and they started like digging down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and they started like digging down
+deep into nuclear you come out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into nuclear you come out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into nuclear you come out into
+making this happen but then things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this happen but then things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this happen but then things
+weren't as peachy-keen as I hoped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't as peachy-keen as I hoped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't as peachy-keen as I hoped it
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+so Yucca Mountain is located in Nevada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Yucca Mountain is located in Nevada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Yucca Mountain is located in Nevada
+people of Nevada weren't happy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Nevada weren't happy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of Nevada weren't happy about
+this um they're like why why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um they're like why why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um they're like why why are we
+getting tossed on nuclear waste we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting tossed on nuclear waste we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting tossed on nuclear waste we don't
+even have nuclear reactors in Nevada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have nuclear reactors in Nevada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have nuclear reactors in Nevada
+this is not there there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not there there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not there there's a lot of
+opposition and because of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition and because of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition and because of the social
+opposition there was government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition there was government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition there was government
+opposition and many loopholes had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition and many loopholes had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposition and many loopholes had to
+jump through and so it's just becoming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump through and so it's just becoming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump through and so it's just becoming a
+huge disaster they also realized that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge disaster they also realized that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge disaster they also realized that it
+wasn't as geologically sound as I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't as geologically sound as I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't as geologically sound as I had
+hoped there's a lot more ground water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped there's a lot more ground water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoped there's a lot more ground water
+running through and seeping through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through and seeping through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through and seeping through
+Yucca Mountain then they thought there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yucca Mountain then they thought there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yucca Mountain then they thought there
+would be so it's actually not as safe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so it's actually not as safe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be so it's actually not as safe as
+I had hoped so there's a huge debacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had hoped so there's a huge debacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had hoped so there's a huge debacle
+basically the costs are rising nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the costs are rising nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the costs are rising nothing
+much was happening there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much was happening there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much was happening there's a bunch of
+different things preventing progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things preventing progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things preventing progression
+from happening and then 2011 under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening and then 2011 under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from happening and then 2011 under the
+Obama administration he just called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama administration he just called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama administration he just called it
+quits there's no more government funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits there's no more government funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quits there's no more government funding
+till you come out in it's been abandoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you come out in it's been abandoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till you come out in it's been abandoned
+as you can see from this lovely google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from this lovely google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see from this lovely google
+picture it's permanently closed and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's permanently closed and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it's permanently closed and you
+can also see that like 14 people went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see that like 14 people went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see that like 14 people went
+out their way to review you come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their way to review you come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out their way to review you come out and
+um but we're actually doing okay it's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're actually doing okay it's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're actually doing okay it's at
+3.6 stars just like uh normal like motel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.6 stars just like uh normal like motel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.6 stars just like uh normal like motel
+or something like that yeah so that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that yeah so that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that yeah so that has
+been abandoned this idea has currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been abandoned this idea has currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been abandoned this idea has currently
+been a banned in the United States we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a banned in the United States we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a banned in the United States we're
+kind of still looking for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of still looking for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of still looking for other
+solutions but we really don't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but we really don't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but we really don't have it
+figured out all that well there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out all that well there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out all that well there is one
+other kind of way of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of way of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kind of way of dealing with
+nuclear waste which is repurposing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear waste which is repurposing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear waste which is repurposing I
+personally think nuclear repurposing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think nuclear repurposing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think nuclear repurposing is
+the coolest option out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest option out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolest option out there and
+basically repurposing just means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically repurposing just means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically repurposing just means you
+take the spent fuel you chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the spent fuel you chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the spent fuel you chemically
+separate out any material that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out any material that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out any material that could be
+continuing to be used any fissile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to be used any fissile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to be used any fissile
+material that could be continuing to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that could be continuing to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that could be continuing to be
+used in other reactors so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in other reactors so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in other reactors so basically you
+take the spent fuel and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the spent fuel and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the spent fuel and it turns out
+that 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 96
+of a use fuel assemblies recyclable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a use fuel assemblies recyclable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a use fuel assemblies recyclable so
+you take the Sun feel you take out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the Sun feel you take out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the Sun feel you take out what
+is useful you throw away what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful you throw away what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful you throw away what's not
+useful which is also still radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful which is also still radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful which is also still radioactive
+waste that has to be put in a fuel pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste that has to be put in a fuel pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste that has to be put in a fuel pool
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+well you have this precious fuel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have this precious fuel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you have this precious fuel that
+you can like put into another reactor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like put into another reactor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like put into another reactor so
+this is actually something that France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually something that France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually something that France
+and other places in Europe and Russia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places in Europe and Russia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other places in Europe and Russia in
+Japan they use repurposing quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan they use repurposing quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan they use repurposing quite a lot
+for somebody's in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody's in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for somebody's in the United States
+doesn't do it so the reason being is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it so the reason being is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do it so the reason being is
+that this is a really cool idea it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a really cool idea it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a really cool idea it's
+like recycling it's like very like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like recycling it's like very like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like recycling it's like very like it's
+very clever I think I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever I think I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clever I think I think it's
+personally one of the cleverest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally one of the cleverest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally one of the cleverest
+solutions but the issue is is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but the issue is is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions but the issue is is that it's
+kind of a really expensive process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a really expensive process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a really expensive process so
+repurposing fuel takes a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing fuel takes a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing fuel takes a lot of money
+and it turns out that the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that the act of
+repurposing fuel actually cost more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing fuel actually cost more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurposing fuel actually cost more than
+just buying a new chunk of uranium-235
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just buying a new chunk of uranium-235
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just buying a new chunk of uranium-235
+which is why we don't do it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we don't do it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why we don't do it's not
+economically sound um see ya you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically sound um see ya you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically sound um see ya you guys
+have any questions about anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about anything I
+mentioned about deposition of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about deposition of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned about deposition of nuclear
+waste almost done so all these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste almost done so all these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste almost done so all these are
+issues like we have a lot nuclear waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like we have a lot nuclear waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues like we have a lot nuclear waste
+to deal with is kind of there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with is kind of there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with is kind of there is an
+inherent danger with using nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent danger with using nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent danger with using nuclear power
+but the real thing that holds us back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real thing that holds us back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the real thing that holds us back
+from just having nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just having nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from just having nuclear power
+everywhere and creating about like 90%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and creating about like 90%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and creating about like 90%
+of our electricity as we would hope it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electricity as we would hope it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our electricity as we would hope it
+would is economics so in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would is economics so in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would is economics so in this world
+money really matters a lot so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money really matters a lot so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money really matters a lot so the
+economics of nuclear power is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of nuclear power is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics of nuclear power is actually
+really complicated topic and it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated topic and it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated topic and it changes
+depending on who you talk to there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who you talk to there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on who you talk to there's a
+lot of factors that are involved so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of factors that are involved so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of factors that are involved so you
+can include certain factors into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can include certain factors into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can include certain factors into your
+calculations like oh the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations like oh the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations like oh the cost of
+building the reactor in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the reactor in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the reactor in the first place
+or like the fuel costs our operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the fuel costs our operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the fuel costs our operating
+cost and maintenance cost or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and maintenance cost or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and maintenance cost or less the
+amount of money that comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money that comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money that comes out of
+damaging the environment you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging the environment you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaging the environment you can play
+all these different factors in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different factors in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different factors in and
+everyone turns out a different number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone turns out a different number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone turns out a different number so
+but basically everyone you talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically everyone you talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically everyone you talk to you
+if you can look at this chart yellow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can look at this chart yellow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can look at this chart yellow is
+nuclear power look gray is coal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power look gray is coal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power look gray is coal and the
+blue is the natural gas but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is the natural gas but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is the natural gas but basically
+anyway you talk to you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you talk to you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway you talk to you can see that
+nuclear is not nearly as economic of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear is not nearly as economic of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear is not nearly as economic of a
+source of electricity generation as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of electricity generation as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of electricity generation as any
+other of these ones that I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of these ones that I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other of these ones that I mentioned
+unless you talk to UK UK thinks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you talk to UK UK thinks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you talk to UK UK thinks it's
+okay but everyone else is saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but everyone else is saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but everyone else is saying that
+it's not as money efficient so where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as money efficient so where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as money efficient so where are
+all these costs coming from so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these costs coming from so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these costs coming from so the
+primary cost actually lies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary cost actually lies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary cost actually lies with
+something called capital cost so capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called capital cost so capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called capital cost so capital
+cost is basically the sunk cost of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is basically the sunk cost of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is basically the sunk cost of just
+building the reactor building reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the reactor building reactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the reactor building reactors
+takes billions of dollars it also takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes billions of dollars it also takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes billions of dollars it also takes
+tons of time and because it takes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of time and because it takes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tons of time and because it takes a lot
+of time interest rates also jack up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time interest rates also jack up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time interest rates also jack up that
+and further so basically it's just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further so basically it's just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further so basically it's just just
+this massive investment they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this massive investment they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this massive investment they have to
+throw in immediately um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in immediately um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in immediately um and this is
+where most of the issues lie like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the issues lie like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the issues lie like it's
+really hard to go to investor would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to go to investor would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to go to investor would be
+like hey can I have a billion dollars to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey can I have a billion dollars to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hey can I have a billion dollars to
+Bill this nuclear reactor it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill this nuclear reactor it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill this nuclear reactor it's gonna
+take five years and it's gonna take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five years and it's gonna take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five years and it's gonna take
+twenty more years for you to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty more years for you to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty more years for you to get your
+profit back how does that sound no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit back how does that sound no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit back how does that sound no
+investor is going to be like yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is going to be like yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor is going to be like yeah that's
+a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea
+that's the main reason why we can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main reason why we can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the main reason why we can't get
+nuclear up and running we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear up and running we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear up and running we have a lot of
+plans and we have the possibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and we have the possibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and we have the possibility to
+create a lot of plants but we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a lot of plants but we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a lot of plants but we just don't
+have the money to do so because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the money to do so because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the money to do so because it's a
+huge chunk of money like I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chunk of money like I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge chunk of money like I mentioned
+before it takes a while to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it takes a while to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it takes a while to get your
+profit back and also if for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit back and also if for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit back and also if for some reason
+something happens and you have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens and you have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happens and you have to stop
+building your reactor well you just lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building your reactor well you just lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building your reactor well you just lost
+a billion dollars like there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion dollars like there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion dollars like there's no
+turning back right if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning back right if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning back right if you look at this
+chart over here which is breaking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart over here which is breaking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart over here which is breaking up the
+cost of you can energy per kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of you can energy per kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of you can energy per kilowatt hour
+I believe you come on our kilowatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe you come on our kilowatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe you come on our kilowatt hour
+kilowatt hour I'll be can see nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour I'll be can see nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour I'll be can see nuclear
+coal and natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal and natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal and natural gas
+so this giant went chunk over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this giant went chunk over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this giant went chunk over here
+refers to the fuel so if you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the fuel so if you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the fuel so if you can look at
+nuclear power the majority the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power the majority the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power the majority the cost
+actually doesn't come from nuclear fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't come from nuclear fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't come from nuclear fuel
+at all it's just about one cent per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's just about one cent per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's just about one cent per
+kilowatt hour as compared to natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour as compared to natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilowatt hour as compared to natural gas
+which the majority of the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the majority of the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the majority of the cost of
+electricity actually comes from the fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity actually comes from the fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity actually comes from the fuel
+if you look at operation of maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at operation of maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at operation of maintenance
+again it's not that large of a chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not that large of a chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's not that large of a chunk
+it's about the same as maintaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the same as maintaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the same as maintaining a
+coal power plant but then if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal power plant but then if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal power plant but then if you look at
+the capital cost which is the dark gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital cost which is the dark gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital cost which is the dark gray
+color you can see how massive that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color you can see how massive that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color you can see how massive that is in
+comparison to building natural gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to building natural gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison to building natural gas and
+coal power plants yeah I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal power plants yeah I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal power plants yeah I think that's
+the main thing so because it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing so because it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing so because it is more
+expensive we can't compete with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive we can't compete with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive we can't compete with other
+forms of electricity people buying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of electricity people buying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of electricity people buying the
+electricity that's cheapest not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that's cheapest not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity that's cheapest not
+necessarily the electricity that's best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the electricity that's best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the electricity that's best
+for like grandchildren or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like grandchildren or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like grandchildren or something like
+that yeah so that's why nuclear power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so that's why nuclear power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so that's why nuclear power is
+it more of a thing and that ends my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more of a thing and that ends my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more of a thing and that ends my
+pretty lengthy sideshow so do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty lengthy sideshow so do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty lengthy sideshow so do you guys
+have any questions about anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions about anything I
+mentioned if you guys are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned if you guys are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned if you guys are interested
+about any of these topics like if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of these topics like if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any of these topics like if any of
+these things piqued your interest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things piqued your interest I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things piqued your interest I
+recommend going to NRC go if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend going to NRC go if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend going to NRC go if they have a
+lot of really cool information let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really cool information let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really cool information let me
+write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that down
+because I talked quickly uh-huh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I talked quickly uh-huh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I talked quickly uh-huh that's
+basically where I got the majority my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where I got the majority my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically where I got the majority my
+information for the slide show and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the slide show and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for the slide show and it is
+a reliable source it might just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable source it might just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable source it might just be
+skewed a little bit pro-nuclear so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed a little bit pro-nuclear so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed a little bit pro-nuclear so just
+keep that in mind but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind but there's a lot of
+like crazy sources out there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy sources out there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crazy sources out there on the
+website out there on the interwebs take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website out there on the interwebs take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website out there on the interwebs take
+them with a grain of salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a grain of salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a grain of salt
+take NRC gov with less grains of salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take NRC gov with less grains of salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take NRC gov with less grains of salt
+than usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than usual
+um or it's one of these things really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or it's one of these things really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or it's one of these things really
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+I interest you guys can take 2204 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I interest you guys can take 2204 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I interest you guys can take 2204 which
+is really cool cost that's offered here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool cost that's offered here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool cost that's offered here
+I think this spring and if not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this spring and if not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this spring and if not the
+spring next spring I'll but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring next spring I'll but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring next spring I'll but basically
+it's called nuclear power society it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called nuclear power society it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called nuclear power society it's
+chopped by a guy named Scott Kemp he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped by a guy named Scott Kemp he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped by a guy named Scott Kemp he
+talks about all these things in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about all these things in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about all these things in a lot of
+detail and slower so yeah cool so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and slower so yeah cool so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and slower so yeah cool so thank
+you guys so much for coming I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys so much for coming I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys so much for coming I know you
+guys could have slept a next hour but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys could have slept a next hour but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys could have slept a next hour but
+instead you heard me ramble for an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qObvbkcU838.txt b/qObvbkcU838.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..518446bb28e8f113d586520a347927d41eae1509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qObvbkcU838.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1255 @@
+Good morning.  So,   
+
+we are going to see if my voice holds up through this lecture today.   
+
+It is a casualty of having been at Foxborough yesterday,   
+
+and then staying up rather late watching the Red Sox game.   
+
+On the whole, both seemed to have come through successfully,   
+
+but my voice is a bit of a casualty of the events.   
+
+So, we'll see.  But I'm going to sound a lot  
+
+scratchier than normal.    
+
+So, how many of you stayed up to the end of the game last night?   
+
+Good, excellent.  I approve.    
+
+OK,last time, we spoke about the idea of cloning DNA,   
+
+to create libraries of molecules.    
+
+And again, I think this is just one of the most clever inventions  
+
+because it's a completely new way to think about purifying molecules.   
+
+Rather than purifying molecules,  by separating them based on their  
+
+biochemical properties,  it's purifying molecules by diluting  
+
+them into single components,  and then amplifying each back up  
+
+from its own source.  It's really quite a beautiful idea.   
+
+And just to go over it, we take,  say, human DNA,   
+
+or we could take drosophila DNA,  or we could take yeast DNA, or we  
+
+could take any other DNA we feel like.   
+
+We cut it up in some fashion with a restriction enzyme.   
+
+We'll use our favorite restriction enzyme here, echo R1,   
+
+which cuts a defying side,  GAATTC.  We take that.  We add our  
+
+insert DNA.  These are referred to as inserts because they're going to  
+
+be inserted into a plasmid.  We take a plasmid vector.   
+
+The plasmid vector here is a naturally occurring,   
+
+although sometimes modified,  piece of DNA that bacteria have that  
+
+take an origin of replication that allow it to grow autonomously when  
+
+put in a bacterial cell,  a selectable marker.   
+
+The selectable marker,  for example, ampicillin resistance,   
+
+or some other resistance, we add these and then we seal up the pieces  
+
+of the DNA using the enzyme ligase.  Ligase joins and joins producing  
+
+for us molecules of this sort.  We make zillions of them in  
+
+parallel in one test tube.  We then transform them by adding  
+
+these molecules to bacterial cells that have been appropriately  
+
+prepared to be transformed,  that is, their membranes have been  
+
+treated in such a way that they're going to be most likely to  
+
+suck up pieces of DNA.  We then plate them on a plate at a  
+
+density so that individual bacterial cells are well separated from each  
+
+other.  You try a bunch of different densities so you get one right.   
+
+And, you let them grow up.  And,  every colony here, as we discussed,   
+
+is the descendant of a single bacterial cell,   
+
+carrying ideally a single plasmid.    
+
+And, that single plasmid,  we know it's carrying a single  
+
+plasmid because we were clever enough to put ampicillin or other  
+
+selectable marker on this plate.  And so, only bacteria that have  
+
+picked up the plasmid are ampicillin resistant.  And there you go.   
+
+This is called a library.  And,  at the end of the day, you may have  
+
+a library that contains one plate of clones or a library containing  
+
+hundreds of plates of clones.  We're going to see how we last  
+
+through this.  Now,  a few people asked me at the end of  
+
+the last lecture,  well, OK, but what about the details.   
+
+Is it really going to work like this?  How come some of these  
+
+plasmid molecules don't automatically get closed back up by  
+
+ligase?  Why is it that there's always an insert in the plasmid?   
+
+What's the answer to that question?  Sorry?  There's not an answer  
+
+because sometimes ligase might close up that molecule.   
+
+Now, that would be unfortunate because it would mean that a bunch  
+
+of the things in your library just had the vector without any insert.   
+
+So, and these are details, but over the course of years,   
+
+recombinant DNA specialists have worked out lots of cute tricks to  
+
+make better and better libraries.  I'll just give you an example of  
+
+the kinds of things.  Remember that in order to ligate DNA,   
+
+we had a five prime here.  We have a phosphate group here,   
+
+three prime hydroxyl phosphate here,  double strand of DNA here.  We have  
+
+a phosphate here.  We have a hydroxyl here,   
+
+phosphate five prime, three prime.    
+
+If ligase is going to come along,  it turns out that ligase needs the  
+
+phosphate there in order to seal it up and make a chain.   
+
+So, for example, suppose we were to arrange that the plasmid vector  
+
+didn't have phosphates on its two ends.  Then ligase would not be able  
+
+to re-seal the plasmid vector.  That's a cute trick.   
+
+This is just cooking,  but I'm giving you an idea of the  
+
+kind of cooking tricks we use in all this.  So, ideally,   
+
+you would like an enzyme that can remove phosphate groups from the end  
+
+of DNA.  How are you going to invent such an enzyme?   
+
+It already exists is the answer to all these questions.   
+
+And, bacteria have such an enzyme that can remove phosphate groups.   
+
+So, just remove phosphate groups.  And of course these enzymes are  
+
+developed by bacteria because they need them in the course of DNA  
+
+metabolism.  And,  what do you think the enzyme is  
+
+called?  Phosphotase,  of course.  That's what happens,   
+
+use phosphotase, and you treat that,  and it doesn't seal back up.  Now,   
+
+somebody will say to me,  well, OK, but now I've got my vector  
+
+here, and I don't have a phosphate on it, and so this is  
+
+my vector DNA.  And then, I've got my insert DNA,   
+
+and sorry, my insert DNA here, it has a hydroxyl here and a phosphate  
+
+here.  So, the vector has no phosphate.  But,   
+
+when ligase wants to attach an insert, it's got a phosphate here  
+
+but not here.  What's going to happen?  Well,   
+
+it turns out that ligase will seal up this because it's got a phosphate,   
+
+but it'll leave this one open.  Now, is that a problem?   
+
+It turns out, if you just transform it into the bacteria with that hole  
+
+there on one strand but not both strands, it's still a covalently  
+
+closed circle on one of its strands.  The bacteria will repair it.  So,   
+
+you can take advantage of the bacteria's own DNA repair mechanisms  
+
+to just throw the molecule in sealed up on one strand and let its repair  
+
+mechanism; all these tricks we play to our advantage.   
+
+Someone else asked after class,  what happens if the gene I'm  
+
+interested in studying has,  here's my gene let's say that I'm  
+
+interested in studying.  I take human DNA.  I cut it with  
+
+echo R1.  So, I have cut it at all the echo sites.   
+
+Well, golly, what happens if my gene happened to have an echo site  
+
+in it?  Then my gene's going to be cut up into two pieces.   
+
+Isn't that bad?  What do I do about that?   
+
+Do I know in advance if my gene has an echo site?  Well,   
+
+no, I don't, because I don't know what my gene is.   
+
+I'm making a library of everything in the genome.   
+
+So, some genes will have it,  and some won't.  And, I might not  
+
+know the gene I'm looking for.  So, how do I avoid that?  Sorry?   
+
+Oh, you've tried another enzyme.  You've tried BAM and Hindi,   
+
+and make a library with different enzymes.  That's one  
+
+way.  That works.  Another way, just to give you a  
+
+sense of how fast molecular biologists are with this.   
+
+Supposed when we add echo R1 we don't let the reaction go to  
+
+completion.  Suppose we run the reaction under conditions where it's  
+
+somewhat inefficient,  and instead of managing to cleave  
+
+every echo site,  on average it cleaves,   
+
+say, one out of every three-echo sites.  You can do that.   
+
+So, that means you can arrange just by your reaction conditions to on  
+
+average randomly cleave some but not others.   
+
+And, these are called partial digestions.  So,   
+
+it turns out that all of the kinds of things that people were asking me  
+
+about afterwards,  I was very glad people were thinking  
+
+about would this really work?  There are tricks to get around all  
+
+of it, and there's a whole fat book of protocols about if you want to  
+
+make a library really,  really carefully, how you would do  
+
+that, how you make sure the vector doesn't re-close,   
+
+how you make sure that you don't cut every site but random sites,   
+
+and things like that.  And, all of these rely on lots of  
+
+enzymes and things that bacteria have already invented.   
+
+So, I'm just going to put these down as cooking tips.   
+
+These are not really necessarily,  I don't care whether you know the  
+
+details or not,  rather that there exists a whole 15  
+
+years, 20 years worth of ways to make the best possible libraries.   
+
+And so, it's quite routine now to be able to make good libraries.   
+
+All right, so,  having made a library,   
+
+the challenge is finding your clone.  How to find your clone, the clone  
+
+of interest.  So,  I need to describe a number of ways  
+
+that people have for finding a clone of interest.  And here,   
+
+of course, up to this point,  the DNA could be zebra DNA, and it  
+
+could be human DNA and yeast DNA,  and it could be something that is an  
+
+enzyme for arginine,  or this, or that.   
+
+But now we have to be specific.  So, let's suppose we go back to a  
+
+problem we talked about before about,  say, auxotrophy for a nutrient.   
+
+So, let's suppose that I have a bacteria, maybe even E coli itself,   
+
+where I have selected mutants that are auxotrophic for arginine.   
+
+So, arginine auxotrophs will grow on rich medium, but on minimal medium  
+
+they don't grow.  But, they would grow if I added  
+
+arginine to that medium.  They don't grow because they have a  
+
+mutation in a gene.  We know it's a gene because we  
+
+crossed together the mutant and the wild type.  We show that we can  
+
+define this phenotype to be a recessive phenotype.   
+
+We can map it in the yeast genome by showing it has linkage to other  
+
+phenotypes.  That's all great.  We can do classical genetics, a la  
+
+Mendel, a la Morgan,  a la Sturtevant.   
+
+But, how are we going to find the gene?  How are we going to,   
+
+now, use our tools of recombinant DNA to get physically in our hand  
+
+the piece of DNA that encodes the gene that is defective in the strand?   
+
+So, have a mutant bacteria.  It can't make arginine.  It can't  
+
+grow in minimal medium.  Somewhere in there, you know  
+
+there's a mutation in the DNA sequence.   
+
+How do we find it?  What should we do?   
+
+This is the whole point of recombinant DNA,   
+
+to make this abstract notion of,  there exists genes, they transmit  
+
+all this kind of stuff,  concrete.  How are you going to find  
+
+it?  Any takers?  Sorry?  Run a gel.   
+
+So, I take DNA,  cut it up, run a gel.   
+
+I have all the DNA from the bacteria schmeered (sic) out.   
+
+And somewhere in that schmeer is the gene.  So,   
+
+I take normal DNA from normal bacteria.  I take mutant DNA.   
+
+One nucleotide is different in the mutant DNA.  I run them out,   
+
+and I assure you, they just look like a schmeer.   
+
+It's just a big schmeer of DNA.  It's hard to see one nucleotide  
+
+difference out of the 4 million nucleotides.   
+
+The E coli say,  how are we going to get that?   
+
+This is good.  We're thinking practically here.   
+
+What else?  Sorry?  Sorry?  Cut it up.  I'm assuming  
+
+she wanted it cut up and run out on the gel.  It still will look like a  
+
+schmeer.  Forget the gel.  Cut it up.  Make a library.   
+
+OK, so we're going to make a library.  Let's assume now we have a  
+
+library of different E coli cells containing individual plasmids,   
+
+containing random bits of E coli.  How's that going to help?   
+
+Splice it back in.  How do I know if I spliced it back in?   
+
+Ooh, that's an interesting thought.  Suppose I were to make my library  
+
+using wild type DNA,  DNA from the wild type strain.   
+
+So, I'm going to make a library containing lots and lots of  
+
+fragments of normal E coli DNA.  This is my library.  I'm going to  
+
+transform it into,  what kind of bacteria should I  
+
+transform it into,  wild type or mutant?   
+
+Who votes mutant?  Who votes wild type?   
+
+We'll go with mutant,  then.  Mutant.  We'll put it in  
+
+mutant.  So now,  all of these mutant cells,   
+
+each one is going to suck up a plasmid.  We then are going to plate  
+
+this, and let colonies grow up.  One of these colonies contained,   
+
+so this mutant is arge minus.  And, one of these colonies is going  
+
+to contain the ARG plus gene here.  How are we going to know which one?   
+
+Sorry?  How are we going to know which one has the arge plus gene?   
+
+Yes?  So, plate it on minimal medium.  If I plate it on minimal  
+
+medium, what will happen to most of my mutant bacteria?   
+
+They're not going to grow.  But, what's going to happen to the  
+
+bacteria that happens to be lucky enough to have picked up the plasmid  
+
+that contains the ARG plus gene?  It'll grow.  So, whatever grows on  
+
+minimal medium has been rescued.  In fact, we've complemented the  
+
+defect.  Remember,  we talked about complementation  
+
+tests?  In a way,  it would be the plasmid is  
+
+complementing the defect.  Bingo, that's it.  So, we can  
+
+actually find that gene functionally.   
+
+We plate on minimal median,  and we look for growth.  The only  
+
+things that will grow have been rescued.  So, this is called cloning  
+
+by complementation because we are complementing the defect  
+
+in this strand.  All right.  So,   
+
+any time I have a functional defect in my bacteria,   
+
+I can find the gene for that functional defect by simply taking a  
+
+total library for normal from wild type bacteria,   
+
+transforming it into a mutant bacteria, and looking for rich  
+
+bacteria has suddenly been rescued.  Then I'll purify that bacterium,   
+
+and I'll purify out the plasmid.  And that plasmid will contain the  
+
+DNA for the gene.  That's pretty cool.   
+
+Let's try another one.  Suppose, yes?  OK, great.   
+
+I've got my plate here,  and I've said only one of these  
+
+bacteria will grow.  It's the one that happens to have  
+
+within it the plasmid containing the ARG gene.  And,   
+
+you're fine with that,  but you're saying, but how would I  
+
+get that plasmid back out of the bacteria because the bacteria's got  
+
+its own chromosome,  and I'm making this big deal about  
+
+how we purified stuff away from all this other DNA.   
+
+But, I've thrown this plasmid back into a bacteria that has all  
+
+its chromosomal DNA.  So, who am I kidding?   
+
+How are we going to purify out just that plasmid?  If I could purify the  
+
+plasmid, it would be OK right?  It turns out I can.  Plasmids are  
+
+little circles of DNA.  Chromosomes are big pieces of DNA.   
+
+It turns out that the coiling of the plasmid as a little circle gives  
+
+it different densities and different physical chemical properties to big  
+
+chunks of DNA which get broken up.  And so, there are a bunch of tricks  
+
+that allow me to get a pretty high purification of a plasmid away from  
+
+chromosomal DNA based on the different physical properties of a  
+
+small circle versus big chromosome.  But, good question.  Otherwise, how  
+
+would I get that plasmid out?  But it turns out, you can purify  
+
+plasmids.  Good question.  OK, so now, let's try another one.   
+
+Next cloning expedition: we're going to go to the library,   
+
+and we want to withdraw a volume from the library.   
+
+And, I want now, instead of bacteria that can't make arginine,   
+
+let's go with human DNA.  Let's try human DNA.  And,   
+
+I would like you to now please find the gene that encodes beta-globin.   
+
+Beta globin, of course, is one of the two proteins in hemoglobin.   
+
+Hemoglobin is a tetramer.  It has alpha-globin and beta-globin.   
+
+This tetramer is the oxygen carrier in your blood.   
+
+It carriers oxygen.  Beta-globin happens to be the site  
+
+of some very important mutations.  We know that sickle cell anemia is  
+
+caused by mutations in beta-globin.  We know that diseases like  
+
+thalassemia are caused by mutations in beta-globin.   
+
+And, people knew this before they had recombinant DNA because they  
+
+could study red blood cells.  There's lots of beta-globin in red  
+
+blood cells.  They could see that something was funny about the  
+
+protein.  They could even see that in sickle cell anemia the protein  
+
+had a different net charge,  and it would run differently.   
+
+So, they knew something was funny with the beta globin protein.   
+
+All I want you to do now is clone beta-globin for me.   
+
+Could we do the same thing?  Why not?   
+
+Bacteria don't make beta-globin.  So, what can we do?  Well, we could  
+
+make a library of human DNA.  And, we could throw it into the  
+
+bacteria.  So,  why don't we just select for a  
+
+bacteria that makes beta-globin?  Could we do that?   
+
+I don't know, how?  Do you see how?  How would we  
+
+select for that?  I mean, there, we could see who  
+
+grows without arginine.  But how are we going to tell which  
+
+bacteria has picked up beta-globin?  I don't know.  Yeah?  Use  
+
+mammals.  We could take a mouse that did not  
+
+make beta globin,  a mouse that had, say,   
+
+thalassemia, isolate a naturally occurring mouse with a defect in  
+
+beta-globin.  Then,  do injections of plasmids into mouse  
+
+eggs, grow up the mouse eggs by implanting them back into  
+
+pseudo-pregnant females,  do this for 108 individual plasmids  
+
+with 108 individual mice,  and look for the mouse that is  
+
+rescued.  Intellectually,   
+
+you're absolutely right,  it works.  So, that's exactly the  
+
+cloning by complementation we talked about for bacteria,   
+
+and you're dead-on right.  That would work.  Getting it funded  
+
+is another matter because it's a hugely expensive experiment to shoot  
+
+up each egg with this,  but it could work.  So,   
+
+we need another solution because we can't rescue the function in mice  
+
+because it's just not practical to do so.   
+
+Of course, if we could do this in mouse cells, maybe we could make it  
+
+work in cell culture in mice.  But, let's suppose we don't have a  
+
+cell culture phenotype.  We just have an organism phenotype.   
+
+So, it's not going to work to just do this by complementation.   
+
+But, good thinking guys.  This is good.  So, next trick we might have  
+
+at our disposal is suppose because beta-globin is so abundant in red  
+
+blood cells we have purified beta-globin, and we've done amino  
+
+acid sequencing of the protein.  By end degradation,   
+
+you can work out the sequence of globin.  And, you can learn that  
+
+beta-globin has,  here at its amino terminal,   
+
+val, leu, ser, pro, ala, asp,  lys, threonine dot, dot, dot, dot,   
+
+dot off to the carboxy terminal, OK?    
+
+If I knew that this was the amino acid sequence of the beginning,   
+
+just the beginning of beta-globin,  couldn't I figure out what that  
+
+initial portion of the DNA sequence must be?   
+
+Wouldn't this give me a clue?  If I knew a little bit of the  
+
+protein sequence,  wouldn't this give me a clue about  
+
+the nucleotide sequence that must be there in the human genome to encode  
+
+this protein?  So,  a biochemist has purified the  
+
+protein.  Biochemists have studied the protein well enough to know some  
+
+of its amino acid sequence.  Can I infer the DNA sequence from  
+
+the amino acid sequence,  or at least a little snippet of it?   
+
+Sorry?  Multiple possibilities,   
+
+but an infinite number?  No.  Why do you encode valine?  Well,   
+
+GT something; something could be actually A, T,   
+
+C, or G.  What about luecine.  Well, it's either a T and a C,   
+
+or is T in the first place?  There's always a T there.   
+
+There you go, and it can be either of those.  There's a T,   
+
+C, anything, or an A, G,  and a T, or a C.   
+
+Here, we have C,  C anything.  Here we have a G,   
+
+C anything.  We have a G, A, T,  or a C.  For leucine it's an A, an A,   
+
+either an A or a G.  Here, it's an A, a C,   
+
+an anything.  Here, it's an A,  an A, a T, or a C, here a G, a T,   
+
+anything, an A, an A, A or a G.  You're right.  There are  
+
+multiple possibilities.  But, it's not an infinite number,   
+
+right?  There are certain possible DNA sequences that might be encoded  
+
+here.  If I just work it out,  it's either two choices here.  There  
+
+are four choices here.  There's two choices here.   
+
+There's four choices here.  There's two choices here, two  
+
+choices, etc.  If I just look at,   
+
+let's take a segment of this.  Let's try one, two, three, these  
+
+six amino acids.  Four choices here,   
+
+how many possible DNA sequences could encode these six amino acids  
+
+in this order?  Four times four times two times two  
+
+times four times two,  what is that?   
+
+256, let's see,  two, two, to the two,   
+
+to the four, to the five,  to the six, to the seven, eight,   
+
+512.  I think it's about 512 possibilities.   
+
+So, 512 possible nucleotide sequences could work here.   
+
+Well, 512's not infinite.  There's 18 bases of sequence,   
+
+512 possible 18 base long nucleotide sequences.   
+
+Just suppose that you knew which one it was.  Now, you have to suspend  
+
+your disbelief for a second.  I'm not going to tell you how you  
+
+might know, but suppose you knew which of the 512 it was.   
+
+OK, could we use that little fact of knowing a stretch from about 18  
+
+bases of the sequence to find the clone?   
+
+How could we find that clone in our library that has that 18 bases of  
+
+sequence?  Google.  [LAUGHTER]  And, of course,   
+
+you are totally right because as we'll come back to,   
+
+that is the way you would do it today if it's the human genome  
+
+because the entire sequence of the human genome's on the web.   
+
+But, you might have an organism where it's not on the web.   
+
+But, we'll come back because,  of course, the human genome project  
+
+changes everything as to how you would approach this.   
+
+Google is how you would do it today.  But, in the absence of Google or  
+
+the absence of the entire sequence of the human genome,   
+
+but I'm glad you raise it because it's absolutely right,   
+
+how could I find the clone that has that specific 18 base pair sequence?   
+
+Who has my 18 base sequence.  Well, here's a trick.   
+
+I could chemically synthesize an oligonucleotide that matches my  
+
+sequence: an 18 base pair long ologonucleotide encoding my sequence.   
+
+What I'd like to do is use this ologonucleotide as a chemical probe  
+
+to wash over my library.  And, by washing it over my library,   
+
+I'd like to see where it sticks.  Now, that's kind of interesting.   
+
+What do I mean by that?  What I'd really like to do would be to kind  
+
+of crack open all the cells of my library, and then the DNA would be  
+
+sitting there.  And, I'd like to take my  
+
+ologonucleotide probe for a little snippet of the gene and wash it over  
+
+the library.  And then, by the amazing powers of  
+
+Crick and Watson base pairing,  it should stick to the right place.   
+
+Could it do that?  Turns out DNA,  given time to wash around,   
+
+will stick to its own complement.  So that's the idea.  How in the  
+
+world do I do this in practice?  So, here's what you do in practice.   
+
+ In practice, let us grow our  
+
+bacteria.  Let's plate the bacteria on an agar plate on which we have  
+
+put a membrane a nitrocellulose filter or some other kind of filter.   
+
+Just imagine it being a piece of filter paper.  And,   
+
+I'm going to plate my bacteria on the filter paper that's here.   
+
+I'll let them grow up because there's nutrients here.   
+
+The nutrients diffuse through the filter paper.  And then,   
+
+I have a piece of filter paper that I can pick up with my tweezers,   
+
+and on that filter paper are bacterial colonies growing.   
+
+So, this is a filter.  Then,  what I'm going to do is I'm going to  
+
+take this filter with these glistening bacterial colonies,   
+
+and I'm going to stick it in the autoclave.   
+
+And, I'm going to heat it up in the presence of wet heat,   
+
+and the bacterial cells will crack open.  And, under these conditions,   
+
+the DNA will tend to stick to the filter because I've picked the  
+
+filter that the DNA tends to stick to.  And, I'm going to wash this  
+
+filter in a certain way that all the usual junk, some of the proteins and  
+
+cell surface junk washes off.  And, the DNA from each bacterial  
+
+colony will stick.  So now, I have the DNA from each  
+
+colony sticking to that spot.  Then, what I'm going to do is I'm  
+
+going to take my filter and I'm going to add my ologoprobe.   
+
+This thing is now called a probe.  I'm going to add the probe to the  
+
+filter, and I'm going to put this in a, I need some sort of a  
+
+hybridization device in which the probe and the ologonucleotide and a  
+
+little water can swish around.  And here, we use a technical device  
+
+called a baggy,  or some other kind of,   
+
+basically, a Ziploc bag or you can heat seal it or something like a  
+
+freeze meal.  In fact that's actually what's used in the lab is  
+
+Freeze-a-Meal.  You get these Freeze-a-Meal bags,   
+
+you toss your filter in, you squirt a little bit of your probe in,   
+
+and you put it in the Freeze-a-Meal bag, and then you put  
+
+it in a water bath.  And, it switches back and forth.   
+
+And, the probe just goes washing all over the place.   
+
+And, wherever the probe finds its corresponding cognate sequence by  
+
+Crick and Watson,  it'll stick.  And there you go.   
+
+That clone contains your sequence.  Now, we have a few problems here,   
+
+don't we?  What are some of the problems with this?  Yeah?   
+
+Sorry, what if it sticks what?  So, the probe, I thought this  
+
+filter likes DNA.  So, why won't the probe just stick  
+
+nonspecifically everywhere?  We treat it in some way so that  
+
+after we've got the DNA adhering to it it's now not going to stick  
+
+everywhere.  Good,  next problem.  Well,   
+
+even before that, yes?  No, we'll take the whole library.   
+
+We've gotten the library scattered out on this filter.   
+
+Good, so hang on to that one for a second.  First off,   
+
+do we even know where that clone is?  How did we know where the piece of  
+
+DNA stuck?  I mean,  I drew it as red.  But,   
+
+how do we know where that red spot is?  Yeah?  Oh yeah,   
+
+you see the problem is if I just wash it over there,   
+
+unless you have, you know,  Superman vision, you're not going to  
+
+know where that probe is.  So, you're proposing, the first  
+
+thing we better do is radioactively label the probe.   
+
+So, let's put a radioactive label on the probe, OK?   
+
+Radio label, and it turns out you can radio label probes by using  
+
+these enzymes that can add a radioactive phosphate group,   
+
+etc.  So, now, when it's radioactive,  we put it here.   
+
+And now we have a radioactive signal here.  How are we going to  
+
+find our radioactive signal?  We put it up against x-ray films.   
+
+We take our filter.  We dry it off.    
+
+We slap it onto a piece of x-ray film.  We let it expose overnight.   
+
+We develop the x-ray film.  And,  we'll see a black dot.   
+
+We'd better actually have taken some care to take a little  
+
+radioactive pen and make a couple of fiducial marks around the corners.   
+
+Otherwise, we're not going to know where our black dot corresponds to.   
+
+But, assume we've made a couple of dots and we know how to line up our  
+
+x-ray film to our filter.  Now, we go back to our filter.   
+
+We say, uh-huh, there is a black dot corresponding to the location of  
+
+the radioactive probe right there.   
+
+That was, as you said,  where the colony used to be that we  
+
+wished we still had [LAUGHTER] because we cooked it in the  
+
+autoclave, which is too bad.  So, what should we do about that?   
+
+Yep?  So, if I did it one colony at a time, I would know exactly which  
+
+one it came from.  But, it could take a long time.   
+
+Sorry?  So, plate it first onto a plate of agar.   
+
+Take a filter,  and press the filter up against the  
+
+plate and make a copy of it.  Replicaplate (sic) that.  It turns  
+
+out, that'll work.  There are two different approaches  
+
+and both of you were right.  One approach is to replicaplate it.   
+
+Plate it first on a normal plate,  and lay a piece of filter on top of  
+
+it, and a little bacteria will stick in the same patterns.   
+
+Peel it off, and you now have it.  Alternatively,   
+
+now in the presence of robotics,  you can use a robot to take these  
+
+colonies into microtiter plates,  and you can screen the individual  
+
+wells by stamping them onto a filter,  things like that.   
+
+And frankly, that's how we do it now.  If you want to screen the  
+
+human genome, at least set up a library with a few tens of thousands  
+
+or hundreds of thousands such things.  And, we can read off from a grid  
+
+which one it was,  and we go back to our master  
+
+microtiter plates where we have.  But, either way, we need to have a  
+
+living copy of the library.  But, that's how you do it.   
+
+So now, we're in business.  We have a living copy of the  
+
+library.  We make a filter containing that.   
+
+We cook the filter in the autoclave.  We add a radioactive probe.   
+
+Wherever it sticks, it matches by the wonders of Crick-Watson base  
+
+pairing.  We're in business.  Yes?  So now, there was this issue.   
+
+I mean, how do I know that that sequence doesn't appear multiple  
+
+times in the human genome?  That's one issue.  So, I'm going to  
+
+have to pull out each of the positive hits I get and check it out.   
+
+I'm going to have to analyze the clone because just knowing that it  
+
+hybridized to that might not tell me it's the beta-globin gene,   
+
+but at least it's probably a good start, right?  I've narrowed it down.   
+
+But, yes?  Wait a second, right.  We said there were 512 possibilities,   
+
+and I said, bear with me,  let's suppose we knew which one it  
+
+was and we used it.  Well, how are we going to know  
+
+which one it is?  Well, we could do the experiment  
+
+512 times, and one of them would work.  That's lousy.   
+
+We could go and make 512 ologotes and simultaneously throw them in the  
+
+same seal-a-meal bag.  That actually works.   
+
+How do you make 512 ologotes?  How do you make an ologote, by the  
+
+way?  To make an ologonucleotide,  there's very fancy chemistry that's  
+
+been developed,  which someone won a Nobel Prize.   
+
+Nowadays, of course, if you need an ologote made, how do you do it?   
+
+Go to the catalog, that's right.  In fact, you can go on the web,   
+
+type in the sequence you want,  and there's a machine that will make  
+
+it.  You can have it tomorrow.  So, it turns out, that's how you  
+
+make ologonucleotides today.  There are good machines for it.   
+
+And, it turns out that if you wanted to, so what you do is you  
+
+type into the computer the following.  You type in, please make me an  
+
+ologote that starts,  put a C in the first position,   
+
+a C in the second position.  And,  what are you going to put in the  
+
+third position?  Just tell the computer to put in a  
+
+random mix of all four.  Then, a G in this position,   
+
+a C in that position, and then a random mix of all four.   
+
+Then, put in a G and an A,  and then put in a 50/50 mix of T and  
+
+A.  In fact, in one synthesis,   
+
+by telling the computer to just add a mixture at certain steps,   
+
+it'll simultaneously synthesize a mixture of all 512 possibilities for  
+
+you.  So actually,  a single synthesis will suffice to  
+
+get a mixture of 512.  You take your mixture of 512,   
+
+wash it over the filter, etc.  Now,  your point still stands.  How do we  
+
+know that there's not something else in the genome that has this,   
+
+etc.?  But at least we can find all the specific positives associated  
+
+with this, and we can analyze them further as we'll talk about next  
+
+time more about how you actually analyze them.   
+
+And, of course,  whether 18 is the right number of  
+
+bases, or you might prefer to have a longer probe or shorter probes,   
+
+or two probes, these are all the cooking tips molecular biologists  
+
+worry about.  But,  given a sequence of an amino acid  
+
+sequence, you can infer,  although with redundancy,   
+
+a nucleotide sequence.  Given a nucleotide sequence,   
+
+you can make an ologonucleotide probe.  Given a nucleotide probe,   
+
+you can wash it over the filter.  You can find the colonies that have  
+
+it, and therefore you could clone by hybridization.   
+
+So, we'll call this one cloning by hybridization,   
+
+or cloning by sequence.  OK, now, there are other ways to do  
+
+it, or by sequence here.  Of course, as someone correctly  
+
+noted, if the entire sequence of the human genome has been already  
+
+sequenced as it has right now,  if you knew the amino acid sequence,   
+
+you could do this hybridization not using filters and radioactive probes,   
+
+but just doing it in silico.  You can do it in the computer,   
+
+and that will work as well.  So now,  let's do the next one.  Last cloning  
+
+expedition: I'd like to clone the gene for Huntington's disease or  
+
+cystic fibrosis or something like that.  Cloning a disease gene,   
+
+such as Huntington's disease,  is a dominantly inherited disorder  
+
+passed to some of the offspring,  causes a brain degeneration that  
+
+onsets typically in the fifth decade of life.   
+
+Let's clone that gene.  Can we do it by method number one,   
+
+cloning by complementation?  No,  because we don't have a bacteria  
+
+that has Huntington's disease.  We don't have mice that have  
+
+Huntington's disease.  And, we can't certainly shoot up  
+
+people and try to rescue the phenotype and all that.   
+
+That's not going to work.  Number two, how about doing it by  
+
+number two?  Let's just get the protein for Huntington's disease,   
+
+get its amino acid sequence, and then find its nucleotide  
+
+sequence.  Pretty good.  What's the protein for Huntington's  
+
+disease?  Huntase.  No, it's actually called Huntington  
+
+it turns out.  But,  at the time that people went off  
+
+trying to find the gene for Huntington's disease,   
+
+I'm afraid they didn't know.  They had no idea what the gene was  
+
+that caused Huntington's disease.  That was the point.  They wanted to  
+
+use molecular biology to find the gene when they didn't even  
+
+know the protein.  So, we can't use our method number  
+
+two.  So, how are we going to find it?  The disease does lead to  
+
+degeneration of nervous cells.  Study nerve cells.  So, we could  
+
+take brain biopsies from patients who have died of Huntington's  
+
+disease, and people did that.  But, nerve cells that die, a lot of  
+
+stuff goes on.  All sorts of proteins go wrong,   
+
+and it's stuff.  The problem with studying tissue  
+
+from people who have a disease is that it's diseased tissue.   
+
+And, just because you see something wrong doesn't mean it's a cause  
+
+rather than the effect of the disease.  That's why we really want  
+
+to find the gene and find its mutation because we know then that's  
+
+the primary cause.  But, how are we going to do that?   
+
+We don't know its sequence.  We can't rescue it by complementation.   
+
+As a pure geneticist, what can we do?   
+
+Yeah, we know the sequence of the human genome.  So,   
+
+we just sequence the entirety of the genome of somebody with Huntington's  
+
+disease and compare it to normal.  That actually may become a  
+
+reasonable way to do things,  but the first sequence of the human  
+
+genome costs a couple of billion dollars.  Doing it again would be  
+
+cheaper.  We'd spend about $30 million or so,   
+
+but it's pricey.  Also, there would be a lot of  
+
+genetic variation,  just random, meaningless  
+
+polymorphism between individuals.  The human genome differs between any  
+
+two people by about one letter or 1,  00.  So, we would see about 3  
+
+million differences between the person with Huntington's and the  
+
+wild type reference sequence on Google.  We wouldn't know which one  
+
+causes it.  Suppose you have a family tree.  How could we use it?   
+
+Compare the children and the parents.   
+
+That's all right.  What does a geneticist do with a  
+
+family tree?  What did Sturtevant teach us: genetic mapping.   
+
+Suppose we were to study a family tree of individuals with  
+
+Huntington's disease.  And suppose on the chromosome where  
+
+the Huntington's disease gene lives,  we were to look at genetic markers.   
+
+ Could we do genetic linkage analysis?   
+
+Genetic linkage analysis that would allow us to know that there was a  
+
+marker here, some kind of a marker,  a DNA marker, a DNA variation that  
+
+was co-inherited with that showed linkage with Huntington's disease?   
+
+We could do that just by finding that across a family,   
+
+there tended to be very little genetic recombination between this  
+
+marker and Huntington's disease.  Now, how would we know to look here?   
+
+You wouldn't.  We'd try markers all over the genome.   
+
+Next chromosome,  next chromosome; if we tried genetic  
+
+variations all over the human genome,  we would eventually find that some  
+
+genetic markers in the human genome tended to be co-inherited along with  
+
+Huntington's disease.  It turns out that that's enough.   
+
+This will tell us approximately where this unknown gene must live.   
+
+Here's a portion of the chromosome where the unknown Huntington's  
+
+disease gene lives.  Here's a genetic variant,   
+
+and here's a genetic variant,  a marker, that shows correlation.   
+
+Maybe there's only 1% recombination here, and 1% recombination here.   
+
+And, that's the powerful thing about Sturtevant's idea.   
+
+It works in fruit flies.  It works in humans.  If I have any  
+
+genetic variation and it's 99% correlated, or only recombines 1% of  
+
+the time, it tells me that this unknown gene must be nearby.   
+
+So, I could use this genetic marker as a DNA probe to wash over a  
+
+library to get a big piece of DNA from this region.   
+
+I can take this piece of DNA and use it as a probe,   
+
+a radioactive probe,  to get an overlapping piece of DNA.   
+
+I can use the end of this DNA as a probe to wash over a library and get  
+
+the next piece of DNA.  And, I can do the same thing here.   
+
+Once I have any piece of DNA that's even vaguely in the neighborhood,   
+
+I can use it as a probe to wash over a library and get a piece of DNA,   
+
+use it to get the next piece, the next piece, the next piece,   
+
+in a process that was called chromosomal walking.   
+
+That gives me a series of clones that I know must cover the region  
+
+for this unknown gene.  I then begin to analyze them and I  
+
+say, let's look at some more genetic markers, a genetic marker a little  
+
+closer and a little closer and a little closer.   
+
+Which ones show perfect correlation with Huntington's disease?   
+
+And, that narrows me down to a small number of clones that must contain  
+
+the gene, even though I had no idea in advance what that gene was.   
+
+This is called cloning by position.  And, that's a very powerful  
+
+technique of genetics because you don't need to know in advance what's  
+
+wrong with a diseased gene.  You first figure out where it is,   
+
+and then you get the clones to figure out what it is.  So,   
+
+this actually works.  Now, the process of getting the next  
+
+piece, and the next clone,  and the next clone, is unbelievably  
+
+boring and tedious.  And, for Huntington's disease,   
+
+this process took nine years.  Of course, now, how would you do it?   
+
+Go to the web because with all of this process of the human genome,   
+
+you've got all these clones laid out already.  And so,   
+
+the work that used to take years now is, once you have a genetic marker  
+
+that's close to Huntington's you can just look up all the clones in the  
+
+neighborhood and actually all the sequences in the neighborhood.   
+
+So, this process has gone from nine years to, if you have do this again,   
+
+you could get that region for Huntington's disease in a couple  
+
+weeks.  Now the question is,  how do you analyze that region?   
+
+How do you know what's in that region?  How do you know what the  
+
+genes are that are in that region?  And that's what we'll talk about  
+
+next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qkkI9Z9tKvo.txt b/qkkI9Z9tKvo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78bbfe768b077258fd7174675f12a8df76322a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qkkI9Z9tKvo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3887 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Well
+thanks everyone for coming.
+
+I know that this is kind
+of a funky time of day.
+
+So I really appreciate
+everyone coming out
+
+to support the students of 2219.
+
+This is the very first time
+we ever offered this class.
+
+This is the very first
+time I've ever taught,
+
+so I-- it was an awesome
+experience for me.
+
+And hopefully it was
+a great experience
+
+for all the students.
+
+I am going to pull you guys
+up on stage at some point
+
+to talk about what it was like.
+
+Just as a heads up.
+
+So this class was
+initially called,
+
+Becoming the Next Bill Nye.
+
+But as many of the
+students might tell you,
+
+it's not exactly about
+becoming the next Bill Nye.
+
+What it is about is
+trying to figure out
+
+how to occupy the space
+that's in between education
+
+and entertainment-- a space
+that's not very well defined,
+
+a space that doesn't have very
+good best practices or best
+
+practices at all.
+
+But the things that are
+important in this space
+
+are to create
+materials that leave
+
+a door open to the world
+of science, technology,
+
+engineering and
+math to everyone,
+
+to create materials that foster
+a lifelong love of learning,
+
+and to create materials
+that promote stem literacy
+
+within the public.
+
+And these are all super
+broad sweeping ideas,
+
+but that is sort of
+what I think at least
+
+defines the space that's
+in between education
+
+and entertainment.
+
+These were the four
+class values that we had.
+
+And sorry guys, I know
+you've heard this already.
+
+But this is for people who
+have never been to the class.
+
+Because we couldn't
+really grade things
+
+like is this scene well
+lit, because honestly we
+
+were asking them to do so much
+within the span of two or three
+
+weeks, these were the values
+that were important to us.
+
+Do the materials
+that the students
+
+make exhibit a sense of spark?
+
+Is their enthusiasm for the
+topic matter very evident?
+
+And this doesn't
+mean that they're
+
+talking with their hands,
+waving all the time.
+
+It doesn't mean that they're
+acting like Hank Green
+
+with like super
+hyper personality.
+
+It just means that their
+genuine love of the material
+
+is evident.
+
+Is it clear-- "kill
+your darlings"
+
+is the phrase I used over
+and over again-- but are you
+
+able to really determine
+and distill what
+
+your message is very clearly?
+
+Are you thoughtful?
+
+Is every decision that
+you go into making--
+
+what your scene looks
+like, what your line is,
+
+what your location
+is-- is that clear?
+
+And then are you
+pushing yourself
+
+outside of your comfort zones?
+
+I think there was
+only one student
+
+in this class who'd
+ever had experience
+
+with cameras or film.
+
+And I think most of the
+students were a little nervous
+
+about being on camera, which
+is totally understandable.
+
+It's very, very intimidating
+to be in front of the camera.
+
+And I think that over
+the course of the two,
+
+three weeks, all these
+projects exhibit these values
+
+which I'm very happy about.
+
+So what exactly happened
+in the last month?
+
+Well, we basically
+took production,
+
+which is all of the
+stuff, which I think
+
+is actually structured
+the wrong way.
+
+This is really
+what production is.
+
+And they had to learn all of
+it, in basically two weeks,
+
+because they spent the last
+week making their videos.
+
+And this isn't just how
+to turn on a camera.
+
+It's how to write an effective
+script, how to engage people
+
+with your texts and
+your body language,
+
+and the way you're
+presenting things.
+
+And then on top
+of that, they had
+
+to learn how to use
+all the equipment.
+
+And then they had to learn how
+to edit sort of on their own,
+
+and learn how to plan
+things, and learn
+
+how all of these things
+interact with each other.
+
+So what you're about to see
+are things that they basically
+
+put together in
+like two or three
+
+days, which is kind of
+nuts, and with very, very
+
+limited resources.
+
+We had these crappy
+little canon camcorders.
+
+So it's pretty impressive when
+you think about the constraints
+
+that they had.
+
+One of the things that we
+talked about was storyboarding.
+
+So I storyboarded the
+class for you guys.
+
+Day one, if you don't
+remember, we talked about intro
+
+to the class.
+
+Chris Babel gave a guest
+lecture on sort of introduction
+
+to using the camera.
+
+Then on day two, I made
+the terrible decision
+
+of not telling
+people that we were
+
+going to have 20 sixth
+graders come to the classroom.
+
+But luckily Jamie took care
+of that before I got there.
+
+And they basically had
+to pitch ideas for videos
+
+to 20 sixth graders
+from Winthrop.
+
+And then Natalie
+Kuldell came and talked
+
+a bit about her experiences
+launching BioBuilder, which
+
+is this educational nonprofit.
+
+And then George came in
+and did a hosting workshop,
+
+if you guys remember this.
+
+This is only like two
+weeks ago, which is crazy.
+
+And then Josh and John
+from Planet Nutshell
+
+gave a workshop
+on storyboarding.
+
+And then we had our table read.
+
+And then you guys shot
+for the first time.
+
+And then you had
+another table read.
+
+Wow, did I mess up my pictures?
+
+Sorry.
+
+And then we talked
+about post production.
+
+You guys literally learned
+the philosophy of editing
+
+in two hours.
+
+And then you went off
+to film your episodes.
+
+And then we had one screening.
+
+And then what-- two
+more days passed.
+
+One day passed.
+
+And then we're here at today.
+
+So it was a very condensed,
+very expedited version
+
+of all that stuff in the
+web that I showed earlier.
+
+And so speaking of storyboards,
+we are at our first project.
+
+This was Yuliya's
+first storyboard.
+
+And yes, I combed
+through the Tumblr,
+
+and I'm pulling up all the
+embarrassing first drafts
+
+of everything that
+people posted.
+
+Yuliya's first
+storyboard-- and I'm
+
+bummed because the text is super
+small and you can't see it--
+
+but it's her first
+version of her script.
+
+And it's basically
+her first attempt
+
+at planning what her
+video was going to be.
+
+And the intro was what do a
+snowflake and cellphone have
+
+in common.
+
+And her plan was to
+go out by the Charles,
+
+maybe while it was snowing.
+
+And then she's going to have
+all these things about fractals,
+
+and how fractals are everywhere.
+
+Fractals are crazy.
+
+They're in broccoli.
+
+Oh my gosh, so many fractals!
+
+And then she starts
+talking about fractals.
+
+Yuliya, do you mind
+coming on up here?
+
+Pin this to yourself.
+
+What was the process
+like-- hang on,
+
+I'm going to give
+this to you too--
+
+what was the process like
+going from this storyboard
+
+to the video that
+we're about to see?
+
+YULIYA: Well I mostly
+changed the script
+
+since this storyboard.
+
+But this kind of helped
+me think through what
+
+are some possible locations
+I'm going to film at,
+
+what animations I can use.
+
+So this was very
+important for me
+
+to kind of imagine
+what was happening,
+
+but not just in my script, but
+also how it would look on film.
+
+And then I noticed
+that there were
+
+some issues with the
+storyboard, and then
+
+changed the script afterwards.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: And
+how-- your script
+
+probably changed the most.
+
+Well, there were some drastic
+changes that happened.
+
+But from your very
+first idea from day one,
+
+your thought what to do
+something about math,
+
+but how math wasn't real.
+
+It was like this very
+philosophical idea.
+
+And it was awesome.
+
+But we had no idea how she
+would tell it in five minutes.
+
+So how did it evolve
+over the course
+
+or what were some
+of the challenges
+
+that you had revising it?
+
+YULIYA: So I
+started with talking
+
+about Godel's incompleteness
+theorem, which asks
+
+the question of is math real?
+
+And then I pitched that
+idea to sixth graders.
+
+And I came back, and
+I was really shocked
+
+that I ever thought that I could
+explain that to sixth graders.
+
+So then I have to think,
+well what else can I
+
+tell about math?
+
+And I like theoretical
+math, so all
+
+of the concepts
+that I line in math
+
+are abstract, and don't really
+have a concrete application.
+
+So I start freaking out.
+
+And then eventually I
+came up with this idea
+
+of fractals which
+were doodles, and they
+
+were present everywhere nature.
+
+So it could be made relatable.
+
+It could be made concrete,
+even though it was this very
+
+abstract math concept.
+
+So that was the third
+script that I wrote.
+
+That was about fractals
+and chaos theory.
+
+Then I wrote another one, which
+didn't talk about chaos theory,
+
+because that was also complex.
+
+So the issue for me was
+coming up with a topic
+
+that I could enjoy
+talking about,
+
+but also sixth graders
+would enjoy hearing about.
+
+And in the process
+I also realized
+
+that I need more
+help than I thought,
+
+and more practice
+than I thought.
+
+So it was a very
+humbling experience,
+
+especially the table reads.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: And how do you
+feel about your final video?
+
+Again, what they're working
+with are these small cameras.
+
+Most of them had never touched
+a camera really before.
+
+None of them had
+used editing software
+
+except for maybe one or two.
+
+So how do you feel
+about the final product
+
+that we're about to see?
+
+YULIYA: Well, I'm not very happy
+with the quality of the video.
+
+And I think part of it is I had
+to transfer between computers,
+
+and work with software.
+
+There are definitely
+some scenes I
+
+would re-film if I had
+more time to get better
+
+lighting and better sound.
+
+And it's only three and
+a half minutes long.
+
+So I could definitely
+add more math to it.
+
+But I think that yesterday
+when I uploaded it,
+
+I was pretty happy with what
+I got in the time that I had.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome.
+
+OK, well we'll watch your video.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-What do snowflakes and
+cell phones have in common?
+
+The answer is never ending
+patterns called fractals.
+
+To explain, let me start
+by drawing a snowflake.
+
+First, I draw an
+equilateral triangle,
+
+divide each side
+into three parts.
+
+I draw another equilateral
+triangle on top of each one.
+
+Then take out the middle
+and repeat the process,
+
+this time with one,
+two, three, four,
+
+times three, which is 12 sides.
+
+Eventually, the shape will start
+looking something like this.
+
+In mathematics, this is
+called a cox snowflake.
+
+If I repeated my
+process again and again,
+
+I would see this same
+pattern anywhere I looked.
+
+This is a cox snowflake, this
+time drawn on your computer.
+
+Such neverending patterns
+that are under any scale,
+
+on any level of zoom,
+look roughly the same,
+
+are called fractals.
+
+Computer scientists can
+program these patterns
+
+by repeating an often
+simple mathematical process
+
+over and over.
+
+And in 1990s, a
+regular astronomer,
+
+by the name of Nathan
+Cohen, used fractals
+
+to revolutionize
+wireless communications.
+
+At the time, Cohen was having
+troubles with his landlord.
+
+The man wouldn't let him
+put an antenna on his roof.
+
+So Cohen designed a more
+compact, fractal radio antenna
+
+instead.
+
+The landlord didn't notice it.
+
+And it worked better
+than the ones before.
+
+Working further, Cohen
+designed a new antenna,
+
+this time using a fractal
+called the menger sponge.
+
+The menger sponge
+is not the name
+
+of the sponge you'd be
+scrubbing your back with.
+
+But you can still
+think of it like that.
+
+Imagine with water and soap
+getting through the sponge's
+
+holes, except the water is Wi-Fi
+and soap is safe Bluetooth.
+
+The fractal's
+infinite sponginess
+
+allows it to receive many
+different frequencies
+
+simultaneously.
+
+Before Cohen's
+invention, antennas
+
+had to be cut for one frequency.
+
+And that was the only
+frequency they could offer.
+
+Alcon sponge, your
+cellphone would
+
+have to look something
+like a hedgehog
+
+to receive multiple
+signals, including
+
+the one your friends
+use when they call.
+
+Cohen later proved that
+only fractal shapes
+
+could work in such a wide
+range of frequencies.
+
+Today millions of
+wireless devices,
+
+such as laptops and
+barcode scanners,
+
+use Cohen's fractal antenna.
+
+Cohen's genius
+invention, however,
+
+was not the first application
+of fractals in the world.
+
+Nature has been doing it
+the whole time, and not
+
+just with snowflakes.
+
+Natural selection gave us
+the most efficient systems
+
+of organisms, all
+in the fractal form.
+
+The spiral fractal,
+for example, is
+
+present in sea shells,
+broccoli and hurricanes.
+
+The fractal tree is
+relatively easy to program,
+
+and can be used to study
+river systems, blood vessels
+
+and lightning holes.
+
+So many natural systems,
+previously thought off
+
+limits to
+mathematicians, can now
+
+be understood in
+terms of fractals.
+
+Mathematics allows us to
+learn each of those practices,
+
+and then apply them to
+solve real-world problems.
+
+Much like Cohen's
+antenna, revolutionized
+
+telecommunications, on
+the fractal research,
+
+is changing medicine,
+weather prediction and art,
+
+here at MIT and
+everywhere in the world.
+
+Look around you.
+
+What beautiful
+patterns do you see?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: I
+forgot to mention--
+
+so obviously, if a
+student's on screen hosting,
+
+they are not filming
+their own project.
+
+So what we did was paired
+people up into groups,
+
+and they filmed each other.
+
+So that piece was filmed
+by Kenneth and PJ,
+
+and they all worked together to
+help each other out and direct
+
+each other, and it was awesome.
+
+Next up, we have PJ.
+
+Now PJ, for you--
+you can come on up.
+
+I took your second pitch
+from the Tumblr posts--
+
+PJ: All right.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE:
+--where you had come up
+
+with the idea of
+talking about ships.
+
+His first-- yes?
+
+Oh, thank you, sorry.
+
+You had come up with
+the idea of talking
+
+about the science
+behind poached eggs?
+
+PJ: Yeah.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: And--
+
+PJ: Yeah, you shouldn't
+show that one.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: How did--
+
+PJ: I don't even know
+how to poach an egg, so--
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE:
+How did that turn
+
+from the science of
+poached eggs to what
+
+ended up being a video about
+how ships basically don't sink?
+
+PJ: Well, honestly I was trying
+to look for something easy.
+
+And poaching eggs isn't
+actually that easy.
+
+So I wanted to
+learn how to do it.
+
+And I thought it'd
+be some where I'd
+
+be able to present on something,
+and also learn something myself
+
+but-- also I could just do
+it in my kitchen at home.
+
+So it seemed very accessible.
+
+But yeah, I decided to ditch
+that because it's a lot harder
+
+than people-- or I think people
+know it's hard to poach an egg
+
+so--
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, so
+let's watch your pitch
+
+and then we can talk
+about it, and how
+
+it changed to your final video.
+
+Oh, woops.
+
+Can everyone see that OK?
+
+Can I leave the back light on?
+
+PJ: Let us assume for a second
+that this cardboard box I
+
+hold in front of you is a ship.
+
+Let's say it's a box barge.
+
+It kind of looks like a barge.
+
+Now what I've done for you
+is drawn the water line.
+
+And what that is is that is the
+level at which the barge would
+
+float on top of
+the water, assuming
+
+that it's going to float.
+
+Now if I take these
+scissors, and create damage
+
+to the bow section
+of this barge,
+
+what do you think would happen?
+
+You'd probably be
+right in saying
+
+that water is going to
+go through this hole
+
+that I created, fill
+up in the barge,
+
+and that the barge
+is going to sink.
+
+Now let's take that same
+scenario and do it again.
+
+So you want to damage this
+bow portion right here.
+
+Now what do you
+think would happen?
+
+You'd probably say
+that well, you just did
+
+that so it's going to sink.
+
+Water's going to
+climb in that hole,
+
+and it's going to sink the ship.
+
+But you'd be wrong.
+
+What I did is I took these
+cardboard pieces right here,
+
+and subdivided the vessel.
+
+And what that means is
+that when water comes in
+
+through this hole,
+it's just going
+
+to fill up this compartment.
+
+Now what that's
+going to do, it's
+
+going to cause a trim
+condition in the barge,
+
+but it's not going sink.
+
+And people on
+board are not going
+
+to be injured as a result
+of the vessel sinking.
+
+Now I show you this
+example as a segway
+
+into what naval architects do.
+
+One of the most important
+features of designing a ship
+
+is making sure it's not going
+to sink, as easy as it sounds.
+
+And the way that we do that
+it through subdivision.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: So I showed
+that because basically
+
+the difference between this
+and the video that you're
+
+about to see in terms of content
+isn't super, super different.
+
+The science, the basic
+science behind it
+
+isn't incredibly different.
+
+So what happened
+between you making this
+
+to you making your final video?
+
+PJ: Well I kind of
+knew the resources
+
+that I had at MIT to do a pretty
+decent job trying to show it.
+
+So that was tough
+trying to organize
+
+that, like getting
+the labs I had
+
+to go to because I don't
+actually work in these labs.
+
+So it's-- it was tough
+to schedule that.
+
+But I knew it would be possible.
+
+So I just tried to do it,
+and had lot of fun int
+
+he process so--
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: I don't
+think that this is actually
+
+a bad video at all.
+
+I think that you'll
+go on YouTube,
+
+and you'll find a ton of
+videos just like this one where
+
+it's someone that just set
+up their camera back at home,
+
+and they're talking a little
+bit about a physics concept.
+
+Which one do you like
+better-- this one or the one
+
+that you made for the project?
+
+PJ: I liked the
+first one better.
+
+No, the second one's definitely
+a little bit more in depth,
+
+and kind of goes into the
+science a little bit more so--
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: What was the
+hardest part about getting
+
+to this final video?
+
+PJ: I'd say-- I think it was
+probably organizing all of it
+
+because just the different
+shots that had to take
+
+and everything-- it
+was pretty tough.
+
+But it was good having
+Kenneth and Yuliya.
+
+They definitely helped to--
+I think my storyboard was
+
+kind of all over the place.
+
+But they were like, no, you
+should do it from this angle
+
+and you should try
+it from this angle.
+
+So I got a lot good
+stuff that I could edit.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Yeah,
+and you actually
+
+said that it was easier
+for you to be on camera
+
+when you were
+around other people
+
+than when you were by yourself.
+
+PJ: Yeah.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Well, let's have
+a look at your final project.
+
+PJ: You want me to sit down?
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+-When we take complex
+things, and break them
+
+into smaller pieces, we find
+out that we know a lot more
+
+about things than we think.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+Now let's this box
+Orca One, and create
+
+damage below the waterline
+which I've indicated right here.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+Now let's take Orca One on the
+water and see what happens.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+The Orca One sank due to the
+weight of the added water.
+
+What if the Orca One contained
+cargo or oil or even people?
+
+Now let's take Orca Two,
+and do the same thing.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[BELL RINGING]
+
+So we can see that
+Orca Two did not sink,
+
+although it is sitting at
+an angle towards the bow.
+
+So why didn't Orca Two sink?
+
+As easy as it sounds,
+this simple demonstration
+
+is essential to the design
+of huge, complex ships--
+
+ships that are responsible
+for carrying about 90%
+
+of all our stuff.
+
+If [INAUDIBLE], how do
+we [INAUDIBLE] ships
+
+carrying our stuff to make
+into ports safely and not sink?
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+He we have Orca One and
+Orca Two from before.
+
+Although Orca One
+and Orca Two don't
+
+engage in international
+trade, they
+
+behave just as 1,000 foot
+container ship would.
+
+Now let's take a
+look into Orca One.
+
+We can see that
+there's nothing in it.
+
+It's just a box.
+
+But if you look at
+Orca Two, we can
+
+see that it's subdivided into
+these watertight compartments
+
+by these tranverse
+watertight bulkheads.
+
+Now what that
+means is that if we
+
+were to damage a
+ship right here,
+
+water would only flow
+into this compartment.
+
+It would not go into this
+one, this one or this one.
+
+That would cause the ship to be
+angled or trimmed in the water,
+
+but it would not cause the
+ship to sink completely.
+
+We refer to Orca Two
+as being subdivided.
+
+And we can see subdivision in
+many of these ships' plans.
+
+It is unclear when
+subdivision first
+
+started being used in ships,
+but accounts of fifth century
+
+Chinese trade ships
+indicated that water
+
+would be able to enter the
+vessel without sinking.
+
+So let's find out
+why this happens.
+
+Let's imagine a barge divided
+into ten equal compartments.
+
+One of them springs
+a leak from damage.
+
+Since the ship is subdivided,
+only the first compartment
+
+floats and the
+ship remains afloat
+
+protecting both its
+people and cargo.
+
+Although the added water causes
+the ship to trim, is still
+
+has enough buoyancy to
+return to port for repairs.
+
+Ships still sink, though.
+
+It's both expensive
+and impractical
+
+to try to design
+an unsinkable ship,
+
+especially when these
+ships will never
+
+see that amount of damage.
+
+That's why, as
+naval architects, we
+
+use computer programs to
+help us out with subdivision.
+
+Computers make it easy
+to see certain damage
+
+cases in practically no time.
+
+With different software, we
+can damage certain compartments
+
+and see how the
+ship responds to it.
+
+This gives the naval
+architect a good idea
+
+of what parts to improve
+on the ship, if any.
+
+So even though ships seem
+like these intricate, complex
+
+things, they're really
+just based on principles
+
+that we all already know.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: All
+right, so [INAUDIBLE],
+
+I don't know if you saw me
+mess up, but you're up next.
+
+I accidentally fast forwarded
+through all the slides.
+
+So I'm also going to
+show-- that's this just
+
+the sound that's there.
+
+You can't see?
+
+Shouldn't have done that.
+
+Here we go.
+
+So Andrea, you can come on up.
+
+So I'm going to show the
+second pitch that you did.
+
+I guess my question for you is,
+you knew pretty early on where
+
+you were going to write about.
+
+I think your topic stayed
+pretty much the same,
+
+but the way that
+you were saying it
+
+changed a lot over the
+course of the class.
+
+So, I guess, what was the
+most important thing that you
+
+learned in the past few weeks?
+
+ANDREA: Oh gosh, the
+most important thing.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Or maybe
+the most practical thing.
+
+Here you go, sorry.
+
+ANDREA: OK, two things--
+persistence and iteration.
+
+And the persistence was
+by far the harder thing
+
+to really do, because
+I'd experience
+
+a block at something.
+
+My first one was that I was too
+much in, like, businesswoman
+
+presenting information mode,
+and it wasn't very authentic.
+
+And I didn't think--
+I was like, I'm not
+
+trying to sell orthodontics
+to the sixth graders.
+
+That's kind of ridiculous.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ANDREA: I'm trying to
+teach them about science.
+
+So it was just a
+series of blocks
+
+that I really just had to
+work through, much like life.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE:
+What type of advice
+
+would you give anyone who's
+going to give a talk, who's
+
+going to make a video?
+
+Just anyone who's
+trying to communicate
+
+their technical ideas
+to lay audience.
+
+Because you come from a
+very interesting background.
+
+So, Andrea is a
+Sloan fellow, so she
+
+has a sense of presentation and
+communication minus the video.
+
+So, I guess drawing on
+all these experiences,
+
+what type of advice
+would you give to folks?
+
+ANDREA: Well, I think
+the first time you ever
+
+try to present
+information, you think
+
+you're going to get through
+a lot more information
+
+than you actually will, and
+that was the first thing
+
+that I learned when I taught.
+
+I went with a lesson
+plan of like 20 things,
+
+and I only got through,
+like, maybe four.
+
+So I think that that's
+your first lesson
+
+is, keep it simple initially.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE:
+Awesome, do you-- well,
+
+let's watch your pitch first.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-My name's Andrea [INAUDIBLE],
+and I'm a Sloan fellow,
+
+as I mentioned earlier.
+
+And my pitch idea
+is actually having
+
+to do with something
+that I actually
+
+know something a
+little bit about,
+
+that many middle schoolers
+also struggle with.
+
+And that is having braces.
+
+I just recently
+got my braces off,
+
+and I also worked for
+an orthodontics company
+
+before I came here to MIT.
+
+So it's something that's both
+near and dear to my heart,
+
+and also I think I've seen a
+lot of high schoolers and middle
+
+schoolers struggle with
+this whole process.
+
+I know I didn't know
+a whole lot about it.
+
+So basically, that
+would be my pitch.
+
+To teach kids about what's
+happening with their teeth
+
+as they're having braces on.
+
+How the teeth move, how
+osteoblasts and osteoclasts
+
+work, and to deposit and
+dissolve some of their bone,
+
+which is actually one of the
+reasons why it hurts so much.
+
+And also why your mouth
+gets dry-- all those kinds
+
+of scientific
+aspects of something
+
+that these kids really
+deal with on a daily basis
+
+during a very awkward
+time of their life.
+
+So that's my main pitch.
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: So
+before we see your video,
+
+what's one thing that
+you're really proud of,
+
+and one thing that you
+want to change if you had
+
+more time or more resources?
+
+ANDREA: OK, that's a
+really hard question.
+
+I'd change the whole thing.
+
+But the one thing
+that I liked about it
+
+is that I tried to
+keep my sense of humor
+
+in the video, and the one thing
+that I wish I could change
+
+is learning more about
+lighting and editing,
+
+and just more of the
+technical details.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome.
+
+Well, let's go
+ahead and watch it.
+
+ANDREA: Do you want
+me to stay up here?
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE:
+You can move down.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-Eating is one of the great
+pleasures and necessities
+
+of life, and to enjoy everything
+from energy bars to apples,
+
+we rely on one
+part of our bodies
+
+to do an important
+job, our teeth.
+
+Teeth are the hardest
+substances in our bodies.
+
+They are harder than
+our bones, and they're
+
+even harder than iron or steel.
+
+So, why doesn't our
+jaw just crumble
+
+under all of those forces?
+
+Between your tooth
+and your jawbone,
+
+there's a specialized
+piece of tissue
+
+called the periodontal
+ligament, or PDL for short.
+
+The PDL can easily
+absorb the normal forces
+
+that a tooth experiences when we
+chew, say, an apple, cushioning
+
+or protecting our
+jawbone from our teeth.
+
+Teeth sound like they're
+already perfectly designed,
+
+but sometimes we really
+need to force them
+
+in a certain direction,
+like with braces.
+
+As the braces slowly
+force the teeth to move,
+
+the PDL is squeezed
+in one direction
+
+and stretched in the other.
+
+To make room, the
+mechanoreceptors
+
+in the PDL trigger
+cells called osteoclasts
+
+that actually come in
+and dissolve part of jaw
+
+to make extra room.
+
+The mechanoreceptors
+also trigger another kind
+
+of cell called and osteoblast,
+which comes in and builds up
+
+part of the jaw bone.
+
+This allows the PDL to get back
+into its regular, cushioning
+
+shape, thus, holding the
+tooth securely in position.
+
+So if braces use osteoblasts
+to physically reposition teeth
+
+for cosmetic reasons,
+what if wanted
+
+to use them to replace
+things in our bodies?
+
+Dental implants
+replace teeth that
+
+are damaged or missing to
+restore chewing function.
+
+Your jaw isn't the
+only place where
+
+these osteoblasts
+and osteoclasts are
+
+altering your bone structure.
+
+In fact, this bony
+remodeling process
+
+is happening throughout
+your entire body.
+
+And these implants aren't
+just limited to teeth.
+
+Doctors can replace knees,
+hips, even spinal discs,
+
+and MIT engineers are using
+the properties of osteoblasts
+
+and osteoclasts that are
+already in our bodies
+
+to create a chemical
+coding for these implants.
+
+Just like in a
+mouth with braces,
+
+this coding helps
+create natural bone
+
+to help lock the
+implant into place.
+
+Right now, these
+implants are designed
+
+to have the exact same
+functionality as the parts
+
+that they're replacing.
+
+But scientists are already
+developing implants
+
+to improve the performance
+of our bodies and brains.
+
+So at that point, will we
+be more machine than human?
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: All right,
+so Nathan, why don't you
+
+come on up.
+
+Every day, the students had
+to write a daily reflection
+
+on our class blog,
+which is open to anyone.
+
+Any one of you guys can
+go see it, if you want.
+
+And this is in addition to
+doing all the assignments
+
+that they had to do.
+
+But they would just
+talk about what
+
+the day was like, what they
+learned, what was challenging--
+
+just any thoughts.
+
+And they could either post
+pictures, or write things,
+
+or make video blogs.
+
+And Nathan, by far, had the
+most entertaining blogs.
+
+And I'm just going to show you
+it, and then we talk about it.
+
+NATHAN: All right,
+second day down.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Oh wait,
+Nathan, can you scoot over?
+
+Whoops.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-All right, second day down.
+
+No, third-- third day--
+so, third day-- all right,
+
+so, third day reflection.
+
+A lot happening.
+
+So much that's
+good, actually, so I
+
+guess I'll start with
+the first thing that pops
+
+into mind, which is shooting.
+
+I've just got done finally
+finishing my trailer pitch
+
+thing.
+
+And one thing I guess you always
+know, but you don't appreciate,
+
+is how many tries at
+shooting something
+
+it takes to get something
+you're satisfied with.
+
+Because, oh my
+gosh, I don't still
+
+really like what
+I've come out with,
+
+but I spent a good
+hour and a half
+
+repeating the same thing
+over and over again,
+
+and I don't know.
+
+I am OK with what
+came of it, because I
+
+know it's still
+very, very rough,
+
+and that's the point of it.
+
+So--
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: So that's
+part of his day three blog.
+
+So the reason why I said sort
+of becoming the next Bill Nye
+
+is that what I
+didn't want to end up
+
+happening was people
+thinking that this class was
+
+about molding them into
+some science celebrity that
+
+was becoming a next Bill Nye, or
+becoming the next Neil deGrasse
+
+Tyson, or becoming
+the Hank Green,
+
+because what I think is so
+awesome about what is here
+
+in the student body, and what
+everyone in this class brought,
+
+was their own individual
+personalities.
+
+And I would have
+hated it if Nathan
+
+was trying to be Bill
+Nye, because he's
+
+so much better as Nathan.
+
+And that's why his
+blogs are so great.
+
+So Nathan, what
+was-- I know that you
+
+had said that it was
+hard to be on camera,
+
+and it was hard
+to do production,
+
+but your blogs
+are so effortless,
+
+and your video blogs--
+they're very you.
+
+So what was so hard
+about doing something
+
+when you had a line to say?
+
+You can just clip it to
+yourself if you want.
+
+NATHAN: I think we
+made it so hard was,
+
+if I'm just doing a
+blog sort of thing,
+
+I think of it in a way of, like,
+I'm just talking to someone.
+
+But when I'm trying
+to go with the script
+
+it becomes a lot more
+formal in my mind,
+
+and I just get nervous.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: How do feel
+about how the video that we're
+
+about to watch turned out?
+
+How do you feel
+about your hosting?
+
+What was it like shooting that?
+
+NATHAN: I think there's
+still a lot that I think
+
+could be better about
+it, but if I look back
+
+at the very first pitch video
+I did, and the second one,
+
+and even the rough cut,
+it's definitely improved.
+
+So, I'll take what I can.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE:
+What are you most
+
+proud of in your final project?
+
+NATHAN: Probably
+that, I remember
+
+when we did the [INAUDIBLE], the
+first table reads as scripts,
+
+mine was, one, a lot
+different from what it is
+
+now, but also very, very long.
+
+And now, it took like about
+a little over five minutes
+
+to read through just
+on the table, which
+
+is, in theory, faster than
+it would be in a video.
+
+And the whole kill your
+darlings thing happened,
+
+and I ended up with about two
+and a half minute long video.
+
+So I think that's
+what I like most.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, well,
+let's see what you got.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-Why does a fridge
+start to smell,
+
+and where does that icky
+black liquid come from?
+
+Wouldn't it just be easier
+if things didn't rot?
+
+If things lasted forever?
+
+Well maybe, but probably not.
+
+The average American household
+wasts about 25% of its food,
+
+and lot of restaurants
+are even worse.
+
+So if we didn't
+have decomposition,
+
+what would happen to all
+of the food we throw away?
+
+Food and microbes usually get
+settled by bacteria, protists,
+
+and fungi that allow
+nutrients in the food
+
+to return to the soil and,
+eventually, other living
+
+things.
+
+These decomposers also
+break down other dead stuff,
+
+like trees.
+
+In fact, they're pretty much the
+only thing that can eat wood.
+
+So even if in a
+world without rot,
+
+where you don't have to worry
+about your house getting eaten
+
+by termites, who align
+protists in their stomachs,
+
+pretty soon forests
+and landfills
+
+would be flooded with
+a lot of dead stuff.
+
+How do we avoid this problem?
+
+Well, basically in your
+fridge, on the forest floor,
+
+in the dumpster,
+almost anywhere there
+
+are fungi, bacteria, and
+protists that live entirely
+
+by eating dead stuff.
+
+These dead things can
+be more or less divided
+
+into three categories.
+
+Carbohydrates-- sugar
+and starches-- lipids--
+
+think fats-- and
+proteins like meats.
+
+All of these are
+chemically different,
+
+so they each get broken
+down by different enzymes
+
+in different ways before
+being absorbed by decomposers.
+
+For example, proteases
+break down proteins
+
+into amino acids, the
+cells building blocks.
+
+Lipids rely on lipases,
+and carbohydrates on things
+
+like amylase and cellulases.
+
+So how does a perfectly
+nice broccoli floret
+
+start giving off this
+foul black liquid?
+
+Fruits and vegetables are
+almost entirely made of water,
+
+so on the most
+basic level you can
+
+see the cells are like extremely
+complex water balloons.
+
+The exterior of the
+cell wall is made
+
+of cellulose, a complex
+carbohydrate that
+
+gets broken down by enzymes that
+the smaller cell can get energy
+
+from.
+
+The bacteria or fungi
+uses cellulase to eat
+
+the exterior of the cell.
+
+It's like if I were
+to pop the balloon.
+
+That's the muck you
+see in your fridge.
+
+What about that stink?
+
+For fruits and vegetables,
+a lot of times the smell
+
+happens after the icky
+black liquid forms.
+
+Other bacterial that
+weren't involved
+
+in the initial
+colonization move in,
+
+and start to stink
+everything up.
+
+Meat gets smelly when lipases
+break down fat in the meat
+
+into glycerol and fatty
+acids, two energy sources,
+
+and fatty acids
+are kind of gross.
+
+And so while your food rotting
+may smell absolutely terrible,
+
+because of it the
+environment's able to recycle
+
+crucial nutrients it needs.
+
+And, well, that's
+why we have all this.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: All right,
+so David, you can come on up.
+
+As I was saying, the students
+all have to post daily blogs,
+
+and after the first
+day I was really
+
+curious to read what everyone
+thought about the class, how
+
+they were feeling,
+and David's was
+
+one of the first ones I read.
+
+I don't know if you
+can see it, but it
+
+says, "Today was the first
+day in the class of MIT 219.
+
+I felt pretty much
+overwhelmed with the amount
+
+of course work required
+from the get go,
+
+but also pleasantly surprised
+by the amount of enthusiasm
+
+from students and teachers
+alike in the course.
+
+This will be a day
+of many firsts, then.
+
+First time making
+a blog, first time
+
+using Tumblr, first
+time making a video
+
+describing something myself.
+
+Previously, we had
+done in a group setting
+
+and it wasn't such
+a good experience."
+
+So I read that and I was like,
+oh no, I totally miss-gauged
+
+everyone's starting level.
+
+I gave too much to do.
+
+This is going to be
+an interesting month.
+
+How do you feel now that you
+not only have mastered Tumblr,
+
+but you're uploading
+videos, you're
+
+making videos on
+your own-- was it
+
+as bad of an experience
+as the first one?
+
+DAVID: Actually, I felt
+it was much better.
+
+Really, a lot much
+better, and I'm
+
+very grateful for all the
+help that we've been getting
+
+from all the teaching staff.
+
+And at first I was really--
+because the first three times
+
+that we made video I was quite
+demoralized, because the video
+
+came out quite badly.
+
+And then when I
+watched it I was, like,
+
+cringing at the videos.
+
+So because of-- but I
+feel it is because when
+
+we did the video
+shoot most of the time
+
+I was doing it by myself, so
+I couldn't have another person
+
+to shoot it against, to let a
+person tell me what is good,
+
+what it bad about a video.
+
+However, in this
+class, every day
+
+we have opinions given to us
+as to what we can improve,
+
+what we can take out, what
+is better, what to cut.
+
+And so I think
+through this process
+
+we improve our videos much
+more than we could have alone.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: And
+I forgot to mention,
+
+so the last three videos
+that I'm going to show
+
+are from SUTD students.
+
+So we got to host a few students
+who are from the Singapore
+
+University of
+Technology and Design,
+
+and it was super
+interesting having
+
+all of your guys' perspectives.
+
+I was thinking before
+the class started, like,
+
+how's this going to work?
+
+Culturally, are people
+going to have the same sort
+
+of digital media literacy?
+
+And I feel like you
+guys were like, oh
+
+yeah, we've seen Slideshow,
+we've seen Veritasium.
+
+We already know about
+these YouTube channels.
+
+So I was like, OK, this is
+going to be totally fine.
+
+But David, you
+guys are going back
+
+to Singapore tomorrow morning.
+
+Do you think that you will
+take any of the things
+
+that we did in class?
+
+Either maybe making more
+videos, on in your talks,
+
+or what types of things
+were most useful to you?
+
+DAVID: I don't think that I'll
+be making more videos because I
+
+think it's really quite hard.
+
+And to do it, really
+you need a lot of people
+
+to do it with you.
+
+But one thing I
+will take back is
+
+how to give effective feedback.
+
+Because I actually feel
+that in this class,
+
+many times the feedback
+was very effective,
+
+and it came across
+very pleasantly.
+
+So I'm very thankful for that.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, well
+let's see your final project.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+-If I went out front right
+now, dressed like this,
+
+you'd probably call
+me nuts, right?
+
+Because it's so
+cold outside that
+
+I'd probably die of hypothermia.
+
+However, in 2009,
+Wim Hof managed
+
+to run a full marathon in -20
+degrees Celsius wearing nothing
+
+but shorts.
+
+While most people
+would probably die,
+
+Wim Hof has managed to survive.
+
+So, what makes Wim Hof able
+to survive while others can't?
+
+The research team [INAUDIBLE]
+icy bath for almost two hours.
+
+Well, most people who
+had their core body temp
+
+to below 35 degrees
+causing hypothermia
+
+to kick in, Wim Hof's
+body temperature dropped
+
+to nearly 37.4 degrees
+Celsius, staying slightly warm.
+
+And the funny thing is that
+the researchers couldn't
+
+find exactly what had happened.
+
+Maybe it's a genetic adaptation.
+
+In a separate
+study, studies have
+
+found that individuals
+with [INAUDIBLE] ancestry
+
+have mitochondria
+that can produce
+
+more heat and lactic energy.
+
+Mitochondria is
+like a mini furnace
+
+that burns the sugars from food
+we eat into chemical and heat
+
+energy.
+
+Individuals like get better
+able to survive the cold.
+
+However, scientists haven't
+fully studied Wim Hof's genome,
+
+so we don't really know.
+
+Wim Hof practices g-tummo
+as a form of meditation
+
+and [INAUDIBLE] which allows
+him to double his metabolism.
+
+Regardless of condition
+before, Wim Hof
+
+can produce enough heat
+through his mitochondria
+
+with specific breathing
+and muscle contractions.
+
+They can produce enough
+heat to keep his body warm.
+
+Well, you might believe
+that this is not scientific.
+
+However, studies
+at NUS have shown
+
+that diversity increase the core
+temp of the individual using
+
+g-tummo, and the inner
+prior medication experience.
+
+Now, why could this be so?
+
+Increases in alpha and
+beta waves are notices,
+
+and many have theorized that
+this has enabled the body
+
+to effectively heat the center
+as far as the and the knees.
+
+We do not fully understand
+Wim Hof's methods,
+
+and while some have tried
+following his footsteps,
+
+it would be unwise
+to do the same.
+
+And Wim Hof, you
+don't hear him saying
+
+he can control all
+parts of his body.
+
+Now, if this were true,
+and scientifically backed,
+
+who knows what doors could open?
+
+While science has already
+audited and I myself
+
+don't practice
+Wim Hof's methods,
+
+maybe I better be
+off only one jacket.
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Oh wait, sorry,
+did I cut it off too early?
+
+Actually, I'll show
+your pitch first,
+
+then we can talk about it.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-Everyone has pretty much seen
+a science fiction movie in this
+
+day in age, and I'm pretty sure
+everyone has seen at least one
+
+that involves time travelling.
+
+Maybe it's Star Trek,
+Interstellar, or more recently,
+
+Predestination.
+
+And it's such a widely
+[INAUDIBLE] topic in science
+
+fiction, the whole genre
+of time travelling.
+
+But many times,
+Hollywood films always
+
+have these little,
+little loopholes
+
+in their storyline
+and their plot lines,
+
+and they often use theories and
+science to explain themselves,
+
+which are just like
+got from machine
+
+solutions-- totally
+not efficient.
+
+However, scientists have
+actually put forward three main
+
+theories when it comes
+to time travelling.
+
+First theory-- the
+fixed timeline theory.
+
+Say, for example, you're
+trying to prevent World War II,
+
+and you travel back in time
+after inventing a time machine.
+
+And after killing the baby
+that was supposed to be Hitler,
+
+you put-- I don't know, some
+other baby from an orphanage,
+
+and put it in the same cot.
+
+However, when you travel
+back in the future,
+
+you realize that the baby
+that you had replaced it with
+
+was the one that turn
+out to be Hitler,
+
+and there is no changing
+of the past, effectively,
+
+or the future, or the present.
+
+It's all in a fixed timeline.
+
+And this particular motions
+are actually often seen
+
+in movies such as Harry Potter.
+
+It was seen in
+Interstellar as well.
+
+It was also seen
+in Predestination.
+
+It's a good film.
+
+You have to catch it.
+
+The second theory is
+the multiverse theory,
+
+which states that every
+time you go back in time
+
+and you alter the
+history-- for example,
+
+you step on a butterfly and that
+butterfly could actually maybe
+
+be the prevention
+of, I don't know,
+
+a hurricane that sweeps
+through Orlando right
+
+now-- you spawn a new
+set of events which
+
+happens in a separate universe.
+
+Which, in other words means
+that you have actually
+
+got infinite number
+of universes after you
+
+have all these
+different decisions
+
+and different chain
+of events occurring
+
+And this particular
+timeline concept
+
+has legitimately explored
+many times as well.
+
+It's been featured in the
+recent regular Star Trek movies.
+
+It's also been featured
+in recent Fringe series,
+
+which kind of I hate because
+JJ Abrams right now remind me
+
+of something.
+
+And yeah, this multiverse
+series is actually quite popular
+
+because it's the easiest
+for producers to just show
+
+the solution, and
+then they'll say,
+
+oh, we actually spawned
+off a new timeline.
+
+So that's when you
+get sloppy and lazy.
+
+The third theory you
+have is what we call
+
+the dynamic timeline theory.
+
+It's also the theory which
+induces all the paradoxes.
+
+Which, you often hear
+about these paradoxes,
+
+such as the grandfather paradox,
+where you go back in time
+
+and you kill the
+grandfather, and because you
+
+kill the grandfather,
+you won't exist.
+
+And because you won't exist
+you can't go back in time
+
+and save the
+grandfather, and that's
+
+where the whole
+paradox comes in.
+
+Who kills who?
+
+God knows.
+
+The third theory we have is
+called the dynamic timeline
+
+theory, which is also where
+all your grandfather paradoxes
+
+come in.
+
+Let's say your grandfather is
+a really, really evil man--
+
+Hitler-- and you have to go
+back in time to kill him.
+
+And you go back,
+you do the deed,
+
+and then you realize that,
+oh no, after I kill him
+
+I can't exist.
+
+And because you can't exist,
+you can't go back in time
+
+to kill him.
+
+And because of
+that, he comes back.
+
+And then after you
+have to come back,
+
+and you have to go back
+in time again [INAUDIBLE].
+
+That's where the paradox starts.
+
+It's an infinite circle
+of never ending events,
+
+and that's how the
+grandfather paradox came
+
+about to be in the first place.
+
+And I think you may have seen
+it in Back to the Future.
+
+And I can't really think of
+any other film right now.
+
+So, this is a brief
+history of time travel
+
+and the three theories
+associated with it,
+
+as well as a quick touch
+on the grandfather paradox.
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: All right,
+come on up, Kenneth.
+
+So of the four values-- I
+don't know if you all remember,
+
+but there's spark,
+there's clarity,
+
+there is thoughtfulness, and
+there's challenge, right?
+
+Kenneth obviously is not
+lacking in spark whatsoever,
+
+which is awesome.
+
+As soon as you see this
+video-- and this was
+
+the very first thing
+you did-- and you have
+
+some video experience, right?
+
+KENNETH: Yeah, I have.
+
+And if I had known
+this would be shown I
+
+would have put on more clothes.
+
+Yeah, I have had some.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: So the
+video technique was there,
+
+and the enthusiasm
+for the subject matter
+
+was definitely there.
+
+So how did you go from this
+pitch, which is basically
+
+it's own video-- it's kind
+of like a mini SciShow video,
+
+basically, on all the
+theories of time travel.
+
+How did you go from this to
+the video we're about to see?
+
+KENNETH: So this was talking
+about the three main theories
+
+of time travel, and
+this happened right
+
+before we saw the sixth graders.
+
+And when I started talking
+to the six graders,
+
+I realized that
+most of them haven't
+
+seen Interstellar or all of
+these new Star Trek movies.
+
+Funnily enough, they have
+seen Back to the Future.
+
+So yeah, I realized
+what really intrigued
+
+them about time travel wasn't
+all these paradoxes, or all
+
+these theories, or the timeline.
+
+They were more interested in
+how is it possible-- is it
+
+even possible, and
+other questions.
+
+So it wasn't-- they were
+interested in time travel,
+
+just not my scope that
+I initially planned.
+
+So I decided to
+change it up a bit.
+
+Maybe talk more about the
+science of time travel
+
+itself, which is where
+I went to at the end.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: I mean,
+something to emphasize too-- we
+
+talked about on the first
+day that this space is
+
+so hard to work in
+because what is good
+
+is not defined by anyone.
+
+So just because
+the sixth graders
+
+wanted you to talk about the
+exact science of time travel,
+
+and we encourage you to do
+that, that doesn't necessarily
+
+mean that this video is bad,
+or that people wouldn't really
+
+be into a video about the
+science behind Interstellar.
+
+That's not true at all.
+
+So part of the challenge
+of working in this space
+
+is knowing who to sacrifice--
+what audience to sacrifice when
+
+you decide to make your video.
+
+What were some of the
+new or unexpected things
+
+that you had learned that you
+didn't know about production?
+
+KENNETH: Sound is important.
+
+Sound is really,
+really important.
+
+Yeah, if I had more time I would
+re-shoot some of the scenes
+
+because the sound
+was just so bad.
+
+Other things-- I realize
+my writing and my speaking
+
+is really, really,
+very different.
+
+My initial script when
+we first wrote it out,
+
+I think it was about seven--
+six to seven minutes long.
+
+My final cut is short
+of four minutes.
+
+So I think while
+filming it's really
+
+a big difference to
+how we bring things--
+
+how I brought things across.
+
+It feels a lot more
+natural to speak just ad
+
+lib to the camera.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome.
+
+Any final thoughts
+before we show yours?
+
+KENNETH: Be forgiving.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Thanks, Kenneth.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-Imagine holding a party
+and then sending out
+
+invitations after the party.
+
+Wait a minute, that
+doesn't make any sense.
+
+Are my friends going to
+be able to time travel
+
+back just to attend my party?
+
+In 2009, Steven Hawking actually
+conducted such an experiment
+
+to disprove time travel.
+
+But what exactly is time
+travel, and how does it work?
+
+It actually has a
+lot to do with speed.
+
+A lot of what we know about
+time traveling actually
+
+comes from Einstein's theory of
+special and general relativity.
+
+We are actually time
+travelling right now,
+
+but not in the manner that
+sci-fi films have depicted it.
+
+We are, in fact, time travelling
+at a pace of one hour per hour.
+
+In other words, every hour I
+experience, the world around me
+
+experiences a
+singular hour, too.
+
+Now, it may sound simple and
+trivial, but stay with me.
+
+This is where it
+gets interesting.
+
+Now, a [INAUDIBLE] of Einstein's
+theory of special relativity
+
+is actually a phenomenon
+known as time dilation.
+
+Effectively, this means that
+the faster you travel the slower
+
+time passes around you.
+
+It potentially
+means that I could
+
+travel at maybe more
+than one hour per hour.
+
+This phenomenon, however, is
+only noticeable at really,
+
+really high speeds-- speeds
+near the speed of light.
+
+This rocket here,
+not even close.
+
+Say I do have a
+spaceship now that
+
+travels at 90% the
+speed of light,
+
+and I have a pair
+of newborn twins.
+
+I bring one of them with me
+on this journey for 10 years.
+
+When I return, one of them
+will have turned 23 years old,
+
+while the one will me will
+have only tuned 10 years old.
+
+While we have experienced
+10 years on the spaceship,
+
+23 years have actually
+passed on earth.
+
+This amount of time actually
+increases exponentially
+
+as we get closer to
+the speed of light.
+
+So, we could have potentially
+travelled forward in time,
+
+but what about
+backwards in time?
+
+That's a loaded issue.
+
+Now, remember our
+previous draft.
+
+The time that it
+took [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to the speed of light.
+
+Some scientists think
+maybe the secret to time
+
+travel lies on the
+other side of the line.
+
+In other words, we may
+have to travel faster
+
+than the speed of light just to
+be able to travel back in time.
+
+Now, when you do travel at
+speeds near the speed of light,
+
+something called relativistic
+mass comes into play.
+
+In other words, as your speed
+goes up your mass increases.
+
+As your masses increases,
+you require more energy
+
+to move the same object.
+
+This might mean that we need
+an infinite amount of energy
+
+just to move [INAUDIBLE]
+beyond the speed of light.
+
+However, the more energy you put
+into an object, the more likely
+
+you are to increase
+its mass rather than
+
+to increase its speed.
+
+Therefore, to gather
+[INAUDIBLE] quite impossible
+
+at this point in time.
+
+So, why are we still so
+obsessed with time travel?
+
+Time travel does come with
+it's own set of problems.
+
+Take, for example,
+my party before.
+
+If I were to send out my
+invitations after the party,
+
+my friends would have come
+back in time to attend.
+
+And if they did come
+back in time to attend,
+
+I wouldn't have to have
+sent out my invitations.
+
+And if I didn't send
+out my invitations
+
+they wouldn't be at my party.
+
+Doesn't make any sense at all
+that they are both at my party
+
+and not at my party.
+
+This is what we call
+the grandfather paradox.
+
+It's one of three
+time travel theories
+
+that we currently have.
+
+Now, so it seems that we may
+not be able to time travel
+
+yet, based on what
+physics tells us at least.
+
+For now, if you are
+planning a party,
+
+be sure to send out
+the invites first.
+
+Your friends can't
+time travel yet.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: We
+have one more video.
+
+Joshua, I'm going to
+show your day three blog.
+
+This was the day after that
+we had our hosting and script
+
+writing workshop.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-I thought what really
+stood out for me
+
+was the one of looking at
+a member of your audience
+
+like your family member or a
+professor behind the camera,
+
+so it's not just a camera.
+
+So yeah, but the funny thing
+is, speaking of this tip,
+
+I kind of forgot it and I've
+been looking at the camera
+
+thinking of the camera.
+
+So it's a bit ironic.
+
+I guess many if these things
+require a lot of practice,
+
+and that's kind of like
+why you do, and get out
+
+of the zone of thinking
+I'm in front of a camera.
+
+Usually, every time you press a
+camera there's this red button.
+
+Sometimes I think maybe
+if that red button
+
+was eliminated that a lot of
+things would be different.
+
+Yeah, so I guess
+one of my questions
+
+I would like to ask as well
+is, what kind of face-- what
+
+would be a perfect
+member of the audience
+
+that I would like to put there?
+
+I mean, if I put someone
+who is very respectable,
+
+like my professor, then I
+guess that the whole tonality
+
+in my voice, the whole
+choice of my vocabulary
+
+would try to be more serious.
+
+By the same time, I
+guess if I put someone
+
+like a two-year-old
+in my imagination
+
+in front of the camera,
+I'll probably not
+
+talk in the same tonality.
+
+So I guess, what would
+an appropriate member
+
+of the audience be in front
+of the camera, or some of--
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: So that's
+a very hard question.
+
+You can come on up.
+
+And the thing that's
+hard when you're hosting
+
+is that there's a
+difference between talking
+
+to and for your audience,
+which is a point that George
+
+brought up during the workshop.
+
+But being able to
+actually implement
+
+that, as you mentioned,
+it's really hard.
+
+So what did you think of
+when you were hosting?
+
+Because I think that the
+way you talk in this blog
+
+is totally appropriate for sixth
+grader, for your professor.
+
+But being able to distill like
+who you are as an individual,
+
+and having the
+self-awareness to process,
+
+like, this is how I really--
+this is who I am at my core.
+
+That's actually a
+really hard thing to do.
+
+So how are you able to
+do in your final video?
+
+JOSHUA: I guess the
+most important thing
+
+is remembering a script.
+
+So you at least you know
+what you're going to speak,
+
+and then you probably just want
+to focus on being yourself.
+
+Because at the end of the day,
+we don't want to be Bill Nye.
+
+Still we want to be ourselves,
+but we must be clear.
+
+So you have to balance
+those two objectives.
+
+And this is just me just
+talking off my head,
+
+but I had no objective coming
+into these reflections.
+
+Yeah the question
+was interesting,
+
+because it was
+just-- it was the day
+
+after-- am I right to say it was
+the day after the students came
+
+in?
+
+And if you saw my
+first day picture
+
+it was extremely embarrassing.
+
+Thank God for not showing it.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: It's not bad--
+it's really not that bad.
+
+JOSHUA: I was
+explaining like hashing,
+
+and it was like some security
+concept that's so hazy that--
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: It's actually--
+it was quite a good video.
+
+Very clear and succinct.
+
+I now know that my password
+is safe on Facebook
+
+just as long as I update
+it every now and then.
+
+JOSHUA: Yeah, but I've now
+understood my audience.
+
+And so the point of this
+video-- and hopefully
+
+what I wanted to show was
+something very accessible,
+
+something you use everyday.
+
+And it goes deeper and deeper
+until it goes to a concept
+
+that you're not
+very familiar with.
+
+But because you started off
+at the very familiar point,
+
+it lead you there.
+
+And so I guess that's the
+exciting part of the K-12
+
+videos.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome.
+
+That was a point Chris
+[? Babel ?] brought up a lot,
+
+was taking the familiar
+and making it unfamiliar,
+
+or taking the unfamiliar
+and making it familiar.
+
+And I think this video
+that we're about to see
+
+does a great job of
+taking something that's
+
+familiar to all of
+us and showing sort
+
+of the unfamiliar side of it.
+
+Any other final thoughts
+before we show it?
+
+JOSHUA: Ugh.
+
+Don't cringe, but I better
+hide under the table.
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE: No, no.
+
+JOSHUA: OK.
+
+[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+
+-Hi.
+
+Do you find it
+particularly difficult
+
+to find a specific
+item in your house?
+
+Let's say you're looking
+for a pair of gloves,
+
+but you just can't find it and
+you spend your entire afternoon
+
+looking for it.
+
+Well, you've just
+encountered the same problem
+
+that companies like
+Google or Microsoft
+
+encounter every single day, and
+that's the problem of search.
+
+Just like your house,
+which stores a thousand
+
+different items, Google
+stores 45 billion index pages
+
+of information.
+
+What if every page
+was a sheet of paper,
+
+and we stacked
+them up real high?
+
+We would create
+a tower 600 times
+
+taller than Mount Everest.
+
+Well, how can
+Google find a result
+
+so quickly when I
+find it so difficult
+
+to find a pair of gloves.
+
+Well, searching
+on Google is kind
+
+of like looking for a
+person in a big school.
+
+Let's say I'm looking for
+James in a row of classrooms.
+
+One of the easiest
+method would be
+
+to go to every classroom next
+to you until you find James.
+
+There is a better method
+called binary search.
+
+Now, let's say the students
+were arranges from A
+
+to Z, one in each classroom.
+
+We would then go
+to the middle room
+
+first and see if James is
+there, and if James isn't there
+
+we would look at the
+first letter in the name,
+
+and if the letter is before
+J, we head to the right.
+
+If not, we head to the left.
+
+We would then approach
+the middle room
+
+in the newly sectioned area.
+
+Eventually, we will repeat the
+process over and over again
+
+until we find James.
+
+Now, this is just the first
+method, but it's at a much,
+
+much faster rate.
+
+How much faster will that be?
+
+Well, that depends on the number
+of students in the school.
+
+Let's say there are 500 students
+and we are looking for one.
+
+It will take about 80
+minutes in the first method,
+
+but one and a half minutes
+with binary search.
+
+But let's say there are
+1,000 students in the school.
+
+It will take 160 minutes
+with the first method,
+
+but 1.6 minutes with
+the second method.
+
+Now, that's a whole
+lot of difference.
+
+So a name is just
+a word, but Google
+
+searches a combination of words,
+making it a little bit more
+
+complicated.
+
+So just like how we
+identified the first letter
+
+of each alphabet
+of the name, Google
+
+identifies 200 unique factors
+making the search terms faster.
+
+Well, if you recall, the
+effectiveness of binary search
+
+depends on the
+pre-arrangement of data,
+
+and that's why computer
+scientists are actively
+
+looking for ways to sort,
+manage, and eventually retrieve
+
+data faster and better.
+
+In the same way, the TV
+remote goes near the TV,
+
+the shoes go to the shoe rack,
+the coats go into the cupboard,
+
+and the winter gloves go
+into the winter jacket.
+
+Aha!
+
+So that's where my gloves are.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+[END PLAYBACK]
+
+ELIZABETH CHOE:
+OK, so like I said,
+
+given the incredibly
+small amount of time
+
+and the small amount
+of resources they had,
+
+I think that these videos
+are pretty impressive.
+
+It's pretty impressive
+what they were all
+
+able to achieve in such
+a short amount of time.
+
+We didn't even really
+hit music, which
+
+is like an entirely separate,
+time consuming thing.
+
+But well done everyone.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+I wanted to thank all
+the teaching staff who
+
+made this class possible.
+
+Sarah, you're an awesome TA.
+
+Jamie, the co-instructor.
+
+We had George [? Ziden ?]
+come and teach hosting.
+
+We had the guys from Planet
+Nutshell, Josh and John,
+
+come and teach script writing.
+
+Chris [? Babel ?]
+taught a lot of how
+
+to make the camera techniques
+advance your narrative,
+
+so it was really a
+collaborative effort
+
+to make this class happen.
+
+Just like hopefully
+you guys realize
+
+how much of a
+collaborative effort
+
+it takes to make a video.
+
+So big thank you to everywhere
+who made this class possible.
+
+So all of these videos
+and everyone's stuff
+
+is up on our Tumblr if
+you guys are interested.
+
+I don't know when we're going
+to offer this class again.
+
+We'll see what happens.
+
+But in the meantime, best
+wishes to all the students
+
+from Singapore who are
+going back tomorrow,
+
+and then the
+remaining students--
+
+I've talked to most of you
+guys but waiting to hear back
+
+from one person-- we'll
+be producing their videos
+
+for Science Out Loud
+season three next week,
+
+in addition to a few more
+that we've been developing
+
+in parallel to this class.
+
+So maybe when the spring
+semester rolls out
+
+you'll not only be able to
+see their progress from pitch,
+
+to script, to second
+script, to rough cut,
+
+to final project, you'll also be
+able to see their final product
+
+in the videos that
+we produce for them,
+
+which is going to
+be really exciting.
+
+And that big thanks
+to Opencourseware too,
+
+for helping document this class.
+
+It will be interesting to
+see that roll out this summer
+
+as well.
+
+But feel free to take--
+if there's food left,
+
+feel free to take it.
+
+There's plenty of salad
+left, which is unsurprising.
+
+But other than that, thanks
+so much for coming out.
+
+Feel free to-- I'm going
+to volunteer the students,
+
+if you want to ask them about
+their experiences, you can.
+
+But other than that,
+have a great evening,
+
+and thanks again, everyone.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qm_hVsoM4OY.txt b/qm_hVsoM4OY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d13df2799ca1332e5a58aab7bc3db715f0cc11f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qm_hVsoM4OY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1849 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+I am going to continue our
+blitz through a review of
+
+thermodynamics.
+And we are going to start,
+
+right now, talking about
+spontaneous change.
+
+And you all know what
+spontaneous change means.
+
+It means some change that
+occurs without intervention.
+
+Spontaneous change has a
+directionality to it.
+
+For example,
+if you put a rock at the top of
+
+a hill and you let go,
+it rolls down,
+
+it doesn't roll up.
+If you put a warm body next to
+
+a hot body, the heat flows from
+the hot body to the cold body,
+
+and not the other way.
+If you, for example,
+
+have a bulb of gas here and a
+stop-cock and an empty bulb,
+
+you open the stop-cock,
+that gas flows from the high
+
+pressure region to the low
+pressure region,
+
+and it does not go the other
+way.
+
+However, spontaneous change
+does not have to be fast.
+
+You know that if you take a
+bottle of ketchup,
+
+when it used to be a glass
+bottle that you couldn't
+
+squeeze, and you turn it over,
+that ketchup has a spontaneous
+
+tendency to flow out.
+But it does not have to be
+
+fast.
+What is, in chemical reactions,
+
+the key to spontaneity?
+Is it the exothermicity?
+
+Well, certainly iron rusts.
+You don't have to do anything
+
+to make it rust.
+A very exothermic reaction.
+
+Delta H is about 824 kilojoules
+per mole.
+
+If you have an acidic stomach
+and you then ingest something
+
+that is a little bit more basic,
+well, this reaction goes.
+
+It neutralizes that acid,
+also an exothermic reaction.
+
+You did not have to do anything
+other than drink the more basic
+
+solution.
+This reaction,
+
+here, this hydrolysis of ATP to
+ADP, adenosine diphosphate,
+
+--
+-- proceeds in every cell of
+
+your body, and you don't have to
+do anything to make that go.
+
+That is an exothermic reaction.
+But what about an endothermic
+
+reaction?
+How about this reaction?
+
+This is ammonium nitrate
+dissolving in water to make
+
+ammonium ions and nitrate ions.
+The delta H for this reaction
+
+is positive, plus 25.7
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+It is an endothermic reaction.
+Is this reaction spontaneous?
+
+Well, yes.
+We are going to do an
+
+experiment anyway.
+And the experiment we are going
+
+to do is, you are going to be
+given one of these cold packs.
+
+And the TAs can start
+distributing them.
+
+What you have to do is find the
+little pouch inside the cold
+
+pack that contains the water.
+You have to press on that,
+
+allowing the water to disperse
+in the material,
+
+and you will see if the
+reaction goes.
+
+If it goes, that cold pack
+better get cold because this is
+
+an endothermic reaction.
+It is going to remove some heat
+
+from the environment.
+Some of you will get hot packs,
+
+and we will see if that is
+spontaneous.
+
+Is an endothermic reaction
+spontaneous?
+
+Yes.
+Is an exothermic reaction
+
+spontaneous?
+Yes, right.
+
+Is delta H the key to
+spontaneity?
+
+No.
+What is?
+
+Delta G, right.
+So, delta G is the key to
+
+spontaneity.
+You already know that when
+
+delta G is negative,
+you have a spontaneous
+
+reaction.
+When delta G is positive,
+
+you have a non-spontaneous
+reaction.
+
+And very importantly,
+when delta G is zero,
+
+that is when you are at
+equilibrium.
+
+That is what we are going to be
+talking about in just a few
+
+minutes, when delta G is equal
+to zero.
+
+These are the conditions,
+of course, for constant
+
+temperature and pressure.
+Delta S, in this expression for
+
+delta G, is the change in the
+entropy.
+
+It is a measure of disorder.
+When delta S is positive,
+
+we have an increase in the
+disorder.
+
+When delta S is negative,
+we have a decrease in the
+
+disorder.
+Where do these conditions come
+
+from?
+You are going to talk about
+
+that in exquisite detail in
+5.60, but I want to give you a
+
+physical understanding for what
+delta G is.
+
+And that is this.
+Suppose you have an exothermic
+
+reaction.
+It turns out that not all of
+
+that exothermicity,
+not all of that enthalpy,
+
+can be released to the outside
+world to do useful work.
+
+Some of that enthalpy is
+actually caught up in the
+
+product molecules,
+or can be caught up in the
+
+product molecules.
+Some of that enthalpy gets
+
+stuck in the product molecules.
+It gets stuck in the vibrations
+
+and rotations of the product
+molecules in the internal
+
+degrees of freedom.
+It is that energy that is not
+
+available to do useful work.
+For some exothermic reactions,
+
+here, the amount of energy that
+is available to do useful work
+
+is something smaller than delta
+H.
+
+It is delta H minus T delta S,
+where T delta S,
+
+then, is a measure of how much
+of that enthalpy is stuck in the
+
+internal degrees of freedom of
+the molecule.
+
+And so, this delta G is called
+the free energy because this is
+
+the amount of energy that is
+free to do useful work.
+
+That is what delta G is.
+For example,
+
+if you go home and turn on your
+gas stove, oxidize some methane,
+
+burn some natural gas to heat
+up the water for your pasta,
+
+that delta H is very negative.
+But let's now calculate delta
+
+G.
+Well, to do that,
+
+we need to know what delta S
+is.
+
+Delta S, I will show you in
+just a moment,
+
+is the change in the entropy.
+We can calculate that.
+
+But knowing delta S then,
+we can plug in the delta H and
+
+the temperature.
+What we find is that delta G
+
+here is less negative than delta
+H.
+
+Not all of this enthalpy,
+not all of that energy is
+
+available to the outside world
+to do useful work.
+
+Some of it, in this reaction,
+gets trapped or caught in the
+
+internal degrees of freedom of a
+molecule.
+
+And it is not available to do
+that useful work.
+
+Delta G, in this case,
+is less negative than delta H.
+
+But let's take the eat,
+breathe, exhale,
+
+pee reaction.
+The oxidation of glucose,
+
+going on in every cell of your
+body, this reaction also very
+
+exothermic.
+Let's calculate delta G for
+
+this reaction.
+Well, first of all,
+
+we need delta S.
+From that, we can calculate
+
+delta G.
+And, in this case,
+
+what do you see?
+In this case,
+
+you see that delta G is more
+negative than delta H.
+
+In this exothermic reaction,
+we are getting back all of the
+
+enthalpy and then some.
+We are getting back even more.
+
+And that extra energy is coming
+from the energy that is tied up
+
+in the internal degrees of
+freedom of the reactants.
+
+In this reaction,
+here, delta S is positive.
+
+We are increasing the disorder.
+If we increase the disorder,
+
+there are fewer ways to tie up
+energy in the internal degrees
+
+of freedom of the molecule.
+When we increase the disorder,
+
+that is what happens.
+And so, your body has figured
+
+out how to get back all of that
+delta H, and then some.
+
+We are getting that energy out
+that is locked up in the
+
+reactants, in the internal
+degrees of freedom of the
+
+reactants.
+That is a physical feeling,
+
+there, for what delta G is.
+Entropy for a reaction.
+
+The entropy is calculated from
+the absolute entropies of the
+
+products and the reactants.
+And so, what you need are the
+
+absolute entropies for each one
+of the products multiplied by
+
+the appropriate stoichiometric
+number.
+
+You sum them all up.
+And you do the same then for
+
+the reactants,
+the absolute entropy of each
+
+one of the reactants multiplied
+by that stoichiometric number.
+
+Sum them up.
+Subtract it.
+
+That is the entropy change for
+the reaction.
+
+Now, one thing I do want to
+point out is that in the case of
+
+entropies, here,
+these are absolute entropies.
+
+That is rather unusual in
+thermodynamics.
+
+In thermodynamics usually we
+look at changes in energies,
+
+but here we are talking about
+absolute entropies.
+
+That is a consequence of the
+third law of thermodynamics.
+
+You will see how that arises
+again in 5.60,
+
+but right now we are going to
+use it to calculate the entropy
+
+for a reaction.
+And some reactions here are
+
+completely entropy-driven.
+For example,
+
+if you melt ice,
+this is an endothermic
+
+reaction, 6.95 kilojoules per
+mole.
+
+In going from solid water to
+liquid water,
+
+you have to put energy into the
+system to do that.
+
+But you know that this reaction
+occurs spontaneously.
+
+If I had a cube of ice here,
+it would melt.
+
+This reaction is
+entropy-driven.
+
+Why?
+Let's look at it.
+
+Let's calculate delta S for
+that reaction.
+
+You need the absolutely entropy
+for water in the liquid phase,
+
+that is the product,
+minus the absolute entropy for
+
+water in the solid phase.
+The difference between the two
+
+is positive.
+We have increased the disorder.
+
+There are less ways to tie up
+energy in liquid water than
+
+there are in solid water,
+in ice.
+
+And that fact is going to make
+this reaction then spontaneous,
+
+6.95 positive for delta H minus
+T delta S.
+
+This term, T delta S,
+now is larger in absolute
+
+magnitude.
+Therefore, delta G is negative.
+
+This reaction is spontaneous.
+It is certainly entropy-driven.
+
+The other concept I want to
+talk about is the free energy of
+
+formation, which is analogous to
+what we talked about last time,
+
+the enthalpy of formation.
+The free energy of formation is
+
+the free energy for a reaction
+that forms one mole of a
+
+compound from the elements in
+their most stable form in the
+
+standard state.
+And our standard state is one
+
+bar.
+The free energy of formation,
+
+here, is tabulated like the
+heats of formation.
+
+You can find tables of free
+energy and enthalpy of formation
+
+for all molecules.
+However, unlike the enthalpy of
+
+formation, the free energy of
+formation can also be calculated
+
+easily by you,
+which is the following,
+
+if you know the enthalpy of
+formation for some reaction.
+
+Or, for the reaction that
+defines the enthalpy of
+
+formation.
+And if you know what the
+
+entropy change is for that
+reaction that defines the
+
+enthalpy of formation,
+then you can calculate the free
+
+energy here of formation.
+You have two choices in the
+
+case of the free energy of
+formation.
+
+You can look it up.
+Or, if you know what delta H
+
+sub f and delta S
+are for the reaction,
+
+that defines the free energy of
+formation or the enthalpy of
+
+formation.
+You can calculate the free
+
+energy of formation,
+here.
+
+Here is a reaction that forms
+one mole of CO two.
+
+And the delta G for this
+reaction is minus 394 kilojoules
+
+per mole.
+The delta G for this reaction
+
+is defined as the free energy of
+formation for CO two.
+
+It is so because we are forming
+one mole of this molecule from
+
+the elements in their most
+stable form in the standard
+
+state.
+The most stable form of the
+
+element carbon is graphite.
+The most stable form of the
+
+element oxygen is molecular
+oxygen.
+
+But what is important about the
+free energy of formation,
+
+here, is that it is a measure
+of a compound stability relative
+
+to decomposition to its
+elements.
+
+For example,
+the free energy of formation of
+
+carbon dioxide is negative.
+What that means is CO two
+
+is thermodynamically
+stable relative to decomposition
+
+into its elements.
+Because delta G for this
+
+reaction is written as negative.
+The reaction is spontaneous in
+
+this direction.
+It is not spontaneous in the
+
+reverse direction.
+That is, the decomposition of
+
+CO two to its elements
+is not a spontaneous process.
+
+Therefore, we say that CO two
+is thermodynamically stable
+
+relative to decomposition into
+its elements.
+
+If you have a free energy of
+formation for a molecule that is
+
+negative, it is
+thermodynamically stable,
+
+but if you have a free energy
+of formation that is positive,
+
+then that compound is not
+thermodynamically stable
+
+relative to decomposition to its
+elements.
+
+For example,
+let's look at benzene.
+
+Here is a reaction that forms
+one mole of liquid benzene from
+
+the elements in their most
+stable form in the standard
+
+state, graphite and molecular
+hydrogen.
+
+The free energy of formation
+for this benzene is positive 124
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+That means that this forward
+
+reaction, as written,
+is not spontaneous.
+
+However, the reverse reaction
+is spontaneous because delta G
+
+is minus 124 kilojoules per
+mole.
+
+And so we say benzene,
+here, is thermodynamically
+
+unstable relative to its
+elements.
+
+But, even though you might have
+a reaction, here,
+
+that is spontaneous,
+that is the reverse reaction.
+
+You have a delta G formation
+that is positive,
+
+meaning the reverse reaction is
+spontaneous.
+
+Even though that reverse
+reaction may be spontaneous,
+
+it also could be very,
+very slow.
+
+When was the last time you saw
+a pint of benzene decompose into
+
+graphite and hydrogen?
+You haven't seen that.
+
+I haven't seen that and I am a
+lot older.
+
+What this means is that even
+though you might have a
+
+thermodynamic tendency to
+compose, it does not mean that
+
+it is going to happen because
+there is a question of the rate
+
+of the chemical reaction.
+We have two different terms to
+
+describe the thermodynamic
+tendency and then the kinetic
+
+tendency, and these terms are
+the following.
+
+We call the molecules stable or
+unstable when we are referring
+
+to the thermodynamic tendency.
+That is when we are referring
+
+to delta G or the free energy of
+formation.
+
+If it is negative,
+the molecule is stable.
+
+If it is positive,
+the molecule is unstable
+
+relative to decomposition.
+However, we also have to
+
+consider the rates.
+And we have another term to
+
+describe the rates.
+And that is labile and
+
+non-labile.
+If a molecule is non-labile,
+
+what that means is that the
+rate, at which the thermodynamic
+
+tendency is realized,
+is very, very slow.
+
+Benzene, for example,
+is thermodynamically unstable
+
+relative to decomposition into
+its elements,
+
+carbon and hydrogen,
+but it is non-labile.
+
+The rate at which that reaction
+happens is just too slow to be
+
+of any practical interest to
+you.
+
+However, if this decomposition
+reaction occurred very readily,
+
+then we would call that
+molecule labile.
+
+That is, the rate of the
+decomposition is something that
+
+is going to affect your ability
+to handle that particular
+
+compound or that molecule.
+Like the enthalpy of formation,
+
+the free energy of formation
+can also be zero.
+
+Last time, we talked about how
+the enthalpy of formation for
+
+hydrogen, oxygen,
+chlorine, xenon,
+
+all of that,
+had zero enthalpy of formation.
+
+Well, all of these molecules
+have zero free energy of
+
+formation because they are all
+in the most stable form already,
+
+in the standard state.
+The free energy of formation of
+
+bromine liquid and
+mercury liquid is
+
+zero.
+Because they are in the most
+
+stable form at the standard
+state.
+
+The free energy of formation of
+carbon in the form of graphite,
+
+sodium solid,
+
+iron solid, iodine solid.
+
+Those free energies of
+formation are all equal to zero,
+
+but the free energy of
+formation here of bromine in the
+
+gas phase is not equal to zero.
+Because bromine gas is not the
+
+most stable form in our standard
+state.
+
+Liquid bromine is,
+so it is going to take energy
+
+to produce bromine gas.
+So Delta G of formation is not
+
+going to be zero.
+Likewise, the free energy of
+
+formation of diamond is not
+equal to zero.
+
+Because carbon,
+in the form of diamond,
+
+is not the most stable form of
+carbon.
+
+Graphite is.
+This is going to take energy to
+
+form that configuration of
+carbon.
+
+So free energies of formation
+are very important in terms of
+
+understanding the thermodynamic
+stability of molecules.
+
+Just a review,
+here.
+
+If you want to calculate delta
+G for a reaction,
+
+what can you do?
+You can take the free energy of
+
+formation for each one of the
+products, multiply it by the
+
+appropriate stoichiometric
+number, since those free
+
+energies of formation are given
+per mole, add them all up,
+
+and then do the same thing for
+the reactants.
+
+Free energies of formation for
+each of the reactants.
+
+Stoichiometric number.
+Add them all up.
+
+Subtract the two.
+That is the delta G for your
+
+chemical reaction.
+Like delta H for the chemical
+
+reaction, which you calculated
+from the differences in the
+
+heats of formation,
+the products and reactants,
+
+note that this is products
+minus reactants.
+
+This is different from when you
+calculate delta H,
+
+for example,
+from bond enthalpies.
+
+That was reactants minus
+products.
+
+Something to remember.
+But again, in the case of delta
+
+G, we can calculate it from
+knowing the free energies of
+
+formation of the reactants and
+the products.
+
+But we can also calculate it
+from this expression.
+
+If, for example,
+you know the enthalpy change
+
+for a reaction and you know the
+entropy change for a reaction,
+
+you can calculate the free
+energy change from these two
+
+quantities.
+You have two choices to
+
+calculate the free energy change
+of some chemical reaction,
+
+depending on what information
+is known or is given to you.
+
+Now, I want to talk kind of
+briefly about controlling the
+
+spontaneity of a chemical
+reaction.
+
+And, to do so,
+I am going to talk about this
+
+molecule, which is sodium
+bicarbonate.
+
+Sodium bicarbonate is better
+known as baking soda.
+
+It is what you put into some
+batter of soft baked goods that
+
+you want to make.
+What happens is that the sodium
+
+bicarbonate decomposes and two
+of the products are gases,
+
+CO two and water.
+And so, in your batter,
+
+what you get are these bubbles
+of CO two and water.
+
+And what happens is that the
+dough starts to harden around
+
+these bubbles.
+And then, of course,
+
+eventually, the CO2 and water
+leave, are completely driven
+
+off, but what that leaves behind
+in the batter is a very porous
+
+structure, so porous that after
+you remove it from the oven you
+
+can actually put your teeth into
+it.
+
+Have you ever left out the
+baking soda in some soft baked
+
+goods?
+You cannot get your teeth into
+
+it, right?
+So, this is an important
+
+reaction.
+But this is a reaction,
+
+here, that is very endothermic.
+It does increase in the
+
+entropy, but at room
+temperature, this reaction has a
+
+positive delta G.
+This reaction does not proceed.
+
+It is non-spontaneous in the
+forward direction,
+
+as written.
+And that is good because you do
+
+not want this reaction to start
+when your batter is still on
+
+your kitchen counter.
+You want it to start when it is
+
+in the oven.
+What happens as we raise the
+
+temperature, here?
+For the purposes of what we are
+
+going to do, we have the same
+delta H and delta S.
+
+But now, when we calculate
+delta G, the temperature,
+
+here, is going to be our baking
+temperature of 350 degrees
+
+Fahrenheit.
+And now, what you see is delta
+
+G is negative,
+minus 14 kilojoules per mole.
+
+All of a sudden,
+this reaction became
+
+spontaneous.
+And we made it spontaneous
+
+simply by increasing the
+absolute magnitude of T delta S.
+
+We increased it by increasing
+the temperature,
+
+in this case.
+We made it spontaneous by
+
+raising the temperature.
+For some reactions,
+
+we can do that.
+We can find a temperature at
+
+which the reaction will be
+spontaneous.
+
+Let's look at the particular
+conditions.
+
+Delta G is a linear function of
+the temperature,
+
+so let me draw that for this
+particular case,
+
+for the sodium bicarbonate
+decomposition.
+
+The slope of this line for this
+reaction is, of course,
+
+minus delta S.
+The intercept is delta H.
+
+And now, let me just draw a
+zero here.
+
+What I want you to notice is
+that there is some temperature
+
+that I am going to call 
+T star.
+
+There is some temperature at
+which the sign of delta G
+
+changes.
+You see that below T star,
+
+delta G is positive.
+Below those temperatures,
+
+such as room temperature for
+the sodium bicarbonate
+
+decomposition,
+delta G is positive.
+
+We have a non-spontaneous
+reaction.
+
+Above some temperature delta G
+has become negative.
+
+We have a spontaneous reaction.
+We can calculate the value of
+
+this T star, where the
+spontaneity switches,
+
+by setting delta G nought
+equal to zero
+
+and then solving for T star.
+Let's do that.
+
+I rearrange this to give me T
+star is equal to delta H over
+
+delta S.
+For this reaction,
+
+I know the values of delta H
+and delta S.
+
+And for this reaction that
+value of T star is 406 Kelvin.
+
+So, your oven has to be higher
+in temperature than 406 Kelvin
+
+if you want to make some baked
+goods that you can put your
+
+teeth into.
+For some reaction,
+
+in this particular case here
+that is endothermic,
+
+delta H greater than zero,
+in which case we have an
+
+increase in entropy,
+that reaction is spontaneous
+
+whenever the temperature is
+above some temperature T star.
+
+But we also have reactions
+which are exothermic,
+
+delta H less than zero,
+and reactions in which the
+
+entropy decreases.
+Delta S is less than zero.
+
+And I have plotted that line
+here, delta G versus T.
+
+For the opposite condition,
+we have the opposite slope
+
+because delta S has changed
+sign.
+
+In this case,
+the reaction will be
+
+spontaneous whenever the
+temperature is below some
+
+temperature T star.
+And you can see that by looking
+
+at the relative signs in this
+expression.
+
+If delta H is less than zero up
+here, then we have a negative
+
+quantity right here.
+And, since delta S is less than
+
+zero, we have minus times a
+minus, which is a plus.
+
+This term here is positive,
+this term is negative,
+
+and so this positive term
+better not be in absolute value
+
+very much larger than delta H
+here.
+
+If it is, then we are going to
+have a positive delta G,
+
+but if this term is small
+compared to the absolute value
+
+of delta H, then we will have a
+spontaneous reaction at low
+
+temperatures.
+So, you want to keep this term
+
+small.
+That is why it is spontaneous
+
+when T is less than T star.
+But we can also have reactions
+
+that are exothermic and
+reactions in which the entropy
+
+increases.
+In this case,
+
+you have the best of all
+worlds.
+
+In this case,
+this reaction is spontaneous at
+
+all temperatures.
+You cannot adjust the
+
+spontaneity of this reaction by
+temperature.
+
+This is always going to be
+negative.
+
+Delta H is negative here,
+minus T delta S.
+
+This is going to be minus a
+positive number.
+
+A negative minus a positive
+number is always a negative
+
+number, always spontaneous.
+And then, finally,
+
+we can have a condition where
+we have an endothermic reaction,
+
+delta H is greater than zero,
+and where the entropy
+
+decreases, delta S is less than
+zero.
+
+In this case,
+the reaction is never
+
+spontaneous, no matter what
+temperature you do.
+
+You cannot adjust that
+non-spontaneity with
+
+temperature.
+Delta H, you can see that,
+
+is going to be positive.
+And since delta S is negative,
+
+we have a minus times a minus,
+that is positive,
+
+delta G is positive at all
+temperatures.
+
+So we have failed to adjust the
+spontaneity with temperature for
+
+some reactions that are
+endothermic and in which the
+
+entropy decreases.
+
+What we have been talking about
+are values of delta G that are
+
+standard state.
+We have been talking about
+
+delta G nought,
+one bar pressure.
+
+That is what we have been
+talking about.
+
+What that means is that the
+delta G nought for any reaction
+
+means that we have one
+atmosphere each of the products
+
+and the reactants.
+That is what delta G nought
+
+means.
+That our famous reaction here,
+
+argon-boron,
+argon plus boron going to
+
+carbon plus deuterium.
+Let's take this reaction.
+
+When I give you a delta G
+nought for this famous reaction,
+
+what that means is that that is
+the delta G nought when the
+
+partial pressure of the reactant
+A is one bar,
+
+and the partial pressure of
+reactant B, is one bar and the
+
+partial pressure of product C is
+one bar, and the partial
+
+pressure of product D is one
+bar.
+
+That does not seem real useful,
+because say you were going to
+
+start a reaction and you just
+start it even with one bar of A
+
+and one bar of B,
+this is not the delta G under
+
+those particular conditions.
+We have to be able to calculate
+
+delta G under any conditions.
+Not just our standard state
+
+conditions.
+And that is what we are going
+
+to do with this expression.
+We are going to be able to
+
+calculate a delta G at any time
+during a reaction.
+
+We can stop a reaction,
+and we can measure the partial
+
+pressures of the reactants and
+the products present,
+
+and we can get from that,
+then, a delta G for a reaction
+
+at that particular point.
+That is what we are going to
+
+do, here.
+What have I got written here?
+
+I have delta G is equal to this
+delta G nought,
+
+the standard state delta G,
+plus RT ln of the partial
+
+pressure of product C over some
+reference pressure raised to the
+
+appropriate stoichiometric
+number, times the partial
+
+pressure of the other reactant,
+divided by some reference
+
+pressure raised to the
+appropriate stoichiometric
+
+number.
+And that is all over the
+
+product of the partial pressure
+of A over that reference
+
+pressure, raised to the
+appropriate stoichiometric
+
+number, times the same for
+reactant B.
+
+What this ratio here of partial
+pressures is,
+
+or what it is called,
+is the reaction quotient,
+
+Q.
+It is the ratio of the partial
+
+pressures present during any
+time during the reaction.
+
+Not necessarily at equilibrium
+-- at any time during the
+
+reaction.
+That is what Q is here.
+
+And so in this way,
+with this expression,
+
+we are going to be able to
+calculate what delta G is for
+
+the reaction at any time outside
+of this special standard state
+
+of one bar pressure for each one
+of the reactants,
+
+one bar partial pressure for
+each one of the products.
+
+Where this expression comes
+from is, again,
+
+discussed in exquisite detail
+in 5.60.
+
+You will see where it comes
+from later, but right now we are
+
+going to use it to calculate
+delta G at any time during the
+
+reaction.
+But now let me point out that
+
+our reference pressure right
+here is one bar.
+
+What I am going to do is
+substitute a one in here for
+
+each one of the reference
+pressures, so that my reaction
+
+quotient is going to look like
+this.
+
+And I did not put in the bars
+because what you are going to do
+
+is put in the pressures in bars.
+And then, the reaction quotient
+
+will be just fine.
+You have to use bar pressure
+
+here, since that is our standard
+state.
+
+That is our reference pressure.
+Now, keep this in mind.
+
+This is important.
+We are going to use this again
+
+in just a moment.
+Let's start talking about the
+
+equilibrium constant.
+Here is our famous A plus B
+
+going to C plus D reaction.
+
+We already said if delta G,
+for this reaction as written is
+
+negative, then that forward
+reaction is spontaneous.
+
+If delta G for that reaction is
+positive for the reaction as
+
+written, what that means is
+then, the reverse reaction is
+
+spontaneous.
+And now, very importantly,
+
+if delta G is zero,
+then we are at chemical
+
+equilibrium.
+Notice this is delta G equal to
+
+zero.
+This is not delta G nought
+
+equal to zero.
+A big difference here.
+
+This is delta G equal to zero.
+Then, we are at equilibrium.
+
+What I am going to do is I am
+going to bring back my
+
+expression that allowed me to
+calculate delta G at any
+
+arbitrary pressures of the
+reactants and the products.
+
+And I just said that
+equilibrium, here,
+
+is defined by delta G being
+equal to zero,
+
+so I am going to plug in a zero
+right in there.
+
+If that is the case,
+then I am going to rearrange
+
+this equation.
+I am going to bring delta G
+
+over to the other side,
+and that is what I do here on
+
+the next slide.
+I have delta G nought is equal
+
+to minus RT ln of this reaction
+quotient.
+
+Now, we have a special
+
+condition here.
+And that is when delta G is
+
+equal to zero,
+when we are at thermodynamic
+
+equilibrium this reaction
+quotient has a special name.
+
+That special name is the
+equilibrium constant,
+
+K.
+This reaction quotient is equal
+
+to the thermodynamic equilibrium
+constant.
+
+And it is so only when delta G
+is equal to zero.
+
+Not delta G nought equal to
+zero.
+
+We get the equation,
+delta G nought is equal to
+
+minus RT ln of K.
+
+That is where this particular
+expression comes from.
+
+So, the reaction quotient is
+equal to K when we are at
+
+thermodynamic equilibrium.
+Now what we are going to do is
+
+set up some equations here that
+are going to allow us to quickly
+
+tell when our reaction is at
+equilibrium.
+
+We are going to compare Q to K.
+Let's do that.
+
+Here is that general expression
+I had that allowed me to
+
+calculate delta G at any
+arbitrary pressures of the
+
+reactants and the products.
+Here is the expression delta G
+
+nought at equilibrium,
+delta G nought equal minus RT
+
+ln of K.
+
+What I am going to do is
+substitute this delta G nought
+
+into here right in there.
+Let me do that.
+
+I am just going to plug it
+right in.
+
+So, I have minus RT ln of K
+plus RT ln of Q.
+
+Now I have the difference
+
+between two logs.
+The difference between two logs
+
+is the log of the quotient of
+those arguments of the logs.
+
+So, delta G then is RT times ln
+of Q over K.
+
+Remember what Q is?
+
+It is this ratio of
+instantaneous partial pressures.
+
+If we have a reaction running
+and we somehow measure the
+
+partial pressures at some time,
+and we calculate the reaction
+
+quotient from that and then we
+find that Q is less than K,
+
+the equilibrium constant,
+what that means is that we have
+
+fewer products present than
+equilibrium says we should have
+
+--
+-- because Q is less than K.
+
+If that is the case,
+then what is going to happen is
+
+that the reaction is going to
+proceed in the forward direction
+
+in order to make more products,
+so that Q can get to the point
+
+of being equal to K.
+You can also see that up here.
+
+When Q is less than K,
+we had the log of a number that
+
+is going to be less than one.
+The log of a number less than
+
+one is a negative number.
+When Q is equal to K,
+
+delta G is going to be
+negative, meaning,
+
+the reaction as written is
+spontaneous in the forward
+
+direction.
+That is what our equilibrium
+
+says.
+It wants to make more products.
+
+On the other hand,
+if we have Q greater than K,
+
+that says we have too many
+products compared to what
+
+equilibrium says we should have.
+And, of course,
+
+then the reaction is going to
+run in the reverse direction.
+
+It is going to try to use up
+those products and make more
+
+reactant.
+You can also see that by this
+
+expression.
+When Q is greater than K,
+
+we are going to have a log of a
+number that is greater than one,
+
+that is going to be positive.
+If delta G is positive in the
+
+forward direction for the
+reaction as written,
+
+then it is the reverse reaction
+that is going to be spontaneous.
+
+Another way to look at it is
+shown here.
+
+Suppose we are in a situation
+where Q is less than K.
+
+I am plotting here Q as a
+function of the time in the
+
+reaction, and I am starting out
+here at T equals zero and Q is
+
+less than K.
+If Q is less than K,
+
+it means that we have fewer
+products than what equilibrium
+
+tells us we should have.
+The reaction is going to
+
+proceed in the forward
+direction, so that Q will
+
+increase to the value of K,
+so that we can attain
+
+equilibrium.
+On the other hand,
+
+if we have a situation where we
+start a reaction,
+
+but Q is greater than K,
+in that case,
+
+we started the reaction by
+putting all the products in
+
+instead of the reactants.
+When Q is greater than K,
+
+it says we have more products
+than equilibrium says we should
+
+have.
+What is going to happen is that
+
+the reverse reaction is going to
+proceed.
+
+It is going to try to use up
+those products,
+
+so that we attain this ratio
+given by the equilibrium
+
+constant.
+That is how we are going to use
+
+Q, compare it to K to determine
+whether or not we are at
+
+chemical equilibrium.
+Professor Cummins will be here
+
+on Wednesday.
+I will see you later in the
+
+week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qnGoJKxNTtE.txt b/qnGoJKxNTtE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8e8663f6a2968c3aac41f3081573e2d6ccc493c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qnGoJKxNTtE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT open courseware is a free and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware is a free and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware is a free and open
+publication of material from thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of material from thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of material from thousands
+of MIT courses covering the entire MIT
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+ 
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+of MIT courses covering the entire MIT
+curriculum and used by millions of
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+world. OCW educator is a faculty
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+world. OCW educator is a faculty
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+world. OCW educator is a faculty
+inspired initiative to share teaching
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+inspired initiative to share teaching
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+inspired initiative to share teaching
+approaches and materials from MIT with
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+Instructors share their instructional
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+Instructors share their instructional
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+Instructors share their instructional
+insights via this course at MIT sections
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+how the course was taught on campus and
+include a course overview, course
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+outcomes, curriculum information,
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+outcomes, curriculum information,
+student demographics, and personal
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+student demographics, and personal
+ 
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+student demographics, and personal
+interviews with faculty about how they
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+ 
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+taught the course.
+ 
+
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+taught the course.
+Many MIT instructors share a variety of
+
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+Many MIT instructors share a variety of
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+Many MIT instructors share a variety of
+teaching materials with educators,
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+teaching materials with educators,
+ 
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+teaching materials with educators,
+including resources like lecture notes,
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+including resources like lecture notes,
+video lectures, exams, and assignments,
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+video lectures, exams, and assignments,
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+video lectures, exams, and assignments,
+and special elements like
+
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+and special elements like
+ 
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+and special elements like
+demonstrations. These materials, like
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+demonstrations. These materials, like
+ 
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+demonstrations. These materials, like
+all materials on OCW, are made for
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+all materials on OCW, are made for
+ 
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+all materials on OCW, are made for
+sharing. Download files for later, share
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+sharing. Download files for later, share
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+sharing. Download files for later, share
+with students, modify, remix, and reuse
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+with students, modify, remix, and reuse
+ 
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+with students, modify, remix, and reuse
+in your teaching. Just remember to site
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+in your teaching. Just remember to site
+ 
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+in your teaching. Just remember to site
+OCW as the source.
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+OCW as the source.
+ 
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+OCW as the source.
+OCW Educator is now making it easier to
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+OCW Educator is now making it easier to
+ 
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+OCW Educator is now making it easier to
+find the teaching materials and
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+find the teaching materials and
+instructional insights you need faster.
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+instructional insights you need faster.
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+instructional insights you need faster.
+Use the finder on the OCW Educator
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+Use the finder on the OCW Educator
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+Use the finder on the OCW Educator
+portal to search for resources. You can
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+portal to search for resources. You can
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+portal to search for resources. You can
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+ 
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+[Music]
+
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+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach or you can search for teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or you can search for teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach or you can search for teaching
+materials by subject area.
+
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+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
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+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+You can also use the OCW educator portal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can also use the OCW educator portal
+ 
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+You can also use the OCW educator portal
+to find other resources like OCW courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find other resources like OCW courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find other resources like OCW courses
+about teaching and education or pedigogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching and education or pedigogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching and education or pedigogy
+highlights and course introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights and course introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights and course introduction
+videos or more information about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos or more information about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos or more information about what
+inspired MIT faculty to begin the OCW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired MIT faculty to begin the OCW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired MIT faculty to begin the OCW
+educator initiative. We're excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator initiative. We're excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator initiative. We're excited about
+this and we welcome you to start using
+
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+this and we welcome you to start using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we welcome you to start using
+and sharing OCW Educator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rid0pVnuDjM.txt b/rid0pVnuDjM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5063eb7c181895a0462d38e42c7ae0ca3193272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rid0pVnuDjM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16688 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a person could get a contract from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person could get a contract from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person could get a contract from the
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to put a plow on the front of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a plow on the front of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put a plow on the front of their
+suv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suv
+and they plowed people out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they plowed people out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they plowed people out of their
+driveways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driveways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driveways
+and that was free for the community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was free for the community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was free for the community and
+they would get they would get paid paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would get they would get paid paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would get they would get paid paid
+for it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it yeah
+so uh nobody was ever late for work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh nobody was ever late for work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh nobody was ever late for work by
+reason of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of the
+doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+even better than that you just go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than that you just go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than that you just go down
+knock on the person's door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock on the person's door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock on the person's door
+tell them when you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them when you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them when you want to go
+and they would just automatically yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would just automatically yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would just automatically yeah
+come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get started with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+housekeeping issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first of these will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of these will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of these will be
+your reactions to the uh updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reactions to the uh updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reactions to the uh updated
+syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how did that happen sorry go ahead oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did that happen sorry go ahead oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did that happen sorry go ahead oh no
+with the grading scheme at the end with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the grading scheme at the end with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the grading scheme at the end with
+the greening scheme at the end and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greening scheme at the end and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greening scheme at the end and the
+took off the uh midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off the uh midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off the uh midterm
+oh i didn't notice that okay i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i didn't notice that okay i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i didn't notice that okay i haven't
+noticed that i don't have any objections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a lot of weight at the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of weight at the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of weight at the very end
+i mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's
+my i'm not saying that's a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my i'm not saying that's a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my i'm not saying that's a bad thing
+necessarily but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily but
+65 is this a project which i guess just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 is this a project which i guess just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 is this a project which i guess just
+reflects the importance that you place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the importance that you place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects the importance that you place
+on our independent work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our independent work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our independent work
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes for a graduate class for graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for a graduate class for graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for a graduate class for graduate
+students uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh
+i just don't see a whole lot of point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just don't see a whole lot of point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just don't see a whole lot of point in
+asking y'all to memorize memorize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking y'all to memorize memorize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking y'all to memorize memorize a
+whole lot of terms for a midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of terms for a midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of terms for a midterm
+because anybody can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anybody can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anybody can do that
+it'll come out i don't come out uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come out i don't come out uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come out i don't come out uh in
+this paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper uh
+what i want for you to do is to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want for you to do is to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want for you to do is to walk
+away from this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from this class
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+as much of what we put into the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of what we put into the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of what we put into the class
+into one coherent home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one coherent home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one coherent home
+that is your choice of topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your choice of topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is your choice of topic
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+if i say work with you that is not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say work with you that is not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i say work with you that is not right
+we're going to work on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to work on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to work on you
+to get that thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that thing right
+so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+the importance that i've put on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance that i've put on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance that i've put on that
+keep talking still got the floor we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking still got the floor we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking still got the floor we're
+still we're doing some housekeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we're doing some housekeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we're doing some housekeeping
+issues on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues on the uh
+on the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the syllabus
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+this is not exactly yours yours is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not exactly yours yours is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not exactly yours yours is
+hardback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardback
+i couldn't buy a hardback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't buy a hardback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't buy a hardback
+but i want to keep the one that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to keep the one that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to keep the one that is a
+property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of
+is that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay
+can i give this one back to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i give this one back to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i give this one back to you
+oh i see because you wrote stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i see because you wrote stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i see because you wrote stuff in
+there no you wrote stuff in and i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no you wrote stuff in and i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no you wrote stuff in and i want
+to keep it oh i see i say stolen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it oh i see i say stolen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it oh i see i say stolen from
+stolen trump right you like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen trump right you like that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen trump right you like that yeah
+but they when i ordered it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they when i ordered it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they when i ordered it uh
+they didn't order they didn't give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't order they didn't give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't order they didn't give me
+the hardback that's fine it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardback that's fine it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardback that's fine it's okay
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+okay uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh
+the percentages we're gonna and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentages we're gonna and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentages we're gonna and and
+let's see open up again to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have it in front of you okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it in front of you okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it in front of you okay uh
+the part where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part where
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay the early presentation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the early presentation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the early presentation and the
+final presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do you have any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the early presentation is on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the early presentation is on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the early presentation is on the same
+as draft one of the same thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as draft one of the same thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as draft one of the same thing okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there's two prep classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two prep classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two prep classes
+so i want to have a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to have a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to have a class
+that pretty much gives you a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty much gives you a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty much gives you a higher
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanation of how to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of how to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of how to give a
+verbal presentation now what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal presentation now what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal presentation now what's going to
+be very helpful with the prep classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful with the prep classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very helpful with the prep classes
+are the other two faculty or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other two faculty or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other two faculty or any other
+faculty that are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty that are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty that are here
+they're going to have different styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have different styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have different styles
+you may want to use one of theirs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to use one of theirs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to use one of theirs
+instead of one of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one of mine
+or instead of yeah i have several styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or instead of yeah i have several styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or instead of yeah i have several styles
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+uh please take advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh please take advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh please take advantage of that
+opportunity to work with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+we're going to be able to do some at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to do some at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to do some at
+some classes more than one case study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes more than one case study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes more than one case study in
+one period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one period
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we'll that'll be add hope some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll that'll be add hope some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll that'll be add hope some of them
+will get stuck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get stuck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get stuck on
+some will move straight through but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will move straight through but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will move straight through but
+you're ready to do two of them today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to do two of them today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready to do two of them today
+right three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right three of them
+a7d challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a7d challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a7d challenger
+and what was the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what was the other
+pinto okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinto okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinto okay um
+let's see there's another housekeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's another housekeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there's another housekeeping
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i was not able to consummate a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+person who to take over class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who to take over class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who to take over class on
+thursday i'm gonna be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday i'm gonna be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday i'm gonna be out of
+town now we've have some options we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town now we've have some options we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town now we've have some options we can
+get a volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a volunteer
+to take the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the class
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+uh schedule a makeup class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schedule a makeup class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh schedule a makeup class
+which is what i'm accustomed to doing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what i'm accustomed to doing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what i'm accustomed to doing at
+howard we schedule makeup classes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard we schedule makeup classes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard we schedule makeup classes on
+some time that's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a few of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like for example a friday or like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example a friday or like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example a friday or like for
+example during the final week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+either one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'd probably prefer a friday earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd probably prefer a friday earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd probably prefer a friday earlier in
+the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we do this uh you all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we do this uh you all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we do this uh you all are
+talking to each other outside of class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay come up with a couple options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come up with a couple options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay come up with a couple options and
+then when we get together the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we get together the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we get together the next time
+we'll explore those options see how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore those options see how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore those options see how many
+people can get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh there's one other day when i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh there's one other day when i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh there's one other day when i'm
+gonna be on travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be on travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be on travel
+uh but that day i will promise to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that day i will promise to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that day i will promise to have
+somebody come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody come in
+take the class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's all for me i won't i have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all for me i won't i have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all for me i won't i have no
+other plans to miss any of the classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thursday there's no class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh let's see are there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see are there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see are there any other
+housekeeping issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right a couple of uh before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a couple of uh before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right a couple of uh before we get
+involved in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the um
+in the case studies uh let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case studies uh let's have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case studies uh let's have a
+revisit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revisit
+uh uh of the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's have a revisitation to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a revisitation to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's have a revisitation to the last
+class um and revisit means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um and revisit means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class um and revisit means
+uh several things one are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several things one are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several things one are there any
+questions you want to bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you want to bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you want to bring up
+and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second
+are there any uh corrections that need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any uh corrections that need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any uh corrections that need
+to be made there's one correction i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made there's one correction i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be made there's one correction i want
+to make in something that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in something that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make in something that i
+said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh
+remember there was a question asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was a question asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was a question asked
+about is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is it really
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it an end
+that you feel for somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you feel for somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you feel for somebody else
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+is the end really that you're feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the end really that you're feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the end really that you're feeling
+for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself
+and i had said schopenhauer gave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i had said schopenhauer gave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i had said schopenhauer gave this
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how
+a person cannot sometimes does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person cannot sometimes does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person cannot sometimes does not
+separate oneself from someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate oneself from someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate oneself from someone else
+okay now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now there's a
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a
+slight amendment that i would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight amendment that i would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight amendment that i would like to
+make to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's very slight and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very slight and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very slight and that is
+that schopenhauer set down the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it was joseph campbell that gave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was joseph campbell that gave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was joseph campbell that gave the
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and schopenhauer did it hold on just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and schopenhauer did it hold on just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and schopenhauer did it hold on just a
+second here i'll tell you what uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+schopenhauer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer's
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+called the world as will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the world as will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the world as will
+and idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and idea
+is full of uh this kind of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of uh this kind of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of uh this kind of discussion
+here we go again the will again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go again the will again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go again the will again
+okay did you take note of that i told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did you take note of that i told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did you take note of that i told
+you in german authors you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in german authors you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in german authors you're going to
+find a lot of this issue about the will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the book is a symphony of rapture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is a symphony of rapture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is a symphony of rapture
+dealing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this
+matter he uses an image that i like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter he uses an image that i like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter he uses an image that i like to
+bring up in relation to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up in relation to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring up in relation to this
+and his uh foundations of morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his uh foundations of morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his uh foundations of morality
+he asks quote how is it that a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he asks quote how is it that a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he asks quote how is it that a human
+being can so participate in the danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being can so participate in the danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being can so participate in the danger
+and peril of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and peril of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and peril of another
+that for getting his own self-protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for getting his own self-protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for getting his own self-protection
+he moves spontaneously to that person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he moves spontaneously to that person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he moves spontaneously to that person's
+rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue
+end quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end quote
+how is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is it that
+what we take to be the first law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we take to be the first law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we take to be the first law of
+nature preserving this separate entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature preserving this separate entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature preserving this separate entity
+this ego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ego
+is suddenly dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suddenly dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suddenly dissolved
+and as though one were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as though one were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as though one were at
+where that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that other
+i'll repeat that as though one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll repeat that as though one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll repeat that as though one
+were that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one acts spontaneously in the interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acts spontaneously in the interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acts spontaneously in the interests
+of that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that other
+even at the risk of one's own life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the risk of one's own life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even at the risk of one's own life
+one acts spontaneously to save a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acts spontaneously to save a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one acts spontaneously to save a child
+that's about to be run over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about to be run over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about to be run over
+schopenhauer answers by saying this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer answers by saying this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schopenhauer answers by saying this is a
+metaphysical realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysical realization
+that has broken through which is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has broken through which is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has broken through which is usually
+not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there
+end quote it's the realization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end quote it's the realization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end quote it's the realization of the
+universal consciousness of which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal consciousness of which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal consciousness of which we are
+all manifestations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all manifestations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all manifestations
+now notice that universal consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that universal consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice that universal consciousness
+universal universal consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal universal consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal universal consciousness
+this business of there being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of there being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of there being
+uh a oneness to the universe is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a oneness to the universe is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a oneness to the universe is going to
+come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+it's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that where the up has played such a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where the up has played such a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where the up has played such a big
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+and it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very important
+very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general
+i mean nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean nowadays
+yeah it's much more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's much more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's much more powerful
+it's also very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also very good
+yes it's also very good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i just bought a book uh on oneness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just bought a book uh on oneness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just bought a book uh on oneness um
+it's i'll get it in the mail at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i'll get it in the mail at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's i'll get it in the mail at some
+point i'll bring it to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point i'll bring it to class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point i'll bring it to class
+uh it's a relatively new book and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a relatively new book and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a relatively new book and the
+person who wrote it as a physicist i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wrote it as a physicist i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wrote it as a physicist i was
+out at the aaas meeting weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the aaas meeting weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the aaas meeting weekend
+last weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last weekend
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they had a book sale you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a book sale you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a book sale you know the
+display and i bought it there seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and i bought it there seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display and i bought it there seemed to
+be going quite popularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going quite popularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going quite popularly
+so i'll bring that to class but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll bring that to class but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll bring that to class but it's a
+physicist's point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist's point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist's point of view
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there's a leap you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a leap you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a leap you can make
+even in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in physics
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i think what he's really saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what he's really saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think what he's really saying is
+that some of the great physicists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the great physicists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the great physicists have
+already made that leap they really think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made that leap they really think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made that leap they really think
+that there's something out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something out there
+that's a oneness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a oneness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a oneness
+of the whole universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole universe
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there is this discussion that i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this discussion that i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this discussion that i don't
+understand very well and i hope you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand very well and i hope you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand very well and i hope you do
+and if you don't it'll be in this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't it'll be in this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't it'll be in this book
+and we'll discuss it there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss it there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll discuss it there is this
+discussion out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion out there
+that there are forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are forces
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+every two particles in the universe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two particles in the universe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two particles in the universe but
+those forces the magnitude of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces the magnitude of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces the magnitude of those
+forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+uh is independent of the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is independent of the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is independent of the distance
+between the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the particles
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard
+to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+einstein has something to do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein has something to do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+einstein has something to do with that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh but nevertheless uh so the correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but nevertheless uh so the correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but nevertheless uh so the correction
+is that the actual experience of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the actual experience of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the actual experience of the
+bridge of the person falling over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge of the person falling over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge of the person falling over the
+bridge was joseph campbell's experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge was joseph campbell's experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge was joseph campbell's experience
+when he was a young man but he puts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was a young man but he puts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was a young man but he puts it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+of schopenhauer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schopenhauer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schopenhauer's
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+and justifies it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and justifies it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and justifies it there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+anything else uh dr ing had an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else uh dr ing had an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else uh dr ing had an issue
+that i don't think that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't think that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't think that i
+responded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded to
+thoroughly and i would like to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly and i would like to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly and i would like to make it a
+class responsibility to respond to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class responsibility to respond to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class responsibility to respond to it
+thoroughly you want to put that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly you want to put that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly you want to put that question
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and how in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how in this
+philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+there were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were these
+things that were considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that were considered
+to be always that held all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the inheritance the categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the inheritance the categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the inheritance the categories
+if you have an up if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an up if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an up if you have an
+imperative then you operate by means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative then you operate by means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative then you operate by means of
+imperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+and i think the example we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think the example we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think the example we talked about
+how to do it if the imperative is i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it if the imperative is i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it if the imperative is i will
+always steal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always steal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always steal that
+there will reach a point where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will reach a point where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will reach a point where there's
+no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no more
+steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel
+and then therefore the imperative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then therefore the imperative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then therefore the imperative that
+cannot be an occurrence because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be an occurrence because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be an occurrence because
+basically you can't fulfill it but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can't fulfill it but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can't fulfill it but then
+my question was well can you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question was well can you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question was well can you have an
+imperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative
+basically i will always steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically i will always steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically i will always steal
+and yet not be fulfilled so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet not be fulfilled so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet not be fulfilled so is that
+consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent
+as opposed to saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to saying that
+because you can't fulfill it you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't fulfill it you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't fulfill it you can't
+have it maybe can you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it maybe can you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it maybe can you have the
+imperative just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative just
+there's no opportunity to enforce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no opportunity to enforce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no opportunity to enforce the
+imperative or to carry it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative or to carry it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative or to carry it out
+uh maybe uh it wouldn't be fair to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe uh it wouldn't be fair to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe uh it wouldn't be fair to say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you're saying that it's logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that it's logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that it's logic
+it still remains logically impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still remains logically impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still remains logically impossible
+but physically it doesn't remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but physically it doesn't remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but physically it doesn't remain
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+is that what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what we would
+elaborate deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's get some responses jump into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get some responses jump into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get some responses jump into this
+me excuse me excuse me remember class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me excuse me excuse me remember class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me excuse me excuse me remember class
+participation is part of the grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in
+so my reaction to what you're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my reaction to what you're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my reaction to what you're saying is
+that the way professor groom presented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way professor groom presented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the way professor groom presented a
+categorical imperative was that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical imperative was that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical imperative was that by
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+it can always be able to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can always be able to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can always be able to be done
+so the question you're posing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question you're posing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question you're posing
+has sort of already been answered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of already been answered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sort of already been answered by
+defining an imperative as something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining an imperative as something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining an imperative as something that
+physically can be done but now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically can be done but now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically can be done but now if we
+bring in the differentiation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the differentiation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in the differentiation between
+logical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical and
+logically being able to be done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically being able to be done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically being able to be done and
+physically being able to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically being able to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically being able to know
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+maybe my response to something but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my response to something but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my response to something but if
+the definition is that a categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition is that a categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition is that a categorical
+imperative can always physically be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative can always physically be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative can always physically be done
+it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can't have a categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't have a categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't have a categorical
+categorical imperative that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical imperative that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical imperative that you just
+want to do but can't at that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's let's go let's keep on let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's let's go let's keep on let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's let's go let's keep on let's
+keep with this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep with this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep with this a little bit more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+actually uh i i happen to like khan he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh i i happen to like khan he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh i i happen to like khan he's
+viewed by many of the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed by many of the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewed by many of the greatest
+philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something about how people behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how people behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how people behave
+if you were to restate the category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to restate the category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to restate the category of
+therapists in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapists in the following way
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+people are genetically predisposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are genetically predisposed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are genetically predisposed to do
+certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things
+different people are predisposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people are predisposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people are predisposed to
+different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things
+okay rather make it axiomatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rather make it axiomatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rather make it axiomatic
+in a logical sense then kant is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a logical sense then kant is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a logical sense then kant is really
+the first one to actually say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to actually say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to actually say that
+anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that
+because the genetics didn't exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the genetics didn't exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the genetics didn't exist in
+those days it wasn't in darwin etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days it wasn't in darwin etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those days it wasn't in darwin etc etc
+just so to say that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so to say that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so to say that people are
+predisposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed
+and not the word he said but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the word he said but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the word he said but what
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+to do certain things it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do certain things it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do certain things it was
+a real significant discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real significant discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real significant discovery
+that's that's point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's point one
+the other point i wanted to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other point i wanted to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other point i wanted to make it
+that if you look at the title of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the title of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the title of his
+famous uh book which was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh book which was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh book which was uh
+critique of pure readers okay where he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure readers okay where he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure readers okay where he's
+criticizing cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing cube
+so it's how do you say that this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how do you say that this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how do you say that this guy is
+a logician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logician
+when the title of this major book is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the title of this major book is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the title of this major book is a
+critique of pure reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique of pure reasoning
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+just leave that one open that was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave that one open that was okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave that one open that was okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah was he remaining as i as i said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was he remaining as i as i said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah was he remaining as i as i said was
+he remaining faithful to his discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he remaining faithful to his discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he remaining faithful to his discipline
+when he wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being a location that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i tell you what i get what i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell you what i get what i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell you what i get what i really
+think now listen to me carefully i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now listen to me carefully i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think now listen to me carefully i'm
+saying what i really think when i get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what i really think when i get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what i really think when i get my
+own opinions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own opinions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own opinions
+what i really think that comp was after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i really think that comp was after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i really think that comp was after
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+a set of ten commandments for ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of ten commandments for ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of ten commandments for ethics
+not a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a not
+everything not a not a long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything not a not a long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything not a not a long list of
+imperatives but a short list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperatives but a short list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperatives but a short list
+from which you could reason out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you could reason out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you could reason out
+your ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices
+i really think he was looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really think he was looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really think he was looking for a
+short list of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+snap short snappy statements do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap short snappy statements do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap short snappy statements do this
+don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that
+when i was in the army that's the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was in the army that's the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was in the army that's the way it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+believe it or not there were 10 rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not there were 10 rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not there were 10 rules
+not 11 not nine there were ten rules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 11 not nine there were ten rules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 11 not nine there were ten rules of
+how to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to survive
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in combat
+okay one was i don't remember one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one was i don't remember one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one was i don't remember one of
+them never let the enemy encircle you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them never let the enemy encircle you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them never let the enemy encircle you
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see
+enemy might encircle you no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy might encircle you no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemy might encircle you no matter what
+you do that goes back to what dr engel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that goes back to what dr engel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that goes back to what dr engel's
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+okay nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nevertheless
+there is this compulsion there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this compulsion there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this compulsion there's
+something that really works for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really works for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really works for us
+when you can just lay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can just lay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can just lay out
+that magic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that magic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do's and don'ts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do's and don'ts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do's and don'ts
+everybody can remember them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can remember them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can remember them
+and they try to live by them now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try to live by them now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they try to live by them now let me
+make a few comments on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few comments on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few comments on that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i was reading some place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was reading some place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was reading some place where
+even kant said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you want to set up a life pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to set up a life pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to set up a life pattern
+using these categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these categories
+uh and that guides you when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that guides you when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that guides you when you're
+walking down the street kid jumps across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the street kid jumps across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the street kid jumps across
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+street you know automatically what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street you know automatically what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street you know automatically what to do
+but a lot of your problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of your problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of your problems
+are going to be the ones that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the ones that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the ones that you're
+going to have to sit down and look at as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to sit down and look at as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to sit down and look at as
+particular cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cases
+particular physical cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular physical cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular physical cases
+so he did give that away that that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he did give that away that that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he did give that away that that both
+up there's a place with both of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a place with both of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's a place with both of them in
+a person's life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's life
+all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i think that a good life is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that a good life is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think that a good life is one that
+can find a way to use both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+there was something else i was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something else i was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something else i was going to
+say but when i get the spirit i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but when i get the spirit i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but when i get the spirit i'll just
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+to come later how about we get back into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come later how about we get back into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come later how about we get back into
+uh some of these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of these cases
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's make a few remarks to end up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a few remarks to end up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make a few remarks to end up and
+then you all want to give me some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you all want to give me some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you all want to give me some uh
+homework don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework don't you
+uh how do you how do you want to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you how do you want to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you how do you want to give it
+to me your hard copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me your hard copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me your hard copy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah let me have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me have them
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i'll work on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+since we don't have class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't have class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't have class
+thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can probably send comments back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can probably send comments back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can probably send comments back over
+the weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekend
+on email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on email
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me see if we can make a few comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if we can make a few comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if we can make a few comments
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+while we're at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we're at it
+one is that how did you treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that how did you treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that how did you treat
+the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+that if you use a utilitarian approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you use a utilitarian approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you use a utilitarian approach
+on a7d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact remains that nobody actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact remains that nobody actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact remains that nobody actually
+got hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hurt
+uh how do you treat the issue that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you treat the issue that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you treat the issue that if
+i am uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am uh
+kermit vanderveer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my boss tells me to falsify this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my boss tells me to falsify this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my boss tells me to falsify this data
+and i say but that's telling a lie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say but that's telling a lie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say but that's telling a lie and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+he comes back and says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes back and says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes back and says
+well no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no matter what
+the military rules are nobody's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military rules are nobody's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military rules are nobody's going to
+get hurt in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hurt in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hurt in this
+comes close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes close enough
+nobody's going to get hurt how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to get hurt how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to get hurt how do you
+react to that how did you react to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to that how did you react to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react to that how did you react to it
+and how do you and how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you and how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you and how would you
+recommend that the rest of us act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that the rest of us act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that the rest of us act
+does utilitarianism fail is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i didn't know what to do with the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't know what to do with the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't know what to do with the fact
+that we already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already knew
+the results yes and we and we knew sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results yes and we and we knew sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results yes and we and we knew sort
+of insider information that the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insider information that the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of insider information that the main
+character in the case didn't know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the case didn't know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character in the case didn't know right
+so what i decided to do was to narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i decided to do was to narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i decided to do was to narrow
+the scope and just do the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope and just do the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope and just do the ethical
+analysis as if lawson or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as if lawson or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis as if lawson or
+vandenbee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vandenbee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vandenbee
+we're making that ethical decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making that ethical decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making that ethical decision and
+so they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they didn't have
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+at that point in time they didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point in time they didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point in time they didn't know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the breaks wouldn't be installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so that's how i chose to deal with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's how i chose to deal with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's how i chose to deal with it
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+but then that was one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that was one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then that was one of the problems
+because after the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after the fact
+we do know that no one was hurt so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that no one was hurt so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that no one was hurt so the
+greatest utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i actually did the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i actually did the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i actually did the same thing
+kristen and i assumed that we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kristen and i assumed that we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kristen and i assumed that we didn't
+know the outcome and it was just more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the outcome and it was just more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the outcome and it was just more
+than that one decision had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one decision had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one decision had to make
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i really felt like tiltering kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really felt like tiltering kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really felt like tiltering kind of
+failed in that sense i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in that sense i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in that sense i mean
+i think for probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think for probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think for probably
+many engineering cases it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many engineering cases it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many engineering cases it's probably
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+the best approach to take i felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best approach to take i felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best approach to take i felt
+number one because there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one because there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one because there's so many
+uncertainties to the albums i mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties to the albums i mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties to the albums i mean so
+they're probably not too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably not too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably not too many
+engineering projects when you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering projects when you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering projects when you can say
+these are the costs these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the costs these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the costs these are the
+benefits this is what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits this is what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits this is what's going to happen
+there's so many things that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many things that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many things that you don't
+really know and i mean retrospect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know and i mean retrospect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know and i mean retrospect is
+nice we can say okay it didn't turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice we can say okay it didn't turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice we can say okay it didn't turn out
+that bad but if they're making that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad but if they're making that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad but if they're making that
+decision then i had a problem we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision then i had a problem we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision then i had a problem we don't
+really know what could happen what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what could happen what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what could happen what could
+happen with these grapes they could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with these grapes they could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with these grapes they could just
+get off the runway people could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off the runway people could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get off the runway people could be
+killed we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed we don't really know
+so right there's costs and benefits but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right there's costs and benefits but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right there's costs and benefits but
+each of those costume benefits has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those costume benefits has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those costume benefits has a
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so therefore it seems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so therefore it seems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so therefore it seems that
+utilitarianism is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be a way of looking at the world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a way of looking at the world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a way of looking at the world where
+you can resort to probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas the categorical imperative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the categorical imperative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the categorical imperative is
+either a or b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a or b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a or b
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+that's why the categorical the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the categorical the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the categorical the
+neonatological approach or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neonatological approach or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neonatological approach or the
+principle-based approach for me in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle-based approach for me in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle-based approach for me in this
+analysis seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis seemed
+less shaky in terms of coming to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less shaky in terms of coming to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less shaky in terms of coming to a
+conclusion because i could just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion because i could just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion because i could just say
+that yeah don't lie or in my case yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah don't lie or in my case yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah don't lie or in my case yeah
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+don't endanger don't infringe on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't endanger don't infringe on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't endanger don't infringe on the
+right of someone to their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an
+uh have we satisfied or satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have we satisfied or satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have we satisfied or satisfaction
+treated your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated your question
+dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream
+okay because i i'm jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i i'm jumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i i'm jumping
+around here a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around here a little bit um
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one more game with the a7d case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and let's play and and this is a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's play and and this is a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's play and and this is a game
+that comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes up
+uh a lot with utilitarianism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot with utilitarianism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a lot with utilitarianism in
+engineering you don't find it so much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you don't find it so much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering you don't find it so much in
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+that the person who's making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person who's making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the person who's making the
+decision is making the decision in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is making the decision in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is making the decision in a
+very large powerful hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large powerful hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large powerful hierarchical
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+where he or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he or she
+is somewhere down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere down
+in the middle towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle towards the end
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+and so the question then becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question then becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question then becomes
+is the decision maker and i'm gonna put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the decision maker and i'm gonna put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the decision maker and i'm gonna put
+this question to you is the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question to you is the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question to you is the decision
+maker one of the affected parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker one of the affected parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker one of the affected parties
+here's her decision i will tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's her decision i will tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's her decision i will tell you how
+that gets to be a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets to be a big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets to be a big issue
+this is what they call whistleblowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they call whistleblowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what they call whistleblowing
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+uh in engineering ethics uh i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in engineering ethics uh i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in engineering ethics uh i think we
+will not find any category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not find any category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not find any category
+of problems that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems that is
+is as great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as great
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+an issue in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue in terms of
+hostility that engineers can have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostility that engineers can have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hostility that engineers can have for
+one another than whistleblowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another than whistleblowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another than whistleblowing
+this business of loyalty to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of loyalty to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business of loyalty to the
+corporation or to your employer or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation or to your employer or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation or to your employer or to
+your client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your client
+it's a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big deal
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so the question then then the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then then the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question then then the issue
+comes up called blackballing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a formal term and there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a formal term and there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a formal term and there's one
+word black ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this invisible power structure in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this invisible power structure in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this invisible power structure in in
+engineering practice that runs from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering practice that runs from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering practice that runs from this
+employer to that client to that employer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer to that client to that employer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer to that client to that employer
+uh is one in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is one in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is one in which
+it can punish a which punish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can punish a which punish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can punish a which punish a
+whistleblower by saying you'll never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistleblower by saying you'll never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistleblower by saying you'll never get
+another job after you've blown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another job after you've blown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another job after you've blown the
+whistle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistle
+there is some structure to that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some structure to that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some structure to that it's
+called the resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the resume
+that when you go to from one job to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go to from one job to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you go to from one job to
+another you have to send your resume and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you have to send your resume and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you have to send your resume and
+you have to have some persons from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have some persons from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have some persons from your
+other job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other job
+to make some you know they have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some you know they have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make some you know they have to give
+some record some references
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some record some references
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some record some references
+so they call back to that person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they call back to that person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they call back to that person that
+person says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person says oh
+she blew the whistle on us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she blew the whistle on us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she blew the whistle on us
+right and they say well you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they say well you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they say well you know we
+looked at your application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at your application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at your application
+it looks very good but we decided on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very good but we decided on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks very good but we decided on
+someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+and then after a while you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after a while you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after a while you'll see a
+pattern in your life and that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in your life and that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern in your life and that turns out
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+a very stressful pattern so is it fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very stressful pattern so is it fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very stressful pattern so is it fair
+is it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it right
+for the decision maker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the decision maker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the decision maker
+if that person wants to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that person wants to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that person wants to use
+utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarianism
+to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider
+him or herself as a as an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or herself as a as an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or herself as a as an effective
+party is that a legitimate thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party is that a legitimate thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party is that a legitimate thing to do
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the utilitarianism making the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilitarianism making the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilitarianism making the decision
+that when you talk about the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you talk about the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you talk about the greatest
+utility for all affected parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for all affected parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for all affected parties
+nothing and that seems to me that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and that seems to me that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and that seems to me that it
+rules out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules out
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe the problem is utilitarian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the problem is utilitarian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the problem is utilitarian is
+supposed to just focus on this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to just focus on this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to just focus on this general
+audience and it's just that most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it's just that most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it's just that most people
+place more value on themselves than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place more value on themselves than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place more value on themselves than
+probably the other people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the other people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the other people in the
+audience so maybe think about it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so maybe think about it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so maybe think about it the
+same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right well let me ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well let me ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well let me ask you to do
+something let's see how can we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's see how can we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something let's see how can we do this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+suppose i am vanderveer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose
+one of the pilots out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pilots out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the pilots out there
+is your son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i say that well if i make if i if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say that well if i make if i if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say that well if i make if i if i
+don't tell this lie i will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell this lie i will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell this lie i will get
+blackballed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackballed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackballed
+how do you feel about that do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you feel about that do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you feel about that do you think
+that i have a claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+maybe that's the problem because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the problem because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the problem because
+everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has
+certain biases and everyone has a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain biases and everyone has a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain biases and everyone has a way of
+saying general overall good because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying general overall good because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying general overall good because if
+my son dies the overall good in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son dies the overall good in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my son dies the overall good in the
+world just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dropped and then for you you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped and then for you you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped and then for you you know you
+still applied your job maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still applied your job maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still applied your job maybe you
+experience some kind of financial gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some kind of financial gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience some kind of financial gain
+so maybe like our perceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe like our perceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe like our perceptions
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+what i'm going to what i'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to what i'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to what i'm going to do
+at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+is tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tell you that
+this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where
+uh john stuart mill fits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh john stuart mill fits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh john stuart mill fits in
+and why he and my judgment is why he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why he and my judgment is why he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why he and my judgment is why he
+gets more credit for utilitarianism than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more credit for utilitarianism than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more credit for utilitarianism than
+bentham and even all the way back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bentham and even all the way back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bentham and even all the way back to
+plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is
+and that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is it
+john stuart mill goes into that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john stuart mill goes into that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john stuart mill goes into that kind of
+question what really counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what really counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what really counts
+as the as the maximum good is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as the maximum good is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as the maximum good is good
+really a matter of feeling good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a matter of feeling good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a matter of feeling good
+or is there something that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there something that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there something that's different
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is there something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something about
+worth feeling that you've done something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth feeling that you've done something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth feeling that you've done something
+of worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worth
+that doesn't necessarily make you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily make you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't necessarily make you feel
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+but what does it make you feel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it make you feel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what does it make you feel so
+uh try to pick up something that john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to pick up something that john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to pick up something that john
+stuart mill has written or that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuart mill has written or that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuart mill has written or that somebody
+comments on john stuart mill and go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on john stuart mill and go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on john stuart mill and go into
+some detail about the happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail about the happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail about the happiness
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+because he takes into account all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he takes into account all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he takes into account all of
+these kinds of ramifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of ramifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of ramifications
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+looking at let's look at another case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at let's look at another case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at let's look at another case
+want to do the challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the challenger
+let's do the challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the challenger
+uh let's see give us a recapitulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see give us a recapitulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see give us a recapitulation
+of the case somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the case somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the case somewhat
+some two persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what give us the time today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what give us the time today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what give us the time today what
+happened in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in that case
+act as though the rest of us really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as though the rest of us really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act as though the rest of us really
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my what i recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my what i recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my what i recall
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+an employee for the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employee for the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employee for the company
+morton vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+manufactured the o-rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured the o-rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufactured the o-rings
+seal in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal in between the
+fuel sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel sections
+knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that
+they did not have any evidence to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not have any evidence to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did not have any evidence to prove
+that the o-rings were safe at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the o-rings were safe at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the o-rings were safe at low
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+and the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the launch
+was to take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take place
+very early in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early in the morning
+in january in florida and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in january in florida and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in january in florida and it was
+unseasonably cold like in the 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unseasonably cold like in the 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unseasonably cold like in the 20s
+and you knew that there was a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you knew that there was a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you knew that there was a chance
+that the rings would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rings would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rings would
+fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail
+and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he
+urged his managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urged his managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urged his managers
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+prevent nasa from launching from doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent nasa from launching from doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent nasa from launching from doing
+the watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch
+but nasa really wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nasa really wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nasa really wanted the
+success of a launch they needed it to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of a launch they needed it to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of a launch they needed it to go
+ahead on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead on time
+and the managers wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the managers wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the managers wanted to
+continue their relationship with nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue their relationship with nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue their relationship with nasa
+and allow for that success to happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow for that success to happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow for that success to happen and
+also really overrule this engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really overrule this engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also really overrule this engineer
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+the launch happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mrs ratner if you guys want to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs ratner if you guys want to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mrs ratner if you guys want to add
+something to that or correct or am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to that or correct or am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to that or correct or am not
+correct or change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or change
+your view or something now i think chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your view or something now i think chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your view or something now i think chris
+is saying very well but i think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying very well but i think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying very well but i think there's
+a long quote i'm going to get it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long quote i'm going to get it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long quote i'm going to get it wrong
+but i think the management tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think the management tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think the management tells
+the engineer to put on his management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer to put on his management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineer to put on his management
+habits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go into some detail on that please um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into some detail on that please um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into some detail on that please um
+right because he goes in saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because he goes in saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because he goes in saying you know
+don't want we we don't need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want we we don't need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want we we don't need to do this
+we don't have such data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have such data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have such data
+and then excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then excuse me
+now we're talking about the vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're talking about the vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're talking about the vice
+president for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president for engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president for engineering
+and he's sitting at a table with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's sitting at a table with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's sitting at a table with some of
+the other vice presidents and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other vice presidents and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other vice presidents and the
+president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president
+and he gives this opinion that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gives this opinion that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gives this opinion that says
+don't fly they keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fly they keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fly they keep going
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i guess there's various reasons and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess there's various reasons and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess there's various reasons and then
+that's the response put on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the response put on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the response put on your
+management if your manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management if your manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management if your manager
+you know see it from our point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know see it from our point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know see it from our point of view
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+we have to do this and eventually he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do this and eventually he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do this and eventually he
+says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now remember when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember when we talked about
+storied terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storied terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storied terms
+and i said the causative sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said the causative sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said the causative sequence
+the point the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point the point of view
+you see and we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see and we talked a little bit about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh moby dick how it starts the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moby dick how it starts the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moby dick how it starts the first
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+establish the point of view call me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the point of view call me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the point of view call me
+ishmael now you know the whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ishmael now you know the whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ishmael now you know the whole story
+unfolds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfolds
+through that person's eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that person's eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that person's eyes
+i can't think of a better case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't think of a better case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't think of a better case
+where a point of view can really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a point of view can really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a point of view can really change
+how you look at something than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you look at something than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you look at something than this
+chain put on your manager take off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain put on your manager take off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain put on your manager take off
+put on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the other hand
+okay there's a point of view it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a point of view it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a point of view it
+so now the question then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the question then another
+question comes up about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question comes up about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question comes up about this is that
+before we get into it i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get into it i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we get into it i want you to
+address this is whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this is whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address this is whether or not a
+practicing engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing engineer
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+uh obey a different moral code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obey a different moral code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obey a different moral code
+from the manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better state of the engineering manager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better state of the engineering manager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better state of the engineering manager
+is there something different about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something different about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something different about their
+ethical responsibilities or do they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical responsibilities or do they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical responsibilities or do they have
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+uh let's see let's let's let's uh uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see let's let's let's uh uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see let's let's let's uh uh put
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+let's put some uh flesh around those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put some uh flesh around those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put some uh flesh around those
+bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bones
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me see do you all remember that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see do you all remember that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see do you all remember that day
+what y'all doing that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of those old people can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those old people can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those old people can remember
+that day just like it was yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming home from school kindergarten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming home from school kindergarten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming home from school kindergarten
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+i just remember the scene on the tv now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just remember the scene on the tv now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just remember the scene on the tv now
+that's another thing that you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing that you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing that you that you
+all can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all can
+they played it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they played it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they played it
+on television again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television again
+again and again and again right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again and again right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+they didn't numb your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't numb your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't numb your
+senses at all to see it over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses at all to see it over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senses at all to see it over and over
+and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or did it do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did it do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did it do something else
+how do you feel about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you remember this well i was just fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well i remember that day very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when it happened i was in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happened i was in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happened i was in the library
+uh is that somebody over there okay oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that somebody over there okay oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is that somebody over there okay oh
+yeah come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah come in
+when it happened i was at the library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happened i was at the library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it happened i was at the library of
+congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i was sitting in the uh reading room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was sitting in the uh reading room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was sitting in the uh reading room and
+then taking out uh the technology bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking out uh the technology bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then taking out uh the technology bill
+jeffersonville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeffersonville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeffersonville
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+not exactly a large reading room as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a large reading room as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly a large reading room as the
+library of congress goes but maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of congress goes but maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of congress goes but maybe the
+second second or third by this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second or third by this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second second or third by this one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i'm just sitting there reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just sitting there reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just sitting there reading
+and librarians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and librarians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and librarians
+in the library of congress um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try to be as unhelpful to the leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be as unhelpful to the leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to be as unhelpful to the leaders
+they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unless unless you come there to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless unless you come there to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless unless you come there to use
+unless you're going to use the rare book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're going to use the rare book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you're going to use the rare book
+division unless you're there from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division unless you're there from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division unless you're there from a
+congressperson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressperson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congressperson
+just sitting on the floor but this day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting on the floor but this day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sitting on the floor but this day
+this librarian yells out for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this librarian yells out for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this librarian yells out for everybody
+and says dr broome i don't know how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says dr broome i don't know how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says dr broome i don't know how they
+knew my name he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew my name he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew my name he said
+i think i know they described me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i know they described me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i know they described me
+they said they want you on television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they want you on television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they want you on television
+downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown
+well howard has a tv station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i run down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i run down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i run down there
+and they're putting on the microphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're putting on the microphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're putting on the microphones
+and it was a live show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they i said well what am i they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they i said well what am i they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they i said well what am i they said
+the dean had given them my name because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dean had given them my name because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dean had given them my name because
+i had a nasa grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a nasa grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had a nasa grant
+okay what's going on they said we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's going on they said we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's going on they said we'll
+show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you
+i saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw the
+i saw the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i saw the film
+two minutes before i was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes before i was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes before i was supposed to
+comment on it and take phone calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on it and take phone calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on it and take phone calls
+and i sat there and they played it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sat there and they played it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i sat there and they played it one
+more time for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time for me
+uh what i got fixated on when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i got fixated on when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i got fixated on when they
+showed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it was
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pictures
+of the people in the audience the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people in the audience the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the people in the audience the
+parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents
+as they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they saw
+the thing explode because they showed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing explode because they showed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing explode because they showed it
+twice they showed it once where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice they showed it once where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice they showed it once where the
+focus was all on the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus was all on the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus was all on the show
+and then the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second time
+they showed it where the focus was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed it where the focus was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed it where the focus was all
+on the people in the crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people in the crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the people in the crowd
+and you just had to know what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just had to know what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just had to know what was going
+on with the shuttle when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the shuttle when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the shuttle when they
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+if you remember i remember distinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember i remember distinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember i remember distinctly
+there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was
+very little immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little immediate
+shaking response it was like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking response it was like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking response it was like they
+couldn't believe that it happened i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't believe that it happened i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't believe that it happened i mean
+it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like
+it was still going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was still going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was still going up
+and then and the and the realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and the and the realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and the and the realization
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+that the sons of daughter and uh had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sons of daughter and uh had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sons of daughter and uh had
+died had just not settled in you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died had just not settled in you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died had just not settled in you know it
+wasn't clear initially that the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear initially that the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't clear initially that the people
+died that was that took some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died that was that took some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died that was that took some
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+to establish okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to establish okay
+but it exploded way up there in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it exploded way up there in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it exploded way up there in the sky
+something happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something happened
+yeah maybe the shuttle itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe the shuttle itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah maybe the shuttle itself
+well i mean if something something fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean if something something fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean if something something fell
+into the water and oh it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water and oh it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water and oh it could have been
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there were some other things issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there were some other things issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there were some other things issues
+surrounding the whole case that uh bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the whole case that uh bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the whole case that uh bear
+on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+one was that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was that uh
+president reagan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president reagan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president reagan
+had just made a speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just made a speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just made a speech
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he made some statements in the speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made some statements in the speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made some statements in the speech
+that could be interpreted more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be interpreted more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be interpreted more than one
+way but one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but one one
+way that many nasa people took it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that many nasa people took it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that many nasa people took it was
+that the success of this flight had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the success of this flight had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the success of this flight had a
+lot to do with their funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to do with their funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot to do with their funding
+nasa's funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa's funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa's funding
+uh because there were there were a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there were there were a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there were there were a lot
+of questions out there about whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions out there about whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions out there about whether or
+not uh exploring space was a good place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh exploring space was a good place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh exploring space was a good place
+to put a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+a lot of engineers actually said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of engineers actually said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of engineers actually said
+in testimony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in testimony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in testimony
+later that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that
+they felt pressured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt pressured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt pressured
+to have this fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was another issue that was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another issue that was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was another issue that was very
+emotional for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional for
+uh everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everybody
+and that was that this was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that this was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was that this was the first
+flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight
+where you had somebody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had somebody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you had somebody on
+the shuttle who was not a trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+astronaut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronaut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronaut
+you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had
+the school teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school teacher
+and that was very significant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very significant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was very significant because
+what they really wanted to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really wanted to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really wanted to demonstrate
+beginning at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at that time
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that that flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that flight
+of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort
+is one that anybody who could get in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that anybody who could get in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one that anybody who could get in an
+airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane
+and flies across country could get in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flies across country could get in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flies across country could get in a
+shuttle and go up in space they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle and go up in space they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttle and go up in space they really
+wanted to do all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do all of that
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh this was a case to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a case to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was a case to prove
+that you didn't have to have all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't have to have all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't have to have all of this
+training you didn't have to have super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training you didn't have to have super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training you didn't have to have super
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+abilities that you just get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities that you just get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities that you just get on
+and fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fly
+and when she went down there was a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when she went down there was a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when she went down there was a whole
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+terrible feelings in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible feelings in the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible feelings in the united states
+there was one other one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one other one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one other one that was
+emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stressful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful for
+mit people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mcnair yeah as a matter of fact when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcnair yeah as a matter of fact when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcnair yeah as a matter of fact when i
+met dr ying i gave a lecture into his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met dr ying i gave a lecture into his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met dr ying i gave a lecture into his
+class in the mcnair building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the mcnair building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in the mcnair building
+wasn't it mcnair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it mcnair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it mcnair
+building 37.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+34. mcnair was somewhere around him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34. mcnair was somewhere around him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34. mcnair was somewhere around him
+who did that pass by because i remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did that pass by because i remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did that pass by because i remember
+seeing three billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing three billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing three billion
+three buildings now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three buildings now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three buildings now okay
+so ron mcnair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ron mcnair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ron mcnair
+was a god team person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a god team person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a god team person
+and he was on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was on the phone
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so there was so this particular issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was so this particular issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there was so this particular issue
+was one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one that
+uh was unique in many ways probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was unique in many ways probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was unique in many ways probably
+one of the let's say probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the let's say probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the let's say probably
+the most important unique way is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important unique way is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important unique way is that
+virtually the whole world participated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually the whole world participated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually the whole world participated
+in the thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing if
+by no other if by no way they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no other if by no way they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by no other if by no way they're just
+looking at it and having something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it and having something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it and having something to
+say about it afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about it afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about it afterwards
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i wrote an article on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh not on it per se but uh i included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not on it per se but uh i included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not on it per se but uh i included
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+at some point i'll be able to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and while i'm looking this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while i'm looking this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while i'm looking this up
+tell me what you think in terms of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you think in terms of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what you think in terms of an
+ethical analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical analysis
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the whistleblower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whistleblower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whistleblower
+you remember his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do you think he did the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you think he did the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do you think he did the right thing
+do you think that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the people who didn't pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the people who didn't pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the people who didn't pay attention
+to him did the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment
+he said we shouldn't fly and he went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said we shouldn't fly and he went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said we shouldn't fly and he went and
+told somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't
+i don't think that could be the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think that could be the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think that could be the wrong
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which theory is using utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theory is using utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theory is using utilitarianism
+categoric categorical curriculum or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categoric categorical curriculum or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categoric categorical curriculum or some
+other theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+for all of them he did the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them he did the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them he did the right thing
+for all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them
+make your case all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your case all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your case all right well
+utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarianism
+if they listen to him people wouldn't to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they listen to him people wouldn't to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they listen to him people wouldn't to
+died that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died that day
+he also if he didn't see it after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also if he didn't see it after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also if he didn't see it after they
+died he would have felt like well i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died he would have felt like well i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died he would have felt like well i was
+a traitor for the dead because i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traitor for the dead because i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a traitor for the dead because i didn't
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+so it helps him on it it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it helps him on it it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it helps him on it it could have
+helped if we listen to him from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped if we listen to him from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped if we listen to him from the
+utilitarian quantity and then from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian quantity and then from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian quantity and then from the
+impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on
+the categorical imperative point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the categorical imperative point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the categorical imperative point of view
+he said what was right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said what was right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said what was right
+regardless of the consequence i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the consequence i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the consequence i mean
+like the consequences are nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the consequences are nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the consequences are nothing to do
+he's just said almost right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just said almost right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just said almost right
+so he has job was at risk and he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has job was at risk and he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has job was at risk and he could
+have thought i should save myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought i should save myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have thought i should save myself
+so from that other point of view he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that other point of view he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that other point of view he did
+the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so not thinking not necessarily using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not thinking not necessarily using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not thinking not necessarily using
+khan's theory about any categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khan's theory about any categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khan's theory about any categorical
+imperative but just not thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative but just not thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative but just not thinking about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences there's some principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences there's some principle
+at work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at work here
+that says well you should tell people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well you should tell people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says well you should tell people
+when things are not safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that was a cold morning and it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was a cold morning and it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was a cold morning and it went
+below specifications but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below specifications but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below specifications but some of the
+engineers said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers said
+it won't hurt anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+there are some other points of view on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other points of view on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other points of view on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+but before i get to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before i get to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before i get to what
+people have said we've had plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have said we've had plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have said we've had plenty of
+time to think about it i want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think about it i want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to think about it i want to hear
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about your initial your views about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about your initial your views about
+it what do you think about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm trying to think about utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to think about utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm trying to think about utilitarianism
+approach to his decision to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to his decision to tell
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to his decision to tell
+managers but he didn't think it was safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers but he didn't think it was safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers but he didn't think it was safe
+and i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess
+if he himself had the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he himself had the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he himself had the power
+to cancel the launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel the launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel the launch
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+maybe utilitarianism would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe utilitarianism would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe utilitarianism would be more
+problematic because cancelling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because cancelling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because cancelling the
+launch if the o-ring was safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch if the o-ring was safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch if the o-ring was safe
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have would produce a lot of pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have would produce a lot of pain
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+many parties involved for nasa for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parties involved for nasa for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parties involved for nasa for the
+money that had been spent on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that had been spent on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that had been spent on all the
+launch preparations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch preparations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch preparations
+but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+in
+giving the recommendation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the recommendation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the recommendation that the
+launch didn't happen didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch didn't happen didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch didn't happen didn't have the
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+to actually cancel the launch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually cancel the launch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually cancel the launch so
+he was giving someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was giving someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was giving someone else
+the opportunity to make the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to make the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to make the decision
+i don't really know when i'm going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really know when i'm going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't really know when i'm going with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+except that do you have to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that do you have to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that do you have to take into
+account the actual power that the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the actual power that the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the actual power that the person
+has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make the course of action you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the course of action you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the course of action you know
+follow through with the course of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through with the course of action
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through with the course of action
+so so all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+was give someone else a big decision to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was give someone else a big decision to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was give someone else a big decision to
+make with extra facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so certainly from a categorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly from a categorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly from a categorical
+imperative point of view he wasn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative point of view he wasn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperative point of view he wasn't like
+infringing on anyone's rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringing on anyone's rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringing on anyone's rights
+he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was
+treating his managers as people with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which seems to be what that approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems to be what that approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems to be what that approach to
+ethics would say is the right thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics would say is the right thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics would say is the right thing to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again i have a problem with it because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i have a problem with it because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i have a problem with it because i
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+the utilitarian approach because i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilitarian approach because i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilitarian approach because i just
+feel like there's so many uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there's so many uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like there's so many uncertainties
+and it's so hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's so hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's so hard
+you know retrospect is a wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know retrospect is a wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know retrospect is a wonderful thing
+we can sit around and look at it and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sit around and look at it and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sit around and look at it and say
+you know this is what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is what would happen
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+from his point of view it's really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his point of view it's really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his point of view it's really hard
+to implement that kind of approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement that kind of approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement that kind of approach
+because he had no clue the ramifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had no clue the ramifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had no clue the ramifications
+of his actions you know either he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his actions you know either he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his actions you know either he would
+present this data and say we shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this data and say we shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present this data and say we shouldn't
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+he would say nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would say nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would say nothing but
+i don't think he was truly aware of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think he was truly aware of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think he was truly aware of what
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+think about it or he didn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it or he didn't
+sit down away all the options that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down away all the options that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit down away all the options that
+people will actually die or what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will actually die or what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will actually die or what does
+this mean for nasa if i say this and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean for nasa if i say this and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean for nasa if i say this and we
+don't launch will all our funding i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't launch will all our funding i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't launch will all our funding i
+don't know if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if he
+weighed all the options even clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed all the options even clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighed all the options even clear what
+they were at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were at the time
+okay let's talk about complexity of it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about complexity of it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about complexity of it a
+little bit let's make it more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit let's make it more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit let's make it more complex
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and see if there's a way to think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if there's a way to think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if there's a way to think uh
+to think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through
+something that really is complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really is complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really is complex
+uh we have to we have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have to we have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have to we have to have the
+opposite have to have the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite have to have the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite have to have the um
+optimism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+even when it comes to engineering that
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+ align:start position:0%
+even when it comes to engineering that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when it comes to engineering that
+we do every day all of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do every day all of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do every day all of the things that
+can happen to our designs somehow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen to our designs somehow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen to our designs somehow or
+another we get these models and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we get these models and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another we get these models and we get
+through it can we do the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it can we do the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it can we do the same thing with
+an ethical problem with all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethical problem with all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethical problem with all of these
+complexities i'm going to add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities i'm going to add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexities i'm going to add another
+complexity to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity to it
+uh there's a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a man
+by the name of hans mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know him
+is he at texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he at texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he at texas
+uh he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's
+not he's still a chancellor at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not he's still a chancellor at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not he's still a chancellor at the
+university of texas yeah i just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of texas yeah i just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of texas yeah i just remember
+hearing his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing his name
+and you remember that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember that name
+it's a distinctive name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a distinctive name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a distinctive name
+yeah he was at nasa he um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he was at nasa he um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he was at nasa he um
+for several years was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several years was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several years was
+uh the uh number two man at nasa he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh number two man at nasa he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh number two man at nasa he he
+was the one that gave the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that gave the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that gave the final
+say so yes or no for shuttle flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i don't recall if he gave the yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't recall if he gave the yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't recall if he gave the yes or no
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+challenger but i think he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger but i think he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger but i think he did
+it's a good thing for you to look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing for you to look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good thing for you to look up
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i knew him hans mark was what i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i knew him hans mark was what i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i knew him hans mark was what i would
+call a basically decent person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a basically decent person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a basically decent person
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+basically decent person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically decent person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically decent person
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+he i wrote this article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he i wrote this article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he i wrote this article
+and i'm going to give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to give you two
+complexities in this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i said in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i said in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i said in it
+and i think i told you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i told you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i told you all
+i think i i had to restart this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i i had to restart this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i i had to restart this thing to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+it up on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up on here
+what i said in this article was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lethality was a part of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can draw lines and say that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can draw lines and say that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can draw lines and say that some
+things are too risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are too risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are too risky
+we can draw lines and say for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw lines and say for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw lines and say for some
+things are unlawful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are unlawful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are unlawful
+those are certain risk factors that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are certain risk factors that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are certain risk factors that you
+have to observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to observe
+i said but we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said but we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said but we cannot
+nor is there ever any intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor is there ever any intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor is there ever any intention
+to get engineering down to zero risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get engineering down to zero risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get engineering down to zero risk
+we're always going beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always going beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always going beyond
+uh what science can tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what science can tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what science can tell us
+is truthful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is truthful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is truthful
+and in some insta and an instance i made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some insta and an instance i made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some insta and an instance i made
+the argument that we're going beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that we're going beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument that we're going beyond
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+most ethicists if not all evidences have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most ethicists if not all evidences have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most ethicists if not all evidences have
+tried to tell us in terms of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to tell us in terms of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to tell us in terms of reasoning
+things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out
+and that is to say we you engineers get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to say we you engineers get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to say we you engineers get
+into situations where you have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into situations where you have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into situations where you have to make a
+decision right away you don't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision right away you don't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision right away you don't have time
+to think about it not only that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it not only that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it not only that it's a
+novel situation so you couldn't practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel situation so you couldn't practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel situation so you couldn't practice
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+so how do you get and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you get and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you get and there are
+systematic ways to get through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic ways to get through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic ways to get through this
+we're not just left at the elements okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just left at the elements okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just left at the elements okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+but that we have to take and take take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we have to take and take take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we have to take and take take
+all of that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that into account
+hans margaret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hans margaret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hans margaret
+i did not tell you the story about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not tell you the story about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not tell you the story about this
+news article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news article
+i had to meet with these people you told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to meet with these people you told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to meet with these people you told
+me i had done this horrible thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i had done this horrible thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me i had done this horrible thing to
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i looked yesterday for this thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked yesterday for this thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i looked yesterday for this thing i
+can't find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i know what there's a copy at home i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what there's a copy at home i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what there's a copy at home i'll
+give my wife to fax it to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give my wife to fax it to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give my wife to fax it to me
+when we get back i'll give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get back i'll give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get back i'll give you the
+reference for it now anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for it now anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for it now anyway
+so maybe you can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you can find it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+hans mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hans mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hans mark
+read that article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he wrote it on the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it on the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it on the plane
+going from washington california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he wrote me a letter on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote me a letter on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wrote me a letter on the
+plane and when he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and when he got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and when he got
+back he had his secretary put a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back he had his secretary put a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back he had his secretary put a paper
+that he had written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had written
+together and sent the whole thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and sent the whole thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and sent the whole thing to
+and he said he just couldn't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he just couldn't stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he just couldn't stop
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+the article what he had said in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article what he had said in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the article what he had said in his
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+now until i get the paper i know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now until i get the paper i know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now until i get the paper i know where
+the paper is it's in my office back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is it's in my office back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper is it's in my office back at
+howard bring it back when i come back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard bring it back when i come back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard bring it back when i come back up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+but uh so i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so i haven't
+so i want to read to you what he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to read to you what he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to read to you what he said
+but i'll tell you now what i recall what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll tell you now what i recall what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll tell you now what i recall what
+he said and i've carried it with me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said and i've carried it with me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said and i've carried it with me all
+of these years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these years
+what he said was that every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he said was that every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he said was that every time
+he gave the order to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave the order to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gave the order to fly
+there was a group of engineers saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group of engineers saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a group of engineers saying
+that the flight was going to explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and somewhere in their arguments if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhere in their arguments if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhere in their arguments if you
+look further that further enough down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look further that further enough down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look further that further enough down
+into the abcd as to why it was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the abcd as to why it was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the abcd as to why it was going to
+explode the o-rings were in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he said that either this country has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said that either this country has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said that either this country has
+a commitment to go or it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now can you justify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you justify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can you justify that
+the important thing is that that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is that that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important thing is that that is a
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a hard reality so every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard reality so every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a hard reality so every time
+uh let me see i'll get it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me see i'll get it right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let me see i'll get it right now
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use as you've seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's it right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it right there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me get the lights just for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is the washington post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the washington post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the washington post
+it's in the outpost section of the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the outpost section of the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the outpost section of the post
+uh that is me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is me
+the title is the slippery ethics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title is the slippery ethics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title is the slippery ethics of
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+uh and this is december
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is december
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this is december
+26 1986
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 1986
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 1986
+day after christmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after christmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day after christmas
+sunday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+there is a picture of the shuttle i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a picture of the shuttle i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a picture of the shuttle i'm
+sorry the challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the post got these from stock photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the post got these from stock photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the post got these from stock photos
+do you all remember y'all ever heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you all remember y'all ever heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you all remember y'all ever heard of
+the bhopal case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bhopal case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bhopal case
+okay we're going to cover that one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to cover that one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to cover that one that
+was a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the issue was whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue was whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue was whether or not
+the safety standards you use in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety standards you use in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety standards you use in the
+united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states
+should be the same or higher any place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same or higher any place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same or higher any place
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+and this u.s company had a division in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this u.s company had a division in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this u.s company had a division in
+india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+india
+and they had lower standards over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had lower standards over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had lower standards over there
+and there was a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a chemical
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and a lot of people got killed including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people got killed including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of people got killed including
+little babies so they put that in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little babies so they put that in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little babies so they put that in their
+papers and the whole world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and the whole world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and the whole world
+exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded
+yes the image that they included was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the image that they included was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the image that they included was
+here editorial made such a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here editorial made such a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here editorial made such a difference
+well they said that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they said that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they said that i
+everybody said that i was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody said that i was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody said that i was saying that
+the engineers killed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my response to that i had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my response to that i had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my response to that i had two
+responses to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to them
+first was that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was that well
+we don't want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to do this
+we don't like this but there's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like this but there's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like this but there's somewhere
+in here where lethality is part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here where lethality is part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here where lethality is part of what
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+that's what hans mark was really saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what hans mark was really saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what hans mark was really saying
+now how can you justify that or can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can you justify that or can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can you justify that or can you
+justify it i want to go into that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it i want to go into that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it i want to go into that today
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you can't get that lethality part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't get that lethality part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can't get that lethality part of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out of engineering for me the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of engineering for me the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of engineering for me the question
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+i had two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had two questions
+are we going to do engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or are we going to change engineering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are we going to change engineering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or are we going to change engineering to
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+engineering as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as it
+is does not have to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does not have to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is does not have to be this
+i'm not so sure it's escapable from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not so sure it's escapable from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not so sure it's escapable from this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+three mile island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mile island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mile island
+yeah you're all pretty young for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're all pretty young for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're all pretty young for that
+one too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too
+uh you ever heard of it through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ever heard of it through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you ever heard of it through the
+three mile allocation you've ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mile allocation you've ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mile allocation you've ever heard
+of the three mile long case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three mile long case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three mile long case
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh i'll we're going to do that one two i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll we're going to do that one two i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'll we're going to do that one two i
+think that's listed here someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's listed here someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's listed here someplace
+i have a personal experience with that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a personal experience with that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a personal experience with that i
+want to work with the nuclear regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work with the nuclear regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work with the nuclear regulatory
+commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission
+uh two months after three mile hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+uh okay we're gonna dis we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay we're gonna dis we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay we're gonna dis we're gonna
+discuss this too but we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this too but we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss this too but we've got some
+issues on the floor i mean uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues on the floor i mean uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues on the floor i mean uh how do you
+deal with this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this case that
+if you want to be really good and safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be really good and safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to be really good and safe
+that you cannot always do engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and tell me if you believe that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me if you believe that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me if you believe that's true
+or not the important thing is if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not the important thing is if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not the important thing is if it is
+true what do we do about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what do we do about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what do we do about it
+can we justify can we not justify do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we justify can we not justify do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we justify can we not justify do we
+have to change what engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change what engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change what engineering
+basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see if you can't get a hold of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can't get a hold of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can't get a hold of this and
+if you can't even if you can i'll bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't even if you can i'll bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't even if you can i'll bring
+back my xerox cabinet from home but it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back my xerox cabinet from home but it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back my xerox cabinet from home but it'd
+be a couple weeks i better get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you do get it please tell me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do get it please tell me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do get it please tell me how
+you got it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got it okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the washington post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the washington post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the washington post
+seems to be reluctant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be reluctant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be reluctant to
+want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give
+back issues that go back more than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back issues that go back more than six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back issues that go back more than six
+months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i tried to log on and get it become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tried to log on and get it become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tried to log on and get it become a
+member of what they call it i forgot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of what they call it i forgot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of what they call it i forgot it
+but it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is but
+i had some difficulty and i just gave up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had some difficulty and i just gave up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had some difficulty and i just gave up
+maybe you could be more successful maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could be more successful maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you could be more successful maybe
+there are some copies of uh old issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some copies of uh old issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some copies of uh old issues
+in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the library
+yeah because they have these big books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they have these big books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they have these big books
+so big and they keep all issues and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big and they keep all issues and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so big and they keep all issues and you
+just go back and just pull one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back and just pull one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back and just pull one
+and if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that
+then uh i'll reimburse you whoever gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh i'll reimburse you whoever gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh i'll reimburse you whoever gets
+it if you make xerox copies for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you make xerox copies for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you make xerox copies for the rest
+of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's good to get you in the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to get you in the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good to get you in the library
+okay i'll leave some some questions out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll leave some some questions out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll leave some some questions out
+there what does it have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what does it have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what does it have to do with
+academic painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic painting
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when this issue came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this issue came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this issue came out
+uh i was invited i was chair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i was invited i was chair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i was invited i was chair of the
+ethics committee of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics committee of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics committee of the
+aaes the american association of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaes the american association of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaes the american association of
+engineering societies i tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering societies i tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering societies i tell you what
+let me go back through this story we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back through this story we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back through this story we got
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+let me go back through this story okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back through this story okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go back through this story okay
+hope you don't get bored with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you don't get bored with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you don't get bored with it but
+that won't make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't make a lot
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the uh engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh engineers
+were complaining that they did not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were complaining that they did not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were complaining that they did not have
+as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much
+influence in congress as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in congress as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in congress as the
+physicians did and as the scientists did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians did and as the scientists did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicians did and as the scientists did
+and somebody told them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody told them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody told them
+that the physicians had the new england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physicians had the new england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physicians had the new england
+journal of medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of medicine
+and the scientists had the aaas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scientists had the aaas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the scientists had the aaas
+where you could get one voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could get one voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could get one voice
+for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole
+and that was more possible powerful than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was more possible powerful than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was more possible powerful than
+the engineers coming in there from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers coming in there from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers coming in there from the
+american society of civil engineers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american society of civil engineers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american society of civil engineers the
+ieee the aiche and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ieee the aiche and all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ieee the aiche and all of those
+so they formed one group in imitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they formed one group in imitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they formed one group in imitation of
+the aaas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the members were not individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the members were not individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the members were not individuals
+they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+the societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the societies
+and their representatives were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their representatives were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their representatives were the
+presidents of those societies and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents of those societies and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidents of those societies and they
+performed the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed the board
+and that board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this
+had this when this article came out had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this when this article came out had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this when this article came out had
+a special meeting and asked me to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special meeting and asked me to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special meeting and asked me to come
+to the meeting they the word ask is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the meeting they the word ask is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the meeting they the word ask is very
+polite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite
+i had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to go
+so i went to this meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went to this meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went to this meeting
+and i walked into the room and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i walked into the room and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i walked into the room and there's
+this long board table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long board table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long board table
+and all of them were sitting on one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them were sitting on one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them were sitting on one side
+of the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the table
+and they had this one little lone chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had this one little lone chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had this one little lone chair
+on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side
+and i was invited to sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was invited to sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was invited to sit there
+and all of them had copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them had copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them had copies
+in front of them of this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of them of this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of them of this of the
+washington post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington post
+uh now let me give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now let me give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now let me give you a little
+background on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on that
+it wasn't just an article in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just an article in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't just an article in the
+washington post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington post
+this thing uh was syndicated by the los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh was syndicated by the los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing uh was syndicated by the los
+angeles times service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angeles times service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angeles times service
+it was repent reprinted in the london
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was repent reprinted in the london
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was repent reprinted in the london
+times all sorts of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all sorts of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times all sorts of places
+they said it was going to go out to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it was going to go out to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it was going to go out to four
+or 500 newspapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 500 newspapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 500 newspapers
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+100 million people were going to read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million people were going to read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 million people were going to read it
+at minimum okay so the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minimum okay so the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at minimum okay so the engineers
+really felt bad that this thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really felt bad that this thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really felt bad that this thing has
+gotten out all over the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten out all over the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten out all over the world
+uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh
+uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+when i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i uh
+went in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in there
+the first person to speak was immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person to speak was immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first person to speak was immediate
+past president of the american society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past president of the american society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past president of the american society
+of mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mechanics
+and he leaned across the table and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he leaned across the table and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he leaned across the table and he
+pointed his finger at me and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed his finger at me and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed his finger at me and he said
+taft broom what you have just done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taft broom what you have just done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taft broom what you have just done
+has caused more damage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has caused more damage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has caused more damage to the
+engineering profession than any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering profession than any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering profession than any other
+single act in history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single act in history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single act in history
+now that's a direct quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a direct quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a direct quote
+yeah i remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i remember that
+and i stayed in there with them two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i stayed in there with them two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i stayed in there with them two and
+a half hours we went through every line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half hours we went through every line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half hours we went through every line
+and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end
+they went down the table and each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went down the table and each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went down the table and each person
+had their say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their say
+and each person said what had just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each person said what had just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each person said what had just been
+except for the first and what said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the first and what said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the first and what said what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+previous person had said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous person had said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous person had said
+they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said
+that everything in here was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything in here was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything in here was true
+but that i should not have told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that i should not have told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that i should not have told
+that's that loyalty thing again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that loyalty thing again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that loyalty thing again it's
+very strong all the way to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then uh when it got around to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh when it got around to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh when it got around to me
+uh what i told them was uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i told them was uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what i told them was uh that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how can the aaes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can the aaes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can the aaes
+ever presume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever presume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever presume
+say to have an important safe hold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to have an important safe hold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say to have an important safe hold to
+congress if you don't have the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress if you don't have the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congress if you don't have the power of
+life and death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm gonna ask them i said how many y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna ask them i said how many y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna ask them i said how many y'all
+gonna take me out for a drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take me out for a drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take me out for a drink
+three of them did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them did
+uh when i finished the drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i finished the drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when i finished the drink
+got back to howard literally the dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got back to howard literally the dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got back to howard literally the dean
+was standing in the hallway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said
+the president of the university wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president of the university wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president of the university wants to
+talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i had made four professors i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i had made four professors i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i had made four professors i had
+tenure but i had not been told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure but i had not been told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure but i had not been told
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i went to my office i called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went to my office i called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went to my office i called the
+president's office president got on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's office president got on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's office president got on the
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+and he said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said well
+i want to let you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to let you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to let you know
+these were his words exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were his words exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were his words exactly
+quote the captains of industry want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the captains of industry want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the captains of industry want your
+head in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the book
+i think i know what you mean by that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i know what you mean by that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i know what you mean by that uh
+howard has just gotten a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard has just gotten a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard has just gotten a chemical
+engineering gift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from one of their oil companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of their oil companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of their oil companies
+and they were threatening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were threatening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were threatening
+the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president
+with all of these things that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of these things that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of these things that they were
+no longer going to give to howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer going to give to howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer going to give to howard
+if they he did not fire me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they he did not fire me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they he did not fire me
+and so i said well mr president that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i said well mr president that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i said well mr president that's
+where we'll talk to our presidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll talk to our presidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll talk to our presidents
+i said well mr president what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said well mr president what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said well mr president what did you
+tell him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell him
+and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said
+well i told them that i would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i told them that i would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i told them that i would like to
+fire you but that you have tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the lesson that i learned from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lesson that i learned from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the lesson that i learned from that
+was not so much that academic tenure was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not so much that academic tenure was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not so much that academic tenure was
+powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+that the holding of academic continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the holding of academic continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the holding of academic continuous
+power what i learned from that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power what i learned from that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power what i learned from that was
+that the president was so glad that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the president was so glad that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the president was so glad that i
+had academic care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had academic care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had academic care
+because what kind of life he would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what kind of life he would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what kind of life he would have
+to leave if every powerful person out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave if every powerful person out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to leave if every powerful person out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+could intimidate him with money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intimidate him with money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could intimidate him with money
+not only that but 75 sorry two-thirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but 75 sorry two-thirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but 75 sorry two-thirds of
+howard's operating budget comes as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard's operating budget comes as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard's operating budget comes as an
+act of congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act of congress
+and they have power over the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have power over the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have power over the uh the
+committee that provides that funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that provides that funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee that provides that funding
+they were threatened and cut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were threatened and cut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were threatened and cut down
+okay now what kind of life would a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what kind of life would a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what kind of life would a
+president of the university be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the university be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the university be
+if he or she had to bend to the will of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he or she had to bend to the will of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he or she had to bend to the will of
+these powerful people every time some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these powerful people every time some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these powerful people every time some
+faculty member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member
+said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something
+tenure was the greatest thing for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure was the greatest thing for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenure was the greatest thing for him
+no sorry my opinion was the greatest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry my opinion was the greatest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry my opinion was the greatest
+thing for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for him
+okay that's the argument that i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the argument that i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the argument that i did
+okay so there's so the point that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's so the point that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's so the point that i'm
+making here is that we're not dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making here is that we're not dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making here is that we're not dealing
+with some trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some trivial
+uh theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh theoretical
+not that i have anything any problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that i have anything any problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that i have anything any problems
+with theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with theory
+but we're not dealing with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not dealing with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not dealing with anything
+trivial here this thing hit the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial here this thing hit the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial here this thing hit the world
+with a sledgehammer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sledgehammer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sledgehammer okay
+what is it that you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that you actually
+said uh what i said was that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh what i said was that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said uh what i said was that um
+i this wasn't my original name for it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i this wasn't my original name for it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i this wasn't my original name for it of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+the the editor changed that name the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the editor changed that name the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the editor changed that name the
+my original name for it was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original name for it was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original name for it was uh
+cicero is dead period long-lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicero is dead period long-lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicero is dead period long-lived
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+and cicero had said that the safe quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cicero had said that the safe quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cicero had said that the safe quote
+the safety of the public shall be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety of the public shall be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the safety of the public shall be the
+highest law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest law
+and i was saying that engineering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was saying that engineering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i was saying that engineering the
+safety of the public is not the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of the public is not the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety of the public is not the highest
+law that was my thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that was my thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that was my thesis
+don't get it out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get it out here that
+that the highest law that we try to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the highest law that we try to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the highest law that we try to deal
+with is no harm that is not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is no harm that is not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is no harm that is not what
+engineering is all about and so i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is all about and so i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is all about and so i went
+through and made that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and made that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and made that case
+so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying
+as engineering is the highest law is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as engineering is the highest law is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as engineering is the highest law is not
+do no harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do no harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do no harm
+but perhaps engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but perhaps engineering
+do you hold out that perhaps engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you hold out that perhaps engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you hold out that perhaps engineering
+should have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have that
+good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question
+now i'm here to finish this book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm here to finish this book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm here to finish this book on
+philosophy of engineering and i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of engineering and i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of engineering and i want to
+buy uh probably the biggest point i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy uh probably the biggest point i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy uh probably the biggest point i have
+in there is what is the highest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is what is the highest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is what is the highest level
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i'll give you a hint as to what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint as to what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a hint as to what it is
+and before the class is out i think i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before the class is out i think i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before the class is out i think i'll
+be able to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to give you
+some of what i call the high points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what i call the high points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what i call the high points of
+that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book
+but what i say is that i break all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i say is that i break all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i say is that i break all
+learned disciplines in three categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned disciplines in three categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned disciplines in three categories
+you can guess what they are regal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess what they are regal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess what they are regal
+priestly and popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestly and popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priestly and popular
+okay those are the points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the points of
+social order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social order
+and i said that engineering is a recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said that engineering is a recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said that engineering is a recall
+discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the king wants to build a road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king wants to build a road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king wants to build a road
+okay that's why we have what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why we have what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why we have what they call
+imperatives in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperatives in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperatives in engineering
+where do the imperatives come from not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the imperatives come from not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do the imperatives come from not
+out of the sky but from a real point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the sky but from a real point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the sky but from a real point of
+view that says we want to hold society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that says we want to hold society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that says we want to hold society
+intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact
+and we want to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to do it
+come on give it a chance yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on give it a chance yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on give it a chance yeah
+yeah let's see plato and i wouldn't call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's see plato and i wouldn't call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's see plato and i wouldn't call
+rico but he's in the upper class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rico but he's in the upper class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rico but he's in the upper class
+aristocracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocracy
+it's an aristocratic position yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aristocratic position yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an aristocratic position yeah
+absolutely looking good but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely looking good but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely looking good but it's the
+middle class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle class
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+the third thing that popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm trying to say what engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm trying to say what engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm trying to say what engineering
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+only in my last chapter that's do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in my last chapter that's do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in my last chapter that's do i
+start talking about what i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about what i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about what i think the
+engineering should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering should be
+and that's out of four 13 chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's out of four 13 chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's out of four 13 chapters
+are laying down what i think it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are laying down what i think it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are laying down what i think it is and
+has been since day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what it should be is a different story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be is a different story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it should be is a different story
+well the step we got time to just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the step we got time to just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the step we got time to just say
+this last point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last point
+that engineering uh i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering uh i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering uh i'm talking about
+engineering as a learner discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as a learner discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering as a learner discipline
+i'm talking about engineering when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about engineering when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about engineering when it
+got into university courses of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into university courses of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into university courses of study
+i'm not talking about the pyramids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about the pyramids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about the pyramids
+i'm not talking about the great wall of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about the great wall of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about the great wall of
+china i'm talking about when those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china i'm talking about when those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+china i'm talking about when those
+artisans met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisans met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisans met
+uh calculus and physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculus and physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculus and physics
+and that is the beginning of what i call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the beginning of what i call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the beginning of what i call
+uh engineering as a learning distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering as a learning distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh engineering as a learning distance
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+why did on what account did people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did on what account did people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did on what account did people say
+we want these artisans to come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want these artisans to come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want these artisans to come together
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+uh physics and math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physics and math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh physics and math
+because the military wanted calculus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the military wanted calculus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the military wanted calculus to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+calculations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations on
+trajectories for cannonballs and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories for cannonballs and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories for cannonballs and other
+things okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so
+in the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the military
+uh the um mission is more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um mission is more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um mission is more important
+than the soldier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically that's why soldiers get killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we come into engineering with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come into engineering with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we come into engineering with a
+higher principle that is and and i call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher principle that is and and i call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher principle that is and and i call
+that regal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dr moses would say that that's platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr moses would say that that's platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr moses would say that that's platonic
+or aristocratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or aristocratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or aristocratic
+it's coming in it's saying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming in it's saying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming in it's saying the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+different angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles
+that when you come in from the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you come in from the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you come in from the military
+you do have a higher principle than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have a higher principle than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have a higher principle than the
+safety of the men it's the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+is is what i am about with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what i am about with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is what i am about with this
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+maybe you all can write a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another kind of engineering that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of engineering that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of engineering that happens
+when members of a society or members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when members of a society or members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when members of a society or members of
+the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the town
+especially in developing communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in developing communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in developing communities
+come together and do engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and do engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together and do engineering
+in order in order to make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order in order to make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order in order to make their
+town or society work better you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town or society work better you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town or society work better you know so
+the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+what doesn't already exist in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't already exist in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what doesn't already exist in order to
+improve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve their
+lives which just sort of comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives which just sort of comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives which just sort of comes from the
+bottom up instead of from that top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up instead of from that top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up instead of from that top down
+but that's not professional engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not professional engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not professional engineering
+as you're talking about it oh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're talking about it oh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're talking about it oh it is
+what it is there are two things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is there are two things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is there are two things about
+that that already come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that already come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that already come out
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two things uh one is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things uh one is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things uh one is um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm gonna give you a name richard's club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna give you a name richard's club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna give you a name richard's club
+s-c-l-o-v-e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-c-l-o-v-e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-c-l-o-v-e
+it's a different mit page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's he started something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he started something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he started something
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+he he wrote a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wrote a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wrote a book
+and his book tries to apply what go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his book tries to apply what go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his book tries to apply what go to
+something that goes on in denmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes on in denmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that goes on in denmark
+to the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the united states
+in denmark they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in denmark they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in denmark they have
+this concept of trying to think of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of trying to think of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of trying to think of what
+the exact name of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact name of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact name of it is
+but it's where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's where you have
+wait actually you buy engineering advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait actually you buy engineering advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait actually you buy engineering advice
+pretty much like you go to the store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and schlove has not written a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and schlove has not written a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and schlove has not written a whole lot
+of books so if you look him up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of books so if you look him up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of books so if you look him up
+you'll find i think maybe two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find i think maybe two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find i think maybe two or three
+books and the one that i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and the one that i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and the one that i'm talking about
+will be obvious by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be obvious by the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be obvious by the name
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um there's a name it's a very it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a name it's a very it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a name it's a very it's a
+very pedestrian name that he has for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pedestrian name that he has for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pedestrian name that he has for the
+that they have for this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have for this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have for this concept
+but it seems to work over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to work over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems to work over there
+the second thing is that i went to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is that i went to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing is that i went to a
+conference once and a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference once and a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference once and a woman
+i gave a talk and a woman came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave a talk and a woman came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave a talk and a woman came
+to talk to me afterwards and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to me afterwards and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to me afterwards and she
+identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified
+herself as the sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself as the sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself as the sister
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he ran for president last election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+what's his name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's his name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's his name
+uh i'm having what they call a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm having what they call a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm having what they call a scene
+i know this guy what he ran for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know this guy what he ran for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know this guy what he ran for for a
+nominee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he ran as an independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ran as an independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ran as an independent
+and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has
+he's known for he sued one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's known for he sued one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's known for he sued one of the
+automobile companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ralph david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ralph david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ralph david
+she identified herself as the sister of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she identified herself as the sister of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she identified herself as the sister of
+ralph nader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ralph nader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ralph nader
+and she said that in up here in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said that in up here in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she said that in up here in new
+england someplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england someplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england someplace
+there's a town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a town
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they have the city engineer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the city engineer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the city engineer and the
+mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor
+but the citizens have their own engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the citizens have their own engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the citizens have their own engineer
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+as a second opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a second opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a second opinion
+for all of this stuff and they call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of this stuff and they call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of this stuff and they call that
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+which is not out of the realm of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not out of the realm of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not out of the realm of what
+you're talking about is not out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about is not out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about is not out of the
+realm of what this the explode is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of what this the explode is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of what this the explode is
+talking about so there are ideas out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so there are ideas out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so there are ideas out
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay about a new kind of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about a new kind of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about a new kind of engineering
+none of them i think have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them i think have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them i think have
+yet surfaced as university courses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet surfaced as university courses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet surfaced as university courses of
+study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to fit into what i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to fit into what i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to fit into what i'm talking about
+that's what it hasn't has to do it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it hasn't has to do it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it hasn't has to do it has
+to fit into a university course of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into a university course of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit into a university course of study
+then i can talk about a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can talk about a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can talk about a new kind of
+engineering but yeah there's new kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but yeah there's new kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but yeah there's new kinds
+of engineering out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering out there
+and some others coming down to pike and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some others coming down to pike and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some others coming down to pike and
+some of them may hit courses of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them may hit courses of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them may hit courses of study
+all you have to do is have a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is have a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do is have a professor
+say going here she's going to do it or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say going here she's going to do it or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say going here she's going to do it or a
+grad student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student
+to say they want to take a cause in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they want to take a cause in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say they want to take a cause in it
+so yeah there's something coming down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's something coming down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah there's something coming down
+not only that but we have not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but we have not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that but we have not even
+explored all i'm talking about notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored all i'm talking about notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explored all i'm talking about notice
+all i'm talking about the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm talking about the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm talking about the united states
+there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole
+other world out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other world out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other world out there
+you need to get all just everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get all just everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get all just everybody
+involved well who knows what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved well who knows what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved well who knows what's going on
+denmark is the only time i went outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denmark is the only time i went outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denmark is the only time i went outside
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so we got all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got all of this
+all of these complexities with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these complexities with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these complexities with this
+challenger case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger case
+uh let's see what we can do with some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what we can do with some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what we can do with some of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+analysis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with some of the analysis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i would think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the principle that hans market's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a principle
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think that hans mark is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that hans mark is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that hans mark is going to be
+able to point to some place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to point to some place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to point to some place
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+the american public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american public
+has given nasa a mission to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has given nasa a mission to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has given nasa a mission to do these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and has said do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has said do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has said do them
+and not necessarily be constrained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily be constrained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily be constrained by
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+of the principles of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principles of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principles of science
+to do them and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do them and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do them and they
+certainly would not say don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly would not say don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly would not say don't be
+constrained by all of the principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by all of the principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by all of the principles of
+ethics to do them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics to do them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics to do them
+but i think that that's the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that that's the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that that's the way he
+interpreted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreted that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the people at nasa have a contract with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people at nasa have a contract with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people at nasa have a contract with
+the american people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american people
+and most of that contract but not all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of that contract but not all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of that contract but not all of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally
+made through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made through
+the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representation
+of the quote unquote the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quote unquote the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quote unquote the people
+to nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he's going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's going to use a
+now now there's a term here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now there's a term here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now there's a term here that is
+going to be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be tricky
+it would seem like a good term for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would seem like a good term for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would seem like a good term for this
+kind of contract would be what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contract would be what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of contract would be what you would
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+would be social contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be social contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be social contract
+well there's already the term social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's already the term social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's already the term social
+contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+in philosophy and in political science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy and in political science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philosophy and in political science
+that means something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means something else
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let's not use that term let's reserve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not use that term let's reserve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not use that term let's reserve it
+for for something else i'll get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for something else i'll get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for something else i'll get into
+that at some point in time i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some point in time i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some point in time i'll
+definitely get into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely get into it
+but it's it's a contract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a contract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's a contract that
+that he would say is what he has with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would say is what he has with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would say is what he has with
+the american people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the american people
+and as long as this affected nobody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as this affected nobody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as long as this affected nobody else
+other than american people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than american people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than american people
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if hans mark was sitting here he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if hans mark was sitting here he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if hans mark was sitting here he would
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if you don't want us to do it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want us to do it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't want us to do it anymore
+make some new laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or give nasa a new mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i have to apologize but i forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to apologize but i forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to apologize but i forgot
+but i had a newspaper article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i had a newspaper article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i had a newspaper article
+um and i can tell you right where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i can tell you right where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i can tell you right where it is
+right now it's on my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's on my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's on my uh
+dining room table in my apartment i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dining room table in my apartment i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dining room table in my apartment i've
+got to bring it i apologize but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to bring it i apologize but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to bring it i apologize but it's
+common knowledge and i was hoping to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common knowledge and i was hoping to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common knowledge and i was hoping to get
+sheila whitnall over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheila whitnall over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheila whitnall over here
+i had invited her she got it back to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had invited her she got it back to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had invited her she got it back to me
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+nasa uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa uh the the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the uh conclusion made about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh conclusion made about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh conclusion made about this and
+about of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of the
+colombia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colombia
+from the standpoint of uh investigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of uh investigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of uh investigating
+committees out of congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees out of congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees out of congress
+was that nasa got into these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that nasa got into these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that nasa got into these problems
+because it had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it had a
+certain cultural problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of get thing done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get thing done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get thing done
+make the deadlines it it was a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the deadlines it it was a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the deadlines it it was a kind of a
+culture that pervaded over everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that pervaded over everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that pervaded over everybody
+and and and in a sense that is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and in a sense that is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and in a sense that is not too
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+polite it it makes it sound like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite it it makes it sound like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polite it it makes it sound like people
+say well the culture made me do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the culture made me do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the culture made me do it
+well i i use that term because i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i use that term because i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i i use that term because i know
+that having used it you won't forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having used it you won't forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having used it you won't forget it
+now that i've used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i've used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i've used it
+let me say that there's there's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that there's there's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that there's there's it
+there's some justification for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some justification for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some justification for that
+i'm not saying entirely justified but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying entirely justified but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not saying entirely justified but
+what what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens is that
+people just get in a mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just get in a mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just get in a mode
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things
+every day i work for nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day i work for nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day i work for nasa
+i held grants from nasa for 12 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i held grants from nasa for 12 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i held grants from nasa for 12 years
+i feel like an insider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like an insider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel like an insider
+with nasa i have i have an emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nasa i have i have an emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nasa i have i have an emotional
+attachment to nasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment to nasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment to nasa
+uh but i don't think that justifies what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i don't think that justifies what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i don't think that justifies what
+they do but i think it explains it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the report never said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the report never said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the report never said that
+except for the whistleblowers as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the whistleblowers as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the whistleblowers as i
+recall it that there are other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall it that there are other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall it that there are other people
+who disagree with that they just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who disagree with that they just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who disagree with that they just said
+this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole
+massive culture is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive culture is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive culture is now
+saying that if i get uh dr whitmore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if i get uh dr whitmore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if i get uh dr whitmore
+who's here at mit y'all i don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's here at mit y'all i don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's here at mit y'all i don't know if
+you know her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know if she'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if she'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if she'll
+really want to come but i invited her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to come but i invited her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to come but i invited her
+she said she'd think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i invited her to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i invited her to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i invited her to talk about the
+ethics and the facts but if she does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics and the facts but if she does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics and the facts but if she does not
+want to talk about the ethics and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the ethics and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about the ethics and just
+talk about the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the culture that they are concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture that they are concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culture that they are concerned
+about is what they call the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what they call the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what they call the safety
+culture the safety culture and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the safety culture and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the safety culture and after the
+challenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenger
+there was a lot of attention paid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of attention paid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of attention paid to
+safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+and that eroded over time and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that eroded over time and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that eroded over time and as you
+point out the issue of time and budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out the issue of time and budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out the issue of time and budget
+etc took over and the safety issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc took over and the safety issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc took over and the safety issues
+became less and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became less and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became less and less
+important to the people and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the people and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the people and so
+you've got the columbia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the columbia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the columbia
+situation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and so
+there's a lot of attention now being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of attention now being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of attention now being
+paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid
+to the safety issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the safety issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the safety issues
+and how they're going to embed that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're going to embed that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they're going to embed that into
+nasa et cetera and we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa et cetera and we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa et cetera and we have another
+faculty member maybe you can get her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member maybe you can get her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member maybe you can get her to
+come she but she's only available on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come she but she's only available on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come she but she's only available on
+friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+her name is nancy leveson yes who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her name is nancy leveson yes who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her name is nancy leveson yes who is the
+safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that
+nasa is hired and that's why she's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa is hired and that's why she's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasa is hired and that's why she's only
+here one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one day
+she's spending all her time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's spending all her time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's spending all her time
+dealing with nasa issues on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with nasa issues on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with nasa issues on how to
+invent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent this
+safety culture into the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety culture into the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety culture into the organization
+all right well nancy nevison is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well nancy nevison is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well nancy nevison is going to
+get an invitation to either come or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an invitation to either come or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an invitation to either come or
+interact with somebody would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with somebody would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with somebody would have
+probably have to be in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to be in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have to be in another
+time well you know that might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well you know that might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well you know that might be an
+occasion where we can have our special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion where we can have our special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion where we can have our special
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just have it on a friday when she can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have it on a friday when she can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have it on a friday when she can
+come and have her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and have her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and have her
+leave the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the discussion
+i worked with her once uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i worked with her once uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i worked with her once uh
+it was with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was with
+you gotta get ready to go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta get ready to go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gotta get ready to go um
+but anyway that's where we are i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway that's where we are i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway that's where we are i think
+we've covered all the housekeeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered all the housekeeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've covered all the housekeeping
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+am i right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i right
+uh should we be prepared to do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should we be prepared to do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should we be prepared to do another
+case on tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case on tuesday
+yes where you should be prepared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes where you should be prepared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes where you should be prepared to
+finish the challenger case and to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the challenger case and to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the challenger case and to do the
+uh fourth pinterest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sDnM5fTqXv4.txt b/sDnM5fTqXv4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e977961934846e7b16f2d2cc53cd54546b0a20c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sDnM5fTqXv4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+One of the central tasks of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the central tasks of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the central tasks of this course
+has been to unpack the ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been to unpack the ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been to unpack the ways in which
+work in today's economy has changed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in today's economy has changed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in today's economy has changed over
+time. Often when we talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Often when we talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Often when we talk about this
+topic, one of the first things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic, one of the first things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic, one of the first things that
+comes to mind is the role of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to mind is the role of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to mind is the role of technology
+in transforming work. Over the past few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transforming work. Over the past few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in transforming work. Over the past few
+years, we have seen an explosion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, we have seen an explosion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, we have seen an explosion in
+what's known as the ondemand economy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the ondemand economy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as the ondemand economy.
+It's visible everywhere. We as consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's visible everywhere. We as consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's visible everywhere. We as consumers
+are able to have our food delivered,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to have our food delivered,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to have our food delivered,
+grab a ride home, or even have someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab a ride home, or even have someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab a ride home, or even have someone
+run our errands, all purchased and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run our errands, all purchased and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run our errands, all purchased and
+arranged in a matter of minutes from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a matter of minutes from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a matter of minutes from our
+smartphones. Our colleague John McCarthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphones. Our colleague John McCarthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smartphones. Our colleague John McCarthy
+talks in more detail about these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks in more detail about these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks in more detail about these new
+ways of organizing work in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of organizing work in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of organizing work in a different
+video lecture in this course. What we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video lecture in this course. What we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video lecture in this course. What we're
+going to talk about now is how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about now is how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about now is how these
+employment arrangements are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment arrangements are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment arrangements are connected to
+two issues. One, how we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two issues. One, how we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two issues. One, how we think about
+workers rights in the ondemand economy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers rights in the ondemand economy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers rights in the ondemand economy.
+And two, how technology can promote new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And two, how technology can promote new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And two, how technology can promote new
+forms of worker advocacy in settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of worker advocacy in settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of worker advocacy in settings
+where gigs, not full-time jobs for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where gigs, not full-time jobs for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where gigs, not full-time jobs for one
+employer, are becoming the employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer, are becoming the employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employer, are becoming the employment
+norm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm.
+Many consumers and workers alike find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many consumers and workers alike find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many consumers and workers alike find
+the flexibility and efficiency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility and efficiency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility and efficiency of the
+ondemand economy to be beneficial. Work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand economy to be beneficial. Work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand economy to be beneficial. Work
+hours are flexible, for instance, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours are flexible, for instance, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours are flexible, for instance, and
+the efficiency of services saves people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of services saves people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency of services saves people
+time. As has been pointed out, however,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. As has been pointed out, however,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. As has been pointed out, however,
+many workers undertaking the actual jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many workers undertaking the actual jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many workers undertaking the actual jobs
+of these companies are employed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these companies are employed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these companies are employed as
+independent contractors, meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors, meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors, meaning that
+they are not direct employees of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not direct employees of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not direct employees of the
+company that is bringing us the good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that is bringing us the good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that is bringing us the good or
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+service. A babysitter who gets his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service. A babysitter who gets his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service. A babysitter who gets his work
+through the website care.com, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the website care.com, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the website care.com, for
+instance, is considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, is considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, is considered to be
+self-employed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-employed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-employed.
+This means that the benefits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means that the benefits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means that the benefits and
+protections that we associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections that we associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections that we associate with
+full-time stable jobs such as access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time stable jobs such as access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time stable jobs such as access to
+paid leave or unemployment insurance are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid leave or unemployment insurance are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid leave or unemployment insurance are
+not available to ondemand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available to ondemand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not available to ondemand
+workers. Likewise, standards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers. Likewise, standards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers. Likewise, standards that
+promote good quality jobs are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote good quality jobs are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote good quality jobs are often
+absent from these arrangements as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent from these arrangements as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent from these arrangements as we've
+seen through the recent protest by Uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen through the recent protest by Uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen through the recent protest by Uber
+drivers over wages and terms of work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers over wages and terms of work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers over wages and terms of work in
+various cities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cities.
+So, the traditional system of benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the traditional system of benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the traditional system of benefits
+and protections based on full-time jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protections based on full-time jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protections based on full-time jobs
+and employment status no longer makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employment status no longer makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employment status no longer makes
+sense in these settings. Innovative,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in these settings. Innovative,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in these settings. Innovative,
+disruptive technologies that change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive technologies that change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive technologies that change the
+way business is done and work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way business is done and work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way business is done and work is
+performed require simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed require simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed require simultaneous
+innovative changes and how workers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative changes and how workers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative changes and how workers are
+able to access rights on the job. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to access rights on the job. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to access rights on the job. What
+we've talked about in this course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about in this course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about in this course as
+updating the social contract at work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating the social contract at work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating the social contract at work.
+One approach to such change comes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One approach to such change comes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One approach to such change comes with
+support from a broad coalition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from a broad coalition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from a broad coalition of
+technology firms, labor organizations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology firms, labor organizations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology firms, labor organizations,
+academics, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics, and
+foundations. The idea is pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations. The idea is pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations. The idea is pretty simple
+that benefits and protections should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefits and protections should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that benefits and protections should
+acrue with the work being performed no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrue with the work being performed no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acrue with the work being performed no
+matter the employer. In other words, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the employer. In other words, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the employer. In other words, the
+number of sick days, for instance, a gig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sick days, for instance, a gig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sick days, for instance, a gig
+worker can acrue should depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker can acrue should depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker can acrue should depend on the
+number of hours she works, whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours she works, whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hours she works, whether
+providing rides or delivering groceries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing rides or delivering groceries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing rides or delivering groceries.
+Although firms would contribute to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although firms would contribute to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although firms would contribute to these
+benefits and protections, they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and protections, they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits and protections, they would
+essentially remain with the worker,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially remain with the worker,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially remain with the worker,
+allowing for economic security even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing for economic security even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing for economic security even when
+working for multiple employers. They can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for multiple employers. They can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for multiple employers. They can
+be structured in a way that promotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be structured in a way that promotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be structured in a way that promotes
+good jobs that pay living wages. And by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good jobs that pay living wages. And by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good jobs that pay living wages. And by
+making these portable benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these portable benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these portable benefits
+universal, they can also extend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal, they can also extend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal, they can also extend to
+workers beyond the ondemand economy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers beyond the ondemand economy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers beyond the ondemand economy,
+helping ease the now commonplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping ease the now commonplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping ease the now commonplace
+transitions that many of us experience,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that many of us experience,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that many of us experience,
+moving from one employer to the next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from one employer to the next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving from one employer to the next.
+The idea of portable benefits mimics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea of portable benefits mimics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea of portable benefits mimics
+these new ondemand arrangements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new ondemand arrangements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new ondemand arrangements that
+characterize growing portions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize growing portions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize growing portions of the
+economy. Likewise, advocates are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. Likewise, advocates are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. Likewise, advocates are also
+finding new ways to use technology to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new ways to use technology to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding new ways to use technology to
+promote workers rights on the job. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote workers rights on the job. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote workers rights on the job. In
+some cases, this is directly relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases, this is directly relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases, this is directly relevant to
+ondemand workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand workers
+themselves. Relatively new websites such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Relatively new websites such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Relatively new websites such
+as co-worker.org or and Dynamo serve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as co-worker.org or and Dynamo serve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as co-worker.org or and Dynamo serve as
+online hubs where workers can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online hubs where workers can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online hubs where workers can start
+petitions for change, rate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitions for change, rate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitions for change, rate their
+experience with certain employers, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with certain employers, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with certain employers, and
+connect with others in their industry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with others in their industry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with others in their industry.
+Turkopticon is a similar application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkopticon is a similar application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkopticon is a similar application
+that allows crowd workers on Amazon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows crowd workers on Amazon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows crowd workers on Amazon's
+Mechanical Turk to rate employers. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanical Turk to rate employers. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanical Turk to rate employers. These
+applications complement organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications complement organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications complement organizing
+efforts in other settings as well. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts in other settings as well. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts in other settings as well. In
+our last video, we talked about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last video, we talked about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our last video, we talked about our
+Walmart, an organization of non-unized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart, an organization of non-unized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart, an organization of non-unized
+Walmart workers advocating for better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart workers advocating for better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart workers advocating for better
+working conditions. Using an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working conditions. Using an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working conditions. Using an online
+campaign through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign through
+co-worker.org, our Walmart was recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-worker.org, our Walmart was recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-worker.org, our Walmart was recently
+able to gather widespread support for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to gather widespread support for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to gather widespread support for
+their demands regarding more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their demands regarding more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their demands regarding more stable
+hours. In response, Walmart changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours. In response, Walmart changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours. In response, Walmart changed the
+way they schedule shifts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they schedule shifts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they schedule shifts.
+With support from an innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With support from an innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With support from an innovative
+organization called the workers lab,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called the workers lab,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization called the workers lab,
+which promotes new forms of worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which promotes new forms of worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which promotes new forms of worker
+organizing, our Walmart is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing, our Walmart is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing, our Walmart is also
+developing an app that allows workers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an app that allows workers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing an app that allows workers to
+connect with one another while receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with one another while receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect with one another while receiving
+peer generated advice and training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer generated advice and training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer generated advice and training
+relevant to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to their
+jobs. Other organizations are developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs. Other organizations are developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs. Other organizations are developing
+applications that not only serve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that not only serve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that not only serve to
+connect workers and mobilize around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect workers and mobilize around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect workers and mobilize around
+specific demands, but also to inform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific demands, but also to inform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific demands, but also to inform and
+educate workers about their rights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate workers about their rights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate workers about their rights on
+the job. The domestic worker app, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job. The domestic worker app, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job. The domestic worker app, for
+example, was created in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, was created in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, was created in response to the
+passage of a domestic worker bill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of a domestic worker bill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of a domestic worker bill of
+rights in New York State. Caregivers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights in New York State. Caregivers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights in New York State. Caregivers,
+nannies, and cleaners can call in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nannies, and cleaners can call in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nannies, and cleaners can call in or
+text to access both recorded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text to access both recorded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text to access both recorded and
+liveformational episodes and messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liveformational episodes and messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liveformational episodes and messages
+about their rights under the state's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their rights under the state's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their rights under the state's new
+legislation. A different approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation. A different approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislation. A different approach is
+taken by the Restaurant Opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by the Restaurant Opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken by the Restaurant Opportunity
+Center, the organization of restaurant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center, the organization of restaurant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center, the organization of restaurant
+workers we discussed in our last video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers we discussed in our last video.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers we discussed in our last video.
+The cent's top server app is a game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cent's top server app is a game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The cent's top server app is a game that
+teaches its users about the skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches its users about the skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches its users about the skills
+needed to advance in restaurants,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to advance in restaurants,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to advance in restaurants,
+imparting training, knowledge, and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparting training, knowledge, and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparting training, knowledge, and even
+the lingo used in restaurant work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lingo used in restaurant work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lingo used in restaurant work to
+servers looking for ways to advance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers looking for ways to advance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers looking for ways to advance in
+the industry. To be clear, these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry. To be clear, these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry. To be clear, these new
+forms of advocacy are not a replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of advocacy are not a replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of advocacy are not a replacement
+for direct worker organizing and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for direct worker organizing and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for direct worker organizing and other
+advocacy work. But as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy work. But as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocacy work. But as these
+organizations show, the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations show, the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations show, the types of
+technologies that are transforming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are transforming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are transforming the
+way we work can also be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we work can also be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we work can also be used to
+strengthen our efforts to create good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen our efforts to create good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen our efforts to create good
+jobs. And as the ondemand economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs. And as the ondemand economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs. And as the ondemand economy
+continues to be fueled by growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be fueled by growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues to be fueled by growing
+consumer demand, we will continue to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demand, we will continue to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demand, we will continue to be
+presented with opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with opportunities for
+potential innovation in reestablishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential innovation in reestablishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential innovation in reestablishing
+the social contract at work, not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social contract at work, not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social contract at work, not just
+for ondemand workers, but for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ondemand workers, but for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ondemand workers, but for all
+workers throughout the economy.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sY-Hxq1-_Xo.txt b/sY-Hxq1-_Xo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e66d19cea7a1a3bde9762c8f1c027a0b19db8c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sY-Hxq1-_Xo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why the personal in this course well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why the personal in this course well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why the personal in this course well
+at every occasion in when the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every occasion in when the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every occasion in when the students
+present the discussions because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the discussions because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the discussions because you have
+to frame the discussion or when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frame the discussion or when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to frame the discussion or when they
+write the essays I do ask them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the essays I do ask them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the essays I do ask them to
+include some personal information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some personal information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some personal information in
+what they write in fact one essay was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they write in fact one essay was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they write in fact one essay was
+strictly about that about the linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly about that about the linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly about that about the linguistic
+biographies because I feel that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographies because I feel that often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biographies because I feel that often
+students can be overly ambitious of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can be overly ambitious of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can be overly ambitious of
+course there's this Venice nests that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's this Venice nests that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's this Venice nests that we
+appreciate but often they want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate but often they want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate but often they want to go
+after global changes like changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after global changes like changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after global changes like changing the
+environment or changing the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or changing the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment or changing the outcome of
+elections but those are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections but those are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections but those are the kind of
+changes that you often cannot make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you often cannot make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that you often cannot make
+especially not in a one semester course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not in a one semester course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially not in a one semester course
+but if they're able to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're able to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they're able to understand the
+way those global patterns affect their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those global patterns affect their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those global patterns affect their
+own personal lives and their own small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal lives and their own small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal lives and their own small
+social groupings and if they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social groupings and if they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social groupings and if they can
+actually try to integrate what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to integrate what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to integrate what they
+learn in the course two actions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in the course two actions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn in the course two actions in this
+localized spheres then there's a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized spheres then there's a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized spheres then there's a better
+chance that they actually make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they actually make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that they actually make those
+changes so I like to tell them that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so I like to tell them that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so I like to tell them that the
+change that they can make in themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that they can make in themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that they can make in themselves
+Vasavi those issues are also affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vasavi those issues are also affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vasavi those issues are also affecting
+the wider world because if each person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider world because if each person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider world because if each person
+can affect themselves in their small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect themselves in their small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can affect themselves in their small
+groups and in turn if everyone in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and in turn if everyone in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and in turn if everyone in that
+small group can also affect changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group can also affect changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small group can also affect changes in
+the own small groups then the effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the own small groups then the effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the own small groups then the effect is
+exponential you see so and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you see so and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you see so and I think
+reading of the course they do appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of the course they do appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading of the course they do appreciate
+being able to share the personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to share the personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to share the personal
+experiences through essays through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences through essays through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences through essays through the
+presentations and also they can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and also they can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and also they can see the
+effect that this has on the own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that this has on the own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that this has on the own
+classmates because some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates because some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates because some of the
+classmates come from very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates come from very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classmates come from very different
+backgrounds and so they get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and so they get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds and so they get to
+understand how someone say from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how someone say from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how someone say from
+Guatemala who came to the US with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guatemala who came to the US with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guatemala who came to the US with
+parents that immigrated without papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents that immigrated without papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents that immigrated without papers
+and how that life experience can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that life experience can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that life experience can be
+inspiring because if you can make it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring because if you can make it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring because if you can make it to
+MIT with that kind of background and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT with that kind of background and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT with that kind of background and
+then you can actually share it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can actually share it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can actually share it with
+others while you're actually succeeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others while you're actually succeeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others while you're actually succeeding
+an emetic student that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emetic student that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emetic student that can be
+life-changing for some of us
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/svahhl-J4AY.txt b/svahhl-J4AY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa4dd4182df9ccac4c2820e7555f9578d7f6c40f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/svahhl-J4AY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, good morning everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good morning everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good morning everybody.
+Morning. Good morning. Good morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morning. Good morning. Good morning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morning. Good morning. Good morning.
+All right. Uh we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh we're going to continue
+our discussion about cancer today as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion about cancer today as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion about cancer today as
+well as on Friday. In between you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as on Friday. In between you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as on Friday. In between you have
+an exam on Wednesday. Um partly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam on Wednesday. Um partly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam on Wednesday. Um partly in
+preparation for that. I'm having office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for that. I'm having office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for that. I'm having office
+hours today uh sorry tomorrow between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours today uh sorry tomorrow between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours today uh sorry tomorrow between
+two so between three and four in 76453.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so between three and four in 76453.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so between three and four in 76453.
+And as the note says, come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as the note says, come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as the note says, come with
+questions that you have about immunology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you have about immunology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you have about immunology
+which I taught you and the introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I taught you and the introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I taught you and the introductory
+cancer course uh cancer class that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer course uh cancer class that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer course uh cancer class that I
+taught you. If you have questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you. If you have questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you. If you have questions about
+other subjects that will be covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other subjects that will be covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other subjects that will be covered in
+this exam that professor Civ covered for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exam that professor Civ covered for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exam that professor Civ covered for
+you, it's best to go to her office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, it's best to go to her office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, it's best to go to her office hours
+or to your TAs or the other um sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to your TAs or the other um sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to your TAs or the other um sections
+that will be held. All right. So towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be held. All right. So towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be held. All right. So towards
+the end of last lecture, we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last lecture, we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last lecture, we talked about
+smoking and cancer and I warned you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking and cancer and I warned you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking and cancer and I warned you
+against the evils of smoking and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the evils of smoking and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the evils of smoking and I hope
+you were paying attention. Um, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were paying attention. Um, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were paying attention. Um, this
+slide shows you some pretty startling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide shows you some pretty startling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide shows you some pretty startling
+statistics that relate the increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that relate the increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that relate the increase in
+smoking shown here among men in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking shown here among men in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking shown here among men in this
+country uh, which began around 1900. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh, which began around 1900. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh, which began around 1900. And
+you can see rapidly increased over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see rapidly increased over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see rapidly increased over the
+first part of the last century. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the last century. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part of the last century. And you
+can also see that about 20 years later,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see that about 20 years later,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also see that about 20 years later,
+lung cancer rates rose equally quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer rates rose equally quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer rates rose equally quickly.
+And this was some of the evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was some of the evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was some of the evidence that
+smoking caused lung cancer. And we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking caused lung cancer. And we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking caused lung cancer. And we now
+know as I mentioned to you last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I mentioned to you last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I mentioned to you last time
+that there are lots of carcinogens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are lots of carcinogens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are lots of carcinogens in
+lung cancer in cigarette smoke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer in cigarette smoke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer in cigarette smoke that
+cause lung cancer. Lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause lung cancer. Lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause lung cancer. Lots of
+mutagens either mutagens in their in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagens either mutagens in their in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagens either mutagens in their in
+their native form or promutagens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their native form or promutagens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their native form or promutagens that
+can be converted into mutagens um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be converted into mutagens um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be converted into mutagens um that
+we expose ourselves to through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expose ourselves to through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expose ourselves to through the
+process of tobacco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of tobacco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of tobacco
+smoking. That was men. Um but lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking. That was men. Um but lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking. That was men. Um but lung
+cancer has also increased in women. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer has also increased in women. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer has also increased in women. uh
+you can see this also precipitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this also precipitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this also precipitous
+increase in in uh lung cancer among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in in uh lung cancer among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in in uh lung cancer among
+women in this country and lung cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in this country and lung cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in this country and lung cancer
+has now passed breast cancer as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has now passed breast cancer as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has now passed breast cancer as the
+leading cause of cancer deaths among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading cause of cancer deaths among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading cause of cancer deaths among
+women in the United States. You can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in the United States. You can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women in the United States. You can see
+that in the case of men um smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of men um smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the case of men um smoking
+levels actually started to drop uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels actually started to drop uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels actually started to drop uh quite
+some time ago and coincident with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago and coincident with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time ago and coincident with that
+lung cancer deaths among men in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer deaths among men in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer deaths among men in this
+country also have been dropping. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country also have been dropping. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country also have been dropping. It's a
+direct result of smoking sessa c s c s c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct result of smoking sessa c s c s c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct result of smoking sessa c s c s c
+s c s c s c s c s c s c s c s cessation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s c s c s c s c s c s c s c s cessation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s c s c s c s c s c s c s c s cessation
+and people not starting to smoke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people not starting to smoke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people not starting to smoke that
+had not happened in the case of women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not happened in the case of women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not happened in the case of women
+until very recently in fact just last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very recently in fact just last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until very recently in fact just last
+month a study was published that showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month a study was published that showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month a study was published that showed
+that also for women lung cancer rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also for women lung cancer rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also for women lung cancer rates
+are now starting to go down and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now starting to go down and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now starting to go down and that's a
+direct consequence of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct consequence of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct consequence of the fact that
+fewer women are smoking it takes a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer women are smoking it takes a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer women are smoking it takes a few
+years to see that effect play out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to see that effect play out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to see that effect play out
+because people who were smoking 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people who were smoking 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people who were smoking 20 years
+ago are getting cancer based on that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago are getting cancer based on that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago are getting cancer based on that now
+so Um, examples of why smoking is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Um, examples of why smoking is bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Um, examples of why smoking is bad
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+you. Cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoke can be considered a environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke can be considered a environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke can be considered a environmental
+carcinogen although it's one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogen although it's one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogen although it's one that we
+expose ourselves to. Um I talked to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose ourselves to. Um I talked to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose ourselves to. Um I talked to you
+about variety of other environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variety of other environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about variety of other environmental
+carcinogens that we expose ourselves uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens that we expose ourselves uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens that we expose ourselves uh
+that we get exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to. I also described this phenomenon by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. I also described this phenomenon by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. I also described this phenomenon by
+which chemicals that are not in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chemicals that are not in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which chemicals that are not in their
+native state mutagenic can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native state mutagenic can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native state mutagenic can become
+mutagenic through metabolism in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenic through metabolism in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutagenic through metabolism in our
+bodies. Prout mutagens can be converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. Prout mutagens can be converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. Prout mutagens can be converted
+to mutagens in our body. And I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mutagens in our body. And I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mutagens in our body. And I showed
+you the example of benzo pyrene which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the example of benzo pyrene which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the example of benzo pyrene which is
+in cigarette smoke and gets converted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cigarette smoke and gets converted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cigarette smoke and gets converted
+into a mutagenic form in our bodies. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a mutagenic form in our bodies. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a mutagenic form in our bodies. Um
+and there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are many other
+such there are also examples and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such there are also examples and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such there are also examples and I
+didn't say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicitly of non-mutagenic carcinogens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly of non-mutagenic carcinogens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly of non-mutagenic carcinogens.
+This goes against the rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This goes against the rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This goes against the rule that
+carcinogens are mutagens. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens are mutagens. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens are mutagens. These are
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+non-mutagenic, but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mutagenic, but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-mutagenic, but they're
+cancer-causing. So, we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer-causing. So, we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer-causing. So, we call them
+carcinogens. And examples of this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens. And examples of this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogens. And examples of this would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alcohol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol and
+asbestous. These affect cancer rates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asbestous. These affect cancer rates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asbestous. These affect cancer rates we
+think because they cause tissue damage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alcohol in the liver, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alcohol in the liver, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alcohol in the liver, for example,
+causes tissue damage in the liver.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes tissue damage in the liver.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes tissue damage in the liver.
+Asbessus, if you breathe it in, can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asbessus, if you breathe it in, can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asbessus, if you breathe it in, can
+cause tissue damage in the linings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause tissue damage in the linings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause tissue damage in the linings of
+the lungs. This tissue damage then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs. This tissue damage then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lungs. This tissue damage then
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased
+proliferation. Cells are recruited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation. Cells are recruited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation. Cells are recruited to
+grow in order to repair the damage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow in order to repair the damage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow in order to repair the damage that
+was caused. And this can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indirectly result in mutations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly result in mutations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly result in mutations because
+as I mentioned to you, every time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned to you, every time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned to you, every time your
+cell divides, there's a chance that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell divides, there's a chance that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell divides, there's a chance that a
+problem will happen, a chance that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem will happen, a chance that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem will happen, a chance that a
+replication error will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occur. There's a chance that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur. There's a chance that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur. There's a chance that an
+important gene relevant to cancer will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important gene relevant to cancer will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important gene relevant to cancer will
+incur a mutation. So more replication,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur a mutation. So more replication,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incur a mutation. So more replication,
+more proliferation, the greater chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proliferation, the greater chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more proliferation, the greater chance
+that a uh problematic mutation will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+place. I didn't say this explicitly, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. I didn't say this explicitly, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. I didn't say this explicitly, but
+likewise problems in chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise problems in chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise problems in chromosome
+segregation can occur. Every time a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation can occur. Every time a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation can occur. Every time a cell
+divides, we have intricate systems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides, we have intricate systems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides, we have intricate systems to
+ensure that chromosomes separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that chromosomes separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that chromosomes separate
+properly so that each daughter cell gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly so that each daughter cell gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly so that each daughter cell gets
+the right complement of chromosomes. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right complement of chromosomes. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right complement of chromosomes. But
+sometimes that breaks down and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that breaks down and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that breaks down and sometimes
+cells get the wrong number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells get the wrong number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells get the wrong number of
+chromosomes. We talked about this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes. We talked about this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes. We talked about this in the
+context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meiosis. But non-disjunction events can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis. But non-disjunction events can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis. But non-disjunction events can
+occur in mitosis as well leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in mitosis as well leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in mitosis as well leading to
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+imbalances which are also hallmarks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances which are also hallmarks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances which are also hallmarks of
+cancer. As I showed you last time, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer. As I showed you last time, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer. As I showed you last time, if
+you look at the chromosome content of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the chromosome content of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the chromosome content of a
+cancer cell, it is often very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell, it is often very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell, it is often very very
+abnormal. And these abnormal chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal. And these abnormal chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormal. And these abnormal chromosome
+numbers occur due to defects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers occur due to defects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers occur due to defects in
+chromosome segregation including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome segregation including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome segregation including
+non-isjunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-isjunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-isjunction
+events. Okay. So various things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events. Okay. So various things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events. Okay. So various things that we
+expose ourselves to or that just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose ourselves to or that just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose ourselves to or that just go
+along with the normal process of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the normal process of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the normal process of cell
+division can lead to mutations. And as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division can lead to mutations. And as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division can lead to mutations. And as I
+emphasized in last lecture, cancer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in last lecture, cancer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in last lecture, cancer is
+the consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequence of the
+accumulation of mutations in critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of mutations in critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation of mutations in critical
+genes. So to summarize what I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. So to summarize what I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. So to summarize what I told you
+about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time, we now think of the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, we now think of the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, we now think of the process of
+cancer development as going from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer development as going from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer development as going from a
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell through multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps to the development of malignant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to the development of malignant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps to the development of malignant
+cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This
+process for most types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for most types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for most types of
+cancer will take years to accomplish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer will take years to accomplish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer will take years to accomplish.
+Cells acquire these alterations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cells acquire these alterations over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cells acquire these alterations over
+multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple
+years. And these arrows represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations. Mutations to cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. Mutations to cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. Mutations to cellular
+genes. Mutations in processes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. Mutations in processes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. Mutations in processes that are
+important in determining the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in determining the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in determining the normal
+behavior of these cells and allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these cells and allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of these cells and allowing
+these cells to behave abnormally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells to behave abnormally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells to behave abnormally.
+This process unfolds over time as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This process unfolds over time as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This process unfolds over time as I
+mentioned and gives rise to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned and gives rise to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned and gives rise to this
+phenomenon or this hypothesis really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon or this hypothesis really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon or this hypothesis really
+which for which we have great evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for which we have great evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which for which we have great evidence
+now the so-called clonal evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the so-called clonal evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the so-called clonal evolution of
+cancer which I drew on the board for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer which I drew on the board for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer which I drew on the board for you
+last time. This is a nice version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. This is a nice version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time. This is a nice version of
+that same concept from a figure from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same concept from a figure from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same concept from a figure from a
+book from Bob Weinberg who teaches this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book from Bob Weinberg who teaches this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book from Bob Weinberg who teaches this
+same class in the fall. Um here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same class in the fall. Um here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same class in the fall. Um here you have
+a a row of normal cells. Within these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a row of normal cells. Within these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a row of normal cells. Within these
+cells a mutation arises. This mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells a mutation arises. This mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells a mutation arises. This mutation
+gives that cell the ability to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives that cell the ability to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives that cell the ability to expand
+perhaps better than its neighbor cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps better than its neighbor cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps better than its neighbor cells.
+So that a number of daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that a number of daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that a number of daughter cells
+carrying this mutation are born. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying this mutation are born. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying this mutation are born. And
+within this now clone of singly mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this now clone of singly mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within this now clone of singly mutant
+cells, a second mutation can arise. Say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, a second mutation can arise. Say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, a second mutation can arise. Say
+in this cell here, this mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cell here, this mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cell here, this mutation
+likewise confers upon these cells a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise confers upon these cells a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise confers upon these cells a
+greater ability to grow, divide,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater ability to grow, divide,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater ability to grow, divide,
+survive, out compete their neighbors. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive, out compete their neighbors. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive, out compete their neighbors. So
+you get a lot of these cells too. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of these cells too. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a lot of these cells too. And
+then within that expanded clone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within that expanded clone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then within that expanded clone of
+cells, a third mutation arises and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, a third mutation arises and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, a third mutation arises and so on
+until one has enough mutations to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until one has enough mutations to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until one has enough mutations to have a
+fully malignant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully malignant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully malignant
+cell. So what are the genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. So what are the genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. So what are the genes that are
+relevant here? Well, let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here? Well, let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here? Well, let's think about
+the processes that we know are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that we know are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that we know are important
+in cancer development and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer development and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cancer development and those are
+listed in the bottom right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in the bottom right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in the bottom right.
+Proliferation is the most obvious one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proliferation is the most obvious one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proliferation is the most obvious one.
+Cells proliferate abnormally in cancer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cells proliferate abnormally in cancer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cells proliferate abnormally in cancer.
+So mutations in genes that regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mutations in genes that regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So mutations in genes that regulate
+proliferation are likely to be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation are likely to be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation are likely to be important
+here. Cancer is a disease of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Cancer is a disease of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Cancer is a disease of cell
+number. Too many cells. You can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Too many cells. You can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Too many cells. You can get that
+because you have too much proliferation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have too much proliferation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have too much proliferation.
+But you can also get it if you have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can also get it if you have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can also get it if you have too
+little cell death. So mutations in genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cell death. So mutations in genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cell death. So mutations in genes
+that regulate cell death processes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate cell death processes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that regulate cell death processes are
+also found in cancer. I told you last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also found in cancer. I told you last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also found in cancer. I told you last
+time about angiogenesis, the process by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time about angiogenesis, the process by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time about angiogenesis, the process by
+which blood vessels are recruited into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which blood vessels are recruited into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which blood vessels are recruited into
+the tumor. These two are recruited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor. These two are recruited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor. These two are recruited by
+virtue of signals that the tumor sends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of signals that the tumor sends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of signals that the tumor sends.
+some of which are the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are the product of
+mutations. I told you that cancer cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. I told you that cancer cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. I told you that cancer cells
+move in the process of metastasis. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the process of metastasis. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move in the process of metastasis. They
+break their bind their their uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break their bind their their uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break their bind their their uh their
+interactions with their neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with their neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with their neighbors and
+they begin to move throughout the tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin to move throughout the tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they begin to move throughout the tissue
+and ultimately throughout the body. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately throughout the body. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately throughout the body. So
+they have increased cell motility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have increased cell motility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have increased cell motility and
+they also can invade they can invade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also can invade they can invade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also can invade they can invade
+through the basement membrane. They can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the basement membrane. They can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the basement membrane. They can
+invade into the local tissue. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invade into the local tissue. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invade into the local tissue. So they
+have increased invasiveness and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have increased invasiveness and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have increased invasiveness and there
+are other changes that take place within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other changes that take place within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other changes that take place within
+cancer cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cells.
+And so these mutations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collectively increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proliferation, decrease cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+death, increase angioenesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motility and increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invasiveness. It's important to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasiveness. It's important to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasiveness. It's important to know
+about these because today we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these because today we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these because today we're able to
+target some of these mutations. we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target some of these mutations. we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target some of these mutations. we're
+able to target the gene products formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to target the gene products formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to target the gene products formed
+by these mutant genes and thereby create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these mutant genes and thereby create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these mutant genes and thereby create
+better therapies. So our goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better therapies. So our goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better therapies. So our goal is to
+understand these processes such that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these processes such that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these processes such that we
+can ultimately control them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ultimately control them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ultimately control them more
+effectively in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in the context of
+treatment. Okay. Okay. Well, that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. Okay. Okay. Well, that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment. Okay. Okay. Well, that then
+leads us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us
+to what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes? What amongst the 22,000 genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes? What amongst the 22,000 genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes? What amongst the 22,000 genes in
+your genome get mutated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your genome get mutated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your genome get mutated in the
+development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancer? How can we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them? Nowadays, we sequence the genomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? Nowadays, we sequence the genomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? Nowadays, we sequence the genomes
+of cancer cells. That's how we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer cells. That's how we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cancer cells. That's how we find
+them. But that's not always been true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. But that's not always been true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. But that's not always been true.
+It's actually been true for only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually been true for only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually been true for only the
+last few years. And so I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years. And so I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few years. And so I'll give you
+some examples of how they were found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+previously. And why do we care? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. And why do we care? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously. And why do we care? Well,
+I've already indicated some of this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already indicated some of this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already indicated some of this a
+few minutes ago, but the reason we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes ago, but the reason we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes ago, but the reason we care
+to understand the disease at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the disease at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the disease at the
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level. Ultimately, we will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. Ultimately, we will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. Ultimately, we will be able to
+provide in very accurate detail improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide in very accurate detail improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide in very accurate detail improved
+diagnostic information, improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic information, improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnostic information, improved
+prognostic information. We'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognostic information. We'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prognostic information. We'll be able to
+tell that an individual has cancer by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that an individual has cancer by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that an individual has cancer by
+detecting abnormal genes in their blood,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting abnormal genes in their blood,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting abnormal genes in their blood,
+circulating DNA in their blood, carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating DNA in their blood, carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating DNA in their blood, carrying
+specific mutations associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mutations associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific mutations associated with
+particular cancers. We'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cancers. We'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cancers. We'll be able to
+diagnose the disease at an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose the disease at an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose the disease at an earlier
+stage. That way, we'll be able to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. That way, we'll be able to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. That way, we'll be able to figure
+out exactly what mutations are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what mutations are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out exactly what mutations are present
+in the cancer cell to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cancer cell to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cancer cell to know whether
+that's a tumor that's going to go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tumor that's going to go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tumor that's going to go on to
+kill the patient or sit there and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the patient or sit there and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill the patient or sit there and do
+nothing. Should we treat the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Should we treat the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. Should we treat the patient
+aggressively or should we leave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively or should we leave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively or should we leave them
+alone? Only with this molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone? Only with this molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone? Only with this molecular
+information will be we'll be be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information will be we'll be be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information will be we'll be be able to
+figure that out in detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We will and we already use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will and we already use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will and we already use this
+information to make better cancer drugs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to make better cancer drugs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to make better cancer drugs,
+molecularly targeted therapies that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecularly targeted therapies that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecularly targeted therapies that will
+replace conventional chemotherapy, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace conventional chemotherapy, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace conventional chemotherapy, which
+I'll teach you about on Friday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll teach you about on Friday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll teach you about on Friday.
+Chemotherapy can work, but it's highly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemotherapy can work, but it's highly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chemotherapy can work, but it's highly,
+highly toxic, and we'd like to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly toxic, and we'd like to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly toxic, and we'd like to be able
+to get rid of it and replace it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of it and replace it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of it and replace it with
+drugs that are much more specific, much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are much more specific, much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugs that are much more specific, much
+more selective, and much less harmful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more selective, and much less harmful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more selective, and much less harmful
+except for the cancer cells. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the cancer cells. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the cancer cells. And this
+will usher in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+era, which I would argue is already here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era, which I would argue is already here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era, which I would argue is already here
+in some small way, called personalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some small way, called personalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some small way, called personalized
+medicine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine.
+The individual's disease will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The individual's disease will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The individual's disease will be
+diagnosed at the molecular level and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed at the molecular level and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosed at the molecular level and a
+specific therapy will be designed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific therapy will be designed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific therapy will be designed for
+them based on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them based on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them based on those
+alterations. We'll dial up the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alterations. We'll dial up the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alterations. We'll dial up the right
+therapy based on that information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy based on that information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy based on that information and
+again hopefully hopefully yield better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hopefully hopefully yield better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again hopefully hopefully yield better
+results uh and less toxic side effects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh and less toxic side effects.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh and less toxic side effects.
+Cancer is leading the way actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cancer is leading the way actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cancer is leading the way actually in
+personalized medicine uh but it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized medicine uh but it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalized medicine uh but it'll be
+true for lots of diseases in the not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for lots of diseases in the not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for lots of diseases in the not too
+distant future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant future.
+Okay. So, what are the genes? Well, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what are the genes? Well, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what are the genes? Well, I'm
+going to introduce you to two broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce you to two broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce you to two broad
+classes of genes today. Um, the first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of genes today. Um, the first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of genes today. Um, the first of
+which are called ankco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes. Enko for mass genes, ankco genes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. Enko for mass genes, ankco genes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. Enko for mass genes, ankco genes,
+cancer genes, cancercausing genes of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer genes, cancercausing genes of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer genes, cancercausing genes of one
+sort or another.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The first of these ankco genes was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first of these ankco genes was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first of these ankco genes was
+identified in the context of encogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+viruses. For example, Rouse saroma virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses. For example, Rouse saroma virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses. For example, Rouse saroma virus
+which is a retrovirus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We'll learn about more about those next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll learn about more about those next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll learn about more about those next
+week. Retroviruses are viruses with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Retroviruses are viruses with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. Retroviruses are viruses with an
+RNA genome. HIV falls into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA genome. HIV falls into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA genome. HIV falls into the same
+class. Rous saroma virus or RSV has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Rous saroma virus or RSV has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Rous saroma virus or RSV has been
+studied since about 1910 or so. Uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied since about 1910 or so. Uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied since about 1910 or so. Uh it
+was discovered by a viologist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered by a viologist at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered by a viologist at
+Rockefeller University by the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefeller University by the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefeller University by the name of
+Payton Rouse. Pton Rouse was a viologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payton Rouse. Pton Rouse was a viologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payton Rouse. Pton Rouse was a viologist
+and uh a Long Island um chicken farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a Long Island um chicken farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh a Long Island um chicken farmer
+came to Payton Rouse with a prize hen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to Payton Rouse with a prize hen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to Payton Rouse with a prize hen
+from his collection, a prize hen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his collection, a prize hen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his collection, a prize hen that
+had a tumor mass growing on its breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a tumor mass growing on its breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a tumor mass growing on its breast
+muscle. And the farmer brought this hen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle. And the farmer brought this hen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle. And the farmer brought this hen
+to Pton Rouse and asked him to cure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pton Rouse and asked him to cure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pton Rouse and asked him to cure the
+hen because it was very valuable to him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hen because it was very valuable to him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hen because it was very valuable to him.
+Payton Rouse took the hen, the farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payton Rouse took the hen, the farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payton Rouse took the hen, the farmer
+said, "Thank you." The farmer went away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Thank you." The farmer went away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Thank you." The farmer went away.
+Payton Rouse then promptly killed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payton Rouse then promptly killed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Payton Rouse then promptly killed the
+hen and isolated the tumor and was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hen and isolated the tumor and was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hen and isolated the tumor and was able
+to isolate from the tumor a virus. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate from the tumor a virus. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to isolate from the tumor a virus. A
+virus that could infect another bird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus that could infect another bird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus that could infect another bird and
+cause cancer in that bird. So this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause cancer in that bird. So this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause cancer in that bird. So this was
+the first example of a virus associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example of a virus associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first example of a virus associated
+with tumor development. There have since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tumor development. There have since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tumor development. There have since
+been many examples of viruses associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been many examples of viruses associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been many examples of viruses associated
+with tumor development in animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tumor development in animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tumor development in animal
+species. A few examples in people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. A few examples in people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species. A few examples in people but
+relatively few. Most cancers in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively few. Most cancers in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively few. Most cancers in humans
+are not virus associated but some are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not virus associated but some are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not virus associated but some are
+like human papilloma virus associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like human papilloma virus associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like human papilloma virus associated
+cervical cancer as an example. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cancer as an example. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cancer as an example. Um but
+these viruses studied in laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these viruses studied in laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these viruses studied in laboratory
+animals were extremely important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals were extremely important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals were extremely important in
+teaching us about how cancers arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normally. It was known using rous saroma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+virus that if you took a normal chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus that if you took a normal chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus that if you took a normal chicken
+cell fiber blasts from a chicken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell fiber blasts from a chicken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell fiber blasts from a chicken and
+infected it with rouse saroma virus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected it with rouse saroma virus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected it with rouse saroma virus it
+would cause those cells to round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cause those cells to round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cause those cells to round
+up and begin to proliferate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and begin to proliferate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and begin to proliferate
+abnormally and these cells were given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally and these cells were given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally and these cells were given a
+term called being transformed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformed cells that had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed cells that had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed cells that had the
+appearance of cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells. After that work, a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. After that work, a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. After that work, a great deal of
+effort went into figuring out what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort went into figuring out what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort went into figuring out what were
+the genes of rouse saroma virus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes of rouse saroma virus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes of rouse saroma virus that
+allowed the virus to cause those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the virus to cause those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the virus to cause those cells
+to become transformed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it was determined that the virus has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it was determined that the virus has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it was determined that the virus has
+carries a single gene called sarkc src
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries a single gene called sarkc src
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries a single gene called sarkc src
+for saroma um which is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saroma um which is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for saroma um which is responsible for
+this transformation process. You could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation process. You could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation process. You could
+basically just add the sarkc gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just add the sarkc gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just add the sarkc gene and
+the same process would occur.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to understand the origins of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the origins of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the origins of the
+SARC gene. Two investigators at UCSF,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SARC gene. Two investigators at UCSF,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SARC gene. Two investigators at UCSF,
+Mike Bishop and Harold Varmas in around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1975 determined that the SARC gene has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 determined that the SARC gene has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1975 determined that the SARC gene has a
+homalue, a related copy in chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homalue, a related copy in chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homalue, a related copy in chicken
+cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And they went on to hypothesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they went on to hypothesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they went on to hypothesize
+correctly that rous saroma virus stole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly that rous saroma virus stole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly that rous saroma virus stole
+this gene from the chicken cells that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gene from the chicken cells that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gene from the chicken cells that it
+was infecting and incorporated into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was infecting and incorporated into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was infecting and incorporated into its
+genome. So the sark gene this cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome. So the sark gene this cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome. So the sark gene this cancer
+gene had a cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene had a cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene had a cellular
+origin. Moreover, they were able to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Moreover, they were able to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. Moreover, they were able to show
+that sark exists in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells and this is quite shocking. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and this is quite shocking. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and this is quite shocking. This
+cancer associated gene was present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer associated gene was present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer associated gene was present in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+DNA. This discovery led Bishop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA. This discovery led Bishop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA. This discovery led Bishop and
+Varmas to win the Nobel Prize in 1989.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Varmas to win the Nobel Prize in 1989.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Varmas to win the Nobel Prize in 1989.
+And a funny story happened that day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a funny story happened that day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a funny story happened that day.
+This is a true story. I actually worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a true story. I actually worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a true story. I actually worked
+for Varmas as a PhD student. So I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Varmas as a PhD student. So I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Varmas as a PhD student. So I heard
+it from the horse's mouth. Varmas'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the horse's mouth. Varmas'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the horse's mouth. Varmas'
+sister-in-law was standing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister-in-law was standing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister-in-law was standing in a
+cafeteria line at Berkeley waiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria line at Berkeley waiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cafeteria line at Berkeley waiting to
+get her lunch. And two guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her lunch. And two guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her lunch. And two guys were
+standing in front of her. And uh one guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of her. And uh one guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing in front of her. And uh one guy
+said to the other, "What are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to the other, "What are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to the other, "What are you going
+to have today?" And the guy said, "I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have today?" And the guy said, "I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have today?" And the guy said, "I
+don't really know." And the first guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know." And the first guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know." And the first guy
+said, "Well, don't get the chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, don't get the chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Well, don't get the chicken
+because two guys just won the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two guys just won the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two guys just won the Nobel
+Prize for showing the chicken causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize for showing the chicken causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize for showing the chicken causes
+cancer." This is sometimes how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer." This is sometimes how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer." This is sometimes how the
+public perceives what we do. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public perceives what we do. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public perceives what we do. Um, but
+anyway, they went on to win the Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, they went on to win the Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, they went on to win the Nobel
+Prize for this important work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And they proposed that there were genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they proposed that there were genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And they proposed that there were genes
+in our DNA which they referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our DNA which they referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our DNA which they referred to as
+protoonco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protoonco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protoonco
+genes which could undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutation and become enkco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and become enkco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and become enkco
+genes. In the case of RSV, the mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. In the case of RSV, the mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. In the case of RSV, the mutation
+was to take the gene out of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take the gene out of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to take the gene out of the genome
+and stick it in the in the genome of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it in the in the genome of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stick it in the in the genome of a
+virus. But as we'll see today, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus. But as we'll see today, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus. But as we'll see today, there are
+other ways to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways to do that
+too. Now, what the heck are we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Now, what the heck are we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Now, what the heck are we doing
+with protoono genes in our genomes? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with protoono genes in our genomes? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with protoono genes in our genomes? What
+are these genes doing there? Why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these genes doing there? Why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these genes doing there? Why do we
+have the SAR gene? Why do we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the SAR gene? Why do we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the SAR gene? Why do we have other
+such genes? Who can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such genes? Who can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such genes? Who can tell
+me? Why is it beneficial to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me? Why is it beneficial to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me? Why is it beneficial to have a
+cancer-causing gene in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA? What might these genes be doing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA? What might these genes be doing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA? What might these genes be doing?
+Normal metabolic processes. Yeah, normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Normal metabolic processes. Yeah, normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Normal metabolic processes. Yeah, normal
+metabolic processes are perhaps normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic processes are perhaps normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic processes are perhaps normal
+proliferation. Our cells divide too. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation. Our cells divide too. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation. Our cells divide too. You
+go from a single cell when you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a single cell when you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a single cell when you're at
+fertilization to 10 to the 13th cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization to 10 to the 13th cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilization to 10 to the 13th cells.
+It's a lot of cell division. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a lot of cell division. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a lot of cell division. That's a
+controlled process. There's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled process. There's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled process. There's lots of
+genes that are devoted to teaching your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are devoted to teaching your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are devoted to teaching your
+cells what to do when they're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells what to do when they're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells what to do when they're supposed
+to do it. And these genes are presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. And these genes are presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. And these genes are presumably
+involved in those normal cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those normal cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in those normal cell division
+processes, but they get corrupted in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes, but they get corrupted in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes, but they get corrupted in the
+context of cancer. They get altered, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of cancer. They get altered, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of cancer. They get altered, so
+they don't work properly. Okay, so RSV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't work properly. Okay, so RSV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't work properly. Okay, so RSV
+was the first example, SARKC was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first example, SARKC was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first example, SARKC was the
+first example, but it still led to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example, but it still led to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example, but it still led to some
+skepticism, some concern that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism, some concern that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism, some concern that in fact
+what was seen in the context of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was seen in the context of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was seen in the context of these
+viruses might not be relevant to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses might not be relevant to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses might not be relevant to real
+human cancer, which as I told you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cancer, which as I told you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cancer, which as I told you a few
+minutes ago rarely involves viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago rarely involves viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago rarely involves viral
+infection. And so along came Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Weinberg who was and is still at MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weinberg who was and is still at MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weinberg who was and is still at MIT.
+His lab is in the Whitehead Institute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+His lab is in the Whitehead Institute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+His lab is in the Whitehead Institute.
+And Weineberg did a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment. He started with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individual. Sorry about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual. Sorry about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual. Sorry about that.
+This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a
+person sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of. And this individual had bladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. And this individual had bladder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. And this individual had bladder
+cancer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Weineberg isolated the DNA from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weineberg isolated the DNA from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weineberg isolated the DNA from the
+bladder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancer to ask the question, were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer to ask the question, were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer to ask the question, were there
+cancer genes in there? Were there Anka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer genes in there? Were there Anka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer genes in there? Were there Anka
+genes in there? Were there mutationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in there? Were there mutationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in there? Were there mutationally
+altered genes which were the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered genes which were the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered genes which were the reason that
+this tumor arose?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tumor arose?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tumor arose?
+And so he did an experiment. He took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so he did an experiment. He took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so he did an experiment. He took
+this isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isolated
+DNA and he introduced it into some cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and he introduced it into some cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and he introduced it into some cells
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+laboratory. These were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+immortalized, mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells. Immortalized meaning that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Immortalized meaning that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Immortalized meaning that they
+would grow in the lab forever, which by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow in the lab forever, which by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow in the lab forever, which by
+the way is not normal. Normally, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is not normal. Normally, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is not normal. Normally, you
+take cells out of your body or out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take cells out of your body or out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take cells out of your body or out of a
+mouse, put them in the lab, they'll grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse, put them in the lab, they'll grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse, put them in the lab, they'll grow
+for a while, but they'll stop growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while, but they'll stop growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while, but they'll stop growing
+eventually. These cells were immortal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually. These cells were immortal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually. These cells were immortal.
+They could continue to grow, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They could continue to grow, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They could continue to grow, but they
+were otherwise pretty well behaved. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were otherwise pretty well behaved. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were otherwise pretty well behaved. They
+laid flat on the dish. They had normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid flat on the dish. They had normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laid flat on the dish. They had normal
+boundaries between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries between
+cells. They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. They were
+non-transformed. They didn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-transformed. They didn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-transformed. They didn't look like
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells. And they were non-turogenic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If he introduced those cells, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If he introduced those cells, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If he introduced those cells, these
+cells into an experimental animal, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells into an experimental animal, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells into an experimental animal, they
+wouldn't cause a tumor. Okay? They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't cause a tumor. Okay? They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't cause a tumor. Okay? They were
+immortalized, but they were otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortalized, but they were otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortalized, but they were otherwise
+pretty well behaved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well behaved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well behaved.
+He introduced the isolated DNA from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He introduced the isolated DNA from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He introduced the isolated DNA from the
+tumor cell through a process we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfaction where basically the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfaction where basically the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfaction where basically the DNA
+gets sheared up and introduced into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sheared up and introduced into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sheared up and introduced into the
+cells such that roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speaking each cell is getting individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking each cell is getting individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking each cell is getting individual
+genes individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes individual
+genes spread out amongst population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes spread out amongst population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes spread out amongst population of
+mouse cells. And then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse cells. And then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse cells. And then he
+waited. And what he found was that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited. And what he found was that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waited. And what he found was that at
+low frequency, whereas most of the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency, whereas most of the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency, whereas most of the cells
+stayed in their normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morphology, occasionally he got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. Can somebody get that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Can somebody get that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Can somebody get that?
+um a transformed colony of cells and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a transformed colony of cells and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a transformed colony of cells and he
+assumed correctly that this colony arose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed correctly that this colony arose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed correctly that this colony arose
+because one of these genes was a cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of these genes was a cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of these genes was a cancer
+gene that allowed these cells to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that allowed these cells to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that allowed these cells to divide
+abnormally. He further could show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally. He further could show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abnormally. He further could show that
+if he took those cells and introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he took those cells and introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he took those cells and introduced
+them into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into an
+animal, they would now cause a tumor. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal, they would now cause a tumor. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal, they would now cause a tumor. So
+they were not just transformed, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not just transformed, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not just transformed, they
+were also tumorogenic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He went on to isolate the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gene, which was not difficult to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene, which was not difficult to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene, which was not difficult to do
+because the cells themselves were mouse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cells themselves were mouse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the cells themselves were mouse.
+And so he was looking for the human DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so he was looking for the human DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so he was looking for the human DNA
+sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And he found eventually that it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he found eventually that it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he found eventually that it was a
+mutant version of a gene called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant version of a gene called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant version of a gene called
+RAS, a gene that you've actually learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS, a gene that you've actually learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS, a gene that you've actually learned
+about already in class, and I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about already in class, and I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about already in class, and I'll tell
+you more about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about in a
+second. This discovery made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. This discovery made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. This discovery made by
+Weineberg's lab and a few other labs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weineberg's lab and a few other labs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weineberg's lab and a few other labs at
+the same time in the early 1980s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time in the early 1980s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time in the early 1980s is the
+reason I'm standing before you. When I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm standing before you. When I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm standing before you. When I
+was your age, Weineberg came to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was your age, Weineberg came to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was your age, Weineberg came to my
+college and gave a lecture on this work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and gave a lecture on this work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and gave a lecture on this work.
+And I was so excited about the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was so excited about the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I was so excited about the potential
+of learning about cancer at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning about cancer at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning about cancer at the
+molecular level that I decided right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level that I decided right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular level that I decided right
+then and there to start working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and there to start working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and there to start working on
+cancer and have been doing ever since.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and have been doing ever since.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and have been doing ever since.
+So sometimes the things you learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sometimes the things you learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sometimes the things you learn in
+class actually change your life. Not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually change your life. Not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class actually change your life. Not to
+say that's going to happen today, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's going to happen today, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's going to happen today, but
+sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does. Okay. So Weineberg isolates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Okay. So Weineberg isolates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Okay. So Weineberg isolates the
+RAS enco gene from these bladder cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS enco gene from these bladder cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS enco gene from these bladder cancer
+cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells.
+They went on to sequence the gene to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They went on to sequence the gene to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They went on to sequence the gene to
+determine how it was different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how it was different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how it was different from the
+normal copy of RAS. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal copy of RAS. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal copy of RAS. And that's
+illustrated here. Here's the normal RAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated here. Here's the normal RAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated here. Here's the normal RAS
+sequence. This is now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working. Here's the normal RAS sequence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. Here's the normal RAS sequence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. Here's the normal RAS sequence.
+It's a version of RAS called H RAS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a version of RAS called H RAS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a version of RAS called H RAS.
+That's insignificant. Um, you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's insignificant. Um, you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's insignificant. Um, you can see
+the codeons, the encoded amino acids.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codeons, the encoded amino acids.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the codeons, the encoded amino acids.
+Here's the change that has taken place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the change that has taken place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's the change that has taken place
+within the cancer cells. They didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cancer cells. They didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cancer cells. They didn't
+have a G in this position. Instead, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a G in this position. Instead, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a G in this position. Instead, they
+had a T in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a T in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a T in this
+position. This gene wouldn't encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. This gene wouldn't encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. This gene wouldn't encode
+glycine like it's supposed to, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine like it's supposed to, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine like it's supposed to, but
+instead veiling at codon position number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead veiling at codon position number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead veiling at codon position number
+12. This change, this single nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12. This change, this single nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12. This change, this single nucleotide
+change, this single amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change, this single amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change, this single amino acid
+substitution caused this signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution caused this signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution caused this signaling
+protein to go from a regulatable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to go from a regulatable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein to go from a regulatable state
+as shown here. And hopefully this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here. And hopefully this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here. And hopefully this is
+familiar to you because you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you because you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you because you learned
+about it already in signaling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it already in signaling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it already in signaling in the
+signaling part of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling part of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling part of cell
+biology. Ras is a GTP binding protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology. Ras is a GTP binding protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology. Ras is a GTP binding protein
+which normally cycles between an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which normally cycles between an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which normally cycles between an active
+GTPbound state and an inactive GDP bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTPbound state and an inactive GDP bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTPbound state and an inactive GDP bound
+state. It goes from on to off through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. It goes from on to off through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. It goes from on to off through
+this hydraysis of GTP. In the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydraysis of GTP. In the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydraysis of GTP. In the context of
+this mutation, the GTP hydraysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mutation, the GTP hydraysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mutation, the GTP hydraysis is
+inhibited. So the protein stays in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited. So the protein stays in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibited. So the protein stays in its
+GTP bound active state. It gets stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTP bound active state. It gets stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GTP bound active state. It gets stuck
+on and rather than signaling in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and rather than signaling in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and rather than signaling in a
+regulated fashion, signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated fashion, signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated fashion, signals
+constitutively. Rather than telling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutively. Rather than telling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutively. Rather than telling the
+cells to divide when they should, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to divide when they should, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells to divide when they should, it
+tells the cells to divide always. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the cells to divide always. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells the cells to divide always. And
+that's presumably why this mutation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's presumably why this mutation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's presumably why this mutation is
+selected for in this type of cancer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for in this type of cancer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for in this type of cancer and
+many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+others. Okay, I remind you that RAS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Okay, I remind you that RAS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others. Okay, I remind you that RAS is
+in a signaling a signal transdu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a signaling a signal transdu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a signaling a signal transdu
+transduction pathway. Here's RAS itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction pathway. Here's RAS itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction pathway. Here's RAS itself.
+RAS interacts with upstream receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS interacts with upstream receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS interacts with upstream receptor
+molecules and growth factors. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and growth factors. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and growth factors. There are
+intermediary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary
+um adapter proteins that help that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adapter proteins that help that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adapter proteins that help that
+interaction. There are downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. There are downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction. There are downstream
+signaling proteins like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling proteins like
+kinases and ultimately there are nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinases and ultimately there are nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinases and ultimately there are nuclear
+transcription factors and target genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors and target genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors and target genes
+that they regulate. This is a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they regulate. This is a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they regulate. This is a signaling
+cascade. And actually what we learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade. And actually what we learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade. And actually what we learn in
+cancer is that many of these genes, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is that many of these genes, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer is that many of these genes, not
+just RAS, but many of these genes can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just RAS, but many of these genes can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just RAS, but many of these genes can be
+mutated in the development of one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated in the development of one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated in the development of one or
+more cancers. For example, some genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cancers. For example, some genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cancers. For example, some genes
+like these are amplified, and I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are amplified, and I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these are amplified, and I'll tell
+you more about that in a second. Others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about that in a second. Others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more about that in a second. Others
+are the product of transllocation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the product of transllocation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the product of transllocation so
+that they're expressed abnormally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're expressed abnormally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're expressed abnormally.
+Others have structural mutations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Others have structural mutations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Others have structural mutations like
+deletions and others have very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions and others have very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletions and others have very subtle
+mutations. The RAS mutation is a subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. The RAS mutation is a subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. The RAS mutation is a subtle
+mutation. It's a single nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. It's a single nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. It's a single nucleotide
+change that allows this gene to function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that allows this gene to function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that allows this gene to function
+abnormally. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+importantly, anko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dominantly transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells. Weineberg added a single mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Weineberg added a single mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. Weineberg added a single mutant
+gene and it transformed those mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and it transformed those mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and it transformed those mouse
+cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The mutations are gain of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The mutations are gain of function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The mutations are gain of function
+mutations. They're dominant mutations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. They're dominant mutations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. They're dominant mutations.
+Gain of function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations. There are now about 300 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. There are now about 300 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. There are now about 300 or
+so, and the number is growing, known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, and the number is growing, known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, and the number is growing, known
+Anka genes. Within the 22,000 genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anka genes. Within the 22,000 genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anka genes. Within the 22,000 genes in
+your genomes, about 300 of them can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your genomes, about 300 of them can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your genomes, about 300 of them can be
+converted to an ankcoenic form through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to an ankcoenic form through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to an ankcoenic form through
+mutation. What types of mutations do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. What types of mutations do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. What types of mutations do we
+find? Well, I've listed them on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find? Well, I've listed them on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find? Well, I've listed them on that
+slide, but I'll just write it down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide, but I'll just write it down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide, but I'll just write it down as
+well. Subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutations. RAS is the classic example. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. RAS is the classic example. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations. RAS is the classic example. A
+single amino acid change will convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single amino acid change will convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single amino acid change will convert
+the protein to an encogenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein to an encogenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein to an encogenic
+form. We can also find gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplifications. Your genes are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifications. Your genes are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifications. Your genes are present
+at two per cell. One from mom, one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two per cell. One from mom, one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two per cell. One from mom, one from
+dad. You're supposed to have two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad. You're supposed to have two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad. You're supposed to have two.
+Sometimes in cancer, amplification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes in cancer, amplification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes in cancer, amplification of
+regions of the DNA occur. So you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the DNA occur. So you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of the DNA occur. So you go from
+having not two but four, eight, 50, 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having not two but four, eight, 50, 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having not two but four, eight, 50, 100
+copies of the gene. And you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the gene. And you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the gene. And you can imagine
+having too many copies leading to too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having too many copies leading to too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having too many copies leading to too
+much protein product would actually lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much protein product would actually lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much protein product would actually lead
+to inappropriate signaling. So here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inappropriate signaling. So here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inappropriate signaling. So here the
+structural gene may not be mutated. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural gene may not be mutated. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural gene may not be mutated. The
+amino acid sequence may be the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid sequence may be the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid sequence may be the same.
+You've just got too much of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Also, genes can be rearranged. Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rearrangements, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangements, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangements, for example,
+transllocations. And I showed you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transllocations. And I showed you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transllocations. And I showed you some
+pictures of transllocations, chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of transllocations, chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of transllocations, chromosomes
+that get joined inappropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get joined inappropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get joined inappropriately
+together. This can break two genes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. This can break two genes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. This can break two genes and
+form a new gene in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a new gene in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a new gene in the context of the
+transllocation. Perhaps a gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transllocation. Perhaps a gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transllocation. Perhaps a gene is
+expressed from a weakly acting promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed from a weakly acting promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed from a weakly acting promoter
+normally but because of a transllocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally but because of a transllocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally but because of a transllocation
+event a very strongly acting promoter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a very strongly acting promoter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a very strongly acting promoter
+gets stuck in front of that gene by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck in front of that gene by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck in front of that gene by
+mistake and now the gene is expressed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and now the gene is expressed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and now the gene is expressed at
+very high levels inappropriately. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high levels inappropriately. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high levels inappropriately. It's
+not unlike the consequences of gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unlike the consequences of gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unlike the consequences of gene
+amplification. So transllocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification. So transllocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification. So transllocations
+likewise occur frequently and we'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise occur frequently and we'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise occur frequently and we'll hear
+about consequences of camplification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consequences of camplification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consequences of camplification and
+rearrangement next time when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement next time when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrangement next time when we talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+therapies. Okay. So anka genes act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies. Okay. So anka genes act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapies. Okay. So anka genes act
+dominantly. They can transform cells all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominantly. They can transform cells all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominantly. They can transform cells all
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+themselves. But this should be in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. But this should be in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. But this should be in your
+minds creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds creating
+confusion because I've also told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion because I've also told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion because I've also told
+you that cancer is a multi-step process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that cancer is a multi-step process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that cancer is a multi-step process.
+And if cancer were a multi-step process,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if cancer were a multi-step process,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if cancer were a multi-step process,
+how could it be that single mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could it be that single mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could it be that single mutations
+can transform cells? But in fact, we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform cells? But in fact, we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can transform cells? But in fact, we now
+know that single mutations are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that single mutations are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that single mutations are typically
+and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+never are not sufficient to produce true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancer. So given that, can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer. So given that, can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer. So given that, can somebody
+explain how the Weineberg experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how the Weineberg experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how the Weineberg experiment
+worked? How was it that Weineberg was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked? How was it that Weineberg was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked? How was it that Weineberg was
+able to transfer a single gene into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transfer a single gene into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transfer a single gene into
+these cells and cause them to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells and cause them to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells and cause them to become
+transformed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed and
+tumorogenic? If single mutations aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumorogenic? If single mutations aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumorogenic? If single mutations aren't
+enough, why did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anybody? The key is that they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody? The key is that they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody? The key is that they weren't
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal
+cells. The cells he started with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. The cells he started with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. The cells he started with are
+already abnormal. They were already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already abnormal. They were already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already abnormal. They were already
+immortalized. They'd already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortalized. They'd already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immortalized. They'd already been
+growing in the laboratory dish for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in the laboratory dish for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing in the laboratory dish for a
+long time. So, they were sensitive to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. So, they were sensitive to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time. So, they were sensitive to a
+single mutation. But normal cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mutation. But normal cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single mutation. But normal cells in
+your body are not. And that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body are not. And that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body are not. And that's a good
+thing because as you sit there today,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because as you sit there today,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because as you sit there today,
+you probably have about a million RAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have about a million RAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have about a million RAS
+mutant cells in your body scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant cells in your body scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant cells in your body scattered
+around. And that's just based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. And that's just based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. And that's just based on the
+normal mutation frequency. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mutation frequency. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mutation frequency. The
+likelihood is that we all have about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood is that we all have about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood is that we all have about a
+million or more RAS mutant cells in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or more RAS mutant cells in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million or more RAS mutant cells in our
+body. But because RAS mutations are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. But because RAS mutations are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. But because RAS mutations are not
+sufficient to drive cancer formation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to drive cancer formation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to drive cancer formation,
+that may be an tumor initiated cell, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be an tumor initiated cell, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be an tumor initiated cell, but
+it's not yet a full cancer. Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yet a full cancer. Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yet a full cancer. Other
+mutations have to take place thereafter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations have to take place thereafter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations have to take place thereafter.
+We now believe that there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We now believe that there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We now believe that there's probably
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like 3 to 20 mutations are required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3 to 20 mutations are required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3 to 20 mutations are required to
+make a full-blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a full-blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a full-blown
+cancer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer.
+Okay. So I've told you about anka genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I've told you about anka genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I've told you about anka genes
+and I've related their function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've related their function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've related their function to
+normal cell division and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell division and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal cell division and that's
+appropriate to do. Normal cells do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to do. Normal cells do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to do. Normal cells do get
+signals to divide make more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals to divide make more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals to divide make more of
+themselves and moreover they get signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and moreover they get signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and moreover they get signals
+to stop dividing when it's time to stop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop dividing when it's time to stop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop dividing when it's time to stop.
+In embryogenesis once you form the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In embryogenesis once you form the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In embryogenesis once you form the liver
+you want to stop cell division within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stop cell division within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stop cell division within
+the liver cells. When you wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver cells. When you wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liver cells. When you wound
+yourself, you recruit cells to divide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself, you recruit cells to divide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself, you recruit cells to divide.
+But once the wound is healed, you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once the wound is healed, you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But once the wound is healed, you want
+it to stop dividing. And so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to stop dividing. And so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to stop dividing. And so there's
+complimentary signals, stop signals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary signals, stop signals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary signals, stop signals that
+come into play to cause the cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play to cause the cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play to cause the cells to
+stop. Cancer cells have defects in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. Cancer cells have defects in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. Cancer cells have defects in both
+of these classes of signals. We've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these classes of signals. We've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these classes of signals. We've been
+talking now about the anka gene signals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now about the anka gene signals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now about the anka gene signals.
+They are the go signals, the signals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are the go signals, the signals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They are the go signals, the signals to
+tell the cell to divide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the cell to divide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the cell to divide.
+And because of these alterations like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of these alterations like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of these alterations like in
+RAS, the cells are more capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS, the cells are more capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RAS, the cells are more capable of
+dividing. They make more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing. They make more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing. They make more of
+themselves. Moreover, the breaks on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Moreover, the breaks on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. Moreover, the breaks on this
+process, the stop signals are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, the stop signals are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, the stop signals are also
+typically lost in the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically lost in the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically lost in the development of
+cancer such that now the cells lacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer such that now the cells lacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer such that now the cells lacking
+the breaking signals will continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaking signals will continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the breaking signals will continue to
+divide still more. And these two classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide still more. And these two classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide still more. And these two classes
+of genes are called enco genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes are called enco genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes are called enco genes that
+we've been discussing already and tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing already and tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing already and tumor
+suppressor genes that we'll discuss from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes that we'll discuss from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes that we'll discuss from
+now to the end of the lecture. Tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the end of the lecture. Tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to the end of the lecture. Tumor
+suppressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes. There are a number of tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. There are a number of tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes. There are a number of tumor
+suppressor genes now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well. More than 200 known. So that's 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. More than 200 known. So that's 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. More than 200 known. So that's 500
+or so known cancer genes already. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so known cancer genes already. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so known cancer genes already. The
+first one, the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one, the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one, the very first
+one described occurred in this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one described occurred in this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one described occurred in this type of
+tumor. This is a child with a tumor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor. This is a child with a tumor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor. This is a child with a tumor of
+the eye. The tumor is called retinol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blasto. And based on the examination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasto. And based on the examination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasto. And based on the examination of
+the genes within those tumor cells, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes within those tumor cells, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes within those tumor cells, it
+was hypothesized that the retinol blasto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hypothesized that the retinol blasto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hypothesized that the retinol blasto
+gene that was responsible for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that was responsible for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that was responsible for this
+disease was one of these tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease was one of these tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease was one of these tumor
+suppressor genes before any of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes before any of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressor genes before any of them were
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+known. that led ultimately to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known. that led ultimately to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known. that led ultimately to the
+cloning of the RB gene, the retinino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning of the RB gene, the retinino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning of the RB gene, the retinino
+blasto susceptibility gene called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasto susceptibility gene called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blasto susceptibility gene called
+RB also in Bob Weinberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB also in Bob Weinberg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB also in Bob Weinberg's
+lab which encodes a protein called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PRB and further work in Weineberg's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRB and further work in Weineberg's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRB and further work in Weineberg's lab
+and many others showed why cells get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others showed why cells get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many others showed why cells get rid
+of the RB gene in the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RB gene in the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RB gene in the development of
+that cancer as well as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancer as well as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancer as well as other
+cancers. The RB gene is now or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers. The RB gene is now or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers. The RB gene is now or the
+protein that it encodes is now known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that it encodes is now known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that it encodes is now known to
+be an important regulator of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an important regulator of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an important regulator of the cell
+cycle. We learned about the cell cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. We learned about the cell cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. We learned about the cell cycle.
+Cells go from mitosis to G1 into Sphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cells go from mitosis to G1 into Sphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cells go from mitosis to G1 into Sphase
+and then G2 and then into mitosis again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then G2 and then into mitosis again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then G2 and then into mitosis again.
+This is a regulated process and the RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a regulated process and the RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a regulated process and the RB
+gene or protein is important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or protein is important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or protein is important in
+controlling it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The RB protein acts here by blocking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The RB protein acts here by blocking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The RB protein acts here by blocking the
+transition from G1 into S. And I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from G1 into S. And I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from G1 into S. And I'll tell
+you a bit more h how it does so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bit more h how it does so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a bit more h how it does so in a
+moment. This is when the protein is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. This is when the protein is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. This is when the protein is in
+its active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state. It can be inactivated through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. It can be inactivated through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. It can be inactivated through
+phosphorilation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a phosphate group. Actually, many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphate group. Actually, many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phosphate group. Actually, many
+phosphate groups can be transferred onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate groups can be transferred onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate groups can be transferred onto
+the RB gene through kinases which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RB gene through kinases which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RB gene through kinases which are
+stimulated by growthpromoting signals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Growth factor binding to a cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Growth factor binding to a cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Growth factor binding to a cell will
+ultimately result in the stimulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately result in the stimulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately result in the stimulation of
+these kinases to phosphorolate the RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinases to phosphorolate the RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinases to phosphorolate the RB
+protein, taking it from this active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein, taking it from this active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein, taking it from this active
+state to its phosphorolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to its phosphorolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to its phosphorolated
+state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inactive. So the break is released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive. So the break is released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive. So the break is released
+because the kinases inactivate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the kinases inactivate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the kinases inactivate the
+break. Okay, just a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break. Okay, just a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break. Okay, just a little bit more
+detail about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RB. A lot is known about this process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB. A lot is known about this process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB. A lot is known about this process.
+Now, this transition from G1 into S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this transition from G1 into S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this transition from G1 into S
+requires some transcription factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some transcription factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some transcription factors
+called E2F transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors. And RB binds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. And RB binds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. And RB binds and
+inactivates the RB transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivates the RB transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivates the RB transcription
+factors, keeping them silent when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors, keeping them silent when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors, keeping them silent when it's
+in its active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its active
+state. When it's in its active state, RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. When it's in its active state, RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. When it's in its active state, RB
+has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little
+pocket to which the E2F transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket to which the E2F transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket to which the E2F transcription
+factors bind. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors bind. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors bind. Here's
+PRB and here are the E2F transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRB and here are the E2F transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PRB and here are the E2F transcription
+factors and they are sequestered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and they are sequestered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and they are sequestered by the
+RB protein and can't otherwise do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB protein and can't otherwise do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB protein and can't otherwise do their
+job. But when RB gets phosphorolated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job. But when RB gets phosphorolated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job. But when RB gets phosphorolated by
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kinases, these phosphate groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinases, these phosphate groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinases, these phosphate groups
+interfere with the binding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the binding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with the binding of
+E2F and E2F is then liberated to carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2F and E2F is then liberated to carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E2F and E2F is then liberated to carry
+out its normal function driving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out its normal function driving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out its normal function driving this
+transition. Okay, so this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. Okay, so this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. Okay, so this is how the
+break functions and it's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break functions and it's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break functions and it's a very very
+important break. RB is mutated in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important break. RB is mutated in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important break. RB is mutated in a very
+high percentage of cancer cells, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high percentage of cancer cells, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high percentage of cancer cells, not
+just retinol blastoomas but many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just retinol blastoomas but many others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just retinol blastoomas but many others
+as well. And the pathway that it that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. And the pathway that it that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. And the pathway that it that it
+is controlled by is likewise mutated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled by is likewise mutated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled by is likewise mutated in
+a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency. Tumor suppressor genes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. Tumor suppressor genes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. Tumor suppressor genes like
+RB are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB are the
+brakes. They negatively regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes. They negatively regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brakes. They negatively regulate
+proliferation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As such, are these cells are these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As such, are these cells are these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As such, are these cells are these genes
+normally hyperactivated or inactivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally hyperactivated or inactivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally hyperactivated or inactivated
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+cancer? Hyperactivated or inactivated?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Inactivated. That's in contrast to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inactivated. That's in contrast to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inactivated. That's in contrast to the
+Anka genes which get activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anka genes which get activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anka genes which get activated
+hyperactivated. These get inactivated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lost. These inactivating mutations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost. These inactivating mutations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost. These inactivating mutations are
+recessive. They are loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function. Again in contrast to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Again in contrast to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Again in contrast to the
+situation with alka genes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with alka genes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with alka genes which are
+dominant mutations gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant mutations gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant mutations gain of
+function and this actually creates an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this actually creates an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this actually creates an
+interesting challenge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us. If these are recessive mutations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. If these are recessive mutations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. If these are recessive mutations and
+a cell acquires a mutation in one copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell acquires a mutation in one copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell acquires a mutation in one copy
+of the RB gene and I'll just show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RB gene and I'll just show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the RB gene and I'll just show the
+chromosomes on which RB exists happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes on which RB exists happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes on which RB exists happens
+to be chromosome 13. We have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be chromosome 13. We have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be chromosome 13. We have a normal
+cell. Say it's a normal cell in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. Say it's a normal cell in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. Say it's a normal cell in the
+developing retina. And that cell incurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing retina. And that cell incurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing retina. And that cell incurs
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mutation. Random chance. Cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. Random chance. Cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. Random chance. Cigarette
+smoking. Probably not in this child, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking. Probably not in this child, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking. Probably not in this child, but
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+chance leads to the inactivation of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance leads to the inactivation of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance leads to the inactivation of one
+copy of the RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the RB
+gene. What's the phenotype of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell? It's normal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These are recessive mutations. Having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are recessive mutations. Having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are recessive mutations. Having
+one normal copy is sufficient to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one normal copy is sufficient to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one normal copy is sufficient to provide
+RB protein to provide control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB protein to provide control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB protein to provide control of the
+cell cycle. So the cell is normal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle. So the cell is normal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle. So the cell is normal but
+the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predisposed. Predisposed because now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed. Predisposed because now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposed. Predisposed because now it
+only has one functional copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has one functional copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has one functional copy
+left. We could call this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. We could call this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. We could call this the first
+mutation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now within this clone of cells, if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now within this clone of cells, if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now within this clone of cells, if a
+second mutation occurs, then we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mutation occurs, then we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mutation occurs, then we're in
+trouble. And this second mutation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. And this second mutation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble. And this second mutation can
+occur in one of a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in one of a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in one of a couple of different
+ways. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. For
+example, it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, it could
+be that by random chance, bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+luck, the normal copy on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck, the normal copy on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck, the normal copy on the other
+chromosome gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome gets
+mutated. Or it could be and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated. Or it could be and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutated. Or it could be and it's
+actually more frequent that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more frequent that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more frequent that a
+chromosomeal event takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomeal event takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomeal event takes
+place. For example, a cell arises which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. For example, a cell arises which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. For example, a cell arises which
+only has one chromosome 13 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has one chromosome 13 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has one chromosome 13 through
+chromosomeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomeal
+non-isjunction and it's the one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-isjunction and it's the one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-isjunction and it's the one with the
+mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant
+copy. These are functionally equivalent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy. These are functionally equivalent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy. These are functionally equivalent.
+Both of these cells are RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deficient and they are on their way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient and they are on their way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient and they are on their way to
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+cancers. Tumor suppressor genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers. Tumor suppressor genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancers. Tumor suppressor genes
+therefore require two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hits. Two hits, two mutational events to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits. Two hits, two mutational events to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits. Two hits, two mutational events to
+inactivate the two normal copies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate the two normal copies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate the two normal copies of the
+gene. They can be two mutations within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene. They can be two mutations within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene. They can be two mutations within
+the gene or they can be one mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene or they can be one mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene or they can be one mutation
+within the gene plus some chromosomeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the gene plus some chromosomeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the gene plus some chromosomeal
+event. And I've shown you one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event. And I've shown you one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event. And I've shown you one example
+here. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others.
+Okay, so that looks good. Everybody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that looks good. Everybody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that looks good. Everybody gets
+it right. No problems. Let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right. No problems. Let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right. No problems. Let me show you
+this picture which I actually showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture which I actually showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture which I actually showed you
+on the first day of class. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day of class. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day of class. This is a
+child who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child who has
+bilateral multif focal retinol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral multif focal retinol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral multif focal retinol.
+This child has 12 different retinolas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This child has 12 different retinolas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This child has 12 different retinolas
+tumors affecting both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors affecting both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors affecting both
+eyes. Not only that, this child comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes. Not only that, this child comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes. Not only that, this child comes
+from a family in which retinol blast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a family in which retinol blast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a family in which retinol blast is
+passing through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through the
+generations. The grandfather had it. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations. The grandfather had it. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations. The grandfather had it. He
+passed on the predisposition to multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on the predisposition to multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on the predisposition to multiple
+of his children who passed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his children who passed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his children who passed on the
+predisposition to multiple of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to multiple of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predisposition to multiple of their
+children.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children.
+This is an example of a familial cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+syndrome. Familial predisposition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome. Familial predisposition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syndrome. Familial predisposition to
+cancer. Most cancers don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer. Most cancers don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer. Most cancers don't have this
+kind of pedigree. Most cancers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pedigree. Most cancers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pedigree. Most cancers are
+sporadic. But about 10% of cancers look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadic. But about 10% of cancers look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sporadic. But about 10% of cancers look
+like this with a clear family history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with a clear family history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with a clear family history.
+Familial retinol blasto, familial breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Familial retinol blasto, familial breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Familial retinol blasto, familial breast
+cancer, familial colon cancer. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer, familial colon cancer. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer, familial colon cancer. And there
+are others. These are caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others. These are caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are others. These are caused by
+mutations in genes like this. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in genes like this. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in genes like this. This
+individual that I showed you, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that I showed you, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that I showed you, the
+individuals in this family have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in this family have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals in this family have
+inherited a defective copy of the RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited a defective copy of the RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited a defective copy of the RB
+gene from one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene from one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene from one of their
+parents. And as such they have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents. And as such they have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents. And as such they have this
+genotype. They are hetererozygous for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype. They are hetererozygous for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype. They are hetererozygous for an
+RB mutation. hetererozygous for an RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB mutation. hetererozygous for an RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RB mutation. hetererozygous for an RB
+mutation. And because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. And because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation. And because they're
+hetererozygous for an RB mutation, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetererozygous for an RB mutation, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetererozygous for an RB mutation, they
+are highly predisposed to developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly predisposed to developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly predisposed to developing
+retinol blasto. And the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinol blasto. And the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinol blasto. And the reason is that
+within their cells, within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their cells, within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within their cells, within the
+developing retinal cells in their body,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing retinal cells in their body,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing retinal cells in their body,
+two mutational events are not required.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mutational events are not required.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two mutational events are not required.
+Instead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead in
+them all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells look like
+this. All of their cells are in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All of their cells are in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. All of their cells are in that
+hetererozygous predisposed state. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetererozygous predisposed state. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hetererozygous predisposed state. And
+therefore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore in
+them a single hit is required to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a single hit is required to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a single hit is required to give
+rise to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to a
+cell that is lacking the function of RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that is lacking the function of RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that is lacking the function of RB
+altogether.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether.
+and that's why they're predisposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why they're predisposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why they're predisposed and
+that's why BRCA1 patients get breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why BRCA1 patients get breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why BRCA1 patients get breast
+cancer and why APC patients get familial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and why APC patients get familial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and why APC patients get familial
+colon cancer. This slide also raises for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon cancer. This slide also raises for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon cancer. This slide also raises for
+you some interesting questions and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some interesting questions and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some interesting questions and we'll
+talk about them next time. Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about them next time. Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about them next time. Here's a
+person who has the right genotype but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has the right genotype but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has the right genotype but he
+didn't get the disease. Why not? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the disease. Why not? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get the disease. Why not? And
+another question, what would happen if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question, what would happen if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question, what would happen if
+two individuals who were hetererozygous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individuals who were hetererozygous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two individuals who were hetererozygous
+for a mutation were to marry have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mutation were to marry have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a mutation were to marry have a
+child who was homozygous for an RBG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child who was homozygous for an RBG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child who was homozygous for an RBG
+mutation? What would happen then? We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation? What would happen then? We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation? What would happen then? We'll
+talk about that next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tKo9-jn7A3g.txt b/tKo9-jn7A3g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69d9a10fa53fbbc8fa04940aa620944902bf482e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tKo9-jn7A3g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay so let me remind you
+what we were talking about last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were talking about last time so
+we were discussing the example of dis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were discussing the example of dis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were discussing the example of dis in
+the bright frame and play the way we l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bright frame and play the way we l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bright frame and play the way we l
+into this example is we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this example is we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this example is we talked about
+renormalization group Evolution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group Evolution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group Evolution the
+heavy light current we saw that had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy light current we saw that had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy light current we saw that had this
+cusp almost Dimension but it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp almost Dimension but it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cusp almost Dimension but it was a
+multiplicative renormalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative renormalization group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative renormalization group
+Evolution and I said that that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and I said that that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and I said that that happened
+because we only had one colinear uh ob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only had one colinear uh ob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we only had one colinear uh ob
+one colinear gauge and variant object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one colinear gauge and variant object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one colinear gauge and variant object in
+our operator and then I just wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operator and then I just wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operator and then I just wrote down
+an operator that looked like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator that looked like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator that looked like this that
+and I said there's one that has two if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said there's one that has two if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said there's one that has two if
+we run that object we will get an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run that object we will get an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we run that object we will get an A
+renormalization group equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group equation that
+involves convolutions and I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves convolutions and I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves convolutions and I said that
+that's going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give you the
+renormalization group evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization group evolution of the
+Parton distribution function and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton distribution function and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton distribution function and we
+wanted to explore that and so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to explore that and so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to explore that and so in order
+to explore that we should think of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore that we should think of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore that we should think of some
+process that has the parttime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that has the parttime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that has the parttime
+distribution function in it so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function in it so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function in it so we can
+really make sure we know precisely what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sure we know precisely what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sure we know precisely what
+the operator is and that process is dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is and that process is dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator is and that process is dis
+that's the simplest process so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest process so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest process so we
+started thinking about deep and elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about deep and elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about deep and elastic
+scattering in the bright frame which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in the bright frame which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering in the bright frame which is
+this Frame where Q of the photon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame where Q of the photon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Frame where Q of the photon has
+that form just a component in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form just a component in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that form just a component in the Z
+Direction and in that frame the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and in that frame the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and in that frame the incoming
+quirks in the proton quarks and gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks in the proton quarks and gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks in the proton quarks and gluons
+are cinear a intermediate State the out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cinear a intermediate State the out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cinear a intermediate State the out
+State the X State that's going out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the X State that's going out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the X State that's going out is
+hard so you can think of the you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so you can think of the you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so you can think of the you know if
+you were to draw perturbative diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to draw perturbative diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to draw perturbative diagrams
+You' draw them like this this propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' draw them like this this propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You' draw them like this this propagator
+would be hard it would have a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hard it would have a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hard it would have a hard
+momentum and then you would have Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then you would have Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and then you would have Loop
+Corrections that could also be hard in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections that could also be hard in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections that could also be hard in
+the effective Theory you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory you don't really
+have to think about what diagrams you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what diagrams you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about what diagrams you
+you just write down the lowest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down the lowest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down the lowest possible
+Dimension operator and everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension operator and everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension operator and everything that's
+a loop that's hard goes into the X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop that's hard goes into the X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop that's hard goes into the X which
+is the Wilson coefficient if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Wilson coefficient if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Wilson coefficient if you like
+and likewise we also get not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise we also get not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise we also get not just
+external quarks but external gluons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external quarks but external gluons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external quarks but external gluons from
+diagrams in the full Theory it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams in the full Theory it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams in the full Theory it would
+involve a quark Loop like that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a quark Loop like that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve a quark Loop like that okay so
+there's this is going to lead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is going to lead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this is going to lead to the
+Quark PDF and this is going to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark PDF and this is going to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark PDF and this is going to lead to
+the gluon PDF and we decided we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon PDF and we decided we would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon PDF and we decided we would do
+The Quirk one in some detail so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Quirk one in some detail so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Quirk one in some detail so this is
+kind of writing out now the operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of writing out now the operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of writing out now the operator the
+Wilson coefficient in kind of a combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson coefficient in kind of a combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson coefficient in kind of a combined
+notation where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation where this
+w+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+
+is is w+ and minus or W1 plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is w+ and minus or W1 plus and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is w+ and minus or W1 plus and minus
+W2 and then we had one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and then we had one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and then we had one more
+formula it's kind of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's kind of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's kind of where we
+ended so we have a cinear proton and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended so we have a cinear proton and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended so we have a cinear proton and
+then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have the cinear proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the cinear proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the cinear proton
+again and this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element can be written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows so this is the last formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so this is the last formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so this is the last formula we
+had last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so some things here are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so some things here are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so some things here are just
+conventions but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions but other
+things are important well everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are important well everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are important well everything's
+important but some things are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but some things are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but some things are more
+important than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things so this Quirk here has a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so this Quirk here has a flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so this Quirk here has a flavor
+could be an up quirk could be a down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an up quirk could be a down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an up quirk could be a down
+Quark let me denote that by an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I this proton here is cinear and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this proton here is cinear and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this proton here is cinear and really
+all that matters for this uh example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters for this uh example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters for this uh example is
+that we have some large we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some large we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some large we can think of
+it as a massless proton even but uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a massless proton even but uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a massless proton even but uh and
+as far as its momentum is concerned we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as its momentum is concerned we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as its momentum is concerned we
+can think of it as massless so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as massless so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as massless so really
+the only momentum that Ma matters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only momentum that Ma matters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only momentum that Ma matters in
+here is the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the minus
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so minus which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so minus which is
+m bar. p and that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bar. p and that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bar. p and that's what this
+is m bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m bar.
+p bar. p it's capital P okay so capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p bar. p it's capital P okay so capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p bar. p it's capital P okay so capital
+P was the proton momentum and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P was the proton momentum and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P was the proton momentum and we can
+think of this state as just carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this state as just carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this state as just carrying
+large P minus all the other components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large P minus all the other components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large P minus all the other components
+don't don't matter for this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't matter for this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't don't matter for this Matrix
+element it's a forward Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element it's a forward Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element it's a forward Matrix element
+both states carry the same large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both states carry the same large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both states carry the same large
+momentum and that's what led to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's what led to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's what led to this
+Delta function here that says the W1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function here that says the W1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function here that says the W1 and
+W2 with the sign conventions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 with the sign conventions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 with the sign conventions we have
+this guy has the opposite sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has the opposite sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has the opposite sign
+convention and so if it's forward these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and so if it's forward these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention and so if it's forward these
+two guys have to have uh have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys have to have uh have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys have to have uh have to have
+equal and opposite moment equal momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite moment equal momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite moment equal momentum
+so that the sum is zero and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sum is zero and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sum is zero and if you take
+into account the sign then that means w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the sign then that means w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account the sign then that means w
+minus is zero so that's what that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus is zero so that's what that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus is zero so that's what that Delta
+function is doing and then the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is doing and then the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is doing and then the sum is
+something that's not constrained by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not constrained by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not constrained by the
+The Matrix element and so the sum could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix element and so the sum could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Matrix element and so the sum could
+either be positive or negative if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be positive or negative if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be positive or negative if it's
+positive we we can say that it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we we can say that it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we we can say that it's some
+fraction of the proton momentum because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the proton momentum because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the proton momentum because
+this is a quirk inside the proton and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a quirk inside the proton and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a quirk inside the proton and it
+carries some momentum but it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries some momentum but it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries some momentum but it can't be
+more than the proton otherwise we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the proton otherwise we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than the proton otherwise we would
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+zero uh so it's some fraction and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so it's some fraction and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so it's some fraction and that
+fraction is defined to be C in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is defined to be C in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is defined to be C in this
+formula and the reason there's a two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the reason there's a two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the reason there's a two is
+because I'm adding the W1 and the W2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm adding the W1 and the W2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm adding the W1 and the W2
+which are equal um okay so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are equal um okay so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are equal um okay so this is this
+the momentum fraction and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum fraction and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum fraction and then we can
+have an arbitrary function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arbitrary function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arbitrary function of that
+momentum fraction Nothing Stops us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum fraction Nothing Stops us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum fraction Nothing Stops us from
+writing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down and that's that's kind of where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that's that's kind of where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and that's that's kind of where we
+got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+can so on General grounds you can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so on General grounds you can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so on General grounds you can argue
+that that's the most General thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the most General thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the most General thing that
+you can write down for this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down for this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down for this Matrix
+element and I tried to argue about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and I tried to argue about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and I tried to argue about why
+that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's
+true from charge conjugation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true from charge conjugation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true from charge conjugation you can
+actually do something more so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do something more so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do something more so you can
+let charge conjugation act on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let charge conjugation act on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let charge conjugation act on these
+operators and you can prove since charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and you can prove since charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and you can prove since charge
+conjugation is a good symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation is a good symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation is a good symmetry of
+qcd you can prove that that relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd you can prove that that relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd you can prove that that relates
+actually the quark and antiquark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so quark and antiquark operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so quark and antiquark operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so quark and antiquark operators are
+switching signs of w+ so if I switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching signs of w+ so if I switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching signs of w+ so if I switch the
+sign of w+ that's going from Quark to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of w+ that's going from Quark to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of w+ that's going from Quark to
+antiquark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark
+and basically what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what happens in the
+operator when you do charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator when you do charge conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator when you do charge conjugation
+remember that Kai Kai goes over here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Kai Kai goes over here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that Kai Kai goes over here to
+Kai transpose goes and the W switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai transpose goes and the W switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai transpose goes and the W switches
+sign so basically what charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so basically what charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so basically what charge
+conjugation is doing is taking W1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation is doing is taking W1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation is doing is taking W1 to
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+W2 and W2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and W2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W2 and W2 minus
+W1 and that's why the w+ switches sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and that's why the w+ switches sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 and that's why the w+ switches sign
+but the W minus doesn't and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the W minus doesn't and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the W minus doesn't and then there's
+an overall sign just because the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall sign just because the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overall sign just because the field
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields from the usual charge conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from the usual charge conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from the usual charge conjugation
+transformation of the fields for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the fields for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the fields for a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+current okay so there's a all orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so there's a all orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so there's a all orders
+relation between the Wilson coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the Wilson coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between the Wilson coefficients
+so really when you do the matching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really when you do the matching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really when you do the matching you
+really only need to do the matching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only need to do the matching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only need to do the matching for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quirks so if you wanted to do a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks so if you wanted to do a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirks so if you wanted to do a matching
+calculation you do a matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you do a matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you do a matching
+calculation for the Wilson coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the Wilson coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the Wilson coefficient
+with positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+w+ you could do it for the you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ you could do it for the you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ you could do it for the you could do
+it do it for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it do it for the uh
+antiquarks as well but you would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks as well but you would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks as well but you would just be
+basically wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time now last time we went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now last time we went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now last time we went through the
+kinematics of the bright frame a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of the bright frame a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of the bright frame a little
+bit and this n. proton momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and this n. proton momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and this n. proton momentum is
+actually Q overx so we could also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Q overx so we could also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Q overx so we could also write
+this formula like that and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula like that and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula like that and so you see
+what w+ is actually something that's c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what w+ is actually something that's c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what w+ is actually something that's c
+overx yorin x which is an external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx yorin x which is an external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx yorin x which is an external
+leptonic variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there was another index over here J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there was another index over here J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there was another index over here J
+which we talked about last time and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about last time and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we talked about last time and that
+had to do with the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do with the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do with the fact that we're
+taking the forward scattering graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the forward scattering graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the forward scattering graphs
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+tensor and we decompose that into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and we decompose that into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and we decompose that into two
+scalers multiplying things that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers multiplying things that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers multiplying things that had
+indices so there was two possible things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so there was two possible things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so there was two possible things
+that we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could write
+down and uh the index J is just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and uh the index J is just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and uh the index J is just this one
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and there was a similar decomposition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a similar decomposition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a similar decomposition in
+the effective Theory we could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory we could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory we could think of
+decomposing the effective theory is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the effective theory is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the effective theory is a
+scaler in terms of the scalar operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler in terms of the scalar operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler in terms of the scalar operators
+which are these guys with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are these guys with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are these guys with some
+coefficients that have some index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that have some index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that have some index
+indices then multiplied by some tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices then multiplied by some tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices then multiplied by some tensor
+so these guys don't have indices but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys don't have indices but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys don't have indices but I
+could just multiply them by some by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just multiply them by some by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just multiply them by some by
+effectively the kind of effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the kind of effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively the kind of effective Theory
+versions of these tensors and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of these tensors and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of these tensors and so that
+that's why there's a j here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's a j here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why there's a j here is that
+clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear to
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody
+okay so there's various indices I flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's various indices I flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's various indices I flavor
+J for tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J for tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J for tensor
+decomposition and then a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and then a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition and then a bunch of
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+indices so when you when you go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so when you when you go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so when you when you go through
+the analysis of relate of trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis of relate of trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis of relate of trying to find
+a formula for say T1 it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula for say T1 it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a formula for say T1 it's going to be
+related to C1 and T2 will be related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to C1 and T2 will be related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to C1 and T2 will be related to
+C2 okay because this guy is a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 okay because this guy is a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 okay because this guy is a scalar
+operator it doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it doesn't have any
+indices so the way that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works if you just look at the two bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write down the
+formula you'd have an integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you'd have an integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula you'd have an integral over
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W's there's some prefactors which just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's there's some prefactors which just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's there's some prefactors which just
+come out about from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out about from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out about from being
+careful and then the thing that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and then the thing that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and then the thing that has an
+imaginary part are these Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part are these Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part are these Wilson
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you have Matrix elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have Matrix elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have Matrix elements of
+operators which are the which are don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which are the which are don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators which are the which are don't
+have any uh which have a flavor index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any uh which have a flavor index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any uh which have a flavor index
+but don't have a subscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't have a subscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't have a subscript
+J okay so this has a flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+index keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things and then there's another one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two some kinematic prefactors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two some kinematic prefactors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two some kinematic prefactors that are
+easy to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to work
+out that just come about from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that just come about from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that just come about from the fact
+that we wrote the tensors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote the tensors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote the tensors in the
+effective Theory and the full Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory and the full Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory and the full Theory
+slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but these two guys have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but these two guys have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but these two guys have the
+same same Matrix elements of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same Matrix elements of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same Matrix elements of the same
+operator and all the sort of tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and all the sort of tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and all the sort of tensor
+stuff is just saying that there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is just saying that there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is just saying that there's two
+different Wilson coefficients that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Wilson coefficients that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Wilson coefficients that you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+compute that's because you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that's because you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that's because you have these
+Vector currents from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons okay so this is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after is show up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross-section and in the what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and in the what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and in the what we're
+doing is we're writing at lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're writing at lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is we're writing at lowest order
+the things that show up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that show up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that show up in the
+cross-section in terms of effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section in terms of effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section in terms of effective
+Theory objects the Wilson coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory objects the Wilson coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory objects the Wilson coefficients
+and then Matrix elements of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Matrix elements of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Matrix elements of our
+operators here which is this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators here which is this thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators here which is this thing in
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+brackets and we're almost at a what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and we're almost at a what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and we're almost at a what you
+would call a factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call a factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call a factorization
+theorem factorization theorem is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem factorization theorem is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem factorization theorem is a
+result for the cross-section in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the cross-section in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the cross-section in terms of
+effective theory in our language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory in our language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory in our language in
+terms of effective Theory quantities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of effective Theory quantities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of effective Theory quantities and
+that's going to factor the hard stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to factor the hard stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to factor the hard stuff
+which is the pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the pink
+stuff which is in these Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which is in these Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which is in these Wilson
+coefficients from the low energy stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients from the low energy stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients from the low energy stuff
+which is in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in these
+operators those are ex bottom equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators those are ex bottom equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators those are ex bottom equation
+yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+isare one of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both can write like this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like any other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so literally what I do is I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so literally what I do is I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so literally what I do is I take
+this formula and I plug it into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and I plug it into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and I plug it into that
+formula and when I do that I can do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and when I do that I can do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and when I do that I can do one
+of the integrals trivially because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrals trivially because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integrals trivially because it's
+a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta
+function right this one just trivial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right this one just trivial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right this one just trivial and
+then I do this one with the other Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do this one with the other Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do this one with the other Delta
+function so both integrals are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so both integrals are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so both integrals are actually
+trivial and I can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and I can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and I can write the
+result in terms of something that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in terms of something that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in terms of something that I'll
+call the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the hard
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is just the imaginary part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the imaginary part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just the imaginary part of the
+Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and I'm going to denote it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'm going to denote it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'm going to denote it in the
+following way so this is W the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way so this is W the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way so this is W the Wilson
+coost efficient can depend on various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coost efficient can depend on various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coost efficient can depend on various
+different things it can depend on w+ can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things it can depend on w+ can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things it can depend on w+ can
+depend on W minus it can depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on W minus it can depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on W minus it can depend on the
+hard scale which is q^2 or it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard scale which is q^2 or it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard scale which is q^2 or it could
+depend on mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on mu
+^2 so w minus when you do the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 so w minus when you do the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 so w minus when you do the Delta
+function gets set to zero w+ gets set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gets set to zero w+ gets set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gets set to zero w+ gets set to
+something and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it's
+convenient because of the way this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because of the way this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because of the way this Delta
+function is with the kind of has a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is with the kind of has a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is with the kind of has a ratio
+because this function is a function of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this function is a function of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this function is a function of C
+which is the ratio of two things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ratio of two things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the ratio of two things it's
+convenient to define a dimensionless z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to define a dimensionless z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to define a dimensionless z
+and only talk about a function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only talk about a function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only talk about a function of that
+dimensionless thing and if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless thing and if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless thing and if you do that
+then the final result for these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final result for these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the final result for these kind of
+T's which are or imaginary parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T's and just put the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's and just put the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T's and just put the formula
+together I'll write one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and then there's a similar formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then there's a similar formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then there's a similar formula
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mt2 that involves H2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mt2 that involves H2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mt2 that involves H2 and
+H1 okay so this is the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 okay so this is the factorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 okay so this is the factorization
+theorem and it came about in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and it came about in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem and it came about in some sense
+just trivially once we knew how to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trivially once we knew how to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trivially once we knew how to write
+down the operators and the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the operators and the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the operators and the effective
+Theory we were basically done and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we were basically done and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we were basically done and then
+the rest was just sort of algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest was just sort of algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest was just sort of algebraic
+manipulations being careful about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations being careful about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations being careful about what
+momenta go where and knowing uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta go where and knowing uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta go where and knowing uh what the
+S of this this formula for the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of this this formula for the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of this this formula for the Matrix
+element is this is kind of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is this is kind of important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is this is kind of important
+point but in some sense the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but in some sense the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but in some sense the effective
+Theory from the get-go was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory from the get-go was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory from the get-go was already
+designed to factorize because we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to factorize because we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to factorize because we were
+integrating out the hard degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating out the hard degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating out the hard degrees of
+freedom right at the start and so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right at the start and so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom right at the start and so having
+even just having the knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just having the knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just having the knowing what
+operators was really and knowing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators was really and knowing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators was really and knowing their
+Matrix element is really all we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element is really all we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element is really all we needed
+to do to get to the dis factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so if you've if you ever look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so if you've if you ever look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so if you've if you ever look up
+the original way that this was derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original way that this was derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original way that this was derived
+it was not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not that
+easy this is actually something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is actually something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy this is actually something that's
+very complicated in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated in a sort of
+traditional approach but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional approach but in the
+effective Theory approach becomes almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory approach becomes almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory approach becomes almost
+trivial and this is in all order result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and this is in all order result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and this is in all order result
+because we never expanded in alpha s we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we never expanded in alpha s we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we never expanded in alpha s we
+just used symmetries and we used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used symmetries and we used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used symmetries and we used the
+fact that we knew what form of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we knew what form of The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we knew what form of The
+Operators would take when we integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators would take when we integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators would take when we integrated
+out the hard degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freedom so any Alphas Corrections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so any Alphas Corrections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom so any Alphas Corrections that
+one might want to add will fit into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula and just give a perturbative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and just give a perturbative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and just give a perturbative
+result for this H which you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for this H which you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for this H which you would
+compute in peration theory which people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute in peration theory which people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute in peration theory which people
+do up to three Loop order these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days now if you ask about things like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days now if you ask about things like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days now if you ask about things like I
+didn't write all the possible I suppress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write all the possible I suppress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write all the possible I suppress
+some things right like q^2 and ^2 if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things right like q^2 and ^2 if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things right like q^2 and ^2 if you
+ask about the q^ squ and the mu^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about the q^ squ and the mu^ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about the q^ squ and the mu^ squ
+then your Wilson coefficients do depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your Wilson coefficients do depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your Wilson coefficients do depend
+on Q squ and mu squ and the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Q squ and mu squ and the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Q squ and mu squ and the Wilson
+coefficients H here are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients H here are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients H here are actually
+Dimension the Wilson coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the Wilson coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the Wilson coefficients
+original one C were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless
+so the H is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensionless I just pulled out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless I just pulled out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless I just pulled out the
+dimensional full Factor so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional full Factor so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional full Factor so that that
+would be true and so this guy can depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true and so this guy can depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be true and so this guy can depend
+on q^2 over mu^ 2 the fact that q^2 only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on q^2 over mu^ 2 the fact that q^2 only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on q^2 over mu^ 2 the fact that q^2 only
+shows up there that's borkin scaling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up there that's borkin scaling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up there that's borkin scaling so
+we and if you look at sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and if you look at sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and if you look at sort of the
+perturbative result for T2 then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative result for T2 then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbative result for T2 then it
+vanishes at lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes at lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes at lowest
+order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so
+that's uh the C gross relation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the C gross relation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh the C gross relation so
+there's various things that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various things that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various things that are sort of
+encoded in this that uh come out kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in this that uh come out kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in this that uh come out kind of
+from the effective Theory point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the effective Theory point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the effective Theory point of view
+in a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple
+way okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's logarithmic Corrections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's logarithmic Corrections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's logarithmic Corrections that
+involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q and the Wilson coefficients it'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and the Wilson coefficients it'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and the Wilson coefficients it'll show
+up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so there's a mu also that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's a mu also that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there's a mu also that you could
+add to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to this
+formula so the way that I described it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so the way that I described it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so the way that I described it
+um we didn't too think too hard about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we didn't too think too hard about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we didn't too think too hard about uh
+be versus normalized right you just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be versus normalized right you just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be versus normalized right you just take
+these operators so far they could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operators so far they could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operators so far they could have
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+bare but remember that when you have C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare but remember that when you have C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare but remember that when you have C
+be o bear in Electro hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be o bear in Electro hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be o bear in Electro hamiltonian for
+example that's C mu O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu so switching from bare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so switching from bare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu so switching from bare and
+renormalized op bare operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized op bare operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalized op bare operators and
+coefficients to renormalized operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to renormalized operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to renormalized operators
+and coefficients is simply a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coefficients is simply a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coefficients is simply a matter of
+sticking in a mu here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking in a mu here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking in a mu here and then you
+imagine that the renormalization has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the renormalization has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the renormalization has
+taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken
+place okay so we could equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay so we could equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place okay so we could equally
+well insert in these formulas a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well insert in these formulas a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well insert in these formulas a
+me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and then what I'm saying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what I'm saying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then what I'm saying about
+there being logs of mu over Q will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being logs of mu over Q will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being logs of mu over Q will make
+a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more
+sense so there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so there's also a
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+we squeeze everything in here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want okay now we're being now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay now we're being now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay now we're being now we're
+being completely honest about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being completely honest about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being completely honest about what it
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+all right so traditionally what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so traditionally what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so traditionally what happens
+in in uh in the traditional literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in the traditional literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in uh in the traditional literature
+there's kind of people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of people talk about
+factorization scales and normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization scales and normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization scales and normalization
+group scales so factorization scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group scales so factorization scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group scales so factorization scales
+there's the fact that this Parton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fact that this Parton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fact that this Parton
+distribution function is M dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function is M dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function is M dependent
+it's a operator that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a operator that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a operator that you have to
+renormalize and we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalize and we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalize and we're going to do that
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+minute and so there has to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and so there has to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and so there has to be a
+cancellation since this thing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation since this thing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation since this thing here is a
+physical observable and is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observable and is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observable and is independent
+of mu there has be a cancellation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu there has be a cancellation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu there has be a cancellation of the
+MU dependence here and the MU dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU dependence here and the MU dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU dependence here and the MU dependence
+here all right and that's this mu so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right and that's this mu so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right and that's this mu so the
+thing that's multiplying this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's multiplying this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's multiplying this this
+result here would involve a cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here would involve a cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here would involve a cancellation
+of mu dependence here and mu dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu dependence here and mu dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mu dependence here and mu dependence
+here so the same anomalous Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the same anomalous Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so the same anomalous Dimension
+would show up in both the H and the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up in both the H and the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up in both the H and the F
+and then sometimes people talk also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sometimes people talk also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sometimes people talk also talk
+about M dependence that's just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about M dependence that's just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about M dependence that's just sort of
+cancelling within H itself and they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling within H itself and they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancelling within H itself and they call
+that renormalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that renormalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that renormalization
+group renormalization group mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group renormalization group mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group renormalization group mu
+sometimes people vary these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people vary these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people vary these
+independently in the effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in the effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently in the effective Theory
+it's really simple you really just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really simple you really just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really simple you really just have
+the classic setup of you have some hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic setup of you have some hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic setup of you have some hard
+degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+freedom in this case we just can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in this case we just can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in this case we just can even
+think of it onedimensional you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it onedimensional you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it onedimensional you have some
+hard degrees of freedom that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard degrees of freedom that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard degrees of freedom that you want to
+integrate out you have some scale which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out you have some scale which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate out you have some scale which
+we could call MU not that's of order Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call MU not that's of order Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call MU not that's of order Q
+where we do that integrating out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do that integrating out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do that integrating out and
+then you can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can run
+down or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or you can
+run or you could run in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run or you could run in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run or you could run in a more
+complicated way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way
+so you could run the PDFs which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could run the PDFs which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could run the PDFs which are
+sitting here at the at the at the cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here at the at the at the cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here at the at the at the cinear
+scale at which is Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale at which is Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale at which is Lambda
+qcd you could think of evolving them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd you could think of evolving them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qcd you could think of evolving them up
+to some scale and evolving the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some scale and evolving the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some scale and evolving the Wilson
+coefficients down and meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients down and meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients down and meeting
+somewhere okay and so yeah it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay and so yeah it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay and so yeah it's just
+really a sort of classic running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a sort of classic running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a sort of classic running and
+matching picture here I I've just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching picture here I I've just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching picture here I I've just used
+the fact that I could run either one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I could run either one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that I could run either one of
+them or I could run both of them to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or I could run both of them to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or I could run both of them to a
+common scale so so usually we would pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common scale so so usually we would pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common scale so so usually we would pick
+mu to be either something small or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to be either something small or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu to be either something small or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+large rather than running both things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large rather than running both things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large rather than running both things
+but in general you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general you could think about
+running both things and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running both things and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running both things and we talked about
+having anomalous dimensions for either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having anomalous dimensions for either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having anomalous dimensions for either
+one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of
+these and usually we just run one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and usually we just run one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and usually we just run one of
+them okay but it's no more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay but it's no more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay but it's no more complicated
+than the standard picture of integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the standard picture of integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the standard picture of integrating
+out modes and doing R normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out modes and doing R normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out modes and doing R normalization
+Group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution so if we want to do tree LEL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution so if we want to do tree LEL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution so if we want to do tree LEL
+matching or one Loop matching any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching or one Loop matching any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching or one Loop matching any kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+matching let me just show you tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matching so tree level matching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so tree level matching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching so tree level matching you
+would compute this forward scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph and that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and that will give
+you the other diagram that we drew in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the other diagram that we drew in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the other diagram that we drew in
+effect and so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and so you want to
+match this guy onto that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this guy onto that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this guy onto that
+guy and what you find is you find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what you find is you find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and what you find is you find one
+tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure at lowest order so C1 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at lowest order so C1 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure at lowest order so C1 is not
+equal to zero C2 is equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero C2 is equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero C2 is equal to zero and
+that's the K gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the K gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the K gr
+relation which tells you about the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which tells you about the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation which tells you about the spin
+of the object that you're scattering off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object that you're scattering off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the object that you're scattering off
+and this is how we know that quarks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how we know that quarks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how we know that quarks are
+SP to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SP to
+have one way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one way we
+know and then you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you can calculate
+C and so the way that I've the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and so the way that I've the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and so the way that I've the way that
+I set things up C was complex and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set things up C was complex and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set things up C was complex and then I
+had to take the imaginary part so C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take the imaginary part so C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to take the imaginary part so C is
+just this propagator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this propagator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this propagator
+basically and it's only a nontrivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and it's only a nontrivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and it's only a nontrivial
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+w+ there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ there's some
+charges that sit out front and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges that sit out front and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges that sit out front and so the
+only way that this guy depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that this guy depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way that this guy depends on
+whether it's an up Quark or a down Quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an up Quark or a down Quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an up Quark or a down Quark
+is you have 2/3 squ or 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there's something that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's something that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's something that comes
+about from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the
+propagator it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator it looks like
+this and then I take the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I take the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I take the imaginary
+part and then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H1 which is a function of Z which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 which is a function of Z which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H1 which is a function of Z which is the
+C overx so if I write it as C overx like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C overx so if I write it as C overx like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C overx so if I write it as C overx like
+it shows up in the factorization theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows up in the factorization theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows up in the factorization theorem
+and I'm getting a Delta function of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm getting a Delta function of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm getting a Delta function of C
+overx just coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so the lowest order H1 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the lowest order H1 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so the lowest order H1 is just
+a Delta function and that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function and that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function and that's where the
+Parton model picture comes from because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton model picture comes from because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton model picture comes from because
+the Parton model picture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parton model picture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parton model picture is
+that you think of c and x as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think of c and x as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you think of c and x as being the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+thing and that's the tree level way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that's the tree level way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that's the tree level way of
+of thinking that's just satisfying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking that's just satisfying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking that's just satisfying this
+Delta function and the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function and the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function and the hard
+function and then you would get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then you would get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then you would get that the
+t is just given by the Parton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is just given by the Parton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is just given by the Parton
+distribution at X which is the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at X which is the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at X which is the external
+measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurable
+thing okay so this is how all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so this is how all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so this is how all these
+classic things come about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic things come about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic things come about in the
+effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory
+language any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right so let's uh renormalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so let's uh renormalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so let's uh renormalize
+this operator and see how the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator and see how the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator and see how the classic
+result for the renormalization group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the renormalization group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result for the renormalization group
+evolution of the PDF comes out comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the PDF comes out comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of the PDF comes out comes
+about and again the way that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and again the way that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and again the way that you should
+think about this is you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is you have an
+operator and you should just renormalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you should just renormalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and you should just renormalize
+it and it should you shouldn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it should you shouldn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it should you shouldn't have to
+once you've got the effective Theory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've got the effective Theory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've got the effective Theory you
+shouldn't have to think too deeply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to think too deeply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to think too deeply about
+what you're doing you should just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing you should just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing you should just be
+able to follow your nose and do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to follow your nose and do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to follow your nose and do the
+rization you may have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rization you may have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rization you may have to be careful
+because these operators are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these operators are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these operators are kind of
+complicated they have this dependence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated they have this dependence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated they have this dependence on
+this these W's that you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these W's that you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these W's that you have to be
+careful about but really it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about but really it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about but really it's just
+follow your nose compute the one Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs when you if you look up sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs when you if you look up sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs when you if you look up sort of
+how peskin would do one normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how peskin would do one normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how peskin would do one normalization
+there'd be an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be an infinite number of
+operators you'd have to derive a r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you'd have to derive a r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators you'd have to derive a r
+normalization group result for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group result for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization group result for all of
+them here we only have one operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here we only have one operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here we only have one operator and
+we're just going to normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to normalize
+it our operator is non-local in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it our operator is non-local in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it our operator is non-local in the
+sense that it depends on these omegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it depends on these omegas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it depends on these omegas
+and that's what's encoding this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's encoding this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what's encoding this infinite
+number of operators that that peskin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so solving if You' like for f from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solving if You' like for f from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so solving if You' like for f from the
+formula that we had before I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we had before I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we had before I can do that
+by integrating over the W minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating over the W minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating over the W minus that
+just sets the Delta that sets these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sets the Delta that sets these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sets the Delta that sets these guys
+to be equal and then if I so I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal and then if I so I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal and then if I so I can think
+of it as that there's one free momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as that there's one free momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as that there's one free momentum
+C and that free momentum C is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and that free momentum C is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and that free momentum C is one of
+these labels which is this guy here so C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels which is this guy here so C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these labels which is this guy here so C
+is W over PN minus and this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W over PN minus and this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is W over PN minus and this is the the
+proton which just carrying some momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton which just carrying some momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton which just carrying some momentum
+PN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus okay this is the proton state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay this is the proton state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay this is the proton state
+which carries momentum PN minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which carries momentum PN minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which carries momentum PN minus and
+there's one Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function I could put it in either place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I could put it in either place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I could put it in either place
+but I only need one because the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I only need one because the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I only need one because the other
+one's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's kind of
+trivial so the first thing you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so the first thing you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so the first thing you can think
+about it doing here is looking at Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it doing here is looking at Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it doing here is looking at Mass
+dimensions and i' already told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and i' already told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and i' already told you that
+this guy was dimensionless but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was dimensionless but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy was dimensionless but let's
+check that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that that's
+true so Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension so relativistically normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so relativistically normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so relativistically normalized
+states have mass Dimension minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have mass Dimension minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states have mass Dimension minus
+one cork fields that don't have a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cork fields that don't have a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cork fields that don't have a Delta
+function have mass dimensions three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have mass dimensions three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function have mass dimensions three
+halfes the Delta function here has gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfes the Delta function here has gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfes the Delta function here has gives
+a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus
+one and then a minus one so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then a minus one so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then a minus one so you get
+zero 3es plus 3us 3 1es is zero so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 3es plus 3us 3 1es is zero so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 3es plus 3us 3 1es is zero so that
+means this F is really dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this F is really dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this F is really dimensionless
+function and that's why it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that's why it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that's why it makes sense
+that we defined it to depend on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined it to depend on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we defined it to depend on this
+dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless
+ratio you can also look at the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension and here's how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so the only thing that's so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the only thing that's so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the only thing that's so we
+already had a uh Power counting for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had a uh Power counting for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had a uh Power counting for our
+Kai Fields remember the C field inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai Fields remember the C field inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai Fields remember the C field inside
+the kai Fields scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kai Fields scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kai Fields scale
+like one so this is just coming about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one so this is just coming about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one so this is just coming about
+because this guy's a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this guy's a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this guy's a water
+Lambda the Delta function just inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the Delta function just inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda the Delta function just inv
+involves large momentum so it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves large momentum so it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves large momentum so it has no
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Counting
+and the only thing that's non-trivial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that's non-trivial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing that's non-trivial is
+that the states have power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states have power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states have power counting
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one so here's how we can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here's how we can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here's how we can derive
+that so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so if you think about
+relativistically normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistically normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistically normalized
+States what you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States what you're doing is you're
+defining sort of the inverse of this d3p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining sort of the inverse of this d3p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining sort of the inverse of this d3p
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+e which you can write actually which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e which you can write actually which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e which you can write actually which is
+more convenient for power counting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient for power counting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more convenient for power counting in
+terms of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are that are we can power count more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are we can power count more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are we can power count more
+simply so this is an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply so this is an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply so this is an exact
+relation for AN non-shell particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for AN non-shell particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation for AN non-shell particle
+between P minuses and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between P minuses and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between P minuses and and
+pz and so then I can write because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz and so then I can write because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz and so then I can write because of
+that the standard relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standard relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the standard relativistic
+normalization formula for a state with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization formula for a state with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization formula for a state with
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+momenta is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse which would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which would be this
+so the usual formula would have two 2 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usual formula would have two 2 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usual formula would have two 2 e
+and then Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Delta
+3 right because it's the inverse of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 right because it's the inverse of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 right because it's the inverse of this
+but I can write it also this way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can write it also this way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can write it also this way this
+guy is Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is Lambda
+0 this guy is Lambda minus 2 therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this guy is Lambda minus 2 therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this guy is Lambda minus 2 therefore
+each of these guys must be Lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these guys must be Lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these guys must be Lambda minus
+one that's where the minus one came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from all right so we want to renormalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all right so we want to renormalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all right so we want to renormalize
+that thing that Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing that Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing that Matrix element
+and what Loops can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Loops can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what Loops can
+do is that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that they can
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+Omega so you might or or C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so you might or or C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so you might or or C are
+equivalent and so the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and so the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and so the way that you
+should think of that is in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of that is in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of that is in the following
+sense and it's actually something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and it's actually something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and it's actually something you're
+familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+although you're familiar with it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you're familiar with it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you're familiar with it for
+discrete quantum numbers and here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantum numbers and here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete quantum numbers and here in
+some sense we have a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we have a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense we have a continuous
+one so you have some function fq that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you have some function fq that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you have some function fq that
+depends on some variable C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some variable C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some variable C
+and it can mix under the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can mix under the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can mix under the normalization
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+with an operator at a different value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an operator at a different value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an operator at a different value of
+C so you can really think of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so you can really think of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so you can really think of the fact
+that Loops can change this omega as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loops can change this omega as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loops can change this omega as just
+a mixing you're used to mixing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixing you're used to mixing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixing you're used to mixing for
+discret quantum numbers you write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret quantum numbers you write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret quantum numbers you write down
+all the operators that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the operators that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the operators that have the same
+quantum numbers and they can mix under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers and they can mix under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers and they can mix under
+normalization here there's kind of a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization here there's kind of a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization here there's kind of a an
+additional thing that the object can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional thing that the object can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional thing that the object can
+depend on which is the C parameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on which is the C parameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on which is the C parameter and
+in general when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when you do the
+renormalization that can change too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization that can change too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization that can change too
+because the operators are or Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the operators are or Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the operators are or Matrix
+elements here are labeled by the C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here are labeled by the C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements here are labeled by the C in
+general there's no reason that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's no reason that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's no reason that it should
+stay the same under the loop Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same under the loop Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same under the loop Corrections
+and it was really a special case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really a special case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was really a special case that we
+dealt with last time that it did where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with last time that it did where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with last time that it did where
+that did happen but in general it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so this is actually what we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this is actually what we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so this is actually what we expect
+to happen in general unless we can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in general unless we can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in general unless we can argue
+that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you should think of each value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you should think of each value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you should think of each value
+of C is giving a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C is giving a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C is giving a different
+operator or different Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element so I could write formulas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so I could write formulas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element so I could write formulas here
+just for the operator it's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the operator it's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the operator it's actually the
+operator that gets renormalized not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gets renormalized not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gets renormalized not the
+Matrix element so every I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element so every I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element so every I'm going to
+keep writing FS just to avoid too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep writing FS just to avoid too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep writing FS just to avoid too much
+notation but we could always actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but we could always actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation but we could always actually
+replace the fs by just uh the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the fs by just uh the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the fs by just uh the operator
+and we could do everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could do everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could do everything in terms of
+actually just the W instead of the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the W instead of the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just the W instead of the C
+variable but I'll just keep using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but I'll just keep using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but I'll just keep using
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+so what does this mean in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean in terms of the
+operator is the following we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the following we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the following we can think
+of if we have some bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and we want to split that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we want to split that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we want to split that into
+a piece that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece that has
+divergences and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and a
+piece that is just the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that is just the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that is just the finite
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+the general formula for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general formula for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general formula for doing that
+involves an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves an
+integral so this guy here so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so this guy here so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so this guy here so there's
+also these indices I and J and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these indices I and J and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these indices I and J and that's
+the that's flavor if you like or quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's flavor if you like or quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's flavor if you like or quarks
+and gluons so I is Quark or gluon and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gluons so I is Quark or gluon and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gluons so I is Quark or gluon and in
+general you can also have a mixing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can also have a mixing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can also have a mixing in
+the quark and gluon operators we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark and gluon operators we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quark and gluon operators we started
+with these two different operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two different operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these two different operators and
+they can mix under renormalization as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can mix under renormalization as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can mix under renormalization as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's two operators in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two operators in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two operators in the
+effective Theory same order in Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory same order in Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Theory same order in Lambda
+and they can mix when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can mix when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can mix when you do the
+renormalization and I'll draw diagram in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization and I'll draw diagram in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalization and I'll draw diagram in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+minute so this thing here is Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so this thing here is Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so this thing here is Mu
+independent this thing here in msar has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this thing here in msar has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this thing here in msar has
+all the one over Epsilon UVS and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the one over Epsilon UVS and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the one over Epsilon UVS and it also
+depends on Alpha of mu and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Alpha of mu and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on Alpha of mu and it depends on
+these C and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these C and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these C and C
+Prime and this guy here is UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finite so this guy here is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite so this guy here is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite so this guy here is really the
+thing that's the low energy Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's the low energy Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's the low energy Matrix
+element but remember what low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but remember what low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but remember what low energy
+meant here low energy was physics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant here low energy was physics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant here low energy was physics at
+Lambda qcd physics of the initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd physics of the initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd physics of the initial State
+proton so there actually in this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so there actually in this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton so there actually in this guy
+there are IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are IR
+divergences this is just some Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences this is just some Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences this is just some Matrix
+element in the effective Theory and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the effective Theory and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the effective Theory and in
+general it could be IR Divergent if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it could be IR Divergent if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it could be IR Divergent if you
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+and this guy actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it really encodes that's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really encodes that's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really encodes that's not going
+to bother us at all because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bother us at all because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bother us at all because this is
+really some Universal thing that encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really some Universal thing that encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really some Universal thing that encodes
+Lambda qcd effects and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd effects and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda qcd effects and that's what
+parttime distribution functions are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parttime distribution functions are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parttime distribution functions are and
+from the point of view of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of what we're
+doing it doesn't really matter that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it doesn't really matter that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it doesn't really matter that it
+has this extra IR Divergence so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra IR Divergence so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra IR Divergence so that we
+will have to regulate diagrams in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to regulate diagrams in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to regulate diagrams in order
+to separate UV and IR divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate UV and IR divergences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate UV and IR divergences
+because of that really in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that really in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that really in terms of the
+rization what we're after is getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rization what we're after is getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rization what we're after is getting the
+UV divergences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the usual kind of formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the usual kind of formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the usual kind of formula that
+you'd have where you just write o is z *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have where you just write o is z *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have where you just write o is z *
+o is slightly more complicated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is slightly more complicated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o is slightly more complicated here
+there's this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral and now remember how you derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and now remember how you derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and now remember how you derive
+a re normalization group equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a re normalization group equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a re normalization group equation
+what you do is you say mu d by mu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say mu d by mu of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you say mu d by mu of
+this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and so if I take MD byd mu on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so if I take MD byd mu on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so if I take MD byd mu on the
+right hand side I get MD byd mu of Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I get MD byd mu of Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side I get MD byd mu of Z and
+mu byd mu of F and I can rearrange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu byd mu of F and I can rearrange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu byd mu of F and I can rearrange that
+in the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the usual
+way except for keeping track of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way except for keeping track of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way except for keeping track of these
+integrals is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is as
+follows so I imagine that there's a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so I imagine that there's a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows so I imagine that there's a z
+and the Z inverse and and the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z inverse and and the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Z inverse and and the relation
+between Z and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Z and Z
+inverse is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is as follows
+let's just call this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just call this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just call this double
+Prime it's a it's matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's a it's matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime it's a it's matrix multiplication
+except in the function space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in the function space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in the function space right
+so this is like a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so if if you'd like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if if you'd like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if if you'd like you can
+just think that there's more indices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that there's more indices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think that there's more indices we
+have in some sense what we have in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in some sense what we have in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in some sense what we have in terms
+of the Cork and gluon operators mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Cork and gluon operators mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Cork and gluon operators mixing
+is a matrix equation right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix equation right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix equation right this is a
+vector this is a matrix this is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this is a matrix this is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector this is a matrix this is a vector
+for the indexes I and J and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the indexes I and J and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the indexes I and J and you can
+think of this integral here as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this integral here as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this integral here as just
+another you know it really looks the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know it really looks the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know it really looks the way
+I've drawn it right like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it right like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it right like this is
+contracted with that and this is summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted with that and this is summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted with that and this is summing
+over the indices and it really that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the indices and it really that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the indices and it really that
+that's what it is so it's really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is so it's really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is so it's really this
+idea that it's just mixing of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's just mixing of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that it's just mixing of quantum
+numbers is kind of a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is kind of a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers is kind of a good way of
+thinking about things and when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things and when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things and when you think
+about formulas you know you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formulas you know you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about formulas you know you're just
+summing over the these indices and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the these indices and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the these indices and the
+chronica Delta becomes a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronica Delta becomes a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronica Delta becomes a regular
+Delta so in that sense it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so in that sense it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta so in that sense it's not
+that hard to do to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to do to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hard to do to do
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+so we get an almost Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation which again has that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which again has that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which again has that kind of
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an
+intergral for the normal I sky and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral for the normal I sky and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral for the normal I sky and it
+has mixing and this gamma i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j if we go
+through the steps and use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the steps and use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the steps and use this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so I'm kind of skipping steps but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm kind of skipping steps but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm kind of skipping steps but I
+hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope
+that you get you can kind of picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get you can kind of picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get you can kind of picture
+where this result will come from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this result will come from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this result will come from and
+it's actually not it's pretty easy to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not it's pretty easy to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not it's pretty easy to go
+from that line with this formula to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that line with this formula to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that line with this formula to this
+line this is one line I just split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this is one line I just split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this is one line I just split it
+into two things and Define this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two things and Define this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two things and Define this quantity
+gamma J which is the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma J which is the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma J which is the anomalous
+Dimension so this VI in qcd language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so this VI in qcd language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension so this VI in qcd language is
+the factorization scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factorization scale
+yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so at one Loop things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so at one Loop things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so at one Loop things are
+simpler because at one Loop this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler because at one Loop this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler because at one Loop this thing
+we can just replace it by Delta I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just replace it by Delta I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just replace it by Delta I I
+prime chronic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime chronic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime chronic of
+Delta at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta at one
+Loop because at one Loop we just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop because at one Loop we just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop because at one Loop we just need
+the order Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece from this guy and then we can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece from this guy and then we can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece from this guy and then we can set
+the tree level for that guy so at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree level for that guy so at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree level for that guy so at one
+Loop which is all we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop which is all we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop which is all we're going to
+do we get the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula okay so that's our setup and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so that's our setup and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so that's our setup and now
+we want to calculate this one Oneal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to calculate this one Oneal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to calculate this one Oneal
+Dimension by calculating the 1/ Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension by calculating the 1/ Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension by calculating the 1/ Epsilon
+alpha s term in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J okay before I do that is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay before I do that is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J okay before I do that is there any
+questions all right so tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level so think about there being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so think about there being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so think about there being an
+external P for whatever state I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external P for whatever state I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external P for whatever state I'm
+considering Ing and then the operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering Ing and then the operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering Ing and then the operator is
+labeled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled by
+W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and
+so we're summing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're summing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're summing over
+spin I've kind of somehow sometimes I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin I've kind of somehow sometimes I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin I've kind of somehow sometimes I've
+dropped that I said it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped that I said it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped that I said it last
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+so we get some Spinners and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get some Spinners and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get some Spinners and we get a
+Delta function so what the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so what the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function so what the Delta
+function in the operator is is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the operator is is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in the operator is is it's
+Delta function of w minus this label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function of w minus this label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function of w minus this label
+momentum P bar and in something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P bar and in something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum P bar and in something like
+this where it's completely trivial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's completely trivial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where it's completely trivial and
+there's just one state we just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one state we just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just one state we just get the
+momentum of that state which is p this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that state which is p this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of that state which is p this
+sum over spin here is a p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over spin here is a p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over spin here is a p
+minus and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so the
+result is a Delta function of 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a Delta function of 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a Delta function of 1 minus
+Omega over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over P
+minus for this tree level Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element one Loop now we have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element one Loop now we have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element one Loop now we have to think
+about how we're going to regulate the IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to regulate the IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we're going to regulate the IR
+and I'll do do it with an off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shellness so I'll introduce a nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shellness so I'll introduce a nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shellness so I'll introduce a nonzero
+p+ and that will be enough to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p+ and that will be enough to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p+ and that will be enough to regulate
+ir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divergences and we're really after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and we're really after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences and we're really after the
+UV ones so we just want to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV ones so we just want to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV ones so we just want to separate
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so there's some different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams we insert our operator and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we insert our operator and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we insert our operator and we
+just gluons so one thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gluons so one thing we can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gluons so one thing we can do is
+just string a gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just string a gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just string a gluon
+across kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across kind of like a
+standard vertex re normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram so there's some Loop momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so there's some Loop momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so there's some Loop momentum
+let me label it on the Quirk line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me label it on the Quirk line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me label it on the Quirk line and
+then the gluon here which is a cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the gluon here which is a cinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the gluon here which is a cinear
+gluon has momentum P minus L and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon has momentum P minus L and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluon has momentum P minus L and it's
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+so this kind of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up there's some numerator to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's some numerator to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there's some numerator to deal with
+and I'm not going to go through that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to go through that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to go through that but
+it simplifies something kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simplifies something kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simplifies something kind of
+simple after some dra algebra simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple after some dra algebra simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple after some dra algebra simplifies
+down just to an L per squared through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just to an L per squared through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down just to an L per squared through
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+diagram there's two l s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there's two l s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram there's two l s
+propagators and there's one L minus p^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagator and then there's a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and then there's a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator and then there's a Delta
+function from the insertion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the insertion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from the insertion of the
+operator but now the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but now the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but now the Delta function
+doesn't involve the external momentum as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the external momentum as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the external momentum as
+it did there it involves the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did there it involves the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did there it involves the loop
+momentum and that's what I've been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's what I've been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and that's what I've been that
+was kind of the whole point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the whole point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of the whole point of this
+example so we have a Delta function of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we have a Delta function of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we have a Delta function of L
+minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus
+W and then there's some dim rag factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and then there's some dim rag factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and then there's some dim rag factors
+which you can be careful about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want so in Ms bar we'd have some Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so in Ms bar we'd have some Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so in Ms bar we'd have some Factor
+like that so this is some Loop intergral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so this is some Loop intergral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so this is some Loop intergral
+that we just have to do and can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just have to do and can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just have to do and can do it
+with kind of standard techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in my notes I wrote it in terms of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my notes I wrote it in terms of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my notes I wrote it in terms of as
+a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of
+Epsilon and then Epsilon is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then Epsilon is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then Epsilon is just
+regulating the ultraviolet we expand an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the ultraviolet we expand an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating the ultraviolet we expand an
+Epsilon so let me just write down result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so let me just write down result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so let me just write down result
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is an UltraViolet Divergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an UltraViolet Divergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an UltraViolet Divergence and
+a here has the infrared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here has the infrared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a here has the infrared
+regulator p+ P minus also has a z and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator p+ P minus also has a z and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator p+ P minus also has a z and a
+1us z which you can group all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us z which you can group all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1us z which you can group all together
+and Z is just this ratio that thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z is just this ratio that thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z is just this ratio that thing is
+dependent on at tree level Omega over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on at tree level Omega over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on at tree level Omega over P
+minus now when I'm doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now when I'm doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now when I'm doing this
+calculation this is a small P not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation this is a small P not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation this is a small P not a big
+p because I'm using Quark States okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p because I'm using Quark States okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p because I'm using Quark States okay
+not a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a proton
+state so really I should if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so really I should if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so really I should if I wanted to
+think about this as an F I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as an F I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this as an F I should say
+it's an F for the Quark state but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an F for the Quark state but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an F for the Quark state but I
+think that you can remember that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you can remember that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that you can remember that um but
+the re normalization of the oper doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization of the oper doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the re normalization of the oper doesn't
+depend on the state remember we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the state remember we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the state remember we always
+take the simplest States possible when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the simplest States possible when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the simplest States possible when
+we're doing the normalization or doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the normalization or doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the normalization or doing
+matching and so we can we're free to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and so we can we're free to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching and so we can we're free to use
+cork States and that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+okay that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one
+diagram now there's another diagram I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now there's another diagram I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now there's another diagram I
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+B for some reason my notes I call it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B for some reason my notes I call it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B for some reason my notes I call it one
+which doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't make any
+sense and we can contract the glue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and we can contract the glue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and we can contract the glue on
+with the Wilson line so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Wilson line so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Wilson line so there's there's
+that graph and there's a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friend and each of these actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and each of these actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and each of these actually has
+two contractions because there was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two contractions because there was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two contractions because there was two
+Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson
+lines in the way we wrote our operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in the way we wrote our operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in the way we wrote our operators
+so our operator as we wrote is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and you can think so let's just think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think so let's just think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think so let's just think of
+it Contracting with the Quirk you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Contracting with the Quirk you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Contracting with the Quirk you can
+think that there's a contraction like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a contraction like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there's a contraction like
+that and there's a contraction like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's a contraction like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's a contraction like that
+of a gluon okay I'm Contracting gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gluon okay I'm Contracting gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gluon okay I'm Contracting gluons
+with quirks but really what I mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quirks but really what I mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quirks but really what I mean is
+I'm Contracting to the lran right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Contracting to the lran right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Contracting to the lran right that
+this Quark is evolving under so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quark is evolving under so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quark is evolving under so
+hopefully that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that's
+clear all right so there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all right so there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all right so there's two different
+ways in which when I work out the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which when I work out the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which when I work out the fan
+rule for this thing where I where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for this thing where I where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for this thing where I where I
+attach the glue on you can either get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach the glue on you can either get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach the glue on you can either get
+the gluon from here or the gluon from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon from here or the gluon from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gluon from here or the gluon from
+there that's all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's all I'm
+saying but these actually have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but these actually have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying but these actually have different
+in physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in physical
+interpretations because this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations because this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations because this Delta
+function here if you think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here if you think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here if you think about what
+it's doing it's really in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing it's really in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing it's really in the original
+diagram it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram it's like the
+cut so in the original diagrams that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so in the original diagrams that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so in the original diagrams that we
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+drawing we would cut them because we'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing we would cut them because we'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing we would cut them because we'
+take the imaginary part and this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the imaginary part and this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the imaginary part and this Delta
+function is in the middle we have a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in the middle we have a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is in the middle we have a kind
+of a Parton on this side and a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Parton on this side and a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Parton on this side and a square
+Parton on that side this Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton on that side this Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton on that side this Delta function
+is the cut so this contraction here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cut so this contraction here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cut so this contraction here is
+actually corresponds to a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph and this guy here corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this guy here corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and this guy here corresponds to
+real emission because you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real emission because you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real emission because you're doing a
+contraction across the cut right so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction across the cut right so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction across the cut right so one
+of these guys would be a graph like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys would be a graph like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys would be a graph like this
+the other one would be a graph like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I can label them one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can label them one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can label them one and
+two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two but we'll just keep them and treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but we'll just keep them and treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but we'll just keep them and treat
+them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all
+together these two graphs give overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these two graphs give overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together these two graphs give overall
+factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple there's some spinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff which is even simpler in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which is even simpler in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff which is even simpler in this case
+so I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out there's some stuff double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line and then there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and then there's two
+propagators may not write all the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators may not write all the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators may not write all the I
+zeros and then there's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then there's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and then there's two different
+Delta functions so either we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions so either we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta functions so either we have the
+real graph where the loop is inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real graph where the loop is inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real graph where the loop is inside
+where the W is inside or we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the W is inside or we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the W is inside or we have the
+virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual
+graph where the W where the sorry either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where the W where the sorry either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where the W where the sorry either
+we have the real graph where the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the real graph where the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the real graph where the loop
+goes around the the Delta function or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around the the Delta function or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around the the Delta function or we
+have the virtual graph where this guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the virtual graph where this guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the virtual graph where this guy's
+overall on that thing so in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall on that thing so in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall on that thing so in the overall
+one it's just a p minus- w like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's just a p minus- w like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's just a p minus- w like it was
+at tree level and in the real admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tree level and in the real admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tree level and in the real admission
+it's an L minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an L minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an L minus minus
+W and one's a w one's a w dagger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and one's a w one's a w dagger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W and one's a w one's a w dagger so
+there's a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign so the sign is just easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so the sign is just easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so the sign is just easy to
+understand it's w versus W dagger which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's w versus W dagger which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it's w versus W dagger which
+has a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a relative
+sign okay so if we just followed our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so if we just followed our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay so if we just followed our
+nose with what the fan rule for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose with what the fan rule for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose with what the fan rule for these
+this thing is that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get and this is again some Loop integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and this is again some Loop integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and this is again some Loop integral
+that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do one way of writing the results as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one way of writing the results as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one way of writing the results as
+follows there's one thing we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows there's one thing we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows there's one thing we have to be
+careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's why I'm writing this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so there's actually a cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so there's actually a cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so there's actually a cancellation
+between the virtual and the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the virtual and the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the virtual and the real
+diagrams of an infrared Divergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams of an infrared Divergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams of an infrared Divergence and
+want to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's why I'm writing this guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm writing this guy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm writing this guy out
+in epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in epsilon
+Dimensions fully without expanding first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions fully without expanding first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions fully without expanding first
+okay so there's this is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's this is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's this is the real
+contribution and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and this is the
+virtual so in order to to sort of deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual so in order to to sort of deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual so in order to to sort of deal
+with this we have to make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we have to make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we have to make use of
+something that's called a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you know what the result is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know what the result is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know what the result is for the
+anomal dimension you'll be aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomal dimension you'll be aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomal dimension you'll be aware of the
+fact that it involves something called A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it involves something called A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it involves something called A
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+function splitting functions for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function splitting functions for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function splitting functions for a
+Parton distribution involve something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton distribution involve something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parton distribution involve something
+called A Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way that we can deal with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that we can deal with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that we can deal with that is
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows the way we can deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the way we can deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows the way we can deal with the
+fact that actually the result is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that actually the result is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that actually the result is going
+to be a distribution we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a distribution we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a distribution we have to be
+careful because you see Z goes to one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because you see Z goes to one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful because you see Z goes to one is
+being regulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon and so if we integrate over Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and so if we integrate over Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and so if we integrate over Z
+for example it's Epsilon that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's Epsilon that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's Epsilon that's going to
+allow us to integrate all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to integrate all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to integrate all the way to
+one and we'd like to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'd like to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'd like to encode
+that in some way where we can expand an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some way where we can expand an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some way where we can expand an
+Epsilon because that's what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon because that's what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon because that's what we need to
+do in order to extract the anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to extract the anomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to extract the anomal
+dimension and this formula is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and this formula is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and this formula is what
+allows us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so I'll tell you how to derive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'll tell you how to derive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'll tell you how to derive it
+after I tell you what the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I tell you what the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I tell you what the L
+is so Ln of anything is defined to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so Ln of anything is defined to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so Ln of anything is defined to be a
+plus function with a log to that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the plus function is defined so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plus function is defined so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plus function is defined so that
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+integrate from 0 to one you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from 0 to one you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from 0 to one you get
+zero and if you integrate it with a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function just the more General result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just the more General result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just the more General result
+that you need to Define it so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to Define it so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to Define it so you can
+Define it by this result with the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it by this result with the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it by this result with the test
+function and it just gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it just gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it just gives you the
+normal function but the test function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function but the test function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal function but the test function
+with the subtraction that makes the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the subtraction that makes the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the subtraction that makes the test
+function more convergent so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more convergent so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function more convergent so that you can
+integrate at through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate at through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate at through
+zero okay so that's the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so that's the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so that's the definition of
+the plus function you can also Define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus function you can also Define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus function you can also Define it
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+limit this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sufficient okay so this these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient okay so this these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient okay so this these things are
+like Delta functions the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Delta functions the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Delta functions the way that you
+would derive this formula is you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would derive this formula is you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would derive this formula is you would
+say well if Z is away from one then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if Z is away from one then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well if Z is away from one then I
+can expand because then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expand because then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can expand because then there's no
+problem and if Z is away from one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and if Z is away from one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and if Z is away from one it
+turns out that this plus function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this plus function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this plus function is
+just the regular function it's only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the regular function it's only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the regular function it's only that
+at one that something special is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one that something special is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one that something special is
+happening and so the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and so the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and so the standard
+expansion is what you'd get if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is what you'd get if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is what you'd get if you took
+Z away from one and to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z away from one and to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z away from one and to see what's
+happening at Z equals 1 you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at Z equals 1 you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at Z equals 1 you just
+integrate both sides from 0 to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides from 0 to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides from 0 to one and
+that's how you can derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you can derive the
+coefficient of the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function all right so if I plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so if I plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function all right so if I plug this
+formula in here for this thing then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in here for this thing then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula in here for this thing then I
+actually get another one over Epsilon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get another one over Epsilon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get another one over Epsilon in
+this guy there's a gamma of Epsilon out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy there's a gamma of Epsilon out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy there's a gamma of Epsilon out
+front and that guy is good this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and that guy is good this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and that guy is good this is our
+UV Divergence this is our 1 over Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV Divergence this is our 1 over Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV Divergence this is our 1 over Epsilon
+UV but there's also a gamma of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV but there's also a gamma of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV but there's also a gamma of minus
+Epsilon here which is an IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon here which is an IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon here which is an IR
+Divergence so even though I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so even though I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so even though I tried to
+regulate all the IR by off shellness it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate all the IR by off shellness it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate all the IR by off shellness it
+didn't quite work and there was one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite work and there was one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite work and there was one that
+was regulated by dim Rag and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was regulated by dim Rag and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was regulated by dim Rag and that one
+actually cancels between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cancels between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cancels between these two
+pieces once I use this this identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces once I use this this identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces once I use this this identity
+and and take into account that that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and take into account that that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and take into account that that's an
+IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IR
+Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence
+so there's a 1 over Epsilon IR times a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a 1 over Epsilon IR times a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a 1 over Epsilon IR times a 1
+/ Epsilon UV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ Epsilon UV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ Epsilon UV and
+that cancels between the real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancels between the real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cancels between the real and
+virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graphs so this is like a standard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so this is like a standard one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so this is like a standard one
+over Epson I canceling between real and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epson I canceling between real and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Epson I canceling between real and
+virtual graphs and since it's only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual graphs and since it's only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual graphs and since it's only the
+one over Epsilon UV that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Epsilon UV that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over Epsilon UV that we're
+interested in we're really only worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in we're really only worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in we're really only worried
+about that part of it cancelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that part of it cancelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that part of it cancelling
+there's a piece actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece actually
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway is a and then the one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway is a and then the one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway is a and then the one over
+Epsilon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon that's
+left is the r is the guy that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after in order to get the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimension all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension all right
+so let me not so in my notes I write one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not so in my notes I write one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not so in my notes I write one
+more line where I expand this guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more line where I expand this guy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more line where I expand this guy out
+and I think just because of time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think just because of time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think just because of time I'm
+going to skip that and I'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that and I'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip that and I'll just write
+the final result when we do the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final result when we do the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final result when we do the final
+result we also have to include wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we also have to include wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we also have to include wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+normalization so you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization so you can think of this
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is wave function rization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wave function rization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wave function rization
+term and it just involves the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and it just involves the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and it just involves the Delta
+function again like the tree level graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so something like that so in general if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something like that so in general if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something like that so in general if
+I wanted to do this calculation at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do this calculation at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to do this calculation at one
+Loop there's one more type of diagram I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop there's one more type of diagram I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop there's one more type of diagram I
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+okay and that's a a graph where I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a a graph where I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a a graph where I could
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+mixing these guys should be dashed since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing these guys should be dashed since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing these guys should be dashed since
+we're in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the effective
+Theory so how does the mixing graph work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so how does the mixing graph work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so how does the mixing graph work
+well there's a graph where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a graph where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a graph where I have
+external gluons but I still we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external gluons but I still we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external gluons but I still we
+normalizing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing the same
+operator okay I've still asserted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay I've still asserted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay I've still asserted the
+Quark operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quark operator
+here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but
+now we have antiquarks in this Theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have antiquarks in this Theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have antiquarks in this Theory we
+can draw a triangle like that and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw a triangle like that and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw a triangle like that and this
+graph here would give a mixing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here would give a mixing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here would give a mixing that
+involves the would give a mixing term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the would give a mixing term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the would give a mixing term in
+the anomalous Dimension where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomalous Dimension where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomalous Dimension where you're
+mixing gluons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing gluons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing gluons and
+quarks so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixes what we sort of called OG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes what we sort of called OG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes what we sort of called OG
+glue let me just say this that it mixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue let me just say this that it mixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glue let me just say this that it mixes
+o glue with o quark and we could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o glue with o quark and we could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o glue with o quark and we could compute
+this graph too but I'm going to neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph too but I'm going to neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph too but I'm going to neglect
+it just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just for
+Simplicity I just won't write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity I just won't write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity I just won't write it
+down one way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one way of doing that
+rigorously would be to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously would be to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously would be to consider
+operators where the flavors of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators where the flavors of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators where the flavors of these
+guys are different okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are different okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are different okay that's what
+would happen for example if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen for example if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen for example if you were
+having a w exchange or something so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a w exchange or something so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a w exchange or something so you
+could look at nonf flavor diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at nonf flavor diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at nonf flavor diagonal
+operators with like a u quark and a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators with like a u quark and a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators with like a u quark and a d
+quark and then you would not have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then you would not have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark and then you would not have this
+mixing with o glue it's only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing with o glue it's only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing with o glue it's only if the
+flavors of the corks are the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of the corks are the same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors of the corks are the same that
+you can write down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down this
+diagram but just think about it as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but just think about it as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram but just think about it as I'm
+not just I'm focusing on the Quark piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just I'm focusing on the Quark piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just I'm focusing on the Quark piece
+and in general there's also a glue on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general there's also a glue on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general there's also a glue on
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have all our one Loop graphs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have all our one Loop graphs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have all our one Loop graphs we
+know how to expand them in epsilon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to expand them in epsilon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to expand them in epsilon and
+so we just proceed expand them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just proceed expand them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just proceed expand them in
+epsilon and add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you could think that what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could think that what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could think that what we've
+derived by doing that is a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived by doing that is a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived by doing that is a distribution
+for a quark inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a quark inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a quark inside a
+quark so here I'm being this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark so here I'm being this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark so here I'm being this is the
+state and this is what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator and it's a function of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it's a function of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and it's a function of some
+C and if I go up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and if I go up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and if I go up to one
+Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop
+then the tree level was just the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the tree level was just the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the tree level was just the Delta
+function of that fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of that fraction
+Z and then at one Loop we had all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then at one Loop we had all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then at one Loop we had all these
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms so if I collect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so if I collect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so if I collect all the
+pieces I had some Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces I had some Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces I had some Delta
+functions the graph with the Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the graph with the Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the graph with the Wilson
+lines actually gives me one of these LZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines actually gives me one of these LZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines actually gives me one of these LZ
+functions and then the graph so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then the graph so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then the graph so there's
+wave function normalization plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function normalization plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function normalization plus some
+other terms that involve Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that involve Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that involve Delta
+function and then there's some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pieces and then this is all times one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then this is all times one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then this is all times one
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Epsilon and then there's other pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then there's other pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and then there's other pieces
+but if we're interested in ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're interested in ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we're interested in ultraviolet
+normalization we only care about the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization we only care about the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization we only care about the one
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Epsilon and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms can be written in a kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms can be written in a kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms can be written in a kind of more
+compact form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact form which is
+the more standard form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the anomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anomal
+dimension you can actually group them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you can actually group them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension you can actually group them
+all together into a plus function single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together into a plus function single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together into a plus function single
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+function like this so just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this so just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like this so just in terms of
+distributions this distribution is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this distribution is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this distribution is equal
+to the sum these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sum these
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see as Z goes to one that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see as Z goes to one that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see as Z goes to one that there
+would be a two here and a two here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a two here and a two here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a two here and a two here and
+this would be a one over one minus Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a one over one minus Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a one over one minus Z and
+that's as Z goes to one here that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as Z goes to one here that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as Z goes to one here that would
+be one and this would be a one over one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and this would be a one over one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one and this would be a one over one
+minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Z
+so see some pieces that are matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up basically the way that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up basically the way that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up basically the way that you would
+derive this is you'd write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this is you'd write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this is you'd write
+1 + z^ 2 is a + b 1 - Z + c 1 - z^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + z^ 2 is a + b 1 - Z + c 1 - z^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + z^ 2 is a + b 1 - Z + c 1 - z^ 2
+you'd work out what a and C are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd work out what a and C are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd work out what a and C are just
+relating to polinomial and then this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to polinomial and then this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to polinomial and then this guy
+here the one minus Z in the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one minus Z in the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one minus Z in the numerator
+cancels the one in the denominator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the one in the denominator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels the one in the denominator and
+it's not a plus function anymore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a plus function anymore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a plus function anymore it's
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+number and that's how we would connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's how we would connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's how we would connect
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+formulas all right so we were after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all right so we were after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas all right so we were after
+determining the Z the Z has to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the Z the Z has to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the Z the Z has to cancel
+this one over Epsilon so let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over Epsilon so let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over Epsilon so let's go back
+to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our
+formula which connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which connected
+those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is
+this our general formula was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our general formula was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our general formula was that the
+bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear
+guy could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+written in terms of split into UV and UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of split into UV and UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in terms of split into UV and UV
+pieces and finite pieces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and finite pieces in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and finite pieces in the
+following way as this with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way as this with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way as this with this
+integral now this looks like it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now this looks like it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral now this looks like it could be
+an arbitrary function of C and C Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary function of C and C Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary function of C and C Prime
+but our result here is only a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our result here is only a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our result here is only a function
+of Z which is actually a ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z which is actually a ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z which is actually a ratio and
+that's actually something that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually something that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually something that we can
+argue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in
+general that this thing here is not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that this thing here is not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that this thing here is not is
+actually only a function of one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only a function of one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only a function of one variable
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so that follows from two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that follows from two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that follows from two different
+things it falls from rpi3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariance so remember that rpi3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so remember that rpi3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so remember that rpi3
+invariance said that you should have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance said that you should have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance said that you should have the
+same number of n's and N bars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of n's and N bars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of n's and N bars and
+remember okay so that's one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so that's one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so that's one thing that
+you have to use that tells you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use that tells you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to use that tells you that you
+need to get ratios well the C's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get ratios well the C's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get ratios well the C's are
+already ratios so you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ratios so you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already ratios so you might say
+well that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that should be
+fine the C's are are already ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the C's are are already ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine the C's are are already ratios
+between proton M uh between the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between proton M uh between the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between proton M uh between the momentum
+in the operator and the momentum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the operator and the momentum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the operator and the momentum in the
+state the minus momentum of the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the minus momentum of the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state the minus momentum of the operator
+over the M minus momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state right and this is a minus momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and this is a minus momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right and this is a minus momentum
+that's a minus momentum so the C's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a minus momentum so the C's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a minus momentum so the C's are
+rpi3 invariant so that doesn't seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpi3 invariant so that doesn't seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rpi3 invariant so that doesn't seem like
+it would imply this but there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would imply this but there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would imply this but there's one
+other thing you know and that is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you know and that is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you know and that is that it
+can't depend on the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't depend on the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't depend on the state
+momentum I could have taken a proton I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I could have taken a proton I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I could have taken a proton I
+could have taken a quark and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken a quark and the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken a quark and the result
+for the renormalization shouldn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the renormalization shouldn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the renormalization shouldn't depend
+on what state I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what state I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what state I'm
+taking and this combination where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and this combination where I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking and this combination where I have
+DC Prime over C Prime with the c over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC Prime over C Prime with the c over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC Prime over C Prime with the c over C
+Prime the P minuses cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out okay so if I were to do the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so if I were to do the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so if I were to do the thing
+with the whole thing with a proton State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole thing with a proton State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole thing with a proton State
+rather than a quark State then I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a quark State then I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a quark State then I should
+still get the same nomal Dimension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the same nomal Dimension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get the same nomal Dimension and
+in order for that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for that to be
+true it has to depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it has to depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it has to depend on the
+ratio and that ratio is then just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and that ratio is then just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and that ratio is then just a
+ratio of kind of the the operator the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of kind of the the operator the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of kind of the the operator the
+bare operator and the normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare operator and the normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare operator and the normalized
+operator it's like saying if you had o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's like saying if you had o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it's like saying if you had o
+of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega
+be is a convolution of Z with an Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is a convolution of Z with an Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be is a convolution of Z with an Omega
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Omega prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega prime or
+something with o a prime or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with o a prime or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with o a prime or
+normalized okay and it's only if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized okay and it's only if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized okay and it's only if I had
+done it at an operator level and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it at an operator level and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it at an operator level and not
+even written States then then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even written States then then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even written States then then it would
+really just be rpi3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just be rpi3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just be rpi3
+invariance okay because I wrote it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance okay because I wrote it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance okay because I wrote it in
+terms of states there was this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of states there was this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of states there was this other
+momentum available but that's not allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum available but that's not allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum available but that's not allow
+I'm not allowed to have that be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not allowed to have that be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not allowed to have that be really
+have be playing a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be playing a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have be playing a part of the
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+okay so given that formula then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given that formula then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given that formula then I can
+expand to one Loop so this guy I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand to one Loop so this guy I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand to one Loop so this guy I think
+of us having a tree level result this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us having a tree level result this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us having a tree level result this
+guy is some Matrix element that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is some Matrix element that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is some Matrix element that has a
+tree level in one Loop result as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level in one Loop result as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree level in one Loop result as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so if they're both tree level I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're both tree level I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if they're both tree level I get
+Delta 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z and in some kind of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can at one up to one Loop order I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can at one up to one Loop order I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can at one up to one Loop order I can
+write it out formula like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out formula like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out formula like
+that and then I know what these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I know what these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then I know what these three
+level things are this guy is a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level things are this guy is a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level things are this guy is a Delta
+function and this guy is also a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this guy is also a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this guy is also a Delta
+function so I can just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it really is pretty simple all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really is pretty simple all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really is pretty simple all the
+one over Epsilon terms are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z and what's left would be Associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and what's left would be Associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and what's left would be Associated to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy in peration theory but if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in peration theory but if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in peration theory but if we want to
+do the renormalization we just need to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the renormalization we just need to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the renormalization we just need to Z
+wor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wor
+about okay so we read off from over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so we read off from over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay so we read off from over here
+what Z is Z is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z okay that Z is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing so when I put the tree LEL piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so when I put the tree LEL piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so when I put the tree LEL piece
+together with the one Loop piece then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the one Loop piece then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the one Loop piece then
+this thing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is just
+Z and then I compute the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then I compute the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then I compute the anomalous
+Dimension by taking mu byd mu of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and that hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha so that kills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha so that kills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha so that kills the
+Epsilon gives me a factor of two in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon gives me a factor of two in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon gives me a factor of two in a
+minus sign but the anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign but the anomalous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign but the anomalous
+Dimension gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+QQ so there was a over C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QQ so there was a over C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QQ so there was a over C
+Prime and then was minus mu D byd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mu and this if I plug in the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and this if I plug in the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and this if I plug in the formula
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+zqq of c c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zqq of c c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zqq of c c
+Prime so there's a minus here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so there's a minus here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime so there's a minus here there's a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+there and the two Epsilon cancels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the two Epsilon cancels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the two Epsilon cancels this
+two and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that
+Epsilon and this one over C Prime is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and this one over C Prime is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and this one over C Prime is the
+thing we needed to make the measure RPI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+invariant so in this notation a where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so in this notation a where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant so in this notation a where
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation putting all the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation putting all the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation putting all the pieces
+together and being careful about Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and being careful about Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and being careful about Theta
+functions which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which I
+was mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppressing that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing that's the
+result okay so this is the function of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so this is the function of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result okay so this is the function of C
+over C Prime which I've just written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C Prime which I've just written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C Prime which I've just written as
+Z and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and then
+there's some Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Theta
+functions that are setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that are setting the
+boundaries for the integral and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries for the integral and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries for the integral and that
+comes also out of the calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes also out of the calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes also out of the calculation and
+that's the cork one Loop splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function so if we done the glue on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if we done the glue on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if we done the glue on from
+that other diagram would have got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other diagram would have got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other diagram would have got the
+mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term okay so this is the one Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay so this is the one Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term okay so this is the one Loop
+anomalous dimension for the PDF and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimension for the PDF and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous dimension for the PDF and it's
+really just doing operator re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just doing operator re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just doing operator re
+normalization calculating one Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization calculating one Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization calculating one Loop
+diagrams in the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay so one question that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one question that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one question that you can
+ask which is an interesting question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask which is an interesting question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask which is an interesting question is
+when we did this result for the dis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did this result for the dis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did this result for the dis we
+got this convolution between the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this convolution between the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this convolution between the hard
+function and the Parton distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the Parton distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the Parton distribution
+function and you can ask why did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you can ask why did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you can ask why did that
+happen and in general is there a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and in general is there a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and in general is there a way of
+characterizing when it could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen because if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen because if you think about the
+answer that we got it was just Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we got it was just Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we got it was just Wilson
+coefficient times operator and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient times operator and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient times operator and the
+really only non-trivial thing about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only non-trivial thing about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only non-trivial thing about it
+was that there was this one momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was this one momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there was this one momentum
+that could kind of trade back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could kind of trade back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could kind of trade back and forth
+between them there was an integral in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them there was an integral in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them there was an integral in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+answer and actually power counting even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and actually power counting even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and actually power counting even
+constrains how those inter Les can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains how those inter Les can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains how those inter Les can in
+general show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general show
+up so if you ask kind of most generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so if you ask kind of most generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so if you ask kind of most generally
+what could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could possibly
+happen then just thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then just thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen then just thinking about the
+power counting for the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting for the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting for the degrees of
+freedom actually tells us what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom actually tells us what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom actually tells us what type of
+intervals can show up in factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is constrained by power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting I keep forgetting to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting I keep forgetting to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting I keep forgetting to say that
+there's a makeup lecture tomorrow I sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a makeup lecture tomorrow I sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a makeup lecture tomorrow I sent
+around an email but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should tomorrow this room at 10:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a.m. I'm not and their lecture next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. I'm not and their lecture next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. I'm not and their lecture next week
+is canceled on Tuesday that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is canceled on Tuesday that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is canceled on Tuesday that's why we
+have a makeup lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a makeup lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a makeup lecture
+tomorrow okay so in what way is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow okay so in what way is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow okay so in what way is it
+constrained by power counting so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by power counting so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by power counting so if you
+think about the degrees of freedom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the degrees of freedom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the degrees of freedom that
+we had say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for1 then we had hard clinar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for1 then we had hard clinar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for1 then we had hard clinar and
+soft so let's just take a simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft so let's just take a simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft so let's just take a simple case
+with only one type of clinar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one type of clinar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with only one type of clinar
+hard cinear and Ultra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard cinear and Ultra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard cinear and Ultra
+Soft and the P mu of these guys in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft and the P mu of these guys in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soft and the P mu of these guys in terms
+of plus minus and per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components should be more fancy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so if you think about just the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you think about just the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you think about just the power
+counting for the momentum it was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+follows factorization was separating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows factorization was separating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows factorization was separating the
+these different things into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different things into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different things into different
+objects we had a Wilson coefficient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we had a Wilson coefficient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects we had a Wilson coefficient for
+the hard in the case we just did we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard in the case we just did we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard in the case we just did we only
+had a proton Matrix element for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a proton Matrix element for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a proton Matrix element for the
+cliner we didn't have any ultrasofts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliner we didn't have any ultrasofts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cliner we didn't have any ultrasofts if
+we put the ultrasofts in they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the ultrasofts in they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the ultrasofts in they would have
+all canceled away we wouldn't have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all canceled away we wouldn't have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all canceled away we wouldn't have seen
+any ultrasoft showing up and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ultrasoft showing up and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ultrasoft showing up and that's
+because the operator we were dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the operator we were dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the operator we were dealing
+with the Wilson lines would just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Wilson lines would just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Wilson lines would just have
+canceled completely out of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled completely out of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceled completely out of it but
+actually it turns out for deep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out for deep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it turns out for deep in
+elastic scattering that you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering that you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering that you shouldn't
+even include ultrasofts they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even include ultrasofts they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even include ultrasofts they're not a
+good degree of freedom to include there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good degree of freedom to include there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good degree of freedom to include there
+so really for the process that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really for the process that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really for the process that we were
+talking about you really should only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you really should only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about you really should only
+take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those
+two okay but anyway more generally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay but anyway more generally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay but anyway more generally in
+some process some other process you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some process some other process you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some process some other process you
+would have these three different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have these three different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have these three different things
+and the way that convolutions can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that convolutions can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way that convolutions can show
+up is simply who can trade momentum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is simply who can trade momentum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up is simply who can trade momentum with
+who okay so this is plus momenta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who okay so this is plus momenta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who okay so this is plus momenta minus
+momentum and per momentum and in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and per momentum and in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and per momentum and in order
+for momentum to be exchanged they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for momentum to be exchanged they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for momentum to be exchanged they have
+to be of the same size so these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be of the same size so these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be of the same size so these guys
+here are the same size and they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the same size and they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the same size and they can be
+exchanged and that's exactly what showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged and that's exactly what showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged and that's exactly what showed
+up in our dis factorization theorem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in our dis factorization theorem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in our dis factorization theorem the
+hard Wilson coefficients exchanged minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Wilson coefficients exchanged minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard Wilson coefficients exchanged minus
+momentum with the cinear modes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with the cinear modes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with the cinear modes because
+they are the same order in the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same order in the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are the same order in the power
+counting in another case in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting in another case in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting in another case in a more
+general or in some other example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general or in some other example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general or in some other example we
+might find that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that there was
+non-trivial ultrasoft stuff and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial ultrasoft stuff and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial ultrasoft stuff and then we
+could get a convolution in the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a convolution in the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a convolution in the plus
+momentum and clinar and ultrasoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and clinar and ultrasoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and clinar and ultrasoft
+because they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size and so that's you know pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and so that's you know pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and so that's you know pretty
+simple way of thinking about why those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of thinking about why those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of thinking about why those
+integrals can possibly show up it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals can possibly show up it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals can possibly show up it's just
+because the two sectors can talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two sectors can talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the two sectors can talk to each
+other because they have momenta that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they have momenta that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they have momenta that are
+the same size and then then the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size and then then the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same size and then then the rest is
+about momentum conservation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum conservation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about momentum conservation because
+momentum conservation places non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation places non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation places non-trivial
+constraints and we saw in the dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and we saw in the dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and we saw in the dis
+example that there was two omegas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there was two omegas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that there was two omegas to
+start but one of them was projected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start but one of them was projected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start but one of them was projected to
+zero because it was forward Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it was forward Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it was forward Matrix
+element we only had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we only had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element we only had one
+intergral and that you know also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral and that you know also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral and that you know also has
+analoges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges
+elsewhere if we do sat2 which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere if we do sat2 which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere if we do sat2 which we haven't
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+yet we did talk about what the degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we did talk about what the degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we did talk about what the degrees
+of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom
+were and again if I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to make it completely generic for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it completely generic for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it completely generic for some
+examples that we'll treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we'll treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that we'll treat
+later and I can write down something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and I can write down something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and I can write down something
+that's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a slightly
+extended version of what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended version of what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended version of what we talked about
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+far so I can have q q q again for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so I can have q q q again for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so I can have q q q again for the
+hard and then I can have my colinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and then I can have my colinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and then I can have my colinear
+which is Q Lambda squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Q Lambda squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Q Lambda squ
+q q Lambda and then soft which is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q q Lambda and then soft which is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q q Lambda and then soft which is Q
+Lambda Q Lambda Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Q Lambda Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Q Lambda Q
+Lambda and it turns out that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and it turns out that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and it turns out that sometimes
+there's also another mode which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also another mode which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also another mode which we
+haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked
+about of conclude it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+completeness which is kind of in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness which is kind of in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness which is kind of in a
+cinear mode that's in between the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear mode that's in between the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinear mode that's in between the the
+low energy cinear mode and the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy cinear mode and the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy cinear mode and the high
+energy cinear mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cinear mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy cinear mode
+L yeah square square of Lambda sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L yeah square square of Lambda sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L yeah square square of Lambda sorry
+yeah otherwise my dimensions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah otherwise my dimensions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah otherwise my dimensions are
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice yeah so again here you can just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice yeah so again here you can just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice yeah so again here you can just I
+mean the reason I was extending this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the reason I was extending this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the reason I was extending this is
+just to again argue that it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to again argue that it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to again argue that it's kind of
+simple to see what can happen so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to see what can happen so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to see what can happen so in
+general when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general when you think about
+convolutions in the hard momentum it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions in the hard momentum it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions in the hard momentum it
+could be in this case between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in this case between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be in this case between these
+three modes there could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modes there could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three modes there could be some
+integrals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and then
+look where else there can be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look where else there can be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look where else there can be something
+so this and this are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this and this are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this and this are the same
+size and this and this are the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and this and this are the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and this and this are the same size
+so in general those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can involve we can have convolutions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can involve we can have convolutions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can involve we can have convolutions in
+general between all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general between all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general between all these
+things between the guys that are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things between the guys that are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things between the guys that are the
+same size but that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size but that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size but that's the most
+complicated thing that can happen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing that can happen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing that can happen it
+can't be more complicated than that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be more complicated than that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be more complicated than that and
+you see that in some examp examples you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in some examp examples you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in some examp examples you
+know you either have the purple or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you either have the purple or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you either have the purple or the
+orange but not both that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange but not both that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange but not both that's kind of
+typical that you don't get the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical that you don't get the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical that you don't get the most
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+thing okay so when you have results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so when you have results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so when you have results for
+observables that involve that tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables that involve that tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables that involve that tell you
+how these things couple together those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things couple together those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things couple together those
+are called factorization theorems and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called factorization theorems and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called factorization theorems and in
+the effective Theory because you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory because you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory because you sort of
+defined the modes separated them at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the modes separated them at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the modes separated them at the
+start you're kind of very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you're kind of very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you're kind of very quickly
+getting to these factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's
+see so we're going to deal with a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we're going to deal with a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we're going to deal with a bunch
+of different examples and I've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different examples and I've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different examples and I've decided
+that I'm going to do it in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to do it in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to do it in the following
+order so we're going to do the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we're going to do the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so we're going to do the next
+examp so we're going to do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp so we're going to do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp so we're going to do a bunch of
+examples in order to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see kind of the range of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see kind of the range of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see kind of the range of possibilities
+that can that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen and so I'm going to stick with1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so I'm going to stick with1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and so I'm going to stick with1
+for for the next for next lecture so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the next for next lecture so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the next for next lecture so the
+next example we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next example we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next example we'll
+do I'll call example one is we'll do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll call example one is we'll do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll call example one is we'll do our
+uh diget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+production so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production so this is
+A1 situation and the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 situation and the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 situation and the difference between
+the example so so far what we did is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example so so far what we did is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example so so far what we did is we
+did dis dis you actually was so simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did dis dis you actually was so simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did dis dis you actually was so simple
+because it only had two degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only had two degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it only had two degrees of
+freedom that you could kind of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that you could kind of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom that you could kind of either
+think of it as D as1 or sct2 it I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as D as1 or sct2 it I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as D as1 or sct2 it I mean
+technically it's more like2 but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's more like2 but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically it's more like2 but it
+behaves like sat1 there's no ultrasofts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like sat1 there's no ultrasofts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like sat1 there's no ultrasofts
+remember it's ultrasofts and softs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's ultrasofts and softs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's ultrasofts and softs that
+are kind of making the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of making the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of making the distinction
+between the two so if you just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so if you just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two so if you just have this
+mode and this mode there's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and this mode there's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and this mode there's not really
+any difference between calling it1 or2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference between calling it1 or2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any difference between calling it1 or2
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+just so e plus e minus to digets will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so e plus e minus to digets will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so e plus e minus to digets will be
+an1 example which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ultrasofts and actually what we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasofts and actually what we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultrasofts and actually what we'll find
+in this case is that it will be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is that it will be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is that it will be the the
+purple we'll get a purple we'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple we'll get a purple we'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple we'll get a purple we'll get a
+purple convolution we'll show see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple convolution we'll show see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple convolution we'll show see how
+that happens and we won't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens and we won't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens and we won't actually
+momentum conservation will rule out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation will rule out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum conservation will rule out the
+possibility of the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so we'll see kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we'll see kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we'll see kind of the
+opposite situation where it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite situation where it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite situation where it could be
+that we have a ultrasoft modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a ultrasoft modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a ultrasoft modes
+as well but then we only get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but then we only get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but then we only get a
+convolution with those ultrasoft in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with those ultrasoft in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with those ultrasoft in the
+factorization theorem and not with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem and not with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization theorem and not with the
+Clin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heart and then we'll turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and then we'll turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and then we'll turn
+to2 uh and I haven't totally decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 uh and I haven't totally decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 uh and I haven't totally decided
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+processes I'll do but I think I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes I'll do but I think I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes I'll do but I think I'll do
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones so one thing that you can do which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so one thing that you can do which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so one thing that you can do which
+is pretty simple is to look at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple is to look at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty simple is to look at something
+called the photon Pon form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the photon Pon form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the photon Pon form
+factor so real Photon to Pon transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so real Photon to Pon transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so real Photon to Pon transition
+through another uh virtual Photon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another uh virtual Photon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another uh virtual Photon which
+you can think of as happening through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as happening through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as happening through a
+diagram like this with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like this with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram like this with two
+quarks one of them that's off shell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks one of them that's off shell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks one of them that's off shell and
+one of them that's on shell this is a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them that's on shell this is a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them that's on shell this is a pi
+Z so this is an SC2 example but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is an SC2 example but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z so this is an SC2 example but again
+it's pretty simple because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple because it's just
+going to involve one ob one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to involve one ob one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to involve one ob one
+uh hydronic object and actually it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hydronic object and actually it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hydronic object and actually it will
+just in this case have uh cinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes P will be we can set things up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes P will be we can set things up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes P will be we can set things up so
+the p is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is n
+colinear and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and the
+uh and then we have hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modes so that's one example we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so that's one example we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so that's one example we'll do
+another example we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example we'll
+do is B to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is B to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is B to D
+pi and here the B and the D are soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and here the B and the D are soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and here the B and the D are soft
+remember we talked about this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about this one and
+the p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p is
+colinear and then we have hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and then we have hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colinear and then we have hard
+modes so this is kind of like in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so this is kind of like in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so this is kind of like in some
+sense a diis but it's an exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a diis but it's an exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a diis but it's an exclusive
+process not an inclusive one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process not an inclusive one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process not an inclusive one and so
+actually all the tools that we use which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the tools that we use which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all the tools that we use which
+we're kind of in dis it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of in dis it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of in dis it's the most
+inclusive process you can think of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive process you can think of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive process you can think of it's
+deep in elastic scattering the eyes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in elastic scattering the eyes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in elastic scattering the eyes for
+inclusive here here we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive here here we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclusive here here we're doing
+something completely exclusive but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely exclusive but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely exclusive but we'll
+see that all the things that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that all the things that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that all the things that we've been
+thinking about which is just separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about which is just separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about which is just separation
+of cinear modes and hard modes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cinear modes and hard modes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cinear modes and hard modes we'll
+just go through for that process too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through for that process too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go through for that process too
+okay so the effective Theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the effective Theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the effective Theory the
+difference is that in this case uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that in this case uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that in this case uh you
+will not be taking the amplitude squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be taking the amplitude squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be taking the amplitude squared
+you won't be looking at forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be looking at forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be looking at forward
+scattering the forward scattering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering the forward scattering was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering the forward scattering was
+what was making it inclusive we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was making it inclusive we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was making it inclusive we were
+summing over all the final States here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over all the final States here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over all the final States here
+there's only one final state so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one final state so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one final state so the
+difference between this example and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this example and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this example and the
+one we just did is that in this cas case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we just did is that in this cas case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we just did is that in this cas case
+we'll Factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude not the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude Okay but other than that it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude Okay but other than that it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude Okay but other than that it'll
+look very similar to the example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very similar to the example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very similar to the example that we
+did for dis B Tod Pi then is an set2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for dis B Tod Pi then is an set2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did for dis B Tod Pi then is an set2
+example where we make things a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we make things a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where we make things a little
+more complicated because now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated because now we have
+soft cinear and hard modes and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft cinear and hard modes and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft cinear and hard modes and we'll see
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+there and and then I'll do some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and then I'll do some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and then I'll do some more
+examples after that but let me so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples after that but let me so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples after that but let me so we'll
+do some LHC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples and I think we'll also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+broadening okay which is another E plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening okay which is another E plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening okay which is another E plus
+e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e minus
+observable all right so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable all right so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable all right so that's where
+we're going and we'll start going there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going and we'll start going there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going and we'll start going there
+next time uh by talking about digets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time uh by talking about digets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time uh by talking about digets in
+SK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tYdoS0tkAHA.txt b/tYdoS0tkAHA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50259a9bd8134dec00cfe1e5af31bae827ece72a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tYdoS0tkAHA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So last time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen the curl of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field with components m and n. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with components m and n. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field with components m and n. We
+defined that to be n subx minus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that to be n subx minus m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that to be n subx minus m
+suby. And we said this measures how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. And we said this measures how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby. And we said this measures how far
+that vector field is from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector field is from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector field is from being
+conservative if the curl is zero. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative if the curl is zero. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative if the curl is zero. And if
+a field is defined everywhere, then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field is defined everywhere, then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field is defined everywhere, then it's
+going to be conservative. And so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be conservative. And so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be conservative. And so when I
+take a line integral along a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a line integral along a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a line integral along a closed
+curve, I don't have to compute it. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve, I don't have to compute it. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve, I don't have to compute it. I
+know it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to be
+zero. But now let's say that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. But now let's say that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. But now let's say that I have a
+general vector field. So the curve will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general vector field. So the curve will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general vector field. So the curve will
+not be zero and I still want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be zero and I still want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be zero and I still want to compute
+a line integral along a closed curve.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line integral along a closed curve.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line integral along a closed curve.
+Well, I could compute it directly or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I could compute it directly or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I could compute it directly or
+there's another way and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way and that's what
+we're going to see today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see today.
+So you know say that I have a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know say that I have a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know say that I have a closed
+curve C and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the work. So there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the work. So there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the work. So there's two
+options. One is direct calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. One is direct calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. One is direct calculation and
+the other one is grains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+So, Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem is another way to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is another way to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is another way to avoid
+calculating line integrals if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating line integrals if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating line integrals if we don't
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+to. Okay. So, what does it say? It says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay. So, what does it say? It says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay. So, what does it say? It says
+if say if C is a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closing a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing a region
+R in the plane and I have to insist C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R in the plane and I have to insist C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R in the plane and I have to insist C
+should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counterclockwise and if I have a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and if I have a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and if I have a vector
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable everywhere not only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable everywhere not only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable everywhere not only on
+the curve C which is what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve C which is what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve C which is what I need to
+define the line integral but also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the line integral but also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the line integral but also on the
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the length
+integral for the work done along C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the work done along C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the work done along C is
+actually equal to a double integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to a double integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to a double integral over
+the region inside of curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fa. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the conclusion. And if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conclusion. And if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conclusion. And if you want
+me to write it in coordinates, maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to write it in coordinates, maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to write it in coordinates, maybe I
+should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do
+that. So the line integral in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the line integral in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So the line integral in terms of
+the components that that's the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components that that's the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the components that that's the integral
+of m dx plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dy and the curl is nx minus my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy and the curl is nx minus my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy and the curl is nx minus my
+da. So that's the other way to state it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's a really strange statement if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a really strange statement if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a really strange statement if
+you think about it because the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it because the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it because the left hand
+side is a line integral. Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a line integral. Okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is a line integral. Okay. So the
+way we compute it is we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we compute it is we take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we compute it is we take this
+expression mdx plus n dy and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression mdx plus n dy and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression mdx plus n dy and we
+parameterize the curve. We express x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve. We express x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve. We express x and
+y in terms of some variable t maybe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in terms of some variable t maybe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y in terms of some variable t maybe or
+whatever you want to call it. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call it. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to call it. And then
+you will do a one variable integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do a one variable integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do a one variable integral over
+t. This right hand side here, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. This right hand side here, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. This right hand side here, it's a
+double integral da. So we do it the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral da. So we do it the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral da. So we do it the way
+that we learned how to a couple of weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned how to a couple of weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned how to a couple of weeks
+ago. You take your region, you slice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. You take your region, you slice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago. You take your region, you slice it
+in the x direction or in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x direction or in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x direction or in the y direction
+and you integrate dxdy after setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate dxdy after setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate dxdy after setting up
+the bounds carefully or maybe in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds carefully or maybe in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds carefully or maybe in polar
+coordinates rdr d theta. But see the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates rdr d theta. But see the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates rdr d theta. But see the way
+in which you compute these things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you compute these things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you compute these things is
+completely different. This one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different. This one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different. This one on the
+left hand side lives only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side lives only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side lives only on the
+curve while the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve while the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve while the right hand side
+lives everywhere in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives everywhere in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives everywhere in this region
+inside. So here x and y are related.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. So here x and y are related.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside. So here x and y are related.
+They live on the curve. Here x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They live on the curve. Here x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They live on the curve. Here x and y are
+independent. There just are some bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. There just are some bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. There just are some bounds
+between them. And of course what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them. And of course what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them. And of course what you're
+integrating is different. Here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating is different. Here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating is different. Here it's a
+line integral for work. Here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral for work. Here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral for work. Here it's a
+double integral of some function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of some function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of some function of x
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+y. So you know it's a very perplexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So you know it's a very perplexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So you know it's a very perplexing
+statement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement at
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+but it's a very powerful tool. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very powerful tool. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very powerful tool. So we're
+going to try to see you know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to see you know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to see you know how it
+works concretely what it says what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works concretely what it says what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works concretely what it says what are
+the consequences how we could convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences how we could convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences how we could convince
+ourselves that yes this works and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that yes this works and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that yes this works and so on.
+That's going to be the topic for today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's going to be the topic for today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's going to be the topic for today.
+Uh, any questions about the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first?
+No. Okay. Oh, yeah. One remark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. Oh, yeah. One remark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. Oh, yeah. One remark.
+Sorry. So, here it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. So, here it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. So, here it says
+counterclockwise. What if I have a curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise. What if I have a curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise. What if I have a curve
+that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes
+clockwise? Well, you could just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise? Well, you could just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise? Well, you could just take the
+negative and integrate counterclockwise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and integrate counterclockwise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and integrate counterclockwise,
+you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know.
+um why do I mean somehow why does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do I mean somehow why does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do I mean somehow why does the
+theorem choose counterclockwise over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem choose counterclockwise over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem choose counterclockwise over
+clockwise you know how does it know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise you know how does it know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise you know how does it know that
+it's counterclockwise rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's counterclockwise rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's counterclockwise rather than
+clockwise well the answer is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise well the answer is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise well the answer is basically
+in our convention for curl see we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our convention for curl see we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our convention for curl see we we've
+said curl is nx - y and not the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said curl is nx - y and not the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said curl is nx - y and not the other
+way around and that's a convention as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and that's a convention as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around and that's a convention as
+well so somehow the two conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so somehow the two conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so somehow the two conventions
+match with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with each
+other that's the best answer I can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's the best answer I can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that's the best answer I can give
+you so you know if you met somebody from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you know if you met somebody from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so you know if you met somebody from
+a different planet they might have green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different planet they might have green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different planet they might have green
+theorem with the opposite conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem with the opposite conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem with the opposite conventions
+with curves going clockwise and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curves going clockwise and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with curves going clockwise and the
+curve defined the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve defined the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve defined the other way
+around. I mean probably if you met an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. I mean probably if you met an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. I mean probably if you met an
+alien then I'm not sure if you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien then I'm not sure if you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alien then I'm not sure if you would be
+discussing green theorem first but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing green theorem first but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing green theorem first but just
+in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay
+uh so that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that being
+said so there's a warning here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so there's a warning here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so there's a warning here which is
+that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is
+only for closed curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So if I give you a curve that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I give you a curve that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I give you a curve that's
+not closed and I tell you well compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not closed and I tell you well compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not closed and I tell you well compute
+the line integral then you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral then you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral then you know you have
+to do it by hand. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by hand. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it by hand. You have to
+parameterize the curve or if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve or if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve or if you really
+don't like that line integral you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that line integral you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that line integral you could
+close the path by adding some other line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the path by adding some other line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the path by adding some other line
+integral to it and then compute using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to it and then compute using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral to it and then compute using
+green theorem. But you can't use green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theorem. But you can't use green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theorem. But you can't use green
+theorem directly if the curve is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem directly if the curve is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem directly if the curve is not
+closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's do a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example. So let's say that I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So let's say that I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So let's say that I give
+you C the circle of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+centered at the point 2 comma 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the point 2 comma 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the point 2 comma 0.
+So you know it's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know it's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know it's out
+here that's that's my curve C. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's that's my curve C. And let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's that's my curve C. And let's
+say that I do it counterclockwise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I do it counterclockwise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I do it counterclockwise so
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+will you know it will match with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you know it will match with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you know it will match with the
+statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem. And let's say that I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. And let's say that I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. And let's say that I want you
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+compute the line integral along C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the line integral along C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the line integral along C
+of y eus x dx plus 12 x^2 - e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y eus x dx plus 12 x^2 - e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y eus x dx plus 12 x^2 - e minus
+x d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x d
+y and you know that's a kind of sadistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and you know that's a kind of sadistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and you know that's a kind of sadistic
+example but maybe I will ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but maybe I will ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but maybe I will ask you to do
+that. So how would you do it directly?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So how would you do it directly?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So how would you do it directly?
+Well, to do it directly, you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, to do it directly, you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, to do it directly, you would have
+to parameterize this curve. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parameterize this curve. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to parameterize this curve. So that
+would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involve, you know, setting x = 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve, you know, setting x = 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve, you know, setting x = 2 +
+cosine theta, y = sin theta. But, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta, y = sin theta. But, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta, y = sin theta. But, you
+know, I'm using as parameter the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I'm using as parameter the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I'm using as parameter the angle
+around the circle. It's like the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the circle. It's like the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the circle. It's like the unit
+circle, the usual one, but shifted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle, the usual one, but shifted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle, the usual one, but shifted by
+two in the x direction. And then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in the x direction. And then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in the x direction. And then I would
+set dx equals minus sin theta d theta. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set dx equals minus sin theta d theta. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set dx equals minus sin theta d theta. I
+would set dy equals cos theta d theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would set dy equals cos theta d theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would set dy equals cos theta d theta.
+And I would substitute and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I would substitute and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I would substitute and I would
+integrate from 0 to 2 pi. And I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from 0 to 2 pi. And I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from 0 to 2 pi. And I would
+probably run into a bit of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run into a bit of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably run into a bit of trouble
+because I would have this e to v minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would have this e to v minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would have this e to v minus x
+which would give me you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would give me you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would give me you know something
+that I really don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I really don't want to
+integrate. So instead of doing that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate. So instead of doing that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate. So instead of doing that,
+which looks pretty much, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks pretty much, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks pretty much, you know,
+doomed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doomed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doomed,
+um I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going
+to instead I'm going to use green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+So using theorem, the way I will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So using theorem, the way I will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So using theorem, the way I will do it
+is I will instead compute a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I will instead compute a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I will instead compute a double
+integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will compute the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compute the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will compute the double
+integral of the region inside of curl f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the region inside of curl f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the region inside of curl f
+da. So I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da. So I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da. So I should say
+probably what f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was. So let's call this m. Let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. So let's call this m. Let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. So let's call this m. Let's call
+this n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then I will actually just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I will actually just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I will actually just use the
+form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form in
+coordinates nx minus my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates nx minus my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates nx minus my
+da. And what is r here? Well, r is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da. And what is r here? Well, r is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da. And what is r here? Well, r is the
+disk in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk in here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk in here.
+So of course it might not be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course it might not be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So of course it might not be that
+pleasant because we'll also have to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant because we'll also have to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant because we'll also have to set
+up this double integral and for that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this double integral and for that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up this double integral and for that you
+know we'll have to figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll have to figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll have to figure out a way to
+slice this region nicely. We could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice this region nicely. We could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice this region nicely. We could do it
+dx dy we could do it dy dx or maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx dy we could do it dy dx or maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx dy we could do it dy dx or maybe we
+will want to actually make a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to actually make a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to actually make a change of
+variables to first shift this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to first shift this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to first shift this to the
+origin you know change x to xus 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin you know change x to xus 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin you know change x to xus 2 and
+then switch to polar coordinates. Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then switch to polar coordinates. Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then switch to polar coordinates. Well
+let's see what happens later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So what is so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is so this is
+r. So what is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subx? Well n subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx? Well n subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx? Well n subx
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+x plus e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus e minus
+x minus what is m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus what is m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus what is m
+suby? e to the minus x. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby? e to the minus x. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby? e to the minus x. Okay.
+This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is
+nx. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nx. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nx. This is
+my da. Well, it seems to simplify a bit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my da. Well, it seems to simplify a bit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my da. Well, it seems to simplify a bit,
+right? I will just get the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I will just get the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I will just get the double
+integral over r of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over r of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over r of x
+da which looks suddenly a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da which looks suddenly a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da which looks suddenly a lot more
+pleasant. And of course I made up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant. And of course I made up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant. And of course I made up the
+example in that way you know so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in that way you know so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in that way you know so that it
+simplifies when you use grains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies when you use grains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies when you use grains
+theorem. Um but you know that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Um but you know that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Um but you know that gives you
+an example where you can turn a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where you can turn a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example where you can turn a really
+hard line integral into an easier double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard line integral into an easier double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard line integral into an easier double
+integral. Now how do we compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Now how do we compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Now how do we compute that
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+integral? Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral? Oops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral? Oops.
+Well, so one way would be to set it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so one way would be to set it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so one way would be to set it up
+or let's actually be a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's actually be a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's actually be a bit
+smarter and observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. This is
+actually the area of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the area of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the area of the region
+R times the x coordinate of its center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R times the x coordinate of its center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R times the x coordinate of its center
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mass. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. Right?
+If I look at the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I look at the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I look at the definition of the
+center of mass, it's the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass, it's the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass, it's the average value
+of x. So it's one over the area times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. So it's one over the area times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. So it's one over the area times
+the double integral of x da. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral of x da. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double integral of x da. Well,
+possibly with the density, but here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly with the density, but here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly with the density, but here I'm
+taking uniform density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uniform density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uniform density
+one. And now I think I know just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And now I think I know just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And now I think I know just by
+looking at the picture what the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the picture what the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the picture what the where
+the center of mass of this circle will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of this circle will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass of this circle will
+be, right? I mean it will be right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, right? I mean it will be right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be, right? I mean it will be right in
+the middle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that is two if you want by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is two if you want by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is two if you want by
+symmetry and the area of this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and the area of this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and the area of this guy is
+just pi because it's a disk of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pi because it's a disk of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pi because it's a disk of radius
+one. So I will just get 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So I will just get 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So I will just get 2
+pi and of course if you didn't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and of course if you didn't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and of course if you didn't see that
+then you could also compute that double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could also compute that double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could also compute that double
+integral directly. It's a nice exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral directly. It's a nice exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral directly. It's a nice exercise
+but see here using geometry helps you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see here using geometry helps you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see here using geometry helps you to
+actually streamline the calculation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yes. Let me just repeat the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes. Let me just repeat the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes. Let me just repeat the last
+part. So I said we have to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So I said we have to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. So I said we have to compute the
+double integral of x da over this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of x da over this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of x da over this region
+here which is a disk of radius one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is a disk of radius one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is a disk of radius one
+centered at this point is 2 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this point is 2 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at this point is 2 0.
+So instead of setting up the integral,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of setting up the integral,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of setting up the integral,
+you know, with bounds and integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, with bounds and integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, with bounds and integrating
+dx, dy or dy dx or in polar coordinates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx, dy or dy dx or in polar coordinates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx, dy or dy dx or in polar coordinates,
+I'm just going to say, well, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say, well, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to say, well, let's
+remember the definition of a center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the definition of a center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the definition of a center of
+mass. It's the average value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. It's the average value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. It's the average value of a
+function x in the region. So it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function x in the region. So it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function x in the region. So it's one
+over the area of a region times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the area of a region times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the area of a region times the
+double integral of x da. Right? Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of x da. Right? Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of x da. Right? Right?
+If you look again at the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look again at the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look again at the definition of
+XAR, it's 1 / area double integral of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XAR, it's 1 / area double integral of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XAR, it's 1 / area double integral of X
+DA. Well, maybe you know if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DA. Well, maybe you know if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DA. Well, maybe you know if there's a
+density, then it's one over mass time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density, then it's one over mass time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density, then it's one over mass time
+double integral of X density DA. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of X density DA. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of X density DA. But if
+density is one, then it just becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is one, then it just becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is one, then it just becomes
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+So you know switching the area moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know switching the area moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know switching the area moving
+the area to the other side I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area to the other side I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area to the other side I'll get
+double integral of x da is the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of x da is the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of x da is the area of a
+region times the x coordinate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region times the x coordinate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region times the x coordinate of the
+center of mass. The area of the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass. The area of the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass. The area of the region
+is pi because it's a unit disc and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi because it's a unit disc and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pi because it's a unit disc and the
+center of mass is the center of a disk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is the center of a disk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is the center of a disk.
+So it's xar is two and I get 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's xar is two and I get 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's xar is two and I get 2
+pi. Okay. Now I didn't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Okay. Now I didn't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi. Okay. Now I didn't actually have to
+do this in my example today but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in my example today but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in my example today but I
+thought you know that would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know that would be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know that would be good
+review. It would remind you of center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. It would remind you of center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review. It would remind you of center of
+mass and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, any other
+questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?
+Nope. Okay. Okay, so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay. Okay, so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope. Okay. Okay, so let's
+see, you know, now that we've seen how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, you know, now that we've seen how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, you know, now that we've seen how
+to use it in practice, how to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it in practice, how to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it in practice, how to avoid
+calculating a line integral if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a line integral if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a line integral if we don't
+want to, let's try to convince ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to, let's try to convince ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to, let's try to convince ourselves
+that this theorem makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this theorem makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this theorem makes
+sense. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well, let's start with an easy case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well, let's start with an easy case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well, let's start with an easy case
+where we should be able to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we should be able to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we should be able to know the
+answer to both sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to both sides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to both sides.
+So let's look at a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case. Let's look at the case where curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Let's look at the case where curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. Let's look at the case where curl
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+Then well we'd like to conclude that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then well we'd like to conclude that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then well we'd like to conclude that f
+is conservative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's what we've said. Well, let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we've said. Well, let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we've said. Well, let's see
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens.
+So, Green's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Green's theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Green's theorem
+says that if I have a closed curve, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if I have a closed curve, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if I have a closed curve, then
+the line integral of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line integral of f is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to the double integral of curl on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the double integral of curl on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the double integral of curl on the
+original inside. And if the curl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original inside. And if the curl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original inside. And if the curl is
+zero then I will be integrating zero. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I will be integrating zero. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then I will be integrating zero. I
+will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. Okay. So this is actually how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. So this is actually how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay. So this is actually how you
+prove that if your vector field has curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that if your vector field has curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that if your vector field has curl
+zero then it's conservative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So in particular if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in particular if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in particular if you have a
+vector field that's defined everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that's defined everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that's defined everywhere
+in the plane then you take any closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane then you take any closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane then you take any closed
+curve well you will get that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve well you will get that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve well you will get that the line
+integral will be zero. Strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be zero. Strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be zero. Strictly
+speaking, that will only work here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking, that will only work here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking, that will only work here if
+the curve goes counterclockwise. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve goes counterclockwise. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve goes counterclockwise. But
+otherwise, you know, just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise, you know, just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise, you know, just look at the
+various loops that it makes and orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various loops that it makes and orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various loops that it makes and orient
+each of them counterclockwise and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them counterclockwise and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them counterclockwise and some
+things together. Um, so let me state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together. Um, so let me state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together. Um, so let me state
+that again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+okay, so a consequence of Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, so a consequence of Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, so a consequence of Green's
+theorem is that if f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that if f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that if f is
+defined everywhere in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the curl of f is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the curl of f is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the curl of f is zero
+everywhere then f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservative and so this actually is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and so this actually is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and so this actually is the
+input we needed to justify our criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we needed to justify our criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we needed to justify our criterion
+you know the test that we saw last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the test that we saw last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the test that we saw last time
+saying well to check if something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well to check if something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well to check if something is a
+gradient field if it's conservative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field if it's conservative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient field if it's conservative we
+just have to compute the curl and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to compute the curl and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to compute the curl and check
+whether that's zero okay so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's zero okay so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's zero okay so how do we
+prove that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carefully well you just take a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully well you just take a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully well you just take a closed
+curve in the plane you switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in the plane you switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in the plane you switch the
+orientation if needed so that it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation if needed so that it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation if needed so that it becomes
+counterclockwise and then you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and then you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and then you look at
+the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region
+inside and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and then you
+that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the line
+integral will be equal to the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be equal to the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be equal to the double
+integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curl which is the double integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl which is the double integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl which is the double integral of
+zero. Therefore, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Therefore, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Therefore, that's
+zero. But see, okay, so now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. But see, okay, so now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. But see, okay, so now let's say
+that we try to do that for the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to do that for the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to do that for the vector
+field that was on your problem set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that was on your problem set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that was on your problem set that
+was not defined at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not defined at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not defined at the
+origin, you know. So, if you've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin, you know. So, if you've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin, you know. So, if you've done the
+problem set and found the same answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and found the same answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and found the same answers
+that I did, then you will have found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did, then you will have found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did, then you will have found
+that this vector field had curl zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this vector field had curl zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this vector field had curl zero
+everywhere, but still it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere, but still it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere, but still it wasn't
+conservative because if you went around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative because if you went around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative because if you went around
+the unit circle, then you got a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle, then you got a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle, then you got a line
+integral that was 2 pi. or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that was 2 pi. or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that was 2 pi. or if you
+compared the two halves, you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the two halves, you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared the two halves, you got
+different answers for two paths that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers for two paths that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers for two paths that go
+from the same point to the same point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same point to the same point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same point to the same point.
+So, you know, it fails this property,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, it fails this property,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, it fails this property,
+but that's because it's not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's because it's not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's because it's not defined
+everywhere. So, what goes wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So, what goes wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So, what goes wrong with
+this argument? Well, if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument? Well, if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument? Well, if I take the
+vector field that was on the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that was on the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field that was on the problem set
+and if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do
+things, you know, say that I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, you know, say that I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, you know, say that I look at the
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+circle, that's a closed curve. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle, that's a closed curve. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle, that's a closed curve. So I
+would like to use Green's theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use Green's theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to use Green's theorem.
+Green's theorem would tell me the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem would tell me the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green's theorem would tell me the line
+integral along this loop is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this loop is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along this loop is equal to the
+double integral of curl over this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of curl over this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral of curl over this region
+here, the unit disk. And of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the unit disk. And of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the unit disk. And of course the
+curl is zero. Well, except at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl is zero. Well, except at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl is zero. Well, except at the
+origin. At the origin, the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. At the origin, the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. At the origin, the vector field
+is not defined. You cannot take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not defined. You cannot take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not defined. You cannot take the
+derivatives and the curl is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and the curl is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and the curl is not
+defined. And somehow that messes things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined. And somehow that messes things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined. And somehow that messes things
+up. You cannot apply green theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. You cannot apply green theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. You cannot apply green theorem to
+the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field. So we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So we cannot
+apply Green's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Green's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply Green's
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+to the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+on problem set A problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+when C encloses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin. And so that's why this guy even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. And so that's why this guy even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. And so that's why this guy even
+though it has curl zero is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has curl zero is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it has curl zero is not
+conservative. You know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. You know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative. You know there's no
+contradiction. And somehow you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction. And somehow you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction. And somehow you have to
+imagine that well the curl here is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that well the curl here is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that well the curl here is it's
+really not defined but somehow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not defined but somehow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not defined but somehow it
+becomes infinite so that when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes infinite so that when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes infinite so that when you do the
+double integral you actually get 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral you actually get 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral you actually get 2 pi
+instead of zero. I mean that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of zero. I mean that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of zero. I mean that doesn't
+make any sense of course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense of course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any sense of course but
+uh that's one way to think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any
+questions? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, so actually it's not defined. See,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so actually it's not defined. See,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so actually it's not defined. See,
+because the curl would the curl is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curl would the curl is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curl would the curl is zero
+everywhere else. So if a curl was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else. So if a curl was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else. So if a curl was well
+defined at the origin, you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined at the origin, you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined at the origin, you know, you
+would try to then take the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to then take the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to then take the double
+integral. Well, no matter what value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Well, no matter what value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Well, no matter what value you
+put for a function, you know, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put for a function, you know, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put for a function, you know, if you
+have a function that's zero everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function that's zero everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function that's zero everywhere
+except at the origin and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at the origin and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at the origin and some other
+value at the origin, the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the origin, the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the origin, the integral is
+still zero. So it's worse than that. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero. So it's worse than that. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero. So it's worse than that. It
+doesn't have it's not only that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it's not only that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have it's not only that you
+can't compute it, it's really that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compute it, it's really that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't compute it, it's really that it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined.
+Okay. Anyway, that's, you know, like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anyway, that's, you know, like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anyway, that's, you know, like a
+slightly pathological example. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly pathological example. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly pathological example. I mean
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we wouldn't be able to because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we wouldn't be able to because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we wouldn't be able to because the
+curl is not defined at the origin so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl is not defined at the origin so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl is not defined at the origin so you
+can't actually integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually integrate
+it. Okay so that's that's the problem. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay so that's that's the problem. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay so that's that's the problem. I
+mean if you try to integrate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you try to integrate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if you try to integrate you know
+we've said everywhere where it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said everywhere where it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said everywhere where it's defined
+the curl is zero. So what you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl is zero. So what you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl is zero. So what you would be
+integrating would be zero but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating would be zero but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating would be zero but that
+doesn't work because at the origin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because at the origin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because at the origin it's
+not defined.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defined.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not defined.
+Yes. you have a curve that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. you have a curve that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. you have a curve that makes a
+shape.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape.
+Ah, so if you take a curve that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, so if you take a curve that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, so if you take a curve that makes a
+figure eight, then indeed my proof over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eight, then indeed my proof over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure eight, then indeed my proof over
+there is false. So I kind of tricked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is false. So I kind of tricked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is false. So I kind of tricked
+you. You know, it's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You know, it's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. You know, it's not actually
+correct. So if the curve does a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. So if the curve does a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. So if the curve does a figure
+eight then what you would do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight then what you would do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight then what you would do is you
+would actually cut it into its two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually cut it into its two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually cut it into its two
+halves and for each of them you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and for each of them you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves and for each of them you would
+apply green theorem and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply green theorem and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply green theorem and then you would
+still get that you know if the curl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get that you know if the curl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still get that you know if the curl is
+zero then this line integral is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then this line integral is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then this line integral is zero
+that one is also zero so the sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is also zero so the sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is also zero so the sum is
+zero okay uh small details that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay uh small details that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay uh small details that you
+don't really need to worry too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to worry too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to worry too much
+about but indeed if you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but indeed if you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but indeed if you want to be
+careful with details then my proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with details then my proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with details then my proof is
+not quite complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But the conclusion is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the conclusion is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the conclusion is still
+true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh let's move
+on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on.
+So I want to tell you how to prove green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem because you know it's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because you know it's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem because you know it's such a
+strange formula that you know where can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange formula that you know where can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange formula that you know where can
+it come from possibly I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me remind you first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me remind you first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me remind you first of all the
+statement we want to prove is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we want to prove is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement we want to prove is that the
+line integral along a closed curve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral along a closed curve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral along a closed curve of
+mdx plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdx plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mdx plus n
+dy is equal to the double integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy is equal to the double integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy is equal to the double integral of a
+region inside of nx - y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside of nx - y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside of nx - y
+da and you know let's simplify our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and you know let's simplify our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and you know let's simplify our lives
+a bit by proving easier statements. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit by proving easier statements. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit by proving easier statements. So
+actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observation will actually prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will actually prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation will actually prove
+something easier namely that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something easier namely that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something easier namely that the line
+integral let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral let's
+see of m dx along a closed curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of m dx along a closed curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see of m dx along a closed curve is
+equal to the double integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the double integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the double integral over the
+region inside of minus m suby da. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside of minus m suby da. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside of minus m suby da. Okay,
+so that's the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case where n is zero, where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where n is zero, where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where n is zero, where you have
+only an x component for your vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an x component for your vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an x component for your vector
+field. Now, why is that good enough?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Now, why is that good enough?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. Now, why is that good enough?
+Well, the claim is if I can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the claim is if I can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the claim is if I can prove
+this, I claim you will be able to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I claim you will be able to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I claim you will be able to do the
+same thing to prove the other case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to prove the other case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to prove the other case where
+there's only a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a y
+component. And then if you add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. And then if you add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. And then if you add them
+together, you'll get the general case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+explain. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So a similar argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a similar argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a similar argument
+which I will not do to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time will show so it will be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will show so it will be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time will show so it will be just the
+same thing but switching the roles of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but switching the roles of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but switching the roles of x
+and y that if I integrate along a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y that if I integrate along a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y that if I integrate along a closed
+curve and dy then I'll get the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and dy then I'll get the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and dy then I'll get the double
+integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of
+sorry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and
+subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subx
+da and so now if I have proved these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and so now if I have proved these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da and so now if I have proved these two
+formulas separately then if you sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas separately then if you sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas separately then if you sum them
+together we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we'll
+get the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the correct
+statement. Well, let me not write it. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. Well, let me not write it. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement. Well, let me not write it. We
+get green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere. Okay, so we've simplifi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. Okay, so we've simplifi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere. Okay, so we've simplifi
+simplified our task a little bit. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified our task a little bit. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified our task a little bit. We'll
+just be trying to prove the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be trying to prove the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be trying to prove the case where
+there's only an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only an x
+component. So let's do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So let's do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. So let's do it.
+Well, we have another problem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we have another problem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we have another problem which is
+the region that we're looking at, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we're looking at, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region that we're looking at, the
+curve that we're looking at might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that we're looking at might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that we're looking at might be
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+complicated. You know, if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you, let's say I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, let's say I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, let's say I give
+you, I don't know, a curve that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, I don't know, a curve that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, I don't know, a curve that does
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like
+this. Well, you know, it will be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Well, you know, it will be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Well, you know, it will be kind of
+tricky to set up a double integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to set up a double integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to set up a double integral of
+other region inside. So maybe we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other region inside. So maybe we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other region inside. So maybe we first
+want to look at curves that are simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at curves that are simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at curves that are simpler
+you know that will actually allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that will actually allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that will actually allow us to
+set up the double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the double integral
+easily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily.
+So the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the second
+observation so that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that was the first
+observation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation.
+The second observation is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decompose R into simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions.
+So what do I mean by that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, let's say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's say that I
+have, you know, a region and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, a region and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, you know, a region and I'm going
+to cut it into two. So, I will have R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut it into two. So, I will have R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut it into two. So, I will have R1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+R2. And then, of course, I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2. And then, of course, I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2. And then, of course, I need to
+have the curves that go around them. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the curves that go around them. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the curves that go around them. So,
+I had my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had my initial
+curve C was going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C was going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve C was going around
+everybody. And I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. And I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody. And I have
+curves C1 that goes around R1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves C1 that goes around R1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves C1 that goes around R1.
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+C2 goes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 goes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 goes around
+R2. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what I would like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if we can
+prove that the statement is true. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the statement is true. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the statement is true. So
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+for C1 and also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C2. Then I claim we can prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2. Then I claim we can prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2. Then I claim we can prove a
+statement for C. How do we do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for C. How do we do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement for C. How do we do that?
+Well, we just add these two equalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we just add these two equalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we just add these two equalities
+together. Okay, why does that work?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Okay, why does that work?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Okay, why does that work?
+There's something fishy going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something fishy going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something fishy going on.
+Because C1 and C2 have this piece here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because C1 and C2 have this piece here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because C1 and C2 have this piece here
+in the middle that's not that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle that's not that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle that's not that's not
+there in C. So if you add the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in C. So if you add the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in C. So if you add the line
+integral along C1 and C2, you get, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C1 and C2, you get, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along C1 and C2, you get, you
+know, these unwanted pieces. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these unwanted pieces. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these unwanted pieces. But the
+good news is actually you go twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is actually you go twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is actually you go twice
+through that edge in the middle. See, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that edge in the middle. See, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that edge in the middle. See, it
+appears once in C1 going up and once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears once in C1 going up and once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears once in C1 going up and once in
+C2 going down. So in fact when you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 going down. So in fact when you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 going down. So in fact when you will
+do the work you know when you will sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the work you know when you will sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the work you know when you will sum
+the work you will add these two guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work you will add these two guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work you will add these two guys
+together they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancel. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. Okay.
+So the line integral along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the line integral along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the line integral along
+C will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then. It will be the sum of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then. It will be the sum of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then. It will be the sum of the line
+integrals on C1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals on C1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals on C1 and
+C2 and that will equal therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and that will equal therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and that will equal therefore the
+double integral over R1 plus the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral over R1 plus the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral over R1 plus the double
+integral over R2 which is the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over R2 which is the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over R2 which is the double
+integral over R of M1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And the reason for this equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the reason for this equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the reason for this equality
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twice through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice through
+the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner
+part. What do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. What do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. What do we want to
+say? Through the boundary. Well, we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say? Through the boundary. Well, we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say? Through the boundary. Well, we go
+twice. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice. Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice. Sorry.
+along the boundary between R1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R2 with opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orientations. So the extra things cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations. So the extra things cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations. So the extra things cancel
+out. Okay, so that means I just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, so that means I just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Okay, so that means I just need to
+look at you know, smaller pieces if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know, smaller pieces if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you know, smaller pieces if that
+makes my life easier. So now, what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes my life easier. So now, what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes my life easier. So now, what will
+make my life easy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my life easy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my life easy?
+Well, let's say that I have, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's say that I have, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's say that I have, you know, a
+curve like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve like
+that. Well, I guess I should really draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Well, I guess I should really draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Well, I guess I should really draw
+a pumpkin or something like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pumpkin or something like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pumpkin or something like that because
+it would be more seasonal, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more seasonal, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more seasonal, but
+okay. Well, I don't really know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Well, I don't really know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Well, I don't really know how to
+draw pumpkins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, okay. So, I'm going to, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, I'm going to, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, okay. So, I'm going to, you know,
+what I will do is I will cut this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is I will cut this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is I will cut this into
+smaller regions for which I have a well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller regions for which I have a well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller regions for which I have a well-
+definfined lower and upper boundary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definfined lower and upper boundary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definfined lower and upper boundary so
+that I will be able to set up a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will be able to set up a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will be able to set up a double
+integral dydx easily. So a region like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral dydx easily. So a region like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral dydx easily. So a region like
+this I will actually cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I will actually cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I will actually cut it
+here and here into five smaller pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here into five smaller pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here into five smaller pieces
+so that each small piece will let me set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each small piece will let me set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each small piece will let me set
+up the double integral dydx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So we'll cut R into what I will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll cut R into what I will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll cut R into what I will call
+vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+regions. So what's a vertically simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions. So what's a vertically simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions. So what's a vertically simple
+region? That's a region that's given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region? That's a region that's given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region? That's a region that's given by
+looking at X between A and B for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at X between A and B for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at X between A and B for some
+values of A and B. And for each value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of A and B. And for each value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of A and B. And for each value of
+x, y is between some function of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, y is between some function of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, y is between some function of x and
+some other function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other function of
+x. Okay. So for example, this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay. So for example, this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. Okay. So for example, this guy is
+vertically simple. See x runs from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically simple. See x runs from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically simple. See x runs from this
+value of x to that value of x. And for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x to that value of x. And for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x to that value of x. And for
+each x, y goes between this value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each x, y goes between this value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each x, y goes between this value to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+value. And same with each of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so now we are down to the main step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are down to the main step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we are down to the main step that
+we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove this identity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If C is sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if R is vertically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+and C is the boundary of R going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is the boundary of R going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C is the boundary of R going
+counterclockwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so let's look at how we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's look at how we would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's look at how we would do
+it. So we said a vertically simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So we said a vertically simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So we said a vertically simple
+region looks like x goes between a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region looks like x goes between a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region looks like x goes between a and
+b and y goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and y goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and y goes
+between two values that are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two values that are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two values that are given by
+functions of x. Okay. So this is y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of x. Okay. So this is y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of x. Okay. So this is y =
+f_sub_2 ofx. This is y = f_sub_1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 ofx. This is y = f_sub_1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 ofx. This is y = f_sub_1
+ofx. This is a. This is b. Our region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. This is a. This is b. Our region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx. This is a. This is b. Our region is
+this thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. So let's compute both sides. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So let's compute both sides. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So let's compute both sides. And
+when I say compute, of course, we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say compute, of course, we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say compute, of course, we will
+not get numbers because we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get numbers because we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not get numbers because we don't know
+what m is. We don't know what f_sub_1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m is. We don't know what f_sub_1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m is. We don't know what f_sub_1
+and f_sub_2 are. But I claim we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f_sub_2 are. But I claim we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f_sub_2 are. But I claim we should
+be able to simplify things a bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's start with the line integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start with the line integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's start with the line integral.
+How do I compute the line integral along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I compute the line integral along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I compute the line integral along
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+curve that goes all around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that goes all around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that goes all around
+here? Well, it looks like there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Well, it looks like there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Well, it looks like there will be
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+pieces. Okay, so we actually have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. Okay, so we actually have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. Okay, so we actually have four
+things to compute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to compute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to compute.
+C1, C2, C3, and C4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, let's start with
+C1. So, if we integrate on C1 M DX, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1. So, if we integrate on C1 M DX, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1. So, if we integrate on C1 M DX, how
+do we do that? Well, we know that on C1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do that? Well, we know that on C1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we do that? Well, we know that on C1,
+Y is given by a function of X. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is given by a function of X. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is given by a function of X. So, we
+can just get rid of Y and express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get rid of Y and express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just get rid of Y and express
+everything in terms of in terms of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of in terms of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of in terms of X.
+Okay, so we know y is f_sub_1 of x and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we know y is f_sub_1 of x and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we know y is f_sub_1 of x and x
+goes from a to b. So that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from a to b. So that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from a to b. So that will be the
+integral from a to b of well I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to b of well I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from a to b of well I have to
+take the function m. So you know m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the function m. So you know m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the function m. So you know m
+depends normally on x and y. Maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends normally on x and y. Maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends normally on x and y. Maybe I
+should put x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put x and y
+here. And then I will plug y = f_sub_1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ofx dx. And then I have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx dx. And then I have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx dx. And then I have a single
+variable integral and that's what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable integral and that's what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable integral and that's what I have
+to compute. Of course, I cannot compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute. Of course, I cannot compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute. Of course, I cannot compute
+it here because I don't know what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here because I don't know what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here because I don't know what this
+is. So it has to stay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way. Okay, next one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, next one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay, next one.
+the integral along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C2. Well, let's think for a second. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2. Well, let's think for a second. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2. Well, let's think for a second. On
+C2, x= b, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2, x= b, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2, x= b, it's
+constant. So, dx is zero. And you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So, dx is zero. And you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So, dx is zero. And you know,
+you would integrate actually over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would integrate actually over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would integrate actually over the
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+y. But well, we don't have a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. But well, we don't have a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. But well, we don't have a y
+component. See, this is the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. See, this is the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. See, this is the reason why
+we made the first observation. We got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made the first observation. We got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made the first observation. We got
+rid of the other term because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the other term because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the other term because it
+simplifies our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies our life
+here. So we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So we just get
+zero. Okay, just looking quickly ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay, just looking quickly ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Okay, just looking quickly ahead.
+There's another one that will be zero as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's another one that will be zero as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's another one that will be zero as
+well, right? Which one? Yeah, C4 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, right? Which one? Yeah, C4 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, right? Which one? Yeah, C4 also
+gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero. What about C3? Well, C3 will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. What about C3? Well, C3 will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. What about C3? Well, C3 will look
+a lot like C1. Okay. So, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like C1. Okay. So, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot like C1. Okay. So, we're going to
+use the same kind of thing that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same kind of thing that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same kind of thing that we did
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C1. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1. Okay.
+So, along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, along
+C3. Well, let's see. So on C3, Y is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3. Well, let's see. So on C3, Y is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3. Well, let's see. So on C3, Y is a
+function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X
+again. And so we're using as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And so we're using as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. And so we're using as our
+variable X, but now X goes down from B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X, but now X goes down from B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X, but now X goes down from B
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+A. So it will be the integral from B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So it will be the integral from B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So it will be the integral from B to
+A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A
+of M of X and F_sub_2 of X dx. Or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M of X and F_sub_2 of X dx. Or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of M of X and F_sub_2 of X dx. Or if you
+prefer that's negative integral from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer that's negative integral from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer that's negative integral from a
+to b of m of x and f_sub_2 of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b of m of x and f_sub_2 of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b of m of x and f_sub_2 of x
+dx. Okay. So now if I sum all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Okay. So now if I sum all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. Okay. So now if I sum all these
+pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces
+together, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, I
+get that the line integral along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the line integral along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the line integral along the
+closed curve is the integral from a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve is the integral from a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve is the integral from a to b
+of mx f_sub_1 ofx dx minus the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mx f_sub_1 ofx dx minus the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mx f_sub_1 ofx dx minus the integral
+from a to b of m of x f_sub_2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b of m of x f_sub_2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to b of m of x f_sub_2
+ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dx. So that's the left hand side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Next, I should try to look at my double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next, I should try to look at my double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next, I should try to look at my double
+integral and see if I can make it equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and see if I can make it equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and see if I can make it equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, let's look at the other guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+double integral over r of negative m da.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral over r of negative m da.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral over r of negative m da.
+Well, first I'll take the minus sign out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first I'll take the minus sign out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, first I'll take the minus sign out
+will make my life a little bit easier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make my life a little bit easier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make my life a little bit easier.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second, so I said I will try to set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, so I said I will try to set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, so I said I will try to set this
+up in the way that's the most efficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the way that's the most efficient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the way that's the most efficient.
+And my choice of this kind of region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my choice of this kind of region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And my choice of this kind of region
+means that it's easier to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's easier to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it's easier to set up
+dydx, right? So if I set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx, right? So if I set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx, right? So if I set it
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+dydx, then I know for a given value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx, then I know for a given value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx, then I know for a given value of
+x, y goes from f_sub_1 of x to f_sub_2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, y goes from f_sub_1 of x to f_sub_2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, y goes from f_sub_1 of x to f_sub_2
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x and x goes from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x goes from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and x goes from a to
+b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Is that okay with the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Is that okay with the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Is that okay with the right
+one? Okay. So now if I compute the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral well what do I get if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well what do I get if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral well what do I get if I
+integrate partial m partial y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate partial m partial y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate partial m partial y with
+respect to y I'll get m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y I'll get m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to y I'll get m
+back. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so I will get m at the point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I will get m at the point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I will get m at the point x
+f_sub_2 ofx minus m at the point x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 ofx minus m at the point x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 ofx minus m at the point x
+f_sub_1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x. And so this becomes the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. And so this becomes the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. And so this becomes the integral from
+a to b. I guess there was a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b. I guess there was a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b. I guess there was a minus sign
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+m of x f_sub_2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of x f_sub_2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m of x f_sub_2
+ofx minus m of x f_sub_1 ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dx. And so that's the same as up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. So that's the end of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So that's the end of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So that's the end of the proof
+because we've checked that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've checked that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've checked that for this
+special case when we have only an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case when we have only an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case when we have only an x
+component and a vertically simple region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and a vertically simple region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and a vertically simple region
+things work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work.
+Then we can remove the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can remove the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we can remove the assumption that
+things are vertically simple using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are vertically simple using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are vertically simple using this
+second observation. We can just, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second observation. We can just, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second observation. We can just, you
+know, glue the various pieces together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, glue the various pieces together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, glue the various pieces together
+and prove it for any region. Then we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove it for any region. Then we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove it for any region. Then we do
+the same thing with the y component.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with the y component.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with the y component.
+That's the first observation. When we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the first observation. When we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the first observation. When we
+add the things together, we get green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the things together, we get green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the things together, we get green
+sphere in its full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generality. Okay. So let me finish with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality. Okay. So let me finish with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality. Okay. So let me finish with
+a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's one place in real life where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one place in real life where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one place in real life where
+grand theorem used to be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand theorem used to be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand theorem used to be extremely
+useful. I say used to because computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. I say used to because computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. I say used to because computers
+have actually made that obsolete. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me show you a picture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me show you a picture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me show you a picture of this
+device. This is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. This is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device. This is called a
+planter. And what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, okay. And what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. And what it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. And what it does is it
+measures areas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures areas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures areas.
+So it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it used to be
+that when you, you know, when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you, you know, when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you, you know, when you were
+an experimental scientist, you would,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experimental scientist, you would,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experimental scientist, you would,
+you know, run your chemical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, run your chemical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, run your chemical or
+biological experiment or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological experiment or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological experiment or whatever and
+you would have all of these recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have all of these recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have all of these recording
+devices and the data would go well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the data would go well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the data would go well not
+onto a floppy disc or a hard disk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a floppy disc or a hard disk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a floppy disc or a hard disk or
+whatever because you didn't have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever because you didn't have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever because you didn't have those
+at the time. You didn't have a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time. You didn't have a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time. You didn't have a computer
+in your lab. They would go onto a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your lab. They would go onto a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your lab. They would go onto a piece
+of graph paper, you know. So you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph paper, you know. So you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graph paper, you know. So you would
+have your graph paper and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your graph paper and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your graph paper and you would have
+you know some curve on it and very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some curve on it and very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some curve on it and very often
+you wanted to know what's the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know what's the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to know what's the total
+amount of product that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of product that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of product that you have
+synthesized or whatever question might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized or whatever question might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesized or whatever question might
+be it might relate with you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it might relate with you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it might relate with you know the
+area under your curve. So you'd say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under your curve. So you'd say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area under your curve. So you'd say oh
+that's easy let's just integrate. Well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy let's just integrate. Well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easy let's just integrate. Well
+except you don't have a function you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you don't have a function you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you don't have a function you can
+put that into your calculator. The next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that into your calculator. The next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that into your calculator. The next
+thing you could do is well let's count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is well let's count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is well let's count
+the little squares. But you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little squares. But you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little squares. But you know if
+you've seen a piece of graph paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen a piece of graph paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen a piece of graph paper
+that's kind of time consuming. So people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of time consuming. So people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of time consuming. So people
+invented these things called plentyters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented these things called plentyters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented these things called plentyters
+where so it's something where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so it's something where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so it's something where there's a
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+heavy thing base at at one corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy thing base at at one corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy thing base at at one corner and
+there's a lot of dials and gauges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of dials and gauges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of dials and gauges and
+everything and there's one arm that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and there's one arm that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and there's one arm that you
+move and so what you do is you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and so what you do is you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and so what you do is you take the
+moving arm and you just slide it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving arm and you just slide it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving arm and you just slide it all
+around your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around your
+curve and you look at one of the dials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you look at one of the dials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you look at one of the dials
+and suddenly what comes you know as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly what comes you know as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suddenly what comes you know as you
+go around it gives you complete garbage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around it gives you complete garbage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around it gives you complete garbage.
+But when you come back here, that dial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when you come back here, that dial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when you come back here, that dial
+suddenly gives you the value of the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly gives you the value of the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly gives you the value of the area
+of this region. So how does it work? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this region. So how does it work? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this region. So how does it work? You
+know this gadget never knows about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this gadget never knows about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this gadget never knows about the
+region inside because you don't take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside because you don't take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside because you don't take it
+all over here. You only take it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here. You only take it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over here. You only take it along
+the curve. So what it does actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve. So what it does actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve. So what it does actually is
+it computes a line integral. Okay? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it computes a line integral. Okay? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it computes a line integral. Okay? So
+you know it has this system of wheels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has this system of wheels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it has this system of wheels
+and everything that compute for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything that compute for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything that compute for you the
+line integral along C of well depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral along C of well depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral along C of well depends on
+the model but some of them compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model but some of them compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model but some of them compute the
+line integral of X dy some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral of X dy some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral of X dy some of them
+compute different line integrals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute different line integrals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute different line integrals but
+they compute some line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compute some line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they compute some line
+integral okay and now if you apply green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay and now if you apply green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay and now if you apply green
+theorem you see that when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you see that when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you see that when you have a
+counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise
+curve this will be just the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve this will be just the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve this will be just the area of a
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+side. And so that's, you know, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. And so that's, you know, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. And so that's, you know, that's
+how it works. I mean, of course, now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works. I mean, of course, now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works. I mean, of course, now you
+use a computer and it does the sums.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer and it does the sums.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a computer and it does the sums.
+Yes. How much does it cost? That cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. How much does it cost? That cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. How much does it cost? That cost
+several thousand dollar, possibly more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand dollar, possibly more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several thousand dollar, possibly more.
+So that's why I didn't bring one.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/twzGBqPeW0M.txt b/twzGBqPeW0M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed995f3a56b0a98a553889eb1b0dfecd845c8055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/twzGBqPeW0M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2099 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, we're ready to
+start the eleventh lecture.
+
+We're still in the middle
+of sketching.
+
+And, indeed, one of the reasons
+why we did not talk
+
+about hyperbolic functions is
+this that we're running just a
+
+little bit behind.
+
+And we'll catch up
+a tiny bit today.
+
+And I hope all the way on
+Tuesday of next week.
+
+So let me pick up where we
+left off, with sketching.
+
+So this is a continuation.
+
+I want to give you one
+more example of
+
+how to sketch things.
+
+And then we'll go through
+it systematically.
+
+So the second example that
+we did as one example
+
+last time, is this.
+
+The function is x
++ + 1 / x + + 2.
+
+And I'm going to save you
+the time right now.
+
+This is very typical of me,
+especially if you're in a
+
+hurry on an exam, I'll
+just tell you what
+
+the derivative is.
+
+So in this case, it's
+1 / (x + 2)^2.
+
+Now, the reason why I'm bringing
+this example up, even
+
+though it'll turn out to be
+a relatively simple one to
+
+sketch, is that it's easy to
+fall into a black hole with
+
+this problem.
+
+So let me just show you.
+
+This is not equal to 0.
+
+It's never equal to 0.
+
+So that means there are
+no critical points.
+
+At this point, students, many
+students who have been trained
+
+like monkeys to do exactly
+what they've been told,
+
+suddenly freeze and give up.
+
+Because there's nothing to do.
+
+So this is the one thing that
+I have to train out of you.
+
+You can't just give
+up at this point.
+
+So what would you suggest?
+
+Can anybody get us
+out of this jam?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So the suggestion was
+to find the x values
+
+where f (x) is undefined.
+
+In fact, so now that's a fairly
+sophisticated way of
+
+putting the point that I want to
+make, which is that what we
+
+want to do is go back to
+our precalculus skills.
+
+And just plot points.
+
+So instead, you go back to
+precalculus and you just plot
+
+some points.
+
+It's a perfectly reasonable
+thing.
+
+Now, it turns out that the most
+important point to plot
+
+is the one that's not there.
+
+Namely, the value of x = - 2.
+
+Which is just what
+was suggested.
+
+Namely, we plot the
+points where the
+
+function is not defined.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+Well, you have to think about
+it for a second and I'll
+
+introduce some new notation
+when I do it.
+
+If I evaluate 2 at this place,
+actually I can't do it.
+
+I have to do it from the
+left and the right.
+
+So if I plug in - 2 on the
+positive side, from the right,
+
+that's going to be equal to - 2
++ 1 / - 2, a little bit more
+
+than - 2, +2.
+
+Which is - 1 divided by - now,
+this denominator is - 2, a
+
+little more than that, +2.
+
+So it's a little more than 0.
+
+And that is, well we'll fill
+that in in a second.
+
+Everybody's puzzled.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: No, that's
+the function.
+
+I'm plotting points, I'm
+not differentiating.
+
+I've already differentiated
+it.
+
+I've already got something
+that's a little puzzling.
+
+Now I'm focusing on
+the weird spot.
+
+Yes, another question.
+
+STUDENT: Wouldn't it be
+a little less than 0?
+
+PROFESSOR: Wouldn't it be
+a little less than 0?
+
+OK, that's a very good point
+and this is a matter of
+
+notation here.
+
+And a matter of parentheses.
+
+So wouldn't this be a
+little less than 2.
+
+Well, if the parentheses were
+this way; that is, 2+ , with a
+
+- after I did the 2+ , then
+it would be less.
+
+But it's this way.
+
+OK.
+
+So the notation is, you
+have a number and you
+
+take the part of it.
+
+That's the part which is a
+little bit bigger than it.
+
+And so this is what I mean.
+
+And if you like, here I can put
+in those parentheses too.
+
+Yeah, another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Why doesn't the
+top one have a plus?
+
+The only reason why the top
+one doesn't have a plus is
+
+that I don't need it
+to evaluate this.
+
+And when I take the limit, I
+can just plug in the value.
+
+Whereas here, I'm
+still uncertain.
+
+Because it's going to be 0.
+
+And I want to know which
+side of 0 it's on.
+
+Whether it's on the positive
+side or the negative side.
+
+So this one, I could have
+written here a parentheses 2+,
+
+but then it would have just
+simplified to - 1.
+
+In the limit.
+
+So now, I've got a negative
+number divided by a tiny
+
+positive number.
+
+And so, somebody want to
+tell me what that is?
+
+Negative infinity.
+
+So, we just evaluated this
+function from one side.
+
+And if you follow through the
+other side, so this one here,
+
+you get something very similar,
+except that this
+
+should be -- whoops, what
+did I do wrong?
+
+I meant this.
+
+I want it -2 the same base
+point, but I want
+
+to go from the left.
+
+So that's going to be -
+2 + 1, same numerator.
+
+And then this - 2 on the left +
+2, and that's going to come
+
+out to be - 1 / 0 -, which
+is plus infinity.
+
+Or just plain infinity,
+we don't have to
+
+put the plus sign.
+
+So this is the first part
+of the problem.
+
+And the second piece, to get
+ourselves started, you could
+
+evaluate this function
+at any point.
+
+This is just the most
+interesting point, alright?
+
+This is just the most
+interesting
+
+place to evaluate it.
+
+Now, the next thing that I'd
+like to do is to pay attention
+
+to the ends.
+
+And I haven't really said
+what the ends are.
+
+So the ends are just all the
+way to the left and all the
+
+way to the right.
+
+So that means x going to
+plus or minus infinity.
+
+So that's the second thing I
+want to pay attention to.
+
+Again, this is a little bit
+like a video screen here.
+
+And we're about to discover
+something that's really off
+
+the screen, in both cases.
+
+We're taking care of what's
+happening way to the left, way
+
+to the right, here.
+
+And up above, we just took
+care what happens
+
+way up and way down.
+
+So on these ends, I need to
+do some more analysis.
+
+Which is related to a
+precalculus skill which is
+
+evaluating limits.
+
+And here, the way to do it is
+to divide by x the numerator
+
+and denominator.
+
+Write it as (1 + 1
+/ x)/ (1 + 2 /x).
+
+And then you can see what
+happens as x goes to plus or
+
+minus infinity.
+
+It just goes to 1.
+
+So, no matter whether x is
+positive or negative.
+
+When it gets huge, these two
+extra numbers here go to 0.
+
+And so, this tends to 1.
+
+So if you like, you could
+abbreviate this as f (+ or -
+
+infinity) = 1.
+
+So now, I get to draw this.
+
+And we draw this using
+asymptotes.
+
+So there's a level
+which is y = 1.
+
+And then there's another
+line to draw.
+
+Which is x = - 2.
+
+And now, what information
+do I have so far?
+
+Well, the information that I
+have so far is that when we're
+
+coming in from the right, that's
+to - 2, it plunges down
+
+to minus infinity.
+
+So that's down like this.
+
+And I also know that it goes
+up to infinity on the other
+
+side of the asymptote.
+
+And over here, I know it's
+going out to the level 1.
+
+And here it's also going
+to the level 1.
+
+Now, there's an issue.
+
+I can almost finish
+this graph now.
+
+I almost have enough information
+to finish it.
+
+But there's one thing
+which is making me
+
+hesitate a little bit.
+
+And that is, I don't know, for
+instance, over here, whether
+
+it's going to maybe dip below
+and come back up.
+
+Or not.
+
+So what does it do here?
+
+Can anybody see?
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It can't dip
+below because there
+
+are no critical points.
+
+What a precisely
+correct answer.
+
+So that's exactly right.
+
+The point here is that because
+f' is not 0, it can't double
+
+back on itself.
+
+Because there can't be any of
+these horizontal tangents.
+
+It can't double back, so
+it can't backtrack.
+
+So sorry, if f' is not
+0, f can't backtrack.
+
+And so that means that it
+doesn't look like this.
+
+It just goes like this.
+
+So that's basically it.
+
+And it's practically the
+end of the problem.
+
+Goes like this.
+
+Now you can decorate
+your thing, right?
+
+You may notice that maybe it
+crosses here, the axes, you
+
+can actually evaluate
+these places.
+
+And so forth.
+
+We're looking right now for
+qualitative behavior.
+
+In fact, you can see where
+these places hit.
+
+And it's actually a little
+higher up than I drew.
+
+Maybe I'll draw it accurately.
+
+As we'll see in a second.
+
+So that's what happens
+to this function.
+
+Now, let's just take a look in
+a little bit more detail, by
+
+double checking.
+
+So we're just going to double
+check what happens to the sign
+
+of the derivative.
+
+And in the meantime, I'm going
+to explain to you what the
+
+derivative is and also talk
+about the second derivative.
+
+So first of all, the trick for
+evaluating the derivative is
+
+an algebraic one.
+
+I mean, obviously you can do
+this by the quotient rule.
+
+But I just point out that this
+is the same thing as this.
+
+And now it has, whoops, that
+should be a 2 in the
+
+denominator.
+
+And so, now this has the
+form 1 - (1 / x + 2).
+
+So this makes it easy to see
+what the derivative is.
+
+Because the derivative of
+a constant is 0, right?
+
+So this is, derivative,
+is just going to
+
+be, switch the sign.
+
+This is what I wrote before.
+
+And that explains it.
+
+But incidentally, it
+also shows you that
+
+that this is a hyperbola.
+
+These are just two curves
+of a hyperbola.
+
+So now, let's check the sign.
+
+It's already totally obvious
+to us that this is just a
+
+double check.
+
+We didn't actually even have to
+pay any attention to this.
+
+It had better be true.
+
+This is just going to check
+our arithmetic.
+
+Namely, it's increasing here.
+
+It's increasing there.
+
+That's got to be true.
+
+And, sure enough, this is
+positive, as you can see it's
+
+1 over a square.
+
+So it is increasing.
+
+So we checked it.
+
+But now, there's one more thing
+that I want to just have
+
+you watch out about.
+
+So this means that
+f is increasing.
+
+On the interval minus infinity
+< x < - 2.
+
+And also from - 2 all the
+way out to infinity.
+
+So I just want to warn you, you
+cannot say, don't say f is
+
+increasing on minus infinity
+< infinity, for all x.
+
+OK, this is just not true.
+
+I've written it on the board,
+but it's wrong.
+
+I'd better get rid of it.
+
+There it is.
+
+Get rid of it.
+
+And the reason is, so first of
+all it's totally obvious.
+
+It's going up here.
+
+But then it went zooming
+back down there.
+
+And here this was true, but
+only if x is not - 2.
+
+So there's a break.
+
+And you've got to pay attention
+to the break.
+
+So basically, the moral here
+is that if you ignore this
+
+place, it's like ignoring
+Mount Everest,
+
+or the Grand Canyon.
+
+You're ignoring the most
+important feature of this
+
+function here.
+
+If you're going to be figuring
+out where things are going up
+
+and down, which is basically all
+we're doing, you'd better
+
+pay attention to these
+kinds of places.
+
+So don't ignore them.
+
+So that's the first remark.
+
+And now there's just a little
+bit of decoration as well.
+
+Which is the role of the
+second derivative.
+
+So we've written down the
+first derivative here.
+
+The second derivative is now
+- 2 / (x + 2)^3, right?
+
+So I get that from
+differentiating this formula
+
+up here for the first
+derivative.
+
+And now, of course, that's also,
+only works for x not
+
+equal to - 2.
+
+And now, we can see that this is
+going to be negative, let's
+
+see, where is it negative?
+
+When this is a positive
+quantity, so when -2 < x
+
+< infinity.
+
+It's negative.
+
+And this is where this thing
+is concave. Let's see.
+
+Did I say that right?
+
+Negative, right?
+
+This is concave down.
+
+Right.
+
+And similarly, if I look at this
+expression, the numerator
+
+is always negative but the
+denominator becomes negative
+
+as well when x < -2.
+
+So this becomes positive.
+
+So this case, it was negative
+over positive.
+
+In this case it was negative
+divided by negative.
+
+So here, this is in the range
+- infinity < x < -2.
+
+And here it's concave up.
+
+Now, again, this is just
+consistent with what we're
+
+already guessing.
+
+Of course we already know it in
+this case if we know that
+
+this is a hyperbola.
+
+That it's going to be concave
+down to the right of the
+
+vertical line, dotted
+vertical line.
+
+And concave up to the left.
+
+So what extra piece of
+information is it that
+
+this is giving us?
+
+Did I say this backwards?
+
+No.
+
+That's OK.
+
+So what extra piece of
+information is this giving us?
+
+It looks like it's giving
+us hardly anything.
+
+And it really is giving
+us hardly anything.
+
+But it is giving us something
+that's a little aesthetic.
+
+It's ruling out the possibility
+of a wiggle.
+
+There isn't anything like
+that in the curve.
+
+It can't shift from curving this
+way to curving that way
+
+to curving this way.
+
+That doesn't happen.
+
+So these properties say
+there's no wiggle in
+
+the graph of that.
+
+Alright.
+
+So.
+
+Question.
+
+STUDENT: Do we define the
+increasing and decreasing base
+
+purely on the derivative, or
+the sort of more general
+
+definition of picking any
+two points and seeing.
+
+Because sometimes there can be
+an inconsistency between the
+
+two definitions.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so the question
+is, in this course are we
+
+going to define positive
+derivative as being the same
+
+thing as increasing.
+
+And the answer is no.
+
+We'll try to use these
+terms separately.
+
+What's always true is that if
+f' is positive, then f is
+
+increasing.
+
+But the reverse is not
+necessarily true.
+
+It could be very flat, the
+derivative can be 0 and still
+
+the function can
+be increasing.
+
+OK, the derivative can
+be 0 at a few places.
+
+For instance, like
+some cubics.
+
+Other questions?
+
+So that's as much as I need
+to say in general.
+
+I mean, in a specific case.
+
+But I want to get you a general
+scheme and I want to
+
+go through a more complicated
+example that gets all the
+
+features of this
+kind of thing.
+
+So let's talk about a general
+strategy for sketching.
+
+So the first part of
+this strategy, if
+
+you like, let's see.
+
+I have it all plotted
+out here.
+
+So I'm going to make sure I
+get it exactly the way I
+
+wanted you to see.
+
+So I have, its plotting.
+
+The plot thickens.
+
+Here we go.
+
+So plot, what is it that
+you should plot first?
+
+Before you even think about
+derivatives, you should plot
+
+discontinuities.
+
+Especially the infinite ones.
+
+That's the first thing
+you should do.
+
+And then, you should plot
+end points, for ends.
+
+For x going to plus or minus
+infinity if there don't happen
+
+to be any finite ends
+to the problem.
+
+And the third thing you can do
+is plot any easy points.
+
+This is optional.
+
+At your discretion.
+
+You might, for instance, on this
+example, plot the places
+
+where the graph crosses
+the axis.
+
+If you want to.
+
+So that's the first part.
+
+And again, this is
+all precalculus.
+
+So now, in the second part
+we're going to solve this
+
+equation and we're
+going to plot the
+
+critical points and values.
+
+In the problem which we just
+discussed, there weren't any.
+
+So this part was empty.
+
+So the third step is to decide
+whether f', sorry, whether, f'
+
+is positive or negative
+on each interval.
+
+Between critical points,
+discontinuities.
+
+The direction of the sign, in
+this case it doesn't change.
+
+It goes up here and it
+also goes up here.
+
+But it could go up here and
+then come back down.
+
+So the direction can change
+at every critical point.
+
+It can change at every
+discontinuity.
+
+And you don't know.
+
+However, this particular step
+has to be consistent with 1
+
+and 2, with steps 1 and 2.
+
+In fact, it will never, if you
+can succeed in doing steps 1
+
+and 2, you'll never
+need step 3.
+
+All it's doing is
+double-checking.
+
+So if you made an arithmetic
+mistake somewhere, you'll be
+
+able to see it.
+
+So that's maybe the most
+important thing.
+
+And it's actually the most
+frustrating thing for me when
+
+I see people working on
+problems, is they start step
+
+3, they get it wrong, and then
+they start trying to draw the
+
+graph and it doesn't work.
+
+Because it's inconsistent.
+
+And the reason is some
+arithmetic error with the
+
+derivative or something like
+that or some other
+
+misinterpretation.
+
+And then there's a total mess.
+
+If you start with these two
+steps, then you're going to
+
+know when you get to this step
+that you're making mistakes.
+
+People don't generally make
+as many mistakes in
+
+the first two steps.
+
+Anyway, in fact you can skip
+this step if you want.
+
+But that's at risk of not
+double-checking your work.
+
+So what's the fourth step?
+
+Well, we take a look
+at whether f''
+
+is positive or negative.
+
+And so we're deciding on things
+like whether it's
+
+concave up or down.
+
+And we have these points, f''
+( x ) = 0, which are called
+
+inflection points.
+
+And the last step is just
+to combine everything.
+
+So this is this the scheme,
+the general scheme.
+
+And let's just carry it out
+in a particular case.
+
+So here's the function
+that I'm going
+
+to use as an example.
+
+I'll use f ( x ) = x / ln x.
+
+And because the logarithm
+- yeah, question.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question
+is, is this optional.
+
+So that's a good question.
+
+Is this optional.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, the question
+is is this optional;
+
+this kind of question.
+
+And the answer is, it's more
+than just -- so, in many
+
+instances, I'm not going
+to ask you to.
+
+I strongly recommend that if I
+don't ask you to do it, that
+
+you not try.
+
+Because it's usually awful to
+find the second derivative.
+
+Any time you can get away
+without computing a second
+
+derivative, you're better off.
+
+So in many, many instances.
+
+On the other hand, if I ask you
+to do it it's because I
+
+want you to have the,
+work to do it.
+
+But basically, if nobody forces
+you to, I would say
+
+never do step 4.
+
+Other questions.
+
+Alright.
+
+So we're going to force
+ourselves to do step 4,
+
+however, in this instance.
+
+But maybe this will be
+one of the few times.
+
+So here we go, just for
+illustrative purposes.
+
+OK, now.
+
+So here's the function that
+I want to discuss.
+
+And the range has to be x
+positive, because the
+
+logarithm is not defined
+for negative values.
+
+So the first thing that I'm
+going to do is, I'd like to
+
+follow the scheme here.
+
+Because if I don't follow the
+scheme, I'm going to get a
+
+little mixed up.
+
+So the first part is to find
+the singularities.
+
+That is, the places where
+f is infinite.
+
+And that's when the logarithm,
+the denominator, vanishes.
+
+So that's f ( 1 +),
+if you like.
+
+So that's 1 / ln 1 +, which is
+1 / 0, with a little bit of
+
+positiveness to it.
+
+Which is infinity.
+
+And second, we do it
+the other way.
+
+And not surprisingly,
+this comes out
+
+to be negative infinity.
+
+Now, the next thing I want
+to do is the ends.
+
+So I call these the ends.
+
+And there are two of them.
+
+One of them is f ( 0 ) from
+the right. f ( 0+).
+
+So that is 0 + / ln 0 +, which
+is 0 plus divided by, well, ln
+
+0 + is actually minus
+infinity.
+
+That's what happens
+to the logarithm,
+
+goes to minus infinity.
+
+So this is 0 over infinity,
+which is definitely 0, there's
+
+no problem. about
+what happens.
+
+The other side, so this is the
+end, this is the first end.
+
+The range is this.
+
+And I just did the
+left endpoint.
+
+And so now I have to do the
+right endpoint, I have to let
+
+x go to infinity.
+
+So if I let x go to infinity,
+I'm just going to have to
+
+think about it a little
+bit by plugging in
+
+a very large number.
+
+I'll plug in 10 ^ 10, just
+to see what happens.
+
+So if I plug in 10 ^ 10
+into x ln x, I get
+
+10 ^ 10 / ln 10^10.
+
+Which is 10 ^ 10
+/ 10 ( log 10).
+
+So the denominator, this
+number here, is about
+
+2.something.
+
+2.3 or something.
+
+So this is maybe 230 in the
+denominator, and this is a
+
+number with ten 0's after it.
+
+So it's very, very large.
+
+I claim it's big.
+
+And that gives us the clue that
+what's happening is that
+
+this thing is infinite.
+
+So, in other words, our
+conclusion is that f of
+
+infinity is infinity.
+
+So what do we have so far
+for our function?
+
+We're just trying to build the
+scaffolding of the function.
+
+And we're doing it by taking
+the most important points.
+
+And from a mathematician's
+point of view, the most
+
+important points are the
+ones which are sort
+
+of infinitely obvious.
+
+For the ends of the problem.
+
+So that's where we're heading.
+
+We have a vertical asymptote,
+which is at x = 1.
+
+So this gives us x = 1.
+
+And we have a value which
+is that it's 0 here.
+
+And we also know that when we
+come in from the - sorry, so
+
+we come in from the left, that's
+f, the one from the
+
+left, we get negative
+infinity.
+
+So it's diving down.
+
+It's going down like this.
+
+And, furthermore, on the other
+side we know it's climbing up.
+
+So it's going up like this.
+
+Just start a little higher.
+
+Right, so.
+
+So far, this is what we know.
+
+Oh, and there's one other
+thing that we know.
+
+When we go to plus infinity,
+it's going back up.
+
+So, so far we have this.
+
+Now, already it should be pretty
+obvious what's going to
+
+happen to this function.
+
+So there shouldn't be
+many surprises.
+
+It's going to come
+down like this.
+
+Go like this, it's going to turn
+around and go back up.
+
+That's what we expect.
+
+So we don't know that yet,
+but we're pretty sure.
+
+So at this point, we can
+start looking at
+
+the critical points.
+
+We can do our step 2 here -- we
+need a little bit more room
+
+here -- and see what's happening
+with this function.
+
+So I have to differentiate it.
+
+And it's, this is the
+quotient rule.
+
+So remember the function
+is up here, x / ln x.
+
+So I have a ln x^2 in
+the denominator.
+
+And I get here the derivative of
+x is 1, so we get 1 ( ln x)
+
+- x ( the derivative of
+ln x, which is 1 /x).
+
+So all told, that's (ln
+x - 1) / ln x^2.
+
+So here's our derivative.
+
+And now, if I set this equal
+to 0, at least in the
+
+numerator, the numerator
+is 0 when x = e.
+
+The ln e = 1.
+
+So here's our critical point.
+
+And we have a critical
+value, which is f(e).
+
+And that's going
+to be e / ln e.
+
+Which is e, again.
+
+Because ln e = 1.
+
+So now I can also plot
+the critical point,
+
+which is down here.
+
+And there's only one of them,
+and it's at (e e).
+
+That's kind of not to scale
+here, because my blackboard
+
+isn't quite tall enough.
+
+It should be over here and
+then, it's slope 1.
+
+But I dipped it down.
+
+So this is not to scale, and
+indeed that's one of the
+
+things that we're not going to
+attempt to do with these
+
+pictures, is to make
+them to scale.
+
+So the scale's a little
+squashed.
+
+So, so far I have this
+critical point.
+
+And, in fact, I'm going
+to label it with a c.
+
+Whenever I have a critical point
+I'll just make sure that
+
+I remember that that's
+what it is.
+
+And since there's only one, the
+rest of this picture is
+
+now correct.
+
+That's the same mechanism that
+we used for the hyperbola.
+
+Namely, we know there's only
+one place where the
+
+derivative is 0.
+
+So that means there no more
+horizontals, so there's no
+
+more backtracking.
+
+It has to come down to here.
+
+Get to there.
+
+This is the only place
+it can turn around.
+
+Goes back up.
+
+It has to start here and it
+has to go down to there.
+
+It can't go above 0.
+
+Do not pass go, do
+not get positive.
+
+It has to head down here.
+
+So that's great.
+
+That means that this
+picture is almost
+
+completely correct now.
+
+And the rest is more
+or less decoration.
+
+We're pretty much done with
+the way it looks, at least
+
+schematically.
+
+However, I am going to punish
+you, because I warned you.
+
+We are going to go over here and
+do this step 4 and fix up
+
+the concavity.
+
+And we're also going to do
+a little bit of that
+
+double-checking.
+
+So now, let's again, just,
+I want to emphasize.
+
+We're going to do
+a double-check.
+
+This is part 3.
+
+But in advance, I already have,
+based on this picture I
+
+already know what
+has to be true.
+
+That f is decreasing on
+0 to 1. f is also
+
+decreasing on 1 to e.
+
+And f is increasing
+on e to infinity.
+
+So, already, because we've plot
+a bunch of points and we
+
+know that there aren't any
+places where the derivative
+
+vanishes, we already know
+it goes down, down, up.
+
+That's what it's got to do.
+
+Now, we'll just make sure that
+we didn't make any arithmetic
+
+mistakes, now.
+
+By actually computing
+the derivative, or
+
+staring at it, anyway.
+
+And making sure that
+it's correct.
+
+So first of all, we just take
+a look at the numerator.
+
+So f,' remember, was (ln
+x - 1) / ln x^2,
+
+the quantity squared.
+
+So the denominator
+is positive.
+
+So let's just take a look
+at the three ranges.
+
+So we have 0 < x < 1.
+
+And on that range, the logarithm
+is negative, so this
+
+is negative divided by positive,
+which is negative.
+
+That's decreasing,
+that's good.
+
+And in fact, that also works
+on the next range.
+
+1 l< x < e, it's negative
+divided by positive.
+
+And the only reason why we
+skipped 1, again, is that it's
+
+undefined there.
+
+And there's something dramatic
+happening there.
+
+And then, at the last range,
+when x is bigger than e, that
+
+means the logarithm is already
+bigger than 1.
+
+So the numerator is now
+positive, and the
+
+denominator's still positive,
+so it's increasing.
+
+So we've just double-checked
+something
+
+that we already knew.
+
+Alright, so that's pretty
+much all there is to
+
+say about step 3.
+
+So this is checking the
+positivity and negativity.
+
+And now, step 4.
+
+There is one small point
+which I want to make
+
+before we go on.
+
+Which is that sometimes, you
+can't evaluate the function or
+
+its derivative particularly
+well.
+
+So sometimes you can't plot
+the points very well.
+
+And if you can't plot the points
+very well, then you
+
+might have to do 3 first, to
+figure out what's going on a
+
+little bit.
+
+You might have to skip.
+
+So now we're going to go on
+the second derivative.
+
+But first, I want to use an
+algebraic trick to rearrange
+
+the terms. And I want to notice
+one more little point.
+
+Which I, as I say, this is
+decoration for the graph.
+
+So I want to rewrite
+the formula.
+
+Maybe I'll do it right
+over here.
+
+Another way of writing this is
+(1 / ln x) - (1 / (ln x)^2).
+
+So that's another way of
+writing the derivative.
+
+And that allows me to
+notice something
+
+that I missed, before.
+
+When I solved the equation ln
+x - 1 - this is equal to 0
+
+here, this equation here.
+
+I missed a possibility.
+
+I missed the possibility
+that the
+
+denominator could be infinity.
+
+So actually, if the
+denominator's infinity, as you
+
+can see from the other
+expression there, it actually
+
+is true that the derivative
+is 0.
+
+So also when x = 0 +, the
+slope is going to be 0.
+
+Let me just emphasize
+that again.
+
+If you evaluate using this other
+formula over here, this
+
+is (1 / ln 0+) - (1
+/ (ln 0+)^2).
+
+That's 1 / - infinity
+- 1 / infinity,
+
+if you like, squared.
+
+Anyway, it's 0.
+
+So this is 0.
+
+The slope is 0 there.
+
+That is a little piece of
+decoration on our graph.
+
+It's telling us, going back to
+our graph here, it's telling
+
+us this is coming in with
+slope horizontal.
+
+So we're starting
+out this way.
+
+That's just a little start
+here to the graph.
+
+It's a horizontal slope.
+
+So there really were two places
+where the slope was
+
+horizontal.
+
+Now, with the help of this
+second formula I can also
+
+differentiate a second time.
+
+So it's a little bit easier to
+do that if I differentiate 1 /
+
+ln, that's -( ln x) ^ - 2 ( 1
+/ x) + 2 (ln x) ^ -3 (1/x).
+
+And that, if I put it over a
+common denominator, is x ln
+
+x^3 times, let's see here.
+
+I guess I'll have to
+take the 2 - ln x.
+
+So I've now rewritten the
+formula for the second
+
+derivative as a ratio.
+
+Now, to decide the sign, you see
+there are two places where
+
+the sign flips.
+
+The numerator crosses when the
+logarithm is 2, that's going
+
+to be when x = e ^2.
+
+And the denominator flips when
+x = 1, that's when the log
+
+flips from positive
+to negative.
+
+So we have a couple
+of ranges here.
+
+So, first of all, we have
+the range from 0 to 1.
+
+And then we have the range
+from 1 to e^2.
+
+And then we have the
+range from e ^2 all
+
+the way out to infinity.
+
+So between 0 and 1, the
+numerator is, well this is a
+
+negative number in this, so
+minus a negative number is
+
+positive, so the numerator
+is positive.
+
+And the denominator is negative,
+because the ln is
+
+negative it's taken to
+the third power.
+
+So this is a negative numbers,
+so it's positive divided by a
+
+negative number, which
+is less than 0.
+
+That means it's concave down.
+
+So this is concave down plot.
+
+And that's a good thing, because
+over here this is
+
+concave down.
+
+So there are no wiggles.
+
+It goes straight down,
+like this.
+
+And then the other two pieces
+are f'' is equal to, well it's
+
+going to switch here.
+
+The denominator becomes
+positive.
+
+So it's positive
+over positive.
+
+So this is concave up.
+
+And that's going over here.
+
+But notice that it's not the
+bottom where it turns around,
+
+it's somewhere else.
+
+So there's another
+transition here.
+
+This is e ^2.
+
+This is e.
+
+So what happens at the end is,
+again, the sign flips again.
+
+Because the numerator,
+now, when x >
+
+e ^2, becomes negative.
+
+And this is negative divided by
+
+positive, which is negative.
+
+And part is concave down.
+
+And so we didn't quite
+draw the graph right.
+
+There's an inflection point
+right here, which
+
+I'll label with i.
+
+Makes a turn the other
+way at that point.
+
+So there was a wiggle.
+
+There's the wiggle.
+
+Still going up, still
+going to infinity.
+
+But kind of the slope of
+the mountain, right?
+
+It's going the other way.
+
+This point happens to
+be (e^2, e ^2 / 2).
+
+So that's as detailed
+as we'll ever get.
+
+And indeed, the next game is
+going to be avoid being, is to
+
+avoid being this detailed.
+
+So let me introduce
+the next subject.
+
+Which is maxima and minima.
+
+OK, now, maxima and minima,
+maximum and minimum problems
+
+can be described graphically
+in the following ways.
+
+Suppose you have a function,
+right, here it is.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, find the maximum.
+
+And find the minimum.
+
+OK.
+
+So this problem is done.
+
+The point being, that it is easy
+to find max and the min
+
+with the sketch.
+
+It's very easy.
+
+The goal, the problem, is that
+the sketch is a lot of work.
+
+We just spent 20 minutes
+sketching something.
+
+We would not like to spend all
+that time every single time we
+
+want to find a maximum
+and minimum.
+
+So the goal is to do
+it with, so our
+
+goal is to use shortcuts.
+
+And, indeed, as I said earlier,
+we certainly never
+
+want to use the second
+derivative if we can avoid it.
+
+And we don't want to decorate
+the graph and do all of these
+
+elaborate, subtle, things which
+make the graph look
+
+nicer and really, or
+aesthetically appropriate.
+
+But are totally unnecessary
+to see whether the
+
+graph is up or down.
+
+So essentially, this whole
+business is out, which is a
+
+good thing.
+
+And, unfortunately, those early
+parts are the parts that
+
+people tend to ignore.
+
+Which are typically, often,
+very important.
+
+So let me first tell you
+the main point here.
+
+So the key idea.
+
+Key to finding maximum.
+
+So the key point is,
+we only need to
+
+look at critical points.
+
+Well, that's actually what
+it seems like to, in many
+
+calculus classes.
+
+But that's not true.
+
+This is not the end
+of the sentence.
+
+And, end points, and points
+of discontinuity.
+
+So you must watch
+out for those.
+
+If you look at the example that
+I just drew here, which
+
+is the one that I carried out,
+you can see that there are
+
+actually five extreme points
+on this picture.
+
+So let's switch.
+
+So we'll take a look.
+
+There are five places where the
+max or the min might be.
+
+There's this important point.
+
+This is, as I say, the
+scaffolding of the function.
+
+There's this point, there
+down at minus infinity.
+
+There's this, there's this,
+and there's this.
+
+Only one out of five is
+a critical point.
+
+So there's more that
+you have to pay
+
+attention to on the function.
+
+And you always have to keep the
+schema, the picture of the
+
+function, in the back
+of your head.
+
+Even though this may be the most
+interesting point, and
+
+the one that you're going
+to be looking at.
+
+So we'll do a few examples
+of that next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u95Cxl2IeNc.txt b/u95Cxl2IeNc.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/u95Cxl2IeNc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2017 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+We are back here for some more
+stimulating discussion of
+
+chemistry.
+And I want to begin today by
+
+just saying that I find it
+particularly ironic that on the
+
+day that I am all prepared to
+speak to you about the molecular
+
+orbital energy levels of
+polyatomic molecules for which I
+
+am using methane as an
+interesting example,
+
+the boards are screwed up.
+The reason for that apparently
+
+is that this screen came down
+and will not go back up.
+
+And one of the reasons that I
+have designed my presentation
+
+technique for you this semester
+so heavily around the use of the
+
+blackboard is that last year,
+when I taught the class,
+
+I had a lot of feedback from
+students about how the one day
+
+when we had audiovisual problems
+and I couldn't use my PowerPoint
+
+and instead gave an impromptu
+chalk talk, that that was their
+
+favorite lecture.
+Maybe next year we will
+
+entirely be back to PowerPoint.
+I don't know.
+
+We will see.
+But, fortunately,
+
+I did write out my notes this
+morning in electronic format,
+
+so I can make use of them on
+the side boards.
+
+And, in addition,
+I want to display for you some
+
+molecular orbital shapes and
+properties.
+
+And I will do that by starting
+out --
+
+Actually, I would like to
+start, if I could,
+
+with this one.
+I will go back to the document
+
+camera in a moment.
+
+Starting out right where we
+left off last time,
+
+you will recall that we were
+looking at diatomic molecules.
+
+We started out with a seven
+orbital problem two lectures
+
+ago.
+We looked at the planar BH
+
+three molecule.
+We had a molecule where the MOs
+
+were mixing in two dimensions.
+And then last time,
+
+when we looked at homonuclear
+and heteronuclear diatomic
+
+molecules the MOs were,
+in fact, mixing in just along
+
+an axis in one dimension.
+And so, when we left the
+
+situation last time,
+we had arrived at some kind of
+
+an understanding of the energy
+levels in the carbon monoxide
+
+molecule.
+And these were being developed,
+
+especially, with reference to
+CO being a poisonous molecule,
+
+--
+-- whereas, N two,
+
+another ten valence electron
+diatomic molecule was very,
+
+very inert.
+Why was that?
+
+It turns out that you have the
+very electronegative oxygen atom
+
+on one side of the diagram with
+its very low energetically lying
+
+orbitals mixing with the carbon
+orbitals that are higher in
+
+energy.
+And the neat thing about this,
+
+for the carbon monoxide
+molecule, is that it results in
+
+an asymmetry of the molecular
+orbitals --
+
+-- because the coefficients are
+not the same on the carbon side
+
+as they are on the oxygen side
+as those atomic orbitals blend
+
+together into the four sigma and
+four pi molecular orbitals that
+
+we have.
+We have a total of eight MOs,
+
+and they distribute
+energetically as four energy
+
+levels in ascending energy that
+are sigma in symmetry.
+
+That is, cylindrically
+symmetric about the internuclear
+
+axis.
+And then we had four that were
+
+pi.
+Two energies,
+
+a pi bonding with four
+electrons and a pi antibonding
+
+with just virtual empty
+orbitals.
+
+And because this highest
+occupied molecular orbital of
+
+carbon monoxide is so heavily
+concentrated on the carbon end
+
+of the molecule,
+you can essentially view this
+
+as a carbon-based lone pair.
+It has this big lobe here,
+
+through which the carbon can
+serve as a nucleophile or as a
+
+base and bind to something that
+has an empty orbital.
+
+And if that something that has
+an empty orbital also has a
+
+filled orbital that matches the
+symmetry of the LUMO of carbon
+
+monoxide, then you get the
+possibility for multiple bonding
+
+between the carbon of the CO
+molecule and that other entity.
+
+And we will see that that other
+entity may, in fact,
+
+be a d-block transition
+element, such as iron.
+
+And what I wanted to do was to
+go ahead and show you that the
+
+LUMO is an interesting and
+unsymmetrical one,
+
+as well.
+Let's take a look at that.
+
+And so, in this picture I have
+gone ahead and included a little
+
+ball and stick diagram
+underneath the representation of
+
+the orbital lobes.
+Here is the carbon,
+
+and the oxygen is colored red.
+And you can see that the lobes
+
+on the LUMO, the lowest
+unoccupied molecular orbital in
+
+this system, are also large on
+carbon relative to oxygen.
+
+The same as we had found for
+the highest occupied MO.
+
+What this means is that that
+carbon atom in the CO molecule
+
+is simultaneously a base in the
+sigma system.
+
+And because this is our lowest
+unoccupied molecular orbital,
+
+our carbon atom is actually an
+acid in the pi system.
+
+And that makes it
+electronically very
+
+complimentary to d-block
+elements, as we will see when we
+
+get into the chemistry of
+elements that do have valence
+
+d-orbitals in addition to s and
+p, coming up in a couple of
+
+lectures.
+And so what can happen is that,
+
+let's say that a carbon
+monoxide molecule somehow
+
+erroneously finds its way into
+your blood stream,
+
+you have there hemoglobin,
+the iron atom at the center of
+
+which acts reversibly to bind
+the dioxygen molecule.
+
+But it irreversibly binds to
+the carbon monoxide molecule
+
+because the iron center,
+which is sitting at the center
+
+of a heme unit that I mentioned,
+and we will talk about the
+
+structure of hemoglobin and the
+way that it functions a little
+
+bit later.
+But if CO gets in there,
+
+it binds to the iron through
+the HOMO, acting as a base to
+
+the metal acting as a sigma
+acid, and also through
+
+d-electrons being able to act as
+a pi base from the metal binding
+
+with this LUMO of the carbon
+monoxide molecule.
+
+And this LUMO is doubly
+degenerate.
+
+That means there are two of
+them at the same energy.
+
+And we will come back to this
+issue of orbital degeneracy
+
+later in today's lecture,
+but that electronic asymmetry
+
+of carbon monoxide and the fact
+that the HOMO and LUMO are both
+
+centered on the carbon end of
+the molecule are what make CO
+
+such an interesting molecule and
+such a reactive molecule and
+
+therefore a poison.
+And so now let us please go
+
+back to the document camera.
+
+What I have shown here are the
+five platonic solids.
+
+Actually, I spent a lot of time
+over the weekend practicing
+
+drawing these on the chalkboard
+so that I would be able to do
+
+that very nicely for you.
+And here it comes that we do
+
+not have that option today,
+so I will show them to you this
+
+way.
+And the platonic solids are the
+
+five regular polyhedra.
+And that means that they are
+
+polyhedra that have,
+as their faces,
+
+regular polygons that are all
+identical.
+
+And the reason I am bringing
+this up today is that we had
+
+talked about issues of symmetry
+with reference to molecular
+
+orbital theory.
+And these are all very highly
+
+symmetric shapes,
+as you can immediately
+
+recognize.
+The buckyball that we looked at
+
+earlier is not here because it
+has both five-membered rings and
+
+six-membered rings on the faces.
+And so it doesn't have all the
+
+faces identical.
+And those that do have all the
+
+faces identical are the platonic
+solids.
+
+And the complete list of those
+is shown here.
+
+With triangles,
+you can put four equilateral
+
+triangles together to make a
+tetrahedron.
+
+There is actually a journal
+called Tetrahedron.
+
+And there is another one called
+Tetrahedron Letters.
+
+And there is another one called
+Tetrahedron Reports.
+
+And the reason is that organic
+chemistry is carbon-based,
+
+and carbon so often gets
+involved in forming tetrahedra.
+
+And so the tetrahedron is a
+very important symbol of organic
+
+chemistry.
+And we will get back to that.
+
+And with triangles,
+if instead of putting four of
+
+them together,
+you put eight of them together
+
+this way, you get the
+octahedron.
+
+And the octahedron is equally
+important as a symbol for
+
+inorganic chemistry.
+And the reason for that is that
+
+when we have metal ions in
+solution, they often sit at the
+
+center of a coordination
+octahedron in which six ligands
+
+bind to that metal center.
+And we are going to get into
+
+how that was discovered pretty
+shortly by Alfred Werner,
+
+another Nobel laureate in
+chemistry.
+
+And with triangles you can also
+make the icosahedron shown here,
+
+and this has 20 faces.
+And the icosahedron is
+
+important in chemistry.
+And certain elements,
+
+for example boron,
+actually have structures in the
+
+solid state in which the boron
+atoms are arranged at the
+
+vertices of a regular
+icosahedron.
+
+So this is a chemically
+important shape as well.
+
+And if you go from triangles to
+squares you can,
+
+of course, make a cube.
+And probably the most familiar
+
+of a platonic solid to us.
+And then, if we go up to
+
+pentagons and put those
+together, as you can see here,
+
+we can put 12 pentagons
+together in a regular way,
+
+that gives rise to what we call
+the pentagonal dodecahedron.
+
+And you can imagine that each
+of these vertices could be a C-H
+
+unit, carbon-hydrogen.
+And then each carbon would have
+
+its valence of four satisfied.
+And there would be all single
+
+bonds at the parameter of this
+round molecule.
+
+And, in fact,
+that dodecahedron molecule was
+
+the objective of organic
+synthesis for quite a long time
+
+before it was finally
+successfully synthesized by Leo
+
+Paquette.
+You would be surprised with the
+
+kinds of challenges,
+maybe, sometimes that do drive
+
+chemists to do what they do.
+And that is the platonic
+
+solids.
+I am going to be focusing our
+
+attention on methane.
+And, if I could have the side
+
+board go back to the computer
+for a moment,
+
+that would be great.
+These are the notes for today's
+
+lecture that I wrote up this
+morning that you will be able to
+
+download later today,
+or maybe you already can.
+
+I don't know.
+In any event,
+
+when we approach the methane
+problem in molecular orbital
+
+theory, what we do is recognize
+that the tetrahedron can be
+
+conveniently inscribed into a
+cube by placing hydrogens at
+
+alternating corners of the cube,
+as shown here.
+
+And then, when we do that,
+the carbon atom of the methane
+
+molecule lies at the very center
+of this cube.
+
+And this way of arranging the
+system in space will help us to
+
+simplify the problem of the
+molecular orbital energy levels
+
+for the methane molecule.
+And we are going to be
+
+ultimately working toward a
+comparison of the molecular
+
+orbital description of the
+methane molecule with that
+
+afforded by valance bond theory.
+Now, some of you approached me
+
+after lecture last time and
+said, what happened to
+
+hybridization?
+And, if you wanted to talk
+
+about the methane molecule and
+the language of valence bond
+
+theory, you would say that this
+carbon atom is sp three
+
+hybridized in order that it may
+form simultaneously four two
+
+electron bonds between the
+central carbon and the four
+
+peripheral hydrogens.
+Well, where hybridization went
+
+is that it stayed with valence
+bond theory.
+
+Let me reemphasize the
+distinction between the
+
+molecular orbital treatment of
+molecule electronic structure as
+
+contrasted with the valence bond
+theory in which hybridization
+
+plays a role.
+It does not play a role in the
+
+language of MO theory,
+so please keep those quite
+
+distinct.
+Now, we need to choose a
+
+coordinate system for our
+problem.
+
+And I won't spend too much time
+discussing how we choose the
+
+coordinate system,
+but what we have done in the
+
+present case with methane is to
+choose the x,
+
+y, and z axes each to come out
+of the faces of the cube.
+
+And we do this because that
+choice of coordinate system will
+
+lead to the equivalence of the
+carbons' 2px,
+
+2py, and 2pz orbitals in 3D
+space.
+
+We could choose a different
+coordinate system,
+
+and that would make the problem
+more difficult.
+
+So, what we have done is chosen
+a convenient set of coordinates
+
+where the x, y,
+and z axes each come out of the
+
+faces of our cube.
+Now, we recognize that the
+
+methane problem,
+like the homonuclear and
+
+heteronuclear diatomic molecule
+problems we talked about last
+
+time, is an eight orbital
+problem.
+
+The diatomics N two and
+CO each had ten electrons to go
+
+into their eight molecular
+orbitals.
+
+And here, with methane,
+we have eight electrons,
+
+four coming in as the valence
+orbitals from the carbon atom,
+
+valence electrons from the
+carbon atom, rather,
+
+and four coming in as the four
+valence 1s electrons for the
+
+four hydrogens.
+And our eight orbitals are the
+
+carbons 2s, 2px,
+2py, and 2pz orbitals.
+
+And we have four more orbitals,
+the 1s from each of the four
+
+hydrogens.
+We know how many electrons are
+
+going to be able to go into our
+MO energy level diagram.
+
+We know how many MOs we are
+going to have because we know
+
+how many valance AOs we have.
+And those numbers are equal at
+
+eight.
+The choice of this problem is
+
+predicated on my desire to show
+you how things progress as we go
+
+from a planar system to a linear
+system to now a system that has
+
+molecular orbitals that stretch
+out in three-dimensional space.
+
+Now, we are going to take the
+following approach.
+
+We are going to say,
+how can we generate linear
+
+combinations of the four
+hydrogen 1s orbitals that will
+
+be so constructed as to match
+the nodal properties of the
+
+carbon atomic orbitals that are
+the valence orbitals of that
+
+carbon?
+Okay.
+
+So that is our goal,
+and that is our strategy.
+
+And let me say also,
+that in this tetrahedral
+
+symmetry, you can recognize that
+you cannot distinguish any one
+
+of the four vertices of a
+tetrahedron from the other
+
+three.
+And that is important.
+
+And that is also true from the
+way that we have decided to
+
+situate the hydrogen nuclei on
+this cube relative to our
+
+coordinate system.
+In other words,
+
+none of these four hydrogens
+lie on any of the three
+
+Cartesian axes.
+And their relationship to the
+
+coordinate system and to the
+shape of the cube each is
+
+indistinguishable from that of
+the other three hydrogens.
+
+And that is an important aspect
+of the way that we set up the
+
+problem.
+And why do I mention that?
+
+Because I mentioned that when
+constructing MOs in general,
+
+one of the first things you can
+do, if you are going to be able
+
+to take advantage of symmetry to
+help you solve the problem of
+
+these MO energy levels and how
+they are constructed from linear
+
+combinations of atomic orbitals
+is to identify symmetry-related
+
+sets of atoms in orbitals.
+If you are keeping that in
+
+mind, you will realize that we
+are treating all four hydrogens
+
+together because they are
+indistinguishable from one
+
+another in the tetrahedral shape
+of the methane molecule.
+
+So, that is important.
+If we had a more complicated
+
+molecule, such as if we were
+looking at --
+
+I get to use a little bit of
+board space today.
+
+Here is a slightly more
+complicated hydrocarbon
+
+molecule.
+Here is a slightly more
+
+complicated hydrocarbon
+molecule.
+
+And in a molecule like this,
+this is cyclohexane drawn in a
+
+chair confirmation.
+Sir Derek Barton actually was
+
+the Nobel laureate who got his
+prize for discussing
+
+conformational aspects of
+hydrocarbons.
+
+We would find that the
+hydrogens split up into two
+
+sets.
+They are not all equivalent in
+
+the cyclohexane molecule in this
+frozen out chair confirmation
+
+because we have one type that is
+equatorial and one type that is
+
+axial on each of these carbons
+as we go around this
+
+six-membered ring.
+And so there are different sets
+
+that you would have to treat
+separately.
+
+But methane is more
+symmetrical.
+
+And all four hydrogens in the
+methane molecule are identical,
+
+so we are going to treat them
+together in developing our
+
+linear combinations.
+And, coming back to this,
+
+what we are going to do,
+once again, to generate these
+
+things, is to imagine the
+central atom atomic orbital as
+
+growing out in space out to
+where the hydrogen nuclei are.
+
+And then we are going to take
+the sign of the wave function
+
+that we find out there and apply
+it to those hydrogens that are
+
+out there in space in order to
+see what our linear combination
+
+must look like.
+If you imagine the carbon 2s
+
+orbital, which has the same
+sign, positive,
+
+everywhere, and imagine it
+growing out to where the
+
+hydrogens are,
+and we are labeling the
+
+hydrogen A, B,
+C, and D, as shown here.
+
+And we will keep that same
+labeling scheme throughout the
+
+development of this problem.
+You would see that the carbon
+
+2s positive wave function,
+as we imagine it growing out to
+
+where the hydrogens are,
+would touch each of these
+
+hydrogens at the same time.
+And, thus, we confer the sign
+
+positive on all four of the
+contributors to this first of
+
+our linear combinations.
+And what that will represent is
+
+simultaneous bonding of the
+carbon 2s orbital with all four
+
+hydrogens and with the same sign
+everywhere.
+
+And so, we can write down
+one-half A plus B plus C plus D,
+
+where I am using A here to
+
+represent the hydrogen 1s
+orbital associated with hydrogen
+
+labeled A.
+So I have just abbreviated that
+
+in A.
+And, similarly,
+
+B is the hydrogen 1s orbital
+associated with hydrogen B and
+
+so on.
+So, this is a linear
+
+combination of these four
+hydrogen orbitals.
+
+And it is normalized with a
+half, here.
+
+And we have the same
+coefficient on each of the four
+
+hydrogens, so the size of the
+lobe that you would draw at each
+
+four of these positions would be
+the same.
+
+That is number one.
+We have built a linear
+
+combination based on the nodal
+properties of the carbon 2s
+
+atomic orbital.
+And now, let's do two more.
+
+And we are going to base these
+on the nodal properties of the
+
+central carbon 2px orbital and
+the central carbon 2py orbital.
+
+I am using the same coordinate
+system as I started with,
+
+namely, that the positive
+x-axis comes out of the face of
+
+the cube and comes toward us,
+and the positive y-axis comes
+
+out of this face of the cube and
+goes that way.
+
+And we will look at z in a
+moment.
+
+That one is going straight up
+out of the top face of the cube
+
+for positive z.
+What you can see is that if you
+
+imagine the carbon 2px atomic
+orbital as just growing out to
+
+where the four hydrogens are,
+we will see that the hydrogens
+
+in positions A and B will
+experience the positive lobe of
+
+the carbon 2px orbital at the
+same moment as the two hydrogens
+
+in back labeled C and D
+experience the negative lobe of
+
+the carbon 2px orbital.
+And so, we give positive phase
+
+to A and B and negative phase to
+C and D.
+
+And we give them the same
+coefficient everywhere such that
+
+this linear combination is
+normalized as one-half A plus B
+
+minus C minus D.
+
+That is our second linear
+combination of hydrogen
+
+orbitals.
+And this one has been so
+
+generated as to match the nodal
+property of the carbon 2px
+
+orbital, the key feature of
+which is that it is everywhere
+
+positive along positive x,
+and everywhere along negative x
+
+it is negative.
+And the 2py orbital of carbon
+
+has the property that everywhere
+in the plus y region of space,
+
+it is positive,
+so that C and B will be
+
+associated with a positive sign
+for this linear combination.
+
+And the 2py orbital is negative
+everywhere along negative y,
+
+back here.
+And that is where hydrogens A
+
+and D are located.
+So, A and D will carry a
+
+negative sign for this new
+linear combination,
+
+which is one-half of minus A
+plus B plus C minus D.
+
+This is just one way
+of writing down
+
+the picture that we see here.
+And there is only one left to
+
+be generated from the nodal
+properties of the carbon 2pz
+
+orbital, which has its positive
+node oriented along positive z
+
+and its negative lobe oriented
+along negative z,
+
+and it has the x,y-plane as a
+nodal surface.
+
+And so, therefore,
+hydrogens A and C will carry a
+
+positive sign because they are
+oriented and located in the plus
+
+z region of space.
+Whereas, hydrogens B and D are
+
+located in the negative z region
+of space, so they will carry a
+
+negative sign.
+And that one can be normalized
+
+also with a normalization
+coefficient of one-half.
+
+And so it is A minus B plus C
+minus D.
+
+And just don't forget 
+that these letters
+
+refer to the 1s orbitals
+associated with the hydrogens
+
+that are so labeled.
+And we started with identifying
+
+the fact that the four hydrogens
+in this problem are all
+
+equivalent.
+And, thus, their 1s orbitals
+
+are all equivalent,
+indistinguishable from each
+
+other with respect to their
+spatial orientation.
+
+And, so we took four atomic
+orbitals, and we are
+
+constructing from them four
+linear combinations of those
+
+four atomic orbitals.
+I want to emphasize what I have
+
+written here,
+which is that with the
+
+coordinate system we have chosen
+and in this high tetrahedral
+
+symmetry, the carbons 2p x,
+y and z orbitals are identical.
+
+And, just like in a carbon atom
+floating free in space,
+
+they are degenerate.
+That means they have the same
+
+energy.
+And so we will talk about
+
+orbitals in atoms being
+degenerate in a moment.
+
+But we find that the 2p x,
+y and z orbitals on that carbon
+
+are going to have the same
+energy, and they are degenerate.
+
+And the molecular orbitals
+constructed from them in this
+
+tetrahedral system will have the
+same property.
+
+They will be degenerate.
+So, something that is
+
+occasionally associated with
+high symmetry is multiple MO
+
+degeneracy.
+Next, knowing what our carbon
+
+atom atomic orbitals are and
+knowing also what our four
+
+linear combinations are of the
+hydrogen 1s orbitals,
+
+we can now allow them to
+interact in ways that are either
+
+bonding or antibonding.
+And they interact,
+
+of course, according to their
+nodal properties.
+
+Those linear combinations that
+have the same nodal properties
+
+as a particular carbon atom
+atomic orbital will lead to a
+
+bonding interaction and an
+antibonding interaction.
+
+And we have an eight orbital
+problem, so we better see eight
+
+energy levels appearing in our
+molecular orbital energy level
+
+diagram for this methane
+molecule.
+
+And, when we go down here,
+starting at the lowest energy
+
+molecular orbital,
+we find that it can be
+
+constructed by adding to the
+carbon 2s orbital,
+
+which is, once again,
+spherically symmetric,
+
+this linear combination that is
+A plus B plus C plus D.
+
+And we can draw this with a
+
+surface like this,
+which envelopes all five of our
+
+nuclei which has the same sign
+everywhere.
+
+And so our lowest lying
+molecular orbital,
+
+our most bonding molecular
+orbital, our most stabilized MO,
+
+which can house a pair of
+electrons because it is singly
+
+degenerate, is one that will
+look something like this.
+
+It envelopes all five of our
+nuclei.
+
+And, effectively,
+the pair of electrons is
+
+associated simultaneously with
+all five nuclei.
+
+And the wave function has the
+same sign everywhere,
+
+just like the carbon 2s orbital
+from which this is partially
+
+constructed does.
+And then, next we have three
+
+molecular orbitals that are each
+built by forming bonding
+
+interactions with the carbon's
+p-orbitals, px,
+
+py, and pz with the linear
+combination that matches that
+
+carbon orbital in terms of the
+nodal properties.
+
+And we built them that way so
+that becomes particularly
+
+straightforward.
+This one here is coming out,
+
+the face that points to the
+right.
+
+And so you can see that this
+one is based on the carbon 2py
+
+orbital.
+And, if that carbon 2py orbital
+
+makes a bonding interaction with
+the linear combination denoted
+
+as minus A plus B plus 
+C minus D,
+
+the bonding interaction here is
+signified by this plus sign.
+
+So, we have a plus sign here
+and a plus sign here.
+
+And, thus, we have a molecular
+orbital that has the same nodal
+
+properties as a carbon 2py
+orbital does,
+
+which means that the x,z-plane
+is a nodal surface for this
+
+molecular orbital.
+And what it looks like is kind
+
+of a two-bladed propeller.
+You have a plus phase that is
+
+distributed, enveloping the two
+hydrogens that we labeled B and
+
+C, along with that positive lobe
+of the carbon 2py orbital.
+
+So that you have that forming
+one blade of our two-bladed
+
+propeller.
+And the blade with the other
+
+sign is rotated relative to the
+first by 45 degrees.
+
+Sorry, by 90 degrees,
+in fact, and will involve the
+
+distribution of bonding
+character over carbon's negative
+
+2py lobe interacting with these
+two hydrogens back here,
+
+which are hydrogens A and D.
+And so we will visualize these
+
+in a moment to make that more
+clear.
+
+But these three bonds,
+one oriented along x,
+
+one oriented along y,
+and one oriented along z all
+
+look exactly like this.
+They are just rotated 90
+
+degrees to each other in space,
+just like the x,
+
+y, and z Cartesian axes are.
+I have only drawn one of them,
+
+but we have three of them
+because there is a three-fold
+
+orbital degeneracy in this
+molecular orbital.
+
+So, singly degenerate and then
+triply degenerate.
+
+And then, as we go up in
+energy, we will find that our
+
+lowest unoccupied molecular
+orbital is constructed by
+
+subtracting.
+It is the same as I have
+
+written here,
+but with a minus sign,
+
+the C 2s subtracting A plus B
+plus C plus D.
+
+A, B, C and D hydrogens all
+
+have the same sign to their wave
+function as each other,
+
+but they have the opposite sign
+as the contribution from the
+
+carbon 2s orbital to this
+molecular orbital.
+
+And what that results in,
+as I have tried to indicate
+
+with some red dashes here,
+is that you generate a nodal
+
+surface in between the carbon
+and hydrogen nuclei that will go
+
+completely around and will
+intersect perpendicular to each
+
+of these carbon-hydrogen
+inter-nuclear vectors.
+
+You have a change of sign as
+you are traversing the path from
+
+carbon to any one of the four
+hydrogen nuclei.
+
+And that is what we get by just
+reversing the sign relative to
+
+the bonding counterpart of that
+orbital.
+
+And that makes this one
+anti-bonding.
+
+We will give it an asterisk
+here to denote antibonding
+
+character to this molecular
+orbital.
+
+And now, ascending in energy,
+we will find that for each one
+
+of these orbitals that is bonded
+and oriented with respect to x,
+
+y or z in Cartesian space,
+we find that there is an
+
+antibonding counterpart.
+Again, what we are doing is
+
+taking, for example,
+carbons 2py and subtracting the
+
+linear combination that
+corresponds to carbon 2py in
+
+terms of its nodal symmetry
+properties.
+
+We are subtracting minus A plus
+B plus C minus D.
+
+The carbon 2py has the same
+
+plus, its positive lobe is
+oriented along positive y,
+
+just as it is down here,
+but now we have reversed the
+
+sign of the four hydrogens.
+And what this introduces will
+
+be antibonding nodal surfaces in
+between the carbon and the
+
+hydrogens.
+And they are strong antibonding
+
+interactions because of the good
+directional overlap of,
+
+say, the positive lobe of
+carbon's 2py with these
+
+s-orbital contributions in the
+negative from hydrogens C and B,
+
+here.
+And back here,
+
+A and D rotated,
+of course, by 90 degrees.
+
+One of the points that I was
+illustrating last time and
+
+really trying to emphasize in
+the context of MO theory is
+
+that, in general,
+we expect orbitals to be higher
+
+in energy if they have more
+internuclear nodes.
+
+And the energy of the orbitals
+is also affected by which atomic
+
+orbitals are close to the MO in
+energy and also by factors of
+
+overlap.
+And normally,
+
+for example,
+a sigma bond is typically
+
+associated with greater overlap
+than a pi bond because of the
+
+directionality of the overlap.
+And here, you have an
+
+interesting case,
+where this p-orbital is not
+
+directed right at the hydrogen.
+And it is not a pi bond either.
+
+It is something in between sort
+of sigma and a pi type of
+
+orientation.
+It is an oblique interaction of
+
+the hydrogen 1s wavefunction
+with that lobe of the p-orbital.
+
+But, still, it gives rise to
+very good overlap down here,
+
+and consequently a very strong
+antibonding character up here in
+
+counterpart.
+And, from calculation,
+
+this is the order of the energy
+levels that come out of that.
+
+And so we have only four energy
+levels, two of which are triply
+
+degenerate, so we indeed have
+eight wave functions that
+
+correspond to the molecular
+orbitals of this system.
+
+Question down here?
+Could you say that louder?
+
+Why did this not have the
+one-half?
+
+The one-half is missing there
+because I forgot to put it
+
+there.
+Yes, to be normalized it should
+
+have a one-half there.
+That is right.
+
+But then there is a further
+point that that brings up,
+
+which is the following.
+What I am implying here is that
+
+there are equal amounts of
+carbon 2s in the bonding orbital
+
+and as in the antibonding
+counterpart.
+
+But that need not be the case.
+It could be that this is 0.6
+
+here and that this 0.4 up here.
+And that is a greater level of
+
+detail than I am really
+interested in going into for the
+
+purposes of this problem.
+But your point,
+
+with respect to the
+coefficient, is well taken.
+
+Thanks.
+Christine, maybe we can fix
+
+that on the one that gets posted
+on the web.
+
+Let's now look at these things
+using our VMD program.
+
+Starting from the lowest energy
+and we will work our way up.
+
+Which orbital is this?
+This is a molecular orbital of
+
+the methane molecule.
+
+One way you can identify
+orbitals is where they are with
+
+reference to the HOMO or the
+LUMO.
+
+In this case,
+the HOMO is triply degenerate.
+
+And there is one orbital lower
+in energy than the HOMO.
+
+This would be then the HOMO
+minus one because it is one
+
+below the HOMO in energy.
+That is the one which is the
+
+carbon 2s, plus A plus B plus C
+plus D.
+
+That is that MO there.
+
+Actually, let's go ahead and
+take that one away.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+Let's see if you can figure out
+which one this is.
+
+In order to figure out which
+one it is, you need to be able
+
+to realize where the nuclei are
+and where your internuclear
+
+nodes are, if any.
+And, if so, how many.
+
+This is one of our hydrogen
+contributions.
+
+Here is a hydrogen contribution
+with opposite sign.
+
+And there is a piece of our
+carbon 2p orbital in the center.
+
+Now, this is just one of three
+identical counterparts that are
+
+rotated 90 degrees with respect
+to each other in space,
+
+so I am not going to show you
+all three of them.
+
+They all look exactly the same.
+Is this one bonding or
+
+antibonding?
+Yeah, this one is antibonding.
+
+And it does not have the same
+sign on all the hydrogens,
+
+so it has to be part of our
+LUMO, which is triply degenerate
+
+and involves bonding or,
+in this case,
+
+the antibonding between a
+carbon 2p orbital with a linear
+
+combination of four hydrogens.
+You can see that when you have
+
+an antibonding orbital,
+you are depleting the electron
+
+density in the space between the
+nuclei rather than increasing it
+
+as you do in a bonding orbital.
+Let's go ahead and look at the
+
+bonding counterpart of this one.
+And we will do that.
+
+And let's delete it.
+One thing that you will get,
+
+if you haven't already gotten
+it, is you are going to get a
+
+link to be able to download all
+the files that I used to show
+
+you molecular orbitals with in
+class.
+
+Because this program I am
+using, this VMD program,
+
+is available on Athena.
+And you can also download it
+
+yourself for free onto your own
+computer if you want to.
+
+And so this is going to give
+you the opportunity to study
+
+these orbitals and rotate them
+around at your leisure on your
+
+desktop.
+And now, let's look at the
+
+bonding counterpart to that
+antibonding orbital that we just
+
+looked at.
+This one is the two-bladed
+
+propeller to which I referred.
+And you can see that this
+
+orbital has the same symmetry
+with respect to its nodal
+
+properties as a carbon 2p
+orbital because it has a single
+
+nodal plane.
+And one side all the signs are
+
+positive, and on the other side
+all the signs are reversed.
+
+And we have a nice piece of
+bonding going on there and there
+
+when we have this oblique
+interaction of one of the lobes
+
+of a p-orbital simultaneously
+with two of the hydrogens that
+
+it sits directly between in
+space.
+
+There is one of our triply
+degenerate components of our
+
+highest occupied molecular
+orbital.
+
+And then, there is just one
+left to visualize.
+
+All right.
+We will delete that one.
+
+We looked at our most symmetric
+and most bonding molecular
+
+orbital.
+And now, we are going to go
+
+ahead and look at the
+antibonding counterpart of that
+
+one.
+
+And so this is clearly a
+molecular orbital that is formed
+
+using some piece of the carbon
+2s orbital.
+
+And you see that you get a
+change in sign as you go from
+
+carbon to each of the hydrogens,
+that accordingly the electron
+
+density is depleted in the
+region of space between the
+
+nuclei.
+And that is a characteristic of
+
+an antibonding orbital.
+And this one,
+
+according to our diagram,
+in fact, is the LUMO.
+
+So, as you will see over here,
+that was what we predicted our
+
+lowest unoccupied molecular
+orbital would look like.
+
+And then, up here,
+we had our triply degenerate
+
+LUMO plus one based on the
+carbon 2p orbital interactions.
+
+Now, you can see what these
+four types of molecular orbital
+
+would look like.
+And now, you wonder,
+
+just what kind of prediction
+does this make regarding
+
+experimental observables.
+And so let's look at this
+
+picture.
+
+This diagram contains a number
+of interesting features.
+
+It is a diagram that plots
+ionization energy here on the
+
+x-axis against a number of
+different molecules on the
+
+y-axis.
+At the top you have simply a
+
+neon atom.
+Neon is our noble gas atom that
+
+lies just immediately to the
+right of fluorine in the
+
+periodic table.
+If anything is more
+
+electronegative than fluorine,
+it would actually be neon.
+
+This inert gas that is
+extremely difficult to ionize
+
+because it holds so tightly onto
+all eight of its electrons.
+
+Does it hold equally tightly
+onto all eight of its electrons?
+
+The answer is no because,
+as you scroll across here in
+
+ionization energy,
+you see that its 2p electrons
+
+ionize here, and its 2s
+electrons ionize way over here.
+
+The type of diagram I showed
+you last time,
+
+where the 2s orbital,
+as you go across the periodic
+
+table, decreases in energy
+faster than does the set of 2p
+
+orbitals associated with an
+atom, is expressed in this
+
+diagram here because we have
+neon.
+
+And then we are going across
+the periodic table.
+
+This next molecule is HF,
+an eight electron species,
+
+and H two O,
+an eight electron species,
+
+and then NH three,
+ammonia, the other eight
+
+electron species.
+And then over here we get to CH
+
+four, the molecule
+that we have just
+
+discussed today.
+And what is very interesting
+
+here is that the ionization
+energies of the molecular
+
+orbitals, in the case of the
+molecules, and of the atom in
+
+the case of neon track very
+nicely.
+
+Here is the molecular orbital
+that has 2s character of HF,
+
+of H two O,
+of NH three,
+
+and of CH four.
+And it is rising in energy as
+
+we go from right to left across
+the periodic table.
+
+And that is because the carbon
+2s orbital is much higher than
+
+the neon 2s orbital is,
+for example.
+
+And the carbon 2s orbital is
+contributing to that most
+
+bonding of molecular orbitals of
+the methane molecule.
+
+And then there is this manifold
+here, that corresponds to
+
+ionizing an electron out of the
+HOMO of methane.
+
+And it is a broadened peak
+distribution here because of the
+
+different vibrational states
+that the methane can be found in
+
+when, in fact,
+it experiences an incoming high
+
+energy photon that is capable of
+knocking the electron out of the
+
+methane molecule and ionizing
+it.
+
+This is called photoelectron
+spectroscopy.
+
+And you will be reading about
+it also in the context of your
+
+problem set because we have a
+problem that deals with this.
+
+And I point you to a piece of
+your text that covers
+
+photoelectron spectroscopy.
+But the key point here is that
+
+if you had all your eight
+electrons at one energy,
+
+as valance bond theory might
+suggest for a molecule like
+
+this, you might think you should
+only see one peak in the PES of
+
+methane.
+But you see two because
+
+methane, the molecule has two
+molecular orbital energy levels,
+
+one of them being triply
+degenerate.
+
+See you on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uHUOwZmfUzY.txt b/uHUOwZmfUzY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fc6528656e3b3ef50c69a1711883f10d99b12df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uHUOwZmfUzY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay where were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where were
+we well so this is our summary to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we well so this is our summary to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we well so this is our summary to date
+that I had up right before the midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had up right before the midterm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had up right before the midterm
+so let me just remind you what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just remind you what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just remind you what we had
+just finished up so we talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished up so we talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished up so we talked about a
+general discussion of um uh General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general discussion of um uh General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general discussion of um uh General
+discussion of estimation and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of estimation and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of estimation and also a
+discussion about the sample mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the sample mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the sample mean we
+talked about criteria for assessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about criteria for assessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about criteria for assessing
+estimators and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators and we talked about
+Frameworks for deriving estimators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks for deriving estimators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks for deriving estimators and
+that's where we'd sort of left off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we'd sort of left off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where we'd sort of left off right
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+midterm Okay so we've seen various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm Okay so we've seen various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midterm Okay so we've seen various
+estimators and we've made observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators and we've made observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators and we've made observations
+about their distributions we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their distributions we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their distributions we've
+discussed how we might derive them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how we might derive them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how we might derive them
+either by just being clever and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by just being clever and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by just being clever and thinking
+of them off the top of our head or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them off the top of our head or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them off the top of our head or uh
+using maximum likelihood estimation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using maximum likelihood estimation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using maximum likelihood estimation or
+using method of moments estimation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using method of moments estimation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using method of moments estimation to
+derive estimators and then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive estimators and then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive estimators and then we also
+discuss the criteria that we might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the criteria that we might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the criteria that we might use
+to choose among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose among them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose among them
+okay that's fine that's all useful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's fine that's all useful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's fine that's all useful but
+when we actually have to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually have to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we actually have to report
+estimates when we have we're confronted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates when we have we're confronted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates when we have we're confronted
+with a real data set and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a real data set and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a real data set and we need to
+report uh an estimate of some parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh an estimate of some parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh an estimate of some parameter
+uh people are going to want to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people are going to want to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people are going to want to have some
+objective measure of how good our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measure of how good our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective measure of how good our
+estimates is or how reliable or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates is or how reliable or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates is or how reliable or how
+precise our estimate is so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise our estimate is so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise our estimate is so that's what
+I'm going to talk about today um or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about today um or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to talk about today um or one
+thing I'm going to talk about today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to talk about today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to talk about today so
+one way that we can do this so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way that we can do this so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way that we can do this so remember
+that uh the estimate is a realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the estimate is a realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the estimate is a realization
+from the distribution of the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution of the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution of the estimator
+okay so we report the estimate we report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we report the estimate we report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we report the estimate we report
+that one number that's a realization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one number that's a realization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one number that's a realization
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+distribution and then we also might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we also might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then we also might just
+report the uh the variance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report the uh the variance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report the uh the variance of that
+distribution or if we don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or if we don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution or if we don't know the
+variance an estimated variance okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance an estimated variance okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance an estimated variance okay and
+that can be that can give a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be that can give a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be that can give a lot of
+information about how um how reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how um how reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how um how reliable
+our estimate is and how confident we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate is and how confident we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimate is and how confident we are
+in our estimate okay so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our estimate okay so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our estimate okay so the first thing
+I'm going to do is Define uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is Define uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do is Define uh the
+standard error okay the standard error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error okay the standard error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error okay the standard error
+of an estimate is the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an estimate is the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an estimate is the standard deviation
+or if we don't know the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if we don't know the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if we don't know the standard
+deviation the estimated standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation the estimated standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation the estimated standard
+deviation of the estimator okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example let's go back to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's go back to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's go back to one of
+our favorite estimators uh uh sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite estimators uh uh sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite estimators uh uh sample
+mean or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xar so we have shown that the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar so we have shown that the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar so we have shown that the sample
+mean has mean mu and variance Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean has mean mu and variance Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean has mean mu and variance Sigma squ
+Over N we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N we know
+that so the standard error for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the standard error for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the standard error for that
+estimator is just Sigma over root n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is just Sigma over root n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is just Sigma over root n okay
+it's just the square root of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the square root of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the square root of the the
+variance now a lot of time sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance now a lot of time sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance now a lot of time sometimes we
+might know what Sigma what Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what Sigma what Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what Sigma what Sigma squ
+Over N is we always know what n is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N is we always know what n is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over N is we always know what n is or
+you know because that's our sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that's our sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that's our sample size
+a lot of times we might or sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times we might or sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times we might or sometimes we
+might know what Sigma squ is and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what Sigma squ is and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might know what Sigma squ is and so then
+we just report that as the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just report that as the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just report that as the standard
+error a lot of times we won't know it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error a lot of times we won't know it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error a lot of times we won't know it so
+we have to substitute an an estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to substitute an an estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to substitute an an estimate for
+Sigma squ and that's okay so then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ and that's okay so then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ and that's okay so then we'll
+just uh plug in the uh estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh plug in the uh estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh plug in the uh estimate for
+Sigma squ there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ there
+okay so I'm I just put this picture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm I just put this picture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm I just put this picture to
+remind you estimators have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you estimators have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you estimators have
+distributions and so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and so it's the
+distribution of uh you know this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of uh you know this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of uh you know this is the
+PDF of xn uh sorry uh xar subn and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of xn uh sorry uh xar subn and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF of xn uh sorry uh xar subn and so
+it's just the the sort of uh standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the sort of uh standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the sort of uh standard
+deviation or estimated standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation or estimated standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation or estimated standard
+deviation of this distribution that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+report okay so often times we report an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report okay so often times we report an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report okay so often times we report an
+estimate some parameter and then we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate some parameter and then we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate some parameter and then we also
+a reported standard error often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reported standard error often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reported standard error often times
+we'll do it uh we'll put the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it uh we'll put the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it uh we'll put the standard
+error in parentheses right after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in parentheses right after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in parentheses right after the
+estimate so a lot of times if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so a lot of times if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so a lot of times if you're
+reading an empirical paper you'll see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading an empirical paper you'll see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading an empirical paper you'll see uh
+you know an estimate and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an estimate and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an estimate and you'll see
+something in parentheses after it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in parentheses after it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in parentheses after it that
+oftentimes is the standard error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes is the standard error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes is the standard error
+associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate okay so useful right standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate okay so useful right standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate okay so useful right standard
+error certainly gives us some idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error certainly gives us some idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error certainly gives us some idea of
+how tightly concentrated around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tightly concentrated around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how tightly concentrated around the
+unknown parameter our the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter our the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter our the distribution
+of our estimator is uh but sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our estimator is uh but sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our estimator is uh but sometimes it
+might be useful to report kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful to report kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be useful to report kind of
+essentially that same information but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that same information but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that same information but in
+a different form an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different form an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different form an interval
+okay okay so in other words we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so in other words we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so in other words we could
+think about constructing an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about constructing an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about constructing an interval
+using information about the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using information about the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using information about the distribution
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+estimator and that interval is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and that interval is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and that interval is going to
+be narrow if the the estimator has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be narrow if the the estimator has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be narrow if the the estimator has a
+tight distribution around the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight distribution around the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight distribution around the unknown
+parameter and it's going to be wide if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and it's going to be wide if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and it's going to be wide if
+it has a dispersed distribution around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a dispersed distribution around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a dispersed distribution around
+the unknown parameter and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter and we're going to
+call that a confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that a confidence
+interval okay so this so just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay so this so just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay so this so just like the
+standard error gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error gives you some
+information about how tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about how tightly
+distributed around the unknown parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed around the unknown parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed around the unknown parameter
+the the uh estimator the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh estimator the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh estimator the distribution of
+the estimator is the the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is the the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimator is the the confidence
+interval is going to give you that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is going to give you that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is going to give you that same
+information just in a different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just in a different form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just in a different form
+okay it's going to give it to you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to give it to you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's going to give it to you an
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form okay so specifically we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so specifically we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so specifically we want to
+find functions of the random sample call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find functions of the random sample call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find functions of the random sample call
+those functions capital A and capital B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions capital A and capital B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those functions capital A and capital B
+such that the probability that a of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the probability that a of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the probability that a of X is
+less than Theta is less than b of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Theta is less than b of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than Theta is less than b of X is
+equal to 1 minus Alpha okay so what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus Alpha okay so what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 minus Alpha okay so what what
+exactly does this mean so we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly does this mean so we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly does this mean so we've got a
+and b are random functions funs they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are random functions funs they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b are random functions funs they're
+functions of our of our random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of our of our random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of our of our random sample
+okay and so we can because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we can because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we can because they're
+random they're random variables we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random they're random variables we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random they're random variables we can
+write probability statements involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write probability statements involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write probability statements involving
+them Theta is a fixed number it's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Theta is a fixed number it's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them Theta is a fixed number it's we
+don't know what it is typically but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is typically but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is typically but it's
+fixed um but A and B are both random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed um but A and B are both random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed um but A and B are both random
+functions so we can write probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so we can write probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so we can write probabilities
+involving A and B and this unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving A and B and this unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving A and B and this unknown
+parameter Theta and then one minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Theta and then one minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter Theta and then one minus Alpha
+that's just something we choose Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something we choose Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just something we choose Okay so
+that is called the desired degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the desired degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called the desired degree of
+confidence and basically we just when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and basically we just when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and basically we just when
+we're constructing a confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing a confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're constructing a confidence interval
+we just decide whether it's a 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just decide whether it's a 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just decide whether it's a 95%
+confidence interval and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and then we'll
+choose Alpha to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Alpha to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Alpha to be
+0.005 or a 99% confidence interval Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 or a 99% confidence interval Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 or a 99% confidence interval Alpha
+is 0.01 Etc that's just whatever we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.01 Etc that's just whatever we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0.01 Etc that's just whatever we want
+whatever we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we want it to be
+okay okay so this is this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so this is this is the this is
+the problem or this is the sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem or this is the sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem or this is the sort of um
+you know sort of setup we want functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of setup we want functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of setup we want functions
+random functions A and B such that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random functions A and B such that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random functions A and B such that a
+probability statement like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true now let's just uh just go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now let's just uh just go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true now let's just uh just go back to
+estimation Point estimation for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation Point estimation for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation Point estimation for a second
+and see how this is different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how this is different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how this is different from what
+we've done in estimation uh in point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in estimation uh in point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in estimation uh in point
+estimation let's say we wanted uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation let's say we wanted uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation let's say we wanted uh an
+unbiased estimator then what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator then what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbiased estimator then what we were
+looking for is uh uh a function Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is uh uh a function Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is uh uh a function Theta
+hat such that the expectation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat such that the expectation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat such that the expectation of that
+random function was equal to the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random function was equal to the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random function was equal to the unknown
+parameter okay so it's kind of analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so it's kind of analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay so it's kind of analogous
+to what we were doing with Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we were doing with Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we were doing with Point
+estimation here we're looking for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation here we're looking for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation here we're looking for two
+random functions such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random functions such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random functions such that this
+probability statement is true okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement is true okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement is true okay so
+it's it's a kind of a similar a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a kind of a similar a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a kind of a similar a similar
+exercise to what we were doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to what we were doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise to what we were doing with
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimation okay then let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation okay then let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation okay then let's suppose we
+can find such functions A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the interval a of little X and B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interval a of little X and B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interval a of little X and B of
+little X is said to be a 1 minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X is said to be a 1 minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little X is said to be a 1 minus Alpha
+confidence interval for Theta okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for Theta okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for Theta okay so
+now we plug in the realizations we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we plug in the realizations we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we plug in the realizations we have
+we have a data set okay we plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a data set okay we plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a data set okay we plug in the
+realizations from that data set and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from that data set and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from that data set and a
+and b just become numbers they're no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b just become numbers they're no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b just become numbers they're no
+longer random functions once once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer random functions once once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer random functions once once we
+plug in the real Iz ation they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the real Iz ation they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the real Iz ation they're just
+numbers okay and then that forms uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay and then that forms uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay and then that forms uh that
+forms an interval and we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms an interval and we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms an interval and we call that
+interval our 1 minus Alpha confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval our 1 minus Alpha confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval our 1 minus Alpha confidence
+interval for Theta yep when you say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for Theta yep when you say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for Theta yep when you say a
+are random functions does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random functions does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are random functions does that mean
+functions random Vari yes yes yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions random Vari yes yes yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions random Vari yes yes yes yes
+yes figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes figured
+out no you're actually yeah you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out no you're actually yeah you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out no you're actually yeah you're right
+I should have been more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have been more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have been more precise
+functions of random variables yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of random variables yeah okay
+so then once we plug in once we plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then once we plug in once we plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then once we plug in once we plug in
+uh the X's the realizations then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the X's the realizations then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the X's the realizations then those
+just become numbers and so we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just become numbers and so we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just become numbers and so we have we
+have a you know two numbers and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know two numbers and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know two numbers and those
+Define a 1 minus Alpha confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a 1 minus Alpha confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define a 1 minus Alpha confidence
+interval for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay a couple of notes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay a couple of notes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay a couple of notes about
+constructing these confidence intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing these confidence intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing these confidence intervals
+first of all we shouldn't be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we shouldn't be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we shouldn't be surprised
+to find out that these functions are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out that these functions are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out that these functions are not
+unique okay so like you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique okay so like you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique okay so like you have a
+distribution of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of an
+estimator and you're what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and you're what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator and you're what you're going
+to do is you're going to basically use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you're going to basically use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you're going to basically use
+information of the distribution some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the distribution some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the distribution some
+estimator for Theta to construct these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for Theta to construct these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for Theta to construct these
+confidence intervals and you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and you can imagine
+sort of Shifting them to the right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Shifting them to the right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Shifting them to the right and
+left and still having Alpha probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and still having Alpha probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and still having Alpha probability
+outside the the interval okay and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the the interval okay and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the the interval okay and there
+are various ways in which you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various ways in which you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various ways in which you can do
+this so what we typically do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what we typically do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what we typically do is we
+choose Alpha and beta such that Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Alpha and beta such that Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose Alpha and beta such that Alpha
+over two of the probability falls on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two of the probability falls on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two of the probability falls on
+either side of the interval I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the interval I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the interval I'm going to
+draw you some pictures of this to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you some pictures of this to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you some pictures of this to sort
+of clarify these ideas in a second but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clarify these ideas in a second but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clarify these ideas in a second but
+um the the point I'm trying to make here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the point I'm trying to make here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the point I'm trying to make here
+is just simply that these functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply that these functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just simply that these functions are
+not unique but there is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique but there is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique but there is sort of a
+standard thing that we usually do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing that we usually do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing that we usually do to
+choose them okay and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them okay and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose them okay and then the second
+thing I want you to do is keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want you to do is keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want you to do is keep in mind
+that these functions a of little X and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these functions a of little X and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these functions a of little X and B
+of little X they're just numbers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little X they're just numbers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little X they're just numbers okay so
+once you plug in the realizations Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you plug in the realizations Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you plug in the realizations Pro
+the probability statement that I had up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability statement that I had up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability statement that I had up
+a couple of slides ago uh doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of slides ago uh doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of slides ago uh doesn't make
+sense okay so for instance once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so for instance once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so for instance once we have
+numbers this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers this is
+1.3 and this is 7.9 it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and this is 7.9 it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and this is 7.9 it doesn't really
+make sense to say oh um Theta is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to say oh um Theta is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to say oh um Theta is between
+1.3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 and
+7.9 with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.9 with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.9 with probability
+0.95 okay so maybe this is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 okay so maybe this is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 okay so maybe this is a slightly
+pedantic point but I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic point but I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic point but I think it's an
+important Point uh that uh once we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point uh that uh once we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Point uh that uh once we plug
+in the realizations these are numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the realizations these are numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the realizations these are numbers
+and we don't we can't make probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't we can't make probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't we can't make probability
+statements involving them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements involving them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements involving them and the
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so where do we find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so where do we find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so where do we find these
+functions how do we even get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions how do we even get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions how do we even get started
+well uh there's going to be a problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh there's going to be a problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh there's going to be a problem on
+problem set five where we walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set five where we walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set five where we walk you
+through through finding confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through finding confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through finding confidence
+intervals from scratch based on uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals from scratch based on uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals from scratch based on uh a a
+uh estimator that you're familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh estimator that you're familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh estimator that you're familiar with
+okay in most cases that's not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in most cases that's not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in most cases that's not what we
+have have to do so in most cases um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have to do so in most cases um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have to do so in most cases um that
+you're going to encounter in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to encounter in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to encounter in your
+everyday life um people have others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life um people have others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life um people have others have
+found these functions A and B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these functions A and B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these functions A and B and the
+resulting formula for say a 95%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting formula for say a 95%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting formula for say a 95%
+confidence interval for the mean of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for the mean of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for the mean of an
+unknown distribution with sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown distribution with sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown distribution with sample size
+greater than 30 or whatever it is other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 30 or whatever it is other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 30 or whatever it is other
+people have found those functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have found those functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have found those functions and
+found the formulas and then what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the formulas and then what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the formulas and then what you do
+is you just sort of plug into them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you just sort of plug into them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you just sort of plug into them to
+create the the 95 % confence interval or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the the 95 % confence interval or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the the 95 % confence interval or
+whatever percent confence interval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever percent confence interval okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever percent confence interval okay
+so you will have one problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will have one problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will have one problem in the
+problem set where you have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set where you have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set where you have to sort of
+construct it from scratch but typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it from scratch but typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it from scratch but typically
+when we're constructing confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're constructing confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're constructing confidence
+intervals people have already done U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals people have already done U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals people have already done U
+most of the hard work for us and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the hard work for us and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the hard work for us and we just
+sort of plug in to the formulas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plug in to the formulas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of plug in to the formulas they
+provide okay so I'll go through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide okay so I'll go through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide okay so I'll go through an
+example in just a second but in order um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in just a second but in order um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in just a second but in order um
+I just want to emphasize one thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to emphasize one thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to emphasize one thing in
+order to find these functions and derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find these functions and derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to find these functions and derive
+the formulas one needs to know how an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas one needs to know how an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas one needs to know how an
+estimator for the unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for the unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for the unknown parameters
+distributed okay so typically you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay so typically you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay so typically you don't
+just having the mean and the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having the mean and the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having the mean and the variance
+isn't enough if you just know the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough if you just know the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't enough if you just know the mean
+and the variance of the estimator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of the estimator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of the estimator you
+really have to know the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to know the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have to know the whole
+distribution of the estimator to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the estimator to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the estimator to
+construct a confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a confidence
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ah so now we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah so now we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah so now we're going to take a
+little detour as I said I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little detour as I said I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little detour as I said I'm going to go
+through an example in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example in a couple of
+minutes we have to take a little detour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we have to take a little detour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes we have to take a little detour
+uh into um sort of learning about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into um sort of learning about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into um sort of learning about three
+additional special distributions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional special distributions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional special distributions okay so
+I I just said that it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just said that it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I just said that it's important to
+know how estimators are distributed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how estimators are distributed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how estimators are distributed in
+order to construct confidence intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to construct confidence intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to construct confidence intervals
+and this is precisely where our friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is precisely where our friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is precisely where our friends
+the Ki squ T and F distributions come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ki squ T and F distributions come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ki squ T and F distributions come in
+so you've probably encountered them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've probably encountered them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've probably encountered them
+you've probably seen things like T tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen things like T tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen things like T tests
+and F test test and confidence inter t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F test test and confidence inter t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F test test and confidence inter t
+confidence intervals and so forth and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and so forth and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals and so forth and uh
+so I'm going to tell you today why those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you today why those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to tell you today why those
+distributions are important and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are important and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are important and where
+they come in okay so these are special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in okay so these are special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in okay so these are special
+distributions but unlike the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but unlike the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but unlike the ones that
+Esther covered before uh They Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther covered before uh They Don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther covered before uh They Don't
+Really appear in nature uh They Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really appear in nature uh They Don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really appear in nature uh They Don't
+Really describe phenomena that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really describe phenomena that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Really describe phenomena that we
+encounter okay they're really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter okay they're really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter okay they're really just
+invented uh distributions okay they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented uh distributions okay they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented uh distributions okay they were
+invented because estimators or functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented because estimators or functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented because estimators or functions
+of estimators had distributions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimators had distributions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of estimators had distributions that
+needed to be described and tabulated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be described and tabulated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to be described and tabulated and
+these were invented for that purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so first uh the Ki Squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so first uh the Ki Squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so first uh the Ki Squared
+Distribution so do you guys remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution so do you guys remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distribution so do you guys remember a
+few weeks ago very briefly I uh had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks ago very briefly I uh had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks ago very briefly I uh had a
+slide up talking about an estimator for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide up talking about an estimator for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide up talking about an estimator for
+the variance called the sample variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance called the sample variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance called the sample variance
+uh denoted s squ know if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh denoted s squ know if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh denoted s squ know if you guys
+remember that okay so that was up on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that okay so that was up on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that okay so that was up on a
+slide earlier and uh s s just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide earlier and uh s s just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide earlier and uh s s just to remind
+you is equal to 1/ n * the sum of x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is equal to 1/ n * the sum of x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is equal to 1/ n * the sum of x i
+minus the sample mean squar okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the sample mean squar okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the sample mean squar okay and
+when I talked about um s s earlier I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about um s s earlier I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talked about um s s earlier I
+said that it was an unbiased estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that it was an unbiased estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that it was an unbiased estimator
+for the variance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the variance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the variance of a
+distribution okay well it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay well it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay well it turns out that
+a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular
+function of s s n -1 * s^ 2 over Sigma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of s s n -1 * s^ 2 over Sigma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of s s n -1 * s^ 2 over Sigma 2
+has a k^ squ distribution okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a k^ squ distribution okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a k^ squ distribution okay so when
+we construct a confidence interval for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we construct a confidence interval for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we construct a confidence interval for
+the variance we're going going to base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance we're going going to base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance we're going going to base
+it on that particular function and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on that particular function and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on that particular function and we
+know that that function has a Ki squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that function has a Ki squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that function has a Ki squar
+uh distribution okay so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution okay so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh distribution okay so that's going to
+allow us to to construct the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to to construct the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to to construct the confidence
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I should also point out there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should also point out there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should also point out there's
+there's in addition to the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in addition to the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in addition to the fact that the
+Ki squar and the T and the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squar and the T and the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ki squar and the T and the F
+distributions don't really occur in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions don't really occur in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions don't really occur in you
+know sort of real life and they're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of real life and they're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sort of real life and they're kind
+of invented for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invented for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of invented for the purpose of
+constructing confidence intervals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing confidence intervals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing confidence intervals and
+Performing tests um there there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performing tests um there there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performing tests um there there's also
+something else different about them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else different about them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else different about them and
+that's that their parameters have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that their parameters have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that their parameters have a
+special name so the Ki Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name so the Ki Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name so the Ki Square
+distribution uh is a one parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh is a one parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh is a one parameter
+family so there's just there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family so there's just there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family so there's just there's one
+parameter that tells you which member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that tells you which member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that tells you which member of
+the Ki squar family a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ki squar family a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ki squar family a particular
+distribution is but instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is but instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is but instead of just
+calling it a parameter we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it a parameter we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling it a parameter we call it the
+degrees of freedom okay so you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so you can just
+you don't have to think about it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to think about it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to think about it any
+differently it's just simply a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently it's just simply a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently it's just simply a parameter
+but uh just so you know the terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh just so you know the terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh just so you know the terminology
+it's called the degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the degrees of
+freedom okay so that's the Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so that's the Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom okay so that's the Ki
+squar um the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar um the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar um the T
+distribution and we'll see an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we'll see an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and we'll see an example
+using the T distribution in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the T distribution in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the T distribution in a few
+minutes well why is the T distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes well why is the T distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes well why is the T distribution
+uh useful so let's suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh useful so let's suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh useful so let's suppose you have a
+random variable x with a standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable x with a standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable x with a standard normal
+distribution and another random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and another random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and another random variable
+Z with a Ki squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z with a Ki squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z with a Ki squar
+distribution and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and they're
+independent then it turns out that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then it turns out that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent then it turns out that x
+divided by Z over its number of degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Z over its number of degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Z over its number of degrees
+of freedom the the square root of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom the the square root of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom the the square root of that
+has a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution why do we care well so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution why do we care well so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution why do we care well so I'll
+give you some indication without sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some indication without sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some indication without sort of
+going through the sort of all the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the sort of all the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the sort of all the formal
+calculations I'll give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'll give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I'll give you some
+indication of why this is useful well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of why this is useful well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of why this is useful well
+suppose we're sampling from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're sampling from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're sampling from a normal
+distribution mu Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution mu Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution mu Sigma squ
+distribution we know we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we know we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we know we already know
+that x minus mu oh I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x minus mu oh I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x minus mu oh I think that's
+supposed to be xar oops xar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be xar oops xar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be xar oops xar right
+here xarus mu over Sigma s over sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here xarus mu over Sigma s over sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here xarus mu over Sigma s over sare
+root of Sigma squ n has a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of Sigma squ n has a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of Sigma squ n has a standard
+normal distribution right we're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution right we're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution right we're all in
+agreement of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement of that
+okay and then we also know that n minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we also know that n minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we also know that n minus1
+time s^2 over Sigma s has a k^ 2 N minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time s^2 over Sigma s has a k^ 2 N minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time s^2 over Sigma s has a k^ 2 N minus
+one distribution I just told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one distribution I just told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one distribution I just told you that
+the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last
+slide okay um we actually don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay um we actually don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay um we actually don't know
+that they're independent but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're independent but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're independent but in fact
+they are okay you'll just tell have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are okay you'll just tell have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are okay you'll just tell have to
+take my word for that well then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my word for that well then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my word for that well then what we
+can do is we can form this kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can form this kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is we can form this kind of uh
+unwieldy looking uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwieldy looking uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwieldy looking uh um uh
+product and if we sort of do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and if we sort of do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and if we sort of do a little
+bit of algebra cancel a few things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of algebra cancel a few things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of algebra cancel a few things we
+get something we get this okay so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something we get this okay so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something we get this okay so we get
+xar minus mu for some reason I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar minus mu for some reason I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar minus mu for some reason I put the
+root n up here instead of putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n up here instead of putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root n up here instead of putting it in
+the denominator down here but we get xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator down here but we get xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator down here but we get xar
+minus mu / s over root n look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+familiar yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar yeah so this is
+exactly this the the the function of xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this the the the function of xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this the the the function of xar
+that had a normal 01 distribution except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a normal 01 distribution except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a normal 01 distribution except
+instead of having Sigma here we have S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having Sigma here we have S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having Sigma here we have S
+so basically our estimator for Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically our estimator for Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically our estimator for Sigma is
+here instead of uh the true Sigma okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of uh the true Sigma okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of uh the true Sigma okay
+so basically what this tells is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what this tells is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what this tells is if we
+form this sort of standardized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this sort of standardized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this sort of standardized version
+of xar but instead of using Sigma we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar but instead of using Sigma we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar but instead of using Sigma we use
+S then instead of having a normal 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S then instead of having a normal 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S then instead of having a normal 01
+distribution it will have a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it will have a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it will have a t
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay does this seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perplexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexing
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+yes uh any specific questions you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh any specific questions you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh any specific questions you'd like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ask no yes yes okay go ahead could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask no yes yes okay go ahead could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask no yes yes okay go ahead could you
+make that a little more concrete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that a little more concrete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that a little more concrete with
+maybe a context in which you would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a context in which you would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a context in which you would use
+this and these so I will do that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these so I will do that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these so I will do that if you
+want to wait for a couple minutes I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wait for a couple minutes I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to wait for a couple minutes I will
+do that but I'll try maybe I'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but I'll try maybe I'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but I'll try maybe I'll try to
+give you some indication verbally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some indication verbally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some indication verbally so
+basically what happens is we have we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is we have we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is we have we we
+we have a random sample if we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a random sample if we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a random sample if we know what
+the um variance let's say the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um variance let's say the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um variance let's say the random
+sample is from a normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is from a normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is from a normal distribution
+just to make things simple okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make things simple okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to make things simple okay so we
+have we have a a random sample from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a a random sample from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a a random sample from a
+normal distribution if we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution if we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution if we know the
+variance and the mean of that normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the mean of that normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the mean of that normal
+distribution then what we can do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then what we can do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then what we can do is we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form we can form this um this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can form this um this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can form this um this function
+of xar and we know that this thing has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normal 01 distribution okay A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal 01 distribution okay A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal 01 distribution okay A lot of
+times even if sampling from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times even if sampling from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times even if sampling from a normal
+distribution we actually might not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we actually might not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we actually might not know
+mu and we might not know Sigma okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and we might not know Sigma okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and we might not know Sigma okay but
+let's let's put aside the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's put aside the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's put aside the fact that we
+don't know mu for a second because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know mu for a second because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know mu for a second because that
+it turns out that won't be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that won't be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that won't be important
+sometimes okay but let's suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes okay but let's suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes okay but let's suppose we
+don't know Sigma and we only have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Sigma and we only have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Sigma and we only have an
+estimate of Sigma so what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of Sigma so what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of Sigma so what we want to do
+is we want to form this function we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to form this function we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to form this function we want
+to form something as close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form something as close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form something as close to this
+function as we can and this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as we can and this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as we can and this is what we
+come up with well it it no longer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with well it it no longer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with well it it no longer has
+has a normal 01 distribution it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a normal 01 distribution it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a normal 01 distribution it has this
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution okay and so basically if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay and so basically if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay and so basically if we
+can form this function of the the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form this function of the the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form this function of the the um the
+estimator xar and we know it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator xar and we know it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator xar and we know it has this
+distribution then we can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then we can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then we can use that to
+build a confidence interval around okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a confidence interval around okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a confidence interval around okay
+and I'll do an example both when we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do an example both when we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do an example both when we know
+Sigma and we we use the real Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and we we use the real Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and we we use the real Sigma and
+when we don't know Sigma and we use S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't know Sigma and we use S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we don't know Sigma and we use S
+instead okay and we'll compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay and we'll compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead okay and we'll compare them
+we'll you know sort of talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you know sort of talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll you know sort of talk about a
+comparison of those two does that help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of those two does that help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of those two does that help a
+little bit very helpful okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit very helpful okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit very helpful okay
+good okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions I have a question yep so a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I have a question yep so a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I have a question yep so a few
+slides ago you said that uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago you said that uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides ago you said that uh in order to
+well if you can just go back a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you can just go back a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you can just go back a few
+slides it said uh wait before it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it said uh wait before it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides it said uh wait before it said
+rather than um for oh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than um for oh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than um for oh actually
+so you say we need to know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say we need to know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say we need to know how the
+estimator for the unknown parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for the unknown parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator for the unknown parameters
+distributed but I thought the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but I thought the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed but I thought the central
+limit theorem told us that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem told us that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem told us that all
+estimators were if n is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators were if n is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators were if n is large
+enough if n is large enough okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if n is large enough okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough if n is large enough okay yeah so
+we'll talk we'll talk about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk we'll talk about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk we'll talk about that so
+basically what happens is um a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is um a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what happens is um a lot of
+times we don't know the variance of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we don't know the variance of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we don't know the variance of of
+um you know we well um let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we well um let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we well um let's suppose
+that we're sampling from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're sampling from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're sampling from a normal
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+and we know we know that the um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know we know that the um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know we know that the um the the
+sample mean is going to have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is going to have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean is going to have a normal
+distribution but we don't know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but we don't know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but we don't know its
+variance okay so in that case then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so in that case then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so in that case then we
+appeal to um we have to appeal to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to um we have to appeal to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal to um we have to appeal to to
+things like this even though we know xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this even though we know xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this even though we know xar
+has a normal distribution this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a normal distribution this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a normal distribution this function
+of xar doesn't have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar doesn't have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar doesn't have a normal
+distribution it has a t distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it has a t distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution it has a t distribution
+okay so now as n gets very large uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now as n gets very large uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now as n gets very large uh the
+T distribution is going to converge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T distribution is going to converge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T distribution is going to converge to
+the normal distribution okay and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution okay and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution okay and so for
+a large n it doesn't matter what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large n it doesn't matter what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large n it doesn't matter what we do
+okay then but your question was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then but your question was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then but your question was a little
+bit different your question was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different your question was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit different your question was well
+what happens if we're not sampling from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we're not sampling from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we're not sampling from
+a normal distribution what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal distribution what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal distribution what happens if
+we're sampling from some crazy other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling from some crazy other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling from some crazy other
+distribution the central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the central limit theorem
+tells us that our estimate our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that our estimate our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that our estimate our sample
+mean is normally distributed but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is normally distributed but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is normally distributed but again
+that's only true when n is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only true when n is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only true when n is sufficiently
+large so if we have yeah the the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so if we have yeah the the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so if we have yeah the the hardest
+case is when we're sampling from a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is when we're sampling from a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is when we're sampling from a crazy
+distribution and our uh our our number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and our uh our our number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and our uh our our number
+of observations is very small then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations is very small then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations is very small then we
+can neither appeal to the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can neither appeal to the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can neither appeal to the central limit
+theorem or to this distributional fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or to this distributional fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem or to this distributional fact
+but we'll I I'll I'll talk about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll I I'll I'll talk about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll I I'll I'll talk about that a
+little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y okay let's see where was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay let's see where was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y okay let's see where was
+I okay so we have this is just a summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so we have this is just a summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so we have this is just a summary
+of what I said so we have that square <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I said so we have that square <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I said so we have that square <
+TK of n * xar - mu/ s has this T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of n * xar - mu/ s has this T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TK of n * xar - mu/ s has this T
+distribution okay and that's when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay and that's when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay and that's when we're
+uh sampling from a normal mu Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sampling from a normal mu Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sampling from a normal mu Sigma
+Square distribution but we don't know or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distribution but we don't know or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square distribution but we don't know or
+well if if we don't know Sigma squar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if if we don't know Sigma squar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if if we don't know Sigma squar I
+mean even if we know Sigma squar this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean even if we know Sigma squar this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean even if we know Sigma squar this is
+true the statement is true but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the statement is true but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the statement is true but if we
+don't know Sigma squar that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Sigma squar that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Sigma squar that's why we
+would create a function like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep um so when in the case in the case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um so when in the case in the case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep um so when in the case in the case I
+cannot set for a large and SLE a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot set for a large and SLE a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot set for a large and SLE a small
+small sample yeah if you could speak up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sample yeah if you could speak up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sample yeah if you could speak up
+just a little bit if I if I for sample a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit if I if I for sample a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit if I if I for sample a
+small size you have a small sample that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small size you have a small sample that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small size you have a small sample that
+means that the smaller my sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the smaller my sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the smaller my sample the
+let's say the smaller my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the smaller my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the smaller my
+confidence u i mean the larger my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence u i mean the larger my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence u i mean the larger my
+confidence interal would be obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interal would be obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interal would be obviously
+right y so my question is I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right y so my question is I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right y so my question is I know
+sometimes um a small sample is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um a small sample is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes um a small sample is not
+representative of a population but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of a population but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of a population but
+sometimes it's okay what is my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's okay what is my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's okay what is my question
+is what is the cut off um compan isable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the cut off um compan isable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is the cut off um compan isable
+in in everyday research and experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in everyday research and experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in everyday research and experiments
+where it's okay for me is it okay for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's okay for me is it okay for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's okay for me is it okay for me
+to say well I'm you know 20% confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I'm you know 20% confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I'm you know 20% confident
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+tr% sure that my sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr% sure that my sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr% sure that my sample is
+representative obviously not but is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative obviously not but is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative obviously not but is a
+okay so so you've asked kind of a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you've asked kind of a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so you've asked kind of a a a
+question that has a number of pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that has a number of pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that has a number of pretty
+subtle answers to it um so there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle answers to it um so there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle answers to it um so there there's
+a lot of lot of things going on in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of lot of things going on in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of lot of things going on in your
+question so in case people didn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so in case people didn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so in case people didn't hear
+the the question was how large does your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the question was how large does your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the question was how large does your
+sample have to be before you have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample have to be before you have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample have to be before you have sort
+of a reasonable amount of confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reasonable amount of confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reasonable amount of confidence
+that the sort of estimates that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of estimates that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sort of estimates that you're
+deriving from the sample are reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving from the sample are reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving from the sample are reasonable
+is that a fair statement so the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a fair statement so the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a fair statement so the there
+there's a lot of things going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things going on so
+first of all we're going to assume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're going to assume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we're going to assume in
+this class for the most part that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for the most part that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for the most part that your
+sample is is randomly drawn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is is randomly drawn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is is randomly drawn and
+sometimes you might have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you might have a situation
+where you have a a sample but it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a a sample but it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a a sample but it hasn't
+been randomly drawn and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been randomly drawn and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been randomly drawn and that sort of
+complicates the analysis um so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates the analysis um so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicates the analysis um so we're
+only so when we talk about small samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so when we talk about small samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so when we talk about small samples
+there's still going to be quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still going to be quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still going to be quote
+representative they're still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative they're still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative they're still going to be
+you know randomly drawn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know randomly drawn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know randomly drawn from the
+population we're assuming that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population we're assuming that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population we're assuming that um but
+the when they're small it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when they're small it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when they're small it just means
+that our estimates we don't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our estimates we don't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our estimates we don't have very
+much confidence in our estimates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence in our estimates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence in our estimates and
+that's going to be that's going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be that's going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be that's going to be um
+exhibited in how large our confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited in how large our confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibited in how large our confidence
+intervals and how big the standard error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and how big the standard error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and how big the standard error
+of our estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our estimate is
+and there's nothing wrong with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing wrong with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing wrong with that
+we're just you know you just say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just you know you just say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just you know you just say look
+I'm I'm estimating this unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm estimating this unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm estimating this unknown
+parameter but I don't have very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter but I don't have very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter but I don't have very many
+observations so my estimates aren't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so my estimates aren't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so my estimates aren't very
+precise I'm not very sure of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise I'm not very sure of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise I'm not very sure of them and
+that's that's why we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why we want to
+quantify uh how sort of confident we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify uh how sort of confident we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify uh how sort of confident we are
+in our estimates by doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our estimates by doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our estimates by doing things like
+creating confidence intervals I guess my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating confidence intervals I guess my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating confidence intervals I guess my
+question goes from publication point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question goes from publication point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question goes from publication point of
+VI like is it okay for me to publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI like is it okay for me to publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI like is it okay for me to publish
+something we 80% sure your your referees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we 80% sure your your referees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we 80% sure your your referees
+would be the ones to tell you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the ones to tell you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the ones to tell you whether
+it's okay to publish that and it it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to publish that and it it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to publish that and it it just
+depends I mean there are some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends I mean there are some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends I mean there are some cases
+where it's relatively easy to get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's relatively easy to get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's relatively easy to get much
+larger samples and then referees would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger samples and then referees would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger samples and then referees would
+typically tell an author you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically tell an author you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically tell an author you should go
+out and get a much bigger sample and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and get a much bigger sample and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and get a much bigger sample and and
+and have and produce estimates you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have and produce estimates you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have and produce estimates you're
+more confident in and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confident in and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more confident in and there are some
+cases where maybe it's impossible to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where maybe it's impossible to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where maybe it's impossible to get
+a a larger sample and the evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a larger sample and the evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a larger sample and the evidence that
+you have is the best out there even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the best out there even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is the best out there even if
+it's not that good so it's yeah so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that good so it's yeah so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that good so it's yeah so there
+there's sort of different ways to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of different ways to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of different ways to answer
+your question there's no right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question there's no right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question there's no right answer
+there's no I can I can't tell you an n a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no I can I can't tell you an n a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no I can I can't tell you an n a
+magic n that you should that you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic n that you should that you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic n that you should that you always
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+have okay does anyone know the origin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay does anyone know the origin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay does anyone know the origin of
+the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then the tea distribution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the tea distribution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the tea distribution was
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+formulated uh by William cely goset in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated uh by William cely goset in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated uh by William cely goset in
+his job as Chief Brewer in the Guinness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his job as Chief Brewer in the Guinness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his job as Chief Brewer in the Guinness
+Brewery in Dublin so I went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewery in Dublin so I went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brewery in Dublin so I went to the
+Guinness Brewery with my family a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guinness Brewery with my family a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guinness Brewery with my family a couple
+years ago took a photo of this plaque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago took a photo of this plaque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago took a photo of this plaque
+that's right on the wall of the brewery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right on the wall of the brewery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right on the wall of the brewery
+um and basically he derived and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically he derived and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and basically he derived and
+tabulated this distribution to Aid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated this distribution to Aid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated this distribution to Aid in
+his analysis of data uh for quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his analysis of data uh for quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his analysis of data uh for quality
+control across uh batches of beer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control across uh batches of beer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control across uh batches of beer okay
+so he had a relatively small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he had a relatively small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he had a relatively small number of
+batches of beer he didn't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches of beer he didn't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches of beer he didn't know what the
+variance that that he you know of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that that he you know of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that that he you know of the
+the distribution he was sampling from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution he was sampling from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution he was sampling from
+was and so he was the one who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and so he was the one who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and so he was the one who actually
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+formulated um and tabulate or derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated um and tabulate or derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated um and tabulate or derived
+and and tabulated this distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and tabulated this distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and tabulated this distribution and
+if you go to the Guinness Factory seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the Guinness Factory seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the Guinness Factory seek
+out this plaque and you can have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this plaque and you can have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this plaque and you can have your
+picture taken and buy it and like email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture taken and buy it and like email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture taken and buy it and like email
+it to me or something yeah I every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me or something yeah I every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to me or something yeah I every
+students distribution I always thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students distribution I always thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students distribution I always thought
+this was just a simplified version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just a simplified version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just a simplified version of
+the distribution no no totally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution no no totally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution no no totally not
+that's the tea distribution and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tea distribution and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tea distribution and it was
+yes so he he published his paper I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so he he published his paper I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so he he published his paper I think
+it was in biometrica under the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in biometrica under the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in biometrica under the name
+student because I guess the even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student because I guess the even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student because I guess the even though
+the Guinness Brewery was was supportive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Guinness Brewery was was supportive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Guinness Brewery was was supportive
+of his efforts they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his efforts they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his efforts they didn't
+want I don't know they didn't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I don't know they didn't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I don't know they didn't want it
+known that that their Chief Brewer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that that their Chief Brewer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known that that their Chief Brewer was
+publishing you know papers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing you know papers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing you know papers and
+mathematical statistics or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statistics or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical statistics or something so
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay final uh distribution special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay final uh distribution special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay final uh distribution special
+distribution I'll talk about now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'll talk about now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'll talk about now is the
+F and uh again I'll just just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and uh again I'll just just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and uh again I'll just just sort of
+give you an indication of why the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an indication of why the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an indication of why the F
+might be uh useful or important okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh useful or important okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be uh useful or important okay if
+we have uh a random variable X that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh a random variable X that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh a random variable X that has
+a Ki squ distribution with n degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Ki squ distribution with n degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Ki squ distribution with n degrees of
+freedom and z k squ with M degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and z k squ with M degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and z k squ with M degrees of
+freedom and they're independent then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and they're independent then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and they're independent then the
+ratio of those two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of those two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of those two random variables
+divided by their respective degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their respective degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by their respective degrees of
+freedom has an F distribution with NM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom has an F distribution with NM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom has an F distribution with NM
+degrees of freedom okay so those so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so those so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so those so n
+and M again uh are just the it's a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M again uh are just the it's a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M again uh are just the it's a two
+parameter family those are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter family those are just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter family those are just the
+parameters that characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that characterize the
+distribution the F distribution and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the F distribution and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the F distribution and uh
+again they're called degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're called degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they're called degrees of freedom
+instead of parameters okay so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of parameters okay so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of parameters okay so why is
+this a useful fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a useful fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a useful fact
+well um suppose that we have samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um suppose that we have samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um suppose that we have samples
+from two different populations and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two different populations and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two different populations and we we
+might want to know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to know whether the
+distributions in the two populations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in the two populations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions in the two populations are
+the same uh and if they are that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh and if they are that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh and if they are that means
+their variances are the same that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their variances are the same that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their variances are the same that means
+if we form the ratio of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we form the ratio of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we form the ratio of the sample
+variances um the the uh oh sorry I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances um the the uh oh sorry I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances um the the uh oh sorry I said
+the ratio of the sample variances what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the sample variances what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the sample variances what I
+meant was actually the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant was actually the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant was actually the ratio of the
+function of the sample variances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the sample variances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the sample variances that
+has a Ki squ distribution so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Ki squ distribution so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Ki squ distribution so let me
+just go back to that quickly so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to that quickly so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go back to that quickly so the
+ratio the the ratio of this for both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the the ratio of this for both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio the the ratio of this for both of
+for the two different populations okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two different populations okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two different populations okay
+if we form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we form that
+ratio um then the true variances if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio um then the true variances if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio um then the true variances if if
+the population have have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population have have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population have have the same
+distribution the two variances will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the two variances will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution the two variances will
+cancel out because they'll be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out because they'll be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out because they'll be the same
+and then the ratio has that above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the ratio has that above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the ratio has that above
+distribution okay so that's why the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so that's why the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so that's why the F
+distribution was invented and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution was invented and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution was invented and and uh
+tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated
+okay no good stories about the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no good stories about the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay no good stories about the F
+distribution that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that I know
+of okay so now uh let's proceed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so now uh let's proceed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay so now uh let's proceed to
+construct some confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct some confidence
+intervals okay so we're going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals okay so we're going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals okay so we're going to focus
+on initially in two cases these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on initially in two cases these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on initially in two cases these are not
+the only cases that you'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only cases that you'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only cases that you'll ever
+encounter but but they are by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter but but they are by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter but but they are by far the
+most important cases um and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important cases um and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important cases um and sort of
+having these under your belt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these under your belt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these under your belt is
+important okay so case one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so case one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so case one we're
+sampling from a normal distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from a normal distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from a normal distribution with
+a known variance and we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known variance and we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known variance and we want a
+confidence interval for the mean okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for the mean okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval for the mean okay so
+sampling from a normal distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from a normal distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from a normal distribution and
+we know the variance case two same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the variance case two same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the variance case two same
+situation but we don't know the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so let's consider case one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's consider case one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's consider case one so
+we're going what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going what we're going to do is
+we're going to we want to construct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we want to construct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we want to construct a
+confidence interval and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and we're going to
+construct the confidence interval based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the confidence interval based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct the confidence interval based
+on a good estimator we have for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a good estimator we have for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a good estimator we have for the uh
+unknown parameter the mean okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter the mean okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter the mean okay and that
+of course is xar okay now we know since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is xar okay now we know since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is xar okay now we know since
+we're sampling from a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling from a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling from a normal
+distribution we know not only the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we know not only the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we know not only the mean
+and the variance of this thing we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of this thing we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of this thing we also
+know its distribution right does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its distribution right does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know its distribution right does
+everyone remember that so we're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone remember that so we're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone remember that so we're sampling
+from a normal distribution so the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a normal distribution so the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a normal distribution so the sample
+mean we'll have mean mu variant Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we'll have mean mu variant Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we'll have mean mu variant Sigma
+squ over n and be normal itself okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over n and be normal itself okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ over n and be normal itself okay so
+what do we know about this function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about this function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about this function here
+xar minus mu over Sigma / root n what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar minus mu over Sigma / root n what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar minus mu over Sigma / root n what do
+we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah it's a standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's a standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah it's a standard normal
+distribution right normal 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right normal 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right normal 01
+distribution exactly right okay so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution exactly right okay so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution exactly right okay so we we
+you know never mind the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never mind the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know never mind the fact that we
+don't know what mu is that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what mu is that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what mu is that doesn't
+matter we're just doing calculations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we're just doing calculations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter we're just doing calculations so
+we just use mu here okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just use mu here okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just use mu here okay so we have
+something in the middle that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle that has a
+standard normal distribution and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal distribution and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard normal distribution and what we
+want to do is we want to construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to construct an
+interval and remember what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and remember what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and remember what is the
+definition of a confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a confidence interval
+we're looking for functions A and B such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for functions A and B such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for functions A and B such
+that the probability that you know a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that you know a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability that you know a of
+X is less than or equal to Mu is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is less than or equal to Mu is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is less than or equal to Mu is less
+than or equal to B of X is 1 minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to B of X is 1 minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to B of X is 1 minus Alpha
+okay okay so let's start with this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's start with this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's start with this step
+first we've got something whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we've got something whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we've got something whose
+distribution we know perfectly I mean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we know perfectly I mean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we know perfectly I mean up
+to up to me there distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to up to me there distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to up to me there distribution we
+know and then um what are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then um what are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then um what are these things
+on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside
+well this on the left this Capital Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this on the left this Capital Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this on the left this Capital Fe
+inverse of alpha over two that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of alpha over two that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of alpha over two that's simply
+this number right here okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number right here okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number right here okay it's just
+the inverse CDF of the standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse CDF of the standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse CDF of the standard normal
+evaluated at Alpha 2 so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at Alpha 2 so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at Alpha 2 so it's the
+number such that Alpha over 2 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number such that Alpha over 2 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number such that Alpha over 2 of the
+probability in a standard normal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in a standard normal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in a standard normal is to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+left got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left got
+it okay now over here what's this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now over here what's this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay now over here what's this number
+well we could have done 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could have done 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could have done 1
+minus Capital Fe inverse of alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Capital Fe inverse of alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Capital Fe inverse of alpha over
+two but because of symmetry we just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but because of symmetry we just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but because of symmetry we just put
+um we just we just put a a minus sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we just we just put a a minus sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we just we just put a a minus sign in
+front of that one okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine okay so do everyone believe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so do everyone believe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine okay so do everyone believe this
+probability statement and see where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement and see where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement and see where it
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from okay so now what do we do it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so now what do we do it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so now what do we do it's not
+it's not in the form of a confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in the form of a confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not in the form of a confidence
+interval yet remember we have to have me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval yet remember we have to have me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval yet remember we have to have me
+the unknown parameter kind of isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter kind of isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter kind of isolated
+in the middle well we just do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle well we just do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle well we just do a little
+rearranging that's all so we do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging that's all so we do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging that's all so we do a little
+rearranging and then on the left we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging and then on the left we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging and then on the left we have
+xar Plus capital F inverse of alpha over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar Plus capital F inverse of alpha over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar Plus capital F inverse of alpha over
+2 times Sigma over root n and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times Sigma over root n and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 times Sigma over root n and then on
+the right we have something similar but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we have something similar but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we have something similar but
+with a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus
+sign okay this is still a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay this is still a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign okay this is still a probability
+statement uh until we actually plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh until we actually plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh until we actually plug in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+realizations and so then our confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations and so then our confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations and so then our confidence
+interval is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is just
+simply uh xar plus this quantity and xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh xar plus this quantity and xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh xar plus this quantity and xar
+minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus this
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity
+okay so here I've this is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I've this is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here I've this is still a
+probability statement so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement so you can think
+of xar as being a function of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar as being a function of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of xar as being a function of random
+variables here uh you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here uh you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables here uh you can think of
+plugging in the realizations for xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the realizations for xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the realizations for xar
+there okay so a couple things I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so a couple things I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so a couple things I need to
+point out one is that everything in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out one is that everything in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out one is that everything in this
+confidence interval is either known or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval is either known or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval is either known or
+we can look it up in a book or we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look it up in a book or we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look it up in a book or we can uh
+calculate it from our random sample okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it from our random sample okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it from our random sample okay
+so we assume that Sigma is known that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we assume that Sigma is known that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we assume that Sigma is known that's
+what that's what case one was we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what case one was we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's what case one was we know
+the size of the sample we look this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the sample we look this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the sample we look this up
+in a book um and this we just calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a book um and this we just calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a book um and this we just calculate
+from our sample from a random sample so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our sample from a random sample so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our sample from a random sample so
+this this is a number and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a number and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a number and this is a
+number and that's our uh one minus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's our uh one minus Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that's our uh one minus Alpha
+confidence interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval from
+you okay make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense okay so how about case two yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so how about case two yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so how about case two yep
+before we move on so once we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on so once we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on so once we have that
+interval what do what does it what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval what do what does it what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval what do what does it what does
+it tell us again say Alpha was uh 05 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tell us again say Alpha was uh 05 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tell us again say Alpha was uh 05 so
+then 95% so then you say and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 95% so then you say and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 95% so then you say and then let's
+say the interval was 1 to 3 so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the interval was 1 to 3 so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the interval was 1 to 3 so you would
+say we know that the mean is between 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we know that the mean is between 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we know that the mean is between 1
+to 3 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3 95
+no no so that was the thing that I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no so that was the thing that I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no so that was the thing that I said
+it's kind of a pedantic point but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a pedantic point but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a pedantic point but it's
+not it's no longer a pro we can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's no longer a pro we can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's no longer a pro we can no
+longer make a probability statement once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer make a probability statement once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer make a probability statement once
+we plug in the realizations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug in the realizations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug in the realizations because
+there's an unknown parameter me but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an unknown parameter me but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an unknown parameter me but it's
+fixed it's not a stochastic object right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's not a stochastic object right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed it's not a stochastic object right
+okay so you can't nothing is stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can't nothing is stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can't nothing is stochastic
+once we plug in the realizations we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we plug in the realizations we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we plug in the realizations we just
+have two numbers in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two numbers in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two numbers in an
+unknown quantity so it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown quantity so it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown quantity so it doesn't make
+sense to talk to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk to talk about
+probabilities so so to be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so so to be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so so to be perfectly
+honest that's how most people kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest that's how most people kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest that's how most people kind of
+think about a confidence interval um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a confidence interval um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a confidence interval um
+because that's sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's sort of the the
+probability statement is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement is how we
+construct it but then once we plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it but then once we plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct it but then once we plug in
+the realization it's sort of not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realization it's sort of not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realization it's sort of not really
+correct to make probability statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct to make probability statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct to make probability statements
+what are the two numbers tell tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two numbers tell tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the two numbers tell tell you
+that sorry if you answer so no no no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry if you answer so no no no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sorry if you answer so no no no I
+haven't answered it it just they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't answered it it just they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't answered it it just they just
+give you information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you information about the
+distribution of xar how if the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of xar how if the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of xar how if the interval
+if the interval is wide then you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the interval is wide then you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the interval is wide then you know it
+has a large variance tight that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a large variance tight that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a large variance tight that's it
+yeah can you just take the Varian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you just take the Varian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you just take the Varian
+instead of the sure absolutely yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the sure absolutely yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the sure absolutely yeah so
+this is this is this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is this is only
+so it's important for you guys to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important for you guys to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's important for you guys to see
+confidence intervals because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence intervals because they're
+everywhere and to know where they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and to know where they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and to know where they come
+from but it's really you know very I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from but it's really you know very I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from but it's really you know very I
+mean it's essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's essentially the same
+information that were're that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that were're that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that were're that you would
+be presenting more or less if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be presenting more or less if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be presenting more or less if you just
+reported a standard error okay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported a standard error okay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported a standard error okay but it's
+in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+form that's all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that's all that's
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay economics we often care more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay economics we often care more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay economics we often care more about
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+so we use the to to test to come in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use the to to test to come in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we use the to to test to come in in
+the minut for example very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minut for example very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minut for example very popular
+test can be reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test can be reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test can be reject
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+x% confidence that this is but other f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x% confidence that this is but other f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x% confidence that this is but other f
+for example in in medicine in all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in in medicine in all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in in medicine in all of the
+medical they care about what they report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical they care about what they report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical they care about what they report
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+that's it's a little bit a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a little bit a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it's a little bit a matter of
+convention I it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to you a bit of a richer sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a bit of a richer sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a bit of a richer sense because
+after all you might not care about eics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all you might not care about eics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all you might not care about eics
+we have focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have focus on
+zero but we might not always we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we might not always we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but we might not always we might
+care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about
+other any other number for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other any other number for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other any other number for example you
+might wondering whether you is large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might wondering whether you is large or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might wondering whether you is large or
+small suppose you you zero is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small suppose you you zero is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small suppose you you zero is inside the
+confidence interval that's one useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval that's one useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval that's one useful
+piece of of information go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of of information go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of of information go back to the
+discussion that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that s
+earlier it's not a very useful piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier it's not a very useful piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier it's not a very useful piece of
+information a million also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information a million also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information a million also in the
+confidence interal and it becomes a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interal and it becomes a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interal and it becomes a more
+useful information if you can to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information if you can to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful information if you can to do with
+the unit was what I'm saying is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit was what I'm saying is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit was what I'm saying is kind of
+Senseless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senseless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senseless
+but if the if you Z is a confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the if you Z is a confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the if you Z is a confidence
+interval but 0.1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval but 0.1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval but 0.1 is
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effect information Soo you to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect information Soo you to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect information Soo you to have to
+multiply by Magic Number going come in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute good okay questions before we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute good okay questions before we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute good okay questions before we go
+to case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to case
+two okay so case two remember is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so case two remember is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so case two remember is exactly
+the same as case one where say sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as case one where say sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as case one where say sampling
+from a normal distribution but here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a normal distribution but here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a normal distribution but here we
+don't know the the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the the variance of the
+distribution so because we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so because we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so because we don't know
+the variance of the distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of the distribution that
+we're sampling from we also don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling from we also don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sampling from we also don't know
+the variance of xar because remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of xar because remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of xar because remember the
+variance of xar is Sigma over Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of xar is Sigma over Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of xar is Sigma over Sigma squ
+over over n okay so we don't know its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over n okay so we don't know its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over n okay so we don't know its
+variance so the only thing that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so the only thing that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so the only thing that we have
+is the ability to estimate it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ability to estimate it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ability to estimate it okay and
+remember if we form this function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we form this function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if we form this function that
+looks very much like the function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the function we
+formed in case one but put an S in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in case one but put an S in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed in case one but put an S in
+instead of a sigma in then we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a sigma in then we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a sigma in then we actually
+that's that's going to let us construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's going to let us construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's going to let us construct
+a confidence interval because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confidence interval because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confidence interval because we know
+how that thing is distributed we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that thing is distributed we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that thing is distributed we know
+it's distributed t with n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's distributed t with n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's distributed t with n minus one
+degrees of freedom okay so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom okay so we're going
+to do exactly the same thing we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly the same thing we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly the same thing we did last
+time but instead of having the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but instead of having the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but instead of having the sort of
+uh inverse cdfs of the normal standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inverse cdfs of the normal standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inverse cdfs of the normal standard
+normal distribution in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution in in the
+probability statement we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statement we're going to
+have the inverse cdfs of the uh t with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inverse cdfs of the uh t with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inverse cdfs of the uh t with n
+minus one degrees of freedom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one degrees of freedom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one degrees of freedom in the
+probability statements okay so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statements okay so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability statements okay so it's the
+same same exercise okay so I could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same exercise okay so I could draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same same exercise okay so I could draw
+basically I would draw almost The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I would draw almost The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I would draw almost The
+Identical picture um that I had on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Identical picture um that I had on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Identical picture um that I had on the
+previous slide and then again what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide and then again what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide and then again what we do
+is we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we just
+rearrange and we get this on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange and we get this on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange and we get this on the left
+and this well I guess starting up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this well I guess starting up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this well I guess starting up here
+on the right okay and again everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right okay and again everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right okay and again everything
+on the left you know everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left you know everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left you know everything to the
+left of the less than sign is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the less than sign is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the less than sign is something
+that we can compute or that we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can compute or that we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can compute or that we know from
+our random sample so we just plug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random sample so we just plug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our random sample so we just plug that
+in so we can we don't know Sigma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we can we don't know Sigma so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we can we don't know Sigma so
+sigma's not here but we can compute s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma's not here but we can compute s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma's not here but we can compute s so
+we plug that in okay and then we look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug that in okay and then we look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plug that in okay and then we look up
+the the sort of inverse CDF of the T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of inverse CDF of the T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of inverse CDF of the T in
+a table Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table Etc
+okay and then once we plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once we plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once we plug in the
+realizations uh for X you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations uh for X you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations uh for X you know the
+realizations from our random sample for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from our random sample for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations from our random sample for
+xar and for S then we have two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and for S then we have two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar and for S then we have two numbers
+and this is called a a t confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called a a t confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called a a t confidence
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so what's the difference well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what's the difference well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so what's the difference well
+the T distribution if I drew a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution if I drew a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T distribution if I drew a picture
+of the T distribution it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T distribution it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the T distribution it would look
+identical to my picture of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to my picture of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to my picture of the normal
+distribution just because maybe my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just because maybe my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just because maybe my
+drawing is not quite precise enough but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing is not quite precise enough but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing is not quite precise enough but
+basically the difference is that the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the difference is that the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the difference is that the T
+distribution is symmetric just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is symmetric just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is symmetric just like the
+normal it's uh uh centered at zero like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal it's uh uh centered at zero like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal it's uh uh centered at zero like
+the normal but it has quote fatter Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal but it has quote fatter Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal but it has quote fatter Tails
+okay it just doesn't uh its tails don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just doesn't uh its tails don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it just doesn't uh its tails don't
+fall off quite as quickly as the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off quite as quickly as the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall off quite as quickly as the normal
+okay so it um it does in fact converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it um it does in fact converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it um it does in fact converge
+to the normal as n goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the normal as n goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the normal as n goes to Infinity
+but for you know small values of n like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for you know small values of n like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for you know small values of n like
+nals 10 for instance uh the the t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 10 for instance uh the the t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 10 for instance uh the the t is
+going to be kind of more spread out than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kind of more spread out than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be kind of more spread out than
+the normal distribution well what oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution well what oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal distribution well what oh and
+so I should say actually because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should say actually because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I should say actually because it has
+sort of thicker Tails this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thicker Tails this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thicker Tails this number here
+for the T distribution is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the T distribution is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the T distribution is going to be
+further out than for the normal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out than for the normal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out than for the normal right
+the the sort of um inverse CDF evaluated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of um inverse CDF evaluated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sort of um inverse CDF evaluated
+at Alpha over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Alpha over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Alpha over 2
+so what uh what does this mean for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what uh what does this mean for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what uh what does this mean for the
+confidence interval well it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval well it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval well it means that
+the T gives you a wider confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T gives you a wider confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T gives you a wider confidence
+interval than the normal for finite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval than the normal for finite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval than the normal for finite in
+okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the
+intuition and well I should say I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and well I should say I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and well I should say I say
+finite n which is true but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite n which is true but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite n which is true but I mean
+basically practically speaking for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically practically speaking for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically practically speaking for n
+less than 50 or something like that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 50 or something like that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 50 or something like that it's
+going to give you a somewhat wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a somewhat wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a somewhat wider
+confidence interval and and above that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and and above that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval and and above that I
+think it's not even tabulated separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's not even tabulated separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's not even tabulated separately
+from the normal distribution okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the normal distribution okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the normal distribution okay so
+what's the intuition behind this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the intuition behind this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the intuition behind this well
+the intuition is that even though you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is that even though you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is that even though you're
+drawing in both cases you're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing in both cases you're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing in both cases you're sampling
+from this normal distribution that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this normal distribution that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this normal distribution that's
+identical okay one case you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical okay one case you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical okay one case you know what
+the variance is the other case you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is the other case you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance is the other case you don't
+know what the variance is and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the variance is and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the variance is and so you're
+when you construct your confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you construct your confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you construct your confidence
+interval for the mean you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for the mean you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval for the mean you're kind of
+getting penalized for the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting penalized for the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting penalized for the fact that you
+don't know what the variance is and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the variance is and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the variance is and so
+that decreases the confidence you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decreases the confidence you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decreases the confidence you have
+in your estimate and it results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your estimate and it results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your estimate and it results in a
+slightly wider confidence interval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wider confidence interval okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly wider confidence interval okay
+so the T essentially penalizes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the T essentially penalizes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the T essentially penalizes your
+confidence interval by making it wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval by making it wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval by making it wider
+reflecting that you have greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting that you have greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting that you have greater
+uncertainty as n goes to Infinity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty as n goes to Infinity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty as n goes to Infinity this
+uncertainty becomes irrelevant okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty becomes irrelevant okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty becomes irrelevant okay and
+then the the t confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the t confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the the t confidence interval
+converges to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the
+normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so I said before case one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I said before case one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I said before case one and
+in case you don't cover everything um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you don't cover everything um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you don't cover everything um
+but they're really important and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're really important and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're really important and what
+makes them so important okay well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them so important okay well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them so important okay well first
+of all um oh well the I'll get to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all um oh well the I'll get to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all um oh well the I'll get to what
+makes them important in a second but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them important in a second but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes them important in a second but
+first of all you might ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you might ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all you might ask the question
+what you know if we don't fall into case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know if we don't fall into case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know if we don't fall into case
+one or case two what do we do is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or case two what do we do is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or case two what do we do is there
+something else we can do well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else we can do well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else we can do well you can
+construct a confidence interval from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a confidence interval from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a confidence interval from
+scratch on your own okay like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch on your own okay like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch on your own okay like I said
+we'll see one of those on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see one of those on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see one of those on the problem
+side in practice what we normally do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in practice what we normally do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in practice what we normally do is
+we appeal to Central limit theorem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we appeal to Central limit theorem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we appeal to Central limit theorem like
+results to argue that the estimator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to argue that the estimator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to argue that the estimator that
+we're basing our confidence interval on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basing our confidence interval on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basing our confidence interval on
+has an approximate normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an approximate normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an approximate normal distribution
+okay and most of the time it will and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and most of the time it will and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and most of the time it will and
+then what we do is we just use the t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we do is we just use the t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we do is we just use the t
+confidence interval uh with an estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval uh with an estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval uh with an estimated
+variance okay so basically we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so basically we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so basically we're just
+we're we're kind of assuming that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're kind of assuming that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're kind of assuming that we're
+in case 2 even if we're not sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case 2 even if we're not sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case 2 even if we're not sampling
+from a normal distribution and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a normal distribution and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a normal distribution and that's
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+the when the the time that we used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the the time that we used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when the the time that we used the
+fact that we were sampling from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we were sampling from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we were sampling from the
+normal distribution was to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution was to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution was to figure out
+how this sort of function of xar was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this sort of function of xar was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this sort of function of xar was
+distributed well if we appeal to Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed well if we appeal to Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed well if we appeal to Central
+limit theorem type results we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem type results we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorem type results we know that
+that function of xar is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function of xar is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function of xar is going to be
+approximately normal so then that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately normal so then that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately normal so then that sort
+of puts us in case two even when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of puts us in case two even when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of puts us in case two even when we're
+not strictly speaking in case two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strictly speaking in case two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not strictly speaking in case two
+okay and then furthermore as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then furthermore as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then furthermore as I said
+before for large n case one Anda case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for large n case one Anda case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before for large n case one Anda case
+two converges to case one so for large n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two converges to case one so for large n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two converges to case one so for large n
+it doesn't even matter we just uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even matter we just uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't even matter we just uh not
+only can we apply Central limit theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can we apply Central limit theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only can we apply Central limit theorem
+type results it's as if we knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type results it's as if we knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type results it's as if we knew the
+variance of the underlying distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the underlying distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the underlying distribution
+because our estimator is so good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our estimator is so good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our estimator is so good because
+n is so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is so big
+okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay so now we know what an estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we know what an estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we know what an estimator is
+we know how to estimate unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to estimate unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to estimate unknown
+parameters we know a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we know a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters we know a couple different
+ways to express how confident we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to express how confident we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to express how confident we are in
+our estimates so in particular we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimates so in particular we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our estimates so in particular we know
+about standard errors and we know uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standard errors and we know uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about standard errors and we know uh how
+to construct a confidence interval okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a confidence interval okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a confidence interval okay
+and that goes a long way and gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that goes a long way and gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that goes a long way and gives us a
+really good foundation for studying all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good foundation for studying all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good foundation for studying all
+kinds of estimation going forward but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of estimation going forward but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of estimation going forward but
+there is one additional piece of uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one additional piece of uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is one additional piece of uh sort
+of foundational material that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foundational material that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of foundational material that's quite
+important and that's hypothesis testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that's hypothesis testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and that's hypothesis testing
+and as Esther indicated a couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Esther indicated a couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Esther indicated a couple minutes
+ago it's particularly important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it's particularly important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it's particularly important to
+economists and social scientists um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists and social scientists um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists and social scientists um and
+so I'm going to sort of introduce uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to sort of introduce uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to sort of introduce uh the
+idea of hypothesis testing and and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of hypothesis testing and and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of hypothesis testing and and give
+you some indic of how how we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some indic of how how we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some indic of how how we do it
+okay so in social science uh we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in social science uh we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in social science uh we often
+encounter questions that we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter questions that we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter questions that we want to know
+the answer to and some of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to and some of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to and some of you have
+started formulating these questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started formulating these questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started formulating these questions for
+uh your empirical project in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your empirical project in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your empirical project in this class
+so what are some of the questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of the questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of the questions that
+we care about uh do the lifespans of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about uh do the lifespans of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about uh do the lifespans of
+popes follow a log normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popes follow a log normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popes follow a log normal
+distribution uh does the income tax rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh does the income tax rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh does the income tax rate
+affect the number of hours employees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the number of hours employees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the number of hours employees are
+willing to work um do use books cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to work um do use books cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to work um do use books cost
+more on the internet than in brick-and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the internet than in brick-and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more on the internet than in brick-and
+Mortar stores uh has NAFTA hurt us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mortar stores uh has NAFTA hurt us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mortar stores uh has NAFTA hurt us
+manufacturing workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing workers
+okay so these are the kinds of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the kinds of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the kinds of things we
+you know like the we not only want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the we not only want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the we not only want to
+get estimates of unknown parameters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get estimates of unknown parameters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get estimates of unknown parameters but
+we also want to use those estimates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to use those estimates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also want to use those estimates to
+answer questions like this and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions like this and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer questions like this and this is
+like sort of very common and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of very common and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of very common and very
+important in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in social
+science okay so the tool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science okay so the tool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science okay so the tool that
+statisticians have invented to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians have invented to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians have invented to help
+answer such questions and quantify how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer such questions and quantify how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer such questions and quantify how
+confident we are in the answers is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident we are in the answers is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident we are in the answers is the
+hypothesis test so sort of another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis test so sort of another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis test so sort of another way
+to describe the hypothesis test is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the hypothesis test is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the hypothesis test is that
+it has the following purpose given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the following purpose given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has the following purpose given a
+random sample uh from a population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample uh from a population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample uh from a population is
+there enough EV evidence to contradict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there enough EV evidence to contradict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there enough EV evidence to contradict
+some assertion about the population so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assertion about the population so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some assertion about the population so
+in other words maybe my assertion is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words maybe my assertion is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words maybe my assertion is um
+the tax rate has no effect on workers's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax rate has no effect on workers's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tax rate has no effect on workers's
+willingness to uh you know uh Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to uh you know uh Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to uh you know uh Supply
+labor or something like that that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor or something like that that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor or something like that that's my
+assertion I have a random sample from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion I have a random sample from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion I have a random sample from a
+population does that random sample give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population does that random sample give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population does that random sample give
+me enough evidence to uh contradict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me enough evidence to uh contradict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me enough evidence to uh contradict that
+assertion and say No in fact the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion and say No in fact the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion and say No in fact the income
+tax rate does matter in uh workers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate does matter in uh workers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate does matter in uh workers uh
+willingness to supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willingness to supply
+labor okay so let's build the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor okay so let's build the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor okay so let's build the structure
+underlying the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying the hypothesis
+test so the the um there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so the the um there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so the the um there's lots of
+definitions so um I'll try to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so um I'll try to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so um I'll try to go through
+these pretty quickly because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pretty quickly because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pretty quickly because there
+there's nothing very deep about them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing very deep about them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing very deep about them but
+you'll hear these terms a lot and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear these terms a lot and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear these terms a lot and we'll
+use these terms so you need to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these terms so you need to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these terms so you need to sort of
+uh be familiar with them so a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be familiar with them so a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be familiar with them so a hypothesis
+is an assumption about the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an assumption about the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an assumption about the distribution
+of a random variable in a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable in a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a random variable in a population
+okay a maintained hypothesis is one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a maintained hypothesis is one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a maintained hypothesis is one that
+cannot or will not be tested okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot or will not be tested okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot or will not be tested okay and
+I'll show you an example in a second a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example in a second a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example in a second a
+testable hypothesis is one that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable hypothesis is one that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable hypothesis is one that can be
+tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested
+uh using evidence from a sample the no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using evidence from a sample the no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using evidence from a sample the no
+hypothesis is in fact the testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is in fact the testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is in fact the testable
+hypothesis that we will test and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that we will test and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that we will test and the
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+hypothesis um and I should say the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis um and I should say the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis um and I should say the null
+hypothesis typically denoted H Subzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis typically denoted H Subzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis typically denoted H Subzero
+uh the alternative hypothesis typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alternative hypothesis typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alternative hypothesis typically
+denoted H sub a sometimes you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted H sub a sometimes you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted H sub a sometimes you see it
+denoted H sub one okay the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted H sub one okay the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoted H sub one okay the alternative
+hypothesis is a possibility or series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is a possibility or series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is a possibility or series of
+possibilities other than the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities other than the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities other than the null
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for instance uh let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for instance uh let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for instance uh let's say we
+want to perform a test concerning an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to perform a test concerning an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to perform a test concerning an
+unknown parameter Theta uh where xabi we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter Theta uh where xabi we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter Theta uh where xabi we
+have a random sample xabi from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random sample xabi from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random sample xabi from this
+distribution characterized by Theta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution characterized by Theta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution characterized by Theta okay
+so got this random sample Theta is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so got this random sample Theta is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so got this random sample Theta is some
+parameter in the uh you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in the uh you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in the uh you know sort of
+governing the distribution the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the distribution the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the distribution the random
+sample so our null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so our null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so our null
+hypothesis uh we might specify as Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis uh we might specify as Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis uh we might specify as Theta
+being in some space uh Capital Theta KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in some space uh Capital Theta KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in some space uh Capital Theta KN
+okay and the alternative hypothesis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the alternative hypothesis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the alternative hypothesis we
+specify as Theta being in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify as Theta being in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify as Theta being in some other
+parameter space uh Capital Theta sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space uh Capital Theta sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space uh Capital Theta sub a
+where Theta KN and Theta a capital Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Theta KN and Theta a capital Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Theta KN and Theta a capital Theta
+and capital Theta a are disjoint okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital Theta a are disjoint okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital Theta a are disjoint okay so
+you can't have overlap in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have overlap in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have overlap in the null
+hypothesis and the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis and the alternative
+hypothesis yep hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis yep hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis yep hypothesis
+hpoes kind of compliment each other yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpoes kind of compliment each other yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hpoes kind of compliment each other yes
+that's what that means they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that means they're
+complimentary they're just so so H or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary they're just so so H or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary they're just so so H or
+sorry uh uh Theta KN and Theta a being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh uh Theta KN and Theta a being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh uh Theta KN and Theta a being
+disjoint means that they're that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint means that they're that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint means that they're that oh
+sorry you mean sorry you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you mean sorry you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you mean sorry you're you're
+absolutely right you mean not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right you mean not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right you mean not just
+mutually exclusive but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually exclusive but also
+complimentary they may or they may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary they may or they may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary they may or they may not
+be we'll actually see an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we'll actually see an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we'll actually see an example where
+they're not complimentary typically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not complimentary typically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not complimentary typically they
+will be compliment so there no chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be compliment so there no chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be compliment so there no chance of
+them being in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them being in any
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+other it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other it's either
+or we'll talk about this in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll talk about this in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we'll talk about this in in the
+example I do we'll we'll sort of talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I do we'll we'll sort of talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I do we'll we'll sort of talk
+I'm going to do an example where uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do an example where uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do an example where uh each
+is a uh known as a simple hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh known as a simple hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a uh known as a simple hypothesis
+there's one point associated with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one point associated with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one point associated with with
+each uh hypothesis and then we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh hypothesis and then we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh hypothesis and then we'll talk
+about we'll sort of analyze that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll sort of analyze that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll sort of analyze that case
+because it's very simple to analyze and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very simple to analyze and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very simple to analyze and
+then we'll talk about well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about well what happens
+if actually the parameter is not one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if actually the parameter is not one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if actually the parameter is not one of
+those two values so we'll get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two values so we'll get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two values so we'll get to that
+but yeah thanks for pointing that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah thanks for pointing that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah thanks for pointing that out
+okay um a simple hypothesis as I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um a simple hypothesis as I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um a simple hypothesis as I just
+said is one characterized by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is one characterized by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is one characterized by a single
+point okay so this sort of uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so this sort of uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay so this sort of uh uh the
+um where uh Theta not lives is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where uh Theta not lives is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where uh Theta not lives is just
+equal to one point a composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one point a composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one point a composite
+hypothesis is one characterized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is one characterized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is one characterized by
+multiple points or a range of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple points or a range of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple points or a range of values
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usual setup is that we have a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual setup is that we have a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual setup is that we have a simple
+null and we have a composite alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null and we have a composite alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null and we have a composite alternative
+and again the usual setup is that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the usual setup is that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the usual setup is that those
+are complimentary so they cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complimentary so they cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complimentary so they cover the
+entire parameter space doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire parameter space doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire parameter space doesn't have to
+be that way but that's sort of the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setup okay so let's see just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup okay so let's see just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup okay so let's see just some
+examples and I'll I'll throw in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and I'll I'll throw in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and I'll I'll throw in a few
+more definitions as we go along so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more definitions as we go along so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more definitions as we go along so let's
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+xabi are IID normal mu Sigma squ where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xabi are IID normal mu Sigma squ where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xabi are IID normal mu Sigma squ where
+Sigma squ is unknown or sorry where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ is unknown or sorry where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ is unknown or sorry where
+Sigma square is known and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square is known and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma square is known and we're
+interested in testing whether mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in testing whether mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in testing whether mu is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+zero so we could set up the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we could set up the hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we could set up the hypothesis
+test this way where mu is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this way where mu is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this way where mu is equal to zero
+uh and the alternative is that mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the alternative is that mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the alternative is that mu is
+equal to one okay and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one okay and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one okay and in this case the
+stuff at the top is the um are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff at the top is the um are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff at the top is the um are the
+maintained hypothesis the stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained hypothesis the stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained hypothesis the stuff in the
+second line is uh the testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second line is uh the testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second line is uh the testable
+hypothesis or one of the testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis or one of the testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis or one of the testable
+hypotheses I guess and then the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses I guess and then the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses I guess and then the the
+hypothesis that we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that we're actually going to
+test is is in fact the testable the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is is in fact the testable the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is is in fact the testable the one
+labeled as the testable hypothesis we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as the testable hypothesis we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as the testable hypothesis we're
+going to call that the null hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that the null hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call that the null hypothesis
+and note that it is simple and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that it is simple and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and note that it is simple and the
+alternative hypothesis is also simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis is also simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis is also simple
+okay what happens if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens if we have a
+hypothesis um the alternative hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis um the alternative hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis um the alternative hypothesis
+which now becomes you know uh compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now becomes you know uh compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now becomes you know uh compliment
+so the the union between the null and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the union between the null and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the union between the null and
+the alternative covers the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative covers the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative covers the entire
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+space well that's a that's a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well that's a that's a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well that's a that's a very common
+setup um again this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup um again this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup um again this is called the
+alternative hypothesis in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative hypothesis in this case it
+is a composite hypothesis and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a composite hypothesis and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a composite hypothesis and we also
+call it a two-sided hypothesis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a two-sided hypothesis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a two-sided hypothesis and
+that's basically because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically because we're going to
+reject the null for evidence that U mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject the null for evidence that U mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject the null for evidence that U mu
+is greater than zero or evidence that mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero or evidence that mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero or evidence that mu
+is less than zero okay and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero okay and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero okay and so we're
+basically rejecting the the null on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rejecting the the null on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically rejecting the the null on two
+sides so it's called a two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so it's called a two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so it's called a two-sided
+hypothesis what happens if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis what happens if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis what happens if we just
+consider the case where mu is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the case where mu is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the case where mu is greater
+than zero that's our our alternative so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero that's our our alternative so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero that's our our alternative so
+we could set up we could set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could set up we could set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could set up we could set up a
+hypothesis test this way why would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis test this way why would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis test this way why would we
+want to do that well maybe we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that well maybe we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that well maybe we have some
+kind of a theoretical reason to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a theoretical reason to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a theoretical reason to know
+that mu can't be negative perhaps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu can't be negative perhaps okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu can't be negative perhaps okay
+GP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GP
+that could yes exactly that could go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could yes exactly that could go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could yes exactly that could go um
+up in the maintained hypothesis that mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the maintained hypothesis that mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the maintained hypothesis that mu
+has to be uh non- negative yeah so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be uh non- negative yeah so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be uh non- negative yeah so again
+this is the alternative hypothesis again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the alternative hypothesis again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the alternative hypothesis again
+it's composite but this time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's composite but this time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's composite but this time it's
+one-sided instead of being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two-sided okay so then what we do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided okay so then what we do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-sided okay so then what we do is we
+can either accept or reject the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either accept or reject the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either accept or reject the null
+hypothesis based on evidence we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis based on evidence we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis based on evidence we have
+from our sample okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our sample okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our sample okay
+but obviously mistakes can be made so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously mistakes can be made so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously mistakes can be made so
+you know the sample is not the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sample is not the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sample is not the entire
+population it's just there can be random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population it's just there can be random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population it's just there can be random
+variation in the sample that can lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the sample that can lead us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the sample that can lead us
+to the wrong conclusion uh and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wrong conclusion uh and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wrong conclusion uh and so in
+order to what we want to do is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to what we want to do is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to what we want to do is we want
+to set up the hypothesis testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up the hypothesis testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up the hypothesis testing
+procedure to control these uh various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to control these uh various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure to control these uh various
+types of errors and so what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of errors and so what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of errors and so what we have to
+do first is we uh need a taxonomy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first is we uh need a taxonomy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first is we uh need a taxonomy of the
+errors we need to Def Define what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors we need to Def Define what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors we need to Def Define what the
+errors are so that we can control them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are so that we can control them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are so that we can control them
+okay so this is just like a little sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just like a little sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just like a little sort
+of 2 by two grid if um if the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 by two grid if um if the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 by two grid if um if the null
+hypothesis is true and we accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is true and we accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is true and we accept the
+null obviously we haven't made an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null obviously we haven't made an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null obviously we haven't made an error
+but if we reject the null that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we reject the null that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we reject the null that's called
+a type one error and likewise if the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type one error and likewise if the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a type one error and likewise if the U
+null hypothesis is false and we accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis is false and we accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis is false and we accept
+it uh that's called a type two error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh that's called a type two error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh that's called a type two error
+okay and so we're we'll want to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're we'll want to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so we're we'll want to sort of
+uh calculate the probability ities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculate the probability ities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculate the probability ities of
+these errors and control them when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors and control them when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors and control them when we
+set up the you know a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the you know a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up the you know a particular
+structure for a hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for a hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for a hypothesis
+test so a couple more definitions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so a couple more definitions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so a couple more definitions the
+significance level of the test is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance level of the test is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance level of the test is uh
+Alpha the probability of type 1 error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the probability of type 1 error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the probability of type 1 error
+okay so probability of type one ER here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so probability of type one ER here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so probability of type one ER here
+is called Alpha and that's also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Alpha and that's also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Alpha and that's also known as
+the significance level the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance level the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significance level the probability
+of type two eror is we denote as beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type two eror is we denote as beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type two eror is we denote as beta
+and that's known as the opp operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's known as the opp operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's known as the opp operating
+characteristic of the test and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the test and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the test and then we
+call one minus Alpha the confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call one minus Alpha the confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call one minus Alpha the confidence
+level and we call 1 minus beta the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and we call 1 minus beta the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and we call 1 minus beta the power
+of the test okay so just definitions 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test okay so just definitions 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test okay so just definitions 1 -
+Alpha minus beta would be uh no error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus beta would be uh no error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha minus beta would be uh no error
+would be what no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what no
+error so so Alpha and beta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so so Alpha and beta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so so Alpha and beta are
+probabilities right so I because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right so I because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities right so I because then
+you are in either you're in the no error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in either you're in the no error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are in either you're in the no error
+Zone like one Al Bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone like one Al Bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zone like one Al Bet
+oh you're asking what the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're asking what the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you're asking what the probability of
+of falling in one of those um yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay and finally uh one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and finally uh one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and finally uh one more
+definition we Define the critical region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we Define the critical region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we Define the critical region
+of the test uh we're going to denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test uh we're going to denote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test uh we're going to denote it
+C or C subx is the region of the support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C or C subx is the region of the support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C or C subx is the region of the support
+of the random sample for which we reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random sample for which we reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random sample for which we reject
+the null okay so we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null okay so we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null okay so we're going to think
+about when we're constructing hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're constructing hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when we're constructing hypothesis
+test we're going to think about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we're going to think about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test we're going to think about about
+what are the possible sort of values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible sort of values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the possible sort of values of
+our entire random sample that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire random sample that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire random sample that we might
+get okay we'll simplify it actually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay we'll simplify it actually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay we'll simplify it actually and
+we'll just we'll basically be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just we'll basically be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just we'll basically be talking
+about the values of a test statistic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the values of a test statistic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the values of a test statistic but
+you can think of it more broadly as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it more broadly as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it more broadly as the
+values of the entire random sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the entire random sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the entire random sample and
+what is the support of the random sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the support of the random sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the support of the random sample
+for which we're going going to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we're going going to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which we're going going to reject
+the null where we are going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null where we are going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null where we are going to decide
+that that's enough evidence that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's enough evidence that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's enough evidence that we want
+to reject the N okay and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject the N okay and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject the N okay and that's called
+the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+okay so um let's do a specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's do a specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um let's do a specific example
+of a constructing a hypothesis test okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a constructing a hypothesis test okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a constructing a hypothesis test okay
+let's suppose that the X's are IID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that the X's are IID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that the X's are IID
+normal mu Sigma squ okay and sigma squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mu Sigma squ okay and sigma squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mu Sigma squ okay and sigma squar
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+known uh the hypothesis our null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh the hypothesis our null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh the hypothesis our null
+hypothesis that we want to test is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that we want to test is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that we want to test is that
+mu is equal to zero the alternative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is equal to zero the alternative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu is equal to zero the alternative is
+that mu is equal to one okay so as was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu is equal to one okay so as was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mu is equal to one okay so as was
+pointed out earlier this is maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out earlier this is maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out earlier this is maybe this
+is a little non-standard and maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little non-standard and maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little non-standard and maybe a
+little non-realistic because we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little non-realistic because we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little non-realistic because we're only
+allowing for the possibility that mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing for the possibility that mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing for the possibility that mu is
+equal to0 or one we're not allowing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to0 or one we're not allowing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to0 or one we're not allowing for
+any other possibilities but as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other possibilities but as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other possibilities but as I said
+before this is a much easier case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is a much easier case to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this is a much easier case to
+analyze and for us to sort of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and for us to sort of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and for us to sort of understand
+what's going on okay so let's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on okay so let's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on okay so let's first
+think about the case where our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the case where our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the case where our sample
+size is small we only have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is small we only have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is small we only have two
+observations what kind of sample would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what kind of sample would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what kind of sample would
+lead you to believe the null or doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead you to believe the null or doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead you to believe the null or doubt
+the null in favor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null in favor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null in favor of the
+alternative what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative what do you
+think both are zeros then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both are zeros then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both are zeros then it is
+null okay keep in mind that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null okay keep in mind that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null okay keep in mind that these are
+that these are uh random draws from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are uh random draws from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are uh random draws from a
+normal mu Sigma Square distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mu Sigma Square distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mu Sigma Square distribution so
+they don't have to both be exactly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to both be exactly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to both be exactly equal
+to whatever the mean is okay they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever the mean is okay they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever the mean is okay they're
+from a normal mu Sigma squ distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+yeah so so you're one step ahead of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you're one step ahead of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so you're one step ahead of me
+you're thinking about uh characterizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about uh characterizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about uh characterizing
+the critical region in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical region in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical region in terms of the
+sample mean um and that that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean um and that that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample mean um and that that's exactly
+the right direction to go into but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction to go into but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction to go into but let's
+think of it a little bit more broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it a little bit more broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it a little bit more broadly
+first let's just think about the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's just think about the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's just think about the region
+of the X1 X2 plane for which we'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X1 X2 plane for which we'd want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X1 X2 plane for which we'd want
+to reject the the null in favor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject the the null in favor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject the the null in favor of the
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+basically it's going to look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's going to look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's going to look like this
+right we're going to draw a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to draw a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to draw a diagonal
+line which is equal to X1 the the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is equal to X1 the the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is equal to X1 the the line
+is X1 plus X2 is equal to some value K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X1 plus X2 is equal to some value K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X1 plus X2 is equal to some value K
+okay we haven't specified what K is yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we haven't specified what K is yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we haven't specified what K is yet
+and everything if our sample Falls above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything if our sample Falls above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything if our sample Falls above
+that line or sort of to the northeast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line or sort of to the northeast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line or sort of to the northeast of
+that line we're going to want to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line we're going to want to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line we're going to want to reject
+the null okay that that just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null okay that that just means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null okay that that just means that
+our two uh you know sort of our two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two uh you know sort of our two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two uh you know sort of our two
+observations are kind of large so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are kind of large so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations are kind of large so that's
+going to tell us ah they probably didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us ah they probably didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us ah they probably didn't
+come from a mu equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a mu equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from a mu equals z
+distribution and anything below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and anything below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and anything below that
+line we're going to want to accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we're going to want to accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line we're going to want to accept the
+null because well those are pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null because well those are pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null because well those are pretty small
+values and yeah it probably didn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and yeah it probably didn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and yeah it probably didn't come
+from a mu equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mu equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a mu equals one
+distribution okay so we'll get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so we'll get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so we'll get back to
+how to choose K in a second that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to choose K in a second that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to choose K in a second that's a
+that's sort of an important piece but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an important piece but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of an important piece but
+for now let's just say that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just say that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just say that there's some
+constant K and that's going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K and that's going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K and that's going to divide
+our the the sort of um where our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the the sort of um where our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the the sort of um where our sample
+lives into two uh two regions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives into two uh two regions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives into two uh two regions okay
+so we equivalently we can do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we equivalently we can do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we equivalently we can do this and
+actually well you're two steps ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well you're two steps ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well you're two steps ahead of
+me because I'm first going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because I'm first going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me because I'm first going to say that
+equivalently we could instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently we could instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently we could instead of
+thinking about the X the x1x2 space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the X the x1x2 space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the X the x1x2 space we
+can just think about forming the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think about forming the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think about forming the sum of
+X1 and X2 that's going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 that's going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 that's going to be exactly
+equivalent to what I just put up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to what I just put up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to what I just put up but
+maybe it's easier to think about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier to think about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier to think about just
+forming this sum and rejecting for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming this sum and rejecting for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming this sum and rejecting for large
+values of the sum and not rejecting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the sum and not rejecting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the sum and not rejecting for
+small values okay it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small values okay it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small values okay it's exactly
+equivalent to the picture above and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the picture above and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the picture above and also
+equivalent to the picture is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the picture is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the picture is instead of
+forming the sum form the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the sum form the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the sum form the sample mean
+okay so uh in this case if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh in this case if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh in this case if we want to
+keep the same um procedure we would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same um procedure we would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same um procedure we would this
+uh this sort of K value would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sort of K value would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sort of K value would get
+divided by two because the sample mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two because the sample mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two because the sample mean
+is divided by n and n is equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided by n and n is equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided by n and n is equal to two
+Okay so does everyone under understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so does everyone under understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so does everyone under understand
+how these three so all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these three so all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these three so all three of these
+ways of thinking about defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of thinking about defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of thinking about defining the
+critical region for hypothesis test are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical region for hypothesis test are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical region for hypothesis test are
+equivalent and they're going to result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and they're going to result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and they're going to result
+in identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedures and does this make sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and does this make sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures and does this make sense we
+get large values of our sample we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get large values of our sample we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get large values of our sample we want
+to reject the null small values we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject the null small values we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reject the null small values we want
+to accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept the
+null okay so do we prefer one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null okay so do we prefer one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null okay so do we prefer one of these
+three ways of thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of thinking about a
+hypothesis test over the others not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis test over the others not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis test over the others not
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+but uh as then gets big then my ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh as then gets big then my ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh as then gets big then my ability
+to draw you know an N dimensional sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw you know an N dimensional sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw you know an N dimensional sample
+space sort of you know deteriorates very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space sort of you know deteriorates very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space sort of you know deteriorates very
+quickly so it just makes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so it just makes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so it just makes you know
+obviously if well I'll just say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if well I'll just say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if well I'll just say that it
+that uh we'll we'll probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we'll we'll probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we'll we'll probably want to
+just you know focus on one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know focus on one of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know focus on one of these two
+and typically we'll focus on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically we'll focus on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically we'll focus on this one
+but I just want to make the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to make the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I just want to make the point that
+these three ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three ways of thinking about
+defining the critical region are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the critical region are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the critical region are all
+equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so we'll basee our testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll basee our testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll basee our testing
+procedure on the test statistic we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure on the test statistic we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure on the test statistic we'll
+call we'll call this sample mean now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we'll call this sample mean now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call we'll call this sample mean now the
+test statistic okay and sometimes we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test statistic okay and sometimes we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test statistic okay and sometimes we'll
+denote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote it
+t and in this case our test statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and in this case our test statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and in this case our test statistic is
+just equal to xar and what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to xar and what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just equal to xar and what we're going
+to do is reject for large values of xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is reject for large values of xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is reject for large values of xar
+we're going to reject the null for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reject the null for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to reject the null for large
+values of xar so in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of xar so in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of xar so in other words the
+critical region is going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical region is going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical region is going to take the
+form xar greater than k for some k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form xar greater than k for some k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form xar greater than k for some k
+that we have yet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have yet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have yet to
+determine how do we choose K well I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how do we choose K well I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine how do we choose K well I said
+a couple minutes ago where we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple minutes ago where we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple minutes ago where we care about
+the probability of these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of these two different
+kinds of errors and intuitively it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of errors and intuitively it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of errors and intuitively it makes
+sense that that our choice of K is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that that our choice of K is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that that our choice of K is going
+to determine our probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine our probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine our probability of
+rejecting a true null and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting a true null and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting a true null and our
+probability of accepting a false null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of accepting a false null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of accepting a false null
+okay so what have I done here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what have I done here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what have I done here I have
+drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn
+the distribution of our test statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of our test statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of our test statistic
+under the null so this is this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the null so this is this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the null so this is this test
+statistic has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic has a
+normal uh a normal distribution with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal uh a normal distribution with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal uh a normal distribution with a
+mean with a variance Sigma squ over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with a variance Sigma squ over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean with a variance Sigma squ over two
+and mean zero okay because the under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mean zero okay because the under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mean zero okay because the under the
+null the mean is equal to zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null the mean is equal to zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null the mean is equal to zero and then
+this is the distribution of the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the distribution of the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the distribution of the test
+statistic under the alternative so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic under the alternative so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic under the alternative so it
+looks exactly the same but it's shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly the same but it's shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly the same but it's shifted
+over over one it has mean one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over one it has mean one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over one it has mean one okay so
+this is an important point is everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important point is everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important point is everyone
+on board with these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on board with these two different
+distributions and where they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and where they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and where they came
+from okay so I've drawn the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so I've drawn the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from okay so I've drawn the distribution
+of the test statistic under the null and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test statistic under the null and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test statistic under the null and
+under the alternative so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the alternative so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the alternative so the probability
+so we set a some K here okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set a some K here okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we set a some K here okay and we
+accept the null for values of our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the null for values of our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the null for values of our test
+statistic less than K and so this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic less than K and so this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic less than K and so this red
+shaded part here is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded part here is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded part here is the probability of
+accepting a false null how did we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting a false null how did we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting a false null how did we get
+that this means this is how the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this means this is how the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this means this is how the test
+statistic is distributed if the null is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is distributed if the null is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic is distributed if the null is
+false okay and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false okay and so this is the
+probability that our test statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our test statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our test statistic is
+less than K under that presumption okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than K under that presumption okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than K under that presumption okay
+what's the probability that we reject a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that we reject a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that we reject a
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+null well the true null means that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null well the true null means that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null well the true null means that our
+test statistic is distributed this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test statistic is distributed this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test statistic is distributed this way
+and we reject the critical region means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reject the critical region means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reject the critical region means
+that you know the the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the shape of the
+critical region is we reject um the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical region is we reject um the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical region is we reject um the null
+for large values of xar so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large values of xar so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large values of xar so anything
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+K this is going to be um the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is going to be um the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K this is going to be um the probability
+that we're rejecting a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're rejecting a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're rejecting a true
+null okay so you can see then what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null okay so you can see then what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null okay so you can see then what we do
+is as we move K we increase uh beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as we move K we increase uh beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as we move K we increase uh beta and
+decreas inase alpha or vice versa okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreas inase alpha or vice versa okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreas inase alpha or vice versa okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+basically um the choice of any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um the choice of any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um the choice of any one of
+Alpha Beta or k determines the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta or k determines the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Beta or k determines the other two
+oh wait that didn't yes that is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait that didn't yes that is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait that didn't yes that is true
+okay choice of any one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choice of any one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay choice of any one of those
+determines the other two so if we set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the other two so if we set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the other two so if we set
+Alpha to some particular value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to some particular value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha to some particular value that's
+going to tell us what beta is given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us what beta is given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us what beta is given you
+know given a sample size Etc um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given a sample size Etc um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know given a sample size Etc um and it's
+also going to tell us where to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to tell us where to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to tell us where to set
+K and then uh the other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then uh the other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and then uh the other sort of
+important point to make is that choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point to make is that choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point to make is that choosing
+them involves an explicit tradeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them involves an explicit tradeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them involves an explicit tradeoff
+between the probability of type one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the probability of type one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the probability of type one and
+type two errors so we choose K we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two errors so we choose K we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type two errors so we choose K we move
+it type one error goes way down type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it type one error goes way down type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it type one error goes way down type two
+error goes way up or vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error goes way up or vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error goes way up or vice versa
+okay so is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is that clear
+y h and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are so there the the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so there the the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so there the the parameters
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+the the parameter spaces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the parameter spaces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the parameter spaces that
+characterize hot and ha are disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize hot and ha are disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize hot and ha are disjoint
+that doesn't mean the distributions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean the distributions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean the distributions of
+the test statistics are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test statistics are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test statistics are just
+joint yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+okay okay so let's uh let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's uh let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so let's uh let's compute
+Alpha and beta using some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta using some specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha and beta using some specific
+numbers so let's suppose remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so let's suppose remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so let's suppose remember I
+don't know if you uh recall this but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you uh recall this but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you uh recall this but we
+made we started this example by assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we started this example by assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made we started this example by assuming
+that we knew Sigma Square squ we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we knew Sigma Square squ we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we knew Sigma Square squ we've just
+been you know Sigma Square's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know Sigma Square's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been you know Sigma Square's been
+floating around but uh we know Sigma squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around but uh we know Sigma squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around but uh we know Sigma squ
+let's uh say that's equal to four okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh say that's equal to four okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's uh say that's equal to four okay
+and let's let N equal 25 instead of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let N equal 25 instead of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let N equal 25 instead of two
+okay and then we have that our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we have that our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we have that our test
+statistic has a normal Z 4 over 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic has a normal Z 4 over 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic has a normal Z 4 over 25
+distribution under the null and a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution under the null and a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution under the null and a normal
+one uh comma 4 over 25 distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh comma 4 over 25 distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh comma 4 over 25 distribution
+under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alternative how did I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative how did I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative how did I get that
+how did I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that anyone care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you're taking
+be from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+distrib Yeah so basically the the xar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib Yeah so basically the the xar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distrib Yeah so basically the the xar is
+our test statistic so now I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test statistic so now I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our test statistic so now I'm using the
+the um the uh notation T but I could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the uh notation T but I could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the uh notation T but I could use
+x bar instead okay so xar is our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar instead okay so xar is our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar instead okay so xar is our test
+statistic so under the null meaning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic so under the null meaning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic so under the null meaning the
+null is correct we know exactly how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null is correct we know exactly how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null is correct we know exactly how that
+test statistic is distributed it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test statistic is distributed it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test statistic is distributed it has
+mean zero and variant Sigma squar Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean zero and variant Sigma squar Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean zero and variant Sigma squar Over N
+okay under the alternative we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay under the alternative we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay under the alternative we know
+exactly how that test statistic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how that test statistic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how that test statistic is
+distributed it has mean one and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed it has mean one and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed it has mean one and variant
+Sigma squ Over N okay so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ Over N okay so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma squ Over N okay so that's where
+these came from and so then what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these came from and so then what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these came from and so then what I can
+do is I can just compute Alpha and beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I can just compute Alpha and beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I can just compute Alpha and beta
+sort of explicitly if I know all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explicitly if I know all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explicitly if I know all of
+these things so the probability of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so the probability of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so the probability of type
+type one error is just equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error is just equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one error is just equal to one
+minus capital V of the critical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus capital V of the critical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus capital V of the critical value
+whatever that is minus zero over uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is minus zero over uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that is minus zero over uh you
+know over the uh standard deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over the uh standard deviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over the uh standard deviation of
+that distribution and beta is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution and beta is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution and beta is something
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+okay so basically if you plugged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically if you plugged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically if you plugged in
+different values of K K into those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of K K into those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of K K into those two
+into these two uh formulas then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these two uh formulas then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these two uh formulas then you
+would get you could trace out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get you could trace out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get you could trace out the
+tradeoff between Alpha and beta in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between Alpha and beta in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between Alpha and beta in this
+particular example so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example so if you
+have so if you plug in different values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you plug in different values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so if you plug in different values
+of K let's suppose that uh you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K let's suppose that uh you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K let's suppose that uh you wanted to
+have a very small probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small probability of
+rejecting a true null a very small Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting a true null a very small Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting a true null a very small Alpha
+then what what kind of uh K would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what what kind of uh K would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what what kind of uh K would you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could go back and look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back and look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could go back and look at this
+picture very small Alpha you'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture very small Alpha you'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture very small Alpha you'd have a
+large K right if you wanted a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large K right if you wanted a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large K right if you wanted a very small
+beta you'd have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta you'd have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta you'd have a small
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+and so this point here corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this point here corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this point here corresponds
+to K I hope I get the straight K being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K I hope I get the straight K being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to K I hope I get the straight K being
+Infinity no negative Infinity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity no negative Infinity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity no negative Infinity is that
+what I just said and this uh Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said and this uh Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said and this uh Point
+corresponds to K being positive Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to K being positive Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to K being positive Infinity
+I hope I didn't get that mixed up anyhow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope I didn't get that mixed up anyhow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope I didn't get that mixed up anyhow
+you can look back at the picture just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look back at the picture just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look back at the picture just to
+make sure that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+okay and then as I said you vary K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then as I said you vary K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then as I said you vary K and
+you sort of get this that's the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of get this that's the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of get this that's the shape of
+the trade-off between Alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off between Alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off between Alpha and
+beta so what happens if let's say you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so what happens if let's say you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so what happens if let's say you're
+you're not comfortable with the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not comfortable with the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not comfortable with the values
+of alpha and beta that you have there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha and beta that you have there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha and beta that you have there's
+just two the probability of a type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two the probability of a type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two the probability of a type one
+error and a type two error are just both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and a type two error are just both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and a type two error are just both
+too high for you what can you do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high for you what can you do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too high for you what can you do well
+there's only really one thing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only really one thing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only really one thing you can do
+assuming that you've constructed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you've constructed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you've constructed your
+test in an intelligent way and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in an intelligent way and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in an intelligent way and that's
+get a larger sample size okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a larger sample size okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a larger sample size okay so if you
+increase n you get a larger sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase n you get a larger sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase n you get a larger sample size
+what happens is this tradeoff becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is this tradeoff becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is this tradeoff becomes
+sort of more favorable for both Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more favorable for both Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more favorable for both Alpha
+and beta okay so you can get if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta okay so you can get if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta okay so you can get if you have
+a larger n what happens is uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger n what happens is uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a larger n what happens is uh the the
+denominators there change okay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators there change okay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators there change okay and you
+you can you know sort of the trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know sort of the trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know sort of the trade-off
+between Alpha and beta comes closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Alpha and beta comes closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Alpha and beta comes closer to
+the origin and you can do better in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and you can do better in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin and you can do better in
+terms of both Alpha and beta and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of both Alpha and beta and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of both Alpha and beta and this is
+just sort of a picture of what this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a picture of what this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of a picture of what this the
+alternative and the null distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and the null distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative and the null distributions
+of the test statistic will look like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test statistic will look like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the test statistic will look like as
+n gets bigger okay they're they'll both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets bigger okay they're they'll both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n gets bigger okay they're they'll both
+get more concentrated around um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more concentrated around um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more concentrated around um
+the the null and the alternative values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so a couple of U Notes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so a couple of U Notes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so a couple of U Notes about
+this uh particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh particular
+example uh okay let me just let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh okay let me just let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh okay let me just let me just
+say a couple of quick things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple of quick things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a couple of quick things and then
+I'll let you go so what if mu is neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you go so what if mu is neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you go so what if mu is neither
+uh zero or one well a lot of the times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero or one well a lot of the times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero or one well a lot of the times
+we set up the hypothesis test uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up the hypothesis test uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up the hypothesis test uh so so
+that the union of the two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the union of the two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the union of the two the
+alternative in the null space is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative in the null space is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative in the null space is the
+entire parameter space okay so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire parameter space okay so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire parameter space okay so either
+the null of or the alternative must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null of or the alternative must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null of or the alternative must be
+true that means that one or both of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that means that one or both of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that means that one or both of the
+hypothesis hypotheses are composite when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis hypotheses are composite when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis hypotheses are composite when
+we have a composite hypothesis the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a composite hypothesis the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a composite hypothesis the test
+becomes more difficult to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more difficult to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more difficult to analyze
+because uh basically Alpha and beta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh basically Alpha and beta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh basically Alpha and beta are
+no longer um you know just functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer um you know just functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer um you know just functions of
+K but they could be functions of also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but they could be functions of also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but they could be functions of also
+the unknown parameter Theta so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter Theta so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown parameter Theta so that's
+why we start with this sort of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we start with this sort of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we start with this sort of simple
+example so you can really see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you can really see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you can really see the
+mechanics of the hypothesis test U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the hypothesis test U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of the hypothesis test U but
+it is not a standard setup okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not a standard setup okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not a standard setup okay so what
+if our hypotheses looked like this mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our hypotheses looked like this mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our hypotheses looked like this mu is
+equal to zero uh and the alternative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero uh and the alternative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero uh and the alternative is
+Mu is not equal to zero okay we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu is not equal to zero okay we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu is not equal to zero okay we could
+use the same test statistic but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same test statistic but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same test statistic but I will
+just leave you with the question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave you with the question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave you with the question what
+should the critical region look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the critical region look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the critical region look like in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+case so remember go back a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so remember go back a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so remember go back a few slides
+think about how we thought about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we thought about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how we thought about what
+the critical region should look like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical region should look like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical region should look like in
+the one-sided test in the example I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-sided test in the example I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-sided test in the example I just
+did but what if we have a two-sided test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but what if we have a two-sided test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but what if we have a two-sided test
+what should the critical region look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should the critical region look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should the critical region look
+like okay so I will leave you with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vVkrHN-wnQM.txt b/vVkrHN-wnQM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c8b8a258cd85f1b6756ad47f4984d6c768020bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vVkrHN-wnQM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I think what I'm gonna do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think what I'm gonna do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think what I'm gonna do is
+I'll give you an overview of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you an overview of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you an overview of what the
+hypothesis is that we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is that we'll be talking
+about in class the next time probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class the next time probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class the next time probably
+the next time and a little bit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time and a little bit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time and a little bit into
+Wednesday and then this module will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and then this module will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and then this module will be
+over so this is this this is covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so this is this this is covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so this is this this is covering
+the second lecture the good nadph or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lecture the good nadph or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lecture the good nadph or the
+good function of nadph of oxidases okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good function of nadph of oxidases okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good function of nadph of oxidases okay
+and so it's taken from this Kate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's taken from this Kate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's taken from this Kate
+Carroll's paper who and will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll's paper who and will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carroll's paper who and will continue
+where we left off last time we had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time we had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time we had gone
+through part of the paper you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through part of the paper you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through part of the paper you was
+supposed to read and on gave on Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to read and on gave on Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to read and on gave on Kelly
+but we hadn't gotten through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we hadn't gotten through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we hadn't gotten through the whole
+paper and there were parts of it that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and there were parts of it that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and there were parts of it that I
+wanted I wanted to look at in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted I wanted to look at in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted I wanted to look at in more
+detail but this is sort of a model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but this is sort of a model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but this is sort of a model so
+this is really sort of and I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really sort of and I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really sort of and I think the
+model is easy to understand and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is easy to understand and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is easy to understand and these
+kinds of models have been in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models have been in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of models have been in the
+literature you know for 10 to 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you know for 10 to 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature you know for 10 to 15 years
+but really they haven't been there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really they haven't been there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really they haven't been there
+hasn't been experiments that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been experiments that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been experiments that sort of
+show how this all goes together using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how this all goes together using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how this all goes together using
+multiple methods and the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple methods and the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple methods and the underlying
+theme and let me also say in the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme and let me also say in the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme and let me also say in the handout
+I will give you you know I've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you you know I've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will give you you know I've given you
+what annual reviews in biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what annual reviews in biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what annual reviews in biochemistry
+paper by the Korean lab which shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by the Korean lab which shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by the Korean lab which shows how
+much more complicated life is than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated life is than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated life is than the
+simple cartoon okay so everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cartoon okay so everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cartoon okay so everything we
+look at you start out with a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you start out with a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you start out with a simple
+cartoon but when you study it the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon but when you study it the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon but when you study it the more
+you study it more complicated it gets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study it more complicated it gets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you study it more complicated it gets so
+if you're if you care about things only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you care about things only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you care about things only
+at the circle and square level then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the circle and square level then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the circle and square level then you
+get a cartoon but if you really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cartoon but if you really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cartoon but if you really care
+about how it works you have to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it works you have to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it works you have to do a lot
+of work to figure it out okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to figure it out okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work to figure it out okay so so this
+this sort of model is similar to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of model is similar to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of model is similar to all
+we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about
+epidermal growth factor and it's semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor and it's semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal growth factor and it's semi
+similar to how many growth factors work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how many growth factors work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to how many growth factors work
+okay I think I think wasn't outlined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I think wasn't outlined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think I think wasn't outlined in
+this paper but maybe it was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper but maybe it was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper but maybe it was the first
+paper that this model is so it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that this model is so it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that this model is so it's sort of
+a generic model for many of the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic model for many of the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generic model for many of the systems
+although the signaling pathways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the signaling pathways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the signaling pathways are
+distinct so you have the epidermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so you have the epidermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct so you have the epidermal
+growth factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth factor
+scepter which has a single transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scepter which has a single transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scepter which has a single transmembrane
+region and this little what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and this little what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and this little what is this
+little domain in the cytosol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little domain in the cytosol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little domain in the cytosol
+that's the tyrosine kinase activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tyrosine kinase activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tyrosine kinase activity and
+it can react on itself and this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can react on itself and this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can react on itself and this little
+ball is the growth factor and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is the growth factor and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball is the growth factor and so the
+model has been that when the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has been that when the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model has been that when the growth
+factor is around that the proteins can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is around that the proteins can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor is around that the proteins can
+dimerize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize
+and so that's what's indicated here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what's indicated here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what's indicated here so
+this is the model it was taken out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model it was taken out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the model it was taken out of
+the paper and in the presence of ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper and in the presence of ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper and in the presence of ATP
+they can phosphorylate each other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can phosphorylate each other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can phosphorylate each other okay
+so the kinase domain it has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinase domain it has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinase domain it has become
+active and one of the questions is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and one of the questions is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active and one of the questions is how
+do you know that phosphorylation makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that phosphorylation makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that phosphorylation makes
+it active so you have to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it active so you have to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it active so you have to design
+experiments to test this and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to test this and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to test this and if you go
+back and you think about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you think about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and you think about you know
+interest in introductory biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in introductory biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in introductory biochemistry
+course you saw many Cascades and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you saw many Cascades and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you saw many Cascades and
+sometimes phosphorylation activates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes phosphorylation activates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes phosphorylation activates and
+sometimes it inactivates so all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it inactivates so all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it inactivates so all of that
+needs to be studied in some fashion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be studied in some fashion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be studied in some fashion and
+so what we're gonna be talking about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna be talking about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna be talking about in
+the module seven which is the reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module seven which is the reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the module seven which is the reactive
+oxygen species is this protein the Knox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species is this protein the Knox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species is this protein the Knox
+protein NADPH oxidase and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein NADPH oxidase and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein NADPH oxidase and what's the
+function of NADPH oxidase is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of NADPH oxidase is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of NADPH oxidase is what are
+the cofactors required anybody get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofactors required anybody get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofactors required anybody get that
+out of the paper what is what is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the paper what is what is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the paper what is what is they
+have an NADPH oxidase so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NADPH oxidase so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NADPH oxidase so obviously
+what's one of the cofactors and okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one of the cofactors and okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one of the cofactors and okay so
+what is another cofactor they didn't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is another cofactor they didn't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is another cofactor they didn't any
+of you look at that I haven't read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you look at that I haven't read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you look at that I haven't read the
+handout first handout on reactive oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout first handout on reactive oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout first handout on reactive oxygen
+species cuz it's also there are six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species cuz it's also there are six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species cuz it's also there are six
+isozymes of these NADPH oxidase ha's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isozymes of these NADPH oxidase ha's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isozymes of these NADPH oxidase ha's and
+they all have different form different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have different form different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have different form different
+complexes but the basic chemistry is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes but the basic chemistry is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes but the basic chemistry is the
+same in all of them so does anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in all of them so does anybody know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in all of them so does anybody know
+know any guesses ultimately we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any guesses ultimately we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any guesses ultimately we have to
+convert the function of this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the function of this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the function of this protein
+hopefully you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you know this
+is an unusual function it converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unusual function it converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an unusual function it converts
+oxygen into superoxide which is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen into superoxide which is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen into superoxide which is one of
+those reactive oxygen species we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactive oxygen species we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactive oxygen species we saw
+this morning okay and this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning okay and this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning okay and this is the only
+known protein that does that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known protein that does that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known protein that does that that
+specific heads function is to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heads function is to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific heads function is to generate
+superoxide a lot of times you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide a lot of times you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide a lot of times you do
+generate superoxide but it's an artifact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate superoxide but it's an artifact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate superoxide but it's an artifact
+of uncoupling reactions or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncoupling reactions or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncoupling reactions or other
+consequences inside the cell so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences inside the cell so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences inside the cell so we have
+any deviation and that's on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any deviation and that's on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any deviation and that's on this side
+and the cytosol excited this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cytosol excited this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cytosol excited this is the
+extra cellular cellular side and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra cellular cellular side and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra cellular cellular side and no
+guesses as to what the cofactor is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses as to what the cofactor is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses as to what the cofactor is okay
+so it has two kinds of cofactors fa d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has two kinds of cofactors fa d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has two kinds of cofactors fa d
+okay and the second cofactor are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second cofactor are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second cofactor are two
+cytochrome B team B systems so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome B team B systems so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytochrome B team B systems so you have
+three cofactors fa d it within that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cofactors fa d it within that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cofactors fa d it within that are
+bound within the membrane and to heaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound within the membrane and to heaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound within the membrane and to heaves
+and so it's and that's true of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's and that's true of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's and that's true of all these
+systems and what do we know about so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and what do we know about so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and what do we know about so any
+d pH is a two electron is a two electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d pH is a two electron is a two electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d pH is a two electron is a two electron
+donor and what are we generating over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor and what are we generating over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor and what are we generating over
+here we're generating superoxide from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're generating superoxide from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're generating superoxide from
+oxygen so that's one electron so a Maids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so that's one electron so a Maids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so that's one electron so a Maids
+the major function of NADPH is not to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major function of NADPH is not to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major function of NADPH is not to go
+from two electrons to one electron but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two electrons to one electron but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two electrons to one electron but
+it transfers electrons to the flavin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transfers electrons to the flavin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it transfers electrons to the flavin
+they have similar redox potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have similar redox potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have similar redox potentials
+inside the cell and then the flavin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell and then the flavin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell and then the flavin
+because it's long and playing there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's long and playing there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's long and playing there can
+do both two electron and one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both two electron and one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do both two electron and one electron
+chemistry and if you have a heme you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and if you have a heme you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and if you have a heme you can
+only do one electron chemistry because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do one electron chemistry because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do one electron chemistry because
+you toggle between I and three and iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you toggle between I and three and iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you toggle between I and three and iron
+too so we'll talk about that in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so we'll talk about that in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so we'll talk about that in class
+next time but somehow you do chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but somehow you do chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time but somehow you do chemistry
+over here and you and this to me is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and you and this to me is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and you and this to me is the
+most amazing thing and it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing thing and it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing thing and it should have
+upset you when you read this paper okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset you when you read this paper okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset you when you read this paper okay
+you should now start you were at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should now start you were at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should now start you were at the end
+of this course you should now start you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course you should now start you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course you should now start you
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+how can that happen I don't believe any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can that happen I don't believe any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can that happen I don't believe any
+of this this is the way I read all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the way I read all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the way I read all
+papers and I don't believe any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and I don't believe any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers and I don't believe any of this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so I come in I'm a big one extreme I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I come in I'm a big one extreme I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I come in I'm a big one extreme I
+don't believe anything I read because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe anything I read because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe anything I read because I
+think people are really sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people are really sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people are really sloppy
+experimental II but you guys should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental II but you guys should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental II but you guys should
+start thinking like that so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking like that so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking like that so we're going
+to generate superoxide and it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate superoxide and it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate superoxide and it's on the
+outside of the cell okay this is a trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell okay this is a trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell okay this is a trend
+transmembrane system so is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane system so is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane system so is there
+anything that links if you read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that links if you read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that links if you read this
+paper carefully well look at data but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper carefully well look at data but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper carefully well look at data but is
+there anything that links these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything that links these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything that links these two
+proteins in this paper that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in this paper that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in this paper that you were
+supposed to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which even if you read it this it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even if you read it this it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even if you read it this it's not
+that much data there you know there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much data there you know there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much data there you know there I
+guess there is a lot of data within each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there is a lot of data within each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess there is a lot of data within each
+panel but but what the data is in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel but but what the data is in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel but but what the data is in each
+panel they show you something and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel they show you something and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel they show you something and then
+they quantitate it Jason to it so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they quantitate it Jason to it so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they quantitate it Jason to it so it's
+the same data just transfer it into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same data just transfer it into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same data just transfer it into some
+kind of a bar graph because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bar graph because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bar graph because that's the
+way biologists do things rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way biologists do things rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way biologists do things rather than
+actually drawing some kind of is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drawing some kind of is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually drawing some kind of is showing
+you some kind of a model with kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some kind of a model with kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some kind of a model with kinetics
+on it so what do we know about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so what do we know about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so what do we know about these two
+proteins from what's in this paper any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins from what's in this paper any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins from what's in this paper any
+of you get anything out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you get anything out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you get anything out of that
+yeah they form a complex so that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they form a complex so that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they form a complex so that one of
+this that will come to that but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that will come to that but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that will come to that but one of
+the experiments they did was they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments they did was they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments they did was they had
+antibodies to this antibodies to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to this antibodies to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibodies to this antibodies to this
+and they showed you a picture where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they showed you a picture where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they showed you a picture where
+green and red went to yellow and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red went to yellow and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red went to yellow and that
+was the evidence that these things might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the evidence that these things might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the evidence that these things might
+be linked so so what's unusual is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linked so so what's unusual is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linked so so what's unusual is that
+you're generating superoxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generating superoxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're generating superoxide
+extracellular okay it's charged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular okay it's charged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular okay it's charged in
+general it doesn't go through membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it doesn't go through membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it doesn't go through membranes
+but what you see if you look if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see if you look if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you see if you look if you read
+the paper again is the function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper again is the function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper again is the function of the
+NOx protein is to modulate the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOx protein is to modulate the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOx protein is to modulate the activity
+of the tyrosine kinase which which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tyrosine kinase which which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tyrosine kinase which which is
+intracellular so the first thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular so the first thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular so the first thing this
+bizarre is how do you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre is how do you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bizarre is how do you get this
+superoxide inside the cell okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide inside the cell okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide inside the cell okay so that
+was just something should have but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something should have but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something should have but it
+still bothers me I mean we have a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still bothers me I mean we have a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still bothers me I mean we have a model
+for how this works okay but that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how this works okay but that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how this works okay but that's what
+the model is in all of these systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is in all of these systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is in all of these systems and
+superoxide will see in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide will see in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide will see in the presence of
+protons and protons don't you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and protons don't you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and protons don't you don't have
+to have it very acidic to have protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it very acidic to have protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have it very acidic to have protons
+can cause disproportion a ssin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause disproportion a ssin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause disproportion a ssin of
+superoxide to form oxygen and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide to form oxygen and hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide to form oxygen and hydrogen
+peroxide that happens is actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide that happens is actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide that happens is actually quite
+fast so the proposal is that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so the proposal is that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so the proposal is that somehow
+this disproportionate stew form hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disproportionate stew form hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disproportionate stew form hydrogen
+peroxide and it's the hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and it's the hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and it's the hydrogen peroxide
+that gets inside the cell hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets inside the cell hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets inside the cell hydrogen
+peroxide is neutral superoxide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide is neutral superoxide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide is neutral superoxide is
+charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged
+okay and so the model has been that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the model has been that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the model has been that this
+molecule a QP does anybody know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a QP does anybody know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a QP does anybody know what
+that was did yeah so aquaporin so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was did yeah so aquaporin so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was did yeah so aquaporin so what
+does that do they wanted a Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that do they wanted a Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that do they wanted a Nobel Prize
+for this and two years ago yeah for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and two years ago yeah for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and two years ago yeah for it
+supposedly it's a water channel yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly it's a water channel yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly it's a water channel yeah and
+they have we have X three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have we have X three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have we have X three-dimensional
+structures the people have gotten very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the people have gotten very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the people have gotten very
+excited about so hydrogen peroxide sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about so hydrogen peroxide sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about so hydrogen peroxide sort
+of looks like water okay so yeah I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like water okay so yeah I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looks like water okay so yeah I say
+so though that's the model yeah and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so though that's the model yeah and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so though that's the model yeah and so
+and there is a model from people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a model from people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a model from people that
+have looked at the structures have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at the structures have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at the structures have
+modelled that this could go through so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelled that this could go through so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modelled that this could go through so
+now you generate hydrogen peroxide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you generate hydrogen peroxide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you generate hydrogen peroxide okay
+and so the hydrogen peroxide what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hydrogen peroxide what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the hydrogen peroxide what we've
+been talking about is post translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about is post translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about is post translational
+modification by reacting what we react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification by reacting what we react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification by reacting what we react
+in we're reacting a soap hydro group C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're reacting a soap hydro group C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we're reacting a soap hydro group C
+if I brought my truck I don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I brought my truck I don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I brought my truck I don't have any
+good show they don't make that short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good show they don't make that short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good show they don't make that short
+anymore all right all right so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all right all right so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore all right all right so they're
+converting what are we what did we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting what are we what did we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting what are we what did we talk
+about last time we're talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time we're talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time we're talking about this
+reaction this is what's the major focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is what's the major focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is what's the major focus
+so we're warming the silvina Callison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're warming the silvina Callison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're warming the silvina Callison
+okay and this whole paper is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this whole paper is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this whole paper is about
+number one do you form self enoch acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one do you form self enoch acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one do you form self enoch acid
+inside the cell and toss it affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell and toss it affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell and toss it affect
+signaling that's that's the focus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling that's that's the focus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling that's that's the focus and
+her hypothesis was that that it does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her hypothesis was that that it does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her hypothesis was that that it does and
+so then you need to know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you need to know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you need to know something about
+the signaling pathway which other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signaling pathway which other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signaling pathway which other people
+have studied and so there are apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied and so there are apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied and so there are apparently
+two signaling pathways which we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signaling pathways which we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two signaling pathways which we're not
+going to pay that much attention to but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay that much attention to but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pay that much attention to but
+you need to pay attention to to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay attention to to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay attention to to it
+enough because some of the figures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because some of the figures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough because some of the figures and
+the paper what we did some of the peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper what we did some of the peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper what we did some of the peers
+in the paper look at anybody remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper look at anybody remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper look at anybody remember
+that were you confused by that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were you confused by that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were you confused by that was in
+Figure one if I remember correctly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Figure one if I remember correctly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Figure one if I remember correctly right
+so they looked at phosphorylation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they looked at phosphorylation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they looked at phosphorylation and
+how can you do that you can have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that you can have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that you can have an
+antibody to yeah by some kind of Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to yeah by some kind of Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody to yeah by some kind of Western
+so what they in the first figure if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they in the first figure if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they in the first figure if you
+hadn't looked carefully at this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't looked carefully at this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't looked carefully at this figure
+you wouldn't know why they were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't know why they were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't know why they were looking
+at phosphorylation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phosphorylation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at phosphorylation there
+but what they're trying to look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they're trying to look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what they're trying to look at like
+in many of these systems is a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of these systems is a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many of these systems is a signaling
+pathway where something phosphorylates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway where something phosphorylates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway where something phosphorylates
+and D phosphorylates okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D phosphorylates okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D phosphorylates okay so these are
+the two signaling pathways and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signaling pathways and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two signaling pathways and they
+integrated that into their analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated that into their analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated that into their analysis and
+so now the key questions if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the key questions if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the key questions if you look at
+the tyrosine kinase activity well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tyrosine kinase activity well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tyrosine kinase activity well why
+would you think what did you learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think what did you learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you think what did you learn in
+this paper sort of grossly about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper sort of grossly about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper sort of grossly about the
+potential for Sophina Latian anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for Sophina Latian anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for Sophina Latian anybody
+read did anybody look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read did anybody look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read did anybody look at the
+supplementary information like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary information like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary information like that's
+always the best part of the paper see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the best part of the paper see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the best part of the paper see
+this is this is what this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is what this is what the
+issue is nowadays not know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is nowadays not know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is nowadays not know I'm
+digressing again so I'm allowed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digressing again so I'm allowed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digressing again so I'm allowed to do
+this I only have another five lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I only have another five lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I only have another five lectures
+to teach and I'm finished anyhow I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach and I'm finished anyhow I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach and I'm finished anyhow I mean
+to me it's sort of like that's where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's sort of like that's where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's sort of like that's where all
+the data is and so nowadays nobody puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is and so nowadays nobody puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is and so nowadays nobody puts
+data and papers okay it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and papers okay it's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and papers okay it's impossible to
+evaluate a paper it's all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a paper it's all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a paper it's all the
+supplementary information and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary information and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary information and what
+irritates the hell out of me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritates the hell out of me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritates the hell out of me is that
+most people just dump it that is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people just dump it that is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people just dump it that is they
+don't present it in a way that's awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't present it in a way that's awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't present it in a way that's awful
+so there's someone like me I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's someone like me I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's someone like me I don't care
+I don't want to read all the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to read all the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to read all the details
+that's fine but then if you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but then if you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but then if you're gonna
+present it it should be so that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it it should be so that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it it should be so that I can
+read it and go back and forth and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and go back and forth and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it and go back and forth and figure
+out what's going on anyhow here's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on anyhow here's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on anyhow here's a case
+where they talk do you remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they talk do you remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they talk do you remember that
+they talked about the kinase activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talked about the kinase activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they talked about the kinase activity in
+this paper anybody remember that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper anybody remember that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper anybody remember that we will
+get to that data if I get off this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so they had what are they what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so they had what are they what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so they had what are they what do
+they measure did you look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure did you look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they measure did you look at that
+there's a figure where they focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a figure where they focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a figure where they focused on
+that can't remember what figure it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't remember what figure it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't remember what figure it was
+probably figure four five so did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure four five so did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure four five so did you
+confuse it was one figure we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse it was one figure we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuse it was one figure we should have
+been confused because you wouldn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been confused because you wouldn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been confused because you wouldn't know
+when any of the words meant so well no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when any of the words meant so well no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when any of the words meant so well no
+so so what did you do I mean I had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what did you do I mean I had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what did you do I mean I had to do
+the same thing I went googled it looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I went googled it looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing I went googled it looked
+it up and I figured out with the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and I figured out with the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and I figured out with the words
+meant and then I understood and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and then I understood and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant and then I understood and we're
+gonna go through that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go through that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go through that because the
+reagents are a key thing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents are a key thing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents are a key thing you need to
+understand what the Regents do to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the Regents do to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the Regents do to be
+able to think about what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to think about what you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to think about what you're looking
+at so anyhow we'll come back to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so anyhow we'll come back to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so anyhow we'll come back to this but
+you know we have this is a major target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have this is a major target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have this is a major target
+of drugs on there there are drugs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drugs on there there are drugs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of drugs on there there are drugs that
+are used clinically in treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used clinically in treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used clinically in treatment of
+cancer that targets the epidermal growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer that targets the epidermal growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer that targets the epidermal growth
+factor receptor and they inhibit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor receptor and they inhibit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor receptor and they inhibit the
+kinase domain which were used to ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase domain which were used to ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase domain which were used to ask the
+question remember we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question remember we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question remember we talked about this
+last time the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the importance of
+reversibility of this and if you modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility of this and if you modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibility of this and if you modify
+it what is the effect okay so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what is the effect okay so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what is the effect okay so it's the
+effect that you alter the downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that you alter the downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect that you alter the downstream
+signaling whatever is downstream and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling whatever is downstream and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling whatever is downstream and if
+you know something about that or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something about that or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something about that or the
+other effect can be is do you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other effect can be is do you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other effect can be is do you you
+modulate the catalytic activity and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate the catalytic activity and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate the catalytic activity and does
+anybody any but does anybody get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody any but does anybody get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody any but does anybody get that
+out of one of the figures or was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of one of the figures or was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of one of the figures or was this
+paper so hard we didn't even get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so hard we didn't even get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so hard we didn't even get that
+looking look in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think this paper was that hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think this paper was that hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think this paper was that hard
+but you had to work at it because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you had to work at it because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you had to work at it because there
+were figures were small and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were figures were small and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were figures were small and there was a
+lot of in for me so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of in for me so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of in for me so if you look at
+figure five anybody looking figure five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure five anybody looking figure five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure five anybody looking figure five
+we'll come back to that in a minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to me when I look at this and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me when I look at this and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me when I look at this and you'll see
+the way I write this down you yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I write this down you yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I write this down you yeah but
+panel of stuff you have a panel of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of stuff you have a panel of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of stuff you have a panel of all
+these figures well you know usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figures well you know usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these figures well you know usually the
+title tells you what the whole figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title tells you what the whole figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title tells you what the whole figures
+about but then at the end of this you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but then at the end of this you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but then at the end of this you'd
+like to be able to look at the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to look at the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be able to look at the data
+without any input from from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any input from from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any input from from the the
+person writing the paper and draw your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person writing the paper and draw your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person writing the paper and draw your
+own conclusions so at the end of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own conclusions so at the end of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own conclusions so at the end of this is
+what I do in every paper I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do in every paper I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do in every paper I look at the
+figures okay and then I draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures okay and then I draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures okay and then I draw a
+conclusion from the figures and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from the figures and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion from the figures and if I
+can't draw this I do this with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw this I do this with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't draw this I do this with my
+students too if I can't understand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students too if I can't understand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students too if I can't understand from
+looking at the figures what the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the figures what the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the figures what the key
+conclusions are they didn't write a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions are they didn't write a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions are they didn't write a good
+paper so this here on if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so this here on if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so this here on if you look at
+figure five you will see that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure five you will see that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure five you will see that there's
+activity and so remember if you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so remember if you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so remember if you're gonna
+do this why would you want to do it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this why would you want to do it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this why would you want to do it it's
+got to have some effect right or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have some effect right or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have some effect right or it's
+not interesting and so the key issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interesting and so the key issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interesting and so the key issue is
+that you could get temas tree like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get temas tree like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get temas tree like this
+that's happening and it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening and it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening and it isn't
+interesting and it's very challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and it's very challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and it's very challenging to
+look at this chemistry inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this chemistry inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this chemistry inside the cell
+because files get oxidized fairly easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because files get oxidized fairly easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because files get oxidized fairly easily
+so what you want to do is not only and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is not only and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is not only and
+this is what we've been we were focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we've been we were focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we've been we were focused
+on last time is seeing if this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on last time is seeing if this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on last time is seeing if this happens
+okay we haven't gotten to inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we haven't gotten to inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we haven't gotten to inside the
+cell yet but then the question is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell yet but then the question is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell yet but then the question is is it
+connected to signaling and that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to signaling and that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to signaling and that could be
+related to the activity of the tyrosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the activity of the tyrosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the activity of the tyrosine
+kinase which does these foss it triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase which does these foss it triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase which does these foss it triggers
+off the phosphorylation cascades in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phosphorylation cascades in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the phosphorylation cascades in a
+way you have to you have to look up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you have to you have to look up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you have to you have to look up what
+other people have done to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have done to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have done to sort of
+understand that okay so now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that okay so now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that okay so now we have the
+issue is that we made hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that we made hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that we made hydrogen peroxide
+okay it's supposedly good by this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's supposedly good by this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's supposedly good by this model
+it's gotten inside the cell and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gotten inside the cell and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gotten inside the cell and so now
+the model is that it does this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is that it does this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is that it does this okay so
+what you see is the issue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is the issue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is the issue with this
+model which is why people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is why people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is why people have been
+fighting over this is the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting over this is the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting over this is the rate
+constants in this reaction even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in this reaction even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants in this reaction even if you
+have a thiolate it's not very fast okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thiolate it's not very fast okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a thiolate it's not very fast okay
+so that's something we'll will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something we'll will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something we'll will talk
+about in class but the Winterbourne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class but the Winterbourne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class but the Winterbourne
+paper when you read that focuses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper when you read that focuses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper when you read that focuses on the
+rate constants so this is a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constants so this is a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constants so this is a second order
+rate constant it's like one per molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant it's like one per molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant it's like one per molar
+per second really slow so if this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second really slow so if this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second really slow so if this was
+happening over a period of hours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening over a period of hours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening over a period of hours and
+you're signaling is finished in 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're signaling is finished in 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're signaling is finished in 15
+minutes you've got you've got a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you've got you've got a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you've got you've got a serious
+problem so you have to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you have to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so you have to deal with that
+problem and people are finally dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and people are finally dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and people are finally dealing
+with that problem and there are proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that problem and there are proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that problem and there are proteins
+you'll see in the next lecture that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in the next lecture that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in the next lecture that you
+know the pKa of the sulfur isn't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pKa of the sulfur isn't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pKa of the sulfur isn't all
+that perturb but they are able to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perturb but they are able to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perturb but they are able to react
+with hydrogen peroxide much much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydrogen peroxide much much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hydrogen peroxide much much faster
+and that that's gonna be a key piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's gonna be a key piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's gonna be a key piece of
+information so if you get modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so if you get modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so if you get modification
+then the question is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question is what is the
+consequences of the modification which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the modification which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the modification which
+is what the papers about so the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the papers about so the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the papers about so the other
+key player in all of this if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key player in all of this if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key player in all of this if you have
+something phosphorylated so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something phosphorylated so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something phosphorylated so here we have
+something phosphorylated so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something phosphorylated so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something phosphorylated so that's a
+kinase it phosphorylates itself but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase it phosphorylates itself but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase it phosphorylates itself but then
+we whenever we have a kinase we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we whenever we have a kinase we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we whenever we have a kinase we usually
+have something that Clips off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that Clips off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that Clips off the
+phosphate which is a phosphatase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate which is a phosphatase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate which is a phosphatase
+so that's PPP and we'll see you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's PPP and we'll see you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's PPP and we'll see you at the
+phosphatase is we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase is we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase is we're dealing with
+I'll have cysteines in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have cysteines in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have cysteines in the active site
+okay and the cysteines are all so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the cysteines are all so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the cysteines are all so the
+pgps I'll have an active site cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pgps I'll have an active site cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pgps I'll have an active site cysteine
+and this active site cysteine you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this active site cysteine you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this active site cysteine you've
+seen this over and over again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this over and over again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this over and over again is
+involved in covalent catalysis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in covalent catalysis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in covalent catalysis okay
+we've seen hundreds of examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen hundreds of examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen hundreds of examples of this
+now so you might not know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you might not know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so you might not know what's
+involved but that would be a good guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but that would be a good guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved but that would be a good guess
+based on everything we see so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on everything we see so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on everything we see so it turns
+out the question is this is the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the question is this is the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the question is this is the active
+form okay so how could you shut it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so how could you shut it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so how could you shut it off
+you might be able to shut it off by self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to shut it off by self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to shut it off by self
+inhalation so this would be active and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalation so this would be active and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhalation so this would be active and
+this would be inactive so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be inactive so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be inactive so what you're
+looking at is again another method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is again another method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is again another method of
+post translational modification this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification this is
+the hypothesis that can affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that can affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that can affect the
+activity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in
+cascades and does anybody remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascades and does anybody remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascades and does anybody remember what
+conclusion people drew about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion people drew about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion people drew about the
+velocities that was another figure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities that was another figure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities that was another figure in
+the paper does anybody remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper does anybody remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper does anybody remember what
+this is a lot of information but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of information but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of information but in the
+end there aren't that many conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there aren't that many conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there aren't that many conclusions
+you could draw but part part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw but part part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could draw but part part of the
+problem is that I haven't gone over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that I haven't gone over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that I haven't gone over this
+cascade in the lecture you know so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade in the lecture you know so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade in the lecture you know so I
+realize that's putting you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that's putting you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that's putting you in a
+disadvantage but you've been out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage but you've been out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantage but you've been out a
+couple of weeks to read this now so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they were differentially so they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were differentially so they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were differentially so they had
+nobody knew what the phosphatase was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knew what the phosphatase was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knew what the phosphatase was
+okay so they had a bunch of candidates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they had a bunch of candidates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they had a bunch of candidates
+because we have the whole genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the whole genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have the whole genome
+sequence we know what all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we know what all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence we know what all the
+phosphatases are just like we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatases are just like we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatases are just like we know
+they're 500 kind of whose they're 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 500 kind of whose they're 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 500 kind of whose they're 100
+phosphatases and they know which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatases and they know which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatases and they know which ones
+are connected to certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected to certain kinds of
+signaling pathways so one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathways so one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling pathways so one of the key
+conclusions from this paper is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from this paper is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from this paper is that they
+identified or they claimed to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified or they claimed to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified or they claimed to identify
+you may or may know week when we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may or may know week when we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may or may know week when we get
+that far you can look at the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far you can look at the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that far you can look at the data and
+see whether you believe that based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether you believe that based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether you believe that based on
+what they reported here they claimed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they reported here they claimed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they reported here they claimed to
+know that it was SHP I think it was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it was SHP I think it was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it was SHP I think it was I
+don't remember the name of the supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the name of the supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the name of the supported
+days but that's the one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but that's the one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but that's the one that was
+modified and it turns out even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and it turns out even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified and it turns out even the
+phosphatase can be modified further in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase can be modified further in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphatase can be modified further in a
+cascade by proteins called peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade by proteins called peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade by proteins called peroxide
+reductions which aren't in this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions which aren't in this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions which aren't in this paper
+anyway so that's the overview and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so that's the overview and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so that's the overview and what I
+wanted to do was spend a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was spend a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was spend a little bit of
+time going back through what we had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time going back through what we had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time going back through what we had gone
+through last time not not this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through last time not not this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through last time not not this part
+we're going to go through this very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through this very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through this very fast
+because we got this far again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got this far again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we got this far again the
+development of a specific reaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a specific reaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a specific reaction with
+either iodine matome or diamond ohm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either iodine matome or diamond ohm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either iodine matome or diamond ohm to
+modify either the Sophina cassada or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify either the Sophina cassada or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify either the Sophina cassada or the
+sulfhydryl group okay and the issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfhydryl group okay and the issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfhydryl group okay and the issue is
+you can do this inside the cell these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this inside the cell these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this inside the cell these
+are cell permeable but then how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cell permeable but then how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are cell permeable but then how do you
+ever find it right so you've got 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever find it right so you've got 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever find it right so you've got 10,000
+proteins they can also get modified to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins they can also get modified to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins they can also get modified to
+some extent we don't know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent we don't know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent we don't know how much
+the protein is there we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is there we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein is there we don't know
+whether it's been partially modified but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's been partially modified but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's been partially modified but
+there's no way to identify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to identify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to identify this
+currently and of course the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and of course the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently and of course the the first
+thing is you're assuming that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you're assuming that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you're assuming that the
+linkage is stable that's important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage is stable that's important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage is stable that's important but
+even so there's no handle on this so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so there's no handle on this so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so there's no handle on this so the
+focus of the nature Chemical Biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of the nature Chemical Biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus of the nature Chemical Biology
+paper was to figure out how to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was to figure out how to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was to figure out how to make this
+so you could find this inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could find this inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could find this inside the cell
+and use this in some way and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this in some way and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this in some way and so the the
+mass spec method we had focused on last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spec method we had focused on last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass spec method we had focused on last
+time which is also used again in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is also used again in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which is also used again in this
+paper but if you didn't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but if you didn't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper but if you didn't read
+supplementary information you won't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary information you won't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplementary information you won't know
+that is they use isotopically labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they use isotopically labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they use isotopically labeled
+materials okay so this is only if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials okay so this is only if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials okay so this is only if you
+have an extra mass of six you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra mass of six you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an extra mass of six you have the
+methyl at the deuterium deuterium ethyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl at the deuterium deuterium ethyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl at the deuterium deuterium ethyl
+groups and that means you have a Selfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and that means you have a Selfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and that means you have a Selfy
+Nick acid that you've modified because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick acid that you've modified because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nick acid that you've modified because
+she's shown that it's specific versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's shown that it's specific versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's shown that it's specific versus
+the methylated which reacts with files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methylated which reacts with files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methylated which reacts with files
+only so that's the basis of the assay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so that's the basis of the assay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only so that's the basis of the assay
+and again it's not easy to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's not easy to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's not easy to find a
+reagent that allows you to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent that allows you to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent that allows you to do this and
+this is where we were last time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we were last time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we were last time at the
+end of the the class I what didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the the class I what didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the the class I what didn't get
+this far with all the classes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far with all the classes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this far with all the classes and I
+can't remember who was in the class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember who was in the class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember who was in the class but
+we were looking at this this was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at this this was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at this this was just
+proof of concept so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of concept so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of concept so we have a
+glutathione peroxidase which was also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione peroxidase which was also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione peroxidase which was also in
+the current paper and what do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current paper and what do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current paper and what do we know
+about the glutathione peroxidase in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the glutathione peroxidase in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the glutathione peroxidase in this
+paper did you did if you read the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper did you did if you read the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper did you did if you read the paper
+did this ring a bell from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this ring a bell from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this ring a bell from the previous
+paper so what was unique about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so what was unique about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so what was unique about
+glutathione peroxidase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right so it has an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so it has an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right so it has an active
+site cysteine which can get modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site cysteine which can get modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site cysteine which can get modified
+there's something reactive about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something reactive about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something reactive about that in
+it catalyzes it has peroxidase activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it catalyzes it has peroxidase activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it catalyzes it has peroxidase activity
+so it plays a very important role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it plays a very important role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it plays a very important role in
+controlling these reactive oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling these reactive oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling these reactive oxygen
+species so as the small protein has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so as the small protein has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so as the small protein has been
+very well characterized and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well characterized and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well characterized and so if you
+look here what do you see this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here what do you see this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here what do you see this is where
+we were at the end of the lecture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were at the end of the lecture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were at the end of the lecture what
+what do you what do you see so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what do you see so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what do you see so this is
+an in vitro experiment not an in vivo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in vitro experiment not an in vivo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in vitro experiment not an in vivo
+experiments so we're in the test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so we're in the test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so we're in the test tube
+and so what do you see so they treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you see so they treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do you see so they treated
+either here with diamond oh okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here with diamond oh okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either here with diamond oh okay which
+labels sulfenic acids or they treated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels sulfenic acids or they treated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels sulfenic acids or they treated it
+with iota diamond own and so what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iota diamond own and so what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iota diamond own and so what did
+that tell you this is where we were last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you this is where we were last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you this is where we were last
+time when you looked at that did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you looked at that did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when you looked at that did that
+say anything to you without looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything to you without looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything to you without looking at
+the analysis out the other side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis out the other side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analysis out the other side so
+you're looking at the figure where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the figure where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the figure where
+wouldn't you think when you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you think when you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you think when you looked at
+the figure what's your name Nicole what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure what's your name Nicole what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figure what's your name Nicole what
+do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great okay so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so that's good
+and then you can say one more thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can say one more thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can say one more thing and
+what you could say is in this Lane okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could say is in this Lane okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could say is in this Lane okay
+so this is where they are looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where they are looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where they are looking at the
+IO toad diamond oh and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO toad diamond oh and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IO toad diamond oh and there's no
+hydrogen peroxide what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide what does that tell
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so that's an extra piece of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an extra piece of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an extra piece of information
+that was more subtle out of this so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more subtle out of this so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was more subtle out of this so if
+you look at this you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this you could think about
+it you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can do it
+so look at this so increasing hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this so increasing hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at this so increasing hydrogen
+peroxide you saw it increases here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide you saw it increases here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide you saw it increases here we
+have just cysteine and we're hitting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just cysteine and we're hitting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just cysteine and we're hitting it
+up a hundred percent we're hitting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a hundred percent we're hitting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a hundred percent we're hitting it
+with you know something that reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know something that reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know something that reacts with
+cell fighter groups the iota and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell fighter groups the iota and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell fighter groups the iota and look at
+this compared to this what do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compared to this what do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this compared to this what do you see
+what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like
+right so that's exactly it's the eyeball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's exactly it's the eyeball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's exactly it's the eyeball
+method so you can't tell anything by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so you can't tell anything by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so you can't tell anything by the
+eyeball miss then you have timber way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball miss then you have timber way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeball miss then you have timber way of
+quantity we talked about foster imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we talked about foster imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we talked about foster imaging
+that's what people do but what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people do but what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people do but what this
+tells you is if you looked again at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is if you looked again at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you is if you looked again at the
+details you know they use 50 micromolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you know they use 50 micromolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details you know they use 50 micromolar
+of the protein and they went to I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein and they went to I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the protein and they went to I think
+it was a hundred micro molar and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a hundred micro molar and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a hundred micro molar and even
+when they went to a hundred micro molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went to a hundred micro molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they went to a hundred micro molar
+they didn't inactivate they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't inactivate they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't inactivate they didn't
+modify all of the all of the GP x three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify all of the all of the GP x three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify all of the all of the GP x three
+okay now would you expect them to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now would you expect them to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now would you expect them to I
+don't know they probably tried a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know they probably tried a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know they probably tried a lot of
+different conditions concentrate on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions concentrate on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions concentrate on its
+concentration dependent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependent it's
+time-dependent all of which makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent all of which makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent all of which makes you
+and that wasn't given in the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that wasn't given in the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that wasn't given in the details
+okay but this tells you then that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this tells you then that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this tells you then that gives
+you that takes you to the next one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that takes you to the next one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that takes you to the next one of
+the sets of data here which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets of data here which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets of data here which you could
+have gotten in some form by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten in some form by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten in some form by looking at
+that data okay so now what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data okay so now what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data okay so now what you're
+looking at is they're looking at a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is they're looking at a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is they're looking at a ratio
+of you know what self-immolated versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know what self-immolated versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know what self-immolated versus
+what's a self hydro plus so phenol ated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a self hydro plus so phenol ated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a self hydro plus so phenol ated
+and what do you see 1636 is known to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you see 1636 is known to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you see 1636 is known to be
+at the active site but they showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the active site but they showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the active site but they showed that
+in this experiment and you see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment and you see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this experiment and you see that you
+don't reach 100% labeling okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't reach 100% labeling okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't reach 100% labeling okay so that
+you saw or in the previous set of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw or in the previous set of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw or in the previous set of data
+you couldn't tell it what what the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't tell it what what the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't tell it what what the ratio
+was and this is sort of your you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and this is sort of your you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and this is sort of your you're just
+looking at this is the mass okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this is the mass okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this is the mass okay and
+they if you know what the protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if you know what the protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they if you know what the protein is
+remember it and you cleave the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it and you cleave the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it and you cleave the protein
+down with trypsin you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with trypsin you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with trypsin you're going to get
+all these little peptides out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these little peptides out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these little peptides out that's
+what we talked about last time and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about last time and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about last time and we're
+looking at charge-to-mass we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at charge-to-mass we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at charge-to-mass we're looking
+for charge-to-mass differences in ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charge-to-mass differences in ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charge-to-mass differences in ratios
+depending on what the charge is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the charge is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what the charge is for
+deuterium versus protons to tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium versus protons to tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium versus protons to tell whether
+it's so phenol ated or it's just an SH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so phenol ated or it's just an SH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so phenol ated or it's just an SH
+group and so what they found was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so what they found was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and so what they found was this
+charge of mass M 541 vs 554 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of mass M 541 vs 554 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of mass M 541 vs 554 and that
+told them if you look at the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them if you look at the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told them if you look at the sequence
+that told you in the computer can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told you in the computer can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told you in the computer can you
+analyze all this they told you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all this they told you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze all this they told you you were
+looking at peptide 36 to 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at peptide 36 to 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at peptide 36 to 43
+and we know cysteine 36 is within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know cysteine 36 is within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know cysteine 36 is within that
+peptide so that didn't tell us that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide so that didn't tell us that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide so that didn't tell us that this
+modification is based on it is based out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification is based on it is based out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification is based on it is based out
+that cysteine but then you could go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cysteine but then you could go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cysteine but then you could go back
+in and you could sequence yeah because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you could sequence yeah because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you could sequence yeah because
+you have charge it because of the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have charge it because of the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have charge it because of the charge
+of the system yeah yeah so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system yeah yeah so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system yeah yeah so you can get
+this at every you know depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at every you know depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at every you know depending on how
+many masses you see you can still pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many masses you see you can still pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many masses you see you can still pick
+up the data but the number will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the data but the number will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the data but the number will be
+different okay so you would like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so you would like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so you would like to have
+six but you might not be in that mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six but you might not be in that mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six but you might not be in that mass
+range I mean here you you would be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range I mean here you you would be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range I mean here you you would be so
+you could have looked at that to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have looked at that to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have looked at that to have a
+difference of six but so so this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of six but so so this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of six but so so this tells
+you that you're not getting complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you're not getting complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you're not getting complete
+Sophina Latian so then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophina Latian so then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sophina Latian so then the question is
+did any of you recognize that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of you recognize that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did any of you recognize that when you
+looked at the paper or did it just go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the paper or did it just go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the paper or did it just go by
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+what could meet what could be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we already talked about the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already talked about the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already talked about the fact that
+maybe they didn't do the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they didn't do the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they didn't do the experiment
+right they didn't have high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they didn't have high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they didn't have high enough
+concentrations they didn't let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations they didn't let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations they didn't let it go
+long enough let's ignore that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough let's ignore that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough let's ignore that okay
+because sick would scientists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sick would scientists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sick would scientists some
+people you might know whatever you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you might know whatever you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people you might know whatever you know
+that but then the question is what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then the question is what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then the question is what could
+be accounting for this result the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay see but you could I mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see but you could I mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see but you could I mean you know
+you're gonna use enough antibodies to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna use enough antibodies to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna use enough antibodies to be
+able to get your to check that out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get your to check that out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get your to check that out so
+that would be another control you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another control you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another control you would
+need to do to make sure everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to make sure everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to make sure everything is
+under control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we talked about last time
+in addition is hydrogen peroxide can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition is hydrogen peroxide can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition is hydrogen peroxide can
+oxidize this to these things as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this to these things as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize this to these things as well
+it's much slower and so I don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much slower and so I don't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much slower and so I don't you know
+you don't know how would you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how would you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how would you look for
+this so one explanation is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so one explanation is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so one explanation is that you have
+some competing rates again we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some competing rates again we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some competing rates again we don't know
+anything about it but that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it but that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about it but that you had
+changed it and that the diamond dome no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it and that the diamond dome no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it and that the diamond dome no
+longer reacts with these forms based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer reacts with these forms based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer reacts with these forms based on
+the mechanism we direct describe less so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism we direct describe less so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism we direct describe less so
+that's the possibility and if in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the possibility and if in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the possibility and if in fact if
+you read the supplementary information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the supplementary information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the supplementary information
+how might you distinguish between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might you distinguish between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how might you distinguish between this
+and this say you thought that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this say you thought that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this say you thought that this was
+happening I mean we've got a we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I mean we've got a we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening I mean we've got a we're
+missing a lot of stuff so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a lot of stuff so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a lot of stuff so there's a
+number of explanations that's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of explanations that's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of explanations that's just one
+of them so what what method are we using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so what what method are we using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so what what method are we using
+yeah distinguish this from this yeah by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah distinguish this from this yeah by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah distinguish this from this yeah by
+mass and so if you look if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and so if you look if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and so if you look if you look at
+that you're gonna have a different mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna have a different mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna have a different mass
+right on your your little peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on your your little peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on your your little peptide
+species you'll have the peptide species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species you'll have the peptide species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species you'll have the peptide species
+and if you look at the supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the supplementary
+data they show mass and both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they show mass and both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they show mass and both of these
+states okay so that suggests that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay so that suggests that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay so that suggests that might
+that might provide an explanation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might provide an explanation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might provide an explanation for
+what's going on maybe you can think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on maybe you can think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on maybe you can think of a
+lot of other explanations here they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other explanations here they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other explanations here they I
+won't go through this but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through this but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go through this but then they
+started they used looked at mutants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started they used looked at mutants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started they used looked at mutants and
+they wanted if any if all the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted if any if all the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted if any if all the systems
+could be modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be modified
+okay so cuz cysteines are reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cuz cysteines are reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so cuz cysteines are reactive
+although the ones in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the ones in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the ones in the active site
+often have lower PKA so this salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have lower PKA so this salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have lower PKA so this salt
+there are file late so you might expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are file late so you might expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are file late so you might expect
+the reaction to be faster but again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction to be faster but again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction to be faster but again the
+reaction even with the thiolate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction even with the thiolate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction even with the thiolate with
+hydrogen peroxide is slow okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide is slow okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide is slow okay so that's
+not the whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the whole story
+and in fact in I think it was in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in I think it was in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in I think it was in in
+in the nature chemical biology paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature chemical biology paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nature chemical biology paper
+there are some proteins they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some proteins they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some proteins they look at
+that all the systems can be modified so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the systems can be modified so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the systems can be modified so
+this should start making you nervous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should start making you nervous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should start making you nervous in
+terms of how important self-immolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how important self-immolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how important self-immolation
+is if it contributes a lot if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it contributes a lot if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if it contributes a lot if all of
+these things are heavily so phenolate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are heavily so phenolate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are heavily so phenolate it
+and in this experiment they made a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this experiment they made a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this experiment they made a few
+mutants and then they repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants and then they repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants and then they repeat the
+experiments and they see that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and they see that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and they see that they don't
+see any modification so that suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any modification so that suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any modification so that suggests
+that the 16:36 is the one in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 16:36 is the one in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 16:36 is the one in the case of
+the school and the test tube glutathione
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school and the test tube glutathione
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school and the test tube glutathione
+peroxidase is the one that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase is the one that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase is the one that's interesting
+and is being modified so it is selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is being modified so it is selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is being modified so it is selective
+it doesn't say anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say anything about the
+biology because they're not looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because they're not looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology because they're not looking at
+the biology of gp x3 and so then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology of gp x3 and so then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology of gp x3 and so then this is
+the the method that they used so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the method that they used so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the method that they used so once
+you identify that peptide now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify that peptide now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify that peptide now you can
+you can have a second mass spectrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a second mass spectrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have a second mass spectrometer
+and use a method to do collision induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use a method to do collision induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use a method to do collision induced
+dissociation which allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation which allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation which allows you to
+sequence the peptide and now you ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the peptide and now you ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the peptide and now you ought
+to be able to depends on the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to depends on the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to depends on the stability
+and the fragmentation patterns but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fragmentation patterns but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fragmentation patterns but we
+know peptide bonds can fragment in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know peptide bonds can fragment in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know peptide bonds can fragment in a
+number of ways and people have figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways and people have figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways and people have figured
+this out over the years namely close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out over the years namely close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out over the years namely close
+beam and figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and figure this out
+that we have B and Y and these so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have B and Y and these so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have B and Y and these so one
+reports on the c-terminus of the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports on the c-terminus of the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports on the c-terminus of the peptide
+the other on the n-terminus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other on the n-terminus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other on the n-terminus of the
+peptide and that those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide and that those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide and that those are the
+fragmentation patterns that are observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation patterns that are observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation patterns that are observed
+most frequently and lots of times one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most frequently and lots of times one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most frequently and lots of times one
+side you don't see both with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you don't see both with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side you don't see both with equal
+intensity they fly differently but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity they fly differently but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity they fly differently but that
+allows you then to sequence and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you then to sequence and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you then to sequence and that's
+what they did in these papers and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did in these papers and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did in these papers and this
+just as an example of this isn't from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as an example of this isn't from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as an example of this isn't from
+glutathione peroxidase but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione peroxidase but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutathione peroxidase but you can see
+you can now assign if you wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now assign if you wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now assign if you wanted to go
+through this you could walk through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this you could walk through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this you could walk through all
+of this and you can see b2 b3 before etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and you can see b2 b3 before etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and you can see b2 b3 before etc
+and you can see y1 y2 y3 and the tumour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see y1 y2 y3 and the tumour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see y1 y2 y3 and the tumour
+should add up to give you your peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to give you your peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should add up to give you your peptide
+fragment back i meanit's once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment back i meanit's once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment back i meanit's once you get
+used to looking at these things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to looking at these things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to looking at these things and then
+understand the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the mechanism of
+fragmentation which is what Beeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation which is what Beeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragmentation which is what Beeman
+worked out you then have a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out you then have a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out you then have a picture of
+sequencing by mass spec and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing by mass spec and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing by mass spec and this is just
+another example of that again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of that again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example of that again this is
+not related to this particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not related to this particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not related to this particular problem
+but you should see all these B fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should see all these B fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should see all these B fragments
+all these Y fragments and the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Y fragments and the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these Y fragments and the two of
+them should sum to give you the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them should sum to give you the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them should sum to give you the total
+mass of whatever your peptide is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of whatever your peptide is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of whatever your peptide is okay so
+they then looked at Plus around the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then looked at Plus around the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then looked at Plus around the high
+3 phosphate dehydrogenase and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 phosphate dehydrogenase and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 phosphate dehydrogenase and other
+control in the last paper that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in the last paper that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control in the last paper that's an
+enzyme in the glycolysis pathway that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the glycolysis pathway that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme in the glycolysis pathway that
+has a cysteine in the active site there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cysteine in the active site there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cysteine in the active site there
+plays an essential role in catalysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an essential role in catalysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an essential role in catalysis and
+they asked a question does it get cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked a question does it get cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked a question does it get cell
+phenolate it so it's implicated in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenolate it so it's implicated in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenolate it so it's implicated in all
+kinds of regulatory mechanisms as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of regulatory mechanisms as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of regulatory mechanisms as well
+and they did the same experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did the same experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they did the same experiment and
+what do they see here so this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they see here so this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they see here so this is again
+the same ratio deuterium over the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ratio deuterium over the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same ratio deuterium over the sum of
+deuterium and protonated and here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium and protonated and here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuterium and protonated and here they
+see one okay so this one they are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one okay so this one they are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see one okay so this one they are able
+to titrate stoichiometrically on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to titrate stoichiometrically on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to titrate stoichiometrically on this
+active site so again it's a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site so again it's a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site so again it's a question
+what does telling you which is an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does telling you which is an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does telling you which is an issue
+in the end is you know they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end is you know they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end is you know they all have
+different reactivity Zsasz what yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Pertino they said mass spec no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pertino they said mass spec no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pertino they said mass spec no so
+they actually this this yeah so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually this this yeah so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually this this yeah so this one
+no so they were looking at so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so they were looking at so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so they were looking at so they
+mutate they mutated this so they now had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutate they mutated this so they now had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutate they mutated this so they now had
+two cysteines the one in the active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cysteines the one in the active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cysteines the one in the active site
+and they had another cysteine 1664 were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had another cysteine 1664 were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had another cysteine 1664 were
+you react it with both diamond don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you react it with both diamond don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you react it with both diamond don't you
+react with hydrogen peroxide and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with hydrogen peroxide and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with hydrogen peroxide and then
+you reacted either with diamond own or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reacted either with diamond own or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reacted either with diamond own or
+with io diamond own and what they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with io diamond own and what they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with io diamond own and what they found
+is they saw no so they found fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they saw no so they found fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they saw no so they found fragments
+okay so the fragment that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the fragment that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the fragment that they were
+interested in since that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in since that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in since that was the
+cysteine is 64 okay with 58 through 67
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine is 64 okay with 58 through 67
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine is 64 okay with 58 through 67
+so that's the mass charge 639 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the mass charge 639 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the mass charge 639 so that's
+what they focused on okay and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they focused on okay and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they focused on okay and so then
+they asked the question do you see d6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked the question do you see d6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked the question do you see d6
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+d6 would be indicative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d6 would be indicative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d6 would be indicative of
+self-immolation and they saw a no Sophie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-immolation and they saw a no Sophie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-immolation and they saw a no Sophie
+no Latian so they can get modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Latian so they can get modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no Latian so they can get modification
+and they pulled out that cysteine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pulled out that cysteine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pulled out that cysteine but
+they get no self-immolation only the 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get no self-immolation only the 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get no self-immolation only the 36
+was so phenyl ated so they get a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so phenyl ated so they get a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so phenyl ated so they get a whole
+bunch of experiments like this trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of experiments like this trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of experiments like this trying
+this is again just proof of concept but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again just proof of concept but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is again just proof of concept but
+I think this data just comparing the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this data just comparing the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this data just comparing the two
+proteins they looked at shows you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins they looked at shows you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins they looked at shows you that
+you have different reactivities which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different reactivities which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have different reactivities which i
+think is part of the issues with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is part of the issues with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is part of the issues with these
+labeling methods that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling methods that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling methods that you're trying to
+use themselves yeah yeah so 50% selfie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use themselves yeah yeah so 50% selfie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use themselves yeah yeah so 50% selfie
+no agent and there were no other systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no agent and there were no other systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no agent and there were no other systems
+in that fragment because they were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that fragment because they were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that fragment because they were no
+other selfies in that pyramid so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other selfies in that pyramid so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other selfies in that pyramid so if you
+look at the sequence you know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sequence you know I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sequence you know I mean
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+protein and so yeah so okay so and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so yeah so okay so and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and so yeah so okay so and now
+let's move into today or the precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move into today or the precursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move into today or the precursor
+to today's paper but this was the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to today's paper but this was the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to today's paper but this was the major
+focus so what they wanted to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus so what they wanted to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus so what they wanted to be able to
+do they have proof of concept and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have proof of concept and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have proof of concept and now
+the question is how do we show that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do we show that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how do we show that this
+can can we do this inside the cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can we do this inside the cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can can we do this inside the cell okay
+so what are the issues inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the issues inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the issues inside the cell
+I've labeled some here but have you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've labeled some here but have you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've labeled some here but have you guys
+done any thinking about this so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done any thinking about this so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done any thinking about this so we want
+this thing what do we need of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what do we need of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing what do we need of any
+reagent we're gonna use and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent we're gonna use and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent we're gonna use and what you see
+I think they probably tried you know 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they probably tried you know 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they probably tried you know 20
+or 30 reagents I think these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30 reagents I think these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 30 reagents I think these are the
+ones that came closest to working but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that came closest to working but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that came closest to working but if
+you looked at this there was also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at this there was also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you looked at this there was also it
+probably was in supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably was in supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably was in supplementary
+information I don't remember there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I don't remember there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I don't remember there's
+there's maybe let me does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe let me does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe let me does anybody
+remember looking at a figure where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember looking at a figure where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember looking at a figure where they
+address this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nobody remembers but the issue is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody remembers but the issue is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody remembers but the issue is of
+whether you're getting Sophie no Latian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're getting Sophie no Latian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're getting Sophie no Latian
+inside the cell yeah okay and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell yeah okay and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell yeah okay and which
+which reagents so the first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reagents so the first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reagents so the first thing you
+want to ask are you getting Sophie no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask are you getting Sophie no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask are you getting Sophie no
+lesion and which reagent works best so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion and which reagent works best so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesion and which reagent works best so
+okay so it's definitely in here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's definitely in here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's definitely in here I don't
+remember which one it is it's it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which one it is it's it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember which one it is it's it okay so
+let me see if it's 2d so I have this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if it's 2d so I have this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if it's 2d so I have this on
+a slide I can go forward so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide I can go forward so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide I can go forward so so the
+question is which one of these guys do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which one of these guys do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is which one of these guys do
+you want to use okay why okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use okay why okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use okay why okay so this is
+the experiment so what is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment so what is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment so what is this this is
+the experiment so somebody wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment so somebody wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment so somebody wanted to
+describe this experiment to me so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this experiment to me so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this experiment to me so these
+are the kinds of questions you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of questions you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of questions you're asking
+in this paper okay so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper okay so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper okay so this is the same
+this is the same in vitro that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same in vitro that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same in vitro that's what we
+just did with the GPX that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did with the GPX that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did with the GPX that's what we
+just went through and what conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went through and what conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went through and what conclusion
+you know it's really clean and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's really clean and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's really clean and so you're
+looking at an antibody to Diamond own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an antibody to Diamond own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at an antibody to Diamond own
+okay that's what they're using and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what they're using and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what they're using and so
+what what conclusion can you draw from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what conclusion can you draw from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what conclusion can you draw from
+this with respect to these three systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to these three systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with respect to these three systems
+these three reagents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and three on the guy that you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three on the guy that you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three on the guy that you're kind of
+what that works that okay yeah and it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that works that okay yeah and it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that works that okay yeah and it'd
+be true right or to not only m3 but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true right or to not only m3 but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true right or to not only m3 but to
+different and threes you know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and threes you know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and threes you know what is
+the nature of the linker okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the linker okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the linker okay that's
+something you need to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but here the FDA c2 and Dyn so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but here the FDA c2 and Dyn so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but here the FDA c2 and Dyn so here
+they have whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have whoops
+I don't know what Dyn two is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what Dyn two is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what Dyn two is okay so
+that's in so do the same linker okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in so do the same linker okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in so do the same linker okay so
+that's what they did here and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they did here and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they did here and then they
+clicked it okay we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked it okay we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked it okay we're going to talk
+about that we haven't gotten there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that we haven't gotten there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that we haven't gotten there and
+what do they end up seeing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they end up seeing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they end up seeing in this
+particular reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you see you see it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you see it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you see it here
+hydrogen peroxide so they self mutilated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide so they self mutilated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide so they self mutilated
+okay so without so phenyl ation without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so without so phenyl ation without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so without so phenyl ation without
+hydrogen price I didn't see anything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen price I didn't see anything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen price I didn't see anything so
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+and then here they have hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here they have hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here they have hydrogen
+peroxide so they so phenyl ated this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide so they so phenyl ated this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide so they so phenyl ated this is
+with the alkyne and this is with these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the alkyne and this is with these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the alkyne and this is with these I
+so both of these is seeing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of these is seeing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of these is seeing something
+okay so now what they do over here is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what they do over here is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what they do over here is do
+the same experiment inside these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same experiment inside these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same experiment inside these cells
+okay and so inside the cells what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so inside the cells what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so inside the cells what are
+you going to end up seeing when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to end up seeing when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to end up seeing when you look
+at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+mmm yeah see you see a mess but what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmm yeah see you see a mess but what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmm yeah see you see a mess but what do
+you see here so again they're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here so again they're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here so again they're doing the
+same kind of thing we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing we haven't talked
+about the reagent the reaction yet how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reagent the reaction yet how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reagent the reaction yet how
+you pull these out but which one is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull these out but which one is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull these out but which one is most
+heavily modified this one and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily modified this one and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily modified this one and this is
+the one with where you're using al Qaeda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with where you're using al Qaeda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one with where you're using al Qaeda
+and click inside so this is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and click inside so this is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and click inside so this is the one that
+is this the one they use this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the one they use this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this the one they use this is the one
+they yeah so we could go back whoops so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yeah so we could go back whoops so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yeah so we could go back whoops so
+if you go back over here we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back over here we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back over here we're trying to
+decide which one we want to use and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one we want to use and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which one we want to use and so
+that's the kind of experiment they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of experiment they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of experiment they did
+to try to design so what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to design so what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to design so what are you
+concerned about in this experiment when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about in this experiment when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about in this experiment when
+it the first thing is what has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the first thing is what has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the first thing is what has to happen
+with this molecule we used to get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this molecule we used to get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this molecule we used to get in the
+cell okay so I guess they know it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so I guess they know it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so I guess they know it gets
+into the cell but they didn't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell but they didn't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell but they didn't really do
+any experiments to determine how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any experiments to determine how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any experiments to determine how much
+got into the cell and it could be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the cell and it could be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got into the cell and it could be one
+that could have gotten into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have gotten into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have gotten into the cell
+much more than the other which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the other which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than the other which would
+have given you the same results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given you the same results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given you the same results
+presumably they looked at that so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they looked at that so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they looked at that so it is
+so permeable the key thing I think is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so permeable the key thing I think is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so permeable the key thing I think is in
+the cell your meal your you got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell your meal your you got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell your meal your you got to be
+able to do all these reactions okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do all these reactions okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do all these reactions okay but
+what is the issue in the selling or mill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the issue in the selling or mill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the issue in the selling or mill
+you're doing these reactions how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these reactions how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these reactions how do you
+decide how to do the experiment what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how to do the experiment what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how to do the experiment what do
+you have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to worry about
+both of these are the case do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are the case do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these are the case do you want
+to have some services in the south so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some services in the south so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some services in the south so we
+we want to do that so that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do that so that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do that so that's important
+but okay so that's one thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so that's one thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay so that's one thing you have to
+worry about we think that they have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about we think that they have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about we think that they have that
+under control what else do you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control what else do you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control what else do you need to
+worry about well I mean you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about well I mean you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about well I mean you have to be
+able to so phenolate first okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to so phenolate first okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to so phenolate first okay what
+governs self-immolation if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs self-immolation if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs self-immolation if you look at
+these if you look at these molecules so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you look at these molecules so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you look at these molecules so
+you so finally let's assume you can sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so finally let's assume you can sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so finally let's assume you can sell
+phenolate we can't control that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenolate we can't control that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenolate we can't control that if you
+go to you've got hydrogen peroxide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to you've got hydrogen peroxide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to you've got hydrogen peroxide in
+there if you generated hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you generated hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if you generated hydrogen peroxide
+so they've somehow got to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've somehow got to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they've somehow got to do that and
+you sell phenolate or maybe they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell phenolate or maybe they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell phenolate or maybe they don't
+they just EGF stimulated reaction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just EGF stimulated reaction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just EGF stimulated reaction then
+what do you have to worry about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to worry about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you have to worry about with
+respect to these analogs right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these analogs right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these analogs right and so
+what do you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so it's all by molecular and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's all by molecular and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's all by molecular and the
+rate and it's by molecular meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and it's by molecular meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and it's by molecular meaning
+something might be there in animal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be there in animal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be there in animal or
+something might be there in micromolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be there in micromolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be there in micromolar
+the rate of the reactions automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of the reactions automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of the reactions automatically
+a factor of a thousand full difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of a thousand full difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of a thousand full difference
+so how long do you let this go and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how long do you let this go and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how long do you let this go and if
+you let it sit for a very long period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it sit for a very long period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you let it sit for a very long period of
+time Sophina Latian we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Sophina Latian we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Sophina Latian we're talking about
+the importance of reversibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of reversibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of reversibility
+so are there redox systems there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there redox systems there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are there redox systems there are
+that can remove the cell phenyl group so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can remove the cell phenyl group so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can remove the cell phenyl group so
+designing the experiment to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the experiment to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the experiment to be
+informative is in my opinion not trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative is in my opinion not trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative is in my opinion not trivial
+so looking at the details is key and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the details is key and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the details is key and you
+need to know a lot about the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a lot about the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know a lot about the system
+which I don't know anything about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't know anything about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I don't know anything about and
+then you know this has got to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know this has got to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know this has got to be able to
+get into the active site okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the active site okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the active site okay so the
+active sites have got to be big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites have got to be big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites have got to be big enough
+we know it can do that include allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it can do that include allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it can do that include allowing
+peroxidase and and gap dehydrogenase we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase and and gap dehydrogenase we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxidase and and gap dehydrogenase we
+looked at that but this needs to be long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that but this needs to be long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at that but this needs to be long
+enough so whoever the active site is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so whoever the active site is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so whoever the active site is you
+can do some chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some chemistry
+oh here so all of these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here so all of these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here so all of these things are
+issues that you have to deal with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that you have to deal with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that you have to deal with and
+then the thing would think we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the thing would think we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the thing would think we were
+facing before if we only labeled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing before if we only labeled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing before if we only labeled with
+this we have no way to tell where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have no way to tell where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have no way to tell where the
+label is and so then the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is and so then the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is and so then the idea is that
+you use these things to click it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use these things to click it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use these things to click it to
+something that's going to inform you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to inform you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to inform you
+where the label is okay yeah I guess my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the label is okay yeah I guess my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the label is okay yeah I guess my
+guess is yes but I didn't read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is yes but I didn't read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is yes but I didn't read the
+papers carefully enough to know that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers carefully enough to know that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers carefully enough to know that so
+in the paper that you were signing they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper that you were signing they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper that you were signing they
+had a lot of synthetic chemistry so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of synthetic chemistry so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of synthetic chemistry so if
+you read the details of the which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the details of the which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the details of the which which
+is key I'm sure a lot of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is key I'm sure a lot of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is key I'm sure a lot of these things
+are going to be driven by what's easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be driven by what's easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be driven by what's easiest
+to make you need to be able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you need to be able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you need to be able to make
+large amounts of it that you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of it that you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amounts of it that you know it's
+going to be a and these are now while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a and these are now while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a and these are now while
+commercially available okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available okay so this is
+so yeah I think it is but you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I think it is but you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I think it is but you were doing
+to me you would do an experiment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you would do an experiment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you would do an experiment at
+different positions because one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions because one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positions because one of them
+might be much much more efficient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be much much more efficient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be much much more efficient at
+much lower concentrations and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower concentrations and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower concentrations and you might
+be much better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much better off
+or you certainly might want to use more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you certainly might want to use more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you certainly might want to use more
+than one reagent because of the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one reagent because of the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one reagent because of the issues
+of trying to get this thing to react and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to get this thing to react and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to get this thing to react and
+then you have this question of even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this question of even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this question of even if
+you get these things how do how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these things how do how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get these things how do how do they
+react and most of you have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and most of you have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and most of you have probably
+heard about click chemistry since it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about click chemistry since it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about click chemistry since it was
+invented by it wasn't invented by Barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by it wasn't invented by Barry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by it wasn't invented by Barry
+but Barry popularized it and those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Barry popularized it and those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Barry popularized it and those of
+it's carpet catalyzed in most reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's carpet catalyzed in most reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's carpet catalyzed in most reactions
+but to do that we do it in cell extracts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do that we do it in cell extracts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to do that we do it in cell extracts
+ok because copper is really toxic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok because copper is really toxic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok because copper is really toxic to
+cells so it's not useful for looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so it's not useful for looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so it's not useful for looking at
+this inside the cell and so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inside the cell and so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inside the cell and so they're
+proto's ii lab made a strained alkyne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto's ii lab made a strained alkyne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto's ii lab made a strained alkyne
+with a fluorine on it actually jeremy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fluorine on it actually jeremy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a fluorine on it actually jeremy
+did that who is uh it was an analyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that who is uh it was an analyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that who is uh it was an analyst
+chan undergraduate here that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chan undergraduate here that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chan undergraduate here that makes a
+click but this that's still not good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click but this that's still not good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click but this that's still not good in
+my opinion this still needs a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion this still needs a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion this still needs a lot of
+work and so I think the best methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so I think the best methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so I think the best methods
+actually are the new methods that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are the new methods that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are the new methods that are
+that are coming out of this guy's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming out of this guy's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming out of this guy's lab
+where you make these Tetrazzini analogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make these Tetrazzini analogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you make these Tetrazzini analogs
+and then he's made a cycle of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he's made a cycle of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he's made a cycle of proteins
+and they react much much faster under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they react much much faster under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they react much much faster under
+mild conditions and people are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild conditions and people are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild conditions and people are using
+these to put on fluorescent probes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to put on fluorescent probes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to put on fluorescent probes so
+anybody's interested that you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's interested that you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody's interested that you can read
+about this guy's doubt Ilana crew this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this guy's doubt Ilana crew this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this guy's doubt Ilana crew this
+guy is just a lot of creative science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is just a lot of creative science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is just a lot of creative science
+he's a young guy about Brad's age but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a young guy about Brad's age but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a young guy about Brad's age but I
+read all those papers cuz I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all those papers cuz I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all those papers cuz I think
+there's some interesting there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some interesting there aren't
+many young people that I do that to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many young people that I do that to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many young people that I do that to any
+of this guy's good ok so the issue now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy's good ok so the issue now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this guy's good ok so the issue now
+is how did how did this happen and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how did how did this happen and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how did how did this happen and how
+do you do the analysis and so now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do the analysis and so now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do the analysis and so now that
+we're finished none of you have come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're finished none of you have come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're finished none of you have come to
+the board yet okay ok all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board yet okay ok all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board yet okay ok all right
+so the reagents used you you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reagents used you you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reagents used you you need to
+think about the reagents used so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the reagents used so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the reagents used so I'm
+going back to the model I already gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the model I already gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the model I already gave
+you the model all right so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the model all right so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the model all right so one of the
+reagents they used is this guy die hydro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents they used is this guy die hydro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents they used is this guy die hydro
+chloro fluoro see what did they use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloro fluoro see what did they use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloro fluoro see what did they use that
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+there what presentation okay but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what presentation okay but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what presentation okay but is it
+how usual peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you know how it works no okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know how it works no okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know how it works no okay so so
+to me the first thing you should do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me the first thing you should do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me the first thing you should do is
+you should have googled it and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have googled it and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have googled it and so it's
+dye hydro so this isn't the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye hydro so this isn't the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dye hydro so this isn't the reduced
+state you can I mean I could draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you can I mean I could draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you can I mean I could draw the
+structure up on the blackboard for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up on the blackboard for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure up on the blackboard for you
+but the importance is that it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the importance is that it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the importance is that it's in the
+reduced state and furthermore what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and furthermore what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and furthermore what is
+the DA stand for so this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DA stand for so this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DA stand for so this is where the
+reagent you know to me I didn't I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent you know to me I didn't I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent you know to me I didn't I didn't
+have a clue either because I don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clue either because I don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clue either because I don't work
+on fluorescent probes inside the cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fluorescent probes inside the cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fluorescent probes inside the cell so
+I immediately went looked it up cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I immediately went looked it up cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I immediately went looked it up cuz I
+didn't know what it was and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what it was and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what it was and I didn't
+know what I was looking at and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I was looking at and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I was looking at and so here
+was one whole figure with this reagent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one whole figure with this reagent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one whole figure with this reagent
+and so how could you understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how could you understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so how could you understand what the
+reagent was telling you if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent was telling you if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagent was telling you if you didn't
+know what it was and so you know so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was and so you know so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was and so you know so it's
+got what is gut I can't remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what is gut I can't remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got what is gut I can't remember the
+whole structure you can google it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole structure you can google it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole structure you can google it but
+it's got a couple of hydroxyl groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a couple of hydroxyl groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a couple of hydroxyl groups and
+the hydroxyl groups are Isetta lated why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxyl groups are Isetta lated why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydroxyl groups are Isetta lated why
+might they want to why might they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might they want to why might they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might they want to why might they want
+to settle eight why would they use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to settle eight why would they use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to settle eight why would they use the
+diacetate this is this it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diacetate this is this it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diacetate this is this it's not the
+reduced form is not fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first thing happens number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing happens number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing happens number one
+but how do you get the reagent into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you get the reagent into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you get the reagent into the
+cell it turns out so the it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it turns out so the it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it turns out so the it depends on
+the pKa of this hydroxyl and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pKa of this hydroxyl and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pKa of this hydroxyl and so the
+acetate groups facilitates uptake into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate groups facilitates uptake into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate groups facilitates uptake into
+the cell then it gets inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell then it gets inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell then it gets inside the cell
+and the acetate groups get hydrolyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acetate groups get hydrolyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the acetate groups get hydrolyzed
+off it's in the reduced state and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's in the reduced state and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's in the reduced state and so
+this molecule in the reduced state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule in the reduced state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this molecule in the reduced state
+reacts with quote reactive oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with quote reactive oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with quote reactive oxygen
+species unquote to get into the oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species unquote to get into the oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species unquote to get into the oxidized
+state and that's what becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that's what becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and that's what becomes
+fluorescent so it starts out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent so it starts out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent so it starts out in the
+reduced state and it has two acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and it has two acetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and it has two acetate
+groups sorry two acetate groups okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups sorry two acetate groups okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups sorry two acetate groups okay and
+then in so this is gets into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in so this is gets into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in so this is gets into the cell
+and then you have you still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have you still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have you still have the
+reduced state and now you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and now you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced state and now you have the
+hydroxyl and now this with reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl and now this with reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl and now this with reactive
+oxygen species so this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species so this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species so this is still
+non-fluorescent and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fluorescent and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fluorescent and we're going to talk
+about fluorescence next time and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fluorescence next time and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fluorescence next time and then it
+gets in it gets oxidized by reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in it gets oxidized by reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets in it gets oxidized by reactive
+oxygen species and becomes fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species and becomes fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen species and becomes fluorescent
+so that's the assay but it doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the assay but it doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the assay but it doesn't just
+react with hydrogen peroxide it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with hydrogen peroxide it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with hydrogen peroxide it can
+react with a lot of molecules and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with a lot of molecules and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with a lot of molecules and in
+fact the columns paper that I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the columns paper that I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the columns paper that I talked
+about in class we're always made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class we're always made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in class we're always made some
+snide comment on it anyhow I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snide comment on it anyhow I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snide comment on it anyhow I mean the
+problem was in the original paper people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was in the original paper people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was in the original paper people
+just use these things blindly thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use these things blindly thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use these things blindly thinking
+they're reacting with specific molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reacting with specific molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're reacting with specific molecules
+and this in the last five years has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this in the last five years has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this in the last five years has been
+a huge number of people that are focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number of people that are focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge number of people that are focused
+on making sense they're specific for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making sense they're specific for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making sense they're specific for
+each reactive species and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each reactive species and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each reactive species and that's really
+what you need to do if you're gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do if you're gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to do if you're gonna make
+a sweeping generalization about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweeping generalization about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sweeping generalization about
+something like this so um yeah we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so um yeah we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so um yeah we're at
+the end of our time but what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of our time but what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of our time but what you should
+do is go back and there are a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is go back and there are a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is go back and there are a whole
+bunch of reagents in this paper that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of reagents in this paper that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of reagents in this paper that if
+you didn't know what they were there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know what they were there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't know what they were there's
+no way you can understand the data okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way you can understand the data okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no way you can understand the data okay
+so the first thing you did are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you did are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing you did are
+and I looked at this the first thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I looked at this the first thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I looked at this the first thing I
+did is I made a list of these regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is I made a list of these regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is I made a list of these regions
+because I didn't know what understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't know what understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I didn't know what understand
+what was going on you know like I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on you know like I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on you know like I never
+heard of what is it a pose sign in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of what is it a pose sign in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of what is it a pose sign in
+that's a specific inhibitor of knocks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a specific inhibitor of knocks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a specific inhibitor of knocks to
+isozymes so there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isozymes so there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isozymes so there are a bunch of
+different Isis eyes people are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Isis eyes people are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Isis eyes people are really
+interested in these therapeutically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these therapeutically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these therapeutically so
+people have developed specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have developed specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have developed specific
+inhibitors if you look at these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors if you look at these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitors if you look at these guys
+which they call them the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call them the wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they call them the wrong thing
+they have a longer name but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a longer name but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a longer name but these are
+covalent and irreversible inhibitors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent and irreversible inhibitors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent and irreversible inhibitors of
+epidermal derived growth factor receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal derived growth factor receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidermal derived growth factor receptor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you need to know that to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to know that to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to know that to be able to
+look at each one of these panels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at each one of these panels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at each one of these panels to
+figure out what the data tells you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the data tells you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the data tells you okay
+so now I would suggest you go you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would suggest you go you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would suggest you go you might
+see this again maybe you'll see this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this again maybe you'll see this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this again maybe you'll see this on
+the final exam some of this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final exam some of this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final exam some of this data
+anyhow you should go back and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow you should go back and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow you should go back and you should
+look at the data this is what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data this is what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data this is what we've been
+trying to get you to do over this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you to do over this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get you to do over this course
+is you know it takes a lot of energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know it takes a lot of energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know it takes a lot of energy to
+read a paper that's one of the take-home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a paper that's one of the take-home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a paper that's one of the take-home
+messages from the course okay so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the course okay so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages from the course okay so we've
+finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vcqPRPkyWPU.txt b/vcqPRPkyWPU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6a200fb3fc69fb65f3ccd277d1dcc32b7a60330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vcqPRPkyWPU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning
+today we're going to start with a demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to start with a demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to start with a demo
+and we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to show
+experimentally some of the principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally some of the principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally some of the principles
+we've learned about 4f systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned about 4f systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned about 4f systems
+in the past classes and actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past classes and actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past classes and actually we're
+going to see a comparison of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a comparison of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a comparison of an
+incoherent versus a coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent versus a coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent versus a coherent
+4f system when imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4f system when imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4f system when imaging
+a resolution target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resolution target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a resolution target
+so but since now we have all the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but since now we have all the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but since now we have all the tools
+to understand finally the setup here let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand finally the setup here let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand finally the setup here let
+me just describe it i've been showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just describe it i've been showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just describe it i've been showing
+some of these components over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these components over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these components over and over
+over the past demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the past demos
+but i guess now we can uh understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i guess now we can uh understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i guess now we can uh understand it
+so let me try to focus the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to focus the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me try to focus the camera
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me start with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start with uh
+this is a green laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a green laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a green laser
+so the first component that we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first component that we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first component that we have here
+it's a nd filter that it's job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nd filter that it's job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nd filter that it's job
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+so this component its job is to is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this component its job is to is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this component its job is to is to
+control the intensity of light so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the intensity of light so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the intensity of light so we can
+attenuate it in this case for examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate it in this case for examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuate it in this case for examine
+this is an interesting component called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting component called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting component called
+a spatial filter that is composed of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatial filter that is composed of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spatial filter that is composed of a
+microscope objective and a pink hole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope objective and a pink hole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope objective and a pink hole and
+now that we know what uh fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know what uh fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we know what uh fourier
+transforms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms are
+the microscope objective is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope objective is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope objective is essentially
+taking the footage transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the footage transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the footage transform of the
+laser beam which ideally is a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser beam which ideally is a plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser beam which ideally is a plane wave
+so it should be a delta function however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be a delta function however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be a delta function however
+since this plane wave is not perfect has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this plane wave is not perfect has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this plane wave is not perfect has
+high frequency noise so then the pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency noise so then the pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency noise so then the pinhole
+what it does is does a low-pass spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is does a low-pass spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is does a low-pass spatial
+filtering so basically removes all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so basically removes all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so basically removes all these
+high frequency signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency signal
+and after this we have a nice spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after this we have a nice spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after this we have a nice spherical
+wave coming out this component here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave coming out this component here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave coming out this component here is
+an iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iris
+control the diameter of this spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the diameter of this spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the diameter of this spherical
+wave and this element here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this element here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and this element here is my
+collimating lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimating lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimating lens
+that will transform this spherical wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will transform this spherical wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will transform this spherical wave
+into a plane width in this case this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a plane width in this case this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a plane width in this case this is
+just a beam splitter that will allow me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a beam splitter that will allow me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a beam splitter that will allow me
+to couple from this side where i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to couple from this side where i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to couple from this side where i have a
+white light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white light source
+in this white light source we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this white light source we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this white light source we have a
+green filter so then we only have green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green filter so then we only have green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green filter so then we only have green
+light coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming out
+we have an iris again to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an iris again to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an iris again to control the
+diameter right now i'm blocking it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter right now i'm blocking it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter right now i'm blocking it so
+this is a beam block and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beam block and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a beam block and this is a
+collimating lens so here it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimating lens so here it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collimating lens so here it should be
+the planar equivalent of the incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planar equivalent of the incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planar equivalent of the incoherent
+side this is the planar equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is the planar equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is the planar equivalent of
+the coherent side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coherent side
+this mirror here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bends the light 90 degrees to send it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends the light 90 degrees to send it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends the light 90 degrees to send it to
+this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side
+from here this is the one line of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here this is the one line of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here this is the one line of the
+incoherent line and then should go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent line and then should go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent line and then should go into
+the common path of the coherent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common path of the coherent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common path of the coherent line
+then they basically bend again 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they basically bend again 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they basically bend again 90
+degrees and this is the 4x system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and this is the 4x system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and this is the 4x system
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+so here we have first an element which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have first an element which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have first an element which
+is the object that we want to image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object that we want to image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the object that we want to image
+the object is called the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is called the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is called the resolution
+target and it's a it's a clear substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and it's a it's a clear substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target and it's a it's a clear substrate
+so a piece of glass that has patterned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a piece of glass that has patterned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a piece of glass that has patterned
+chrome lines of smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome lines of smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrome lines of smaller and smaller
+sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes
+that we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to see
+then we have our first lens of the 4f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have our first lens of the 4f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have our first lens of the 4f
+system this is a non-magnifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is a non-magnifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this is a non-magnifying
+4x system so these two lenses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x system so these two lenses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x system so these two lenses are
+exactly the same focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same focal length
+so first lens then this is an aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first lens then this is an aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first lens then this is an aperture
+in the foot airplane because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foot airplane because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foot airplane because we're going
+to start with low pass filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with low pass filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with low pass filtering
+the second lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lens
+and then we are imaging this into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are imaging this into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are imaging this into a
+detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+which is this ccd cmos array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this ccd cmos array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this ccd cmos array
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we're going to switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to switch to the
+camera and start with a coherent case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first case it's like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first case it's like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first case it's like uh
+like what we've seen in class we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we've seen in class we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what we've seen in class we're
+going to illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illuminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illuminate
+uh this object with an inline plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let me just zoom in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just zoom in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just zoom in a little bit
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so this is the resolution target and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the resolution target and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the resolution target and
+it's an in imaging condition right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an in imaging condition right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an in imaging condition right so
+the object is in the front focal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is in the front focal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is in the front focal plane
+of the first lens and and the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first lens and and the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first lens and and the detector
+is in the back focal plane of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the back focal plane of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the back focal plane of the second
+lens so what you can see here is we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so what you can see here is we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens so what you can see here is we are
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging
+all the way to groups two and three this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to groups two and three this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to groups two and three this
+resolution target has lines even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution target has lines even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution target has lines even larger
+which are one and two that we don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are one and two that we don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are one and two that we don't see
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+we the first thing that we see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the first thing that we see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the first thing that we see is the
+following we see some uh fringes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we see some uh fringes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we see some uh fringes which
+are produced by the interference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced by the interference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced by the interference from
+the glass so it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass so it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass so it's basically the
+reflection of the plane wave interfering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of the plane wave interfering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of the plane wave interfering
+with each other so this is very typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other so this is very typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other so this is very typical
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+in coherent imaging we see other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coherent imaging we see other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coherent imaging we see other
+rings that are produced by by dos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that are produced by by dos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings that are produced by by dos
+particles maybe along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles maybe along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles maybe along the way
+so all these fringes right now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these fringes right now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these fringes right now look
+destructive to the image and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive to the image and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructive to the image and perhaps
+they are for certain applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are for certain applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are for certain applications
+however in for those of you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in for those of you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however in for those of you doing
+digital holography you you notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital holography you you notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital holography you you notice that
+these fringes contained a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fringes contained a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fringes contained a lot of
+information that is encoded about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is encoded about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is encoded about the
+upper the amplitude and the face of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper the amplitude and the face of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper the amplitude and the face of the
+signal that we can exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that we can exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that we can exploit
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+just for comparison i'm going to zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for comparison i'm going to zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for comparison i'm going to zoom in
+and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see
+what is the maximum that we can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum that we can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum that we can see here
+so you can see that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that we can
+have a resolution now that we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a resolution now that we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a resolution now that we know what
+the optical resolution is we fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical resolution is we fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical resolution is we fairly
+with good accuracy we see maybe down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with good accuracy we see maybe down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with good accuracy we see maybe down to
+this side of the group number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the group number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the group number five
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so in the homework we learned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the homework we learned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the homework we learned about the
+low low pass filtering in fourier domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low low pass filtering in fourier domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low low pass filtering in fourier domain
+so just to remind you essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to remind you essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to remind you essentially what
+we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do
+is that the first lens is taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the first lens is taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the first lens is taking the
+fourier transform and it happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform and it happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform and it happens in the
+mid in the foot airplane so then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid in the foot airplane so then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid in the foot airplane so then in the
+in that plane we put an aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that plane we put an aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that plane we put an aperture
+centered and then what we do is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered and then what we do is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered and then what we do is that
+we're going to start reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start reducing the
+diameter of the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of the aperture
+to try to uh low pass filter the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to uh low pass filter the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to uh low pass filter the signal
+more and more so what do we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more so what do we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more so what do we expect to
+see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here
+well you did it in the pset so we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you did it in the pset so we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you did it in the pset so we expect
+to see some blurring progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some blurring progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see some blurring progressive
+blurring so i'm gonna do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring so i'm gonna do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring so i'm gonna do it and
+hopefully you can see it from there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see it from there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see it from there so
+right now it's all open and i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's all open and i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's all open and i'm gonna
+blur it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm gonna do it again this is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm controlling with this this iris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm controlling with this this iris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm controlling with this this iris
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+and you can you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can you can see is
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+the signal that contains the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal that contains the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal that contains the higher
+spatial frequency in this area goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency in this area goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency in this area goes
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one
+but all of them now if i actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them now if i actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all of them now if i actually in
+this blurry condition if i try to zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blurry condition if i try to zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blurry condition if i try to zoom
+back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we see how the signal is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see how the signal is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see how the signal is really
+blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurry
+if i open the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i open the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i open the aperture
+it becomes clear again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's do the comparison of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do the comparison of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's do the comparison of the
+exact same thing what would you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same thing what would you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same thing what would you think it
+would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen
+if i switch illumination now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i switch illumination now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i switch illumination now to
+incoherent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent light
+so i'm going to block the coherent light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to block the coherent light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to block the coherent light
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then the first thing that we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first thing that we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the first thing that we notice
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+we don't have those fringes anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have those fringes anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have those fringes anymore
+right so it looks like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it looks like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it looks like a very
+clean image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again in this case you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again in this case you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again in this case you can think
+about that for microscopy this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for microscopy this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that for microscopy this is very
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+however from the digital holographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however from the digital holographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however from the digital holographic
+point of view we don't have that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view we don't have that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view we don't have that extra
+information that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we can
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+in the encoding of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the encoding of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the encoding of the signal
+now let me zoom in to compare about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me zoom in to compare about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me zoom in to compare about the
+resolution in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see
+it's hard to tell if we don't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell if we don't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell if we don't do a
+quantitative study to see exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative study to see exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative study to see exactly where
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+what is the smallest line that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the smallest line that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the smallest line that we can
+see in each case but we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in each case but we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in each case but we can see the
+comparison again versus the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison again versus the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison again versus the resolution
+in the coherent and incoherent cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coherent and incoherent cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the coherent and incoherent cases
+and now let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now let's do the
+low pass filtering so again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filtering so again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filtering so again this
+aperture right now is fully open i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture right now is fully open i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture right now is fully open i'm
+going to start closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and i'm closing and closing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and i'm closing and closing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and i'm closing and closing and
+closing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open again
+close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it
+so we see two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see two things
+remember that the incoherent system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the incoherent system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the incoherent system is
+basically regulated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically regulated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically regulated by the
+otf as opposed to the atf in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otf as opposed to the atf in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otf as opposed to the atf in the
+coherent system so now that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent system so now that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent system so now that you can
+think of it the dc term is it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it the dc term is it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it the dc term is it's uh it's
+it's a combo because the otf is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combo because the otf is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a combo because the otf is the
+normalized cross correlation of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized cross correlation of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized cross correlation of of the
+of the atf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atf
+which means that when i close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that when i close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that when i close this
+aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture
+you can see how the the object the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how the the object the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how the the object the
+signal becomes weaker and weaker because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal becomes weaker and weaker because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal becomes weaker and weaker because
+essentially i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially i'm
+restricting the dc component that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the dc component that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the dc component that
+happens to be in all in all the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be in all in all the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be in all in all the signal
+there but also gets blurry it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but also gets blurry it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but also gets blurry it's hard to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+but it's getting blurry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's getting blurry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's getting blurry not
+it's getting blurry at a different rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting blurry at a different rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting blurry at a different rate
+as the other system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's go to high pass filter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go to high pass filter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go to high pass filter and
+i'm going to switch back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to switch back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to switch back to the
+coherent case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case
+so this is the coherent case so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the coherent case so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the coherent case so right
+now what i'm going to do is that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to do is that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to do is that i'm
+going to remove the aperture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove the aperture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to remove the aperture in the
+footer plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footer plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footer plane
+and i just did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just did a
+very improvised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very improvised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very improvised
+high pass filter which basically is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter which basically is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pass filter which basically is a
+microscope slide that has a little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope slide that has a little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope slide that has a little piece
+of tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tape
+in the center just to block the dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center just to block the dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center just to block the dc
+component or kind of but anyways it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or kind of but anyways it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or kind of but anyways it
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me
+somewhere around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around here
+let me crank up the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can see how basically we remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see how basically we remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see how basically we remove
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dc term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see the high pass filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the high pass filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the high pass filtering
+effect which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which is essentially
+accentuating all the edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal now i'm going to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal now i'm going to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal now i'm going to put the
+incoherent case and the coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent case and the coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent case and the coherence
+superimposed just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed just to show
+edge detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection
+so this is a normal signal and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a normal signal and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a normal signal and we can
+accentuate the edges so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuate the edges so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuate the edges so what is
+interesting also here is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting also here is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting also here is that if you
+move the filter in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the filter in different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the filter in different places
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+say just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just
+accentuate the edges in the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuate the edges in the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuate the edges in the horizontal
+direction or in the vertical direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or in the vertical direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or in the vertical direction
+etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we see that they cohere incoherent case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that they cohere incoherent case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that they cohere incoherent case
+we don't see the same effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see the same effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see the same effect
+which is as expected again is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as expected again is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as expected again is a
+normalized cross-correlation but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized cross-correlation but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized cross-correlation but with a
+coherent case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case
+we do see this drastic change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do see this drastic change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do see this drastic change
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you peppa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about
+the demo or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demo or about
+coherence incoherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+how do you tell whether something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you tell whether something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you tell whether something's
+partially incoherent or like completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially incoherent or like completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially incoherent or like completely
+incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent
+okay so the test is with one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the test is with one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the test is with one of these
+interferometers that sebeck saw the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometers that sebeck saw the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometers that sebeck saw the last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+you basically measure the fringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically measure the fringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically measure the fringe
+contrast for example if you're worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast for example if you're worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast for example if you're worried
+about spatial coherence you set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spatial coherence you set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spatial coherence you set up a
+young interferometer and magazander and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young interferometer and magazander and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young interferometer and magazander and
+the fringe visibility will tell you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fringe visibility will tell you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fringe visibility will tell you if
+they feel the degree of coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel the degree of coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel the degree of coherence
+if it is full contrast it is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is full contrast it is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is full contrast it is fully
+coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent
+and of course you never see full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you never see full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you never see full
+contrast that you never receive foo you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that you never receive foo you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast that you never receive foo you
+know so it's always somewhere in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we will have a flashback of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we will have a flashback of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we will have a flashback of
+geometrical optics i will go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics i will go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics i will go back to
+something we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we saw
+in geometrical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geometrical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geometrical optics
+and that's the single lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the single lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the single lens
+imaging system oh before before i forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging system oh before before i forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging system oh before before i forget
+on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday
+it is the project presentations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the project presentations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the project presentations for the
+graduate version of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate version of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate version of the class
+so i wanted to remind you i will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to remind you i will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wanted to remind you i will also
+send an email from the website but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send an email from the website but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send an email from the website but if
+you haven't done so already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't done so already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't done so already
+you should have a meeting with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have a meeting with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have a meeting with your
+project mentors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project mentors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project mentors
+finalize your presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalize your presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finalize your presentations
+and then on wednesday what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on wednesday what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on wednesday what we'll do is
+will be like conference style each group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like conference style each group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be like conference style each group
+will have about 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have about 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have about 15 minutes
+approximately 12 for the presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 12 for the presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 12 for the presentation
+approximately three four questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately three four questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately three four questions
+and we have how many groups i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have how many groups i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have how many groups i think we
+have six or seven groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six or seven groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have six or seven groups
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i typically these things run over so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i typically these things run over so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i typically these things run over so so
+we'll take probably that full two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take probably that full two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take probably that full two hours
+with the presentations so for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the presentations so for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the presentations so for those of
+you in the 271
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the 271
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the 271
+you don't have to attend but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to attend but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to attend but i think
+would be very useful if you do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very useful if you do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very useful if you do because
+this is sort of interesting it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of interesting it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of interesting it is more
+advanced material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced material
+the graduate students will present some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graduate students will present some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graduate students will present some
+topics from current literature and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics from current literature and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics from current literature and you
+get an idea not only of the basic optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea not only of the basic optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an idea not only of the basic optics
+but we do here but also what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do here but also what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do here but also what kind of
+things happen in in the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen in in the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen in in the research
+front for example last week several of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front for example last week several of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front for example last week several of
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us
+pep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep
+johann and so on were at the conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johann and so on were at the conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+johann and so on were at the conference
+in vancouver so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vancouver so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vancouver so
+so some of the topics that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the topics that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of the topics that will be
+presented on wednesday were actually big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented on wednesday were actually big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented on wednesday were actually big
+big items in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big items in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big items in the
+in the conference the conference was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conference the conference was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conference the conference was
+actually called advances in imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called advances in imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called advances in imaging
+the spring congress of the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring congress of the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring congress of the optical
+society anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society anyway
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so going back to the lecture this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so going back to the lecture this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so going back to the lecture this is
+something that we've seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we've seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we've seen before
+but with geometrical optics now we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with geometrical optics now we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with geometrical optics now we'll do
+we'll try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to understand
+how the same system works but but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the same system works but but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the same system works but but with
+the wave optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave optics
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if i can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can have the
+the tablet again please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way we analyze the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we analyze the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we analyze the system of
+course is thank you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we basically have to to propagate using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically have to to propagate using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically have to to propagate using
+fresnel diffraction to propagate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresnel diffraction to propagate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresnel diffraction to propagate the
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+from one element to the next until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one element to the next until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one element to the next until we
+reach the end of the system so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the end of the system so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the end of the system so for
+example at the input we have the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the input we have the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at the input we have the input
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+is i will write it in 1d so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i will write it in 1d so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i will write it in 1d so we don't
+write too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write too much
+the input field is simply the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input field is simply the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input field is simply the product of
+the illumination field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+transmitivity of the of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitivity of the of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitivity of the of the input
+transparency i will do everything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency i will do everything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency i will do everything for
+partially coherent for i'm sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially coherent for i'm sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially coherent for i'm sorry for
+spatially coherent illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially coherent illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially coherent illumination
+and we know now that if the illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know now that if the illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know now that if the illumination
+is spatially incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spatially incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spatially incoherent
+if we have already already solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have already already solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have already already solved the
+coherent case we're in good shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case we're in good shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent case we're in good shape
+because we can simply take the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can simply take the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we can simply take the modulus
+square of the points for function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the points for function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the points for function and
+the autocorrelation of the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autocorrelation of the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autocorrelation of the coherent
+amplitude transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude transfer function
+and then we can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can compute the
+corresponding quantities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding quantities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding quantities for the
+incoherent case so the coherent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent case so the coherent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent case so the coherent is the
+one that we always start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we always start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we always start with
+okay so doing that now we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so doing that now we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so doing that now we can calculate
+for example the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the field
+immediately to the left of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call it
+g sub l minus for left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g sub l minus for left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g sub l minus for left
+and i think i still use x double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i still use x double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i still use x double prime
+as my coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my coordinates
+so this is now a a fresnel propagated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now a a fresnel propagated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is now a a fresnel propagated
+version of the input field so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the input field so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the input field so we'll
+write out i will write out the big bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out i will write out the big bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out i will write out the big bad
+fresnel integral e to the i to pi z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresnel integral e to the i to pi z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresnel integral e to the i to pi z1
+over lambda i lambda z1 so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda i lambda z1 so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda i lambda z1 so this is the
+prequel and then we write our big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prequel and then we write our big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prequel and then we write our big
+integral here g sub in of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here g sub in of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral here g sub in of x
+and then the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course two things happen at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course two things happen at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course two things happen at the
+lens plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens plane
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+first of all is the lens itself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is the lens itself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all is the lens itself that
+will impose an additional quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will impose an additional quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will impose an additional quadratic
+phase delay upon the signal but now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay upon the signal but now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase delay upon the signal but now it's
+a little bit different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different than the
+geometrical optics case i forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics case i forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics case i forgot to
+mention earlier in that i have added a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention earlier in that i have added a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention earlier in that i have added a a
+a thin transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thin transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thin transparency
+in front of the lens so this is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the lens so this is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the lens so this is again a
+pupil mask it does as we will see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask it does as we will see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask it does as we will see in a
+moment it does pretty much the same job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it does pretty much the same job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it does pretty much the same job
+as the pupil mask did that the fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pupil mask did that the fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the pupil mask did that the fourier
+plane of a 4f system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of a 4f system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of a 4f system
+but in this case we actually put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case we actually put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case we actually put it
+sort of in contact with the lens in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in contact with the lens in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in contact with the lens in fact
+we don't have to we can put the mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to we can put the mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to we can put the mask
+anywhere we like but anyway it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere we like but anyway it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere we like but anyway it makes the
+math a little bit simpler in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math a little bit simpler in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math a little bit simpler in this case
+and in most implementations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most implementations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in most implementations for
+practical reasons they also do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical reasons they also do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical reasons they also do it this
+way because it is much better to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because it is much better to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because it is much better to have
+everything stacked together as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything stacked together as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything stacked together as opposed
+to having different elements sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having different elements sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having different elements sort of
+floating around in an optical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in an optical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating around in an optical system
+okay so this means then that the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this means then that the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this means then that the field
+to the right hand side of the lens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right hand side of the lens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right hand side of the lens so
+the plus node means to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus node means to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus node means to the right
+still x double prime coordinates is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still x double prime coordinates is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still x double prime coordinates is
+going to equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equal to the
+field that was on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that was on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that was on the left
+multiplied by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by two
+two functions now one is the thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions now one is the thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two functions now one is the thin
+transparency itself which i denoted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency itself which i denoted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency itself which i denoted that
+as g sub pm pm of course stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as g sub pm pm of course stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as g sub pm pm of course stands for
+pupil mask like in the previous cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then times another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then times another
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic
+complex quadratic exponential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex quadratic exponential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex quadratic exponential that
+corresponds to the length itself so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the length itself so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the length itself so this
+would be e to the minus i pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be e to the minus i pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be e to the minus i pi
+x double prime square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x double prime square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x double prime square
+upon lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon lambda
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+where f is the focal length the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is the focal length the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where f is the focal length the focal
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens
+and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally
+the field at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the output coordinate is x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the output coordinate is x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the output coordinate is x prime
+is going to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to equal
+another fresnel propagation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fresnel propagation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another fresnel propagation from the
+pupil mask to the output plane so i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask to the output plane so i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask to the output plane so i have
+to write another propagation term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write another propagation term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write another propagation term here
+this would be z2 this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i will put now is gl plus because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i will put now is gl plus because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i will put now is gl plus because
+this is the field to the right of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the field to the right of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the field to the right of the of
+the composite lens and the pupil mask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite lens and the pupil mask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the composite lens and the pupil mask so
+that will be x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be x
+double prime and then another quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime and then another quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime and then another quadratic
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is it and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when you plug in all this all this math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plug in all this all this math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plug in all this all this math
+and you this is something we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you this is something we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you this is something we've done
+already so i will not do it in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so i will not do it in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so i will not do it in the class
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+but there is a supplement there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a supplement there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a supplement there is a
+scan of my handwritten notes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan of my handwritten notes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan of my handwritten notes in the
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+where you will see a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will see a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will see a little bit more
+detail on how i did the derivation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on how i did the derivation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail on how i did the derivation here
+but i will skip some intermediate steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will skip some intermediate steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will skip some intermediate steps
+and i will show the result here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will show the result here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will show the result here
+so the way you handle this kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you handle this kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way you handle this kind of as
+you imagine when you combine all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine when you combine all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine when you combine all of
+these integrals you will get a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals you will get a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals you will get a sort of
+integral that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that involves
+all these functions g sub in g sub p n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these functions g sub in g sub p n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these functions g sub in g sub p n
+and so on but also it will have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but also it will have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on but also it will have a bunch
+of quadratic exponentials so what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quadratic exponentials so what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quadratic exponentials so what you do
+is you expand the exponents of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you expand the exponents of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you expand the exponents of these
+exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you rearrange terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rearrange terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rearrange terms
+and you write it out this way so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it out this way so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it out this way so these
+are the output coordinates that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the output coordinates that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the output coordinates that don't
+participate in the integration so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the integration so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in the integration so we can
+knock them out of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock them out of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock them out of the integral
+and then of course we cannot do much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we cannot do much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we cannot do much
+about this thing because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this thing because well
+we don't know what these functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what these functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what these functions are
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+but we can certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can certainly
+try to see what we can do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see what we can do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see what we can do with the
+remainder so what is sort of glaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder so what is sort of glaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder so what is sort of glaring
+here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you have in the exponent you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the exponent you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have in the exponent you have
+quadratic terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic terms
+and you also have linear terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have linear terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have linear terms the
+linear terms we know from experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms we know from experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear terms we know from experience
+that they lead into fourier transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they lead into fourier transform so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they lead into fourier transform so
+they're nice we know what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice we know what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're nice we know what to do with
+them the quadratic terms they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the quadratic terms they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the quadratic terms they usually
+correspond to nasty things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to nasty things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to nasty things like the
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+but in this case you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case you can see that the
+quadratic theorem is multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic theorem is multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic theorem is multiplied by a
+coefficient here which allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here which allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here which allows us to
+knock it out if we select the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it out if we select the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it out if we select the distances
+z1 and z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 and z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z1 and z2
+judiciously and of course that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judiciously and of course that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judiciously and of course that is the
+result of the lens law this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the lens law this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the lens law this is the same
+equation that we derived using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we derived using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that we derived using
+geometrical optics and we called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics and we called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics and we called it the
+imaging condition so you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging condition so you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging condition so you can see here
+that when you satisfy this imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you satisfy this imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you satisfy this imaging
+condition then you essentially knock out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then you essentially knock out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition then you essentially knock out
+at the focus term from the diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the focus term from the diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the focus term from the diffraction
+integral so that is gratifying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that is gratifying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so that is gratifying because
+we actually derived a result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually derived a result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually derived a result from
+geometrical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics
+but this time it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time it is
+perhaps more rigorous because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more rigorous because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps more rigorous because it is
+based on electromagnetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the rest now well we'll deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the rest now well we'll deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the rest now well we'll deal
+with the rest in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rest in a moment
+but you see that there's another another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see that there's another another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see that there's another another
+quadratic here that we cannot quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic here that we cannot quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic here that we cannot quite so
+easily get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily get rid of
+and this quadratic actually this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this quadratic actually this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this quadratic actually this extra
+quadratic that popped up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic that popped up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic that popped up there
+uh is interesting because it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is interesting because it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is interesting because it is not
+predicted by geometrical optics so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by geometrical optics so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by geometrical optics so this
+is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that
+well it will happen only with special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it will happen only with special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it will happen only with special
+coherent illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent illumination
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+geometrical optics cannot predict it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics cannot predict it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics cannot predict it and
+actually cannot deal with it and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cannot deal with it and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cannot deal with it and in fact
+not so long ago about the time i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so long ago about the time i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so long ago about the time i was
+born in the early 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in the early 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in the early 70s
+this was a topic of research what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a topic of research what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a topic of research what to do
+about this term in fact professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term in fact professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term in fact professor
+goodman who wrote your textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodman who wrote your textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodman who wrote your textbook
+one of his early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his early
+results as a young scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results as a young scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results as a young scientist
+it was to he wrote a famous paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was to he wrote a famous paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was to he wrote a famous paper
+about this term what the star means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term what the star means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term what the star means and
+he wrote it i believe you know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it i believe you know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote it i believe you know that in
+1971 exactly the year i was born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 exactly the year i was born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1971 exactly the year i was born
+i have not at all so so so yes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have not at all so so so yes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have not at all so so so yes you can
+still call it a relatively recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still call it a relatively recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still call it a relatively recent
+recent development so okay so so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent development so okay so so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent development so okay so so again
+we're talking about this term over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this term over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about this term over here
+what to do about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do about this one
+and then and of course there's a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and of course there's a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and of course there's a this
+entire section in goodman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire section in goodman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire section in goodman
+that talks about this term and i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talks about this term and i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talks about this term and i would
+encourage you to read this section i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to read this section i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to read this section i
+will show a summary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show a summary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show a summary here
+okay something something got messed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something something got messed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something something got messed up
+with my animations here this was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my animations here this was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my animations here this was not
+supposed to be here but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be here but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be here but anyway
+so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there is a so goodman actually he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a so goodman actually he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a so goodman actually he goes
+over three methods that you can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three methods that you can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over three methods that you can use to
+eliminate this unwanted quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this unwanted quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this unwanted quadratic
+one of them is you lay out the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is you lay out the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is you lay out the input
+transparency as a sphere on a spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency as a sphere on a spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency as a sphere on a spherical
+surface instead of the typical planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface instead of the typical planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface instead of the typical planar
+surface that may sound a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that may sound a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface that may sound a little bit
+strange and it's probably very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange and it's probably very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange and it's probably very difficult
+to to implement in practice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to implement in practice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to implement in practice but
+conceptually you can see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually you can see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually you can see what's going on
+because now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now these
+points in the transparency start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the transparency start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in the transparency start with an
+original phase delay you can work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original phase delay you can work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original phase delay you can work out
+the curvature here in fact the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature here in fact the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature here in fact the curvature
+has to be exactly z1 the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be exactly z1 the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be exactly z1 the radius of
+curvature so that it cancels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature so that it cancels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature so that it cancels this
+unwanted quadratic so that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwanted quadratic so that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwanted quadratic so that's one way
+the second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second way
+is to actually stick a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually stick a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to actually stick a lens
+in front of the transparency this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the transparency this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the transparency this is
+actually very often done in geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very often done in geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very often done in geometrical
+geometrical optics as well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics as well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrical optics as well this is
+called the condenser lens so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the condenser lens so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the condenser lens so for example
+we don't have this anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have this anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have this anymore
+but actually we do have one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually we do have one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually we do have one in the
+classroom we used to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom we used to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom we used to use these
+projectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projectors
+basically if you look at the top surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you look at the top surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you look at the top surface
+of this projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this projector
+i don't know if i can take it out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i can take it out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i can take it out here
+but but if you look at it it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you look at it it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if you look at it it's actually
+a lens after class come over and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens after class come over and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens after class come over and look
+there is grooves on it and the grooves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is grooves on it and the grooves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is grooves on it and the grooves
+are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+the grooves implement the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grooves implement the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grooves implement the equivalent of
+a lens surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens surface
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+take if you do the operation modulo 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if you do the operation modulo 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take if you do the operation modulo 2 pi
+on the on the on the surface of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the on the surface of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the on the surface of the lens
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this surface that we typically think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface that we typically think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface that we typically think of
+as a lens if you do a module to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a lens if you do a module to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a lens if you do a module to pi
+operation you will get something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you will get something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you will get something like
+this of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a way to make a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a way to make a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a way to make a thin
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+and that is called the condenser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called the condenser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is called the condenser
+the reason we put it in a projector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we put it in a projector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we put it in a projector is
+not to eliminate this quadratic factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to eliminate this quadratic factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to eliminate this quadratic factor
+it is simply because it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is simply because it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is simply because it makes the
+illumination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination
+uniform so when you project the slide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform so when you project the slide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform so when you project the slide on
+the i don't know you guys are maybe too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i don't know you guys are maybe too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i don't know you guys are maybe too
+young to have ever seen anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young to have ever seen anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young to have ever seen anything like
+this in operation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in operation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in operation but
+next time if i remember i'll bring an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time if i remember i'll bring an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time if i remember i'll bring an
+old-fashioned transparency and i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned transparency and i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-fashioned transparency and i will
+show you how people of my age used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how people of my age used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how people of my age used to
+give talks at conferences when we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks at conferences when we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks at conferences when we didn't
+have powerpoint but but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have powerpoint but but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have powerpoint but but um
+but anyway so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so so
+so this is done actually very commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is done actually very commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is done actually very commonly
+to stick a lens in front of the uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick a lens in front of the uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick a lens in front of the uh just
+attached to a thin object but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a thin object but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a thin object but in some
+cases it cannot be done for example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it cannot be done for example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it cannot be done for example in a
+microscope it is very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope it is very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope it is very difficult to
+imagine sticking a lens behind the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine sticking a lens behind the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine sticking a lens behind the the
+glass slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass slide
+so so in some cases this is applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in some cases this is applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in some cases this is applicable
+and some it is not but anyway a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some it is not but anyway a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some it is not but anyway a big
+application of this type of lens is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this type of lens is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this type of lens is of
+course in overhead projectors does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in overhead projectors does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in overhead projectors does
+anybody know another application where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know another application where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know another application where
+people use this kind of lenses or why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use this kind of lenses or why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use this kind of lenses or why
+what might motivate you to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might motivate you to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what might motivate you to make this
+kind of lens can you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these lenses are commonly used actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lenses are commonly used actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lenses are commonly used actually
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+do they sometimes stick them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they sometimes stick them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they sometimes stick them on the
+backs of like vans or cars to like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs of like vans or cars to like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs of like vans or cars to like make
+a wide angle that's right yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide angle that's right yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wide angle that's right yeah that's
+another application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application
+uh exactly to to improve the the rear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly to to improve the the rear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh exactly to to improve the the rear
+view of the driver and that's a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the driver and that's a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the driver and that's a good one
+i was not thinking of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was not thinking of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was not thinking of that
+yet another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet another one
+is in very high power illuminators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in very high power illuminators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in very high power illuminators
+which are most commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are most commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are most commonly used in
+photography and shooting movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and shooting movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography and shooting movies
+because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they
+the the glasses of as you know is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the glasses of as you know is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the glasses of as you know is not a
+very good conductor so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good conductor so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good conductor so so
+so it would heat up very badly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would heat up very badly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would heat up very badly if you
+you know if you eliminate with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you eliminate with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you eliminate with very high
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+and so for this they're called actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for this they're called actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for this they're called actually
+babies these these really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies these these really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies these these really big
+light bulbs that they use when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs that they use when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulbs that they use when they
+shoot movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot movies
+so they actually use this fresnel it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they actually use this fresnel it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they actually use this fresnel it is
+called the fresnel lens the same for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fresnel lens the same for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fresnel lens the same for an
+ls infernal propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they use different lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use different lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they use different lenses
+in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+babies all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies all right
+and lighthouses also yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lighthouses also yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lighthouses also yeah
+so again every time that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again every time that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again every time that you have a
+really huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really huge
+light source of course it's a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source of course it's a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light source of course it's a matter of
+practicality also right if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicality also right if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicality also right if you have a
+major lens as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major lens as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major lens as you can imagine
+if the diameter is big then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the diameter is big then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the diameter is big then also
+this size would also be very big right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size would also be very big right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size would also be very big right
+so in a light house you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a light house you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a light house you might have a
+lens that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens that is you know
+maybe one or two meters in diameter then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one or two meters in diameter then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one or two meters in diameter then
+it would have to bulge over another half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to bulge over another half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to bulge over another half
+meter or so that's not very practical it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter or so that's not very practical it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter or so that's not very practical it
+is heavy fragile blah blah blah so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heavy fragile blah blah blah so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heavy fragile blah blah blah so they
+make different lenses to get around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make different lenses to get around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make different lenses to get around this
+problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay
+a good a good thing to remember about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good thing to remember about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good a good thing to remember about
+those is that they generally they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is that they generally they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is that they generally they give
+very poor image quality so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor image quality so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor image quality so if you look
+if you try to use this as an imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to use this as an imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to use this as an imaging
+lens to you typically get a very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens to you typically get a very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens to you typically get a very bad
+blur and a very bad image quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur and a very bad image quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur and a very bad image quality
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+obviously in a lighthouse you don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in a lighthouse you don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in a lighthouse you don't care
+in an illuminator you don't care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an illuminator you don't care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an illuminator you don't care and
+also the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the projector
+it is not used as an imaging lens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not used as an imaging lens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not used as an imaging lens the
+imaging lens is a real lens it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging lens is a real lens it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging lens is a real lens it's this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this is simply collimating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply collimating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simply collimating the
+illumination so you get a uniform image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination so you get a uniform image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination so you get a uniform image
+at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the
+image plane so in for jobs like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image plane so in for jobs like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image plane so in for jobs like this one
+where you basically want to take a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you basically want to take a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you basically want to take a light
+bulb that is highly non-uniform it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb that is highly non-uniform it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb that is highly non-uniform it has
+filaments all kinds of crap right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments all kinds of crap right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filaments all kinds of crap right so it
+produces a very non-uniform field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a very non-uniform field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a very non-uniform field
+this type of lens is very good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of lens is very good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of lens is very good to
+uniformize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformize
+the intensity and then of course if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity and then of course if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity and then of course if you
+need to image a sharp object then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to image a sharp object then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to image a sharp object then you
+need the real lens you cannot get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the real lens you cannot get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the real lens you cannot get around
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's a bit about fresnel lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a bit about fresnel lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a bit about fresnel lenses
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so that's a bit of a detour that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of a detour that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a bit of a detour that you
+know but i wanted to point out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but i wanted to point out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but i wanted to point out some
+practical ways that you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical ways that you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical ways that you might be able to
+do this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this kind of thing
+if you need to get rid of the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to get rid of the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need to get rid of the lens and
+finally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what
+joe goodman proved back when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joe goodman proved back when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joe goodman proved back when he was
+young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+you can also there is a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also there is a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also there is a condition
+that you can neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can neglect
+this nasty quadratic again we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nasty quadratic again we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nasty quadratic again we're talking
+about the quadratic that you see at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quadratic that you see at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quadratic that you see at the
+top of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the slide
+so it turns out if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out if the
+field of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of the object
+the field is typically when we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is typically when we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field is typically when we say the
+field sometimes in geometrical optics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field sometimes in geometrical optics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field sometimes in geometrical optics we
+mean the size of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the size of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the size of this
+so if the field is smaller than about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the field is smaller than about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the field is smaller than about a
+quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter
+of the image and lens then it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image and lens then it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image and lens then it turns out
+again that the effects of this lens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that the effects of this lens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that the effects of this lens are
+negligible and the we can basic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and the we can basic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and the we can basic and
+i'm sorry the effects of this term are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry the effects of this term are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry the effects of this term are
+negligible and therefore we can get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and therefore we can get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible and therefore we can get rid
+of it in clear conscience so i will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in clear conscience so i will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it in clear conscience so i will not
+go into the details there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the details there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the details there
+discussion in the book and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the book and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the book and also a
+reference 303 from the book is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference 303 from the book is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference 303 from the book is an
+article that goodman wrote back then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that goodman wrote back then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that goodman wrote back then and
+and he he goes into this in in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he goes into this in in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he he goes into this in in a little
+bit more detail it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more detail it's a pretty
+interesting article if you like i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting article if you like i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting article if you like i can
+or maybe i'll even post it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe i'll even post it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe i'll even post it on the
+website if you like it's it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website if you like it's it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website if you like it's it's pretty
+interesting to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to read
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so assuming then that will get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming then that will get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming then that will get rid of
+this extra quadratic let me go back one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we got rid of one quadratic from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got rid of one quadratic from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we got rid of one quadratic from the
+lens law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens law
+and as i argued i spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i argued i spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i argued i spent a lot of time
+arguing about this quadratic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about this quadratic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about this quadratic the
+quadratic that maybe who can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic that maybe who can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic that maybe who can get rid of
+latin as well assuming we can get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin as well assuming we can get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin as well assuming we can get rid of
+that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well
+well anyway even if we don't get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway even if we don't get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway even if we don't get rid of
+that what is left in here is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is left in here is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what is left in here is actually
+four transform i think i pointed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four transform i think i pointed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four transform i think i pointed that
+out before if we transform y because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before if we transform y because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out before if we transform y because you
+have linear now linear exponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear now linear exponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have linear now linear exponents
+times some coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some coefficient
+and in here you have the pupil mask so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here you have the pupil mask so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here you have the pupil mask so
+again you recognize something familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you recognize something familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you recognize something familiar
+the same thing happened in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happened in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happened in the case of
+the foref system we again got the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foref system we again got the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foref system we again got the term
+like this one but it was slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one but it was slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one but it was slightly
+different instead of z1 z2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instead of z1 z2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instead of z1 z2 in the
+denominators here it had f1 and f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators here it had f1 and f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominators here it had f1 and f2
+the two focal lengths here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two focal lengths here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two focal lengths here we have the
+two distances but it was pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distances but it was pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distances but it was pretty much the
+same term and again the pupil mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same term and again the pupil mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same term and again the pupil mask
+appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared
+in the kernel here so so this is a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kernel here so so this is a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kernel here so so this is a fully
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+and of course we get rid of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we get rid of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course we get rid of this term
+and let me jump through these animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me jump through these animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me jump through these animations
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if we do that then what we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that then what we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do that then what we finally
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+is this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this expression here
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+again this is the four transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the four transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the four transform of the
+pupil mask i wrote it in a form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask i wrote it in a form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask i wrote it in a form that
+looks a little bit more like a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit more like a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little bit more like a full
+transform and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and of course
+u and v are now arbitrary arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v are now arbitrary arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v are now arbitrary arguments
+these are the spatial frequencies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the spatial frequencies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the spatial frequencies in the
+fourier transform but what actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform but what actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform but what actually goes
+in there is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there is the is the
+these parameters over here so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters over here so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters over here so basically
+we get again a term that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get again a term that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get again a term that looks like a
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+so we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we see that the
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+the complex optical field of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex optical field of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex optical field of the image
+is a convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convolution
+of the input field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input field
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+something that we call then again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we call then again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we call then again we
+will call the point spread function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call the point spread function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call the point spread function and
+this points for the function just as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this points for the function just as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this points for the function just as in
+the case of the for f system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the for f system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the for f system
+again here the point spread function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here the point spread function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here the point spread function is
+given as the fourier transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as the fourier transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as the fourier transform of the
+pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil
+of the pupil mask scaled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pupil mask scaled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pupil mask scaled with
+appropriate coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there is a
+various scale in forms and factors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various scale in forms and factors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various scale in forms and factors here
+for example this one again ensures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this one again ensures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this one again ensures
+energy conservation which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conservation which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy conservation which is kind of
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+but very often in optics we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very often in optics we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very often in optics we don't care
+so much about the absolute intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about the absolute intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about the absolute intensities
+which means that we don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that we don't really care
+about this term what we really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term what we really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this term what we really care
+about is about the spatial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is about the spatial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is about the spatial distribution
+like a pepper was showing whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pepper was showing whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pepper was showing whether
+features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+make it to the image or they get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the image or they get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the image or they get lost
+due to special filtering and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to special filtering and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to special filtering and so on and
+so forth so very often these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so very often these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so very often these
+multiplicative constants with just drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constants with just drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative constants with just drop
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+that sort of convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of convention
+now to to get a little bit of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to to get a little bit of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to to get a little bit of more
+insight out of this imagine for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight out of this imagine for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight out of this imagine for a moment
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points with function becomes extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points with function becomes extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points with function becomes extremely
+narrow it becomes a delta a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow it becomes a delta a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow it becomes a delta a delta
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+so if you substitute the delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you substitute the delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you substitute the delta function
+into the expression i had before then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the expression i had before then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the expression i had before then
+you get this expression which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this expression which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this expression which is of
+course again very gratifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course again very gratifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course again very gratifying
+because now the output really looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the output really looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now the output really looks like
+again some multiplicative term but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some multiplicative term but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again some multiplicative term but then
+it really looks like the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really looks like the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really looks like the input
+except the input now the coefficient i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the input now the coefficient i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the input now the coefficient i
+mean the coordinates have been scaled so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the coordinates have been scaled so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the coordinates have been scaled so
+therefore you can immediately see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can immediately see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can immediately see that
+this term is the magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is the magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is the magnification
+the in fact the lateral magnification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in fact the lateral magnification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in fact the lateral magnification of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+is given by this expression so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this expression so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by this expression so we
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+reconstruct it or i should say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct it or i should say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct it or i should say it
+derived the same results that we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the same results that we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the same results that we've got
+from geometrical optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from geometrical optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from geometrical optics
+namely the lens law that is the imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the lens law that is the imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the lens law that is the imaging
+condition the magnification and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the magnification and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the magnification and so on
+and so forth now we got them back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth now we got them back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth now we got them back from
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+from our wave optics approach but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our wave optics approach but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our wave optics approach but we
+have to do some approximations right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some approximations right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some approximations right for
+example we had to pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had to pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had to pretend
+that the points per function is a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the points per function is a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the points per function is a delta
+function in order to get a geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in order to get a geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in order to get a geometrical
+optic result if it's not which is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic result if it's not which is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic result if it's not which is never
+the case right delta function is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case right delta function is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case right delta function is a very
+crude approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude approximation
+so if it's not a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's not a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's not a delta function
+then the result is not exactly like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result is not exactly like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the result is not exactly like this
+but it is a convolution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a convolution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is a convolution that is
+basically this will become blurry like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this will become blurry like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this will become blurry like
+pep showed earlier you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep showed earlier you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pep showed earlier you will get a
+blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred
+version or in general especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or in general especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or in general especially
+filtered version of the original input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered version of the original input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered version of the original input
+will actually survive through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually survive through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually survive through
+to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i would like to point out now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like to point out now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like to point out now this
+is something that i believe sebeck also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that i believe sebeck also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that i believe sebeck also
+showed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed last time
+the same slide what i would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same slide what i would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same slide what i would like to do
+is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+pay a little bit attention to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a little bit attention to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay a little bit attention to the
+scaling factors here these scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors here these scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling factors here these scaling
+factors are actually very important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are actually very important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are actually very important so
+i i mentioned that we drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i mentioned that we drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i mentioned that we drop
+multiplicative factors that appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative factors that appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative factors that appear in
+the front here these it is okay to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front here these it is okay to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front here these it is okay to drop
+but these scaling factors that go inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these scaling factors that go inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these scaling factors that go inside
+the argument these are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument these are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument these are very important
+because they determine the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they determine the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they determine the amount of
+special filtering that goes on inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special filtering that goes on inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special filtering that goes on inside
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so what i did what i will do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i did what i will do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i did what i will do actually
+for a while is i will compare the 4f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while is i will compare the 4f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while is i will compare the 4f
+system with a single lens imaging system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a single lens imaging system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a single lens imaging system
+so the scale factors again they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the scale factors again they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the scale factors again they're
+different you see f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you see f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you see f1
+is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inside the
+the transfer function and z1 in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function and z1 in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function and z1 in the case
+of the single lens so what is the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the single lens so what is the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the single lens so what is the effect
+of that one also in the incoherent case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one also in the incoherent case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one also in the incoherent case
+of course in the incoherent case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in the incoherent case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course in the incoherent case
+the transfer function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function is the
+autocorrelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation
+of the coherent transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coherent transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coherent transfer function
+and since the coherent transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the coherent transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the coherent transfer function
+is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+proportional to the pupil mask then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the pupil mask then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the pupil mask then the
+what we call the optical transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the optical transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the optical transfer
+function the incoherent case is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the incoherent case is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the incoherent case is the
+autocorrelation of the pupil mask itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation of the pupil mask itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation of the pupil mask itself
+this is uh this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh this is again
+a very basic result but again be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very basic result but again be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very basic result but again be careful
+when we compute these autocorrelations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compute these autocorrelations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compute these autocorrelations
+we have to apply different scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to apply different scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to apply different scaling
+factors in the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors in the arguments
+okay so i will show in a second how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i will show in a second how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i will show in a second how this
+works and i will show it in two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and i will show it in two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and i will show it in two cases
+one is the what we call before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the what we call before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the what we call before the
+zernik face mask actually this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zernik face mask actually this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zernik face mask actually this is not
+exactly accurate zernik did not invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly accurate zernik did not invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly accurate zernik did not invent
+exactly this he invented another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this he invented another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this he invented another one
+that has pi over two phase shifts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has pi over two phase shifts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has pi over two phase shifts at the
+edges it's like a ring but anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges it's like a ring but anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges it's like a ring but anyway the
+function is the same so so everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the same so so everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is the same so so everybody
+refers to all to all of these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to all to all of these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to all to all of these types of
+masks as xerniken nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks as xerniken nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks as xerniken nowadays
+okay so this is familiar we saw a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is familiar we saw a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is familiar we saw a few
+examples in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the past
+when it was in the middle in the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was in the middle in the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was in the middle in the focal
+plane of the 4f system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of the 4f system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of the 4f system
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the case where we put it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where we put it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where we put it as a
+pupil mask in the single lens system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask in the single lens system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil mask in the single lens system the
+same mask but it will it will do a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mask but it will it will do a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mask but it will it will do a very
+similar thing but with the subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing but with the subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar thing but with the subtle
+difference so this is what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so this is what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so this is what i want to
+point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out
+so this is the subtle difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the subtle difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the subtle difference
+what you see here is of course a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is of course a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is of course a
+schematic so you see it is opaque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic so you see it is opaque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic so you see it is opaque
+outside some aperture then inside you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside some aperture then inside you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside some aperture then inside you
+have this little extra phase delay near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little extra phase delay near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this little extra phase delay near
+the optical axis in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical axis in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optical axis in a small
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+and okay this is the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay this is the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay this is the mathematical
+expression that i don't want to dwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that i don't want to dwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that i don't want to dwell
+upon i'd rather focus on these plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon i'd rather focus on these plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon i'd rather focus on these plots
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+these two plots are the real i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two plots are the real i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two plots are the real i'm sorry
+are the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the magnitude
+and the phase of the mask so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase of the mask so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase of the mask so the
+magnitude is the top the blue plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the top the blue plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the top the blue plot it
+goes from zero to one so it is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from zero to one so it is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from zero to one so it is one
+within the aperture so let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the aperture so let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the aperture so let's see if
+that's correct the aperture has a size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct the aperture has a size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct the aperture has a size
+of one centimeter so indeed this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one centimeter so indeed this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one centimeter so indeed this is one
+between the minus point five and 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the minus point five and 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the minus point five and 0.5
+and the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the phase
+well the phase nobody knows what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the phase nobody knows what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the phase nobody knows what the
+phase is where the amplitude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is where the amplitude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase is where the amplitude the
+magnitude is zero we cannot define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is zero we cannot define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is zero we cannot define the
+phase for a complex number that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase for a complex number that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase for a complex number that equals
+zero nevertheless let's set it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nevertheless let's set it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nevertheless let's set it equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+but what i want to emphasize is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to emphasize is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to emphasize is that
+within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within
+the pass band of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass band of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pass band of the system
+the phase is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase is 0
+except for a small chunk of width of 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a small chunk of width of 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for a small chunk of width of 0.2
+centimeters where the phase jumps to pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters where the phase jumps to pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters where the phase jumps to pi
+over 2 okay pi over 2 is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 okay pi over 2 is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 okay pi over 2 is of course
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is the real and imaginary parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the real and imaginary parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the real and imaginary parts
+these two are actually equivalent so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are actually equivalent so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are actually equivalent so the
+real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part
+it is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is one
+except at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at the
+little extra phase protrusion there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra phase protrusion there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra phase protrusion there
+where the real part goes to 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real part goes to 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the real part goes to 0 and the
+imaginary part becomes 1 because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part becomes 1 because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part becomes 1 because of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+when the phase equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the phase equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the phase equals
+pi over 2 then the actual complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2 then the actual complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 2 then the actual complex
+amplitude equals i so that's so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude equals i so that's so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude equals i so that's so that's
+what you see here okay so so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here okay so so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here okay so so these
+these two pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pairs
+describe both the face mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe both the face mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe both the face mask
+so the amplitude transfer functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amplitude transfer functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amplitude transfer functions of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+okay i only plotted them here as a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i only plotted them here as a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i only plotted them here as a real
+and imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imaginary part
+but they have the same shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have the same shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have the same shape
+what is really different and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really different and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really different and it
+unfortunately my plot is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately my plot is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately my plot is a little bit
+too small here too small here you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small here too small here you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small here too small here you cannot
+see very well is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very well is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very well is that
+they actually have different sizes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have different sizes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually have different sizes this
+one if you do the scaling factors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you do the scaling factors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you do the scaling factors here
+for the numbers that i used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the numbers that i used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the numbers that i used
+i think i used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so i use the lambda equals one micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i use the lambda equals one micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i use the lambda equals one micron
+no what what the lambda equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what what the lambda equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what what the lambda equals one
+micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 equals
+10 centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 centimeters
+f2 equals one centimeter for the four f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 equals one centimeter for the four f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2 equals one centimeter for the four f
+system and then z one equals uh eleven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then z one equals uh eleven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then z one equals uh eleven
+centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters
+z two equals uh 1.1 centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z two equals uh 1.1 centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z two equals uh 1.1 centimeter
+and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f
+one equals still ten centimeters for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals still ten centimeters for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals still ten centimeters for the
+single lens and i work those out so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lens and i work those out so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lens and i work those out so that
+in both cases you get the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases you get the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases you get the d
+magnification of a factor of 10. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification of a factor of 10. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification of a factor of 10. okay
+that's why the numbers are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the numbers are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the numbers are a little bit
+strange there so in both cases you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange there so in both cases you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange there so in both cases you get
+the magnification of a factor of 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnification of a factor of 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnification of a factor of 10 and
+did that deliberately because the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that deliberately because the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that deliberately because the two
+systems give you the the same effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems give you the the same effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems give you the the same effect
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+but you can see in terms of geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see in terms of geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see in terms of geometrical
+optics they're identical they both give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics they're identical they both give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics they're identical they both give
+you a demagnification by a factor of ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a demagnification by a factor of ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a demagnification by a factor of ten
+but you see here that in terms of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see here that in terms of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see here that in terms of wave
+objects they're slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects they're slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects they're slightly different
+because one of them the 4f system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of them the 4f system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of them the 4f system is
+scaled by the focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled by the focal length
+its spatial frequency extent goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its spatial frequency extent goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its spatial frequency extent goes from
+minus 50 to 50 inverse millimeters this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 50 to 50 inverse millimeters this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 50 to 50 inverse millimeters this
+is what you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you see here
+whereas in this case it goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case it goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in this case it goes from
+approximately 48 to 48 inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 48 to 48 inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 48 to 48 inverse
+millimeters so the form so the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so the form so the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so the form so the single
+lens actually does a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens actually does a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens actually does a slightly more
+severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe
+spatial filter than the case of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial filter than the case of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial filter than the case of the of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+f system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f system
+and that is to be expected of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to be expected of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to be expected of course
+because the distance e1 you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the distance e1 you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the distance e1 you can see it
+from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here
+the distance z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance z1
+that you subtend from the object to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you subtend from the object to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you subtend from the object to the
+aperture is longer so therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is longer so therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture is longer so therefore this
+system is cutting off more angles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is cutting off more angles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is cutting off more angles or
+more special frequencies than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more special frequencies than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more special frequencies than this
+system we will see we will see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we will see we will see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we will see we will see that in
+more detail in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail in a second
+the other thing i want to point out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing i want to point out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing i want to point out here
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+if you take the autocorrelation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the autocorrelation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the autocorrelation
+of this function then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this function then you get
+which is the coherent transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the coherent transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the coherent transfer function
+or the atf if you take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the atf if you take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the atf if you take its
+autocorrelation you obtain the otf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation you obtain the otf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation you obtain the otf
+which is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is as
+sebek demonstrated last time it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sebek demonstrated last time it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sebek demonstrated last time it is the
+transfer function for spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function for spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function for spatially
+incoherent illumination so again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent illumination so again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent illumination so again this is
+a little bit of an exercise that i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an exercise that i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of an exercise that i will
+not do here but it is in in the notes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do here but it is in in the notes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do here but it is in in the notes it
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+i have posted another set of practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have posted another set of practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have posted another set of practice
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+so it is in pages 16 and 17 of the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is in pages 16 and 17 of the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is in pages 16 and 17 of the last
+set of practice problems i have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of practice problems i have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of practice problems i have gone
+ahead and derived this one and i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and derived this one and i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and derived this one and i would
+encourage you to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to go through
+it's a little bit of um it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of um it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit of um it's a little
+bit of algebra but you you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of algebra but you you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of algebra but you you can think of
+it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as
+mental fitness right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental fitness right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental fitness right because
+okay you might say why do i need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might say why do i need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you might say why do i need to do
+all this algebra when would i ever have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this algebra when would i ever have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this algebra when would i ever have
+to to do so much algebra i can just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do so much algebra i can just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do so much algebra i can just plug
+it into matlab when i get it well i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into matlab when i get it well i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into matlab when i get it well i'm
+sure all of you do some kind of fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all of you do some kind of fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all of you do some kind of fitness
+you go to the gym right when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the gym right when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the gym right when you do
+bench presses what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench presses what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bench presses what is the probability
+that you need to do a bench press motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to do a bench press motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to do a bench press motion
+in real life is actually very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life is actually very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life is actually very small
+right but you do bench presses in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you do bench presses in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you do bench presses in order
+to keep fit so the reason we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep fit so the reason we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep fit so the reason we do this
+kind of calculations is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of calculations is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of calculations is it's the
+equivalent of mental bench presses right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of mental bench presses right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of mental bench presses right
+so i would encourage you to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would encourage you to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would encourage you to do it
+because presumably you are at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because presumably you are at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because presumably you are at mit
+because you have you want to have mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you want to have mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you want to have mental
+fitness as well as physical fitness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me let me talk a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me talk a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me talk a little bit more
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+about these scaling factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so in this case this is just a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this case this is just a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in this case this is just a clear
+aperture that i put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that i put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture that i put here
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see that in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the case of the
+clear aperture it's actually very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear aperture it's actually very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear aperture it's actually very easy
+to do the sort of the ray diagrams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the sort of the ray diagrams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the sort of the ray diagrams and
+you can see also here that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see also here that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see also here that why
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+well let me back up for a second so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me back up for a second so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me back up for a second so if
+you remember from geometrical optics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from geometrical optics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember from geometrical optics we
+had the definition of the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the definition of the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the definition of the numerical
+aperture so we defined the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture so we defined the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture so we defined the numerical
+aperture as the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture as the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture as the angle
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we subtend towards the optical system if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we subtend towards the optical system if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we subtend towards the optical system if
+we place a point source on axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we place a point source on axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we place a point source on axis
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so therefore the numerical aperture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the numerical aperture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore the numerical aperture is
+limited by one of the physical apertures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by one of the physical apertures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by one of the physical apertures
+that are in the system so in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the system so in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the system so in the case of
+the 4f system that would be the pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4f system that would be the pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4f system that would be the pupil
+mask at some point in any physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask at some point in any physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask at some point in any physical
+system the pupil mask will cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the pupil mask will cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the pupil mask will cannot be
+infinite right it has to be finite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right it has to be finite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right it has to be finite so
+the physical diameter of the pupil mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical diameter of the pupil mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical diameter of the pupil mask
+assuming the lenses themselves are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the lenses themselves are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the lenses themselves are large
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+the pupil mass will become the limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pupil mass will become the limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pupil mass will become the limiting
+factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so we can compute the numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compute the numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can compute the numerical aperture
+then it is the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is the ratio
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+radius of the mask over the focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the mask over the focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius of the mask over the focal length
+f1 you can see it very easily from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 you can see it very easily from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1 you can see it very easily from this
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course this is an approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is an approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is an approximate
+expression in reality the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in reality the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression in reality the numerical
+aperture should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture should be the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sign of the inverse tangent of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the inverse tangent of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the inverse tangent of this
+quantity but of course we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but of course we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity but of course we're doing
+paraxial approximations here so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximations here so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraxial approximations here so we can
+drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop
+the trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigonometric
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+in the case of the single lens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the single lens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of the single lens the
+numerical aperture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again you can get it from this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can get it from this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can get it from this triangle
+over here but now the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but now the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here but now the one of the
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+sides is z1 not f1 so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides is z1 not f1 so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides is z1 not f1 so you can see that
+the numerical aperture is r over z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture is r over z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture is r over z1
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+you know if if this system is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if this system is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if if this system is supposed
+to produce a real image as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a real image as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a real image as opposed to a
+virtual image then z1 must be longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image then z1 must be longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual image then z1 must be longer
+than f1 you can see it very clearly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than f1 you can see it very clearly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than f1 you can see it very clearly from
+the imaging condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaging condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaging condition
+1 over z1 plus 1 over z2 equals 1 over f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over z1 plus 1 over z2 equals 1 over f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over z1 plus 1 over z2 equals 1 over f
+if you want z 2 to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want z 2 to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want z 2 to be positive
+so for z 2 to be positive it means i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for z 2 to be positive it means i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for z 2 to be positive it means i
+have a real image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a real image
+and for this it is required that z 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this it is required that z 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this it is required that z 1 is
+bigger than f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than f
+ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok
+so because of that you can see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of that you can see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of that you can see that if
+you have the same size pupil mask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the same size pupil mask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the same size pupil mask the
+single lens system will have a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lens system will have a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lens system will have a smaller
+numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture
+that is sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is sort of uh
+an unfortunate fact of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unfortunate fact of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unfortunate fact of life
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so another thing i want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another thing i want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another thing i want to point out
+here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that
+the numerical aperture actually changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture actually changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture actually changes
+when you go to the second leg of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the second leg of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go to the second leg of the
+system because of course the system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because of course the system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because of course the system has
+angular magnification so what started as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular magnification so what started as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular magnification so what started as
+a numerical aperture at the input it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical aperture at the input it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a numerical aperture at the input it is
+of course an angle right you if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course an angle right you if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course an angle right you if you take
+the marginal array it is propagating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal array it is propagating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marginal array it is propagating at
+a given angle with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given angle with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given angle with respect to the
+optical axis by the time it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis by the time it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis by the time it comes out
+this angle will have changed by how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle will have changed by how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle will have changed by how much
+by the angular magnification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the angular magnification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the angular magnification of the
+system so therefore the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so therefore the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so therefore the numerical
+aperture at the output is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture at the output is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture at the output is not the same
+it equals the numeric the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equals the numeric the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it equals the numeric the numerical
+aperture of the input times the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the input times the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of the input times the angular
+magnification of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification of the system
+so this is not the cause for confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not the cause for confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not the cause for confusion
+uh we can use either one we will get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can use either one we will get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can use either one we will get the
+same actually the same conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same actually the same conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same actually the same conclusions
+whether we use the numerical aperture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we use the numerical aperture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we use the numerical aperture at
+the input or the numerical aperture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input or the numerical aperture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input or the numerical aperture at
+the output but we have to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output but we have to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output but we have to be a little
+bit careful right so we don't confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful right so we don't confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit careful right so we don't confuse
+things as long as we remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as long as we remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as long as we remember this
+simple relationship that the two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relationship that the two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple relationship that the two are
+connected by the angular magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by the angular magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by the angular magnification
+so the reason the numerical aperture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason the numerical aperture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason the numerical aperture is
+so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+because if you consider a circular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you consider a circular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you consider a circular of
+course you cannot see the circle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you cannot see the circle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you cannot see the circle here
+this is just a projection but imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a projection but imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a projection but imagine
+that i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i have a
+a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular
+pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pupil
+then recall that the points function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recall that the points function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recall that the points function of
+the system is actually the fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is actually the fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is actually the fourier
+transform of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of that
+circular pupil because this is a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular pupil because this is a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular pupil because this is a clear
+aperture now and we learned some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture now and we learned some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture now and we learned some time
+ago i don't remember when but we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i don't remember when but we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago i don't remember when but we learned
+that the full transform of a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the full transform of a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the full transform of a circular
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+is this crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this crazy
+zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc
+so-called function that is given by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called function that is given by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called function that is given by a
+ratio of a vessel function to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of a vessel function to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of a vessel function to its
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument
+and it is probably better to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is probably better to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is probably better to think of it
+as a plot like this one that has a main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plot like this one that has a main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plot like this one that has a main
+lobe and then a smaller side lobe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and then a smaller side lobe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and then a smaller side lobe and
+actually it has a lot of lobes it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it has a lot of lobes it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it has a lot of lobes it it
+continues on forever but the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues on forever but the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues on forever but the size of the
+lobes decays away how fast it decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes decays away how fast it decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes decays away how fast it decays
+away is one over the argument okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away is one over the argument okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away is one over the argument okay
+so what i want to point out here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to point out here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to point out here is that
+in both cases the point function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases the point function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases the point function of the
+system looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system looks like this
+zinc function sometimes it's also known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc function sometimes it's also known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc function sometimes it's also known
+as an eddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an eddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an eddy
+disk not an eddy function by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk not an eddy function by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk not an eddy function by the way
+every function is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every function is different
+this one is referred to as eddie disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're curious what are the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're curious what are the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're curious what are the function
+is you can open the table of formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can open the table of formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can open the table of formulas
+abramovic and stagon and you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abramovic and stagon and you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abramovic and stagon and you'll see a
+monstrous thing that's called the arri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monstrous thing that's called the arri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monstrous thing that's called the arri
+function and this turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this turns out to be a
+special case of an airy function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of an airy function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case of an airy function but
+anyway this is the airy disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the airy disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is the airy disk
+and what i want to emphasize is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to emphasize is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to emphasize is that you
+in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the same shape of added disk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same shape of added disk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same shape of added disk but
+different size you get different size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size you get different size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different size you get different size
+because in the case of the 4f system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the case of the 4f system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the case of the 4f system
+the size of the aperture the size i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the aperture the size i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the aperture the size i'm
+sorry the size of the aperture is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the size of the aperture is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the size of the aperture is the
+same but because the scaling factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but because the scaling factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but because the scaling factor is
+smaller it is f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it is f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller it is f1
+then you actually get a bigger atf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually get a bigger atf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you actually get a bigger atf
+the size of the disk in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the disk in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the disk in the
+in the frequency domain is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency domain is bigger
+therefore it will give you a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it will give you a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it will give you a slightly
+narrower points per function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower points per function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower points per function
+okay if you work out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you work out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you work out these
+ratios over here and you work out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios over here and you work out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios over here and you work out these
+coefficients you will see that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you will see that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients you will see that very
+clearly but but i want you to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly but but i want you to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly but but i want you to get it
+sort of intuitively by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intuitively by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of intuitively by using the
+scaling theorem of fourier transforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling theorem of fourier transforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling theorem of fourier transforms
+in both cases you start with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases you start with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases you start with the same
+physical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical aperture
+but what matters is not the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what matters is not the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what matters is not the physical
+size of the aperture but the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the aperture but the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the aperture but the numerical
+aperture so in one case you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture so in one case you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture so in one case you have
+this numerical aperture this is f1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this numerical aperture this is f1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this numerical aperture this is f1 this
+is the physical size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the physical size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the physical size
+and numerical aperture is r over f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numerical aperture is r over f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and numerical aperture is r over f1
+in the other case you have again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case you have again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case you have again the
+same aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same aperture
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+you have a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a longer
+distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here
+this is still r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still r
+so now the numerical aperture would be r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the numerical aperture would be r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now the numerical aperture would be r
+over z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over z1
+so the same physical aperture in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same physical aperture in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same physical aperture in the two
+cases will actually give you a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases will actually give you a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases will actually give you a different
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+in the atf this will have a bigger atf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the size of the atf will be if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the size of the atf will be if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the size of the atf will be if you
+work it out it will be proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out it will be proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it out it will be proportional to
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+1 over lambda f1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over lambda f1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over lambda f1
+and the size of the itf here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the itf here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the itf here
+i'm exaggerating of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm exaggerating of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm exaggerating of course
+will be proportional to 1 over lambda z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so since we got a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we got a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we got a smaller
+size of the atf in this case it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the atf in this case it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the atf in this case it means
+that we'll get a broader psf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll get a broader psf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll get a broader psf
+so which system is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which system is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which system is better
+well obviously this one right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously this one right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well obviously this one right because
+this one will give you a narrower psf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will give you a narrower psf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one will give you a narrower psf
+therefore it will give you a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it will give you a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it will give you a smaller
+blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur
+so of course there's a caveat i sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course there's a caveat i sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course there's a caveat i sort of
+took it for granted that the desirable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it for granted that the desirable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took it for granted that the desirable
+in an optical system is to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an optical system is to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an optical system is to minimize the
+blur which in most cases it's true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur which in most cases it's true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blur which in most cases it's true if
+for some reason someone asked you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason someone asked you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason someone asked you
+deliberately to produce a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately to produce a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberately to produce a system that
+causes a lot of blur then of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of blur then of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of blur then of course you
+would go for this one but in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go for this one but in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go for this one but in most cases
+we try to minimize blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to minimize blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to minimize blur
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this means given our resources that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means given our resources that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means given our resources that is
+given our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given our
+physical size of the numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical size of the numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical size of the numerical aperture
+we should try to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should try to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should try to maximize
+the numerical aperture and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture and that is what
+the photo system is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a few comments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a few comments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a few comments about the
+resolution that there are in the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that there are in the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution that there are in the rest of
+the slides i don't want to destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides i don't want to destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides i don't want to destroy the
+rest of your morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of your morning
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because the psf is finite you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the psf is finite you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the psf is finite you can
+imagine that you if you have to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you if you have to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that you if you have to point
+sources that are at distance so now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that are at distance so now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that are at distance so now this
+is like an experiment and moving two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an experiment and moving two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like an experiment and moving two
+point sources together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sources together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sources together
+there will come a point where the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will come a point where the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will come a point where the two
+point sources will merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sources will merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point sources will merge
+and if this is your image now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is your image now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this is your image now
+you don't really know whether you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really know whether you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really know whether you had
+one point source or two of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point source or two of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point source or two of course you
+say well you also get twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you also get twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you also get twice the
+intensity that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity that's true
+but very often you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very often you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very often you don't know the
+intensity you started with for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you started with for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you started with for example
+if you're looking at the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're looking at the sky
+and you're looking at the bright dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the bright dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're looking at the bright dot and
+you're trying to decide is it one star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to decide is it one star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to decide is it one star
+or two stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two stars
+well so far we cannot yet go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so far we cannot yet go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so far we cannot yet go to the
+stars and measure their brightness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and measure their brightness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars and measure their brightness right
+we can only measure the total brightness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only measure the total brightness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only measure the total brightness
+that we receive here so therefore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we receive here so therefore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we receive here so therefore if
+you're looking at the telescope and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the telescope and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at the telescope and you
+see this you don't know if they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this you don't know if they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this you don't know if they started
+there's one star or two stars that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one star or two stars that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one star or two stars that are
+too close to be resolved by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to be resolved by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to be resolved by your
+by your telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your telescope
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+actually this sort of situation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this sort of situation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this sort of situation was
+dealt with by a fellow called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with by a fellow called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with by a fellow called
+rayleigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rayleigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rayleigh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+of course the size of the psf as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the size of the psf as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the size of the psf as i
+worked out before it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out before it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out before it depends on the
+numerical aperture so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture so so
+i will go over this in more detail later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will go over this in more detail later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will go over this in more detail later
+but this is just a preview that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just a preview that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just a preview that the
+numerical aperture actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture actually
+gives you an idea actually i believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea actually i believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea actually i believe
+also professor shepard mentioned it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also professor shepard mentioned it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also professor shepard mentioned it in
+one of the past lectures the numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the past lectures the numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the past lectures the numerical
+aperture gives you an idea about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture gives you an idea about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture gives you an idea about the
+capability of your system to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of your system to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of your system to resolve
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+images so imagine that each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images so imagine that each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images so imagine that each one of these
+lobes here corresponds to the points but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes here corresponds to the points but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes here corresponds to the points but
+function of one point object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one point object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one point object
+so in this case they're well resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case they're well resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case they're well resolved
+because i spaced them so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i spaced them so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i spaced them so that the
+diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+main lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main lobe
+falls exactly on one null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls exactly on one null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls exactly on one null
+of the other lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other lobe
+so if you work it out and you take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you work it out and you take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you work it out and you take into
+care into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care into the
+where the zeros of the vessel function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the zeros of the vessel function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the zeros of the vessel function
+are located and so on you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located and so on you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located and so on you come up with
+an expression that looks like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression that looks like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression that looks like this the
+spacing between the two sources is 1.22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the two sources is 1.22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between the two sources is 1.22
+times the wavelength divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wavelength divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wavelength divided by the
+numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture
+and of course this would be at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this would be at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this would be at the input
+plane if you are so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane if you are so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane if you are so this would be the
+spacing at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing at the input
+required so that the two sources can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so that the two sources can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required so that the two sources can be
+resolved but when you look at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved but when you look at the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolved but when you look at the output
+the distance of course would be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of course would be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of course would be given by
+a similar expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar expression
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the numerical aperture at the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture at the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical aperture at the output
+would appear in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would appear in this case
+and of course this is sort of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is sort of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is sort of the most
+common definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common definition
+some books define the resolution instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some books define the resolution instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some books define the resolution instead
+of the diameter they use the radius so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diameter they use the radius so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diameter they use the radius so
+they come up with an expression that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with an expression that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with an expression that is
+exactly one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one half
+which one is correct it actually depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is correct it actually depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is correct it actually depends
+on your requirements if you require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your requirements if you require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your requirements if you require a
+very crisp image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crisp image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crisp image
+or if you're doing dealing with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're doing dealing with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you're doing dealing with a very
+noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+then you go for this one because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go for this one because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go for this one because as you
+can imagine if you add noise into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if you add noise into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if you add noise into this
+one then it becomes progressively more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then it becomes progressively more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then it becomes progressively more
+difficult to resolve the two spots so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to resolve the two spots so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to resolve the two spots so in
+a very noisy environment when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very noisy environment when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very noisy environment when you have
+very little light then you go for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little light then you go for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little light then you go for this
+definition if you have plenty of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you have plenty of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if you have plenty of light
+then you can possibly resolve two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can possibly resolve two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can possibly resolve two
+sources that are very close like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that are very close like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources that are very close like this
+right here you see you have very poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you see you have very poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here you see you have very poor
+contrast you basically have to rely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast you basically have to rely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast you basically have to rely in
+order to resolve the two sources you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to resolve the two sources you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to resolve the two sources you
+have to rely on this little dip in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rely on this little dip in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to rely on this little dip in
+intensity so if your signal is noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so if your signal is noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so if your signal is noisy
+this dip may be lost and then you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dip may be lost and then you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dip may be lost and then you cannot
+resolve anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve anymore
+okay so that's a preview of resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a preview of resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a preview of resolution
+we'll talk about this a little bit more
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vcsxCFSLyP8.txt b/vcsxCFSLyP8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1398fb8cac564f568a8d904c849cfbd766a4d513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vcsxCFSLyP8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're about to embark on a new chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to embark on a new chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to embark on a new chapter
+in this course where I want to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course where I want to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course where I want to tell you
+about similarities craft regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about similarities craft regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about similarities craft regularity
+lemma samurai t-square regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma samurai t-square regularity lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma samurai t-square regularity lemma
+is a very powerful tool in modern graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very powerful tool in modern graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very powerful tool in modern graph
+theory developed back in the 70s today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory developed back in the 70s today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory developed back in the 70s today I
+want to show you the statement and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you the statement and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you the statement and a
+proof of the scraf regularity lemma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the scraf regularity lemma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the scraf regularity lemma and
+next time we'll see how to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll see how to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll see how to apply the
+lemma for graph theoretic applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma for graph theoretic applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma for graph theoretic applications
+and we'll also use it to give a proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also use it to give a proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll also use it to give a proof of
+Ross theorem the idea of some Reddy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem the idea of some Reddy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ross theorem the idea of some Reddy's
+regularity lemma is that if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma is that if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma is that if you are
+given a very large graph and it's a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a very large graph and it's a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a very large graph and it's a 30
+robust theorem so any large tense crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust theorem so any large tense crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust theorem so any large tense crap
+and here dents means let's say positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here dents means let's say positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here dents means let's say positive
+edge density then it is possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge density then it is possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge density then it is possible to
+partition the vertex set of this graph G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the vertex set of this graph G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the vertex set of this graph G
+into a bounded number of pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that G looks random like between most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that G looks random like between most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that G looks random like between most
+pairs of parts so for instance I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of parts so for instance I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of parts so for instance I might
+produce for you a partition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce for you a partition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce for you a partition of the
+vertex set into some number of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set into some number of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set into some number of parts
+I'll draw five here and so you give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw five here and so you give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw five here and so you give me a
+graph G I managed to produce for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G I managed to produce for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph G I managed to produce for you
+this vertex partition so that if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex partition so that if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex partition so that if I look
+at between a typical pair of parts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at between a typical pair of parts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at between a typical pair of parts you
+see here maybe the edge density is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here maybe the edge density is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here maybe the edge density is close
+to 0.2 but otherwise the bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.2 but otherwise the bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0.2 but otherwise the bipartite graph
+looks like a random graph in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a random graph in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a random graph in some
+precise sense I will describe in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise sense I will describe in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise sense I will describe in a bit
+and if you look at what the graph looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at what the graph looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at what the graph looks
+like between another pair of parts maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like between another pair of parts maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like between another pair of parts maybe
+now it's a different edge density maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a different edge density maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a different edge density maybe
+it's around 0.4 and again looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around 0.4 and again looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around 0.4 and again looks like a
+random graph with that density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph with that density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph with that density
+so in some sense similarities regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense similarities regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense similarities regularity
+lemma is a universal structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is a universal structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is a universal structural
+description that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description that allows you to
+approximate a graph by a bounded amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a graph by a bounded amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a graph by a bounded amount
+of information so that's informally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information so that's informally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information so that's informally the
+idea and you can already sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and you can already sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and you can already sense that this
+can be a very powerful tool it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very powerful tool it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very powerful tool it doesn't
+matter what graph you input you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what graph you input you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what graph you input you apply
+this lemma and you get a approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma and you get a approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma and you get a approximate
+structural or as later on we'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural or as later on we'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural or as later on we'll see it's
+also in some sense an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in some sense an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in some sense an analytic
+description of the graph so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the graph so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the graph so the first
+part of today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll develop just a statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll develop just a statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll develop just a statement of the
+struggle every lemma show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle every lemma show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle every lemma show you what
+exactly do I mean by random like or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do I mean by random like or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly do I mean by random like or
+first let me give some definitions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me give some definitions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let me give some definitions I
+denote by the letter e if I input a pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by the letter e if I input a pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote by the letter e if I input a pair
+of vertex s x and y here I might later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertex s x and y here I might later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertex s x and y here I might later
+on drop the subscript G if it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on drop the subscript G if it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on drop the subscript G if it's clear
+that I'm always talking about some graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm always talking about some graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm always talking about some graph
+G so this is basically the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so this is basically the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G so this is basically the number of
+edges between x and y and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between x and y and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between x and y and I say
+basically because even though I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because even though I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because even though I will
+draw and depict everything as if x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and depict everything as if x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw and depict everything as if x and y
+are disjoint sets and that's the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disjoint sets and that's the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disjoint sets and that's the easiest
+case to think about I'm also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to think about I'm also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case to think about I'm also going to
+allow X or Y to overlap and also allow x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow X or Y to overlap and also allow x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow X or Y to overlap and also allow x
+and y to be the same set in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y to be the same set in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y to be the same set in which case
+you should read the definition still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should read the definition still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should read the definition still
+what this means but it's fine to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means but it's fine to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means but it's fine to think
+of it as the stone set so you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as the stone set so you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as the stone set so you're looking
+at a bipartite graph between x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bipartite graph between x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a bipartite graph between x and y
+we're also going to look at the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to look at the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to look at the edge
+density between x and y and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density between x and y and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density between x and y and this is
+simply the number of edges divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the number of edges divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the number of edges divided by
+the product of the sizes of the sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the sizes of the sets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the sizes of the sets so
+what fraction of the possible pairs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of the possible pairs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of the possible pairs are
+actual edges so from now on I'll refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edges so from now on I'll refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edges so from now on I'll refer
+to this quantity as edge density okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this quantity as edge density okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this quantity as edge density okay so
+now here's the definition of what random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the definition of what random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the definition of what random
+like means for the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like means for the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like means for the purpose of
+similarities regularity lemma so define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma so define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma so define
+a notion of an epsilon regular pair to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of an epsilon regular pair to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a notion of an epsilon regular pair to
+be as follows so throughout and later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as follows so throughout and later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as follows so throughout and later on
+our or might even saying this G will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our or might even saying this G will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our or might even saying this G will be
+some graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some graph
+and we're going to be looking at subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be looking at subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be looking at subsets
+of vertices of G and we say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices of G and we say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices of G and we say that this
+pair of subset of vertices is epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of subset of vertices is epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of subset of vertices is epsilon
+regular again in Jeep and later on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular again in Jeep and later on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular again in Jeep and later on our
+even drop saying in G if it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even drop saying in G if it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even drop saying in G if it's clear
+which graph were working with so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which graph were working with so we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which graph were working with so we say
+X and y is epsilon regular if for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and y is epsilon regular if for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and y is epsilon regular if for all
+subsets a of X all be subsets of Y that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets a of X all be subsets of Y that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets a of X all be subsets of Y that
+are not too small so each at least an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too small so each at least an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too small so each at least an
+epsilon proportion of the sets that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon proportion of the sets that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon proportion of the sets that they
+live in we find that the edge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in we find that the edge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in we find that the edge density
+between a and B differs from the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B differs from the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and B differs from the edge
+density between x and y by no more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density between x and y by no more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density between x and y by no more than
+epsilon let me draw you a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon let me draw you a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon let me draw you a picture
+I have sets a and B so I've set x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have sets a and B so I've set x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have sets a and B so I've set x and y
+in my graph G and I want to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my graph G and I want to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my graph G and I want to say that the
+edges between x and y are epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between x and y are epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between x and y are epsilon
+regular random like if the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular random like if the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular random like if the following
+holds that whenever I pick a subset a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that whenever I pick a subset a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that whenever I pick a subset a in
+the left set and a subset B of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left set and a subset B of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left set and a subset B of the right
+set the edge density between a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the edge density between a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the edge density between a and B
+it's approximately the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's approximately the same as the
+overall an edge density between x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall an edge density between x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall an edge density between x and y
+so in particular this bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this bipartite graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular this bipartite graph
+for instance it's not really dancing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance it's not really dancing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance it's not really dancing one
+part and really sparse in another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and really sparse in another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and really sparse in another part
+somehow the edges are evenly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the edges are evenly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the edges are evenly distributed
+in this precise manner so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this precise manner so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this precise manner so that's the
+definition of epsilon regular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of epsilon regular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of epsilon regular it's
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the questions here why we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the questions here why we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the questions here why we're using
+the same epsilon here here and there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same epsilon here here and there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same epsilon here here and there and
+that's a great question so that's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question so that's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question so that's mostly
+out of convenience so you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of convenience so you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of convenience so you could use
+different parameters and they do play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters and they do play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameters and they do play
+somewhat different roles but at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different roles but at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different roles but at the end
+will generally be looking at one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generally be looking at one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generally be looking at one type of
+epsilon so we just make our life easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so we just make our life easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon so we just make our life easier
+so you could extend the definition by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could extend the definition by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could extend the definition by
+having an epsilon comma 8 huh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an epsilon comma 8 huh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an epsilon comma 8 huh if you
+like but it will not be necessary for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it will not be necessary for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but it will not be necessary for us
+and mostly for simplification any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly for simplification any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mostly for simplification any more
+questions all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you have a pair X Y that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a pair X Y that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a pair X Y that is not
+epsilon regular I just want to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular I just want to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular I just want to introduce
+a piece of terminology so you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of terminology so you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of terminology so you can read
+from the definition what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the definition what it means to be
+not Epsilon regular and sometimes I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Epsilon regular and sometimes I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Epsilon regular and sometimes I will
+say epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say epsilon
+regular but to be precise I'll stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular but to be precise I'll stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular but to be precise I'll stick
+with not epsilon regular then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not epsilon regular then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not epsilon regular then we can
+exhibit this a and B that witnesses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit this a and B that witnesses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit this a and B that witnesses that
+you regularity so if X Y it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you regularity so if X Y it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you regularity so if X Y it's not
+epsilon regular then pair irregularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is say it's witnessed by some pair a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say it's witnessed by some pair a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say it's witnessed by some pair a in
+X and B Y satisfying or basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and B Y satisfying or basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and B Y satisfying or basically you
+read the definition and such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the definition and such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the definition and such that the
+density between a and B differs quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density between a and B differs quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density between a and B differs quite a
+bit from the density between x and y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from the density between x and y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit from the density between x and y so
+when I say to exhibit a witness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say to exhibit a witness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say to exhibit a witness
+irregularity that's what I mean now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity that's what I mean now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity that's what I mean now
+there's a bit of an unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of an unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bit of an unfortunate
+nomenclature in graph theory where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature in graph theory where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature in graph theory where
+previously we said D regular graphs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we said D regular graphs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously we said D regular graphs to
+mean that every word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that every word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that every word
+the greedy and now we say epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greedy and now we say epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greedy and now we say epsilon
+regular to mean this sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular to mean this sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular to mean this sorry about that
+these are both standard so usually from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both standard so usually from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are both standard so usually from
+contacts is clear which one is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is what I means for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what I means for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is what I means for a
+single pair of vertex s to be epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pair of vertex s to be epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pair of vertex s to be epsilon
+regular but now I give you a graph and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular but now I give you a graph and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular but now I give you a graph and I
+give you a partition of the vertex set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a partition of the vertex set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a partition of the vertex set
+all right so what does it mean for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what does it mean for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what does it mean for that
+partition to be epsilon regular here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition to be epsilon regular here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition to be epsilon regular here
+it's a second definition epsilon regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second definition epsilon regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second definition epsilon regular
+partition so we say that a partition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so we say that a partition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so we say that a partition and
+generally out to no partitions by curly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally out to no partitions by curly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally out to no partitions by curly
+letters such as that P so the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters such as that P so the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters such as that P so the partition
+well divide a vertex set into a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well divide a vertex set into a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well divide a vertex set into a bunch of
+subsets so we say that that partition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets so we say that that partition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets so we say that that partition is
+epsilon regular if the following is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular if the following is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular if the following is true
+if I sum over all pairs of irregular or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sum over all pairs of irregular or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I sum over all pairs of irregular or
+pairs of vertex sets that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertex sets that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertex sets that are not
+epsilon regular so over VI VJ not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so over VI VJ not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so over VI VJ not
+epsilon regular and sum over the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular and sum over the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular and sum over the product
+of their sizes then what I would like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their sizes then what I would like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their sizes then what I would like is
+for the sum to be at most epsilon times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sum to be at most epsilon times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sum to be at most epsilon times
+the number of pairs of vertices in G in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pairs of vertices in G in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pairs of vertices in G in
+other words a small fraction of pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a small fraction of pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words a small fraction of pairs of
+vertices not necessarily edges such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices not necessarily edges such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices not necessarily edges such as
+pairs of vertices lie between pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertices lie between pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertices lie between pairs of
+vertex parts that are not epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex parts that are not epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex parts that are not epsilon
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+and so for instance if you do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for instance if you do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for instance if you do not have
+Epsilon if all of your parents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if all of your parents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon if all of your parents are
+Epsilon regular then the partition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon regular then the partition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon regular then the partition is
+Epsilon regular but I do allow a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon regular but I do allow a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon regular but I do allow a small
+number of blemishes and that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of blemishes and that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of blemishes and that will be
+necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just to clarify a subtle point here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to clarify a subtle point here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to clarify a subtle point here here
+I do allow in the summation I equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do allow in the summation I equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do allow in the summation I equals to
+J although in practice it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J although in practice it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J although in practice it doesn't really
+matter you'll see that it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you'll see that it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you'll see that it's not really
+going to come up as an issue and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up as an issue and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up as an issue and one of
+the reasons that it's not going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that it's not going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that it's not going to come
+up as an issue is usually when we apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as an issue is usually when we apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as an issue is usually when we apply
+this lemma we're going to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma we're going to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lemma we're going to have a lot of
+parts in fact we can make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in fact we can make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts in fact we can make sure that
+there's a minimum number of parts and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum number of parts and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minimum number of parts and if
+all the parts are none of the parts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts are none of the parts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parts are none of the parts are
+too big then having I equals to J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big then having I equals to J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big then having I equals to J
+contribute very little to that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute very little to that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute very little to that sum
+anyway in particular if all the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in particular if all the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in particular if all the set
+sizes in this partition are roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes in this partition are roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes in this partition are roughly the
+same so if they're all roughly one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if they're all roughly one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so if they're all roughly one over
+k fraction of the entire vertex set then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k fraction of the entire vertex set then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k fraction of the entire vertex set then
+that statement up there being epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statement up there being epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that statement up there being epsilon
+regular partition up to changing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition up to changing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition up to changing this
+epsilon is basically the same as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is basically the same as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is basically the same as saying
+that fewer than epsilon fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fewer than epsilon fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fewer than epsilon fraction of the
+pair's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VI VJ r naught epsilon regular and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI VJ r naught epsilon regular and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI VJ r naught epsilon regular and here
+if K is large enough I can even let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if K is large enough I can even let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if K is large enough I can even let you
+make I and J different it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I and J different it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make I and J different it's not going to
+affect things after small changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect things after small changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect things after small changes in
+Epsilon so when it comes to so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so when it comes to so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon so when it comes to so for
+people who are seeing similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are seeing similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are seeing similarities
+regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity
+dilemma for the first time I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma for the first time I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma for the first time I think that
+maybe all of you most of you I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all of you most of you I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all of you most of you I don't
+want you to focus on the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to focus on the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to focus on the precise
+statements so much as the spirit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so much as the spirit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements so much as the spirit of the
+lemma because if you get to nitty-gritty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma because if you get to nitty-gritty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma because if you get to nitty-gritty
+with oh you know it's that same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oh you know it's that same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with oh you know it's that same as that
+epsilon you get very confused very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon you get very confused very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon you get very confused very
+quickly so I want you focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I want you focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly so I want you focus on the
+spirit of this this lemma meow I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of this this lemma meow I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of this this lemma meow I will
+state everything precisely but the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state everything precisely but the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state everything precisely but the idea
+is that most pairs are not epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that most pairs are not epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that most pairs are not epsilon
+regular and don't worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and don't worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and don't worry too much about
+if you're allowed to take I equals a J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're allowed to take I equals a J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're allowed to take I equals a J
+or not so now we're ready to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so now we're ready to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so now we're ready to state
+separatist regularity lemma and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatist regularity lemma and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separatist regularity lemma and it says
+that for every epsilon there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every epsilon there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every epsilon there exists some
+constant M depending only on epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant M depending only on epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant M depending only on epsilon
+such that every graph has an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that every graph has an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that every graph has an epsilon
+regular partition into at most M parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you give me the epsilon for example 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me the epsilon for example 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me the epsilon for example 1%
+and there exists some constant such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists some constant such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists some constant such that
+every graph has a 1% regular partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph has a 1% regular partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph has a 1% regular partition
+into a bounded number of parts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bounded number of parts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bounded number of parts in
+particular and this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and this is very important
+make sure you understand this part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you understand this part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you understand this part that
+the number of parts does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parts does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parts does not depend on
+the size of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's true that for some grass maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's true that for some grass maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's true that for some grass maybe
+you do need very many parts but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need very many parts but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do need very many parts but the
+number of parts does not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parts does not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parts does not get
+substantially bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially bigger
+what does not exceed this pound even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does not exceed this pound even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does not exceed this pound even if
+you look at graphs that have unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at graphs that have unbounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at graphs that have unbounded
+size or so it is really a universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or so it is really a universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size or so it is really a universal
+theorem in the sense that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the sense that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the sense that it's
+independent of the size of the graph any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the size of the graph any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the size of the graph any
+questions about the statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the statement of this
+theorem yes that's right okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem yes that's right okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem yes that's right okay so the
+question is why did I say that G is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why did I say that G is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why did I say that G is a
+large dense graph and that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dense graph and that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dense graph and that's a great
+question and it's because if G had a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it's because if G had a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it's because if G had a sub
+linear number of edges then I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of edges then I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear number of edges then I claim that
+all if you take if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you take if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all if you take if you look at the
+definition of epsilon regular pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of epsilon regular pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of epsilon regular pair and
+your epsilon is a constant and if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your epsilon is a constant and if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your epsilon is a constant and if your
+edge densities are sub linear then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge densities are sub linear then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge densities are sub linear then all
+of these guys they are little o of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys they are little o of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys they are little o of 1
+they go to 0 so trivially you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to 0 so trivially you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go to 0 so trivially you will
+satisfy the epsilon regular condition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the epsilon regular condition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the epsilon regular condition so
+if your graph is sparse sparse in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your graph is sparse sparse in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your graph is sparse sparse in a
+sense of having sub quadratic number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of having sub quadratic number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of having sub quadratic number of
+edges then you trivially obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then you trivially obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges then you trivially obtained
+epsilon regularity and so the theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regularity and so the theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regularity and so the theorem is
+still true it's just not meaningful it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true it's just not meaningful it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still true it's just not meaningful it's
+just not useful but there are settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not useful but there are settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not useful but there are settings
+we're having sparse graphs and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having sparse graphs and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're having sparse graphs and we'll
+come back to this later in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this later in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this later in the course
+it's important to explore what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to explore what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to explore what happens
+to sparse graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes M is independent of G and depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes M is independent of G and depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes M is independent of G and depends
+only on Epsilon okay question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on Epsilon okay question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on Epsilon okay question is what
+happens when M is very large but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when M is very large but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when M is very large but they're
+not enough vertices in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough vertices in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough vertices in the graph
+well if your M is a million and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if your M is a million and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if your M is a million and your
+graph only has a thousand vertices where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph only has a thousand vertices where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph only has a thousand vertices where
+you can do is have every vertex be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is have every vertex be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is have every vertex be its
+own part every vertex is on part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own part every vertex is on part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own part every vertex is on part a
+singleton partition and you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singleton partition and you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singleton partition and you can check
+that that partition satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that partition satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that partition satisfies the
+properties every pair is a single edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties every pair is a single edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties every pair is a single edge
+and this epsilon regular okay so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this epsilon regular okay so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this epsilon regular okay so my
+understanding what you're asking is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what you're asking is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what you're asking is in
+the definition up there the sum is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition up there the sum is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition up there the sum is we
+put the pair in the sum of this epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the pair in the sum of this epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the pair in the sum of this epsilon
+regular and otherwise don't put it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and otherwise don't put it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and otherwise don't put it is
+there some gradual way to put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some gradual way to put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some gradual way to put some
+measure of irregularity into that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of irregularity into that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of irregularity into that sum
+and there are versions of regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are versions of regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are versions of regularity
+lemma that do that but they're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma that do that but they're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma that do that but they're all in
+spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit
+morley the same as that one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in formal definition what does random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in formal definition what does random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in formal definition what does random
+like me this is the formal definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me this is the formal definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me this is the formal definition of
+when random like means so actually later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when random like means so actually later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when random like means so actually later
+on in the course one of the chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the course one of the chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the course one of the chapters
+this will explore what pseudo random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will explore what pseudo random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will explore what pseudo random
+graphs are so pseudo random graph in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are so pseudo random graph in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs are so pseudo random graph in
+some sense means graph that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense means graph that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense means graph that are not
+random but in behave in some sense like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but in behave in some sense like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but in behave in some sense like
+random so random like generally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so random like generally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so random like generally just
+means that in some aspect in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in some aspect in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that in some aspect in some
+property it looks like a random object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it looks like a random object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it looks like a random object
+and this is one way that something can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one way that something can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one way that something can
+look like random so a random graph has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like random so a random graph has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like random so a random graph has
+this property but random graphs also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property but random graphs also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property but random graphs also
+have many other properties that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many other properties that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many other properties that are not
+being exhibited in this definition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exhibited in this definition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exhibited in this definition but
+this is one way that graph can look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way that graph can look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way that graph can look like
+random so that's a great question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so that's a great question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so that's a great question and
+we'll come back to that topic later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that topic later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that topic later in
+the course all these are great questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course all these are great questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course all these are great questions
+right so some where it is regular till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some where it is regular till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so some where it is regular till
+about the first time you see it it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first time you see it it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first time you see it it can
+look somewhat scary but I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat scary but I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look somewhat scary but I want you to
+try to understand it more conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand it more conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand it more conceptually
+so please do ask questions okay before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please do ask questions okay before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so please do ask questions okay before
+diving into the proof I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving into the proof I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving into the proof I want to make a
+few more remarks about a statement it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more remarks about a statement it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more remarks about a statement it is
+possible to okay so we will prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to okay so we will prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to okay so we will prove this
+version of the regularity lemma but as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the regularity lemma but as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the regularity lemma but as I
+mentioned it's the spirit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it's the spirit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it's the spirit of the
+regularity lemma that I care more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma that I care more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma that I care more about
+and there and it's a very robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and it's a very robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and it's a very robust
+statement you can add on extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you can add on extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement you can add on extra
+decorations that somehow it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations that somehow it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorations that somehow it doesn't
+change the spirit and the proof will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the spirit and the proof will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the spirit and the proof will be
+more or less the same before various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same before various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same before various
+applications will be slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications will be slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications will be slightly more
+useful so in particular it is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so in particular it is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so in particular it is possible
+to make be partitioned equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and equitable partitions sometimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equitable partitions sometimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equitable partitions sometimes is
+also called an ugly partition meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called an ugly partition meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called an ugly partition meaning
+that it has such that all the a is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has such that all the a is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has such that all the a is all
+the VIS have sizes differing by a most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VIS have sizes differing by a most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VIS have sizes differing by a most
+one so basically all the parts have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so basically all the parts have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so basically all the parts have the
+same size up to a most one because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size up to a most one because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size up to a most one because of
+the visibility so let me state a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visibility so let me state a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visibility so let me state a version
+of regularity lemma for equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regularity lemma for equitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regularity lemma for equitable
+partitions for every epsilon M local M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions for every epsilon M local M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions for every epsilon M local M
+not there exists a Big M such that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there exists a Big M such that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there exists a Big M such that every
+graph has an epsilon regular equitable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph has an epsilon regular equitable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph has an epsilon regular equitable
+partition of the vertex set into K parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the vertex set into K parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition of the vertex set into K parts
+where K is at least little m so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is at least little m so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where K is at least little m so I can
+guarantee a minimum number of parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee a minimum number of parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee a minimum number of parts and
+at most some bounded number again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most some bounded number again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most some bounded number again this
+bound may depend on your inputs epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound may depend on your inputs epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound may depend on your inputs epsilon
+and M not M not but it does not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M not M not but it does not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M not M not but it does not depend
+on the graph itself and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph itself and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph itself and you see the
+slightly stronger conclusion and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly stronger conclusion and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly stronger conclusion and for
+many applications is more convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications is more convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many applications is more convenient to
+use this formulation and I'll comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this formulation and I'll comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this formulation and I'll comment on
+how you might modify the proof of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might modify the proof of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you might modify the proof of that
+the world should see today into while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world should see today into while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world should see today into while
+where you can guarantee equitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can guarantee equitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can guarantee equitability
+right and you see that for this M little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you see that for this M little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you see that for this M little
+m not too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example if it's somewhat larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's somewhat larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if it's somewhat larger than
+one over epsilon when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over epsilon when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over epsilon when you look at the
+definition of epsilon regular partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of epsilon regular partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of epsilon regular partition
+it suffices to check that a most epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suffices to check that a most epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suffices to check that a most epsilon
+K square epsilon fraction of the pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square epsilon fraction of the pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square epsilon fraction of the pairs
+VI be J epsilon regular / I different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI be J epsilon regular / I different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI be J epsilon regular / I different
+from J again up to changing epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from J again up to changing epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from J again up to changing epsilon
+let's say by a factor of two so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say by a factor of two so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say by a factor of two so there
+all these all of these definitions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all of these definitions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all of these definitions are
+basically the same up to a small changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same up to a small changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same up to a small changes
+in the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next time we'll see how to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll see how to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll see how to apply the
+regularity lemma and we will apply it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and we will apply it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and we will apply it in
+in the first form but you see the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first form but you see the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first form but you see the second
+form guarantees you a somewhat stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form guarantees you a somewhat stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form guarantees you a somewhat stronger
+conclusion and sometimes more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and sometimes more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and sometimes more convenient
+to use so for example on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use so for example on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use so for example on the homework
+problems if you wish to use a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you wish to use a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems if you wish to use a second
+form then please go ahead so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form then please go ahead so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form then please go ahead so just to
+make your life somewhat easier but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your life somewhat easier but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your life somewhat easier but it
+essentially captures all the spirit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially captures all the spirit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially captures all the spirit of
+similarities regularity lemma any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma any
+questions so far I want to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far I want to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far I want to explain the
+idea of the proof of the regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the proof of the regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the proof of the regularity
+lemma and this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and this is very important
+technique in this area called the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in this area called the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in this area called the energy
+increment argument here's the idea we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment argument here's the idea we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment argument here's the idea we
+start with some partition so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some partition so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some partition so for example
+the trivial partition and by that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trivial partition and by that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trivial partition and by that I mean
+you only have one part all the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one part all the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one part all the vertices
+are in one part you're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in one part you're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in one part you're not doing
+anything to the vertex set this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the vertex set this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to the vertex set this one
+gigantic part or if you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic part or if you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic part or if you're looking at
+some other variant you can easily modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other variant you can easily modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other variant you can easily modify
+the proof so for example you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof so for example you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof so for example you can also
+look at an arbitrary partition into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an arbitrary partition into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an arbitrary partition into
+little m not parts if you wish to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m not parts if you wish to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m not parts if you wish to have
+that as your starting point so all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as your starting point so all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as your starting point so all I'm
+saying that this proof is fairly robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this proof is fairly robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this proof is fairly robust
+and we're going to do some iterations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as your partition is not epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your partition is not epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as your partition is not epsilon
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will do something to the partition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do something to the partition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do something to the partition to
+move forward and what we will do is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward and what we will do is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward and what we will do is look
+at each pair of parts in your partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each pair of parts in your partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each pair of parts in your partition
+that's not epsilon regular well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not epsilon regular well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not epsilon regular well if
+they're not epsilon regular then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not epsilon regular then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not epsilon regular then I can
+find a pair of subsets which ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pair of subsets which ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a pair of subsets which ought to
+know by the ace that witnesses this non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the ace that witnesses this non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know by the ace that witnesses this non
+regularity so that witness is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity so that witness is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity so that witness is the
+irregularity and we start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity and we start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity and we start with some
+partition so now let us refine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so now let us refine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition so now let us refine the
+partition into a partition even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition into a partition even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition into a partition even even
+more parts by simultaneously refine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parts by simultaneously refine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parts by simultaneously refine the
+partition using all of these AI J's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition using all of these AI J's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition using all of these AI J's that
+we found in the step above so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found in the step above so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found in the step above so you start
+with some partition if it is not regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some partition if it is not regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some partition if it is not regular
+I can chop up the various parts in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can chop up the various parts in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can chop up the various parts in some
+way so I start with some partition over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I start with some partition over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I start with some partition over
+here and what we're going to do is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what we're going to do is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and what we're going to do is well
+let's say between these two it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say between these two it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say between these two it's not
+epsilon regular so I can find some pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so I can find some pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so I can find some pairs
+of vertex sets that exhibits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertex sets that exhibits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertex sets that exhibits the
+irregularity I chop it up and I can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity I chop it up and I can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity I chop it up and I can keep
+further chopping up the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further chopping up the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further chopping up the rest of the
+parts if these two parts are not epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts if these two parts are not epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts if these two parts are not epsilon
+regular then I chop it up like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular then I chop it up like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular then I chop it up like that and
+I can keep on doing it and origin only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can keep on doing it and origin only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can keep on doing it and origin only
+have three parts now I have twelve parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three parts now I have twelve parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three parts now I have twelve parts
+and this is a refine partition I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a refine partition I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a refine partition I know I
+repeat until I am done right I am done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat until I am done right I am done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat until I am done right I am done
+when I obtain a partition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I obtain a partition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I obtain a partition that is
+epsilon regular now the basic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular now the basic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular now the basic question
+when it comes to the strategy is are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the strategy is are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to the strategy is are you
+ever going to be done when are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be done when are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be done when are you going
+to be done and if this process goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done and if this process goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be done and if this process goes on
+forever or goes on for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever or goes on for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever or goes on for a very long time
+then you might have a lot of parts but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have a lot of parts but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might have a lot of parts but
+we want to guarantee that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to guarantee that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to guarantee that there's a
+bounded number of parts so what we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of parts so what we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded number of parts so what we will
+show is that we're to show that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that we're to show that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show is that we're to show that you have
+a small number of parts in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of parts in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small number of parts in other words
+why does this process even stop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this process even stop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this process even stop in
+particular we want it to stop after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we want it to stop after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we want it to stop after a
+small number of steps after a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of steps after a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of steps after a bounded
+number of steps and to do this we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps and to do this we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps and to do this we will
+define some notion called an energy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some notion called an energy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some notion called an energy of a
+partition and this energy will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and this energy will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and this energy will increase
+was the first of all the energy is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first of all the energy is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first of all the energy is some
+quantity that we will define that lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we will define that lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we will define that lies
+between 0 and 1 is some real number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 is some real number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 and 1 is some real number line
+between 0 & 1 and each step the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 and each step the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 0 & 1 and each step the energy
+goes up by some specific quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore because the energy cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore because the energy cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore because the energy cannot
+increase pass 1 this iteration stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase pass 1 this iteration stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase pass 1 this iteration stops
+after a bounded number of steps and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a bounded number of steps and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a bounded number of steps and once
+it's done we end up with a epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done we end up with a epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done we end up with a epsilon
+regular partition so that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition so that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition so that's the basic
+strategy and what I want to show you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and what I want to show you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and what I want to show you is
+how to execute that strategy any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to execute that strategy any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to execute that strategy any
+questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so far
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I understand correctly you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I understand correctly you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I understand correctly you were
+worried about between different pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about between different pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about between different pairs
+you might have interactions so you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have interactions so you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have interactions so you are
+seeing the proof but I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the proof but I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the proof but I think this is
+actually a very important and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very important and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very important and very
+somewhat subtle point is that I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat subtle point is that I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat subtle point is that I do not
+refined at each step I find a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined at each step I find a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refined at each step I find a pair of
+witnessing sets I find all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing sets I find all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing sets I find all of these
+winnings witnessing sets all at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnings witnessing sets all at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnings witnessing sets all at the same
+time and I refined everything all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I refined everything all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I refined everything all at
+once that is okay because this step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that is okay because this step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that is okay because this step
+doesn't care if you have to witnessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care if you have to witnessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care if you have to witnessing
+sets that overlap that is okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that overlap that is okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets that overlap that is okay I will
+see the proof yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay question is do we find just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question is do we find just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay question is do we find just one
+pair winning since witnessing sets even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair winning since witnessing sets even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair winning since witnessing sets even
+though there could be more and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there could be more and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there could be more and the
+answer is yes we just need to find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes we just need to find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes we just need to find one
+there could be lots if it's not reps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be lots if it's not reps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be lots if it's not reps
+alone regular it might be very not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone regular it might be very not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone regular it might be very not
+Epsilon regular and in fact being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon regular and in fact being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon regular and in fact being a
+witnessing set it's a fairly robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set it's a fairly robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set it's a fairly robust
+notion if you just take out the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion if you just take out the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion if you just take out the small
+number of vertices it's still witnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices it's still witnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices it's still witnesses
+witnessing set any more questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set any more questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set any more questions okay
+so let's take a quick break and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a quick break and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a quick break and then
+we'll see the proof let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the proof let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the proof let's get started
+with the proof of summarized regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proof of summarized regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proof of summarized regularity
+lemma and to do the proof I will want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and to do the proof I will want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma and to do the proof I will want to
+develop this notion of energy which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this notion of energy which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop this notion of energy which you
+saw in the proof sketch so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the proof sketch so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the proof sketch so what do I
+mean by energy well first if I let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by energy well first if I let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by energy well first if I let me
+define some quantities if I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some quantities if I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some quantities if I have two
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+subsets U and W let me define this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets U and W let me define this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets U and W let me define this
+quantity Q which is basically the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Q which is basically the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity Q which is basically the edge
+density squared but I normalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density squared but I normalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density squared but I normalize it
+somewhat according to how big U and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat according to how big U and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat according to how big U and W
+are I'm going to use the letter n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I'm going to use the letter n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I'm going to use the letter n to
+denote the number of vertices in G so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the number of vertices in G so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote the number of vertices in G so
+this is some Q and for partitions if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some Q and for partitions if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some Q and for partitions if I
+have a pair of partitions p u of U into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of partitions p u of U into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a pair of partitions p u of U into
+three parts and the partition PW of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts and the partition PW of W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts and the partition PW of W
+into L parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I set this Q of PU and P W to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set this Q of PU and P W to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I set this Q of PU and P W to be the
+quantity where I sum over basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity where I sum over basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity where I sum over basically all
+pairs one part from you one part from W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one part from you one part from W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one part from you one part from W
+of this Q between UI and W J so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Q between UI and W J so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Q between UI and W J so this is
+the density squared and I'm taking some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density squared and I'm taking some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density squared and I'm taking some
+kind of weighted average of the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weighted average of the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weighted average of the squared
+density so here it's a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so here it's a weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so here it's a weighted average
+if you prefer to think about a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer to think about a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you prefer to think about a special
+case where this partition is an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where this partition is an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where this partition is an equal
+partition then it is really the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition then it is really the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition then it is really the average
+of the squared densities it's a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squared densities it's a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the squared densities it's a mean
+square density and finally for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square density and finally for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square density and finally for a
+partition P of the vertex set of G into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P of the vertex set of G into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P of the vertex set of G into
+M parts we define the skew of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M parts we define the skew of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M parts we define the skew of this
+partition P to be Q of P with itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P to be Q of P with itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P to be Q of P with itself
+according to the previous definition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the previous definition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the previous definition or
+in other words I do this double sum i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I do this double sum i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I do this double sum i
+from 1 to M J from 1 to M Q of VI and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to M J from 1 to M Q of VI and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to M J from 1 to M Q of VI and
+this is the quantity that I will call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the quantity that I will call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the quantity that I will call
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the partition it is a mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partition it is a mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the partition it is a mean squared
+density some weighted mean of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density some weighted mean of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density some weighted mean of the edge
+densities between pairs of parts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities between pairs of parts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities between pairs of parts in the
+partition you may ask why is it called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition you may ask why is it called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition you may ask why is it called
+an energy so you might see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy so you might see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy so you might see from this
+formula here it's a some kind of mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here it's a some kind of mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here it's a some kind of mean
+square density so it's some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square density so it's some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square density so it's some kind of a
+average of squares so in particular it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of squares so in particular it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of squares so in particular it's
+some kind of an l2 quantity and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of an l2 quantity and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of an l2 quantity and there's
+a general phenomenon in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general phenomenon in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general phenomenon in mathematics
+I think borrowed from physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think borrowed from physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think borrowed from physical
+intuitions that you can pretty much call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions that you can pretty much call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitions that you can pretty much call
+anything that's an l2 quantity in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's an l2 quantity in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's an l2 quantity in energy
+and so that's I think where the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's I think where the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's I think where the name
+comes from so this is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from so this is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from so this is an important
+object for our proof and let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object for our proof and let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object for our proof and let's see how
+to execute the strategy the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute the strategy the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute the strategy the energy
+increment argument outlined on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment argument outlined on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment argument outlined on the board
+over there so we want to show that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so we want to show that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so we want to show that you
+can refine a partition that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refine a partition that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refine a partition that is not
+epsilon regular in such a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular in such a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular in such a way that the
+energy goes up and to do that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes up and to do that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy goes up and to do that let me
+state a few lemmas regarding the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a few lemmas regarding the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a few lemmas regarding the energy
+of a partition on the refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and the point of the next several lamas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of the next several lamas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point of the next several lamas
+is that the energy never decreases under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the energy never decreases under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the energy never decreases under
+refinement and sometimes increases if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement and sometimes increases if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement and sometimes increases if
+your graph is not apps if your partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph is not apps if your partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph is not apps if your partition
+is not epsilon regular okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not epsilon regular okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not epsilon regular okay so the first
+lemma is that if you look at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is that if you look at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is that if you look at the energy
+between a pair of partitions it is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of partitions it is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a pair of partitions it is never
+less than the energy between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the energy between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the energy between the two
+vertex sets so for instance if you unw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex sets so for instance if you unw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex sets so for instance if you unw
+like that and partition them into pu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and partition them into pu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and partition them into pu and
+PW and I measure the energy just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PW and I measure the energy just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PW and I measure the energy just
+basically the squared density between U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the squared density between U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the squared density between U
+and V versus summing up the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V versus summing up the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V versus summing up the individual
+square densities after the partition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square densities after the partition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square densities after the partition the
+left side is always at least the squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side is always at least the squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side is always at least the squared
+as the right side so this is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the right side so this is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the right side so this is really a
+claim it's a fairly simple clean about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim it's a fairly simple clean about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim it's a fairly simple clean about
+convexity but let me set it up in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity but let me set it up in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convexity but let me set it up in a way
+that will help some of the later proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help some of the later proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help some of the later proofs
+so let me define a random variable Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me define a random variable Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me define a random variable Z in
+the following way so here's a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way so here's a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following way so here's a process
+that we'll use to define this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll use to define this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll use to define this random
+variable I will select X little X to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I will select X little X to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable I will select X little X to be
+a vertex uniformly chosen from you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex uniformly chosen from you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex uniformly chosen from you from
+the left vertex set and I will select a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left vertex set and I will select a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left vertex set and I will select a
+vertex Y uniformly chosen from Dublin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so X&Y they fall into some part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so X&Y they fall into some part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so X&Y they fall into some part in
+the partition so suppose you I is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition so suppose you I is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition so suppose you I is the
+part where X I falls and WI is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where X I falls and WI is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where X I falls and WI is the set
+in the partition where Y falls right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the partition where Y falls right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the partition where Y falls right so
+U is a member of this partition w is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a member of this partition w is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a member of this partition w is a
+member of the other partition W then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the other partition W then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the other partition W then I
+define my random variable Z to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define my random variable Z to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define my random variable Z to be the
+edge density between UI and W j WJ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge density between UI and W j WJ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge density between UI and W j WJ so
+that's the definition pick X randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition pick X randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition pick X randomly
+pick y randomly suppose X falls in you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick y randomly suppose X falls in you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick y randomly suppose X falls in you I
+suppose Y falls in you J then Z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Y falls in you J then Z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose Y falls in you J then Z is the
+extensity between these two parts so Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensity between these two parts so Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensity between these two parts so Z
+is some random variable so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some random variable so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some random variable so let's look at
+properties of this random variable first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this random variable first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this random variable first
+what is this expectation it's a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this expectation it's a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this expectation it's a discrete
+random variable and you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable and you can easily
+compute all of these quantities by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute all of these quantities by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute all of these quantities by just
+summing up according to how Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up according to how Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing up according to how Z is
+generated so I look over all I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so I look over all I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so I look over all I and J
+what's the probability that X falls on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that X falls on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that X falls on
+UI it is the size of UI as a fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI it is the size of UI as a fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI it is the size of UI as a fraction of
+you what's the probability that Y falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the probability that Y falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the probability that Y falls
+in WJ it's the size of WJ as a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in WJ it's the size of WJ as a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in WJ it's the size of WJ as a fraction
+of the size of W and then Z is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of W and then Z is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of W and then Z is this
+quantity here so this is what I find to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here so this is what I find to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here so this is what I find to
+be the expectation of Z but you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expectation of Z but you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expectation of Z but you see the
+density multiplied by the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density multiplied by the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density multiplied by the product of the
+vertex set sizes that's just the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set sizes that's just the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex set sizes that's just the number
+of edges between u and W and you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges between u and W and you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges between u and W and you sum
+over all the I J's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that which is simply the edge density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is simply the edge density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is simply the edge density
+between U and W so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and W so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and W so that's the
+expectation of the Z variable on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the Z variable on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the Z variable on the
+other hand what's the second moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand what's the second moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand what's the second moment in
+other words what's the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what's the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words what's the expectation of
+the square of Z again we do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of Z again we do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of Z again we do the same
+computation first part is the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation first part is the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation first part is the same the
+second part now becomes a d square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part now becomes a d square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part now becomes a d square and
+well look at what how we define energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at what how we define energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look at what how we define energy
+this quantity here is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity here is basically the
+energy q between the partition you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy q between the partition you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy q between the partition you and
+the partition of W except there say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition of W except there say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition of W except there say
+there's normalization that's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's normalization that's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's normalization that's not quite
+the same as the one we used before so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the one we used before so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the one we used before so we
+all just put in that normalization all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just put in that normalization all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just put in that normalization all
+right so now you compare the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now you compare the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now you compare the expectation
+of Z versus the expectation of Z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z versus the expectation of Z squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Z versus the expectation of Z squared
+and we know by convexity that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know by convexity that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know by convexity that the
+expectation of Z squared is that least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z squared is that least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z squared is that least
+as large as the expectation of Z that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as the expectation of Z that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large as the expectation of Z that
+quantity squared but if you plug in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared but if you plug in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity squared but if you plug in what
+values you get for these two guys you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you get for these two guys you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you get for these two guys you
+derive the inequality claimed in lemma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to cancel some normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to cancel some normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to cancel some normalization
+factors but that's easy to do so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors but that's easy to do so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors but that's easy to do so that's
+the first lemma the second one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lemma the second one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lemma the second one now
+alright so the first one is just about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the first one is just about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so the first one is just about a
+pair of parts and then if I partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of parts and then if I partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of parts and then if I partition
+each part what happens to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part what happens to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each part what happens to the energy
+between this pair and the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this pair and the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this pair and the second one is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+direct corollary of the first one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct corollary of the first one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct corollary of the first one says
+that if you have a second partition P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a second partition P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a second partition P
+Prime that refines P then the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that refines P then the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that refines P then the energy of
+the second partition the refinement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partition the refinement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second partition the refinement is
+never less than the energy of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never less than the energy of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never less than the energy of the first
+partition and it is a direct consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and it is a direct consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and it is a direct consequence
+of the first lemma because we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first lemma because we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first lemma because we simply
+apply this lemma to every pair of parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this lemma to every pair of parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this lemma to every pair of parts
+in P between every pair of parts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P between every pair of parts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P between every pair of parts the
+energy can never go down so overall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can never go down so overall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can never go down so overall the
+energy does not go down and finally so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy does not go down and finally so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy does not go down and finally so
+so far we just said that the partitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we just said that the partitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we just said that the partitions
+can never make the energy go down but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never make the energy go down but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never make the energy go down but in
+order to do this proof we need to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this proof we need to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do this proof we need to show
+that the energy sometimes goes up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy sometimes goes up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy sometimes goes up and
+that's the point of a third lemma so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of a third lemma so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the point of a third lemma so the
+third lemma is tells us that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lemma is tells us that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lemma is tells us that you can get
+an energy boost so this is the red ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy boost so this is the red ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy boost so this is the red ball
+an energy boost if you are feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy boost if you are feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy boost if you are feeling
+irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you w is not epsilon regular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you w is not epsilon regular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you w is not epsilon regular and
+this epsilon regularity is witnessed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you one in u and w one in W then I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one in u and w one in W then I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one in u and w one in W then I claim
+that the energy obtained by chopping u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy obtained by chopping u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy obtained by chopping u
+into u one and it's complement against W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into u one and it's complement against W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into u one and it's complement against W
+one against the complement of W 1 and W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one against the complement of W 1 and W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one against the complement of W 1 and W
+so here I again U and W I find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I again U and W I find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I again U and W I find a
+witnessing set for their irregularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set for their irregularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set for their irregularity
+and now I partition left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I partition left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I partition left and right
+according to chop each part into two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to chop each part into two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to chop each part into two so
+this energy between this partition into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy between this partition into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy between this partition into
+two on both sides is bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on both sides is bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on both sides is bigger than the
+original energy plus something where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original energy plus something where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original energy plus something where we
+can gain and there's something where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gain and there's something where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gain and there's something where we
+can gain turns out to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gain turns out to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can gain turns out to be at least
+epsilon raised to the power four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon raised to the power four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon raised to the power four times
+size of you size of W divided by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of you size of W divided by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of you size of W divided by and
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me prove it let's define Z the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me prove it let's define Z the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me prove it let's define Z the same
+as in the previous proof I say the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the previous proof I say the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the previous proof I say the proof
+of lemma one in remin one we just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lemma one in remin one we just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lemma one in remin one we just use
+the fact that the l2 norm of Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the l2 norm of Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the l2 norm of Z the
+expectation of the square is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the square is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the square is at least
+square of the expectation but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the expectation but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the expectation but actually
+their difference as a nick let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their difference as a nick let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their difference as a nick let's call
+the variance the variance of Z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance the variance of Z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance the variance of Z is the
+difference between these two quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between these two quantities
+know that it's always non-negative so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's always non-negative so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's always non-negative so if
+you look at how we derived the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how we derived the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at how we derived the
+expectation of Z and expectation of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z and expectation of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z and expectation of Z
+squared you immediately see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you immediately see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared you immediately see that this
+variance we can write as up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance we can write as up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance we can write as up to a
+normalizing factor the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing factor the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing factor the difference
+between this energy on one hand and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this energy on one hand and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this energy on one hand and the
+energy of between U and W namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of between U and W namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of between U and W namely the
+mean squared of the normalization on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared of the normalization on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared of the normalization on the
+other hand the different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand the different way to
+calculate the variance is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the variance is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the variance is that it is
+equal to the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of the
+deviation from the mean squared okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from the mean squared okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from the mean squared okay so
+let's think about the deviation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the deviation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the deviation from the
+mean I'm choosing a random vector in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm choosing a random vector in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm choosing a random vector in on
+the left you and another random is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you and another random is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you and another random is a
+random point random vertex on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point random vertex on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random point random vertex on the left
+and at random that point on the right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at random that point on the right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at random that point on the right in
+the event that they both lie in the sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that they both lie in the sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that they both lie in the sets
+that witness the irregularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in the event where X falls here and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the event where X falls here and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the event where X falls here and y
+falls here which occurs with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls here which occurs with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls here which occurs with this
+probability see that this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability see that this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability see that this quantity here
+is equal to the density between U 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the density between U 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the density between U 1 and
+W 1 minus the density and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 1 minus the density and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W 1 minus the density and this
+expectation of Z is just the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z is just the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Z is just the density
+between U and W so interpreting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and W so interpreting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between U and W so interpreting this
+expectation for what happens when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation for what happens when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation for what happens when X
+falls in new one and Y falls in W 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in new one and Y falls in W 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls in new one and Y falls in W 1
+ignoring all the other events because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring all the other events because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring all the other events because
+the quality is always non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality is always non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality is always non-negative
+everywhere but now from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but now from the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but now from the definition
+of epsilon regularity or rather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of epsilon regularity or rather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of epsilon regularity or rather the
+witnessing of epsilon irregularity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing of epsilon irregularity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing of epsilon irregularity you
+see that this u 1 is at least an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this u 1 is at least an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this u 1 is at least an epsilon
+fraction of u w1 is at least an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of u w1 is at least an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of u w1 is at least an epsilon
+fraction of W and this final quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of W and this final quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of W and this final quantity
+here is at least epsilon inside so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is at least epsilon inside so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is at least epsilon inside so at
+least epsilon squared so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least epsilon squared so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least epsilon squared so here we're
+using all the different components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all the different components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all the different components of
+the definition of epsilon regular yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you're asking what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're asking what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're asking what happens if we
+divide with more witnessing says so hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide with more witnessing says so hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide with more witnessing says so hold
+on to that talk so right now I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to that talk so right now I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to that talk so right now I'm just
+showing what happens if you have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what happens if you have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what happens if you have what
+witnessing set any more questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set any more questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing set any more questions okay
+so here we have epsilon to the fort and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have epsilon to the fort and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have epsilon to the fort and
+if you're putting the normalisation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're putting the normalisation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're putting the normalisation
+comparing these two interpretations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing these two interpretations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing these two interpretations you
+find the inequality claimed by the lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we are ready to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we are ready to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we are ready to show
+the key part of this iteration showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part of this iteration showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key part of this iteration showing
+that this iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this iteration
+I'll show you precisely how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you precisely how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you precisely how this
+iteration works and show that you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration works and show that you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration works and show that you always
+get an energy boost in the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an energy boost in the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an energy boost in the overall
+partition I'll call the next one than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition I'll call the next one than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition I'll call the next one than
+the forum and it says that if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forum and it says that if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forum and it says that if your
+partition P the vertex set of G into K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P the vertex set of G into K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition P the vertex set of G into K
+parts if this partition is not epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts if this partition is not epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts if this partition is not epsilon
+regular then there exists a refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll call Q where every part V sub I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partitioned further into at most 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned further into at most 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned further into at most 2 to
+the K parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and such that the partition of to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that the partition of to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and such that the partition of to so
+this energy of the new partition Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy of the new partition Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy of the new partition Q
+increases substantially from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases substantially from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases substantially from the
+previous partition P and will show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous partition P and will show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous partition P and will show that
+you can increase by at least epsilon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase by at least epsilon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase by at least epsilon to
+the fifth power some constant in epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth power some constant in epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth power some constant in epsilon
+I so if we look at the strategy up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so if we look at the strategy up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so if we look at the strategy up there
+if you can do this every step then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do this every step then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do this every step then that
+means that a number of iterations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a number of iterations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a number of iterations is
+bounded by 1 over epsilon to the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 1 over epsilon to the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by 1 over epsilon to the fifth
+power all right so to prove this lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power all right so to prove this lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power all right so to prove this lemma
+here we will use the three lemmas up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will use the three lemmas up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will use the three lemmas up
+there and put them together so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and put them together so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and put them together so for all
+the pairs IJ such that P sub I V sub J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs IJ such that P sub I V sub J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs IJ such that P sub I V sub J
+naught epsilon regular okay so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught epsilon regular okay so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught epsilon regular okay so as
+outlined in the proof in the outline up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in the proof in the outline up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in the proof in the outline up
+there we will find this a superscript IJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we will find this a superscript IJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we will find this a superscript IJ
+in V I and a superscript j I in VJ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V I and a superscript j I in VJ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in V I and a superscript j I in VJ that
+witness the irregularity so do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness the irregularity so do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness the irregularity so do this
+simultaneously for all pairs by command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for all pairs by command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for all pairs by command
+J where VI VJ is not epsilon regular now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J where VI VJ is not epsilon regular now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J where VI VJ is not epsilon regular now
+what we're going to define Q as is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to define Q as is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to define Q as is the
+common refinement so take all of just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common refinement so take all of just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common refinement so take all of just as
+indicating that picture up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that picture up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that picture up there
+simultaneously take all of these A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously take all of these A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously take all of these A's and
+use them to refine P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so starting with peak starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting with peak starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so starting with peak starting with a
+partition you have simultaneously cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition you have simultaneously cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition you have simultaneously cut
+everything up using all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up using all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything up using all of these
+witnessing sets remember you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing sets remember you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing sets remember you only have
+witnessing pairs for pairs that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing pairs for pairs that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing pairs for pairs that are not
+epsilon regular if they're epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular if they're epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular if they're epsilon
+regular you don't worry about them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular you don't worry about them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular you don't worry about them all
+right one of the claims in the lemma now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the claims in the lemma now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of the claims in the lemma now
+okay so this is this is the Q that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is the Q that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is this is the Q that will
+end up with sure that this Q has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with sure that this Q has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with sure that this Q has that
+property so one of the claims in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so one of the claims in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so one of the claims in the
+lemma is that every VI is partitioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is that every VI is partitioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma is that every VI is partitioned
+into at most 2 to the K parts alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into at most 2 to the K parts alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into at most 2 to the K parts alright so
+I hope that part is clear because how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that part is clear because how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that part is clear because how
+are we doing the refinement we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing the refinement we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we doing the refinement we're taking
+VI is divided into parts using these a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI is divided into parts using these a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI is divided into parts using these a I
+J's one J coming from each pair that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's one J coming from each pair that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J's one J coming from each pair that is
+irregular with VI so I'm cutting up VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular with VI so I'm cutting up VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular with VI so I'm cutting up VI
+using a most K says I'm coming from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a most K says I'm coming from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a most K says I'm coming from each
+of the other possible may be fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other possible may be fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other possible may be fewer than
+K that's fine by the most K sets is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's fine by the most K sets is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that's fine by the most K sets is used
+to cut up each v I know you have at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut up each v I know you have at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut up each v I know you have at most
+2 to the K parts once you cut everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K parts once you cut everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the K parts once you cut everything
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the tricky part is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the tricky part is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the tricky part is to show
+that you get an energy boost so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get an energy boost so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get an energy boost so okay so
+let's do this how do we show that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this how do we show that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this how do we show that you
+get an energy boost we're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an energy boost we're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an energy boost we're going to put
+the top three lemons together first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top three lemons together first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top three lemons together first so
+we want to analyze the energy of Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to analyze the energy of Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to analyze the energy of Q so
+let's write it out so the energy of Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it out so the energy of Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it out so the energy of Q is
+the sum over this energy of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over this energy of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over this energy of individual
+partitions of the VIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by this piece of VI P sub BJ I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this piece of VI P sub BJ I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this piece of VI P sub BJ I mean
+the partition of BJ given by Q so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition of BJ given by Q so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition of BJ given by Q so what
+happens after you cut up VI so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after you cut up VI so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after you cut up VI so that's
+what I mean by P sub BJ or rather I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by P sub BJ or rather I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by P sub BJ or rather I
+should call it Q sub VI q ceviche okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call it Q sub VI q ceviche okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should call it Q sub VI q ceviche okay
+by lemma two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we find that okay so let me separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that okay so let me separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that okay so let me separate
+them into two cases the first case sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into two cases the first case sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into two cases the first case sums
+over IJ such that VI and J is epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over IJ such that VI and J is epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over IJ such that VI and J is epsilon
+regular and by lemma 1 so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and by lemma 1 so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular and by lemma 1 so here we're
+using 1 we find that this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 1 we find that this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using 1 we find that this quantity here
+cannot be less than a q of VI VJ so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be less than a q of VI VJ so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be less than a q of VI VJ so take
+those 2 parts before and after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 2 parts before and after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 2 parts before and after the
+refinement by Q the energy cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement by Q the energy cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refinement by Q the energy cannot go
+down so I don't worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I don't worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so I don't worry too much about
+pairs that are epsilon regular but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that are epsilon regular but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that are epsilon regular but now
+let me look at pairs that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look at pairs that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look at pairs that are not
+epsilon regular so what we will do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so what we will do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so what we will do now
+yes even though so let's look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes even though so let's look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes even though so let's look at that
+picture up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's focus on the what I drew in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's focus on the what I drew in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's focus on the what I drew in red
+so let's focus say between 1 & 2 so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's focus say between 1 & 2 so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's focus say between 1 & 2 so so
+suppose a shaded part there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a shaded part there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a shaded part there's the
+witnessing sets the witnessing says got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing sets the witnessing says got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessing sets the witnessing says got
+cut up further by other witnessing sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut up further by other witnessing sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut up further by other witnessing sets
+but I don't have to worry about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have to worry about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have to worry about them
+because lemma 2 and lemma one really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lemma 2 and lemma one really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because lemma 2 and lemma one really
+tells me that I can do an inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that I can do an inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that I can do an inequality
+where I go down to just comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I go down to just comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I go down to just comparing the
+energy between this partition of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between this partition of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between this partition of two
+parts there's single witnessing set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts there's single witnessing set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts there's single witnessing set and
+it's complement versus what happens in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complement versus what happens in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complement versus what happens in D
+in its partner so in other words over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its partner so in other words over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its partner so in other words over
+here the Q of this pair I am saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the Q of this pair I am saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the Q of this pair I am saying that
+it is no less than if I just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no less than if I just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is no less than if I just look at
+what happens if you only cut up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you only cut up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you only cut up these
+two sets using the red lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's go on applying lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go on applying lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go on applying lemma
+three the energy boost lemma the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the energy boost lemma the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the energy boost lemma the first
+part stays the same so this first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part stays the same so this first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part stays the same so this first part
+stays in the second part now because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in the second part now because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in the second part now because I'm
+looking at witnessing sets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at witnessing sets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at witnessing sets for
+irregularity I get this extra boost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity I get this extra boost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity I get this extra boost so
+so this goes back to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this goes back to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this goes back to one of the
+questions asked earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions asked earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions asked earlier
+we're in lemma 3 I don't have to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in lemma 3 I don't have to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in lemma 3 I don't have to now
+worry about what happens if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about what happens if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about what happens if you have
+further cuts because I only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further cuts because I only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further cuts because I only need to
+worry about the case where I only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the case where I only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the case where I only have a
+single cut between the epsilon irregular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cut between the epsilon irregular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cut between the epsilon irregular
+pairs so putting it together we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so putting it together we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so putting it together we see that
+the previous line is at least if you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous line is at least if you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous line is at least if you sum
+over accuse of all the pair's plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over accuse of all the pair's plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over accuse of all the pair's plus this
+extra epsilon to the fourth term for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra epsilon to the fourth term for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra epsilon to the fourth term for all
+pairs that are not epsilon regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm applying not monotonicity of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm applying not monotonicity of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm applying not monotonicity of energy
+for the pipes part for pairs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pipes part for pairs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pipes part for pairs that are
+epsilon regular and energy boost for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular and energy boost for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular and energy boost for
+pairs that are not epsilon regular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that are not epsilon regular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs that are not epsilon regular and
+for the latter type I obtain this boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the latter type I obtain this boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the latter type I obtain this boost
+now remember what's the definition of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember what's the definition of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remember what's the definition of an
+epsilon regular partition unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular partition unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular partition unfortunately
+it's no longer on the board but it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer on the board but it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer on the board but it says
+that this sum over here if it is epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum over here if it is epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sum over here if it is epsilon
+regular partition then it is at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition then it is at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition then it is at most
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+so if it is not epsilon regular we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it is not epsilon regular we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it is not epsilon regular we can
+lower bound it and that's indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound it and that's indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound it and that's indeed the
+first term here is by definition Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term here is by definition Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term here is by definition Q of
+the partition P and the second sum by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition P and the second sum by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partition P and the second sum by
+the definition of epsilon regular is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of epsilon regular is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of epsilon regular is at
+least epsilon to the power 5 so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least epsilon to the power 5 so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least epsilon to the power 5 so here
+we're using the definition of epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the definition of epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using the definition of epsilon
+regular partition namely that a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition namely that a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular partition namely that a large
+fraction at least an epsilon fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction at least an epsilon fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction at least an epsilon fraction
+basically of pairs of vertex sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of pairs of vertex sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically of pairs of vertex sets are
+not epsilon regular but in this weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not epsilon regular but in this weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not epsilon regular but in this weighted
+sense and that finishes the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and that finishes the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and that finishes the proof of
+lemma for up there any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we are ready to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we are ready to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we are ready to finish
+everything off and prove similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything off and prove similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything off and prove similarities
+regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hiep so let's prove somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiep so let's prove somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiep so let's prove somebody's
+regularity lemma let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma let's start with the
+trivial partition meaning just one large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial partition meaning just one large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial partition meaning just one large
+part and we are going to repeatedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we are going to repeatedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and we are going to repeatedly
+apply lemma for whenever the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply lemma for whenever the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply lemma for whenever the partition
+at hand is not regular so whenever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand is not regular so whenever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at hand is not regular so whenever the
+current partition is not epsilon regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so let's look at its energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's look at its energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's look at its energy the
+energy of this partition so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this partition so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this partition so this is a
+weighted mean of the H density squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted mean of the H density squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted mean of the H density squared
+so it always lies between 0 and 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it always lies between 0 and 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it always lies between 0 and 1 so
+just from the definition of energy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the definition of energy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from the definition of energy on
+the other hand the lemma tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the lemma tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the lemma tells us that
+dilemma for tells us that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma for tells us that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma for tells us that the energy
+increases by at least epsilon to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by at least epsilon to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases by at least epsilon to the
+fifth power at each iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this process cannot continue forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this process cannot continue forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this process cannot continue forever
+so must stop after at most epsilon to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so must stop after at most epsilon to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so must stop after at most epsilon to
+the minus fifth power number of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus fifth power number of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus fifth power number of steps
+and when we stop we must result in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we stop we must result in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we stop we must result in an
+epsilon regular partition because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular partition because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular partition because
+otherwise you're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you're going to continue
+applying the lemma and push it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the lemma and push it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the lemma and push it even
+further that's it okay so that proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further that's it okay so that proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further that's it okay so that proofs
+similarities graph regularity lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question ok let's talk about bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question ok let's talk about bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question ok let's talk about bounds
+right so let's talk about how many parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how many parts does this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many parts does this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many parts does this proof
+produce also we can figure it out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce also we can figure it out right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce also we can figure it out right
+so we have some number of steps each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some number of steps each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some number of steps each
+step increases the number of parts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step increases the number of parts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step increases the number of parts by
+something but so if P has K parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then lemma for refines P into at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then lemma for refines P into at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then lemma for refines P into at most
+how many parts yeah so K times 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parts yeah so K times 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parts yeah so K times 2 to the
+K okay and I have many iterations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and I have many iterations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay and I have many iterations of
+this guy so some of you are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so some of you are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy so some of you are already
+laughing because it's going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing because it's going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing because it's going to be a very
+large number in fact because it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number in fact because it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number in fact because it's going
+to be so large it makes my calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so large it makes my calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so large it makes my calculation
+slightly more convenient that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more convenient that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more convenient that really
+doesn't change the answer so much if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the answer so much if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the answer so much if I
+just bound K to the 2 to the K by 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bound K to the 2 to the K by 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bound K to the 2 to the K by 2 to
+the 2 to the K so the final number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 to the K so the final number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 to the K so the final number of
+parts yes this function iterated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts yes this function iterated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts yes this function iterated on
+itself epsilon to the minus 5 times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself epsilon to the minus 5 times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself epsilon to the minus 5 times so
+it's a power of 2 of height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a power of 2 of height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a power of 2 of height
+and most to to the epsilon to the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a finite number okay so it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a finite number okay so it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a finite number okay so it depends
+only on epsilon and not on the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on epsilon and not on the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on epsilon and not on the size of
+your graph and this is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph and this is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graph and this is the most
+important thing it does not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing it does not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing it does not depend on
+the size of your graph it is quite large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your graph it is quite large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of your graph it is quite large
+in fact even for reasonable values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact even for reasonable values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact even for reasonable values of
+epsilon like one percent or even ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon like one percent or even ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon like one percent or even ten
+percent this number is astronomically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this number is astronomically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this number is astronomically
+large and you may ask is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and you may ask is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and you may ask is it really
+necessary because you know we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary because you know we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary because you know we did this
+proof and you know came out fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and you know came out fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and you know came out fairly
+elegantly I would say it how the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly I would say it how the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly I would say it how the proof
+was set up and you arrived at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up and you arrived at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set up and you arrived at this
+finite bound but maybe there's a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite bound but maybe there's a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite bound but maybe there's a better
+proof maybe you can work harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof maybe you can work harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof maybe you can work harder and
+obtain some more better bounds so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain some more better bounds so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain some more better bounds so you
+can ask is it possible without the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask is it possible without the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask is it possible without the truth
+is really somehow much smaller and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really somehow much smaller and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really somehow much smaller and the
+answer turns out to be no so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be no so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be no so there's a
+theorem by kim gaurs which says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem by kim gaurs which says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem by kim gaurs which says that
+okay so there exists some constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there exists some constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there exists some constant the
+precise statement again it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise statement again it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise statement again it's not so
+important but basically what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but basically what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but basically what I just said
+you cannot improve the spout given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot improve the spout given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot improve the spout given by
+this proof so for every epsilon let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof so for every epsilon let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof so for every epsilon let's
+say small enough there exists a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say small enough there exists a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say small enough there exists a graph
+whose epsilon regular partition requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many parts so the number of parts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parts so the number of parts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many parts so the number of parts at
+least this power of twos of height some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this power of twos of height some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least this power of twos of height some
+epsilon to the minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so really it's a tower of Exponential's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it's a tower of Exponential's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really it's a tower of Exponential's
+of size essentially polynomial in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size essentially polynomial in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size essentially polynomial in one
+over epsilon so maybe you can squeeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over epsilon so maybe you can squeeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over epsilon so maybe you can squeeze
+the five to something let's actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five to something let's actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the five to something let's actually we
+don't even know that's the case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know that's the case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even know that's the case but
+certainly you cannot do substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you cannot do substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you cannot do substantially
+better than what the proof gives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what the proof gives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what the proof gives so
+similarities regularity lemma is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma is an
+extremely powerful tool and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful tool and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely powerful tool and we'll see
+applications that are basically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are basically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are basically very
+difficult to prove and from some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to prove and from some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to prove and from some of
+these applications we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications we don't really know
+other proofs except using somewhere this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proofs except using somewhere this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proofs except using somewhere this
+regularity lemma but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma but on the other hand
+it gives terrible quantitative bounce so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives terrible quantitative bounce so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives terrible quantitative bounce so
+there is a lot of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of interest in
+combinatorics where once you see a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics where once you see a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics where once you see a proof
+that requires similarities regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires similarities regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires similarities regularity
+lemma that is first proved using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma that is first proved using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma that is first proved using this
+technique to ask can it be used using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to ask can it be used using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to ask can it be used using
+some other technique in fact similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other technique in fact similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other technique in fact similarly
+himself has worked a lot in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself has worked a lot in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself has worked a lot in that
+direction trying to get rid of the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction trying to get rid of the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction trying to get rid of the users
+of his level okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great questions how can we modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great questions how can we modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great questions how can we modify
+for equipartition alright so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equipartition alright so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for equipartition alright so let's talk
+about that so I it's a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so I it's a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so I it's a fantastic
+question so look at this proof and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so look at this proof and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so look at this proof and see
+what can we do if we really want all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we do if we really want all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we do if we really want all the
+parts to have roughly the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to have roughly the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts to have roughly the same size
+let's say differing by almost one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how to make Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any guesses any attempts on what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses any attempts on what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses any attempts on what we can
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+I mean basically is going to follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean basically is going to follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean basically is going to follow this
+proof as I said the spirit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof as I said the spirit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof as I said the spirit of
+similarities regularity lemma is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities regularity lemma is what
+I've shown you but the details and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you but the details and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you but the details and
+executions may vary somewhat depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executions may vary somewhat depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executions may vary somewhat depending
+on a specific purpose you have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're saying we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying we're going to add
+something or to massage the partition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or to massage the partition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or to massage the partition to
+make it episode vertices to the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it episode vertices to the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it episode vertices to the smaller
+parts of the partition now when are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the partition now when are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the partition now when are you
+going to do that so you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that so you want to do this
+at every stage of the process okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every stage of the process okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every stage of the process okay I
+like that idea so here's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that idea so here's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that idea so here's what we're
+going to do so we still run the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so we still run the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do so we still run the same
+process so we're going to have this P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we're going to have this P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so we're going to have this P
+which is the current partition current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the current partition current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the current partition current
+partition and as before we initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and as before we initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition and as before we initially
+have it as either the trivial partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it as either the trivial partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it as either the trivial partition
+if you like or M arbitrary I clue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like or M arbitrary I clue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like or M arbitrary I clue the
+ballpark's start with something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark's start with something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark's start with something where
+you don't really care about anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really care about anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really care about anything
+except for the size and you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the size and you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the size and you run
+basically the same proof where if your P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same proof where if your P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same proof where if your P
+is not epsilon regular then okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not epsilon regular then okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not epsilon regular then okay so what
+do what we've done before to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what we've done before to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what we've done before to basically
+exactly the same thing we refine P using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing we refine P using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing we refine P using
+pairs wouldn't it sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irregularity okay so same as the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity okay so same as the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregularity okay so same as the proof
+that we just did and now we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did and now we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just did and now we need to do
+something a little bit more to obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more to obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more to obtain a
+credibility and what we will do is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility and what we will do is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credibility and what we will do is right
+after so each step in the iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so each step in the iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so each step in the iteration
+right after we do this refinement after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after we do this refinement after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after we do this refinement after
+we cut up our graph maybe some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut up our graph maybe some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut up our graph maybe some of the
+parts are really tiny let's massage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are really tiny let's massage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are really tiny let's massage the
+partition somewhat to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition somewhat to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition somewhat to make them
+equitable and to make our life a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable and to make our life a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable and to make our life a little
+bit easier we can refine the partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier we can refine the partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit easier we can refine the partition
+somewhat further to chop it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat further to chop it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat further to chop it up into
+somewhat smaller resolution and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat smaller resolution and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat smaller resolution and this
+part you can really do it either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you can really do it either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you can really do it either
+arbitrarily or randomly it doesn't some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily or randomly it doesn't some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily or randomly it doesn't some
+ways may be slightly easier to execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways may be slightly easier to execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways may be slightly easier to execute
+but it doesn't really matter how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really matter how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't really matter how you do
+it it's fairly robust you refine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's fairly robust you refine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's fairly robust you refine it
+further and well basically I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and well basically I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and well basically I want to
+make it equitable sometimes you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it equitable sometimes you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it equitable sometimes you can just
+do that by refining but maybe if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by refining but maybe if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by refining but maybe if you
+have some really small parts then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some really small parts then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some really small parts then you
+might need to move some vertices around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to move some vertices around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might need to move some vertices around
+so I'll call that rebalancing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll call that rebalancing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll call that rebalancing okay so
+move and merge some vertices but only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and merge some vertices but only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and merge some vertices but only a
+very small number of vertices to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of vertices to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of vertices to make
+equitable okay so you run this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable okay so you run this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable okay so you run this group
+until you find that your partition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you find that your partition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you find that your partition is
+absolutely cooler than you were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely cooler than you were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely cooler than you were done
+whenever you run this group because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you run this group because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you run this group because
+we're doing the second step your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the second step your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the second step your
+partition is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition is always going to be
+equitable but we now need to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable but we now need to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable but we now need to control the
+energy again to limit the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy again to limit the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy again to limit the number of
+steps and the point here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and the point here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and the point here is that the
+first part still see exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part still see exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part still see exactly the same as
+before by the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes up by at least epsilon to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by at least epsilon to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up by at least epsilon to the minus
+five but the second part the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but the second part the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five but the second part the energy
+might go down because we're no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go down because we're no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go down because we're no longer
+refining just refine it because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining just refine it because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining just refine it because we're
+doing some rebalancing but you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some rebalancing but you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some rebalancing but you can do in
+such a way that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the amount of
+rebalancing that you do is really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalancing that you do is really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rebalancing that you do is really small
+you're not actually changing the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually changing the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not actually changing the energy
+by so much so I'll just hand wave here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so much so I'll just hand wave here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by so much so I'll just hand wave here
+and say that we can do this in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that we can do this in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that we can do this in such a
+way where the energy my go down but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where the energy my go down but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where the energy my go down but only
+a little bit so you're only changing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so you're only changing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit so you're only changing a
+very small number of vertices very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of vertices very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of vertices very small
+fraction of vertices so if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of vertices so if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of vertices so if you change
+only an epsilon fraction of vertices you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an epsilon fraction of vertices you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only an epsilon fraction of vertices you
+don't expect the energy which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect the energy which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect the energy which is
+something that comes out of summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes out of summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes out of summing
+pairs of vertex parts to change by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertex parts to change by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertex parts to change by all
+that much so putting these two together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much so putting these two together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much so putting these two together
+you see that the energy still goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the energy still goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the energy still goes up by
+let's say at least half of epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at least half of epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at least half of epsilon over
+to the fifth power and so then the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fifth power and so then the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fifth power and so then the rest
+of the proof runs the same as before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof runs the same as before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof runs the same as before you
+finish in some bounded number of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in some bounded number of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in some bounded number of steps
+and you result in an equitable partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you result in an equitable partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you result in an equitable partition
+that's absolute so I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolute so I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolute so I don't want to
+belabor the details here there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor the details here there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belabor the details here there are some
+things to check but it's I think fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to check but it's I think fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to check but it's I think fairly
+routine well it's more of an exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine well it's more of an exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine well it's more of an exercise in
+technical details but but the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical details but but the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical details but but the thing that
+actually is somewhat important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is somewhat important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is somewhat important is
+there's a wrong way to do this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wrong way to do this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a wrong way to do this and I
+just want to point out that what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that what's the
+wrong way to do this is that you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way to do this is that you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong way to do this is that you apply
+regularity lemma and you think well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and you think well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and you think well now
+I have something that's epsilon regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have something that's epsilon regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have something that's epsilon regular
+then I massage it to try to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I massage it to try to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I massage it to try to make it
+equitable at the end so I don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable at the end so I don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable at the end so I don't look
+into the proof I just look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the proof I just look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the proof I just look at a
+statement of some radius regularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of some radius regularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of some radius regularity
+lemma I guess something that's epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma I guess something that's epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma I guess something that's epsilon
+regular I said I'm just going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular I said I'm just going to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular I said I'm just going to divide
+things up a little bit further that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up a little bit further that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up a little bit further that
+doesn't work because the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because the property of
+being epsilon regular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being epsilon regular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being epsilon regular is
+actually not preserved on the refinement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not preserved on the refinement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not preserved on the refinement
+so look at the definition you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at the definition you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at the definition you have
+something that's epsilon regular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's epsilon regular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's epsilon regular you
+refine the partition a my fail to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the partition a my fail to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the partition a my fail to be
+epsilon regular so you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon regular so you really have to
+take into the proof to get equitability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into the proof to get equitability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into the proof to get equitability
+okay so just to repeat a wrong way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to repeat a wrong way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to repeat a wrong way to
+try to get a credibility is to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a credibility is to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get a credibility is to apply
+regularity lemma and at the end try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and at the end try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularity lemma and at the end try to
+massage it to get to get equitable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage it to get to get equitable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage it to get to get equitable that
+doesn't work all right next time I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work all right next time I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work all right next time I will
+show you how to apply some readies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to apply some readies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to apply some readies
+regularity lemma
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xEgcKKE9GmA.txt b/xEgcKKE9GmA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8afd8cbf1bfccf65fd99a503f1ba51566744d267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xEgcKKE9GmA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+We started last time on protection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You remember the model that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You remember the model that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You remember the model that we're
+considering? We've got some client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering? We've got some client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering? We've got some client
+communicating over the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating over the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating over the internet
+with some server.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some server.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some server.
+And we said that there are three main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we said that there are three main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we said that there are three main
+technical problems that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical problems that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical problems that we're going to
+look to address. It's a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to address. It's a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to address. It's a problem of
+authentication,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem of authorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the problem of confidentiality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So uh today what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh today what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh today what we're going to do
+is we're going to talk mostly about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to talk mostly about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to talk mostly about this
+issue of authentication but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of authentication but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of authentication but I want to
+just return to uh some of the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return to uh some of the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just return to uh some of the details
+that we were talking about the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were talking about the end of
+class last time so that uh you guys all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class last time so that uh you guys all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class last time so that uh you guys all
+get the important bits out of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the important bits out of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the important bits out of our
+discussion of the RSA protocol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the RSA protocol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the RSA protocol.
+Okay. Okay, so remember last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so remember last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so remember last time we
+were talking about we started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about we started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about we started talking
+about how we have these these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we have these these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we have these these are the
+these are the main requirements of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the main requirements of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the main requirements of our
+cryptography of a protection system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography of a protection system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography of a protection system and
+we we uh drew a diagram that said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we uh drew a diagram that said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we uh drew a diagram that said that
+at the at the top level we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the top level we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the top level we want to have
+an application that is protected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application that is protected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application that is protected.
+Underneath that we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underneath that we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Underneath that we're going to have a
+set of security primitives and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of security primitives and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of security primitives and then
+underlying all of this we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying all of this we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying all of this we're going to
+have cryptography. Cryptography is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cryptography. Cryptography is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cryptography. Cryptography is going
+to be sort of the essential technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of the essential technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of the essential technique
+that we use to enable protection. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to enable protection. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to enable protection. So we
+talked briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+several different time types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different time types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different time types of
+cryptography. We remember we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. We remember we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. We remember we had our
+model where we have a is sending through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where we have a is sending through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where we have a is sending through
+some box which takes the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some box which takes the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some box which takes the data and
+transforms it using some cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it using some cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms it using some cryptographic
+transform and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and then that
+cryptographically transformed data gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically transformed data gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically transformed data gets
+transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then is uh reverse transformed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then is uh reverse transformed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then is uh reverse transformed or
+untransformed at the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untransformed at the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untransformed at the other side
+and it comes out to the comes out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out to the comes out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out to the comes out to the
+receiver. So this is a we're going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver. So this is a we're going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver. So this is a we're going to so
+what cryptography does is we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cryptography does is we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cryptography does is we said that
+we want this open model where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this open model where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this open model where there's
+some key K1 here and some key K2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key K1 here and some key K2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key K1 here and some key K2 here
+that are used to uh protect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to uh protect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are used to uh protect the
+information that that are used to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that are used to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that that are used to uh
+decide how this transform operator works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how this transform operator works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how this transform operator works
+and this untransform operator works. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this untransform operator works. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this untransform operator works. On
+the other side we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side we talked about
+shared key case where K1 is equal to K2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared key case where K1 is equal to K2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared key case where K1 is equal to K2.
+Um and the append appendex A of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the append appendex A of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the append appendex A of the
+chapter in the notes goes over uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in the notes goes over uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter in the notes goes over uh a
+shared key protocol called dees that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared key protocol called dees that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared key protocol called dees that's
+fairly commonly used. The basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly commonly used. The basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly commonly used. The basic idea
+behind shared shared key cryptography is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind shared shared key cryptography is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind shared shared key cryptography is
+typically that you're each both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that you're each both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that you're each both sides
+have this key and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this key and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this key and we're going to
+transform the data uh using this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the data uh using this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the data uh using this uh
+using by combining the uh message stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using by combining the uh message stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using by combining the uh message stream
+that's coming from a together with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming from a together with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming from a together with the
+key in some way. say for example by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in some way. say for example by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in some way. say for example by
+exoring the data in many different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoring the data in many different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoring the data in many different ways
+or transforming the uh permuting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or transforming the uh permuting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or transforming the uh permuting the
+data around and then exoring it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data around and then exoring it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data around and then exoring it with the
+key in some combination of ways. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in some combination of ways. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in some combination of ways. That's
+sort of what the dees protocol does.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what the dees protocol does.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what the dees protocol does.
+It's just multiple rounds basically of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just multiple rounds basically of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just multiple rounds basically of
+uh permuting and exoring the data over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh permuting and exoring the data over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh permuting and exoring the data over
+and over again. The idea is that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again. The idea is that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again. The idea is that if if
+the attacker if an attacker doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker if an attacker doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker if an attacker doesn't know
+the key, it's very hard for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key, it's very hard for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key, it's very hard for them to
+reverse this process without having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse this process without having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse this process without having the
+key. But if you know the key, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. But if you know the key, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. But if you know the key, it's
+relatively easy to reverse the process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to reverse the process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to reverse the process.
+We also talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We also talked a little bit about
+started we talked about public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we talked about public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started we talked about public key
+cryptography where K1 is not equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography where K1 is not equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography where K1 is not equal to
+K2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so in this case we we started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we we started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we we started talking
+about this protocol RSA which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this protocol RSA which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this protocol RSA which is an
+example of a public key protocol. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you remember RSA has some some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember RSA has some some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember RSA has some some set of
+uh rules for actually doing the doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rules for actually doing the doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rules for actually doing the doing
+the transformation of data. Um the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation of data. Um the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation of data. Um the basic
+idea is that we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that we're going to get a
+private key and a public key. Um p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key and a public key. Um p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key and a public key. Um p
+public key here which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key here which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key here which is going to
+consist of this prime number uh plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of this prime number uh plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of this prime number uh plus the
+product of these two prime numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two prime numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two prime numbers and
+this private key k which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private key k which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private key k which is going to
+consist of the other prime number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of the other prime number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consist of the other prime number and
+the product of these two things. Now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of these two things. Now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of these two things. Now we
+have this uh way in which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh way in which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this uh way in which we can
+transform the data. What this transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the data. What this transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the data. What this transform
+box does is simply raise the message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box does is simply raise the message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box does is simply raise the message to
+the power of e modulo n and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of e modulo n and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of e modulo n and we have the
+reverse transform. Okay. So this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transform. Okay. So this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transform. Okay. So this is just
+a specific mathematical operation. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific mathematical operation. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a specific mathematical operation. Um
+the reason that this mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that this mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that this mathematical
+operation works is that it's uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation works is that it's uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation works is that it's uh the the
+intuition is that it's relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is that it's relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is that it's relatively easy
+to take something to an exponent. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take something to an exponent. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take something to an exponent. Right?
+So I can take a number and exponentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can take a number and exponentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can take a number and exponentiate
+it without doing very much work. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without doing very much work. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it without doing very much work. But in
+order for an attacker to compromise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for an attacker to compromise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for an attacker to compromise this
+system that is in order to discover say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is in order to discover say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is in order to discover say
+for example what D is uh given or to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what D is uh given or to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what D is uh given or to for
+in order to discover for example what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to discover for example what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to discover for example what
+the private key is in this case what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key is in this case what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key is in this case what
+this value D is given just the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value D is given just the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value D is given just the public
+key which consists of E and N the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which consists of E and N the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key which consists of E and N the
+attacker is going to have to factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is going to have to factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is going to have to factor is
+going to have to uh is going to is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to uh is going to is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to uh is going to is going
+to have to be able to factor this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be able to factor this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be able to factor this um
+this this number n which turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this number n which turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this number n which turns out to be
+uh very difficult to do. So it's the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very difficult to do. So it's the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very difficult to do. So it's the it
+essentially breaking this cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially breaking this cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially breaking this cryptographic
+system comes down to being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes down to being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes down to being able to
+factor a very large number and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a very large number and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor a very large number and that
+turns out to be computationally very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be computationally very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be computationally very
+very difficult to do. So that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to do. So that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to do. So that's sort of
+the intuition behind the protection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition behind the protection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition behind the protection of
+the scheme. The nice thing about RSA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme. The nice thing about RSA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scheme. The nice thing about RSA is
+it has many uh most public key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many uh most public key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has many uh most public key uh
+cryptographic protocols is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocols is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocols is that they
+have this property that the reverse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property that the reverse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this property that the reverse is
+also true. So I can uh I can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true. So I can uh I can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also true. So I can uh I can I can
+transform using uh exponentiation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform using uh exponentiation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform using uh exponentiation with
+the uh public key or the private key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh public key or the private key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh public key or the private key and
+I can reverse I can reverse transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can reverse I can reverse transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can reverse I can reverse transform
+using the opposite. So if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the opposite. So if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the opposite. So if I if I
+transform with the public key I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform with the public key I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform with the public key I can
+reverse transform with the private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transform with the private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse transform with the private key
+and vice versa. So we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa. So we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa. So we're going to
+exploit this property a lot when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this property a lot when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this property a lot when we're
+talking about uh using about this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh using about this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh using about this kind
+of cryptography. Okay, just to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cryptography. Okay, just to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cryptography. Okay, just to sort of
+point out that this is hard. This is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that this is hard. This is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that this is hard. This is an
+estimate from the RSA security company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate from the RSA security company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate from the RSA security company
+about how how much how many compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how much how many compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how how much how many compute
+years on modern computers it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on modern computers it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years on modern computers it would take
+to factor an RSA key of a given length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor an RSA key of a given length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor an RSA key of a given length.
+So the bottom is the key length in bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the bottom is the key length in bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the bottom is the key length in bits
+on the x- axis and then the y- axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x- axis and then the y- axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x- axis and then the y- axis is
+the machine years to factor. So if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine years to factor. So if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine years to factor. So if I had
+a thousand machine if it if the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand machine if it if the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand machine if it if the you know
+machine years to factor was a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine years to factor was a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine years to factor was a thousand
+that means it would take a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it would take a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it would take a thousand
+machines working together one year to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines working together one year to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines working together one year to do
+this or one machine a thousand years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or one machine a thousand years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or one machine a thousand years to
+do it. Okay. So you see that this x the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. Okay. So you see that this x the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it. Okay. So you see that this x the
+y- axis here is going up exponentially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis here is going up exponentially.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis here is going up exponentially.
+So uh you know to factor a 500 a 500 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh you know to factor a 500 a 500 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh you know to factor a 500 a 500 bit
+key um is not not that hard. It takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key um is not not that hard. It takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key um is not not that hard. It takes
+you know maybe a few months of compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a few months of compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a few months of compute
+time to do it. To factor a 2,000 bit key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do it. To factor a 2,000 bit key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do it. To factor a 2,000 bit key
+takes this ridiculously long time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this ridiculously long time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this ridiculously long time right
+10 to the 16th year years is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 16th year years is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 16th year years is going to
+take to factor this thing. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to factor this thing. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to factor this thing. So there's
+just no way that at least modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no way that at least modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just no way that at least modern
+computers are ever going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are ever going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are ever going to be able to
+actually uh perform this factoring using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh perform this factoring using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh perform this factoring using
+currently known algorithms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently known algorithms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently known algorithms for
+factoring. Okay. So it's of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring. Okay. So it's of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring. Okay. So it's of course
+possible that somebody will develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that somebody will develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that somebody will develop a
+very fast factoring algorithm um or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast factoring algorithm um or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast factoring algorithm um or that
+there'll be some fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some fundamental
+breakthrough like quantum cu quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough like quantum cu quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakthrough like quantum cu quantum
+computing that will make it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that will make it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing that will make it possible to
+factor very large numbers. But at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor very large numbers. But at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor very large numbers. But at this
+point this is how long this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is how long this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is how long this is sort of
+the estimate of how long it would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate of how long it would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimate of how long it would take
+to do this. So by using long keys you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. So by using long keys you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this. So by using long keys you
+can be sort of guaranteed that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sort of guaranteed that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be sort of guaranteed that somebody
+won't be able to actually uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to actually uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to actually uh you know
+factor this number. So by attacking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this number. So by attacking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor this number. So by attacking the
+sort of the by using a factoring based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the by using a factoring based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the by using a factoring based
+attack on RSA that sort of won't be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on RSA that sort of won't be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack on RSA that sort of won't be able
+to break it in this way. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it in this way. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it in this way. Okay.
+Um it's worth pointing out that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's worth pointing out that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's worth pointing out that sort of
+so the largest RSA number that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the largest RSA number that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the largest RSA number that has been
+factored to date is some 500 odd bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored to date is some 500 odd bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored to date is some 500 odd bits
+something like 520 bits. Um so RSA has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 520 bits. Um so RSA has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 520 bits. Um so RSA has
+challenges for the largest numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges for the largest numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges for the largest numbers that
+can be factored. So we're sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be factored. So we're sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be factored. So we're sort of just
+barely at the uh sort of just barely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely at the uh sort of just barely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely at the uh sort of just barely on
+this curve is where the largest numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve is where the largest numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve is where the largest numbers
+that have been factored to date. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been factored to date. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been factored to date. And
+these are typically some collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are typically some collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are typically some collection of
+machines on the internet. Somebody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines on the internet. Somebody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines on the internet. Somebody gets
+a thousand machines on the internet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand machines on the internet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand machines on the internet and
+they chew on this problem. I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chew on this problem. I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chew on this problem. I think in
+this case it took a thousand machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it took a thousand machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case it took a thousand machines
+three months to to find a factor of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months to to find a factor of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three months to to find a factor of this
+500 bit key. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bit key. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bit key. Okay.
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+this is the basic idea now. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic idea now. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic idea now. So we can
+use so what we're going to do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so what we're going to do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so what we're going to do is we can
+uh we're going to use these cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to use these cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to use these cryptography
+uh we can use these cryptography uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can use these cryptography uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can use these cryptography uh
+algorithms this math to build up a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this math to build up a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms this math to build up a set
+of primitives that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primitives that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primitives that we can use to
+actually accomplish our security goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accomplish our security goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually accomplish our security goals
+that we want. Okay. And I put these on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want. Okay. And I put these on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want. Okay. And I put these on
+the board briefly last time but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board briefly last time but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board briefly last time but I didn't
+talk at all about what the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk at all about what the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk at all about what the actual
+functionality is. And I'm going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality is. And I'm going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality is. And I'm going to we're
+going to spend a lot of time talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a lot of time talking
+about two of these primitives today. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two of these primitives today. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two of these primitives today. Um
+and then we'll talk about a few more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about a few more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about a few more of
+them on uh next time. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have two sets of primitives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two sets of primitives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two sets of primitives in
+particular that we're interested in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One set is called sign and verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One set is called sign and verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One set is called sign and verify
+and the other set is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other set is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other set is called
+encrypt and decrypt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. And we're going to use sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And we're going to use sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And we're going to use sign
+and verify basically as a way to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify basically as a way to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and verify basically as a way to achieve
+authentication. So you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication. So you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication. So you remember
+authentication is the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication is the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication is the process of
+verifying that a message actually came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying that a message actually came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying that a message actually came
+from who it was supposed to come from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from who it was supposed to come from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from who it was supposed to come from.
+And we're going to use encrypt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to use encrypt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're going to use encrypt and
+decrypt in order to build up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt in order to build up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt in order to build up our
+confidentiality in order to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality in order to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality in order to provide
+confidentiality to guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality to guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality to guarantee that
+somebody who we don't want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who we don't want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who we don't want to be able to
+read a message that somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a message that somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a message that somebody who
+shouldn't be able to re read a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to re read a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be able to re read a message
+can in fact not read that message. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in fact not read that message. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in fact not read that message. Okay.
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+let's just let me just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let me just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just let me just show you
+illustrate a simple example. Suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate a simple example. Suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate a simple example. Suppose
+we're using a public key system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We can say if we suppose we take we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can say if we suppose we take we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can say if we suppose we take we use
+our use something like RSA to encode a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our use something like RSA to encode a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our use something like RSA to encode a
+message M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M
+with some key uh say we're sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some key uh say we're sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some key uh say we're sending a
+message from A to B. We use it to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from A to B. We use it to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from A to B. We use it to encode
+some key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key uh
+K we say K A private. Okay. So what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K we say K A private. Okay. So what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K we say K A private. Okay. So what we
+what this notation means is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this notation means is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this notation means is that uh
+whoever has a private key encodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever has a private key encodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever has a private key encodes that
+message or transforms that message using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or transforms that message using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or transforms that message using
+a cryptographic protocol um using say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cryptographic protocol um using say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cryptographic protocol um using say
+for example ka private. So what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example ka private. So what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example ka private. So what this
+says is uh you know Alice perhaps is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is uh you know Alice perhaps is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is uh you know Alice perhaps is a
+runs her RSA algorithm on the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs her RSA algorithm on the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs her RSA algorithm on the message
+and generates some encoded thing. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates some encoded thing. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generates some encoded thing. Okay.
+So the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is
+so this is a uh this is a this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a uh this is a this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a uh this is a this is this
+is the an encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the an encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the an encryption
+um sorry so we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry so we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry so we're going to use this
+encoding with the private key uh to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding with the private key uh to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding with the private key uh to sign
+a message. So when Alex Alice encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message. So when Alex Alice encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message. So when Alex Alice encodes
+this with her private key, what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with her private key, what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with her private key, what that
+means is that somebody who has Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that somebody who has Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that somebody who has Alice's
+public key can decode this, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key can decode this, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key can decode this, right?
+Because we said if you somebody had if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we said if you somebody had if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we said if you somebody had if
+you if you encode with the public with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you encode with the public with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you encode with the public with
+the private key, somebody with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key, somebody with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key, somebody with the the
+public key can decode. Okay. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key can decode. Okay. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key can decode. Okay. Um so
+somebody is going to be so for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is going to be so for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is going to be so for example,
+she sends this to Bob, Bob is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sends this to Bob, Bob is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she sends this to Bob, Bob is going to
+be able to decode this. So at first that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to decode this. So at first that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to decode this. So at first that
+seems like what good does that do us,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like what good does that do us,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like what good does that do us,
+right? Bob can read this message. So but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Bob can read this message. So but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Bob can read this message. So but
+what this tells the thing is that if Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells the thing is that if Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells the thing is that if Bob
+can decode this, right? Okay, what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decode this, right? Okay, what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decode this, right? Okay, what he
+knows with very high certainty is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows with very high certainty is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows with very high certainty is that
+the person who encoded this message had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who encoded this message had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who encoded this message had
+access to A's private key. Right? So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to A's private key. Right? So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to A's private key. Right? So if
+he's willing to trust that in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's willing to trust that in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's willing to trust that in fact the
+only person who has access to A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only person who has access to A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only person who has access to A's
+private key is A herself, then he can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key is A herself, then he can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key is A herself, then he can be
+reasonably confident that this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably confident that this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably confident that this message
+came from A. Okay, you guys all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from A. Okay, you guys all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from A. Okay, you guys all sort of
+see how that works. So this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that works. So this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that works. So this is going to
+be the sort of this is the he so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sort of this is the he so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the sort of this is the he so what we
+say is that Alice signs this message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that Alice signs this message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that Alice signs this message and
+by signing this message uh she provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by signing this message uh she provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by signing this message uh she provides
+she she's able to uh sort of give Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's able to uh sort of give Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she she's able to uh sort of give Bob
+some confidence that this message in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence that this message in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some confidence that this message in
+fact came from her. Okay. Um we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact came from her. Okay. Um we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact came from her. Okay. Um we can also
+do the the do the opposite the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the do the opposite the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the the do the opposite the the
+opposite thing where um say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite thing where um say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite thing where um say for example
+Alice is sending a message to Bob.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is sending a message to Bob.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is sending a message to Bob.
+She can take M and sign it with K B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She can take M and sign it with K B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She can take M and sign it with K B
+public. Okay. So if she sign or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public. Okay. So if she sign or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public. Okay. So if she sign or sorry
+she can encrypt it with KB public. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can encrypt it with KB public. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can encrypt it with KB public. Okay.
+So she uses she's going to use the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So she uses she's going to use the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So she uses she's going to use the RSA
+algorithm. She's going to encrypt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. She's going to encrypt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. She's going to encrypt this
+message. And when she encrypts this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. And when she encrypts this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. And when she encrypts this
+message, she's going to basically use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message, she's going to basically use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message, she's going to basically use
+the RSA algorithm using KB public. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RSA algorithm using KB public. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RSA algorithm using KB public. And
+what's going to happen is now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is now this
+message, she's going to be reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message, she's going to be reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message, she's going to be reasonably
+assured that this message is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that this message is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that this message is going to be
+able to only be read by Bob, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to only be read by Bob, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to only be read by Bob, right?
+because only Bob presumably has uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only Bob presumably has uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only Bob presumably has uh his
+own private key. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own private key. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own private key. Okay.
+So what I've shown here makes this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I've shown here makes this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I've shown here makes this look
+very simple. I sort of said it as though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple. I sort of said it as though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple. I sort of said it as though
+we're simply taking this message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're simply taking this message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're simply taking this message and
+we're running the basic RSA algorithm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running the basic RSA algorithm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running the basic RSA algorithm as
+I showed it on on the message in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed it on on the message in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed it on on the message in order
+to do sign and in order to do encrypt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do sign and in order to do encrypt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do sign and in order to do encrypt.
+Turns out that actually getting sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out that actually getting sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out that actually getting sign and
+encrypt to work um properly requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt to work um properly requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt to work um properly requires
+some fairly uh sophisticated uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly uh sophisticated uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly uh sophisticated uh sort of
+reasoning about the RSA algorithm. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about the RSA algorithm. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning about the RSA algorithm. So
+for example um when you're encrypting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um when you're encrypting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example um when you're encrypting
+something if the message is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if the message is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something if the message is very small
+it turns out that if you encrypt a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that if you encrypt a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that if you encrypt a small
+message uh just simply using the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh just simply using the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message uh just simply using the RSA
+algorithm as I presented it that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm as I presented it that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm as I presented it that it's
+relatively easy to break the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to break the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy to break the RSA
+algorithm. The RSA algorithm becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. The RSA algorithm becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm. The RSA algorithm becomes
+vulnerable with very small messages. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable with very small messages. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable with very small messages. So
+that means that the encryption process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the encryption process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the encryption process
+actually needs to pad out the message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs to pad out the message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs to pad out the message to
+some longer length. Needs to put uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some longer length. Needs to put uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some longer length. Needs to put uh
+unused bits at the end of every message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused bits at the end of every message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unused bits at the end of every message
+in order for it to be secure. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for it to be secure. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for it to be secure. So these
+uh sign and encrypt algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sign and encrypt algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sign and encrypt algorithms
+themselves are sort of have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are sort of have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are sort of have to do some
+additional work on top of the basic RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work on top of the basic RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work on top of the basic RSA
+algorithm in order to be secure and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in order to be secure and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm in order to be secure and that
+additional work is sort of beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work is sort of beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work is sort of beyond the
+scope of this class. It requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of this class. It requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of this class. It requires a
+certain degree of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain degree of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain degree of mathematical
+sophistication that we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication that we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication that we're not going to
+rely on here. So you can go take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on here. So you can go take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on here. So you can go take an
+extra class about cryptography and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra class about cryptography and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra class about cryptography and learn
+about how these sign and encrypt uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these sign and encrypt uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how these sign and encrypt uh
+algorithms actually work. But the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms actually work. But the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms actually work. But the basic
+idea is that you can you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you can you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you can you can sort of
+grasp by just seeing the seeing RSA.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp by just seeing the seeing RSA.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp by just seeing the seeing RSA.
+Okay. So these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So these things are
+hard to build.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now that we've sort of quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now that we've sort of quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now that we've sort of quickly
+reviewed um the the basics of protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed um the the basics of protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reviewed um the the basics of protection
+and we've seen the the the sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen the the the sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've seen the the the sign and
+verify and encrypt and decrypt uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and encrypt and decrypt uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify and encrypt and decrypt uh
+the sign and verify and encrypt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign and verify and encrypt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign and verify and encrypt and
+decrypt um primitives. Now what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt um primitives. Now what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt um primitives. Now what I want
+to do is to talk a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to talk a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to talk a little bit about how
+we can actually start building up uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually start building up uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually start building up uh the
+solving this problem of authenticating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem of authenticating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem of authenticating a
+user. Okay. So when we authenticate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user. Okay. So when we authenticate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user. Okay. So when we authenticate a
+user we have two objectives. Okay. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user we have two objectives. Okay. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user we have two objectives. Okay. One
+one thing with one thing we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing with one thing we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing with one thing we're trying to
+achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one thing we're trying to achieve is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we're trying to achieve is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we're trying to achieve is to
+determine who is making a request.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So in practice it's going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in practice it's going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in practice it's going to turn
+out in fact that we may not officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in fact that we may not officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in fact that we may not officially
+be able to say exactly who it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say exactly who it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to say exactly who it is that
+the specific person who's being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific person who's being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific person who's being able to
+make the request. We may say only may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the request. We may say only may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the request. We may say only may
+only be able to say that uh this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be able to say that uh this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be able to say that uh this the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+principle or you know per part per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle or you know per part per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle or you know per part per
+person or computer um as before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or computer um as before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or computer um as before is
+making a request or or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a request or or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a request or or the same
+principle who had some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle who had some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle who had some special
+privileged piece of information as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged piece of information as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privileged piece of information as we
+saw that the person before had is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the person before had is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that the person before had is making
+this request. Okay. Okay. So, we may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request. Okay. Okay. So, we may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request. Okay. Okay. So, we may not
+be able to actually associate this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to actually associate this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to actually associate this with
+a uh a physical person, but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a physical person, but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a physical person, but at least
+we're going to be able to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be able to know that
+we've seen somebody who had the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen somebody who had the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen somebody who had the same
+information before. So, we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information before. So, we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information before. So, we're trying to
+make sure that this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this is sort of
+consistent with a series of requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a series of requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with a series of requests
+that we've seen in the past. So, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in the past. So, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen in the past. So, a
+simple example is, you know, uh I log on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example is, you know, uh I log on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example is, you know, uh I log on
+to Amazon, I create a password. Um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Amazon, I create a password. Um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Amazon, I create a password. Um now
+anybody who I give that password to can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who I give that password to can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who I give that password to can
+log on to Amazon and all the system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log on to Amazon and all the system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log on to Amazon and all the system can
+say is that it knows that whoever it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that it knows that whoever it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that it knows that whoever it was
+who you know had access whoever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know had access whoever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you know had access whoever it is
+who's accessing definitely has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's accessing definitely has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's accessing definitely has you know
+my password information but it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my password information but it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my password information but it's sort of
+there's some it doesn't know officially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some it doesn't know officially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some it doesn't know officially
+that it's actually the same physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually the same physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually the same physical
+person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person.
+Okay. The other thing though that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The other thing though that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The other thing though that we
+want authentic au authentication to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want authentic au authentication to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want authentic au authentication to do
+is to uh tell us that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh tell us that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh tell us that um
+basically that the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sent
+is equal to the message that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the message that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the message that was
+received.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received.
+Okay. So we want it to be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want it to be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we want it to be the case that
+if Alice sends a message to Bob that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alice sends a message to Bob that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Alice sends a message to Bob that
+when Bob receives that message, we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Bob receives that message, we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Bob receives that message, we want
+him to have some assurance that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to have some assurance that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to have some assurance that in fact
+that message was actually the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message was actually the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message was actually the message
+that Alice tried to send. Okay? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice tried to send. Okay? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice tried to send. Okay? And
+we're going to talk about how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how this is
+this is going to sort of relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to sort of relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to sort of relate to the
+problem of integrity that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of integrity that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of integrity that we talked
+about before, verifying that a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before, verifying that a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before, verifying that a message
+hasn't been corrupted in transmission.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been corrupted in transmission.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been corrupted in transmission.
+But this is actually a harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is actually a harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this is actually a harder
+requirement because we may need to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement because we may need to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement because we may need to not
+only worry about sort of random bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only worry about sort of random bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only worry about sort of random bits
+being flipped by the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being flipped by the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being flipped by the communication
+channel, but we need to worry about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel, but we need to worry about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel, but we need to worry about some
+malicious person coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious person coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malicious person coming in and
+physically actively modifying the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically actively modifying the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically actively modifying the bits
+of the message.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So authentication is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So authentication is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So authentication is sort of the
+first step that we need to have in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step that we need to have in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step that we need to have in any
+secure system because authentication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure system because authentication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure system because authentication is
+going to be the key to we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the key to we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the key to we have to
+authenticate a user before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate a user before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate a user before we can
+authorize the user. Okay, before we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize the user. Okay, before we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize the user. Okay, before we can
+say yes, this user is allowed, we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes, this user is allowed, we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes, this user is allowed, we have
+to figure out who the user is. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out who the user is. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out who the user is. And
+similarly, we can use authentication,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly, we can use authentication,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly, we can use authentication,
+this process of figuring out who a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of figuring out who a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of figuring out who a user
+is to help us to build up audit trails,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to help us to build up audit trails,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to help us to build up audit trails,
+right? Remember we said audit trails are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Remember we said audit trails are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Remember we said audit trails are
+something that's important. So once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's important. So once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's important. So once we
+figure out who a user is, we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who a user is, we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who a user is, we can keep
+logs of which user it was that connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of which user it was that connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logs of which user it was that connected
+to our machine. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So let's look at a a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's look at a a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's look at a a simple
+model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of
+how authentication works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the idea is as follows. We have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is as follows. We have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is as follows. We have our
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+say for example a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example a user
+um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who
+is sending a request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to some server.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay, so on this server and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so on this server and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so on this server and this
+request might be something for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request might be something for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request might be something for example
+like you know buy uh Apple stock. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know buy uh Apple stock. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know buy uh Apple stock. Okay,
+and the server's job is to determine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server's job is to determine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server's job is to determine uh
+whether this this request is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this this request is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this this request is actually
+authentic, whether it actually came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic, whether it actually came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic, whether it actually came from
+the user it claims to come from um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user it claims to come from um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user it claims to come from um and
+whether the message that was received is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the message that was received is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the message that was received is
+actually the message that was sent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the message that was sent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the message that was sent.
+Okay. So, the way it's going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, the way it's going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, the way it's going to do this
+is we're going to introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to introduce a
+something we call a guard that's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call a guard that's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call a guard that's at the
+front end of this server that takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end of this server that takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end of this server that takes in
+all the incoming requests and is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the incoming requests and is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the incoming requests and is in
+charge of authenticating them. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of authenticating them. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of authenticating them. And then
+this guard is going to dispatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guard is going to dispatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guard is going to dispatch
+results off to any of the services that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results off to any of the services that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results off to any of the services that
+the server provides. It's going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server provides. It's going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server provides. It's going to say
+if the request is authentic, it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the request is authentic, it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the request is authentic, it's going
+to go invoke the service that we need.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go invoke the service that we need.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go invoke the service that we need.
+Okay. Okay, so this guard is a in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so this guard is a in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so this guard is a in other
+words, this guard is a type of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this guard is a type of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this guard is a type of a
+mediator that sits in between all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator that sits in between all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediator that sits in between all the
+requests between the principal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests between the principal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests between the principal and the
+service that it's trying to access. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that it's trying to access. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service that it's trying to access. And
+the guard is going to be the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guard is going to be the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guard is going to be the thing that
+does all of our authentication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so
+now we have the now we're sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the now we're sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have the now we're sort of this
+now now the question is what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now the question is what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now the question is what is it
+exactly that the guard does? How does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that the guard does? How does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that the guard does? How does
+the guard mechanically what's what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guard mechanically what's what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guard mechanically what's what are
+the processes that the guard has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that the guard has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that the guard has to go
+through in order to authenticate a user?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in order to authenticate a user?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in order to authenticate a user?
+Um, and before we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and before we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and before we talk about the
+specific technical solution, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific technical solution, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific technical solution, I want to
+sort of talk about there there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about there there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about there there's two
+things really that are going on when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really that are going on when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things really that are going on when you
+decide uh when you when you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide uh when you when you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide uh when you when you're trying to
+figure out who who it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who who it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who who it is that's
+requesting and whether you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting and whether you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requesting and whether you're going to
+allow that person to do what they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that person to do what they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that person to do what they want
+to do. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Um,
+so the issue is essentially as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is essentially as follows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the issue is essentially as follows.
+It's there's this question about is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's there's this question about is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's there's this question about is this
+is this user the uh is this user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this user the uh is this user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this user the uh is this user
+actually uh is is the computer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh is is the computer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh is is the computer that's
+making this request does it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this request does it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this request does it actually
+have the you know appropriate keys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the you know appropriate keys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the you know appropriate keys to
+make this request does it have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this request does it have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this request does it have the
+appropriate password to be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate password to be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate password to be allowed to
+make this request then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this request then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this request then there's this
+other question which is do I trust this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question which is do I trust this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question which is do I trust this
+user right is this somebody who I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user right is this somebody who I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user right is this somebody who I want
+using my service okay is this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my service okay is this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my service okay is this you know
+suppose that I go to Apple and I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I go to Apple and I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I go to Apple and I you
+know I go to Erade and say I want to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I go to Erade and say I want to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I go to Erade and say I want to buy
+Apple how does Erade decide whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple how does Erade decide whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple how does Erade decide whether or
+not it trusts me whether I'm somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it trusts me whether I'm somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it trusts me whether I'm somebody
+who's allowed to buy Apple stock from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's allowed to buy Apple stock from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's allowed to buy Apple stock from
+them or not. Right? So they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or not. Right? So they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or not. Right? So they have some
+process for doing that. So we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for doing that. So we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for doing that. So we have this
+mechanical process of authentication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay? And then we have this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then we have this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then we have this sort of
+psychological process of determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological process of determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological process of determining
+whether or not you trust somebody. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you trust somebody. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you trust somebody. Okay.
+So this authentication is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this authentication is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this authentication is going to be a
+technical thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical thing.
+Technical. And this we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical. And this we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical. And this we're going to
+describe this as being psychological.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what these things are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what these things are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what these things are connected
+by is some notion of a name. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by is some notion of a name. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by is some notion of a name. Okay.
+So there's the authentication. What the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the authentication. What the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's the authentication. What the
+authentication says is for example Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication says is for example Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication says is for example Sam
+wants to buy Apple. It determines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to buy Apple. It determines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to buy Apple. It determines that
+my request I am in fact the person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my request I am in fact the person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my request I am in fact the person who
+is making the request that I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making the request that I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making the request that I have the
+appropriate uh sort of that it's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh sort of that it's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate uh sort of that it's able to
+verify that I I am the one who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that I I am the one who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify that I I am the one who's
+actually making the request. What the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making the request. What the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making the request. What the
+trust what trust is responsible doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust what trust is responsible doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust what trust is responsible doing is
+determining whether or not Sam should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining whether or not Sam should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining whether or not Sam should
+actually be allowed to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be allowed to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be allowed to make this
+request. And this is not something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. And this is not something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. And this is not something that
+we necessarily that we have a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we necessarily that we have a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we necessarily that we have a technical
+solution to. What we have is uh so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to. What we have is uh so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to. What we have is uh so any
+different computer systems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different computer systems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different computer systems have
+different ways of determining whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of determining whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of determining whether or
+not they should trust each other. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they should trust each other. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they should trust each other. So for
+example, when you go to a service on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, when you go to a service on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, when you go to a service on the
+web, right, you think about whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web, right, you think about whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web, right, you think about whether you
+trust that service, you make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust that service, you make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust that service, you make a decision
+about whether you trust that service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you trust that service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you trust that service
+based on some sort of way that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some sort of way that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on some sort of way that you have
+of evaluating a service. Maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evaluating a service. Maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evaluating a service. Maybe you know
+your mom told you that Erade is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom told you that Erade is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mom told you that Erade is the best
+place to buy stocks on the internet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to buy stocks on the internet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to buy stocks on the internet with
+and so you trust your mom and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you trust your mom and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you trust your mom and so
+therefore you trust Erade. Okay? Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you trust Erade. Okay? Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you trust Erade. Okay? Or
+maybe you saw an advertisement for Erade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you saw an advertisement for Erade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you saw an advertisement for Erade
+and you think you know any company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think you know any company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think you know any company that
+has enough money to advertise on the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has enough money to advertise on the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has enough money to advertise on the you
+know side of the freeway must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know side of the freeway must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know side of the freeway must be a
+trustworthy company and therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy company and therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy company and therefore I
+trust you. Okay. Similarly, Erade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust you. Okay. Similarly, Erade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust you. Okay. Similarly, Erade
+presumably determines that they trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably determines that they trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably determines that they trust
+you based on well, one thing they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you based on well, one thing they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you based on well, one thing they might
+do is you might give them a bank account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you might give them a bank account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you might give them a bank account
+number and your bank might say, "Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and your bank might say, "Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and your bank might say, "Yes,
+this person has enough money to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person has enough money to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person has enough money to make
+this request." So, that's a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request." So, that's a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request." So, that's a way that
+they might decide that they trust you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might decide that they trust you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might decide that they trust you.
+Right? Alternatively, perhaps, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Alternatively, perhaps, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Alternatively, perhaps, you know,
+Erade gives out loans. So, maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erade gives out loans. So, maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Erade gives out loans. So, maybe they
+say they go talk to your uh credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they go talk to your uh credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they go talk to your uh credit
+reporting agency and the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting agency and the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting agency and the credit
+reporting agency, you know, says, "Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting agency, you know, says, "Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting agency, you know, says, "Yeah,
+this guy is he's trustworthy. he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is he's trustworthy. he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is he's trustworthy. he's he's
+you know has a high credit score so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has a high credit score so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has a high credit score so
+therefore we'll uh you know let him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we'll uh you know let him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we'll uh you know let him the
+E trade will let you borrow $1,000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E trade will let you borrow $1,000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E trade will let you borrow $1,000 to
+invest in the stock market or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the stock market or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in the stock market or something
+right um so this issue of trust is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so this issue of trust is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um so this issue of trust is one
+that we don't have a technical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have a technical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have a technical solution
+to but it's absolutely an essential part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but it's absolutely an essential part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but it's absolutely an essential part
+of authenticating and authorizing a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authenticating and authorizing a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authenticating and authorizing a user
+to use a computer system so it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a computer system so it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a computer system so it's worth
+just bearing this in mind that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bearing this in mind that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bearing this in mind that there
+needs to be sort of anytime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be sort of anytime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be sort of anytime you're
+building a computer system you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a computer system you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a computer system you need to
+sort of make sure that that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make sure that that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of make sure that that you need to
+think about how it is that you determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how it is that you determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how it is that you determine
+whether a user is trustworthy or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a user is trustworthy or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a user is trustworthy or not and
+this goes both ways. Both for the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes both ways. Both for the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes both ways. Both for the user
+of the system, how do they determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system, how do they determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system, how do they determine
+that you're trustworthy? And for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trustworthy? And for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trustworthy? And for the
+system, how do you determine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, how do you determine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, how do you determine that the
+users are trustworthy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now the key problem is focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the key problem is focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the key problem is focusing on
+this sort of authentication problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of authentication problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of authentication problem.
+What is what's the technical, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is what's the technical, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is what's the technical, you know,
+the technical meat of how we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical meat of how we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technical meat of how we're actually
+going to authenticate a user?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So one thing that you might think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing that you might think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing that you might think is
+well one of these problems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of these problems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of these problems is
+determining uh that this message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining uh that this message that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining uh that this message that
+was sent was actually the message that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sent was actually the message that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sent was actually the message that
+was received. So here's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was received. So here's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was received. So here's a simple
+proposal that I might have which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that I might have which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal that I might have which is that
+um I I might compute one of these check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I might compute one of these check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I might compute one of these check
+sum one of these say CRC checks these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum one of these say CRC checks these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum one of these say CRC checks these
+check sums that we talked about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check sums that we talked about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check sums that we talked about when
+we're talking about networking that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about networking that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about networking that we
+use to determine whether or not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to determine whether or not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to determine whether or not the
+message has been corrupted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message has been corrupted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message has been corrupted in
+transmission. Okay, it turns out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission. Okay, it turns out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission. Okay, it turns out that's
+not going to work. Okay, and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work. Okay, and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to work. Okay, and the other
+you might also think that the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also think that the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might also think that the way that
+you're going to uh ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to uh ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to uh ensure that the
+person who is requesting the message uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who is requesting the message uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who is requesting the message uh
+is actually is is actually who they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is is actually who they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is is actually who they
+claim to be is by um for example using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to be is by um for example using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to be is by um for example using
+our uh encryption primitive, right? We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh encryption primitive, right? We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh encryption primitive, right? We
+might, you know, if we had the if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might, you know, if we had the if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might, you know, if we had the if we had
+a one-time pad available to us, we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time pad available to us, we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one-time pad available to us, we might
+encrypt the entire stream of data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the entire stream of data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the entire stream of data that's
+going across and then we would think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across and then we would think,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going across and then we would think,
+well, there's no way that somebody on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, there's no way that somebody on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, there's no way that somebody on
+the other end, unless they're authorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end, unless they're authorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other end, unless they're authorized
+to read this, um, will will actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read this, um, will will actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read this, um, will will actually be
+be able to read it and therefore uh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read it and therefore uh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to read it and therefore uh, you
+know, this is going to give us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this is going to give us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this is going to give us some
+guarantee about who's making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee about who's making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee about who's making the
+request. Neither of these things quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. Neither of these things quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. Neither of these things quite
+works. Let me explain why.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Let me explain why.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works. Let me explain why.
+So integrity in the sense that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So integrity in the sense that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So integrity in the sense that we've
+studied it previously in 6033 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it previously in 6033 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied it previously in 6033 is not
+equal to uh authenticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not equal to confidentiality. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the reason is as follows. Suppose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason is as follows. Suppose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason is as follows. Suppose um
+let's just look at a simple example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at a simple example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at a simple example.
+Suppose there's Alice um who's sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there's Alice um who's sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose there's Alice um who's sending a
+message to some server.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And suppose what Alice is suppose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose what Alice is suppose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And suppose what Alice is suppose this
+server is something where Alice doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is something where Alice doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is something where Alice doesn't
+really mind if her request is seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mind if her request is seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mind if her request is seen in
+public but she wants to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public but she wants to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public but she wants to make sure that
+her request is uh actually the request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her request is uh actually the request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her request is uh actually the request
+that the server actually receives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the server actually receives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the server actually receives the
+request that she made. So she cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request that she made. So she cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request that she made. So she cares
+about it being the right request but she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it being the right request but she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it being the right request but she
+doesn't care about it being a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about it being a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about it being a secret
+request. So, you know, maybe Alice says,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. So, you know, maybe Alice says,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. So, you know, maybe Alice says,
+"I want to buy I want to, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I want to buy I want to, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"I want to buy I want to, you know,
+donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donate
+um $100 to save the whales." Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um $100 to save the whales." Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um $100 to save the whales." Okay. So,
+she says, you know, uh I don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says, you know, uh I don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she says, you know, uh I don't care if
+anybody knows that I want to save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows that I want to save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows that I want to save the
+whales. That's a noble and respectful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whales. That's a noble and respectful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whales. That's a noble and respectful
+cause. And you know, I in fact, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause. And you know, I in fact, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause. And you know, I in fact, I'm
+proud of the fact that I want to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of the fact that I want to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of the fact that I want to save
+the whales. So, anybody who wants to can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales. So, anybody who wants to can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whales. So, anybody who wants to can
+look at this message, but I really only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this message, but I really only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this message, but I really only
+want to give save the whales $100. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give save the whales $100. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give save the whales $100. So, I
+want to make sure that somebody doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that somebody doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that somebody doesn't
+mess with this message and, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with this message and, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess with this message and, you know,
+some save the whale activist doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some save the whale activist doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some save the whale activist doesn't
+change this message to be $10,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this message to be $10,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this message to be $10,000 so
+that I don't lose a bunch of money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't lose a bunch of money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't lose a bunch of money.
+Okay. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um,
+so let's look at some, uh, techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some, uh, techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some, uh, techniques
+that we might use to sort of guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might use to sort of guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might use to sort of guarantee
+that this is the case. So, one thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case. So, one thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case. So, one thing we
+might do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is to
+say, for example, use a one-time pad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, for example, use a one-time pad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, for example, use a one-time pad.
+So, suppose we Alice and the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, suppose we Alice and the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, suppose we Alice and the server
+share a random bit string, right? Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a random bit string, right? Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share a random bit string, right? Alice
+might might encode the uh might exor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might might encode the uh might exor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might might encode the uh might exor the
+bit the message that she transmits um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the message that she transmits um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the message that she transmits um
+and then the server might reverse might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the server might reverse might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the server might reverse might
+apply the exor again with the same bitst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the exor again with the same bitst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the exor again with the same bitst
+string and get the message back. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and get the message back. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and get the message back. Okay.
+So the problem with this is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the problem with this is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the problem with this is that it
+doesn't give any way it doesn't this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give any way it doesn't this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give any way it doesn't this
+this doesn't prevent some malicious user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't prevent some malicious user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't prevent some malicious user
+or Lucifer from coming into the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Lucifer from coming into the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Lucifer from coming into the middle
+of this and interfering with this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and interfering with this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and interfering with this bit
+string as it's transmitted. So even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as it's transmitted. So even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as it's transmitted. So even
+though Lucifer can't actually look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Lucifer can't actually look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though Lucifer can't actually look at
+the message, he can manipulate the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message, he can manipulate the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message, he can manipulate the bits
+to his heart's content. And he, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his heart's content. And he, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his heart's content. And he, you
+know, may get lucky and change the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, may get lucky and change the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, may get lucky and change the bits
+so that, you know, it says something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that, you know, it says something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that, you know, it says something
+like donate some different amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like donate some different amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like donate some different amount of
+money to save the whales. Or he may just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to save the whales. Or he may just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to save the whales. Or he may just
+garble Alice's request so it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garble Alice's request so it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garble Alice's request so it can't be
+processed. So onetime pad isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed. So onetime pad isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed. So onetime pad isn't going to
+work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work.
+Now the alternate the other the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the alternate the other the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the alternate the other the other
+alternative I said we could talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative I said we could talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative I said we could talk about
+would be something like using a CRC.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like using a CRC.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something like using a CRC.
+Okay. Um, so what Alice would do is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so what Alice would do is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so what Alice would do is then
+she would send M followed by the CRC of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would send M followed by the CRC of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she would send M followed by the CRC of
+M. Okay, the problem with this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. Okay, the problem with this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M. Okay, the problem with this is that
+now our Lucifer can look at this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our Lucifer can look at this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our Lucifer can look at this message
+as it comes across the wire and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes across the wire and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it comes across the wire and the
+check sum and he can simply change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check sum and he can simply change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check sum and he can simply change the
+message to say whatever he wants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to say whatever he wants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message to say whatever he wants and
+then recomputee the check sum. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recomputee the check sum. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recomputee the check sum. Okay, so
+the check sums as we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check sums as we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the check sums as we've talked about
+them so far are good for handling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so far are good for handling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so far are good for handling the
+case of non-malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of non-malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of non-malicious
+uh attacks or non non-malicious problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attacks or non non-malicious problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh attacks or non non-malicious problems
+like a bit gets changed in transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bit gets changed in transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bit gets changed in transmission
+or there's some error in transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's some error in transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's some error in transmission
+but they don't solve this problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't solve this problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't solve this problem of
+presenting uh preventing somebody from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting uh preventing somebody from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting uh preventing somebody from
+tampering with the message and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampering with the message and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampering with the message and being
+able to detect tampering that also when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to detect tampering that also when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to detect tampering that also when
+that tampering also affects the CRC.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so um if you think about this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so um if you think about this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so um if you think about this for
+a minute, the property that we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute, the property that we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute, the property that we want is
+it sort of feels like some combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of feels like some combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of feels like some combination
+of these two things. Basically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two things. Basically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two things. Basically what we
+want is some check sum a check sum like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is some check sum a check sum like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is some check sum a check sum like
+like operation um such that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operation um such that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like operation um such that the only
+person so that we such that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so that we such that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so that we such that we know that
+the only person who could have possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only person who could have possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only person who could have possibly
+uh written this check sum was somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh written this check sum was somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh written this check sum was somebody
+who had access to Alice's one of to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had access to Alice's one of to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had access to Alice's one of to to
+some key that Alice has like Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key that Alice has like Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some key that Alice has like Alice's
+private key. So we want to check some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key. So we want to check some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key. So we want to check some
+that's dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want this checksum to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want this checksum to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want this checksum to have some
+some fairly strong properties. Okay, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly strong properties. Okay, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fairly strong properties. Okay, we
+want this checksum to be resistant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this checksum to be resistant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this checksum to be resistant to
+these kinds of attacks that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of attacks that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of attacks that we talked
+about Lucifer applying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Lucifer applying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Lucifer applying.
+So in particular we want the checksum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular we want the checksum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in particular we want the checksum to
+be resistant to Lucifer modifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be resistant to Lucifer modifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be resistant to Lucifer modifying
+the message. So the check sum should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message. So the check sum should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message. So the check sum should
+detect that this message was modified if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that this message was modified if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect that this message was modified if
+it was modified that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was modified that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was modified that this
+um we also want it to be able to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also want it to be able to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we also want it to be able to detect
+other transformations of the message. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transformations of the message. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other transformations of the message. So
+for example suppose that rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example suppose that rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example suppose that rather than
+modifying m changing something Lucifer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying m changing something Lucifer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying m changing something Lucifer
+just reorders some of the words in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reorders some of the words in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reorders some of the words in it
+right keeps exactly the same characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right keeps exactly the same characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right keeps exactly the same characters
+and exactly the same length but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly the same length but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly the same length but just
+switches switches some things around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches switches some things around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches switches some things around.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+and there's other kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other kinds of things that
+we might want to be able to resist as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to be able to resist as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to be able to resist as
+well, like uh, for example, taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, like uh, for example, taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, like uh, for example, taking
+exactly the same message and sticking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same message and sticking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same message and sticking a
+little bit of extra data onto the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra data onto the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra data onto the end of
+it, appending something to the message.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, appending something to the message.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, appending something to the message.
+So, there's a bunch of different sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a bunch of different sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a bunch of different sort of
+properties that we want whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we want whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we want whatever this
+thing is that's going to allow us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that's going to allow us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that's going to allow us to do
+authentication to have. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication to have. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication to have. Okay,
+so let's look at the sort of model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the sort of model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the sort of model for
+how our our basic authentication system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our our basic authentication system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how our our basic authentication system
+is going to work. It's really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to work. It's really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to work. It's really pretty
+straightforward and it's going to rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and it's going to rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and it's going to rely
+on using our sign and verify primitives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using our sign and verify primitives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using our sign and verify primitives
+that I'm erasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the idea is as follows. We've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is as follows. We've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is as follows. We've got
+Alice over here who's sending a message.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice over here who's sending a message.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice over here who's sending a message.
+Um that message is going to go into a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that message is going to go into a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that message is going to go into a s
+our sign uh cryptographic primitive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sign uh cryptographic primitive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sign uh cryptographic primitive.
+It's going to be transformed and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be transformed and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be transformed and it's
+going to come over here to our verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come over here to our verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come over here to our verify
+box. and then uh it's going to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box. and then uh it's going to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box. and then uh it's going to come out
+on the other side. The idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side. The idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side. The idea is
+at the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the server
+and this sign is going to have some K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sign is going to have some K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sign is going to have some K1
+that gets fed into it and verify is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets fed into it and verify is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets fed into it and verify is
+going to have some K2 that gets fed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some K2 that gets fed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some K2 that gets fed into
+it. And the idea is that in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And the idea is that in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And the idea is that in addition to
+signing the message, we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing the message, we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signing the message, we're also going to
+transmit the message itself. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit the message itself. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit the message itself. Okay, so
+this is going to be sort of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be sort of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be sort of like this
+idea of putting a CRC on a message, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of putting a CRC on a message, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of putting a CRC on a message, but
+this thing that we're going to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we're going to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we're going to do when
+we sign is going to be provide this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sign is going to be provide this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sign is going to be provide this uh
+sort of better properties than the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of better properties than the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of better properties than the basic
+CRC did. So the idea is this is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRC did. So the idea is this is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRC did. So the idea is this is a small
+bit of additional information that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of additional information that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of additional information that gets
+transmitted with the message that allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted with the message that allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted with the message that allows
+the server to be confident that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server to be confident that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server to be confident that in fact
+the message that was transmitted uh came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message that was transmitted uh came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message that was transmitted uh came
+from Alice and that it hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Alice and that it hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Alice and that it hasn't been
+corrupted along the way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um
+the idea is so so this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is so so this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is so so this is the this is
+the basic idea which is uh there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea which is uh there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea which is uh there's this
+K1 the so the idea is now K1 comes in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 the so the idea is now K1 comes in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 the so the idea is now K1 comes in um
+it goes gets transmitted goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes gets transmitted goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes gets transmitted goes through
+the verify box and the verify box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verify box and the verify box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verify box and the verify box
+reports sort of yes or no this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports sort of yes or no this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports sort of yes or no this message
+was correct or it was not correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was correct or it was not correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was correct or it was not correct and
+the server also has access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server also has access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server also has access to the
+message. So if the server gets yes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. So if the server gets yes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message. So if the server gets yes in
+the message then it continues to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message then it continues to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message then it continues to process
+it. Um and we have two kinds of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and we have two kinds of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um and we have two kinds of ways of
+doing authentication. We have two kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing authentication. We have two kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing authentication. We have two kinds
+of ways of doing authentication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways of doing authentication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways of doing authentication that
+correspond to shared key and public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to shared key and public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to shared key and public key
+cryptography. So if K1 is equal to K2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. So if K1 is equal to K2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. So if K1 is equal to K2,
+we say that this is this uh little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that this is this uh little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that this is this uh little bit
+of information that we've transmitted is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that we've transmitted is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information that we've transmitted is
+a MAC a message authenticator. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MAC a message authenticator. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a MAC a message authenticator. Okay, so
+we call an MAC is that's just a uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an MAC is that's just a uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call an MAC is that's just a uh when
+you're using shared key cryptography,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using shared key cryptography,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using shared key cryptography,
+that's the bit of additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bit of additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bit of additional information
+that gets transmitted. Um and when K1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets transmitted. Um and when K1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets transmitted. Um and when K1 is
+not equal to K2 that is we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to K2 that is we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to K2 that is we're using
+public key cryptography we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography we call this
+thing this bit of additional information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this bit of additional information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing this bit of additional information
+a signature. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature. Okay.
+So to give you a very simple example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to give you a very simple example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to give you a very simple example of
+what a signature might consist of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a signature might consist of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a signature might consist of.
+Suppose we have a message M. Um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we have a message M. Um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose we have a message M. Um in
+public key cryptography a simple kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography a simple kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography a simple kind of
+signature that you can compute is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature that you can compute is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature that you can compute is to
+take the hash of M. Okay. um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the hash of M. Okay. um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the hash of M. Okay. um and then
+take that thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that thing and
+encode it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode it with
+Alice's private key. Okay, so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's private key. Okay, so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's private key. Okay, so this is a
+simple kind of a a a signature that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kind of a a a signature that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kind of a a a signature that we
+might attach to a message. And this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might attach to a message. And this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might attach to a message. And this has
+the properties we want, which is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties we want, which is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties we want, which is that um
+only Alice could have actually uh encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Alice could have actually uh encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Alice could have actually uh encode
+we believe that only Alice could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe that only Alice could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe that only Alice could have
+actually encoded this message because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encoded this message because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually encoded this message because we
+believe that only Alice has access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that only Alice has access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that only Alice has access to
+her private key. Um and so when somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her private key. Um and so when somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her private key. Um and so when somebody
+applies Alice's uses the public key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies Alice's uses the public key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies Alice's uses the public key to
+decode this, they get something back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode this, they get something back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode this, they get something back
+which is an authentic hash which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an authentic hash which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an authentic hash which which
+is a hash of the message. Okay. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hash of the message. Okay. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a hash of the message. Okay. Um and
+this hash is uh the the property that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash is uh the the property that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hash is uh the the property that we
+want this this is we call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this this is we call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this this is we call this a
+cryptographically secure hash.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically secure hash.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically secure hash.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+it's some way of combining the bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some way of combining the bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some way of combining the bits of
+the message together such that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message together such that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message together such that uh the
+probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+this this hash of m and this that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this hash of m and this that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this hash of m and this that when I
+when I compute the h when this when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I compute the h when this when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I compute the h when this when the
+server computes the hash of m the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server computes the hash of m the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server computes the hash of m the
+probability that it matches this hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it matches this hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it matches this hash
+that was in the signature that Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the signature that Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was in the signature that Alice
+sent is very uh is very high is is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent is very uh is very high is is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent is very uh is very high is is they
+will match if the messages are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will match if the messages are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will match if the messages are the same
+and if m if the the hash was computed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if m if the the hash was computed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if m if the the hash was computed on
+a different message than the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different message than the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different message than the message
+that the server receives. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the server receives. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the server receives. The
+probability is very very low that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very very low that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very very low that uh
+these two messages are in fact the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two messages are in fact the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two messages are in fact the same.
+So we say it has a low collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say it has a low collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we say it has a low collision
+probability. It's very unlikely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. It's very unlikely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability. It's very unlikely that
+some M prime that's not equal to M has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some M prime that's not equal to M has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some M prime that's not equal to M has
+the same hash as M. Okay. So that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same hash as M. Okay. So that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same hash as M. Okay. So that's what
+a cryptographically secure hash provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cryptographically secure hash provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cryptographically secure hash provides
+us. And again the append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. And again the append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. And again the append
+cryptographically secure hashes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically secure hashes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographically secure hashes are
+another kind of sort of mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of sort of mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of sort of mathematical
+technique. There's a set of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique. There's a set of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique. There's a set of algorithms
+for driving these things. The appendix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for driving these things. The appendix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for driving these things. The appendix
+talks about uh a common one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about uh a common one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about uh a common one which is
+used called Shaw one. Um and Shaw one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used called Shaw one. Um and Shaw one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used called Shaw one. Um and Shaw one it
+turns out has recently been shown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out has recently been shown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out has recently been shown to
+have some higher probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some higher probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some higher probability of
+collisions than was previously thought.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions than was previously thought.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions than was previously thought.
+And there's a new protocol called Shaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a new protocol called Shaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a new protocol called Shaw
+256 which is still believed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 which is still believed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 which is still believed to be
+secure. But Shaw one is one SHA which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure. But Shaw one is one SHA which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure. But Shaw one is one SHA which
+stands for secure hash is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for secure hash is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for secure hash is the one that
+um is one that's very commonly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one that's very commonly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is one that's very commonly used in
+the world today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world today.
+Okay. So this is a simple example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is a simple example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is a simple example of a
+signature. Um, and it allows basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature. Um, and it allows basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature. Um, and it allows basically
+for the server to ver to verify one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the server to ver to verify one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the server to ver to verify one by
+by decoding the message with Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by decoding the message with Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by decoding the message with Alice's
+public key that the message actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key that the message actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key that the message actually
+came from Alice. And this hash allows it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Alice. And this hash allows it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from Alice. And this hash allows it
+to be reasonably assured that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reasonably assured that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be reasonably assured that the
+message hasn't been trans hasn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message hasn't been trans hasn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message hasn't been trans hasn't been
+tampered with. So if the message if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with. So if the message if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with. So if the message if the
+message had been tampered with, the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message had been tampered with, the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message had been tampered with, the hash
+wouldn't match. And if the hash had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't match. And if the hash had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't match. And if the hash had been
+tampered, if this signature had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered, if this signature had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered, if this signature had been
+tampered with, then the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with, then the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with, then the receiver
+wouldn't have been able to decode this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been able to decode this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been able to decode this
+thing and get something back that made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and get something back that made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and get something back that made
+any sense. Okay? or again the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense. Okay? or again the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense. Okay? or again the hash
+probably wouldn't match.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't match.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably wouldn't match.
+So this is the this is the basic uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the this is the basic uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the this is the basic uh the
+the basic solution for doing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic solution for doing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic solution for doing um
+authentication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication.
+The screen is too low. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The screen is too low. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The screen is too low. Um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now that we sort of have seen the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we sort of have seen the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we sort of have seen the uh the
+the sort of method a method for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of method a method for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of method a method for for
+authenticating a message there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating a message there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticating a message there's sort of
+a bunch of little details that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of little details that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of little details that we've
+left hanging. So in particular one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hanging. So in particular one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hanging. So in particular one of
+the details that we haven't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details that we haven't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details that we haven't yet
+addressed is um so it suppose we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed is um so it suppose we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed is um so it suppose we are
+using some public keybased uh mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some public keybased uh mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some public keybased uh mechanism
+like this I haven't yet told you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I haven't yet told you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I haven't yet told you we
+haven't talked about how it is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about how it is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about how it is that uh
+somebody would learn Alice's public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would learn Alice's public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would learn Alice's public key
+right so we sort of have just assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we sort of have just assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we sort of have just assumed
+that whoever's receiving the message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whoever's receiving the message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whoever's receiving the message is
+able to figure out what Alice's public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out what Alice's public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out what Alice's public
+key is and one thing you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is and one thing you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is and one thing you could imagine
+is that while Alice goes around and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that while Alice goes around and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that while Alice goes around and she
+physically meets everybody who she uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically meets everybody who she uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically meets everybody who she uh
+you know whatever ever want to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever ever want to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whatever ever want to give a
+key to and she, you know, hands them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to and she, you know, hands them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to and she, you know, hands them a
+slip of paper that has her public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip of paper that has her public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip of paper that has her public key
+written on it. But obviously, one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on it. But obviously, one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on it. But obviously, one,
+that's not how the internet works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how the internet works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how the internet works
+clearly, right? Because we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly, right? Because we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly, right? Because we have some
+cryptographic protocols that allow us,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocols that allow us,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocols that allow us,
+we don't have to meet everybody and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to meet everybody and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to meet everybody and we
+can still get established secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still get established secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still get established secure
+communication channels. Um, and two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channels. Um, and two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channels. Um, and two,
+that just it doesn't sound very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just it doesn't sound very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just it doesn't sound very
+scalable. It doesn't sound like a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable. It doesn't sound like a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable. It doesn't sound like a great
+solution. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. So,
+this is the the key distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the key distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the key distribution
+problem. Okay. Um, for the case so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay. Um, for the case so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay. Um, for the case so this
+is this is going to apply mostly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is going to apply mostly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is going to apply mostly for the
+case of uh public key cryptography.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh public key cryptography.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of uh public key cryptography.
+In the case of shared key cryptography,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the case of shared key cryptography,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the case of shared key cryptography,
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+th this method I'm going to show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this method I'm going to show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th this method I'm going to show you in
+a minute right now isn't isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute right now isn't isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute right now isn't isn't going to
+apply necessarily to shared key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply necessarily to shared key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply necessarily to shared key
+cryptography, but I'll show you a way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography, but I'll show you a way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography, but I'll show you a way in
+which we can use public key cryptography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can use public key cryptography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can use public key cryptography
+to sort of bootstrap or to exchange a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of bootstrap or to exchange a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of bootstrap or to exchange a
+shared key which we can then use uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared key which we can then use uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared key which we can then use uh over
+a communication channel. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication channel. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication channel. So this is the
+key distribution problem for public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key distribution problem for public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key distribution problem for public key
+cryptographic systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um, one solution you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, one solution you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um, one solution you might
+just, so, uh, if Alice can't physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just, so, uh, if Alice can't physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just, so, uh, if Alice can't physically
+meet with, say, Bob, one thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with, say, Bob, one thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with, say, Bob, one thing that you
+might imagine doing is you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine doing is you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might imagine doing is you could just
+have Alice send a message to Bob saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alice send a message to Bob saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Alice send a message to Bob saying,
+um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um,
+here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is my
+public key. Or better yet, Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key. Or better yet, Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key. Or better yet, Alice's
+public key is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is a
+public key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is
+X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X.
+Okay, but this isn't a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but this isn't a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but this isn't a very good
+approach, right? Because how does B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, right? Because how does B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach, right? Because how does B
+actually know that this was Alice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that this was Alice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know that this was Alice that
+sent this message, right? This could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent this message, right? This could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent this message, right? This could
+have been some Lucifer who said, "Oh, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been some Lucifer who said, "Oh, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been some Lucifer who said, "Oh, by
+the way, Alice's key is this." Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, Alice's key is this." Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, Alice's key is this." Right?
+And now B thinks that Alice's key is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now B thinks that Alice's key is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now B thinks that Alice's key is in
+fact Lucifer's key. And now Lucifer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Lucifer's key. And now Lucifer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact Lucifer's key. And now Lucifer can
+decode any message that B wants to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode any message that B wants to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode any message that B wants to send
+to A. Right? So this isn't really a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A. Right? So this isn't really a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A. Right? So this isn't really a very
+good approach. Okay? Because what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approach. Okay? Because what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approach. Okay? Because what we're
+what this is we're what this if A just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is we're what this if A just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is we're what this if A just
+sort of out of the blue blurts out to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of out of the blue blurts out to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of out of the blue blurts out to B
+my key is this then B it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my key is this then B it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my key is this then B it doesn't have
+any way of actually knowing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way of actually knowing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way of actually knowing that this
+was in fact A who reported this key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact A who reported this key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fact A who reported this key.
+Okay. So that doesn't solve our problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that doesn't solve our problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that doesn't solve our problem.
+Instead we're going to use a technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead we're going to use a technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead we're going to use a technique
+called certificates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So certificates work like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay so what we're going to do did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so what we're going to do did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so what we're going to do did so
+the idea with certificates is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea with certificates is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea with certificates is that we're
+going to introduce a third party. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce a third party. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce a third party. Okay,
+which who had shown here as Charles. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which who had shown here as Charles. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which who had shown here as Charles. Um
+let's suppose that Alice and Bob know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that Alice and Bob know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that Alice and Bob know
+and trust Charles, right? So they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trust Charles, right? So they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trust Charles, right? So they've
+already somehow exchanged exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already somehow exchanged exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already somehow exchanged exchanged
+information with Charles, exchanged keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with Charles, exchanged keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with Charles, exchanged keys
+with him. Um so the idea is now that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him. Um so the idea is now that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him. Um so the idea is now that uh
+suppose that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that um
+A wants to send a message to Alice wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A wants to send a message to Alice wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A wants to send a message to Alice wants
+to send a message to Bob. So what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a message to Bob. So what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send a message to Bob. So what she
+does is she sends uh this message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is she sends uh this message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is she sends uh this message and
+she signs the message um using her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she signs the message um using her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she signs the message um using her
+private key. Okay, so that's what this s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key. Okay, so that's what this s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key. Okay, so that's what this s
+parenthesis m ka priv means. So now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis m ka priv means. So now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis m ka priv means. So now um
+what Bob is going to do is he's say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bob is going to do is he's say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bob is going to do is he's say well
+I don't know any I don't know who this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know any I don't know who this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know any I don't know who this
+Alice is. Um and rather than simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is. Um and rather than simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is. Um and rather than simply
+asking Alice for her public key, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking Alice for her public key, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking Alice for her public key, which
+we've already said isn't a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said isn't a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already said isn't a very good
+idea, what Bob does is he asks Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea, what Bob does is he asks Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea, what Bob does is he asks Charles
+for her public key because he trusts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her public key because he trusts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her public key because he trusts
+Charles and he knows that Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and he knows that Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles and he knows that Charles
+probably knows something about Alice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably knows something about Alice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably knows something about Alice.
+And what Charles responds with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what Charles responds with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what Charles responds with is
+Alice's public key. um as well as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's public key. um as well as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's public key. um as well as he
+needs to make sure that he himself signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to make sure that he himself signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to make sure that he himself signs
+this message with his own private key,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message with his own private key,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message with his own private key,
+right? So that somebody else can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that somebody else can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that somebody else can't
+intercept the message as it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept the message as it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept the message as it's coming
+back and overwrite it. So he he uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and overwrite it. So he he uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and overwrite it. So he he uh also
+authentic he he uh he puts this his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic he he uh he puts this his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic he he uh he puts this his
+signature on this message that he sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature on this message that he sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature on this message that he sends
+back with Alice's public key in it. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with Alice's public key in it. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with Alice's public key in it. Now
+B has Alice's public key and he can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has Alice's public key and he can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has Alice's public key and he can go
+ahead and uh decode this message that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and uh decode this message that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and uh decode this message that he
+can go ahead and verify this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and verify this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and verify this message
+that Alice tried to send to him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice tried to send to him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Alice tried to send to him.
+Okay. So in this we call this Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this we call this Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this we call this Charles
+here sometimes is called a a CA a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes is called a a CA a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sometimes is called a a CA a
+certificate authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the idea is that these CAS a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that these CAS a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that these CAS a small
+number of CAS can service a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of CAS can service a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of CAS can service a very large
+numbers of you number of users. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of you number of users. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of you number of users. So
+rather than having to have every user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having to have every user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having to have every user
+exchange keys with every other user,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange keys with every other user,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange keys with every other user,
+each user just exchanges keys with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each user just exchanges keys with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each user just exchanges keys with a few
+certificate authorities and then those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities and then those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities and then those
+certificate authorities sort of act like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities sort of act like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities sort of act like
+these hubs that propagate the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hubs that propagate the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hubs that propagate the the uh
+propagate keys out into the to the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate keys out into the to the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate keys out into the to the rest
+of the users. Okay, so these keys uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the users. Okay, so these keys uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the users. Okay, so these keys uh so
+you can sort of um so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of um so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of um so this is a very
+simple way in which you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way in which you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way in which you might be able to
+disseminate a public key. Um we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminate a public key. Um we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminate a public key. Um we'll talk
+a little bit later on about a way about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later on about a way about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later on about a way about
+sort of a more formal way of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a more formal way of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a more formal way of reasoning
+about how public keys are disseminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how public keys are disseminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how public keys are disseminated
+and how uh these kinds of webs of trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how uh these kinds of webs of trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how uh these kinds of webs of trust
+are built up. Um but this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built up. Um but this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are built up. Um but this is just a
+simple way to sort of um start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to sort of um start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to sort of um start thinking
+about how public keys might be might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how public keys might be might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how public keys might be might be
+disseminated automatically over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminated automatically over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminated automatically over the
+internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so now let's suppose so so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's suppose so so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's suppose so so what I want
+to do now is just briefly turn with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is just briefly turn with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do now is just briefly turn with the
+last few minutes is turn to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few minutes is turn to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few minutes is turn to this
+question of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of um
+how we actually establish a secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually establish a secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we actually establish a secure
+communication channel between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channel between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channel between two
+parties. Okay. So this is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties. Okay. So this is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties. Okay. So this is going to get
+at our uh the at our property that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our uh the at our property that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our uh the at our property that the
+sort of establishing a confidential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of establishing a confidential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of establishing a confidential
+communication channel. So we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channel. So we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication channel. So we're going to
+talk a little bit about how we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about how we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about how we we
+establish confidentiality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish confidentiality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish confidentiality
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a common way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common way that we
+might want to establish we might so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to establish we might so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to establish we might so um
+so the idea is that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is that we're going to
+encrypt the communication that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the communication that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the communication that we want
+we want to find some way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find some way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to find some way that we can
+encrypt the communication between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the communication between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the communication between our
+two parties. Okay. And what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties. Okay. And what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parties. Okay. And what we're going
+to do is first we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is first we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is first we're going to
+authenticate the user um using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate the user um using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate the user um using a
+technique like this. And then what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique like this. And then what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique like this. And then what we're
+going to do is we're going to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to have the
+user um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user um
+then what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're going to do is we're
+going to have so we're going to use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have so we're going to use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have so we're going to use um
+use public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use public key
+uh to au to to uh authenticate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so this is the a secure establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is the a secure establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is the a secure establishing
+a secure communication channel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we're going to use public key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to use public key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to use public key to
+authenticate. But, um, what often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate. But, um, what often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate. But, um, what often
+happens in practice um, in the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in practice um, in the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in practice um, in the internet
+is that you use public key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you use public key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you use public key to
+authenticate and then what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate and then what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate and then what you're going
+to do is you're going to use a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you're going to use a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you're going to use a shared
+key cryptography protocol to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key cryptography protocol to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key cryptography protocol to actually
+encrypt the information that's flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the information that's flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the information that's flowing
+back and forth between the two parties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the two parties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the two parties.
+And the reason for that is if you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for that is if you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for that is if you sort
+of looked at the uh even though I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looked at the uh even though I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looked at the uh even though I said
+that uh this these public key methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this these public key methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this these public key methods
+like RSA are you know it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like RSA are you know it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like RSA are you know it's easier to
+exponentiate than it is to factor. Turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate than it is to factor. Turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate than it is to factor. Turns
+out that exponentiation in RSA is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that exponentiation in RSA is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that exponentiation in RSA is still
+relatively expensive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively expensive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively expensive because
+exponentiation requires these keys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation requires these keys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation requires these keys are
+very long. They're thousands of bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long. They're thousands of bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long. They're thousands of bits
+long. So you're taking these long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. So you're taking these long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. So you're taking these long
+messages and taking them to very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and taking them to very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and taking them to very large
+powers. Okay. So doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers. Okay. So doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers. Okay. So doing that is
+computationally expensive. You get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally expensive. You get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally expensive. You get these
+very big numbers that computers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big numbers that computers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big numbers that computers aren't
+terribly good at handling. And so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly good at handling. And so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly good at handling. And so it has
+a big impact on performance if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big impact on performance if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big impact on performance if you use
+public key cryptography uh to to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography uh to to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography uh to to all the
+time. So instead oftentimes what's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So instead oftentimes what's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So instead oftentimes what's done
+is we use public key cryptography to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we use public key cryptography to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we use public key cryptography to
+sort of as I said bootstrap the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as I said bootstrap the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as I said bootstrap the process
+of exchanging a shared key between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchanging a shared key between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exchanging a shared key between two
+servers. So that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers. So that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers. So that's what we're going to
+see. We're going to see how we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. We're going to see how we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. We're going to see how we can then
+uh exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a shared key which we can then use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared key which we can then use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shared key which we can then use to
+encrypt the communication between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the communication between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the communication between two
+parties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so this is this is a little puzzle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a little puzzle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a little puzzle for
+you guys. So what I'm going to put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys. So what I'm going to put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys. So what I'm going to put up
+now is a broken protocol. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a broken protocol. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a broken protocol. Um,
+so uh and see if you can figure out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and see if you can figure out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and see if you can figure out in
+the next few minutes how it's broken.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few minutes how it's broken.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few minutes how it's broken.
+Um, it's not not very broken, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not not very broken, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not not very broken, but it's
+it's broken in kind of a subtle way. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broken in kind of a subtle way. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broken in kind of a subtle way. So
+this is a protocol called Denning Sacko.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a protocol called Denning Sacko.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a protocol called Denning Sacko.
+And when it was originally proposed, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when it was originally proposed, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when it was originally proposed, the
+original proposers of it actually got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proposers of it actually got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proposers of it actually got it
+wrong, too. And they presumably thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, too. And they presumably thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong, too. And they presumably thought
+about it for a while before they got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a while before they got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it for a while before they got it
+wrong. So this is meant to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. So this is meant to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. So this is meant to be an
+illustration in designing cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration in designing cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration in designing cryptographic
+protocols is hard um and it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols is hard um and it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols is hard um and it needs to be
+something that you think about very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you think about very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you think about very
+carefully. So here's here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. So here's here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully. So here's here's the
+protocol. Suppose that Alice wants to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol. Suppose that Alice wants to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol. Suppose that Alice wants to uh
+send a message between Alice and Bob and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message between Alice and Bob and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a message between Alice and Bob and
+we have our char our certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our char our certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our char our certificate
+authority. Alice says to the certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. Alice says to the certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority. Alice says to the certificate
+authority um I would like to uh do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority um I would like to uh do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority um I would like to uh do some
+communication between uh with with Bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between uh with with Bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between uh with with Bob
+and my name is Alice. And what Bob sends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my name is Alice. And what Bob sends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my name is Alice. And what Bob sends
+back is um one of these certificates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is um one of these certificates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is um one of these certificates.
+This uh one of these uh uh a signed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This uh one of these uh uh a signed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This uh one of these uh uh a signed a
+message a signed message um that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message a signed message um that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message a signed message um that has
+Alice's public key in it and Bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's public key in it and Bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice's public key in it and Bob's
+public key. So we call these signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key. So we call these signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key. So we call these signed
+messages certificates. Um these come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages certificates. Um these come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages certificates. Um these come
+from the certificate authority and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the certificate authority and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the certificate authority and they
+basically are a way that if if Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are a way that if if Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are a way that if if Alice
+trusts the certificate authority, she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusts the certificate authority, she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusts the certificate authority, she
+can decode this key and be reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decode this key and be reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can decode this key and be reasonably
+assured that uh re decode Bob's public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that uh re decode Bob's public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that uh re decode Bob's public
+key and be reasonably assured that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and be reasonably assured that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and be reasonably assured that this
+is in fact Bob's public key. She also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact Bob's public key. She also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact Bob's public key. She also
+needs a certificate from the she's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a certificate from the she's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs a certificate from the she's also
+going to get a certificate um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a certificate um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a certificate um for
+herself that she can send to Bob so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself that she can send to Bob so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself that she can send to Bob so that
+Bob doesn't have to go contact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob doesn't have to go contact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob doesn't have to go contact the
+certificate authority again. So she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority again. So she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority again. So she's
+going to send this thing that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send this thing that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to send this thing that's been
+signed by the certificate authority um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed by the certificate authority um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed by the certificate authority um
+which is going to allow Bob to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to allow Bob to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to allow Bob to
+authenticate her. Okay. So she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate her. Okay. So she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate her. Okay. So she does
+that. She sends uh and what so what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. She sends uh and what so what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. She sends uh and what so what she
+sends to Bob is um her own certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends to Bob is um her own certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends to Bob is um her own certificate
+which is this little thing shown here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this little thing shown here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this little thing shown here on
+the left. Um and then she also sends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left. Um and then she also sends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left. Um and then she also sends to
+Bob a proposed shared key. Okay, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob a proposed shared key. Okay, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob a proposed shared key. Okay, so this
+is KAB.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and she signs that proposed key with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and she signs that proposed key with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and she signs that proposed key with
+her own private key. So that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own private key. So that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own private key. So that means that
+this uh her own so so when she she signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh her own so so when she she signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh her own so so when she she signs
+this key with her private key, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key with her private key, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this key with her private key, that
+means that Bob can be assured that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Bob can be assured that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that Bob can be assured that this
+is an authentic message in fact from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an authentic message in fact from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an authentic message in fact from
+Alice. Um, and then she signs it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice. Um, and then she signs it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice. Um, and then she signs it with
+Bob's public key, right? So that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's public key, right? So that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's public key, right? So that only
+Bob can be the one who can decode it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can be the one who can decode it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob can be the one who can decode it. So
+only Bob will actually see or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Bob will actually see or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Bob will actually see or she
+encrypts this with Bob's public key,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts this with Bob's public key,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts this with Bob's public key,
+excuse me, so that only Bob can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me, so that only Bob can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me, so that only Bob can actually
+see the uh contents, see what this key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh contents, see what this key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the uh contents, see what this key
+is. Okay. And these T's that I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay. And these T's that I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Okay. And these T's that I've shown
+here are simply timestamps. And I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are simply timestamps. And I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are simply timestamps. And I'll
+explain to you why those are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why those are important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why those are important
+in a minute. We need time stamps that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute. We need time stamps that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute. We need time stamps that go
+along with these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with these things.
+Okay. So she sends this uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So she sends this uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So she sends this uh so this
+proposed key has been both signed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed key has been both signed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed key has been both signed with
+her p private key and encrypted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her p private key and encrypted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her p private key and encrypted with
+Bob's public key. Um and now Bob can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's public key. Um and now Bob can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's public key. Um and now Bob can go
+ahead and send messages back uh to Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and send messages back uh to Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and send messages back uh to Alice
+and she can sign those me he can encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she can sign those me he can encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she can sign those me he can encrypt
+those messages using KAB using a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those messages using KAB using a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those messages using KAB using a shared
+key uh encryption meth mechanism which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh encryption meth mechanism which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key uh encryption meth mechanism which
+as we said is more efficient. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said is more efficient. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said is more efficient. So these
+guys can have a exchange a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can have a exchange a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can have a exchange a bunch of
+information with each other in this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with each other in this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with each other in this way.
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So
+let's talk about what so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what so this is an
+example of a cryptographic protocol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a cryptographic protocol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a cryptographic protocol.
+I've said there's a bug. Let's try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said there's a bug. Let's try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said there's a bug. Let's try and
+debug it a little bit. And to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug it a little bit. And to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debug it a little bit. And to get at
+that, let's talk about what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, let's talk about what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, let's talk about what some of the
+properties that we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the properties of cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of cryptographic
+protocols that we would like. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that we would like. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols that we would like. Okay. So,
+one property we would like is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property we would like is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property we would like is what's
+called freshness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called freshness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called freshness.
+So, what freshness means is that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what freshness means is that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what freshness means is that I'm
+reasonably assured that this message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably assured that this message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably assured that this message is
+recent. It came from recent history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent. It came from recent history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent. It came from recent history.
+Okay. Um, and that's what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and that's what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and that's what we're gonna
+that's what this is what we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is what we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this is what we need the
+timestamps for. Okay, so we need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamps for. Okay, so we need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamps for. Okay, so we need to make
+sure that this message is in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this message is in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that this message is in fact a
+message that has been uh is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that has been uh is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that has been uh is relatively
+new. It's not an old message that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new. It's not an old message that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new. It's not an old message that I
+generated before that's now being sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated before that's now being sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated before that's now being sent
+back to me again, right? Um, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me again, right? Um, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me again, right? Um, so that's
+what we're going to use the timestamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to use the timestamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to use the timestamps
+here for. Um, we also want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for. Um, we also want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for. Um, we also want to make sure
+that the message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the message is
+appropriate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+By appropriate I mean the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By appropriate I mean the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By appropriate I mean the person who's
+sending this message is I'm actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this message is I'm actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending this message is I'm actually the
+intended recipient of this message. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended recipient of this message. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended recipient of this message. Um
+and the sender of this message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sender of this message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sender of this message is
+actually uh who the sender of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh who the sender of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh who the sender of this
+message claimed to be. Right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message claimed to be. Right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message claimed to be. Right? So this
+message is actually sort of should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is actually sort of should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is actually sort of should be
+applied right now. This message uh makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied right now. This message uh makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied right now. This message uh makes
+sense. And then finally the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. And then finally the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. And then finally the third
+property we want is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we want is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property we want is something called
+forward secrecy. And what this says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward secrecy. And what this says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward secrecy. And what this says is
+essentially we should be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we should be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we should be allowed to
+change our public keys. uh at we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our public keys. uh at we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our public keys. uh at we should
+be able to change the cryptographic keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to change the cryptographic keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to change the cryptographic keys
+that we're using at some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using at some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using at some point in the
+future. Say for example, if the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Say for example, if the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Say for example, if the protocol
+if the if our if our keys become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if our if our keys become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if our if our keys become
+compromised, we should be able to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised, we should be able to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised, we should be able to change
+the keys and our method should continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys and our method should continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys and our method should continue
+to work. So this approach um that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work. So this approach um that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work. So this approach um that that's
+that's pretty clearly true. We can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty clearly true. We can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty clearly true. We can uh
+sort of Alice could create a could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Alice could create a could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Alice could create a could ask
+could request a new key and then could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could request a new key and then could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could request a new key and then could
+sort of reest could you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reest could you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of reest could you could imagine
+some way in which Alice could create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way in which Alice could create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way in which Alice could create a
+new key and send that new key to Bob and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new key and send that new key to Bob and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new key and send that new key to Bob and
+we could sort of start all over again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sort of start all over again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could sort of start all over again.
+Okay. So um the two properties that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um the two properties that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um the two properties that are
+really interesting are this freshness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting are this freshness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting are this freshness
+property and this appropriateness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and this appropriateness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and this appropriateness
+property um the two properties that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um the two properties that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property um the two properties that I
+want to talk about a little bit more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about a little bit more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about a little bit more and
+if you think about what the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about what the kinds of
+attacks are that somebody could apply on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are that somebody could apply on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are that somebody could apply on
+this thing well one attack they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing well one attack they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing well one attack they could
+apply would be a cryptog attack on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply would be a cryptog attack on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply would be a cryptog attack on the
+sort of cryptographic transform itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cryptographic transform itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cryptographic transform itself
+right a brute force attack where you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a brute force attack where you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a brute force attack where you try
+and factor the keys that we've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factor the keys that we've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and factor the keys that we've said
+that's hard um another attack that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard um another attack that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's hard um another attack that they
+could apply would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could apply would be a
+a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-called
+Uh, so there's a crypto attack. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so there's a crypto attack. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so there's a crypto attack. Um,
+there's a so-called replay attack. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a so-called replay attack. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a so-called replay attack. Okay,
+so this is Alice might this this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Alice might this this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Alice might this this is that
+somebody might sort of reuse a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might sort of reuse a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might sort of reuse a message
+that they saw transmitted over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they saw transmitted over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they saw transmitted over the
+network before. Some some Eve or Lucifer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network before. Some some Eve or Lucifer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network before. Some some Eve or Lucifer
+might overhear a message and then might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might overhear a message and then might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might overhear a message and then might
+try and resend that message in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and resend that message in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and resend that message in order to
+get the server to do something. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the server to do something. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the server to do something. So
+suppose there's a message that tells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a message that tells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose there's a message that tells the
+server to uh, you know, take some action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server to uh, you know, take some action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server to uh, you know, take some action
+in the outside world, open a door,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside world, open a door,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside world, open a door,
+right? So you might use you might save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you might use you might save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you might use you might save
+up a message that somebody else had sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a message that somebody else had sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a message that somebody else had sent
+before that said open the door and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that said open the door and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that said open the door and then
+you might resend it in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might resend it in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might resend it in order to get the
+door to open when you wanted it to open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door to open when you wanted it to open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door to open when you wanted it to open.
+Um we want to prevent that and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we want to prevent that and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um we want to prevent that and we're
+going to use time stamps to do this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use time stamps to do this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use time stamps to do this. And
+getting the time stamps to work out is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the time stamps to work out is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the time stamps to work out is a
+little bit tricky. If the server the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky. If the server the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tricky. If the server the
+sender and the receiver are perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and the receiver are perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and the receiver are perfectly
+have perfectly synchronized clocks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have perfectly synchronized clocks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have perfectly synchronized clocks you
+can see that you might just say as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you might just say as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you might just say as long
+as the time stamp is within the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the time stamp is within the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the time stamp is within the first
+few milliseconds that's fine. Um but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few milliseconds that's fine. Um but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few milliseconds that's fine. Um but if
+that's not true then you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true then you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true then you need to do
+something a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more
+sophisticated. There's a protocol called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated. There's a protocol called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated. There's a protocol called
+Keraros that does works this out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros that does works this out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros that does works this out in
+detail and that's again is described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and that's again is described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and that's again is described in
+the notes but the idea is just you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes but the idea is just you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes but the idea is just you put
+the time stamp in every message that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time stamp in every message that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time stamp in every message that you
+send and then you sign the me and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send and then you sign the me and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send and then you sign the me and then
+when you sign the message it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sign the message it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you sign the message it's sort of
+when the person on the other end decodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person on the other end decodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the person on the other end decodes
+that message they know that this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message they know that this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that message they know that this message
+was generated as of a particular time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generated as of a particular time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was generated as of a particular time.
+Okay. But the last the third kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But the last the third kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But the last the third kind of
+attack we might be worried about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack we might be worried about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack we might be worried about is a
+so-called um impersonation attack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called um impersonation attack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called um impersonation attack.
+And this is the attack that this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the attack that this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the attack that this this
+protocol is susceptible to. So does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is susceptible to. So does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is susceptible to. So does
+anybody see what what the bug in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see what what the bug in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody see what what the bug in this
+protocol is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Charles does notice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles does notice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles does notice.
+Um Charles does not authenticate. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Charles does not authenticate. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Charles does not authenticate. Well,
+so Charles does have I mean Alice does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Charles does have I mean Alice does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Charles does have I mean Alice does
+send this key that says uh that Charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this key that says uh that Charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send this key that says uh that Charles
+does get so um Charles doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get so um Charles doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get so um Charles doesn't actually
+Charles doesn't actually care, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles doesn't actually care, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles doesn't actually care, right?
+Because Charles has just said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because Charles has just said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because Charles has just said all
+Charles saw is a message that said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles saw is a message that said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles saw is a message that said this
+is you know I'm Alice and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know I'm Alice and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know I'm Alice and I want to
+Alice just said you know I want Alice's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice just said you know I want Alice's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice just said you know I want Alice's
+public key and B's and Be's public key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and B's and Be's public key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and B's and Be's public key.
+I mean, you know, Alice hasn't there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, Alice hasn't there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you know, Alice hasn't there's
+nothing wrong with that message getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with that message getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing wrong with that message getting
+corrupted, right? Alice might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted, right? Alice might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted, right? Alice might get
+something back, but uh if it comes back,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something back, but uh if it comes back,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something back, but uh if it comes back,
+it's been signed with Charles's private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been signed with Charles's private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been signed with Charles's private
+key, and so she'll know exactly what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key, and so she'll know exactly what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key, and so she'll know exactly what it
+was that was in there. Does only Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was in there. Does only Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that was in there. Does only Alice
+know Charles's private key? Because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Charles's private key? Because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Charles's private key? Because I
+mean, can't someone else impersonate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, can't someone else impersonate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, can't someone else impersonate
+Alice and do that whole process and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and do that whole process and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice and do that whole process and then
+be seen as Alice by Bob? Okay. So, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen as Alice by Bob? Okay. So, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen as Alice by Bob? Okay. So, uh
+but this but notice that the the key has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this but notice that the the key has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this but notice that the the key has
+been signed with Alice's private key,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been signed with Alice's private key,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been signed with Alice's private key,
+right? the the this proposed key has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? the the this proposed key has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? the the this proposed key has
+been signed with Alice's private key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been signed with Alice's private key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been signed with Alice's private key.
+Alice is sending something encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is sending something encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice is sending something encoded in
+Charles's private key. Is that weird or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's private key. Is that weird or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's private key. Is that weird or
+not? Um, no. Well, so all this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? Um, no. Well, so all this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? Um, no. Well, so all this means is
+that this thing that's encoded with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing that's encoded with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this thing that's encoded with
+Charles's private key. Now, that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's private key. Now, that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles's private key. Now, that just
+Bob is going to be able to decode that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is going to be able to decode that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob is going to be able to decode that
+thing using Charles's public key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing using Charles's public key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing using Charles's public key and
+he's going to have some assurance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to have some assurance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to have some assurance in
+fact that Alice's private what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Alice's private what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that Alice's private what about
+what Alice's public key is, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Alice's public key is, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Alice's public key is, right? So,
+uh, I think that's okay. Anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I think that's okay. Anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, I think that's okay. Anybody else
+want to take a guess?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a guess?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a guess?
+Okay. Well, um, since we're out of time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, um, since we're out of time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, um, since we're out of time,
+I'll talk about this the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about this the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about this the first thing
+next time and I'll show you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and I'll show you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time and I'll show you what the
+problem with this protocol is. So, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this protocol is. So, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this protocol is. So, I'll
+see you uh on Monday. One announcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you uh on Monday. One announcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you uh on Monday. One announcement
+before you guys go. We're going to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you guys go. We're going to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you guys go. We're going to I
+have a little gift for you guys, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little gift for you guys, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a little gift for you guys, which
+is that we're going to cancel class next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to cancel class next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to cancel class next
+Wednesday before the design project is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday before the design project is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday before the design project is
+due. Um, so there's no class next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due. Um, so there's no class next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due. Um, so there's no class next
+Wednesday, but there is class on Monday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, but there is class on Monday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, but there is class on Monday.
+So, make sure you come here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xi_iT9Rh434.txt b/xi_iT9Rh434.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22854f92b09e2ca098d707b0f4070f0b6798729f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xi_iT9Rh434.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1763 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we develop some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we develop some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we develop some
+consequences of the independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of the independence
+assumption that we have made on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we have made on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that we have made on the
+trials that constitute a Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials that constitute a Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials that constitute a Bernoulli
+process these properties will be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process these properties will be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process these properties will be pretty
+intuitive but they play an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive but they play an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive but they play an important
+role they're helpful in solving problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role they're helpful in solving problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role they're helpful in solving problems
+and they're also quite helpful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're also quite helpful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're also quite helpful in
+understanding the continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the continuous time
+version of the Bernoulli process namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Bernoulli process namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the Bernoulli process namely
+the Poisson process that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Poisson process that we will be
+studying later so here's the story we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying later so here's the story we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying later so here's the story we
+start with a Bernoulli process with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a Bernoulli process with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a Bernoulli process with some
+parameter P the process starts a friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P the process starts a friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P the process starts a friend
+of yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yours
+watches the process and they observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watches the process and they observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watches the process and they observe the
+results of the different trials let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the different trials let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the different trials let's
+say for five time steps and at this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for five time steps and at this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for five time steps and at this time
+right after time five they call you into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after time five they call you into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after time five they call you into
+the room and you start watching the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and you start watching the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room and you start watching the rest
+of the process what will you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process what will you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process what will you see
+the first random variable that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first random variable that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first random variable that you will
+see is the result of whatever happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the result of whatever happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is the result of whatever happens in
+this time slot which is the sixth slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time slot which is the sixth slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time slot which is the sixth slot
+of the original process the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original process the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original process the second
+random variable that you will see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that you will see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that you will see is the
+result of the seventh random variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the seventh random variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the seventh random variable in
+the original process and so on so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original process and so on so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original process and so on so the
+process that you get to see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you get to see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that you get to see is the
+process who why I wear eye ranges over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process who why I wear eye ranges over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process who why I wear eye ranges over
+the non-negative integers what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-negative integers what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-negative integers what
+properties does this process have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties does this process have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties does this process have
+because of the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the assumption that the
+different trials are independent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trials are independent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trials are independent this
+means that the first five trials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the first five trials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the first five trials are
+independent from the trials that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the trials that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the trials that happen
+after time five so one property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time five so one property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time five so one property is that
+the process Y I is independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever happens in the past which is x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens in the past which is x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happens in the past which is x1
+up to X 5 second the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to X 5 second the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to X 5 second the random variables
+that you see X 6 X 7 and so on are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see X 6 X 7 and so on are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see X 6 X 7 and so on are
+independent Bernoulli random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli random variables
+with parameter P so the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P so the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P so the random variables
+Y I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y I
+constitutes also a Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes also a Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes also a Bernoulli process
+with parameter P so the process that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P so the process that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P so the process that you
+get to see which is the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see which is the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see which is the sequence of
+trials after time v is identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials after time v is identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials after time v is identical
+probabilistically to a Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically to a Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically to a Bernoulli process
+with parameter P like the process X I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P like the process X I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with parameter P like the process X I so
+it's as if a Bernoulli process was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if a Bernoulli process was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if a Bernoulli process was just
+starting fresh at this particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting fresh at this particular time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting fresh at this particular time
+and because of this we say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this we say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of this we say that the
+process has a fresh start property after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has a fresh start property after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process has a fresh start property after
+a certain time in this example we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain time in this example we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain time in this example we used
+five as the certain time but instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five as the certain time but instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five as the certain time but instead of
+five we could have any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we could have any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we could have any particular
+integer little and in which case our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer little and in which case our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer little and in which case our
+process y one starts with X n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process y one starts with X n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process y one starts with X n plus one
+continues with X and plus two and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with X and plus two and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues with X and plus two and so on
+and here instead of X 5 we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here instead of X 5 we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here instead of X 5 we would have
+written X n so after a deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written X n so after a deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written X n so after a deterministic
+time end what you see is the same as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time end what you see is the same as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time end what you see is the same as if
+we had the Bernoulli process that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the Bernoulli process that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the Bernoulli process that was
+starting fresh at this particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting fresh at this particular time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting fresh at this particular time
+and which is also independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is also independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is also independent from
+whatever happened in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened in the past
+let us now complicate the story a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now complicate the story a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now complicate the story a little
+bit suppose that your friend watches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit suppose that your friend watches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit suppose that your friend watches the
+Bernoulli process and they keep watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process and they keep watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process and they keep watching
+it until a success is observed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it until a success is observed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it until a success is observed for the
+first time right at that time they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time right at that time they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time right at that time they call
+you into the row and you start watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into the row and you start watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into the row and you start watching
+the rest of the process this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the process this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the process this is the
+length of time that we have called t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of time that we have called t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of time that we have called t1
+the number of trials until the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of trials until the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of trials until the first
+success so what is it that you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so what is it that you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so what is it that you will be
+watching the first random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the first random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the first random variable that
+you will see is what happens in slot t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is what happens in slot t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is what happens in slot t1
+plus 1 the second random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 the second random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 the second random variable that
+you will see is what happened in slot t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is what happened in slot t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see is what happened in slot t1
+plus 2 and so on and this defines again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 and so on and this defines again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 and so on and this defines again
+a process the sequence of the Y's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process the sequence of the Y's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a process the sequence of the Y's this
+is what you will see starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you will see starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you will see starting from
+this particular time what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time what kind of
+process is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is it
+well these trials happened in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these trials happened in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well these trials happened in the past
+we know what they were but no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what they were but no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what they were but no matter
+what they wear the future trials will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wear the future trials will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they wear the future trials will
+still be independent and independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be independent and independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be independent and independent of
+the past and each one of the trials will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and each one of the trials will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past and each one of the trials will
+have probability P of being a success so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probability P of being a success so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have probability P of being a success so
+the properties that we have again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that we have again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that we have again is
+that the trials that you see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trials that you see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the trials that you see are
+independent of the past which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the past which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the past which in this
+case is everything from X 1 up to time X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is everything from X 1 up to time X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is everything from X 1 up to time X
+t1 and what you see is a Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 and what you see is a Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 and what you see is a Bernoulli
+process we describe the situation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we describe the situation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we describe the situation by
+saying that the process starts fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the process starts fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the process starts fresh
+after time t1 and by this again we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time t1 and by this again we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after time t1 and by this again we mean
+that if you start watching the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you start watching the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you start watching the process
+right after t1 what you will see will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after t1 what you will see will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right after t1 what you will see will be
+a Bernoulli process which is independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bernoulli process which is independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bernoulli process which is independent
+from whatever happened in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever happened in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever happened in the past
+having just argued that the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just argued that the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having just argued that the process
+starts fresh at the time t1 of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts fresh at the time t1 of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts fresh at the time t1 of the first
+success we can now ask whether such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success we can now ask whether such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success we can now ask whether such a
+property is also true more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is also true more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is also true more generally
+that is if we start watching the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if we start watching the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if we start watching the process
+at some random time n will the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some random time n will the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some random time n will the process
+start fresh at that time let us look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start fresh at that time let us look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start fresh at that time let us look at
+some additional examples suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional examples suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional examples suppose that
+capital n is the time of the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is the time of the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n is the time of the third
+success so your friend who watches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so your friend who watches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so your friend who watches the
+Bernoulli process and each time they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process and each time they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process and each time they say
+did the third success occur not yet not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the third success occur not yet not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the third success occur not yet not
+yet not yet not yet yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet not yet not yet yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet not yet not yet yes
+the third success just occurred and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third success just occurred and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third success just occurred and at
+that time they called you into the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time they called you into the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time they called you into the room
+and you start watching what happens from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start watching what happens from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start watching what happens from
+that time on what will you be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time on what will you be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time on what will you be seeing
+after that time there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that time there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that time there will be
+independent Bernoulli trials that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli trials that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli trials that take
+place and these refer to the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and these refer to the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and these refer to the future of
+the process looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process looking
+from this particular point in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this particular point in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this particular point in time and
+the future is independent from whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future is independent from whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future is independent from whatever
+happened in the past so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past so what you
+actually see is indeed a fresh Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see is indeed a fresh Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see is indeed a fresh Bernoulli
+process that starts here and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that starts here and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that starts here and which is
+independent from the random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the random variables
+that occurred in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurred in the past
+let us look at another example let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at another example let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us look at another example let
+capital n be the first time that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n be the first time that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n be the first time that three
+successes in a row have been recorded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in a row have been recorded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in a row have been recorded so
+your friend again watches the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend again watches the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your friend again watches the process
+and they ask each time did we see three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask each time did we see three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they ask each time did we see three
+successes in a row not yet not yet not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in a row not yet not yet not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in a row not yet not yet not
+yet not yet not yet yes I just saw three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet not yet not yet yes I just saw three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet not yet not yet yes I just saw three
+successes in a row and now your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in a row and now your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in a row and now your friend
+calls you in and you start watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you in and you start watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you in and you start watching the
+process from this point in time by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from this point in time by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from this point in time by the
+same argument as before whatever happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument as before whatever happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument as before whatever happens
+in the future is going to be Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future is going to be Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future is going to be Bernoulli
+trials that are independent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials that are independent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials that are independent from the
+past so you will again have a fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so you will again have a fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so you will again have a fresh
+start property starting from this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start property starting from this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start property starting from this time
+so in both cases formally what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in both cases formally what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in both cases formally what we have
+is that the process that you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the process that you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the process that you get to
+observe starting after time capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe starting after time capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe starting after time capital n
+after the time that you are called to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the time that you are called to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the time that you are called to
+and asked to start watching what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked to start watching what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asked to start watching what you
+will see is going to be a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see is going to be a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see is going to be a sequence of
+independent Bernoulli trials that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli trials that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Bernoulli trials that is a
+Bernoulli process and this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process and this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process and this sequence of
+future trials is independent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future trials is independent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future trials is independent from
+whatever happened in the past of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened in the past of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever happened in the past of the
+process what both of these examples have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what both of these examples have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process what both of these examples have
+in common is that the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common is that the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common is that the random variable
+end the time at which you're called in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the time at which you're called in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end the time at which you're called in
+is causally determined from the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is causally determined from the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is causally determined from the history
+of the process what does that mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process what does that mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the process what does that mean it
+means that somebody is watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that somebody is watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that somebody is watching the
+process and at each point in time based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and at each point in time based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and at each point in time based
+on what they have seen so far they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they have seen so far they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they have seen so far they
+decide whether to call you in or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to call you in or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether to call you in or not
+what could be an example of a non-causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be an example of a non-causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could be an example of a non-causal
+time and here it is n could be the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here it is n could be the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and here it is n could be the time
+just before the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before the first
+currents of 1 1 1 so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents of 1 1 1 so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents of 1 1 1 so in this example
+here you would be called into the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would be called into the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you would be called into the room
+and start watching at this time so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start watching at this time so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start watching at this time so your
+friend somehow knows that a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend somehow knows that a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend somehow knows that a sequence of
+1 1 1 is going to occur and called you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 is going to occur and called you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 is going to occur and called you
+just before it happens how could that be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before it happens how could that be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before it happens how could that be
+well imagine that the Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well imagine that the Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well imagine that the Bernoulli process
+actually was run yesterday it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was run yesterday it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was run yesterday it was
+recorded in a movie your friend has seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in a movie your friend has seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded in a movie your friend has seen
+the movie so knows everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie so knows everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie so knows everything that's
+going to happen and so when the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and so when the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen and so when the movies
+replayed today your friend can call you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayed today your friend can call you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayed today your friend can call you
+in at this time and tell you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at this time and tell you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at this time and tell you you know
+something very interesting is about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting is about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very interesting is about to
+happen come in and start watching now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen come in and start watching now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen come in and start watching now
+what will you be watching what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you be watching what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will you be watching what you will
+watch will be 1 1 1 with certainty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch will be 1 1 1 with certainty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch will be 1 1 1 with certainty you
+are certain that the first 3 trials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain that the first 3 trials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain that the first 3 trials that
+you will see will be once and well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see will be once and well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see will be once and well the
+subsequent ones will be random but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent ones will be random but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent ones will be random but since
+you know that the first 3 trials will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the first 3 trials will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the first 3 trials will be
+1 this means that statistically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this means that statistically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this means that statistically they're
+not described by the statistics of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not described by the statistics of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not described by the statistics of a
+Bernoulli process in a Bernoulli process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process in a Bernoulli process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process in a Bernoulli process
+each trial has a probability of being 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trial has a probability of being 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trial has a probability of being 1
+and the probability of being 0 but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of being 0 but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of being 0 but since
+in your case you're certain to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your case you're certain to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your case you're certain to watch
+once in the beginning this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in the beginning this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in the beginning this means that
+the random variables that you see do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables that you see do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variables that you see do not
+conform to the description of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to the description of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to the description of a
+Bernoulli process so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli process so this is an example
+in which n is not causally determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which n is not causally determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which n is not causally determined
+and in this example you do not get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this example you do not get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this example you do not get to
+see a Bernoulli process we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a Bernoulli process we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a Bernoulli process we do not have
+the fresh start property what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fresh start property what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fresh start property what happened
+here is more generally true we do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is more generally true we do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is more generally true we do have a
+fresh start property but not always we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh start property but not always we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh start property but not always we
+have it under the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it under the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it under the assumption that the
+time at which you are asked to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at which you are asked to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at which you are asked to start
+watching is determined from the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching is determined from the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching is determined from the past
+history of the process in some causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the process in some causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the process in some causal
+manner this is a general fact that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner this is a general fact that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner this is a general fact that can
+be established rigorously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be established rigorously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be established rigorously
+however we will not go through a formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we will not go through a formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we will not go through a formal
+mathematical derivation the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical derivation the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical derivation the formal
+argument for the most general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the most general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for the most general case
+involves somewhat tedious symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves somewhat tedious symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves somewhat tedious symbol
+manipulations that do not provide any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that do not provide any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that do not provide any
+additional insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional insights
+however the intuition behind this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the intuition behind this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the intuition behind this result
+should be fairly clear and we will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fairly clear and we will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fairly clear and we will use
+it freely whenever we need it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/y6HMPLPZDb8.txt b/y6HMPLPZDb8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..820f88d7bab9f88d5680f529b5c9f1797c042707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/y6HMPLPZDb8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2179 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Next up, we'll welcome to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Next up, we'll welcome to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Next up, we'll welcome to the
+stage Nicholas Fry, who is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Nicholas Fry, who is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage Nicholas Fry, who is the thermal
+energy networks market lead for Jacobs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Uh, good morning everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, good morning everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh, good morning everybody.
+Uh, as mentioned, I'm the thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, as mentioned, I'm the thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, as mentioned, I'm the thermal energy
+networks market lead for Jacobs in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks market lead for Jacobs in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks market lead for Jacobs in North
+America. So, I primarily deal with, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America. So, I primarily deal with, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America. So, I primarily deal with, uh,
+district energy systems, uh, ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district energy systems, uh, ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district energy systems, uh, ambient
+temperature loops, things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature loops, things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature loops, things of that
+nature. Single building systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. Single building systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. Single building systems is
+something that I consult on every once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I consult on every once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I consult on every once
+in a while, but we have other design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while, but we have other design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while, but we have other design
+teams for that generally speaking. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams for that generally speaking. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams for that generally speaking. So I
+will go through uh some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through uh some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through uh some basic
+differences. I think it's hard to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. I think it's hard to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences. I think it's hard to follow
+uh Connor for a better introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Connor for a better introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Connor for a better introduction to
+ground source heat pump systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground source heat pump systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground source heat pump systems for
+standalone building systems. But uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone building systems. But uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standalone building systems. But uh this
+should give you an idea of when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you an idea of when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should give you an idea of when we
+transition to networks, the advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to networks, the advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to networks, the advantages
+uh that we can harness uh and use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we can harness uh and use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we can harness uh and use to
+optimize uh our building heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize uh our building heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize uh our building heating and
+cooling systems across large scales. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling systems across large scales. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling systems across large scales. So
+citycale systems, regional scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citycale systems, regional scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citycale systems, regional scale
+systems, neighborhood is easy in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, neighborhood is easy in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, neighborhood is easy in my
+opinion. Um so back to the basics just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion. Um so back to the basics just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion. Um so back to the basics just a
+little bit. I'm sorry I wasn't here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. I'm sorry I wasn't here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. I'm sorry I wasn't here
+yesterday. Hopefully you got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. Hopefully you got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday. Hopefully you got a little
+bit of this. There are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this. There are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of this. There are different
+completion types for vertical ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion types for vertical ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion types for vertical ground
+heat exchangers that are important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers that are important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers that are important in
+considerations when we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations when we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations when we're thinking about
+a utility scale product. Right? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility scale product. Right? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility scale product. Right? So this
+has to be something that is uh less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something that is uh less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be something that is uh less
+capital intensive and can be paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive and can be paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital intensive and can be paid for
+over the duration of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the duration of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the duration of the system
+operation. Typically uh a utility wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Typically uh a utility wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. Typically uh a utility wants
+to look at a 30 to 50 year time scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a 30 to 50 year time scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a 30 to 50 year time scale.
+Gas networks they go out to 70-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gas networks they go out to 70-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gas networks they go out to 70-year
+projections. Uh so we want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections. Uh so we want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections. Uh so we want to make sure
+that we reduce the capital costs at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we reduce the capital costs at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we reduce the capital costs at the
+beginning. Uh the typical ground source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Uh the typical ground source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Uh the typical ground source
+completion in the United States right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion in the United States right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion in the United States right
+now is conductive closed loop vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is conductive closed loop vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is conductive closed loop vertical
+systems. Those are actually uh capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Those are actually uh capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Those are actually uh capital
+cost intensive by comparison to openloop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost intensive by comparison to openloop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost intensive by comparison to openloop
+systems. Of course, you're you're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Of course, you're you're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Of course, you're you're uh
+leveraging uh a reduction in operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging uh a reduction in operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging uh a reduction in operations
+and maintenance costs by using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintenance costs by using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maintenance costs by using the
+closed loop systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop systems
+uh and going with conduction dominant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and going with conduction dominant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and going with conduction dominant.
+You're sacrificing the potential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're sacrificing the potential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're sacrificing the potential of
+taking uh the groundwater directly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh the groundwater directly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh the groundwater directly and
+using that heat exchange uh and the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that heat exchange uh and the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that heat exchange uh and the heat
+capacity it's offering to the system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity it's offering to the system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity it's offering to the system uh
+to reduce the amount of drilling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the amount of drilling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the amount of drilling that
+you have to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do.
+But we can also consider geothermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can also consider geothermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can also consider geothermal
+networks as being multi-source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks as being multi-source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks as being multi-source and
+multi-sync, right? So we don't just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sync, right? So we don't just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sync, right? So we don't just have
+to do drilling. We don't have to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do drilling. We don't have to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do drilling. We don't have to meet
+our entire load with the drilling. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire load with the drilling. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our entire load with the drilling. And
+the the buildings around us have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the buildings around us have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the buildings around us have their
+own histories. So we have some uh relic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own histories. So we have some uh relic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own histories. So we have some uh relic
+structures that are are designed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are are designed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that are are designed around
+our steam systems, right? and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our steam systems, right? and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our steam systems, right? and to
+retrofit those uh for example Empire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit those uh for example Empire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrofit those uh for example Empire
+State Building quite a task right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Building quite a task right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State Building quite a task right you
+can imagine that that thing was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that that thing was built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that that thing was built
+around a steam system and you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a steam system and you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a steam system and you don't want
+to just gut the iconic structure itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just gut the iconic structure itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just gut the iconic structure itself
+so over time we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over time we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over time we're going to have to
+think about expanding on the peripheries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about expanding on the peripheries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about expanding on the peripheries
+of our existing central systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our existing central systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our existing central systems so
+you're going to encounter uh various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to encounter uh various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to encounter uh various uh
+requirements on building entering water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements on building entering water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements on building entering water
+temperatures that are going to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that are going to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures that are going to kind of
+dictate how you have to put this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate how you have to put this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate how you have to put this system
+together. The temperature regimes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. The temperature regimes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. The temperature regimes are
+going to vary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to vary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to vary.
+So, you're going to encounter perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you're going to encounter perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you're going to encounter perhaps
+combined heat and power systems when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined heat and power systems when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined heat and power systems when
+you're looking at building stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at building stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at building stock
+decarbonization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbonization.
+And uh this goes into something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh this goes into something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh this goes into something that is
+already a district energy unit. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a district energy unit. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a district energy unit. It's
+it's considered very high efficiency,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's considered very high efficiency,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's considered very high efficiency,
+but you're also um exposing the owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're also um exposing the owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're also um exposing the owners
+to a variable fuel cost. So, in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a variable fuel cost. So, in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a variable fuel cost. So, in this
+case, I've got biomass systems shown. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I've got biomass systems shown. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, I've got biomass systems shown. Uh
+but you can also have you can also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also have you can also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also have you can also have
+everything from coal to natural gas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from coal to natural gas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from coal to natural gas for
+these combined heat and power systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these combined heat and power systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these combined heat and power systems.
+And you can think about expanding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can think about expanding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can think about expanding with
+geothermal energy networks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal energy networks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geothermal energy networks at the
+periphery where these district energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery where these district energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery where these district energy
+systems exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems exist.
+And so going into the sources and syncs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so going into the sources and syncs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so going into the sources and syncs
+that exist across our geographic area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist across our geographic area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist across our geographic area
+that we can leverage to decrease that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can leverage to decrease that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can leverage to decrease that
+capital cost at the beginning of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital cost at the beginning of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital cost at the beginning of your
+your project consideration and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project consideration and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your project consideration and your
+feasibility studies. Uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility studies. Uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasibility studies. Uh one of the
+majors uh that's that's taking its place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors uh that's that's taking its place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majors uh that's that's taking its place
+in geothermal and hybrid systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geothermal and hybrid systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in geothermal and hybrid systems is
+wastewater energy transfer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastewater energy transfer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastewater energy transfer.
+Uh there's a few different manufacturers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's a few different manufacturers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's a few different manufacturers
+out there. You can either do interceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. You can either do interceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. You can either do interceptor
+connects which is those u fluid conduits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects which is those u fluid conduits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects which is those u fluid conduits
+that are exiting each structure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exiting each structure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are exiting each structure or
+running down uh your your neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down uh your your neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running down uh your your neighborhood
+uh in a in a main collector. Or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a in a main collector. Or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a in a main collector. Or you can
+do an effluent heat recovery. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an effluent heat recovery. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an effluent heat recovery. So in
+effluent heat recovery, you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effluent heat recovery, you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effluent heat recovery, you have to go
+directly to the the sewage facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the the sewage facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the the sewage facility
+itself to recover the heat that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to recover the heat that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself to recover the heat that they
+need to reject. So all of those affluent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reject. So all of those affluent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to reject. So all of those affluent
+facilities are now exposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities are now exposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilities are now exposed to
+regulations that say they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that say they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that say they can't
+discharge to surface water as they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge to surface water as they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge to surface water as they have
+uh without meeting a a minimum or rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without meeting a a minimum or rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh without meeting a a minimum or rather
+a maximum temperature differential over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum temperature differential over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximum temperature differential over
+the year. So we're seeing time and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year. So we're seeing time and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year. So we're seeing time and time
+again they have megawws like hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they have megawws like hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again they have megawws like hundreds of
+megawatts of thermal just from single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatts of thermal just from single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatts of thermal just from single
+sewage facilities that they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage facilities that they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage facilities that they need to
+discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge
+uh and they don't have a place to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they don't have a place to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and they don't have a place to go
+with it. So imagine the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. So imagine the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. So imagine the possibility of
+reducing your capital costs on drilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your capital costs on drilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your capital costs on drilling
+and making these geothermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making these geothermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making these geothermal energy
+networks more viable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks more viable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks more viable.
+You can hybridize it directly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can hybridize it directly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can hybridize it directly with the
+surface water that you want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface water that you want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface water that you want to um
+perhaps harvest heat from or reject heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps harvest heat from or reject heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps harvest heat from or reject heat
+to. But again, if you're going to reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. But again, if you're going to reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. But again, if you're going to reject
+heat to that surface water system, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to that surface water system, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat to that surface water system, you
+have to operate within these future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to operate within these future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to operate within these future
+confines of the projected regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confines of the projected regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confines of the projected regulations
+that say you have a maximum temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say you have a maximum temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say you have a maximum temperature
+differential. It's actually quite simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential. It's actually quite simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential. It's actually quite simple
+uh for new construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for new construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for new construction
+uh to meet that minimum of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to meet that minimum of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to meet that minimum of standard
+because you can imagine that we built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine that we built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine that we built a
+city on top of the earth. We're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city on top of the earth. We're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city on top of the earth. We're actually
+influencing the ground temperatures more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing the ground temperatures more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing the ground temperatures more
+than anything and so our our influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything and so our our influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than anything and so our our influence
+on surface water nearby surface water uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on surface water nearby surface water uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on surface water nearby surface water uh
+resources is quite high already. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources is quite high already. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources is quite high already. So you
+have to just prove or disprove that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just prove or disprove that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to just prove or disprove that your
+system discharge is operating within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system discharge is operating within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system discharge is operating within
+those environmental regulations. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those environmental regulations. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those environmental regulations. And if
+you reduce the operating temperatures by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the operating temperatures by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the operating temperatures by
+implementing geothermal energy networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing geothermal energy networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementing geothermal energy networks
+for your HVAC systems, it becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your HVAC systems, it becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your HVAC systems, it becomes much
+easier to meet that norm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to meet that norm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to meet that norm.
+and geothermal energy networks. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geothermal energy networks. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and geothermal energy networks. If we
+get into a lower temperature regime like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a lower temperature regime like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a lower temperature regime like
+Connor had mentioned, somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connor had mentioned, somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connor had mentioned, somewhere between
+40 and 90 degrees of operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and 90 degrees of operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 and 90 degrees of operating
+uh across a season between your highs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across a season between your highs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh across a season between your highs
+and lows, you can also introduce load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lows, you can also introduce load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lows, you can also introduce load
+sharing. So as that heat pump is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing. So as that heat pump is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing. So as that heat pump is
+rejecting to a hydronic network then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting to a hydronic network then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rejecting to a hydronic network then
+another u building along the the route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another u building along the the route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another u building along the the route
+may be extracting heat from that network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be extracting heat from that network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be extracting heat from that network
+and that in fact does reduce primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in fact does reduce primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in fact does reduce primary
+energy consumption across our cities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption across our cities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy consumption across our cities.
+So that's a a resource that you can tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a a resource that you can tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's a a resource that you can tap
+into uh to decrease again capital costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh to decrease again capital costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh to decrease again capital costs
+but also mitigate your emissions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also mitigate your emissions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also mitigate your emissions from
+the system even in scope 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system even in scope 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system even in scope 2.
+And uh then we can consider all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh then we can consider all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh then we can consider all these
+sources and syncs in aggregate. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and syncs in aggregate. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and syncs in aggregate. I'm not
+sure if you saw this slide from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you saw this slide from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you saw this slide from
+yesterday but very simply put we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday but very simply put we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday but very simply put we know
+that we're electrifying building heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're electrifying building heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're electrifying building heating
+and cooling already. It's just a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling already. It's just a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling already. It's just a matter
+of doing it right responsibly or we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it right responsibly or we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing it right responsibly or we're
+doing it irresponsibly. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it irresponsibly. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it irresponsibly. And this is
+based on a a you know system by system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a a you know system by system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a a you know system by system
+basis. Connor mentioned that Seattle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Connor mentioned that Seattle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis. Connor mentioned that Seattle
+might be a good place for some cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good place for some cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a good place for some cold
+climate air source heat pumps to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate air source heat pumps to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate air source heat pumps to operate
+efficiently, but you also have district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently, but you also have district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently, but you also have district
+energy operators that have to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operators that have to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy operators that have to switch
+over to electrification strategies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to electrification strategies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to electrification strategies of
+their own. oftentimes you'll see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own. oftentimes you'll see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own. oftentimes you'll see them
+putting in electric boilers with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in electric boilers with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in electric boilers with a
+coefficient of performance of one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of performance of one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of performance of one or
+less. Right? So that has impacts on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less. Right? So that has impacts on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less. Right? So that has impacts on our
+uh electrical infrastructure. The grids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrical infrastructure. The grids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh electrical infrastructure. The grids
+scale impacts are a consequence that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale impacts are a consequence that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale impacts are a consequence that we
+all have to deal with. If we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to deal with. If we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to deal with. If we can
+implement geothermal energy networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement geothermal energy networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement geothermal energy networks and
+uh achieve more passive heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh achieve more passive heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh achieve more passive heating and
+cooling opportunities, load sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling opportunities, load sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling opportunities, load sharing
+across our cities, then our coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across our cities, then our coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across our cities, then our coefficient
+of performance can increase from the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance can increase from the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance can increase from the co
+cop of one for the electric boiler uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop of one for the electric boiler uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop of one for the electric boiler uh uh
+up to about 6 to 14 for most systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to about 6 to 14 for most systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to about 6 to 14 for most systems
+that have been measured so far. And of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been measured so far. And of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been measured so far. And of
+course, passive cooling opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, passive cooling opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, passive cooling opportunities
+exist where you have surface water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist where you have surface water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist where you have surface water
+bodies because the uh the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies because the uh the temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies because the uh the temperatures
+that they require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they require
+uh are sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are sufficient
+uh to leverage the the the water source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to leverage the the the water source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to leverage the the the water source
+itself. So you might think of between 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. So you might think of between 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. So you might think of between 42
+degrees Fahrenheit and 50° Fahrenheit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Fahrenheit and 50° Fahrenheit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Fahrenheit and 50° Fahrenheit,
+you can use the surface water directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the surface water directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use the surface water directly
+as a cooling source and your coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cooling source and your coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cooling source and your coefficient
+of performance can then exceed 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance can then exceed 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performance can then exceed 20
+perhaps reaching as high as 60. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps reaching as high as 60. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps reaching as high as 60. So
+that's energy in versus the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's energy in versus the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's energy in versus the thermal
+energy that you get out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you get out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you get out.
+And really quickly these are network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And really quickly these are network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And really quickly these are network
+topologies that you have to consider.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologies that you have to consider.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topologies that you have to consider.
+uh ringed network is the ones that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ringed network is the ones that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ringed network is the ones that we've
+been talking about more more commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about more more commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about more more commonly
+for this workshop but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this workshop but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this workshop but there are other
+variants that you see as you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants that you see as you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants that you see as you get to
+larger and larger scale systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger scale systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger scale systems.
+Uh meshed networks can be uh an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh meshed networks can be uh an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh meshed networks can be uh an an
+evolution of that but they have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of that but they have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of that but they have more
+hydraulic disadvantages in some cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic disadvantages in some cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic disadvantages in some cases.
+You can have stagnant loops and radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can have stagnant loops and radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can have stagnant loops and radial
+grid systems are the most commonly seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid systems are the most commonly seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid systems are the most commonly seen
+in conventional district heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conventional district heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in conventional district heating and
+cooling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling.
+So in this case, you can also have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, you can also have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this case, you can also have what
+is an a near ambient distribution system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an a near ambient distribution system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an a near ambient distribution system
+in a radial configuration with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a radial configuration with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a radial configuration with
+distributed heat pumps, but you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed heat pumps, but you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed heat pumps, but you're going
+to also have to have a central plant. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also have to have a central plant. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also have to have a central plant. So
+you can either have distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either have distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either have distributed
+equipment, you can have central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, you can have central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment, you can have central
+equipment or you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment or you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment or you can have a
+hybridization of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization of these.
+And you can also in this example connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can also in this example connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can also in this example connect
+uh existing high temperature district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh existing high temperature district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh existing high temperature district
+heating and cooling systems with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling systems with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating and cooling systems with their
+own near ambient energy exchange loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own near ambient energy exchange loop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own near ambient energy exchange loop.
+So there are ways to decarbonize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are ways to decarbonize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are ways to decarbonize and
+leverage ground source systems without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage ground source systems without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage ground source systems without
+always having to go to ambient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always having to go to ambient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always having to go to ambient
+temperatures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures.
+All right. And these are uh again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And these are uh again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And these are uh again the
+many process uh heat recovery sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many process uh heat recovery sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many process uh heat recovery sources
+that you can encounter such as data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can encounter such as data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can encounter such as data
+centers, the wastewater energy transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers, the wastewater energy transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers, the wastewater energy transfer
+uh and existing CHP systems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and existing CHP systems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and existing CHP systems that you
+already have existing uh across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have existing uh across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have existing uh across the
+cities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities.
+So, uh, the the heat sources and sinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, the the heat sources and sinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, the the heat sources and sinks
+themselves are numerous and these have,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are numerous and these have,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are numerous and these have,
+uh, design consequences,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, design consequences,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, design consequences,
+uh, that Brian is going to get into next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, that Brian is going to get into next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, that Brian is going to get into next
+and describe with a case study and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe with a case study and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describe with a case study and then
+give you some decisionmaking points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some decisionmaking points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some decisionmaking points to
+think about next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about next.
+Uh, final thought here, if we skimp on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, final thought here, if we skimp on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, final thought here, if we skimp on
+design, we we sacrifice everything else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, we we sacrifice everything else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, we we sacrifice everything else.
+are operating and and maintenance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are operating and and maintenance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are operating and and maintenance is
+going to be abysmal and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be abysmal and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be abysmal and we're going to
+be stuck with these systems for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stuck with these systems for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be stuck with these systems for the next
+50 years. So that's why having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years. So that's why having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years. So that's why having this
+conversation now as we're transitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation now as we're transitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation now as we're transitioning
+to electrification and building heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electrification and building heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electrification and building heating
+and cooling is important. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling is important. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling is important. We're going to
+live with this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with this.
+All right. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Thank you.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yLb_a1EE888.txt b/yLb_a1EE888.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94dd9d8159ef6e1803318c818cf67c5e563f18e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yLb_a1EE888.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+last week we discussed the kinematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week we discussed the kinematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week we discussed the kinematics of
+motion how one describes the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion how one describes the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion how one describes the motion of
+an object by specifying its position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object by specifying its position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object by specifying its position
+velocity and acceleration as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and acceleration as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and acceleration as a function
+of time this week we will continue by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time this week we will continue by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time this week we will continue by
+discussing the dynamics of motion how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the dynamics of motion how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing the dynamics of motion how
+the application of forces on an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application of forces on an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application of forces on an object
+changes the geometry or trajectory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the geometry or trajectory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the geometry or trajectory of
+its motion we will see that the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its motion we will see that the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its motion we will see that the applied
+forces and the change in trajectory are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and the change in trajectory are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and the change in trajectory are
+related through Newton's laws of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related through Newton's laws of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related through Newton's laws of motion
+we will begin by reviewing Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will begin by reviewing Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will begin by reviewing Newton's
+three laws of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three laws of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three laws of motion
+these were a landmark achievement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were a landmark achievement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were a landmark achievement in
+scientific thought most people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific thought most people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific thought most people who
+haven't studied physics tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't studied physics tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't studied physics tend to
+intuitively think in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively think in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively think in terms of the
+ancient mechanics of Aristotle in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient mechanics of Aristotle in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient mechanics of Aristotle in which
+an applied force is required to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applied force is required to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applied force is required to maintain
+a body in uniform motion superficially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body in uniform motion superficially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a body in uniform motion superficially
+this seems to agree with our everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to agree with our everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to agree with our everyday
+experience but only because friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but only because friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but only because friction
+plays such an important role in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays such an important role in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays such an important role in our
+everyday life one of Newton's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life one of Newton's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday life one of Newton's great
+insights was that applied forces caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights was that applied forces caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights was that applied forces caused
+changes in an object's motion rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in an object's motion rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in an object's motion rather
+than being necessary to maintain uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being necessary to maintain uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than being necessary to maintain uniform
+motion Newton's laws were the end result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Newton's laws were the end result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion Newton's laws were the end result
+of a great deal of careful definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a great deal of careful definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a great deal of careful definition
+observation and reasoning by many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and reasoning by many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and reasoning by many
+scientists up to an including Newton it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists up to an including Newton it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists up to an including Newton it
+is a fascinating and compelling chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fascinating and compelling chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fascinating and compelling chapter
+in the history of science but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of science but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of science but we will
+not discuss that history in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discuss that history in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not discuss that history in this course
+instead we will simply state Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we will simply state Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we will simply state Newton's
+three laws of motion as assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three laws of motion as assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three laws of motion as assumed
+postulates or axioms and discuss their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates or axioms and discuss their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates or axioms and discuss their
+meaning and application finally we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and application finally we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and application finally we will
+consider several specific examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider several specific examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider several specific examples of
+physical forces such as gravity contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forces such as gravity contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forces such as gravity contact
+forces exerted by a solid surface like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces exerted by a solid surface like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces exerted by a solid surface like
+the so called normal force which acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so called normal force which acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so called normal force which acts
+perpendicular or normal to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular or normal to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular or normal to the surface
+and friction which acts parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friction which acts parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and friction which acts parallel to the
+surface pulling forces like tension in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface pulling forces like tension in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface pulling forces like tension in a
+rope or chain and the force exerted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope or chain and the force exerted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope or chain and the force exerted by a
+stretched or compressed spring described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched or compressed spring described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched or compressed spring described
+by Hookes law taken as a whole this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Hookes law taken as a whole this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Hookes law taken as a whole this week
+will show us how to connect the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show us how to connect the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show us how to connect the two
+sides of Newton's second law of motion F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of Newton's second law of motion F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of Newton's second law of motion F
+equals MA the dynamics or application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA the dynamics or application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA the dynamics or application of
+forces on the left hand side and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the left hand side and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the left hand side and its
+relation to the kinematics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the kinematics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to the kinematics the
+change in geometry of the objects motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in geometry of the objects motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in geometry of the objects motion
+or trajectory on the right hand side
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yMjDJdGTCOk.txt b/yMjDJdGTCOk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..794a672b835763a78ce47bfd2274ef241c9c80d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yMjDJdGTCOk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theologian,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologian,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologian,
+cleric uh the early 18th century who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleric uh the early 18th century who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleric uh the early 18th century who had
+a fascination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fascination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fascination
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the
+natural theology specul population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural theology specul population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural theology specul population of
+the age. So Paley is a is a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age. So Paley is a is a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age. So Paley is a is a central
+figure in many ways wrote one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in many ways wrote one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in many ways wrote one of the
+most important books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important books
+very very large uh I mean he wrote many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large uh I mean he wrote many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very large uh I mean he wrote many
+books but including the books that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books but including the books that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books but including the books that he
+wrote was natural theology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote was natural theology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote was natural theology
+which uh basically expands uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh basically expands uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh basically expands uh very
+considerably upon Hume's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably upon Hume's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably upon Hume's uh
+uh speculations and Paley uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speculations and Paley uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh speculations and Paley uh was
+somebody that Darwin was familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that Darwin was familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that Darwin was familiar with
+um natural theology was not required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um natural theology was not required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um natural theology was not required
+reading for Cambridge undergraduates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for Cambridge undergraduates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading for Cambridge undergraduates but
+uh Darwin read Palley's natural theology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Darwin read Palley's natural theology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Darwin read Palley's natural theology
+um anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway and
+as as you read the book you notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you read the book you notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you read the book you notice that
+it's got a lot of other things than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a lot of other things than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a lot of other things than just
+theology in it. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology in it. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology in it. So,
+one of the questions I have to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions I have to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the questions I have to just
+start out is, uh, why would somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out is, uh, why would somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out is, uh, why would somebody
+interested in science and the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in science and the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in science and the order of
+nature be interested in Paley?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature be interested in Paley?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature be interested in Paley?
+I just had you read a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had you read a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had you read a very short
+snippet, but u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snippet, but u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snippet, but u
+do you get any sense of this book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get any sense of this book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you get any sense of this book uh
+Paley as a scientist?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley as a scientist?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley as a scientist?
+Does he come across with any scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does he come across with any scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does he come across with any scientific
+uh skills, capabilities?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He analyzes things in a very like set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He analyzes things in a very like set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He analyzes things in a very like set
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not
+Yeah, I there's there's a lot of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I there's there's a lot of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I there's there's a lot of science
+in this book. Uh I mean, I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book. Uh I mean, I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book. Uh I mean, I didn't have
+you read the whole thing. Of course, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the whole thing. Of course, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the whole thing. Of course, it
+would take you a month or so, but uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take you a month or so, but uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take you a month or so, but uh you
+know, he's got chapters in here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, he's got chapters in here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, he's got chapters in here on
+instinct, uh anatomy. Uh I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct, uh anatomy. Uh I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instinct, uh anatomy. Uh I mean, you
+know, it's it's a it's definitely a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's it's a it's definitely a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's it's a it's definitely a book
+that's uh drawing deeply from scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh drawing deeply from scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh drawing deeply from scientific
+knowledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge.
+And of course, you probably how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, you probably how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And of course, you probably how many
+people have heard of Paley before? I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have heard of Paley before? I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have heard of Paley before? I'm
+just curious. Okay, couple of you. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curious. Okay, couple of you. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curious. Okay, couple of you. All
+right. uh you know Paley sometimes gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. uh you know Paley sometimes gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. uh you know Paley sometimes gets
+uh short treatment uh because he's seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh short treatment uh because he's seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh short treatment uh because he's seen
+as oh well he didn't quite get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as oh well he didn't quite get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as oh well he didn't quite get the
+evolutionary picture but uh actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary picture but uh actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary picture but uh actually
+Paley's a formidable intellect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley's a formidable intellect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley's a formidable intellect
+um he had a a massive capacity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he had a a massive capacity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he had a a massive capacity for
+understanding scientific uh data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding scientific uh data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding scientific uh data
+uh in many ways uh a mind that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many ways uh a mind that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many ways uh a mind that you could
+certainly understand why sc why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly understand why sc why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly understand why sc why why
+Charles Darwin would appreciate Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Darwin would appreciate Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charles Darwin would appreciate Darwin
+was a reader, a close reader of Paley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reader, a close reader of Paley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a reader, a close reader of Paley
+and Paley has many explanations in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paley has many explanations in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paley has many explanations in here
+and many passages that sort of turn up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many passages that sort of turn up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many passages that sort of turn up
+or anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anyway
+similar types of passages turn up not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar types of passages turn up not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar types of passages turn up not
+that Darwin is uh you know directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Darwin is uh you know directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Darwin is uh you know directly
+using Paley but uh a lot of Paleley's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Paley but uh a lot of Paleley's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Paley but uh a lot of Paleley's
+speculations and concerns and questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculations and concerns and questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculations and concerns and questions
+resurface in Darwin in the origins in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurface in Darwin in the origins in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurface in Darwin in the origins in in
+the origin of species.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of species.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin of species.
+Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so
+Darwin had a I my own view of of Darwin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin had a I my own view of of Darwin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin had a I my own view of of Darwin
+is uh that he had a a very deep respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that he had a a very deep respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that he had a a very deep respect
+for Paleley's speculations. Paley was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Paleley's speculations. Paley was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Paleley's speculations. Paley was a
+um was was was one of the tribe so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was was was one of the tribe so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um was was was one of the tribe so to
+speak. He he he was fascinated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak. He he he was fascinated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak. He he he was fascinated with
+science. Uh but of course he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. Uh but of course he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. Uh but of course he was a
+theologian and you know for him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologian and you know for him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theologian and you know for him the
+science was uh something that uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was uh something that uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science was uh something that uh was
+something the science was to be put to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the science was to be put to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the science was to be put to
+the purpose of natural theology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of natural theology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of natural theology
+understanding the world as a realm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the world as a realm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the world as a realm
+framed by God. So you know this was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed by God. So you know this was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed by God. So you know this was very
+much the science was definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the science was definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the science was definitely
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+summoned in support of a certain view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summoned in support of a certain view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summoned in support of a certain view of
+the world. So in some sense it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. So in some sense it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. So in some sense it wasn't
+simply uh open. So uh Paley is uh uh a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh open. So uh Paley is uh uh a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh open. So uh Paley is uh uh a a
+key figure here. Paley came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key figure here. Paley came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key figure here. Paley came up with the
+classic uh argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic uh argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic uh argument
+that um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um um
+that the the eye and the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the eye and the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the eye and the complexity of
+the eye was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye was so
+uh so extensive, so great that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so extensive, so great that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so extensive, so great that uh it
+simply had to be the result of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply had to be the result of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply had to be the result of something
+that had been designed for a purpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been designed for a purpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been designed for a purpose.
+He couldn't imagine how something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He couldn't imagine how something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He couldn't imagine how something like
+an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye
+something as complicated as that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as complicated as that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as complicated as that could
+come about through chance. For for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about through chance. For for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come about through chance. For for
+discussion sake, we may have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion sake, we may have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion sake, we may have many many
+we have we may have a vast period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we may have a vast period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we may have a vast period of
+time to work with and many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work with and many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work with and many different
+organisms may have uh uh cycled through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms may have uh uh cycled through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms may have uh uh cycled through
+this process. organisms that uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process. organisms that uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process. organisms that uh through
+this time organisms that are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time organisms that are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time organisms that are no longer
+with us. But even so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us. But even so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us. But even so,
+who could come up with an eye in in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could come up with an eye in in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who could come up with an eye in in all
+that process? Uh how how could that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process? Uh how how could that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process? Uh how how could that
+process of uh cycling through all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of uh cycling through all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of uh cycling through all that
+all that time ever have delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that time ever have delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that time ever have delivered
+anything like an eye? So this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like an eye? So this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like an eye? So this really
+becomes Paley u Paleley's key u his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Paley u Paleley's key u his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes Paley u Paleley's key u his his
+his his key point. Um but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his key point. Um but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his key point. Um but there are many
+others too. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others too. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others too. Um
+so in many ways we uh you can see Paley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in many ways we uh you can see Paley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in many ways we uh you can see Paley
+as one of the originators of the what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of the originators of the what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of the originators of the what we
+think of today as intelligent design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of today as intelligent design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of today as intelligent design
+arguments and intelligent design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and intelligent design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and intelligent design
+arguments are what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Just said the the world and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just said the the world and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just said the the world and the
+organisms were created by a designer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms were created by a designer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms were created by a designer
+with a purpose in life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a purpose in life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a purpose in life.
+Okay. Uh yeah, it sometimes gets to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh yeah, it sometimes gets to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh yeah, it sometimes gets to that
+point, but modern intelligent design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but modern intelligent design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but modern intelligent design
+arguments sort of point I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments sort of point I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments sort of point I mean they
+state it a little differently. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it a little differently. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it a little differently. I mean
+it's it comes back to the same point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it comes back to the same point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it comes back to the same point and
+the statement is usually that uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement is usually that uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement is usually that uh the uh
+and and Paley really makes a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Paley really makes a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Paley really makes a statement
+similar to this that uh the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this that uh the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this that uh the order of
+nature elements of nature are are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature elements of nature are are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature elements of nature are are simply
+way way too complex to have ever been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way too complex to have ever been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way too complex to have ever been
+arrived at accidentally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at accidentally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at accidentally.
+and more specifically certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more specifically certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more specifically certain types of
+organisms uh organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms uh organs
+u are so complex that one can't imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u are so complex that one can't imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u are so complex that one can't imagine
+intermediate steps that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps that would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate steps that would have been
+any value to the organism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value to the organism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any value to the organism.
+So you know this uh and then also other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know this uh and then also other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know this uh and then also other
+series of arguments uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of arguments uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of arguments uh that
+that uh holds that the universe and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh holds that the universe and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh holds that the universe and its
+constants and the way in which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the way in which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the way in which it is
+structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+capable of supporting human life with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of supporting human life with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of supporting human life with
+consciousness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness.
+And in the cosmos, something emerging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the cosmos, something emerging.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in the cosmos, something emerging.
+The chances of something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The chances of something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The chances of something like that
+emerging where humans could be sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging where humans could be sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging where humans could be sitting
+in a room talking about themselves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room talking about themselves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room talking about themselves with
+consciousness are are so vastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness are are so vastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness are are so vastly
+improbable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improbable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improbable that
+uh it's a much more convincing argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a much more convincing argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a much more convincing argument
+to make that this is uh something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that this is uh something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that this is uh something that
+had an intelligence and purpose behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an intelligence and purpose behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an intelligence and purpose behind
+its creation. So these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its creation. So these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its creation. So these types of
+arguments really uh many of them I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments really uh many of them I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments really uh many of them I mean
+not that Paley was the first one I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that Paley was the first one I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that Paley was the first one I mean
+we've already seen Hume but Paleley's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen Hume but Paleley's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen Hume but Paleley's
+often seen as as the key person to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often seen as as the key person to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often seen as as the key person to have
+u originated these types of arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u originated these types of arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u originated these types of arguments
+and like I said u he's a he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like I said u he's a he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like I said u he's a he's a
+formidable writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formidable writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formidable writer
+he doesn't like this deist view u that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't like this deist view u that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't like this deist view u that
+you know some great creative force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some great creative force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some great creative force
+without any kind of personality just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of personality just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any kind of personality just
+some force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some force
+supernatural force was at the uh was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernatural force was at the uh was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernatural force was at the uh was was
+uh the originator of uh existence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the originator of uh existence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the originator of uh existence.
+Uh Paley really argues uh and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Paley really argues uh and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Paley really argues uh and that's
+what a lot of the people like uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of the people like uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of the people like uh uh
+Franklin and you know people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin and you know people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin and you know people who are
+scientifically oriented but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically oriented but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically oriented but also
+believed in some principle of deity. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in some principle of deity. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in some principle of deity. Uh
+but they argued well the deity isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they argued well the deity isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they argued well the deity isn't
+really you know an old guy with a a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know an old guy with a a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know an old guy with a a long
+beard and flowing hair you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beard and flowing hair you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beard and flowing hair you know the
+deity is some principle some creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity is some principle some creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity is some principle some creative
+principle and and Paley definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and and Paley definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and and Paley definitely
+attacks this notion he says no the deity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks this notion he says no the deity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks this notion he says no the deity
+is a personality is uh someone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a personality is uh someone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a personality is uh someone who
+understands uh humans and has created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands uh humans and has created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands uh humans and has created
+them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+uh his own uh likeness. So, uh, Paleley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his own uh likeness. So, uh, Paleley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his own uh likeness. So, uh, Paleley
+is trying to move back to this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to move back to this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to move back to this more
+conservative position.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative position.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative position.
+Um, okay. So, uh, let's let's have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, uh, let's let's have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, uh, let's let's have a
+look at the, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the, um,
+um, I just I just included one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I just I just included one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I just I just included one of the
+passages here, one of the the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages here, one of the the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages here, one of the the the key
+passages, the o opening passage. And,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages, the o opening passage. And,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages, the o opening passage. And,
+uh, so he's um, and and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, so he's um, and and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, so he's um, and and this is this is
+where he talks about the stone and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he talks about the stone and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he talks about the stone and and
+the watch. And he makes the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch. And he makes the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch. And he makes the point that
+uh you know well what do you make of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know well what do you make of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know well what do you make of
+this opening passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opening passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this opening passage
+says in crossing a heath suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in crossing a heath suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says in crossing a heath suppose I
+pitched my foot against a stone and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched my foot against a stone and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitched my foot against a stone and were
+asked how the stone came to be there. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked how the stone came to be there. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked how the stone came to be there. I
+might possibly answer that for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might possibly answer that for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might possibly answer that for anything
+I knew to the contrary it had lain there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew to the contrary it had lain there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I knew to the contrary it had lain there
+forever. But suppose I had found a watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. But suppose I had found a watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. But suppose I had found a watch
+upon the ground and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the ground and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the ground and it should be
+inquired how the watch happened to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquired how the watch happened to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquired how the watch happened to be in
+that place. I should hardly think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place. I should hardly think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that place. I should hardly think of the
+answer which I before given that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which I before given that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer which I before given that for
+anything I knew the watch might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I knew the watch might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything I knew the watch might have
+always been there. Yet why should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been there. Yet why should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been there. Yet why should not
+this answer serve for the watch as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer serve for the watch as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this answer serve for the watch as well
+as for the stone? Why is it not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for the stone? Why is it not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for the stone? Why is it not as
+admissible in the second case as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible in the second case as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admissible in the second case as in the
+first? For this reason and for no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first? For this reason and for no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first? For this reason and for no other
+uh that when we come to inspect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that when we come to inspect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that when we come to inspect the
+watch, we perceive what we could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch, we perceive what we could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch, we perceive what we could not
+discover in the stone that it several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover in the stone that it several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover in the stone that it several
+parts are framed and put together for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are framed and put together for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are framed and put together for a
+purpose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose.
+that they are so formed and adjusted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are so formed and adjusted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are so formed and adjusted as
+to produce motion and that motion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce motion and that motion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce motion and that motion so
+regulated as to point out the hour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated as to point out the hour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated as to point out the hour of
+the day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day.
+So he sets he sets up this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he sets he sets up this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he sets he sets up this kind of
+dichotomy between natural objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between natural objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between natural objects and
+objects of human art. And this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of human art. And this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of human art. And this this
+dichotomy this uh uh contrast works all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy this uh uh contrast works all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy this uh uh contrast works all
+the way through the book.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through the book.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way through the book.
+And so in some ways it's it's a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in some ways it's it's a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in some ways it's it's a book
+with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very simple
+uh argument. Uh you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh argument. Uh you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh argument. Uh you know it's it's
+simply saying that uh we have complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying that uh we have complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply saying that uh we have complexity
+that cannot be explained through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be explained through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be explained through
+natural random process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural random process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural random process
+and that that complexity requires some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that complexity requires some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that complexity requires some
+creative force. Uh and so the book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative force. Uh and so the book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative force. Uh and so the book is
+devoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted
+chapter after chapter to exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter after chapter to exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter after chapter to exploring
+those kinds of complexities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of complexities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of complexities
+in organic life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean there's a parallel here of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a parallel here of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a parallel here of course
+with cleanths is there not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cleanths is there not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cleanths is there not
+u but in some ways better stated than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but in some ways better stated than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but in some ways better stated than uh
+cleanthys I mean cleansth you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanthys I mean cleansth you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanthys I mean cleansth you know
+that's very very dense pros and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very dense pros and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very dense pros and you know
+when you study it you get a lot out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you study it you get a lot out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you study it you get a lot out of
+it but it's it doesn't just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's it doesn't just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's it doesn't just kind of
+communicate to you uh immediately or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to you uh immediately or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate to you uh immediately or as
+paley really pulls you in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paley really pulls you in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paley really pulls you in.
+And then his famous uh in in in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then his famous uh in in in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then his famous uh in in in another
+chapter um um his famous claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um um his famous claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter um um his famous claim that
+there cannot be design without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cannot be design without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there cannot be design without a
+designer, contrivance without a contr,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer, contrivance without a contr,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer, contrivance without a contr,
+order without choice, arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order without choice, arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order without choice, arrangement
+without anything capable of capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without anything capable of capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without anything capable of capable of
+arranging, subserviency in relation to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging, subserviency in relation to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging, subserviency in relation to a
+purpose without that which could intend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose without that which could intend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose without that which could intend
+a purpose. means suitable to an end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purpose. means suitable to an end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a purpose. means suitable to an end and
+executing their office in accomplishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing their office in accomplishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executing their office in accomplishing
+that end without the end ever having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end without the end ever having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end without the end ever having
+been contemplated or the means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contemplated or the means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been contemplated or the means
+accommodated to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodated to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodated to it.
+Okay, so this is his key uh in I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is his key uh in I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is his key uh in I mean
+this is really his key thesis. this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really his key thesis. this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really his key thesis. this is
+what he's uh and he comes back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's uh and he comes back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he's uh and he comes back to this
+point over and over again and u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point over and over again and u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point over and over again and u
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+what uh what sorts of things uh note the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what sorts of things uh note the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh what sorts of things uh note the
+keyword um in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can find it here intend right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find it here intend right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find it here intend right here
+this word is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word is going to come
+Intent intentionality intent. Intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intent intentionality intent. Intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intent intentionality intent. Intention
+is going to come up. Why is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come up. Why is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come up. Why is that so
+important?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do we mean by intent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we mean by intent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we mean by intent or
+intentionality?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality?
+What do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do we
+And this goes right to the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this goes right to the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this goes right to the heart of
+design, does it not? Or at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, does it not? Or at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, does it not? Or at least the
+heart of one aspect of design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determined sort of purpose,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined sort of purpose,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined sort of purpose,
+right? A for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? A for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? A for
+actually comes with fills that purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes with fills that purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes with fills that purpose
+to whatever purpose one that's thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever purpose one that's thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever purpose one that's thought
+of before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of before.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. Just so like with the watch, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Just so like with the watch, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Just so like with the watch, it
+was intended to be used to tell the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was intended to be used to tell the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was intended to be used to tell the time
+of day whereas we don't really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day whereas we don't really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of day whereas we don't really know what
+a stone was intended to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stone was intended to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stone was intended to do.
+Okay. Yes. Yeah. So there the in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes. Yeah. So there the in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yes. Yeah. So there the in in the
+design itself it reflects a a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design itself it reflects a a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design itself it reflects a a state of
+mind there there there's so intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind there there there's so intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind there there there's so intention
+takes us from say the material world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us from say the material world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us from say the material world
+back into the mental that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the mental that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into the mental that you know
+intention is a kind of a word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention is a kind of a word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention is a kind of a word that
+connects the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the mind
+of a maker with the doing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a maker with the doing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a maker with the doing in the
+material world. So this is a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material world. So this is a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material world. So this is a bridge
+between mind and object.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mind and object.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between mind and object.
+And so uh it comes up purpose is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh it comes up purpose is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so uh it comes up purpose is is the
+word that always shows up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that always shows up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that always shows up with
+intention. But intentionality becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention. But intentionality becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention. But intentionality becomes a
+a very uh a very big part of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very uh a very big part of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very uh a very big part of uh you know
+one way of seeing the world is it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of seeing the world is it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of seeing the world is it was
+intended. Somebody intended it to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended. Somebody intended it to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended. Somebody intended it to be as
+it is. And so uh that then means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. And so uh that then means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. And so uh that then means that
+through some process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some process
+often unexplained but some process uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often unexplained but some process uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often unexplained but some process uh
+the world did come into existence after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world did come into existence after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world did come into existence after
+this this uh this thought and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh this thought and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh this thought and that's why
+you know the the the word appears over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the word appears over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the the word appears over
+and over again. Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I was saying, this is just just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was saying, this is just just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was saying, this is just just to
+show you, uh, this is just the outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you, uh, this is just the outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you, uh, this is just the outline
+of what this book has in it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this book has in it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this book has in it. And
+occasionally, I've had people in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally, I've had people in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally, I've had people in this
+class who get into pale and they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class who get into pale and they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class who get into pale and they start
+reading this stuff and they can't stop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this stuff and they can't stop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this stuff and they can't stop.
+I mean, they just really enjoy reading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, they just really enjoy reading.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, they just really enjoy reading.
+I mean, because he has he takes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, because he has he takes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, because he has he takes all the
+different scientific fields and he folds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scientific fields and he folds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scientific fields and he folds
+in their findings into his argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their findings into his argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their findings into his argument.
+and you know he's he's definitely picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know he's he's definitely picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know he's he's definitely picked
+up many of the things that u were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up many of the things that u were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up many of the things that u were
+important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+So in some ways he's what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some ways he's what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some ways he's what we call a
+syncric. He he he he brings diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncric. He he he he brings diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncric. He he he he brings diverse
+materials together to unify them into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials together to unify them into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials together to unify them into a
+set of arguments. He goes out and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of arguments. He goes out and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of arguments. He goes out and he
+talks about instincts. He talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about instincts. He talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about instincts. He talks about
+botany. He talks about astronomy. He he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botany. He talks about astronomy. He he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botany. He talks about astronomy. He he
+sort of collects data from around from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collects data from around from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of collects data from around from
+all the diverse fields that he's aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the diverse fields that he's aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the diverse fields that he's aware
+of to bring them into a unified argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to bring them into a unified argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to bring them into a unified argument
+about the existence of God.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the existence of God.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the existence of God.
+So this this is a methodology that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this this is a methodology that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this this is a methodology that is uh
+fairly impressive and fairly new. this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly impressive and fairly new. this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly impressive and fairly new. this
+kind of uh synretatism. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh synretatism. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh synretatism. Uh
+and so um he's got a a chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um he's got a a chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um he's got a a chapter on
+comparative anatomy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative anatomy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative anatomy,
+you know, the comparative forms and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the comparative forms and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the comparative forms and he
+has a whole set of arguments about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a whole set of arguments about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a whole set of arguments about why
+these forms which are similar to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms which are similar to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these forms which are similar to each
+other um are can be used as an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um are can be used as an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um are can be used as an argument
+for the way in which God works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the way in which God works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the way in which God works.
+God works by designing something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God works by designing something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God works by designing something and
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+milright can reapply those designs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milright can reapply those designs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milright can reapply those designs to
+different kinds of purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of purposes
+i.e different kinds of organisms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e different kinds of organisms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e different kinds of organisms.
+Okay. So you can see here the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you can see here the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you can see here the uh the
+scope of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of um
+and at the core of Paley's work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the core of Paley's work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the core of Paley's work
+is the subject of anatomy. Is it not? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the subject of anatomy. Is it not? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the subject of anatomy. Is it not? I
+mean that's what he's really talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what he's really talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's what he's really talking
+about. I mean he goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I mean he goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. I mean he goes into
+one of the sections I asked you to read.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sections I asked you to read.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sections I asked you to read.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+he uh he takes up the u the eye and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh he takes up the u the eye and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he uh he takes up the u the eye and what
+does he uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what does he compare the eye to and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he compare the eye to and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does he compare the eye to and why
+does he make this comparison?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, he he does get into this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, he he does get into this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, he he does get into this big
+argument about the self-replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about the self-replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about the self-replicating
+watch. We'll come back to that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch. We'll come back to that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch. We'll come back to that in a
+minute. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. But
+the telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telescope
+the telescope. Why? Why does he Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telescope. Why? Why does he Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telescope. Why? Why does he Why
+What's the point of comparing the eye to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the point of comparing the eye to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the point of comparing the eye to
+the telescope?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Well, I did talk a little bit about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I did talk a little bit about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I did talk a little bit about like
+how the lenses were perfectly shaped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the lenses were perfectly shaped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the lenses were perfectly shaped in
+form to refract the light into the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to refract the light into the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to refract the light into the eye
+and all that kind of stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that kind of stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that kind of stuff.
+Yeah. Yeah. I mean, I only had you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I mean, I only had you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I mean, I only had you read
+a little section. I mean, the stuff on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little section. I mean, the stuff on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little section. I mean, the stuff on
+the eye just goes on and on. I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye just goes on and on. I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye just goes on and on. I mean it's
+a very detailed analysis of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very detailed analysis of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very detailed analysis of all the
+points of refraction and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of refraction and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of refraction and the the
+function the structure of the eye and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the structure of the eye and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the structure of the eye and so
+on and so forth and he compares this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and he compares this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and he compares this to
+a telescope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a telescope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a telescope.
+Yeah. focuses on the on the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. focuses on the on the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. focuses on the on the idea that
+both the eye and the telescope are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the eye and the telescope are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the eye and the telescope are
+instruments. And he has this one quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments. And he has this one quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments. And he has this one quote
+where it's how is it possible under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's how is it possible under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's how is it possible under
+circumstances of such close affinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of such close affinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances of such close affinity and
+under the operation of equal evidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the operation of equal evidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the operation of equal evidence to
+exclude contrivance the uh from the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude contrivance the uh from the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude contrivance the uh from the one
+yet to acknowledge the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to acknowledge the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to acknowledge the proof of
+contrivance having been employed as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivance having been employed as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivance having been employed as the
+plainest and clearest of all proportions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plainest and clearest of all proportions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plainest and clearest of all proportions
+in the other. And one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other. And one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other. And one of the things that
+I about that is that from when I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I about that is that from when I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I about that is that from when I read
+that I was like well he seems absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was like well he seems absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was like well he seems absolutely
+right. Is there any reason why there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is there any reason why there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is there any reason why there
+would be an argument against that? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an argument against that? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an argument against that? And
+the only thing I could come up with was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing I could come up with was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing I could come up with was
+that that focus is very much on the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that focus is very much on the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that focus is very much on the what
+what does it look like? How are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like? How are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like? How are they
+physically similar? And it seemed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically similar? And it seemed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically similar? And it seemed like
+the argument kind of broke down if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument kind of broke down if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument kind of broke down if you
+switch it from how what does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it from how what does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch it from how what does it look
+like and exactly how does it work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and exactly how does it work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and exactly how does it work to
+what is the goal of the thing? what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the goal of the thing? what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the goal of the thing? what you
+know and I'm not sure if this is what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I'm not sure if this is what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I'm not sure if this is what he
+meant by instruments because when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by instruments because when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by instruments because when you
+switch to um I gave an example in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to um I gave an example in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch to um I gave an example in my
+notes here but um when you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes here but um when you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes here but um when you look at uh
+when you look at like a dolphin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at like a dolphin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at like a dolphin's
+echolocation and you look at the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echolocation and you look at the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echolocation and you look at the human
+eye they look very different and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye they look very different and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye they look very different and they
+don't seem to have any connection but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have any connection but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't seem to have any connection but
+they both have the goal of aiding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have the goal of aiding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have the goal of aiding the
+organism to be able to see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism to be able to see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism to be able to see.
+So I'm just I was curious what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm just I was curious what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm just I was curious what he was
+really getting at with the the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting at with the the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really getting at with the the idea of
+an instrument there. So yeah I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument there. So yeah I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instrument there. So yeah I don't
+know if you can speak to that. Well, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can speak to that. Well, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you can speak to that. Well, he
+makes a difference between an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference between an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a difference between an instrument
+as a passive as a passive uh instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a passive as a passive uh instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a passive as a passive uh instrument
+suggests you know something that aids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests you know something that aids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests you know something that aids
+the senses or aids you know some whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senses or aids you know some whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the senses or aids you know some whereas
+the eye itself is not simply a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye itself is not simply a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye itself is not simply a passive
+instrument. It's more an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument. It's more an active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument. It's more an active
+uh source of gathering data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh source of gathering data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh source of gathering data and
+information for an organism. So there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for an organism. So there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information for an organism. So there is
+a difference but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference but
+you you recall what uh what Felo said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you recall what uh what Felo said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you recall what uh what Felo said to
+Cleanths when he tried to compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanths when he tried to compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanths when he tried to compare the
+great machine of the universe with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great machine of the universe with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great machine of the universe with the
+universe itself saying you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe itself saying you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe itself saying you know these
+things are so different that making an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are so different that making an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are so different that making an
+analogy is just kind of ridiculous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is just kind of ridiculous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is just kind of ridiculous.
+So in some ways Paley is he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some ways Paley is he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some ways Paley is he's he's
+making a his argument is more shrewd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a his argument is more shrewd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a his argument is more shrewd.
+He's bringing these in these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's bringing these in these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's bringing these in these two things
+that one exists in nature and one ex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one exists in nature and one ex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one exists in nature and one ex and
+one is a a human instrument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a a human instrument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a a human instrument.
+They do have a very a very similar kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They do have a very a very similar kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They do have a very a very similar kind
+of set of I mean they're very parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set of I mean they're very parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of set of I mean they're very parallel
+very similar structures very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar structures very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar structures very similar
+things that they're doing except as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they're doing except as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they're doing except as you
+point out one is is sort of a passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out one is is sort of a passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out one is is sort of a passive
+instrument that uh human uses to aid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that uh human uses to aid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that uh human uses to aid the
+whereas uh the eye itself is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh the eye itself is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh the eye itself is more
+complicated because it's wired into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's wired into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's wired into the
+system and there's a perception in it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there's a perception in it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there's a perception in it uh
+through it and so it's more an active uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and so it's more an active uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and so it's more an active uh
+organic thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic thing.
+But the parallel is pretty it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the parallel is pretty it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the parallel is pretty it's it's a
+pretty good parallel and it certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good parallel and it certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good parallel and it certainly
+makes you realize that you know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you realize that you know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you realize that you know right
+down to the level of detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the level of detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the level of detail
+these two things are incredibly similar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things are incredibly similar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things are incredibly similar.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+if we know we find a telescope in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know we find a telescope in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know we find a telescope in the
+field uh you know we come to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh you know we come to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh you know we come to the same
+conclusion as we do if we find a watch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion as we do if we find a watch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion as we do if we find a watch.
+So he's moved off the watch metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he's moved off the watch metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he's moved off the watch metaphor
+into the eye and telescope and the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the eye and telescope and the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the eye and telescope and the eye
+becomes one of his I mean he he deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one of his I mean he he deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes one of his I mean he he deals
+with many other subjects in subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many other subjects in subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many other subjects in subsequent
+chapters but this eye is key. Yeah. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters but this eye is key. Yeah. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters but this eye is key. Yeah. I
+think what was frustrating to me uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what was frustrating to me uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what was frustrating to me uh for
+a lot of the writing and I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the writing and I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the writing and I don't know if
+he addresses this in different parts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he addresses this in different parts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he addresses this in different parts you
+know that we didn't read but he seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we didn't read but he seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we didn't read but he seems to
+uh like ignore the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like ignore the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh like ignore the fact that you know
+obviously in the in the comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the in the comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously in the in the comparison
+between a man-made object and an organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a man-made object and an organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a man-made object and an organic
+object uh the organic object has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh the organic object has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object uh the organic object has like
+change over its lifetime and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over its lifetime and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change over its lifetime and and that
+doesn't occur in the man-made objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur in the man-made objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur in the man-made objects
+and I feel like he never addresses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like he never addresses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I feel like he never addresses that
+and then there's also like variance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also like variance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's also like variance in
+organic objects especially When I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic objects especially When I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic objects especially When I was
+reading about the eye, he was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about the eye, he was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about the eye, he was talking
+about how perfectly designed the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how perfectly designed the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how perfectly designed the eye
+was. But he made it sound like all eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. But he made it sound like all eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was. But he made it sound like all eyes
+were exactly the same. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exactly the same. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were exactly the same. Like
+if you look at the human eye, even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the human eye, even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the human eye, even in
+the course of a human life, it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a human life, it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a human life, it could
+develop poor eyesight, it could develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop poor eyesight, it could develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop poor eyesight, it could develop
+cataracts that changes over a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataracts that changes over a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cataracts that changes over a human
+life. Or if you look at other animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. Or if you look at other animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. Or if you look at other animals
+where like, you know, like a cat eye is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like, you know, like a cat eye is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where like, you know, like a cat eye is
+shaped differently and has through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped differently and has through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaped differently and has through a
+membrane or or an amphibious eye or or,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane or or an amphibious eye or or,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane or or an amphibious eye or or,
+you know, like uh light sensitive cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like uh light sensitive cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, like uh light sensitive cells
+on a reptile's head. There's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a reptile's head. There's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a reptile's head. There's just like
+there's so many different forms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different forms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many different forms of the
+eye in nature that I feel like he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye in nature that I feel like he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye in nature that I feel like he
+doesn't address that and he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't address that and he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't address that and he doesn't
+address that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that.
+You know, to me the answer to all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, to me the answer to all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, to me the answer to all of his
+arguments is adaptation over time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is adaptation over time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is adaptation over time.
+And I feel like he doesn't address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I feel like he doesn't address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I feel like he doesn't address
+you know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that there are
+actually he he does have he does have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he he does have he does have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he he does have he does have I
+didn't have you read it. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have you read it. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have you read it. It's just
+another part of this big book, but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of this big book, but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of this big book, but he
+has a whole section on comparative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a whole section on comparative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a whole section on comparative uh
+the eyes and their different uh forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes and their different uh forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eyes and their different uh forms
+for not all not all organisms, but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not all not all organisms, but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for not all not all organisms, but he
+has several in there. And he notes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has several in there. And he notes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has several in there. And he notes that
+they they have different structures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have different structures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have different structures uh
+modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications
+or they operate somewhat differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they operate somewhat differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they operate somewhat differently
+although they all share a common set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they all share a common set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they all share a common set of
+principles and a common set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and a common set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and a common set of
+structures, but they're suited. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, but they're suited. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures, but they're suited. But
+yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah,
+the notion of the organism in time, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of the organism in time, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of the organism in time, the
+organ in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ in time
+as a changing fluctuating thing, u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a changing fluctuating thing, u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a changing fluctuating thing, u is
+really not where his focus is. Um, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not where his focus is. Um, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not where his focus is. Um, yeah.
+And I think like he especially points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think like he especially points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think like he especially points
+that out when he talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out when he talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out when he talks about the
+self-replicating watch in that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-replicating watch in that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-replicating watch in that even if
+you go back through generations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back through generations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back through generations of the
+self-replicating watch, you know, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-replicating watch, you know, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-replicating watch, you know, it
+still says even at the indefinite point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still says even at the indefinite point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still says even at the indefinite point,
+there still has to be a point where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there still has to be a point where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there still has to be a point where it's
+designed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+But, you know, using his own argument,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, you know, using his own argument,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, you know, using his own argument,
+if you go back indefinitely through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back indefinitely through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back indefinitely through
+humans, don't you see change, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans, don't you see change, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans, don't you see change, you know,
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+through generations? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through generations? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through generations? So,
+yeah. You see what what sort of changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. You see what what sort of changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. You see what what sort of changes
+are you referring to? Um well I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you referring to? Um well I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you referring to? Um well I mean I
+it's it may be unfair to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it may be unfair to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it may be unfair to say
+evolutionary change to him but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary change to him but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary change to him but
+but I mean even in you know even in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean even in you know even in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean even in you know even in a
+short lifetime you can see people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short lifetime you can see people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short lifetime you can see people are
+born with different traits people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with different traits people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with different traits people are
+born with different abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with different abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born with different abilities
+you know uh there's genetic variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh there's genetic variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh there's genetic variance
+where you know someone may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know someone may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know someone may have a
+you know deformity or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know deformity or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know deformity or something like
+that at birth you know I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at birth you know I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at birth you know I mean there's
+just so much that you can see even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so much that you can see even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so much that you can see even in
+even in a short time span. Yeah, I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a short time span. Yeah, I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a short time span. Yeah, I mean
+he he's uh he's pretty subtle uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he's uh he's pretty subtle uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he's uh he's pretty subtle uh and
+deformities and things of that sort he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformities and things of that sort he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformities and things of that sort he
+actually does mention as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does mention as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does mention as you know
+objects uh results of chance but I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh results of chance but I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh results of chance but I I
+think the main point you're getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the main point you're getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the main point you're getting at
+is uh there is a kind of uh growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh there is a kind of uh growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh there is a kind of uh growth and
+fluctuation organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation organic
+uh forms that we would never attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forms that we would never attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forms that we would never attribute
+to you know a telescope yeah it can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know a telescope yeah it can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know a telescope yeah it can get
+wear out or something but and I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear out or something but and I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear out or something but and I suppose
+in some sense you know changes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you know changes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you know changes about
+where uh at least aging uh but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh at least aging uh but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh at least aging uh but you know
+organic forms really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic forms really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic forms really
+fluctuate in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate in ways that
+some designed instrument has no capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some designed instrument has no capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some designed instrument has no capacity
+to do. And although the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. And although the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. And although the objective
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh examination of an organic form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh examination of an organic form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh examination of an organic form uh
+such as an eye and a telescope at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as an eye and a telescope at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as an eye and a telescope at one
+moment in time is very very impressive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time is very very impressive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in time is very very impressive.
+The more profound fact may be in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more profound fact may be in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more profound fact may be in fact in
+the growth process and you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth process and you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth process and you know and and
+that difference may be so great. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference may be so great. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference may be so great. One
+could argue that it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that it really
+um outweighs any kind of objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outweighs any kind of objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um outweighs any kind of objective
+parallel between these two objects at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel between these two objects at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel between these two objects at a
+at a moment of examination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a moment of examination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a moment of examination.
+So what you're getting to is this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you're getting to is this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what you're getting to is this whole
+thing of growth. and growth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of growth. and growth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of growth. and growth.
+You know, we don't associate growth with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, we don't associate growth with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, we don't associate growth with
+telescopes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+that could be as big a difference as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be as big a difference as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be as big a difference as the
+difference that Filelo points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that Filelo points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that Filelo points out
+between Cleanthy's uh great machine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Cleanthy's uh great machine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Cleanthy's uh great machine of
+the universe and the universe itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and the universe itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and the universe itself.
+But, you know, it just hasn't been quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, you know, it just hasn't been quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, you know, it just hasn't been quite
+appreciated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciated.
+So, subhuman eyes don't work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, subhuman eyes don't work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, subhuman eyes don't work.
+When he said just because it it seldom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When he said just because it it seldom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When he said just because it it seldom
+the watch seldom goes exactly right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch seldom goes exactly right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the watch seldom goes exactly right.
+That doesn't mean you don't we can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That doesn't mean you don't we can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That doesn't mean you don't we can't say
+it wasn't designed on purpose. So I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't designed on purpose. So I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't designed on purpose. So I mean
+he he does to me he kind of did address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he does to me he kind of did address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he does to me he kind of did address
+that that point of that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that point of that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that point of that there are some
+people born with with bad with bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people born with with bad with bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people born with with bad with bad
+eyesight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyesight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyesight.
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And he says
+imperfections of that sort don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections of that sort don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfections of that sort don't really
+disprove or not arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove or not arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove or not arguments
+that uh things are have arisen by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh things are have arisen by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh things are have arisen by chance
+just because you know there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you know there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you know there's some
+defects and maybe that fits to the aging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and maybe that fits to the aging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and maybe that fits to the aging
+uh but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I know how you feel. I think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I know how you feel. I think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I know how you feel. I think like
+like what he says about what he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what he says about what he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what he says about what he says
+about people who have you know bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who have you know bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people who have you know bad
+eyesight or things like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyesight or things like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyesight or things like that or
+I think that almost kind of proves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that almost kind of proves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that almost kind of proves like
+from a genetic standpoint it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a genetic standpoint it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a genetic standpoint it's like
+that's actually the driving force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the driving force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the driving force of
+evolution and change over time is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and change over time is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and change over time is that
+there are these kind of random variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these kind of random variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these kind of random variances
+in the population and I think he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population and I think he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population and I think he he
+doesn't acknowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't acknowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't acknowledge
+I don't know the change over again I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the change over again I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the change over again I I
+just kept coming back to evolutionary Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kept coming back to evolutionary Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kept coming back to evolutionary Uh
+and it's really not fair to think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really not fair to think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really not fair to think in
+that term like when reading him. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term like when reading him. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term like when reading him. Well,
+it it is true that he says things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is true that he says things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is true that he says things like
+that doesn't happen by chance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen by chance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen by chance.
+Then I say, well, evolution doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I say, well, evolution doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I say, well, evolution doesn't
+happen by chance. Then, you know, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen by chance. Then, you know, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen by chance. Then, you know, there
+and when he says, you know, that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he says, you know, that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he says, you know, that things
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+when he when he talks about all these,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when he talks about all these,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when he talks about all these,
+you know, forces that there are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, forces that there are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, forces that there are like
+natural driving forces in populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural driving forces in populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural driving forces in populations
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+you know, that would create these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that would create these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, that would create these
+changes. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes. But
+yeah, there I mean when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, there I mean when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, there I mean when we get to
+Darwin, yeah, we're all sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin, yeah, we're all sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin, yeah, we're all sort of
+sprinting toward Darwin here because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinting toward Darwin here because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinting toward Darwin here because you
+know Darwin when when you use Darwinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Darwin when when you use Darwinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Darwin when when you use Darwinian
+arguments and you look back over things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and you look back over things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and you look back over things
+you say well I mean depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I mean depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well I mean depending on whether
+you really understand Darwin's arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really understand Darwin's arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really understand Darwin's arguments
+or not but uh you know you say oh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but uh you know you say oh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but uh you know you say oh but
+you know this was explained this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this was explained this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this was explained this has
+been explained so historically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been explained so historically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been explained so historically you know
+we are still uh you know more than 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are still uh you know more than 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are still uh you know more than 50
+years before Darwin published the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before Darwin published the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years before Darwin published the origin
+and Darwin read this. But what always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Darwin read this. But what always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Darwin read this. But what always
+interests me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests me is
+how could we imagine Darwin reading this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we imagine Darwin reading this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we imagine Darwin reading this
+treatise by Paley and learning something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatise by Paley and learning something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatise by Paley and learning something
+from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it
+uh that you know made sense for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you know made sense for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you know made sense for his
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's like Paley's arguments are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like Paley's arguments are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like Paley's arguments are kind of
+unsatisfying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsatisfying like
+logically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically because
+for a lot of things he says he just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of things he says he just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of things he says he just says
+look at how complex this is and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how complex this is and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how complex this is and then he
+says we can't explain it. You know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can't explain it. You know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can't explain it. You know what
+I mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+And I think Darwin and probably a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think Darwin and probably a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think Darwin and probably a lot of
+people who read it said why not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who read it said why not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who read it said why not you know
+I want to explain it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to explain it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to explain it.
+Yeah. Yeah. I think you hit on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I think you hit on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. I think you hit on something
+and that's this stuff is like, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this stuff is like, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's this stuff is like, you know,
+throwing out something a challenge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing out something a challenge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing out something a challenge of
+sorts. I mean, Paley's a challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts. I mean, Paley's a challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts. I mean, Paley's a challenge to
+somebody who says, well, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who says, well, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who says, well, I'm going to
+try to figure out a way to explain some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out a way to explain some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out a way to explain some
+of these things. I'm going to I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things. I'm going to I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things. I'm going to I'm going
+to look for explanations uh rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for explanations uh rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look for explanations uh rather than
+acquiescing and oh yeah, it must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiescing and oh yeah, it must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquiescing and oh yeah, it must have
+been created through some process. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created through some process. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created through some process. you
+know, how can I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, how can I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, how can I understand
+these complexities of organic life that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complexities of organic life that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these complexities of organic life that
+he's talking about throughout the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about throughout the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about throughout the book
+in very very uh uh specific terms?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very uh uh specific terms?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very uh uh specific terms?
+How can I explain them with how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can I explain them with how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can I explain them with how can I
+come up with a different explanation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a different explanation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a different explanation?
+How can I find a different approach? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can I find a different approach? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How can I find a different approach? And
+I think I think uh anybody immersed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think uh anybody immersed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I think uh anybody immersed in
+science is going to see this as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is going to see this as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is going to see this as you know
+a whole set of research questions or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of research questions or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of research questions or a
+whole set of questions you know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of questions you know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of questions you know okay
+let's see if we can find explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can find explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if we can find explanations
+for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it.
+In earlier ages the body was often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In earlier ages the body was often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In earlier ages the body was often times
+seen as you know a spiritual thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as you know a spiritual thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as you know a spiritual thing as
+you know created by a creator. um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know created by a creator. um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know created by a creator. um it
+lived for a period on earth and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived for a period on earth and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived for a period on earth and then it
+sought its final end in heaven or if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought its final end in heaven or if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sought its final end in heaven or if it
+wasn't uh well behaved in in hell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't uh well behaved in in hell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't uh well behaved in in hell or
+wherever. But you know the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever. But you know the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever. But you know the concept of
+the body through time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body through time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body through time
+when we look at the history of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the history of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the history of thought
+and the history of art we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the history of art we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the history of art we find
+increasingly becoming more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly becoming more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly becoming more and more
+realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic
+and Paley's a marvelous step forward in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paley's a marvelous step forward in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paley's a marvelous step forward in
+that. I mean if you read this stuff it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean if you read this stuff it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I mean if you read this stuff it's
+you know he really goes into the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he really goes into the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he really goes into the detail
+the structure of the body and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the body and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the body and so forth.
+He's pushing this even as he's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's pushing this even as he's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's pushing this even as he's trying to
+use it as arguments for the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as arguments for the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as arguments for the existence of
+God. I just have this uh this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God. I just have this uh this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God. I just have this uh this is just a
+little ep. This is uh Robert Browning's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ep. This is uh Robert Browning's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ep. This is uh Robert Browning's
+uh a poem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a poem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a poem and
+uh about an artist who is painting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about an artist who is painting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about an artist who is painting for
+the uh church fathers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh church fathers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh church fathers in the
+Renaissance. Fripalippi, very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance. Fripalippi, very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance. Fripalippi, very famous
+artist. Uh and uh he was accused of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist. Uh and uh he was accused of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist. Uh and uh he was accused of
+being too realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being too realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being too realistic
+and he upset many of his superiors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he upset many of his superiors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he upset many of his superiors
+because his uh his art forms in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his uh his art forms in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because his uh his art forms in his
+paintings they could see the faces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings they could see the faces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintings they could see the faces of
+people they actually knew.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they actually knew.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they actually knew.
+And you know this really upset a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know this really upset a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you know this really upset a lot of
+the uh the uh clergy in the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the uh clergy in the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the uh clergy in the organization
+that he was he belonged to. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was he belonged to. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he was he belonged to. And so
+Browning wrote this poem trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Browning wrote this poem trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Browning wrote this poem trying to
+capture this moment. And uh this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this moment. And uh this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this moment. And uh this is this
+is one of the the clerics saying as he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the the clerics saying as he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the the clerics saying as he's
+looking at Fra Lipolippy's painting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Fra Lipolippy's painting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Fra Lipolippy's painting.
+He's saying that's the very man. Look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's saying that's the very man. Look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's saying that's the very man. Look at
+the boy who stoops to pat the dog. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy who stoops to pat the dog. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boy who stoops to pat the dog. That
+woman's like the prior's niece who comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's like the prior's niece who comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's like the prior's niece who comes
+to care about his asthma. It's the life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about his asthma. It's the life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about his asthma. It's the life.
+But there, and this is the artist coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there, and this is the artist coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there, and this is the artist coming
+back in, but there my triumph straw fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in, but there my triumph straw fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in, but there my triumph straw fire
+flared and funked. Their betters took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared and funked. Their betters took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flared and funked. Their betters took
+their turn to see and say, the prior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their turn to see and say, the prior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their turn to see and say, the prior and
+the learned pulled a face and stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learned pulled a face and stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learned pulled a face and stopped
+all that in no time. How? What's here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that in no time. How? What's here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that in no time. How? What's here?
+These are the religious authorities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the religious authorities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the religious authorities.
+Quite from the mark of painting. Bless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quite from the mark of painting. Bless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quite from the mark of painting. Bless
+us all. Faces, arms, legs, and bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all. Faces, arms, legs, and bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all. Faces, arms, legs, and bodies
+like the true as much as P and P. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the true as much as P and P. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the true as much as P and P. It's
+devil's game. Your business is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's game. Your business is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's game. Your business is not to
+catch men with show, with homage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch men with show, with homage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch men with show, with homage to the
+perishable clay, but lift them over it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perishable clay, but lift them over it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perishable clay, but lift them over it.
+Ignore it all. Make them forget there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ignore it all. Make them forget there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ignore it all. Make them forget there's
+such a thing as flesh. Your business is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing as flesh. Your business is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a thing as flesh. Your business is
+to paint the souls of men, man's soul,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint the souls of men, man's soul,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint the souls of men, man's soul,
+and it's fire, smoke. No, it's not. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fire, smoke. No, it's not. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's fire, smoke. No, it's not. It's
+vapor done up like a newborn babe. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor done up like a newborn babe. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor done up like a newborn babe. In
+that shape, when you die, it leaves your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape, when you die, it leaves your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape, when you die, it leaves your
+mouth. It's well, what matters talking?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth. It's well, what matters talking?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth. It's well, what matters talking?
+It's the soul. Give us no more a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the soul. Give us no more a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the soul. Give us no more a body
+than shows a soul. So there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than shows a soul. So there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than shows a soul. So there was this
+kind of sense in the emergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sense in the emergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sense in the emergence of
+artistic forms of increasing realism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic forms of increasing realism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic forms of increasing realism
+and in many ways this is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many ways this is the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many ways this is the same thing
+that's happening in the sciences. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening in the sciences. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happening in the sciences. You
+know a greater understanding of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a greater understanding of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a greater understanding of of of
+the world as a natural space a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world as a natural space a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world as a natural space a greater
+understanding of the realism of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the realism of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the realism of things.
+uh the fact that uh the orders that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that uh the orders that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fact that uh the orders that
+existed had causal explanations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed had causal explanations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed had causal explanations that we
+could look for in natural events and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look for in natural events and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look for in natural events and
+natural explanations. And you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural explanations. And you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural explanations. And you know we
+can look through uh history and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look through uh history and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look through uh history and we can
+find advances in time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find advances in time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find advances in time in
+the broad perception of the world both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broad perception of the world both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broad perception of the world both
+in the arts and in the sciences. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the arts and in the sciences. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the arts and in the sciences. And I
+would suggest uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest uh I mean
+the body as organism this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body as organism this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body as organism this is uh
+Viselius's uh fabric of the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viselius's uh fabric of the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Viselius's uh fabric of the human body
+in the 16th century uh pulling all apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 16th century uh pulling all apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 16th century uh pulling all apart
+I mean looking inside the body seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean looking inside the body seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean looking inside the body seeing
+how it functions uh and uh the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it functions uh and uh the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it functions uh and uh the notion
+that uh the human body is made up of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the human body is made up of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the human body is made up of uh
+muscles uh organs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles uh organs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles uh organs
+uh circulation and skeleton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh circulation and skeleton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh circulation and skeleton
+and he really pulls all these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he really pulls all these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he really pulls all these parts
+apart and he he captures them with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and he he captures them with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and he he captures them with great
+realistic detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic detail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic detail.
+Again, these are these are advances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, these are these are advances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, these are these are advances.
+There's something happening here. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something happening here. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something happening here. This
+is very large. There's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large. There's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large. There's something
+happening in in the way uh the body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in in the way uh the body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in in the way uh the body is
+being perceived. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being perceived. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being perceived. Um
+Harvey the body has mechanism. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvey the body has mechanism. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvey the body has mechanism. I mean
+you know uh the motion of the heart u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh the motion of the heart u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh the motion of the heart u
+the idea that uh the body itself may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that uh the body itself may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that uh the body itself may be
+really like a mechanical thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a mechanical thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like a mechanical thing.
+Uh so you can see how someone like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you can see how someone like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so you can see how someone like
+Cleanths would say well the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanths would say well the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanths would say well the mechanism
+you know and in in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in in some way
+this mechanism this mechanical view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanism this mechanical view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mechanism this mechanical view of
+the body is being used or framed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body is being used or framed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body is being used or framed
+in Paley's work as an argument for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paley's work as an argument for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paley's work as an argument for the
+incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+uh ingenuity of the creator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ingenuity of the creator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ingenuity of the creator.
+But you can see what's happening. it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can see what's happening. it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you can see what's happening. it's
+becoming more and more material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more and more material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more and more material.
+And there's this sort of uh uh eccentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's this sort of uh uh eccentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's this sort of uh uh eccentric
+French philosopher lame metry who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French philosopher lame metry who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French philosopher lame metry who who
+wrote uh treatis in the 18th century uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote uh treatis in the 18th century uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote uh treatis in the 18th century uh
+called uh the human man the machine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh the human man the machine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh the human man the machine the
+human machine in which he argued u let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human machine in which he argued u let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human machine in which he argued u let
+us then conclude boldly that man is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then conclude boldly that man is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us then conclude boldly that man is a
+machine and that in the whole universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and that in the whole universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and that in the whole universe
+there is but a single substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but a single substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is but a single substance
+differently modified and that's such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently modified and that's such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently modified and that's such
+That's a pretty naked argument of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a pretty naked argument of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a pretty naked argument of you
+know that's it just there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's it just there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's it just there's just
+material and it gets ordered in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it gets ordered in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and it gets ordered in various
+patterns but that's that's what there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but that's that's what there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns but that's that's what there
+is. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Um
+so uh Paley says um contemplating an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Paley says um contemplating an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh Paley says um contemplating an
+animal body and its collective capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal body and its collective capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal body and its collective capacity
+we cannot forget to notice what a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot forget to notice what a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot forget to notice what a number
+of instruments are brought together. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instruments are brought together. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instruments are brought together. So
+he's using this instrumental view but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's using this instrumental view but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's using this instrumental view but
+then he's turning it into the framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's turning it into the framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's turning it into the framework
+of you know a workshop you know somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a workshop you know somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a workshop you know somebody
+created these things these instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created these things these instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created these things these instruments
+just the way somebody had to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way somebody had to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way somebody had to create the
+telescope uh but he's applying this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope uh but he's applying this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope uh but he's applying this to
+the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body
+u but yeah what a number of instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but yeah what a number of instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but yeah what a number of instruments
+are brought together and often within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are brought together and often within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are brought together and often within
+how small a compass it is a cluster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how small a compass it is a cluster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how small a compass it is a cluster of
+contrivances in a canary Mary bird for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivances in a canary Mary bird for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivances in a canary Mary bird for
+instance and in a single ounce of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and in a single ounce of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance and in a single ounce of matter
+which composes his body but which seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which composes his body but which seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which composes his body but which seems
+to be all employed we have instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all employed we have instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all employed we have instruments
+for eating for digesting for nourishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eating for digesting for nourishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for eating for digesting for nourishment
+for breathing for generation for running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for breathing for generation for running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for breathing for generation for running
+for flying for seeing for hearing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flying for seeing for hearing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flying for seeing for hearing and
+etc. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this this this progression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this progression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this progression of
+observations and this growth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and this growth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and this growth of
+understanding of the physical nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the physical nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the physical nature of
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+is uh for many intellectuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh for many intellectuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh for many intellectuals
+is is not to be resisted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not to be resisted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is not to be resisted.
+I mean it's it's it's a way of gaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's it's a way of gaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it's it's it's a way of gaining a
+wider understanding of the world. I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider understanding of the world. I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider understanding of the world. I mean
+you know obviously it's not just a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obviously it's not just a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know obviously it's not just a nice
+little march of progress but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little march of progress but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little march of progress but you know
+things are coming in from many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are coming in from many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are coming in from many many
+different sources and uh suggesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources and uh suggesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources and uh suggesting that
+u you know there's a whole way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u you know there's a whole way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u you know there's a whole way of
+looking at the world that views it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the world that views it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the world that views it
+through a kind of naturalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a kind of naturalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a kind of naturalist
+standpoint of you know using na natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of you know using na natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of you know using na natural
+natural terminologies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural terminologies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural terminologies,
+natural processes for explanation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural processes for explanation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural processes for explanation and
+constantly trying to push that what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly trying to push that what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly trying to push that what what
+what the known knowledge is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the known knowledge is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the known knowledge is.
+There was also uh the the work of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was also uh the the work of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was also uh the the work of uh the
+great uh French comparative anatomist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh French comparative anatomist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh French comparative anatomist
+Kovier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kovier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kovier
+who uh did his uh his uh traits,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh did his uh his uh traits,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh did his uh his uh traits,
+elementary traits uh in the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary traits uh in the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary traits uh in the natural
+history of animals in which he worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of animals in which he worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of animals in which he worked on
+a whole set of observations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of observations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole set of observations that
+compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+the structures across organic life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures across organic life.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structures across organic life.
+Comparative anatomy is a a subject of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comparative anatomy is a a subject of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comparative anatomy is a a subject of uh
+I don't know I took a course once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I took a course once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I took a course once in
+comparative anatomy and I absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative anatomy and I absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative anatomy and I absolutely
+adored this course. It was so much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adored this course. It was so much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adored this course. It was so much so
+interesting to see the way in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see the way in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to see the way in which you
+know bone clusters and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bone clusters and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bone clusters and uh you know
+skeletons and textures and tissues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletons and textures and tissues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletons and textures and tissues and
+organs and so forth compared across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and so forth compared across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and so forth compared across
+species.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species.
+But it became very very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it became very very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it became very very clear
+with Kouvier's work that the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kouvier's work that the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kouvier's work that the order in
+nature was repeating itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature was repeating itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature was repeating itself
+that you know different species shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know different species shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know different species shared
+incredible amounts of uh common traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible amounts of uh common traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible amounts of uh common traits
+and that yeah you you could trace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that yeah you you could trace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that yeah you you could trace the
+heart back to the three-chambered heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart back to the three-chambered heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart back to the three-chambered heart
+or to the two-chambered heart. But uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the two-chambered heart. But uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to the two-chambered heart. But uh
+you know it was this comparison really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was this comparison really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it was this comparison really
+was stimulating some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stimulating some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stimulating some pretty
+profound questions. Why are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound questions. Why are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound questions. Why are these things
+so similar? I mean why can't you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similar? I mean why can't you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similar? I mean why can't you know if
+they were created and and Paley he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were created and and Paley he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were created and and Paley he has
+some answers for this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some answers for this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some answers for this?
+Anybody remember what he argued in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody remember what he argued in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anybody remember what he argued in this
+uh you know these similarities?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know these similarities?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know these similarities?
+Why? He says, you know, this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? He says, you know, this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? He says, you know, this is uh
+uh well, right here, if if you just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well, right here, if if you just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well, right here, if if you just look
+at the middle here, he says uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the middle here, he says uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the middle here, he says uh if the
+general plan um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general plan um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general plan um
+proceeded from any fixed necessity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded from any fixed necessity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeded from any fixed necessity in
+the nature of things, how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of things, how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of things, how could it
+accommodate itself to the various wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate itself to the various wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate itself to the various wants
+and uses which it had to serve under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses which it had to serve under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uses which it had to serve under
+different circumstances and on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances and on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances and on different
+occasion?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion?
+So, all these organisms live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all these organisms live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all these organisms live in
+different circumstances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different circumstances.
+Oh, Arkrite's mill was invented for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, Arkrite's mill was invented for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, Arkrite's mill was invented for
+spinning of cotton. We see it employed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning of cotton. We see it employed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning of cotton. We see it employed
+for the spinning of wool, flax and hemp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spinning of wool, flax and hemp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the spinning of wool, flax and hemp
+with such modifications of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such modifications of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with such modifications of the original
+principle, such variety in the same plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle, such variety in the same plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle, such variety in the same plan
+as the texture of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the texture of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the texture of those different
+materials rendered necessary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials rendered necessary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials rendered necessary of the
+machines being put together with design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines being put together with design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines being put together with design.
+If it were possible to doubt, whilst we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it were possible to doubt, whilst we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it were possible to doubt, whilst we
+saw it only under one mode and in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it only under one mode and in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it only under one mode and in one
+form, when we came to observe it in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, when we came to observe it in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form, when we came to observe it in its
+different applications, with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications, with such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications, with such
+changes of structure, such additions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of structure, such additions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of structure, such additions and
+supplements, as the special and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplements, as the special and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplements, as the special and
+particular use of each case demanded, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular use of each case demanded, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular use of each case demanded, we
+could not refuse any longer our ascent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not refuse any longer our ascent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not refuse any longer our ascent
+to the proposition. Very much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proposition. Very much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proposition. Very much of this
+reason is applicable to what has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is applicable to what has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is applicable to what has been
+called comparative anatomy. So he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called comparative anatomy. So he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called comparative anatomy. So he's he's
+arguing that it just shows greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that it just shows greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing that it just shows greater
+ingenuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenuity
+and the fact that all these organisms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that all these organisms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fact that all these organisms uh
+show such close relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show such close relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show such close relationship
+that just it just sort of demonstrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just it just sort of demonstrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just it just sort of demonstrates
+uh an incredible level of ingenuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an incredible level of ingenuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an incredible level of ingenuity
+that's even greater than just designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even greater than just designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even greater than just designing
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Certainly the eye was uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly the eye was uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly the eye was uh uh
+the eye got a lot of coverage in in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye got a lot of coverage in in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eye got a lot of coverage in in uh
+in in natural theology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in natural theology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in natural theology.
+And he says right here at the start,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he says right here at the start,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And he says right here at the start,
+were there no example in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there no example in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there no example in the world of
+contrivance except that of the eye, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivance except that of the eye, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivance except that of the eye, it
+would be alone sufficient to support the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be alone sufficient to support the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be alone sufficient to support the
+conclusion which we draw from it as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which we draw from it as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which we draw from it as to
+the necessity of an intelligent creator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessity of an intelligent creator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessity of an intelligent creator.
+Period. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Period. So
+all his other his other arguments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his other his other arguments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all his other his other arguments are
+supporting arguments, but he goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting arguments, but he goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting arguments, but he goes back
+to the eye over and over again as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the eye over and over again as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the eye over and over again as the
+primary the primary u u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary the primary u u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary the primary u u
+piece of evidence. Um, and I won't read.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of evidence. Um, and I won't read.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of evidence. Um, and I won't read.
+I mean, it it's, you know, like I said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, it it's, you know, like I said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, it it's, you know, like I said,
+there's there's a lot of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a lot of very
+sound, interesting uh anatomical science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound, interesting uh anatomical science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound, interesting uh anatomical science
+in here. He definitely knows his eyes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. He definitely knows his eyes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here. He definitely knows his eyes.
+He studied them. And uh, you know, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He studied them. And uh, you know, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He studied them. And uh, you know, I I
+don't actually know how Paley worked. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know how Paley worked. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know how Paley worked. uh
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+you know he actually had done I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he actually had done I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he actually had done I I don't
+know that much about his uh prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that much about his uh prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that much about his uh prior
+education but uh he certainly shows vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but uh he certainly shows vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but uh he certainly shows vast
+reading if not careful observation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading if not careful observation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading if not careful observation from
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+anatomical sessions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical sessions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical sessions.
+So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with paley uh we have a we have a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with paley uh we have a we have a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with paley uh we have a we have a sense
+then of uh what we might call perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of uh what we might call perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of uh what we might call perfect
+adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is uh everything in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh everything in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh everything in the world
+exists uh forms exists as they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh forms exists as they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists uh forms exists as they do
+because they're perfectly adapted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're perfectly adapted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're perfectly adapted
+and this fits into the Christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fits into the Christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fits into the Christian
+humanist frame of of of uh of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanist frame of of of uh of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanist frame of of of uh of uh the
+world that is uh everything has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that is uh everything has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that is uh everything has its
+place is perfectly adapted for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is perfectly adapted for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is perfectly adapted for that
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and you know that sort of eliminates any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that sort of eliminates any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that sort of eliminates any
+need for change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for change
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+uh there's no uh concept here of u you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no uh concept here of u you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no uh concept here of u you
+know insufficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know insufficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know insufficiency
+I mean there is a concept as he says has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there is a concept as he says has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there is a concept as he says has
+said, you know, things may be imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, you know, things may be imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, you know, things may be imperfect
+or whatever, but it doesn't add up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever, but it doesn't add up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever, but it doesn't add up to a
+destabilizing force for the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilizing force for the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destabilizing force for the order of
+nature. The order of nature is fixed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. The order of nature is fixed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. The order of nature is fixed.
+This is an inheritance from time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an inheritance from time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is an inheritance from time in
+memorial,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorial,
+the fixed order.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed order.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed order.
+And that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that sort of
+framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework
+is uh you know it's a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know it's a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you know it's a very powerful
+reassuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reassuring
+way of looking at things is it not see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at things is it not see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at things is it not see
+everything as fixed order you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything as fixed order you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything as fixed order you know the
+tra tradition of Christian humanism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tra tradition of Christian humanism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tra tradition of Christian humanism is
+imagining as the order of nature as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining as the order of nature as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining as the order of nature as uh
+perfectly adapted or adapted in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly adapted or adapted in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly adapted or adapted in in a
+stable sense. So it's you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable sense. So it's you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable sense. So it's you know it's not
+going to be uh so the word adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh so the word adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh so the word adaptation
+also means you're fit with your your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means you're fit with your your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means you're fit with your your in
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment
+uh and adaptation also can be used with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and adaptation also can be used with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and adaptation also can be used with
+uh you know instruments and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know instruments and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know instruments and you know
+they're adapted for a certain use. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're adapted for a certain use. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're adapted for a certain use. So
+the design aspect of uh a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design aspect of uh a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design aspect of uh a you know a
+stable order had to be created. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable order had to be created. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable order had to be created. Um and
+in that creation it was you know created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that creation it was you know created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that creation it was you know created
+as something that was perfectly adapted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that was perfectly adapted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something that was perfectly adapted.
+So yeah, I mean there's a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, I mean there's a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, I mean there's a little bit of
+question about when the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about when the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about when the history of
+adaptation and its use as a word becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation and its use as a word becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation and its use as a word becomes
+uh prominent and it's not until later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prominent and it's not until later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prominent and it's not until later
+with evolutionists that it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with evolutionists that it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with evolutionists that it's uh
+okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Paley as I said uh definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley as I said uh definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley as I said uh definitely
+although he imagines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he imagines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he imagines
+the creation as something that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation as something that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation as something that has been
+made and designed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and designed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and designed uh
+he is he is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is he is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is he is definitely
+someone who argues for the personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who argues for the personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who argues for the personality
+of God. uh this is a section that uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God. uh this is a section that uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of God. uh this is a section that uh I
+didn't ask you to read but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask you to read but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't ask you to read but uh it's
+toward the end of the book but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of the book but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of the book but I just
+wanted to point out that this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out that this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out that this is an
+important aspect of his treatise. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect of his treatise. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspect of his treatise. Now
+that uh now that which can contrive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh now that which can contrive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh now that which can contrive
+which can design must be a person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can design must be a person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can design must be a person.
+These capacities constitute personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These capacities constitute personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These capacities constitute personality
+for they imply consciousness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they imply consciousness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they imply consciousness and
+thought. They require that which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. They require that which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought. They require that which can
+perceive an end or purpose as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive an end or purpose as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive an end or purpose as well as
+the power of providing means and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of providing means and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of providing means and of
+directing them to their end. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing them to their end. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing them to their end. They
+require a center in which perceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a center in which perceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require a center in which perceptions
+unite and from which valitions flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unite and from which valitions flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unite and from which valitions flow
+which is mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is mind.
+And the acts of a mind prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the acts of a mind prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the acts of a mind prove the
+existence of a mind and in whatever a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of a mind and in whatever a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of a mind and in whatever a
+mind resides is a person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind resides is a person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind resides is a person.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+this is uh a uh a uh argument that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh a uh a uh argument that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh a uh a uh argument that you
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+world as ex it exists and was created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as ex it exists and was created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as ex it exists and was created
+was not simply the product of a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not simply the product of a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not simply the product of a creative
+force of some you know impersonal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of some you know impersonal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of some you know impersonal force
+supernatural though it may be it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernatural though it may be it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernatural though it may be it's an
+argument that this force was in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that this force was in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that this force was in some
+sense a humane force or a force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a humane force or a force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a humane force or a force that
+could perceive and could understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perceive and could understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could perceive and could understand and
+could build in a way parallel to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build in a way parallel to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could build in a way parallel to the way
+in which we understand those activities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we understand those activities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we understand those activities.
+So this is an effort to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an effort to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an effort to um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Dawkins himself Richard Dawkins who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dawkins himself Richard Dawkins who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dawkins himself Richard Dawkins who
+wrote the blind watchmaker I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the blind watchmaker I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the blind watchmaker I don't know
+some of you may he's he sort of argues u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may he's he sort of argues u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may he's he sort of argues u
+I mean he's a fairly strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he's a fairly strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean he's a fairly strong
+uh adherent to naturalistic principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adherent to naturalistic principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh adherent to naturalistic principles
+He says, but he says, our world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He says, but he says, our world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He says, but he says, our world is
+dominated by feats of engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by feats of engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by feats of engineering and
+works of art. We're entirely accustomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art. We're entirely accustomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art. We're entirely accustomed
+to the idea that complex elegance is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea that complex elegance is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the idea that complex elegance is an
+indicator of premeditated crafted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of premeditated crafted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of premeditated crafted
+design. This is probably the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. This is probably the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. This is probably the most
+powerful reason for the belief held by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful reason for the belief held by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful reason for the belief held by
+the vast majority of people that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of people that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vast majority of people that have
+ever lived in some kind of supernatural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever lived in some kind of supernatural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever lived in some kind of supernatural
+deity. The complexity of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity. The complexity of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity. The complexity of living
+organisms is matched by the elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms is matched by the elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms is matched by the elegant
+efficiency of the apparent design. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the apparent design. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the apparent design. If
+anyone doesn't agree that this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone doesn't agree that this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone doesn't agree that this amount of
+complex design cries out for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex design cries out for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex design cries out for an
+explanation, I give up. So I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation, I give up. So I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation, I give up. So I mean in
+some sense that says it all. I mean yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense that says it all. I mean yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense that says it all. I mean yeah
+this is everybody's straining to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is everybody's straining to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is everybody's straining to
+understand how all this happened and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how all this happened and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how all this happened and you
+know we have many many different views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have many many different views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have many many different views
+and and beliefs about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and beliefs about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and beliefs about it.
+But um Dawkins of course took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um Dawkins of course took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But um Dawkins of course took a
+different approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach
+uh from Paley.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from Paley.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from Paley.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+okay. So Paley u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So Paley u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So Paley u
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh Paley legacy is really a legacy of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paley legacy is really a legacy of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paley legacy is really a legacy of uh
+anthropocentrism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropocentrism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropocentrism
+in which we use the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we use the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we use the human
+form and the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and the human
+modes of operation as metaphors for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of operation as metaphors for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of operation as metaphors for how
+things came into existence. We see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things came into existence. We see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things came into existence. We see the
+world through our own organization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through our own organization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world through our own organization.
+Um I've given you a couple of uh links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I've given you a couple of uh links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I've given you a couple of uh links
+here. We don't have time to expl explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We don't have time to expl explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We don't have time to expl explore
+them here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+I guess the well it's there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the well it's there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the well it's there's something
+called the guy hypothesis but then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the guy hypothesis but then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the guy hypothesis but then some
+people refer to it as a theory. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people refer to it as a theory. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people refer to it as a theory. Um it
+was come up with somebody called James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was come up with somebody called James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was come up with somebody called James
+Liplock in the early 1960s and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liplock in the early 1960s and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liplock in the early 1960s and then it
+really came into discussion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came into discussion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really came into discussion in the
+1970s. Um but it was a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s. Um but it was a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s. Um but it was a pretty
+controversial idea that was kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial idea that was kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial idea that was kind of like
+an ecological hypothesis that suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ecological hypothesis that suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ecological hypothesis that suggested
+that all of the physical components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the physical components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the physical components of
+Earth. So like the oceans, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. So like the oceans, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. So like the oceans, the
+atmosphere, the Earth's crust, like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, the Earth's crust, like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere, the Earth's crust, like all
+the organisms on Earth come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organisms on Earth come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organisms on Earth come together to
+form like a complex living system. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like a complex living system. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like a complex living system. So in
+essence, it went to say that the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence, it went to say that the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence, it went to say that the Earth
+was one giant creature and that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one giant creature and that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one giant creature and that it
+self-regulated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulated.
+Um and so it was kind of an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so it was kind of an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so it was kind of an explanation
+as to why there was life on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why there was life on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to why there was life on Earth
+because Lovelock, um who came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Lovelock, um who came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Lovelock, um who came up with
+the theory, he worked at NASA and he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory, he worked at NASA and he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory, he worked at NASA and he did
+some work with Mars exploration and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work with Mars exploration and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work with Mars exploration and he
+saw the conditions on Mars in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the conditions on Mars in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the conditions on Mars in the
+atmosphere and there was pretty much no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and there was pretty much no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and there was pretty much no
+way with the elements that compose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with the elements that compose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way with the elements that compose their
+the atmosphere up there, at least from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere up there, at least from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere up there, at least from
+the samples that they got, that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples that they got, that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the samples that they got, that that
+would be able to for life. Um, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to for life. Um, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to for life. Um, and then
+he looked at Earth and it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked at Earth and it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looked at Earth and it was like
+despite the fact that you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that you would expect
+for atmospheric conditions to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for atmospheric conditions to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for atmospheric conditions to have
+changed because of like the reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because of like the reactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed because of like the reactivity
+of oxygen and how it would interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen and how it would interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen and how it would interact with
+other things, um, there was like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things, um, there was like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things, um, there was like some
+kind of stability in atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stability in atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of stability in atmospheric
+conditions. Um, so that was one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Um, so that was one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Um, so that was one of his
+like scientific reasons for why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scientific reasons for why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scientific reasons for why this
+would be. And so he's saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be. And so he's saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be. And so he's saying that the
+earth which he called Gia like this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth which he called Gia like this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth which he called Gia like this like
+self-regulating creature um kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulating creature um kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulating creature um kind of
+modified the atmosphere and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified the atmosphere and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified the atmosphere and then also
+modified like the salt levels in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified like the salt levels in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified like the salt levels in water
+because you I guess you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you I guess you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you I guess you would have
+expected for those to go up over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected for those to go up over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected for those to go up over time
+because of like minerals in rivers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of like minerals in rivers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of like minerals in rivers and
+ponds that would have gone into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds that would have gone into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponds that would have gone into the
+ocean but yet the salenity has stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean but yet the salenity has stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean but yet the salenity has stayed
+pretty constant and if it hadn't a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty constant and if it hadn't a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty constant and if it hadn't a lot
+that the animals and like organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the animals and like organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the animals and like organisms
+within the oceans would have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the oceans would have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the oceans would have not
+survived because of like salinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived because of like salinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived because of like salinity
+tolerance. So all of these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance. So all of these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance. So all of these like
+scientific bases were used to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific bases were used to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific bases were used to explain
+the fact that like the earth was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like the earth was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like the earth was kind of
+like a homeostatic regulating creature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a homeostatic regulating creature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a homeostatic regulating creature.
+Um, but it was definitely a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it was definitely a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it was definitely a very
+controversial idea at the time when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial idea at the time when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial idea at the time when it
+came out and was attacked by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and was attacked by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out and was attacked by a lot of
+critics because they were saying, um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics because they were saying, um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critics because they were saying, um, I
+I don't know if the word like teological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if the word like teological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if the word like teological
+would work here, but he was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work here, but he was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work here, but he was kind of
+trying to say that there was a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that there was a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that there was a final
+cause that existed in nature and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that existed in nature and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that existed in nature and that
+the earth itself was working towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth itself was working towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth itself was working towards
+promoting that cause and that the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting that cause and that the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting that cause and that the earth
+itself was trying trying to make itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was trying trying to make itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself was trying trying to make itself
+a more hospitable biosphere for things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more hospitable biosphere for things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more hospitable biosphere for things
+to live. Um, and trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live. Um, and trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live. Um, and trying to make
+conditions optimal as possible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions optimal as possible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions optimal as possible for
+everything. And yet that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. And yet that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything. And yet that was kind of
+arguable because conditions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguable because conditions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguable because conditions that are
+optimal, there's like a huge range for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal, there's like a huge range for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal, there's like a huge range for
+different creatures and obviously some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different creatures and obviously some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different creatures and obviously some
+haven't survived.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't survived.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't survived.
+So, a lot of people were kind of against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a lot of people were kind of against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a lot of people were kind of against
+this and they had two main conferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they had two main conferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and they had two main conferences
+back then where it was like a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then where it was like a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back then where it was like a pretty
+heated debate between people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated debate between people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heated debate between people who
+believed in this idea and people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in this idea and people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed in this idea and people who
+didn't. But it was just kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't. But it was just kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't. But it was just kind of an
+explanation as to why there's life here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation as to why there's life here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation as to why there's life here,
+but we can't explain why we can't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't explain why we can't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can't explain why we can't find
+life anywhere else. Um, and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life anywhere else. Um, and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life anywhere else. Um, and it's
+interesting actually because when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually because when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting actually because when I
+initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+was looking into this theory,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking into this theory,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking into this theory,
+hypothesis, whatever you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis, whatever you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis, whatever you want to call
+it, um, I kind of thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, um, I kind of thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, um, I kind of thought it was
+something that ended back in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ended back in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ended back in the 1970s
+because it seems like a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like a little bit of a
+ridiculous idea that the Earth is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous idea that the Earth is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous idea that the Earth is like
+the most giant creature you could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most giant creature you could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most giant creature you could find
+and that it somehow regulates its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it somehow regulates its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it somehow regulates its own
+conditions. But actually um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. But actually um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. But actually um I was
+reading about it and apparently Lovelock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about it and apparently Lovelock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading about it and apparently Lovelock
+published a book in 2006 which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a book in 2006 which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a book in 2006 which is pretty
+recent called the revenge of Gaia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent called the revenge of Gaia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent called the revenge of Gaia and
+he's now using his Gaia hypothesis as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now using his Gaia hypothesis as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's now using his Gaia hypothesis as an
+like a a means of explaining climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a means of explaining climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a a means of explaining climate
+change and saying that because we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and saying that because we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and saying that because we as
+humans have disrespected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have disrespected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans have disrespected
+this creature that we are technically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this creature that we are technically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this creature that we are technically a
+part of. It's like we're kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of. It's like we're kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of. It's like we're kind of a
+malfunctioning organ of some sort within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malfunctioning organ of some sort within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malfunctioning organ of some sort within
+Gaia that um she it whatever is unable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaia that um she it whatever is unable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaia that um she it whatever is unable
+because of deforestation and reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of deforestation and reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of deforestation and reduction
+of biodiversity and all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biodiversity and all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biodiversity and all the things that
+we've done um she can't minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done um she can't minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done um she can't minimize the
+effect of like the carbon dioxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of like the carbon dioxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of like the carbon dioxide
+emitted into the atmosphere anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted into the atmosphere anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted into the atmosphere anymore and
+so that is why we having these issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is why we having these issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is why we having these issues of
+climate change. So, I actually I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change. So, I actually I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change. So, I actually I thought
+this was really interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was really interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was really interesting and
+apparently there's still some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently there's still some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently there's still some pretty
+strong followers of this theory and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong followers of this theory and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong followers of this theory and I
+mean I guess there there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess there there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess there there is some
+scientific basis to why it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific basis to why it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific basis to why it could be
+valid. Um but I don't know do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. Um but I don't know do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. Um but I don't know do you guys
+have any thoughts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any thoughts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any thoughts about
+I are you believers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I are you believers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I are you believers or
+this guy idea?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy idea?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy idea?
+What do you mean by what does he mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you mean by what does he mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you mean by what does he mean by
+creature? like just some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature? like just some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature? like just some kind of
+self-regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulating
+thing. And he initially I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And he initially I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And he initially I think people
+found it hard to believe because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it hard to believe because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it hard to believe because you
+think of the earth as being made up of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the earth as being made up of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the earth as being made up of a
+crust and like largely being rock. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust and like largely being rock. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crust and like largely being rock. But
+then he set up an analogy with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he set up an analogy with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he set up an analogy with like a
+redwood tree. And if you looked at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redwood tree. And if you looked at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redwood tree. And if you looked at that
+just not thinking that it was a bite, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not thinking that it was a bite, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not thinking that it was a bite, it
+would just look like wood. And yet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just look like wood. And yet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just look like wood. And yet it's
+grown and has like caused other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown and has like caused other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grown and has like caused other things
+to grow. And so he set up this analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow. And so he set up this analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow. And so he set up this analogy
+between trees and the earth. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trees and the earth. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between trees and the earth. And it's
+just this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this idea that
+the earth, it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth, it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earth, it's not like
+we can't think of the earth as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't think of the earth as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't think of the earth as a
+creature because we're actually part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature because we're actually part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature because we're actually part of
+it. So there it's not just the living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So there it's not just the living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So there it's not just the living
+organisms. Everything works together um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms. Everything works together um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms. Everything works together um
+to regulate like atmospheric conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate like atmospheric conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate like atmospheric conditions.
+And it's it's interesting what he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's it's interesting what he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's it's interesting what he came
+up with and like I think there's in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and like I think there's in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and like I think there's in in a
+lot of the books there's some pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the books there's some pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the books there's some pretty
+extensive research that was done. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive research that was done. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive research that was done. So
+it's not just kind of a crazy idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just kind of a crazy idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just kind of a crazy idea.
+Yeah. There's a lot of atmospheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There's a lot of atmospheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There's a lot of atmospheric
+research and large scale climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and large scale climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and large scale climate
+research that uh he participated in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that uh he participated in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that uh he participated in and
+he's he's he's a legitimate scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's a legitimate scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's he's a legitimate scientist
+and certainly uh his work has uh been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly uh his work has uh been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly uh his work has uh been
+cited and you know been used to advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited and you know been used to advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited and you know been used to advance
+understanding but yeah the the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding but yeah the the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding but yeah the the the idea
+that things are somehow converge into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are somehow converge into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things are somehow converge into a
+unity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+uh and I think Gaia was a word that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think Gaia was a word that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I think Gaia was a word that he
+didn't invent but uh somebody he knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't invent but uh somebody he knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't invent but uh somebody he knew
+suggested to him and he used Gaia and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested to him and he used Gaia and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested to him and he used Gaia and by
+personifying this whole process it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personifying this whole process it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personifying this whole process it sort
+of got a little a little out of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got a little a little out of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of got a little a little out of control
+because people started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people started talking about
+this you know life force and this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know life force and this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know life force and this you
+know and a lot of these people were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and a lot of these people were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and a lot of these people were not
+necessarily people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily people who were
+scientifically interested in but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically interested in but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientifically interested in but they
+were interested in finding kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in finding kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in finding kind of
+arguments for you know the unity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments for you know the unity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments for you know the unity of
+nature and the life force of nature. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and the life force of nature. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and the life force of nature. And
+then we get back to the sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get back to the sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get back to the sort of uh
+anthropocentric, you know, using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropocentric, you know, using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropocentric, you know, using the
+human entity to think of to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human entity to think of to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human entity to think of to think of
+nature itself. And we're back into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature itself. And we're back into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature itself. And we're back into the
+realm of paley in some sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of paley in some sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realm of paley in some sense because
+those types of arguments definitely go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of arguments definitely go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those types of arguments definitely go
+beyond any science. But there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond any science. But there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond any science. But there is a lot
+of science still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science still
+uh around uh Lovelock's work and climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around uh Lovelock's work and climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh around uh Lovelock's work and climate
+uh science is a big field these days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh science is a big field these days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh science is a big field these days and
+the study of patterns and the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of patterns and the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of patterns and the way in
+which uh atmospheric changes are uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh atmospheric changes are uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh atmospheric changes are uh uh
+stimulated by uh the amount of sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated by uh the amount of sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated by uh the amount of sunlight
+coming through the cloud uh cover and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the cloud uh cover and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the cloud uh cover and so
+you know it's it's an area of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's an area of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's an area of of
+tremendous interest right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous interest right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous interest right now
+and there is something that I read and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is something that I read and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is something that I read and I
+I don't know quite where they got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know quite where they got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know quite where they got this
+number like apparently since life began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like apparently since life began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like apparently since life began
+on Earth um the energy supplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Earth um the energy supplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Earth um the energy supplied by the
+sun has increased by like 25 to 30% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun has increased by like 25 to 30% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun has increased by like 25 to 30% and
+yet apparently the mean global surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet apparently the mean global surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet apparently the mean global surface
+temperature has like relative to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature has like relative to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature has like relative to that
+increase in energy from the sun has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in energy from the sun has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in energy from the sun has
+remained fairly constant from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained fairly constant from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained fairly constant from where
+you'd expect it to have gone. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect it to have gone. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd expect it to have gone. So that's
+like another one of the reasons why It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another one of the reasons why It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like another one of the reasons why It
+seems as though there must be some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems as though there must be some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems as though there must be some kind
+of regulation going on. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulation going on. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulation going on. But
+but but uh so and then somebody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but uh so and then somebody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but uh so and then somebody could
+say well this regulation is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this regulation is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well this regulation is actually
+being carried out by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being carried out by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being carried out by you know
+on the other hand a climate scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand a climate scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand a climate scientist
+would say well there's a process of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well there's a process of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say well there's a process of uh
+in which these uh feedbacks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which these uh feedbacks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which these uh feedbacks are
+stimulating other effects and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating other effects and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating other effects and so on and
+so forth. And yeah, there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth. And yeah, there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth. And yeah, there's a certain
+kind of equilibrium that seems to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equilibrium that seems to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of equilibrium that seems to have
+been maintained over a long period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been maintained over a long period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been maintained over a long period of
+time. And that equilibrium happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And that equilibrium happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And that equilibrium happens to be
+something we can live in as humans. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can live in as humans. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can live in as humans. Uh
+but that doesn't necessarily justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't necessarily justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that doesn't necessarily justify
+concluding that well uh as as Paley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding that well uh as as Paley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluding that well uh as as Paley
+might that well that equilibrium is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that well that equilibrium is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might that well that equilibrium is a
+sign that you know somebody's looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you know somebody's looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you know somebody's looking
+out for us and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for us and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for us and is
+I'm just curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just curious
+other creatures like how there universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other creatures like how there universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other creatures like how there universe
+or earth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or earth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or earth.
+I think what I from what I read he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I from what I read he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I from what I read he was
+using this to explain why there is life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this to explain why there is life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this to explain why there is life
+here and why in other places where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and why in other places where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and why in other places where we
+have been able to examine the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to examine the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been able to examine the conditions
+there isn't. I don't know what his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't. I don't know what his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't. I don't know what his
+thought is about whether or not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is about whether or not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is about whether or not there
+are other such entities. I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other such entities. I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other such entities. I'm not really
+sure. That's a interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. That's a interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. That's a interesting question
+though. I think it uh works his idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. I think it uh works his idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though. I think it uh works his idea
+works a lot better in the context of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a lot better in the context of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a lot better in the context of a
+system and systems biology rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and systems biology rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and systems biology rather than
+as a global life force where it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a global life force where it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a global life force where it can be
+almost universally agree that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universally agree that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost universally agree that there are
+feedbacks and the way that Europe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks and the way that Europe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedbacks and the way that Europe is
+self-regulated but the claiming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulated but the claiming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-regulated but the claiming that
+because it does that it's one farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does that it's one farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it does that it's one farmer
+whatever he calls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever he calls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever he calls it
+sort of akin to how says Because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of akin to how says Because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of akin to how says Because this is
+so complex, it has to be a creator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex, it has to be a creator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so complex, it has to be a creator.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+So because this is identity, there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because this is identity, there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So because this is identity, there must
+be a life. Yeah.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yRvgtY49eXE.txt b/yRvgtY49eXE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7b11c02efab147ea672d1e4baeeeef6b710ad8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yRvgtY49eXE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+Having talked about the storage resources
+provided by the Beta ISA, let's design the
+
+Beta instructions themselves.
+
+This might be a good time to print a copy
+of the handout called the "Summary of Beta
+
+Instruction Formats" so you'll have it for
+handy reference.
+
+The Beta has three types of instructions:
+compute instructions that perform arithmetic
+
+and logic operations on register values, load
+and store instructions that access values
+
+in main memory, and branch instructions that
+change the value of the program counter.
+
+We'll discuss each class of instructions in
+turn.
+
+In the Beta ISA, all the instruction encodings
+are the same size: each instruction is encoded
+
+in 32 bits and hence occupies exactly one
+32-bit word in main memory.
+
+This instruction encoding leads to simpler
+control-unit logic for decoding instructions.
+
+And computing the next value of the program
+counter is very simple:
+
+for most instructions, the next instruction
+can be found in the following memory location.
+
+We just need to add 4 to the current value
+of program counter to advance to the next
+
+instruction.
+
+As we saw in Part 1 of the course, fixed-length
+encodings are often inefficient in the sense
+
+that the same information content (in this
+case, the encoded program) can be encoded
+
+using fewer bits.
+
+To do better we would need a variable-length
+encoding for instructions, where frequently-occurring
+
+instructions would use a shorter encoding.
+
+But hardware to decode variable-length instructions
+is complex since there may be several instructions
+
+packed into one memory word, while other instructions
+might require loading several memory words.
+
+The details can be worked out, but there's
+a performance and energy cost associated with
+
+the more efficient encoding.
+
+Nowadays, advances in memory technology have
+made memory size less of an issue and the
+
+focus is on the higher-performance needed
+by today's applications.
+
+Our choice of a fixed-length encoding leads
+to larger code size, but keeps the hardware
+
+execution engine small and fast.
+
+The computation performed by the Beta datapath
+happens in the arithmetic-and-logic unit (ALU).
+
+We'll be using the ALU designed in Part 1
+of the course.
+
+The Beta ALU instructions have 4 instruction
+fields.
+
+There's a 6-bit field specifying the ALU operation
+to be performed - this field is called the
+
+opcode.
+
+The two source operands come from registers
+whose numbers are specified by the 5-bit "ra"
+
+and "rb" fields.
+
+So we can specify any register from R0 to
+R31 as a source operand.
+
+The destination register is specified by the
+5-bit "rc" field.
+
+This instruction format uses 21 bits of the
+32-bit word, the remaining bits are unused
+
+and should be set to 0.
+
+The diagram shows how the fields are positioned
+in the 32-bit word.
+
+The choice of position for each field is somewhat
+arbitrary, but to keep the hardware simple,
+
+when we can we'll want to use the same field
+positions for similar fields in the other
+
+instruction encodings.
+
+For example, the opcode will always be found
+in bits [31:26] of the instruction.
+
+Here's the binary encoding of an ADD instruction.
+
+The opcode for ADD is the 6-bit binary value
+0b100000 - you can find the binary for each
+
+opcode in the Opcode Table in the handout
+mentioned before.
+
+The "rc" field specifies that the result of
+the ADD will be written into R3.
+
+And the "ra" and "rb" fields specify that
+the first and second source operands are R1
+
+and R2 respectively.
+
+So this instruction adds the 32-bit values
+found in R1 and R2, writing the 32-bit sum
+
+into R3.
+
+Note that it's permissible to refer to a particular
+register several times in the same instruction.
+
+So, for example, we could specify R1 as the
+register for both source operands AND also
+
+as the destination register.
+
+If we did, we'd be adding R1 to R1 and writing
+the result back into R1, which would effectively
+
+multiply the value in R1 by 2.
+
+Since it's tedious and error-prone to transcribe
+32-bit binary values, we'll often use hexadecimal
+
+notation for the binary representation of
+an instruction.
+
+In this example, the hexadecimal notation
+for the encoded instruction is 0x80611000.
+
+However, it's *much* easier if we describe
+the instructions using a functional notation,
+
+e.g., "ADD(r1,r2,r3)".
+
+Here we use a symbolic name for each operation,
+called a mnemonic.
+
+For this instruction the mnemonic is "ADD",
+followed by a parenthesized list of operands,
+
+in this case the two source operands (r1 and
+r2), then the destination (r3).
+
+So we'll understand that ADD(ra,rb,rc) is
+shorthand for asking the Beta to compute the
+
+sum of the values in registers ra and rb,
+writing the result as the new value of register
+
+rc.
+
+Here's the list of the mnemonics for all the
+operations supported by the Beta.
+
+There is a detailed description of what each
+instruction does in the Beta Documentation
+
+handout.
+
+Note that all these instructions use same
+4-field template, differing only in the value
+
+of the opcode field.
+
+This first step was pretty straightforward
+- we simply provided instruction encodings
+
+for the basic operations provided by the ALU.
+
+Now that we have our first group of instructions,
+we can create a more concrete implementation
+
+sketch.
+
+Here we see our proposed datapath.
+
+The 5-bit "ra" and "rb" fields from the instruction
+are used to select which of the 32 registers
+
+will be used for the two operands.
+
+Note that register 31 isn't actually a read/write
+register, it's just the 32-bit constant 0,
+
+so that selecting R31 as an operand results
+in using the value 0.
+
+The 5-bit "rc" field from the instruction
+selects which register will be written with
+
+the result from the ALU.
+
+Not shown is the hardware needed to translate
+the instruction opcode to the appropriate
+
+ALU function code - perhaps a 64-location
+ROM could be used to perform the translation
+
+by table lookup.
+
+The program counter logic supports simple
+sequential execution of instructions.
+
+It's a 32-bit register whose value is updated
+at the end of each instruction by adding 4
+
+to its current value.
+
+This means the next instruction will come
+from the memory location following the one
+
+that holds the current instruction.
+
+In this diagram we see one of the benefits
+of a RISC architecture:
+
+there's not much logic needed to decode the
+instruction to produce the signals needed
+
+to control the datapath.
+
+In fact, many of the instruction fields are
+used as-is!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ygls16dl8Sc.txt b/ygls16dl8Sc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8dccce1526b4f32b27daf3924a0767387c77c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ygls16dl8Sc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so we switch gear now and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we switch gear now and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we switch gear now and talk about
+quantum electrodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum electrodynamics
+um qed and we'll start the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um qed and we'll start the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um qed and we'll start the discussion
+by going back to three wave equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going back to three wave equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going back to three wave equations
+now you could argue that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could argue that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could argue that we are
+interested in collisions and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in collisions and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in collisions and we're
+interested in the case of particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case of particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case of particles so
+why do we discuss three wave equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we discuss three wave equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we discuss three wave equations
+now the theory we discussed last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the theory we discussed last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the theory we discussed last week
+which we used in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we used in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we used in order to
+get a hold on finding diagrams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hold on finding diagrams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a hold on finding diagrams and
+calculations was very simplified and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations was very simplified and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations was very simplified and one
+of the aspects not considered in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aspects not considered in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aspects not considered in this
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+was the fact that particles carry spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact that particles carry spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact that particles carry spin
+so we had a theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had a theory which
+you know only was applicable to scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know only was applicable to scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know only was applicable to scales
+now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now by
+walking through wave equations we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through wave equations we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking through wave equations we can
+see how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can
+incorporate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate or
+uh make use of the fact that particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make use of the fact that particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh make use of the fact that particles
+actually do carry spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do carry spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do carry spin
+so let's do this one by one so we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do this one by one so we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do this one by one so we start
+off with our relativistic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with our relativistic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with our relativistic energy
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+relation e square is equal to p square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation e square is equal to p square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation e square is equal to p square
+plus m square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus m square
+um we express energy and momentum we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we express energy and momentum we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we express energy and momentum we are
+quantum mechanical operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical operators
+and so immediately by putting this in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so immediately by putting this in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so immediately by putting this in we
+find this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this equation here
+which is the so-called klein garden wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the so-called klein garden wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the so-called klein garden wave
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+so good so if you look at this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good so if you look at this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good so if you look at this equation
+we see that the second derivative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the second derivative here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the second derivative here
+in time there's no derivative in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time there's no derivative in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time there's no derivative in space
+so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an
+asymmetry between space and time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry between space and time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry between space and time and
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+uh not a really useful feature of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a really useful feature of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a really useful feature of our
+wave equation as we as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation as we as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation as we as we
+want them to be lauren's invariant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be lauren's invariant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them to be lauren's invariant for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+so what we want is a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want is a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want is a first order
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in both derivatives so we you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both derivatives so we you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both derivatives so we you know just
+start writing this down in general terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start writing this down in general terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start writing this down in general terms
+and then make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then make sure
+that this equation holds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this equation holds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this equation holds to the
+relativistic equation we just saw on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation we just saw on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic equation we just saw on the
+previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+we just write this down here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write this down here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just write this down here we have a
+first derivative time and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative time and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative time and the first
+derivative of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of space
+let me just say that's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that's a constant
+between those two relating those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two relating those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two relating those two
+um so the sigmas are just unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the sigmas are just unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the sigmas are just unknown
+constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants
+so if you now try to find by squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you now try to find by squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you now try to find by squaring
+this try to find the klein gordon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this try to find the klein gordon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this try to find the klein gordon
+equation and relate the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and relate the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and relate the coefficients
+how you find this relationship here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you find this relationship here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you find this relationship here for
+the sigma square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma square
+uh all the same and equal to one but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the same and equal to one but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the same and equal to one but you
+also see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see that
+um the sigma is the antique coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sigma is the antique coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sigma is the antique coming
+commutate sorry um which is not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutate sorry um which is not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutate sorry um which is not possible
+for numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for numbers
+so so sigmas need to be matrixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so sigmas need to be matrixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so sigmas need to be matrixes
+you also see that this is only holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see that this is only holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also see that this is only holding
+true here for m equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here for m equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here for m equal to zero
+so this equation here is true for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation here is true for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equation here is true for a
+massless particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so if we then try to find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we then try to find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if we then try to find uh
+solutions for those relations we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for those relations we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for those relations we find
+that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know
+they can be fulfilled by the two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be fulfilled by the two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be fulfilled by the two by two
+powly mattresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powly mattresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powly mattresses
+you might have seen in this car seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have seen in this car seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have seen in this car seen
+this already in a discussion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already in a discussion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already in a discussion or
+hopefully i've seen this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i've seen this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i've seen this in the
+discussion of atomic physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of atomic physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of atomic physics
+and there um those polymattresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there um those polymattresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there um those polymattresses
+associate spin to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate spin to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate spin to uh
+electrons so this is exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this is exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this is exactly what we
+have in mind here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind here
+um also now using this definition we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also now using this definition we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also now using this definition we can
+rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the
+vale equations to energy times the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vale equations to energy times the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vale equations to energy times the field
+is equal to minus sigma times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus sigma times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to minus sigma times the
+momentum times the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the field
+and find the second equation where just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the second equation where just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the second equation where just
+the sign flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign flips
+those the chi here and the phi are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the chi here and the phi are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the chi here and the phi are
+sphenols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphenols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphenols
+they are two dimensional vectors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are two dimensional vectors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are two dimensional vectors and the
+sigmas are our party matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas are our party matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas are our party matrices
+good so we have the relational point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we have the relational point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we have the relational point but
+we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go
+a step further now you want to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step further now you want to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step further now you want to introduce
+a mastermind as well i said that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mastermind as well i said that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mastermind as well i said that you
+know those sort of masses particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those sort of masses particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those sort of masses particles so
+we're going to introduce masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce masses
+look we can rewrite this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we can rewrite this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look we can rewrite this equation and
+introduce this mass term here again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this mass term here again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce this mass term here again with
+the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient
+and we find now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alpha here being sorry so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha here being sorry so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha here being sorry so this
+phi here is a four component spinor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi here is a four component spinor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phi here is a four component spinor and
+it stands for the particle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for the particle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for the particle it's
+anti-particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-particle
+and the two spin states so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two spin states so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two spin states so that's
+combining those two equations we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining those two equations we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining those two equations we had
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we will see one is for particles and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see one is for particles and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see one is for particles and one
+is for anti-particles for the two spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for anti-particles for the two spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for anti-particles for the two spin
+states so we combine this in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so we combine this in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so we combine this in one
+equation and we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we added
+with master so if you try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with master so if you try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with master so if you try to find the
+solutions here you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions here you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions here you find that
+alpha is a matrix four by four matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is a matrix four by four matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is a matrix four by four matrix
+which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has
+the sigma the poly matrices and the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma the poly matrices and the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigma the poly matrices and the off
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+elements and beta is a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and beta is a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and beta is a diagonal
+matrix four by four matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix four by four matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix four by four matrix with
+identity on the upper two components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on the upper two components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity on the upper two components and
+minus one in the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one in the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one in the lower
+component so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component so now
+with this we can this is already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we can this is already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we can this is already the
+direct equation we can rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct equation we can rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct equation we can rewrite the
+direct equation in a covariant form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct equation in a covariant form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct equation in a covariant form
+where you have just defined a new matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have just defined a new matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have just defined a new matrix
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so-called gamma matrix which you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called gamma matrix which you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called gamma matrix which you build
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+this matrix better and alpha which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix better and alpha which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix better and alpha which i
+defined on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the previous slide
+good so good so we have this this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so good so we have this this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so good so we have this this new
+matrix this new equation here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this new equation here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix this new equation here which is
+the dirac equation and it holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dirac equation and it holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dirac equation and it holds for
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+to spin state for example spin half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spin state for example spin half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spin state for example spin half
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+and there it holds for particles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it holds for particles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it holds for particles which
+have masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have masses
+so that's great so this is now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's great so this is now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's great so this is now our
+starting point for the discussion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for the discussion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point for the discussion the
+next lecture we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture we'll look at
+solutions of this equation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ykiTs5MipJU.txt b/ykiTs5MipJU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98828f95357ac8c86e03c612f59e457c95506223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ykiTs5MipJU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll introduce a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll introduce a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll introduce a method
+that is similar to cart called random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is similar to cart called random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is similar to cart called random
+forests this method was designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests this method was designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests this method was designed to
+improve the prediction accuracy of cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the prediction accuracy of cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the prediction accuracy of cart
+and works by building a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and works by building a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and works by building a large number of
+cart trees unfortunately this makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart trees unfortunately this makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart trees unfortunately this makes the
+method less interpretable than cart so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method less interpretable than cart so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method less interpretable than cart so
+often you need to decide if you value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you need to decide if you value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you need to decide if you value
+the interpretability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretability
+or the increase in accuracy more to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the increase in accuracy more to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the increase in accuracy more to make
+a prediction for a new observation each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction for a new observation each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction for a new observation each
+tree in the forest votes on the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in the forest votes on the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree in the forest votes on the outcome
+and we pick the outcome that receives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pick the outcome that receives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pick the outcome that receives
+the majority of the votes so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the votes so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority of the votes so how does
+random forests build many cart trees we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random forests build many cart trees we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random forests build many cart trees we
+can't just run cart multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just run cart multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just run cart multiple times
+because it would create the same tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would create the same tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would create the same tree
+every time to prevent this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time to prevent this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time to prevent this random
+forests only allows each tree to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests only allows each tree to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests only allows each tree to split
+on a random subset of the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a random subset of the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a random subset of the available
+independent variables and each tree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and each tree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and each tree is
+built from what we call a bagged or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from what we call a bagged or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from what we call a bagged or
+bootstrapped sample of the data this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapped sample of the data this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrapped sample of the data this
+just means that the data used as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that the data used as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that the data used as the
+training data for each tree is selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data for each tree is selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data for each tree is selected
+randomly with replacement let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly with replacement let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly with replacement let's look at
+an example suppose we have five data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example suppose we have five data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example suppose we have five data
+points in our training set we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in our training set we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in our training set we'll call
+them one two three four and five for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one two three four and five for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one two three four and five for the
+first tree will randomly pick five data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tree will randomly pick five data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first tree will randomly pick five data
+points randomly sampled with replacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points randomly sampled with replacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points randomly sampled with replacement
+so the data could be two four five two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the data could be two four five two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the data could be two four five two
+and one each time we pick one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one each time we pick one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one each time we pick one of the
+five data points regardless of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data points regardless of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five data points regardless of whether
+or not it's been selected already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it's been selected already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not it's been selected already the
+these would be the five data points we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the five data points we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the five data points we
+would use when constructing the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use when constructing the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use when constructing the first
+cart tree then we repeat this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart tree then we repeat this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart tree then we repeat this process
+for the second tree this time the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second tree this time the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the second tree this time the data
+set might be three five one five and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set might be three five one five and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set might be three five one five and two
+and we would use this data when building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would use this data when building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we would use this data when building
+the second cart tree then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second cart tree then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second cart tree then we would
+repeat this process for each additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this process for each additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this process for each additional
+tree we want to create so since each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we want to create so since each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we want to create so since each
+tree sees a different set of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree sees a different set of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree sees a different set of variables
+and a different set of data we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different set of data we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different set of data we get
+what's called a forest of many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a forest of many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a forest of many different
+trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees
+just like cart branda forests has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like cart branda forests has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like cart branda forests has some
+parameter values that need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values that need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values that need to be
+selected the first is the minimum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the first is the minimum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the first is the minimum number
+of observations in a subset or the min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations in a subset or the min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observations in a subset or the min
+bucket parameter from cart when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket parameter from cart when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket parameter from cart when we
+create a random forest in our this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a random forest in our this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a random forest in our this will
+be called node size a smaller value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called node size a smaller value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called node size a smaller value of
+node size which leads to bigger trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node size which leads to bigger trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node size which leads to bigger trees
+may take longer in our random forests is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may take longer in our random forests is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may take longer in our random forests is
+much more computationally intensive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more computationally intensive than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more computationally intensive than
+cart the second parameter is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart the second parameter is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart the second parameter is the number
+of trees to build which is called entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trees to build which is called entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trees to build which is called entry
+in our this should not be set to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our this should not be set to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our this should not be set to small
+but the larger it is the longer it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the larger it is the longer it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the larger it is the longer it will
+take a couple hundred trees is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple hundred trees is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a couple hundred trees is typically
+plenty a nice thing about random forests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty a nice thing about random forests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty a nice thing about random forests
+is that it's not as sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not as sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's not as sensitive to the
+parameter values as car is in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values as car is in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values as car is in the next
+video we'll talk about a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll talk about a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we'll talk about a nice way to
+pick the cart parameter for random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the cart parameter for random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the cart parameter for random
+forests as long as the selection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests as long as the selection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests as long as the selection is
+reasonable it's okay let's switch to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable it's okay let's switch to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable it's okay let's switch to our
+and create a random forest model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create a random forest model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create a random forest model to
+predict the decisions of justice Stevens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inner our consul let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner our consul let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner our consul let's start by
+installing and loading the package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing and loading the package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing and loading the package
+random forests we first need to install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random forests we first need to install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random forests we first need to install
+the package using the install dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package using the install dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the package using the install dot
+packages function for the package random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages function for the package random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages function for the package random
+forests you should see a few lines run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests you should see a few lines run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forests you should see a few lines run
+in your our console and then when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your our console and then when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your our console and then when you're
+back to the blinking cursor load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the blinking cursor load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the blinking cursor load the
+package at the library command now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package at the library command now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package at the library command now we're
+ready to build our random forest model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to build our random forest model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to build our random forest model
+we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it
+Stephens forest and use the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephens forest and use the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephens forest and use the random
+forest function first giving our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest function first giving our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest function first giving our
+dependent variable reverse followed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable reverse followed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable reverse followed by a
+tilde sign and then our independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde sign and then our independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde sign and then our independent
+variables separated by plus signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables separated by plus signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables separated by plus signs
+circuit issue petitioner respondent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit issue petitioner respondent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit issue petitioner respondent
+lower court an unconstitutional will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower court an unconstitutional will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower court an unconstitutional will use
+the data set train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data set train
+for random forests we need to give two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for random forests we need to give two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for random forests we need to give two
+additional arguments these are nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional arguments these are nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional arguments these are nodes
+size also known as min bucket for cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size also known as min bucket for cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size also known as min bucket for cart
+and we'll set this equal to 25 the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll set this equal to 25 the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll set this equal to 25 the same
+value we used for our cart model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we used for our cart model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we used for our cart model and
+then we need to set the parameter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to set the parameter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to set the parameter and
+tree this is the number of trees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is the number of trees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree this is the number of trees to
+build and we'll build 200 trees here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and we'll build 200 trees here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build and we'll build 200 trees here
+then hit enter you should see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hit enter you should see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hit enter you should see an
+interesting warning message here in cart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting warning message here in cart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting warning message here in cart
+we added the argument method equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added the argument method equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added the argument method equals
+class so that it was clear that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so that it was clear that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so that it was clear that we're
+doing a classification problem as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a classification problem as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a classification problem as I
+mentioned earlier trees can also be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier trees can also be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier trees can also be used
+for regression problems which you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regression problems which you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for regression problems which you'll see
+in the recitation the random forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation the random forest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the recitation the random forest
+function does not have a method argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does not have a method argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does not have a method argument
+so we'll may want to do a classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll may want to do a classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll may want to do a classification
+problem we need to make sure our outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we need to make sure our outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we need to make sure our outcome
+is a factor let's convert the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a factor let's convert the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a factor let's convert the variable
+reverse to a factor variable in both our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse to a factor variable in both our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse to a factor variable in both our
+training and our testing sets we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and our testing sets we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and our testing sets we do this
+by typing the name of the variable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by typing the name of the variable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by typing the name of the variable we
+want to convert in our case train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert in our case train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to convert in our case train
+reverse and then type a s dot factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and then type a s dot factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse and then type a s dot factor and
+then in parentheses the variable name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parentheses the variable name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parentheses the variable name
+train reverse and just repeat this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train reverse and just repeat this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train reverse and just repeat this for
+the test set as well test reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test set as well test reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test set as well test reversed
+equals a s stop factor test dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a s stop factor test dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a s stop factor test dollar sign
+reverse now let's try creating a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse now let's try creating a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse now let's try creating a random
+forest again just use the up arrow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest again just use the up arrow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest again just use the up arrow to
+get back to the random forest line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to the random forest line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to the random forest line and
+hit enter we didn't get a warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter we didn't get a warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit enter we didn't get a warning
+message this time so our models ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message this time so our models ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message this time so our models ready to
+make predictions let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions let's compute
+predictions on our test set we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on our test set we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions on our test set we'll call
+our predictions predict forest and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictions predict forest and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our predictions predict forest and use
+the predict function to make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predict function to make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predict function to make predictions
+using our model Stephens forests and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our model Stephens forests and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our model Stephens forests and the
+new data set test let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data set test let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data set test let's look at the
+confusion matrix to compute our accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion matrix to compute our accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion matrix to compute our accuracy
+we'll use the table function and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the table function and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the table function and first
+give the true outcome test reverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the true outcome test reverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the true outcome test reverse and
+then our predictions predict forest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our accuracy here is 40 plus 74 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our accuracy here is 40 plus 74 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our accuracy here is 40 plus 74 divided
+by 40 plus 37 plus 19 plus 74 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 40 plus 37 plus 19 plus 74 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 40 plus 37 plus 19 plus 74 so the
+accuracy of our random forest model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of our random forest model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of our random forest model is
+about 67% recall that our logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 67% recall that our logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 67% recall that our logistic
+regression model had an accuracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model had an accuracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model had an accuracy of
+66.5% and our cart model had an accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.5% and our cart model had an accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.5% and our cart model had an accuracy
+of 65.9% so a random forest model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 65.9% so a random forest model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 65.9% so a random forest model
+improved our accuracy a little bit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved our accuracy a little bit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved our accuracy a little bit over
+Kart sometimes you'll see a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kart sometimes you'll see a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kart sometimes you'll see a smaller
+improvement in accuracy and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in accuracy and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in accuracy and sometimes
+you'll see that random forests can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that random forests can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that random forests can
+significantly improve an accuracy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly improve an accuracy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly improve an accuracy over
+Kart we'll see this a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kart we'll see this a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kart we'll see this a lot in the
+recitation and the homework assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation and the homework assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation and the homework assignments
+keep in mind that random forests has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that random forests has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that random forests has a
+random component you may have gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random component you may have gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random component you may have gotten a
+different confusion matrix than me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different confusion matrix than me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different confusion matrix than me
+because there's a random component to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a random component to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a random component to
+this method
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yqrMAZkQOwI.txt b/yqrMAZkQOwI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e316be272065ae0c7a331adcc2bf591096138366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yqrMAZkQOwI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than V naught so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than V naught so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than V naught so you have an
+incident wave into the I KX incident and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave into the I KX incident and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave into the I KX incident and
+a reflected wave that you have e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflected wave that you have e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reflected wave that you have e to the
+minus ikx remember - the other face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ikx remember - the other face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ikx remember - the other face and
+e to the 2i Delta of e so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2i Delta of e so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2i Delta of e so this is the
+incident wave and this is the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave and this is the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident wave and this is the reflected
+wave they correspond to your a e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave they correspond to your a e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave they correspond to your a e to the
+ikx plus b e to the minus ikx remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx plus b e to the minus ikx remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ikx plus b e to the minus ikx remember
+when the energy was less than V naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the energy was less than V naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the energy was less than V naught
+the ratio of B over a was - equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of B over a was - equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of B over a was - equal to I
+Delta and since I take a equals to 1 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and since I take a equals to 1 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and since I take a equals to 1 you
+get this thing so suppose I construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this thing so suppose I construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this thing so suppose I construct
+ops I incident of X less than zero and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ops I incident of X less than zero and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ops I incident of X less than zero and T
+as a sum 0 to infinity V K F of K e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum 0 to infinity V K F of K e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum 0 to infinity V K F of K e to
+the ikx e to the minus IET over H bar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ikx e to the minus IET over H bar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ikx e to the minus IET over H bar so
+I superpose the incident thing here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I superpose the incident thing here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I superpose the incident thing here then
+the reflected one should be superimposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected one should be superimposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected one should be superimposed
+two and would be zero to infinity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and would be zero to infinity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and would be zero to infinity a
+minus in front because there's a minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in front because there's a minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus in front because there's a minus D
+K F of K e to the minus I K X e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K F of K e to the minus I K X e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K F of K e to the minus I K X e to the
+2i Delta of e e to the minus I T over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i Delta of e e to the minus I T over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2i Delta of e e to the minus I T over H
+bar that's the reflected wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's the reflected wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's the reflected wave
+superimposed so now you've constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed so now you've constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed so now you've constructed
+everything here this the reflected wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here this the reflected wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything here this the reflected wave
+is more interesting than the transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more interesting than the transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more interesting than the transmitted
+wave because there's no real big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because there's no real big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave because there's no real big
+transmitted wave it just whistles out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave it just whistles out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted wave it just whistles out
+but the reflective thing is interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reflective thing is interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reflective thing is interesting
+if you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're doing the
+when you send in a particle you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you send in a particle you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you send in a particle you want to
+see what you get back that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you get back that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what you get back that's going to
+tell you what kind of potential it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what kind of potential it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what kind of potential it can
+expect it encountered so let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it encountered so let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it encountered so let's do the
+stationary phase for this one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase for this one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary phase for this one for the
+reflected let's see how it moves we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected let's see how it moves we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected let's see how it moves we know
+how the incident moves the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the incident moves the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the incident moves the incident
+moves with x equals we've done it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with x equals we've done it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves with x equals we've done it there
+HK not over MT but how about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK not over MT but how about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HK not over MT but how about this one
+well this one you would have to do d DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this one you would have to do d DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this one you would have to do d DK
+of minus KX plus 2 Delta of e minus et
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus KX plus 2 Delta of e minus et
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus KX plus 2 Delta of e minus et
+over h-bar all that at K not equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h-bar all that at K not equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h-bar all that at K not equals 0
+and we'll probably remember that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll probably remember that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll probably remember that this
+thing was in your midterm in your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was in your midterm in your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was in your midterm in your first
+test you had this wave and you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you had this wave and you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test you had this wave and you had to
+analyze what did stationary phase do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze what did stationary phase do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze what did stationary phase do and
+it does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that
+so what do you get well when you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you get well when you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do you get well when you take
+the derivative you have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative you have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative you have to take the
+derivative of Delta with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Delta with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of Delta with respect to
+energy that's Delta Prime and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's Delta Prime and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that's Delta Prime and then the
+derivative of energy with respect to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of energy with respect to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of energy with respect to t
+oh let me save you a little time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me save you a little time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me save you a little time the
+answer is minus h-bar K naught over m P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is minus h-bar K naught over m P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is minus h-bar K naught over m P
+minus 2h bar Delta prime of e ok that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2h bar Delta prime of e ok that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2h bar Delta prime of e ok that's
+what you get that's how this packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get that's how this packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get that's how this packet
+moves and what does it do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and what does it do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves and what does it do really
+remember this is defined for X less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is defined for X less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is defined for X less than
+zero so this is valid forget about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is valid forget about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is valid forget about this
+little term here this is valid for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little term here this is valid for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little term here this is valid for T
+positive for T positive you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for T positive you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for T positive you're going to
+get this to satisfy so this it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this to satisfy so this it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this to satisfy so this it's a big
+wave packet for T positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet for T positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave packet for T positive
+it's a reflected wave that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reflected wave that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reflected wave that's what you
+would expect this is the reflected now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect this is the reflected now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect this is the reflected now
+if this factor was not here it is as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this factor was not here it is as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this factor was not here it is as if
+well the incoming packet hit the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the incoming packet hit the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the incoming packet hit the origin
+at T equals zero and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals zero and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals zero and this would be
+perfect bouncing in which the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bouncing in which the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect bouncing in which the packet
+gets reflected and at T equals zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected and at T equals zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets reflected and at T equals zero it
+starts to move to the left and nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to move to the left and nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to move to the left and nasty
+increases it's both more and more to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it's both more and more to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases it's both more and more to the
+left you see it there because X must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you see it there because X must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left you see it there because X must be
+negative but if there is this term it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but if there is this term it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but if there is this term it
+really doesn't start to move to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't start to move to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't start to move to the left
+until T is bigger than that so that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until T is bigger than that so that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until T is bigger than that so that X is
+negative so only at T equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so only at T equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so only at T equal to this
+amount of time the packet reflects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time the packet reflects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time the packet reflects so
+there's a delay and the delay is 2h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a delay and the delay is 2h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a delay and the delay is 2h bar
+Delta prime of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a technology people use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a technology people use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a technology people use in
+scattering theory to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering theory to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering theory to figure out what
+kind of potential you have figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of potential you have figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of potential you have figure out
+how much things get delayed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much things get delayed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much things get delayed from the
+bouncing now this derivative we plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing now this derivative we plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing now this derivative we plotted
+it there Delta prime of e you get a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there Delta prime of e you get a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there Delta prime of e you get a big
+delay for low energy for energies near V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay for low energy for energies near V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay for low energy for energies near V
+naught and in the middle it's not so big
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z-meBrqcy_I.txt b/z-meBrqcy_I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a02e8f70613f00c56b47ef3eadd7255916f1693a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z-meBrqcy_I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1816 @@
+First of all,
+the way a nonlinear autonomous
+
+system looks,
+you have had some practice with
+
+it by now.
+This is nonlinear.
+
+The right-hand side are no
+longer simple combinations ax
+
+plus by.
+Nonlinear and autonomous,
+
+these are function just of x
+and y.
+
+There is no t on the right-hand
+side.
+
+Now, most of today will be
+geometric.
+
+The way to get a geometric
+picture of that is first by
+
+constructing the velocity field
+whose components are the
+
+functions f and g.
+This is a velocity field that
+
+gives a picture of the system
+and has solutions.
+
+The solutions to the system,
+from the point of view of
+
+functions, they would look like
+pairs of functions,
+
+x of t, y of t.
+
+But, from the point of view of
+geometry, when you plot them as
+
+parametric equations,
+they are called trajectories of
+
+the field F, which simply means
+that they are curves everywhere
+
+having the right velocity.
+So a typical curve would look
+
+like --
+There is a trajectory.
+
+And we know it is a trajectory
+because at each point the vector
+
+on it has, of course,
+the right direction,
+
+the tangent direction,
+but more than that,
+
+it has the right velocity.
+So here, for example,
+
+the point is traveling more
+slowly.
+
+Here it is traveling more
+rapidly because the velocity
+
+vector is bigger,
+longer.
+
+So this is a picture of a
+typical trajectory.
+
+The only other things that I
+should mention are the critical
+
+points.
+If you have worked the problems
+
+for this week,
+the first couple of problems,
+
+you have already seen the
+significance of the critical
+
+points.
+Well, from Monday's lecture you
+
+know from the point of view of
+solutions they are constant
+
+solutions.
+
+From the point of view of the
+field they are where the field
+
+is zero.
+There is no velocity vector,
+
+in other words.
+The velocity vector is zero.
+
+And, therefore,
+a point being there has no
+
+reason to go anywhere else.
+And, spelling it out,
+
+it's where the partial
+derivatives, where the values of
+
+the functions on the right-hand
+side, which give the two
+
+components, the i and j
+components of the field,
+
+where they are zero.
+
+That is all I will need by way
+of a recall today.
+
+I don't think I will need
+anything else.
+
+The topic for today is another
+kind of behavior that you have
+
+not yet observed at the computer
+screen, unless you have worked
+
+ahead, and that is there are
+trajectories which go along to
+
+infinity or end up at a critical
+point.
+
+They are the critical points
+that just sit there all the
+
+time.
+But there is a third type of
+
+behavior that a trajectory can
+have where it neither sits for
+
+all time nor goes off for all
+time.
+
+Instead, it repeats itself.
+Such a thing is called a closed
+
+trajectory.
+What does it look like?
+
+Well, it is a closed curve in
+the plane that at every point,
+
+it is a trajectory,
+i.e., the arrows at each point,
+
+let's say it is traced in the
+clockwise direction.
+
+And so the arrows of the field
+will go like this.
+
+Here it is going slowly,
+here it is very slow and here
+
+it picks up a little speed again
+and so on.
+
+Now, for such a trajectory what
+is happening?
+
+Well, it goes around in finite
+time and then repeats itself.
+
+It just goes round and round
+forever if you land on that
+
+trajectory.
+It represents a system that
+
+returns to its original state
+periodically.
+
+It represents periodic behavior
+of the system.
+
+Now, we have seen one example
+of that, a simple example where
+
+this simple system,
+x prime equals y,
+
+y prime equals negative x.
+
+We could write down the
+solutions to that directly,
+
+but if you want to do
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors the
+
+matrix will look like this.
+The equation will be lambda
+
+squared plus zero lambda plus
+one equals zero,
+
+so the eigenvalues will be plus
+
+or minus i.
+In fact, from then on you could
+
+work out in the usual ways the
+eigenvectors,
+
+complex eigenvectors and
+separate them.
+
+But, look, you can avoid all
+that just by writing down the
+
+solution.
+The solutions are sines and
+
+cosines.
+One basic solution will be x
+
+equals cosine t,
+in which case what is y?
+
+Well, y is the derivative of
+that.
+
+That will be minus sine t.
+
+Another basic solution,
+we will start with x equals
+
+sine t.
+In which case y will be cosine
+
+t, its derivative.
+
+Now, if you do that,
+what do these things look like?
+
+Well, either of these two basic
+solutions looks like a circle,
+
+not traced in the usual way but
+in the opposite way.
+
+For example,
+when t is equal to zero it
+
+starts at the point one,
+zero.
+
+Now, if the minus sign were not
+there this would be x equals
+
+cosine t,
+y equals sine t,
+
+which is the usual
+counterclockwise circle.
+
+But if I change y from sine t
+to negative sine t
+
+it is going around the
+other way.
+
+So this circle is traced that
+way.
+
+And this is a family of
+circles, according to the values
+
+of c1 and c2,
+concentric, all of which go
+
+around clockwise.
+So those are closed
+
+trajectories.
+Those are the solutions.
+
+They are trajectories of the
+vector field.
+
+They are closed.
+They come around and they
+
+repeat in finite time.
+Now, these are no good.
+
+These are the kind I am not
+interested in.
+
+These are commonplace,
+and we are interested in good
+
+stuff today.
+And the good stuff we are
+
+interested in is limit cycles.
+
+A limit cycle is a closed
+trajectory with a couple of
+
+extra hypotheses.
+It is a closed trajectory,
+
+just like those guys,
+but it has something they don't
+
+have, namely,
+it is king of the roost.
+
+They have to be isolated,
+no other guys nearby.
+
+And they also have to be
+stable.
+
+See, the problem here is that
+none of these stands out from
+
+any of the others.
+In other words,
+
+there must be,
+isolated means,
+
+no others nearby.
+
+That is just what goes wrong
+here.
+
+Arbitrarily close to each of
+these circles is yet another
+
+circle doing exactly the same
+thing.
+
+That means that there are some
+that are only of mild interest.
+
+What is much more interesting
+is to find a cycle where there
+
+is nothing nearby.
+Something, therefore,
+
+that looks like this.
+
+Here is our pink guy.
+Let's make this one go
+
+counterclockwise.
+Here is a limit cycle,
+
+it seems to be.
+And now what do nearby guys do?
+
+Well, they should approach it.
+Somebody here like that does
+
+this, spirals in and gets ever
+and every closer to that thing.
+
+Now, it can never join it
+because, if it joined it at the
+
+joining point,
+I would have two solutions
+
+going through this point.
+And that is illegal.
+
+All it can do is get
+arbitrarily close.
+
+On the computer screen it will
+look as if it joins it but,
+
+of course, it cannot.
+It is just the resolution,
+
+the pixels.
+Not enough pixels.
+
+The resolution isn't good
+enough.
+
+And the ones that start further
+away will take longer to find
+
+their way to the limit cycle and
+they will always stay outside of
+
+the earlier guys,
+but they will get arbitrarily
+
+close, too.
+How about inside?
+
+Inside, well,
+it starts somewhere and does
+
+the same thing.
+It starts here and will try to
+
+join the limit cycle.
+That is what I mean by
+
+stability.
+Stability means that nearby
+
+guys, the guys that start
+somewhere else eventually
+
+approach the limit cycle,
+regardless of whether they
+
+start from the outside or start
+from the inside.
+
+So that is stable.
+An unstable limit cycle --
+
+But I am not calling it a limit
+cycle if it is unstable.
+
+I am just calling it a closed
+trajectory, but let's draw one
+
+which is unstable.
+Here is the way we will look if
+
+it is unstable.
+Guys that start nearby will be
+
+repelled, driven somewhere else.
+Or, if they start here,
+
+they will go away from the
+thing instead of going toward
+
+it.
+This is unstable.
+
+And I don't call it a limit
+cycle.
+
+It is just a closed trajectory.
+
+Cycle because it cycles round
+and round.
+
+Limit because it is the limit
+of the nearby curves.
+
+The other case where it is
+unstable is not the limit.
+
+Of course, you could have a
+case also where the curves
+
+outside spiral in toward it but
+the ones inside are repelled and
+
+do this.
+That would be called
+
+semi-stable.
+And you can make up all sorts
+
+of cases.
+And I think I,
+
+at one point,
+drew them in the notes,
+
+but I am not going to.
+The only interesting one,
+
+of permanent importance that
+people study,
+
+are the actual limit cycles.
+No, it was the stable closed
+
+trajectories.
+Notice, by the way,
+
+a closed trajectory is always a
+simple curve.
+
+Remember what that means from
+18.02?
+
+Simple means it doesn't cross
+itself.
+
+Why doesn't it cross itself?
+It cannot cross itself because,
+
+if it tried to,
+what is wrong with that point?
+
+At that point which way does
+the vector field go,
+
+that way or that way?
+Why the interest of limit
+
+cycles?
+Well, because there are systems
+
+in nature in which just this
+type of behavior,
+
+they have a certain periodic
+motion.
+
+And, if you disturb it,
+gradually it returns to its
+
+original periodic state.
+A simple example is breathing.
+
+Now I have made you all
+self-conscious.
+
+All of you are breathing.
+If you are here you are
+
+breathing.
+At what rate are you breathing?
+
+Well, you are unaware of it,
+of course, except now.
+
+If you are sitting here
+listening.
+
+There is a certain temperature
+and a certain air circulation in
+
+the room.
+You are not thinking of
+
+anything, certainly not of the
+lecture, and the lecture is not
+
+unduly exciting,
+you will breathe at a certain
+
+steady rate which is a little
+different for every person but
+
+that is your rate.
+Now, you can artificially
+
+change that.
+You could say now I am going to
+
+breathe faster.
+And indeed you can.
+
+But, as soon as you stop being
+aware of what you are doing,
+
+the levels of various hormones
+and carbon dioxide in your
+
+bloodstream and so on will
+return your breathing to its
+
+natural state.
+In other words,
+
+that system of your breathing,
+which is controlled by various
+
+chemicals and hormones in the
+body, is exhibiting exactly this
+
+type of behavior.
+It has a certain regular
+
+periodic motion as a system.
+And, if disturbed,
+
+if artificially you set it out
+somewhere else,
+
+it will gradually return to its
+original state.
+
+Now, of course,
+if I am running it will be
+
+different.
+Sure.
+
+If you are running you breathe
+faster, but that is because the
+
+parameters in the system,
+the a's and the b's in the
+
+equation, the f of (x,
+y) and g of (x,
+
+y), the parameters in those
+
+functions will be set at
+different levels.
+
+You will have different
+hormones, a different of carbon
+
+dioxide and so on.
+Now, I am not saying that
+
+breathing is modeled by a limit
+cycle.
+
+It is the sort of thing which
+one might look for a limit
+
+cycle.
+That is, of course,
+
+a question for biologists.
+And, in general,
+
+any type of periodic behavior
+in nature, people try to see if
+
+there is some system of
+differential equations which
+
+governs it in which perhaps
+there is a limit cycle,
+
+which contains a limit cycle.
+Well, what are the problems?
+
+In a sense, limit cycles are
+easy to lecture about because so
+
+little is known about them.
+At the end of the period,
+
+if I have time,
+I will show you that the
+
+simplest possible question you
+could ask, the answer to it is
+
+totally known after 120 years of
+steady trying.
+
+But let's first talk about what
+sorts of problems people address
+
+with limit cycles.
+First of all is the existence
+
+problem.
+
+If I give you a system,
+you know, the right-hand side
+
+is x squared plus 2y cubed minus
+3xy,
+
+and the g is something similar.
+I say does this have limit
+
+cycles?
+Well, you know how to find its
+
+critical points.
+But how do you find out if it
+
+has limit cycles?
+The answer to that is nobody
+
+has any idea.
+This problem,
+
+in general, there are not much
+in the way of methods.
+
+Not much.
+
+Not much is known.
+There is one theorem that you
+
+will find in the notes,
+a simple theorem called the
+
+Poincare-Bendixson theorem
+which, for about 60 or 70 years
+
+was about the only result known
+which enabled people to find
+
+limit cycles.
+Nowadays the theorem is used
+
+relatively little because people
+try to find limit cycles by
+
+computer.
+Now, the difficulty is you have
+
+to know where to look for them.
+In other words,
+
+the computer screen shows that
+much and you set the axes and it
+
+doesn't show any limit cycles.
+That doesn't mean there are not
+
+any.
+That means they are over there,
+
+or it means there is a big one
+like there.
+
+And you are looking in the
+middle of it and don't see it.
+
+So, in general,
+people don't look for limit
+
+cycles unless the physical
+system that gave rise to the
+
+pair of differential equations
+suggests that there is something
+
+repetitive going on like
+breathing.
+
+And, if it tells you that,
+then it often gives you
+
+approximate values of the
+parameters and the variables so
+
+you know where to look.
+Basically this is done by
+
+computer search guided by the
+physical problem.
+
+Therefore, I cannot say much
+more about it today.
+
+Instead I am going to focus my
+attention on nonexistence.
+
+When can you be sure that a
+system will not have any limit
+
+cycles?
+And there are two theorems.
+
+One, again, due to Bendixson
+who was a Swedish mathematician
+
+who lived around 1900 or so.
+There is a criterion due to
+
+Bendixson.
+And there is one involving
+
+critical points.
+And I would like to describe
+
+both of them for you today.
+First of all,
+
+Bendixson's criterion.
+
+It is very simply stated and
+has a marvelous proof,
+
+which I am going to give you.
+We have D as a region of the
+
+plane.
+
+And what Bendixson's criterion
+tells you to do is take your
+
+vector field and calculate its
+divergence.
+
+We are set back in 1802,
+and this proof is going to be
+
+straight 18.02.
+You will enjoy it.
+
+Calculate the divergence.
+Now, I am talking about the
+
+two-dimensional divergence.
+Remember that is fx,
+
+the partial of f with respect
+to x, plus the partial of the g,
+
+the j component with respect to
+y.
+
+And assume that that is a
+continuous function.
+
+It always will be with us.
+Practically all the examples I
+
+will give you f and g will be
+simple polynomials.
+
+They are smooth,
+continuous and nice and behave
+
+as you want.
+And you calculate that and
+
+assume --
+Suppose, in other words,
+
+that the divergence of f,
+I need more room.
+
+The hypothesis is that the
+divergence of f is not zero in
+
+that region D.
+It is never zero.
+
+It is not zero at any point in
+that region.
+
+The conclusion is that there
+are no limit cycles in the
+
+region.
+If it is not zero in D,
+
+there are no limit cycles.
+In fact, there are not even any
+
+closed trajectories.
+You couldn't even have those
+
+bunch of concentric circles,
+so there are no closed
+
+trajectories of the original
+system whose divergence you
+
+calculated.
+There are no closed
+
+trajectories in D.
+For example,
+
+let me give you a simple
+example to put a little flesh on
+
+it.
+Let's see.
+
+What do I have?
+I prepared an example.
+
+x prime equals,
+here is a simple nonlinear
+
+system, x cubed plus y cubed.
+
+And y prime equals 3x plus y
+cubed plus 2y.
+
+Does this system have limit
+cycles?
+
+Well, even to calculate its
+critical points would be a
+
+little task, but we can easily
+answer the question as to
+
+whether it has limit cycles or
+not by Bendixson's criterion.
+
+Let's calculate the divergence.
+The divergence of the vector
+
+field whose components are these
+two functions is,
+
+well, 3x squared,
+it's the partial of the first
+
+guy with respect to x plus the
+partial of the second guy with
+
+respect to y,
+which is 3y squared plus two.
+
+Now, can that be zero anywhere
+
+in the x,y-plane?
+No, because it is the sum of
+
+these two squares.
+This much of it could be zero
+
+only at the origin,
+but that plus two eliminates
+
+even that.
+This is always positive in the
+
+entire x,y-plane.
+Here my domain is the whole
+
+x,y-plane and,
+therefore, the conclusion is
+
+that there are no closed
+trajectories in the x,y-plane,
+
+anywhere.
+
+And we have done that with just
+a couple of lines of calculation
+
+and nothing further required.
+No computer search.
+
+In fact, no computer search
+could ever proof this.
+
+It would be impossible because,
+no matter where you look,
+
+there is always some other
+place to look.
+
+This is an example where a
+couple lines of mathematics
+
+dispose of the matter far more
+effectively than a million
+
+dollars worth of calculation.
+Well, where does Bendixson's
+
+theorem come from?
+Yes, Bendixson's theorem comes
+
+from 18.02.
+And I am giving it to you both
+
+to recall a little bit of 18.02
+to you.
+
+Because it is about the first
+example in the course that we
+
+have had of an indirect
+argument.
+
+And indirect arguments are
+something you have to slowly get
+
+used to.
+I am going to give you an
+
+indirect proof.
+Remember what that is?
+
+You assume the contrary and you
+show it leads to a
+
+contradiction.
+What would assuming the
+
+contrary be?
+Contrary would be I will assume
+
+the divergence is not zero,
+but I will suppose there is a
+
+closed trajectory.
+Suppose there is a closed
+
+trajectory that exists.
+
+Let's draw a picture of it.
+
+And let's say it goes around
+this way.
+
+There is a closed trajectory
+for our system.
+
+Let's call the curve C.
+And I am going to call the
+
+inside of it R,
+the way one often does in
+
+18.02.
+D is all this region out here,
+
+in which everything is taking
+place.
+
+This is to exist in D.
+Now, what I am going to do is
+
+calculate a line integral around
+that curve.
+
+A line integral of this vector
+field.
+
+Now, there are two things you
+can calculate.
+
+One of the line integrals,
+I will put in a few of the
+
+vectors here.
+The vectors I know are pointing
+
+this way because that is the
+direction in which the curve is
+
+being traversed in order to make
+it a trajectory.
+
+Those are a few of the typical
+vectors in the field.
+
+I am going to calculate the
+line integral around that curve
+
+in the positive sense.
+In other words,
+
+not in the direction of the
+salmon-colored arrow,
+
+but in the normal sense in
+which you calculate it using
+
+Green's theorem,
+for example.
+
+The positive sense means the
+one which keeps the region,
+
+the inside on your left,
+as you walk around like that
+
+the region stays on your left.
+That is the positive sense.
+
+That is the sense in which I am
+integrating.
+
+I am going to use Green's
+theorem, but the integral that I
+
+am going to calculate is not the
+work integral.
+
+I am going to calculate instead
+the flux integral,
+
+the integral that represents
+the flux of F across C.
+
+Now, what is that integral?
+Well, at each point,
+
+you station a little ant and
+the ant reports the outward flow
+
+rate across that point which is
+F dotted with the normal vector.
+
+I will put in a few normal
+vectors just to remind you.
+
+The normal vectors look like
+little unit vectors pointing
+
+perpendicularly outwards
+everywhere.
+
+These are the n's.
+F dotted with the unit normal
+
+vector, and that is added up
+around the curve.
+
+This quantity gives me the flux
+of the field across C.
+
+Now, we are going to calculate
+that by Green's theorem.
+
+But, before we calculate it by
+Green's theorem,
+
+we are going to psych it out.
+What is it?
+
+What is the value of that
+integral?
+
+Well, since I am asking you to
+do it in your head there can
+
+only be one possible answer.
+It is zero.
+
+Why is that integral zero?
+Well, because at each point the
+
+field vector,
+the velocity vector is
+
+perpendicular to the normal
+vector.
+
+Why?
+The normal vector points
+
+perpendicularly to the curve but
+the field vector always is
+
+tangent to the curve because
+this curve is a trajectory.
+
+It is always supposed to be
+going in the direction given by
+
+that white field vector.
+Do you follow?
+
+A trajectory means that it is
+always tangent to the field
+
+vector and, therefore,
+always perpendicular to the
+
+normal vector.
+This is zero since F dot n is
+
+always zero.
+Everywhere on the curve,
+
+F dot n has to be zero.
+There is no flux of this field
+
+across the curve because the
+field is always in the same
+
+direction as the curve,
+never perpendicular to it.
+
+It has no components
+perpendicular to it.
+
+Good.
+Now let's do it the hard way.
+
+Let's use Green's theorem.
+Green's theorem says that the
+
+flux across C should be equal to
+the double integral over that
+
+region of the divergence of F.
+It's like Gauss theorem in two
+
+dimensions, this version of it.
+Divergence of F,
+
+that is a function,
+I double integrate it over the
+
+region, and then that is dx /
+dy, or let's say da because you
+
+might want to do it in polar
+coordinates.
+
+And, on the problem set,
+you certainly will want to do
+
+it in polar coordinates,
+I think.
+
+All right.
+How much is that?
+
+Well, we haven't yet used the
+hypothesis.
+
+All we have done is set up the
+problem.
+
+Now, the hypothesis was that
+the divergence is never zero
+
+anywhere in D.
+Therefore, the divergence is
+
+never zero anywhere in R.
+What I say is the divergence is
+
+either greater than zero
+everywhere in R.
+
+Or less than zero everywhere in
+R.
+
+But it cannot be sometimes
+positive and sometimes negative.
+
+Why not?
+In other words,
+
+I say it is not possible the
+divergence here is one and here
+
+is minus two.
+That is not possible because,
+
+if I drew a line from this
+point to that,
+
+along that line the divergence
+would start positive and end up
+
+negative.
+And, therefore,
+
+have to be zero some time in
+between.
+
+It's because it is a continuous
+function.
+
+It is a continuous function.
+I am assuming that.
+
+And, therefore,
+if it sometimes positive and
+
+sometimes negative it has to be
+zero in between.
+
+You cannot get continuously
+from plus one to minus two
+
+without passing through zero.
+The reason for this is,
+
+since the divergence is never
+zero in R it therefore must
+
+always stay positive or always
+stay negative.
+
+Now, if it always stays
+positive, the conclusion is then
+
+this double integral must be
+positive.
+
+Therefore, this double integral
+is either greater than zero.
+
+That is if the divergence is
+always positive.
+
+Or, it is less than zero if the
+divergence is always negative.
+
+But the one thing it cannot be
+is not zero.
+
+Well, the left-hand side,
+Green's theorem is supposed to
+
+be true.
+Green's theorem is our bedrock.
+
+18.02 would crumble without
+that so it must be true.
+
+One way of calculating the
+left-hand side gives us zero.
+
+If we calculate the right-hand
+side it is not zero.
+
+That is called the
+contradiction.
+
+Where did the contradiction
+arise from?
+
+It arose from the fact that I
+supposed that there was a closed
+
+trajectory in that region.
+The conclusion is there cannot
+
+be any closed trajectory of that
+region because it leads to a
+
+contradiction via Green's
+theorem.
+
+Let me see if I can give you
+some of the argument for the
+
+other, well, let's at least
+state the other criterion I
+
+wanted to give you.
+
+Suppose, for example,
+we use this system,
+
+x prime equals --
+
+Does this have limit cycles?
+
+Does that have limit cycles?
+
+Let's Bendixson it.
+We will calculate the
+
+divergence of a vector field.
+It is 2x from the top function.
+
+The partial with respect to x
+is 2x.
+
+The second function with
+respect to y is negative 2y.
+
+That certainly could be zero.
+In fact, this is zero along the
+
+entire line x equals y.
+Its divergence is zero here
+
+along that whole line.
+The best I could conclude was,
+
+I could conclude that there is
+no limit cycle like this and
+
+there is no limit cycle like
+this, but there is nothing so
+
+far that says a limit cycle
+could not cross that because
+
+that would not violate
+Bendixson's theorem.
+
+In other words,
+any domain that contained part
+
+of this line,
+the divergence would be zero
+
+along that line.
+And, therefore,
+
+I could conclude nothing.
+I could have limit cycles that
+
+cross that line,
+as long as they included a
+
+piece of that line in them.
+The answer is I cannot make a
+
+conclusion.
+Well, that is because I am
+
+using the wrong criterion.
+Let's instead use the critical
+
+point criterion.
+
+Now, I am going to say that it
+makes a nice positive statement
+
+but nobody ever uses it this
+way.
+
+Nonetheless,
+let's first state it
+
+positively, even though that is
+not the way to use it.
+
+The positive statement will be,
+once again, we have our region
+
+D and we have a region of the xy
+plane and we have our C,
+
+a closed trajectory in it.
+A closed trajectory of what?
+
+Of our system.
+And that is supposed to be in
+
+D.
+The critical point criterion
+
+says something very simple.
+If you have that situation it
+
+says that inside that closed
+trajectory there must be a
+
+critical point somewhere.
+
+It says that inside C is a
+critical point.
+
+Now, this won't help us with
+the existence problem.
+
+This won't help us find a
+closed trajectory.
+
+We will take our system and say
+it has a critical point here and
+
+a critical point there.
+Does it have a closed
+
+trajectory?
+Well, all I know is the closed
+
+trajectory, if it exists,
+will have to go around one or
+
+more of those critical points.
+But I don't know where.
+
+It is not going to go around it
+like this.
+
+It might go around it like
+this.
+
+And my computer search won't
+find it because it is looking at
+
+too small a part of the screen.
+It doesn't work that way.
+
+It works negatively by
+contraposition.
+
+Do you know what the
+contrapositive is?
+
+You will at least learn that.
+A implies B says the same thing
+
+as not B implies not A.
+
+They are different statements
+but they are equivalent to each
+
+other.
+If you prove one you prove the
+
+other.
+What would be the
+
+contrapositive here?
+If you have a closed trajectory
+
+inside is a critical point.
+The theorem is used this way.
+
+If D has no critical points,
+it has no closed trajectories
+
+and therefore has no limit
+cycle.
+
+Because, if it did have a
+closed trajectory,
+
+inside it would be a critical
+point.
+
+But I said B had no critical
+point.
+
+That enables us to dispose of
+this system that Bendixson could
+
+not handle at all.
+We can dispose of this system
+
+immediately.
+Namely, what is it?
+
+Where are its critical points?
+Well, where is that zero?
+
+x squared plus y 
+squared is one,
+
+plus one is never zero.
+This is positive.
+
+Or, worse, zero.
+And then I add the one to it
+
+and it is not zero anymore.
+This has no zeros and,
+
+therefore, it does not matter
+that this one has a lot of
+
+zeros.
+It makes no difference.
+
+It has no critical points.
+It has none,
+
+therefore, no limit cycles.
+
+Now, I desperately wanted to
+give you the proof of this.
+
+It is clearly impossible in the
+time remaining.
+
+The proof requires a little
+time.
+
+I haven't decided what to do
+about that.
+
+It might leak over until
+Friday's lecture.
+
+Instead, I will finish by
+telling you a story.
+
+How is that?
+
+And along side of it was little
+y prime.
+
+I am not going to continue on
+with the letters of the
+
+alphabet.
+I will prime the earlier one.
+
+This has a total of 12
+parameters in it.
+
+But, in fact,
+if you change variables you can
+
+get rid of all the linear terms.
+The important part of it is
+
+only the quadratic terms in the
+beginning.
+
+This sort of thing is called a
+quadratic system.
+
+After you have departed from
+linear systems,
+
+it is the simplest kind there
+is.
+
+And the predictor-prey,
+the robin-earthworm example I
+
+gave you is of a typical
+quadratic system and exhibits
+
+typical nonlinear quadratic
+system behavior.
+
+Now, the problem is the
+following.
+
+A, b, c, d, e,
+f and so on,
+
+those are just real numbers,
+parameters, so I am allowed to
+
+give them any values I want.
+And the problem that has
+
+bothered people since 1880 when
+it was first proposed is how
+
+many limit cycles can a
+quadratic system have?
+
+After 120 years this problem is
+totally unsolved,
+
+and the mathematicians of the
+world who are interested in it
+
+cannot even agree with each
+other on what the right
+
+conjecture is.
+But let me tell you a little
+
+bit of its history.
+There were attempts to solve it
+
+in the 20 or 30 years after it
+was first proposed,
+
+through the 1920 and `30s which
+all seemed to have gaps in them.
+
+Until finally around 1950 two
+Russians mathematicians,
+
+one of whom is extremely
+well-known, Petrovski,
+
+a specialist in systems of
+ordinary differential equations
+
+published a long and difficult,
+complicated 100 page paper in
+
+which they proved that the
+maximum number is three.
+
+I won't put down their names.
+Petrovski-Landis.
+
+The maximum number was three.
+And then not many people were
+
+able to read the paper,
+and those who did there seemed
+
+to be gaps in the reasoning in
+various places until finally
+
+Arnold who was the greatest
+Russian, in my opinion,
+
+one of the greatest Russian
+mathematician,
+
+certainly in this field of
+analysis and differential
+
+equations, but in other fields,
+too, he still is great,
+
+although he is somewhat older
+now, criticized it.
+
+He said look,
+there is a really big gap in
+
+this argument and it really
+cannot be considered to be
+
+proven.
+People tried working very hard
+
+to patch it up and without
+success.
+
+Then about 1972 or so,
+'75 maybe, a Chinese
+
+mathematician found a system
+with four.
+
+Wrote down the numbers,
+the number a is so much,
+
+b is so much,
+and they were absurd numbers
+
+like 10^-6 and 40 billion and so
+on, nothing you could plot on a
+
+computer screen,
+but found a system with four.
+
+Nobody after this tried to fill
+in the gap in the
+
+Petrovski-Landis paper.
+I was then chairman of the math
+
+department, and one of my tasks
+was protocol and so on.
+
+Anyway, we were trying very
+hard to attract a Chinese
+
+mathematician to our department
+to become a full professor.
+
+He was a really outstanding
+analyst and specialist in
+
+various fields.
+Anyway, he came in for a
+
+courtesy interview and we
+chatted.
+
+At the time,
+I was very much interested in
+
+limit cycles.
+And I had on my desk the Math
+
+Society's translation of the
+Chinese book on limit cycles.
+
+A collection of papers by
+Chinese mathematicians all on
+
+limit cycles.
+After a certain point he said,
+
+oh, I see you're interested in
+limit cycle problems.
+
+I said yeah,
+in particular,
+
+I was reading this paper of the
+mathematician who found four
+
+limit cycles.
+And I opened to that system and
+
+said the name is,
+and I read it out loud.
+
+I said do you by any chance
+know him?
+
+And he smiled and said yes,
+very well.
+
+That is my mother.
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Well, bye-bye.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zIEDzaF9gKw.txt b/zIEDzaF9gKw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a929b9eecb0178af1ae77fcc3de89464f9031e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zIEDzaF9gKw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+ANTHONY: There's going to be
+some killing happening.
+
+Killing bacteria.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: If you've ever
+taken antibiotics, you've
+
+probably swallowed this
+molecule, or something like.
+
+This is penicillin g.
+
+Today in 5.301, the students
+are going to
+
+split up into teams.
+
+Each team will react 6-APA,
+that's this molecule, with a
+
+different acyl chloride, making
+a different kind of
+
+penicillin.
+
+Tomorrow, the teams will test
+how good their penicillin
+
+derivatives are at
+killing bacteria.
+
+Phil hands out the different
+acyl chlorides.
+
+Even though his instructions
+are clear--
+
+PHIL: Anything that has acyl
+chloride on it, in the hoods.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Tengfei soon
+notices something.
+
+ANTHONY: Do you smell it?
+
+LINA: Smells so weird.
+
+HANSOL: Smells bad.
+
+ETHAN: It smells like
+grilled artichoke.
+
+LEALIA: Potatoes and death.
+
+IKE: Like a rotten rose.
+
+PHIL: Old cabbage
+into a juicer.
+
+JOHN DOLHUN: The acid chlorides
+
+can be quite dangerous.
+
+ROO-RA: During lecture today,
+he's like, yeah, if you inhale
+
+too much of this.
+
+JOHN DOLHUN: If you breath
+enough of them and get them
+
+inside of your system, whoosh.
+
+ROO-RA: And we were
+all like, ugh.
+
+JASON: I know it's coming
+from my hood.
+
+If that's what you want
+me to say, yeah.
+
+It's coming from my hood.
+
+I'm sorry that the acetyl
+chloride that we're working
+
+with smells like death.
+
+JOHN DOLHUN: Woosh.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: All the groups
+complete the reaction and are
+
+working out their finished
+products.
+
+DAN: We were seeing the things
+precipitating, change color,
+
+and separate into layers.
+
+Me and my partner Hansol, we
+were doing it fantastically.
+
+It was going perfectly.
+
+Until we were right
+about to finish.
+
+And all we were doing was simply
+getting the crystals
+
+out of solution.
+
+And that's when we really,
+really messed up.
+
+TENGFEI: Did you filter the
+sodium sulfate out for
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+DAN: No.
+
+TENGFEI: What?
+
+DAN: In the procedure, we
+simply skipped the line.
+
+Skipped the line that
+says, filter.
+
+The product crystallized
+into a goop.
+
+And the drying agent was still
+in there in just one large,
+
+stinky, yellow goop.
+
+HANSOL: Oh.
+
+[BLEEP]
+
+DAN: OK, so how do
+we save this?
+
+PHIL: Now they have to go back
+and do another work up and
+
+extraction.
+
+TENGFEI: There's no way to get
+the sodium sulfate out.
+
+PHIL: Not out of
+the penicillin.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: They have
+to backtrack and
+
+redo several steps.
+
+PHIL: It's going to add another
+half hour, hour onto
+
+their work load.
+
+DAN: During the process
+of reacidification, we
+
+added too much acid.
+
+Penicillin hydrolyzed.
+
+And so the NMR spectrum of
+it, we had absolutely no
+
+penicillin peaks.
+
+So the 4 and 1/2 hours in the
+lab, we ended up with crystals
+
+of essentially nothing.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Meanwhile, other
+groups are doing well.
+
+IKE: The white stuff
+is the crystal.
+
+That's the product.
+
+That's exactly what we want.
+
+PHIL: People have really
+good samples.
+
+LINA: This lab went
+really well.
+
+ANTHONY: Phil said it's going
+take 2 and 1/2 hours if you an
+
+expert chemist.
+
+And we're on our second
+to last step.
+
+And it's been 2 and 1/2 hours.
+
+So bam.
+
+He says he does all of this
+in 2 and 1/2 hours.
+
+Bad Beep.
+
+But he also said that he
+would run a column too.
+
+LINA: Don't you feel like you're
+really learning things
+
+as you go along?
+
+IKE: From her.
+
+She's a monster.
+
+She's just goes [INAUDIBLE].
+
+We're the first group
+to get done.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+LINA: No, thank you.
+
+High five.
+
+IKE: [INAUDIBLE] good partner.
+
+Yeah.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Everyone's
+excited to see whose brand of
+
+penicillin will be the
+best antibiotic.
+
+Find out next time on 5.301.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zqtx0gA5K2s.txt b/zqtx0gA5K2s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2eaa4ee59b7c9d8a7565fb22bedc77f1cfc23e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zqtx0gA5K2s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and open course was taping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and open course was taping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and open course was taping this
+class if you don't want to be on camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you don't want to be on camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you don't want to be on camera
+you have a right not to be on camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a right not to be on camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a right not to be on camera
+we'll get to why you do later okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to why you do later okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to why you do later okay in
+about two slides and just you should let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two slides and just you should let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two slides and just you should let
+Tom know that's Tom and Alicia from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom know that's Tom and Alicia from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom know that's Tom and Alicia from
+OpenCourseWare okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare okay
+so in this class we can talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this class we can talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this class we can talking about
+copyright and about the law because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and about the law because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and about the law because
+sometimes people talk about copyright in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people talk about copyright in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people talk about copyright in
+isolation especially people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation especially people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation especially people who are
+really just interested in copyright and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just interested in copyright and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just interested in copyright and
+in my opinion that's a mistake because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion that's a mistake because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion that's a mistake because
+copyright is not really special Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright is not really special Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright is not really special Congress
+passes lots of laws that they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes lots of laws that they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes lots of laws that they're like
+about corn subsidies or international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about corn subsidies or international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about corn subsidies or international
+trade or guns or you know all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade or guns or you know all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade or guns or you know all sorts of
+things and copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and copyright
+is really not special so to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not special so to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really not special so to understand
+copyright you would have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright you would have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright you would have to understand
+the law or at least the basics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law or at least the basics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law or at least the basics of the
+law so today we're going to talk a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so today we're going to talk a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law so today we're going to talk a bit
+about copyright and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright and then we're going to
+talk about American law in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about American law in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about American law in general and
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+of you that might be kind of boring but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that might be kind of boring but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that might be kind of boring but
+I I think it's thrilling okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think it's thrilling okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think it's thrilling okay
+so part one is about copyright who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part one is about copyright who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part one is about copyright who
+can tell me what this is from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should it be black who can tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be black who can tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be black who can tell me what
+that's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Constitution of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution of what the
+United States now is this what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States now is this what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States now is this what they
+wrote down when they created the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down when they created the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down when they created the United
+States no what when did they write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States no what when did they write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States no what when did they write this
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what year
+yeah 1789 so they'd already tried a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 1789 so they'd already tried a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 1789 so they'd already tried a
+little bit with the United States and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with the United States and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit with the United States and it
+didn't work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work out
+they had this other Constitution what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this other Constitution what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had this other Constitution what
+was that called the Articles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that called the Articles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that called the Articles of
+Confederation and then what did they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confederation and then what did they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confederation and then what did they do
+in 1789 did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they like amend the Articles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like amend the Articles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like amend the Articles of
+Confederation to change them because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confederation to change them because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Confederation to change them because it
+wasn't working they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did have a convention and they decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a convention and they decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have a convention and they decided
+on this new constitution and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this new constitution and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this new constitution and then what
+how did what did they do to the Articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did what did they do to the Articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did what did they do to the Articles
+of Confederation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Confederation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Confederation
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+did what room out was that like a legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what room out was that like a legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did what room out was that like a legal
+thing to do was that okay No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do was that okay No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do was that okay No
+so they shouldn't they had a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they shouldn't they had a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they shouldn't they had a sort of
+Revolution in 1789 a bloodless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution in 1789 a bloodless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revolution in 1789 a bloodless
+revolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution and
+they're like we don't like that old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like we don't like that old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like we don't like that old
+higher law we're just gonna adopt a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher law we're just gonna adopt a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher law we're just gonna adopt a new
+higher law did that happen today highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unlikely in the u.s. why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely in the u.s. why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely in the u.s. why
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean they had won in Ukraine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they had won in Ukraine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they had won in Ukraine right
+just recently they had a bloodless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recently they had a bloodless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recently they had a bloodless
+revolution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution so
+it seems like the more that the rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like the more that the rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like the more that the rule of
+law gets established the more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law gets established the more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law gets established the more difficult
+it is to just be like let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to just be like let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to just be like let's try
+something different so anyway so in 1789
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so anyway so in 1789
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so anyway so in 1789
+they're like we're gonna have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like we're gonna have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like we're gonna have a new
+covenant for governing this nation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covenant for governing this nation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covenant for governing this nation and
+this is going to be part of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be part of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be part of it so
+what is this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this what
+part of the Constitution is this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Constitution is this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Constitution is this from
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's article 1 about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Congress very good okay and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress very good okay and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress very good okay and and and you
+can sit up there if you want has ever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit up there if you want has ever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit up there if you want has ever we
+gotten a little sheet ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a little sheet ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a little sheet ok
+can you sign the seat and then pass it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you sign the seat and then pass it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you sign the seat and then pass it
+back okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay
+so we have a Congress can the Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a Congress can the Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a Congress can the Congress
+what's the Congress of Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Congress of Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Congress of Massachusetts
+what's that called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state legislature and ours is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislature and ours is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state legislature and ours is called the
+General Court of Massachusetts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Court of Massachusetts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Court of Massachusetts and
+are there like limits on its power yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a Massachusetts Constitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a Massachusetts Constitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a Massachusetts Constitution
+right it's older than the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's older than the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's older than the US
+Constitution and it basically says this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and it basically says this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and it basically says this
+the general Court can can do whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Court can can do whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general Court can can do whatever it
+wants subject to certain limitations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants subject to certain limitations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants subject to certain limitations so
+if they want to stop you from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they want to stop you from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they want to stop you from you know
+crossing the street on Mondays they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the street on Mondays they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the street on Mondays they can
+do that is the US Congress the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is the US Congress the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is the US Congress the same kind
+of thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing can
+the US Congress legislate however wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Congress legislate however wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Congress legislate however wants
+to subject to certain limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subject to certain limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subject to certain limitations
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+what why not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why not is
+Trisha Katrina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's committees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's committees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's committees and
+subcommittees and stuff so that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcommittees and stuff so that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcommittees and stuff so that does
+that's sort of a bureaucratic impediment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a bureaucratic impediment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a bureaucratic impediment
+to them doing whatever they want but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them doing whatever they want but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them doing whatever they want but is
+there a more structural impediment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a more structural impediment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a more structural impediment
+can-can the US Congress stop you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can-can the US Congress stop you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can-can the US Congress stop you from
+crossing the street on Mondays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it cannot price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't
+think that's true I don't think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true I don't think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true I don't think there's
+a is there a personal rights Clause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is there a personal rights Clause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is there a personal rights Clause of
+the US Constitution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there an amendment that protects your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an amendment that protects your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an amendment that protects your
+ability to cross the street on Mondays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when the state set up this bloodless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the state set up this bloodless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the state set up this bloodless
+revolution in in 1789 they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in in 1789 they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in in 1789 they were very
+concerned about centralized power they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about centralized power they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about centralized power they
+had not too long ago been under a king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not too long ago been under a king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not too long ago been under a king
+who was horrible to them and they wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was horrible to them and they wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was horrible to them and they wrote
+the Declaration of Independence they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Declaration of Independence they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Declaration of Independence they
+were very concerned about centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very concerned about centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very concerned about centralized
+power and the states were very proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and the states were very proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and the states were very proud
+there were states like what's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were states like what's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were states like what's a real
+proud state let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try again Virginia was a very proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again Virginia was a very proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again Virginia was a very proud
+state Massachusetts was a very proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Massachusetts was a very proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Massachusetts was a very proud
+state New York they're probably all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state New York they're probably all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state New York they're probably all
+proud and and they did not want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud and and they did not want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud and and they did not want to just
+cede arbitrary Authority to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cede arbitrary Authority to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cede arbitrary Authority to the central
+national government so they didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national government so they didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national government so they didn't do
+that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they
+established a federal government of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established a federal government of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established a federal government of
+enumerated powers that's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated powers that's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated powers that's very important
+that the federal government can only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the federal government can only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the federal government can only do
+what's set out in the Constitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's set out in the Constitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's set out in the Constitution
+Congress can only do what's listed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress can only do what's listed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress can only do what's listed in
+article 1 so they have what's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article 1 so they have what's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article 1 so they have what's an
+examples of the article 1 powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the article 1 powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the article 1 powers of
+Congress to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+declare war yeah when's the last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare war yeah when's the last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare war yeah when's the last time
+they did that World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did that World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did that World
+War two yeah what's another enumerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two yeah what's another enumerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War two yeah what's another enumerated
+power of Congress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levy taxes yep post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levy taxes yep post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levy taxes yep post
+offices okay they've got a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices okay they've got a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices okay they've got a few
+enumerated powers but there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated powers but there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerated powers but there's there's a
+lot of that they can only do what fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that they can only do what fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that they can only do what fits
+under than those are numerated powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under than those are numerated powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under than those are numerated powers
+can congress stop you from growing pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can congress stop you from growing pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can congress stop you from growing pot
+in your backyard and then smoking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your backyard and then smoking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your backyard and then smoking it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was a trick question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a trick question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a trick question the
+answer is yes and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and that's very
+controversial that's part of what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial that's part of what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial that's part of what people
+argue about on the Supreme Court there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about on the Supreme Court there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about on the Supreme Court there's
+a one of the things Congress can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one of the things Congress can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one of the things Congress can do is
+regulate commerce among the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate commerce among the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate commerce among the states
+that's called the interstate commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the interstate commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the interstate commerce
+clause and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause and under
+that purportedly under that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purportedly under that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purportedly under that power
+Congress is regulated marijuana and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress is regulated marijuana and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress is regulated marijuana and and
+other you know drugs and so they say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know drugs and so they say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other you know drugs and so they say you
+can't grow marijuana in your backyard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't grow marijuana in your backyard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't grow marijuana in your backyard
+even if all you do is smoke it even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if all you do is smoke it even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if all you do is smoke it even if
+you don't give it to anybody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't give it to anybody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't give it to anybody you
+certainly don't give it to any within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't give it to any within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't give it to any within
+another state Congress has said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state Congress has said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state Congress has said no
+marijuana and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the states disagree you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the states disagree you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the states disagree you know
+California wants people to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California wants people to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California wants people to be able to
+smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes
+and there's other places too and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other places too and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other places too and they
+went to the Supreme Court and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the Supreme Court and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the Supreme Court and they said
+look federal government you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look federal government you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look federal government you know
+California is over here at the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California is over here at the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California is over here at the federal
+government's over here they said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's over here they said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government's over here they said you
+have no business regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no business regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no business regulating
+people's marijuana in their backyards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's marijuana in their backyards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's marijuana in their backyards
+that's our state we regulate it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our state we regulate it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our state we regulate it and we
+never see to that authority at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see to that authority at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see to that authority at the
+federal government and just because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government and just because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government and just because you
+have the power to regulate commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power to regulate commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the power to regulate commerce
+between the states among the states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the states among the states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the states among the states that
+you can't stop me from growing pot in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't stop me from growing pot in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't stop me from growing pot in my
+backyard and what did the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard and what did the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard and what did the Supreme Court
+say like last year it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said yeah right Kalyn it said no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah right Kalyn it said no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said yeah right Kalyn it said no the
+federal government does have that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government does have that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government does have that power
+that's within the interstate commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's within the interstate commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's within the interstate commerce
+power because if people were allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because if people were allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power because if people were allowed to
+grow pot in their backyards that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow pot in their backyards that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow pot in their backyards that would
+touch on Interstate Commerce it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on Interstate Commerce it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch on Interstate Commerce it would
+affect it eventually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect it eventually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect it eventually so
+the meanings of these clauses not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meanings of these clauses not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meanings of these clauses not always
+obvious and there's people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and there's people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious and there's people you
+know primarily more conservative people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know primarily more conservative people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know primarily more conservative people
+who think that that the the powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think that that the the powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who think that that the the powers of
+the federal government have gotten way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government have gotten way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal government have gotten way
+out of hand and things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of hand and things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of hand and things like the
+Department of Education which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Education which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Education which gives
+money to schools and and regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to schools and and regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to schools and and regulating
+marijuana that these things are just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marijuana that these things are just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marijuana that these things are just not
+within the enumerated powers of Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the enumerated powers of Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the enumerated powers of Congress
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are active debates so here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are active debates so here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are active debates so here's one
+of the enumerated powers of Congress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enumerated powers of Congress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enumerated powers of Congress and
+this is called some people call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called some people call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called some people call it the
+intellectual property clause but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property clause but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property clause but does
+somebody want to read it I'll read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want to read it I'll read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want to read it I'll read it
+the Congress shall have power to promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Congress shall have power to promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Congress shall have power to promote
+the progress of science and useful arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress of science and useful arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress of science and useful arts
+by securing for limited times to authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by securing for limited times to authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by securing for limited times to authors
+and inventors the exclusive right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inventors the exclusive right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inventors the exclusive right to
+their respective writings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their respective writings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their respective writings and
+discoveries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there were no Clause like this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were no Clause like this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were no Clause like this could
+Congress set up copyrights possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+true it's true we don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's true we don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's true we don't really know
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+Congress set up a law that says if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress set up a law that says if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress set up a law that says if you
+invent something new you can charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent something new you can charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent something new you can charge
+people for it forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+a limited time so it has limited times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited time so it has limited times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limited time so it has limited times
+does any other country now the u.s. is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does any other country now the u.s. is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does any other country now the u.s. is
+not the only country with copyright law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only country with copyright law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only country with copyright law
+right does any other country have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does any other country have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right does any other country have a
+constitutional limited times provision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional limited times provision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutional limited times provision
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no some countries give perpetual rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no some countries give perpetual rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no some countries give perpetual rights
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+in France they have something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in France they have something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in France they have something called
+moral rights and those lasts forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral rights and those lasts forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral rights and those lasts forever
+that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody
+wanted to write people know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to write people know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to write people know the
+Hunchback of Notre Dame there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunchback of Notre Dame there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunchback of Notre Dame there was a
+Disney movie and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney movie and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney movie and so
+somebody wanted to write a sequel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted to write a sequel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted to write a sequel to
+that book by Victor Hugo and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book by Victor Hugo and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book by Victor Hugo and they're
+like The Hunchback - revenge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like The Hunchback - revenge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like The Hunchback - revenge of the
+Hunchback and this is hundreds of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunchback and this is hundreds of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hunchback and this is hundreds of years
+later and Victor Hugo's heirs sued under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and Victor Hugo's heirs sued under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and Victor Hugo's heirs sued under
+the moral rights provision they said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral rights provision they said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moral rights provision they said no
+this impugns our moral rights so not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impugns our moral rights so not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impugns our moral rights so not in
+fact I think no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think no
+other country has a limited-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country has a limited-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other country has a limited-time
+provision in its constitution were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision in its constitution were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision in its constitution were
+the only one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one and
+that's again because the founders were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again because the founders were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again because the founders were
+very concerned about granting monopolies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about granting monopolies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very concerned about granting monopolies
+Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas
+Jefferson wrote who was Thomas Jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson wrote who was Thomas Jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson wrote who was Thomas Jefferson
+was maybe one of the most anti-copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was maybe one of the most anti-copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was maybe one of the most anti-copyright
+of the founders and he wrote about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founders and he wrote about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the founders and he wrote about how
+you know an idea is ephemeral you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an idea is ephemeral you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an idea is ephemeral you know I
+can take an idea and it doesn't take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take an idea and it doesn't take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take an idea and it doesn't take it
+away from you so you know we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from you so you know we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from you so you know we don't need
+we don't need these strict controls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need these strict controls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need these strict controls and
+there were other founders who had had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other founders who had had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other founders who had had
+different views we thought we need much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views we thought we need much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views we thought we need much
+more strict regulation but I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strict regulation but I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strict regulation but I'd
+like to strictly regulate this anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to strictly regulate this anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to strictly regulate this anyway
+but we're the only country with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're the only country with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're the only country with a
+limited time provision have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited time provision have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited time provision have
+there been any lawsuits recently about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been any lawsuits recently about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there been any lawsuits recently about
+the limited times provision that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited times provision that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limited times provision that anybody
+knows about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so what was in that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so what was in that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so what was in that what
+happened there Eldred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I believe
+what did Congress do so come Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did Congress do so come Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did Congress do so come Congress
+extended the length of the Copyright Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended the length of the Copyright Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended the length of the Copyright Act
+or the length of copyrights okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the length of copyrights okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the length of copyrights okay so when
+we say lookit I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say lookit I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say lookit I'm sorry
+when we say limited times how long is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say limited times how long is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we say limited times how long is it
+these days how limited is it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days how limited is it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days how limited is it if you
+write something today how long does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something today how long does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something today how long does it
+stay copyrighted yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you die and then it stays in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you die and then it stays in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you die and then it stays in
+copyright for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say 70
+years for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for
+individuals it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals it
+was it always this way no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it always this way no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it always this way no
+a shorter before so it used to be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter before so it used to be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter before so it used to be just
+50 years after you died and in 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years after you died and in 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years after you died and in 1998
+Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress
+went and they retro actively extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and they retro actively extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and they retro actively extended
+the length of copyright there are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of copyright there are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of copyright there are things
+that were written in the 20s that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were written in the 20s that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were written in the 20s that
+we're about to no longer be copyrighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to no longer be copyrighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to no longer be copyrighted
+because it has to be for limited times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to be for limited times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has to be for limited times
+and Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Congress
+says we're gonna go back and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we're gonna go back and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we're gonna go back and we're gonna
+retro actively extend the life of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro actively extend the life of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retro actively extend the life of those
+copyrights so the heirs of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights so the heirs of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights so the heirs of what's the
+book was written in the 20s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great gatsby the heirs of F scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great gatsby the heirs of F scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great gatsby the heirs of F scott
+Fitzgerald probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitzgerald probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitzgerald probably
+like what probably like MC Fitzgerald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what probably like MC Fitzgerald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what probably like MC Fitzgerald
+some some air you know they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some air you know they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some air you know they're still
+getting royalties from the publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting royalties from the publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting royalties from the publication
+of the great gatsby and that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great gatsby and that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great gatsby and that you know
+the grandchild probably wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandchild probably wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grandchild probably wants the
+copyright to continue so those dudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright to continue so those dudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright to continue so those dudes
+went to Congress and they said we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Congress and they said we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Congress and they said we think
+that F scott Fitzgerald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+own a copyright term extension Act in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a copyright term extension Act in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own a copyright term extension Act in
+1998 and it retroactively the extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 and it retroactively the extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 and it retroactively the extended
+the terms of those copyrights and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of those copyrights and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms of those copyrights and what
+did mr. Eldredge say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+said that was unconstitutional yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not sure what yeah the supreme coat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what yeah the supreme coat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure what yeah the supreme coat
+wasn't really sure either but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really sure either but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really sure either but I mean
+mostly because it says Congress has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because it says Congress has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly because it says Congress has to
+do it for limited times and they if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for limited times and they if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for limited times and they if they
+can keep going back and retroactively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep going back and retroactively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep going back and retroactively
+extending it Eldred argued it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it Eldred argued it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending it Eldred argued it's not
+limited because it can go forever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited because it can go forever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited because it can go forever and
+furthermore what was the other thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore what was the other thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore what was the other thing it
+said up there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said up there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said up there yeah
+I know I need it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I need it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I need it but
+Congress shall have the power to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress shall have the power to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress shall have the power to what
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the to the pop quiz here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the to the pop quiz here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the to the pop quiz here but
+Congress will have the power to promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress will have the power to promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress will have the power to promote
+science and useful arts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and useful arts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and useful arts right
+and and how does extending a cabaret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how does extending a cabaret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and how does extending a cabaret
+promote science and useful arts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote science and useful arts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote science and useful arts it
+doesn't well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay well
+let's let's get back to this later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's get back to this later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's get back to this later but
+let's I just want to emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I just want to emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's I just want to emphasize that
+there's you know that the provisions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know that the provisions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know that the provisions of
+the Constitution are important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution are important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution are important in
+America and people can argue about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and people can argue about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America and people can argue about just
+a few words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words like
+what is it what does interstate commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what does interstate commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what does interstate commerce
+mean what does limited times really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what does limited times really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what does limited times really mean
+and we'll come back to that later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to that later but
+there's some other countries where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other countries where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some other countries where the
+Constitution the literal text of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution the literal text of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution the literal text of the
+Constitution is not as important like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution is not as important like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution is not as important like
+has anybody here from from the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody here from from the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has anybody here from from the Soviet
+Union so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union so
+in that have you read the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that have you read the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that have you read the Soviet
+Constitution it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution it's
+a it's a majestic document and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a majestic document and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a majestic document and it says
+things like all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like all you
+know all the Soviet Union will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the Soviet Union will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all the Soviet Union will have a
+right to free speech and the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to free speech and the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to free speech and the ability to
+criticize the government and the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize the government and the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize the government and the ability
+to practice any religion that they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice any religion that they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice any religion that they want
+you know that was in the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was in the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was in the Soviet
+Constitution but was that reality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution but was that reality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution but was that reality in the
+USSR I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean if the if you wanted to be baptised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if the if you wanted to be baptised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if the if you wanted to be baptised
+in the USSR and the authorities came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the USSR and the authorities came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the USSR and the authorities came to
+you and said you know yet could you sue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and said you know yet could you sue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and said you know yet could you sue
+the government for the right to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government for the right to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government for the right to be
+baptized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baptized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baptized
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I mean we have you know we have sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean we have you know we have sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean we have you know we have sort
+of a it's it's not the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a it's it's not the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a it's it's not the universal
+practice that when a constitution has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that when a constitution has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice that when a constitution has
+has appeals to high truths like promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has appeals to high truths like promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has appeals to high truths like promote
+the progress of science and the useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress of science and the useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the progress of science and the useful
+arts that that necessarily individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts that that necessarily individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts that that necessarily individual
+citizens can can claim the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens can can claim the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens can can claim the the
+protections of those words and even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections of those words and even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protections of those words and even in
+our Constitution that's not always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Constitution that's not always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Constitution that's not always the
+case and Eldred went to the went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and Eldred went to the went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and Eldred went to the went
+to the Supreme Court and he says look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Supreme Court and he says look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Supreme Court and he says look it
+doesn't promote the progress of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't promote the progress of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't promote the progress of science
+and useful arts to give f scott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful arts to give f scott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful arts to give f scott
+fitzgerald's grandchildren more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitzgerald's grandchildren more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitzgerald's grandchildren more money
+because the book has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the book has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the book has already been
+written and the Supreme Court said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and the Supreme Court said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and the Supreme Court said well
+Congress isn't you know it's not for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress isn't you know it's not for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress isn't you know it's not for us
+to decide if Congress is promoting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide if Congress is promoting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide if Congress is promoting the
+progress of science and useful arts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway the point here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point here is that the
+provisions of the Constitution matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions of the Constitution matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions of the Constitution matter
+but you know you really have to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you really have to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you really have to it's
+really not obvious just from looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not obvious just from looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not obvious just from looking at
+them what they really mean this document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what they really mean this document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what they really mean this document
+is like 230 years old people argue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 230 years old people argue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like 230 years old people argue about
+it there's all sorts of things written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's all sorts of things written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's all sorts of things written
+about it so it's not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't just pontificate about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just pontificate about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just pontificate about it and
+expect to have the Supreme Court agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have the Supreme Court agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have the Supreme Court agree
+with you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you okay
+so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+all these have in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+all intellectual property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has everybody heard of every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has everybody heard of every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has everybody heard of every one of
+these things not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things not
+the last three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last three okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+when people talk about intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about intellectual
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is intellectual property what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is intellectual property what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is intellectual property what's
+what's normal property like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your house let's see what normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house let's see what normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house let's see what normal
+property is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is has
+anybody taken like economics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1401 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1401 what's
+what's property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+full rates to use like you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rates to use like you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full rates to use like you can use this
+classroom is this classroom your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom is this classroom your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom is this classroom your
+property but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or like the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the fundamental theorem of
+calculus like you can use that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like you can use that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus like you can use that but it's
+not your property anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your property anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your property anything
+you can sell that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+closer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can be involved in the transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be involved in the transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be involved in the transaction
+I mean you can have a divorce right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you can have a divorce right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you can have a divorce right and
+and grant custody to one of children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grant custody to one of children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grant custody to one of children to
+one parent or another but the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parent or another but the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one parent or another but the children
+are not really property are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and horizons benefit from oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horizons benefit from oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and horizons benefit from oh
+that's good use deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good use deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good use deny
+the use where'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use where'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use where'd
+you get that from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+France see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my French I learned like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that yeah
+he was French - okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so property is one theft or - these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so property is one theft or - these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so property is one theft or - these
+things that's the French views who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agrees with number one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even the Russia guy I guess okay yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the Russia guy I guess okay yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the Russia guy I guess okay yeah I
+mean I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used an item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you can use it in the night somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it in the night somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it in the night somebody
+else take back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's Black's Law Dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's Black's Law Dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's Black's Law Dictionary
+it says property that which is peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says property that which is peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says property that which is peculiar
+or proper to any person that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or proper to any person that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or proper to any person that which
+belongs exclusively to one in the strict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs exclusively to one in the strict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs exclusively to one in the strict
+legal sense an aggregate of Rights which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal sense an aggregate of Rights which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal sense an aggregate of Rights which
+are guaranteed and protected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are guaranteed and protected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are guaranteed and protected by the
+government so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so
+Black's legal dictionary Black's Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's legal dictionary Black's Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Black's legal dictionary Black's Law
+Dictionary says property property has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dictionary says property property has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dictionary says property property has to
+do with what the government will protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with what the government will protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with what the government will protect
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I but mr. black doesn't really seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but mr. black doesn't really seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I but mr. black doesn't really seem to
+agree with pudong so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more going to talk about this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more going to talk about this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more going to talk about this notion of
+property in class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in class so
+do people agree with that that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people agree with that that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people agree with that that property
+is the set of Rights that the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of Rights that the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of Rights that the government
+will protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on one hand it would be granted that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand it would be granted that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one hand it would be granted that he
+could be protected on the other well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be protected on the other well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be protected on the other well
+he could listen this right because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could listen this right because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could listen this right because it
+could be the agent interview it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was great that property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great that property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was great that property
+rights should not be predicted by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights should not be predicted by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights should not be predicted by this
+government because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government because
+it's a natural part it's a natural right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural part it's a natural right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural part it's a natural right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+are they in today in France protected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they in today in France protected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they in today in France protected by
+the government I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government I'm
+gonna fight trespass on your land the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fight trespass on your land the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna fight trespass on your land the
+government will come and arrest me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government will come and arrest me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government will come and arrest me right
+even in France okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in France okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in France okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we also talked about how property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talked about how property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talked about how property rights
+are limited like you talked about taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are limited like you talked about taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are limited like you talked about taxes
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+about if I owned if I owned a house in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I owned if I owned a house in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if I owned if I owned a house in
+Boston can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston can
+an airplane fly over my land do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have the right to pay to do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the right to pay to do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the right to pay to do I have
+the right to demand payment from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to demand payment from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right to demand payment from them
+can I let's say a burglar goes on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I let's say a burglar goes on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I let's say a burglar goes on my
+land can I threaten to shoot them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land can I threaten to shoot them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land can I threaten to shoot them if
+they don't leave even if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't leave even if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't leave even if they don't
+leave can I shoot them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the south let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the south let's
+let's let's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's yeah
+let's say the answer is yes I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the answer is yes I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the answer is yes I have the
+right to exclude a burglar from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to exclude a burglar from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to exclude a burglar from my
+property but an airplane flying over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property but an airplane flying over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property but an airplane flying over a
+head can I exclude the airplane for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head can I exclude the airplane for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head can I exclude the airplane for my
+property yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well sure it does if somebody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sure it does if somebody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sure it does if somebody wants to
+string a telephone wire above my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string a telephone wire above my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string a telephone wire above my
+property or an electrical wire a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property or an electrical wire a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property or an electrical wire a limited
+height where where would you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height where where would you find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height where where would you find a
+limited height like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in your in your deed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your deed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your deed like
+if you own real property you know you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you own real property you know you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you own real property you know you go
+to the county register and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the county register and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the county register and you want to
+buy a house you you get a deed and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a house you you get a deed and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a house you you get a deed and it
+says we give you this parcel of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we give you this parcel of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we give you this parcel of land
+it's not yours and it's recorded doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yours and it's recorded doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not yours and it's recorded doesn't
+have a height limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so what notion here is that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what notion here is that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what notion here is that even if
+you own property and it's as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you own property and it's as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you own property and it's as good as
+gold like your house that profit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold like your house that profit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold like your house that profit that
+that ownership is subject to limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ownership is subject to limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ownership is subject to limitations
+it can be taxed by the government they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be taxed by the government they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be taxed by the government they
+can come and say we've decided your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come and say we've decided your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come and say we've decided your
+house is worth a million dollars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house is worth a million dollars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house is worth a million dollars so
+we're gonna tax you ten thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna tax you ten thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna tax you ten thousand dollars
+a year and if you don't pay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and if you don't pay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year and if you don't pay your
+property taxes you're out so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property taxes you're out so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property taxes you're out so it's
+limited in that sense by taxation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in that sense by taxation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in that sense by taxation if you
+Brad what's your name it's Shirley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad what's your name it's Shirley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brad what's your name it's Shirley
+brought up it's limited in that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up it's limited in that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up it's limited in that you
+can't stop an airplane from flying over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't stop an airplane from flying over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't stop an airplane from flying over
+now when airplanes first started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when airplanes first started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when airplanes first started the
+property owner said look if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property owner said look if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property owner said look if you want to
+fly over the route that's above my house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly over the route that's above my house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly over the route that's above my house
+we need compensation so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need compensation so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need compensation so here's another
+example let's say the government's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say the government's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say the government's
+building a new highway and it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a new highway and it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a new highway and it wants to
+go through my land can they just build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through my land can they just build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through my land can they just build
+the highway through my land they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway through my land they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway through my land they
+can use eminent domain so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use eminent domain so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use eminent domain so that's another
+way in which my property right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which my property right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which my property right is
+limited the government can take my land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited the government can take my land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited the government can take my land
+can they just take it and be like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they just take it and be like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they just take it and be like like
+the Empire will compensate you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Empire will compensate you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Empire will compensate you for your
+time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is eminent domain they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can take your property for public use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take your property for public use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take your property for public use
+and do they just have do they have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do they just have do they have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do they just have do they have to do
+anything to come to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to come to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to come to you
+yeah they have to compensate you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have to compensate you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they have to compensate you but
+this is another sense unless your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another sense unless your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another sense unless your
+property is limited and they and the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is limited and they and the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is limited and they and the air
+rights when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights when
+airplanes first started the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes first started the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes first started the property
+owners went to the courts and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners went to the courts and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners went to the courts and they said
+look if they want to build an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if they want to build an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look if they want to build an air
+highway above my house that's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway above my house that's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway above my house that's just like
+building a highway or a telephone line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a highway or a telephone line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a highway or a telephone line
+or an electrical line I need at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an electrical line I need at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an electrical line I need at the
+minimum compensation and oh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum compensation and oh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum compensation and oh and the
+courts I think even the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts I think even the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts I think even the Supreme Court
+said no we don't think that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no we don't think that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no we don't think that's part of
+your property right but that was a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your property right but that was a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your property right but that was a case
+of you know the Supreme Court had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the Supreme Court had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the Supreme Court had never
+seen that before so sometimes it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that before so sometimes it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that before so sometimes it's not
+even obvious what your property right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even obvious what your property right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even obvious what your property right is
+there isn't but this definition here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't but this definition here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't but this definition here is
+a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's
+a pretty main line definition but people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty main line definition but people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty main line definition but people
+get very passionate about that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very passionate about that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get very passionate about that's my
+property so you can't do anything I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so you can't do anything I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property so you can't do anything I mean
+property is limited all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is limited all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is limited all the time and
+let's just briefly it's okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just briefly it's okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just briefly it's okay so these
+are these are the kinds of property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are the kinds of property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these are the kinds of property that
+we could call intellectual property what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call intellectual property what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could call intellectual property what
+distinguishes this from sort of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes this from sort of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes this from sort of normal
+property it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not physical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not physical okay
+can you can you take somebody's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know right of publicity so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right of publicity so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right of publicity so they don't
+let's can you take somebody's copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's can you take somebody's copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's can you take somebody's copyright
+so that they don't have there if I copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they don't have there if I copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they don't have there if I copy
+your book is it to take the book away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book is it to take the book away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your book is it to take the book away
+from you is there any limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you is there any limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you is there any limit on the
+number of copies of the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of copies of the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of copies of the book and
+if you have some sheep and I take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some sheep and I take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some sheep and I take your
+sheep that means you don't have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep that means you don't have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep that means you don't have them
+anymore but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but
+if I copy your book do you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I copy your book do you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I copy your book do you still have
+the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's true ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true ok
+so how do we send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we send
+we head this book so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we head this book so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we head this book so
+how do we classify these how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we how do we talk about the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we how do we talk about the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we how do we talk about the different
+kinds of property rights so anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of property rights so anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of property rights so anybody
+taken economics what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about like national defense you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like national defense you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like national defense you
+have a you know you the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know you the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a you know you the government
+protects you whether you want them to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects you whether you want them to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects you whether you want them to or
+not what kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what kind of you
+know what kind of good is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a public good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public good you
+get to the page here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the page here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the page here okay
+and why is it a public good there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it a public good there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it a public good there's
+this classification of goods what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like a sheep that you own how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a sheep that you own how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a sheep that you own how
+would we classify that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we classify that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we classify that it's
+private okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private okay and
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+why is it private I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hear you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you you're
+the only one that benefits from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that benefits from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one that benefits from it and
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heard of rivalry no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there a rivalry for the let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a rivalry for the let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a rivalry for the let's say we
+have a cow and it produces a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cow and it produces a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a cow and it produces a certain
+amount of milk per day is there a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of milk per day is there a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of milk per day is there a you
+know it produces a gallon of milk per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it produces a gallon of milk per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it produces a gallon of milk per
+day or how much milk does a cow produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or how much milk does a cow produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day or how much milk does a cow produce
+how much 40 gallons a day okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much 40 gallons a day okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much 40 gallons a day okay so if I
+saw somebody 20 gallons can I sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw somebody 20 gallons can I sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw somebody 20 gallons can I sell
+somebody else 30 gallons no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no there's a limit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's what's called a rivalry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the resource because there's a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource because there's a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resource because there's a if
+somebody wants 30 gallons then the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants 30 gallons then the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wants 30 gallons then the only
+amount somebody else could have is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount somebody else could have is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount somebody else could have is 10
+gallons and what else about a cow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons and what else about a cow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gallons and what else about a cow is
+there any way for me to stop you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way for me to stop you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any way for me to stop you from
+milking my cow yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it possible
+yeah you can fence it off you can hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can fence it off you can hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can fence it off you can hire
+farmhands so I can enforce my right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmhands so I can enforce my right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmhands so I can enforce my right to
+the milk from the cow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the milk from the cow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the milk from the cow so
+the cow has exclusivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cow has exclusivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cow has exclusivity so
+rivalry means there is contention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry means there is contention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry means there is contention
+between different people who want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different people who want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different people who want the
+good exclusivity means it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exclusivity means it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exclusivity means it's possible to
+enforce exclusivity it's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce exclusivity it's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce exclusivity it's not a good
+definition at all there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition at all there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition at all there's
+exclusion I can exclude people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion I can exclude people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion I can exclude people from
+using it try that okay what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it try that okay what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it try that okay what's the right
+that has a good that has exclusion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a good that has exclusion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a good that has exclusion but
+but and rivalry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and rivalry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and rivalry this
+one right like the cow what's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right like the cow what's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right like the cow what's the one
+that has no rivalry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no rivalry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no rivalry
+but it does have exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crossing a bridge that's good so like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing a bridge that's good so like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing a bridge that's good so like a
+toll so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toll so
+they can stop you from crossing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can stop you from crossing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can stop you from crossing the
+bridge if you don't pay the toll but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge if you don't pay the toll but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge if you don't pay the toll but
+there's really not no contention for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not no contention for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not no contention for the
+bridge at least not you know it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge at least not you know it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge at least not you know it's a it's
+a pretty far off contention or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty far off contention or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty far off contention or like
+cable TV like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable TV like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable TV like
+they can stop you from getting HBO but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can stop you from getting HBO but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can stop you from getting HBO but
+there's no limit on the number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no limit on the number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no limit on the number of people
+they can give HBO to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can give HBO to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can give HBO to so
+these things are called private Goods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are called private Goods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are called private Goods so
+it no or sorry yes and no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's an example of something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of something that's
+with the exclusion but not rivalry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exclusion but not rivalry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the exclusion but not rivalry is
+like it's called a public good like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cable TV what's something that has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable TV what's something that has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable TV what's something that has no
+exclusion but it does have rivalry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+like a river or a highway something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a river or a highway something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a river or a highway something
+where it can get congested like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can get congested like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can get congested like
+a free highway there you know with note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free highway there you know with note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free highway there you know with note
+if they don't have a toll booth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't have a toll booth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they don't have a toll booth they
+can't stop you from accessing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't stop you from accessing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't stop you from accessing the
+highway but if too many people access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway but if too many people access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway but if too many people access
+the highway we've got problems so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway we've got problems so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highway we've got problems so that's
+called a common access resource and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+this last category where there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last category where there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last category where there's no
+rivalry and there's no exclusion well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about what clean air is a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about what clean air is a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about what clean air is a good one
+if the air is clean you know I can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the air is clean you know I can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the air is clean you know I can read
+the clean air you can read the clean air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clean air you can read the clean air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clean air you can read the clean air
+and there's no way to exclude you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way to exclude you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no way to exclude you know
+if we if we if the government is paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we if the government is paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if we if the government is paying
+to clean up the air whether I pay those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up the air whether I pay those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clean up the air whether I pay those
+taxes or not I still benefit from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes or not I still benefit from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes or not I still benefit from it
+there's if people read Atlas Shrugged is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if people read Atlas Shrugged is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if people read Atlas Shrugged is
+anybody here a an Objectivist so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I ran was this author and she wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran was this author and she wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran was this author and she wrote this
+book Atlas Shrugged about a very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Atlas Shrugged about a very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Atlas Shrugged about a very sort of
+free-market view of how the world should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-market view of how the world should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-market view of how the world should
+work and only people who want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and only people who want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and only people who want the
+services of the police should have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services of the police should have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services of the police should have to
+pay for the police protection and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the police protection and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay for the police protection and the
+same for ambulances and fire departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for ambulances and fire departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for ambulances and fire departments
+and and national defense but in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and national defense but in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and national defense but in practice
+it would be tricky to have an an army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be tricky to have an an army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be tricky to have an an army
+that only protected the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only protected the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only protected the people who were
+paying for its services right like if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for its services right like if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for its services right like if an
+army protects Cambridge Massachusetts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army protects Cambridge Massachusetts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army protects Cambridge Massachusetts it
+can't only protect the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't only protect the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't only protect the people who are
+paying for the army right either it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for the army right either it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying for the army right either it's
+going to ward off the attackers or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ward off the attackers or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ward off the attackers or it
+isn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't so
+a sort of national defense is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of national defense is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of national defense is another
+one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+say either I mean cuz the you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say either I mean cuz the you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say either I mean cuz the you know if
+the government is willing to enforce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is willing to enforce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government is willing to enforce an
+exclusive right I mean they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right I mean they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right I mean they do it
+physically they've got FBI and guns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically they've got FBI and guns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically they've got FBI and guns and
+so that's you know the legal mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know the legal mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's you know the legal mechanism
+of eventually becomes a physical one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eventually becomes a physical one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eventually becomes a physical one I
+mean the bullet might be the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the bullet might be the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the bullet might be the first time
+there's an actual physical thing but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual physical thing but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual physical thing but if
+they eventually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eventually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they eventually it's
+eventually physical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually physical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually physical okay
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these species of intellectual property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these species of intellectual property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these species of intellectual property
+what kinds of goods do they do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of goods do they do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of goods do they do they
+protect like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect like
+a copyright like when you get Microsoft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copyright like when you get Microsoft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a copyright like when you get Microsoft
+Windows that's copyrighted right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows that's copyrighted right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows that's copyrighted right
+somebody else is like hey can you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is like hey can you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else is like hey can you give
+me a copy of Windows can you can you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a copy of Windows can you can you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a copy of Windows can you can you do
+pit for him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pit for him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pit for him or
+the Britney Spears bye-bye Britney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Britney Spears bye-bye Britney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Britney Spears bye-bye Britney
+Spears CD and somebody's like hey can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears CD and somebody's like hey can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears CD and somebody's like hey can
+you give me a copy of that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a copy of that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a copy of that what
+what kind of good is they it first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of good is they it first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of good is they it first of
+all is that illegal yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean yes let's say yes so what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yes let's say yes so what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean yes let's say yes so what kind of
+good is a Britney Spears CD the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is a Britney Spears CD the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is a Britney Spears CD the
+music on the Britney Spears CD well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+public good publicly because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public good publicly because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public good publicly because there's no
+rivalry to the music you if I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry to the music you if I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rivalry to the music you if I put the
+Britney Spears mp3 in my home directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears mp3 in my home directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears mp3 in my home directory
+you know anybody can get it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anybody can get it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anybody can get it it's not
+like doesn't take it away from me so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doesn't take it away from me so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like doesn't take it away from me so
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+reason that these kinds of property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that these kinds of property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that these kinds of property
+rights are intellectual property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights are intellectual property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights are intellectual property rights
+is because what they protect are public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because what they protect are public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because what they protect are public
+goods now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods now
+what's a what's a pure public good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a what's a pure public good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a what's a pure public good in
+the area of copyrighted stuff yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so free software so like Linux somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so free software so like Linux somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so free software so like Linux somebody
+puts you know Linux is a operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you know Linux is a operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts you know Linux is a operating
+system kernel if somebody puts that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system kernel if somebody puts that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system kernel if somebody puts that on
+the internet says take it do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet says take it do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet says take it do whatever
+you want with it then not only is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want with it then not only is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want with it then not only is there
+no rivalry but there's also no exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rivalry but there's also no exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rivalry but there's also no exclusion
+because anybody can take it but but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anybody can take it but but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anybody can take it but but most
+most music and software is just not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most music and software is just not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most music and software is just not it's
+not a so this is called a pure public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a so this is called a pure public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a so this is called a pure public
+good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Linux which is you know is pure but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux which is you know is pure but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux which is you know is pure but most
+copyrighted materials are just public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted materials are just public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted materials are just public
+goods and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods and that's
+why we say that these rights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we say that these rights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we say that these rights are
+intellectual property rights because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property rights because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property rights because
+what they protect there's no rivalry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they protect there's no rivalry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they protect there's no rivalry if
+I copy the Britney Spears CD it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I copy the Britney Spears CD it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I copy the Britney Spears CD it doesn't
+take the Britney Spears city away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Britney Spears city away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Britney Spears city away from
+you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is
+that that makes sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes sense okay
+but there's no one thing called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no one thing called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no one thing called
+intellectual property there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property there's a lot of
+different laws so what can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different laws so what can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different laws so what can somebody
+explain in one sentence what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in one sentence what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain in one sentence what's a
+copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two sentences this is like that game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar to my number two does deny the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to my number two does deny the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to my number two does deny the
+use okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay
+but but just somebody like what's a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but just somebody like what's a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but just somebody like what's a you
+know what's a copyright what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's a copyright what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's a copyright what does that
+protect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really more specific copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more specific copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more specific copyright
+is it about an expression like a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about an expression like a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it about an expression like a book
+some sort of right you know some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of right you know some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of right you know some sort of
+writing or a movie and it says you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing or a movie and it says you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing or a movie and it says you can't
+copy it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy it you
+can't copy a movie without permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't copy a movie without permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't copy a movie without permission
+from the owner of that property right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the owner of that property right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the owner of that property right
+you can't copy a book it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't copy a book it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't copy a book it's basically
+what copyright is about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what copyright is about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what copyright is about but
+if we see what's a good move like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see what's a good move like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see what's a good move like
+Jurassic Park and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jurassic Park and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jurassic Park and and
+then I want to make my own movie about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to make my own movie about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want to make my own movie about
+dinosaurs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaurs is
+that can the who owns the copyright on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can the who owns the copyright on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can the who owns the copyright on
+Jurassic Park some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+company yeah Universal so can Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company yeah Universal so can Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company yeah Universal so can Universal
+stop me from making another movie about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me from making another movie about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop me from making another movie about
+dinosaurs well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but no they don't own the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no they don't own the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no they don't own the idea of
+dinosaur movie they own this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaur movie they own this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinosaur movie they own this expression
+the movie Jurassic Park and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie Jurassic Park and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie Jurassic Park and you can't
+copy that that's a copyright okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy that that's a copyright okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy that that's a copyright okay what's
+a patent sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your clothes keep it there say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clothes keep it there say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your clothes keep it there say it again
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for an invention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an invention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an invention so
+if you invent something like if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you invent something like if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you invent something like if you make
+the first dinosaur movie if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you make them or if you invent a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make them or if you invent a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make them or if you invent a drug
+penicillin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penicillin it
+stops somebody else from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops somebody else from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops somebody else from from
+selling the same invention right or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the same invention right or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling the same invention right or from
+even making the same invention so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even making the same invention so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even making the same invention so
+could you patent a dinosaur movie just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you patent a dinosaur movie just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you patent a dinosaur movie just
+the idea of a dinosaur movie you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can pan a lot of things that's true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so there's a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so there's a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so there's a difference between
+copyrights and patents copiers protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights and patents copiers protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights and patents copiers protect
+things that are like written down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are like written down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are like written down or
+like a movie and stop you from copying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a movie and stop you from copying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a movie and stop you from copying
+them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the
+patents protect inventions and they stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents protect inventions and they stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents protect inventions and they stop
+you from making them or using them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from making them or using them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from making them or using them or
+selling them we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling them we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling them we're
+not going to talk about patents anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about patents anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to talk about patents anymore
+in this class but they're different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but they're different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class but they're different from
+copyrights but they're also sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights but they're also sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights but they're also sort of
+intellectual property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property
+what's a trade secret like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coca-cola yeah is that patented like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coca-cola yeah is that patented like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coca-cola yeah is that patented like if
+I discover the formula for coca-cola can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discover the formula for coca-cola can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I discover the formula for coca-cola can
+coke sue me and say that's our invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke sue me and say that's our invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coke sue me and say that's our invention
+no cuz it's not it's not patented it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cuz it's not it's not patented it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cuz it's not it's not patented it's
+just it's a secret and if I went to Coke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's a secret and if I went to Coke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's a secret and if I went to Coke
+and I said I want to make coca-cola I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said I want to make coca-cola I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said I want to make coca-cola I'll
+give you a trillion dollars to let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a trillion dollars to let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a trillion dollars to let me
+make coca-cola could they sell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make coca-cola could they sell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make coca-cola could they sell me the
+right to do that sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to do that sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to do that sure
+but it's their secret and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's their secret and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's their secret and a
+pat sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well one of the differences is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the differences is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one of the differences is that a
+patent is sort of a deal you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is sort of a deal you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is sort of a deal you have to
+just you have to publish your invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you have to publish your invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you have to publish your invention
+to get a patent and then it only lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a patent and then it only lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a patent and then it only lasts
+20 years a trade secret you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years a trade secret you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years a trade secret you
+keep secret you don't publish and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep secret you don't publish and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep secret you don't publish and it
+lasts forever but if somebody ever finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts forever but if somebody ever finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts forever but if somebody ever finds
+out about it or comes up invents it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about it or comes up invents it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about it or comes up invents it on
+their own then they can do whatever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own then they can do whatever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own then they can do whatever they
+want a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a patent
+even if they do it on their own they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they do it on their own they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they do it on their own they're
+still screwed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's a trademark yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a trademark yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a trademark yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+like if you steal a trade secret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you steal a trade secret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you steal a trade secret the
+government can can prevent you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government can can prevent you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government can can prevent you from
+telling anybody else about it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait
+no you don't but you need if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't but you need if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you don't but you need if you want
+the courts to enforce it you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courts to enforce it you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courts to enforce it you need to
+show evidence that you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show evidence that you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show evidence that you had some
+agreement to keep it secret okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement to keep it secret okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement to keep it secret okay
+what's the trademark okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trademark okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trademark okay
+we can write this little so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write this little so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write this little so anyway
+what's the trademark like a brand like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trademark like a brand like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trademark like a brand like
+Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+what's another example of the trademark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another example of the trademark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another example of the trademark
+coca-cola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coca-cola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coca-cola
+how about rated pg-13 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about rated pg-13 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about rated pg-13 that's
+a trademark like if I want to put out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trademark like if I want to put out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trademark like if I want to put out a
+movie that's guy like people's limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that's guy like people's limbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie that's guy like people's limbs
+coming off and all sorts of nude people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off and all sorts of nude people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off and all sorts of nude people
+and everything and I say rated G is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything and I say rated G is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything and I say rated G is that
+okay can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I do that no why not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's an organization called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an organization called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an organization called the
+Motion Picture Association and they own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion Picture Association and they own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motion Picture Association and they own
+a trademark on rated G so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trademark on rated G so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trademark on rated G so you can't
+pretend that they that they endorsed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that they that they endorsed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend that they that they endorsed
+your movie with rated G if they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your movie with rated G if they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your movie with rated G if they didn't
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so copyright if we had to sum up in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so copyright if we had to sum up in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so copyright if we had to sum up in just
+a few words copyright is a right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words copyright is a right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few words copyright is a right to
+prevent people from copying patents is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from copying patents is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent people from copying patents is a
+right to prevent people from making or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prevent people from making or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prevent people from making or
+using or selling an invention trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using or selling an invention trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using or selling an invention trade
+secret just it's a secret it's about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret just it's a secret it's about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret just it's a secret it's about how
+you get and you can you have a right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and you can you have a right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get and you can you have a right to
+keep it secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it secret
+as long as somebody doesn't find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as somebody doesn't find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as somebody doesn't find out
+about it legitimately a trademark is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it legitimately a trademark is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it legitimately a trademark is a
+right to prevent confusion in a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prevent confusion in a consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prevent confusion in a consumer
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I if I make a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I make a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I make a movie
+called The Little Mermaid sucks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Little Mermaid sucks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Little Mermaid sucks and
+Disney is a horrible company that Disney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney is a horrible company that Disney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Disney is a horrible company that Disney
+has a trademark on Disney right can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a trademark on Disney right can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a trademark on Disney right can they
+sue me and win yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue me and win yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue me and win yes
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean basically unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean basically unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean basically unless
+my product would create a likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my product would create a likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my product would create a likelihood of
+confusion they can't win that's what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion they can't win that's what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion they can't win that's what a
+trademark is if I say Disney endorses my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark is if I say Disney endorses my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark is if I say Disney endorses my
+product and they don't that's trademark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and they don't that's trademark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and they don't that's trademark
+infringement but if I say Disney sucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement but if I say Disney sucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement but if I say Disney sucks
+it's probably not trademark infringement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not trademark infringement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not trademark infringement
+who here has heard the song barbie girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here has heard the song barbie girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who here has heard the song barbie girl
+by who wrote it aqua yeah people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by who wrote it aqua yeah people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by who wrote it aqua yeah people know
+that song do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that song do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that song do
+people think that Mattel was happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that Mattel was happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think that Mattel was happy with
+the song what does it say about Barbie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song what does it say about Barbie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song what does it say about Barbie
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derogatory told Marie if she's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derogatory told Marie if she's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derogatory told Marie if she's sort of a
+loose woman as depicted in the song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose woman as depicted in the song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose woman as depicted in the song
+she's sort of a loose woman and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's sort of a loose woman and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's sort of a loose woman and
+and Barbie Mattel the company that owns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Barbie Mattel the company that owns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Barbie Mattel the company that owns
+the trademark on Barbies sued aqua and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trademark on Barbies sued aqua and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trademark on Barbies sued aqua and
+its record label saying this CD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its record label saying this CD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its record label saying this CD is
+trademark infringement because customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark infringement because customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark infringement because customers
+will believe that it comes from us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will believe that it comes from us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will believe that it comes from us and
+that's what that's what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what you have to
+assert to to win a case for trademark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert to to win a case for trademark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assert to to win a case for trademark
+infringement you have to serve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement you have to serve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement you have to serve a
+likelihood of confusion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of confusion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of confusion and
+that it was a very long case it's fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a very long case it's fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a very long case it's fun to
+read maybe Willis I I want to anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read maybe Willis I I want to anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read maybe Willis I I want to anyway
+it's a fun case you can pull it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fun case you can pull it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fun case you can pull it up and
+how are we doing on time okay and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing on time okay and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing on time okay and and
+the court had to go through and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court had to go through and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court had to go through and they
+surveyed people in shopping malls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveyed people in shopping malls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveyed people in shopping malls and
+they said here's Barbie here's this song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said here's Barbie here's this song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said here's Barbie here's this song
+do you think the song comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the song comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the song comes from the
+same company that made the doll and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same company that made the doll and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same company that made the doll and they
+interview people and certain percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview people and certain percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview people and certain percentage
+say yes and some percentage say no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes and some percentage say no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes and some percentage say no and
+the court has to decide whether there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court has to decide whether there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court has to decide whether there's
+a likelihood of confusion and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a likelihood of confusion and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a likelihood of confusion and in this
+case the court you know because Mattel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the court you know because Mattel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the court you know because Mattel
+Road for instance that Barbie they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road for instance that Barbie they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Road for instance that Barbie they had
+worked hard to cultivate Barbies image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard to cultivate Barbies image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked hard to cultivate Barbies image
+which was wholesomeness and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was wholesomeness and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was wholesomeness and that
+this song destroyed that you know made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song destroyed that you know made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song destroyed that you know made
+it look like Mattel was coming out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like Mattel was coming out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like Mattel was coming out with
+a new image for Barbie and anyway the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new image for Barbie and anyway the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new image for Barbie and anyway the
+court didn't buy it and it went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court didn't buy it and it went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court didn't buy it and it went to the
+appeals court and the appeals court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court and the appeals court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court and the appeals court
+didn't buy it but the point is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't buy it but the point is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't buy it but the point is that's
+what you need for a trademark you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need for a trademark you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need for a trademark you need
+to have likelihood of confusion but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have likelihood of confusion but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have likelihood of confusion but when
+you see those infomercials and they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those infomercials and they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see those infomercials and they say
+this vacuum works great and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vacuum works great and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vacuum works great and you know the
+Bissell vacuum sucks and the doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bissell vacuum sucks and the doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bissell vacuum sucks and the doesn't
+suck and the the Oreck vacuum also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck and the the Oreck vacuum also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suck and the the Oreck vacuum also is
+really bad is it okay to use those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad is it okay to use those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad is it okay to use those
+companies names and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies names and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies names and that sort of
+comparative advertising yes it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advertising yes it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advertising yes it is okay
+so trademark is not an exclusive right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trademark is not an exclusive right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so trademark is not an exclusive right
+to use the name Disney it's a right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the name Disney it's a right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the name Disney it's a right to
+prevent likelihood of confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent likelihood of confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent likelihood of confusion
+generally about the origin of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about the origin of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about the origin of products
+okay what's a right of publicity you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just signed this away so would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just signed this away so would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just signed this away so would
+be good to know about it sorry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good to know about it sorry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be good to know about it sorry okay
+well you didn't sign it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right a reticle this is a right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a reticle this is a right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a reticle this is a right to
+protect your identity from being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect your identity from being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect your identity from being used
+generally in advertising in commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in advertising in commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally in advertising in commercial
+speech so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech so
+if somebody's filming like I'm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody's filming like I'm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody's filming like I'm it's
+maybe broader than that but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe broader than that but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe broader than that but if
+somebody's filming a movie like Steven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's filming a movie like Steven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's filming a movie like Steven
+Spielberg's filming a movie outside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spielberg's filming a movie outside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spielberg's filming a movie outside and
+they accidentally get you in the shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they accidentally get you in the shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they accidentally get you in the shot
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally would not want to publish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally would not want to publish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally would not want to publish the
+movie without having you sign a waiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie without having you sign a waiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie without having you sign a waiver
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what if the Channel 7 News is filming at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the Channel 7 News is filming at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the Channel 7 News is filming at
+something outside a nightclub let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something outside a nightclub let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something outside a nightclub let's say
+a nightclub of ill repute and they catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nightclub of ill repute and they catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nightclub of ill repute and they catch
+you in the shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the shot
+would they be infringing your right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be infringing your right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be infringing your right of
+publicity to publish that photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity to publish that photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicity to publish that photograph
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well they wouldn't because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they wouldn't because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they wouldn't because
+the right of publicity only protects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of publicity only protects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of publicity only protects
+your identity in sort of commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity in sort of commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity in sort of commercial
+publications so the news is excluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications so the news is excluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications so the news is excluded
+sort of factual material is excluded but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of factual material is excluded but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of factual material is excluded but
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that you know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know that if
+you take a picture out on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a picture out on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a picture out on the street
+just of random people and put it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of random people and put it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just of random people and put it on your
+webpage that's okay but if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webpage that's okay but if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webpage that's okay but if you take a
+picture out on the street and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture out on the street and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture out on the street and you know
+Nikon wants to use that picture in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikon wants to use that picture in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikon wants to use that picture in their
+advertising for the camera that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising for the camera that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising for the camera that's
+totally not okay they have to get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not okay they have to get what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally not okay they have to get what
+are called model waivers from all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called model waivers from all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called model waivers from all those
+people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so
+that's the right of publicity and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right of publicity and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the right of publicity and it's
+quite broad actually in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite broad actually in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite broad actually in in
+California this company Samsung which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California this company Samsung which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California this company Samsung which
+makes televisions made an advertisement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes televisions made an advertisement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes televisions made an advertisement
+about in the future Samsung televisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the future Samsung televisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the future Samsung televisions
+will still be running and they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be running and they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will still be running and they showed
+some of the things that would be on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that would be on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that would be on your
+Samsung television in the year 3000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samsung television in the year 3000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Samsung television in the year 3000 and
+they had a robot wearing like a blonde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a robot wearing like a blonde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had a robot wearing like a blonde
+wig turning over some letters you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wig turning over some letters you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wig turning over some letters you know I
+was like like in wheel of fortune but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like like in wheel of fortune but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like like in wheel of fortune but it
+was a robot you know they're like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a robot you know they're like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a robot you know they're like in the
+future you know a robot will turn over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you know a robot will turn over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you know a robot will turn over
+the blond letters turn over the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blond letters turn over the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blond letters turn over the letters
+and they were sued by what's-her-name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were sued by what's-her-name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were sued by what's-her-name
+Vanna White the woman who in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanna White the woman who in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanna White the woman who in real life
+turns over the letters on wheel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns over the letters on wheel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns over the letters on wheel of
+fortune and I said no by having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and I said no by having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and I said no by having this
+robot in a blonde wig your your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot in a blonde wig your your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot in a blonde wig your your company
+is profiting from my identity you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is profiting from my identity you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is profiting from my identity you know
+with my and anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my and anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my and anyway
+and she won she went like four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she won she went like four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she won she went like four hundred
+thousand dollars so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars so
+the the right of publicity is very broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right of publicity is very broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the right of publicity is very broad
+at least in some part of the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in some part of the country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in some part of the country and
+it's a right to have your identity not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a right to have your identity not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a right to have your identity not
+be exploited commercially but from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exploited commercially but from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exploited commercially but from the
+news you don't have any protection okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news you don't have any protection okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news you don't have any protection okay
+there's another kind of intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of intellectual
+property right called an the orphan drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right called an the orphan drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right called an the orphan drug
+protection that we have in America where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection that we have in America where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection that we have in America where
+if you're a drug company and you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a drug company and you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a drug company and you make a
+drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug
+for a rare disease even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a rare disease even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a rare disease even
+if it's the drug doesn't have any novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the drug doesn't have any novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's the drug doesn't have any novel
+inventions in it you don't have a patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions in it you don't have a patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventions in it you don't have a patent
+still you're the only company that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you're the only company that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you're the only company that's
+allowed to sell the drug for I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to sell the drug for I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to sell the drug for I think
+seven years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven years so
+it's another sort of limited property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another sort of limited property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another sort of limited property
+right and finally what's the designation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and finally what's the designation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and finally what's the designation
+of origin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in Europe they're very serious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe they're very serious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe they're very serious about
+this thing called designation of origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called designation of origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing called designation of origin
+and if you want to have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to have like
+champagne sparkling wine or what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne sparkling wine or what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne sparkling wine or what's
+a cheese example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the idea is that only those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the idea is that only those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the idea is that only those
+towns the plates champagne and France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns the plates champagne and France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns the plates champagne and France
+are bald or those places would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bald or those places would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bald or those places would be able
+to call their wines or their cheese's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call their wines or their cheese's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call their wines or their cheese's by
+those names and that's a designation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those names and that's a designation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those names and that's a designation of
+origin that would be owned by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin that would be owned by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin that would be owned by those
+localities and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localities and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localities and in
+America we've really resisted I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America we've really resisted I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America we've really resisted I don't
+think we have protections for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have protections for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have protections for
+designation of origins so you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation of origins so you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation of origins so you can get
+champagne that's actually from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne that's actually from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champagne that's actually from
+California or cheddar cheese it's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California or cheddar cheese it's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California or cheddar cheese it's from
+Wisconsin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wisconsin but
+in Europe they don't like that stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe they don't like that stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe they don't like that stuff so
+that's an example of an intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of an intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of an intellectual
+property right that exists in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right that exists in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right that exists in some
+countries but not in America and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but not in America and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries but not in America and there's
+other ones too like those moral rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones too like those moral rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones too like those moral rights
+we were talking about don't really exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about don't really exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about don't really exist
+in the US so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when people start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people start talking about
+intellectual properties it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual properties it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual properties it's important
+to realize that those words reflect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that those words reflect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that those words reflect a
+broad set of Rights I imposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad set of Rights I imposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad set of Rights I imposed by
+different government agencies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different government agencies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different government agencies that are
+different in different states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different states in
+different countries and they're they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and they're they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries and they're they can
+be very particular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very particular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very particular and
+that doesn't mean that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't mean that they're not
+property because as we learn all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property because as we learn all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property because as we learn all sorts
+of property can be hemmed in and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of property can be hemmed in and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of property can be hemmed in and the
+airplanes and the the burrowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and the the burrowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and the the burrowing and
+taxes and all that but these rights too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and all that but these rights too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes and all that but these rights too
+can be very particular and they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very particular and they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very particular and they often
+different intellectual property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intellectual property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different intellectual property rights
+have nothing to do with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you
+know are these rights property you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are these rights property you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are these rights property you
+know I mean like if you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean like if you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean like if you want to have
+sheep there's no really limit on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep there's no really limit on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheep there's no really limit on the
+time that you can own the sheep but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you can own the sheep but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you can own the sheep but
+copyrights and patents there are limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights and patents there are limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights and patents there are limited
+times some people argue that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some people argue that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times some people argue that they're not
+property you can see here in the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you can see here in the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property you can see here in the law
+Congress actually said you know patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress actually said you know patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress actually said you know patents
+are personal property ditto for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are personal property ditto for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are personal property ditto for
+copyright and some scholars disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and some scholars disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and some scholars disagree
+that copyrights are really property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that copyrights are really property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that copyrights are really property
+here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's
+what 46 law professors wrote in 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 46 law professors wrote in 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 46 law professors wrote in 2001
+somebody want to read that out loud as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he could easily done what precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could easily done what precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could easily done what precisely
+should promote the progress of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should promote the progress of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should promote the progress of science
+and useful arts this granny corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful arts this granny corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful arts this granny corporation
+enforces a specific vision of the sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces a specific vision of the sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces a specific vision of the sorts
+of exclusive rights they were permitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exclusive rights they were permitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exclusive rights they were permitted
+rights limited not only in duration see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights limited not only in duration see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights limited not only in duration see
+US Constitution in article 1 section 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Constitution in article 1 section 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US Constitution in article 1 section 8
+Clause 8 but also let's go these rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause 8 but also let's go these rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause 8 but also let's go these rights
+are not property rights again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not property rights again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not property rights again
+terminology which the framers knew well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology which the framers knew well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology which the framers knew well
+and could easily have chosen and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could easily have chosen and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could easily have chosen and which
+is powerful natural law antecedents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is powerful natural law antecedents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is powerful natural law antecedents
+eliminated among novelists to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated among novelists to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated among novelists to be
+prescribed by statute okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by statute okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by statute okay
+so what does that mean limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that mean limited
+monopolies to be prescribed by statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies to be prescribed by statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolies to be prescribed by statute
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+is that different from property yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that different from property yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that different from property yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to benefit society in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit society in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to benefit society in fact it's
+only because between ability cue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because between ability cue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because between ability cue from
+certain amount and that you will have me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount and that you will have me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount and that you will have me
+incentive to make discoveries or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to make discoveries or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to make discoveries or to
+publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so these rights are to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these rights are to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these rights are to give you an
+incentive to publish new books because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to publish new books because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to publish new books because
+if I publish this book I know I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I publish this book I know I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I publish this book I know I'll be
+able to benefit from it for at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to benefit from it for at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to benefit from it for at least the
+next 70 years nobody will rip me off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 70 years nobody will rip me off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 70 years nobody will rip me off and
+and that's not like property let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not like property let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not like property let
+me do we buy that who thinks that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do we buy that who thinks that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do we buy that who thinks that that's
+true that this argument is persuasive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that this argument is persuasive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that this argument is persuasive
+copyright is not a property right does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright is not a property right does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright is not a property right does
+anybody agree with the 46 law professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody agree with the 46 law professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody agree with the 46 law professors
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at that it was a lawsuit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that it was a lawsuit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that it was a lawsuit but
+the issue here was is copyright a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here was is copyright a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue here was is copyright a
+property right no the 46 law professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right no the 46 law professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right no the 46 law professors
+including Jonathan Zittrain at Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Jonathan Zittrain at Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Jonathan Zittrain at Harvard
+not at Harvard anymore at Oxford now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at Harvard anymore at Oxford now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at Harvard anymore at Oxford now
+said no it's not a property right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no it's not a property right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no it's not a property right but
+does anybody agree with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is more or less like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more or less like it
+is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you disagree with the 46 law this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you disagree with the 46 law this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you disagree with the 46 law this
+I would be a little I mean I'm not a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be a little I mean I'm not a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would be a little I mean I'm not a law
+professor so I would normally defer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so I would normally defer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor so I would normally defer to
+what these guys say I took copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these guys say I took copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these guys say I took copyright
+from Jonathan's insurance so normally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Jonathan's insurance so normally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Jonathan's insurance so normally I
+would want to defer to him but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to defer to him but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to defer to him but really
+nobody agrees with those guys and women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody agrees with those guys and women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody agrees with those guys and women
+I mean they're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they're okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they're okay
+anyway well I don't even really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well I don't even really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well I don't even really know
+what they meant because as we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they meant because as we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they meant because as we've learned
+property rights are limited and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights are limited and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property rights are limited and they are
+often prescribed by statute like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often prescribed by statute like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often prescribed by statute like if
+there's a statute that says that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a statute that says that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a statute that says that your
+air rights only extend up so far so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air rights only extend up so far so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air rights only extend up so far so to
+say that it's a limited monopoly to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's a limited monopoly to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that it's a limited monopoly to be
+prescribed by statute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by statute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by statute that
+couldn't be property and as we read here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be property and as we read here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be property and as we read here
+in Black's Law Dictionary property in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Black's Law Dictionary property in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Black's Law Dictionary property in
+the strict legal sense an aggregate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strict legal sense an aggregate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strict legal sense an aggregate of
+Rights which are guaranteed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights which are guaranteed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rights which are guaranteed and
+protected by the government this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by the government this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected by the government this
+term is said to extend to every species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is said to extend to every species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is said to extend to every species
+of valuable right and interest so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't really know what they meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know what they meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't really know what they meant
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+I was in his Jonathan's citrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in his Jonathan's citrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was in his Jonathan's citrons
+professor Citron's class and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Citron's class and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Citron's class and he was
+talking about property and I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about property and I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about property and I was like
+but you said copyright is not property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you said copyright is not property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you said copyright is not property
+at all it's a limited monopoly to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's a limited monopoly to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all it's a limited monopoly to be
+prescribed by statute and he was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by statute and he was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed by statute and he was like
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think the law professors side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the law professors side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the law professors side of
+this case won by the way Corley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no they didn't win good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they didn't win good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they didn't win good
+wow we're really uh she says good so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow we're really uh she says good so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wow we're really uh she says good so we
+really don't like prude on this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't like prude on this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't like prude on this class
+the law professors are kind of more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law professors are kind of more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law professors are kind of more like
+this well okay but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well okay but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well okay but okay
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+but I think this is thought-provoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is thought-provoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is thought-provoking
+because we have to you know the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to you know the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have to you know the question
+is what is Congress doing why are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is Congress doing why are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is Congress doing why are they
+doing it so do people do you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so do people do you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it so do people do you believe
+Katrina that copyright does create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina that copyright does create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katrina that copyright does create an
+incentive that does promote progress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive that does promote progress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive that does promote progress of
+science and useful arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Society works that's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah do we think Jurassic Park would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do we think Jurassic Park would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do we think Jurassic Park would
+have been made without copyright all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made without copyright all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made without copyright all
+those people had to work for so long on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people had to work for so long on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people had to work for so long on
+building the sets and that dinosaur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the sets and that dinosaur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building the sets and that dinosaur
+robot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and the
+masks and drawing the sketches and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks and drawing the sketches and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks and drawing the sketches and the
+storyboards and the key know all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboards and the key know all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboards and the key know all those
+people had to work for years and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had to work for years and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had to work for years and years
+and years to make the movie do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years to make the movie do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years to make the movie do we think
+that that movie could have been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that movie could have been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that movie could have been made
+without copyright but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how would they pay for the sets people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would pay to see it so she says if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay to see it so she says if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pay to see it so she says if it's
+good enough people would pay to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough people would pay to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough people would pay to see it
+but why would they pay you to see it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why would they pay you to see it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why would they pay you to see it why
+don't they pay some other dude i'muh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why wouldn't they pay whoever could show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't they pay whoever could show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wouldn't they pay whoever could show
+it to you for the cheapest has anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you for the cheapest has anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to you for the cheapest has anybody
+ever been to New York City have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever been to New York City have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever been to New York City have
+you seen the bootleggers those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen the bootleggers those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seen the bootleggers those
+guys are so efficient at getting movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are so efficient at getting movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are so efficient at getting movies
+to you it's amazing they're out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's amazing they're out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you it's amazing they're out there
+you know like the day after the movie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the day after the movie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the day after the movie is
+out but even before the movie is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but even before the movie is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but even before the movie is out
+those guys are out there on Times Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are out there on Times Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys are out there on Times Square
+hey man do you want some movies and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey man do you want some movies and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey man do you want some movies and they
+they've got like a any movie you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got like a any movie you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got like a any movie you could
+want and it's like a buck each those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it's like a buck each those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and it's like a buck each those
+guys are very efficient so if Jurassic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are very efficient so if Jurassic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are very efficient so if Jurassic
+Park came out and you really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park came out and you really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Park came out and you really wanted to
+see it you could buy it from those dudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it you could buy it from those dudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it you could buy it from those dudes
+you wouldn't have to pay the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have to pay the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have to pay the set
+painters and the dinosaur robot makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters and the dinosaur robot makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters and the dinosaur robot makers
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I'm not sure if I really buy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you think that retro actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that retro actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that retro actively
+extending the copyright on the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending the copyright on the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending the copyright on the great
+gatsby in 1998 saying the great gatsby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatsby in 1998 saying the great gatsby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatsby in 1998 saying the great gatsby
+was going to continue being copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to continue being copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to continue being copyright
+for the new twenty more years did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new twenty more years did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new twenty more years did that
+promote the progress of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the progress of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote the progress of science and
+useful arts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's sort of balance to be had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of balance to be had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of balance to be had here
+some argue like if the great gatsby were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some argue like if the great gatsby were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some argue like if the great gatsby were
+protected for too long we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected for too long we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected for too long we
+would not be promoting the progress of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be promoting the progress of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be promoting the progress of
+science and florists is that what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and florists is that what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and florists is that what we
+think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's
+Gerald only knew that you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gerald only knew that you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gerald only knew that you would get
+copyright for 50 years after his death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright for 50 years after his death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright for 50 years after his death
+and the extra 20 years was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra 20 years was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra 20 years was not
+insensitive to right okay that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insensitive to right okay that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insensitive to right okay that's so
+that's sort of a contract theory that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a contract theory that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a contract theory that he
+wrote it with the understanding that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it with the understanding that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it with the understanding that he
+would get copyright for 50 years after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get copyright for 50 years after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get copyright for 50 years after
+his death and that's the deal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his death and that's the deal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his death and that's the deal okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so and he already wrote it the book so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and he already wrote it the book so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and he already wrote it the book so
+the fact that we're later giving him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're later giving him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're later giving him a
+sweeter deal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeter deal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweeter deal you
+know can't possibly bear on whether he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can't possibly bear on whether he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can't possibly bear on whether he's
+gonna write the book in the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write the book in the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna write the book in the first place
+because he already wrote it in fact he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he already wrote it in fact he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he already wrote it in fact he's
+already dead okay so that's one argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dead okay so that's one argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already dead okay so that's one argument
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in that view would Congress have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that view would Congress have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that view would Congress have been
+promoting the progress of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the progress of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoting the progress of science and
+useful arts would Congress have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful arts would Congress have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful arts would Congress have
+constitutionally been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutionally been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutionally been able to
+retroactively Lee extend the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively Lee extend the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactively Lee extend the copyright
+yeah tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extend that so it actually create more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that so it actually create more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend that so it actually create more
+incentive for people to her song okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for people to her song okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for people to her song okay
+frankly yeah I don't feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly yeah I don't feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly yeah I don't feel that
+incentivized about the wealth of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized about the wealth of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized about the wealth of my
+great-great grandchildren I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-great grandchildren I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-great grandchildren I get
+I mean I guess maybe that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess maybe that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I guess maybe that's kind of
+cruel to those as yet non-existing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+to sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sense
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have forever
+okay so in that view the 20 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that view the 20 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that view the 20 years of
+patent becomes a critical question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent becomes a critical question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent becomes a critical question you
+at ten years might be too short at fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ten years might be too short at fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at ten years might be too short at fifty
+years it might be too long maybe twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it might be too long maybe twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it might be too long maybe twenty
+years is too short or too long before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say I actually don't I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I actually don't I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I actually don't I don't want to
+get too much into patents because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too much into patents because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too much into patents because it's
+not really my field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really my field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really my field but
+so copyright it seems like we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so copyright it seems like we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so copyright it seems like we're sort of
+do people think there needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people think there needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people think there needs to be
+limited times for copyright what if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited times for copyright what if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited times for copyright what if it
+were just forever would that be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just forever would that be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just forever would that be okay
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true so I mean it's basically you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I mean it's basically you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so I mean it's basically you could
+say it's basically forever now and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's basically forever now and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's basically forever now and we're
+not doing too bad in fact this the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing too bad in fact this the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing too bad in fact this the the
+representative who who proposed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative who who proposed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative who who proposed the
+Sonny Bono copyright term extension act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonny Bono copyright term extension act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonny Bono copyright term extension act
+as anybody know who that was who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anybody know who that was who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as anybody know who that was who was
+Sonny Bono yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sonny and Cher he was some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonny and Cher he was some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonny and Cher he was some sort of
+singer anyway his wife Mary Bona I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer anyway his wife Mary Bona I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singer anyway his wife Mary Bona I guess
+his wife was not share or anyway his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife was not share or anyway his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his wife was not share or anyway his
+wife Mary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife Mary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife Mary
+she's not cher Bono Mary bono the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not cher Bono Mary bono the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's not cher Bono Mary bono the
+representative in Congress I think Sonny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative in Congress I think Sonny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative in Congress I think Sonny
+Bono was in Congress and then he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bono was in Congress and then he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bono was in Congress and then he died
+and mrs. Bowen took over her seat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mrs. Bowen took over her seat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mrs. Bowen took over her seat and
+she proposed the Sonny Bono copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she proposed the Sonny Bono copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she proposed the Sonny Bono copyright
+term extension Act and she says I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term extension Act and she says I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term extension Act and she says I think
+copyright should last forever but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright should last forever but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright should last forever but
+apparently for some reason we can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently for some reason we can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently for some reason we can't do
+that so we're gonna make it last forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're gonna make it last forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we're gonna make it last forever
+- a day is what she said so they made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a day is what she said so they made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a day is what she said so they made it
+seventy years after death but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy years after death but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventy years after death but
+it doesn't seem like the world would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't seem like the world would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't seem like the world would
+fall if it were forever right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall if it were forever right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall if it were forever right and
+so the Supreme Court heard this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Supreme Court heard this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Supreme Court heard this argument
+that retroactive extending copyrights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retroactive extending copyrights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retroactive extending copyrights on
+works that have already been written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that have already been written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works that have already been written
+where the authors are already dead does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the authors are already dead does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the authors are already dead does
+not promote the progress of science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not promote the progress of science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not promote the progress of science and
+useful arts that was the argument from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful arts that was the argument from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful arts that was the argument from
+Eldred and the counter-argument from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eldred and the counter-argument from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eldred and the counter-argument from the
+movie studios was look there's these old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studios was look there's these old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studios was look there's these old
+movies they're out of copyright now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies they're out of copyright now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies they're out of copyright now and
+so we don't have any incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have any incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't have any incentive to
+restore them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore them but
+if we if they were brought back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if they were brought back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we if they were brought back in the
+copy writer kept in copyright then we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy writer kept in copyright then we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy writer kept in copyright then we in
+2000 in 1998 we would now have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 in 1998 we would now have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 in 1998 we would now have an
+incentive to restore those old movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to restore those old movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to restore those old movies
+and so that it does promote the progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that it does promote the progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that it does promote the progress
+of science and useful arts to rich or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science and useful arts to rich or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of science and useful arts to rich or
+active the extent were the copywriter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the extent were the copywriter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active the extent were the copywriter
+and works already created because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and works already created because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and works already created because it
+gives us an incentive in the present day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an incentive in the present day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an incentive in the present day
+to restore these old works that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restore these old works that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restore these old works that was the
+argument and it carried the day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and it carried the day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and it carried the day and
+so the Supreme Court says we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Supreme Court says we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Supreme Court says we don't think
+retroactive extending the copyrights is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive extending the copyrights is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retroactive extending the copyrights is
+unconstitutional okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it you know it's important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it you know it's important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it you know it's important to keep
+in your mind like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mind like what is the
+overarching goal of this whole scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching goal of this whole scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching goal of this whole scheme
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's talk about what Cabret actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about what Cabret actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about what Cabret actually
+is copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a bundle of Rights the law professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bundle of Rights the law professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bundle of Rights the law professors
+say I hope not just those 46 law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I hope not just those 46 law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I hope not just those 46 law
+professors lots of law professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors lots of law professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors lots of law professors
+covered is a bundle of Rights what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered is a bundle of Rights what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered is a bundle of Rights what does
+that mean I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a zoning is owning your house a bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zoning is owning your house a bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zoning is owning your house a bundle
+of Rights I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you can exclude people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can exclude people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can exclude people from the
+house you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house you can you
+can build on that land you can charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build on that land you can charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build on that land you can charge
+money okay so but copyright also is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay so but copyright also is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay so but copyright also is a
+bundle of Rights and in in the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of Rights and in in the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of Rights and in in the copyright
+law which Congress has written and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which Congress has written and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law which Congress has written and we'll
+get to the different kinds of laws later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the different kinds of laws later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the different kinds of laws later
+Congress has written exactly what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress has written exactly what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress has written exactly what that
+bundle of Rights are does somebody want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of Rights are does somebody want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of Rights are does somebody want
+to read this somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read this somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read this somebody
+other than hungee Darrin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay just start at number oh okay start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just start at number oh okay start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just start at number oh okay start
+here exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rights that means nobody else can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that means nobody else can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights that means nobody else can do
+these things only me to do as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things only me to do as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things only me to do as with
+authorize okay so me and the people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize okay so me and the people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize okay so me and the people I
+authorize okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one to reproduce the copyrighted work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to reproduce the copyrighted work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to reproduce the copyrighted work in
+copies or phonorecords photo record so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies or phonorecords photo record so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies or phonorecords photo record so
+one only I can copy the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only I can copy the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only I can copy the thing to
+to prepare to Rivet of works based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare to Rivet of works based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare to Rivet of works based upon
+the copyrighted work okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyrighted work okay what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyrighted work okay what's the
+derivative work like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative work like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative work like
+a sequel ok sequel is a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequel ok sequel is a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequel ok sequel is a good example
+what's another kind of a derivative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another kind of a derivative work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another kind of a derivative work
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+go ahead a song you use the same melody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead a song you use the same melody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead a song you use the same melody
+like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what
+was that one under pressure became Ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that one under pressure became Ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that one under pressure became Ice
+Ice Baby okay what's another what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ice Baby okay what's another what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ice Baby okay what's another what's a
+more traditional derivative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about translations like when I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about translations like when I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about translations like when I write
+you know who dong wrote in French but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who dong wrote in French but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know who dong wrote in French but
+it's been translated into English so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been translated into English so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been translated into English so
+that's a derivative work and authors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a derivative work and authors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a derivative work and authors are
+you know control their translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know control their translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know control their translation
+rights what's another kind of derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights what's another kind of derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights what's another kind of derivative
+well what about have people seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about have people seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about have people seen
+clueless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clueless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clueless
+of what work of literature is that based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what work of literature is that based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what work of literature is that based
+on Emma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Emma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Emma
+by who Jane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by who Jane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by who Jane
+Austen okay so is clueless a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austen okay so is clueless a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austen okay so is clueless a derivative
+work of Emma who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not seen clueless okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not seen clueless okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not seen clueless okay
+our Bridget Jones diary if people seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Bridget Jones diary if people seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Bridget Jones diary if people seen
+that movie okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that movie okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so but clueless it's this movie about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so but clueless it's this movie about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so but clueless it's this movie about
+Alicia Silverstone and she's in Beverly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicia Silverstone and she's in Beverly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alicia Silverstone and she's in Beverly
+Hills and it's really funny but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills and it's really funny but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hills and it's really funny but it's
+based on this book Emma by Jane Austen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this book Emma by Jane Austen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this book Emma by Jane Austen
+so somebody who's seen a movie and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody who's seen a movie and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody who's seen a movie and read
+emma is clueless the derivative work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emma is clueless the derivative work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emma is clueless the derivative work of
+Emma our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emma our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emma our
+West Side Story is that a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Side Story is that a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Side Story is that a derivative
+work of Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wouldn't say so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say so okay
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+the same plot that's true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he did right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that's a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's a very specific
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's we're not really sure so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's we're not really sure so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's we're not really sure so I
+already we're on number two and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we're on number two and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already we're on number two and we don't
+really know what it means to prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it means to prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what it means to prepare
+derivative works in fact there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative works in fact there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative works in fact there's this
+book Gone with the Wind which is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Gone with the Wind which is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Gone with the Wind which is written
+from the perspective people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective people actually
+read the book yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the book yeah
+is it a first person book or a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a first person book or a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a first person book or a third
+person book it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person book it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person book it's
+written basically for the perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written basically for the perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written basically for the perspective of
+Scarlett O'Hara right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scarlett O'Hara right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scarlett O'Hara right let's
+say yes so somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes so somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes so somebody
+else wrote a book called it this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else wrote a book called it this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else wrote a book called it this is just
+a few years ago called the wind done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago called the wind done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years ago called the wind done
+gone which was written which was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone which was written which was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone which was written which was written
+from the perspective of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of one of the
+slaves in the book and it was this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves in the book and it was this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaves in the book and it was this sort
+of creative retelling and was that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative retelling and was that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creative retelling and was that a
+derivative work well they went to court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative work well they went to court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative work well they went to court
+on that one and there's another case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that one and there's another case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that one and there's another case
+with Lolita where somebody wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lolita where somebody wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lolita where somebody wrote a
+version of Lolita that was written from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Lolita that was written from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of Lolita that was written from
+the perspective of Lolita and was that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of Lolita and was that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perspective of Lolita and was that a
+Kirino who knows so that's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirino who knows so that's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirino who knows so that's already
+sensitive what it means to prepare to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive what it means to prepare to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive what it means to prepare to go
+to work and the courts are written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and the courts are written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work and the courts are written
+voluminous material about this who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is written a computer program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is written a computer program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is written a computer program and
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+operating system did you write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system did you write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating system did you write the
+program on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on okay
+let's try something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try something else
+how about you what did you write it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you what did you write it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you what did you write it on
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Linux okay and did you print anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux okay and did you print anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux okay and did you print anything in
+your program and what did you use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program and what did you use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your program and what did you use to
+print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so did what like function did you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did what like function did you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did what like function did you use
+you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've
+probably used something that uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably used something that uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably used something that uses this
+right printf or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right printf or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right printf or
+something like that what was it in Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that what was it in Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that what was it in Java
+or okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay
+so then you use something called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you use something called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you use something called like
+println or something system.out.println
+
+ align:start position:0%
+println or something system.out.println
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+println or something system.out.println
+something like that okay so println
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so println
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so println
+calls this thing printf in who wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls this thing printf in who wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls this thing printf in who wrote
+this thing called printf i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was this guy named ulrich who also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this guy named ulrich who also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this guy named ulrich who also
+wrote the Coke machine in my laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the Coke machine in my laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the Coke machine in my laboratory
+the computerized Coke machine will Rick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computerized Coke machine will Rick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computerized Coke machine will Rick
+dreper let's let's say yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreper let's let's say yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreper let's let's say yes so
+this is part of something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of something called the
+ghanoush see library and it's this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghanoush see library and it's this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghanoush see library and it's this other
+program written by some other guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program written by some other guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program written by some other guy and
+it's really complicated and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really complicated and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really complicated and it's not
+easy to write printf I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to write printf I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to write printf I don't know if
+you've tried not easy so it was Liz's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've tried not easy so it was Liz's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've tried not easy so it was Liz's
+program a derivative work of printf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a derivative work of printf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a derivative work of printf and
+a program by Ulrich go to Ulrich drebber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program by Ulrich go to Ulrich drebber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program by Ulrich go to Ulrich drebber
+be like Liz you ripped me off he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like Liz you ripped me off he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like Liz you ripped me off he
+prepared a derivative work of my program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared a derivative work of my program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared a derivative work of my program
+I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's say he released it like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say he released it like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's say he released it like you
+released you know gone with the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released you know gone with the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released you know gone with the wind
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what have you used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program printf hello let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program printf hello let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program printf hello let's
+say we're on Windows and I say printf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're on Windows and I say printf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're on Windows and I say printf
+hello so that calls a different version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello so that calls a different version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello so that calls a different version
+of printf written by say it written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of printf written by say it written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of printf written by say it written by
+Bill Gates can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Gates can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Gates can
+I release you no can i we give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I release you no can i we give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I release you no can i we give this
+program away or is it a derivative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program away or is it a derivative work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program away or is it a derivative work
+of printf by Bill Gates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say it's a derivative work does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's a derivative work does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say it's a derivative work does
+anybody disagree do you think I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody disagree do you think I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody disagree do you think I can't
+release this program without Bill Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release this program without Bill Gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release this program without Bill Gates
+has permission because Bill Gates has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has permission because Bill Gates has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has permission because Bill Gates has
+the exclusive right to authorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive right to authorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive right to authorize the
+preparation of a derivative work of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of a derivative work of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation of a derivative work of his
+printf yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah little bit anyway the kid nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah little bit anyway the kid nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah little bit anyway the kid nobody
+knows the answer to these questions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the answer to these questions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the answer to these questions the
+generally the safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the safe
+answer is yes if you link you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes if you link you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes if you link you know if
+you link with a library you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you link with a library you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you link with a library you are
+preparing a derivative work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing a derivative work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing a derivative work so
+anyway I just want to emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I just want to emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I just want to emphasize the
+derivative works can arise in all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative works can arise in all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative works can arise in all sorts
+of unusual contexts let's say you um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unusual contexts let's say you um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unusual contexts let's say you um you
+have a webpage Keith's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+home page keith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home page keith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home page keith
+rules i have this webpage and i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules i have this webpage and i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules i have this webpage and i use
+frames and i tell the browser and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and i tell the browser and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames and i tell the browser and the
+top put my text and then the bottom put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top put my text and then the bottom put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top put my text and then the bottom put
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know google's search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know google's search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know google's search
+page have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I prepared a derivative work sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or have you prepared a derivative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have you prepared a derivative work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have you prepared a derivative work
+by loading this page maybe you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by loading this page maybe you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by loading this page maybe you're the
+guilty one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty one so
+we just don't know right this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know right this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't know right this was a
+litigated issue that one is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigated issue that one is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigated issue that one is gonna be
+litigated at some point in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigated at some point in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigated at some point in the future
+but you know these are hard questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are hard questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know these are hard questions so
+just wanna just in this is the how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanna just in this is the how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanna just in this is the how how
+long is the copyright law it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is the copyright law it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is the copyright law it's
+like 300 pages of the so just want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 pages of the so just want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 300 pages of the so just want and
+anyway we're at the very beginning of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we're at the very beginning of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we're at the very beginning of it
+and I already want emphasize there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I already want emphasize there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I already want emphasize there's
+very very difficult subtleties okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult subtleties okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult subtleties okay
+let's go on three stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+copies of the book so if I'm like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the book so if I'm like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the book so if I'm like here's
+my Black's Law Dictionary and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Black's Law Dictionary and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Black's Law Dictionary and you're
+like can I borrow it I'm like sure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can I borrow it I'm like sure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can I borrow it I'm like sure here
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+borrow my Black's letting straight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow my Black's letting straight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow my Black's letting straight you
+know have we broken the law right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have we broken the law right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have we broken the law right now
+I'm lending it to you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lending it to you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lending it to you who
+I mean mr. black is the exclusive what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean mr. black is the exclusive what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean mr. black is the exclusive what's
+it say in there LexisNexis or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say in there LexisNexis or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it say in there LexisNexis or something
+mr. Nexus has the exclusive right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Nexus has the exclusive right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Nexus has the exclusive right to
+authorize lending that book and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize lending that book and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize lending that book and I just
+lend it to you without his permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it to you without his permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it to you without his permission
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+I break the law yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I break the law yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I break the law yes
+well the answer is No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is No
+because later in the copyright law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because later in the copyright law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because later in the copyright law
+there's an exception and in fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an exception and in fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an exception and in fact this is
+true for everything in the copyright law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for everything in the copyright law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for everything in the copyright law
+there's exceptions to everything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exceptions to everything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exceptions to everything so
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+go on musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choreographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choreographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choreographic
+worse what's a choreographic work it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse what's a choreographic work it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse what's a choreographic work it's
+like a dance that's written down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perform the copper and it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the copper and it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the copper and it worked
+publicly so when you go to LSC and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly so when you go to LSC and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly so when you go to LSC and they
+show a movie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a movie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a movie is
+that performing a copyrighted work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performing a copyrighted work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performing a copyrighted work
+publicly yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly yeah
+okay how about when you watch TV in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about when you watch TV in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how about when you watch TV in your
+dorm room and you're like hey come on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorm room and you're like hey come on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorm room and you're like hey come on in
+and watch this movie with me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch this movie with me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch this movie with me is that
+performing a copyrighted work publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a copyrighted work publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a copyrighted work publicly
+depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends
+on who you're addressing good okay fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who you're addressing good okay fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who you're addressing good okay fine
+so no it's also very subtle issue number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no it's also very subtle issue number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no it's also very subtle issue number
+five what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of work by the way is not literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work by the way is not literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work by the way is not literary
+Musical dramatic choreographic pantomime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Musical dramatic choreographic pantomime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Musical dramatic choreographic pantomime
+or motion picture what would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or motion picture what would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or motion picture what would be an
+example something that's not in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something that's not in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something that's not in one of
+those what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you make like a nature recording you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make like a nature recording you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make like a nature recording you
+know like those soothing like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like those soothing like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like those soothing like the
+massage CDs where it's like ocean waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage CDs where it's like ocean waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massage CDs where it's like ocean waves
+crashing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashing well
+you'd lose if you go out on the beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd lose if you go out on the beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd lose if you go out on the beach
+and record ocean waves crashing or birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and record ocean waves crashing or birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and record ocean waves crashing or birds
+chirping or something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirping or something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chirping or something that's not
+literary Musical dramatic choreographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary Musical dramatic choreographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary Musical dramatic choreographic
+pantomime or motion picture so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantomime or motion picture so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantomime or motion picture so you can
+perform that publicly all you want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that publicly all you want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform that publicly all you want okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+picture on the front of this DVD is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the front of this DVD is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the front of this DVD is a
+copyrighted picture right and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted picture right and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted picture right and I'm
+displaying it publicly am I breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying it publicly am I breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying it publicly am I breaking the
+law I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law I think
+so yes I think there's an exception but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes I think there's an exception but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes I think there's an exception but
+tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky
+okay what's the last one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the last one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the last one okay
+whip so it's a sound recording it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whip so it's a sound recording it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whip so it's a sound recording it's like
+ocean waves or it's like the Britney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean waves or it's like the Britney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean waves or it's like the Britney
+Spears CD it turns out the musical work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears CD it turns out the musical work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears CD it turns out the musical work
+is like the sheet music to the Britney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the sheet music to the Britney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the sheet music to the Britney
+Spears song so people know the song baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears song so people know the song baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears song so people know the song baby
+one more time so who wrote that song who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time so who wrote that song who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time so who wrote that song who
+here has not heard the sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has not heard the sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has not heard the sign okay
+you've all heard the song baby one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard the song baby one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all heard the song baby one more
+time okay and who wrote it somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and who wrote it somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay and who wrote it somebody
+other than Caleb yes written by a guy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Caleb yes written by a guy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Caleb yes written by a guy a
+swedish guy named martin Sandberg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swedish guy named martin Sandberg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swedish guy named martin Sandberg and
+who goes by the name max Martin he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who goes by the name max Martin he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who goes by the name max Martin he wrote
+a lot of popular songs many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of popular songs many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of popular songs many
+of them from Britney Spears so he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them from Britney Spears so he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them from Britney Spears so he wrote
+the song there sheet music you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song there sheet music you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the song there sheet music you can buy
+it a baby one more time it's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a baby one more time it's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a baby one more time it's got the
+notes in the petal and all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the petal and all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes in the petal and all that stuff
+but then Britney Spears then sang the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then Britney Spears then sang the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then Britney Spears then sang the
+song and she recorded it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and she recorded it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and she recorded it that's
+a sound recording so and Britney Spears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound recording so and Britney Spears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sound recording so and Britney Spears
+owns the copyright maybe do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the copyright maybe do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owns the copyright maybe do the
+recording but she doesn't own the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording but she doesn't own the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording but she doesn't own the
+copyright to the song baby one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright to the song baby one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright to the song baby one more time
+okay so in the case of sound recordings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the case of sound recordings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the case of sound recordings
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that sounds a lot like the other one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds a lot like the other one go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds a lot like the other one go
+on the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the digital
+audio okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the ocean waves you can perform publicly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean waves you can perform publicly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean waves you can perform publicly
+except by means of a digital audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except by means of a digital audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except by means of a digital audio
+transmission so what's an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so what's an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so what's an example of a
+digital audio transmission a CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like how are you what's the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how are you what's the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how are you what's the transmission
+like if you ship a CD in a moving van is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you ship a CD in a moving van is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you ship a CD in a moving van is
+that a digital audio transmission it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's pretty arguable right the CDs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty arguable right the CDs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty arguable right the CDs
+digital contains audio sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital contains audio sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital contains audio sort
+of transmitting it I mean there's laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmitting it I mean there's laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transmitting it I mean there's laws
+about way you can transmit through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about way you can transmit through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about way you can transmit through the
+mail you know you can't transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail you know you can't transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail you know you can't transmit
+cocaine through the mail so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine through the mail so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocaine through the mail so can you
+transmit digital audio through the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit digital audio through the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit digital audio through the mail
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a radio what's a digital radio like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who would be affected by this would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be affected by this would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would be affected by this would like
+98 10 you know 98.7 fm have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 10 you know 98.7 fm have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 10 you know 98.7 fm have to worry
+about that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they have an Internet station okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an Internet station okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have an Internet station okay so
+it's music over the Internet and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's music over the Internet and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's music over the Internet and how
+about what else satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what else satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what else satellite
+okay those are digital and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are digital and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are digital and there's also
+satellites that are not digital right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites that are not digital right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites that are not digital right so
+it gets but like XM radio that's digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets but like XM radio that's digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets but like XM radio that's digital
+so Congress has allegedly legislated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Congress has allegedly legislated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Congress has allegedly legislated
+here very particularly they've said one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very particularly they've said one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here very particularly they've said one
+set of rules applied to FM radio because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules applied to FM radio because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of rules applied to FM radio because
+it's analog and a different set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's analog and a different set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's analog and a different set of rules
+apply to things that are digital like XM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to things that are digital like XM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to things that are digital like XM
+radio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio so
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+know when when the MIT radio station is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when when the MIT radio station is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when when the MIT radio station is
+then we hear work of the radio station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we hear work of the radio station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we hear work of the radio station
+when they might see radio station plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they might see radio station plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they might see radio station plays
+baby one more time over the radio do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby one more time over the radio do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby one more time over the radio do
+they have to get Britney Spears's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to get Britney Spears's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to get Britney Spears's
+permission no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do they have to pay any money to Britney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to pay any money to Britney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they have to pay any money to Britney
+Spears it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spears it's
+analog so when people like whoa Britney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog so when people like whoa Britney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog so when people like whoa Britney
+your songs at the top of the charts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your songs at the top of the charts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your songs at the top of the charts you
+must be loaded is that true no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be loaded is that true no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be loaded is that true no because
+the she doesn't get any money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the she doesn't get any money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the she doesn't get any money from the
+radio plays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio plays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio plays and
+they don't have to get her permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to get her permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to get her permission
+does that seem fair from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that seem fair from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that seem fair from
+the radio station is selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio station is selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio station is selling
+advertisements there's a tuning soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements there's a tuning soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisements there's a tuning soon
+Britney Spears is coming up but for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears is coming up but for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britney Spears is coming up but for now
+a special offer from the car company and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special offer from the car company and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special offer from the car company and
+then they play grease birds is that fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they play grease birds is that fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they play grease birds is that fair
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's not as good a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that sounds very hot I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that sounds very hot I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that sounds very hot I'm gonna go
+with a traditional fantasy like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do not have this rivalry property then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have this rivalry property then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have this rivalry property then
+everyone does because of the degrading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does because of the degrading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does because of the degrading
+nature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so
+the analog you can't keep making copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog you can't keep making copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog you can't keep making copy of
+copy of copy of copy so eventually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of copy of copy so eventually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of copy of copy so eventually it
+runs out but digital you know like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs out but digital you know like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs out but digital you know like if
+you double tape for somebody then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you double tape for somebody then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you double tape for somebody then they
+dub it people ever do this dub tapes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dub it people ever do this dub tapes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dub it people ever do this dub tapes no
+yeah okay and if you keep dubbing a tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and if you keep dubbing a tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay and if you keep dubbing a tape
+eventually it sounds pretty bad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it sounds pretty bad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it sounds pretty bad but
+that's not the case with burning a CD so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case with burning a CD so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case with burning a CD so
+okay I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean
+it doesn't totally seem fair to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't totally seem fair to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't totally seem fair to me and
+in fact in Europe it's not the case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in Europe it's not the case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in Europe it's not the case in
+Europe the record recording artist does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe the record recording artist does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe the record recording artist does
+get money from the radio but even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money from the radio but even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get money from the radio but even the
+analog radio transmission of their song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog radio transmission of their song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog radio transmission of their song
+but in America it's not like that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in America it's not like that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in America it's not like that people
+want to guess about why that is did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to guess about why that is did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to guess about why that is did
+Congress say like we don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress say like we don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress say like we don't like
+recording artists so we're not gonna let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording artists so we're not gonna let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording artists so we're not gonna let
+them get money from radio airplay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has to do with the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with the historical
+development of copyright law and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of copyright law and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of copyright law and it has
+to do with the fact that radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact that radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact that radio
+broadcasters are very powerful in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasters are very powerful in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasters are very powerful in in
+Congress people have been following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress people have been following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress people have been following the
+size of mr. Abramoff mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Abramoff or Abramoff Jack he was he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abramoff or Abramoff Jack he was he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abramoff or Abramoff Jack he was he was
+a lobbyist and these people are hired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lobbyist and these people are hired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lobbyist and these people are hired by
+various industries to persuade Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various industries to persuade Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various industries to persuade Congress
+to pass laws one way or another and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass laws one way or another and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass laws one way or another and the
+broadcaster's are very powerful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcaster's are very powerful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcaster's are very powerful in
+persuading Congress sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Clear Channel that's Clear Channel is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clear Channel that's Clear Channel is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clear Channel that's Clear Channel is a
+company that owns many many radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that owns many many radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that owns many many radio
+stations and they're very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and they're very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations and they're very good at
+persuading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading
+Congress to do one thing or another I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+understand like WM BR has web guys yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like WM BR has web guys yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand like WM BR has web guys yeah
+we'll get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they
+do paperwork well they should pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do paperwork well they should pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do paperwork well they should pay for
+the webcast I don't know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the webcast I don't know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the webcast I don't know if they
+actually do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do but
+they pay I believe they pay five hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay I believe they pay five hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay I believe they pay five hundred
+dollars a year flat rate because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year flat rate because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a year flat rate because of
+another law okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another law okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another law okay
+so cap rate is this bundle of rights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cap rate is this bundle of rights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cap rate is this bundle of rights and
+everything else in the Copyright Act the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in the Copyright Act the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else in the Copyright Act the
+other 300 pages stems from these six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other 300 pages stems from these six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other 300 pages stems from these six
+exclusive rights sort but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive rights sort but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive rights sort but
+they all have exceptions but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have exceptions but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have exceptions but when you
+think when somebody says you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when somebody says you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when somebody says you're
+violating my copyright what's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating my copyright what's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violating my copyright what's the next
+question you should ask which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exclusive right of my violating what am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right of my violating what am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right of my violating what am
+i doing because it this is what copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i doing because it this is what copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i doing because it this is what copper
+it is it's not something else is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's not something else is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it's not something else is what
+I'm saying right now copyrighted oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying right now copyrighted oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying right now copyrighted oh that
+was a bad question we haven't gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bad question we haven't gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bad question we haven't gotten to
+that yet but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet but anyway
+my point is copper it is very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is copper it is very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my point is copper it is very specific
+in what it allows and what it prohibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what it allows and what it prohibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what it allows and what it prohibits
+and it goes on for 300 pages about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes on for 300 pages about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes on for 300 pages about how
+specific it is notwithstanding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it is notwithstanding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific it is notwithstanding that
+specificity even like line number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity even like line number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity even like line number two
+there has all sorts of ambiguities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has all sorts of ambiguities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has all sorts of ambiguities like
+about printf and about the frames and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about printf and about the frames and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about printf and about the frames and my
+other example so we should be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example so we should be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other example so we should be careful
+and so it's for the homework which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's for the homework which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's for the homework which will
+be on the web tonight oh did we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the web tonight oh did we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the web tonight oh did we get the
+signup sheet by the way who has that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signup sheet by the way who has that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signup sheet by the way who has that has
+everybody signed the signup sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody signed the signup sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody signed the signup sheet
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign this okay so I'm gonna assign some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign this okay so I'm gonna assign some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign this okay so I'm gonna assign some
+reading tonight oh yes okay I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading tonight oh yes okay I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading tonight oh yes okay I'm gonna
+sign some reading tonight about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign some reading tonight about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign some reading tonight about some
+lawsuits that people had about copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits that people had about copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuits that people had about copyright
+and then we can talk about them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can talk about them in the
+next class and so for the rest of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class and so for the rest of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class and so for the rest of today
+oh okay I'll skip this for now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay I'll skip this for now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay I'll skip this for now okay so
+yes my point was there's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes my point was there's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes my point was there's difficult
+questions in copyright like for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in copyright like for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in copyright like for instance
+if you stream something in real audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stream something in real audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stream something in real audio
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+people use real audio or mp3 streaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use real audio or mp3 streaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people use real audio or mp3 streaming
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+it goes into the RAM of your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into the RAM of your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes into the RAM of your computer
+right is that our reproduction yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that our reproduction yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that our reproduction yes
+so anybody want to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you're streaming something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you're streaming something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you're streaming something
+via real audio or is it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via real audio or is it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via real audio or is it being
+transmitted or is it also being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted or is it also being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted or is it also being
+reproduced both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced both
+okay maybe it turns out to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe it turns out to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe it turns out to be a very
+difficult question here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult question here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult question here's
+another one can you copyright a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one can you copyright a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one can you copyright a law
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are of course six right some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are of course six right some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are of course six right some people
+so people know about the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people know about the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people know about the National
+Electric Code is the National Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Code is the National Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Code is the National Electric
+Code a law do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have to obey the National Electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to obey the National Electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to obey the National Electric
+Code yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or not even by reference they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not even by reference they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not even by reference they
+incorporate it so yeah I mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate it so yeah I mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate it so yeah I mean in
+Massachusetts so what's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so what's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so what's an example
+something the National Electric Code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the National Electric Code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the National Electric Code
+says like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules for electricians so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for electricians so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules for electricians so one of the
+things that says like in a bathroom if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that says like in a bathroom if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that says like in a bathroom if
+you want to put in an outlet it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put in an outlet it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put in an outlet it has to
+have you know the little test and reset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know the little test and reset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know the little test and reset
+those sorts of rules and how you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of rules and how you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of rules and how you have to
+run wires and it's really really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run wires and it's really really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run wires and it's really really long
+about Electrical Safety and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Electrical Safety and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Electrical Safety and it's not
+written by legislatures it's written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by legislatures it's written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by legislatures it's written by
+this group of experts and they've put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of experts and they've put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of experts and they've put a
+lot of effort into it and they copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effort into it and they copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of effort into it and they copyright
+it you can buy this book called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can buy this book called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can buy this book called the
+National Electric Code and they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Electric Code and they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Electric Code and they tell
+municipalities and you know cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities and you know cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+municipalities and you know cities and
+states they say adopt the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states they say adopt the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states they say adopt the National
+Electric Code it's easier than making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Code it's easier than making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Code it's easier than making
+your own laws about Electrical Safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own laws about Electrical Safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own laws about Electrical Safety
+and so many of them have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so many of them have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so many of them have and
+if somebody asks you know what's the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody asks you know what's the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody asks you know what's the law
+in that I have to obey and they say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that I have to obey and they say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that I have to obey and they say I'm
+gonna put it up on a website so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it up on a website so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it up on a website so people
+know the law does that violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the law does that violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the law does that violate the
+copyright of the owners of the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright of the owners of the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright of the owners of the National
+Electric Code does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Code does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electric Code does
+anybody want to say yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to say yes you
+say yes okay is anybody saying no I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes okay is anybody saying no I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes okay is anybody saying no I can
+put up the law you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say no okay so that's another tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no okay so that's another tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say no okay so that's another tricky
+question that one was litigated here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that one was litigated here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that one was litigated here's
+number three sometimes I write articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three sometimes I write articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three sometimes I write articles
+for the tech and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tech and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the tech and then
+the tech contributes them to LexisNexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech contributes them to LexisNexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech contributes them to LexisNexis
+which is an online database is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an online database is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an online database is that
+legal can the tech send my article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal can the tech send my article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal can the tech send my article
+LexisNexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis
+I haven't said anything on the subject I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said anything on the subject I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't said anything on the subject I
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a contract with attack I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a contract with attack I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a contract with attack I just said
+here Tech you can put this in the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Tech you can put this in the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Tech you can put this in the tech
+and then later they say we're gonna send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later they say we're gonna send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then later they say we're gonna send
+everything in the tech to LexisNexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the tech to LexisNexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the tech to LexisNexis
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the New York Times had this problem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the New York Times had this problem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the New York Times had this problem a
+newspaper of a lot more stature than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper of a lot more stature than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper of a lot more stature than the
+tech they had freelancers contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech they had freelancers contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech they had freelancers contributing
+articles to the New York Times and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles to the New York Times and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles to the New York Times and The
+New York Times was sending the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times was sending the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times was sending the New York
+Times to LexisNexis and the freelancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times to LexisNexis and the freelancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times to LexisNexis and the freelancers
+sued and the New York Times says look we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued and the New York Times says look we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued and the New York Times says look we
+have copyright on the whole New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have copyright on the whole New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have copyright on the whole New York
+Times of which your article is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times of which your article is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times of which your article is only a
+small part so we have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part so we have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part so we have the ability to
+send the New York Times to LexisNexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the New York Times to LexisNexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the New York Times to LexisNexis
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+freelancer says no no no no you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancer says no no no no you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancer says no no no no you're not
+sending the New York Times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the New York Times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending the New York Times the
+LexisNexis you're sending each article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis you're sending each article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis you're sending each article
+individually including mine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually including mine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually including mine and
+it went to the Supreme Court in I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to the Supreme Court in I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to the Supreme Court in I think
+2001 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 the
+freelancers one did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancers one did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancers one did
+the tech changes so Michael is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech changes so Michael is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech changes so Michael is the
+managing editor of the tech it's a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing editor of the tech it's a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing editor of the tech it's a so
+this is the tech breaking the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tech breaking the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the tech breaking the law
+Michael we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael we
+don't particles anywhere well they end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particles anywhere well they end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't particles anywhere well they end
+up in LexisNexis yeah on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+University wired you are in direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University wired you are in direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University wired you are in direct
+or articles right now okay well the tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or articles right now okay well the tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or articles right now okay well the tank
+is bringing a lot that's my position has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the past broken okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past broken okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past broken okay
+so when I buy a DVD like this alarms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I buy a DVD like this alarms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I buy a DVD like this alarms
+sneakers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneakers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneakers you
+know do I have the authority to play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do I have the authority to play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do I have the authority to play it
+on any DVD player I want no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any DVD player I want no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any DVD player I want no
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+is that because it says something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because it says something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because it says something on the
+DVD okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so anyway these are hard questions three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway these are hard questions three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway these are hard questions three
+of them have have been litigated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have have been litigated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have have been litigated in
+court one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court one
+of them at the Supreme Court the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them at the Supreme Court the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them at the Supreme Court the top one
+nobody knows the answer to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the point is there's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point is there's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the point is there's difficult
+questions in Congress so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in Congress so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in Congress so how do we
+answer these questions how can we how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer these questions how can we how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer these questions how can we how
+can we learn about copyright study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+previous cases okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous cases okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous cases okay how
+do we find out about previous cases okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're gonna have a brief introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have a brief introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have a brief introduction to
+the law right now so because this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law right now so because this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law right now so because this will
+help you with the homework so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the federal government
+we're gonna switch gears here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna switch gears here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna switch gears here what's
+the structure of the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the federal government
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's three branches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are they okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they okay
+the legislative branch what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legislative branch what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legislative branch what's
+the MS an article 1 of the Constitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MS an article 1 of the Constitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MS an article 1 of the Constitution
+right what's the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the next one
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so what's the major thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the major thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the major thing in the
+legislative branch somebody other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative branch somebody other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative branch somebody other than
+hung-yi Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung-yi Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung-yi Congress
+and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's
+in Congress what does Congress mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Congress what does Congress mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Congress what does Congress mean like
+are we in Congress means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coming together so Congress is all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together so Congress is all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together so Congress is all these
+people who are elected from all across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are elected from all across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are elected from all across
+our broad country who have come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our broad country who have come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our broad country who have come together
+to Washington and it particularly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Washington and it particularly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Washington and it particularly has
+come together in two groups what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together in two groups what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together in two groups what are the
+groups okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups okay
+the House of Representatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the House of Representatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the House of Representatives and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Senate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then the Senate's got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Senate's got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Senate's got all these
+committees and the House has got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees and the House has got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees and the House has got all
+these committees and there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these committees and there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these committees and there's other
+organizations that are part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that are part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations that are part of the
+legislative branch anybody name one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what
+else is in the legislative branch other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in the legislative branch other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is in the legislative branch other
+than the House of Representatives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the House of Representatives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the House of Representatives in the
+Senate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just I'm with the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just I'm with the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just I'm with the federal
+government so there's like the Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so there's like the Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government so there's like the Library
+of Congress the Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Congress the Government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Congress the Government
+Accountability Office have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people have been to the Library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been to the Library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been to the Library of
+Congress it's pretty majestic part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress it's pretty majestic part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress it's pretty majestic part of
+Congress okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+then there's the executive branch who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the executive branch who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the executive branch who's
+them what's the major thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's the major thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what's the major thing in the
+executive branch the president okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+what's something else in the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something else in the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something else in the executive
+branch the Kappas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch the Kappas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch the Kappas
+are they the Cabinet you mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they the Cabinet you mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they the Cabinet you mean the
+departments all right so there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments all right so there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments all right so there's like
+the Department of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the department that gets the most money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department that gets the most money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department that gets the most money
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Social Security may be right but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security may be right but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security may be right but I don't
+actually know let's say defense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know let's say defense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know let's say defense and
+what's another one the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another one the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another one the one that
+literally gets the most money would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally gets the most money would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally gets the most money would be
+the Treasury and what are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Treasury and what are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Treasury and what are some other
+ones yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agriculture I don't even know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture I don't even know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture I don't even know what they
+do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they have all these these departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have all these these departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have all these these departments
+whitson and if the president wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whitson and if the president wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whitson and if the president wants to
+like fire somebody in one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fire somebody in one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fire somebody in one of these
+departments can they do it generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments can they do it generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments can they do it generally
+yes these people basically work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes these people basically work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes these people basically work for the
+president what's something else that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president what's something else that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president what's something else that's
+in the executive branch oh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the executive branch oh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the executive branch oh by
+the way who in the executive branch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way who in the executive branch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way who in the executive branch is
+actually elected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually elected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually elected and
+who else the vice president and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who else the vice president and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who else the vice president and these
+are basically the only people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically the only people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically the only people who are
+elected in the whole executive branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected in the whole executive branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elected in the whole executive branch
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about how much money every year does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much money every year does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much money every year does the
+legislative branch get not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot how much money does the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot how much money does the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot how much money does the executive
+branch get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+trillion yeah two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion yeah two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion yeah two
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trillion yeah so this is by far the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion yeah so this is by far the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion yeah so this is by far the most
+like expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expensive
+branch okay what else is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch okay what else is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch okay what else is in the
+executive branch other than these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive branch other than these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive branch other than these
+departments yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments yeah
+that's actually part of the Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually part of the Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually part of the Department
+of Justice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FBI is under them what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that no
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+military is part of the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military is part of the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military is part of the Department of
+Defense that's like the Pentagon there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense that's like the Pentagon there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense that's like the Pentagon there's
+these other government agencies that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other government agencies that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other government agencies that are
+sort of separate like the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of separate like the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of separate like the Federal
+Communications Commission and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Commission and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Commission and the
+Federal Election Commission and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Election Commission and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Election Commission and some
+other ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones so
+these people are part of the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are part of the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people are part of the federal
+government but they don't really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government but they don't really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government but they don't really work
+for the president there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the president there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the president there's sort of a
+point if there's the Securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if there's the Securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point if there's the Securities and
+Exchange Commission there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange Commission there's
+these sort of people sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of people sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of people sometimes called
+this the fourth branch of government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fourth branch of government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fourth branch of government
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're there in the executive branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there in the executive branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there in the executive branch
+but they don't really work for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't really work for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't really work for the
+president please not mister as directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president please not mister as directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president please not mister as directly
+okay that's the executive branch so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the executive branch so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the executive branch so if
+you commit a crime who comes after you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you commit a crime who comes after you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you commit a crime who comes after you a
+federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal
+crime to Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dress that's right and what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress that's right and what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dress that's right and what are those
+people called yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+feds first the FBI comes after you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feds first the FBI comes after you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feds first the FBI comes after you those
+are the investigators and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the investigators and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the investigators and then you get
+indicted by a prosecutor all in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicted by a prosecutor all in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicted by a prosecutor all in their
+prime no justice okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime no justice okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime no justice okay
+and then do they just indict you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do they just indict you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then do they just indict you and
+then like you're indicted you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like you're indicted you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like you're indicted you have to go
+to jail no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail no
+okay and when they indict you by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when they indict you by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when they indict you by the way
+what gives them the authority to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives them the authority to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives them the authority to do that
+like they indict you for littering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they indict you for littering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they indict you for littering is
+there somewhere where it's written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there somewhere where it's written that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there somewhere where it's written that
+that's against the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes there's a law written by these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a law written by these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there's a law written by these guys
+so these guys write the law these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys write the law these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys write the law these guys
+enforce the law and who says you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce the law and who says you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce the law and who says you're
+guilty or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guilty or something
+else the judicial branch which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the judicial branch which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the judicial branch which is in
+article 3 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what's the major dude in that major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the major dude in that major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the major dude in that major
+dudettes and dude the Supreme Court okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudettes and dude the Supreme Court okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudettes and dude the Supreme Court okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's below the Supreme Court there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appeals courts circuit courts of appeals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals courts circuit courts of appeals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals courts circuit courts of appeals
+which are divided around the country so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are divided around the country so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are divided around the country so
+the one that governs Massachusetts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that governs Massachusetts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that governs Massachusetts is
+called the First Circuit Court of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the First Circuit Court of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the First Circuit Court of
+Appeals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's lot there's like eleventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lot there's like eleventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lot there's like eleventh
+circuit's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit's and
+the West Coast there's the Ninth Circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West Coast there's the Ninth Circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West Coast there's the Ninth Circuit
+which is called the out-of-control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the out-of-control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called the out-of-control
+circuit it's also the by far the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit it's also the by far the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit it's also the by far the biggest
+one and we're actually the smallest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we're actually the smallest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we're actually the smallest one
+in the First Circuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the First Circuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the First Circuit and
+then what's under the appeals so who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's under the appeals so who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's under the appeals so who's
+on the appeals card are they justices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the appeals card are they justices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the appeals card are they justices or
+just lawyers they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lawyers they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lawyers they're
+called circuit judges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called circuit judges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called circuit judges and
+the people on the Supreme Court served
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on the Supreme Court served
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people on the Supreme Court served
+for life the people on the appeals court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life the people on the appeals court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life the people on the appeals court
+serve also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve also
+for life and below the appeals court is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life and below the appeals court is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for life and below the appeals court is
+what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the
+district courts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're here in the district of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here in the district of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're here in the district of
+Massachusetts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so
+if you got indicted for mail fraud you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got indicted for mail fraud you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got indicted for mail fraud you'd
+go for a judge in Boston at the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a judge in Boston at the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a judge in Boston at the place
+where the they had the ring premiere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the they had the ring premiere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the they had the ring premiere
+anybody was there at the federal court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was there at the federal court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody was there at the federal court
+he'd go before a district judge he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd go before a district judge he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd go before a district judge he's
+appointed for life like judge young and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed for life like judge young and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed for life like judge young and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a trial and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have a trial and at
+the end what
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+ align:start position:0%
+the end what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they issue a ruling right and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they issue a ruling right and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they issue a ruling right and how do you
+how do you find out about the ruling how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find out about the ruling how
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find out about the ruling how
+does that anybody in the public find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that anybody in the public find out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that anybody in the public find out
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have a right to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have a right to go to the
+somebody else's court hearing yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's court hearing yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's court hearing yes
+you can almost always just walk in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost always just walk in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can almost always just walk in there
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit in on people's court hearings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit in on people's court hearings
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're not if you don't happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're not if you don't happen to
+be there how would you find out about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there how would you find out about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there how would you find out about
+the decision the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision the
+opinion is really so the judge Labor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is really so the judge Labor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is really so the judge Labor's
+for our actually has clerk Labor's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our actually has clerk Labor's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our actually has clerk Labor's for
+hours and hours sorry and at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and hours sorry and at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and hours sorry and at the end
+they write an opinion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write an opinion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they write an opinion and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find out about the opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you find out about the opinion
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the court record do you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the court record do you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the court record do you have to
+actually go to the court to see it often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the court to see it often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the court to see it often
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so officially when a when a court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so officially when a when a court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so officially when a when a court
+opinion is important the judge says this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is important the judge says this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion is important the judge says this
+should be published and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then they're there they're published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're there they're published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're there they're published in
+these books that are called reporters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books that are called reporters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these books that are called reporters
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+reporters are put in law libraries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporters are put in law libraries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporters are put in law libraries and
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+on LexisNexis which is an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on LexisNexis which is an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on LexisNexis which is an online
+database that we're going to use in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that we're going to use in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database that we're going to use in this
+class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so
+and the reporters I should bring one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reporters I should bring one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reporters I should bring one in
+but they come out with these books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come out with these books
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they come out with these books
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a thousand pages and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like a thousand pages and they
+come out like every week with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out like every week with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out like every week with all the
+new opinions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new opinions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new opinions and
+the one that they're that the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that they're that the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that they're that the federal
+district courts are publishing is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district courts are publishing is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district courts are publishing is called
+the federal supplement and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal supplement and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal supplement and it's
+abbreviated like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every week there's a new book of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week there's a new book of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week there's a new book of the
+federal supplement and actually they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement and actually they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement and actually they've
+done so many federal supplements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so many federal supplements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so many federal supplements that
+they you know so the what you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know so the what you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know so the what you might get
+this week you might get you know federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week you might get you know federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week you might get you know federal
+supplement book number 229 that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement book number 229 that they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement book number 229 that they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+write at the front and when they got up
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+to a thousand they decided there's too
+
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+to a thousand they decided there's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a thousand they decided there's too
+many federal supplements we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many federal supplements we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many federal supplements we're gonna
+start the numbering over again so they
+
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+start the numbering over again so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the numbering over again so they
+created what's called the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created what's called the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created what's called the federal
+supplement second series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this format this is the SIA we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format this is the SIA we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this format this is the SIA we talked
+about citations at the very beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about citations at the very beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about citations at the very beginning
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ultram unfortunately ultra
+ 
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+this is ultram unfortunately ultra
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because the LexisNexis accepts
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+important because the LexisNexis accepts
+only one format so the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one format so the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one format so the fact that you
+have to have a space in here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a space in here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a space in here for
+instance the lawyers or if you go to law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the lawyers or if you go to law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the lawyers or if you go to law
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+they'll be these kids who are like super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be these kids who are like super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be these kids who are like super
+prickly about this stuff and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prickly about this stuff and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prickly about this stuff and they were
+bowties and stuff like that and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowties and stuff like that and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowties and stuff like that and they
+edit the Law Review but also LexisNexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit the Law Review but also LexisNexis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit the Law Review but also LexisNexis
+is prickly about it so that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prickly about it so that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prickly about it so that's why we're
+going to talk about citations briefly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about citations briefly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about citations briefly so
+it's in the so if you want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the so if you want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the so if you want to talk about
+a case the opinion was published in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case the opinion was published in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case the opinion was published in the
+federal supplement by the way is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement by the way is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement by the way is the
+federal supplement free no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement free no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement free no
+it's published by this company called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's published by this company called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's published by this company called
+West which is owned by a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West which is owned by a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West which is owned by a different
+company called Thompson they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't have a deal anybody can publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a deal anybody can publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a deal anybody can publish
+these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+West and LexisNexis are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West and LexisNexis are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West and LexisNexis are actually
+competitors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors but
+the way that people talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that people talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that people talk about the
+opinions is to talk about where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions is to talk about where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions is to talk about where they are
+in West's books so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in West's books so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in West's books so
+okay so if you want to talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to talk about in
+opinion you'd say it was in book 229 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion you'd say it was in book 229 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion you'd say it was in book 229 of
+the federal supplement second series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal supplement second series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal supplement second series and
+then it's like a thousand-page book so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like a thousand-page book so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like a thousand-page book so
+what else might you want to add the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else might you want to add the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else might you want to add the page
+number exactly so you give the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number exactly so you give the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number exactly so you give the page
+number on which the thing starts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on which the thing starts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on which the thing starts so
+this is called a citation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often you might want to say like who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you might want to say like who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you might want to say like who is
+arguing so you put at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing so you put at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing so you put at the beginning
+Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones
+versus Smith and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Smith and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Smith and
+a comma but this is not the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma but this is not the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a comma but this is not the important
+part this is the important part and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is the important part and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this is the important part and then
+at the end you put like the year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you put like the year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you put like the year in
+which it was decided it's also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it was decided it's also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it was decided it's also not
+really the important part but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the important part but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the important part but
+the part you really need if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part you really need if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part you really need if you want to
+find the case is this middle part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the case is this middle part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the case is this middle part and
+when we read opinions in this class they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we read opinions in this class they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we read opinions in this class they
+will be riddled with citations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be riddled with citations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be riddled with citations because
+judges never like to go out on a limb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges never like to go out on a limb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges never like to go out on a limb
+and as I said at the beginning the judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said at the beginning the judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I said at the beginning the judge
+can't say well my law professor told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say well my law professor told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say well my law professor told me
+or Keith told me or snail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Keith told me or snail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Keith told me or snail
+told you know you you can't say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you know you you can't say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you know you you can't say that you
+have to sit give some authority some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit give some authority some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sit give some authority some
+reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for
+the proposition that you're stating now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposition that you're stating now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposition that you're stating now
+is this true in science and science can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this true in science and science can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this true in science and science can
+you cite to Authority can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you be like F equals MA because Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be like F equals MA because Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you be like F equals MA because Newton
+says so be like three Newton seventeen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so be like three Newton seventeen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says so be like three Newton seventeen
+does that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that work
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the ultimate authority in science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ultimate authority in science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ultimate authority in science is
+not like important people like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like important people like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like important people like the
+Supreme Court of science in science the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court of science in science the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court of science in science the
+important the you know reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the you know reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the you know reality is
+important and the ability to reproduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the ability to reproduce
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the ability to reproduce
+experiments that's not true in the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that's not true in the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that's not true in the law
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the law authorities are important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the law authorities are important so
+this you know argument to Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know argument to Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know argument to Authority
+which is a fallacy in science is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a fallacy in science is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a fallacy in science is like
+the way things are done in the law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things are done in the law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things are done in the law the
+Supreme Court is the ultimate authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court is the ultimate authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court is the ultimate authority
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you you have your opinion here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have your opinion here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you have your opinion here and
+let's say you lost let's say your Smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you lost let's say your Smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you lost let's say your Smith
+and you lost and the judge wrote it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you lost and the judge wrote it and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you lost and the judge wrote it and
+was published and what do you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published and what do you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published and what do you do you
+appeal now can you appeal and be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal now can you appeal and be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal now can you appeal and be like
+you know the witness said I was crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the witness said I was crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the witness said I was crossing
+the street but I wasn't is that a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street but I wasn't is that a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street but I wasn't is that a reason
+you can appeal no what sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can appeal no what sorts of things
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can appeal no what sorts of things
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+legal legal questions so that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal legal questions so that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal legal questions so that the the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+district court except in extraordinary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+district court except in extraordinary
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances this lowest court is
+ 
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+circumstances this lowest court is
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+ align:start position:0%
+generally supreme on factual
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+generally supreme on factual
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+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances factual questions but on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal questions like did they do things
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+
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+legal questions like did they do things
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right way or or let's say we agree
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+the right way or or let's say we agree
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the facts I was crossing the street
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the facts I was crossing the street
+but you could say even if I did what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you could say even if I did what you
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+ align:start position:0%
+but you could say even if I did what you
+say I did it still didn't violate the
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+ align:start position:0%
+say I did it still didn't violate the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I did it still didn't violate the
+law those kinds of questions you can
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+ align:start position:0%
+law those kinds of questions you can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+law those kinds of questions you can
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal and you'd go to an appeals court
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+appeal and you'd go to an appeals court
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+also have one in Boston it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have one in Boston it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have one in Boston it's actually
+the same courtroom the first Circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same courtroom the first Circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same courtroom the first Circuit
+Court of Appeals and there's only like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court of Appeals and there's only like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court of Appeals and there's only like
+six judges on it it's very small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six judges on it it's very small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six judges on it it's very small and
+you'd argue your case before the appeals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd argue your case before the appeals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd argue your case before the appeals
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit judges now how long would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit judges now how long would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a trial last people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a trial last people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the OJ trial is that to you so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the OJ trial is that to you so a
+trial could last weeks and weeks and
+
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+trial could last weeks and weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial could last weeks and weeks and
+weeks and weeks but an appeal lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and weeks but an appeal lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks and weeks but an appeal lasts
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an hour so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an hour so
+things get really whittled down by the
+
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+things get really whittled down by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get really whittled down by the
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+
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+time you get to the appeal the judges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get to the appeal the judges
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now we're gonna hear case this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say now we're gonna hear case this case
+and your lawyer argues for maybe half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your lawyer argues for maybe half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your lawyer argues for maybe half an
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+ align:start position:0%
+hour and the other lawyer are used to be
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+hour and the other lawyer are used to be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour and they say thank you and
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+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour and they say thank you and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a few months later they issue their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a few months later they issue their
+decision so the appeal is really better
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+decision so the appeal is really better
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+be important for you to bring it up in
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+be important for you to bring it up in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+your appeal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+you don't argue before the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't argue before the entire
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+appeals court all six judges you argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court all six judges you argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court all six judges you argue
+just before three of them that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before three of them that's called
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before three of them that's called
+a panel okay so they they finish up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel okay so they they finish up and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a panel okay so they they finish up and
+they publish their opinion and whereas
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+
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+it's published also in a book by West
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+it's published also in a book by West
+called the federal reporter and that's
+
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+called the federal reporter and that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the federal reporter and that's
+abbreviated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they had so many of them that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had so many of them that they
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had so many of them that they
+started the numbers over so now we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the numbers over so now we're on
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+started the numbers over so now we're on
+the federal reporter third series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the federal reporter third series so
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+
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+the federal reporter third series so
+something might be published in book one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be published in book one
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+something might be published in book one
+12f third page number nine sixty-seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12f third page number nine sixty-seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12f third page number nine sixty-seven
+and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd
+have the same thing Jones versus Smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing Jones versus Smith
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+have the same thing Jones versus Smith
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually you're you know you're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you're you know you're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you're you know you're supposed
+to say not just the year but also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say not just the year but also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say not just the year but also what
+court decided it so this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court decided it so this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court decided it so this might be the
+district court for Massachusetts in 2001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district court for Massachusetts in 2001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district court for Massachusetts in 2001
+by the time you appeal you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you appeal you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you appeal you're saying
+it's the First Circuit Court of Appeals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the First Circuit Court of Appeals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the First Circuit Court of Appeals
+in let's say 2002 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in let's say 2002 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in let's say 2002 okay
+so you're still pissed off you lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're still pissed off you lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're still pissed off you lost
+again you're Smith and you appeal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're Smith and you appeal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're Smith and you appeal to the
+Supreme Court now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court now
+can you directly appeal to the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you directly appeal to the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you directly appeal to the Supreme
+Court no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court no
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick you so you can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pick you so you can't actually
+in almost all cases you cannot appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all cases you cannot appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost all cases you cannot appeal
+the Supreme Court there's a very slim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court there's a very slim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court there's a very slim
+category where you can but normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category where you can but normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category where you can but normally you
+can't appeal the Supreme Court you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't appeal the Supreme Court you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't appeal the Supreme Court you just
+have to petition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to petition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to petition you
+say please take my case it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please take my case it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please take my case it's sort of
+like petitioning me the Committee on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like petitioning me the Committee on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like petitioning me the Committee on
+academic probation here at MIT you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic probation here at MIT you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic probation here at MIT you
+they're not have to grant your request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not have to grant your request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not have to grant your request
+your petition so you petition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your petition so you petition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your petition so you petition to the
+Supreme Court and let's say they grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court and let's say they grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court and let's say they grant
+it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so
+now you're at the Supreme Court and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're at the Supreme Court and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're at the Supreme Court and you
+petition for what's called certiorari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition for what's called certiorari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petition for what's called certiorari
+which means they hear your case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means they hear your case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means they hear your case so
+you're up there your lawyers up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up there your lawyers up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're up there your lawyers up there so
+you have to fly to Washington DC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fly to Washington DC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to fly to Washington DC and
+it's even more whittled down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more whittled down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even more whittled down because
+they only take like one percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only take like one percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only take like one percent of the
+cases that are petitioned to them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that are petitioned to them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that are petitioned to them and
+you're in front of nine justices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in front of nine justices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in front of nine justices in
+Washington it's not just part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington it's not just part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington it's not just part of the
+court it's the whole court and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court it's the whole court and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court it's the whole court and your
+lawyer gets up there and he says mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Chief Justice and may it please the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chief Justice and may it please the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chief Justice and may it please the
+court my client did not break the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court my client did not break the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court my client did not break the law
+because and you know he starts talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and you know he starts talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and you know he starts talking
+and then you know the justices will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the justices will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the justices will be
+like but isn't it true that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but isn't it true that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but isn't it true that you know
+they interrupt you and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interrupt you and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interrupt you and it's very
+aggressive anybody heard the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive anybody heard the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive anybody heard the Supreme
+Court or listen to the transcripts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court or listen to the transcripts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court or listen to the transcripts if
+you go to oh yeah org I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to oh yeah org I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to oh yeah org I think
+that or you can listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you can listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or you can listen to the
+transcripts to the Supreme Court they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts to the Supreme Court they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcripts to the Supreme Court they're
+very aggressive you would never I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aggressive you would never I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aggressive you would never I would
+never make it through because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make it through because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make it through because they're
+like isn't it true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like isn't it true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like isn't it true so
+so you argue before the nine justices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you argue before the nine justices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you argue before the nine justices
+and they say okay the case is submitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say okay the case is submitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say okay the case is submitted
+you get an hour and they only want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an hour and they only want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an hour and they only want to
+hear the most important issues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the most important issues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the most important issues of the
+case and only the federal issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and only the federal issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and only the federal issues and
+then okay then nine months later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay then nine months later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay then nine months later the
+issue a decision and that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue a decision and that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue a decision and that's also
+published and the Supreme Court feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and the Supreme Court feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and the Supreme Court feels
+it's so important they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so important they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so important they don't want to
+leave it to West or some other company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to West or some other company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it to West or some other company
+to publish those decisions they publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish those decisions they publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish those decisions they publish
+them themselves so they're published so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them themselves so they're published so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them themselves so they're published so
+this time if Smith was losing so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time if Smith was losing so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time if Smith was losing so that
+you'll see this so no one could tripped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this so no one could tripped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see this so no one could tripped
+out by this if Smith was losing he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by this if Smith was losing he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by this if Smith was losing he's the
+petitioner now because he's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitioner now because he's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petitioner now because he's the one that
+asked the Supreme Court to take the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the Supreme Court to take the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the Supreme Court to take the case
+so when the Supreme Court rules on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the Supreme Court rules on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when the Supreme Court rules on it
+it'll be written like this Smith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be written like this Smith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be written like this Smith
+versus Jones so you'll see these names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Jones so you'll see these names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Jones so you'll see these names
+get flipped around don't don't let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get flipped around don't don't let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get flipped around don't don't let it
+fool you it just means that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool you it just means that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool you it just means that this is the
+guy that petitioned the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that petitioned the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that petitioned the Supreme Court
+probably because he's the one that lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because he's the one that lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because he's the one that lost
+and the lower stage and then it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower stage and then it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lower stage and then it'll be
+something like 592 United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 592 United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 592 United
+States page number 112 now West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States page number 112 now West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States page number 112 now West
+also publishes its own reporter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also publishes its own reporter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also publishes its own reporter of
+Supreme Court cases that comes out much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court cases that comes out much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court cases that comes out much
+quicker this takes like two years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker this takes like two years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker this takes like two years to
+come out so when the tears after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out so when the tears after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out so when the tears after
+decision comes out you might see people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision comes out you might see people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision comes out you might see people
+refer to it instead by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to it instead by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to it instead by the
+West citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West citation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West citation
+which looks like this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this they
+do SCT which is that's just their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do SCT which is that's just their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do SCT which is that's just their
+private publication it's the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private publication it's the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private publication it's the exact same
+text it's just this one comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text it's just this one comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text it's just this one comes out
+quicker so don't be confused by that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker so don't be confused by that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker so don't be confused by that and
+then at the end because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're so important you don't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important you don't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so important you don't even have
+to put which court decided it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put which court decided it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put which court decided it because
+it's in u.s. they're so cool you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in u.s. they're so cool you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in u.s. they're so cool you just
+put two thousand three and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two thousand three and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two thousand three and you're
+like wow now why is it important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow now why is it important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow now why is it important to
+observe these distinctions it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these distinctions it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these distinctions it's because
+when you when you write something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you write something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you write something with
+citations the reader will understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations the reader will understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations the reader will understand
+what you're talking about if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're talking about if you say
+well I should be right you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should be right you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should be right you should
+believe me because of this case it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me because of this case it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me because of this case it was
+decided you cite something to FS up to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided you cite something to FS up to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided you cite something to FS up to D
+there'll be a hot just a district court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a hot just a district court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a hot just a district court
+who cares if you cite it to something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares if you cite it to something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares if you cite it to something in
+F they'll be like oh wow that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F they'll be like oh wow that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F they'll be like oh wow that's more
+important and especially if it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and especially if it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and especially if it's in the
+same circuit as where you're you you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same circuit as where you're you you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same circuit as where you're you you are
+then it has really important Authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has really important Authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has really important Authority
+and if you can cite to the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can cite to the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can cite to the Supreme Court
+and have you yes then you're like wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you yes then you're like wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have you yes then you're like wow
+that's like the most powerful kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the most powerful kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the most powerful kind of
+authority at all so the citations have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority at all so the citations have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority at all so the citations have a
+communicative effect and that they tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative effect and that they tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative effect and that they tell
+you what court issued it when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what court issued it when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what court issued it when they
+issued it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued it and and
+so you have to be able to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be able to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be able to understand the
+clues that are in there to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues that are in there to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues that are in there to be able to
+pull things up so I'm going to show very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things up so I'm going to show very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things up so I'm going to show very
+briefly how to pull something up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly how to pull something up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly how to pull something up on
+LexisNexis and then the homework will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis and then the homework will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis and then the homework will be
+to pull things up on LexisNexis and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull things up on LexisNexis and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull things up on LexisNexis and read
+them now I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now I'll
+put that on the website and email you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that on the website and email you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that on the website and email you
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+do I have a netscape here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is everybody oh i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everybody oh i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everybody oh i'll
+show you in a second coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a second coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in a second coming
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+okay so mit has a subscription to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mit has a subscription to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so mit has a subscription to this
+online database called LexisNexis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online database called LexisNexis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online database called LexisNexis which
+you know contains all of the text of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know contains all of the text of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know contains all of the text of the
+West reporters since you know the before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West reporters since you know the before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West reporters since you know the before
+the founding of America and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding of America and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founding of America and all sorts of
+other interesting stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting stuff so
+to get there you can't let I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there you can't let I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there you can't let I'll show you
+we go to libraries that MIT ID to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to libraries that MIT ID to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to libraries that MIT ID to you
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vira II journals and databases lexis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we go LexisNexis academic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go LexisNexis academic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go LexisNexis academic so
+you click on that and if you're off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on that and if you're off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on that and if you're off
+campus you have to click over here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus you have to click over here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus you have to click over here on
+this go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that takes us here to web that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that takes us here to web that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that takes us here to web that
+LexisNexis that comes legend universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis that comes legend universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis that comes legend universe
+which you can just go to so let's say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can just go to so let's say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can just go to so let's say we
+want to look up a Supreme Court case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look up a Supreme Court case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look up a Supreme Court case so
+what's that site so we go to legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that site so we go to legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that site so we go to legal
+research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and
+we can go to get a case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you put in the citation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you put in the citation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you put in the citation so
+what should we look up let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at Marbury vs. Madison people know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Marbury vs. Madison people know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Marbury vs. Madison people know
+that case ok so one way to do it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case ok so one way to do it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case ok so one way to do it you can
+type in here if you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in here if you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in here if you don't know the
+citation Marbury vs. Madison you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation Marbury vs. Madison you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation Marbury vs. Madison you
+say search and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say search and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say search and
+there it is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is or
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+you know the citation which you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the citation which you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the citation which you should
+because everybody will give it you type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody will give it you type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody will give it you type
+the citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that also comes up with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also comes up with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also comes up with the same
+thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so
+let's look at a more recent case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a more recent case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at a more recent case here
+was one about detaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nazi
+spies there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we go ok so this dude was a Nazi spy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ok so this dude was a Nazi spy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go ok so this dude was a Nazi spy
+they locked him up he didn't get a trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they locked him up he didn't get a trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they locked him up he didn't get a trial
+is that ok this is in 1942 I went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that ok this is in 1942 I went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that ok this is in 1942 I went to the
+Supreme Court so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court so
+and here's the case so at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the case so at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the case so at the beginning
+they have these little explanation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these little explanation let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these little explanation let's
+see what they have I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gonna talk more about this next time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk more about this next time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk more about this next time so
+the beginning they have a syllabus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning they have a syllabus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning they have a syllabus here
+which is always very helpful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always very helpful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is always very helpful because
+they give you a little summary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a little summary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a little summary of the
+case the Supreme Court sometimes they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Supreme Court sometimes they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the Supreme Court sometimes they'll
+also have a thing called summary to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuff but the part that's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but the part that's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but the part that's important is
+the part that starts with opinion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that starts with opinion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that starts with opinion and
+then here you can see what the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here you can see what the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here you can see what the Supreme
+Court actually wrote these cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court actually wrote these cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court actually wrote these cases are
+brought here by bla bla bla bla bla and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought here by bla bla bla bla bla and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought here by bla bla bla bla bla and
+then in the middle they may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the middle they may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the middle they may have a
+citation so they'll be like see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation so they'll be like see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation so they'll be like see this
+case United States ex rel skin Mecca vs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case United States ex rel skin Mecca vs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case United States ex rel skin Mecca vs.
+husband and they'll give us this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and they'll give us this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and they'll give us this now
+what does this mean here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an appeals court right because it's an F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appeals court right because it's an F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appeals court right because it's an F
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can plug that in to get it so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug that in to get it so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug that in to get it so if you
+want to learn what's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn what's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn what's what's going on
+there you can plug that in to get a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can plug that in to get a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can plug that in to get a case
+and you say search and there's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say search and there's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say search and there's the new
+case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so
+it's sort of like hyperlinks except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like hyperlinks except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like hyperlinks except you
+have to copy and paste and in some parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to copy and paste and in some parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to copy and paste and in some parts
+of LexisNexis and in the commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of LexisNexis and in the commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of LexisNexis and in the commercial
+version of LexisNexis they turn these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of LexisNexis they turn these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of LexisNexis they turn these
+into hyperlinks and then when you click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hyperlinks and then when you click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hyperlinks and then when you click
+it they charge you five bucks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they charge you five bucks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they charge you five bucks and the
+commercial version because they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial version because they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial version because they they
+really want to anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to anyway
+they want to make it easy for you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to make it easy for you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to make it easy for you to be
+lazy and also then they charge you money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy and also then they charge you money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy and also then they charge you money
+but anyway so I will I'm gonna put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so I will I'm gonna put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so I will I'm gonna put
+online a bunch of citations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online a bunch of citations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online a bunch of citations and the
+assignment will be to put them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment will be to put them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment will be to put them into
+LexisNexis and read the cases and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis and read the cases and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis and read the cases and be
+able to talk about them in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk about them in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to talk about them in the next
+class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay
+did anybody have any quick questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody have any quick questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody have any quick questions
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+federal government yeah you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government yeah you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government yeah you can't
+challenge the law without the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the law without the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge the law without the state
+arrested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for it you just challenged a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you just challenged a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you just challenged a lot of
+no-one's can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-one's can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no-one's can
+you challenge the law even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you challenge the law even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you challenge the law even if you
+haven't yet been prosecuted the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet been prosecuted the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yet been prosecuted the answer
+is yes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes for
+instance there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was a law that was passed in 1996 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a law that was passed in 1996 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a law that was passed in 1996 that
+said you can't put pornography on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can't put pornography on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can't put pornography on the
+internet now is pornography protected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet now is pornography protected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet now is pornography protected by
+the First Amendment yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pornography is protected most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography is protected most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography is protected most
+pornography is protected by the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography is protected by the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornography is protected by the First
+Amendment and Congress says you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amendment and Congress says you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amendment and Congress says you can't
+put porn porn on the internet and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put porn porn on the internet and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put porn porn on the internet and so a
+bunch of organizations sued the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of organizations sued the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of organizations sued the
+government before they'd even been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government before they'd even been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government before they'd even been
+prosecuted and they said we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted and they said we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prosecuted and they said we're not
+saying we did put porn on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we did put porn on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we did put porn on the internet
+and we're not saying we didn't put porn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not saying we didn't put porn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not saying we didn't put porn
+on the internet but what we are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet but what we are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the internet but what we are saying
+is that this is chilling our speech and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is chilling our speech and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is chilling our speech and
+this law is over broad and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law is over broad and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law is over broad and it's
+unconstitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional
+so that and so they filed our lawsuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and so they filed our lawsuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and so they filed our lawsuit
+and actually won and the case was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually won and the case was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually won and the case was called
+Reno versus ACLU does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reno versus ACLU does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reno versus ACLU does
+that mean that Reno whose Reno Janet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that Reno whose Reno Janet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that Reno whose Reno Janet
+Reno the Attorney General does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reno the Attorney General does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reno the Attorney General does it mean
+that she sued the ACLU right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she sued the ACLU right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she sued the ACLU right
+it meant that she lost at the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant that she lost at the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant that she lost at the lower
+court so she was now petitioning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court so she was now petitioning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court so she was now petitioning the
+Supreme Court to take the case so yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court to take the case so yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court to take the case so yes so
+you can see without having to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see without having to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see without having to actually
+be prosecuted sometimes anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prosecuted sometimes anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be prosecuted sometimes anything
+else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay
+oh your forms give them to Alicia
\ No newline at end of file